MA ge Mic 3
Y \¢d : ree :
THE Woe oo
BOTANY GF BIBRA
AND ORISSA
AN ACCOUNT OF ALL THE KNOWN INDIGENOUS
PLANTS OF THE PROVINCE AND OF THE
MOST IMPORTANT OR MOST COMMONLY
CULTIVATED EXOTIC ONES
WITH MAPS AND INTRODUCTION
BY
H. H. HAINES, C.1.E., F.C.H., F.L.S.
: becnmaneasel
LATE CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS, BIHAR AND ORISSA
Published under the Authority of the Government of Bihar
; and Orissa
IN SIX PARTS oy \é
&
PART I~23 =P
LONDON
PRINTED BY ADLARD & SON & WEST. NEWMAN, CED
And Sold by the Agents for Indian Official fet hes Nio~
(For list see hi ape) iG r SA
1995/5 @" | \
a RA’ G . I
Price Rs. 8. ry 193 ? f
tele
anely rir
Aa AC MI \ i a
Dares oF PUBLICATION.
Part I, pp. i-x and pp. 1-199
ip Ade
« pp. 1-224 .
ee ea pp. 225-418
Ve ' pp. 419-754.
HF pp. 755-1058 .
aL pp. 1059-1350.
Made and printed in Great Britain.
TO
SIR EDWARD ALBERT GAIT, K.C.S.1, O.L.E., LCS.
RNOK OF BIHAR AND ORISSA
(1915-1920)
WITHOUT WHOSE ENCOURAGEMENT THIS WORK COULD
NOT HAVE BEEN WRITTEN,
IT IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED WITH GRATITUDE
AND AFFECTION
Bc Ue wh is Sele a a
PREFACE.
AN apology is cae ct for the sub-title of nee heey as large groups
of plants of which very little is known in Bih and Oriss sa, viz. the
alge (including Chabicuay. fungi and Muscinee, hist not been touched
pon. Among the hi i don
r' een no
become useless, and rd o be : rown away while awaiting oppor-
tunity for examination or drying. In some cases, especially on my
only visits ed 5 a pia localities, abl as the Mayurbhanj Mountains
and the Orissa delta, the quantity of drying en sah i has proved
insufficient to cope ‘ith ie ew material. nally, some districts,
including many of the native pet se ati not een bo tanned 4 all.
have y
f e el ce)
be done by those who take an intareaet in “the. natural histo ory of mplatas
and for anyone with a settled re oe cae — a oen n, where doubtful
species and varieties could be cult iratoten, the field is
practically unworked. Perhaps the Taga selleeene of herbs in the
province has been C. B. Clarke, who, in addition to good specimens,
has frequently s ii accurate drawings and valuable be nips Clarke
ate, d chiefly (so far a Nagpur.
e more especially wpisehes ‘6 have turned his it Be ie the rice
sen flora. Next to Clarke in the extent of his collections in the
1801-02 he wen
and Tirhut to Bi al,t but of more ‘importan nce than this was his long
residence in 0 orthern tract, co ger ae in ae and continuing
with Short breaks to Sy oe during which time he was engaged in
fae SiaeKy, :
collections of Siok naiHaaitnt, which salle e voOey shite:
well as herbs, are well represented in the Wallichian Herbarium at
e sign ! crn a more without the addition of a collector’s name, indicates
Jo seen
ae ** Sketch of the life of Francis Hamilton (once Buchanan) ’’ by Sir D. Prain
in the Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta,
v4 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
Kew, where I have had the i ase, of consulting them, hou 4
want of time prevented my g through them systematically until
ha rly completed t a f ilton’
0 :
this seems —— redible, as, with the exception of the M
mens.*
therefore, o _ begga ination have eee disappointing. T
have been show Appendix I. The manuscripts of Ham
are in the India Office Library, but interesting as — are, the plant
ntioned are for the most part un vernacular nam
cribed i '
given which sufficiently determine the species. But as the value
a serine | ty is e eey, preeatiir ah by being coat over a larg
ber of years, Ih thought a the fyaalcighin age to be gainet
by identifying “all teks Bae
in the Introduction. The impor
the wie. Np ev. Dr. Campbell I Ebay wed | in the For
of Ch agpur, and I hav i
a a
ica
have been made use of. A small siden but Sanenining 2 never
a some pax not found elsewhere, was made in the pro
r J. D. Hoo oker e
He hro
for 8 par HA ted Himalayan to re
made chiefly along the Ganges and in Behar—an unfortunately —
vague term which has been used in various senses, and used t
include the northern half of Chota Nagpu well most
the area between Chota Nagpur and the Ganges, as in the
attached to the Flora Indica of Thomson.t Wher
ooker & e Be
is — on the tickets of ccueGaans collected by Kurz or oth
0 take a concrete instance, Hamilton’s No. eee ‘Phyllanthus sanpha
which » was collected in Monghyr and has been seen by Col. Gage at Edinb
is not in the Wallichian Herbarium
+ The pyovinne Sih eens ee (Behar) in the Description of Hindostan by We
peer (1820) embraced the province of Bihar and Orissa as now constitute
without Purneah, Singbhum, debater, or any pait of Orissa. geo J
there was also ; district of @ nee “i _ woh so fluctuated in area, at o
embracing all o is now known well as - Shatatind, "PE
and a piece = say old district of Ramee aw - yi Bucha
Hamilton’s account of Bihar and the city of Patna is penn le to the presen
Gaya and Patna, a
PREFACE. vii
without further information being available it is so mentioned in
the Flor a, otherwise the term has not been used. In this connection
as bein
Orissa having been collected by Cleghorn and others south of the
test political cotta dary. Gamble and Wend. who collected in Chota
Nagpur, 4ace, who collected in Guan Hope in Behar, Griffith in Sam-
evening m
labours of the day with a rifle as egal companion, his opportunities
for nature study have been of a kind complementary to those of mos
of his predecessors in the botanical ‘el, and thahe is Ragone ¢ an
indigetiae species of tree or enrol tt pe in the which he
has not personally noted in its own h On the other hand the
writer’s herbarium is exceedingly ens in Lage flora of the open
country and in that of the jheels and tanks, as well ee in 5 Kiya
orchids, the collection of which entailed more et ie could be give
In addition to tours in all the Government forests of the province, the
author ~ Maas bag on fF ial duty, or bs behalf be eae
wh ase a
aya, many of the states of rand gve and t ; seca Roca ee of
x ; vy
the Mahanadi delt fore leaving India he spent some five months
e ollections in the Sibpur Herbarium at ©
Adverting shortl the scheme of the book he body of the
Flora, the convenience of those accustomed to the usual Englis
tematic works, arum has been mostly followed
i e sequence of the families of the ag Pe ae tro
duction there is an alternative system of classification, Bi ie
—_ paints , and also aie Sang of the larger groups as well as a
eral conspec ak of families, This classification is b on ip
Sedlnmitleatenrocieiied ussieu, ,De 1288 lle, Lindley, Endlicher, Bopha
ber, Parkin and Scott), and is an elaboration of that in the Fores
Flora of Chota Nagpur, which it has been understood has been Sac
useful, and assists students, in some cases, to 1 yi the family of a
vidi BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
plant whose affinities are less obvious from the arrangement in
Flora.
e has been no attempt at uniformity in ~ toni
ere
vary in detail according to the necessities of the c
of species is very unequal. In gael an sratesvend ur has
0
f he does not find it in the provincial flora h
it occurs or not, h vernacular ly
guidance in the indent, he y send something quite different
— is in Or it may happe a economic valu
tended. m
plan a new discovery, and therefore, althoug
seen abundance, it te no st — e been deser ibe. I nee
ands for hich occurs
ntia Sue
are exceedingly “eer to occur when the plant whose idemity ‘it
sought to establish not before nti recorded from the vi
and is therefore not in rt e key—a circumstance likely rv be of fre
ei nowledge o' provi
these cases as many characters as possible are neces
for his Purpose, both in dediniptions of the larger groups and t
species
The in the Caleutta Herbarium, carried on in a bad state
‘health, ibe not have been possible had it not been for the ve
PREFACE. ia
one ree of Col. Gage, the then Director of the Botanical Survey,
who only gave me assistance in the Herbarium itself, but placed
his own ope fst in the gardens at my ‘Theater thus obviating a
. Hi
by Dr. Stapf and Mr. on, successive a of the Herbarium
and Library. I am indebted o Sir D. Prain also in another way.
Department, has kindly sent a few ——— ens from Angul and the
Santal Parganas. One or two of these are new records for si paces
and, as in the case of other collectors, where known n, his appear
in tales after the name of the district in the localities for i pa
concern
For she ee of the Sabra to the Flora porn thanks are
tendered to Miss Sylvia Haines and her
rd o
nerget:
of Sad pofestio pal duties. My old friend Dr. Campbell,
la ebted for so much help and jac, also died pire
beroes T left India.
H. H. Hatnzs.
hon grange
Dors
20, Feb., 1925.
CONTENTS.
PART I.
oe eoeirsl) m gcc
-ipeegng as ConTENTS . Z
INTRODUCTION :—
Chap I.—Area and Boundaries
with Rainfall map).
ap. 1V.—General Gharaitter of the Fiova and
(Ecolo
Chap. V.—Specia 1 Notes on “Hazaribagh and
Mon i
nghyr (from meyer authors)
Chap. VI.—Classification
General Principles and i aks : J zi 76
Pteridophyta . 3 : é 79
Spermophyta : - 80
onspectus of Orders and Families . x 85
Pteridophyta - : 85
Gymnosperms 89
Angiosperms
Dicotyledo ; E i é 91
Mo: onocotyledons j : “ » 145
ripen pepe AND SIGN ‘ 156
GLoss or BoraNnicaL eae USED
tae pe CORRESPONDING reedion AND Merric
LENGTHS ‘
ADDENDA AND CoRRIGENDA 2 ‘ r t 185
InpEx To Part I § J g 189
PARTS II-VI.—THE FLORA.
DicoTyLeD
Thedivuliicea (with ro ap aa rhea eee
Aizoacee and ree cex)
sciflorse ‘ - : ;
Calyciflore . ‘ .
mopeta = ‘ 5
Monochlamydez F 3 : ‘ J
MonocoTyLED : 5 jc :
VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS : é ft ;
—— ‘ ‘ . : ‘ ‘
APPEND:
is ‘List ¢ of — collected by Buchanan-Hamilton in in
Bihar now in the Wallic hian Herbarium at Kew
II. Additam ate: Description of — =
(see also ie es in ~~ = .
InDEX TO Parts II-VI s : ‘
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I.
AREA AND BOUNDARIES.
e boundaries of ne province of Ree and Orissa are only to
a small extent natural, e. g. the crests o e Sameshwar Hills on the
Nepal frontier in latitude” 27° 3 ota the area on the extrem
north-west, Ganges and its tributaries the G and Karamnasa
for a short distance on the nd the waters of the Bay of Benga
on the so The aining boundaries (shown on the attached
ma h the exception of other short lengths of river (the longest
perhaps being n on the im ), and the crests
of hill ranges for short distances, are artificial. The extreme south
latitude is 19° 2’N. The total area is aa 829 sq. Hidde? Ge over one and
a quarter times that of Great Britai
CHAPTER II.
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY.*
General, 2-8; Division of the area , 9-11; Northern tract 12-20; Sameshwar
Hills, Ty The Gangetic Piain, 14-18; Hills in the south of the Northern
Tract, 19. Central tract 21-56; Kaimur Hills, 21; Gaya and — h
; 2 :
, 61; Growth on clay ‘schist and iron schists, 62; Magnesian
pee “OL: : “Tra ap dykes, 65; Kadapahs, 66; Gro on
sandstones and shales, 68 : mndw rah as of the Southern tract and iT of
Gondwana strata (footnote), 69; Coal-bearing sandstones of Gondwanas, 72;
Laterite, etc., 74; Table of the ‘principal geological formations, 77.
* For the geology I have made much use of Vredenburg’s Summary of the
Geology of India (1910), and also the various memoirs of the Geo ecological Survey,
especially papers by ll, I have also consulted Martin Duncan’s Abstract
the Geology of I ndia, “prepared for the use of students at Cooper’s Hill College
al - i e Gazetteers of th vince i
€0.
book on th 0
pre) paratlo on by E. W. Vrede
g.
ps of the. Geology of Tndia very little Boe our pro coir So ag been geologically
mined, and considerable areas still remain to be e
2 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
GENERAL,
2. Very few of the older administrators or writers on India appe
to have appreciated, or even realized, the great natural beauties and
bee ey interest of the manifold natural objects with which th
country once abounded, and which, alas, partly through their apath
it has now one oii! What the Creator ais in these respect
0
ve oa x save
panied by material as hes as spiritual profit. Now that the
ey are ea So far as the reco
show, the dominating Ahirige e the ae of agriculture, increas
of ti pee and a “development 0 of ike é country from a revent
oint Not only was the esthetic view wanting, but eve
dake sometimes appe cated ms regard with a horror, quite ine
wha e
they yes er.
he greater part of the Gangetic Plain had long before
advent of Europeans lost almost all pretence to aba: bem
uch of the Central and Southern tracts still retained some po:
of wild nature, though but a vestige of their © diimeval loveliness.
rug;
and overrun with thick jungle, no army of
considerable number or equipment ue reise ate them
4. Singbhum, Mahurbhanj, Keonjhur, Balasore,
urda (Puri) were fotbetod i n his “ Orissa Province.
districts also he remarks: “The ‘Sicerlon of this province remains in |
ve ; ; F
vers ¢
waters swarm sh, rey oles and iteatoes (sic) ; : a ieeta an
jungles with sian! vermin.’
ven Buchanan- Hamilton, a botanist and none is so obs
of a
with the usual official view as to co ne ap ae any par disti
lapsing to a state of nature—an tude no doubt cortensal
with that of the majority of hard- headed Britons, though the Wor
ian view would appear more appro aturali
8, however, Bigot strong protest aatnat “the re
natural resour onin his time. In hi o ~ of the sout
part of Weenlvor: (the Monghyr district, etc.), he says:
assigned for the stunted condition of the ines. ae: (1) B
* Some of the Indian poets seem to have fully perceived this.
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 3
Every year in spring = whole forest burned. (2) Resin ee Sc»
(3) Extraction of Cat chu, even roots being dug up. (4) Rea ing of
t
- In the Statistical Reporter for Janu uary, 1876, an art ticle appeared
on the ‘“‘ Natural Productions of the Karr rrukpur ‘Hill It is stated
that “the utter absence of all forest conservancy has i Tiity ago caused
the disappearance of all the plant of the forest, and even when the
n Railw
5
St ot
ee
a 2
&.
or
a
nm
B
2
co
°
3
2s
—
°
= =
a
ro)
4
4
re)
Ler]
os
=a
ro)
. oF
°
3
&
detect the ee oo made by the agency of man Not o only is the
woodman’saxen
but cows, sheen i tid goats, in locust-like swarms, are let loose in the
woods, until pin ae is that any green thing survives. ne eed,
near the towns reat bh oe adh and Sheikpura, a clean sweep
has been already aa a few stitigtng: nettle bit
b in
which goes on, Monghyr is still a well-wooded distric
a is e i
the warni 8 a
of oe dime iot he Hills. Had they been placed under forest m manage-
ment at that time, they would now have been a useful asset to the
conta
which flow direct from the iia 3 into the Bay of Ben
are frequently referred to in the Flora as the Central, Northant aid
"" .
ively.
10. It will be observed mone ome districts fall partly into the
Northern tract and partly into the Central tract. Thus Shahabad,
Monghyr and Bhagalpur have also all considerable hill vices om the
south which fall stearate into the Central tract. Gaya
‘* Fg adjoining the Central tract
- The detailed topography of the districts would take up too
4 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
much space to be dealt with in a Flo Very complete accounts a
given in the ore excellent Saaiieae published by the Governmer
of the provine
NORTHERN TRACT.
On the extreme west of the northern frontier is a small sectio
aie ameshwar Hills eae alluded to, of the foothills of the Hima-
aya, but these a i ele d mountains, with their wealth of vegetati
e f rt beyond the Nep al boundary, and the bulk
ied by Huvi
oe
n
the Ganges the ste varies a fra 90 miles in eyes
On the southern side it is abou t 100 miles wide o w
becomes rapidly constricted Mateacas y t reer highlan
which finally meet the Ganges itself where ee river sweeps roun
jmahal Hill
eK
13. Sameshwar i s.—The Sameshwar aie in the north of Cha
- The Gangetic depr ression probably sumorente the bed o
ancient sea, and it is filled up with alluvial depts it gfe ee
This alluvial ocean is dotted here and there n the so
g ere It
not excessive, Acacia arabica, Sissu and But a fr oe Aye
several grasses such as Chrysopogon aciculatus, eS me d Sp
bolus, will grow on such land. That there is no ver
the ce i i
and a covering ofr vegetation tends to prevent its accumulation.
15. Geoloilata distinguish in the ‘Gangetic plain between the ol
and the newer alluvium. e older is usually composed of argillaceous
beds of a rather pale reddish-brown hue. In it kanker and pisoliti¢
ferruginous concretions are disseminated. anker, an imp
carbonate of lime, like reh, seems often associated with defec
drainage and a hot sun, and it i s by no means confined to allu
formations (cp. p
16. The pee rivers of the Gandak and oe and innumerab
* Usar is land a = th with saline matter, and the efflorescence 0:
salts is termed ‘‘ reh.” ap np ge i i t ually
cs of hod with aie vary gn pounce ition, ibut ch ie mrt us
nesian salts and sodium cbheiae Wace Ball, Beonowde ¢ Cuoloss iii, p. 696;
Dictionary of Economic Products and Articles in the Indian Forester,
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 5
smaller sit mies up the alluvial plain to the north of the grace
into are pet ims: We Stee 4 and slight af — levels.
the later fodida do not deposit silt the “ churs’”’ in on
river beds are wuiedidy ‘any and barren or pein od wake coarse igi
ivers are sometimes connected by channels called “ char of
i th
en
ven lakes, with a rich vegetation of aquatic plants. The marshy
i i i haurs.’
Champar ca ‘
hat part of Shahabad in the Northern tract has no marshes
e great ‘uniformity of level of the Ganges plain is evident
from the elevation at the junction of the Bamian being only 168 ft.
above the level of the sea, a distance of some miles! The vege-
° ae 4
and P a r less permanent greensward, whereas
Saran is one of the dri ip “districts 1 in the pe vince.
19. Hills in the — of the Northern area.—The districts borderin ng
the Ganges on its southern bank are more diversified. Except Patna,
th ven Pat
of
quartzite. In the Ga coat district they end rasa sitesi so pais of
Gaya town. | _ Their Mire -e' uletigth of about 40 miles, including tw
breaks, i th
but they are polomanes similar. They bear a scrub jungle with
scattered Sal trees like the nearest southern ss few other
Gaya alluvium.
thern parts of Bhagalpur hatte ‘ considerable area
of granitoid and porphyritic gneisses towards Monghyr and id
i a Manda
about 2 miles vos and sad wn of Bhagalpur is situated on it.
Its botany Sd appear AS ve been specially or atin ae buh
it is said to be enna soveres with mango, jack a alm
Pe pm from (Gazetteer. Mandar Hill is on the railway south of Pipra
6 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
CENTRAL TRACT.
21. Kaimur Hills.—The we of the Shahabad district is a lo
lying alluvial plain and one of the principal wheat-growing tre
belonging to the Northeckt tends the souther gt square mil
an undulating mass ow hills, or saved a pla tea chante: as
Rewa cuitial
unfossiliferous, and are assigned to the Vindhyan
is usually placed near dhepes top of the Azoic oles (see
22. The sandstones are the Dah rocks as ‘sually 0
ed char
cealing the oils rocks, and giv re mewhat flat. toppe
to the country with almost Sictinal Foneceste nts, and are
apparently, for the Hardwickia binata, o
Th imu
d Monghyr, are composed o arwars,* including mica:
and ferruginous schists so highly m ee d by intrusive ca
pegmatitic granites that they yield workable The rocks of tl
ills el
25. Rajmahal Hi ocks.—The Rajmahal Hills
also conveniently treated sep arately fro om the main Central a
They form a long broad Sinskheia ne in the Santal Parganas dis
a ae south and north, and almost abattanie on to the Gan
* Dharwars were formerly known as the € sub-metamorphic or tra
ie “They underlie the Lower Vindhyan formation, and overlie the
mental or Bengal or archwan gneiss, once called metam
es
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 7
hich takes a sudden bend to the southwards after passing their
piritiern ss
Rajm mahal Hills pipe are connected with the Ce its
Se kiendée by a lower tract, but still high ground, of more undulatin,
country with isolated hills and sages They differ geologically trom
most of the Central tract in belonging to the Gondwana system,* and
Gondwanas exhibit the exceptional Vietad a 3 hae es,
sisting of so ft. of basaltic flows, with occasional intercalations
of clays, carbonaceous shales and siliceous porcellanoid shales, which
have long attracted attention on account of the abundance of beauti-
i whi
or t
abundance o ns, prin pally Pa crest Dicksonites, and
Cy cads, principally Prilophyllum.” It i w known, however, that
many i of these fern-like sliite were pate: -plants, and
balled Ge ‘he athaPren soup of Pteridosperms.
28. T pridosperms, fern-like plants which, however, bore seeds, were one
of the constituents of the great ‘ * Glossopteris Flora,” which was characteristic
of the ig steer ay — “* Gondwanalan nd,” Possibly that great continent
oO enea e se
n Perm
provinces, a northern and southern, and it is the sinillar ity of many of these
ins of th thern flora in South
mi i
braria ’’ from their Paar articulation, and are abot Mel” ain Unfortunately
e
‘ootn
Glossopteri. is pha braria) indica and other species, Neuropteris, Gangamopteris,
etc.; from gg mee many species of Glossopteris, and there is a specimen
of eee indica (in the British Museum) collected from Buckley Island near
* The Indian Gondwanas is the main coal-bearing formation of India. The
Lower Gondwana correspond -roughly with the Permian, the Middle and Upper
with the Trias ng Jurassic respectively. See also Ta ular Statement of the
Re ran At © on :
+ See Scott, St ‘ude es in Fossil Botany, third edition, pp. 1-242, ete.
; It wast ‘be observed that ne aes said to be hee | Rajmahal may be from
the Raniganj coalfield, situated alongside our area, but | in Burdwan. This con-
fusion appears ia have otieinated by Brongniart in 1828, who ob tained the first
Indian specimens of Glossopteris from ‘‘ Ranagunge, near Rajemahl.’’ There
8 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
the South Pole by members of the British Antarctic Expedition erties:
Dr ilson and Lieut. Bowers only a few or before ringed deaths.
been an admixture of the northern and southern floras, but the pes pers es
eontaties a very large number of Cycadophyta, anobadigh st re age (or
one of the Williamsoniew) and a Sphenopteris (s. fae), meg Lb
common to the Rajmahal and the Lower Oolite of Yor
30. Although most of the Rajmahal Hills are *aoladed in the la.
estate of i s serve
vernment estat t in-i-koh t
and these hills show trible example of rapid denu
one reads that within comparatively recent times wild elephants an
rhinoceros were district, and t
3 hills have mostly flat tops, as is common in tra pd
and thine of these tops are under indifferent or shifting catiteal
by the Mal and Sauria Paharias. Some of the
cultivated with sabai grass. Common trees on the trap are
yctanthes, Eriolena, Asan, Wendlandia exserta and Het
(ak ahney sides), but none are gees it.
The nature of the s rege which in many cases is covered
rounded trap boulders, fort popeenw igre such parts
ore or less self- protec cting against the pernicious effects o
i + oleani upo
boulders of granite with ‘Diospyros tomentosa and Hollarhena as t
surviving t
33. The highené hill of the Rajmahals a Mori, which
about 2000 ft. high; it is capped by laterite. Dumka, the he
aneiieth station, lies off the main ridge, iy is only 500 ft., and
* Fora & full and ve interestin GU the ¢
ac fly A. Newell Aner published by the Britiatt Moers T1008)
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 9
part of the Santal Parganas, as on the west, has an undulating
surface, and is chiefly under cultivation.
he Cotton soil, a product of trap, occurs ome areas, while
e of the rivers ‘whish rise in the hills, such as rt hamper cut their
oliauitsols deep enough to expose the underlying gnei
Main Central ——
The Central tract proper is a plateaux and m
paring spurs which are the eastward ter mination of the huge Bitihura.
Vindhyan massiv which radiates from Amarkantak (see map), in the
Central Provinces, elev. 3493 ft. abo seacicve r this point
rise the Narbada running to the west Sone running north to the
Ganges and the Mahan to the south and east, the last two riv
being for a considerable distance within our provi This elevated
central tr h trend somewha th of east, and ostly over
place periodically, both in the Gaya district to the north, in parts
of the Santal Parganas, For along the course of the Damudar in
rs sm
two main plateaux, those of Ranchi and Hazaribagh, ar
ate ried 2000 ft. high, separated by the deep valley of the Da matide.
and carry, perry on the nie ia higher pane boing 1000 ft.
higher), which are known as “ pd On of these pats, on the
borders of anche and Palamau, is 8 situated Neterhat, developed (by
Sir E. Gait) as a penalty accessible san
38. Towards the edges of the plateaux a 5 tie frequently ranges
of hills or mountains, which in some cases reach the elevation of the
pats, and the eet usually sn pray in riigged é a, and hills which
I have termed the “‘ ghats,” cut up by ravines and rivers, but rarely
wi ye fhe pases sides Biodiesel Bi of the bade t hoa of the
ur Hills, and never with the noble scarps ‘Shartenntis of it
r ces.
very beaut
province, and are some of the best botanical pale in the area.
With the exception of the few reserved forest areas, nee tops of the
plateaux are for the most part under pou pocanieneny varied
by stony hills with scrub jungle, whereas the gut and outlying
te) bhum
contains the highest mountain in the province, Parasnath. The
* These sandstones belong to the Kamthi group of the Gondwanas.
10 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
a Hills form a water-parting between the Damuda and Barakar
Parasnath is well known from its being described by Hooker
rol the Himalayan journals. It has also been o4i90 by Anderson,
4430
' the
Bengal bou ey # an irregular, not & vary wide, area of lower-lying
ground, chiefly in Manbhum This erges oe into the lower
Gangetic plain of Bengal, and i is cultivated « cou
41. The Central tract may be sidered to he roughly bounded
on the south by the itehiaal Ragone ‘Railway, which passes up the
i e Bra
h i. Th
ridge of high ground between the Sanjai and the Brahmini is pierced _
y a tunnel, or the line here Aint atop A pei the Porahat forest
division rch toe cfg Sera orest div
L TRA
42. Gro cr. —Oneise sider basis of the
phon apa tract geologically is the Arche. gal gneiss, gneiss
being considered n o be one of the primordial rocks of be glo be,
and ihe formation, a as * were, oF all other formatio eater
part of the Manbhum, southern Santal Parganas, Ranchi, Pala
and Hazaribagh districts show either exposures of the rock itself, or
the immediate products of aa decomposition, and, as already said, it
dips under the alluvium of the Northern tract. It usu ally gives rise —
to a reddish stiff loamy soil, excellent suited to the growth of forest —
while kept covered, but bakes a brick-like ha Senet in the hot —
season when denuded. This soil 1 is spiciet tines 8 es nse depth on —
‘the plateaux. The Bengal pa gd aes as 8 pro minent hill
pec “5 het nat i which i 4 ge y of Bite is believed to
-belon, what known as Nil figiri. ibis, “a a form distinguished
pecoronieslly by. mn vearte presence of enstatite (ferrous —
magnesium s
43. The Dhbiboars’ senna t of Hy higher ibd resting on the foun-
dations of Bengal gneiss, and the rocks forming the ghats, belong to :
the sub-metamorphic c crysta talline ri es or * “SharWare?” sometimes —
‘so highly metamorphosed as not to be distinguishable lithologically
from the Archean nection can, h ga
tween outcrops of highly metamorphosed Dharwars with
others undoubted Psat g no doubt of their
rigin, leaving n
relationship. Vreden especi eg tie the belt of which the
northern edge (a fault) extends at & the south of part of Ranchi
and aaa rd The southern Bae of this belt consists of -
slates, sandstones and lim ate, while along the northern margin —
ks taht rystalline. 3
44. Most of the forest-covered es hills are of Dharwars, and
much of the Porahat forests. y (the Dharwars) have already —
ntion i :
ts) fe) h é :
‘tthe Gidaur range they contain ferruginous schists and much slate of
good ay, Cust isquarried. The Rajgir Hills are mainly qi
redenburg, Summary of the Geology of India 13.
AD bg mag Ls gene ae Eee ee Sas
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. ll
and slate, and very barren, not because posi will not grow on quart-
zite, but from the lack of fores “ conservancy and unrestricted grazing.
anites and Dom
4 ni €-gnelss.— p both the
Arche 0 ie 4 re frequently true granites, which i
many cases have resisted disintegration more y than the sur-
rounding rocks, and assume th pe of conical or rounded hills,
when ce the term ‘ — gne iss’? (mor operly dome granite) has
tot The shelling off e outer concentric layers
of this rock dae it sihigubasiy are of vegetation it species of
icus are m nts. base
conical hills may, however, be well covered. Excellent examples of
the ‘dome gneiss’’ may be seen on the er Ranchi road near
alda.
46. Mica.—When these granites are in the form of a dyk e they
frequently become pegmatitic and where such dykes traverse mica-
schists contain worka mica, as in the well-known mica-belt along
the Hazaribagh-Gaya ghats which exten nde oa the Gidaur _—
On the paths of tke Ranchi plateau, north of Bandgaon and abou
uru, ane e and large mica- plates have also eater Big? nme
may perhaps become workable. The large hill known as Koderma
Hill in the Dharwar mica-belt aga to be granitic, wractart ps dome-
gneiss. It contains no workable mica. Mica (composed of silica
alumina, magnesia, iron oxides, pes 7 is singularly proof gainst
decomposition, so that old waste mica-dumps of over 30 years
re ion
iss and a brow
looking rock with a black dull, aan Aplisnekeds *).
formations are possibly rary nee er those on the a side of
the Sone. Vredenberg speaks of the Vindhyan rocks spreading
beneath the Sone, but al erally overlaid ny ywchen and of ae
rocks of the Aber pai group of the e formation occurring in a
uy in the west of Gaya and Palaman ‘about Na sieea and Japla.
e Za
: €0 au
is found ad yee ieaee quheutn a large mass of slate Sagar
belongs to Kadapah System (or Agé onkian, post-Dharwar and
a the only known rocks of this system, I Rabeewel 4 in ce
ntra
any ma.
volcanic deposits) are of considerable importa ondwana
te of the Rajmahal Hills has already been referred to (para. 26
For an = ill i: i he Memoirs of the Geological
vr inde. ustration see vol. xviii of the of ogic
12 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
50. Lower Gondwana a occur in depressions in the mai
Central tract, em 8 along the Damuda Valley, between the
Ranchi _ Haz pinot patenus. Clays and carboniferous shales
of thi
this Damuda series may be seen where the Ranchi-Hazaribagh
road obbeaed athe e valley (near Dat 1 mile). The Gondwana system i
well developed again in the parallel Barakar valley, the Giridih coal
fie Id of Hazaribagh, and tilted beds of sandstone north of Bagoda :
ng evan _ of ~ Borakal
ae belong to it. The gri wcealk epee the south of —
ee are thrown into scarps me ridges wear i with Sal
for
— coa alfeld is mainly Damuda sandstone, but outc
e
This area is Teper yrs pst in the er season for the vast
quantities of the American weed Hyptis suaveolens :
. Igneous dykes are obs common occurrence in the Jharia com
field, and are said to belong to the same epoch as the 7 vast
outpouring of voleanic rock which pre ah: pean the Rajm Hills,
53. A considerable area of the central Palam cn ea pares
efi westwards to —
pea
54.50 Laterite, Kankar and Regur.—Subsequent to the Go es nas,
granites ith the possible ring Po ee a ce of the traps an rusive
ppea
engal gneiss in Easte
t y be the results of the compl
decomposition of an original trap layer.
56. The soil in the valleys of the Rajmahal Hills especially, we
also in anise of Hazaribagh (e. g. between Chatra and Itkur i), Palam
-g- Leslieganj i u
(e. g. from Lesl j to Banki), Sing (e. g ai acealil
and in many places in ae sea rate sa ca beg or “‘ regur,’
the origin of whic metimes ascribed to ocks. The —
species of the Cotton soil. in this tract are “siti cia Carissa, —
ee and Acacia arabica
“6 net seer of bs pil of the Manbhum coalfields, see Vredenberg, Appendix —
a I see I have not placed
Loharsee on the map. It is situated almost in
steer a Daltonganj and Simaria, not f
it ison the map attached t 0 the Forest Flora of Ch rota wee a Poe conga ae
t also paras, 74-76,
eerie SO ey ee
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 13
eae aa TRACT.
57. The Houthern tract is not sharply seperated from the Central,
but is on the whole hiaceioe! b uch more diversified
wobostaphy, ae its river system has a akg Ha on the Bay of
gal. It contains a confused and br roken mountain system, only
a on part of which is ind nnection with the central tableland.
From the sea this appears as a continuous range of hills, prokes by
the Mahanadi valley, and forming ine orthern end of the Eastern
Ghats. The large rivers of the Buru ubalane aitarni, ean iaien and
Mahanadi fake largely through spuney which is beautifully diversified
with hills and canteen still more or less covered with forest. The
Southern tract, into which the aunbetha of the Kolhan in Singbhum
' ine
more naturally fall than into the Northern tract, is principally
occupi e Orissa Tributary States. sony, f mall fraction,
therefore, of its beautiful forests are Gove ye “property for the
permanent preservation a which there is s any gua
58. The gen rally m rugged sculpturing of thes Sotho tractT
has assisted Nat ature in reaistin ng to a greater dears than i in esi? 3 ati
and Central tracts the destructive influence of ma
it is true, there is a belt of flat op ie or eles “parallel to
the coast and running back for a considerable aistaa t
a di t
belt is an area of euiey nel “alluvi ] and lat nte Eaton ns u
to 50 miles in Agere: r Cuttack and B e, but n ed on
the north by the “outlying. hills of Nile aoe Meta bhanj Sad again
on the south by iso ag ted rocky hills and tracts of scrub on a laterite
formation. On the extreme south the boundary hills between our
province and Meares meet the Chilka Lake, a large area of shallow
water, separated only peer hills from the sea, and more or less
fresh or brackish according to season.
59. Archean Rocks.—As indicated above, it is difficult, except for
an expert geologist, and wit a uch study in the field, to discriminate
between the highly m metamorphosed 10 rocks and schistose forms of the
Archean gneiss. Gen rally Higgs a last is far less in ‘evidence
in the Southern tract than in the Cen From a forest and botanical
Peat of view the matter is not of our Hea oe as ‘the soils yielded
the floristic formations are identical.
s Dharwa poke pap aid to be absent from the hilly region
of Orissa between the God meme and Mahanadi, the quartzites and
gnei dee of the hills. in the Mals of Puri presumably belong to the
Bengal or Nilghiri gneiss. On the Khandobolo mountain ( 3000 ft.)
* The Political me Mr. Co “tere ia ag eerie sir done a great deal in
see Mem: moire of: the Asiatic Society pg oni vol. vii, No
14 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
of thes e aa oto y resemble those of the Dharwars. Other hills,
such as t he andh forest, has massive quartz rocks
with some laterite, and this forest contains a curious mixture of Be
with fleshy Huphorbias and Randia mala barton, the last a shr nab 4a
especially characteristic of the sandstones. In the P Adkins block the
alon,
road was ¢ ng the steep “papa through a dark, excessively har
quartzite,* pig nlike an archean gneiss. The pao Apne hill irene
of the feudatory states south of the Mahanadi have ned
e, but the low-lying caoyage in Khandpar apices Daspala is is either
gneiss or granite bbe? lat The high atest x of Kala
the Gandamardan range, aii borders of Borosambar iat Patnk g
(state), are said ais to sckindilt of gneiss with laterite caps. Nort th of
the Mahanadi ther uc eiss and gr hich in going fro
Cuttack to Angul appears to begin in Dhenkenal, about 6 miles west
B , and where interrupt e formation
ro
subsequently referred to, is found right up to Sambalpur. All the
hills of the Hathibari range consist of gneisses, including quartz
reece ene git Sadr — which appear to me to be of the Dharwar
e n
fre
boundary of the Southern area in eee arab lipla. on and Gangpill
e pes fr soil is frequently cotton soil.
. Dharwars of Southern tract, —‘The Dharwars form magnificent —
hill ranges in Singbhum, Bonai, ‘ecard ae Mayu ee anj, and to ©
8s ‘iach in aod: bie of ag at mica-schists —
Jhargati forest (al in the Sa palpur pide ran rite H dinfiaé rocks
in parts of the Hathibari range and in the Angul tacbats appear to me
to belon i bs e Dh . They probably form mo
tains of Typically bel consist of shales and phyllites with
uartz 2 veins, ilocos ee slates, quartzites or hard sandstones, and
especially matte teint tite and other iron
chists 9 ca aide d. Whole hill ranges, e t kud
. d.
The clay-schists are sachet! og ayes with quartz lamine.
On weathering t the latter break up i numerable quartz stones —
é i ston rd ess
- the hot season. They support a hill- -type Sal often characterized —
by the presence of Gardenia, and when once disforested are very
ore.
— and fo to restor.
Sal on the I. aaltrgied tastes forest growth t hists
is aha, the sce! Sets bs able to aaleiate a eervha oe
d fi he numerous clefts
and fissures wig ch are characteristic of = ey rocks, and some of the —
* Proba
bly Khon
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 15-
finest Sal is found in the valleys on the detritus of hematite-schist:
hills, while on no other formation does the large Sal ascend so high
on a hill-sides
In Kundrugut u and some other places 1 magnesian schists s (patra-
diri i, K. ~ aoe nd whieh are worked by the
65. p dykes in the Dharwars.—Trap dykes are very common,
and at east one =: the Kita-buru in the Sa _ forest, is a
c ite i orked. The
( r
boundary of a an ie gas 2 — contains numerous trap:
intrusions, and i capped with trap. Crystalline limestones of
good = — maar in —— rata with the Dharwars, the best.
known deposit being at Bisra in Gangpur. In Gangpur also are
sbinaiahara the ye of manganese, an ore very characteristic of this
system in the Central yin
66. The Kadapahs or Southern — — Kadapahs is a formation
closely resembling th d Vindhyans in many respects,
but is older. It chi ie is coal of a tones, but also very
comm og limestones and shales. Extensive outcrops of limestone
such as ~~ with in the saebotian distrie f of Bilaspur and
Raipur elon aoa asa is better r not, I aa ieve,
artis a in our area, t oug the Gatien a we + of this
formation at Padampur.* The sandstones, as in so man a other
rornree are chiefly found rss clifts and scar They may be ob
ed in the town of Sambalpur (the circuit- house i is built ‘of them),
of the Mahanadi all over the mien mei forest range, w extends
south nearly to Babess ida. This range — of grits sand-
stones and shales, but with deumitin’ intrusio The sandstones |
overlie the shales, as can be well seen in the ine osures cadoniéesk the
rgat nala. They are very ase almost quartzites, and the greater
hard sandstones, which are almost bare of growth, and then passes
over a ridge of massive dies which continue do ‘the opposite slope
to Mundkate and Santra villag Between Lakhampur and Lohara
there is a very striking escarpmen the same sandstones,
poorly stocked as usual above, ith a narrow d sal at
its Lohara-behra blocks of ite occur scattered on
the surface (cp. below, sandstones at Tikapara in An re both
shales and sandstones are exposed, Aye at remarkable exposure
of the shales is north o madaga, he Mahanad
h da
With grazing the more flat-bedded halon pi singularly bare of
nas 2909 cae ere shows curious dendritic markings.
Padampur is a sambar, but the Padampur referred to may be
the meinindari of that pect chanted on our bor der, but just within the Central
ces. have not Core either place.
t I Tegret that I — opportunity of getting specimens. They reminded
one of fossil corallines
16 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
8. All these Kadapah rocks grow somewhat poor forest, which
is “eo poor indeed o Seer rock is quite bare where the lamin
ce.
are
ana, a less extent, and usually near ravines,
monophylla and Walsura — Bamboo, ews ool
Satinwood, Albizzia pee a and Bija also occur. most
noticeable — the pest “Aristida setacea. On the —— are > foul
Strychnos potator aon oor mixed fores Sal only occurs on
the alluvium near "the eee are neither formation imnlvoes 8 good
Sal except when
69. Glandhitonaali in aa Southern tract. +—South of Angul a range of
hills in the north of Narsi side show large outcrops of hard shale
and sandstone. These appear to be continuous with sandstones
—- t a on the Mah ae (in jies 1), and blocks of hematite
t the base of 0 lar ge Tikapara Hill, which has red _
(apparent sandstone rocks o Po its summit (much hung-
h bee ts). A pink siiadiaene was also fo in ‘the Tainsi
cant in davai Iw ign t e
Angul to the same formation as those in Sambalpur but that there
appears no record of Kadapahs in this region, and they are possi 7
ndwanas. In the sandstone between Purnakot and Tikapara
there are —_ dykes
_ and Athgarh. The Rampur for Ancie outcrops covered with thin —
a the — forest Seen: grows on them with a little laterite
on some of the se The Hen i ith
a lage — plain te the east, w
ma sandstone and conglomerate. Ther q
wasnt and introduced Teak is growing better on the sands tout ;
cn Chanda ka) than on the laterite (in Khurda, further so af
pe Tree, aun ‘al detretbern Oeca Clice the — Provinces, esa List i
following | able from D :
ae eee af Pevee er and ‘Vaedenberg) will make the succession :
Raja mahal Hills.
Bs
5
=
fe)
be
FS
n
io)
Bg
QD
Fhe!
Upper Son-Narbada outcro
Athgarh pr > sscorhig at head of Mahanadi delta 4
Middle or { Kamthi, i aft only in Damuda Valley. Dubrajpar sandstones a
Mahadeva | Panchet, b mua) Raniganj (in Burdwan, just outside our area
niganj. ;
(Hain da (Fa
site | u | Hronstone shales.
ee (Giridih coalfield).
The Lower Gondwana are supposed to be |
the Mahadeva of the Trias and the Upper of the aureeaie nie deveiryiyn ee Permit, mf
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 17
71. Other Gondwana rocks, again chiefly sandstones which are
often ferruginous, form hills in Rairahkol. These are said to b
oO
Mundiar) in Soe belongs to this gro and a section is well see
close to the town of Rampur (Rairakholy, mas the river ie through
the strata, bat here it is perhaps the Talchir boulder bed which i
exposed, as it seaioinn large boulders characteristic of that ances
e Talchirs, as the name implies, is well represented in the small
e
| a
a ir 70 — from Rairakhol to Khadakprasad on the
The Talchirs, according to coping — the actual
sous “oni ‘Pemnivia’ strata we do appe well represented.
Besides sandstones they con ries se roe te gre sont -grey
arenaceous shales. The flagstone of the P.W.D. bungalow at Nakchi
in Athmailik appear to have e from these beds.
72. In the south of Ga pense are reed bearing sandstones of the
Damudas which are continued into the north of Sambalpur (e. g. at
j i r ha
fs nless it curves round through | ra, h
a line would pass through several forest blocks of the Sambalpur and
Hathibari ranges (Chichamura, Jhargati, parle Sangramul, etc.),
in none oot w ich have such ” cks been noted (cp
73. Forming perhaps part of the above Hatakhol- ‘Talchir area
there are BiikeropE of pink sandstone in ave base of Angul which are
probably continued into the south of Bam They occupy the eas
r
he
surface is often covered with rounded quartz stones. In this forest
show Sal ghoweli: whereas he civasthin parts are mixed
r.
Ss som sre acahiat in habetivig stratigraphical break th
absence of an | unconformity. Se — ost of the laterite is probably
. On the Neterha
; u
t, cet cappi lh sy and plateaux, but in Singbhum there is a
thick deposit along some of the Sa randa valleys of the amygdaloid
type. aterite occu vie s leave areas abou omy rda, and on it
situated the Jai —— and “other small va It pocesie's inter-
ruptedly to Cuttack and into Athgarh and Dhe uk nal, and north of
Cuttack between Kapilas and Bysee, aiid at intervals to Bhadrak and
* Gazetteer of Sambalpur, p. 7. The authority for the statement appears to
be derived from Ball, Records Geol. Surv., India, vol. x.
2
18 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
Balasore. Many of the railway stations along the East Coast Railway
in Orissa are built of it. The Balasore laterite is more gravelly than
that further south, and is apparently detrital. Sout th of Khurda it
nds
extends to Tangi, though the hills are of gneiss. It i c .
in other districts of the Southern tr nt amal Junan blo :
(Sambalpur range) it forms scarps and r well stocked wit
idges
Cleistanthus, Bija and Sal, con en licaeatiy caps the plateaux in”
cease te Patna and Boros:
75. It may be noted that, sa th when capping or mixed w ith
other inion usually has a distinctly good influence on forest crowilll
but “x9 ieiith and other formations run side by ae (as in the case
oc
76. Kunker is apparently a recent formation’ often found in the
older alluvium, but cabioedallge’ in acthe Southern area on igneous and
tto
ie is mre ar at in the Southern tract, ihiainnsteeinbie species are
given
U4 PRINCIPAL FORMATIONS. *
Approximate Geological Age. Fo ih eOrormarts
Recent . > —
New
aiken aly see » para. 74).
Regur, Kunker, etc
Pleistocene. — . Older Alluvium
. Tertiary «; -liocene .::. . Siwalik.
Secondary or Cretaceous
Mezozoic
Jurassic . . Upper ip hae Rajmabal
Traps, e
Triassic. ‘ pide "Gondwana (see also note
Primary or Permian . ; aly Gondwana: Damuda, Tal
Palzozoic chir.
Carboniferous
Devonian
Cambrian . . Vindhyan (but azoic in our area)
Azoic.. - Algonkian - Kadapah.
Huronian . - Dharwar.
chean . - Fundamental Gneiss.
te tom Geliie, Testbook Geology, p. 679, : ‘ mar)
of the Geology of India of Geology, p. 679, Third Ed., and Vredenberg, Summarl
RAINFALL : ©
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¢ Az aS) . > | KARAIKELA
ae 6 + : / ao) 2 NILGIR: 68”
Pay . 3 NARSINGHPUR 48”
me a 4 BARAMBA
: 5 TIGIRIA
6 ATHGARH 54.”
7 KHANDPARA
8 RANPUR
Inches of Ram shewn tus 61
Peanfall 60-80”
Rainfall. s0- 00% ta
famfall 40- 50”
CLIMATE. 19
CHAPTER III.
CLIMATE.
General: 78-80; Seasons, 81; Rainfall, 82; Rainfall of Central tract, 83; Rai
fall of Southern tract, 84: Average number of r red sh VWs, 85, 86; Helative
humidity, 87; Vapour tension, “cn Clov 1d, 89; ximum te. mperature,
; Mean minimum temperature, 9 ; Hanes of wpe 92; Frost, 93-95.
78. Meteorological eet wens’ in India* o be placed where there
already exists an agency capable of cs ne a strumental readings—
that is, mainly, in the saieath They are not, seen fon geared ted,
except in a very general way, for —— pur None exists on
the cian es, org or 7s ee tops of the ioaeeine it are there
ons an sid ore
in ica ith t "aid °
far the establishment has been insufficient for the purpose. Eve
the existing data from towns are not always brine tah in the ew:
orm for our purposes. Published ean are nearly always means,
but it is extremes that often have the largest easing on vegetation,
extremes, although not s eapgirie y figures, have to be
_ referred to in the section on the character of the flora. Among such
extremes may b ht Ropes droughts
will kill large trees of some species, and the effects are not confined
_ to the year of the drought, but, on bape Sig possibly of — sone of
_ the roots, will continue to show three yea: Means of
temperature again do not show thas oonirel district, speci ally tho se
in the north of our area, and most dist: of the Central
tract, are subject to vin eather frosts. ‘Allied ee climate in its
: effects are the hot-weather jungle fires, which have a very im portant
bearing on the survival of s pecies, so much so _ a aoe or
frequency may entirely alte ae character of a for
79. Rainfall.j—The siueeheed rainfall map ree in blue approxi-
_ _* The following (taken from Met. Memoirs, 1904) f hment
of some of boy meteorological stations and ‘their. aevatio (elev of "haronster
: ) abo om sea-level. Where two elevations are given, this is due to
! _ Elevati
Elevati ‘ evation
‘tition, - 0% (fect), —=s«Sitatiion. Date. (feet).
4 ‘ « 1867 170, 183 . Ranchi . . 1883 2128
Gaya . . 1869 375 . Hazaribagh . 1867 1996, 2007, etc.
Purneah: =| 1874 125. Balasore. 1883 56, 48, ete.
f Darbhanga - 1875 . False Point . 1865 15, 21, etc.
Sambalpur 187% snd, “486 . Cuttack . . 1867 80
aes ieee (without je RS ?) not recorded, or stations established
__, 1 The rainfall figures in the tables have been taken from the Monthly Rainfall of
India, 1922 , Dublished by the Provincial Governments, and issued by the Meteoro-
re I
g
e
_
©
bo
wo
amt
al
ed
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a4
_
o
i=]
o
ao
ta
+
>
®
fy
me
Q
i=)
=]
=
Rh
z
(=)
B
1
mS
i=)
*
oS
i=
ry
= a
q artme ig
Bee Rormals are calculated up to 1918 inclusive only. District averages ar
correspond oc cali stations than are reproduced by me, and do not therefore always
cow h the average of my fared for ations: Figures are not exactly
arable, Te records at the different stations being for different numbers of years.
20 BOTANY OF BIHAR.AND ORISSA.
mately those regions where the rainfall is over 60”. The area so
coloured to the north-west, along the Same ate Hills, in close vicinity
to the Himalayas, will be seen in the chapter on the composition of the
flora to have a special, chiefl sub-Himalayan facies, a that of
a
ntal Par ;
is included in the Central area. The greater rainfall and relative
humidity of parts of the Rajmahal Hills accounts for the presence of
Siphonodon an — other Himalayan species found nowhere else
in monte —
Conant ra will be seen to have the greatest area with
60” and o
a nie lof In addition to the area coloured blue, P
of the Angul forerts Davpeils nd Baud, have probably a rainfall
of 60” and ater relative humidity than that shown for An
station, and nearly the w the remainder of Southern area
with the exceptio the Keonjhur plateau and pe the Sonpur-
Pa t has a rainfall of 52-58”. _ + only is the rainfall and
relative humidit , but the mean m e re is over
imu
70°, and there is (with the few Ss caaditeaions mentioned in para. 94)
a complete absence of frost. The flora has, therefore, an abundance
of species characteristic of warm humid climates, many © of them
common to Chittagong and Burmah. The high winter temperature
probably accounts for the natural Teak in Kalahandi, and it may
ea
well npur-Patna belt, includin t of balpur an
perhaps Kalahandi, has ore contine mate than the rest of
e Southern tract, and many of the distinctive ena tract plants
th
disappear. The relative humidity is lower and the range of tempera-
ture in Sambalpur, although frost is SEE is greater than that of
i trhap and Pé
mau.
e climate is 0: bipar a ps type, and is characterized
m
go
m wet season from June or July to Sagan ng The rain-
fall* is dedeed 1s ainly from the Bay current of the monsoon, which
rth eps u
©
38
; he p
relative to the mountain masses and its proximity to the Bay.
this account there is a relatively ps belt along our eastern boundary,
and on sooewnt of proximity to the Himalayas there is a second belt
* The small scale map (1”=64 miles) attached shows inches of rainfall (in bold
figures) without fractions, the recording station, where named, being shown
by a small circle.
CLIMATE. 21
close to the northern wairaget ~ as it recedes from the Bay
Jeu = and less marked, whereas where the two belts intersect,
. in Purneah, aaa is the heavions3 rainfall - “ ypdarg attaining
an cornenie ‘of 3 at Kaliaganj, which c ery m under the
influence of the: Himalaya. In this pain: pelt rr fall rapidly
slackens towards Darbhanga and Muzaffarpur, but ened pee
with proximity to the mountains in the north of Champar Ow
ak — _— direct from ant Bay Poirier interepted by the
of the south there is a larg of hea ain also
the eather tract, and probably the nant highest rainfall to Pur snes
or perhaps even higher, is that of the Simlipahar Mountains in poste 8
bhanj, which attain 3550 ft. at Meghasani There is, however, n
meteorological station either here on Par. einadic the highest
in the i
Ma
some 27 miles to east north of Meghasani, reaches 62°8 ich is
as much as Purneah eb (61°7”) 40 miles south of the “ eathills of
epal.
$9. The a! in the northern area shows a fairly regularly graded
on n,as may be seen from the following table, in which the
districts are Geoninrated psa est to east, and the recording stations
in each “district from north to south
(1) RAINFALL OF NORTHERN TRACT,
(a) North of Ganges.
or ori yg Muzaffarpur. Darbhanga. Bhagalpur. Purneah;
Bagaha . Sitamarhi 50-1 . Madhubani 50-9 . Supaul. . 52-9 . Kaliaganj 82- :
A mine 48-0 . Darbhanga e: 7 . Madhepura 52:5 . Araria 70-2
45-2. 8 astipur 48-6 . isanganj 79-6
oath | Purneah 61-7
=
He the ie OU OUD
“S858
AAMAS or
District ft 46-4 §1:2 52°3 67-9
(b) South of Ganges.
‘Shahabad. Patna and Gaya. Monghyr. galpur tal Parganas.
x ~,.eune <<. 46°7.. te ake 44 y roe Sidapipnt ar A A pafeiabal 53-4
40-7 Patn
43-7 Barh 43°0 . Jamui 5-4 . Bhanka
42-4 Bihar 43°5.. Sheikhpura a3. ;
44-3 Gaya . 45°7 . Gidhaur 45-1
Nawada . 42-5 pres
is ict y ¢ oI ‘
average | #1°9 {42-05 “78 ea
It will be seen that the rainfall increases from west to east except,
in Cham a. — the recording stations are affected by the nearer
approach of the
83. In the Buntral. tract ae there is a general average decrease of
rainfall from east to west, but here, as might be expected cae
the topography, the rule is igre to more exceptions. Not o
22 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
do places in the lee = — vee sa oan a considerable decrease of rain,
e. g. Godda on the west of the Rajmahal range is only 49” com mpared
with Pakaur at the re ie foot 60", but the extreme western regions
come under the influence of the vast elevated tract of the Vindhyan-
i i markantak* i
available
(2) RAINFALL OF CENTRAL TRACT.
hern Districts,
ibagl
Palamau. Hazaribagh. Santal Parganas.
Hussainabad . . 43-6 . Chatra . 49°5 , Godda
Garwa : . 46-2 . Giridih . 49-6 . Pakaur : : 60-1
Daltonganj 2 wi 43-7 5 Hazaribagh . 52-1 . Dumka i - 5646
Madhupur . . 49°9
District :
average - 44°9 50-4 54-1
fe Southern Districts.
Western States. Ran ingbhum
Sirguja ~ 64-4, totlandiies 50° 7.7, Chakradapur 52-5 . Gobindpur . 53° 4
Jashpur . 63-8. Ranchi’ . 53-9 . Ghatsila . 57-9 . Jhalda : brs ‘
Gangpur . 60:5. Silli 2 . 50-6 . Chaibassa . 53-2 . Purulia
Chainpur . 53-0
Tamar 0-4
Palkot 60-0
Ccuae) 55-8 55-9 49-8
The elevation of Bisrampur, the capital of etl is 1953 ft.
of ge a a ie Both these states are now transferred to
the Central The rainfall = _Neterha ill probably
paeidaal ‘Gere of ‘thee is bw o places or exceed them. Palkot is on the
Ranchi plateau on ting west and close to vitleatd of the J aikticeel
pats poe the Kolhan portion of Singbhum fall better into
the Southern
84. The ashe ern tract, by reason perhaps of its greater hilliness,
more forest, ‘ad especially LM being ae toate influenced by the
Bay w inds, is on the whe more rain hae other two tracts.
By reason of the great cereal rity of ee overs ent in
districts, ‘it is rot ie sible to arrange the districts i into gait and west
series, and her while recording statio ur on the low
aia les adh the peice there are none on rte inner sr hills pee that
a
(3) RAINFALL OF SOUTHERN TRACT.
(a) Western Districts.—Sambalpur 61:9; Bamra—Deogarh 67; Rairakhol—
Rampur 60°2; Sonepur 51:0; P: — - ah
om olontic Psy ‘atna- Bolangir 52:0; Baud 52- 6: Kalahandi—
* The position of Amarkantak has a 8
{ Cp. Blandford, Met. Memoirs, vol. i pues: Font cogameger
CLIMATE. 23
(b) Central Districts —Singbhum (Kolhan)—Goilkera 57-0, Monaharpur 62-7
iboth 9) oe ne alan) 3 Beep iid ur 54:2; Bonai—Bonaigarh 63°7: Keonjhar 47-1 ;
* Talcher 52:3 ; Dhenkenal 58-0; Athmallik 5. 43; Angul—An gui
is. Tt Tikapars. 53°11 5 “Hindol 56-1; Daspalla—Kunjabon n BS2 3 Narsingpur 1487 73
Athgarh 54-1; Nayagarh 56:0; Mayurbhanj—Baripada 62:8.
(c) Coastal Districts.—Balasore —aleaor 63°5, Bhadrak 60:3; Cuttack—Jajpur
60-1, Cuttack 60°8, nak ge * sefgoges Point) 64: 9, Kendrapara 59°8 ; Nilgiri 67-7 ;
Puri—Puri 53:6, Khurda
85. Average Number of Rainy Days.*
Gud sella © 108 TOse ke al oe
Sih. ct: Be ocde oh oad poke
Bagaha . , 2 bel.1 4 10: do: 12 8 3.0.1 fe
ttiah lL dbal 4) SE i Se 2 ae
Sitamar ko les] 32 boo re ee 3 ee oe
Muzaffarpur le bel od 4. ie se 8 So) 0 os
Darbhanga Pee eed aes ae ie Oe So oe
Supaul ] 5.269. 16:14. 10 3:-0 20662
Kaliaganj 3S (oid: 186.20, 12: SyDcDiedd
Purneah 2 Be-chbe Ute. bie dls 300 0228
xar 4 0.2 bee SS Oe Se eae
Sasaram 2-8. 12 ¥4 710; 3° 4 0. be
Patna oe ie te ee oe
Gaya 2 ee 16 14. 8S OU OST
Monghyr , S a8 Ive 4 10 3.0 O260
Gidhaur l.82°23 358 Isn.ke 1t 3-0 30.780
Bhagalpur ; €. 1 ls be, 8. 3, 8 8S
jmahal Pp I 26 4a Abe 30 os
Daltonganj , ; p is 16. 10...3; 0.0 be
idih . z | 4.532 19° 7_-13. 4 0 CO %
Hazaribagh ie 2°] 4208 10-3 4 eee
dda . Pol 82 31 16) ib. «ik, 2.0 0 66
mka Bu lect ate: 197 1838. JS «6020-19
Sargujah 2 Odi. a 0 eo oh 0 Oe
Gangpur 2 2 40.40, 18. 10...3..4 44 140
Ranchi . Ds Bi reei. Oni L018. 14.4.0. .0.. 80
Chakradapur i 2G. ae ‘i Be. Ae Ae oe
Chaibassa, pai eG Sate & gett a Poe EP es eet
Purulia . ng tt oceves Oc ee ae Fe © eg © pee Pen ae
Sambal i; bgcise Gate bE ie by cine Teg” asa lig * Bie
Monaharpur .6.10 3 8 1 ww. 8.2 eS
Pal Lah 2 O34 3. :O.iod k PAS 30 ft 8 i
Angul 05h 2 Bk 118s Bas. B21. 70
Barip e324 9 107 16 12.8.2) 03h
Balasore o.2 4 6.01. 16 1604 6 2 UA
Cuttack ; : eat. 16 Ale 1S 6.2245 76
False Point . PT 6 Too Ben B56 Bic dGrs 1G 29. 2 db 14
Pee ee hs po he ot ge peg eg Bod LBS
* From the Meteorological Memoirs, 1904,
24 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
d. It will |
be et at the number of sot hese r" not Geiosteiinit to the rain- —
. ‘ ;
t to
being less recent. As the figures are to the nearest whole number, —
the average a ae year does in) “ibwisi agree with total of the
monthly norm
The above igure of rainfall and its distribution sufficiently show :
that every part of the province is well adapted to the growth of ;
forest, thou = not fees of the ri luxuriant “or ty
6. ormal number ae iny days and the normal rainfall —
— u a oe year 1910* for a pie number of stations is given —
The figures per month are not available. a
Normal Rainy Normal Rainy ©
Rainfall. Days. Rainfall. Days. :
Motihari . . 55-57 59 Daltonganj . 41-91 62
Chapra ‘ . 42-30 52 Hazaribagh. . 52-59 75
ae far . 49-55 56 Dumka. . 56-21 78
Pusa . 49-13 55 anchi ; . 56-20 80
Darhbaige® . 51-09 59 Chaibassa . . 62-11 75
Purneah . 61-72 70 urulia 52-51 76
Buxar 41-09 53 Sambalpur 64-74 75
Arrah 44-95 55 Angu 47-04 72
Dehri 42-01 54 Balasore 62-09 77
Patna ; 47-98 56 Cuttack . . 59-30 74
Gaya. : . 46-48 58 False Point - 62-92 72
Monghyr . - 50-99 52 tgs oe ‘ . 54-00 60
Bhagalpur . . 49-24 60
Relative humidity.—The principal rain sey as stated above, —
from June to September, but there are occasio showers towards —
of or beginning of ary, ag requently
th howers in May, which tend considerab y to raise the
relative humidity of those month: the months following on
of the rainy seaso re are great differences between
the temperatures and relative humidity of day and night, and —
pnt it od dews occur which are of i oibodlende to the cold weather —
ein the eal a table the relative humidit
-y is given in the s s
order as the gy ll for each month of the yea afi The reodnaal Sg
stations are few :
* a from (Government of India) Indian Weather Review, Annual |
Summary with figures o: of departures fro Hig eee 1918. The normalsare, however,
bowed “pased 0 on records available up to 1910 inclusive. The normal rainfall up to
te is —— Benen rpren, and differs somewhat from figures in previous _
He few stations not available in 1904 have been —
CLIMATE. 25
Relative Humidity.
istts 2 &s € 2 ¥ eo
SEe SERRE EEE EE
atiates 82 72 57 53 63 78 87 88 84 77 76 81 75
Darbhan 88 79 63 65 72 83 88 89 87 83 83 87° 81
eich . 91 84 68 68 77 87 90 91 90 88 89 91 8
Buxar . 74 66 49 42 52 71 S84 88 84 72 67 71 68
Patna . 8 68 52 SL 6 TT SB ST: SS Te Jl «16 7
aya . 1 68 56 5l- 5S: 73 83 86: 82- 78- Wl Weg
Daltonganj 81 75 58 46 48 66 83 86 84 80 79 81 72
Dumka 5 65 50 52 67 80 87 88 85 78 14°73 73
Ranchi . 65 60 45 42 51 72 88 89 84 70 63 64 66
Chaibaass ; 78 72 61 57 64 74 86 87 86 80 78 79 75
73
rulia 65 55 54 66 79 88 90 88 78 70 69 73
Sambalpur 73 66 55 50 50 69 85 85 82 77 74 74 70
g a 76 67 67 67 78 85 86 86 79 73° 79°77
Balasore . 81 77 77 75 75 81 86 87 87 83 80 78 81
uttack . 81 80 78 74 73 78 82 83 83 80 78 77 79
False Point 88 86 85 82 82 83 87 87 85 84 82 84 85
Puri . 82 81 84 85 85 85 86 86 85 81 78 77 83
88. The normals of vapour tension are given in the following table:
Vapour Tension.
° . ~~ .
Gorakhpur Sh 36 45.65 7% Of OF. 06 Of 72 5G ..37.. 64
Darbhanga 38 39 45 63 79 93 97 98 94 79 55 40 68
Purneah . 36 39 48 65 81 93 98 98 96 80 55 38 69
“ine . 34 35 37 45 64 86 95 95 91 68 46 36 61
Patna . 36 37 41: 5A 76 92 98 G8 OA TA 50. GY 66
a . 35 38 46 5D 77> OF: 04°04 8B GO 47 Sa G4
Daltonganj 34 37: 40°. 47 62 80'' 89° 89 5 64 44 365. 59
Dumka 4 39 41 7 93 9 01 74 S51 36 66
Ranchi ‘ 3F 32 34 58:5 74:'°79' 79 76 OO: 40°:8k) BS
Chaibassa 38 4) 47 75 5 86: 8%: 8% 72 50. 28
Puruli at 42% 95 88 OY OF 88 70 45 34 63
Balasore , 51 68
Cuttack . 48 57 71
False Point 55 66 82
Puri . 56 66 83 91101 100 97 97 96 85 64 51 82
rakhpur is not in our area, but is shown for comparison as the nearest
one station to the Gandak, on the na of which it. is situated. The seme
relative ctl neve is seen to be in the north-east corner (Purneah), and on the
False — Puri, ete
represent hundredths of an inch. The original figures (Memoirs
foe aay Indian Met. Dep. vol. xxii, part 3, 1914, being given to three places of
imals the averages do not in all cases $ quite agree with the year’s average.
43
64
6 : 56
Simbalpur 42 44 48 60 71 84 89 88 88 74 52 41 65
. 44 71
83
84
2
Gorakhpur
Daltonganj
mka
Ranchi.
Chaibassa .
Purulia .
Sambalpur
Angul ‘
Balasore
Cuttack
False Point
Puri :
Gorakhpur
Darbhanga
Purneah .
overcast sky.
BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
ee Se
oS o
> & &
35 43
Mean Maximum
id
ecimals, which I have con
J
Temperatur
é :
ee
os: Ss
=
S
pH
88
86
8
89
88
90
89
88
84
90
89
91
90
89
91
86
86
g to a seale 0-10, 0 being a clear sky,
logical records show it on the scale to
verted into percentages of an entirely
CLIMATE. 27
91. Mean Minimum Temperature, °F.
Gorakhpur 4
D hae ga 51 53 62. 71 76 79:80 79. 79:73 61 68
Purneah: . 48 51 60 70 74 77 79 78 77 71 59 66
pee .(60)° 54> 63 | 74.79.) 81 079 78.78.71) 60. bE 68
Patna $oBE. .6400640°73) 278 780:.80 319 .79) 72. 61.) 62.569
Gaya ;
Or opi 47 51 59 70 79 81 78 77 75 66 53 46 65
. ol fae oo ti)
cone . 51 3207
Chaibesha . OE 69.67). T5879 19) 81 1 16 210) 80). BS = OD
Sediatonr 55 60 67 75 8181 Fh G24 TE HT Bly 66770
al ic 61 69 76 79 79 78 78 78. 73 62 56 170
nae Point 59. 6472-77 80 80 78 78 te 74. 65.257;; 72
uri z
. The absolute absolut and range of
saeretrs previous tb: 1903 i is srediordea for the stelowing stations :
Northern Area.
Maximum. Minimum. Greatest range.
Darbhanga . 107-4 n May . 38-3in January . 51:7in March.
P . 109- 9, ,» April . 34-7 ,, roma S04,
Patna. . 114-4,, June. 36-4,, January . 61:3,, 5,
Gaya . ie cL es cae . 56-0 ,, May.
Central Area.
Ranchi . 110-3 in May .37-9in January . 54-9 in March.
en, BATS yas, co OE Os iene gl 7 5 a
\ and Jan
Southern Area.
Sambalpur . 117-3 in May . 40-1lin peer ae ‘4 in March.
Balasore . 116-0 ,, . 45:4 ,, January
Cuttack ,1180.... 5.9488 o ie 8 ef 3; - » February
False Point . 108:5,, ,, » 45°95, 4s 45
93. Frost.—Th fi ilabl toactual ire tempera-
tures. The absolute minimum recorded in n para. 80 must be tempera-
tures in the screen n, as I have recorded 2° frost on the roof at my tent
as far south as Singbhum, while Hamilton* states that ‘‘hoar frost is
Hamilton (not Dr. Francis Buchanan, better known as Buchanan-
Hanlon), Hamilton’s ‘‘ Bahar’’ (in Description of rennet? embraced our
orthern and Central areas without Purneah and Singbhum
28 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
found in some oe in Purneah, which occasionally i is so extreme
as to injure some crops, especially the pulse. ” He also aaye, Ki ae
Santal Parg,
fevlod ured res map). The atafi be eatest frost correspond
approximately a0 ‘the area coloured ‘yellow Wiow: i. rainfall map, which
ret er vapour in " anuary
is least (see para. 88). In Palamau frost is ie equch®. In the Saidope
forest and near the Koinari River, practically in the plains, the frost
damage is sometimes great. On the elevated pats it is atin ally still
se W
more severe. here the original forest has been einen ie but
little damage is done, ey LE alasrceen in depressions in the open the
effe “ied of frost i n Jan and the strong winds in the hot season
make such places exceedingly epg : reafforest. In the course
of tim e, if protected from fires and grazing, the natural forest would
probably reason itself by ety prafitally spreading from the edges
of existi oods.
94. The Bo uthern area is practically free from ote but in Sing-
bhum frost has been noted at various ti mber 17th to
January 31 ey are slight at ordinary siswutions,
: ut it has
been noted that Sal seedlings on the edges of grass tracts (the grass
due ena i to cultivation my at an elevation of 2800 ft. in the Karam-
ae forest have been repea ae cut Scie sid hae s
. The Bathe ch iy | frost-hardy s our Northern and |
Oantrel tracts appear e Mallotus philippinensis, aadiats retusa, —
purpurea, Hugenia oak Bombax malabar , Garuga pinnata,
Embelia robusta, Aegle marmelos, Stereo ‘ace rmum rewavedlene, Emblica
iui: vifl :
li e
Butea frondosa, The Sal, Dillenia and most other species which a
common in the Central tract and Southern trict are frost-tender
CHAPTER IV.
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA AND
BOTANICAL FORMATIONS.
Botanical provinces, 96; Distinctive carat of Bihar and Orissa, 97 ; Meh
tropophilous, thorn woodlan d, induced scrub, 98; Principal seasons of leafing
and flowering, bulbous plants, 99; pac period, herbaceous aiaheti. 700:
Dominant families, 101; Distribution, 102; Effects of fire on distribution,
Northern Tract: Gan Poe ike ic Plain area, 104; Long under cultivation, 105;
Little. natural growth, 106; 1002 07; Higher he be pies wild flora,
108; Semi- espn forest oe Aquatics Bac ges
between s swamp and tire vield aces, tib: wood-
Ric
Bs Sissu neve Otib Botheahwar Hills, 116: : Sheds: idee:
teristic of Sameshwar Hills and Lower Himalaya also found in Central and
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 29
and Routhem tracts, 1 urneah, Lie . Bod uey lands of Northern tract, low-
level savannahs, 121; ‘righ: -level sa hs, 122; Other herbs of the grass
aly 123; Fir st trees to appear in onsen cre 124; Effects of heavy grazing,
Central Tract: General, 126; The Sal tree, 127; Trees on dry hills, white bark a
xerophilous structure, 128 : chasmophytes, 129; icus, 130; Other xero-
type 1 Pg Scrediid iit: ne dovickia, 142 ; Khair ri 13 Evergree n
type, , 145; Greer lands of Central tract, 146 ; ” Plow a of Al pats, 147;
Haismic: species ; The pdts a connecting link biteoen ins India and
re Himalaya, ey i ehbereetuie species of the pdfs, 150; Flora of Parasnath,
Southern Tract: General, 152; Sal, Teak and Bamboo, 153, 154; Thorny bamboo
formation, 155; male bamboo, 156; ; Mixed iy bac 157-162; Chittagong a ane
Himalayan element, 157; Drier mixed forest, t, 158; te and sandstone, 159,
160; Induced scrub, 161 ; Evergreen forest, 162; te satal tracts, sand flora,
Aes Mangrove ah ee 164, 165 ; Common ct By Gotan 166; Vivipary,
Plant Communities : Species in a formation often independent of one another,
169; Easier to classify habitats than communities, latter very numerous, 170 ;
oe of habita cee ; Allied species usually Ie diffe rons pe tg
epti
96. In the province of Bihar and Orissa as at present constituted
— included parts of four botanical provinces of Hooker and Thomson
lo art of i
or absence of particular families, genera or endemic 5) Seas Bihar
issa as a i i
- Cupulifere, a general scarcity of laurels -_ ie 0 and by few,
noli
t posse
in the presence, practically econ HF of the Sal tree (but no o biber
Dipterocarp) and in the almost general association with the Sal
30 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
large numbers of individuals, if not of species, of Terminalia, Ano
ines Salas (the Mohwa), Butea, Scleichera, Rubiacew (nota xbby
ardenia and Wendlandia), Acanthacee — uhinia, Diospyros, Zizyphus,
Cteistants, Nyctanthes and, except the Gangetic plain, of the
bamboo Dendrocalamus strictus and of iden grasses Ischemum angusti-
folium \aebai anced and Heteropogon contortus lb grass). The
buideat Ghana er of the Ae tad is tropophilous, and —
there is no true rain forest in t he pro
i oO
orn
S essen
tially a formation ne to climate. As suggested in ny Forest bib
ne.
ati see para. 82) thor He Gf itGee are abundant, an
thorny Flacourtia sepiaria is one of the commonest in the type of
heavily browsed scrub jungle which I have termed In oie a
In _ area pot the pte Cesalpinias and Ah acias are frequent,
A. co metimes forming a smalltree. Mimusops These is
fou hare with ‘i blunt thorns, though it is thornless on the dry
sandstones of the Central Provinces. It has been noted that the
a a
Vangueria spinosa nowhere so formidable as when the
tree is rapidly growing in the more humid jungl he Central
sath the Khair (with —- prickles) appears almost — due —
e human factor (see para. 143), as do the Zizyphus tracts. The
uced Scrub, again, o inal ‘So uthern tract be Oo seal ion to the
dryness of the locality, but r r to its accessibility to heavy hacking
and grazing with the concomitant selection o d species
to the benefit of the is Induced Scrub is gradually
d Scrub
giving way to less thorny species with protection of the forests. On
the other bona the dry hills ms the Central tract “9 ve comparatively
few thorny species, but are rather characterized by such xerophyti¢c
characters as succulence, thick branches, absene eof leaves and white
e tho ies
@ 3 n
and flowers, many of which are very beautiful. The leaves of these
and other ee form a characteristic monsoon undergrow
100. The m monsoon period is further characterized by the rapid
climbers such as Dioscorea, Asparagus, Smilax and ti , by the
rapid growth or production of new leaves and shoots n both ever-
green and Gibiunes trees and shrubs, and even wailevehtae (such as
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 31
Petalidium), by the growth of innumerable annuals which either
flower during the rains or after their cessation, and by the flowering
of Scitaminee, ground Orc hids (epiphyte orchids mostly flower in
the hot season), several Liliacew and Tacca, and also the rapid pro-
duction of new shoots of the inna grasses and bamboos, which
mostly flower in ihe cold season. The result of mons activi
oon vity is
to make the forests, which i nthe hot season are easily traversable,
difficult to walk oon ugh en still more difficult to see through, and
the open country green with aap or tall grasses and other herbs,
which before the rains is brown or
101. The domina oe families sapeens to mere number of species
are in the following order :*
. Leguminose. Graminee. 3. Cyperace Oi te one osite. 5.
Euphorbiacee. 6. Acanthacee. 7. Rubiacew. 8. Labiat Scrophu-
lariacee. 10. Convolvulacee. 11. Urticacece (in has ei toe
12. Beene
meration the ten most prevalent families (according -
mber not eee! is s the so adopted by Hooker in the abov
Gicaned.« til, however, we hace seta We accounts of
the flora Dy Rape alae as Prats census of the flora of the Sundri-
bans, it is alm ek us ire to apply the system to subdivisions of a
province. In our case, < sagen it on grasses an the Central tract
would appear og ba far more numer than those of the Northern
or Southern acne This 1 is merely aaa; to the area pe been more
intensively worked.
102. In n the body of iat a instead of ling the distributi
species by subdivisions or sub-a it has been considered preferable
to name each district (administrative) from which there is a record of
he occurrenc
210 :
sandra lanuginosa to quote Bihar or Chota a (or whatever sub-
province or subdivision might be adopted) when it has only been
collected or observed once or twice in a oe district a near the
same spot at 3000 ft. pirates, A few years ago it wou ve been
assumed that ma a hs oF the preae here Pag ee from the pow te
- not occur and Ori tua il eaen ny viz. the
imperfection of ae ‘bl e "data, unti til the ora of M: as been
completed, the flora of the Central Peeves and ee Livan, and
compiled,
Patio as in crossing to the peninsula of
* A list of all ies ETT with the approximate number of their genera and
Species is given in para. 177.
32 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
India. In all pr <a of canes “pa egg _ our mre the 1
very serious Se s due to the n of man (cp. - 98}8
will have to be t santo account. The adie of fire are copectelll
ie hago (see ashe a. 103). :
With n immensely old — surface as that of the Indian —
Peninsta, ‘sth ~ pened ority of the species probably imm ome’ old, —
with n obstacles to ‘ane distribution, their occurrence —
adeotkd in dilteeont ‘locelities of a province is almost entirely a atone ;
of similar climate il. And by climate must here be included —
ironme iti
be found numerou
instances. But rors many seanied: find apoconieaill
similar conditions and recur in se parated Sonar and the isohyetal —
nni r 4
in e t is 088i re
the same ces may’ in different parts of the gen neers pac. f
h
103. Bffect of fire on distribution.—Speaking generally the effect f
of hot-weather fires is gradually to transform forest to grass-land. |
ea i h of all kinds, |
in their turn, suppress tree reproduction and form every hot s E
dry fuel for the flames. The trees 8 are themselves not killed ae re f
jhere co
Soe 6 2 & mao So
1 especiall b
and gradually se Though the outermost seedlings of a clum
get burnt to the ground key ‘will send up a shoot in the ensuing hot | i
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 33
- s4ason n, and those further inside the clum mp, or close to a parent tree,
vill get less and gus bu = so anh even an isolated tre ee will give rise
c f
3 rs
alarges. Where fire ro ahechan is absolute on the ot
ergreen forest will in the more humid situations h up
Sal r i
more extensive t than it is at — not only on this fap. but
the eorer altitudes ae the mountains, and it is the evergreen
which suppor the Aiea number of species. On the othe r
>
apeaig fiUiil ULLwe
s, which flower ater ‘the fires aan removed cover, owe thei
radual evolution to an ual burning. _ Some of the species, e. -
; F y found i
s Grewia pewdeggite'e Grewia sapida, Ochna pumila,
ythrina resupinata, Careya herbacea, etc., may also have evolved
a response to the same ca ob
Fiora or THe NortHern Tract.
04. The te mp in area in view of its geo os — might
be ecte n fact, separate very d t floras.
ated the biatot ‘oe’ “l® ur Northern ‘tract. ois ‘okanth itself
separated as a distinct province by the nce of the Sal tree,
isti ce
Scanse Raciive of = =o is due to dédal tadtcies; including se
linati by atter of fact, Sal does occur in patches
n the naatt of the Northern tract as in Bhagalpur, both
eg
ft we know
nsive rel forests, sr
t have been
ta iddha cecnsule
hte which form a distinct, ben reer formation.* Om
present the is fits Northern Cha omar — (Samechwar
Northern Purneah, there are venghign to four classes of land
eultivatod: lande’ ; (2) small si of the forest
deiitaal constitution awaally much altered by hum
(3) the swamps; (4) the grass lands. To these a fifth
formation ”’ is a community of plants of more r less the oa Lak
ti
rmations and “ eda phic or py formations.” sie states
each formation o ies 0 nt, or a group of A Sige is characteristic 4
i r rmati
34 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
posta the reh ra might be added. y-aieani ee cultivated trees,
som
e crops are usually classified by the season in which t
es reaped, being either bette etghe in si bhado or bhadoi, ea
n August and Septemb er, and a a in winter. The soil
The chief crops are rice (both te aie eeelei ), indigo (cut J uly or :
August, with a second cutting in September), maize, marua ua (Bleusine), ;
i e eat spri
ro mala amp places
under sadlgs sa not in the cultivated area. ooker refers to @
Veronica and Potentilla on ee At of the Sone, no doubt V.anagallist
and P.supina. Hamilton refers to Cannabis sativa as wild in ee
differ much from that of vg — of the province.
09. Ue
vas the pete es of eat forest contain Flacourtia cate
montchi, Miliusa, ji j j
fF. ming erica
yim spat, rewia Hainesiana, Aegle marmelos (Bael), Litsas
polyantha, € i ;
istri i 4
jambs ‘ Roseapple) 8 ag telrasperm a, Cordia myxa, Vitex fencoryoy
~ ebiferu e following siaehen trees or shrubs also.
mmon :—Vangueria oso crista, Antidesma gheesembilla
i aie (aia li in Purneah S. torvum and S. ferox), Murra
Kenigii (bakaina), toda vasica, eaiticshe Us fritescens, Breyni
rhamnoides, Cassia sophera, Randia dumetor and many others
Bhd a mM of species ovat or characteristic ar vt jungles of Pornel 4
e@ p. 5
sy ers asper is exceedingly abundant, as well in hedges in th
* Tirhut used to include the present districts of Muzafferpur and Darbhan oa
+ Veronica agrestis is also frequent in the United Provinces at no great distant’
from the Sone. As regards the Potentilla Anderson, who had probably secl
Hooker’s specimen, gives P. supina as found along the Sone. iF
ding to
for (2) still water, oc nning water. Still-water plants are either
g
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 35
fields as in the semi-jungles, fro a small ee dense Hee
almost thorny bush, closely nese by goats, to a tree
intensity of the cultivation diminishes towards the Nepal frontier
and Sikkim Tarai, and the rainfall also increases, the semi-natural
or ever.
Il
trees, e.g. Ba rringtonia, ut these are sometimes survival species,
and are found in more abundance in the evergreen forests of neigh-
bouring ar
Rosa ibolucra ta (Koya), said to occur in large quantities in faye
places along the water channels of the Northern tract, occurs n the
Central and Southern tract only along rivers in the forest. “Con:
he u i
of Gears W
of jheels iio bear the beautital drogioad gentian (Bzacem tetragonum,
and more rarely EH. teres). Melastoma malabathricum seine large ae rd
aes ] a oe : Os
O. nepalensis I have only seen in the north o Cha sn n
in. The fresh water aquatic formation is @ parently remarkably
— m throughout the potent and also possesses many genera a d
even species w hich spread into tem mperate climates and are nearly
litan. This is n edouli due to the more uniform conditions
aérial. In Bi
¢.°W inches deep. oo show a preference accor
ing or s submerged, those of runni water usually submer ed and
ety with much cut or riband-like leaves. Those with the leaves
Nuno or mainly © emergent I have included under nec : ee i
r-lilies Euryale ferox appears ned to
Northen saaes, yrre has wa far vale been found in Purneah, but the
36 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
species of Nymphea are general as is osname the sacred lotu
They have usually tuberous rootstocks and flower n the r.s. and
} ti
‘aaa
latter a common water-fern in the rainy season. Salvinia natans a
far is siaky reco iiided from the districts with a warmer winter tem
perature (Purneah). Both these water ferns as well as Pistia preft_
water fairly warm and still backwaters, but they are often swep
in the rivers hes ood. Lemna is common o ill waters or hal
but are not dealt
os of Vallisneria alternifolia and Chara being used for refinim
sugar in Sou - Bihar; ys Chara and Zanichellia. Bil
there appears to be no pa articlar inti in these plants. Hydrillt,
Vallisneria Spatie etc., appear to be all used ‘indiectimingsiill D
a layer at the top of the refin a pearea through the tapering lowe
end of which oo ean slow — ckle while the sugar crystalli i]
ee flora pastes ae that of the marshes _
impereptibl Some _— es aie Sag ca have long stra
ped or abouts shaped lea water, slenil
ranean blades in shallower preva = erect sagittate leaves
serted from the — ‘ me cy The Onag our area alt
chiefly marsh and water herbs. Jussiva “a long se a
floating on the # water, pean by white veaanilar roote, but also cre
on the margin, Trapa is entirely aquatic, other species of Jussiea 8
Ludwigia are erect in marshes and ditches. In the nearly a ied
as Lythracee the genus Ammanina eas som Rotala and Nese
y com in the marshes, not in ern tract, DU
yi orthern
aca ‘the provinces, not only in oak asnbet but also
% wi - The rice-field wet flora differs somewhat from that of natutl
marshes in n the great abundance of small and delicate plants whi?
elsewhere appear to be only occasional in wet places. It differs
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 37
n the large oi of Sein ci rs closely allied species in close
pera Thes stly mbers of ee Ser SP RTs
Cyperaceee Siiliot jaetanhs Latour and Eriocaulon. Som a0
the ceeeerie are slender climbers round the hein sd
leafless at the e of flowering. The floating U. oalhte with large
vesicles is, ese a plant of the natural marshes, and I hav
not observed it in rice-fields. The species of Hr aeuion are more
~ ndant after the water has subsided in the cold season, and with
m appear — se Composite such as Cotula, Spheromorphea,
pes eda yi Grangea, which are allied genera, and Spheeranthus,
— sia ois
tnaling with the general flora of the open asin Plain,
which —. the bulk of the Northern tract, we “= ostponed
consideration of the more natural Khair-sissu for se fils, of
No og m Champaran and the remnants ‘of natural rahi in Morihers
Bo
Static air r-iSt. Ss ray 4} } Pa. my |
Gaiibaks, many ere miles of pont are hia ok ae
lands torn away and fresh deposits of gravel and silt formed. On thes
i P . nee fg nee ges formation. The Sissu (Dalbersia
tea
r Ad
Terminalia belerica, Eugenia spp., Tre nudiflora, Streblus
asper, occasi sional Tun (Cedrela oats in np hich "Bridelia, climbing
— and figs (especially F. — ata).
_116. The Sameshwar Hills (see p. 4) have a flora which is essen-
tially lower Himalayan. A list ‘of, the more characteristic, arrange ed
according to _ ir habitat, is given Sp Here it is only
mn: PP:
necessary to refer to such strikin coat as Pinus lo ngifolia as lye
pectinata, Sterculia —- Grewia Be ssiecn a 8, Piolaen Wallichii,
Rhus semialata, Moringa oleifera, minor, Osbeckia nepalensis,
Piper peepuloides and Dewmadiln con.
117. Oth species now known to Tad to the cooler parts of the
Central and Southern tracts are also characteristic of the lower
Himalaya, such as Gnetum scandens, Uvaria Ham ae cis Meliosma
simplicity Trevesia palmata, and Cyclostemon assa
118, the other hand species more char acteristic gi the Central
eC
: tract are A found in very small quantities, such as Scleichera trijuga,
| assia latifoli
119. The plants common to both the sub- imslesss and to the
| Pp.
| aa a a n tracts re Nea a very _ list. Iti he es
| fe
a ee ae ee eS a ee ee se oe
r
ention a few:—Dillenia pentagyna (more sub-Him
but slit in valleys : in other tracts), Millusa eluting (ditto), Shore ea
robusta, Kydia calcyina, Thespesia lampas, Bo malabar
38 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA
Sterculia a S. colorata, Helicteres isora, Grewia pict G.
vestita and G. elastica, G. disperma, G@. hirsuta, Aegle marm 8 (dry
a Som Barve serrata, poten rohituka, ete., ete. (a lee “list | is
given on p. 5 |
120. The N. EK. corner of Purneah used in Hamilton’s time to be
forest which f formed part of ‘‘ a large wooded tract that extends into
e wing trees ive :— a)
begonicfolia, > ar muultifio ora, Premna latifolia var. Gamblea (Gineri), _
Tephrosia candida, Vangueria yee Natsiatum herpeticum, Aporo
ee emma Vitis adnata, Calam —_ ae ete celosioides,
and m erns growing in the open. . Anisogonium esculentum,
N ephivodiuit molle, N. aridum, etc., which i in ne td districts are found
es shade.
. The grass lands of the Northern tract —— a conten
1 n and thei
stems and rootstocks which frequently form tussocks. The lowla
savannahs are natural gr — are water-logged for a p
of ae year, but they pass into evergreen forest where the water is
wing. high level ania often are the result of
cultivation, maintained in the state of grass by firing and grazing.
ipal ordi
The pri grasses on the nds are, according to note
by me 1 , in the adjacent tarai Saccharum procerum (call
S. arundinaceum in the ), S. spontaneum, Ophiurus megaph lus,
Arundinella brasiliensis, Phragmites karka, Triraphis m as
cariensis.* T e may dded the fragrant-rooted Vetivierd,
is sometimes very t, Anthistira gigantea, Cor
neo and the low land savannahs are further haracterized by large
new, spe Alpinia, Hedychium, Costus, etc.,
cies of
adjanenit Tarai the large orchid Arundina is conspicuous.
os The grasses of the high-level savannahs are less large, but also
ually perennial-rooted. The chief are Saccharum narenga,
fastigitun, Cymb tad nardus, Polytoca barbata, and most of the
grasses of the savannahs of the Central Sasi but no list has beed
made on the gro
accharum mnie (tanggha) appears to be a grass of high- -level
savannahs in the northern more humid belt, though like many 0 other
plants it retreats to the neighbourhood of rivers in the Cen tral tract.
ike those me for
he woody stems are lik of some other large grasses used
the walls of huts he sheaths are made into coarse ropes Ca
k ga, S. sp an species of
ion!
r burning the nnah tracts become pre wi
numerous herbaceous iocsmnsihe jvhloh spring up from F oa Sulba
Mr. Hole, ina letter, informs me that he thinks there are two species inclu
ager rome th name in the F’.B.7., the one named being a N.W. Tndia form and
being ynandiana, I have not gone into the question
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 39
or rhizomatous stocks. Among these are Caseya.s Rerheces or red
shoots and large white and pink flowers, Olax nana, Grewia sapida,
@. scabrophylla, Ochna pumila with beautiful rie gt el doe P
Aneilema scapiflorum with blue flow an of Pancratium
hi w
with its white plumes, though most of the grasses flower in the col
season after completing their prytee ’s growth.
124. When the grass lands of t Northern tract are only subject
owe waveolens,
= oficial and Lagerstremia parviflora. ost of these trees
oo Re asetinely frost-hardy as well as to a certain extent
125. "The effect of heavy grazing is gradually 40 ey ee the strong
perennial grasses and fin ally peplore : the our arf species,
especially those, like Panicum (Paspalid pt Pie um, Urochloa
poe and Chrysopogon aciculatus, with leaves shia. ed to the
ou
°
FLora OF THE CENTRAL beets
aaa 2. contrast to the Northern trac e Central tract me
i considerable area of forest, or ALauikt land, and (wi
the exception of the Sameshwar Hills and N. Purneah of the Sia,
ora is far more interesting. This is chiefly due to the rocky
surface perme presented difficulties to cultivation. Its beautiful
hills have served as a refuge for less civilized paeaithar act which
Bs ; :
aK: xer ahi lous structure in many of its species. The Sa al itsel
the most characte vistio tree of the area, is somewhat xerophytic in
t
v
to stand the hot dry winds of February a while t
ones appear in May, n the relative humidity of the air is very lo
They are efore ma ly coriaceous,* and possess @ polished
surface which r the sobs te the drier aspects and dry
tops of hills the trees become low and gnarled with relatively massive
stems and smaller leaves ithe s0- called hill-type Sal), but Depa
the popes i ¥ sufficient, the s found on fairly heavy, as well as
light so is not pHa OPE ous waste iently long nor ‘gafficiently
sopilous ay grow on the driest aspects.
t hot dry as spank it is suppla outed B by other oe of the dry mixed
ie, a such as Anogeissus latifolia, the b hill form of Odina’ wodier,
yctanthes, Cleistan: on ea “colli nus (of which a tori also occurs in the
ram Boswellia serrata, Sterculia urens and Cochlospermum Gossy-
upper surface has a thick cuticle and large epidermal cells deeper than
ira “Beneath this are 2-3 Tows of palisade cells, but this thin-walled tissue
Wee dat frequent intervals by large thi ick- walled tissue opposite to the
aa which have numerous bast fibres. A similar thick- walled aoe
the spongy parenchyma, so that the ioaven are rendered very firm
40 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
128. A thin ee outer bark which — he white and easily _
my Fl. Ch. Nag.,
allows the passage of li oe is, soot I pointed out i
ass ci
iphora or Balsamodendron, a dry climate or desert genus, and
to a less veer the new bark after accline: i Sterculia urens and
others is gree
3
129. Gardenia oie hoe is ne is called a “ ——— Its”
he ock e i
minute seeds germinate in t vices of bare s. The crevices
become filled: with a gird Witty ‘sob ock, widely forms a b
shion over the top. e tree has a white stem with chlorophyll and
large coriaceous deciduo aves cove ith ous var
hen young. Gardenia gummifera, which grows on and quarts
stones (p. 14) often on the tops of ridges in open forest, has polished
ller coriaceous es, also varnished while youn s buds are
protected by a large drop of elt Gardenia turgida, one form
ich is covered with strong opposite and decussate spines, hav!
also a white bevked e young plants of all forms of @. tur gida are
exceedingly s
30. Ficus in nfectoria F. glabella and F. tomentosa are all species of
rocky ges some ich . infectoria is also an epiphyte, like many other
figs), a or Jess xerophytic in structure. The leaves of F.
Peoria are » covers with a dense felt of hairs. It may sometimes
be seen on ol dings (e.g. the Palamau F
ng true xerophytes the candelabra-like Euphorbia nivulia
ten attains bare rocky ground, though the seedlings ottet
germinate under shade a rod resemble E. fusiformis of the
Sameshwar Hills, which Re ostly found under s he
trees mentio above the branches itt young stem e chlo
phyll, but in this case hare is no, or very little, thin white bark
cork.
asclepiad Sarcostemma is another xerophyte and chasmophyte, with
green stems and branches. It also has a milky juice, _ aa e presence
, fles ias
up
and the eo genera Excwocar ria and Sa apie ere more
or less fleshy A poc acew and As se Arosa dBc th
Seophyeis conditions,
although oe ‘present in allies which are no See xerophytic. The
Euphorbias and Sarcostemmas develop leaves in the rainy a
thongh sadlage are sometimes much reduced
Sa P iocuescinnie occupy the greater part of the pp t are
Sal pti to the tops of the highest hills where the soil is sufficient,
°
2
se
=
£3
Qa
is}
fr)
Qa
S
]
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 41
Sea occupies = intermediate position between the driest and wettest
reas in respect of soil. But the type of Sal varies, and its associates
change with aha ype. It is at its best in valleys with a deep loamy
ved from rocks of the Dharwars. This is the Valley type of
ovtas
133. It has eS eS + Ci iis +f an a
laterite, aia t it is true that it is not found on the trap of western India,
and it is absent from serpentine,* but it is found on trap i in the Payee
Parganas and grows well on laterite in Singbhum d
to the edge of the laterite into Midn napur, where the remnants of Sal
coppice may still be seen. Although trap may be an unfay urable
sub-soil for Sal, other reasons must also be looked for | to prio for
its absence from Western India, as it is also absent on —
and other sethia!t in the western parts of the Central Provin :
134. As in the Central pena it appears to avoid cotai close-
r
bedded quartzites,t though it will grow among quartzite Houldérs,
and it is oeren sentir calci oaekoens It also avoids the cotton soil.
135. wing how dependent its occurrence is on the physical
propertica of rie sub-soil and its permeability by the roots, it will
grow well on one side of a ridge composed of hard ee schists
inclined at ngle, more or less parallel to one slope, ]
badly on the othe d this is independent of th e slo
on which it grows well has the edge he schists exposed, the other
slope is or less parallel to the laminati thus presenting a
surface with fe ks. ch unfavourable slopes is poor d
ed forest, with frequently an abundance of es.
n n
_ 136. In the valley type Sal will attain very large dimensions in the
Central and Southern tracts. When I first knew ee 1903,
$0 of Fe . ft.
arborea and Dillenia pentagyna are not seo and t cease a
little way up the slopes. On the other hand, Terminalia tomentosa
and 7. belerica, Scleichera trijuga and Pterocarpus marsupt ium are
frequent age
ociates in the hill type are Gardenia spp., especially on
ay. Dillenia aurea, Phenix (on very poor soils or in oe os sage
chebula (most — on flat hill-tops), 4
latifolia, a fuller lists see p. 61).
Tue Mrxep Forests oF THE CENTRAL TRACT.
139, as usually distinguish bet n Sal forest and Mixed
orest, but mixed forest means in this pave forest without, or at least
with very little , Sal. The term is retained here in the same sense, but
Steading the Belt ‘of evergreen forest which 6 occur along many river
It is absent at least from the only serpentine hill I know of, fyb, Kita Buru
inne Saitba pied which is oocupled chiefly by Phania acaulis an ie eke
Pecan introduction to List of Trees, etc., of the Southern Cw
42 : BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
valleys, and especially along ravines in the higher = We can
distinguish in the mixed forests — sence ary type
0. The Terminalia formation.—Some va rin containing g goo oil,
but apparently with too se eaikboili water for Sal, contain Ter-
minalia tomentosa as the principal species. Here aa occur Terminalia
belerica, large Bombax, Sterculia villosa. The raising of the water
level by railway embankments will sometimes kill out t the Sal and
convert a ——— Sal sepa into Terminalia.
. Miz
. 128). Suc
ancien — ther species —— = sa — corky bark,
s EBrythr —— Cochlospermum Gos
"The vabiaet sent of the ee ~ track tee Chay ss “THT) are parts of
Shahabad, Palamau a said to be the hottest
district in the province, and this is s perhaps ireitéel to the destruction
oO
the forest on the 3 ranges. Parts of these —— still contain
small Sal trees, but for the most part se — xed type or scrub,
Se —s Bokeniies, Lis fopeees
sandstones = Shah mae once cite the Hardwickia for-
mostly se Thi is was apparently a purely edaphic
— althoug h Hordwiokia suit on other soils also in the |
t
tye e.—Soil is apparently partly —— for the
distribution of the Khair — Catechu). It is ore crooked
t nes ape scat : is ap coenakye var. Catechu
ee per. - Ss pre — is i. _ solely to the ar In 5
this Kerscargre fires, akc etc.) has laneusd the Kha Saher where the
forests are protected the Khair disappears. It will ‘not reproduce
itself under shade either — — or coppice. With the Khair, which
must therefore have origina n land, is associated Woo ajone
nl S
a lis. are all frost-hardy species.
occur Satin wood (Chloroxylon), Adina cordifolia, Mitragyna, Bridelia
retusa and Anogeissus latifolia, Garuga pinnata, Ehretia levis, Odine
_— and Grewia tilicfolia. Pennisetum setosum often occurs as an
undergro
144. Evergreen forest. —— rivers and apse ses in deep valleys
va
the outer curves percent, ave high banks with Sal or Terminalia, the
a side of the curve has low flat i
° e
ype. oa
teeply graded streams are anaily & milar ane evergr
Asither oe ihe nor Southern trict posse
type of e orest
ergreen t which occurs in the sAjnbeint more humid —
* Only extreme seo part of Gaya and southern Shahabad are in the —
Central tract.
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 43
Tarai and Duars, where the branches of the Eugenia formosa, Dillenia
indica, species of Ele re igi nd numerous other hygrophytic trees -
oH hung i. epiphy
45, At the lower slovation s the evergreen belts are mainly co
aay of fase with the sacienles clothed low down wi ith tees
g
in
a}
&
sa
er
=
°
5
: mpaca, Mango
pio are _ oman and Litsewa nit
Erg ge0 m pore and others (for mo
$
2
3
<
=
S:
us Rox
Saighcts ists, see pp. 55a
46. ass lands of che Central tract, — from those of the
pits, are not em extensive, and are —_ yay ite fitted to grow forest,
which is suppressed by cutting a roe The redominant species
n
0
In rocky places the Pennisetum siege with its handsome
reddish spikes, i is ie in Palamau on Vv , bi
chiefly in some , the Chrysopogon ae us is characteristic.
ote “oven oaean but not nearly so fr sti as in the Central
vinces :
m
Imperata is characteristic of clayey and lateritic soils in some places
only. Saccharum spontaneum as usual occurs on open, often more or
less Ritct-bearing ng or water-logged lands. Ot ther species of Saccharum
are rare, but S. munja occurs along ravelly or sandy river beds
y at hi
80 Species of Pollinia are very common in open )
with tlh ‘oil For cooena Siggee Beg % the forest and a list *
| epre e pats see pp. 55, Most of these latt
08 found, oe shed, ee. in ait pete of the Central “aa
Southern trac ra " —
The péts (p. 9) and higher mountains of the Central trac
Possess many ie (9 of a nore e temperate flora which occur else-
AL BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
where, either in the lower Himalaya or in the mountains of Madras,
or both, and a few which are closely allied to plants in one or both of
those riean but appear endemic.
148. To this last — Te Hypericum Gaitii allied to H
cernuum » (Hind ayan) and . mysorense (Madras), and Thesium
unicaule allied to = himalense (itm 8 - and to 7. Wightianum
- as). Jasminu apparen oe arety to J. Wightii of
Madras. Pica: bracteata is is = alied = Pp diobria 0h (Himalayan),
on apparently to P. Candolleana (Madras). Ligusticum alboalatum
appears to have no Madra rca and Carum villosum also
appears to be endemic or undescribed, but its fruit is at present
49. The high mountains and pits of Chota Nagpur would appear
to have served as s epping-stones for the passage of species from the
ec
hat
prone intermediate now low ranges was no doubt very much greater * ;
t igh mountains of Meghasani and — in the Southern tract
would similarly have served as stepping-sto
fuller list of the caw et the pate i is given on pp. 57, 58,
he which the ae are sele
_Pittosporum floribundum, di strib. Shimeladn and sian ai Hype-
ricum dapiomioene, ana Gar whal, Himalaya to mah and hiils
of peninsula. Geranium ocellatum, distrib. Him er ag up to “6000 ft.
Viola Patrinii, distrib. Himalaya and hills of peninsula (also in Cent.
Prov.). Rhamnus dahuricus, distrib. Himalaya and wes stern ghat
» Himalaya a :
N errs
Nilghiri Mts. Rubia st one distrib. Himala aya most_ hilly
districts of the peninsula up 000 ft. Artemisia serene —
ats an
ah. nyza a i . Himala
and Pulney Hills over 6000 os (Gamble — This is said to be a
escape, but I doubt it. Lobelia zeylanica: sis apparently a distinct
variety, but the cr is distributed in in the ati m <Eoairse and ear
is one record from Mysor in Ce
Geniosporum papi distrib, aeypur Hills ‘iad Geylon (this sho uld
ndicum vr ding to Gamble). Plectranthus
as a variety of P. coetsa, then also Himalayas. Scutellaria discolor,
distrib. a a to Assam and Burmah, also Bababudan Hills of
Mysore (Ga ble). :
t will be rolecvel that a Himalayan element is stronger _ the —
Chittago ong-Burmah element a good deal weaker than in the mountains
and others also oie to evidences of an exceedingly cold if hea :
* Duncan
glacial oer during tne a Gend
Pirie Ge Angoeponee 2 é Gendwana period, but this would have
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 45
of the Southern tract. This may be partly a to os ave
cooler drier cold season and the hotter drier hot season as co
with oe — of the mountains of Orissa with their cenpelice
-bree
51. The pte ra of Parasnath has been more erm investigated
than that of any other portion of our province. It was dealt with by
in th coy a and Dr. ciamaen se
days on the mountain. He also paid a second visit there in company
with Dr. Anderson, =e it has ‘oeie further botanized by Edgeworth,
8.
while officiating as Superintendent dong Calcutta
Gardens, collected the investigations rs himself, Hoo Ragen rth
and Thomson into a paper, published in re pm “Of the Asiatic
Society of oat The only species rise d on Parasnath but which
wea not been recorded Seren from other parts of the province now
um alane 0
Of shies the Pyg ce ee
other locality: where t has been found is Mahendragiri Mountain
anjam, elev. 4500 Pn | The Berberis is Himalayan, but the
Parenath plant ater somewhat from the type. The Kalanchoe is
ent on mountains in the Dekkan. It is to be noted that, in
iain to the above » Sir J. D; — regarded the Parasnath palm
Phenix robusta as a distinct spec and Anderson in his paper
feoe ns 2 species of Araliacee (ernttotenbined); which I have not
FLoRA OF THE SOUTHERN TRACT.
—. It has been said that the topography of the Southern tract is
uch more varied than that of the Central or Northern tracts ; th
ice also shows m re va ioe. The climate, ——S- more
. er wi
mountains and deep valleys with pere ennial streams are floristically a
part of the i. tract. The higher parts of Parasnath, although
more humid than the rest of the Central tract, do not bear red great
resemblance to the Southern tract in their flora (see par
46 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
last is apt to take i one meee coppice fellings are carried
out a the bamboo itself bein
e better Sal Sone whioh n loam in Angul a above
the seg of com ape wie, the gael heihoo has as its chief
mentos' oc”
ephalus Burser
Miliusa velutina, an often large ft ae somewhat
pace aa assem bla “ae of trees of damper and drier conditions!
On the q and mica a esi which give a light- colou ae soil, on
which Sal is is never seen well-grown, is Gardenia gummifera Aes pecially
rain es of ety and quartz), Chrysopogon monticola, Heteropogon
contortus and Aristida. In some parts of Sambalpur the Sal i is much
ciekes by iinaaibhd longifloru
155. The - wing doctntidien —In of the valleys and
a plains the Sal and Jer ig is basled by the Brow es of
Especially gregarious is the thor ry bamboo (Bamb Usa
arun ndin
thera nigrociliata is found. Few formations are more impenetrable
than the thorny bamboo forests, or grow fewer subsidiary species.
are
a ety during one of spa re si tae wering Denes and of under-
growth there is none. It was however in streams foming through
er my bamboo that I frst ca ‘came across the Lawia fie
156.
Sal), as in some areas of the Central tract. It aaah very well
grown, but is apt to take a of the gro at he the rock is
near the surface. It d t flower gregariously like the Bambusa,
but some different aon ~ every yea
MixEepD Forests OF THE SOUTHERN TRACT.
. Humid mixed forests.—The highest hills re to 4000 ft. and
tad possess a semi-evergreen type of forest (though Sal i is common
on the drier ridges) between 3000 and 4000 ft. The g
of the species are those ye h “es a strong Glagons and Eastern
Himalayan element into the flora. Among the former are M. achalal
nnn
apium n insigne
"p mong Himalayan
species are Bony mu yet os Leea acum inata, Rubus ellipticus, Ville-
nea frutesce * Pilea scripta, Baccaurea sapida, while Aralia armata,
By $6 west stricta ta, Eleocarpus Wallichii, Clematis smilacifolia, Styrax
at rmah and Phebe lanceolata, Turpinia pomifera —
m extend to Burm
are both of Chittagong and the Himalayas. The Chittagong element —
y interesting, inasmuch as it is found also at lower eleva- —
9
pecially noteworthy is Evodia oniiaias ta om the mountain
ravines of Bonai. This plant has only been previously found by me
in the mountains of B a0 h frat tan, and 3 only recorded in the —
ia fr
The drier mieed ‘orale of the Southern tract are usually —
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 47
etd on steep slopes below the ridges. Salis usually absent, though
of its associates remain. ursera serrata (which attains
6 6 ft girth in the Raigarh forest), Dalbergia latifolia (only reaching
large girth in the valleys), Cleistanthus patulus pe cin in socky
ravines), Callicarpa —- ~~ te = efolia and G. elastica, Hymeno
ictyon, Sterculia villos d S.¢ a, Anogeissus latifolia, Waleuen
piscidia, Ougeni i dalbeepioides, Brideliar retusa, Petali — mare fr requent.
On rocks are Hemionitis arifolia and Drynaria quercifolia
At lower elevations is much Diospyros sylvatica seg Pe composita,
Gelonium, Capparis Roburghis ory C. sepiaria, but it is difficult to
li we s type and the evergreen forest on the one
hand and the _— or gen aie low mixed forest on the other.
da oe and Athgarh pss Bry ae considerable
ast and the m i
The list on p. 56 therefore merely records the species x iveewrrin g in
the mixed forests ri scrub jungles of = dowet elevations, whether
on ag va san
obo: to Burma), Diospyros nleshina and D. cordifolia, Soya febr siege,
hloroxylon swietenia, ugenia bracteata (dist. bot of penin
oba nd Hug
est, and . 0
ly species. More characteristic of laterite is Webera corymbosa
and oneeaie oe iy sha aly characteristic “al the sandstone is
: = and the ‘en: . got Himalayan and Cingalese, while
Limonia acidi issima, also common, is a small tree of drier regions
the ed SMe 0 is a hilly very feverish tract in the south bordering on
* See Gamble e, rot Orla on the Forests of Khoordah, Orissa, April 27th, 1881.
Presidency. It contains much high for
48 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
Randia, 2 spp., and other thomy « or prickly trees or shrubs also occur
In these — siren also excessively saieounens thus further -
PS fa
162. —— forest type.—The evergreen type is far more ex
sive in the n tract than in the Central, as —— _ snticipeal
from the wot rere tna aoneee near the coast. evergreen of
the mountain tops has already been referred to; Gea of yi low-lying
regions contains a large Pn of species (see pp. 55, 56), of which
i cinia Xanthoch
ittagon ale bark
large leaves ; Canthium a also occurs in the high-level evergreen _
—— distrib. urmah, an alay Peninsula; Diplospora
ngularis, distrib. Khacia, oreak and Ind. Archipel.; Alphonsea
foes, distrib. Silhet and Burma; Unona d iscolor, distrib. Duars,
~ yi et as aid, Burma ; Amoora spectabilis, distrib. Duars to
CoasTaL Tracts.
. The low nieve or rocky er ee rarely quite reach the
and between them and the shore are frequen ntly culti vated
: db
rises on a bank formed by itself as ere" strc blown sand drives through ©
it an is oe ae on the lee s ea The sand flora requires further
ie ae (See also p. 58.
e M
|
c ta:
rosea of the Mahanadi, but saline marshes with s - the charac
‘eristic trees of the deltaic swamps, e. g. Excoecaria raganrebe hig “canta
ilicifoline, are Re found in Balasore at the mouth of the Burubulung
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 49
and at other places. The mouth
Th
of the Subarnareka I have not seen.
he higher lands. between the numerous cr
eeks and channels are
usu san pe assy areas as already mentioned, withou
forest, but grazing large herds of cattle and d They are fringed
with trees and common in the more inland fo sts, suc
ia mala Caris Azima, Maba, Erioglossum
i arica, sa spinarum, im .
edule, Litscea sebifera, Crotalaria striata, Zizyphus cenoplia, Streblus,
Eugenia bracteata, Cesalpinia crista. More characteristic are Cesal-
mug
trees Anacardium (Bajan, Or.) and Calophyllum.
165. In the Swamp itself is an evergreen forest which relatively to
, undr.
Deets (see p. 58), of which 18 species not before recorded from Bihar
an Tis: r i
bark also occurs in Bru -yophylloide
guiera caryophylloides according
Pr the more slender hecauiencor hores of Avicennia offic and
; The function of pneumatophores (f. Schimper)
bs pper parts of the stilt roots in Rhizophora
167. The germination of the s while still on the tree, or th
Pheno hon of vivipary, is known in Rhizophora, where the
YPocotyle of a foot in length before dropping, radicle
down into the mud similar vivipary is in several
se
other Species of the tidal Swamps. In Kandelia the hypocotyle also
attains a foot, in Ceriops and Bruguiera 4-6” in length. In the latter
3a ane board
steamer any ble to give three days to this tour, most of which was on
oe : number of
to aul ann extended inspection would add a very large
4
50 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
us t
short hypocot atyle e has upturned en which ot as a barb, and a short
c velo
th
may be pic up various fruits and seeds. These may either
= North-Ea
up on the Malay Archipelago, curves round the Bay of Bengal and
down the eastern coast of the In ae et and which would thus
convey drift from the Malay peninsula, Burmah, Chittagong and the
Sunderbans and in conditions of the wind deposit these on
the Orissa coast. Among these fruits and s have found Ni
eeds I re) pa
pone whic a oceur in the Mahanedi_ delta though I did not
e it growing there; Heritiera minor, which is known to grow
mall ‘the eoantel’ Tegions puta may have come from Orissa itself
crista,* ete. Among them is a pyramidal fruit (?) somewhat
resembling that of a Pandanus in cahape which ‘oe not been identified.
CoNCLUDING REMARKS ON THE PLANT COMMUNITIES.
_ 169. te types of oes usually recognized have been mentio
in th ceding pages, and it has been pointed out that oxtensill
foriwnibhae: mo that of the Sal, really embrace a large number of
minor plant Such ¢
ocality. ce Sal may oce trychnos
is not found, and vice versd Strychnos may occur i association Y cill
as on the southern laterite) where Sal is not aawig # fou
170. In the Ramnagar (or Sameshwar) Hills Bauhinia purpurea is
found on ridges with Sal, in the Central tract only along valleys of
on cool sides of hills anehy “with Sal. Clausena "ir ok is ee
under Sal in Champaran; in Singbhum n its place i is t C
ies which occurs
as re
0 Ngemi and soil, 7 oie of many of the smaller plants depends
only 0
ne
tions are thus almost endless according to slight varying facto
the localities, and in n the folloveane | Sollee it has been considered bel bette
* Cesalpinia
in the tidal forests. — A a
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 51
and Grass lands as ted ch ; the grass lands in
our area gd or the most part artificial the prevalence of grass is
a secondary consideration. Natural grass lands are probably only
as fros
172. It has been stated above a one species has usually no direct
those no Otis localities of very restricted area known to foresters
bearin on the presence of ano The proposition requires quali-
fication in two directions. Apart from obvious cases where there is
4 direct relation (such as and host), it appears from the tables
8 par
as a fairly general rule that ome allied species are not usually found
together or in similar habitats. Not only this but the plants, and this
does not appear from the tables, even when ey are so found in similar
habitate are not always si in the same habitat. Thus Mucuna
erma are both found in the more humid
nits wih caintel | over 60") along streams in more or less evergreen
fores t I have never seen these two species together or in the
n i ents
restr
173. Marked exceptions occur to the rule that sess allied species
are not usually found in the same habitat in association. These are
r i ry
haps where the species are some ‘hes recent or elementa es
oveur especially in the flora of the ss the m
small species of Uivioulel te: and the Priore of Serophuariacea of ‘the
closely allied genera* Vandellia, Bonnaya and Linder
V4. In some cases th p ed origin of some famaiiine under
certain climatal pears is well illustrated, e.g. the Umbellifere.
Presumably originated in or cold climate, are
confined to the elevated cen and tops of mountains
and. The following trees and shrubs (in continuation of the short list on p. 37)t
li vi ie n to ved Central tract and to the Sub-Hi mnueuen tract: Narave ia i
jj , Ola ‘ax sca ndens, Eleodendron glaucum, Posse paniculata, Ziz; sas
also Be mu rug. , Mangifera indica (certainly wild in ravines of C.T. and §S.T.,
Probably along wererednote 3 in the NT), Semecarpus anacardium, Odina
rolubidig po” tas, Atylosia crassa, Butea parviflora, Millettia auriculata,
br, » D. latifolia Ougeinia, Indigofera pulchella, Cassia fistula, Bauhinia mala-
ore ezone sae m, Mimos nae 4 a0 og
el dad oP : HG 6 uro imo e
rare in CT. and 8.T.), Albizzia stipulata, A A.
were ” se Ale in 8, .T. -) p, Anogelerus tate latifolia oalyse on in. ry ridges cs in 1) T.), os
m, nanum,
a , borea (only. in tae i
fen ar Bi pero parviflora, Casear olens,
‘iginosa, Pavetta indica, Coffea bengalensis (only in cool
$ + NipecParation of these genera is artificial as I have shown in the Flora, p. 630.
-—The list is not a complete one.
ttragyna, ia ti i i "Gardenia turgida,
Randig ninaentiendia tinctoria, Hymenodictyon excelsum, ge
Eg en
52 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA
valleys in the so\ith), Hamiltonia guamnolons, ae solenacea, Sideroxylon
tomentosum. Symplocos racemosa, Jasm ens, Nyctanthes, Alstonia —
scholaris, Miia? hena, Wrig htia tomentosa, Dibthipe gigantea, C. procera seoclall
myxa, Ehretia levi o Ontiepham m indicum, Stereospermum tetragonum, S. suave
Dedalacanthus pa , Gmelina arborea, , Clerodendro ly 5 oan et Cary
176. ABSTRACT OF HABITATS OR PLANT COMMUNITIES,
I, REGIONS OF a ne eos RAINFALL OVER 60”.
= higher tae ‘@. Si),
e. Slopes one 2000 ft; Southern slopes (p. 54).
d, Other not
e. Lower valleys rand iver sides (p. 54).
§§ Y pd extra-littora Soil os bran moist.
———- mostly pach sone.
hern cats rainfall se 80” (p. 54).
s 2° Rainfall under 80”. Eve wo n forest, usually along streams in the
plains, valleys in the m iitain’ or on mountains at elevations over
p.
a. Species common to all three tracts (p. 55).
a Se of Northern tract only (p. 55).
Species oF Northern and Central tract (p. 55).
a cri common to the Northern and Southern —_ only (p. 55).
Sper of the mowniens of the Central tract only (p. 55).
a Species s confined e Southern tract (p. 55).
g. Mixed Forests of the lower elevations of the Southern tract (see als0
‘ Riverain forest of the humid zone (p. 56).
B. Open lands with few or no trees.*
1. Savannahs te the Northern Sn (p. 57).
a, Highland savannahs (p.
ina avannaha (Dp rie
A Along the courses of riv aa and streams Boe sacle) (p. 57).
iy Bes ng —— of the bat ge tract over 2500 ft. (p. 57).
wr.
4. Marshes . 58).
5. Aquatics (see Ill, where all aquatics area dealt with together) (p. 68).
$$§ — xvas Soil physiol logically dry (mostly saline). (
33 T Donate swamp forest (p. 58).
&: ve jungle, rocky faces of Chilka Lake (see Bb).
B, Open
a, Sands (p. 58),
b. Rocky places near me sea (p. 59).
e. Saline marshes 59).
II. REGIONS WITH A RAINPALE USUALLY UNDER 55” PER ANNUM.
A. Forests, or lands mostly tree-covered.
1. Soil mostly moist (p. 59)
Plains and valleys, gen p. 59).
Bambusa arundinacea formation (p. 59).
* Village lands are treated together under II.
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 53
6 i. General (p.
: ii. In peas. ad s under dense shade (p. 60
iii. Clinging to tbeke s in the forest streams (see a3 Aquatics) (p. 60).
iv. mbeky's or gravelly beds of streams in the forest (p. 60),
hum eon hg d . 60).
Ven yt toh of nalas (p. 60).
Pit Gent Sides af hills (p. 61
2. Soil with the water table often above the surface at one season; very deep
anothe iy gain ed i Borest (P. 61).
” 8. Soil mostly dry exce n (p. 61).
1 Mi orest a Central | tract srg Southern tract (p. 61),
i. General. Hill type Sal formation (p.
ii. Hot plone and rocky tops of hills, See without Sal (p. 61).
iii. Among rocks in the hits, not necessarily at the top (p. el g
iv. S Sandstone er oC 62).
v. Trap hills (p.
Dp
ii.
e. Under the shade of trees near villages (p. 63).
B, vd ands.
1, Grass gpa inside the forest (p. 63).
2. Waste ground — pastures (p. 63).
a, General, (p. 6
“3 Weeds of thes rainy er 64).
- Damp waste ground (De
a Dry wante ground (p.
e. Ruins and rubbish ttle 4 (p. 6 4).
f. Feral a “ee naturalized Plants (p. rik
3. Marsh es, margins of tanks, etc. (p. 64)
es (p. 64).
Pp. I
b. In the dye bed 8 (Dp. 64).
¢. In the beds with the roots in the water (p. 65).
mong the ‘i ‘ocks of rocky beds (p. 65).
s - F
i. Ri ce fields t (p. 6 5).
ee On the bunds between rice-fields (p. 65).
ote 'Northe fields (p. a
hern tract o: y (p.
tt Central and Southern je 65).
een Caeutttrment in hedges, on trellises, etc. (p. 65).
cs.
“a, Sieuerek
B (p. 65).
Running water (p. 65).
i-In the forest (p. —
ii. In the o yo! 65).
¢. Still water (p. 65).
L ReEGtons OF GREATEST AERIAL HUMIDITY, RAINFALL OVER or tae aeecad
§ Bettiah. ealagees eg Saridiaicaie hill tract :—
4. Elevation 2000-3000 ft.
Eriolena ations, Rhus semialata, Teepe macrostyla, Uraria pulchra, Rubus
elipticus (also S.T.), Bohmeria rugulosa.
6. © shmeaga in the higher hills :—
tcum, Cyclostemon assamicus (also S.T.), Gymnosporia rufa, Sabia
poeta simplicifolia, Albizzia ay Trevesia palmata (also 8.T. ),
rome macrop hnylla, rete nthus, Ficus glaberrima, Dendrocalam
ee iM le
54 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
c. ce and ridges up to 2000 ft. General aspect south :—
i. Pinus longif This constitutes a distinct aaiomeess
= aiball relatively dry area (see ‘‘Forests of N. Champaran,” Ind.
, June, 1917). menelate ted with es are few Sal, Grewia helicterifolia
In mt ie sees ollnidium onety tifoliu
ii. The Sal for ore aaron one formation according to type,
chiefly on the lower slopes an nd on t the bhabar at the foot. It calls
2
for e lower Sal has Dillenia pentagyna,
the upper D. rich as an charabs vies the damper Sal contains much
Croton rag oa
wing are Raniecalaes | rae on slopes and ridge
in both foriiationd, and also occur without the principal species :
Polygala crotalarioides (shrubby sali Sterculia colorata, Clausena pentaphylla,
Iphigenia indica,
d. pepe Somer These are chiefly nal) i by a mixed oo =
lia tom see someti s a nearl e for-
mation in iota ixed with Adina cordifolia and with an ander
growth of Capilipedium nesieedlie Thi ict also occurs 1D
valleys hig: much Piper longum on the ae fay Ri
Detector. species of the mixed terete: are in the higher
parts :
Rashi ti. : Ppa) 7. trl
yg (shrubby form), Leucas helicterifolia,
On a white eae loam are found—
Euphorbia fusiformis and Echinacanthus attenuatus, Tylophora rotundifolia.
Rather damper parts contain—
Sterculia colorata, Babe heh pare ‘acerifolium, Clausena pentaphylla, Hippocrates
arborea, Jasminum m, Smilax lanceefolia, Prot of
e. Lower valleys and river sides :—
Stereulia pallens, Ilex umbellulata, na olei. banks), Tephros
candida, Desmodium confertum, But nore: es pon al aay Ket
fe Caste ee acy unin et jungles), “Bassin Soe, Genios Piper te strobili-
a 0
i grass, — Perilla ocimoides, Pi mngum,
The last Ts in sav rata aes are in most respects similar
to those of ae other moist tra
; *. “era humid scl Bikead? tracts. Soil physiologically moist
cp. —
A. Forest lands or lands mostly tree-covered (cp. B, p. 57):—
1. Northern Purneah, rainfall over 80”. orest and sward
mostly evergreen :—
oe cortege (also Champaran), Saccopetalum longiflorum, Vitis.
Rees, serratus, Mallotus dentic enlets, Pueraria phaseo
ioides. “Teparone ane andida, Jussieua fissendocarpa, Alangi ee begomiiniie um, Van
gueria spinosa (as distinet ot fom pubescens), Hedyotis Gonna: Premna pares r
a from calycina), Litsea salicifolia, Polygonum chinense, Dracena
In this district, also, many plants, ent >i es found in ever
green forest of other tracts, grow in the
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 55
2. Other et teu forest, usually along streams in the
sss or valleys in p man tain or on the mountains at elevations
er 2500 * betes r 80”.
pecies sha ll to all three tracts :—
Clemat utans, Naravelia zeylanica, Dillenia pentagy pei Bridelia an pt
Leea = Vitis pedata, V. auricilata, Saraca YR any Melastoma malabathric
rat in open in N.T,), Bidens pilosa, Amoora rohituka, Heteropanax Jonge
Celtis tetrandra, Artocarpus lakoocha, Sideroxylon tomentos sum, Setaria plionta,
Capillipedium tala
b. Species of Northern tract only (also most of those
enumerated a the Bettiah tract, lower valleys, $e) :—
Bassia butyracea, Stephania hernandifolia,
c. Species of Northern and Central tracts only :—
Vitis lanceolaria, Siphonodon celastrineus (rare, only in 8.P.,in C.T.), Vigna
pilosa, Desmodium arotane Jasminum pubescens, Hedychium coronarium (along
watercourses in the hills of the Central trac ‘act).
d. Species common to Northern and Southern tracts only
“ Saranda Socata are included in the 8.T.) :—
Michelia champaca, Tiliacora (also northern S.P. +; Cesoniem maltifigeare oe
northern 5.P.), Bridelia tomentosa, Mallotus repandus, Aporosa dioica, Putra
Natsiatum herpeticu um, Flacourtia cataphracta, Mesua Vereve, y Pawson ion pibee:
ilo Aipheneca: ventricosa (northern 8; P.), sii-osn lanceolata, org spp.,
el . ee * ‘ - no2, aiken coriacea
(considered as ne), Randia fasciculata, yf eee tdisey triquetrum, Vitex glabrata
—e hills, moister parts, considered in this remnert as part of Northern
e. Species peculiar to the Central tract, rarely also 8.T.
These are mostly plants of high mountains :—
Helinus lanceolatus 8 (almost in open), Pygeum acuminatum, P. Andersoni (Par.),
Berberis asiatica (Par.), Aveaeeren Roctundems ows: om 2000 ft.), Viola Bieter
Drymaria cordata (Par r.), Rham a (Par.), T
netoria (on bauxite), Tmmedion. pinnae mig ubus mollucanus,
jee ocellatu nchoe Asevepnane (Par.), Bi “Gupleurem 2 spp., Ophiorrhiza
‘asciculata, sty alyeina ess), Knoxia brachye Rubia cordifolia, Laggera
alata, Conyza am pews (sunny slopes), Fornente, divers ens, Rhynchoglossum,
us, Didi t
(Keterhat only), Phloroshaten tuberosum (in thin forest or sometimes in. the open,
in pant. Parg.), Habenaria Stocksii, H. qoodyerotdes and H. Lawii, Pogonia
Sabeltiformis (in ae I in the shade of rocks).
f. Species only found in the eee tract (including the
Saranda eae. Many are also Himalay.
P urida, Unona discolor, U. ig Polyalthia simiarum, P. et ote
indteus Gee Reso lutea, Anamirta cocculus, Gelonium a Prosuru
» Glochid: fon sevlanicum, Tragia Gagei, Bridelia verrucosa, Macara: ifr
ae sgt aramionya Griffithii, Evodia melicfolia (Bonal ay Vitis
tamica, Leen wquata, Ha mbricata, Erioglossum, Lepisa na
i ; M, imbricata, Decsoaios viscidum, Atylosia’ cajan nifolia, ora
trait) Hyptianthera stricta, Lasianthus truncatus, Psychotria piplecpore
- 2a crm a Symplocos spicata, Jasminum eenaene. Linociera mala-
Lanne a itewa parted B perigee Anodendron, “Ipomoea sepiaria, Eebolium
_ atten uatum, P. trioic Ficus asperrima, FP.
Py CT)’ iony breivuteh ok ef in the Tarai and Duan): Scindapeus ios also
anthony.” Dracena ter erniflora, Dioscorea oppositifolia, Cureuma aromatica, Oxyten-
56 _ BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
The ee are always close to the streams :—
a Hamiltonii, Garcinia cowa (Hamilton also reports it tees) Pete 2)
Ga joints maernerhyets, Eleocarpus robustus, Lagerstremia flos , Citrus
aurantium, Amoora spectabilis, Antidesma bunius, A. acuminatum.
Along marshy streams :—
Clinogyne dichotoma, Phrynium spp., Habenaria triflora,
The errs mostly over 3000 ft. :—
lematis smilae oe a oo ness Burma), Bacecaurea sapide
(Tarai aaa Hea ), Citrus medica, Rhamnus nsis, mda re glaber, Tarpinia
pomifera, Aralia Ghats (dist trib. Sikkim “ee geek Psychotria denticulata, —
Chasalia sag ee Styrax a Gi. Himalaya), Pincus Bars (also
on Par. in C.T,), Machilus Pilea s moat (d nei ie 2% : mee Chittagaal
Villebrunea frutescens (distrib. istaia aya), Rhaphidop insigne, .
acuminata (also E. La west hmah —— ol 94 (et Duar), E. t fruticosa dist a |
Chittagong), Rubus ellipticus, Ardisia depressa, Bridelia pubescens
The following mostly confined to rocky ravines :—
Dimorphocalyx glabellus, Lasiococea Comberi, Sansevieria Roxburghiana.
3. Mixed forests and scrub jungles of the lower elevations
of the Southern tract. These are situated in the moister region and —
sg not very far from the sea, but the soil is sek & aline. The serub
n impoverished state of the Mixed, and there is no sharp line of -
aeniare in. Several also occur in II (regions of jouer humidity) :—
m as um (extends te ces pur), Xylia xylocarpa (also Mayul-
tuner, Narsingpur page pc di),G rhamnifolia (rocky forest), @. Pree
{also C. T. ), mtiftora (also N. T. ), ¢ Cleistanthus coins i A widespreed), C . patulus
(chiefly in rocky ungles), Hugonia Te na , Zizyphus : avon,
Allophylius : Cn lista sonstina: Mino ordifolia, Ca paris bunda,
Putranjiva, Aspidopterys indica, Zonthneglng’ budrunga, Toddalia ac cnigtte Acro-
nychia laurifolia, i ha obged artorea, hee composita, Ougeinia, Pterocarpus a (oot
also C.T.),, Ormoe arpum sennoides, Capparis brevispina a (serub), Cc. Hox
rocky places) C. sepi Ma scrub), P. Hi
stones), Grewia she ark a (sandstones), Webera corymbosa Randia malebanes 3
Croton caudatus (wit ere fires repandus (also N.T.), Soymida (esp. on kunker;,
In the moister aoeer ‘torests of Angul, Mango, Anthocephalus cadamba, Als
scholaris, Bursera serrata, Miliusa and Melia composita are usually ween
Riverain forest of the more humid regio This
includes aa is nee eon Ae the sates Mixed forests
Khair
of the extreme Northern Besides
ere caer var. catechuoi fades) os enscinP gS of i aie e Sissu,
which i in our area as a wild tree, the retiatners w beidiall
on em shearers
inltottonte as aes in ci wee ,Bhrtia jiva (ditto Morus indica, Litsas
ty parts only), Putranjiva (ditto), ences nouns
Grewia 1 ci (in S.T. found in ever. for. Vitis : PA aaN TTA ge a Jee :
occasi: also in C.T.), Hedyotis scandens, pay ini iculata Hn te Ti n bil
and in Ramnagar Hills),Premna latifolia var. Ga a vitifolia, Deeringia i;
baceata (with pretty scarlet berries), Eleagnus latifolia, Also very freauaaey
Albizzia stipulata, Cedrela toona, Trema orientalis, Streblus asper, Bridelia stipu-
pod ge red dipole, aig Ichnocarpus frutescens, Bryonialaciniosa, Hymen ar hk ay
y moist depressions Tetcassivs, Calamus viminalis, “Placourtis
cataphracta, J Mallotus repandus, Litswa salicifolia and polyantha, Alstonia scholaris,
Randia uliginosa, Aporosa, Piligacanthus thyrsiflorus and Entada scandens
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 57
B. Open lands with few or no trees :—
1. Savannahs of the Northern tract :—
a. Hi ~ nd (i.e. not waterlogged or — ae water)
savannahs. *Thes are maintained in a state of grass by artificial
m are caused by tical deposits of silt or destruction
of Faas forest :—
a sclerophylla, G. sapida (also C.T. and 8.T.), Glochidion 1
C.T, hee Ochna pumila, Olax nana, Leea crispa, Abrus pulchellus, Deswomte
quetrum (and S,T.), Flemingia involucrata (an d 8.T. in low grass-jands), vieules
angustifolia, Careya herbacea, Oldenlandia gracilis (all tracts), Caloir opis —_
m
erus harw
S. narenga, Puliculum articulata, Eulalia argentea, Andropogon apricus, Chryso-
pogon montanus, denpidiepiein glabra, Cym mre = nardus, also many other
io. Cureuma zedoaria, a senile (also C.T. ), Eyepma campestris
The first trees to obtain a footing in the savannahs are usually—
Eugenia olga Garuga pinnata, Odina wodier, Phyllanthus emblica, Sym-
plocos race
os Lowland Savannahs :—
c. The same, but grass kept short by heaving grazing :—
Zeurine seniranaces, Z. affinis.
vers ~~ relate in the moist region (exc. the pats).
on-a
a
religiosa, Saccharu oni. Cam anula canescens (also in C.T., but at
poll ey: ‘Streptocauton (steep sandy “panks i in era int Hygrophila poly-
sperma, Col m (var.), @ nia linearis
3B. Chiefly i in a the bod — —
(also C.T.), Cotula Phragmites,
°
3. The “ pats ”
ver 2500 ft. The pats ae dually grass tnd The condition is
Mostly due to the firi ing and grazing, aided by frequently unfavourable
dea (trap or laterite) and strong winds which make re-afforestation
a. Grass lands proper :
Euphor Och ila, Ol rare in II), Hypericum japonicu
Geranium hornet ‘ola g Patrinis, olan po ; ee ythrina a resupinata, eeciere
at # cla ucedan unk hath na ( P. nagpurense is a breat mpectes
(also TH and lower elevations), Pimpinella ,_P, bracteata, C' rete
Ohytien, us dahuricus (rocky places), Rubia cordifolia, Conyza strie a, M4
Sida, . ambigua (sunny slopes), yg Res, Srevspot le Glossogyne pinnatt-
arvensig. sia parviflora, ere nudicaulis, Trich , Crepis acaulis, ortega
» Lobelia zeylanica (var.), Jasminum ctrictum a otf i.
Var. pauciflora, Gen abe elongatum, Plectranthus ternifolins (also }
coromatan ter cromeria, Ajuga, Cyperus niveus, ‘olia, ipa
hear 1 paucitora hat pacea). Coorauintine laxum “(dry places with rock
y
58 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
The grasses ———, are not very peermennese 5
Andr on apricus, A. milis, Axonopus seme ialat us, Arandinali setosa,
‘ ichii
ciliata, gn seni cola pon ore pogon 2 artini, Im ot Ischemum laxum,
Saccharum sponta: S. enga, Sorghum fuloum, Andropogon intermedius,
Pollinia ba arcu P. artilata a (chiefly, like some of the others, in the neighbouring
forest), ana oth
Osbeckia ae sis and rostrata (wet places Bias Osbeckia —— var.”
sexangularis, Hydrocotyle rotundifolia, CGnanthe stolo: roe RS dg at
us
i ‘oli. : i ay
laria discolor (banks), Polygonum pedunculare, Colocasia antiquorum var. stolonifera
C. fallax, Thesium (in wet grass), Eriocaulon collinum (semi- -aquatic).
c. On sunny slopes :-—
Elsholtzia incisa.
ood. oe rocks :—
sifolia t +h haa ¢
Ss Mar —
erat, Senun palustre, Zischnomene aspera (jheels), Stellaria
Wallichtana (ander 8 hade), Fragaria indica ‘(damp shady Pg pace pearly ui
nase cee sn ina, Pentapeles spe ay Lippia gemina ae
aoteme matoc us (wet ground rather than marshes and Snags in Gontral tr
§ Hea tracts. Soil Lic dean ri dry (saline, or pe and
rocky, or both saline and sandy or rocky) :—
1. Deltaic sical’ forest and saline marshes :—
Hibiseus tiliae Thespesia populnea, He aie minor, Brownlowia lanceolata,
Eecmearia, psi > chenanes Dalbergia spinosa, D. andenatensis, Derris uliginosa
— nia nuga, Rhiz zophora 2 spp., cee Sonilie . Bruguiera 2 spp., Lumnil-
; Sonneratia, Salvadora persica. reolobus carinatus, Tylophora asthmatica,
Fackans tectortus, Phoenix poe a igialitis Aigiceras majus, Parsonsia,
serps ilicifolius, Premna integrifolia, iacdendeen inerme, Avicennia, Flagel-
. Littoral scrub jungle. This is ag aca err a as 3
physiologically. aft soil. Its condition may be due soil
(often ape ombined with strong sea (thes a Tt passes
into ay ee
Gymno antes ner Seutia myrtina, Azima tetracantha, Pisonia aculeata,
Weihea ceylant
B. Open coast (the sands in the rains are physiologically wet):
:
Phyllanthus rotundifolins, Euphorbia rosea, A eo,
ge baceiformis, Vitis vitigin
Stylosanthes mucronata, Desmodium biarticulatum “Canavan lineata, Osbeckis
zeylanica var. non-rostrata, Oldenlandia arenaria, Hyd. Wax ma ape Pedali
murex, Cyperus arenarius, Pe Sse ated aberiasines. "Spine “Alina a nodifi
var. Roxburghii, Crinum asiaticum (also partially u “ot trees), Crinum
‘fda, Ipomea
ae
|
|
|
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 59
b. Rocky places near the Bea :—
Euphorbia caducifolia, Gymnosporia ta, Scutia myrtina, Vitis quadran-
guaris (also inland), Agiceras, Maba outolie gars inland), Azima tetracantha,
Pisonia aculeata (also i inland).
c. Saline Marshes. This is mostly included under (A), as
many 0 of the eas, like Acanthus rece though preferring open
a, are more or less shade-bearing and found in dacintcn with
nel evi comparatively little water. Salicornia
inachiat, Sueda 28
Il. Regions OF LESS AERIAL HUMIDITY, RAINFALL UNDER 55” PER
ANNUM :—
A. Forest lands or ae mostly tree-covered :—
1, Soil mostly moist :—
a. ae and rally, Sgn
The princi t Il positions, but
ai its eh dimensions in low moist brtiic where it sometimes
y pu
Other characteristic veces eth —
bs a cerasioides (moister valleys), Miliusa_velutina, Hibiscus cancellatus,
ndra (C.T. only) ee pdm Kydia calycina, Helicteres, Grewia
tiliefolia, G. Rothii, delia retusa, Antidesma diandrum, Croton oblongifolius
(local), Mallotus philippinensis, thus debilis, Emblica officinalis, Ga
innata, Clausena excavata, Seme nacardium, Vitis repanda tomentosa,
ra, Odina wodier (moist type), einia , Desm pul-
chellum ttia auriculata, a parviflora, Indigofera pulchella, De um
lla smodi
dyrans <(aamp banks in r.s.),Cassia fistula, Flemingia chappar, F. semialata (moister
Places), | Romane. pele Careya arborea, Lagerstremia parviflora, Mitragyna
parvifolia, Adina cordifolia, Randia dumetorum, We merenets tinctoria, Sieges
= Peloutelis, af coer dae raceme, aor 9 tsomia setosa, Ficus comosa, F. infectoria,
eae: F. religiosa, F. bengale
Of the few Cyperacee which pt n the shade and nee from water
may be attecd the species of Seleria and Carex cruciat
Fay ta y forests are the oe nos o Cephaontchoan
found yather in dee tS then in normal valley fo st
plea, Setaria plicata (chiefly Ih I), Panicum montanum (but abe « brcsr con
forests), Arthrazxon ciliaris e ismenus compositus an
Which a grow under dense shade (see also cares of ravines and pen
her
Ly On the juina, D. belophylia
cepa forest), D. Wallichii, D. bulbifera, ot pentaphille. Species 0 of Globba,
Zingiber and coe
toes streams under light shade
Amomum dealbatum, Habenaria prenedne (on clay), H. plantaginea.
Under dense shade :—
Habenaria f ogee
b. Bam This forms a pure formation 1 in
valleys in ihieal.o or raaihy parr A in the Central tract, where it
60 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
takes the place of the more usual evergreen a. When once well
ostablishe d it kills out all competitors until it flow
ergreen forest. This includes also those species Mar
not evergreen ee are only found along streams in the
humid tracts. The type passes into that of the moist rogaail
(p. 55) :—
i. General :—
ichelia champaca n (shana always with rainfall over 60”), Dillenia pentagyna,
Olemant 8 gouriana, rae a glomerata, Hibiscus ingens Stercubia a Ply
fetta pilosa, Grewia dis arte Glochidion pseseciutk Antidesma ac
Bridelia stipularis, Cleistanthus colin: poo! form), " Bischofia Jaieaiek om
trijuga, Cedrela toona, Amoora rohi indica, hse Lg ok Gouania
leptostachya, Vitis latifolia, Bs fancies epanda, Hiptage madablota, Micro-
lum pubescens, X .
agi inal
robusta, L. sam srseirs! "Po ongamia gla abra., aca indic ica, Albizzia stipulata, A.
procera, A. odor issima, Desmod Me poly Banat m (spreading —— into the
valley forests), Fle mingia stricta (ditto), Mezoneurum, Enta ens, Mucuna
i icata (perhaps always in I), Barringtonia acu tangula (on edges of riverg and
i jun
Sen ce edy
D. pov (chiefiy in I), Jasminum pubescens (S.P. only
intermedia, Alstonia scholaris, Wrightia tomentosa, Strophanthus Wakes Stro-
bilanthes scaber, vee lacanthus nervosus, Bite glabrata tonly S.P.), V. pedu aris,
Premna calcyi Clerodendron infortu Ipome etkum, I. cymosa, I.
vitifolia, Hentttia bicolor, Limnophila Roaburghii, ‘Nelsoni campestris (rarely in the
open), Ororylum indicum (i the open in I), Bamerie agp j; wiry
y
o openings only), Ficus comosa, F. hispida, F. scandens, Cyanotis Hs
orea demona (also outside evergreen belts).
i. In muddy streams under shade :—
‘pesite Janets Licuala peltata, Carex phacota, aa recurvata, Musa
ornata, Gastrochilus longifora. :
iii. Clinging to rocks in the s
Lawia zeylanica (Angul, rainfall probably o aaa ne thocline lyrata, Ischeemum
hirtum, Vitis ee = phe Be ee att bane
v. Roe cky or i beds of streams under shade :—
Ficus saaidsiodier is fasciculata, Goodyera procera.
vil . under shade :—
Hyinetia, Palate (on roots of trees).
ocky ravines :—
Vitis t sale sapientum, Melothria heterophylla, Hiptage m
raya saat ee malabarica (3.P. pal): Someernte trap ¢ “3. ees —
Buettne AS wer apne na, Euphorbia nivulia, Ochna :
ontinary9 ciiivewt in 8.1. ), Pueraria tuberosa, feet en Hamilionia a illetta
racemosa, M. morphocalyx (8.T.' only), Lasiococca Comberi (8.7. only),
Combretum ovalifolicees, Jasminum sambac (S.T.), Alstonia venenatus (S.T. only),
oar — Iso N.T te ye nosma caryophyllata, Lepidagethis hyalina and fasci ye
Nr af og open Nas epematheren Resa ely Arthraxon pom ae Conte |
; um
in C.T., in _— valley forest in
i. Well-drained sides of nalas, usually outside the as
green TE ea |
Combretum decandrum, Alangium Lamarckii, and ies whieh
spread from ¢ the rocky ravines or the evergreen forest. pee See
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 61
= _- on of hills (usually north aspects) where the
ground is and rocky. This lo wry passes into the last,
but it is omety further from the —— of the valley :—
Hamiltoni ( Champaran. In 8.P. it occurs on trap, in Singbhum
on quartzite, common : Mon mghyr Hills, a is generally local), Bursera serrata,
Hyptianthera stricta (also on cool ridges in moist zone), ‘Bh umen a “Sterculia
Pte
nax frag ans , Scleichera trijuga, Cleis nthus Saale (ST
only), Meecabectte Ceepis iganken. Haw eon Asa valleys), pf ars Hemi
desmus (and ev. for eerie decussata (es ay), O icum
(and in alleys), Ra dermac ayloca aca m Cond feo may " T. onl), phe pote
and cool tops of has, iter peduncularis, V. glabrata (only in S.P. and
Mayurbhanj, posy 2 in areas zone), C oor ‘a diffusa aamp banks A wet Bie 8,
also in v ee ate icus glabella, Ficu , Rem vivipara tasnone 0 in
places), Colocasia dation’ ve rupioolar
: Soil with very variable rage ee at erm seasons
and ~tegttd free i ome She a ay mateeD down. Riverain Mixed
Fores type away from gh sub-
Thi ace
Himalayan tract i 1), nity the following aby ates a narrow
belt near
“Teinaln arju Albizzia procera (but chiefly in valleys), Homonoia, Kir-
ganelia, Trewia, Anondia ias, Crotalaria Laat Bigg a nthus Lawit (see open river
beds), Celastrus paniculatus, Pongamia, Ehret ja. te evis, gowns vitifolia, Vitex
leueozylon, Holoptelea integrifolia, Baccha arum en aneum
3. Log dry hg in the rainy season :
. Hill m por Seta of Central tract ad Southern tract :-—
1. aa
ill type, Garuga hata Flacourtia ramontchi (also valleys, and
sant Olax scandens, Crotalaria ante Bygone 4 inet. cee “odie Tthill
type), ya ra pulchella, Erythrina osa, Ouge a dalbergi-
oides ao Foner ll Cassa a fistula (General Giemais peda nia besa Sac
hlosper culia rr Cleistanthus collinus, Higle
lines), Curculigo orchioides.
hille ii. Hot slopes without Sal and tops (usually rocky) of
pcp latifolia, Sterculia urens, Boswellia serrata, Bridelia Hamiltonii
chiefly on quartzite in 8.T.), Cochlospermum, Marsdenia tenacissima, Commi-
Phora Roxburgh
iii. Rocky places in the hills :—
po onghyr) *Waltheri otek een Marede gia momiaaphis
YT), ria indica, Bo: ‘ia, Marsdenia 5
Leueas montana, Gioceartia. 5 Nyctanthes, Petalidium, Justicia betonica,
(on acanthus communis, iaioure Recburs Mane and bupleuroides, Sarcostemma
rs Tocks themselves), Boucerosia (ditto, only ~. 8.T.), Pupalia ig a
"eenegna Allmania nodiflora, Ficus Arnottiana oe often on the
ecceho nar the tops o of the hills), Arundinella setosa Serpuem care m, Chrysopogen
. ntanus, Cymbopogon Martini, Pollinidium angustifoliu:
62 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
Dendrocalamus strictus usually forms a pure formation; the ground |
is not necessarily ro ocky, but the rock is usually close to the surface.
In the s found L
morminth
vy. Sandstone hills of OD
we ai Grewia hirsuta var. helicterifolia,
. Trap hills:—
Neuracanthus tetragonostachyus.
b. “ey ane or Regur :—
Feronia elephantu da febrifuga (also with kunker), Zizyphus nummularia,
Balanites Rozburghit yi me viscosa (also - lime soils), Butea frondosa, Dichro-
stachys cinerea,* Acacia tomentos osa,* A. leucophlea* (only reproduces in open forest), .
Ses oeg aculeata a (introduced), ta ela Fat Caas Randia is pedi sean ieee by
grasses Ischemum hayes iata* T. quadrivalvis, Fseilem
- met Seton gy lelainia te
Very frequent, but less dulanocias are—
Terminalia tomentosa, Gardenia lucida, Wendlandia exserta, Nyctanthes and
Chrysopogon monticola,
. Ope rhyme grassy forest (the grassy tracts at high
aiaratipnc baths com sid J
“a mo: (9) :
tora, Knoxia corymbo: a ieee be ‘opeh), Phen donee rhomboidea (also waste iS). otal
Cocculus hirsutus, Celastrn Acacia lenticularis, A. catechu, Paderia
Satide da, , Spermacoce ttrida, pasa ie Rocbaryhtt (on trap in $,P.), Antidesma
g
In open forest with clay soil and not much grass the following are
more usually fou way
: (i g
found in rootfrd am forest, which may ultimately become grassy), H i
hispida and pinifolia = ane hy Vernonia teres (on clay), Vicoa indica Colney Blumes
glomerata (esp. on ), B, oer ge Habenaria Susanne (in the monsoon), and
ther species o t Habe
ya forest continue Not necessarily either grassy or on clay:—
Symplocos racemos na (prefers well-drained damp localities), Buddleia
asiaticn ae open aaa aah Ehret buriflia (rate), J Barleria bhipeedod egies: on
river banks), Lepidagathis Ham (an trbocll Pre ifolia,
Buchnera, rn phis spp., ie . : Pov ili pparpires Mates "waste
ot sel cone a sath
SO rua monsoniana (open oa rh ag Achyranthes aspera var. porphyri-
paso iy Aristolochia indica, Ficus iti m margariti,
ica grass ae ro
Rauwolfia serpentina wertia, Lettsomia bella, Ipomea hispida, Hypoxis aurea,
Tacca pinnatifida iia among rocks), Dioscorea dara (esp. near nalas). :
The grasses
Eulalia argentea (clay soils), shane articulata, Sehi ore, Amphilopss
glabra, Heteropogon contortus, A m apricus, glade bark ss ‘
* These are the most characteristic.
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 63
d. Scrub am yeh "39 Induced Scrub :—
i. Gene type a into the more humid zone
< p- on and is not wpa i separable*
oodford: Cesaipinia, ie ot sepiaria, C. horrida (but rather moister
caboe. Wacouriia sepiaria, . Ramontchi, Balanites (esp. on cotton soil and
along Sone eet, on sand), Lin onia acidissim Aigle, Zizyphus jujuba, var.
fruticosa, Carissa Biot ervia, Ipomea ‘Flee, g Peaiac ar pus rfruteacens, Crypto-
lepis Buchanani, Cassytha, Schieachyrium, Glomiosa superba (and in hedges ). On
kunker —Dodoneea vis , Mimusops hex
. Laterite serub ut the mpeg tract. Where protected
this is dabktig into Mixed fo —
Capparis florib ‘ na, ky Roxburghit coy Aueprniome: and C. sepiaria,
but rarely in association, dione monophylla, Lim ma, Agle pate came
lia ae aculeata, Glycosmis arborea (but especialy ia seanihehoas ymno. ia
. Un ioe fee vy as 3 usual near villages :—
a nnn, Laggera pterodont
B. Open lands
1, "Ext nsive grass | pate in the forests aig —- — forest and
glades and nate lands ; spp. are com ee) :—
Sida spp., Urena spp., pa es Bhd se sround), ® ae ee (ditto),
besomy kia chinensis, Melastoma malabathricum (in N.T requires
hade), Leea asp. era, L, erispa (only i i semper. ed parts), 6 rab posit yes
era spp., Glochidion multiloculare, umila, aes lutea
a places in grass), Premna non Toa. pine wot places in grass),
reared serratum and siphonanthus, Exacum tetragonum (wet area Cyperus
‘Tie g grasses themselves are very various, the most gregarious
Heteropogon contortus and Themeda spp., Polytoca barbata, Coix.
In wet grass =. esp?
ia exaltata, H thri ssa, H. protensa
st ag eerenlly.s ns the gras s fires :
Aneilema seapifior optilemlaatele spp.
2. Waate round oat pT
a. General :—
fetta rhombo: Sid Urena lobata, Euphorbia hirta, E. hyperici-
fol, 5 Chrosphora Rote Phyllanthus etait, Ziz zyphus s jujuba, Vernonia ia cinerea,
la opus scaber, Knoxia corymbosa, ‘Crotalaria striata, Blumea lacera, B.laciniata
iad ss Ageratum conyzo aites fs gy ine alba, Blainvillea, Trichodesma, Striga
oides "Leucas does antea, C. proc era, Cynoglossum spp.,
Bi iasun oa um, S. se Cihobabar regions), Vitex negundo, Anisomeles indica,
Tua lanat ai aphyranthes 6 aspera, Polygonum plebejum a rotundus, Mariscus
erianus, Eragrostis spp., Desmos rick ei Ur ochloa repens, etc.
— following especially in close-grazed gras sock
nidium, Tribulus (sand ound), Crotalaria Sted Desmodium triflorum,
Zornia, Spermacoe ce § ef, Uaryene ine Oe Blumea oxyodonta ‘onta, Heli iotropium strigosum,
taped Barei ora, Eragrostis viscosa, ‘Aristida setacea (esp. on gravel); Perotis
Chrysopogo on acicularis (esp. on damp ground).
the * The rainfall varies from 51 to 65” in the Southern tract on the east, where
Serub principally occurs. See para. 133.
64 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
:
b. Many are weeds only conspicuous in the rainy season,
po some continue to flower and fruit into the cold season, e.g. :—
, Gynandropsis, Portulaca, Trianthema, Melochia rpc gp hae Conchanie
spp. ~Phvllanthus wrineria. F. simplez, Cassia occidentalis, C. tora, Berhaavia diffusa,
Amarantus spinosus, Digera, Ipomea p es-tigridis
e fo iat especially occur on damp ground and
several of the aes y be found on damp ground in the h.s. :—
Sida acuta, Triu mfetta annua, ane spergula (sandy ground), Blumea wri.
toni, oTesren thd strumarium (omb B ear aaa banks), Centipeda, Launea nudicaulis,
Ceniunculus tenellus pi crne J benkey. Exacum petiolare, Ipomea chryseides, Mazus,
Adenosma, Lip ia nu vest fo Clerodendr ron siphonanthus, Nepeta hindostana, Alter-
audi Ah fai Aneile
ee
seanee australis, Echinochloa colona, E. erus-g alli, Paspalum flavidum, P. pan
Saccharum sponta neum, Im mperata, Veliviera, Eulalia tinaniirih lacie
Wightii, Manisuris, Ophiurus corymbosus, Cynodon
d. The following chiefly on dry aa aa —
Cocculus hirsutus, T’ Triumfetta rotundifolia, Sida spinosa, Waltheria indica, Eleiotis
or ‘mate ground), — inops, Coldenia, Cucumis, Coldenia, Heliotropium
indicum, Evolvulus noides, Solanum sap aor as , Lepi idaga athis Hamiltonia
Plumbago ore a ‘fame seas oe ochilus ’carnosus (ditto), ‘Dicliptert
dune}:
e. Ruins and rubbish heaps :—
Fleurya interrupta, Lindenbergi
f. The following are naturalized in waste ground, often
ee from village:
atropha peacibietd Anona squamosa (sandy pine Argem
Pistinvats aculeata (cotton soil), Mimosa pudica umid districts we:
% procumbens, Martynia diand ndra (r.8.), Hyptis renacwelons, Datura fastuosa,
pote dulcis (r, s)., Alocasia mac rorriise | (wet ground near villa; ages).
3. Marshes, margins of tanks, etc. (see also moist’ waste
ground) :—
nunculus (N.T. only), Polyearpon Leefli Am ia SpP.,
Cyathocli ine ight | oie chiefly on rocks = Aer along a Grenpes Sphonrae
thus us, Gnaphalium, Cesulia, Juss ssieud . (J. ssendocarpa in Purneah only),
: n
valvis, Lippi osioides
phylla, Sagittaria, Butomopsis Typha, Phragmites (near running water), Elytophorus,
Popehe hexandra, Isachne australis 8 tes bvepeerhy Hyme che, Panicum. ePe
mavens Floscopa se andens, Xyris pauciflora, iifenneharte hastata, M. vaginalis,
: . Saline m vere The only ane marshes are shinee coming
into the: area of greatest humi idity (see
5. “a. ive = g true Pa Ny See also marshes) :—
iv:
us (N.T. only and banks of Sone), Cochlearia
foliot aloes oe gee Si
a oat am crispa, Celsia, Salvia tie Scone. hile
pot a, Vitex leucozylon, R erie Cemeenela srrenbigs poeta yarep
m halapense.
b. River beds oan not in the water) :—
ntella repens, Tama » Enhydra fluctans, Volutarella, Cryptocorynt
file under water as an og betta Eragrostis cehophulle Seswramiun oreliferm.
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 65
¢. River beds, plants with roots in the water :—
Wedelia ca lendulacea, Spilanthes acmella, Veronica anagallis,* Sutera glandulosa
bm Sone al Polygonum hydrapiner, F ge " glabrum, Cyperus tegetum, Phragmites,
d, On nied the rocks of rocky river beds :—
Homonoia, Rhabiia lycioide
- Rice- fields (mostly after the water has subsided. See
also marsh are
ahlenbergia, Hydrolea Herpestis, Limnophila, Vandellia and many be pred
small Serophutariacew, Utricularia ceerulea and other spp. Baton a climbing o
the rice-stems), D Dysophylla a ata, D. crassicaulis, Am ua Spp., Blyra
oryzetorum, Elyirophor — Panicum humile, Echinochloa colona, at ot rugosum
(when dry), Erioe ut seauae ulare, E. Sieboldianum, Cyanotis azillaris,
Aneilema eaginatun, eee ema spiratum and others.
- On the bunds between the rice-fields :—
Melochia crt Canscora ennai Sopubia.
igher level fiel
Et paged in N dueeh tract :—
Thlaspi, Saponaria, Stellaria media, Spergula
y igelta, ella
nsis cat pentanira, ‘Medionée lupulina, Cnicus arvensis, Convolvulus arvensis,
plowed conyzoides
tf Also or chiefly in Central and Southern tracts:—
Emilia Poe: ce rvensis, Anagallis arvensis, Vinca pusilla, Physalis
minima, § : tows ucas cephalotes, i. aspera, L. “hinifolia, Reon
ne.
(ot parasite, leone & tobacco fields), Celosia ‘argente, Chenopodiu um album.
Blumea one nta, B. lacera, Asphodelus tenuifoliu
- Un “ahem Ppa de 8, spontaneous on trellises, etc.).
hn ribs hea uins are included under waste lands :—
Cap ype kobe Kirganelia — ba igs paniculata,
Tehnoearpaa? ig fal eatonse Cryptolepis, Ipomea obscura, hederacea,
Peristrophe bical yeulata, Leonurus sibirica (N. T. only), Commvelintt bapiesieee:
If. Aavatics : —
a. General :—
Ceratoph Uum, Naidacee, H drilla, Lagerosiphon, Vallisneria, Cryptocoryne
oe towering after drying 3 up of the water). Hooker mentions as occurring in
by ymore Hills Damasonium i telia), Villarsia aestipega e Aponogeton,
Species of soya 2 of Naias, and Zanichellia
b Runni ning w;
i. In ae forest ‘ida shade :—
Ericcaulon ri
ii, In oe open :—
Ottelia, . setaceum, Monocharia hastata (slow running water).
¢ Still wa
Min ‘ophyllum es jeua re Trapa, Limnanthem Ip reptans,
mayan ag aquatica, sow open, Pistia stratiotes, lonne, " Hygrorkiza aristata,
crassipes (and back waters of rivers s).
7, Hooker speaks ikS of Veronica on the shaded banks of the Sone, probably
Kary 18 Var, puncta
66 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
177. Noumper or GENERA AND SPECIES IN EACH FAMILY.
Indigenous Species Total
. Pe: of escribed
Family. genera « eines pairratinl poe
PTERIDOPHYTA :—
1. Cyatheacee . ‘ ] me 1 1
2. Polypodiacee Ae 40 — 40
3. Parkeriacee 1 ery: 1
4, Gleicheniacee 1 _ 1
5. Schizeacee 3 a 3
6. Maratti 1 — 1
7. Ophioglossacee 3 4 ret 4
8. Salviniacee 2 3 aa 3
9. Marsiliacee 1 — I
10. Equisetacee ] 2 rr 2
1l. Lycop 4 ori 4
12. Selaginellacee 11 = i
Total . 40 q} 1 72
GYMNOSPERMEZ —
1. Cycadacee 1 y: 2 a
2. Conifere % ‘ 3 1 3 4
3. Gnetacee . : 1 1 — 1
Total 5 4 5 9
ANGIOSPERMEZ: : ——
DIcOTYLEDONS :—
] anunculacece 5 10 —_ Lt Be
2, Dilleniacee 1 3 — 3
3. Magnoliacee 3 1 2 3
4. Anonacee 8 15 1 15”
5. Menispermacee 6 7 — 7
6. Berberidacee 1 1 1
7. Nympheacee 3 5 =e By.
8. Papaverace 2 1 1 2
9. Fumariacee 1 1 —_— 1
0. Crucifer Sees © Reena & 2 Lage:
. Capparidacee ‘ 4 é ll cus il
2. Violace cage Saheiags 3 1 4
3. Bixace y go FS 1 1 ‘ 2
14. Flacourtiace : 4 F 9 ‘ _— 9
Pittosporacece ‘ 1 ‘ 1 . — 1
Polygalacee i 2 ‘ 8 — a
Caryophyllacee ., 6 ; 8 —— 8
3. Portulacacece pote) 4 — es
). At pie 6 — 6
20. El es 2 sai di
21. Tamaricace ‘. 1 ‘ 3 _ : os
22. Hypericacee : 1 3 —_ : 3
23. Guttiferacee - 4 4 1 . 6
ae OL eect es
anh
RS
COS ote
get le
Ce eg ge mag Maar eg Cat eer eae ee enh orn ele
a ao PI cui .
ae.
GENERAL
Family.
Dipterocarpacee
Malvace
uphor biacece
i : Caltirchac
. Linac
: Malp ae
‘ Sees yiatees
: Balsaninace
Rutac
tirehackc
hnacee
Ee Cela
ae ge ae es
b. Gm Gm Gh
g =
S555 §
.
ess
ss
ae
&
&.
ophoracee
. EOotbretaces
» Myrtaceee
ad a Ss a eS SB Se SS SS ee 4 4 A A te ss
= : et .
cee
. _ rea
Ternstroemiacee
CHARACTER OF THE FLORA.
Mee Gamat eee AK i
YR ated, See pee, Ame Seam Sane fee
Number of
~_
—
b oh el A Be ST SS
bo
Pee ODEN OOH toe
_
2 re a ass
eet ts, Geek qe Gey ee
Indigenous
or feral
‘species,
oe
NON ROMO ww we
hoe oy
mONMOROwWwWe he
—
Wh=~l
WONWOeF we
we Ne? A SO he CO
eis SO Oi Oe egg
6 OO Oe ee Ee BB yg
Species
only
cultivated,
|
NE wo
eels wht Ot it) ooeBEbtal hitb Ebon) labweaa)s
oe Se SO as ao a: oS é
80 Se Os a ee
O. Oe ee ie Os Oe ae een eee
. bo
NENA R Oo ee
—
Os
oe
— poe
me Oh Re Ole to se
peed
ho toe ;
So et et het SO OW ND WO SO ND HR WD
68 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
Indigenous Species
Number of described
Family. genera, ptiving cultivate. sri
72. Begoniacee . : 1 ‘ 1 . . 1
73. Cactacee . 4 '; 3 “4 ‘ 7
74. Umbellifere . Mann = 19 4 ‘ 23
75. Araliacee ‘ 5 + 2 : 6.
76. Cornacee 1 2 oa ¥ 2
77. Rubiacee 32 66 9 Z 75
7 omposit 58 92 ; 11 103
79. Stylidacee 1 oe a 2
80. Campanulacee 5 12 ; ~- 12
81. Plumbaginacee 2 2 f 2 4
82. Primulace 4 5 . an 5
83. Myrsinacee . + 6 . —_ F 6
84. Sapot ‘ + 5 : 1 6
85. Ebenace . 2 10 : 2 12
86. Styracee 2 3 A — 3
87. Ole 6 14 : 1 15
88. Roleniarsiee 2 ; 2 — 2
89. A 2 ee 20 ‘ 13 33
90. Weep cae 8 34 ‘ 2 36
91. Loganiace : 4 5 : -- 5
92. Gentianace . 6 ‘ 12 : —_ 12
93. Hydrophyllacee 1 1 : — 1
94. Polemoniacee 2 0 ‘ 2 2
95. Boraginacee 8 ‘ 21 $ —_ 21
96. Convolvulace 17 ‘ 52 ‘ 9 61
97. Solanacee . 9 : 14 : 12 26
98. Scrophulariaceee 25 : 55 . 6 61
99. Orobanchace 2 . 4 . — 4
100. Lentibulariacee . 1 . 9 ‘ _ 9
101. Gesneracee . ‘ 3 é 3 x =r 3
102. Bignoniacee ees 9 : 20 29
103. Pedaliace ee ae a 1 3
104. Acanthacee ; ot : 73 ‘ Li 90
105. Verbenacee . ee 4 : 40 : 5 45
106, Labiate . ee ee 8 69
107. Nyctaginacee 4 4 . 3 ge
108. Amarantace 10 21 ‘ 1 : 22
109. Chenopodiacece <a : 7 > 4 : 1b
110. Phytolaccacece 1 1 ° a : ke
111. Polygo 4 Bee 2 . oy nn
112. Podostemonacece 1 1 ‘ — : Li
113. Aristolochiacee . 1 , 8S + Sect ae
114. Piper oe oS .; , Se.
115. Laur oo ete eee ee
116. Hencadlices ; 1 ; 1 ; — . be
117. Proteacee j 1 : 1 ; — ‘ be
er te , =o
119. Loranthacee. ‘ 2 ‘ qi = a
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. 69
Family. Number of Moreral vices og MR
gene re pecies, cultivated. species.
120. Santalac . ‘ 2 ; — 2 2
121, Balanophoracea 1 " 1 — ‘ 1
122. Ulm 3 ‘ 5 a ‘ 5
123;2-¢ annabinacr z é 1 1 2
124. Urticac 8 ‘ 14 a - 14
125. > Reahding 8 ‘ 30 9 é 39
126. Salic i 1 é 1 — é 1
127. Casuarinacece 1 ‘ 1 oo , 1
128. Ceratophyllacee 1 : 1 ee Peis 1
Total ~ ; 319 1585 271 -.. 1856
Moxocorxinpoxs: —
: gest 4 4 7 — F 7
dis 5 é 16 a ¢ 16
; | Hprohartac 6 & 8 oe : 8
. Arac 22 j 24 7 ‘ 31
iconracs 2 ‘ 6 — ‘ 6
Typhacece 1 ‘ 2 — ; 2
andan 1 > 2 cae . 2
Cyclanthacece l 1 —_ : 1
macee , 1] P 15 5 . 20
Cyperacee , ack ‘ 120 — Si eud
amine - 90 «ox QF 11 - 218
Eriocaulacece 6 ‘ ll oe : Il
; oi idacee k : 3 ern 8s :
: agellariaec i 3 L aad .
£3. Commelinacee f . 19 2 : 21
44. Juncacee , é 1 i 2 iss ,
45. Liliacee 19° ded 13 3%
£6. Hemadoracee i 1 ‘ a
£7. Stemonaceee . dA ‘. eo :
88. Pontederiace 2 “ aa : 2
"Amaryllidacee . 17 . 1 Adi tid 29 a
. ace , ‘ 1 i a .
: Bromeliacece ‘ 3 é ) 2 : :
» Dioscoreacece Z 1 é 1 2 . 13
» Durmanniacee 1 ‘ a
Ee I; 20k n ; 3 ‘ 0 3
- Musacee ; 3 ° : 3
» Zingiberacece . 9 é 3] 5 3
: Cannacee é 1 w | oe :
! ce ‘ 4 ‘ 5 “ . 5
159. Orchidace wi @Brcod cave Scgom 3
Total sone -
ledons , ‘J S 601 72 » , Os
Total Angio-
peal 1241 . 2186 343 - 2529
70 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
' CHAPTER V.
NOTES ON THE HAZARIBAGH AND MONGHYR
FLORAS.
There is a very. good account of the Botany of the Hazaribagh
178.
district in the Gazetteer (1917) by the Rev. S. L. Thompson, formerly
Principal of St. Columba’s College, Hazaribagh, which I have not
0 readi ible. I i
reproduced as it is readily accessible s he states that there
are no less t 11 Utricularias, two of which have not bee rted
the province and are very te, growing a 8 :
from
tunately he does not enumerate the species, especially as the prese: sent
ra only records 9 species of Uiricularia from the whole province.
aks full results would have been a ‘oledins scone of
ad t
to this book h been available e ee passa
pson’s account bears on the subject of the ul devastation
of the f “ Unfortunately no r t o e Ha gh
can omit th t st fact ut it, 2. e. its rapid disappearance
The forest is being most wastefully destroyed, and a great
number of plants of great botanical and economical interest are
oming extin Mutilated stumps are all that remains of m
uable tr like Dillenia aurea, Stercul illosa, sum, Paisar,
e€ was Ssegrraegrictins jungle. Whether one considers
jones, or the loss to ie villagers of a nvaluable forest produce,
or merely the botanical loss, this is by far the most important fact
about the vegetation of Hazaribagh.”
or the most part the otha accounts of the Botany in the —
district gazetteers are meagre, and antiquated in prosicwese: ture. The
source of the information is rarely given n, but there are seldom positive
errors as, for menses the allusion to the graceful festoons of Spire
and masses of Cae rte oe e Gaya Hills,” where, no doubt, the Porane
1
- A general retiorannte of t the botany of Monghyr is given ist a
Forest Flora of Monghyr ye atistical Reporter, 1877), and also a
uc IS. whi ch
reproduced. In the first t pu ublication the or states ene among —
survivals the Cotton tree, spectre tree (Sterculia urens) and s we i
a
appear a s annuals or undershrubs. | The pea family, after the te aoa |
is the commonest of all, and here we have tamarind, India meer :
flame tree ( utea), purple azalea a (Bauhinia aeglie d many —
jas and mimosas. Nor must the Karzanis 8 (Abru © precatoris) be —
jie a as its vermilion seeds are co nspicuous in every pat the
e during the cold season. The frankincense tree is found
‘ignplines the hills; as fuel it gives out such dense clouds of smoke
HAZARIBAGH AND MONGHYR FLORAS. 71
that nobody cares to burn it. Next in numerical order come the
Dog- banes, which are always conspicuous in the cold weather with
whe en and are borne by the wind to any square
inch of ground that may be wit a t t. eruvian bark
family is well represented. The Ne lilac (Hamiltonia suaveolens)
is one of the few co ants with fragrant Sida which a
‘ e his
family is the Indian cinchona (Hymenodictyon), which may always
be recogni ring th row
gnized during the cold season by its brown capsules containin
Ww seeds hanging clusters on the wintry leafless branches
An account of the trees would complete without mention of
the Terminalias, which, given fair play, would gr g
There is the fly-wheel Termi , whose winged fruit looks like the
niature ser f teamer, and the dhao, w ,
and commands as “ag by far the best price in the Monghyr market.*
Then there are t _tan trees (Terminalia belerica and chebula),
homed however, are becoming scarce. There is also the Kawa
» Arju
rj na
181. The a uthor then proceeds to give a list of 153 trees and shrubs,
from which L have selected the following most interesting or owe
mistic (he included a large number of culti vated ones) with
temarks, and added the names where necessar
Tinospora — laee I piheak ae — (Bagnai), eee tia
Ramontehi (Baine le), T x dioica
(Jhau) on diaras rehenirrs ich “Sa L Se oka ; all the ‘Senet are
Properly speaking Sal forests, but it would be diffic ult to find half
# dozen full-grown trees left Kydia calycina (Dhamin), Sterculia
wens (Mogul, Kara er a Helicte sober “(Ainthia dhamin), H iptage mada-
“4 (madmalta), Zanthoxylum m (Gaira) [no doubt Limonia
tcidissima), Grewia seen “Gho rund) [probably Grewia hirsuta].
~Urraya exotica ( Ben mirchi). = a elephantum, not uncommon
i the se pose me marmelos, on. ania serrata (Sale).
Talos ul (guga rd _ he garden Olax scandens (Arthil,
siigas). Deapoas e coop (ma — pen ye (Ghunt), common.
-_ a ‘apindu
rondosa an rba. Ougeinia rgioides,
7° uncommon fo the hills. Caiadipiaia bonducella, common in
j Pins ont kareza). Colvillea racemosa, porseresiirters well in i
the Lav Unesiana (Guhiya Babul). A. Catech com
an hills. Combretum onsdiibaes (Madlat). Woodfontia ia robust
( “er Randia dumetorum (Man), common. “>.
tM +i the elastin latifolia was considered to be a Terminalia,
My own Temarks are in square brackets.
72 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
general in the hills [probably C. erm var. opaca). Wrig
tomentosa (Dudh Koraiya), rare. - tine a (Chhot a dudh Pi
juni).
refers to ‘‘Jhungjuni . et large-leaved Grewia orientalis mentioned
by Willdenow. A — seless tree growing about villages in Bhagal- —
ur.” I don’t kno sia Grewia he can mean by this. roton
oblongifolius (Pu ares One of the most abundant trees in the hills, —
chiefly as an undershrub owing to being cut. Jatropha glandulifera —
(Belati bagandi), said to have been introduced about 30 years ago, —
now found all over the istrict. —— retusa srt —— in
the hills. Phyllanthas emblica (Aura), general. Bre mnoides
(Sikkat), hedges. [I su = et —— is ‘Kirgona alia.] Salsa vp Pe North- —
east of Ganges. [No doubt S. te
182. The following additional ants and oe or ery
vernacular names are added from Buchanan-Hamilton’s MS. of t
surv ma — Bhagalpur, which then plleded Monghyr snd the a
Par;
The m mos rat © ommon wild bamboo is called ‘‘ Tanai bangs’ ’ [no doub
Dendrocalamus strictus]. ‘‘ Khajur” (Phenix spliiedbeses It does ps
sucker like the true date. Abundant. Is fit for recta tapped when
10 years old, and lasts 20 years more. Season commen oe beginning of
October and lasts 5 months or The juice is salle Mitha Tari
[sweet to oye Tal hort Pars: "(Borassus) perhaps as common as last
Far less tapped and juice less sweet. Begins to yield about the middle
of March and season lasts 2 months. Reding to flower between 25 and
t i mes —
40 years old, and continues to a great age is cut 3 ti
a day from the poi of the —oo spathe until it withers. New
spadices shoot in succession. In Bhagalpur only the male spadices
ag
are - = I am told that after re ripens in Aug. or Sept. the female
many
183. , -alacile (Terminalia chebula). [Hamilton considers the tree
we from the “ Haritaki”’ ve Bengal and the Mysore tree
Terminalia tomentosa, ** Asa: The system of pollarding the trees
described by him for feeding the Tasar is the same as is practised m
Ch hota Nagpur teresting:
He Sieestiinhtte between the “ Kahu” and the “ Arjan ” (7. arju wna).
He says the latter tree more resembles the ‘‘ Kahu” than it does the ©
« As 3” n ly 8 n “i
a
consider that these are two vernacular names for the same a
have, however, observed hybrids of 7’. arjuna and T. peeve and
his Kahu may have been one of these.] 5
de canons are mine own, These were made easy by Hamilton’
Pb and classification ye
HAZARIBAGH AND MONGHYR FLORAS. 73
- [Similarly he Bigoe that “‘ Dha”’ must = ody theaael from * Dhao,”
but may belong to the same genus. s the latter is the name
by the Nor hern Mo ohital neers ie orbs term he refers to the
Mal Paharias of * northern Santal Parganas). “‘Dha” and ‘‘ Dhao
I eid “9 be the same tree, viz., Anogeissus latifolia.)
of ¥
probably now extinct in Monghyr, though still found in the Rajma
Hills.
“ Dantranga,’ ce ete The bark used to stain the teeth red.
Schrebera called ‘ woods of Bangka and “ Ghatera’”’ in
Tan f chew td is ve mm on ca the former. It is allied to the
affinity to Schrebera albens of
Wiltenough. ior is dow Latebe aah ae swietenioides, while ‘Neuri,”
er on as Schrebera albens, Willd. is Eleodendron
glaucum, common in the woods of Bangka. Banka or Bangka (as
spelt by Ha is sh n map attached with a rang
and some unreserved jungle on them in the south of Bhagalpur.]
an Strychnos nux-vomica, ‘‘ seg SH common in the southern
[This record is interesting as the tree is now only abundant in
Pari) *“Mahul”’ o reac mma Bye; 2 "Bassia ee in great quanti ities.
Mimusops blengiy wari” at Bhag — t in the woods o
the south “‘ Baul.” “ae aman ce to M. oe cae wild in the southern
of Bhagalpur is neteapecony as the tree is ptt not considered
: wild north of ney Dec
“Khirni’
and fruit sold on the
Mebids basen Willd. is — Mimusops hexandra.
s of Mungger, mm
market. Coarse furniture made from the af
“Makarkand, -o sie Ht fruit excessively bitter.” [Pos-
sibly this is D. mo which is not otherwise mentioned, although
_ other Mal sre This la ‘acdigaell _ the Rubiacee
but the hesention pens is “insufficient to identify it.] “ Ga b,”
TO8 eee. ** Kend,” D. melanoxylon, eaednete a black
d oc
‘“ a > febon ny]. i
__ Hyal,” arringtonia acutangula, on the banks of ese river and
m the marshy woods on the north side is the only tree that grows.
, 86. In the drier woods one of the most common trees is called
gruki”? in Lakardewani and ‘‘ Harhar” near Mungger. It is
5 “some of Gardenia close to the ‘‘ Dhaniya”’ of Purneah and perhaps
bt a The fruit possesses saponaceous quality. Wood
poy drums and even i
ity flexible and does not split. [This must be ink, Gardenia
“Popro,” a very common hill species [is certainly @, sap J
Pindar” or “Pindal lu,’ ncn
m,”” wood better. than ‘that of “ Karam ’ ’ (Adina) lis, oo Hironina
74 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
y to
Garcinia sp., each berry with 4 ria a y ai G. Cowa]).
akuya si
than a man’s arm, by cutting a ring sft wide about 2 ft.
the ground. I eve erywhere saw trees hte The dhuna a is wn
ep. OF,
cad k ta’ or “ Gira,” Limonia acidissima
Buc
or the true Olibanum. The latter is probably imported from Arabia. —
Ac seniaiee to Colebrooke me Baadacoht vol. af whom he refutes,
the olibanum, or frankine of the ancients, was the product of this
tree. Much sitieain um i ape ted into a ~ ay from Somaliland]
‘* Phulka,”” sap a hills of Mon
187. ** Hiran ‘“* Chhota Gandhai ” oe % ro dhai”’ or ‘‘ Gand- —
ana Hiran”’ are \downibed, as species of Uvaria. He describes the
first as very useful to the turner. [These trees are no doubt Miliusa
[This i is stone ditsaa pelyantha rie sdinaaeene is called by the |
same vernacular n the Saccopetalum, and the leaves of which |
have somewhat es same ouueliel “Two other species of Lawracee are
i : pes - the a
8
lected {might tibed a Ma achilt but none is known from Monghyr, and |
re e probably Litswa sebiferal, and ‘ eh a of pone with alt. |
paki ihe: leaves with the appearance of Uvaria.” [I don’t know what
thu this coul
188. The “s Phalsa”’ of Monghyr is soles in the woods of Banka |
“ Dhaman.” It grows to bea tree. [Apparently —— Hainesiana.)
“ Singgiya Dhaman’”’ is stronger and is the Grew a arborea of Rox- |
m
G vest a
a Grewia. [There i is a specim n of this in the Wallichian Herbarium
called by Hamilton Grewia araria, collected May 26th, 1811. Its
é :
a
t with exactly simila ar forms in other
j a Te
189. ‘‘ Thanki”’ is ommon tree thr men the southern
woods, and the Tasar Gunkin on vit. It is sometimes called Nilkar, and
is also used in medicine. It is certainly “the cpesena ae: of Rheede. |
wani was a large caaenun to the south and east of Pargana Banka :
karde
Pe ae in what is now the south = the Santal Parganas. It is dotted with |
detached rocky hills and was covered with wood in Hamilton’s time. i
HAZARIBAGH AND MONGHYR FLORAS. 75
_ [this latter is evidently a species of Memecylon and its occurrence in
Monghyr is very interestin ng. |
_ “Alangium tomentosum”’ of the pe centr very common in
the spade om a “ Dhela’’ and grows to a considerable size [=
i
“Sidda.”” Tasar r often dopey on its i i [Lagerstremia parviflora].
: 10
el 1
Another species in the woods of Kha orakpuy E. alba of Roxb. att
Birbhum it is called “‘ Mandar” [Hrythrina suberosa].
Pa: aan very like ae n Hr apes a, but the x owers qa
a Glycine, It is a fine tree, but has a kindred species which i
_ immense Ejsaber. [This is baste pina S and the olisitier,
a.
“Paras,” Butea EArondoss, also has a kindred climber = B. superba.
: Murga ” =“ Paysar ”’ of Kharakpur [Pterocarpus Marsupium].
e Mun e
stows in all situations, on the parched rocks of Mungger and the
: half-drowned banks of Dhaka. (This can as be D. la neeolaria. |
Jiyal” = “* Doka” of Bangka and “ Kasambar ” in the woods of
and = K Us
- iv, pl. 33). [The aris of these tivo trees is Odina Wodier, the second
—'BGaruga pinnata.] ‘* Amsaheri’ a Mun ngger, “ peg ve of Boneks
8a species of Schinus. Fruit eaten. Leaves and b sed i
medicine. Timber takes a Robe "potas. [It is srbably iver
é 190, “Kadrupala”’ in Bangka, Clutia stipularis [ Bridelia ayes
_Namta,” also a Clutia. Its berries are e eaten ; he probably
-rdusa, thou ough this “Beadlon is a called Kadrupala]. “ Har aril” mand
tnother Species of ‘‘ B ”’ [are species of Glochidion]. * Palasi
allied to * Aon gla”’ (Hamblen [I cannot identif
191, Hamilto on soe mera _ es 7 figs — x are referable to F. bengal-
sis (‘ Bar ae ana G a pipar’’), F. religiosa, F.
- Rumphii a iN a F Calecakett ( Pal "; “a i pes merata Ae: >
Bara Dumar i og D ar’’), also an er fig a 6: F: glo erata
Mth “figs size of a smal rk sa pe called “Guler,” salt a
called a Bar, which is very Cag Hear also sends roots from
the branches; [the latter is 5 protaday
ntosa}.
| Chul muli, ” of woods of Karakpur ‘[Holoptelen integrifolia].
a mt” wi wit ith, ioe rough a ar [Trema OIE “Chamari
_ {2. orientalis}. “Amtiya” in Bangka, “mamroja”’ at Pia
. in Purneah and “ mangjari sag’’ by the ph yaloiahs [Antide
Gaaases “ Matisura”’ of Bangka, ** tarsi ” of Mungger [datidesma
la]. Pitangjira ” [Putranjiva].
76 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
CHAPTER VI.
TAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION.
Principles: Arrangement should be phylogenetic, 192; Difficulties, 193;
Parallel development, 194 ; The archegoniate, 195; Relative age of G
sperms and Pteridophyta, 196-200 ; Gondwana-land, 197; Primofilices, 198;
Rhyniacee, 200 ; motmeieie® theo 201; Loner yer 7) we subdiv isions ;
2: Ge
uctory )
diffe ons, 2 :
outline, 220; Position of the Monocotyledons, 221. The System adopted :—
Synopsis of Classes, Orders and wamiliens Main divisions of the Vegetable —
tH) . ridoph copodinee : i
as h urring
Bihar ie Orissa , 233; Conspectus of the Chetinetalous oups, 234; (Dp. 92.
naan dO of Orders and Families of the Choripetal, 2 = bP Ra
Gam a + Origin of the Gam os we, 237 ; e Game —
pe ous 3, 238 ; Descriptions of the Orders and ee ciien of pos Gamo —
amin. 89. TDP. 133-144); Class Monocotyledones 240; Descriptions of
Orders and Families of the Monocotyledons, 241 (pp. 145-155). :
°
=
A guna ae natural classification should, if the theory of
pay a be ma ned, be based on that theory, and although n0 :
m,
and t suppoeed llied group or groups to which ren gerne back
or oo should . made are sometimes also pointed t o with
a
93. The
ignorance of the — selatiomaltip of so many families and of the
origin of any o
94. Even the salanive position of the main vr such as
phyta, Pteridophyta, Pteridosperms, Gymnosperm _ Pere 2%: :
which once appeared satisfactorily settled, are seam i der discuss!
It has even been suggested that the different pense of vas
real difficulty of a phylogenetic arrangement is <
PAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION. 17
have originated ree I and at different times in the
of the “sean eso = alge.* It is asserted that such
e uni logi
mr
s t in
_ the leaf to the under surface, and says ‘there is no doubt that the
_‘pimitive position was —. but retin a phyletic lines
passed superficial peo 3
That parallel development is of very akeous occurrence well
b find it on such a scale as is necessitated ‘ this
or the even more varied repro
In no group do the sechugonis closely
ge.
archegonia appear to have undergone a retro-
might have been anticipated if the a
ded from some primitive
d
Thi
ng of several cells in length in the Filic onl
Selaginella. e Conife )
le superficial cells of the contained prothallium
ore typica archegoniat e the nec
cells, but is reduced to one cell in length i
e conditi f life in coniferous and angio-
s would appear to be v milar as compared with fe
isely between the Angiosperms
atiospermis that the biggest st
Church, Tansley. + Tansley, Jan. 19th, 1924. ¢ The freshwater alge
(ttophor acer and Coleochetacee are sometimes considered nearer to
descent of the Archegoniate.
78 ‘BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
of the archegonia, which are now reduced to naked cells. Indeed the
homology of these cells with archegonia is _> deduced by their
ctur
ol
196. Granted that the Angiosperms are the — ape —
8
ore phyla of independent origin as has been suggeste
- Scott and other paleontologists have shown that man y of ke
Ma — s of Gymno- —
sperms and Ferns abound in the Mesozoic caer in t re Perm
carboniferous epoch the true Cycads an nd Conifers on ar ve
arisen. ‘There is, however, an important family, the ape wil
i
cusatanl to be ferns, known Pteridosperms or Seed-ferns. These
seed-ferns had large fern- like cali but the anatomical structure
rather of pecan erms and, as it has since been abundan nity: Pr roved, |
bore true seeds resembling ‘ae of Gymnosperms. Dr. Scott states
nd Dam i
a strong constituent of the great Glossopteris flora which was chara¢
teristic of various regions separated now by the ocean, but which
once perhaps fo ‘fo ormed parts of the hy thetical seropri known as ©
na- 1 art
h self now hi
the ocean the long -sought-for ancy of the prmnitive Pteridosperms
—_ the origin of the Angiosper ;
The Pteridosperms are binihe as strongly represented in the
ine Carboniferous as in the upper beds (though the ev a is
mainly from anatomy) whereas a7 ae sperms ae very Tr hey
occur also in the ones Devonian, and as far back as age early —
pe n found be :
hace ridosperms and the ferns except their aie similarity i
ea 3
In the early Devonian oat is no satisfactory evidence for the
ps — of the Filices, and even the Primo-filices (a group apparently
of true ferns ; their spor ain’ are furnished with an wishes composed —
of two rows of cells, but without any lamina to the leaves) have only
{allied to the early Horsetails) were also present in
vonian. ;
199. On the geological record ee —_- it would appear that
the Gymnosperms are of quite as old a stock as, if not older that —
the Ferns, and o ee Fevord de appears to be some reason for
supposing an ind origin not only for the Gymnosperms and
Pteridophyta, but Ai ion the Lycopods —s anata Is.
TAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION. 79
is, sepia a group of plants nome as the Rhyniacez,
g the most ancient of land p lants known, of which
goes back to the Silurian, and if so, thi
down than is known for a y ut general
conclusion that one, who has himself no first-hand knowledge of foss
botany, comes to, is that the on that record is at present far
the sep group
still Toe is there direct evidence
d the several phyla of the marine
1 _— Resiogions history fails us it is necessary to fall back
onto
:
:
upon general morphological structure and the logy, o existing
Dania, anc = to ‘fo orm some workable hypothesis of descen pric will
ta. of!
Rand ophytes and Gymnophytes,
- cfeonnections between these an
For the general arrangement of descent of many of gro
ister’s researches still appear to show 4 connected hate
ent.
202. e arrangement of the Pteridophyta among ponent
e
t
the system most in accordance with h Hofmeister’s views is to menc
] end with the “neterosporous
nee. Th
ver, differs from that usually adop m
tally fern-like families, ae lepto- Sporangint (archesporium a
archesporium
ter-ferns, ‘which to To tally
+hypodermal cell 0
@group of cells), before the H ydropteriden or wal
in foliage and in the formation of sporocarps.
ad Hofmeister’s system " edouted by oooh pa is not,
em sarge hier ie is now ane of t geological history
(tithe Pteridophyt e true ferns nies to ee originated later
- than the a aeiag ne ‘he ante or the Lycopods
oh following is the arrangement of the larger gro ups of Pteri ido-
: — and Spermophyta based on foss i] evidence, according to
: Indeed there are not wanting biologists who maintain the thesis that organisms
@ wg first in fresh-water pore Se ¢ The Causes and Course of Organic Evolution,
“Th M. Macfarlane, Chapter XI.
udies i in Fossii Botany, third edition, ii, p. 395.
80 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
’ Rhynia
Psilophytales { Asteroxylaces.
Lycopsida Lycop odial
, Equi .
Sphenopsida | Equitas } Articulate.
Filicales.
. Pteridospermex
Pteropsida oes eae }Spermophyte
Angiosperme
. eearega 2 ourselves to —— as (and omitting Psilotales,
t occur in our area), the Lycopodiales, Equisetales and —
weer are fe tedated as three distinct phyla, but possibly all descended —
from a stock akin to the ex nee Psilophytales, while there appears |
to be some connection, though with a large u unfilled gap, between the -
augers Spermo ophytes and the Tilicales, Sieeongh the extinct Pterido-
®.
204. The above is somewhat at variance with the views of Hof-
meister, amity it will be remembered, traced the —s of the seed-
plants through allies of the heterosporous Lycopods. Heter ee
; et :
Ithou ot now existen he Equi s, it was prevalent in
the extinct Calamostachys and other ra e
following pages the relative position 0 he families
within the Filicinez (ba n Bower and Sco iews) is therefore
different to that usually adopted in systematic works and in the
e Eusporangiate ferns, in spite of their mo plicated
or more modified sporangia or sporangia-bearing leaves, are concluded ‘
to be relatively ancient to the Leptosporangiate and usually more
scenes res
the nner santos the latter LBibteepaptoridiessidh occur commo n the
wer Carbo e Marattiacee are known in t ane ‘Goal
Measures of the U ar us, while ferns of the Polypota
not been traced back further than the Jurassic r rock
207. The re given by Bower for the Filic ay is oie
not occur i
208. Turning to he relative " position of the orders
rms, geological ‘evidence throws no light on the rela
antiquity of the severa Dr. Scott r pryaet that the fossil
hi sa t Fea ca own no ae inning. 12
appearance of the most rset separated groups is ad to be sudden
and SO and what are thc ge protons to be young
groups occur in the s sii eda ett what are believed to be primi
ee Gamopetale, and actually the Caprifoli ae ot vibueniahl
er, The Ferns (Filicales), Only Vol. I is published, but the author g?
a sineative ‘arrangement on p. 58, and this i is practically the same as in his prev
paper in Phil, Trans., vol, 192, B (1899), and The Origin of a Land Flora, D.
TAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION. 81
if leaf diagnosis can oo relied upon (which, however, is very doubtful),
found as far back as the retaceous period ! ed
e rela es
ledons. e Monocotyledons are placed first in many a: rrangements,
but it would appear to be the anata which are nearer to the
common stock of Angiosperms and Gymnosperm
he wood of the Di metrener tie exhibits i in its general sot ys
and arrangem ent of the ci ae wood a very strong resemblan
e mai
Magnoliacece h bo
most Gymnosperms. The leaves of Gnetum are very dicotyledonous
in appearance, though in the continuous plate-like medullary rays of
their vascular bun
mnosper in character.
210. The inflorescence and wee of the @netales are very different
to that of most pete teresa appear to partake of ee character
of some groups of Dicotyledons ladies by Engler as Las ive.
211. In Gnetum sre ba (p. 1282) the integument (or i inner ——
ment of the nucellus, if there are two, see below) is prolonged into
very slender 3-toothed tube which makes it appear as the saps e and
3-lobed stigma of a closel investing ovary of a single ov is is
surrounded by tw pone sacs of doubtful morpho 1be9i: the inner
being regarded bier is as a second (outer) i integument, and the
. . ; :
by as im ‘itary perkiinith which is not un ianth
of the female flower of some Urt e Bon 23 consists of a
umn terminating in two anthers and is surr by a single
angular tubular sac or perianth. Both male atid ferhle flowers ocd
Whorled in the axils of annular bracts on panicled spikes.
The flowers are mixed with numerous cellular hyaline hairs, and the
spikes with their numerous si imple flowers remind one strongly Seg the
or
tkins or spi s A , Piperacee or ee,
but the resemblance is perhaps merely superficial e might consi
nd integument as an ovary open apex, but then the
yle-like organ should be borne on this ovary, whereas it is merely
* pollen-chamber, such as is found in other ymnos s formed
in but ch pr is, however, just
Sacs, by growing up similarly to that of the inner integumen
and gradually absorbing its function, may have been a maids of origin
Varies,
peor tg phyllary aoaes to become connate, as is seen in the
82 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
he Gnetalesno doubt had an origin very far down the Gymno-
spermous line.
. There are other pnaioe nes one characters in Gnetum, via.
the reduction of the archegonia to free cells and the 2- cotyledons
embryo, and according to eward, “‘it is in the Gnetales more t nin
any other Gymnosperms that we find features which help us to obteil
a dim prospect t of the lines along which Angiosperms may have been
wc ge
213. If this be ore then the commencement of the Dicotyledons
with such families as Piperacew, Casuarinacee and Amentifera, as i8
seve
h SOZOIC
are the large group of Cycadophyta known as the Cycadeoids, first met
with (in descending order) in the Cretaceous, and overlapping the
i be ¢
anty. T
illiamsoniew. In ou utward appease the Bennettitee were
e
numer
The whole is surrounded by an envelope of spirally arranged bracts
spre’ fro m the upper part | of | the peduncle. The general arrange
ment 0 just th as in a typical angiospermo
hones with a central pail, hypogynous stamens, and a perianth
The resemblance is still further emphasized by the fact, long know»
that me ee scales are confluent at their outer ‘ends, to form)
of peri icarp or ovary wall. en to these general features Lid
h its high}
character 8 with its hig
organized, digotyledonous embryo, the indications of affinity with
Mone r flowering plan ome extremely significant.
ieland in 1901, immediately on ©
was reproduced in my Forest Flora ef Chota Nagpur, p. 44. The orig
was ss published in the Journal of the Port Fah Society, ari 1 1907, p. 139.
TAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION. 83
psacaintd sa ag hermaphrodite flower The flower, with its
great sta 10 cm. long in some species, must neers been a striking
object Sy it opened. As, of course, we can know nothing of the
coloration of the perianth and other srt we cannot tell how
illiant its appearance may have ; the bright tints of the carpels
vules in some recent cycads suggests the probability that the
attraction of colour was not wanting to the more elaborate flowers
of the older ey.
15. In this case, again, there is difficulty in tracing any homology
between the sohetovh yile of the gynzceum and the carpels of an Angio-
Spermous ovary. The sporophylls are apparently the stalks of the
ovules which thus each bear but a single terminal macrosporangium.
However, it again has to be remembered how very imperfect is the
material ; h i i
| ; how, of the many millions of plants existing in the mesozoic
€ b ew score are know d it seems quite ible that
other groups of allied Cycadophyta existed at that time with
_ differently constructed yneciu the rest of the flower, it
seems reaso & read i real homo with some of
| ge-flowered Angiosperms, and as necium is at least
| a ; e it bet
| Bennettitean flowers, and such as one would e rte in an early type
| 216. most interesting paper on the origin of the “Angiosperms
. by Newell Arber and John Par kin, the Nympheacee, Magnoliacee and
} = ged a among Pieutyiaonds siiemadiae Butomacen, and
|
|
‘almacee a mong Monocotyledons are taken as ‘exhibiting many
primitive ore while the Piperales, ey we, Aracee, etc.,
with very simple flowers, are regarded as derived from phyla with
_ more complicated ones by a process of idback tion. The dicotyledons
enerally exhibit such a network of cross alliances that it is almost
d t
| Position - “a8 cori to the Ranales, is the existence in the former
- of single e t orthotropous ovules, and in the latter of anatropous or
amphitropous ovules. The last are evidently a much more recent
| 217. On the whole, if the Angiosperms are derived from a single
eo the view taken Arber & Parkin appears to meet most
the facts, and Scott states that “it is interesting to note that Arber
& Parkin’s 8 hypothetical reconstruction of the flower of a hemi-angio-
| “perm agrees almost exactly as regards the structure of the stamens,
With the Subsequently discovered Williamsonia mexicana of Wielan
| Sages t there are striking analogies between the Angiospert
and the C ids is undeniable. It is also true that the analogi
| become accentuated if we take into consideration the older and more
RP ee eye ee eee re
84 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
——, Williamsonians rather than the more pee: Bennde
t, after all, a wide gap remains. We cannot be ce 4
that obey is seeeablind more than parallel 7 eater
it may be that a real affinity exists, that the Cycadeoids and the
Angiosperms are branches of a common stoc
: his is the view taken in the following synopsis, which starts with —
the Ra :
218. The arrangement, however, adopted for the Dicotyledons in
the body of t e Flora is, with a few exceptions, * that of Be Bentham —
mm. ee i
part of the Ranales, there are se several “objecti ions to the system asa)
generali allies, like the Mimosacew. The arrangement -
Genera P: Plantarum even sod the Gymnosperms between the Dicoty-
— and Monocotyledons =
t i to the Hoo!
come at present in the eld is that German pear of Endlicher,
op more or less closely by Engler in Die Naturlicher
Pflanzenfamilien, and by eget Warming and other Europeaa
botanists. is is supposed to be phylogenetic (as far as @ lineat
system can be), but Engler begins the Angiosperms with the
Monocotyledons, and —— with age i 2
hoon he believed to be primitive, whereas, as discussed above, -
sperms with the Ra tly aechiasion
e cation in the Bulletin (see Nos. 2 and 7 of
and 2 of 1924), and I should have repr e
it here in place
present synopsis, but his groups are not at present sufficiently defi
ind it seems to me that the saeptioa of the two main parallel
E. g., the Euphorbiacee, in view of the freuen ot are trestel
SolaSaauea: ued Soe epmed wien the Of oe ee tiacee
Picoidee or Aizoacee are near their allies, th ned grit the Fe
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 85
:
:
:
a i.
At present, also,
te teson is is not in a form tikely. to reirers the fie ld botanist.
Ihave, eee at back in the main on the classification adopted
in my Flora of Chota Nagpur, which I am glad to see in many respects
: with ie of Mr. Hutchinson. But that classification
_ which was carried into the body of _ Flora attempted to conserve,
- for the cag of —— ee know the Hookerian system, rg
: of that system t preenns for a mere conspec
: ose I have therefore ‘further 1 modified ~ rs cer rear ty
the r. Hute
il. The Mon Monoestyledons follow foe Dicot epunion and there seems
‘paacone their nearest allies wes — Dicotyledons is to be
~ found in ne eee although some botanists here, again, treat the
a of resemblance as corillats developments. * If there be an
- affinity, as as I believe, it is natural t o commence e the Mon wpe hag
_ with the families which best show it, viz. the apocarpous Alism
- aalitheir all allies. Erect orthotropous ovules are very rare in Mens:
@).
cotyledons (e.g. some Arace
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES.
222. The vegetable ag i may be divided into fivet main
M ophyta, podibedires Pteridophyta, and
a ier Tmeluded i in aa large division of the Thallophyta
limited to “the Pteridop hee or eas Seeman
Fem allies) and to the + (Flowering or Seed P
223, I. PTERIDOPHYTA (pp. 86-88).
‘Distinct Smee of sexual and ual genera Sexu
Sneration represented by a small thalloid expansion froth aio
tarely tuberous, eith out diferent ation into stem and leaves, occasi
ally hot even oming free of the spore py ere archegonia ond
on the same or different individuals and after fert fert mee
i es oa .
jaa and is usually clearly differentiated i into stem or rhizome,
aves and roots, and has an internal vascular system. It bears spores
"indie the View of Rendle, who states “‘ the resemblance cannot be regarded
Plants, ng Lpeit ny affinity. Toke reuier's totudcdonent * (Classification of Flowering
. division, the
~ id add, an a sixth main_ div he
d start with,
: a whch include the well-known bacteria or bacilli. The
Ee aot table kinguo om is sometimes disputed. They a
86 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
_ “sporangia” situated on the ba ck of or on the margin or at the :
of leaves or modified leaves eats whore These spores ma
F
de
1. aoe simple, close, and sma relatively to the axis. Spora
the base of the small sporophylls which are gro a into
edeninal spike, p. 86.......5 202s seer eeeees 1. siodindia
2. Leaves minute, whor rle d, — to teeth and connate alow into —
a sheath, sporangia borne on the underside of modified peltate
sporophylls or sporangi reer whic a cone-like
tem or shoots, p. 86.......-- 3 icchinti
3. Leaves large relatively to the axis and usually compound. Spor-
angia on the margins or backs of the leaves or modified leaves
or in sporocarps at base of the leaves, p. Sig, 0 3. Filicinee. —
Cuass I.—LYCOPODINE/.
rder I. Lycopop1a.es. Selaginellas and Club Mosses. (Only
der 1
Sporophyte wi ith simple or usually 2- eg aa branched stem —
and small crowded simple leaves. Sporangia solitary at the base
:
inate. r i b
Peet similar, producing moncecious prothallia, or dissimilar (macro-
spores and microspores). The macrospores produce prothallia which
bear erage ge only, and never become free of the spore, and though -
not as much reduced as s in awe Rise anerogamia, are only sufficiently
price : theonath a fissur spore for the egg. ee to become
fertilized by the serous ime spermatozoi ds) 0 male pro-
thallium. The microspores form a pro othallium which ” orm
1gu
m. L yeopatiace (p. 1220).
agglr Raapes Leaves often 4- FS aly ae diff n shape and
size, with a microscopic ligule....... Fam. Se lagincllnedin (p- P29).
Ciass II.—EQUISETINE#.
225. Order I. EquiseTaxes. Horse-tails. (Only one existing order)
Sporo rophyte (arora. pnecs ation) with rhizome and usually ®
copiously branched* s with articulate internodes and whorls of
very thal tooth-like ie rely Branches usually whorled. Sporang?
arise as pluricellular protuberances on the underside of peltat
* Fertile (cone-bearing) stems are often a som while the barren
of the same species may be branched. In our species both are branched.
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 87
sporophylls which are arranged in a cone-like pers spike or flower,
5-10 6 haga on the underside of bn ch sporophyll. Spores (in
existing genera) of one kind only pro ing well-dev Wiped, usually
-— diecious Bite petidant prothallia........ fie’ MoaiReces (p. 1219).
Crass IITI.—FILICINE.
226. Leaves well developed pee? to the stem, often very large
and compound, . ternate, circin rnation (except in Salviniacee
Ophioglossacee). Spo ra ae on “the margins or backs of the
leaves, which either resemble the barren ones or are specially modified,
ee fererieridee) the sporangia grouped inside sporocarps formed
of leaf uch modified as to a apieer as special non-foliar
organs ei the ad i) the leaves. Fertil leaves not confined to a
definite part of the shoot and not ‘loteriintl its oetk | (exc. Ophio-
glossacece).
A. Homosrorovus Finicinra. The Ferns.
Spores of one kind only, in sporangia which are not included in
sporocarps (though sometimes grouped into synangia) and are borne
. evident leaves or on segments of leaves modified into ponerse
phores.
1. Eusporangiate Ferns.
The hams arise from a gh of cells. fear: § bet large ferns
so oparge and grouped sori, or small ferns with usually a single
ual leaf dividing fain a barren folisne0us oats and an iedsciee-
ike sporangiophore.
a Order I. Mararria
“Very large ferns with, stipular appendages at base of fronds. Sori
§touped, or sporangia connate and sori for - into chambered
synangia. Annulus 0 or apical and radimente
Mor Grattiacece (p. 1212).
b. Order II. OrnrogiossaLzs
Small ferns without stipules Rhizome very short, subterranean.
f usually solitary and div iding into a barren foliaceous part and
e sp
an inflorescence-lik ore- producin spike or cle th large
ep ea 2-valved sporangia without annulus, so metimes sunk in
eee Fam. Ophioglossacee (p. 1213).
vi ble Sia ot Ferns.
HII. Porypopra
The sporangia arise ee a single epidermal cell (archespo
and are usually collected into small groups Segui but the in vidual
sporangia are always free and the sori are n nited into regular
88 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
groups or chambered synangia. Stipules never presen nt. Fertile
part of frond similar to the barren, or if dissimilar then fronds
several. Sporangia usually situated on the veins, not s unk in the
mesophyll, sorus often surrounded r roofed fay Vy an
indusium. Annulus usually present (consisting of a single row
ifor
angia sessile, often few in the sori or not in definite sori.
Indusium 0 or a continuation of the leaf margin. Annulus
0 or incom aie, plete, transverse or - disciform
(vertical and complete in some Parkeriacee).
j. Sporangia not in regular sori, in our species solitary in the
‘axils of large imbricating involucres, which are arrang
ifor er 2-seriatim on the lobes of the leaf
nts. Annulus disciform or coronate, —_ Frond
of indefinite rout scandent —— our specie
Se Nidehoots (p. 1211).
ii. Sporangia very few in the sori, cam without indusium.
Annulus equatorial or oblique ee Been creeping.
Fronds 2-chotomous of indefinite grow
ao]
s
°
=
°
a
s
rs
ow
Brg
BS
EE
2
Ss
25
bo
2
¢.
).
iii. Pere not in sori, arising in acr reek uccession in re
and covered by the revolute leaf margin. Marsh |
ith dimorphic fronds..Fam. Parkeriacee (p. 1210).* —
b. Sporangia sdialionl; in well-marked sori or continuous rows, with
omplete oblique or vertical annulus. Indusium present
abse
Tree isles Spee angia opening more or less scnerecety with
complete oblique annulus, stalk short. oe aked or surrounded —
by a — involucre.....+++++eeeees m. Cy athe a. 1183).
Dwarf fer Sporangia very nume oe sori, with a vertical
ecuisleld pitas stalk uusally long. “Tndlsium present or absent,
membranous when present, rarely herbac
Fam s. Potupediveese (p. 1183).
B. HETEROSPOROUS FILICINES.
Order IV.—HypropreripE%. Water fer
Floating or marsh plants. Leptosporangiate Sporangia con:
tained in asim or sporocarps derived from much modifie d leaf
se pag arising from the shoot at the base of. the foliage leaves
or on a pedicel springing from the petiole. Spores of two kinds,
maicrospores and macrospores. Prothallia By rudimentary and
remaining attached to the spore
Annual floating aquatics with simple —
pair eee (p. 1216).
Marsh plants with creeping rhizome nd erect long-petioled +
FoUGlate WAVER ss s505 iesree «+ Rese ene Fam. Marsiliacee (p. 1217)-
* Probably a very primitive family
+ In this large family the groups with the sori marginal are probably the more
primitive. See note on p. 77 on phyletic drift. ;
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 89
227. Il. PHANEROGAMIA or SPERMOPHYTA.
(The Flowering or Seed Plants.)
alternation of sexual rH ie Centiaa is concealed in
Witbtnetion of the ovule and A‘ ye is formed when the
ripe macrospore is eae lib berate HS aithe rosporangium but
remains enclosed in it and there puede ridtinititart fethallinm,
_archegonia or rudimentary perry BE and finally an embryo of the
bin asexual Asin ation whi cates appears to be sexual from its con-
ining and ing amalgam h the sexual generation. The
pialiian (which in the Seagate ay does aes become free of
@ spore) remains Sas the ospore, now terme the
“embryo-sac.”’ peau y only one embryo-sac is ropa in each macro-
sporangium or ‘ one or two integuments
enclosing a central seat celled tissue, the ‘‘ nucellus,’’ in which the
_ embryo-sac aris Ni r fertilization of the oosphere in the embryo-
sac the ule un s cha nae resulting in ae ripe arte which
(unless this has been consum xed y the Growits ainvah: and the
| i in the embr i
' rt by means of win Ha: insects, etc.
Fowl The a Ayr bearing plants or Phanerogams are divided into two
visions :—
. mat before coool go not enclosed in an ovary formed by
e cohesio he f
m carpels. Endo-
sperm or ner lium developed before pollination and
developing archegonia. Cotyledons 2—-many. Flowers always
PeeR MAP AE, CO SAB OTSA Siw « GyYMNOSPERME (p. 89).
B. oo! pip pence an ovary formed of the coat carpels
r of one carpel with coherent margins and having at the
Setimie the ns on which on pollen-grains 2 jem minate.
Endosperm no mologous with the prothallium but
de “Sst ye after pollination Sogebtiee with the embryo.
Meevidtbris HO es Il. ANGIOSPERMZ om 90).
229, SUB-DIVISION I. GYMNOSPERMZ.
(See above.)
\ Stems rarely branched and then very sparingly. Leaves very
large, eave and fern-like, but coriaceous. Flowers diccious,
MOKOd, conedike. +03 dive-usd i oie downto Class I. free NER.
90 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
Exceptions
The carpels 0
evident ¢
O
uM Cycas are arranged round the main axis and not in
Fam. 1. Cycadacee (p. 1227).
B. Stems co sah “monopodialy bra nched. Leaves small, spl :
pa A scale-like, rarely acoinis or ovate. owers
mostly cone-like, mes eh Ovules uaneny basal joa the
sporop yils Fie ae ee tA ees yh hn
This embraces several orders and {ainilien Poorly ope
in our area and therefore treated as one fam
m. 2. iferee (p.
c. Habit various. Leaves opposite. In our species broad-leaved
climbers with the male and feisle grorepaye s in whorls ona
Around t .
fused perianth (50GB) c 6 ona a nhs cre ass III
Only one family...........++-- Fa
230. SUB-DIVISION II. ANGIOSPERMZ.
Plants of very various habit Flowers 1-2-sexual, usuall
furnished with a perianth. Carpe els or foriale sourphylis infolded so
that the edges unite or phils car nee s in one whorl united to one
to form - or more-celled closed chamber
or “ovary.” thse enclosed in ‘the ovary so that the pollen-graits
are met t directly into contact with the ovule, and fertiliza-
tion is e offect ed by the pollen n-tubes growing through a special con
ducti ing tissue e the SPP which is ee prolonged into a e"
bearing the “ stigma’’ or organ ate eception of the pollen-gra
(if the style is staent the thi is castles each carpel forms a stigma
but these may become connate into one). Macrospore (oo
mitre ak atin
Mohwa tree siesta bee Rarely there are 3 cotyledons, @ !
Terminalia arjuna e cases, Cansjera (f. Griffiths),
exception any” in siars nas ther plants. Exceptionally the
cotyledons remain undifferentiated, e. g. Loranthus spp-
Class I. Dicoryieponss (p. 9)
B. Plants of which the embryo has eniy one cotyledon or
ic
first green leaf, e.g. Agave, or remains with its tip
or partially enclosed in the seed from which it absorbs ue
:
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 91
endosperm or albumen, e.g. Dioscorea, Palms, i etc.
Embryo sometimes undifferentiated, e.g. Orchidace
Clas s I. Moxocor¥LEpoxEs (p. 145).
The fact that the number of cot with a number
of other characters which re 18 ‘it usually easy to “disti nguish a
— from a Monocotyledon shows that these two classes are
ural.
231. Class I. Reeth ee one
being | in aring and, on secondary Bpooen4 in Td eg taking place,
noe the ook, tis uniting outside the pith into a solid cylinder
e
ene i f bark.
thin tissue, the ‘‘cambium,” which continually adds more wood to the
inner cylinder. The flowers of dicotyledons when not oer usually
have their parts in 4’s or 5’s or sometines 2’s, but e common
among the Ranales and in a few other families. The g Seb are
petioled or sessile, but r a have a long sheathing base as is so
common a the Mon ocotyledon
232. The fo ellowing. i is _ division of the ei oy according
: ond Gener Plantar of Bentham & Hooker (vide p. 84), and
dance with whidh work (with Pash pcrranetiociey the sequence
of the inition 3 in the body of this flora is arra — ed :—
I. Polypetalee.—Flowers dichlamydeous. tals fre
veaine A: Thalamifioree. *— Calyx eshally: free pet the ovary. Petals 1-2-
of many-seriate. Stamens many or definite, in nserted on the torus or receptacle,
Which is usually small or poet or with a short gonophore. Ovary superior.
Disciflore.*—Calyx anoatty § free from the ovary. Petals ears
B:
Stam: usually definite, ins serted on a more or less swollen or broadened pa
hed receptacle known as a “ disc Ovary aousily superior ox tmrnerat
i
EN eS se ei ad ene he Oe eo Oe eee eee Ow Pe ee y ee
SERIES (: Calyciflore.*—‘‘ Calyx-tube ” (really an elongation ve the outer
“ad of the torus and here usually referred to as the hypa' nthium) more or less
Investing or adnate to Sgr ovary, Petals 1-seriate ek ve on the calyx-tube
(hypanthium). Stamens many or definite, usually inserted on a disc lining the
calyx-tube. Ovary capaniia included in Abe ie ealyx-tubg, or inferior,
‘a
wr m. 30, and F.
TL Precedale ba is more or less ain Bie into a lobed heey pote! ear
rpels distinct, then styles uni
The ie is very frequently gamosepalous below, a n persistent
Petals or corolla-lobes in a single series and usually 4 oe S ne exceptions),
or corolla 2-lipped. Stamens usually ag ogee or fewer, often adnate
to the corolla-tube. Caresis —- aany as the petals or very often reduced
in number. Leaves rarely co
This gr which also is oA eo “natural, being derived from several
a aoe peovpe of Chori alate ¢ s adopted in te § following synopsis of
a
es (p, 132) as being genet easily recogniza pa eae bee ee
* Exceptions omitted.
92 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
III. Monochlamydece or Apetale. —Perianth simple with the lobes or segments
similar to one another and usually calycine, sometimes minute or -
gether wanting..........---- Families 107 to 1
To this eee also belong the Euphorbiacee
The following is the more phylogenetic prrangelnont referred to
p. 85.
eS hear ar gy ar See ee ee
233. Series I. CHORIPETALZ (pp. 97-131).
Flowers when di romper pert without the corolla being Lethe
at the base into a petaloid tube, or if corolla somewhat i ie lar at
the base from the connate petals then stamens not re a
together with a reduction of the carpels to 2, Ha saijed “with 2
integuments. Corolla often 0.
See also a few polypetalous genera in the Gamopetale, viz. Embelia (M yrsinacee)
pad cca of ia ed Azima (Salvadoracee), See and Linociera (Oleacee), and
a few lous genera in the Gamopetale (p. 32).
mehr to AES f :—
Corolla gamopetalous in e Mimosacee, Crassulacee, Caricacee.
and Ilicacee. Petals CtiAtohes Sonate at the base in Cissampelos "eounate tf into
a 4-lobed cup), Tamarix, Pittos sesgghre , Malvacee (connate and adnate with bes
staminal tube), Rutaceew (adnate wi nthe staminal tube), Meliacew, Cansjera,
loosely connate in Olax and Alangio
he anthium cctnethinen Pal yey tubular, and simulating a gamopetalo ous
corolla in Woodfordia Loranthus, also in Nyctaginacee and others in which there
is only one perianth whorl.
234. CONSPECTUS OF THE CHORIPETALOUS GROUPS.
I. Flowers mostly hypogynous; —_— sige ar or cyclic. If
perigynous or epigynous then 3-merous mostly 3-m s or hemicycli¢ _
or with parietal placentation. Disc 0. Stamens pron many oF —
-merous or anthers opening by valves. Ovary apocarpous
rs or if syncarpous ane ere Cee eouler: ‘acti and parietal
r, if few, stamens or carpels 3 or many, or ovules iat ige
Seeds usually albuminous with aul or curved embryo. Leav
mple.
Exceptions :—-
e Aristolochiacew have flowers epigynous mostly 3-merous, but in our genus —
the perianth is oblique and entire. Fis. epigynous in Hernandiacee, but anthers
opening by valve:
Fis. perigynous “and dise present in Moringa, but ovary 3-merous with parietal
placentation. Its affinities are, however, ere doubtful, and it has compound
leaves. Fils. epigynous in Opuntiales but a ron
as epigynous in Begoniacee and Cue bitaceew. The flowers are 1-sexual. :
The female soo A er 3 pee eteparne which may, eeven: meet in axis OF -
in some Begon placentze sal. ;
Dise sometimes well aorenapens inc apparidacee cova i rani cscatc ae with ovaly
on a gynophore and placentation parietal. A ¢ Tamariz
which has oe. pe 1-celled ovary with Saeed 'D pike eaeion but te (
— of Tamarionton} is very doubtful. Disc often —, ea ne ace®
on gynophore, 1- celled with parietal placenta. A fl se is present it
Some Guttiferacee. A disc lands or scales peal also in ole oe perth . :
Ovule 1 orthotropous in fy Sonate; “Ovule es 1-2 axile in each cell and stamens —
neither : nor many in a few Maleaies ‘and Euphorbiales. Ht
Leaves often pinnate in Clematis (Ranunculacee), dissected in roe
= eee teeter here
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 93
rately pinnate in Crucifere. digitate in some ie ipa a Bixacew, a few
— Malvacece (Bombacee) and Sterculia, few Cucurbi also in very few Euphor-
’
:
biacee Dare’ Bischofia ; while several oN nouthens have branchlets simulating
pinnate leaves
Leaves are 2-3-pinnate in the anomalous family Moringacee.
4, Flowers acyclic or hemicyclic or ovary apocarpous and stamens
indefinite, or anthers opening by recur rved valves, or flowers in
rou owe
: lar and aromatic.
I. Ranales (p. 97); I. Aristolochiales (p. 100) ; Iii.
. nace an
x
indefinite, anthers never olga ing by valves ‘ad seca eb
EERePONS except often in the gynze
Exception
Perianth sometimes 3-merous in Argemone, which has all the other ong of
Parietales, Ovary apocarpous with whorled carpels in some saint
vule only 1
y ovule pous. |
egular, usually monochlamydeous, stamens definite on epitepalous,
indefinite. "Ruipules s usually scarious. Embryo usua rved,
—The ovary ma be m carpellary in some N Saeed and in many
af the families is accarantie.# + o-carpellary (with a single ovule).
ane IV. crscnireaenng (p. 101); V. Polygonales (p- 103). See
me X. eve (part
Biteption
Stamens ost “4 gr Nyctaginacee and some Portulaca.
1-many-celled izoacee
Carpels whorled in idaneon with 1 ovule in each carpel.
2. Ovules more than 1, aes many in the ovary, parietal on
2or more placente, more rar rely _ very rarely basal and tar in
each cell of a several- Es ovary "(Gaitiferace. Flowers dic th
ous, usually regular. Stamens many or defini
Orders Vi. ‘Theales (p. 104); VII. Parietales (p. 106).
Borers m Mono hl a few Flacow gular in Fumariacee,
@and Mori . hlamydeous in @ fe pabminerved on iaestcitate in some ee eect 4
it ivacece, Ovules 2 collateral pen ndulous in each ce ell in Shorea, in which respec
approaches Malvales (Tiliacee).
1-2 ws 2-several in each
vienna 3- pire
with 3-5 feren Stamens
many, r arely definite, often mon. patie ak ‘bos at aries
nate into a column. _ Leaves never
* nis usually 2.
94 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
pines’: arnt digitate, usually simple but palmilobed or palmi-
ved. Hairs very often stellate. Sap often meee s or milky.
a. Plowers mostly 2-chlamydeous and 2-sex
der VIII. eater (p. 110).
b. rowers mostly mo amydeous and 1-sexual :—
Order IX 2 Wbphatbiales (p. 111).
Exceptions :—
Flowers reduced to single stipitate stamens or single 3-celied ovaries (in com-
pound (Gee other exe in some Euphorbiales and ovary sometimes reduced to 2 —
s (se
Ovary 1-celled in Waltheri a (Sterculiacea) and in Antidesma (Euphorbiaceae).
Flowers ae olemtty fasten ‘n some Stercul
Fruit drupac as in some Tiliaceew and Dughorblated or sometimes sub-baccate
in Eu eae
“oh xara ane. apocarpous in a few Sterculiacew and separating into follicles in
4. Ovules 1-2 from near the base or 1-2-pendulous from near the
apex of the l-celled superior ovary or (Salicales) many parietal —
nenenind: Flowers always much reduced and achlamydeous or
ochlamydeous, often 1- sexual with stamens isostemonous and
pe the tepals (if any) or fewe
Groups of doubtful affinity.
a. Monochlamydeous with epitepalous stamens
Moracee with the flowers enclosed in eskaseesil “the
or few
(p. 112).
b. Achlamydeous or | wee h (in Casuarinacee) perhaps repre- —
nip We the 2 median scarious tepals or (in Salicacee)
cupular or gla Pas dis
Orders : Serve Salicales (p. 131) ; XXV. Casuarinales (p. 131).
II. Flowers hypogynous — never 3-merous, with a 00a
seriously shaped disc, or becoming perigynous or epigyno s with
f ho
reduction of one o the eae whorls. Ovary syncarp ae of
2-several pany cells with 1-2 ovules tamens diplostemonous oF —
fewer. Leay vy SSO pinnate or 1-3-foliolate or so ometimes —
Ovary never on a gynophore (exc. Proteacew), but some
times — 1 cell and then ae pendulous anatropous from
an incomplete. axis, neither parietal nor on a free central placenta, —
aala :
if basal in ¢ in 7 sels then anatropous, teas axile or pen us.
eptio
isc 0 aig many Eleagnales and ree, Stes which the perianth is always —
di i
of glands only in cen but fis. Ty poarious, diplostemonous, ovary —
bscur. Aonsap oak eeumene ava fis. often irregulat,
stamens lostemonous, otten
ovary 3-celled 1 with _ men ovule in each cell. rs eur of samaras. :
Sica 4 at glands « or obscure in Goraniac iacece but leaves often compound, and torus —
of the ov:
Disc 0in Balsaminacee and one yo a of stamens suppressed. Fruit a3 3-valved :
capsule ens valves elastically recoiling from the placentiferous axis and esti
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 95
Dise 0 or confluent with the ovary in Ilic
Ovyules many in gata ee in some ‘Biophytun m and ae (Geraniacece), and
then leaves pinnate a tamens diplostem: vules a eee re
each cell in in ‘mpatiens ‘ut teapaule with 5 5 > elastically recoiling ¥ sficremd Ovul
in each aeghe Sw yen and Cedrelee (Meliacee), but leaves pinnate cal other
rmal, vales som eee several in each cell in Citrus, Aigle an
Peronia (Rutacea), but! ares 1-foliolate or pinnate and also gland-dott 4
Ovules so: a amphitropous or campylotropous and embryo sometimes
spiral in Sa Sapi
| Sr nocke of Ppatebecce (Grevillea) has not only the ovary on a stipes, but the
~ ovules are amphitropous and laterally affixed. The affinities are doubtful.
:
|
_ a. Stamens diplostemonous (or obi or by reduction
| fewer hen. diplostemonous sigs e than isostemonous and
; “a — and flow per irregular. hap hin
Sita d-dotted, ‘aa fruit often lobed
te: XI xT Gera niales (Gruinales) (p. 114); xIL Restavaten (es “in).
«Exe
;
|
tha i: aoe numerous in some Ochnacew and Rutacecee, but disc.
- conspicuous or oraiy pe lobed or leaves gland Stamens 12-15 in Peganum
(Zygophyllacece) and Geales: many in each cell, ovary “deeply 2-3-lobed.
The epipetal ns are suppressed in Impatiens. Pm flowers are spurre
¢ urred
ain many other Geraniales, and the capsule valves *after dehiscence remain
boson at the top to the axis. St. only 2-3 in the ping eo et? af Ailanthus.
B. mepens isostemonous or 3 only, rar rely ae times the number of
the sepals and then flowers sub-mon ochlamydeous and ovary
e 2 . f . .
n ve ulvinati
Leea). Ovary 2-5-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell, more
comet 1- saosigs wine 1-2 basal or pendulous ovules. aves
simple, rarely 1—-2-pinnate or digitate (some Ampelidacee and
i. Umbeliales dad "Grevi ea).
Exception
—_ Ovules sometimes A d mplete axis in some Olaz or from
— Acentral ao ale ace Ovules 2 2 Moin each cell in Hippocratacee, 1 erect
ineach ce nm Bhan ae Ovary 3-16- cand in Ilex, irregularly many-celled in
Ovary I-eelled superior or half-inferior with 1 pendulous ovule from the top
in Opilia (Ot acece) 1 ovule pendulous from a very short basal placenta in
b whieh h has a gamopetalous corolla; 1-celled with 2 ovules pendulous from
bt Natsiatum (Icacinacee), a climber wi palminerved leaves and valvate
basal ge enate at the base and 2 linear diverging stigmas ; 1-celled with a ee
_ |! anatropous ovule in, Eleeagnus. Ovary yi -celled with ) collateral sub-apical
- anphitropous ovules in Proteacee, ‘Leaves often pinnatifid or pinn
iti b irregular coloured, ovary inferior, ovule and placenta not differentiated
1 Calyx usually well developed, flowers dichlamydeous, ovary
isually superior (inferior i few Paamibiick @), more than 1-¢ elled.
ast ); XIV. nales (p. 12
Calyx scarcely or slightly developed, but tube or hypanthium
Sometimes accrescent in fruit (perianth 0 in female of Balanophora).
bed Ovary more than 1-celled, inferior:—
Order: XV. Umbellales (p. 121).
96 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
b. Ovary 1- gelled, Seay ig jas gto gt 3-celled at bas
i. ler a sata half superior or Safeco: pees
Ord XVL vauahgseee om 121); XVII. Olacales (p. 122); XVIII.
‘Santalales (pe 122 *)e |
ry J YX (p y) epr esented —
developed ti l d and irr gul r. Stamens —
and usually
epitepalous. tsa superi ior.
rders: XIX. an er (p. 123); XX. Proteales (p. 124). (See —
also X. Urticales, p. 112). :
III.
sepals, petals and stamens on is
often produced ices the ovary - on a disc lining the cy atte
Stamens diplosemonoas to ma By: Ovary apocarpous to syncarpous;
if ap lic not 3-merous and embryo large, if reduced
to one r if s syncarpo ous and l-celled then stamens 9—many
and usually ovules many. Leaves simple or compound, <— I.
Excep
po
Flowers hypouynlons in some Droseracee and eiieg i may on parietal viacetite
and the seeds have a small embryo. This family is therefore sometimes placed
in the Parietales. Parietal ovules occur however also in the Sapifragacs which
arietales
the Droseracece more resemble in habit and sags Ne ay ‘hah any of the +
Petals are wanting in a few Combretacee and the ovules sometimes 0 2,
pendulous, these are trees or shrubs with opp for - Pi ves, diplostemonous
3 ub-opp.
stamens and large embryo. Petals are dear gape f or obsolete ina few Ammann —
(Lythracee). Overy is 3-merous or 3-celled in a few yf ented ot whole flower is
3-merous in Sonerilia, but other chatutere are those of this
A. Bremen often more or less connate. iad apocarpous and
often reduced to a single carpel, or if a ently syncarpous
with t the taabery bad anhog adnate to. tho inside of the ee
rating
Or déew: XXL Rosales (p. 124); XXII. Leguminose (p. 127).
Exceptio
Corolla tii in some genera, especially in Mimosacee, see exceptions
under Choripetale
Carpels early connate in Eriobotrya and —— (Rosacee), forming 4 ee
2-5-celled ovary with Po den ioe ovules 2 in each cell, but a mens mali
farpels 2 connate into a 1-celled ovary in Vahlia (Saxifragaceee) wi 2 pend ;
placente hae many in The ‘fruit dehisces apically between the styles
~:
mens isostemonous and nearly h ous and ovary nearly free 1-3-celled
with ¢ ee styles and $-B-valved: cape dale in. Brendes ns
mnate in rat abs hyllum "but spans into cocci in fruit. . i
Sta:
and then fruit a pod with se several seeds a with large embryo. Stamens isos!
a Ge ccmons | in Sonerilla a elastomacee) and Lawsonia (Lythracee),
and often reduced in the marsh genus Ammannia (Lythrace@),
couaves = Ludwigia and Trapa (Onagracee, the last an aquatic).
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 97
B. Stamens free, rarely connate at base. Ovary syncarpous with
connate styles. Albumen 0. Hypanthium often beaked
above the ovary and then venandih into acalyx-tube. Leaves
very often opposite.
Order: XXII. Myrtales (p. 128).
235. DESCRIPTIONS | OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES OF
é E CHORIPETALA
Order I. RANALES.
_ Flowers mostly regular and 2- ooreah ge or hemicyclic, or if
£ Bed then the whorls mostly 3-mer Stamens h A geek oR
usual: if definite often in Spin
& opening by valves. Gyncecium apocarpous, carpels u cs many, but
i ‘Sometimes reduced to one. Ovules pn or amphitropous. Seed
_ With copious albumen and usu pd small em
Leaves mostly alternate and s eo ard ‘with sheathing bases in
herbaceous famili Stipules rare
Exceptions :—
Fis. dicecious in sw gehen» and sometimes 2- or 4-merous but then
= . ne . os ager
andiacee with 4-7-partite perianth (sometimes 2- or
4 Eee and ; ook opposite the perianth segments and iso: segpcthce a ms
eas in hae tauataed anthers opening by valves as in Laura Ovary
-ovuled
mnt often perigynous and monochlamydeous (rarely wanting) in Lauracee.
tray Sometimes synearpous in Nigella Cae poche ex), Nymp ser rin Ai heb vend
aoe and then fruit sub-capsular or with us oti: a pseudo-berry.
se conniv <a and ang k. pseudo- oe yg Oe Syncarpous <= t 3-
‘arpellary and 1-celled in Lau
= saves oppos posite and bomnantenad pinnate in Clematidee. ep meres in —*
oat families. St. hypogynous. ere ae opening by
te Carpels free or ee
tnwncalasiee (part) ; 2: Muysbliacun: 3. Dilleniacee ;
ew.
BS 1 Herbaceous familie
_ ‘8t. numerou s hypogynous,
Plswes neulacee
ae with much reduced 1-sexual fs. 7. Cerato
Woody, rarely herbaceous, with anthers 2- or — et
by lids or valves, fis. h ypogynous eg epigynous.
8. Berberidacea ; 9. Lauracee ; 10. Hernandiacee.
S uttereup i Clematis Family (see 1a)
"a oe mple or sometimes compound, ree deeply cut
l
: Iibty terse d, radical or alternate leave sheathing
‘ engl Stipules 0. Flowers parte he acyclic with usually many lamess
98 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
and ani | fi it b of carp i Fruit ;
mostly of achenes or follicles. —< sometimes petaloid.
Ranunculacee (p. 3).
da. — Clematideze
As ve, but mostly woody climbers with amore leaves, petiole —
not ahosahesc ibs iieiadies eRe Ee s Clematis and Naravelia (p. 3). —
tions :— a
Petals 0 in Clematis and Thalictrum and calyx petaloid. Carpels connate
except at tip in Nigella. |
2. Magnolia Family.
rees with simple leaves and the leaf-buds enclosed in convolute
deciduous sti ied which leave an annular scar as in man
3
8
gradually into petals, in 3-merow orls. Torus much os in
frat with pica carpels soniebeines nore or less connate, dehi qT
Se re peta i beer be gear re ae Magnoliacee ae 8). |
re ee inl nia Family. —> Theales |
Trees or shrubs with forge very strongly pinnately-nerved leaves and |
sheathing petioles. Flowers large vei . "y large. Sepals and petals |
definite, mostly 5. Stamens many, 8 es connate banwa “Cara |
5-20 cohering in the axis. Fruit Piehiccedt. cgi in the large |
fleshy accrescent calyxX........-.e.-seee eee eres fase "(p 6). |
Kes| family forms a connection with the Theales, in eae it is sometimes
= custard-appe Family. |
Trees, shrubs or woody climbers. Leaves sometimes dotted, some
ls. or
en fles
Stamens many with adnate anthers. Carpels few or many, stalked and |
umbelled in fruit. Seeds large with copious albumen and a> embry |
the albumen » deeply usually laminately ruminate.....- Anonaceee (p-¥} |
Exception
Carpels cohering into a fleshy fruit in Anona, but marked externally by more :
less distinct areoles. :
5. The Moonseed Family. a]
Slender, rarely woody climbers, oe ee palmately nerve, some
— peltate entire leaves r minute, l-sexual, in .
any-fid., a umbe — inflorescence, Perianth sepaloid, of severth |
usually 4, erous and oe mostly in 3-m nee .
whorls. Pr ruit ting ¢ arpels eae 12, rarely only 1 | sidgatrese ome with u ;
a characteristic horse-shoe- e-shaped endocarp. Embryo node
sized in albumen......... Hors Wied. s . Me aispecnanel (p. 16).
Exceptions :—
Male of Cissampelos is 4- metime |
iteasoes wheels, pe -merous with connate petals. Stephania has 80
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 99
_ 6, The Water-lily Family.
Aquatics with usually a rhizome and large floating or senate oe
_ peltate leaves involute in vernation. a rs “ large, acyclic
least as to petals and cence s, which a pro sohsany’ dies “meg
< te
f
- inthe broad torus. Embryo outside a copious albumen or albumen 0
Meememammule large... 2 eee hen n e ee tims yee oe Nympheacee (p. ‘20).
1. The Hornwort Family.
ubmerged aquatics with slender igs and pibeaza? leaves 2-several
times forked iform segmen Flowers minute, monecious,
style
Embryo straight with 2 cotyledons, GS oie very short infer
Ce Bessie) ie 841).
8. The Barberry Family.
Often spiny shrubs rien pe aly buds. Leaves simple or compound
often spinous, rarely stipu Fls. small or medium, yellow, ra ace-
mose. Perianth of four 3-m us whorls. Stamens a opposite the
peals, anthers with adnate cells ce iscing by recurved valves. Car
with a large sessile orbicular stigma. Ovules several oy Fruit
arr fer rr re Berberidacee (p. 19).
9. The Laurel Family.
lage rarely shrubs (see exc.). Leaves alt., rarely opp. sub-
vetticillate, entire, usually with a charactersetio « aromatic or naaehere-
e ynou
_ anthers with 2 or 4 cells Sahinneite <7 small lids, Ovary ocd
3-carpellary, vip —_— 1 pendulous anatropous. Fruit bac
drupaceous or nearl dry. Seed exalbuminous. Embryo with hice
Plano-convex Soeetadotih radicle superior minute.
Lauracee (p. 791).
Exceptions :—
Caseuthn ; se a en climber with haustoria.
10. The Hernandia Family.
Woody plants with alternate sometimes ries often peltately
_ dtached and palmately nerved, entire or lobed leaves, Seearaey pia
with oil glands, cystoliths or capit sti, hairs. web ene —2-sexual
_ clustered in axillary or pseudo-terminal cym r pani reg lar
= 3-many (4-7 in our species), cateks 2- (in saysiiaa) Curltte uestanth,
100 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
tepals usually 2-seriate. Besenn, as many as and opposite the pe
sometimes with as many alternating glands, pinto wii opening
recurved lids. Ovary inferior 1-celled wit 1 pen nenions an atropous
ovule. it indehiscent sometimes crowned by the wing- -like te
Seed with pemeen nr cotyledons....++++++++++ Hernandiacee (p. 799).
age Il, ARISTOLOCHIALES.
Position igh doubtful.* Fis. cyclic, caripstemipat betas epigyno’
reg. or zyg- Perianth petal’. Gynecium and andrecium mos
3-merous. Saeko many parietal.
141. The er ed Family.
Herbaceous or shrubby climbers with alt. usually palmine a
leaves ad roe of meaner dilated or decurrent, exstipulate.
often with secretory cells giving rise to translucent dots. pare
r or zygomorphic 3-merous (or r perianth 1-2-lipped w!
dehiscence carried down into the pedicels. Seeds many w opio
albumen and small or minute embryo.....++++ Ari sictomiedh (p. 784).
eee er car ae See tt eee le Se eg cee ¢
Order II. OPUNTIALES.
Fieshy sage with iy! leaves often reduced to scales and bes
hairs, bristles or spines in their axils. Flowers hemicyelic, ae
e
which is
aeriotal STpcantat
Sere allied te eer eaters” (Aizoacee).
Families: 12. Cac
12. The — Family.
sometimes st a — without — juice,
pane resse
tepals from a tubular hypanthium. many inserted at v0
levels in the same hypanthium. Doty inferior 1 1-celled with §
parietal place Ovules many anatropous. Seeds many
* I follow Hutchinson in placing them in the neighbourhood of the 4
in view of their commonly 3-merous flowers, etc.
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 101
embryo more or less terete or clavate ne scarcely comeaien
with 2 thin or fleshy cotyledons. Album en scanty or
Guiting
“ p- 400).
St COE IR REE ee ee ne
Order IV. CARYOPHYLLALES (Curvembryez).
Herbs pay shrubs, with simple entire exstipulate leaves, or
owers ade sometimes heterochla amydeous, but
at cg haplochlam mydeous, solitary or cymose or in abbre-
tanth usually
polyp hypo i ia and usually persistent in fruit, sometimes
an 8 i nu
vary
asilar or central columnar placentation. Ovules
omens otropous or amphitropous. Embryo curved
bum
order (i. e. its theoretical extinct allies) would appear to be the origin of
wes among Gamopetal
- Mostly dichlamydeous with often showy piatig prt indef.
r definite. es seve
; 14. Portulacacece ; 15. Caryophyllacee.
Sub-order CHENOPODIALES.
Haplochlamydeous with usually small flowers. Stamens definite.
"16. NMyctaginacee 17. Phytolaccacee ; 18. Chenopodiaceae ; 19.
Bxbeptions : tke
Leaves Sometimes 0 in the fleshy species of Chen iacee,
ovary incompletely 3-5-celled with many ovules, eee mostly heterochlamy-
Detals often with a igula, pears often on a column in Caryophyllacee.
many-celled in Aizoa
numerous in some Juctaginacew wp 4% nut-like.
sagan whorled in h 1 ovule in each carpel and fruit
en cocco
-y, The Nyctaginaceg are included in Thymeleales by Hutchinson, who ens rrr
re latinacece here rather than in Theales. The embryo is sometim
“cee, Which has, jewever, completely axile placentation and Sittle oF or ie
tuit is a septicidal capsule which occurs nowhere Caryo-
other hand a septicidal capsule is not very far removed from a coccous
rhs han of he es occurs and the habit of Elatinacee is rather that of Caryo-
. than 53
puntiales.
(or undershrubs sia sometimes fleshy, “a9 opp. or pseudo-
leaves, stipules scarious or 0. Fis. in our genera small.
3. St, a or indefinite, free or in briindibes or connate below
! r perigynous. Ovary free superior to inferior
d vith a. many styles as carpels. Ovules 1-many in
102 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
each cell. Fruit usually capsular, sometimes circumsciss. Seeds
many or few—1 in each carpel, hilum sometimes appen ndaged. Embryo
— ah MALT sxc hie es oe SONS ol Ae 8 TS ES Aizoacee (p. we
e Fig-marigolds (4 Mesambryantheme) are some etimes a. as a distin
family eee ey their large usually abreast coloured petals and ge Pepe
wren chiefly paorle nt plants, native of t e hot sandy pla ins of 8S. Africa, but
are sometimes s grown in gardens in Edie! va vorystallinum is the Me plant.
44. The Purslane Family.
ulent herbs or undershrubs with alt. opp. or subverticillate
Succ
simple entire leaves with often bundles of eke Sa hoe ?) in their —
axils. Fils. regular, opening only in sunshine. Sepals on (a
— a ee
r = —6 free or
St. variable in number, sometimes opposite the petals, pana vith
them. Ovary L-celled, free or sunk in the torus, of 2-8 carpels.
Ovules one on a central basal placenta. Fruit opening by valves
SE. citeUMALIOA + .KGancrelae a 1s eR Portulacacee (p. 46).
15. The Carnation Family.
h stems often tumid at the nodes and opposite a
4-5 :
nous ring.
free or connate s eyibe: n centra ruit capsular. Hmbr
mostly curved with natrow Ay Rasenivene cotyledons
Caryophyllacec (p. 48).
16. The Bougainvillea Family.
Woody or lenny with opp., rarely alt., as bist tens leaves. —
Flowers small or medium, often showy from subtended by am —
involucre of coloured bracts, othe ‘hi eo te ‘ ads, cymes Or
1s ianth gamophyllous ally petaloid with the tube per
a
-_
B
3
3,
FS
°
ey
a
6
~
a
bss |
a
s”
ee
5%
S
~
a
F3
a}
©
~
S
~
3
I
Ls
=
m ,
Fruit bys = d, enclosed in the hardened perianth-tu ube. Seed erect —
album s with embryo cee curved or spiral or straight with crumpled
or olded. cotyledons. occ. cas eee ee ee ace ees Nyctaginacee (Pp. 759).
17. The Phytolacca Family.
Shrubs or herbs with alt. gente Stipules small or 0, never ochreate-
Fis. racemose. Tepals 4, rarely 5 imbricate, 8 re sae or petaloid. :
ly :
us. £m
norigherat annular. Cotyledons sometimes unequal, outer em mbracing
the iis Se eed a its: o Kiwrens be Saleek. THEE Phytolaccaceee (P- Tek”
j
:
allt
_ CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 103
18. The lia and Beet Family
Herbs or small shrubs, often h alophilous and fleshy, sometimes
with a Setar ory wax or globular trichomes. Leaves alternate, mostly
entire exstipulate, sometimes 0 in fleshy species. Flowers eee 4 green,
l, often dimorphic etim oe teate
a “ » so es ebrac Perianth her-
baceous mbranous, firs and of 3-5 free or sonnets tepals,
imbricate i in inid, or som es 0. Stamens 5. or fewer, opp. the tepals,
hypogynous or perigynous. Ovary 1-celled with usually 2, more
rarely 3-4, very core 5 stigmas (1-5-carpellary). Ovule 1 campylo-
tropous with eae teguments, on a basal he “e Fruit a utricle,
often enclosed the accrescent ponies albuminous or no
Embryo curved, anaiae OY 8DWGL rs cs pea aes x fej obese (p. 769).
19. The Amaranth Family.
enere, rarely shrubs or bea gu ubs with opp. or alt. exstipulate
y entire leaves. Fls. small, green or coloured, of chaffy texture and
: ding. pPraniises — xual, in dense heads or spikes or panicle ed
dusters. Brac none, ae HE nearly always Sal and resembling
the perianth i in text Tepals 5 persistent, imbricate. Stamens 1-5
opposite the ioe or 1 diplostemonous with the alternate ones reduced to
staminodes, filaments often unite ine a ring or cup at base. Ovary
ually fies Biotin mes iadates o the perianth in fruit, of 1-3 carpels,
a ely
Herbs, rarely shrubs, often with swollen nodes. Leaves simple
entire, usually alternate, fougusial dotted and with connate or tubular
be ud. Flo al
0
haplo- on pedaced and perianth0. Stamens
roe or aightly perigynous, aS or sometimes reduced to 2,
when isomerous then opposite the tepals. yt ary 1-celled of 3-1
hig = carpels free, hig ‘ Ban — more) basal erect orthotropous
ovule. Embryo in copious a
Piperacew have possibly only i Berm epg to the Polygonacee,
h they are united. ra structure of the stem with scattered bundles,
fomewhat like the: mstnobiy ledbins® and w Suser-iiNes: some’ Tpous
yO.
Se : 20. Polygonacee ; 21. Piperacee.
* The bundles are usually in irregular rings with wood and bast normally
2 - ientated and and mostly open. The 30 as to those of the Monocotyledons
and Water-lilies is therefore only superficia
104 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
20. The Dock and Rhubarb Family.
Herbs, rarely shrubs, sonseimelly scandent plese or with tendrils),
Ctiawiee 8 mostly membranous and ochreate. Fls. usually 2-sexual, jointed
the pedice icel, us eal 3 weary d, clus se picate or pani
Peria of r persistent tepals imbricate in bud. St.
21. The ar Family.
Herbs rubs often climbing by means of adventitious eae
aromatic with gints cells. Leaves eee polmotely: pers ed. Sti
Is. >a
connate a petiolar or adnate or 0. F chia myaeae
1-2-sexual in bracteate spikes, bracts usually paliate'ch or hegae to rhachis.
St. 2-6 r 1 or 7-8, hypogynous. y 3—4-carpellary, 1-celled,
or o, more carpels free or connate only below, stigmas sessile. —
vules 1 e, ort . Fruit baccate, or from apocarpous
pA ae ett or follicular. Seeds globose. Embryo minute, enclosed
in a sac of endosperm at one end of the copious floury perisperm.
Cotyledonis hicvars or obsolete, radicle superior... .. Piperacee (p. 786).
Order VI. THEALES (Guttiferales).
(<-— Dilleniacee. .
——> Myrtales and Ebenales.) :
Woody, more rarely ape g hay resinous <j bse then fro |
yellow). Leaves opposite ually altern ti nninerved, —
entire, often dotted.* Wives poorer 4 r, vance us oF
perian nth 2—6- “merous, hypogynous. Stamens s many oe frequent in 5
shies several-seriate. Ovary syncarpous eat several. celled with axile
placentation; if 1-celled then ovules on the sutures of the carpels, not
on their midrib. Styles ade) F pe and dada fi in a point. F Tuit never
coc cous. ena en scanty or
Exceptions
Flowers of wise sometimes hemicyclic.
Fis. of spon cabs: often with eopele® in dectinedté pairs as in Parietales. a
sometimes apparently parietal in some Hypericacee, but the placente Prcbben: a
noton midrib of carpels, and stamens ree bundles hs
ves of some Hypericacew and of Gusithaaces are opposite.
— are small her ee
Fam Hypericacee ; 23. Elatinacee ; ~ Theaceew (Tern: —
Pitre or 25. Guttiferacee ; 26. Dipterocarpace
The Dilleniacee are Scone oles in this order, but aa are mostly acyelie :
and ovary mostly apocarpo
The Tamaricacee are placed in this order by Engler as a sub-order. The
* Secretory cavities appearing as translucent or black op aque dots.
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 105
us are placed in this order by Engler and by Hutchinson. I have kept
them in Geraniales on account of their lobed o ovary and (in our one coccous
_ fit, well-developed disc, free fila’ ments, elongate basifixed anthers
2. The Tutsan Family. (—-> Parietales. )
| Herbaceous or woody with frequently resinous juice. Leaves entire,
exstipulate. Flowers yellow, regular. Sep. and pet. 4-5,
L
in 3-5 bund rpels 3-5 united into a 1-celled or 3-5-celled ovary
with 3-5 free or united styles. Ovules few any 1 or, i
sveral-celled ovaries, axile from the intrusion to the cen then
d
reurving of the placente. Capsule septicidal, or dehiscing through
_ the placenta in 1-celled ovaries, or septicidal-septifragal.
a Henctiite (p. 51).
| The Water-pepper Family.
sually small marsh nore with pd gee or whorled simple a
Psa Fis. very small. Sep. and pet. 3-5, free, — ricate. St.
_ isostemonous or icone ‘with versatile anthers. Ovary with
| +bcells and styles. Ovules many axile. Capsule septisidal or eeu
tially septifragal. Seeds and embryo straight or curved.
| Elatinacee (p. 49).
4. The Tea Family.
Woody plants with usually evergreen exstipulate leaves and small
| showy, sometimes dicecious fis. Fls. s solitary or clustered eugene
ty 2 sepal-like bracts. Se ep. 4-7, free or slight ly connate.
one or contorted in bud, free or fits below. Stam att
g
=
outer in es and connate with the bases of the petals. reine free
ssile 3-5-celled. Ovules 2—many in each cell, axile. Frt. baccate or
“psular. Seeds large, few. Albumen scan y or
Ternstremiacee or Theacee (p. 55).
%, The Gamboge Fa mily. :
Woody plants with resin canals containing a yellow milky juice.
Leaves Bitirces oppo bite, ante with the secondary venation often of
Stigmas radiating free, connate or Ovules 1-2 or
many, axile or basal and erect. Seeds large, ak wilt albumen, >
G
% acee (p
a The Sal Family.
With resinous substances in the leaves, wood or bark. Leaves
Sti pules ¢ ghar i panicled. Sep. 5 connate below, often
me yes
yee Of 5. Rptare a pst sunk in the broad concave torus, 3-celled
i each cell, acer seed only one hig int rab ba knees ene
ee, ‘into “Felsay ‘ay: Seed csalbuminous eo 2 large
Sects ele sccac seis tees Dipterocarpacec (p. 56).
106 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
Order VII. hig scab eas
(<-— Theales.)
s, more rarely woody. Flowers Aces regular to zygomo
Herb y:
(if zygomorphic then rie 3-2-carpellary) and bag vd o
2-merous or 4-merous, hypogynous to epigynous. a d petals
r someti
er: e Flacourtiacee and
jenenke, nearly meeting in se are a ecaa cases, i colt pp filled with pulp. _
Sub-order RHCADINE ae 07). :
Perianth whorls 2-(-4)merous often a tetramerous corolla tn pe |
diagonally, stamens many 0 tfew. Ovule s truly Periet ht bl or ape
on the carpellary margins and om margins united by a replum (i |
rp
Crucifere and some Capparidace |
27. Papaveracee ; 28. A eciathaeie: 29. Crucifere ; 30. Fumariacee-
Sub-order CISTINEZ (p. 108). |
Sep. and = 4-5. St. many. Ovary superior with 2-5 a |
31. Bixac :
Sub-order a a maim (p. 108
often 1-sexual and sometimes perigynous. Petal 8 often » fling
so are Mica a lig ae (Turnerace we). Placente 3. ‘Stamens 5 ao
more numero ga any se Da
32. Flac ee te ;. $3. Pouca ; 34. Turneracee ; 35. Pill
sporacec.
* This, apparently, is not the view of the text-books, which, so far as
never refer to placentation on a mid-rib, Saks they necessarily :
of ovules scattered all over the wall. The pad esial placentation is
on the position of the stigmas, widel itis cmmad 4 em n and over the!
of the carpel as is evident in mo: e Pp
it would form a valuable ead for the Parietales, but some families in the 0
pein the - Atage . distinctly on the margins of the carpels. As there are
of ingrowing of the po Te til meet in the axis, there appears it
onsen to be Tite ificance in the so-called parietal p lacentation where m
as in distinction to Bs om oa I fear that the order Parietales is a
heterogeneous group
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 107
Sub-order TAMARISCINEZ * (p. 109).
St. iso- or diplostemonous on the margins of a crenulate disc.
_Carpels 3. Placentation sub-basal.
36. Tamaricaceee (position doubtful).
soa MORINGINEZ * (p. 109).
Sep., pet., and st. on the margins of a perigynous disc. Fs. irre-
gular, ie iotalo a Dar rpels 3.
31, Moringacee (position doubtful).
Sub-order PASSIFLORINEZ* (p. 109).
a y Stamens very many to definite. Ovary of
; ‘Scarpels united into an inferior or rite —— in ears oracee and
y, placente sometim ing in or adnate to axis.
Mostly herbs climbing by tendrils. oa a sin alict ree with latex.
_ $8. Caricaceee ; 39. Passifloracee ; 40. Cucurbitacee ; 41. Begoniacee.
Sub-order RH@ADINEZ (p. 106).
27. The Poppy Family.
| amens many. Ovary
- Placenter ite (Papaver) projecting as lamell z from the mid-ribs of
the carpels (the = mort immediately under the stigmas), stigmas
Where many radiating an ssa eianete into a disc. Fruit capsu _ ar.
Seeds many small, 7 seh f. pt ee a Papaveracee (p. 22).
%. The Caper Family.
tr or herbaceous. Leaves simple or pene —s ee
sypeapars converted into prickles. Fils. Se
: Pik St. 4 or 4-8 (if 6 then not ‘ctradynasenne io — Seale
Wually on a @ gyno aes E l-celled with 2-4 parietal placente. Replum
‘metimes present in 2-celled capsules. Ovules many camplotropous.
Thit ¢ capsular or baccate. Seeds exalbuminous. Embryo ort of
‘viral Capparidacee (p.
.
ee Bathe e hess es ee eee eo eetbegesese
Herbs with exstipulate alt. leaves. Fils. regular or outer (in
‘otymb) radiant. Sep. 4 free. Petals4. St. 6, of which 2 are shone
i i e
‘litary opposite the pear sepals gt 4 longer paired opposite t
fedian se pals Is (tetradyna Bae arely stamens only 4 or 2.
ey of 2 2 ci carpels, septate Dota tmdeanlty pe a replum.
- Orucifere (p. 24).
Exceptions pena
cultivated forms of Brassica I 1 carpels and of
Valves fruit.
to the fru
ee ti
tate nese sub-orders have little in common either with preceding or with one
108 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
30. The Fumitory hie
with watery juice, often rambling or climbing. Leaves |
Herbs
usually lobed or aise cted. Fls. irregular, racemose. Sepals 2 very
small and deciduo Pet. 2+2, 2 into: larger. St. 6 in two bundles
~— site the outer eae etals. Ovary 1-celled. Placente 2. Ovules2?
ul
r more parietal, or 1 placenta sterile and ov
Fumariacee (p. 28).
Sub-order CISTINEZ (p. 106).
31. The Arnatto Family.
Abo plants with palmine erved = palmately-lobed large leaves .
an ually minute caducous stipules. Be wer peers regular 2- :
» lar St. many.
nicled. Sep. 4-5 free. i
Ovary 1-celled with parietal placentation a pretty coaiet /POUs i
ath a
Sub-order FLACOURTINE (p. 106). |
32. The Flacourtia and Casearia Family.
Woo ants with usually penninerved sense: frequently dotted.
eundies ava caducous. Fis. small often 1-sexual. Sepals 4—seve eral
hy Pot fot or Pe -perigynous. Petals small or a 1-3-times as many
nite. Torus rege "a Caries as ene :
indefinite, “ft Ceca with pet oppositi ‘
perigynous. Ovary superior to Inferior, r called with 58 (usualy 35)
placentz or as ace -celled. Seed
\ Placoatiasel pee “$6.
33. The Violet Family.
Herbs with entire stipulate leaves. ls. irregular. Sep. 5
tentimbricate. Pet. 5 hypogynous, lower dissimilar. St. a hone
or eg ashe An fiat ers often crested. Ova ary 1-celle
ovules on 3 parietal std style 1. Fruit a a
onteed loculicidal Sapna: Seeds albuminous....... Violaceee (p. 82)
34. The Turnera Family.
Herbs or shrubs with alt. be he pobre 2-glandular at the base.
Stipules small or 0. Fls. regular, yellow, 2-sexual. Hypa a |
inserti ens. Sep. 5
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 109
; 8 The Pittosporum Family.
Woody plants. Leaves alt. or sub-verticillate, aly, tench cae
regular, 2-sexrual. Sep. 4-5. Petals 4-5, coherent at base, hypogyn
St, isomerous. Ovary sessile, incompletely 2-3-celled by the projestion
of the parietal are Style 1. Ovules anatropous 2
each placenta. Fruit capsular, 2-3-valved, the cage bearing the ses
along their mesial line. Embryo minute near the hilum, in fles
leathery Siemen gab ve ssh aeeege Se ay eee oe Pi remem (p. 39).
Sub-order TAMARISCINEZ (p. 107).
36, The Tamarisk Family.
Woody plants ee scale- a pict se fe ak spiked or goaene
Sep. and pet. 5, rig Ae cate, fre compet St.
Wibhdtimonious, on the in of o cremated which is -oubidinn
H-perigynous ; anthers vehentibet ry free elle, ae np or —
3-5. “dy mie usually many, we opous. Capsule 2-3-valve
Placente either at base or mesial on the vibvba Teoeds comose.
Albumen 0 (in ¢ our genus). Hmbryo straight Sa Tamaricacee (p. 50).
Sub-order MORINGINEZ (p. 107).
91, The Horseradish Tree Family. Affinities very doubtful.
Small trees with alt. 2-3- -pinnate deciduous leaves. Fils. zygo ag Lit
Msexual. Sep. et. and st. on the margin of the dise which line
es numerous, 2-seriate on each placenta, anatropous
’ with Youiteal ‘ape Fruit ak like, 3-valved. Seeds on — cote :
line of each 3-winged or wingles s. Albumen
3 ~ with “i obelouae Jcdicty OR eee M oringacece = 995),
Sub-order PASSIFLORINEZ (p. 107).
8. The Papaya Family.
Small tree with u usually a simple crown of very large pa Imately-
. milky juice. Fils. moneeci ious or dicecious, or ma
and hermaphrodite. Corolla of male gamopetalous, of female larger,
in two whorls staminodes. Ovary
. Herm. fls. with 5 hypogynous stamens or stam. 10 perigynous
igynous. Ovules very numerous, scattered “a over the walls
Ovary. Seeds albuminous......+++-++++> Caricacee (p. 385).
_ > erie Family. ;
means of tendrils, rarely twining. Leaves palmate
i “mlntely Sie and palsutneeveds frequently with few large iuids
= * glandular areoles on under-surface or petioles. Hypanthium
“110 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
usually well- — tubular or campanulate with 3-5 sepals, |
Corona of 1-many-seriate filaments or pale u usually present on a ~
broad zone of the hypanthitim inside the corolla, a thic nular disc
times inside the Aides . ue ns 5, alternating with pe
: € the petals, :
Ovary sometimes sub-sessile b usually on a pa? ytd with the |
stamens, 1 1.celled with 3 rarely 4) ‘plnaante. Seeds arillat .
Pasion (p. 384).
40. The Gourd Family.
Climbing by means of tendrils. Leaves moegge de yr palmately
lobed or pedately divided, rarely subpinnatifid ; on ion 2
v
=
°.
°
b
Dm
ne
S
ee
a5
a
il
<j
oF
|
°
Lac]
=
i
qs
&
=
Cc
co
2
oe
oO
i=]
be
inserted in he
counts so that there make apparently 3; anthers 1-celled, cells straight |
or vermiform. Ovary l-celled with 3 (-5) p lacente, sometimes placent® |
meeting in the axis. ie les usually many. Fruit a berry or finally —
with hard rind pee sometimes opening by a stoppel. 3 exalbu-
minous with straight embryo... +... 06sec ee eens Cucurbitacee Ye: 386),
41. The Begonia Family.
Succulent pede with een -sided leaves and often persistent
eile, Fls. monecious, bilateral, ely a uite regular. Male
nth pp. tepals and 2 or 0 smaller inner ones, fem. pet
of 2 nee arely er epa als, if - more than 2 then imbricate, the 2 owe
ee covering the in St. many. Ovary inferior, 9-4-, :
3 celled with 2—4 free or rrarially connate styles. Ovules very many
on axile or sub- anil P lacente. Fruit usually capsular, often winged.
Albumen scanty or 0.....-+--seeeee ere ee reer Begoniacee (p- 400).
Order VIII. MALVALES.
Woody or herbaceous, with usually tenacious bast, alt. simple
palmately compound usually stipulate leaves wap palmate (rarely
usu
pinnate) venation and hairs usually stellate. Flowers usually regular,
rarely zygomorphic, usually 5 s and dichiamn deus: bracteoles
often present as an aly alyx valvate gamosepalous 0 (most
a =.
Tiliacew) free and corolla hypogynous. Stamens usually many, bis
no- or poly-adelphous, more rarely diplostemonous or with be? wat 4
—— anthers 1-2-celled. Ovary of 2—-many enter?
placentation, ofte
fruit 0 otherwise usually capsular and 3-5-ce
ceptio
Stellate Cae ton or absent in some Bombaceee, Corchorus, few Hibiscus,
Petals 0 in Sterculia.
Carpels reduced to one in Walthe
Fruit drupaceous in Grewia, Elsocer odsen us,
Families: 42. Tiliacew ; 43. Sterculiacee ; 44. Malvaceae.
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 111
2. The Jute Family.
_ Woody or herbaceous. Leaves rarely deeply lobed. Flower
: ‘Bue. often small, without an epicalyz. oats with free pats
te i J j s. St. many, 2
w in Brownlowia), deciduou not united into
a tube, ate rarel 5, any 2- cated Ovar 2-10 ed.
— Ovules anatropous. Fruit drupaceous or cap sular, Seeds 1l-many,
tie o usually albuminous........--+++++++e+ Tiliacee (p. 84).
_ 43. The Sterculia Family.
_ Woody rarely herbaceous. Flowers regular or zygomorphous, often
: enue. Calyx persistent ciitaina bills, Epicalyx rarely present.
Stamens usually obdiplostemonous with the alternate be ——
_ to staminodes, rarely 5 only but sometimes | man
de or united into a tube at the base. Anths. 2- and pepenaia
Ovary ically 5-celled. Fruit mostly capsular, perth follicular.
Sterculiacee (p. 74).
4. The Mallow and Cotton Family.
Woody plants or herbs. Leaves simple w with palmate venatio
' ls. regular. Calyx usually poreintont: and gamosep ous us.
. es ;
Bpicalye usually present. St. ah united into a tube or U Tribe
ee) more or less free and pentadelphous, pate ultimatel
leelled, cells often sinuous. Ovary of 5- (r ) many carpels
ing into — ose ee os and leaving a wep columella, or
fruit capsular. zile curved. Seeds with scanty or
albume: ie iedena ‘pleas canis cr een or folded and
Peilely) nerved... 0.06 ics ee ete ewennees Malvacee (p. 57).
Order IX. EUPHORBIALES.
Habit very various, sometimes fleshy, aquatic in Callitriche. Leaves
Simple, sometimes palmate or palmately nerved, ae usually
te. ee s
m
we res. , sometimes to a single
stamen or single ovary but pine mydeous ; 1-sexuat,
ojve rous. Stamens definite or indefinite, anthers
2- or 4-locellate, sometimes cells confluent into one. Ovary most often
carpels, sometimes carpels 2, connate entire or lobed 3-2
called ovar h 1-2 ovules axile, or pendulous from the inner angle
ot each cell. Fruit of 2-valved cocci or pyrenes or capsular, rarely
or drupaceous with a 3-l 1-celled stone. minous.
— baceate o
. a aenelly large and flat and often palminerv ved.
leans sopponite in Trewia (though alt. in the seedling); Opp. oT sub-verticillate
Leaves 3 3-foliolate in Bischo
mamens 1-3 in Tragia se asia has stinging hairs, 2-5 in Antidesma spp., 2-3 in
Fruit ‘sub-baccate in Kirganelia, Flueggea, Bischofia, etc., but not truly 80 as
there is a thin endocarp whieh may be dehiscent or pericarp finally hardened,
_ Ovary I-celled in’ Antidesma with y 3 2-lobed styles
Embryo terete in Callitric a etin tong 2 icle
Families: 45, Euphorbiacee ; 46. Callitrichacee.
112 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
45. The Croton and Castor-oil Family.
Woody, herbaceous or fleshy, sometz imes with milky site —_ i
hairs frequent. ls. reduced to a 8 ingle pedicelled stam ovary |
in Euphorbia, Pedilanthus and Sy ium, in which a
in an invo te inflorescence resembling single flowers.
Perianth dichlamydeous, m ochlamydeous or 0, usua - 8
St. ind ae 3-5, fre in a central colum Ovary of 3 carpels
and 3-celled (rarely 2-m erous), or sometimes carpels pide round @
central weal (asin M pha CH). cceneccseceee Euphorbiacee (p. 91).
Possibly a composite family di d from differ rent sources, among which the
Celastrales a ae Rhamnales have ons I, The alliance of some tribes with
the Malvales seems undoubted. There also appear to be affinities with some of
the Sapi savtatee.
8. ci edu
single naked ovary, usually solitary axillary. Ovary of 2 car
each divided by a partition to form a 4-celled 4-lobed ovary with -
1 integument. Fruit splitting into 4 cocci or drupels.
albuminous. Embryo sentead terete.....+++-- Callitrichacee (p. 149). |
Order X. URTICALES.
or herbaceous, often with tough long bast fibres (as int
M car and frequently with palmate venation (as in that ee
a
ma. ule o. ras
indehiscent ae large embryo in scanty men. Embryo o straight,
curved or spiral, sometimes with one Suniaon conduplicately <
r the other.
Exceptions :—
P pine es Dalenetety divided in Cannabis and seedling leaves of some Moracet
inna
‘Flowers when crowded inside an aggregate fleshy axis (forming @ ‘anes i :
in Figs) sometimes =e a minute hyaline e an amophylious perianth of
number of leaves and stamens — ot
Perianth 4-8- tepaieas and stam: at spt ttlng or more in Ul
macee. ne
Families: 47. Ulmacee ; ‘ Cannabinacee ; 49. Urticacee; 50.
oracee.
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 113
4], The Elm Family.
Trees with 2-farious leaves frequentl y ~ arts olga rome
visible as translucent dots); stipules lateral or intrap Flowers
y polygamous or dicecious in cittlact peslpoert cant or ew
sometimes solitary. Perianth 4-8-merous, lobes free or conn
Anthers erect in bud. Ovary of 2 median ah usually 1 solid
stigmas 2 large, or style 2-4-fid. Ovule 1 pendulous. Fruit Teilehiacent,
often samaroid or psig suse Albumen 0 or scanty. Embryo
straight or curved with flat or folded cotyledons Ulmacee (p. 806).
48, The Hemp and Hop Family.
Shrubby or meRPAneo us without milky juice, often resinous. Leave
alge? alt. palmately nerved or palmately seca stipules eS cers
ym
. Flowers Space males cymose, tsles contract es
or heads with sre? bracts. a . perianth wi _ imbricate tepals,
flaments oe Fem. perianth era much reduced. Ovary
Sepellary, |: ale, “ith 2 large feathery sti Ovule 1, pendulous
anatropous. acheme. Embryo curved or spiral. Albumen
present or no a SC Ee. pea anGee yha TAPE ER nnabinacee (p. 810).
49, The Nettle Family.
Herbs or under: shrubs, rarely shrubs or small trees, sap wate
leaves opposite and alternate, often palminerved fey 3- tisha
_ herved) ; ue to cystoliths frequent. Stipules membranous,
sometimes intrapetiolar. Flowers monecious or dicecious, cymose Or
clustered, cymules or clusters often in higher inflorescences. Perianth
— 2-3- especially in the female, when the perianth is
og! oat ag s and closely invests the ovary 3
incurved anthers reversed, dorsifixed r erior,
probably 1 earpellary pe it 1-celled with simple or 0s d papillose
_ Fruit small indehi
times i etions and fleshy. Seed albuminous. Embryo straight.
Urticacee (p. 811).
50. td me and a Family.
s, nearly always with milky juice contained in latici-
agg aa spn a present. Leaves very t rarely opposite,
rarely dee eeply cut; stipules $ dente nonss often large and sheathing an nd
leavin ving a prominent annular scar at the node like
ag owers oO. i
Sy Flower email r minute, dicc or cecious,
arely spiciform, the cymes 0, nse and in some gener
with th their. arse soni a cent into a common floral receptacle, in some genera
very flesh the numerous minute flowers scattered outside
or by per atarit growth inside the receptac s.). Tepals usually 4,
‘eldom 2%, , free or connate, female perianth often accre cent
fruit. Ovary 2-carpellary, 1- d. U ndulous sree apex,
celle
_ amphitropous with mi le superior, rarely bas al and orthotropous.
Pruit aggregated ne te fleshy pseudocarps with the enlarged
114 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
receptacle. Seed albuminous or Embryo mostly curved with
unequal cotyledons, thick flat or one folding the other.
Moracee (p. 819%) —
Order XI. GERANIALES.
<— Malvales.
Herbaceous or psig gwen with resin passages or secr retory cells —
or glandular. Leave mple or very common innate, aps
] Flo
xua erous, hypogynous.
connate at the Torus raised in centre into the centre of the ovary,
or disc well developed and hypogynous, annular or tubular or of glands
on Stamens inserted outside the disc, free or connate into a tube, —
} horl s i to
ea
splitting cee Sten or drupaceous. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, asl
pe roe
tions :
Dise often feebly eer or 0 in sub-order Grwinales and flowers often irregulat —
and spurred in the same sub- order and stamens only 5 in Im patiens,
Fis. B-7-merots in some Meliacee, icaaae “‘Burseracece and Anacardiacee.
e
Ovules numerous in each oan <i some Meliacee (Tribe ee 3-more
ae Seine minacee, some Oxalidacee (e.g. Averrhoa), some Zygophy hyllacee, tev
Oy rate only one in each cell in Anacardiacee with inferior micropyle and dorsal
raphe. The family is usually placed in the Sapinda les.
Bub-ordet GRVINALES (p. sphaps
usually and Zygo
phyllace or perhaps represented by the connate base of the stamens
glands, sometimes 0. Tor s often projected as a cone OF beak
nai aE centre of the ware, Ila sometimes spurred an
(some Gera inacee, T'ropeolace (The Malpighiacee
might also be included here. F various but often 5-ridged
-coccous, carpels sometimes adnate to the beak, when 4
ion a genes recoilin ng when ripe. a
Familie 1. Ochnacee 3. Linacee.; 53. Zygophyllacee ; A.
eisinicicate 36. Balsaminac
The Ochnacee are perhaps ‘related to the T'heales.
Sub-order RUTALES (p. 1 —
oe wore dise tubular or well develope. seal often poly
gam Leav sot & mrs pinnate ry
Families : 56. Rutac ; 57. Meliacee ; "58. Simarubacee ; 59. Ber
seracee ; 60. Uancundiaebie:
_ ‘Yalves elastically opening upwards. Bitaul at
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. , 115
Sub-order GRUINALES (p. 114).
51. The Ochna Family. peat mainly confined to Ochna.)
ubs
Glabrous trees or undershrubs with alt. simple stipulate leaves.
Fils. usually showy ye ee sbiiOttibe umbelled. Sep. persistent and
often deeply coloured in fruit. Pet. 5-10. St. many on the large disc
which is yet larger in fruit and is s projected into the centre of the ovary
as in pets (drupels adnate to a central column) ; anthers elongate
ifixed opening by terminal pores or longitudinally. Ovary deeply
3-10-lobed, the Hobss becoming drupels in fruit....... Ochnacee (p. 169).
52. The Flax sos
Shrubs or herbs with alt. simple entire leaves, sometimes cig.
Sep. 4-5 free or connate below. Petals fugacious. Alternate stamens
or sub-perig rin var -cel not ed, styles 3-
PF. oe < peered or fiero separating into 3- ci, the cocci not
adna mn. Seeds with little or 0 albumen. Emb
straight, Plbely ‘slightly OURVOO: 6s. , 6few seg seas oe Linacee (p. 150).
53. The Beancaper Family.
dy or herbaceous, sometimes thorny, with eg reer
te (Peganum) usually een (sometimes with 2 Iflts. baie
. Sep. and are
PELE
i=)
oO
ile pe
cell. Fruit c capsular or of fe th or ir (Bala anites) she aN with a hard
gy endoearp with only 1 cell developing. a aibeininore
Embryo with are cotyledons and wtraight 1 wine cle.
Zygophyllacee re 153).
54. Geranium Family.
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely trees, with simple or compound,
stipulate, often palminerved leaves. Fis. re alee or somewhat zygo-
ar or 0 t
column from which they separate when ripe, or accate with the berry
S-ridged. Embryo often green in albumen...... Geraniacee (p. 155).
55. The Balsam Family.
Herbs with simple exstipulate sages leaves and usually showy
ep. 3 rarely 5, imbricate, ght pos-
tw taloid Sr geo rred. ce ee: r with
° pairs connate. St. 5 with short bro aments and con
anthers hooded over the stigma. Ovary Felted, often lobed. Ovules
ndulous axile, raphe dorsal. Fruit a — capsule with the
Balsaminacee (p. 157).
116 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
Soa RUTALES (p. 114).
56. The Orange Fami
Trees or shrubs se ake ng in oil-glands which usually render the
leaves copiously translucent-dotted, rarely glands only marginal. Leaves
si 1
mple or usually 1-foliolate or pinnate, alt. or SRPOMES exstipulate.
, rarely fewer or (so ur tie) more hypogynous,
diplostemonous or many, wmser' a cre l — sometimes
elongate disc. Ovary entire or lobed, 4-5-celled (1-celled in Feronia)
Geimorevalled (several Aurantiew). Ovules usually 2, rarely 1 or more
thee 2 in eac ch cell. Fruit various, rarely splitting into coce i, usually
a copiously pesos berry. Seeds never winged. Albumen 0
Chucsation), Ob fHeghy. ..cuksodthow akon Se eiioce Rutacee (p. 158).
57. The Mahogany ove Toon Fam
Woody pea without eahadtanant slants lent CMereuants iss es
usually p nates exstipulate. ostly in axillary
sania Risols often eta ie fay As ey ater 8 ohering.
St. 4-1 12, , usually diploolemonous, more or | less pase (exc. in the tri
so frequently tubular.
Ovary 2-5- rarely 6-celled. Ovules 2 or many in ea ell, rarely
solitary. Seeds sometimes arilled or pa ae jie thin oF
ahaeni bo sae oes coe aa eis secretes ca erent sit Meliaceee (p. 172).
58. The Bitter-bark Family.
Woody with sini bark and alternate usually ee odd-pinnate
leaves. Stipules F decidua us. Fls. small, 3-5-merous, often poly-
is Di
v P
or lobed. St. io, ‘zometimes 2-3 only in the herm. fl. Ovary deeply >
5-lobed. Ovule 1 in each cell. Fruit of as many samaras as fertile
lobes of the OVAL 5 ces i ee cee dee ete ee See es Simarubacee (p. 168).
59. The Myrrh Family.
Trees or shrubs often secreting fragrant vc ve in the
cortex. Leaves alternate odd-pinnate or reduced to three ute of :
which the lateral may become nearly or quite robalytel Fils. ©
polygamous. Sep. 3-6, often minute, connate below. Pet. 3-6. St.
united 1-see owe — Albumen 0. Cotyledons usu
plicate or crumpled... ...+sseseeceeesceeeeeeees Burse — *(P. 170).
60. The Mango Family.
bag ie oe wh resin canals and tannin sacs in the bast a
nd often
other parts. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite in N othopegia)yt in
3.foliolate or oda-puaniuos with frequently strong secondary 0
8. po
r igynou
from a shallow hypanthium lined with a disc free at the "margins
Stamens inserted near the margin of, or on, the disc. Ovary of 1%
Se ee te
=
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 117
3-6 free or more or less connate Peeiaies- with 1 ovule in each carpel or
ovary-cell, pendulous, either from an ascending basal funicle or lateral
or seapical with Fite ye raphe. Fruit usually a l-ce ents and 1-seeded
often oblique drupe. Embryo large and fleshy, 3) pa
6 Wo (p. 219).
Exceptions :—Drupe Be in ewan
The Gey eameger are usually placed in the Sapindales. They — from the
eraceee usually conta abies * bins d fragrant balsam, gummy in appearance,
inthe “ostpeapeged the contents are usually acrid* and often milky in appearance
metimes gummy.
Order sai SAPINDALES.
dulous from the inner angle. Raphe usually dorsal. Fruit often
4 ae Copia usually 0. Embryo as cata or spiral.
Except
or inconspicuous in Polygalacew and re i 4 (which are often.
behed in eco orders or placed in the Geraniales) and in male flower of
Flowe: 8 regular with a ype ott stamens in some Malpighiacee, but then
ovary B-celled and fruit of 3 sam aris.
Stamens outside the disc in her of Dodonea.
Ovules several in each cell in poienee a celetianaen:
Families: 61. tbe greets 62. Polygalacee ; 63. Sapindacee ;
64. Raeheliencec ; 65. Sabia
my of “riper Family.
then ‘ta or reflexed opposite lative, sometimes twining, or
i nie ° T,
vule pen 3
sre steele he ventral and micro ash ge = Sof ohio
pai d, circinate or stra
winged samaras. Embryo curve oes (p- Ris
* The extremely acrid juice of some species is however often found in spec
baile cial ae , perhaps these are the tannin- pes of Solereder (Anatomy of the
d are often found in leaves and pe
118 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
62. The Milkwort Family.*
Herbs, rarely cage with alt. simple leaves. Fls. irregular, clustered
Sepals
or racemose, bractea epals 5 free, imbricat e, of which 2 inner are
ofte and som sais petaloi Petals 5 or 3 of
ich anterior (keel) is Seay modifie t som 4-5, com
in a a i it or free, anthers mostly 1-celled and opening by
u
a pore. Ovary compres sed 2-celled. Ovules 1 pendulous in each cell.
Fruit ‘nosy a 2. celled thin capsule. Seeds witha strophiole. Albumen
abundan Polygalacee (p. 40).
er ois histor ertiere a ham tae? Hit he Sree S
63. The Aer Family.
Woody plants, — pre beg ae climbing herbs, alt,
pinnate or rarely only 1-3-foliol leaves. Fils. small or pre
usually polygamous and more or jets irregular, pater quite regular
Calyx 4-8-l al Petals as
rarely 2 in each cell. Fruit entire ‘lobed or winged. Seeds often
arillate, alban 0. Embryo usually with curved or convolute coty-
Gedtbk ~ <e dn wend Es COREE? CLT ARIES Sapindaceee (p. 210).
64. The agin Family.
Differs from the Sapindacee by the 5 stamens _ inserted outside
res disc opp. the sepals. Ovary of 3 carpels free or connate, sty:
short. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. Fruit oneal or of 3 dehiscent
cereus: SEG, i PER SIVOVON OU SS Staphyleacee (p. 208).
65. The sp Family.
Woody, sometimes scandent, with alt. senna or odd- oe leaves:
Fis. small, with 5-3 sepals and petals, oft petals r scales.
r free,
rarely 1, in each cell, axile, superpos osed. Fruit drupaceous an and 1 |
or of 2-3 drupels. Albumen 0, cotyledons conduplicate tse long “often |
spiral hypocotyl........+++eeeeeeeeceee terete? Sabiaceee (p. 217).
Order XIII. CELASTRALES.
Woody plants with simple alt. or opposite leaves, often stipulate.
Flowers small regu lar mostly 4—5-merous. Petals sometimes connate —
; a
developed disc, and hence often perigynous and sometimes enclosing
the ovary. Ovary 2-5- often 3-celled with 1-2 erect or ascendi ovale
axile in each cell. Style short or 0. Seed albuminous or not.
* The English name and the scientific name (derived from the Greek x mean
poo — is due to its supposed virtue as a lactagogue, not from its having any
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 119
costa
he Icaci ain a feebly developed disc and sometimes valvate petals ;
moreover “ry om <i des sometimes occur opposite the petals and ovules pot
so that it is as near the Rhamnales and Olacales bs to Celastrales, The ovary is
apparently 1-celled Bg! suppression of the other two cells.
ae den = n Ilicacew. Ovary with man iy roalet in Siphonodon and these
loaiaris ois
Ovules B10 i yr cell in Hippocra
Dise 0 or confluent with the ovary in a Ficus
Families + 66. Celastraceew; 67. Hippocratacee ; 68. Ilicacee; 69.
Icacinacee.
N.B.—The Salvadoracee are included in this alliance by Hutchinson, but see
remarks under Gamopetal@ (p. 132) and Oleales (p. 135).
66. The Spindle-tree Family.
Often thorny, sometimes scandent. Leaves opp. oF alt. peae
with small stipules. Fils. usually cymose, 2-1-sexual. Sep. rare
often conn Dis el 4
cell t from
Fruit capsular r, drupaceous or baccate. “Seeds ee y rile. Embryo
axile with large usually green Sobyledlins and short r
Colasinaaias (p. 186).
Exception:
Siphonodon i: anomalous genus, with numerous irregularly disposed cells and
1 pendulous bvule | in each cell.
87. The Hippocratea Family.
Woody, usually climbing or qarmentons with apres opp. rarely alt.
leaves. Stipules small caducous or 0. Fils. very small,
clustered or cymose i ly ten 4 talk: igeatihel w sditeentii ng the
a ’
side of the disc nie sometimes appear though on the ovary.
Ovary on or sunk in the athe. 3. salad ane 3. me stigma. Ovules
2-10 in each cell, pre: opous. Fruit of thr Saint shia almost
tat (oo ie or samaras, OF baccate. | Seeds winged oF not. Albumen
.. Ht Fepocraticets (p- 190).
68. The Holly Family.
Leaves we stare usually coriaceous. Stipules minute 0
usually dicecious or polygamous, in axillary cymes or fas nai. Calyx
3-6-partite P ited: e arniates nt. Pet. 4-5, rarely 6-8, connate at the
base or free in the fem. St. usua dhering to base of corolla or
hypogynous. Disc 0. Ovary 3-16-celled, style short or 0. Orules
1-2 collateral and agg ah with ‘Aoveel raphe and superior micropyle,
funicle often cupular. Fruit a dr saat ee l-seeded rons nee Albumen
MONE siahero: minute, o> .4-assadien ee ae F @ (p. 185).
69. The Icacina Family.
Woody or avy woody plants, often climbing, with alt. very rarely
opp. leaves (palminerved in our species) exstipula ulate. Fls. 1-2-s jokes
TARO _ ot Pye Calyx small hypogynous, pas aaa
120 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
mbricate, not enlarging in fruit. Pet. 5 rarely 4 or 0, free or connate,
peer e or slightly imbricate. St. alternating with the pet., inserted
inside the small disc, or disc 0, anthers 4-celled. Carpels usually 3,
funicle usually thickened e the micropyle, raphe dorsal. Fruit
drupaceous, always 1- eelle d oan l-seeded. Seed with thin coriaceous
testa, usually albuminous......--.--+++++2+e++ cacinaceee (p. 181).
Note.—Some of the otene® characters above are for discrimination from the
Olacacee sometimes united with this family.
Order XIV. RHAMNALES.
Woody plants or ay venir apeey allied to the Celastrales
with alternate simple or sometimes digitate or pinnate ( Vitacew) often —
palmine am leaves with or without iispulon. Flowers small, mostly
similar to t er Yaa but stamens opposite to the petals and often
connate i ae etals valvate sometimes very minute or 0
Dears Freausilty 3. walled, sometimes quite inferior. Ovules 1-2 in each
Exceptions :— |
Ovary sometimes 6-celled in Leea, Some erect species of Leea are herbaceous, ~
—_ with woody rootstock. |
pp. or sub-opp. in Seutia
featice 70. Pigunaces: 71. Ampelidacee ( Vitacee).
70. The Buckthorn and Jujube Family.
Woody plants, sometimes scandent by r SS peas Pree or by tendrils, —
rarély by their coiled twigs (as in Hippocra @). Leaves simple,
frequently with several (3-5) principal nerves or rstrongly penning
i i ick small an cidu Is,
d
eymose. Calyx with 4-5 triangular valvate lo jab: ‘often perigynou
more rarely epigynous. Pet. smaller serene minute and often con —
cealing the yo iary Caer which stand opposite to them, under or 0h
the margin of th Ovary free or Deed ith the hypanthium
and hail. cnfovior 6 or a ribe Gouaniew) inferior, 3.2. (rarely 4-) celled
with 1 basal erect ovule in each cell. Frt. 1-celled and 1-seeded (same —
rac in Ventilago) or with a 2—4-celled endocarp or 3- valved, sometimes
nged. Seed with fleshy, rarely 0 albumen and large erect embryo
Rha
mnaceee (p- 192).
71. The Vine Family.
Herbs or soft-wooded shrubs, — by tendrils, or erect with |
stems jointed at the nodes. L. simple palmately-nerved, digitate, or
pinnately compoun w ble or panicles, hypogynous OF pet
gynous; calyx sometimes truncate; pet. v lwate sometime aly”
t St. f at base of the petals, or sometimes connate into ®
e
tube, on or outside the disc which is sometimes tubular. Ovary J’
or sunk in the disc, 2-more rarely 3-6-celled, with 2 collateral ovules <
l Vitaceee or Ampelidacee (P- 199).
ee ed
;
;
|
|
|
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 121
Order XV. UMBELLALES.
(—~— Rubiales and Asterales ?)
Woody or herbaceous. Leaves alternate roe rhe if simple
then very often with palmate venation. Flowe rs mostly in umbelliform
cymes, small, regular or outermost in an rhe t, oith ne
8, 4-5-me with eel stamens alternating with the petals,
calyx often eae educed or Disc epigynous. Ovary completely
inferior of 2-5 (very commonly 2 byesten and as many cells, or ovary
many-celled in some Aralia Styles usually free. Ovule
pendulous in each bye dnditeopotle raphe veidtral: micropyle exterior.
Evo: in album
Exceptions :—
Stamens many in the exotic genus T'upidanthus (sometimes cultivated).
Families: 72. Araliacee ; 73. Umbellifere
72, The Ivy and Panax Family.
Woody, often scarcely branched, sometimes scandent by adve
yous roots, frequently prickly. are usually palmately fost
~more-pinnate. Stipules adnate to the petiolar sheath or 0.
é I nicled.
8
5 or 6-7 or more, inserted w ‘rig the stamens round or under the margin
of an epigynous disc. St. alt. with te patels, Ovary 2—many-celled.
Fruit coriaceous or Peer with ore Oy ASIA. pol usually
suppressed. Albumen uniform or ee mbryo
ute A
Jes (p. 414).
Exceptions ;—
»mManyin Tupidanthus.
13. The Carrot and Parsnip Family.
Herbs with compound (simple in Bupleurum and Hydrocotyle) and
a they dissented pias esate a Hoge ng petiole, 25 aap rarely
late. Fls. in ound umbels or heads mostly 2-
etals 5 t sched under "the large epigynous disc. "St. 5 alt.
aan P
with the oe. Dise usua = mid and 2-lobed nie surrounding the
styles. Ovary 2 ated Fruit 2-coccous, — ually ridged or
Suleate at with oil-canals in a the pericarp. ee eale coccus or
inet. a small in copious albumen, fadiole superior, coty-
er 2559 Solna Ser. bad earaewaes Umbelliferee (p. 404).
Order XVI. ALANGIALES.
Small trees or shrubs with alternate leaves ae triple-nerved and
: dotted, si simple, rapepalte, Flowers regular, small or medium
sti
Calyce superior hed or truncate, sometimes Neeient in fruit,
Petals 4-10 al an fs or cohering at the base. Stamens opposite to
and times adnate to the petals, as m times as many, with
= Petals and outside an epigynous disc vary inferior 1-celled, or 2-3-
; celled at the base. Ovute pi peationens or 1 pendulous into each partial
122 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
_ with laterally placed micropyle. Fruit a drupe. Seed with
bryo the whole length me the fleshy albumen which is sometimes
passa lg i are leaf
Family 7 wr canna in the Flora, from which it should
perhaps be sepa arated).
Bt a Spent i
y ‘
EA pe ed, annular, or with 4-10 teeth. rate 4-10 linear or lanceolate.
Soa foliaceous palmately- -nerved, n with cordate base and
long terete radicle........-+++ Cornacee (Tribe Alangioidea) (p. 417).
Order XVII. OLACALES.
Shrubs or undershrubs, often root porenics. sp Ate a fog a
exstipulate leaves. Flowers regular, small um. Calyx (or
calyculus, cp. Santalales) minute and seis mes to ms d or a rim ake
becomes accrescent in fruit or 0. Petals 3-6 valvate (exceptionally
connate.
ny 0 som
Ovary free or enclosed in the aaopeacaht achive: l-celled or 2-5-celled
below and l-celled above. Ovules 1 pendulous from the apex oft ne cell
or if more then on the free part of the incomplete axis and 0
dulous int h partial cell. Fruit opens pray ts 1-seeded with the
placenta embedded in the side of the seed (as in some Cornace@).
m men
75. The Olax Family.
Characters as above i icis cis vc cece vee cee eee Olacaceee (p. 182).
Order XVIII. SANTALALES.
hrubs or undershrubs, more rarely herbs, y hemi-para rasiles
with simple opp. or alt. exsti ser gee or r ss 7 absent sg
branches green or iPalaeephera) a colourless aes parasite. F
r irregular, 2— ual, small
oar or Ae (Boa ano fihorde nr a
uit drupaceous or baccate or rere nophora) minute and crustacee
Sted often adherent to the pericarp. mbryo sometimes minute
and undivided. Albumen jibe nt. :
Exceptions :-— ae
Perianth sometimes 0 and stame a cenrtal mass it
Balanophoracee. The Ba notory atrerdhgoreegs rer gt rari he parasites —
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 123
without perianth in one or both sexes and flowers crowded in a spadix-like peduncle.
_ They are very doubtfully allied to the other families.
Families: 76. Santalacee ; 77. Loranthacee ; 78. Balanophoracee.
16. The Sandal-wood Family.
Woody or herbaceous were slender in Thesium), often SEA ANCE
owers
Leaves entire, sometimes scale- like, nerves inconspicuous. we
small regular, 1-2- nite Ps rianth perigynous or Aon eat 3-8-
_ onl frequent y with a tuft of hair behind the anthers
roe m, rarely at the base of the perianth. Dis
perigyno onendiga Ovary nearly free or adnate to the hypan-
= 1. ele, stigma pare e or 3-6-lobed. owes 2-3, adnate to or
ndulous from entral column. Frui rupe or nut. See
Bae or 5 roid. ghent thin or obsolete, sabaion copious. Embryo
| lp Se re ees ey ge oe Santalacece (p. 804).
/ 71. “4 Mistletoe Family.
Green parasitic shrubs attaching themselves by neg s of songs:
to the branches of their hosts. Leaves st entire, sometim nn es
t. a
Wepals. Ova -celled, stigma . simple. phe and placenta not
frente, completly filling the aah with usually 1, rarely 2-3
t baccate, rarley drupaceous, with a viscid inner
pal o os. of which it Sandel attached to “the eine host).
Loranthacee (p. 801).
78. The Balanophora Family.
Fleshy brownish or yellowish root ponauies with leaves 0 or reduced
to scales; stomata absent. Flowers monecious or diwcious, small
ot minute, cro petal peduncled globose or elongate
i isi a us simp
te roids) Woib te, undifferentiate
pericarp, albuminous. Embryo minu bin iffer
Alliance very doubtful........+2++++0++° alanophoracece (p. 806).
shag wei Re nennl
Sie Biss Suet
cor ah
Leaves alt. or o ed. Flowers s edo
site, seehon aintly penninerve wi Pp
— jemose or °p mt ¥, 2-se : xual. Perianth haploc ditieegeebice
‘ubular 2-4-lobed or randy irantal: in the fertile flower constricted
124 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
above the ovary and upper part deciduous. Stamens in 2-sexual
flowers ‘perigynous, in male fis. at the base of the perianth, either 4
ose on 0 le
venti bgt Fruit nut-like, but enclosing om erianth sometimes fleshy.
Albumen scanty. Embryo straight with fleshy dotyledutag radicle —
inferior.
Family: 79. Eleagnacee.
79. The Oleaster Family.
Characters as above..........2-e cece ee eees Elewagnacee (p. 800).
‘Order XX. PROTEALES.
Woody plants with > sa ats simple or compound exstipulate leaves
of hard texture. Flow s eyclic, haplochlamyleon® regular or zygo-
morphic, often showy, 5 i hes mostly 4-merous (except in the gyn®
gyno - Ovary
rips of 1 carpel only, 1-celled, oi on a gynophore and pe
style terminal with nt tis aa stigma sometimes lateral. eo
1 16 several and 2-s te nut- like. or capsular. Seed exalbu-
minous, cotyledons of ta une
Position fa ne peed abi ibid places —. near Urticales, Warming 0
bya er oe and T. casa cee, and he also mentions relationship with the
minose. Lindley them in bee Deskraien ‘(which includes Laurels), ~
Hutchinson also thinks gre allied to Thymeleacee which he considers allied to
is Lythrales, They area large group tt the dry regions of Australia and the Cape-
Family: 80. Proteacee.
80. The Grevillea Family.
Characters Be ADOVG: cece sist sec ees pe Proteacee (p- 799).
Order XXI. ROSALES.
(Ranales <-—).
Herbaceous or woody with simple or compound leaves often wilt
sheathing bases (as in Ranales) or adnate stipules 0 or ane free OF \
larg et duced Podos oe )
or sometimes teers clic, perigynous to epigynous, if eset gynous the? |
hypanthium lined hyd Ii tg the ota 4 mens, ee yamydeotss |
etals sig rarely petals uni ppited. y St saute ery many to defini
ary a 8s of 2 aged carpels or more Of ©
8 xan but then rg ee free. Ovules 1 to many mf"
carpel, when ovary syncarpous then eladtnte often much swoh”
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 125
placentation usually axile or on ventral suture of carpels or hovinry
| sya rats very various, sometimes of achenes or follicl
: Exce cept ions
Corolla Daetloppexions in our species of Crassulace
only in Prunus and Pygeum and then pie i 2 pendulous.
—
—
=
Ova: d
_ Ovules parietal in some Droseracee. ache Podostemonacee are moss-like aaiuatics
| and their systematic position is extre problemasicals the isbn are naked
_ 0r3-merous in our species (see 2 deneripin Mf vasedies and a ous.
: s
0
lum deri from a Gnetac ther
_ Tavours the second great but here the Salicacec are considered with Hutchinson
to be allied amamelidaceous stock. As no Hamamelidales occur in our
_ area the Salicales eipeae to follow on very unnaturally.
Sub-order ROSALES proper.
Herbaceous to woody. Fis. pores 2-sexual. Leaves alternate.
_ Albumen scanty or Embryo larg
Family: 81. Rosa
Sub-order SAXIFRAGINEA.
, Usually herbaceous and scapigerous or leaves exstipulate. Fls.
- Leerual, Ovary 1-3-celled or apocarpous. Stamens definite iso-
ty us or diplostemonous. Albumen copious, embryo small,
Ps Oe eae a kt ee en i re ie as
ae 82. Saxifragacee (sensu stricto); 83. Crassulacee.
Sub-order CUNONIALES.
To this Hutchinson assigns the woody Escalloniew, Hydrangee, etc.,
‘Placed by Hooker & Bentham in the Sazifragacee. Only cultivated
a occur in our area.
Sub-order DROSERINE.
Family: 84. Droseraceee (q. v.).
| Tie are sometimes placed in the Parietales alliance.
Sub-order PODESTEMONINEZ.
Family : 85. Podestemonacece (g. v.).
a ane Rose Family.
;
‘
;
S
- to oody or pe ne a stipulate alternate chips or variously
, capen leaves. Fls. ao small, usually me ese or lar, e,
‘ular, perigynous e nous or nearly hypogynous, cyclic or carpels
| ‘ometimes iyo “Ca pian ith 3-10 u jaaly imbricate sepals, the odd
| “al superior (dorsal), Petals free, cena 5. Stamens on the disc
126 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
, often incurved or circinate in _
1-2 or oven Fruit of achen Pes drupels, a drupe or
pome, sometimes a ach
thium which becomes part of th
&.
>
minute, embryo minute, terete or past: albumen copio
arifragace (p. 341)
Saxifrages differ from some closely allied Rosacew in og definite stamens
ver more than 2 whorls, thicker placentation and albuminous s' ccd
83. The Life-plant Family.
Succulent herbs, rarely suffruticose, ase fleshy amy or pinnatifid
or 3-partite alt. or opp. exsti ipo lee lea Fls. small or medium of
3
the y
narrowed upwards into distinct styles or stigmas. Ovules — on™ I
ara sutures of the carpels. Fruit of many-se naa follicles. Seed
albuminous with terete embryo and short feet pes
exotic genera contain species with 3-merous SoWed which then “appest :
vay "closely allied to the Ranales — that the trimery varies to a merous
and 5-merous negra and there are Fe apa ly hypogynous scales opposite %
each carpel; the anthers too are are xed,
84. The mens Famil
Small herbs. with radical leaves only or cauline leaves whorled :
alt. either copiously covered with long glandular hairs secreting jul
. * dia ap 5a
ns of which they catch and digest small animals or hanous
glabrous and t ith automatically closing lami Is. smal
ular in scorpioid cyme slender scapes or ( ldrovanda)
merous whorls, hypogynous or somewhat perigynous. Ca
or 5 connate into a l—more-celled free or nearly free ovary;
parietal or meeting in the — or the Re on a —_ central placen®
anatropous. Fruit capsular.........+eeeeee rere eracee (P-
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 127
$5. The Podostemon Famil ily.
Moss-like or thalloid a agian gro
wing on rocks in streams. Leaves
when differentiated sin —_ distichous, generally with a sheath which
- may stipular. —many-fid. seape or dichasial shoot
system, sometimes arising from a sheath, mostly 2-sex $ h
of small ovate or — tepals o ned sometimes 3-merous or 0. St.
_ hypogynous, I1—-many (3 in our species 8) hypogynous or per ihe s, free
orconnate. Ovary 1-3-celled with a stout central placenta and a thin
sepia. Styles 1- 3 Ovules many
anatropous, axile (in one genus
parietal). Fruit capsular, valves 2-3. Seeds many minute, exa pity
minous. Embryo straight, radicle inferior. . . Podostemonacee (p. 783).
Order XXII. LEGUMINOSAE.
(<— Rosacee.)
r herbaceous with alternate set iba Se nd o
S xeng ely poeans leaves. Flowers sma very showy, pi: 4
‘phous (always so in the gynaceum), oe ae rarely hypo-
gynous, ‘with a disc y Meomgt
panthium. Calyx with 5 ( Tr yee
| the hypa
or lobes, the odd one inferior (ventral), fin Se Do al x 2-1
entral pair con
poy short aaa the legume globose
Papilionacee and pod septate in several
Families: 86. Mimosacee ; 87.
_ 6. The Mimosa and Acacia Family.
| shrubs with 2-pinnate leaves (main
Trees or shrubs, rarely u
and 1-seeded in a few small herbaceous
genera,
Cesalpiniacee ; 88. Papilionacee.
under
inne sometimes ‘igitately arranged), pinne and leaflets sometimes
_ Teduced to one pai 1s. small regular, 4-5-merous, conspicuous from
| F
being Lit ected am song heads or
Usual]
amophyllou St. free or
indefinits and As idea very numero
lima
‘zygomorphi
ANSE YALE a a tl Clee Rg ah Teg a
3 ¢ lini
se t eis side of the hypant
SPP SC ce sect eo se se ee seer
spi ikes alyx and corolla valvate,
monodelphous, diplostemonous or
Mimosacee (p. 318).
ee ee
ey (or 5 anon
Fils, lar.
or les
“ines ics perigyn nous oF pipet hypoeys , not papilionaceous,
nue,
onna or som
phere “Fruit a Hd indehiscent an
Casalpiniacee (p. 300).
128 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
88. The Pea and Bean Family.
Woody or herbaceous with s imple, digitate or pinnate leaves, and
small or nats and showy distinctly zygomor (papili
fl olla i }
ee
so
=
3
w
bud, the ee a in om the lowest pair often connate mw ree
sl nade = lo
Stamens in Soph ora free. gg therefore this genus should be placed at
the beginning of the Papilionacee
Order XXIII. MYRTALES.
(<-— Rosales.)
Woody, more rarely herbaceous ney, rarely equate herbs). Leaves
2 entire usually opposite or whorled, ‘oh ently gland-dotted,
ipul i or
Hibeibate in bud. Owar ary syncarpo owed many-celled, rarely
i. oe se Styles coasts! Ovules usually many, poe Seeds l1—many. —
Albu
Excepticnd! —
Some Lythracew, Onagracew and Melastomacee are herbs. Trapa is aquatic.
Halorrhagidacee are aquatic herbs with cofveri multifid leaves and much reduced
2~-4-merous flowers, 4 short styles and ovules 1 in e — ell.
2-4- Hp rous fee are very common in Onagrace =
Leaves are raped gs 2 in Lecythidacee, babsnne. or alt. in some Combretacee
ew bebe hracee. :
“Stipules present and interpetiolar in Rhizophoracee.
regular in some Lythracee
Perianth prertestss us and ovary free in few Lythr
Petals sometimes suppressed in few rs rk and few Lythracee.
nag a :
ary 1-celled in Combretacee and few Onag ip
Oeeiee pendulous and few from the top, oF "Tateral near the be of ovary
Rarer Ovules pendulous from apex of cells in Rhizophoraceé.
89. Myrtacee ; 90. ca neorsde ae per :
rad Lape 92a. Punicacee; 93. gracee; 94. Halorrhagr
dacee ; 95. Rhizophoracee ; 96. Combre ee
89. The Myrtle and ons Family. ‘
Trees or shrubs opp., very rarely alt., simple entire leave |
usualy evergreen i oe as well as other parts mostly co opiauey supp
nslucent dots in the jeag a
with an intra- mar rginal. n erve Pls. ag it ae
on ae 0) with numerous stamens often 5 bundles. |
—~many-celled with axile placen Bhahioty sigan 1 ante ae with I
ea ime Ovules many, rarely onl : 2-1 but usually only L a
4
=
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 129
eeds. Fruit various, baccate, drupaceous or opening
ye as Snan'y soto as there are cells. Embryo — se curved.
Myrtacee (p. 359).
0, The Kumb and Hijal Family.
Woody plants (an undershrub in one species) AB the characters of
t the ends
ne
ee ons. Andracium often labieaiele developed with very many
ruit a berry, or fibrous, Ae enue rarely fb
tessa) L 1- -seede e009, dcnbieie db Uekiie Ale aah eth ie Lecythidacee (p. 366).
2-sexual. a unt
walls to the ovary or peer) Sep. 3-6 or 0, pet. as many, contorted in.
bud. St. a ore than the pet. inserted en them on the
, any or t
in of tl anthium. Anther
Ovary 3-6-celled’ or idtemecman) 1-celled. Ovules ive many, axile
re
t b
Baka irregularly beawine up. Albumen 0....Melastomacee (p. 368
ceptio
‘The es with 1-celled ovary, comparatively few ovules, and 1-seeded
berry constitute a very distinct sub-family. The fls. are 4-merous as in many
true Melastomece.
9. The papas Family.
Woody etait with ante 4-angled branches. Leaves simple
- entire mostly opposite, sometimes whorled or alt., sometimes dotted.
Pe. :
many on large axile placente. Fru mbranous, coria-
Bt or Seceitex: potneeintiag 1-celled by sbecrplont of bere Seeds.
“Many, Sometimes winged. Embryo straight (exc. Presley
reader Ke: 3738).
red Blattiacece (including Sonneratia) are sometimes rei into a distinct
130 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA
adnate to the hypanthium, many- -celled, the cells in 1- <
more or less superposed | whorls, with the very numerous ovu
ome cells, in others parietal......-+++++ssecrerre cere if oath
rap ple
lobed stigma. Ovules many axile in rete cell or AGhes 2) 1 in each cell,
pendulous or half ascendi i i i
Trapa), many-seeded (1 in Trapa). Seeds vith little or 0 album
Onagraceee (p. 389).
Exceptions :—
Trapa sometimes is place ed in a separate family, the Hydrocaryacee, the
characters of which will be recognized from the exceptions above.
94. The Milfoil Family (Myriophyllum only).
Aquatics with usually verticillate, more rare ely opp. t. leaves
pinnate with filiform segments or upper, T arely all, simpl deeply ot
i ls. small sessi 8 vy ning out into
=
8 Il sessile or subsessile gate run
spikes with the leaves r duced bracts, monecious or polyga
upper male, lower female and intermediate 2-sexual Calyx lobes 4,
arely 2, very small, superior at times obsolete Petals 4 or 2 often
failing or reduced in the f le, in the n xual fi. much
exceeding the calyx, imbricate, of delicate texture. Stamens 2, 40
, epigynous in the 2- ual fis., anthers long, 4 ifixed.
Dise smal 0. Ovary inferior, 4-,rarely 2 celled, eters 4, very short,
P vule 1 in each cell, pendulous, anatropous Fruit deeply
lumo wee
2-4-lobe aiacak or splitting into 4 drupels. Embryo straight,
een iorecmaied by thin fleshy albumen.
Halorrhagidacee (p- 344).
95. The Mangrove Family.
shrubs, usually littoral and often furnished with pnet
ees 0
matophores or aerial roots; generally quite glabrous with opp. entie
coriaceous leaves and interpetiolar "Asciguoun stipules which enclose
n 8 8
ual, on 1-many fid. axillary peduncles. Perianth often coriaceo™®
- Calyx superior or half-superior 4—14- aoothy on acupular or campant |
late hypanthium. Pet. as many often 2-fid and laciniate. St. diplo
seen) rarely indefinite, perigynous or si igynous. Ovary tree.
adnate to hypanthium, Str rarely 1-celled. Gentes Racer
ach cell or in l1-celled ova aga Ste 3 from a ral pla
pre l. Fruit 1-seeded adekinenad or Lasess: taaily mehiscent. a
horacee (P- 3i5).
BP 1! sl ie ee See SHR EL ex js mE Es hey
Opp. or sometimes 8 -opp. rarely all a
Pool
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 131
96. The onan Family.
Trees or shrubs, sometimes scandent, evo gine Leav
4 beak beyond, the ovary Se 4-5, 1 bel 6-7, t. 0.
ety r pe
St gin Ovary 1 ee ge ar with 2 7 ovules audition ous
from the apex. Fruit 1- pebaed, usually drupaceous, often 2-5-angled
0, eres ee Combretacee (p. 351).
Order XXIV. SALICALES.
y plants with alternate simple stipulate leaves. Flowers
Wood
- diecious, in the axils of the bracts of a spike (catkin), without peri-
nted by a disciform nsi r
th
glands. Male flower with 2 i many stamens, without pistillode.
Fem. fl. 0h superior 2-3- rarely 4-carpellary ovary; 1-celled with
I —4),
peri
nte and mostly Widay ovules, stigmas 2 Fruit a
parietal p
2. hin -) ele — — very small seeds carrying a pencil of hairs
e. Album
tering “Nal 97. Sali tibet
: 97. The Willow Family.
Tees or shrubs with perulate buds. Leaves alt. simple, stipules
deciduous or per. . Flowers diecious (very rarely otherwise),
educed fl. to ea
Perianth 0 or perhaps represented by the scales or
glands or cupular disc, some of which are usually present. Stamens 2
_ & more with free or connate filaments. Ovary of 2 mee 3 connate
ti es
anatropous on _ lower part of the placenta. Fruit capsular,
. See exalb u in te
@ basilar i of — Embryo straight, cotyledons plano-
convex, radicle short is firboriies chy aed Viais de. Salicacee (p. 839).
See note p. 125 re affinities.
Order XXV. CASUARINALES.
finities iy, doubtful. Ovule with 20 or more embryo-sacs.
%. The es Family.
‘0 subulate scales connate at the base and formin ing Rael ainaihe at
Dox nodes. Flowers very minute, Shai ed, in slender
thas nal spikes formed of numerous whorled bracts eGiats te to the
his, each bract wit air of lateral bracteoles, and a
Pensa of eet median scarious tepals large anther.
clos
132 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
carpels, 2-celled, but posterior cell barren or suppressed, stigmas 2
very long filiform. Ov ules in the fertile cell 2, orthotropous, basal or
sub-basal. Female inflorescence forming a cone in fruit, each achene —
open when cach seed is ripe.
wall of achene. Albumen 0. Cotyledons flat equal, radical very
chee SUPETIOL... oes es eeeeeerece seer seers te Ca . 840).
236. Series II. GANDER Sh CD Niele
; :
or if tube very short or petals ne. then stamens fewer pay" the lobes
pels
Stamens usually adnate to corolla. O Rec pels often 2 median or ag
Ovules iin sm ete k integument and a very small nucell
Exceptio
Corolla feng very short or 0 tube in some Myrsinacee, Oleales and
Cor. Oin fem. fi. Xanthiw
Sepals nearly free in some Sapotacee, Apo cynacee, Asclepiadacee, C
Calyx annular or of 8-12 small teeth in Sepia ae Sep. and peta
in some i poo Jasminum (Oleales), ctuang and Symphorema (Verbe
Stamens free from tube in Plumbago, so teenie, some abies 1
Stamens pabhece ate and many in many Ebenales. Carpels 4-9 oF more in
some Ebena rimulales. q
Ovules with 2 integuments occur especially among Primulales and Ebenales. |
ism mor ont
ace®).
e Gamopetale or Sy are retained here as ol
ordance with other systematic works, but they a”
probably derived from several different group horipetale
he Primulales are possibly allied to the Cred te the Cela e Bbenales
to the Theales, while the Oleales appear rel sly to bel er
ooked |
re put in the Genera Plantarum. :
See fi aiuaaatatci families under exceptions to Choripetalt
para. 2
238. CONSPECTUS OF THE greasencntee ORDERS.
I. Pentacyclice, or less specialized Sympetal |
Floral whorls normally 5, i. e. two whorls oF stamens are pre
A Su A 4
i hoot more! superior, usually with more than 2 carpels
: XXVI. Primulales ; X XVII. Ebenales.
II. Tetracyclice :
Floral san ‘normally 4, i. e. only one whorl of stamens is deve
Fis. regular irregular. Corolla-tube usually distinct.
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 133
_ superior orinferior. Carpels rarely more than two (some Polemoniacea,
: eeeeiace, nd Cam paenlaee re few Rubiacee and very few Con-
ane, Verben ea).
i vary r:—
L, Wiccs rane Stamens isostemonous, or 2 only in
:
Exceptions
eg slightly zygomorphic in some elemanineom, irregular with fertile
ns fewer than the petals in a few Gentia
_ stamens Soong declinate or flowers Come Whae irregular in a few Solanacee
otha a in cultivated Aree in our area
TOK Oleales ; ».6 B.S Gentianales ; XXX. Pole-
stiles thictadsag pretend ); XXEL Boraginales
lowers irregular eyeomverpirs: pes mostly fewer
than i sostemonous, often didynamou
a
Corolla enn with subequal spreading lobes in os sas Acanthacee, Labiate
and Verbenacee, regular and 6-12-merous in Symphor
The family Solanacee is sometimes Mckuded is in Piaf Personales.
Orders: XXXII. Personales; X XXIII. Lami hi
B. Ovary inferior. Flowers regular or irre
a: XXXIV. Rubiales; XXXV. Ent XXXVI.
sterales.
239, a ee OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES OF
E GAMOPETALA
= aa PRIMULALES.
Caryophyllales'?)
Herbs, shrubs or afi small trees, very often glandaler, ee alt.
simple exstipulate leaves and regular 1-2-sexual flowers. Stamens opp.
_ tothe corolla lobes ® haplostemonous or sometimes diplostemonous with
_ & very pidlsneitesy first (alternating) whorl still Loui adnate to
thecorolta 0 or fr ree. Ovary 1 i a with ibd raph is agg ion, eee
Ov ales
‘lbuminous, Embryo straight or cu vad?
Families : 99. Plum names 100. Primulacee ; 101. Myrsinacee.
- “with hardened a apex, rupturing near the base or anenien
- Otten 5. ‘valved. Seeds cylindric, pendulous, albumin or not.
Enbryo stra AK Raa ON Rs Plu miremenanrsid (p. 504)
134 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
00. The Primrose Family. |
i with radical, alt., opp. or whorled leaves. Calyx inferior
gamosepalous, usually 5-lobed. Corolla hypogynous, usually 5-lobed.
ens on coro me
Primulacee (p. 505).
101. The eat Family.
Woody plants often with small red lands, especially on the margins
of the Segeig including the floral leaves (sc schizogenous secre rie i
Fis. reg Dok $
cavities) lar 2-sexual or eaesdianeit small
edium-sized inferior or (M more or less sapeitll
-, usually 5-lobed, persistent. Petals gamopetalous or rarely free
(some Embelia), lobes co d or imb Stamens opposite the
peta more or less te to corolla (anthers trans
n Aigiceras). Ovary free superior, or half-inferior (Masa),
style simple, with simple or shortly bed stig vules few oF
a accate or sometimes (Aigiceras) finally cohaee
eeds mo: globose and with pitted or ruminate albumen
transverse, curved, sometimes sigmoid.......-+++ Myrsi sinacece (p. 507).
pees eernceee ae mrmeyeeeen-matnmeere erie pha et
Order XXVII. EBENALES.
(<-—— Theales).
Trees or shrubs with simple alt. or (some Diop sub-opp-
entire exstipulate leaves. Sap sometimes milky. Flo medium
or small, regular, 1-2-sexual. Corolla rarely with free pe als or neatly
ee t Sta
by abortion). e
pendulous or penn Albumen ssingtinies rumin
Families: 102. Styracee ; 103. Ebenacee ; 104. Saspotabeet
Exce tne —
Stipules sometimes occur in Sapotacece, but are very caducous.
102, The Storax Family.
Woody plants with alt. leaves. Fls. 2-sexual or polygamous
axillary and terminal simple or compound racemes or spikes. nd
perigynous or epigynous, or sometimes inferior, 4-5-toothed or al i
. Petals uu € he
Stamens 8-10 or many with free or connate filaments and mo:
ed
, style slen der. Ovules 1 or few, mostly 2 in each cell,
pendulous or erect. Fruit drupaceous 1-, rarely 2-3- seeded.
albuminous. Embryo straight or curved. ....--- Styracee (P-
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 135
103. The Mohwa Family.
‘Trees with wsually milky juice and young parts usually rusty tomen-
tose. Leaves alt., coriaceous. Fils. 2-sexual usually (in our species)
i and clustered, | HEN from he f scars bs ade cts and om teole a 0
or minute. Calyx rior, lobes 4-8 imbricate, or 2-seriate and ou
series ste ‘persis eae Cor.-tube abot er gre pesiiey petals ard
times as m calyz-lobes. St. on cor.-tube epipetalous, 1-3-times
°
fleshy co tyled ons and exalbaminow: or albuminous with
ledons, radicle inferior. .............++eeeseeees Sapotacee (p. 510).
| 104, The Ebony Family
Woody plants without milky juice, with alt., ci sub-opp. or
Opp. leaves. Flowers regular, 3-merous or 4-5-, rarely 6- 1m merous,
es: 102 8. les in
¥ .
accrescent or hardened in fru sii * Corolla regular, St. inserted
a O sa
: Seeds co compressed, albumen copious often ruminate. Embryo axile,
_ ‘Straight or curved, with { flat cotyledons and OP radicle.
| Ebenacee (p. 514).
Order XXVIII. OLEALES.
(<_— Celastrales.)
Trees or shrubs without abd juice, with simple or pinnate mostly
; Penninerved id pulate lowers Ail a if 2-sexual or poly-
2 Lyx lobed. Corolla usually
— £(5-9)-lobed. "Petals sometimes nea r qu ia on Sorte or imbri-
(s 0 ry 2
[=]
38
as
S&
3
<
ee
‘38
= hh
A)
J
=>
~
©
fo
te
_ in each cell, anatropous or amphitro Liiss on abteadiia tro
pous, pendulous o
mate of the oe See ds with or without albumen. Embryo
Families : 106. Oleaceew ; 107. Salvadoracee
a 5 oanaeg are closely allied to the Olesies ha ney op dist the pine
H
n), The in that case it would appear better to maaan the w
Shee gy wary occurs mpg Polen (Nyctanthes) and ie “petals are
a Olive and Jasmine Family. : I
7 y plants, rarely undershrubs, with simple or pinnate, usually
- Pemninerved exsti ipulate leaves. Flowers roger mostly in 3-chotomous
136 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
cymes or penict: sneer: —. or racemed, 2-sexual, polygamous
or rarely dicecious. Calyx mall scorshe gamopetalous or tube
usua , som
€
in each cell, ack near base and apex Fruit capsular or baccate,
dry or drupaceo Seed 1, or 1 in each cell, ee Sy or not, —
Radicl sees "oe tafe aSieegtatey ery abe hs Oleacee (p. 522).
Excepti —
, ae boil § Oy Ue are often 5-9-lobed in Jasminum. Petals sometimes free
n L
106. The Salvadora Family...
Often spinous or with olive-grey foliage. Leaves opp., entire, with
minute stipules. Fls. small clustered or panicled, dicecious or poly-
iceci al ] Co
g -diecious. Calyx inferior 3-5- 4-fid rolla gamo- or
polypetalous, 4-merous, petals imbricate St. 4, hypogynous
the cor.-tube, alt “2 the petals, sometimes connate by the filaments.
Alternating glan staminodes age present. Ovary free,
1-2 or iy we 2 ‘elled, nS entire or 2-fid. Ovules 1-2 in each
ahi erect from t e, anatropous. Fruit a Re or eae) mostly
eeded. Seed Test pibboes, Seah uli p. 530).
Order XXIX. GENTIANALES.
Trees, shrubs or herbs, often with milky sap, and with eg sso or
3-nate simple entire exstipulate often palminerved leaves. Flowers
regular 2-sexual, usually cymose. Calyx and corolla 4-5-merous,
corolla usually contorted in bud. Stamens isomerous, adnate to the —
corolla least at the base rege iw ed into a colum ~ wi
the pis Carpels 2 com mbined i 2- or (Gentianacee) 1
ovary, or distinc — in the e-ohoong tinned many, parietal or pe
sau 1 Tier
Exe
a
ade 4 or r tiple lines sometimes occur in Loganiacee, which family is closely
allied to the Rubiac
Leaves sometimes toothed in Buddleia
Fis. irregular and Bavening tower than the Lerten in some Gentianacee.
Corolla often pate or valvate in inte nia
Ovules only 1-8 in each cell in a few Aigeieds :
Families : 107. “Gentianace ie Loganiacee; 109. Apocynace®;
110. elaied u
107. The Gentian and Chiretta Family. ,
Herbs, rarely aquatic, with opp. or occasionally a simple
(in our species) leaves. Laat small or showy, regular irregular
r tly i
yt
r
wisted to the right. Stamens on the tube, alt. with the lobes, some
pea unequal or some suppressed, anthers Fire longitudinally of
by apical pores. Ovary free, 1 1-celled or more or less 2-celled by a
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 137
intrusion of a parietal placente. Style often short, stigmas 2.
Dvules numero Fruit capsular, nie en membranous, rarely baccate.
Seeds many pat Albumen copious........... Gentianaceee (p. 566).
- 108. The Strychnine Family. (—-> Rubiales.)
or herbaceous with opp. leaves aiten united by a stipulary
line or sometimes petioles dilated at the base, more rarely stipules
isti mose, or cyme
i 2-fid or 2-partite stigma. es 1 or more in each cell; placentee
cae or as cate, Il-many-seeded. Albumen So open’ embryo
A eR ae IRR aR ag EN oat atc, Bea Loganiacee (p. 563).
109. The Oleander Family.
Woody or herbaceous Biron maa? with milky juice and often
twining. Leaves opp. whorled or (only in introduced species)
alt., sometimes with s éipiitae lines end glands. Calyx 5-,rarely 4-lobed.
Corolla rotate or rer eS serie arely gps piston or funnel-shaped,
sometimes with a coro se St. any. as the’ cor.-lobes
inserted on the tube with shore fildiinenta; ‘iutliae 8 often conniving and
Sometimes adhering by a point on the peserecige to the swollen top of the
_ atyle, but not forming a column with the style and nies and pollen
€
2 many in eac carpel, mane lo Tui ree or connate fol-
licles, more rarely a berry or b alreeig " Seeds pron with a coma of silky
jairs, albuminous or nie is foe gr eed entra aallces Apocynacee (p. 531).
E.. 110, The Asclepias or Mudar Family.
herbs, rarely erect shrubs, abounding in milky ju
nay j{Sarcostemma a) leafless. » other paige the family py
he Apocyna
- filaments free. The flowers are frequently in umbe ymes
CE erica emma Asclepiadacee (p. 546).
Order XXX. POLEMONIALES.
i
Climbers or rarely erect, sometimes at rly juice. sane
nate, mostly ates cordate and aoe vad sometimes palmately
: ;
talous
petra > sometimes pi St. 5, alt. “with lobes i. corolla me any
Ps IL usually prominent. Carpels 2 or rarely mbined i
d, rarely 1- or 3-5- celled ovary. Style L i 2 or i
138 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
very rarely 2 or 3-5. a nt ceed rh or many in each carpel,
often amphitropous. Fruit sular cate.
Families: 111. Wydvophyllacete's 112. Polemoniacen 113. Convol-
Sola
be leaves sometimes opposite in Polemoniacee,.
vary deeply 4-lobed in Dichondra
viewers slightly irregular in some Palembaianet,
411. The Nemophila Family.
Herbs, sometimes glandular-hairy. Leaves simple or pinnate.
Sepals shortly connate, imbricate. Corolla usually rotate, lobes
i ibs i - d nea al
f)
Dise seldom present. Ovary superior with —
broad base, 2- iat “ 2-celled, often septum partial (edges ce
carpels not meeting in middle), placente therefore usually 2 in each —
cell, one from each of the partial septa, but usually much swollen so —
as sometimes to mer in the middle. Ovules many or comelianil only —
2 to each carpel, sessile or funicled, simp opEnY or amphitropous. |
say LR loculicidally 2- valved, or es sepataing from the —
septum. Seeds albuminous. Hmbr cae straight
pea pay (p. 571). |
412. The Phlox Family. (—— ae
Woo ye pane sometimes scandent, often glandular. —
Fils. often
Lea le nate, lower someti pposite
showy, regula whee zygomorphous, hermaph odite, 5-merous,
usually cymose (solitary in Cobewa). cake inferior, gamose
rolla gamopetalous, “evel hs pans to ri Si n tube and
alt. with its ne — uneq sometim oe linate. Disc usu
prominent. O mostly 3. prrtiees and 3 (-5)-celled. Style simple
3-fid Ovulas - y many, few or solitary in each cell, axile, more 0
etimes angel often’ with peculiar mucilage-cells in — testa,
abe umen enclosing the embryo, which is straight and a
somewhat broad re Peet SPINS. PE Polemoniacee es 572).
113. The Convolvulus Family. (—-—> Boraginacee.)
me Gace spit 8 etd usually twining to the left, eb with
milky Lea mostly simple and palminerved, som
pa sinately “divide d. ai s sometimes fo rke . tices feos or a
usually with 2 oriental Sepals 5 f , often uneqtal
ackiaben’ Corolla rarely Ros NA fobed, Totes usualy indie
valvate and whole limb plaited. Stamens 5, rarely 4 the tube
Dise annular r, rarely almost absoete Ovary 1or «analy 2-cellet”
or by the fo rmation of false se septa often 4-celle od, style terminal, on
styles Ovules 2 in each carpel, ¢ collateral, erect, or sessile, ‘with 4
integument. Fruit ‘capsular or baccate. Seeds 1, albumen
oO)
on Potlinstot are often retuse or 2- lobed. hi at b setrersbirs. (p- 582).
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 139
Exceptions :—
is a leafless parasite and flowers with infrastaminal scales.
Leaves pinnately divided in Quamoclit
_ Style from between the lobes of the ova: ry and fruit of nutlets in Dichondra,
which Mbinests this family with the Boraginacer.
Ovary 3-celled in Pharbitis, 4-celled in Argyreia and Batatas, 1-celled in Hewittia,
Order XXXI. BORAGINALES.
Woody or herbaceous with alternate gi often hispid, not glan-
dular, ives sim ple, alternate, very rely lobed,
Inflorescence = in dichotomous cymes vi e branches scorpioid
nd Flowers mostly small regular. Cal
Corolla gamopetalous, usually salver-shaped or rotate, 5-, rar
or 6-lobe: omerous, rarely unequal. Disc often present,
var 2 median carpels, each carpel wit vules,
carpels often divi y a secondary septum so ovary
becomes 4-celled and is then of 1 obed with a gynobasic
yle and 1-ov Ovules erect or oblique from oe basal inner
ng loculus with the m € superior or
angle of the e facing the
(ventral). Fruit drupaceous with 2-4-celled ae or splitting
into pyrenes or of 4 nutlets. Seed with copious or little albumen o
txalbuminous. Embryo straight or curved, radicle auper ior.
Boraginacee ond Co aiaans are sometimes united with iales
imes ied a Lamiales, The fruit of some of Sea (Boragea) sels
les that of Labiate, but tire pat to be little else in common
4re more cd allied to the Hydrophyllacee
Exception
Leaves ~sopeiieg or lower sometimes opposite in Cordi
Families: 113 a Cordiacee ; 114. apatite (both united in
72).
Boraginacece, p
1138. The Sebesten Family.
Woody plants. Leaves sometimes sub- OP PORTE: ore se hime
liths, Flow wers frequently 4-10-mero a but no 8.
Style terminal twice partite or 2-fid (Hhretia). Trot a "drupe with
~ £celled (or fewer) endocarp. Cotyledons Bissata Album
166 rdiacee, see boepneta (part).
Exceptions :—
ledons ovate, not plicate in Fhretia, which is better put into the
Boraginacee, It has a scanty albumen.
114. The Borage and Heliotrope Family.
. sually herbaceous candent very often with
3 hispid hairs, Flowers 5-merous, corolla very with sca ales 3 in the
Uroat Style usually simple, rarely terminal (Heliot pice) but usually
from ro the lobes of a deeply divided owe Alb sate nit aid
Se ROE ee a hal cit Gaets (p. 572).
8 2 or 2-fid in Coldenia.
ia is a shrub with few axillary flowers.
140 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
Order XXXII. PERSONALES.
(Polemoniales <-——.)
Small herbs or shrubs, rarel y (Bignoniacee) trees, occasionally
glandular. Leaves alt. or 0 spouts exstipulate simple or more wang
pi Flowers irregular, rarely (most Solanaceee and few er ae
Tr u
ovules en ne axis, Seeds exalbumino
Exce ns :—
ts fig vaya usually regular flowers but the tribe Salpiglosside have irregular
flowers. Coro Ila nearly regular in a few genera of Acanthacee, Gesneracee and
Scrophulariacea.
icandra has a 3-5-celled ovary
pent m ( Bignoniaceee) has 5 ceaalaah stamens. 3
vary is j-celled in Orobanchacew, Lentibulariacee, Gesneracee and Martynta
wiheg hm Poe is 4-celled in Datura and sometimes 4-celled by a secondary septum in
some Peda
Only 2 or gy ovules occur in each cell in some Acanthacee,
Albumen cana scanty in Gesneracee, present in Solanaceae, Orobanchacee
Famili ot 115. ae lanacee; 116. Scrophulariacee ; 117. Oroban-
poeta Bignoniacee; 119. Gesneracew; 120. Lentibulariacea;
secant ea 122. Acanthaceee
115. The Datura and Nightshade Family.
Herbaceous or shrubby, sometimes climbing or mere aes not |
Iky. Hairs sometimes stellate. Leaves alt., sometim nilateral
i two T
116. The Mimulus and Veronica Family.
Herbs with opp. whorled or alt., often gland- os peg Me
rarely compound leaves. Calyx pevataten’; 4-5-lo gr
Corolla rarely actin omorphio, ‘Tob s altern ety aah he
imbricate, never sect: in bud. Stamens rarely 5 patoek aati “|
* <> “ twisted ” is not here used in the pense ¢ a contorted (where ‘a :
lobe of the same whorl Hang one margin covered and one margin uni cover Se
para on -like as often occurs in Gentianales, See ‘Hole, emet of Botan,
G
_ 120. The Bladderwort Family.
—, Small often very delicate herbs, often rootless, sometimes twining,
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 141
often didynamous or sometimes only 2, anthers 2-1l-celled. Disc
_ annular or unilateral. Ovary with 2 median carpels, 2- celled with large
swollen clans on the septum (axile). Ovules wi Sate
Fruit sular. Seeds usually re album
ish? o or rslightly ourvedis. 1+. SS3Ree. oF Borbpadlarianstt 8 melt).
117. The Broomrape Family.
Fleshy or scaly root-parasites or saprophytes os dpb a ot
do Calyx
stem and no true leaves. Fls. solitary spike med.
spathaceous or 4—5-sepalous. Corolla hypogynous eons tub
and 2-lipped limb, upper Riser Pie 3-fid, throat often with
2 villous owe idyn 8, 2-celled, or os
ary 2- Sastboltaey “he vont 2. etlirk me ee 23 curve
api tats or 2-lobed. Ovules usually Ys ys fe fret
or confluent parietal placente whic abiwetih mes a
“omg l-celled, 2-valved or sub-indehiscent. Seeds few hy:
mute with pitted or tubercled or rarely lax and Totigulated ‘veal
Minin fleshy. Embryo ovoid simple or 2-fid.
Orobanchacee (p. 641).
118. The a —
Woody plants, ( g by tendrils developed
from the le es ci jelita ee reat) sometimes spiral in
the crowded vena tie at the ends of the orp in — species, 1-3
pinnate, ply aoe Flowers large or medium, 2-sexual. Calyx
lobed.
then Rlasoce, iaiee subequal and imbricate (rarely v valvate) in ud.
did 5th
St. di ynamous, e ith a resent as a staminode, rarely
f
tarely (ex only) in ndabisennds me id flat or 3-gonous, winged.
cee a flat or folded, often 2-lobed.......-. Bignoniacee (p. 648).
119. The Achimenes Family.
Herbs (in our area), fae i 4 iapisge to single leaf and inflorescence.
Leaves usually radical, opposite or alternate, simple, pigs eit
Flowers often ome a i much ced, usually racemose,
Tarely cymose clustered or solitary lyx Pao lobes valvate
ppen i C ong or short tube and usually 5 imbricate
t tube, usually namous, rarely 5 fertile, oft
2 fer ary or (half-inferior in A can genera),
L-eelled, sagt often — and parietal, sometimes meeting in axis.
Pie i ing ovary 2-celled. Ovules very sre eon a ates
mat ry many, minute. Embryo ‘
Psular (in our Mya: Ader Seeds very many. “omngdnirets ey
el
inhabiting water or wet places, and in Utricularia usually with minute.
142 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
bladders on the creeping axis.* Leaves often evanescent, either
simple entire radical and rosulate or in water capillary and multifid.*
8s ten small, on man \ olla
u
l-celled; style short. Ovules very many on a free aaa Faerie
Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule or irregularly breaking up. ds many.
L rn ie ts (p. 643).
121. The Sesamum Family.
Herbs with the /eaves opposite or ue Be jes purine, ores (espe-
bu vent ie 0 ° ie lobes
imbricate. anal aidynnmons or 2 ony persects a 5th often present
sastaminode. Ov
septum, not deeply lo sbed. Ovules few, or 2 many one-seriate only in
each cell, oar or in one-celled ovaries on divaricate parietal laminz.
Fruit capsular or drupaceous. Seeds wingless...Pedaliacee (p. 6€0).
pi su —— Family.
abr oer es only — pdr
i ase sai (alt. in Hlytraria and some Staurogyne), so es un-
equal in the pa we simple, fre ea nly, ‘with linear cystoliths. at " Flowatt
rarely solitary, bracteate and bracteolate (with few exceptions). Calyx
- -partite, rarely of several linear mk (Thunbergia) weg
lobes imbricate or twisted in bud. St. 4 or 2 on the tube, a
celled, cells sometimes remote or superposed. Disc us alla evident.
Ovary usually elongate, 2-celled, style filiform. —many i
cell superposed in two mh “9 line of the septum (exe.
unbergia, in which the two ovules ach cell are co
Capsule loculicidal, the vacua iting Hs bos the mesial line. Seeds
usually seated on hardened ¢ Se funicles pr roduced into an acute tip —
beyond them, mostly ovoid or chaligbaiand and orbicular.
Acanthacee (p. €62).
Order XXXIII. LAMIALES.
oody or herbaceous, usually with glands and aromatic or fetid.
Leaves nite oma whorled or alternate, very rarely compound, |
exstipulate. Flowers irregular or subregular, mostly cymose, io"
— racomed or deninla alyx ‘iunsllompaiconds persistent. Stame
or 2 wit without a rudimentary 5th, very rarely more than iF
= a 8). Ovary of 2 carpels, aren 4-celled by the formation
of a accomeney septum and frequently deeply 4-lobed, rarely 2-celled |
and entir a ed. eit —— Ovules usually 2 to each carpel, :
per ata n each cell. it of 4 1-seeded nutlets, or a drupe
4 pyrenes or TL celled Gute, rarely with an 8-celled endeonty
* According to Goebel the distinction between axis and leaf fails in baat" ricularia, |
+ Visible externally as translucent dashes or small raised lines. Cys! ‘on ;
only absent in some Thunbergiew, Nelsoniew; Acanthee and Aphelandree. =
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 143
nace with 2-4 valves on earenine ie: Micropyle and radicle
~— inferi eiber en 0 or scanty.
Bxee tion
Leaves oneal compound in Vitez, pinnatisect in some Lavandula and few
Flowers regular and 6-12-merous in Symphorema, and ovary ng 1-locular
at apex, fruit sometimes 1-seeded by abortion of ne other 3 ovules
Families: 123. Verbenacee ; 124. Labia
123. The Teak Family and Lantana Family.
Woody, more ys sa erbaceous, sometimes scandent by sarmentose
— a fcetid or quasi-aromatic from minute sunk glands, hairs
and o
stellate. C
‘erally 4-5-lobed or -toothed. Corolla usually 2-lipped and 5-4-lobed
_ with the two posterior fuse 2 connate. Stamens usually 4,r rar rely e
he or
Fruit drupaceous with a celled stone or 4—1 pyrenes or
— connate pecrapels: sometimes rir dry.. (Forkdadebe (p. 703).
ceptio
Ovary cated in Duranta.
Ovules between the 4 wings of a central column in Avicennia.
_ 124. The Mint and Sage Fami
Herbs or unde Saalay es rarely its usually with sweet or aromatic
smell due to ethereal oils secreted in glandular hairs often sunk in
- pits in the evdormnie and sometimes giving rise to translucent dots.
>tems often 4-sided. Flowers more or less zygomorphic, solitary or
_ Meontracted cymes in the leaf axils, or upper Loves palette a bracts
and flowers or cymes forming a spike or thyrse. Calyx t r, per-
‘stent. Corolla with 4-5 sube equal spreading lobes or 2-ipped, lobes
Bee bed bud. Stamens neste Ae the a be, 2 ufos 4 perfect, 2a
— *qual and s readin or declina didynam isc prominent.
: Ovary fr Tee slob bed or n or -partite, ae of tw © divided carpels, style
_ M8ing from between the lobes. Ovules 1 i Pack cell erect anatropous.
Fruit of 4 dry (in our area) indehiscent cocci or nutlet.
Labiate: (p. 725).
Order XXXIV. RUBIALES.
; — “arya or whorled. Calyx superior small. 8S 8 iso-
| Merous, <a i hataton usually 2 re Syscelled, 2-many-ovuled.
Albumen o
| 135. The lig and Gardenia Family.
| gl i Lhesapeges with opposite or whorled leaves and inter-
whole onttog of the Galiew). Flowers small to very large, regular,
; wit rarely | °
: Calyx usually sma
. Cordlla 4-5-merous or roy Sat ses to 12. St. usually isomerous
144 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
(sometimes fewer “ame the seer acer are more than 5) inserted
in the tube or at the m “— of the corolla. Disc epigynous. Ovary
mostly 2-celled, anys celle a ney rarely Sater 1-celled
(with parietal placentz), Pe simple or cleft. Ovules 1 or more in
each cell, usually on the septum. Fruit various. Cctytedos usually
BONE 5. EO gates © Ad SAD be Bae ee FA Goh eees o7 Rubiacee (p. 419).
phage: ning ere agit
BT neh; oft Le lternate. rare ly opposite,
exstipulate. Flowers tele or irregul ar. Calyx superior, rarely
obsolete. Stamens isomerous or rarely (Stylidacec) reduced to 2, free —
or connate with ‘the style, anthers free or connate. Ovary completely
inferior, usually 2—-5-celled. Ovu ies 8s many a om ge Fruit usually cap- —
sular. Seeds albuminous, many, small or min
Families: 126. Campanulacee ; 127. Siylidacete
ats ante Bell-flower Family.
ershrubs. Flowers axillary or racemose or spicate
regular. or r (Label irregular, 2-sexual. Calyx 4-6-partite, usually
persistent rolla with v alvate lobes. Stamens 4-6, inserted with |
t n i i
Style 1 with preantis as many as cells. Ov ues. on usually swollen
placente. Fruit capsular or ed Embryo ere
Ca mapa etdipsh (p. 499).
sis ire Stylidium Family.
. 1-2- “ison irregular in corymbs, cymes or panicles. Calyz
2- itp iors Stamens 2, filaments connate with the style into a column. —
Ovary has, "Dydles va is Fruit a 1_2-celled, 2-valved
capsule, valves sometimes yaerinat rh ead bottom
=
Stylidiaceee (p. 498):
or XXXVI. ASTERALES.
Herbs, rarely shru Juice sometimes milky. Calyx superiol, |
small or obsolete or Keaigod toa pappus. Stamens snare ous, mostly
syngenesious. Ovary inferior 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Ovale erect. Seed
albuminous.
ar The Daisy and Thistle Family.
alt., more rarely opp., simple or pinnatifid, exstipulate, base |
is pst often ei pase Flowers sessile ¥ in den se heads on @ comme 1.
fs
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 145
240. Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONES.
The Monocotyledons are few compared with the Dicotyledons, and
they are usually herbaceous. The arborescent forms are e easily dis
tinguished from dicotyledonous trees by the pen arenes - slender
stems, unbranched or but sli ghtly ‘branched and n uch more
na ae Thi
stem in
thickness, dhough in some asses’ perhaps ther a ‘prada al slight
. . he
Q
@
—
5
ie)
°
as
ie}
‘ai
—
n
Sy
=
tic}
bm
77)
72)
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os
oF
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lena
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=]
Qu
ae
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e
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fer)
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at
ie}
Lar
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2 § &
o 8
ct
wS
J
2
a
ix]
®
s
mn
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oO
=
~
nn
°
3
OS
8
a
< i ous.
Exceptions we ae eral yale che : cba ter of the sho oe are
also fo me "ie (e. g. Asparagus, Smilax), some
Pandanu me won sses (specially fx Bamboos), a few Scitaminee
| (Olinogyne) cna a few
‘The typical monocotyledonous the is simple, narrow, with parallel
venation ahd a sheathing base ; een the she ain hese and the
blade es be a short petiole me the cotyledon heathing
mu
und the p » thi om
«Occur in ays Dicotyledons, especially in the Ranales, Rosales and Um-
: per ome
Taccacee and pag a with few exceptions, tuberou
: oem in like so many oth Pe gp S00 The parts of the
241, Ainteaag OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES OF
é HE MONOCOTYLEDONS.
roe I, FLUVIALES (Helobiz).
Aquatic or marsh plants. Flowers regular, often heterochlamydeous
and wit ms 3-merous eee throughout, or stamens and carpels numerous,
146 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
or flowers re vo Ovary apocarpous and superior to (Hydrochari- |
tacee) eee ae inferior. Fruit of follicles, p95 art capsular or
membrano a Seed without albumen. Embryo with
large swollen 1 hypoce
Families _ acide come 130. Naiadacee ; 131. Hydrocharitacee.
129. The Water Plantain Family.
Leaves radical. Fis. paipsigseas ate cay x ong corolla - 3-
merous. Stamens hypogy or perigynous. s 3-6 or more,
l-celled, free. Fruit of bs Me or follicles......- gh pens (p. 848). |
130. The Naiad Family.
Leaves opp. or alternate, submerged or floating. Flowers incon-
spicuous, 1-2-sexual, hoisotochlamaydedus: Perianth of 3-4 tepals or
ae 0 e
wal ‘
pata, drupels o eC Aponsnel on) niles Seo gee oN hindi (p- 5. 846).
131. The Vallisneria Family.
eaves submerged or floating. Flowers inconsp! icuous to showy,
1-2-sexual, enclosed in a spathe, female solitary, —_ oio- or hetero-
chlamydeous. Sepals 3. Petals sometimes 0. Stamens 3-1 12, rarely
2-1, sometimes one or two horls of staminodes. "‘Oaer ry infer erior,
placente parietal or almost azile, stigmas 3-12. Ovules anatropous
or orthotropous. Fruit membranous or fleshy.
Hydrocharitacee (p. 852).
Order II. _ SPADICIFLOREZ.
mmon oo of this order are yt the pire waned One the
asse
y compo
climbers, e.g. rattans) or herbs with simple o tn a
plants reduced to minute floating thalloid Sidi sae ).
Sub-order Arales. Fam.: 132. Araceae ;
Sub-order Pandanales. a 134. P Pandanacee m3. “T yphacec
seek t: Palmales. Fam.: 136. Palmacee ; 137. Cyelanthacet :
sub-order begins with the more normal and ends with the
more sedheiged families
Sub-order I. ARALES.
Herbaceous, rarely aquatic (minute aquatics in Lemnacee), U usually
tuberous or rhizomatous. L. usually broad and fleshy, § simple 0
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 147
divided, not distichously appressed face to face. Spadix usually
fleshy and serine.» a coriaceous or fleshy spathe enclosing the spadix,
at least when you
1382. The Aroid Family.
sometim erennial stnnledes rarely aquatic haat quite pated
and Wiibwhat fles Leaves well-developed si or palmately or
wwided, rarely pinnatifid. Flowers crowded on a simple fles
spadix w green or colou persistent or ciduous sometimes
petaloid spathe, usual onecious with the female fls. below the male
Spadix often p ced beyond the fils. Per of 4-8 segments or
cupular or usually su ssed. Anthers i sexual fls. 4-8, in l-sexual
fis red —8, often united into synandria with the connective
shad de the cells. Ova geek usually entire, 1-many celled
Aracee (p. 856).
Bseptions —
Th th semi-aquatic or aquatic genera Cryptocoryne and Pistia, the spadix is
much pean and the lave is solitary or ovaries in a single basal whorl,
Leaves linear in Cryptocoryne. Flowers dicecious in Arisema. Seed without
albumen in Pothos
133, The Hiss wees Family.
Minute floating — with the shoot consisting of a green we
flat or plano-conve x expansion, increasing copiously by gemmatio
Flowers minute consisting of 1-2 nated aes | or ¢ Tuem ‘Leelled
ometi enclosed
spathe and reaching the exterior by a ‘Mieralé cleft ir in the bend Ovar.
leelled with 1-7 ovules. Seed with or without album
Eeiinacess (p. 873).
Sub-order II. PANDANALES.
Woody — s or marsh herbs. Leaves ada long and narro
Placed more or less with their flat sides opposed. Spathes etaliy
deciduous, sometimes wanting. Perianth is om of pe Seed albu-
134. The Screw Pine Family.
Shrubs so metimes nearly stemless, or trees, often cote stilt roots.
Leaves sei \sa arranged spinulosely toothed. Flower. 8 dicecious,
_ owded on sim ple or ag anched s Bacio ces. Perianth 0. Male with
numerous stame imits of an individua flower often not defined
Ovary of one to wrk 1 i and cells. St distinct. Ovules
ay and suber r many parietal. Fruit of Clomcarp. ects
AOR Me meee reer er rere rete severe ceeeee
148 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
135. The Reed-mace Family.
sted sh herbs, often tall with erect aon! linear leaves. Flower:
ecious, arranged like the aro sore ith the male portion of the
one bai above the female or sometim nee wo or more cylindric female
_ a the male. Perianth 0 or of hairs. Male fl. with 1-5
stam . with a minute mivitate "carpel with 1-pendulous ovule.
sige very minute with membranous pericarp... -- Typhacec (p. 875).
an sktneia pacoisvel lou save needa?
Sub-order III. PALMALES.
Trees or shrubs with distichous or spiral large flabellate or sere
pinnately compound plicate leaves. Flowers moncecious or dicecious.
Ovary free or immers rsed in the spadix, apocarpous or spate
elled.
The Cyclanthacew are united here with the Palmacee for pppoe They
only bear a superficial resemblance to one another, and in some res spects the
Cyclanthacee ap appear closer to the ‘Aroids and in others to the Pandanacem
136. The Palm Family.
Woody Sie with a sale inal unbranched crown of large rigid leaves
wi metimes
achis.
many on 4 aarietal | placentee Cn res eyes Cy amie e 878).
Order Il]. GLUMIFLORZ.
(Grasses and Sedges.)
Herbs with grass-like leaves or, if woody, then with long slender
mostly hollow “‘ culms” which complete their height growth in one year.
a) xil
Bs d, 1-ovuled.
the seed fused with the ricarp, rarely free, albumen copious.
A highly evolved group probably derived from low down on -~
m educed
Families: 138. Cyperaceew ; 139. Graminee
* N.B.—Herbaceous members occur in this family, which is not indigenous.
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 149
138. The Sedge Family.
Grass-like herbs. Stems usually 3-angled or ~ rene ae dor
with ie, rarely open sheaths. Ligule obscure o Ow ak
sexual in the axils of wer haar 8 Pee pan (bracteoe Periant
of 6 scales or bristles mber of hairs or 0. Stamens 3-1, omen
i * Ovary 2-3- oir oat: persenctis pe ——- Hokers basal
free er .. Cyperacee (p. 888).
iteceptions
In-the Carices the ovary is enclosed in a utricle through the top of which the
a project. From comparison with an allied genus (Elyna) it appears that
em mnan 5
this secondary spikelet bears a convolute bract (utricle) in the axil of which is
the naked female flower. The rest of the secondary shoot is Sioitre e in Carex.
189. The Grass Family.
Herbs or woody (Bamboos). Stems if angled 2-edged, and leaves
disiichous with usually open sheaths and gene erally ee Ag as
Fis i subte
i } nthers
versatile. Ovary probably of 1 carpel but ie baie Pag 2 renee
stigmas. Embryo basal lateral...........++-+-++ Graminec (p. 937).
Order IV. ENANTIOBLASTEZ.
dieialae y derived low Bhi — the veameee stock.)
2 Monoco y ‘ the ¢ Tyo i at * spate 28 (or side,
where the funicle is lateral) e hilum. Frequently swamp plan
with radi r alte leaves with 8 ase and rarely dis-
tinct petiole. Flowers hypogynous, of typical monocotyledonous type
3-mer horls in a well-developed 2-se flower, or calyx an
corolla sub-si r and very small and especially w flowers are in
capitate inflorescences, caly corolla ce 2 members o
x .
hairs, or corolla 0. Inflorescence cymose in spathes, or often capitate
without spathe, rarely panicled. See sa penn lesenally attached.
Albumen copi cise a flo wery. Embryo min
soa amilies : 0. Commelinacee ; idl. ‘Xyridacee ; ; 142. Eriocau-
The Flagell included here by most German authors vag in the body
of the aioe wine faa show very many exceptions. Especia 6 ovals are
140. The Commelina Family.
Herbs with usually more or less lan ceolate or ovate parallel-nerved
leaves with a sheath. Flowers often cymose with the cymes enclose
in conduplicate spathes, but sometimes spathes absent and flowers
panicled, heterochlamydeous and often irregular. Calyx 3-merous.
150 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
Corolla = often blue, 3-merous, but 2 petals often ern or longer
clawed t the third. Stamens normally 6 in two 3-mer whorls
ive Phe se of corolla, but often os " Spa reduced to steaminaall
ene ce bearded. Ovary super celled or one cell abortive.
vules 1 or more in each cell, axile, eT attache
Cor nmelinacee (p. 1074).
441. The Xyris Family.
Tufted herbs with radical linear or subulate and rush-like leaves ee
thed at the base with a terminal 2-sexua 1 head o
larger caducous. Peta d, marce
fertile aia 3 reduced or 0. Ovar ry L or hed eee 3. celled. Ovules
ma Xyridacee (p. 1072).
; Dk a eae Oe BE 6 ee: Eee 0 8 Ore ee
Stamens 6 or few Ovary
ef eee ew Cle ew ee ere eee ere er a7 Fe Pe FP
Order V. CALYCINA.
rbs or suffruticose (Flagellaria) gee ® sometimes scandent with
tubular or septate or flat simple lea Flowers regular homoio-
i i l i occasi
drupaceous with 1-3 pyrenes or locu dally 3
(Juncacee) i laterally attached (Tineclleviecon’: Albumen sop
embryo nex
Families : 143. Vipin 144. Juncacee.
4143. The Flagellaria Family.
Stem leafy erect or scandent and sub- tetas climbing by the cirrhose
leaf-tips. Leaves thdosolih; egg Flowers in terminal panicles,
homoiochlamydeous, subscar hite or brown; regaledl or tepals
someriet apeaunl. Ovary ener ts ene les 1 in each cell, axile.
h rupaceous. Seeds laterally attached. Embryo
Fruit fleshy dr
i or alashareal Albumen copious
floury.
Flagellariacee (p- 1073).
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 151
144. The Rush Family.
Erect fc, tiny aby stems and leaves on a perennial stock, rarely
annual. nati slightly flatt — — concave above
Flowers outa ni and sub-scarious or aceous, cymose
regular. Ovary re 3- calléd. ce ules many axile in t ‘the 3-celled ovary,
rarely 3 only and basal in the 1-celled ovary, anatropous. Fruit
capsular, 3-v wait ed. Seeds not laterally attached, mostly Tolliptic with
the testa often produced both ends............. Juncacee (p. 1083).
Order VI. LILIIFLORA.
(<— Probably derived from low down on the mo onosey leona
stock, but leading to the most highly evolved orders. )
Mostly oe stock vie often ae itera w ag shrubs with
a crown of sword-shaped leaves. Flow regular or somewhat
Siiésorphic, itor nearly always with bs alte ing 3-merous floral
whorls (the inner whorl of stamens is suppressed in the Jr @a
some Burma ). Perianth wi ith both whorls usually petaloid,
tepals free or connate. Ovary inferior or superior or half-infer a
3-celled with 2 ro “we anatropous ovules axile in each cell. Album
always - Seppde ent usually fleshy or cartilaginous.
Flowers very small and bora dicecious in Dioscoreacee.
Flowers eyed Sone ern henge n Bro menace, irregular in Pontederiacee, 2- or
Roxbu iliac
les 1-2 erect = peony nding in poan got or pendulous in some Hemadoracee,
oxbur, laMaves, Dioscoreacee. prt aes few genera of ner Sention, q.0.
Tc pune mealy in nt Pontaderiaces and few few Brom on which account they
metimes included in Enant
Place nte 3 parietal in some Pontederiacee and Taccacee. Seeds minute with
tudimentary embryo and albumen of few cells only in Burmanniacee,
Families :—
A. oy ape ovary superior, free rarely eon adnate at base:- —
Liliaceew ; 146. Roxbu argon te Pontederiacee.
B. (Bpigvner ovary inferior or half i
“Hamadorace 149. maryliaces 150. Taccacee; 151.
152. Dioscoreacee ;
153. Burmanniacee ; 154. Tridacea.
145. The Lily Family.
Herbs, r rarely shrubs or trees with a secondary growth in thickness.
Leaves various, rarely reduced to scales, usually parallel-nerved.
Flowers mostly 2-sexual, regular, r ravely mbelled. Perianth inferior,
Petaloid, tepals free or connate at base into a tube, in 2 3-merou
whorls Stamens A hypogynons or on tial. wary free 3-celled
With azile place Ovules al each cell 2-many, anatro Seloea
ait baccate or — sular. Seeds with poniene sips men. Embry
aight dicl Bair near the hilu
ght or curved with radicle usually pe (p. 1084).
152 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
Exception :
Ovules aun in each cell, pendulous, straight in Smilaz. oa
we eyo Py erect in each cell or ascending from the lower angle in Dracena and
ans
Frowers ‘slightly irregular in Gloriosa. ‘
146. The Roxburghia Family.
Herbs, mes in our species, with alt. OPP. or pieiat leaves. Flowers
2
xilla acemose, regular, 2—4-merous. nth half % a
tepals’! 2 2-merous whorls. martes 4s ubshyog ey nous.
free or is it inferior l-celled. Ovules 2 or more er anatro sea
Capsule compressed, 2-seeded. .....++++++++> Ro peas (p. 1100)
447. The Water Hyacinth yess
Aquatic herbs with erect or flo oating leaves. Flowers spiked or
e , irregular. Perianth dntpeail 6-partite. Stamens 1-6, one
vores longer than the Bice 3-celled, or 1-cell ith
3 parietal placente. Ovul more on each —— Fruit a
Tocalioidal capsule. Seeds a cece or floury album
Pov aaa (p. 1104).
148. A small family separable from the Liliacee by vhs frequently
zygomorphic flowers, the outer whorl of stamens sometimes absent, the
di
*
ia
=
oe
oe
ue}
be}
oO
Mm
fv)
=
i=}
ct
wD
~
a
e§
oS
33
S.
~
a
* oe
=
a
iss}
*
~
it
mS
=
~~
=,
°
aS
=
oO
mM
D
=
a
=
oe
3
a
or half-i rT; el
cell few a <4 or ve ‘Peliosanthes) w with 1-2 ascending
ovules. Stigma capit Fruit capsular (Peliosa ei d
bursting through the odes ieee while mooning: Embryo mall in
the fleshy pea Ris es sss men emannad Heamodoracee (p. 1099).
The genera w sub-erect ovules and 6 stamens (including Pelioeg’ aI
are somotiiies Imoinded | 2 the Liliacee, Thus limited there are no India’
Sanseviera sometimes included in this family being transferred to L vince.
149. The ngas and Agave Family.
en a patos or shrubs with a stout caudex and a
pecia
corona present between or at the back of the stamens.
ap aati excentric, enclosed in albumen....-. pee eee
eptio
Leaves alicata’ in Curculigo and flowers sometimes 1- sexual.
150. A small family with the leaves, from a tuber, aly peril
lobed or pant ifid. Fls. umbellate and nie A orted by a
spathaceous involucre. Perianth oie "a hort broad ae Tobes 6 :
mens 6 cucullate with the anthers inside age cowl. ry 1 -celled
pasiic : s iptoes placente. Ovules many, anatropous . stnioné amphi
“Soo > eae eanerer eerie Poccocen (eae
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 153
é 151. The ating Family.
An Am a cal mostly with eg H doc or sub-radical
leaves ipihany arranged and sheathing w amplexicaul base.
_ Infloresce commonly from the centre of ‘ne lat rosea spiciform
ni
Stamens 6.
Ovules usually very many, anatropous. ha baccate, sometimes (as
in the pineapple) fruits combined into a sync
Bromeliaceee (p. 1114).
152. The Yam Family. :
Twiners from a tuberous rootstock or from a hard rhizome which
. frequently bears succulent tubers at the ends of long fleshy fibres
ora
principal nerves. Fils. small, regular, diewcious. Tepals in t
sei pore: Male with 3 or 6. stamens or 3 st. and 3 staminodes.
Ovary inferior, 3-celled and 3-quetrous with 2 aur in each cell.
Fri. ¢ ular 3. winged (in our species). Seeds
Dussseasls (p. 1115).
158. Herbs with linear radical leaves or leaves reduced to scales.
Flowers regular, 2-sexual, spicate or racemed or solitary or on the
branches o: Peri adnate to the ovary (& nthium coloured)
and produced above it into a persistent 6- rarely 3-lobed gamophyllous
often angled tube with valvate lobes. 3 sessile on t
perianth. Ovary inferior 3- or l-celled. Ovules many small anatro-
pous. Fruit capsular. Seeds minute. Miiames few-celled only.
Himbryo very minute... ...ceecsccccscececes Burmanniacee (p. 1124 p.
_ 154. The Iris Famil
Herbs with usu ills y tuberous rootstock and narrow often equitant
lo 2 regular or somewhat ayeomepie Perianth
t the base
be orl or epi, 8
& connate. Ovary 3-celled inferior. Style branches rarely simple,
often petaloid. Ovules many 2-seriate axile. Fruit capsular. Seeds
. Many rh
SEAS WA Se 61h 0 2 6 ¢, 6, 0..6 8.+ +.9.8, 8 815.0 01h,0 9 + 2 99 2.8 ye ®
Order VII. SCITAMINES.
_ Perennial, usually large, rhizomatous herbs, sometimes arboreous
m form, very rarely stem ody. Leaves well developed with
petiole and blade and closely nerved. Flowers eee ane
r, 2-sexual, u y spicate, heterochlamydeou
t spathaceous or tubular or sepals imbricate Corolla vabons
Phe 3 free or connate Andrecium mostly very irregular
y one perfect anther or one cell of an anther, the remainder o
, “Haminodes, two or more of SpAIeA are usually petaloid, rarely (Musacee)
154 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
with 5 perfect stamens and one stam inode. Ovary inferior 3-celled
with axile placentation, rarely with 3 parinte: Danone Style slender;
2 very short stylodes cape present. Ovules many anatropous.
Albumen floury. Embryo sm
Families: 155. Musacee ; 156. Zingiberacee ; 157. Cannacew;
@.
Flowers in Musa sometimes 1- sexual.
Ovules 1 only in Sach cell in Marantacee.
4155. The Banana Family.
Large or gigantic herbs rarely woody — but often arboreous
in form, the large stem usually compos sed of convolute leaf-sheaths,
through the centre of which the ceforenoente is Phra up until it
emerges from the top as a stout s ike covered with coloured pete or
t t wi or 2-sexual
segments free or connate, sometimes unequal. Fertile stamens 5, very
rarely 6, the posterior usually a staminode. Ovary 3-celled. Ovules
Mus
i-many in each cell.......--+++eeereeeeeeretes usacece (p. 1126).
156. The Ginger Family.
Perennial herbs, often very large, usually from a rhizom per
distinct or composed of convo aed leaf-she ca oan
distinct from the leafy stem scence tay: capitate .
oe hg rarely fis. so ist often showy, Rab ular tamen only
perfect and a nther 2-ce s the. orsal one of the
present as teeth, lobes or petaloid stamino des. ary 3- rarely
l-celled. Ovules many. Seeds often arilled.
As in Zingiberacee but andrecium consis sting od : o des fertile
anther-cell on the margin of a petaloid stamen. Oppo o the fertile
stamen is a recurved petaloid staminode and in oaaitic os 2-3 erect
pet staminodes, all more or less adn to the corolla tube
Style adnate at the to the staminal dea ad and ft med
upwards with small terminal and oblique stigma. Ovules several i
each cell in 2 series. Capsule 3-celled, oapilloes tubercled or echinate.
Seeds globose. ....sececesecececeeesereccceets Cannaceee (p. 1147)
158. The Arrowroot Family.
Closely resembling the last two families. Petiole above the sheath
red in the b stamen omit
geniculate or swollen. s. paired in the bracts
fertile with a single perfect anther-cell, the other half of “the stamet
Reng. petal id. x: e staminodes the inner staminal
whorl are the “ cucullat node” which is furnished oo one side
bata a shen 7 ee pi “the labellum ” whic
CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 155
and often hardened. Of the outer whorl 1 or 2 staminodes are petaloid,
or sometimes all 3 fail. Style stout curved, at first included in the
cucullate staminode. Ovulelin eachcell....... Marantacee (p. 1148).
Order VIII. GYNANDRAE.
Terrestrial or fy ag but ee herbs, prise with pseudobulbs
or fleshy stems, the joints of which form a sympodium. Leave
mostly fleshy a coaaeene sometimes plicate. Flowers irregular,
usually very zygomorphic. Perianth in two whorls, usually of ced
texture. Calyx superior, 3-merous. Petals 3, one, the “lip,” dis
two.
| Anther usually one only, rarely (Cypripediew) two, sessile or sub-sessile
on the column, opposed to the ia Pollen ¢ se in each anther-cell
1, asses (pollinia) ‘which a waxy or granular. Ovary
eis 1- rarely 3-celled. Stigm or two viscid areas on the
top or cist or or on lateral processes a the: column. Seeds most minute
and rous. Embryo not differentiated.
me the Orchid Family.......... 00.06 0c3008 Orchidaceae (p. 1150).
ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS.
The abbreviated names of botanists are not t included. A fairly
complete list of these will be found in Watt’s nana of Economic
oducts, 1, xxvii, available in all Indian official libraries.
ynonymy has not usually been given except where the name differs
San
) The F vaof Fae India S Bid Fi
(b) eine Forest F lora (Br. For. Fl.).
Beng. Pl.).
(ec) The Forest Flora of Chota Nagpur r (Fl. Ch. Nag. or F.C.N.).
The name given by Roxburgh in his Flora Indica (Fl. Ind. ot Roxb)
i n added
Reference has often been made to the Rev. A. Cam pbell’s Descri
tive Catalogue of the Economic Pius of Chats N agper (Desc. Cat. I)
and to his herbarium (Camp. Herb.), and someti imes to Wood’s
Chutia Nagpur (Wood) and Thomas Anderson’s paper
of Behar and the Mountain Parasnath”’ Andemon) t published in the |
Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1863. H.B.C. or Hort. Bot. Cal. 8
he Herb at Sibpur, Calcutta rs to the systemati¢
list of the plants of Barkuda Island in the Chilka L by Dr. H. 6
Carte: arayanswami of the Botanical Surrer of lat
1922
botanical works and herbaria quoted in the text peek been eg
i obvio
orks not exactly botanical reference has ree been made to
tadien Plan ts and Drugs(I. P. & D.)by Nadkarni, and to The Mater |
Medica of the a Reig Med.) by U. C. Dutt, or the names of these
authors have bee
The following indicate the languages to which a vernacular aie
lon
= Kol, i.e. including | nice Mundati
4} Kha rw.=
= Ural,
5
F
&
fo)
ae
bride
I
=
5
é
(M. pe Pal nd Ho(wt
haggis et a Santali, Sans. = Sanskrit, Orie pant Gr.
h Th
DESCRIPTIVE ABBREVIATIONS AND ABBREVIATED ve
NAMES. g
albs 4 : ~ . ‘ pion endosperm.
alt. ; : : ; . alter
B. & O. 7 ¢ ; i Bihar oni Orissa.
CF... j FE é . Central Provinces
cold season
coloured.
ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. 157
corolla,
Central Tract.
cultiv. _ d.
ellipti
miokting or excludin
fide. -
hyp. . . : ; hypanthium.
me, . * ‘ . ineluding.
inf. or inflor. . . : : ee
Lorl. : ‘ eaves.
ise
eaflets.
moderate or medium sized.
male flowe
ie be Tract.
pos
/ peepee
Parasnath.
peduncle or pedicel.
pedicelled spikelet.
perianth.
petals
petiole.
: : ; . Trainy sea
: . : ‘ secondary nerves: sion followed by
an number cecal ag the
sence of setcanian ary nerves each
side of the midrib; the =a sath
ola? are usually omitted.
j ; Santal Parganas.
ik
. ; : variety.
‘ : . vernacular.
; NS.
"Added after, a locality, but without the name cee cena or of her-
. - Patium, signifies hed the oe hor has hims the plant in =
_ locality named (or in the case of Kalahandi, othaitied a specim
ugh a Sallestor ‘elt to ‘that State by himself).
158 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
! The same sign following the name of a >. in italics signifies that
the author has seen a spe cimen of the — concerned collected
is numerous or in ite.
+. The plus sign Hires sued for parts of a flower, e. g. peta tals ge
indicates separate whorls. In the example, two whorls of 3
who ve
Type. Page and fam numbers in the Introduction in deep type
refer to the agentes in the body of the work.
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED IN THE
FLOR
iia ACUMINATE, passing suddenly into a tapering point at
e
peemeener, can inning to gro
ACHENE, a dry 1-seeded carpel of an apocarpous fruit, e. g. the pips
ofa Sie wbe erry.
AcHLAMYD DEOUS, ees covering. A term applied to a flower
_ devoid of any peria
CICULAR, ct aa long, apne and rigid.
CROPETAL, with the youngest organs nearest to the
eee ane — — of a lateral organ (cab the apex of
the parent a Cp.
_AcuL ais, ieee og si sdoliod to somewhat curved prohieg
like those of a rose, and which are = iia toll branches
e all
-ADELPHOUS, combined in groups; @.g. mh combined
A in one Trou p.
ADHERENT, when the members of a flower pennies, united in the
course of growth to i members in a different whorl and of a different
— “i e.g. when the stamens become united to the corolla. Cp.
“tsion, the state of being adherent.
seamed e Adherent.
22 aa
hers.
eeesccn, not arising in the regular order from the growing
apices, but “pei ‘supp and irregularly.
; parva oN, the arrangement of the parts of the floral envelopes
m sil
a N, a general name for the nutritive tissue stored Sid in a
‘ seed olalesie the embryo, whether endosperm or perisperm
UMINOUS, containing albu é
ERNATE, the rela - werion of lateral members on an axis when
er.
ANaTRoPous. An pape ovule- is an ovule inverted on the
: le or stalk in “ rhe a way tha
the micropyle is directed ‘towards the point of origin of the funicle
j Which is adherent i: as side of the ovule. Vide also Ovule.
160 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
Anpracium, a collective word for all the stamens (and staminodes)
NN a g of specially page er cells. o
spo ia of many ferr lly arranged in interrupted at
one point and by its elastic straightening ai for the ‘sporeal
or, the si fro e parent he thesis
to erior.
terior sepal or sepals of a flower in an inflorescence will be the lower
sepal or — the upper one or ones will be called posterior and the
ANTHER » that part of the stamen _ contains the pollen. In
ngios erms it usually consists of cells, loculi ollen-sacs
ce 80 n
even one cell is present in the ripe anther. When the loculi lie their
tates length on the relatively broad connec — which then appears
continuation of the filament, the anther is called adnate. When —
ray filament appears to end at the base of the ‘hatoers the latter is —
called innate. If the anther swings freely on the top of f the filament, —
it is called versatile.
ANTHERIDIUM, the sche in Cryptogams which produces the
i term or male es.
APETALOUS, without Selgin or corolla.
APoca git see Ova —
ArcuEGoytum, the organ which contains the ovum or oosphere.
It typically cons ‘ists ite a narrow upper ‘portion or neck leading toa
basal dilated portion containing the oos eves The spermatonoi
oosphere throu
pore . 4
ortvM, the cell or group of cells which nai rise to the spores. —
LA, & space marked off a = rest or from the adjacent i
IL, an envelope which grows ashe ore the base of the seed and
more or less comp letely covers it. It is usually fleshy, ¢-9- the flesh
the Li - hi seed, the red covering on the Kujri (Celastrus panitt—
liticty ie % Bth
AR fone awned, or ‘when the point is fine like a hair,
See Awn.
Aw 7
ASCENDING, oe erect acole a prostrate or sub-prostrate base.
ASEXUAL GENER the spore producing gomnent ms such as the
fern, in contra-distinotion ee the. read prothallium. Syn. spore ophyte
AspErRovus, rough with pillee :
Arropny, the partial or F complet suppression of a member.
AURICLE, an ear-like apEe ae
Awn, a rigid very fine tie oat hair-like terminal appendage, @ |
the appendage sek the ears “of barley or the terminal twis sted appendage’
of the Spear-gras' :
Axit, the poor angle formed by an axis and a lateral ae
such as the angle formed by a leaf- wail with the stem from .
it springs. .
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. 161
AXILE, situated round an axis. Axile ovules are pase sitnated on
_ the column passing vertically pe the centre of a ary, which
: column may be either a free axis, or formed by the po of the
sapen
internal alte of the ov
AXILLARY, situated in an axil.
_ Axis. Any member which bears lateral STINET members may
he called the axis such subsidiary member
| peas, berry-like.
BALSAy aipesin dissolved in an ethereal oil.
| Race e Fertile.
. gag all oes tissues alive or dead situated outside the cambium
ow -NERVED, with several canellis or sub-equally, strong main
of primary nerves poh eae the base. Syn. palminerved, cp.
| Penninerved o Nerv
BaSIFIXED, a ri “the a es the Dass. Cp. Peltate, Dorsi-fixed,
Bastscorrc SIDE, the side of a lateral organ towards the base of the
~—parent ax: Cp. Acroscopic.
Bast, . stews of tissues distinct from the xylem or wood, a
= Beaxep, provided with a firm excurrent solid or narrowly tubular
- prolongation which is often te aig off from the body of the
; organ. — term is Bp applied t
: wever, s sf are fe ering or i Se uae
ofa thin skin or epicarp, a fleshy BO oe sf mesocarp, and sometimes
_ firmer hard inner portion or endo e nomen eit e de o-
| becomes stony or hard the fruit becomes f
pela m or the ar mple
aberry are the Jamun (Eugenia), Mebrli (Flacourtia), Brin Final (So (So cate
~The term is sometimes extended to include fruits which are not typical
c
e.
_ Brerynatisip, pinnatifid with the segments again pinnatifid.
Ee 2- sexual, containing both fertile stamens and carpels
a uae, the expanded part of a leaf, bract, etc., as distinct from the
Bostryx or Bovmascncins Cyne, see Helicoid cyme.
iene a reduced leaf. racts are usual on an inflorescence and
é bear a flo so pa se oui.
Bra AGrnone, small bracts occurring on the — - a next higher
: der than that on pease gras ep ti issituated. Ifb and bracteoles
*Ppear to arise from the same axis, the ee ‘vill usually be in
| 11
:
Saree We ener: geet eco
162 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
a different position ; thus in, tah i apeere if the bract is ventral the :
-_ two bracteoles if present are us pose
Buocrna, a trumpet, horn. ce natant é |
es
Aas
ta?)
Lat
like assemblage of minute leaves subsidy
tside of it, or (2) a a calyx-like organ, ¢ q. in
some Lorantha ane of which the morphology is doubtful, and may be
the to.
CALYPTRATE, ‘falling off as a cap without expanding, é. g- the corolla |
of many vines. © ae
Catyx, the outer floral ach 0 where these are i me differen-
tiated into calyx and corolla. The term is also used w re the inner i
floral envelope or sath is connaaned as raetennt “et Flower, a7
erian
Canyx-Tuse, the tube or cup formed by the ae of the leaves
of the calyx. Also pois A applied to an annular zone e torus,
w ‘s ‘ d frequently other
ae : ae
YoINE, resembling a ¢ meee in texture rather than peta
CaN wr, see Hoary. 4
CAPpITATE, (1) “auntie Sean into a vont - ye (2) Knob-like )
CAPITELLATE, in the aa mt a very small k
CaprruLuM, a head of :
Capsus, a form : eee t which becomes dry when ripe and opel’
by two or more valve Be
CarPEL, the modified leaves which bear the be te The carpe
h e.g. in female ©
occupy the centre of the flower when present (
nay meta flowers) and together form the ovary (9.?-)-
CARPOPHORE, 8 . a ripe ovar m which the ripe
subsequently separate or are sometimes pen ndant. the
Car , a peculiar éfoweh at the apical or micropylat end of th a
ATKIN, & peculiar form of inflorescence consisting of an elo
axis clothed with bracts in the axils of whi ch are 1- rarely 2
owers usually without, rarely ser “ stor inconspicuous, Pe
Ab hole inflorescence is i ae
aupats, furnish on ner tail-like tip.
yeaa CEOUS, paper ‘like i
sescin wa aivided evra sich ‘into 2
stestonouay't
(2) Coils crsAre, ‘ly rolled up longitudinally with a
: sens DE, a nth branch of only one internode,
leaves’’ of Asparagus.
(2-chotomous) 3 |
growing tip i
e.g: the 80
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. 163
oop club-shaped.
narrow or stalk-like base seta 7 some
e
from a single carpel of the ovary, an nd w
“sea from the other cocci. Cocci pri be dehiscent or inde-
occu, os = ieve above used in composition, e. g. 5-coccous
of 5e¢
sie cuits, a term ccootiott to the persistent axis of a fruit from
which the rest of the fruit falls away in some cases when ripe.
‘ CommissuRg, the plane of division between two carpels in Umbelli-
erous fruits.
Reibecoace, _— — gore a upon it —
CompounpD, composed of t more similar parts; thus a com-
pound leaf i ad of tw si ic shen separate Satioes, a coaitponiel
inflorescence of smaller inflorescences
spi united one to another. The term is used of similar parts
such as sepal to sepal or petal to petal, etc., e.g. the petals 8
the Cotton n plant; but the u nion of dissimilar parts, as, €.g., petal t
sepal, d be ter — te.
e a member, while the
member. meti
Z
4
=)
LUTE, rolled up from oth margi
Corparts, shaped like the ries: heart (as. on playing-cards),
_ & with the base heart-sha
aped.
OROLLA, one of the envelopes 0: of the flower and a collective name for
als,
imes a
ftom the back of the stamens ay be inter 3 between the
_ Stamens or continuous into a tube, e.g. in Pancr
Cortacrous, firm dry, or very tough, saison
; Crustacnous, firm and brittle, or very hard.
mB, a form of inflorescence in which the several branches or
| fowerstalc oe at different levels reach more or less the same
level at
: Cosra, Costin, see passa
; Coryiepon, a eaf pres e embryonic plant while yet
the seed. The Sieyicion (in *afonocotsledons) or cotyledons (in Di.
edons an s) in some species never nd but are
Gymnosperm so r expand
inating plant (hy ore germination); in other
Vv appear above ground as the first green leaves of the plant
Chie germination):
164 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
aM, a plant which does not form flowers and seeds in the ;
an
CRYPTOG
ordinary sense of those w ~— though the agereee ate of
sporophylls in Lycopods, etc., may be ra med a flow
Cusp, a short hard point or tip; sometimes ape ules in the sense
of a short pointed tip from an n otherwise denen aeobe
Cusprpats, (1) furnished with a cusp (2) sometime used as a
short expression for abruptly pit fe Bentham says “some —
botanists make a slight difference between acu nd cuspidate,
d
Cycxtc, with the parts arranged in whale, not spirall
“Ae a
_ a system of branching in which the main — poo to .
w or ag in a flower; the secondary or lateral axes from —
ene ex continue to grow beyond the parent axis voli may
be cng Sopearwied by branches or axes of a higher order. i :
R
acem
Dr mi ous, 10-androus, with ten se
Tent vos falling off. Cp. Caducou
:
Mu
DeEcLINATE, inclined to ine lower eee and often ascending at ,
the tip.
DECOMPOUND, repentedia branched.
DecuMBENT, having the lower parts prostra ate.
DECURRENT, prolo onged downwards from the base.
Decussats, in planes at right angles to one pears
DEFINITE, not varying in n umber, not numero
DEFLEXED, bent downwards.
ae to open by the sate es of the walls or valves.
DEHI tT, dehiscing w
the margin.
DENTICULATE, with little teeth, or points — the margin.
IADELPHOUS, 2-adelphous, in two bun A term m applied t0
stamens which are grouped into nati lots ; — lot may, howeveh,
stamen.
DIcHASIUM, a cymose method of branching in which each ax is ends
in a flower (er other short unbranched a axis) from be neath which | o
pair of be ei — branches arise n. Dichasial cyme-
DIcHLAMYD = hetero chlamydeous, or with two wh
als
DicHoromous, a method of branching in which each axis bitu
at the tip.
Dicoccovs, 2-coccous, consisting of two cocci.
DipyMovs, consisting of two equal or similar connected halves
lobes. In the case of anthers , the term is especially applied to
with two rounded lobes without — connective.
os
USE, r padi ng.
DiaitaTE, wiped g like the : Sagem of the hand. In the case
digitate conve, each leaflet is properly provided with a short §
when
aera “vith teeth peojentinig: more or less perpendicularly from
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. 165
tiole; if this is absent the leaf is palmately-compound or palmati-
DiaeRovs 2-merous, with the am in pair
BE, half wanting or rudimentary, or appearing to bes
Ka; a in two di sey form ephot
exes occur = different individuals, be vot
er on ee wines from the teiniis; as, e.g., usually in the
—
a eaiendleng or swellings, sometimes _prprengae of the torus
e calyx x and under or outside the pi isti
in the popular sense of t ord ‘disc.
a flower head without ray Pred cp. Raste
ced aleeriately in two opposite row
above another in two opposite rows, one
ein
DissECTED or Drvipep, when the incisions between the segments
t reach the midrib or or petiole, but the ener s or segments so divided
d axis without Cp. -
smears, meals in opposite dieoutioan from a “common
oil or m 8:
Drupa aovs; more orb 8 mb
of fruit consisting of e or less pt see peri-
p which encloses a single 1 saci he poten e.g. a The
r more
vm, fon ‘of the small drupes which may be formed from
2 onl pte ovary, or the drupe-like min of a deeply divided fruit
ed from a lobed but slavery so
Eanacraars, without brac
vino with long woasaitii spines.
» see ogy.
= DAPEIO, depending upon the nature and condition of the s oil.
de ‘el a term applied to an inflorescence with loose widely-spread-
ving a deep dent at the apex. If the dent is
aving @
t and Sialiowed it becomes retwse.
e new plant from the time of its inception in the fer-
n of 3
mad oo tissue formed within the Se arsdialon or ma
to fertilization (in the ¢ of Angiosperms) rs
to fod the embryo. In Gyameepérms the prothallium
166. BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
(though a secondary endosperm may be also developed). Cp. Pa
er
ENTIRE, with the margin or edges not toothed or cut but even end
us.
EpicaLyx, a whorl * bracts just beneath the calyx and in some
respects Secaachllea it; in other cases none rtp of these
which also resemble a ed ndary exterior calyx
Epicarp, the outermost layer of the fr rui
ErigeaL, when the cotyledons are raised above the ground free
from the seed in sertiinabiee and become leaf-like.
EpigyNnovus, an epigynous flower is one in which the torus or re
ceptacle grows up at the circumference (which now a = hypan-
alyx
thium), iat he with it the calyx, corolla asin mpletely
enclosing ary. An epigynous calyx, s ns, pie pat Se to
ee “postion with regard to the pri or ae stil. Cp. Peri-
this
gynous, Hypogyno
EPpipETALovs, aiaaaee on the corolla or petals. The postions of
epipetalous os ns = be either due to the growth of a common
of the torus carrying with it both petals and stamens, or to the oe
ing up togethe er of oh corolla and stamens (i. e. adhesion of corolla —
ee. a plant which grows upon another plant without, how
woe aes its nutriment from the living parts of such other plant
Cp. Parasi
FT epli (1) situated on the sepals. (2) Situated opposite to
the senate
Equrrant, in vertical rows with the bases of the outer sheathing
the hee the inner leaves, e. g. in many of so Iris Family.
ERECTO-PATENT, ~ Es erect and sprea ;
ERosE, appearing torn ee tage at the As a
EUSPORANGIATE, wher spo samt proc ceed from a group
epidermal cells and the sas —< um is t be nppesentey al terminal mi
of the axile row of cells of the rudimentary sporangium
—
EXcuRRENT, runnin ath he eae the margin.
EXTRA-AXILLARY, situated away from the axil of the le
it is nearest. : om
XTRORSE, applied to anthers which open towards the circum
ae of the flower and not towards the pistil. Opposed
trorse. is
a
af to which |
CATE, somewhat
d,
UM OF DISSEPIMENT, an inner wall of an ovary W. C
son teamed risks a incurved edges of the carpels and is ceually i
late development. =
FASCICLED, closely aggregated.
Lei peradgns fo ibe: sg itl - upright. ee |
MAL which bears an ep eo ae
onaien araants ‘of f fertilization oe becoming en not ke |
stamens. A flower which only bears an a or functio 2
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. 167
—_ (pistillode) is not enna a tomele flower. A female plant
od “a —_ only bears female flow
“41
A fertile. onan is one that develops functional pollen, in contra-
distinction to a sone pri A fertile frond in a fern is one that bears
ngi
rren
, used i ‘composition, ‘divided about half- -way d Cp.
-partite, e, -lobed, - np leaves are cut into lobes, hy said
— to be pinna atitid, MT ia i eodatifid, etc.,”’ Bentham’s British and
Colonial F
Fiuamext, ‘the stalk of an anther, i. e. the lower part of a stamen,
which may, however, be absent, = which case the anther is sessile.
Finirorm, very slender, hair-li
Fineniar®, clothed with narrow or filiform appendages.
ase
ators. thick and of what firmer texture than succulent.
di
the axis (torus, r ii bg cle) on which they are inserted, and together
with the aper ecialized leaves (perianth calyx, corolla), if any, which
surrou und cemxnere these or,
A typ ieak:2 -sexual flower ga ace perms consists of (a) two circles
hors) o of perianth leaves, she outer of which is green and herbaceous
(calyx), the inner (corolla) white or coloured and of different texture
(petaloid), (b) one or more whorls of male speoaph ie fae gel + one
or es 1 or
any or 09 3 absent t with the exception of a single stamen or a
— carpe aaa torus.
LATE, in composition refers to the leaflets in a compound
te . “ 3- foliolate 1 means with 3 leaflets
- sana o united wit ot er members
TRAL PLACENTATION, where the ovules are situated on the
"axis of a uniloculer ovary, which may be produced above the base of
the “sing orn
= oes usually Ae tor to the leaf of a fer
Dcerresos ATION, a fruit or aggregation of ms ge such
€ axi , rs
vit, the ovary (in the case of an apocarpous ovary all th e carpels)
t.
ase of inferior ovaries the accrescent hypanthium or investing part
of - - oral axis, e.g. ete In Cryptogams, the collection of
spora :
(ote chins botanists term each carpel of an apocarpous fruit
a truit.)
eencass, ae 3 shrubby.
Bsomoose
UGACIOUS, ra ‘idl a ing or falling off.
sgn the stad 4 Which the ovule is attached to the placenta
the
168 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
Furcatt, forked.
Gamo-, in composition means united or in one piece, i. e. not divi
the base into separate members, e. g. ga ge neig name with ‘the
t
perianth leaves united at least below, etc. — term is used
where perhaps the lower or tubular portion is an ann emilee zone of ‘he
floral axis of a same a as the leaves, potalts etc., concern
EMINATE, i
GIBBOUS, SW rolleh on one side; humped.
GuLABRATE, nearly glabro
GuaBrovs, without any h
GLABRESCENT, with dec oon — becoming glabrous.
a. of a blue- -green colou
Guiume, the bracts and ease on the spikelets of the grasses
end poh
GoxorHorE, an internode of the floral axis between the corolla and
stamens, and hence bearing both the stamens and the pistil. Cp.
rit.
Nous, in composition signifies -angled, e. 9. 3- -gonous.
When ih ag angled I have usually used the term “ -que etrous.’
GREGARIOUS, occurring associated in large quantities, e. g. the Sal
Gynaceum or GyNnzcrum, the carpel, ovary or assemblage of carpels
a).
NDROUS, with mens adnate to the pis
GYNANDROPHORE, same as gonophore.
pte eam ses — the ue of boa arpel or ov —
G inter e floral axis between the stamens
and _ pistil, so that the oie is sodeidinechiblas sit from the
stamens. Cp. Gonopho
ae clothed with pene er long, not very dense hairs. Cp.
~
4
5
[on
_®
Ph
ve
AMYDEOUS, with only one whorl ies perianth leaves.
Haru ovgaacwr ett with only one whorl of stamens.
Hastate, shaped like an arrow-head in ehiohet arbs, basal
lobes or auricles spread more or Ces at right angl
blade.
Heticorp (cyME), a form of sympodial cymose branching in
the newer axis always arises to the same side of the parent 5
be
that the sympodium overs more or less spiral, e. g. each half of @
pedate leaf. pene Bostrycho
Hemicyc.ic, with some of the floral members whorled or cyclic
and others apical e.g. with the calyx and corolla in
m
arr.
seek partially parasitic. Hemipara oe pot have green —
Joparasites are
lea acne ag starch, etc., for themselves. Ho’
completely par a
HER ce hen (flower), a "yes in which both stamens 4m
ovary ne get sent and functio
HETEROCHLAMYDEOUS, with zw -perianth distinctly siterentisiel
1 a
into a salye and a corolla.
the :
es to the ye of the |
— ris and the :
Z|
|
|
|
|
|
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. 169
Hetrerocamovs, a term usually restricted to the flower-heads of
the Composite and the spikelets of grasses where the flowers are of
two kinds are in sex in the same head or spikelet, 7. e. some male
female, her ees . or neuter flowers, or any two or three of these, are
included in th ead.
amunosroROUS, g Sevaren spores of different kinds. See Spore
Hiivm, the a a seed indicating the point of separation from
the Faniele ors
UTE, — a = covering of somewh sa oe long
and — adi ne hairs. Cp. Hairy, Pubescent, Villo
His ith short s sednenl very stiff hairs or bristle es; sometimes
— ast oy the hair only is stiff. A hispid surface feels harsh to the
~
r CANESCENT, when the hairs are so short as not to be
sg by the naked eye and yet give a general whitish or grey
hue “a ~ ae
a term usually restricted to ar flower-heads of the
Gimpositce san ie spikelets of grasses where the flowers are all similar
another in sex in the same head or spikelet, i.e. either all male,
orocHtasee DoCS, where the different whorls or members of
the perianth or floral envelopes are all similar in texture, 7. e. not
distinctly . -Piaamseeiieen aan calyx and corolla. Cp. Haplochlamy-
— Heterochlamydeous.
oLogous, of similar morphological significance.
Nbeattrescter 2, a plant requiring a constant supply of moisture all
the a —
m, a more or less tubular or flask-shaped zone of the
ie axis s which reve BP. above the lev el of the ovary and be ars
on its mar,
It is sometimes ‘constricted above the ovary se prolonged ional a
“ beak ” ve it, It is either green or coloured, specially in fruit.
The e ovary y lie free edthis it or be closely invested by
80
ie
it, in which « case it may be referred to as the ovary -wall. See al
-tube.
one germination in a the — remain in the seed.
Hypocynovs, situated on the torus at the same level as, or below
the level of the base of the’ aio in Peri meena giggesin
_ Iupricare, a mode of estivation in which one member of the whorl
ls outside all the others (i. e. its margins are fiat and one inside all
the others _ e. iis h on are overlapped); the others usually
overlap by o argin Also used i leaves, etc., where they
overlap one another : ke “the ‘tiles of a hous
Incisep, deeply
= URVED, with t he al curved ian a the ape
DEFINITE, of varying number an — y numer
IspEntsceNr, not rg ng by valves or pores. The libera shied of
the seeds of an er fruit takes since through the consumption
of the fruit by an mals, or through the rotting or irregular rupturing
of the walls of pt pericarp.
170 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
INDUMENTUM, the clothing of hairs, scales, etc.
Inpvup.icats, rolled inwards on both sides.
Iyrertor, an inferior calyx, tet ete. ., implies insertion at a
level below, or near, the base of the ovary; an inferior ovary implies
that the sepals, stamens, etc., are inserted on oe torus pi a level
e bore t i
igynow
INFLORESCENCE, an axis or assemblage of axes seca devoted to
the bearing of aowers and including the flowers and their bracts and
bracteoles.
vaca NcE, an assemblage of nae including in many cases
the more or less modified axes which b
Inrunp1BuLaR, funnel-shaped, havi ‘ig tie lower part tubular and
gradually widening upwards, as in a chemical funnel.
INNATE, said of stamens in which there is a distinct transition eae
i ‘ Aa the filament, contra-
r articulation Pgs n anther an
distinction to one in - the connective parser merely as a
continuation of thd filam Cp. Adnate. In some cases, however,
case
e. g. Dimorphocalyx, the whole anther may be innate but its cells
adnate to a thick connectiv
GUMENT, one of the coats or envelopes of “er — of the
ovule. There may ke one or two integuments which grow up from
es Or h .
INTERPETIOLAR, said of stipules situated between the bases of
Wd Haat leaves, and which are frequently more or less connate, 80
po ach pair, made up of one from each leaf, may resemble single
tipules.
af Syeenroren said of stipules when each pair of a single leaf
unite — within the axil of the leaf.
Iyrrorse, said of anthers which open towards the pistil. Cp.
e.
UoRE, an assemblage or whorl of bracts or leaves situated
a
ence.
-EGULAR, unsymme rical, i. e. not bein capable of division into
two similar halves or only by a single plane passing through the axis
(zygomorphic). Sometimes also used for — n which some of the
members in the same whorl differ from othe
IsomEROUS, with the number of counter in 1 each whorl the same.
Isosporows, see Spore. :
IsostEMONOUS, with the stamens equal in r to the nor rmal
aah Me Mr he aot theo or _ hapa ons flowers) seis _— :
eeeoeeee@ a :
many pairs.
Keet, the anterior petal in the Be apromee a ridge aaa like
the keel of a boat as in the co “keeled a
LactniaT#, irregularly cut into very narrow lobes :
Lancrouarts, shaped like a lance-head. A asisdelate leaf may OF —
may not taper as much at the base as at the other end, but if it is :
.
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. 171
much cies near the base the _ mp ag eae ovate-lanceolate. It
is usually at least three times as long road.
see situated to the sight aad ig of the median plane. See
Lares, milky juice. Laticiferous, possessing latex.
; beng in — broad morphologic — re lateral exog
pel axis originating below the growing apex in 1 ac;ro-
he
petal Eersecsion weet t a aa of we 8 growing vpeilts
and differing in form from the axis which produce:
In its t pow fo i
iol:
two lateral eeeiidemen at or r the base of the = (stipes.
Any of these parts may be chen se or the —. = usly met:
|
| The growth and of a leaf is usualy strictly ‘limited, _ never
bears flowers, but it. thes ne — — n ferns, aig
esi 8 often bears a bud pata xil woe —
case of m metamor nahbaiel leaves. = amas of sha ae , etc.,
the od. "leaf merely denotes the blade of the ordinary foliage
Saenar, one of the blades of a compound leaf lek above). A
_ leaflet may usually be distinguished from a simple leaf from -
position sg very _— ly terminating the foliar pres and fro
bearing no bud in it
jlastasors, Santina the peas and beans, especially in the nature
_ Ol the fr
sgt cor a = Usually lens-shaped or elongate sma Il
dots or excrescen n the bark; they are filled with loose tissue,
the intereeular xpetius a which serve as a passage for oxygen into
the inner tis
Lenore, Sain with small flat scales
___LeprosporaNGIaTE. he sporangia are formed from a single
; shear cell, and have a peculiarly shaped, usually tetrahedral
chesp
a membranous or petaloid outgrowth from the surface of an
organ. te grasses and man ae — ocotyledons the membranous
®ppendage at the ee of the shea
LiguLarn, strap-shap
: B, the a ar of a corolla, petal, etc., in contra- distine-
: tion to the tube or cl
Linzar, at lesigh: four or five times as long as s broad
B
w
_, Te or less rounded segments. Lobed or —_ “so the incisions
“© not reach the m mi or Aree € apr ham — evidently
Uses the word “lobes more extended sense than is
Y done - ne thet bifid, trifid, multifid, mean cae dobidd;
-three-lobed, et
qe cen sed in composition to indicate the number of locelli
cells in an anther, especially before the re which often takes
on dehisce
172 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
-LOCULAR, used in composition to indicate the number, etc.,
cells or compartments in an ovary or fruit, or in a ripe anther aid
paren a
DAL, a mode of dehiscence in which rupture takes place
Sadak ‘the middle. of the outer wall of each cell or loculus. Cp.
septicidal.
Lo
8
s, a compartment of an ovary, anther, fruit, e
LopIcuLe, “email scales, usually — swollen at the vine of flower-
ing, occurring in the flowers of many grasses and by some supposed
to represent the inner whorl of a codaneatees peri anth. They appear
to have the function of forcing apart the glume
LyratTE, with a very large ter minal lobe compared with the smaller
and narrower lateral lobes in a pinna
SPORANGIUM, a sporangium Jeblelel contains one or more
macrospores. In the Gymnosperms and Angiosperms the macro-
f the ovule.
Macrosporg, a relatively large asexually produced female spore,
i. €. a spore producing a prothallium which bears archegonia but not
ae epee in the Angiosperms and Gymnosperms by
ALE aoreun a flower which bears fertile stamens but not fertile
— base abortive pistil may be present in a male flower or not.
Marc Ts ogee ng ititealied after aonricinng usually in @
withered or altered st sta
NATE, with a pod of a different character from the rest
of ‘ane
Merb alates in the plane drawn through the centre of the member
and the | longi ‘tudinal eo ahaa ss vd axis bearing the member
Muaas eee
or soa, one- half 0 utile etter pen fru
ROUS, in composition, indicates the we Ha of members in
eas nrc e.g. 5-m
poshcmeenatbatone, a eters 3 um which contains microspores. 1
the Gymnosperms and Angiosperms each loculus of an anther is a
angium.
Microspor#, relatively small asexually pnp spores, which
give rise to a prothallus one antheridia. In t _ se go nosperms
and Angiosperms the pollen-grains are the micro spor
Mricropy Le, the canal through the integuments of - ovule at the
apex of “the nucellus.
MIxEeD ~ieon forest Ln, on of a large number of different
species rather than of one or two gregarious s.r
Mon nceesti nie after one =e seaso e Palms.
If, after flowering, the whole or part o: po aa ares add inpeods uces
flowers in —— season it is caulocar sais
MoNADELPHOUS, more or less united. into one bundle by the
power
HLAMYDEOUS, a flower with only one kind of floral ae
on differentiated into calyx and corolla (although omnes 8
whorls, as in some Lauracee). Syn. homoiochlamydeo
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. 173
_ Monectovus, epi both male and female flowers on the same
indivi
individual, e. g. many — taceee
Sigonars, tipped with a very short hard, usually a er te"
: aa ell is ‘longer or acute it becomes cuspidate or
covered with scattered short firm thick. or conical
oe, ge appendages
-NATE, used in es arising from the same point or whorled,
2a 9: binate i in pairs, ternat te ree oa
eeerazion, the arra roma of the fibro-vascular bundles in on
leay The method of describing oe nervation differs somewhat
erns.
I. Flowering Plants.—The nerves or s which spring directly
from the petiole (or stem in sessile leary are termed primary nerves.
centre one, or if there is only one, is the mid-rib. If there are
i g
S are very numerous an
hervation is oo e, but this CENT is sometimes also
mere
ly _— re 3 parallel-nerv
IL. ollie ontinuation of the ‘stipes or stalk of the frond
into the ‘blade i is called the rhachis or primary rachis in a compound
. r . . 0 . divid
n
~ final lobe or segment is a costule. The nerves that spring fro
_ Coste of a simple frond or the costule of a son nt are the veins, ge
Hi
°
mh
i)
Ss
OR
SEE
Le |
°
Le J
Qu
®
=]
©
D
°
ey
<
on
ea
“nag . per. on 1-seeded indehiscent fruit.
dry l-seed of some fruits, each of which
e the lo
: bones Detanhesi like a separate fruit, e. g. in Labiate and Boragee.
=~“.
:” osition means inversely. Thus an ovate leaf has the
vider p pert iaeeais the base, an obovate leaf is inversely ovate and has
wider part towards the apex
_ OBDIPLOsTEMONOUS, dipl ostemonous in which the members of t
outer whorl of stamens are opposite to the en fend those of the
Mer — opposite to the sepals.
pa when referring to shape means with one half more largely
nor than the the
Beene, mies than aan and with the sides more or less parallel.
YBSOLETE, not developed.
174 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
sees blunt — a rounded.
or reac E, said of aedne which are united into a
tube round the
(Eco ance aaiaibe of the relations of an organism to its environ-
men
OOSPHERE, a naked nucleated mass of protoplasm, which after
nner ith the nucleus of the —— becomes the
and dar of she succeeding generation
abe osrons, see Oosphere
Opposite, on different ‘sides of the axis with the bases on the same
el.
OrrHorTRopots, an orthotropous ovule is straight wit th the micro-
ee opposite : the chalaza or base from which arise the integuments.
| so Ovule.
pou
imag) broly ir
rt of a flower whi ch contains the ovules
a r
mid-ribs of the ee or in a 2-carpellary ovary by a wall joining
the sutures. These are sometimes called false septa.
OVATE, cug-shaped with the aouder end towards the base scarcely
twice a long as
VATE-LAN Soot ‘ses OVATE- a etc., between ovate and lanceo-
late, baewene ovate and oblong, e
Ovute, usually small or aude ‘bodies attached to the carpellary
leaves (carpels) in most Gymnosperms, and usually to the carpellary
leaves, bu Sometinelin n the base or on the free axis of the ovary 1?
the Angiosperms, always in the Angiosperms inside the closed ovary-
The ovule peer of a central portion (macrosporangium, nucellus)
and nearly always of nucellus
by growing up from its base. It is attached by a a peer to me
placenta or is more rarely sessile. If the ovule nucellus
straight with the micropyle opposite to os base beanie the ovale is
if it is inverted so that the funicle is adnate to the side
(forming the raphe) and the micropyle is directed towards the placenta
itis ana < in t hen us remains straight between the
chalaza and the micropyle, but if the whole er including the —
nol is iteclt curved the ovule is campylotrop In this case
the embryo also becomes curved. On fe rilization ent consequent —
dorciogment of the embryo the ovule becomes the se
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. 175
Pits or PALEA (adj. gree ipa a Fea scale. Specifically the
upper of the two bracts which s a flower in the Graminee.
The lea of the Graminee is most ee son ntly 2-nerved and may
horl.
LMATE, with the segments radiating like oa sp ries fingers of
_ the hand. A palmate leaf may hav e segm to the base,
_ inwhich case it becomes compound, tt if the ticle = petioluled it
a is called digitate
__ PatMatirip, ‘palmate with the sinuses reaching about half-way
) _batanranrers, palmate with the sinuses reaching beyond the
dle ;
PatmatisEect, much cut in a palmate mann
) oo with the primary nerves sadiaktoy from the apex
_ of the petio
: Sama eet fiddle-shaped, with the base and end broader than
( ve the bas
Sa fice, a Sibpeditedity gions inflorescence
. PAPILIONACEOUS, shaped so thom t like the flowers of a pea or
bean. A typical papilion ace eatin’ ower has a corolla with a large
| posterior petal (standard), two candied — — wings) and two
Ti mbined into a kee
more e
_ PapItia, small multicellular outgrowth tion ited epidermis
_ Pappvs, the scaly, hairy or feathery modified calyx of the fruit of
— Some este vi. rem of the res mpos
_ PARALLEL-NERV ith numerous pet. Be from the base running
ant or les parallel iy shee to one another, as e. g. in the leaves of
esirio. drawin ng yrarnte ot the living tissues of other
Plants. Cp. Epiphytic, saprophyt
-Parr- “Satelny pinnate with this ‘halide in pairs and no terminal
: ae, in sg at means cleft considerably beyond the
one Cp. -fid, -
Prorears, cna haven segments spreading like the teeth of a
comb,
Prepare, a form of mee in which the segments of each half of
_ the leaf form a ce cym
Pepicen, a small stalk. Especially — stalk ante a single flower of
an inflorescence rs distinguish it fro e pedu
_. Pepuncie, the of an age iotie ce, or of a single flower when
‘the inflorescence i is + sancdead: or the common stalk of two or more
Pedicelled ot ers.
arr “shield. sh d, like the indusium of some f
Prirars, () shiel ytd , round, like the indusiu
(2) of toa atta net to ate petiole i in the centre of the ladies or eet
yh
in.
D, with one mid- os and secondary nerves branching
from it Cp. Nex tion, Basal-nerve
Peeivots, applied to telnet aggregated into 5 groups.
i
176 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
PENTAMEROUS, with 5 members in each w
ERIANTH, a general term for the floral edi including both
calyx and corolla, wat more especially when there is no differentiation
into ¢ — and corolla.
p, the ore wall of the fruit including the epicarp, mesocarp
an ie
arp.
Riper Onna a term steam e to the flower or to the sepals, petals,
or stamens when these are raised on a zone se of the torus
above the loaul al the bas = ee vary when ovary is free in
the tube so formed or sea a e by means of the ‘ nternalated dine.
Cp. Hypogynous, Epigyno
PER ISPERM, icesein tise e of the oe outside the embryo-sac,
which remains in the until absorbed by the quinnling se em ed
Most dicotyledonous salle contain caisenet <n not perisper
PERSISTEN fa oe off.
PrRULATE, wrapped in scales, as pred ses buds.
Pera, one of the mayne of the
PETALOID, of a more or less Liane. yemartittr and white or coloured.
See Corolla. Cp. Sep oid.
ETIOLE, the abel com
PETIOLULE, the stalk are a "leaflet i in a compound lea:
PHYLLOCLADE, a branch compressed so as - mysin a leaf and
performing the functions of a leaf. Cp. C ado
PHYLOGENY (adj. ee a ancestry ; from — or groups
which differ specifically, or generically, or in more impor ant characters,
from the existing species or fe "2 ) Opposed to pan or the
origin and development of the individua
ered with rather long, not matted nor very silky hairs.
h no ter
rachis of the leaf bears bnevoe. more pairs of secondary neque ts h
latter bear th i-pinnate. - he —— rachides
— _— rachides ri cir is iipianate and s
Y, in a pinnate m .é. with the on anches springing
“a ithe _— of the pontine axis. ie. palmate (adv. pa almately).
PrINNATIFID, deeply lobed to about half-way down or more with
the rpms pinnately arranged
PINNATISECT, pinna atifid down to the mid-rib. Cp.
Dissected.
Prxnvuuz, the ultimate free gg Sera or sor Pe of se yee in
erns.
IL, a collective word for ~~ oes style and stigma.
ISTILLODE, a rudimentary pis
ee the surface to oe are — the ovules.
PLACENTATION, position of the place
sonnei plaited.
PLUMOSE, feathered.
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED, 177
. ee TOrnORE, organs for admitting oxygen to the roots in some
swam
"ao Pop, pgicaliy a dry fruit derived from a ayia ovary,
_ ¢longated in shape and dehiscing along one or both sutures, such for
instance as a pea- bag In a more extended sense any fruit of the
f bli typical g it
cas, the male pa which are developed in the pollen-sacs or
loculi of anther
PoLYADELPH . in many bundles.
ere a aa branes male, female and hermaphrodite flowers on
e same
Poste Stes: see pee Anterior.
-Posticous, ey the ba om posterior.
ICKLE, a poi ve spine-like process originating = the epi-
dermal, or e piderma and subj ait tissue only. Cp. Tho
Prima ARY Nar Es, see Nerv
_ PRocuMBENT, on the branches apie mene the ground the whole
or greater portion of their len one ng.
rear TE, when they -_ row nes the
when seve nerves alee e from close
te base tot the lateral g "4 the mid- st a little above ‘he
ProranpRovs, the leo tdi before the pistil is ready for
fertilization. yn. Proterandro
em ROTHALLIUM, aioe st se produced direct from a spore.
Per DocARP, afruit or cluster of fruits together with the accrescent
roi = cle or sino _ —— not usually considered to belong to the
it pro
eons. slightly Pubescent. Syn. Puberulen
PusEscent, covered with close hese fine hair. eat is a
denser shorter st state of eg nee: than
Poyorarr, marked with small dots or “pu
PUNGENT, with a pin-like point capable a peniatne the flesh.
i ik ta the hard endocarp, especially a many- -celled endocarp,
PYREN n a putamen consists of or breaks up on ripening into
rer parts seals enclosing a seed, each such part is called a pyrene
DP.
-QUETROUS, in composition = -cornered or -angled. In this Flora
S-quetrous signifies more sha rply 3- — than 3-gonous
Qurixare, with segm r lea
CEME, an inflorescence in fe is oo main axis continues to grow
e oldes n
: a form of ne in which the main axis continues
togrow and remain stronger than the lateral axes, which successively
2 fing from it, with the youngest seh os the apex. Cp. Cyme.
t part i
eaf w
ts; in a bi-pinnate leaf the primary rachis bears the pinne, the
a rachides the we (2) The axis of an inflorescence.
178 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
RACHILLA or RHACHILLA, the axis of the spikelet of grasses or sedges.
Rap1aTe, bearing ray flowers of a different form to the inner flowers
of an umbel or a
ADICAL, direct from the su ot.
Ravicxe, the embryonic roo
RapueE, the ridge or nouns ot the funicle along the ie of some
ovules, the funicle being adnate in anatropous © ules.
Rapuipes, acicular crystals sometimes found smieaaeaa in tissues,
ases
a eons
EGULAR with all the members symmetrically ae pore <— the
nee centre of the flower, and with either all the mbers in
whorl equal and similar, or if dissimilar shit? “regularly
alt terna sings
RENIFORM, a
Repanp, with a wavy margin, the sinuses being more shallow
ars in sinuate
LUM, @ partition of the ovary a is not a part of the a
a um joining the sutures of the two carpels in Crucifere and
ee other families, from which the eacrtiale or valves finally separate.
RETINACULUM, an upcurved acute subsequently har ened process
from the placenta — a modification ns oe oe on which the
es — i st Acanthac
RSE, directed areal
Rervse E, with the apex depressed so that there is a sinus at the tip,
ich is less deep than emarginat ‘very obtuse or truncate, and
slightly indented,” Bentham
Ruacis, RHACILLA, see Rachis, Rachilla.
sianers IZOME, an alongaee underground stem with usually horizontal
owth.
© Roorstock, see Stoc
OTATE = a with a very short tube and a horizontally spread
ing ioe tube
cieady re not angular.
Rugossz, with numerous minute elevations and depressions.
RuMInNatTE, nee the testa of the seed projecting as points and plates
into the album
RUNCINATE, incised with the lobes oe backwards.
Saccats, bulged into a small sac or cavity. ;
SaGITTATE, arrow-shaped with the baba lobes directed backwards. a
Cp. Hastate.
SALVER-SHAPED, with a long tube and horizontally trata limb.
Samara, a fruit with the pericarp compressed and nded into —
a wing, or each part of a schizocarpous fruit in wiiiéh the pericarp
is thus modified.
APROPHYTE, a plant which feeds upon decayed organic matter.
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. 179
_ SaRMENTOSE, with long arching slender branches which are often
ndent.
: semen covered with small hard hairs or points so as to feel rough
_ tothe touch
ScaBrovs, very scabrid.
Scare, a peduncle — rises Serene from the root.
Scantous, dry and membra
ARP, a fruit aca splits up into _— or more distinct
partons (mericarps, cocci, etc.) each w
; HYMATOUS, appli ied to at sidiialationy. usu ally of more
BF fecdis motri c cells, in which the cell walls are very greatly
ead and har io
; eeeorD, with the _ (apparently) es axes forming a double
Tow on side of t ually curved (apparent) main axis or
Z poe le’ — Ge difers. He says the lateral branch
ade: alternately on opposite si
SECT, i pecs ition means Se a cut, especially cut nearly to the
axis. eee Dissected.
| Secunp, all j inclined in one dire
SzEp, the ovule after fertilization car sts rar of the embryo.
a seed consists of the more or less modified integuments of the
ovule which become the ‘toda or seed coat = also Aril, Arillus),
oF gare on so a part of the tissue of the nucellus, which becomes
a food ma —— | (perisperm), frequently a tissue which has
Kecme. ais mbryo-sae (endosperm), pn finally
_ the more or less completely developed and differentiated embryo.
_ See also Introduction (Spermophyta), p
SEPaL, one of the divisions “of the Boe teh texture usually st
SEPALOID, ie and resembling a sepal in texture rather than
Petal. Cp. Peta
_ Sepricrpan, a — of opening of a fruit by means of a split through
_ the median plane of the interior walls or dissepiments, so that the
fruit becomes more or less separated into nits component carpels, but
ed i, a — e
oe
; ae a soar 3 scald in ich a central column
= the septa or part of the septa seman — le the exterior —
of the fruit and often part of the septa separate from it. E. g.
Elatinacea: the wena separate from the whole axis and septa. Cp.
. M, an Swern wall.
: Smrrarn, too thed 1 like a saw with the teeth — forwards.
ERRULATE, serrate but with the teeth very m
nm
. ILE, talk.
. =, a long stiff hai eS needle-like ; very slender and
«peri st more slender than in linear.
” Bth.
180 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
SexuAL GENERATION, See Spor
ana sericeous, covered wah very fine gs rage silky ha
Smpe, not composed of a num mber of similar parts, ool to
compound leaf is rn even if sexmienrtid provided that the
divisions are not separated by portions of the axis destitute of blade.
I omewhat deepl = epand.
Sorus, a group of spo rangia, § metimes covered by an indusium.
SpaTHE, a large bract which sheaths an inflorescence or part of an
inflorescence, at least, in its young §
PATHACEOUS, resembling a ake “sheathing and not divided up
into seco sepals, petals, etc
SPI iked, with the flowers in a spike.
ieapentase — a spike in appearance
Spike, a form f racemose inflorescence in ‘which the flowers are
sessile on the axis
ca a spike with an enlarged fleshy axis and usually enclosed
when young in a spathe
Seni LET, the: waists parts of the inflorescence of grasses (rarely
an inflorescence consists of only one spikelet) and Cyperacee are called
n axis
the lowest two (one or more) are usually empty and the others con-
tain an opposing bracteole (pale) and a male or female or 2-sexual
naked flower. See also Glume, Pale, Lodicule.
SPORANGIOPHORE, the part of a stem or branch bearing sporangia
SPORANGIUM, a special sac in the inside of which are produced the
spores
Spore, a single cell with usually a rounded firm wall, capable 0 of
germination and ——_- another individual. This individual i is not
always of the same form as that which produced the spore, and in the
Vascular Cryptogams i as the pro The pr rothallium .
bears sexual organs, female me a8 or male (antheridia), and is
hence known as the gametop sexual generation. nside the
archegonium is produced ater feetiliawaion an oospore, which finally
ible rise to the embryo o —* pore-bearing gen neration. Spores
y be either all similar a a4 or dissimilar *(heterosporous). In
the of SA r case the protha ie mae us se 2-8 sex ual; in the latter case
the smaller spores (microspores) p ia-bearing prothallia
; the larger spores fossa aaa ores) ea archegonia-bearing
OROP
either on its surface or in its axil. A number of symmetrically ara eS
sporophylls on a special receptacle, 8 such as stamens and ca a
an evoaneempeennrt? forms a flower in the most general sense of the
D Tecmominaai the asexual or spore- as ean opposed bad :
the Gametophyte or sexual generation. nage ;
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. 181
UARROSE, with —— close-set spreading leaves, bracts, or
és or eg of leave cts, ete.
‘Sram dified ak or sporophyll in the —— plants which
bears th osporangia or pollen-s A typical stamen consists
ofa alk (lament and the specially modified blade (anther) which
ia aa aan See also An
: ti or ae a or rudimentary stamens which
cag bear fertile pollen.
ELLATE, spreading in a star-shaped m
STieMA, the e part of a carpel pein sinetell oF means of papille,
_ yiseosity, etc., to receive the pollen-grains. The stigmas of the sever ral
_ earpels forming an ovary may be separate or united, stalked or
SripEs, a stalk, ee | the stalk of a fern leaf.
STIPELLA, the stipule of a leaflet
lage stalked.
Sriev E (adj. ae ins Stipules are a pair of processes (often
x one of which springs from either side of the le af-base (i. e.
but sometimes exceeding the jeat- blade (which they often ot
They are either membranous or foliaceous in texture, usually small
E
OLON, a8
only, spring ng — the root or base of the stem and extending
_ _ or on the ground, * pleasiaboly rooting and giving rise
a: a thickening epee: the hilum or base of a seed, perhaps
t of a omplete a
a slender aceaa or appendage of a carpel and bearing
the aah The style may be absent. In an ovary of more than one
carpe .
ootstocks. (2
SucouLEnt, soft and juicy. Cp.
_SUFFRUTESCE ti somewhat shru btu:
SuLcare, grooved.
Superior, ivuated above _— member, A superior ovary h
- its base above the insertion of the calyx; a superior calyx is inserted
ata level youts the top of the ovary.
; oom seam, the line aoe the connate edges of a carpel
- (ventra re) and sometimes also the line marking the mid-rib of
the ost onal suture).
BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
—
@
bo
SyMpoDIUM, an apparent cose ro made up of the superposed
er — rts os ea lateral a
NGIU number of sporangia growing together so as to appear
cae of a ars aioe gat
SYNCARPOUS, see Ovary.
{YNANDROUS, with the stamens united throughout into a column.
SYNGENESIOUS, with the anthers coheri e-
2 —
°
ese
Dig and old 2)
TENDRIL, a filiform sensitive organ which winds round pe to
enable weak stems to reach the light. Tendrils are of various mor-
phological origin in different group Some m nti be modified brmnsclieg
hee a perianth; a word applicable to either a sepal
or a petal. An anagram of: eel; ” Jackso
a whorl.
TE psn TE 3. A leaf with 3 leaflets is sometimes said
to be te, but in this case it is really the leaflets which are ternate
and the ‘leat is 3-foliolate
outer covering of a seed.
TETRAD sametgeontrt with 4 long ‘ind 2 short stamen
Tuorn, a modified shoot or branch in the form of | a hard spin
THORN WoopLanD, forests composed principally of thorny _ peel
THYRSE, a close panic e more or less spindle-shape
OMENTOSE, with exceedingly close matted short pubescence.
ll
s
be convex, waisted conca ve, ete. Samea
: ta oma omous, with the axis sauannel tele: Te vidiies into ‘thites
rane
Ta1cocoors, ultimately <rover | into 3 coc
INNATE, with the primary axis of the leaf pinnate with on
or more pairs s of the pinne eyelid pinnate and with one or more pairs of
_ the secondary pinne pinnate.
RIPLE-N —* a nerved, with 3 nerves from base; with 3
pee ves.
TRI Aten with 3 sharp corners
Trop HILOUS. Plants adapted for ‘a physiologically wet climate at
one season of the year and a dry climate at another season are termed
tropophilous
TRUNCATE, as though cut off at the end.
_ Toussr, a short, thick, more or bead succulent rootstock or rhizome,
e.g. potato; or the swollen end of a which is lene ched at the
upper end to a rootstock or rhizome as in Bowed uma
TURBINATE, top-sha
Tur — agen as though. with oars from within ; swolle
the branches all radiate sel the
ate in a flower the
d, the umbel
UmB n inflorescence in whic
top of | the peduncle. If these eine each termin
umbel mple ; if they are again umbellately branche
is ¢ paaowel:
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. 183
_ UniILocurar, appied to an ovary not divided up by partitions into
separate compart
RCEOLATE, flask- a aped and romp a below the middle.
TE, said of sepals, etc., n they are only connate in bud by
i fe
vig
VENTRAL, the lower side. This he popular Po ge but bs ‘a the
side towards the axis of the Ege tn in the case of flow and
towards the axis of the flower or ovary in the case ra carpels, toward
the ventral suture of the carpel in the case of ovules. (N. —Im
sometimes have ina ee tently used it in the popular se The
term ‘“‘axial-side ’’ would be cae a s.) Cp. Anterior, Pietalee.
—” ‘suddenly bu
ENULOSE, with dee vein-like raised lines; closely finely
VERNATION, the method in which leaves are arranged or folded in
Varnvoosr, covered with wart-like small bosse
ee VER BE, said of an anther which is attached above its base to
the Riehested tip of i filament on which it swings.
_ VERTICILLATE, wh
Vittose, villous, covered with long fine soft hairs.
Virgate, with slender cht rot like stems or branches.
g
YGOMORPHIC, symmetrical right and left of the median plane only,
asin many lipped flowers. Sometimes equivalent to irregular.
TABLE OF Steer "geste AND METRIC
LENGTH
APPROXIMATE i ia hs oh cs AND DECIMALS OF AN
Inc
, LINES AN Np MILLIMETRES
inches. Lines. ke Thehes: | | iined: : Ber. fe
ys °031 79 32-59 15-1
J, «7088 -8 6 15-2
st 04 1 & 2 15-9
ay 042 4 1-06 629 16
gs 05 1-3 21 6 16-7
aye i206 1-6 2 667 . 16-9
vs 07 1-7 668 17
Be speek ws be amopsis br tot oc 17-78
*% 09 2-4 707 18
to 1 2°5 33 2 18-2
ee i. 2-8 747 19
118 3 P «+96 9 19-05
* 12 3:2 ets 19-8
rn 14 ; 786 20
i eiie 5 8 20-3
oe ee pe
+ An 2 4-2 .83 10
a 4-8 3% +84 21-4
-196 5 865 22
S amt 24 ih A dsuge ee
= es 5-5 904 23
"236 6 3291 11. | 23-1
$ ye s 6-3 15 94 8
: 7 -943 }
fe 2 7-1 31 8-97 6
: 7:6 -982 )
is oth 9 1 12 5 3995
: 8 1:17
3 -33 4 3-5 1-56 é
#4 «34 3-7 1-96 :
354 ) 2g )-79
Shan! 5 2-35 60
fs ; ) 2-75 70 ‘
. )-] 3 ‘got
43-406 10-3 3-14 80
417 5 10-6 3-53 90
432 1 3-94 100
2 Se -1 4 101-6
3 47 9 5 127-0
-472 1 6 152-4
t 5 6 12-7 7 177-8
: -511 13 8 203-2
“5. 14 10 ‘
ys =°56 14-3 41 279-4
ot 7 ” 12 304-8
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
P.6. Under R. pene for Scelery = sa
P.49. For 7. obcordate read obco
P.59. For M apaneds read M, es
ead U. lo oa
n Key to BGuces for bointecles 4-5 in case of H. pungens
read bracteoles 4-7.
P.93. Under G. — sub-sp. vestita, Wallich’s type, for brown,
villous read brown-villou
Zan ith casurmiie nthopodium. The Chainpur Hills alluded
to are in Nepal vow this toapidiier on be deleted.
P. ote r Ceratonia siliqua for Locus read Loc
P. 325. deacta Socddeburhen: Parker considers pr to be A.
stores. a :
r. : Potentilla eee Add to Arann 8.P. near Sahibganj,
aie: Kurz! Fl. May. Banks of Sone, Anders
P. 343. Family pete The einilin leaves are whorled in
Aldrovan da.
| P. 347. andelaria. In the — sans of the small type under
this species oo °R. conjugata read R. m
, P: 404. Family Umbell ifere. ae peat ms line of description,
for radical read radi cle.
P.4 yee The dots in the leaf are net glandular but due
toeystolith ce
For 4 B. divergens read - V. divergens. :
P ti , Lamk. appears to be th liest name
for ; baila, Roxb. indi should be substituted.
P8590. For J. bona-nox read ona-n
: P. in thé last line but two of ee for Illysanthes read
— Uysanthes.
+999. Spathodea cen eka The Se aa further a notes
have been found : Bark sometimes white, -_ about
- W with 11-15 leaflets with the 7-8 prs. of nerv
ftom the ground (against the vsky) Lfits. chines ae Seipesith shin: —_
ong. Fils. 4-5” b
| “lyx2-5”long. Fis. March. uous Fe
__P. 678. Mr. Gamble after again sarctat comparing t the specimen
, When revisin ng the genus Strobilanthes for the Flora of Madras con-
. —* this is S. Heyneanus, Nees, which agrees with my original
_ P. 681. Phaylopsis isin a nomen conservandum should be retained
in place of Micranthus
186 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
P. 741. To the genus Elsholizia should be added £. blanda, see
below
P. 755. InN a 0 ese for stamens 9-30 read stamens
P. 798. The specific na te our species C. filiformis, L. ta been
omitted under the genus Cas
‘ P. 805. In the last line of the fe EE of S. album for Santal read
andal.
P. 826. To genus Ficus should be added F. palmata and
F. carica, see p. 1
P. 882. <a dle of page, for Cycus read Cycas
the genus Cyperus should be added C. digitatus,
see P. ried
P. Last paragraph, for Syn. elewsinoides read Syn. Cyperus
eleusinoides.
= haag ae ate — already previously made the new com-
n £ milus in Kew Bulletin, 1922, p. 123; the
recreate should thetetiee be ei rill. bie combination P. globosus
has alre er ssw ade by Reichenbac the Flora Germanica
a — " 140), oer the sce ii should be Reichb.
- 107 aihibies of Xyridacew, for ovules anatropous read
ovules pid usc
Pet In description of Flagellariacee, for sub-petioled in fifth
line ‘read sub- -pet
P. 1074. In “escrption of ~ merged oF for stamens in 2-3-
merous whorls read stamens in 2 3-merous w
P.1074. In Sarre: of “ee add Lotte equal or 2 larger or
ge —_— from
a the ee of ferns, for venules read veinlets
shiner it 00
P. 1251. For ioaloras read Hlytrophorus.
The descriptions of the following species have been accidentally
omitted:—
13. ELSHOLTZIA, Willd. (p. 741).
2. E. blanda, Benth. Syn. Aphanochilus blandus, Benth.
A slightly aromatic herb 2-4 ft. high with ee leaves 1-5-3" —
long schehicabe oth ends, base attenuate into ery short petiole,
nearly glabrous fenced with conspicuous seni ‘puberulous aber
margin coarsely serra owers very small, white, in slender
unilateral pene’ spikes, terminal spikes 3-4” long, bracts acicular. —
Fruiting calyx +1” long, the subulate teeth exceeding the tube or 0! not.
Nutlets yellow clips se compressed, -02--03” long, @
onate
jmahal, Ham.! Proba re in the se ae Fl. Oct. Fr. Nov. A native a
the mountains of Sikkim, Assam, Khas 2
A stouter plant than E. incisa = analy rdistinguished by the lanceolate leaves cs
and shorter petioles and secund flowers. Petiole up to ‘5-°6” long. Oe E
long, with numerous yellow edits Mi and curled white hairs, re hairy and
.3” diam :
.
a ring of long hairs within. Fruiting spikes up to
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. 187
8. FICUS, L. Fig.
In Key on p. 828 for last 6 lines substitute:
b. at ah ae shrubs or small trees. Recepts
to large, solitary or paired, axill
Sub- iemckenus a pale or hoary, usually tomen-
; tose gente epee A not Gm pROCrENs sg
; or less, mostly cious . 22a, palmaia,
Shrubby. L. i rely entose
me ath, ions inp ached. Trecepte ibe ‘
stly subsessile 226. Carica.
c, Wuoepte very large on tubercles or special short
bran Pehl (The rest as before.)
| 22a. F, palmata, Forsk. Syn. F. caricoides, Roxb. Angjir, Vern.
Asmall tree with usually well-developed main ~— young branches
? ent or tomentose, glabrescent. Lea 5-10” long, Bok ther
_Membranous broadly ovate, cordate, isay ‘simple, rar oor *
s :
base with 3 strong and 1-2 weaker nerves, sec. n. 3-6 on mid-rib.
Petiole 1-2” long. Recepts peduncled, sub-globose to “pyriform,
—° » 5-1” diam., tomentose or pubescent, yellowish when ripe.
evcaty ee _ oo Area. Bettiah, Hieronymus! Patna and
ya, Ham.! ‘ Shahabad
he “Proba ably a cultivated Serine of F. carica and often scarcely distinguishable.
Carica, L. Angjix, Vern; The Fig Tree; Caprifig (the male
7 ae form).
A spreading much branched small tree or wees phar mei
_ tubescent or hispi Leaves coriaceous, nea all ang obed o
palmate and segments agai ans So to) me how ise
geen somewhat rid or hispid, bene ometimes
ose or sometimes only scabrid, margin repand dentate. Femal
ore or less pyriform, peduncles ve rt, male recepts
‘Rarely rows
ted in our be tn. 7 sees =
This is the well- ens Europea h De ene considers may have
Seon he Badghig
Series ii, p. 109) says t that it a to be indigenots also in'th ghis
-Msides, and ast Persia where he found it it in sine of roc sured eg bo of
é res ese wi a Bagi a - 5 sna
ani eements, gall fl. eae: or segments meaty tree’ r free and linear adhe ate
E in the female flower sic
1. CYPERUS, L.
Aaa to Key on p. 892, b
Tt Gls. ovate. ee ovate or aiins or if oi
linear *1” broad af
+t Gls. linear ovate. Spkts. linear . : 28a, diptaius.
188 BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
28a. C. digitatus, Roxb.
,
|
A tall robust handsome sedge 1-5-4-5 _ high with stout rhizome. |
Stem 1 amtige and up to -2” ee at the top. Leaves often as long
as the stem -5—-7” broad. Umbel very compound and 6-2 0” diam
with the re usually far exceeding the umbel and -3--5” broad.
Spkts. -35--75” long b .05" broad in cylindric corymbose spikes
i hachis. Gls. -12” long, li
1-3” long with or winged r i2f3 linear
with scarious sides and rigey vials apiculate. Wings on rhachilla
narrowly linear, deciduous. St. usually 1 often persistent until the
wings fall. Nut grey -05— "06" long, 3-quetrous, very concave towards
rhachilla.
Sarjuga, C. B. Clarke! Bhagalpur, Ham. ! _ bey -Nov
Whole plant glabrous. Easily distinguishable soy @. oraltates by the long,
much oe eed r linear spikelets. It is, I believe, a rrairly common sedge not often
ected.
SEE re eo an a
|
|
INDEX TO PART I.
occurring in lists without
special r are not index
Names os genera and species merely
ed here.
Vernacular names additional
dexed.
ark a
— to those cevorring in the body of the work are in
: saci hice, ¢ £12
Cam <— i 185
Dona
aay 133, 140, 142
\chimenes family, 141
!
A
!
oom 34
i
f
d
f
wes
. ngiac xe (Co “Bet 122, 185
rr angioiden (- aboy, “92, 96, 121
: Ayman beds
: na ce, 83, ee 146
. 4,18
1 Deidenteces, 101, 103
Amaranth fa mily, 103
99
; oe os Vitacez
_ Amsaheri, 75
: Intiya, 7
: —s 95, 114, 117
_ Aneilema, 33
Angiosperms, 80, 89, 90
» 14
3 a, 97, 9
a sl 97, 98
a o
Apetale,
Apoc nace 138, 136, 137
oe
Aquat,
acecaen (-ales), 83, = 146, 147
Araliaceze
Archean Rocks (see also Gneiss),
ee Apri Bree: 77,89
z
Ari isso, 147
Aris
rbrtcmacte (-ales), 92, 93,
Arn 108
nae pede 147
Aroids, aquatic, 36
pus, 34, 8
Asan (Ferminalia)
cee, 132, 136, 137
“133, 144
Atalanta, 16
Athgarh r aandatone, 16, 17
Averthon 95, 114
aes
Bael, 34
Bagandi, 174
190 INDEX TO PART I.
el
mnai, 71
har, Behar, Bihar, vi
2 eee
neha,
an opho a, 95
anophoracee, 122, 123
lasor
sam y Pa
) eed
a
a
ald
‘a.
al
3.
: ceeneg es 3
ana
auioha fatty” 154
san mirchi, 71
ar,
arberry family, 99
: jerberdace, on 99
B had oa 34
shag ren
sha rg
“Darian 140, 141
ija,
Biophytum, 95
Birna, 35
Bischofia, 111
Bixaceex, 93, 106, 108
Bombacee, 110
onai,
Boraginacee (-ales), 133, 139
Borassus, tapping of
r
oe 34
Bridelia,
Br caaheaen 151, 153
Bruguiera.
Buddleia, 13
Bulbous bol 33, 38
Burha, 73
ily, 115
salsaminacee, 94, 114, 115
4, 46
Burhi lat
Bur mah, se common to,
Burmanniacee, a wee
att race, 114,
Butea fr ondosa Ce a
Sateen family, 97
actacez, 100
actus, 70, 100
esalpiniacee, 96, 12
altrichaces, 111, 112
yciflor
, 15
92, 95
sppariacee, 92, 93, 106, 107
aprifoliacez, 80,
arboniferous shales, 12
, 149
are ya 33
aricacee, 92, 107, 109
(
(
Cee
(
(
(
(
A
A
(
Ca
Cansj
(
(
(
Ca
{
(
Car
( arnation "gaia ly, 102
Cary
(
(
(
lye
alycine, “iso.
ampanales, 133, 144
n , ‘ |
Castor Oil family, 112
Casuarinacee (- Lleals 82, 83, 94,
hagalnadi, 75
ae a forest, 16
Characee, 36
Chasmophytes, 40
Cha
Chenopodinces (-ales), 101, 103
Chigas, ‘“ i)
Chittagong element, 20, 44, 4% —
Choripetale, 92
trop aciculatus, 4
Chulmuli
Club mosses ae Lycopodiales
Cote ds, ek .
Co
— Colvi
Gometacee, 96, 128, 129
, 149, 150, 186
cae = 144
onglomerates, 16
bnvolrlacen av 133, 138
mbi
| ,9, 14, 18
. Crassulaces, 92, 125, 126
3
m,
: ee and Castor Oil family,
f. . 93, —
noes
4 Catarbitaso 9 ae 107, 110
Cu 125
INDEX TO PART I. 191
Cyperus, 187
ig wate 188
Cystolit
Da muda ac and rocks, 5, 7, 8,
12
Danianes, oy
bet Pica
i
Den an 2 — Tract, 9
= zaribagh, 3, 70
oe a ae ghyr, 3
Es of Raimasl, 8
a of Shahabad, 6
a, 10
Dhaman, 74
Dhamin, 71
Set he
Dhao
Dhaewa in 10, 14, 15
Dhaula
Dhel
Dhenlenal 14, 17
Lg
rece 138,
ae ai $i, 00, 91
Dille
Dilleniace, 97, 98, 104
Dioscoreacez, 151, 153
i TOs Pi
Diplachn
Dipterocarpacee, said 105
Discifiore,
Distribution of some species, 44,
, 48
D
Dog-banes, 71
Doka,
Dome gneiss, 5, 11
ereyense
Drift seeds, 50
Droseraces, 96, 125, ~~ 185
Dubrajpur andston
Dudhi, 72
Dudh Korniye, 72
Path ige
Dumar,
Dungruki, 73
Duranta, 143
192
Dwarf shrubs, 33
Dykes, 12, 15, 16
Ebenacee, 132, 134, 135
F
|
|
an
nm
i”
eA
=o @
BS
ie 2]
be
Shaya
Equisetales (Horsetails), 78, 80,
~ S o 96
Eriocaulacee, 149, 150
Ruphorbic (fie 14
Euphorbiacez, “oe ‘94, 111, 112
ainernaet Po 94, 111
ur 34
_ Eve pine a Lotedts "42, 48
Evodia melizfolia, 46
aw 79, 80, 87
Feronia, 95
Ferruginous sandstones, 17
Ficus 4
Flacourtiacee, =~ 93, 106
Flacourtinex, 106, 108
Flagellariacee, 149, 150, 186
70
Flame tree,
Flax family, 115
lueggia, 11
whee
rest destruction (see also De-
hadedl
Forest, perce ge of, 3
Formations, botanical, 33
Formations, geological, 18
Fragaria,
Frankincense tree, 70, 74
INDEX TO PART I.
| Gadha Bar, 75
Frost,
Frost- bandys species, 28, 42
Fumitory family, 108
Fumariacez, 92, 93, 106, 108
Gab, 73
oge, 105
amopetale, 80, 91, 92, 132
Gandhai
| angesie Pisin, ay = 5, 33
i Flo a of, 33
Gangpur, 14
Garay. 14, 40
cndiienaenet- ales), = 136, 137
Geological changes,
Geraniacee, a ee i 115
e s
Ghu
Gidaas ii 6, 10
Ginger ais. 154
Gir
Girid dih coal-field, 7, 12
Gleicheniaceex,
iosa
opteris flora, 7, 78
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
o-
aaa land, pe" ;
ovince
‘ rocks, 6; © "8, 1, B,
16, 17
Gourd family, 110 :
, 148, 149 in
s family, 149
Bence lands, 38, 43
sia 8, 11,.39
Grevillea 95
» Bd,
uruj,
Guttiferaceze (-ales), 92, 93, 104,
05
Gymnosperms, 78, 80, 81, 89
, 155
Gynandre
Hemadoracew, 151, 152
Hematite, 14
thibari sores range, 14, 17
Hazaribagh, 6
sad 70
Helobize, 145
emp and wee. familly, 113
» see Barri
a ere clement, i, 46, 48
119
tree ep de 109
tails, see sng tales
ian factor, 42
aidity,
atehinscn' 8 ie EE coe 84
13
INDEX TO PART I.
|
193
Hyal (Barringtonia), 73
Reine, a, 125
ydrocaryaceer, 130
Hodre ocharitacee, 146
Hydrophy 8 ex, 138.
Hydropteridex, 88
Pict smd 104, 105
Hypoxis, 33 ’
Hyptis, 12
Icacinacee, 95, 119, 120
Ice plant, 102
I “3
Tica i 92, 95, 119
Impatiens, 95, 114
Indian cinchona; 71
Indigo,
Induced scrub (scrub due to
-human agency), 3, 6, 9, 30, 35,
Iridacem, 151, 163
Ja, 73
Jack, 34
Jasminum,
Jharia coelseut . ‘2
Jh a 72, 74
Jiy
pi Re 82
Jugya
Jujube family, ears!
Jute, 3
Jute family, 111
ng aA, 15, 16
Kadrup
hu,
aimur ie 6
Ka
i K
| salen 14
angra, 35
Kanker, 4, 12, 48
m, 73
Karas, 8
; 194 INDEX TO PART I.
fant 71
&
Rewatt eet pei): 35
hair
Khait-siseu forest, 37
Khaj, a
Khaju
Khandobola Mt., 14
angta,
haga ‘Hills, 4, 6
Khi
Ks 75
iactot 73
Late > 8, “
Lau @, 97,
Laurel family, 99
Lavandula, 143
Lawia (Terniola), 46
Lawsonia, 9
Lecythidacee, 128, 129
Liliifl es “ "
Limestone, 5, 10, 11, 15
Limnanthe a0
Linacezx, 94, 114, 115
Linociera, 135,
Lippia
=
°
-_
2
N
oO
|
Pa
© ts.
S
i=
ie)
a
i
tse
, 96
preter 80, 86
Madlat, 71
Ze,
low mers
rissa
a
a.
a
a
a
aleswa ari,
a
&
als
alv
a
ales, 92, 93, 4,
am ee
Markhoa, 71
Marua (Eleusine), 34
Mahuya (Ba assia), 73
Meghas
gha
inna 96, 128, 129
Lythracew, 96, 128, 129
karkand or Makr Kend, 71, 73
ily,
ighinces OA, 14, 117
O
cee, 92, "93, 110, 111
94, 110
Meliaceze, — Pi 114, 116
i Memec cylex
Memecylon om
Scrap can 97, 98
Te yanthemum, 102
Mer thus,
oo sal with, 40
3 incre i Ss 96, 127
-Mimuso
Feith:
Mistletoe es a 123
| Me _ rie 42, 46
assia), 8
be lihwa fami, -
10
Monghye Wn
Moracew, 94,
Mora
Naga Untari Hills, 11
qiisdacee, 146
>
ede 92
oe aaa ee oe 91, 145
112,
INDEX TO PART I.
| Neterhat,
_ Nettle rie T13
,» 97, 98
Nilgiri gneiss 10, 14
| Nilkar,
Meimadieeee 92, 93, 101, 102,
Nyctanthes, 8, 135
Nympheaceex, 97, 99
a
=
Ochna, 33
Gieditianace, 95, ri 114, 115
Olacacex, 95,
Olacales, 96, os
Ola 2, 95
Oldenlandia ad
Oleacee, 92, 132, — 135, 136
ate ae 2 133,
Oliban 4
Ornapractes wz, 128, 13
Ophioglossacez, 80, 87
Opili
Opanitiiien 92, 93, 100
(
(
(
Orobanchacex, 140
( 140
¢
Oxalidacex, 114
Pakar, 75
Secure Milleri, 78
= ai
Paliazew Ae ae 146, 148
Palm fam
Pancratiu
| Pa ndanaces ales 146, 147
Pangd
oot 92:
Paras, 75
196 INDEX TO PART I.
Parasnath, 9, = je
Parasnath flor:
agence 93, gt nog 106
garre 88
Par gee
Passifiora aces, 92, 107, 110
Passiflorinew, 107, 109
5 ower r family, 109
Aeoee State
be Ae 12; om 43, 44
Siaahicons, 140, 142
Personals, 133, 140
cece
einaeeakstk: 89
ae 139
vy Te tapping, 72
Ph
Phyletic « ait, 77
Phyllan , 93
Phyllite “9%
Piptcanvaiee, 93, 101, 102
Pi ndalu, 73
indar, 73
Pineapple family, 153
Pipe , 82, 83, 103, 104
iti La7
oru
Plant commu » 50
anihcataness 132, 133
Plumbago, 13
Pneumatophores
Podes
pest ee 89
yD
re)
S
rae
}
a
2
o =
a)
eee
$ >
ow
2°
ro]
o
Eo
| Polypodiacee,
| Pom negrana ate fa are 129
| Ponteder See 151, 152
| oe opro
Portal . OS
orulacacen, 102
bi
Potentila supin, 34, 185
| othos,
Primo-fi i ‘
| Primulaces, 133,
| Primulales, 132, 13
{
| Proteacex (- ales), 94, 95, 96,
xl
[Pr 125
| Ps lophton, 79
| Psilotales,
| Pterido chet, 78, 79, 80, 85
| an
| Punicacer, 128, 129, 130
|
|
Baraaniee &, 38
flora, 34
Puarslane, 102
Putal, 74
Puter Pst
Putran njiv
Pycreus sora Reichb.,
, Turrill., 188
Pygeum, 135
Pyrus, 96
Quamoclit, 139
Quartz, ae aekaitai 14
Rajgir Hills, 5, 10
temonace, ‘96, 124, 125, | Rajmahal Hills, 4, 6, 7, 8
pur st, 16
(Lawia), 46
Polomoniacee, 133;-136
Polemoniales, 133, 137
| Renigan) aeiseld, 7
Ranunculacese, 97, 98
4
Bea's classification, 85
Rhabdia, 139
Readiness 2, 106, 107
pace
, 34
3
par
mily, 125
Roxburg his 08m, 151,
Biiacer (-ales), 133, 143, 144
oy ex (-ales), 92, 95,
Sabai,
Sabai =
=. tigi 118
aly
iss. —— (Shorea robusta)
Sal, 5, 6, 8, 12, ad , 33, 39,
40, 45, 71,
piglossidee
Mlvadoracee, 2, 135, 136
— Salvini » 36
| nine 88
. Sambalpur, ur, 15
: paler: forsee range, 17, 18
]
114, |
|
INDEX TO PART I.-
197
Sameshwar Hills, 1, 4,
Reed, 5, | Sandstone, 6, 8, 10,
sugar, plants used for, |
ae 6; 16,
anseviera,
apotacer, 132, 134, 135
— la,
: n,
.
Sood:
Stufragace, io 125, 126
axifragi
crophulariaces, 140,
crub, 3, 6; 9, 30; 86; ‘42, 47,
cut ue
nee , 20
ste a "family 149
nage eto coast, 50
en
mum,
hade grasses, 43
—— ay 6, 6
hale, 1
— = also Sal), 93, 105
3
kka
{ mene NG 114, 116
rier va > al
ngbhum
phonodon, prt 95; 119
ssu, 4, 34
ti, 72
walik system, 4
1
ates, 10,
milax, 15
oap-nut family, 118
olanacesw, 133, 138, 140
dar 74
198 INDEX TO PART I.
Sone ae
Sophor, amy
ae ;
athodea cael, 185
vik
Sears obol
Sta phyleace, 117,418
Steph
Sterculia, »93,
Sterculiaces, bg A lll
Strychnos, a
Stunted rei causes of, 2, 3 (see
rub
Stylidiacez, 144
Styracesw, 92,
Sunderbans species, 49
Sundew family, 126
mps, 35
Sympetalez
Sym phoreti 132, 133, 143
Symploc
een, fe
Taccacee, 151, 152
al,
Talchir b eds,
Talchir- ane beds, 7
Tamaricacewe, 92, 104, 109
Tamariscinez, 107,
Tanai ban
emperature, 26, 27
Terminalia, 42, 71, 72
Toddalia,
1 ; F
ey. 15
Te wat oe ‘3 28, 130
Tre lll
Tropieolacen, 114
Tundi Hills, 9, 10
Tupidanthus, 121
Typhe, 8. 106, 108
at pin 146, 148
Ulm 112
Umbellales, 95, 121
Umbellifere, 121
Urticacex, “93, 112, 113
big les, 93, 94, 112
Utricularia, 37, 70, 143
Vahlia, 96, 125
Vapour
Ve rbenacee, 132, 133, 143
Vivipary
Volcanic ye see “id
INDEX TO
16
eria, 94, 110
Hyacinth, 152
Lilies, 35, 36, 99
andia, 8
PART I.
Xanthium, 132
Xerophytes, 40, 49
Xylia, 16
Xyridacew, 149, 150, 186
Yam family, 153
Zingiberacee, 154
Zizyphus, 12
Zygophyllacee, 95, 114, 115
MAP OF |
BIHAR AND ORISSA
wm BS cae . \p TO ACCOMPANY THE BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA
2 Wa, "A Na te lin | ‘Scale 1 = 32 Miles :
A Miles 50 40 30 2 49 0 80 a ae
ri
eo
DARJEELING
Leys Dhimnagat a i JALPAIGURI
fault Waxcegp ater, Gof Siigelgen {Pm
a eee Pegtipsenyiae \\ Cate (| wr Le
7 - x ort ; . » : Ne
< é \ —
KRY
ha)
¢ af R
Nite
Uahue 45 ‘. mt} po Z ay
Seri S Ghar day suas F
alvey a | t Wao)
te’
DINAJPUR q
BS
S
Re
GHAZIPUR
,
SN OS,
MALDA
| hh } Sp OO Ca ee WEG Ra. MP - MURSHIDABAD
MIRZAPUR oN, =" WUD ¢ uy itelpur | Ae | pes S = Py): ON BS
S
ee ee ie me ewe seen ae
SN
I~
>
Re
R,
RAIGARH
¥ Padan
| SARANGARH...
Ambat id sit
RAIPUR 4} f/f : ers % oe .7 2, : ',
20
ie REFERENCES
Lake
: ha aN |Trigonometrical Station with height.............c09
VIZAGAPATAM | b | | Boundary:— Province or State.............+ssee0. 2
| ” Dirieh in i. Onis ee at
jnaravart Plateau over 1000 feet high
Reserved or Protected Forests
Private or unclassed Forests(aketched).....
q :
- Oe de |
of i :
my
"Reg: No. 712 F 19- 750
Published at the request of the t servator of Forests, Bihar and Orissa 4 Hel HEO.AT THE SuRve:
piA OFFICES, DEHRA Dun
ORI SSA. os
Published under the Authority of the
: agents “for the Sale of Books Published by the Bihar and
Orissa erseaent
—_—_————
pats in India.
eee Thacker, Spink & Co., | (8) oe of the Newal
Caleutta
e Press, Lucknow.
— we Newman & Co., (9) Mess ed N. Burman & Co.,
2 (10) Bat Ram Dayal Argarwala,
tra Road, Allahabad.
(11) Standard Literature Co., Bigs
ee ld Court House :
(12) Manage of the sere Se
eae Depot,
r Street, Caloattan
a raporevala ae
# Meadow (13) Messrs. Reo orth & ©
Street Fort, os t Box No. 18, ie 6. Hastings x
M me C. Sirear & Sons, aw Messrs. Ram K rishna & §
t 5, Harrison Road, Caleu li Street, Lahore.
Agents in the United Kingdom.
srs. A. Constable & Co., 7 ssrs. Henry 8. Ki
10, Orange St., Leice: eee hill ies
London 2.
ssrs, W. Thac ker &
ano, Ludgate Hil
"Cb
(9) Mes
THE
mtANY OF Binge
AND ORISSA
AN ACCOUNT OF ALL THE KNOWN INDIGENOUS
PLANTS OF THE PROVINCE AND OF THE
MOST IMPORTANT OR MOST COMMONLY
CULTIVATED EXOTIC ONES
WITH MAP AND INTRODUCTION
BY
H. Hy HAINES, C.1.H., F.CH., Fine.
LATE CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS, BIHAR AND ORISSA
Published under the Authority of the Government of Bihar
and Orissa
PART II
LONDON ot
PRINTED BY ADLARD & SON & WEST NEWMAN, LTD.
And Sold by the Agents for Indian Official Publications
( list see previous page)
1921
Price Ten Rupees
THE BOTANY OF BIHAR
AND ORISSA.
PART It.
Norz. —Part I, not yet issued, will contain ae Introduction and
General Remarks on the Botan y of the Pro
The order of the Families is vias’ ae cone of British India,’
ac
e
the Geraniales. With the last exception the artificial group of the
Apetale is being retained to facilitate reference with regen the
‘Flora of British India, and other Provincial Floras. The approxi-
mate positions of the apetalous families among their sulin ‘wi
will be indicated as far as possible in the Introduction.
Part II contains families to the end of Thalamiflore as detailed
belo
1. Ranuncunacem. 10. CRUCIFERE. 17. CARYOPHYLLACES.
2. DILLENIACER, 11. CAPPARIDACE. 8, PoRTULACACER.
3. Magnouiaces. 12. VioLAcEx. 19. AIZOACEX.
4. ANoNAcER. -13. Brxacem, 20, ELATINACES.
5. MeNnisPermacem. 14. FuacourTiacex® 21. TAMARICACES.
6. Berserimaces. (wirh Samy- 22. HYPERICACE.
7. NyMpuaace : 3. GuTTIF ;
8. PAPAVERACEm, 15. Prrrosporacex. 24. TERNSTR@MIACER,
9. FumaRiacex, 16. PoLYGALACE®. 25, DIPTEROCARPACEA.
1 1
THE BOTANY OF BIHAR AND ORISSA.
26. MALVACEZ. 35. BALSAMINACER., 44, CHLASTRACES,
27. STERCULIACER, 36. RuTace2. 45, HIPPOCRATACER.
28. TIL1acEz. 37. SIMARUBACEZ. 46. RHAMNACE®
29. EUPHORBIACEA. 88. OCHNACES. 47. AMPELIDACER.
80. CALLITRICHACEZ. 39. BURSERACES. 48. STAPHYLEACEZ.
$1. LinacezZ. 40. MELIACEx. 49, SAPINDACES.
32. MALPIGHIACEZ. 4). IcAcINACEZE. 50. SABIACEA.
33. ZYGOPHYLLACER. 42. OLACACEX., 51. ANACARDIACER.
34. GERANIACES. 43, ILACACEA.
e
as in the ‘Flora of British India.’ Adherence to the International
changes should have been made in conformity with those rules, but
have escaped attention. In a few cases, however, well-known names
have been retained in spite of those Rules. Several names have
become usa neg to botanists, but to all Indian residents
who take an int n silviculture or gardening, and I have thought
it preferable to BaP ET these, provided, of course, that they are not
incorrect, while adding the new name as a synonym.
:
1. RANUNCULACEZ. (1. Cremaris.
FAM. 1. RANUNCULACEZ.
Herbs or shrubs with alternate or (Tribe Clematidex) opposite
usually exstipulate often compound leaves with sheathing petioles.
Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals often petaloid. Petals hyp
gynous, gy sometimes 0 or reduced or modified in wort) 20
Stamens many, hypogynous, anthers usually adnate and de
ra.
ect or pendulous. uit a head of po we or follicles
(ona in Nigella). owe nino embryo minute.
I, (Clematidezx) climbing shrubs. L. o a reno
Petals 0. L. with terminal ee oy (rely ‘simple gin « 1. Clematis.
Petals linear. L. with terminal tendri a 2, Naravelia,
Il. Herbs. L. radical o we aie rnate,
A. Sepals petaloid. Petals 0, or nectarial. 9 itil
Fis. ey small panicled, Carpels l-ovuled
Fis. solitary. Carpels many-ovuled . 4 Nigella.
B. Sepals pt server Petals usually 5. Gartiels many e . 5. Ranunculus.
1. CLEMATIS, L
Shrubs, usually climbing by means of their twisted petioles. Leaves
opposite, usually Se ree ely comport: & nd ending in a terminal
leaflet. Stamens ee pels many, distinct i in fruit,and ending
ci a long deatincy porsiatenit ‘ap or naked beak. Ovule 1, pendu-
A. L. compound. Filaments hairy
3. Thalictrum,
L. not tomentose, Fis. white ee cre ‘ . . - 1. aw
L. tomentose bent eath. Fis. yellow ariieh tds . % rete Wightiana.
B, L. compound. ts g Fis. white « : ... + 8..gouriana.
Cc. L. simple. Fls.purple . ¥ * > rm i . 4, smilacifolia.
1, . mm Royle. Bonga ghanti, S
A climbing shrub uiorw —— silky cieeceat aor apeind aud 1.2.
pinnate leaves with c y toothed simple or lobed 1 s and
cream-coloured flow am on axillary leafy tanto this
peduncled
Champaran (S i ls)! Singbhum, on Heematite rocks, above 2000
Manbhum, 3000 fe Orel Voce ribagh (Baragaon) Wood! Ranchi (kerunny,
! er.
leaflets, 2° 33", ovate with c ordate base, smaller ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
pai shortly he airy. Buds oblong acute, over 1, ST gemctone: silky. Sepals sub-
» With curled tips. Filaments villous
patens (F.C. N.).
7 cer ovoid, under 1”, Sepals spreading, 1” by °5’, 5-7-nerved. Sundi Buru,
2. C. Wightiana, Wall.
Sint 1s easily i Ba Hee by the pinnate leaves being Ay spe
mentose beneath. net usually 5-lobed and serrate. Flow
yellow w brown.t tomentose outside.
Flowers February-March.
1. CLEMATIS. | 1. RANUNCULACEL.
It is recorded from oe hills of Orissa in the F.B.I., but there are no specie
from Orissa in Herb. Cal od nor have I seen any from Bihar and Orissa. It i
chiefly a South Indian plant
3. C. gouriana, Rozb. (tom, aig its covering the ruins of Gour in
Malda : Gola: ig
A climbing shru i eens ressed-hairy grooved branches and
2-pinnate ; a ik “a or coarsely-toothed ovate-acuminate leaf-
lets. Flowers white and cream, scented, ‘5-"75” diam., in copious
axillary and terminal 3-chotomous panicles.
ry rare. wage: ovr es ie ravine)! Parasnath! Palamau (Aday,
gether erttanlenael h nis ni the deine aerai ‘3, a Bow
oes, revolute, 4-, rarely 5, ciliat
Said to abound in an a acrid eoceaou principle (Watt).
4. C. ional ot
A tall tough r with very long, ged oki Iie by which
it climbs ; ‘shining, notre fleshy cordate-o 3-7” long,
with 7-9 basal nerves ad a icles of wih a peer ons iE =. 5” diam.,
with 4-5 coriaceous se
May 1500 ft. (Lace) ! = eae a over 3000 ft. near water! Fis. Oct.-Feb., Fr.
s grooved. L. with 7-9 basal nerves, Tetiey entire or remotely serra’
Petices gare base. Sepals tomentose, purple within. Nee — “BY, a,
ey hairy: with thick margins and long feathery styles 2" long, hairs ofte:
This species of damp evergreen forests. Some sateecaera from Sikkim @
sfoioate with sa esac, Sire leaflets, er this form has not been found in Bihar
. NARAVELIA, DC.
Differs from Cleat in the leaf rachis ending in a tendril and in
the 6-12 linear petal
Lek. ties DC. Chagal-bate, oon
imbing shrub with pubescent or tomentose branches, simply
pinnate leaves with a single pair of adie, and the end of the rachis
converted into r d te Fl yellowish green or
oa -5—75” diameter, in axillary and terminal panicles. Petals
preading, equal to or s at than the tomentose sepals,
i mparan! Purnea! long ravines and n: 8 common in
pe range! Base of alban (And.). Fis. Sep oer, Dec
Ss 2, broadly- ~ “tenner ovate, 5-6” b 2: 5-3", sab: coment villous
Sema pen with a cusp or acuminati =p n, sub- palmately nerved, toothed.
Panicle: 3-10”, A hates illoua: with hairy stytes 9 in fru
The roots are tuberous. Ropes are made from os stems.
3. hor tgs igre
erbs with compound, often t nately decompound, 1
with sheathing pent. Stipules often prese ent as ew or ae
free, Flowers small, racemed or panicled. Sepals petaloi pase
Petals 0. Star Ol idpale hie or many. Ovule gees
Pruit a small hed of achenes.
4
1. RANUNCULACES. (5. Ranuneunus.
1. T. foliolosum, DC.
A very graceful fern-like erect herb 3-4 ft. hi igh with 3-pinnate
leaves, the ultimate pinn si Mcbicat usually Mee roundish lobulate
S* F 1, green, whi
leaflets *25— Po. eee r lower: all, n, or
purplish, on capillary pedicels cai ample ter en pani Sta
exserted on filiform white or pink filaments. 8 4- (-5-) ridged.
The higher hills of Chota Stare gl? 4000 ft. Ichadag (Ranchi)! Neterhat
(Palamau)! Sirguja, Clarke! Parasna h (Hazaribagh)!
Distribution: Temp. Himalaya, hes th Hills, Upper Burmah, Dehra-Dun (U.P.),
Ganjam (?).* Fis. June-Aug., Fr. July-Sept. Perennial
Stipules not distinct from the leafsheath. Leaflets nae, glancous beneath, venose.
Pedicels -3-"6”. etals -1”, coy ear-oblong, minutely giPpon us at base, caducous.
Anthers yellow linear. Ache “12”, turbinate, 8-ridge
2, ae | btege arme Blume.
r but less robust herb, easily distinguished by the better developed
sul, the woe shaped filminenta, numerous carpels, and also, less qouuratly. by
the m tely divided _ and thicker, more venose leaflets.
cosa Htdoahaeet
4. NIGELLA, L
Erect Rennie, with ‘pinnately dissected leaves, Flowers modera
sized, terminal, 1 , sometimes with an involucre of
laciniate bracts. nade imalssioate, petaloid. Petals 5, transformed
into nectaries, 2-fid, clawed. pons! ls oo connate, except sometimes
h t uit su sular, the
at the extre ; vules
follicles being only free above, slitting through the i nae aes and
finally sometimes also throng the s yle and down the bac
A pretty “ie 12 ft. high -3-pinn tisect leaves 1-2” long cut into linear or
linear-lanceolate apa ig and baclaaee long-peduncled pale blue flowers ‘8-1’ ——
h ovate, acute, clawed sepals. Nect sel Is 8, geniculate, with a sacca
with o
gland in the knee, one on the face and one o on the apex of each lobe. Carpels (3-) .
Styles ‘3--4” long, persistent, capsule “5” long.
Pytey tr. Feb.-April. Sometimes cultivated and an occasional weed of cultivation
he teers plain! Seeds pungent, aromaticand stimulant; used by the natives
it theic curries.
5. RANUNCULUS,
Herbs with et lob ed or duddsbeek leaves with ee
petioles. Flow. small to large, often panicled. Se gen 3-5
rire imbricate Petals usually 5, rarely 0, with often a gland
he Carpels « , styles v very short. Ovule 1, ascending.
Fruit of Srersel or cplenlate achenes.
1. R, pensylvanicus, L.
.n erect buttercup with fibrous roots, —— rest stems, 1-2 a
high, and yellow flowers ‘7—-8” diameter. achen es large
to *4” lo: long, globose-o dia. Achenes ones on Avr not Pitted,
12’ ee distinctly margined.
mens named 7, ¢ Cal. Herb. collected by Gamble from
alana an d Mahendragirt (Ganja i) wae 4 in. Apwer nox trait appear to be 7.
5
5. Ranuncutvs. | 1. RANUNCULACE.
Along streams in the py hills of Palamau, especially abundant at Koorgee
—. be aware elevation n abou 3000 ft.! Fis. May-July, Fr. June-Aug.
Dis : Upper Bur het sapere): Assam and Khasia Hills, Nepal, Oudh,
also China pee N. ian.
Stems sulcate, branched. Radical and lower stem leaves | pe a with 3-sect
leaflets and petioles, 2-4” ; oe se sect. Leaflets
pice, hairy beneath and less s above, lobed and co; wenits eduncles
— stout. Teceptacle pn hairy. pm at first sa enseeinae thes
rollexed and membranous, oblong, *2”, hairy. Pet tals ‘3-"35”, oblong, rounded, wi
—— coats at base
i Differ rom the usual rie of R. pensylvanicus in the broader oblong leaf-segments.
2. R. sceleratus, L. Scelery-leaved Crowfoot.
An erect, glabrous annual, 1-2, rarely ‘3 ft. high, much branched,
i at bed.
1 t
and from the forks. Ache nes sound rather turgid, not m
glabrous on an oblong hairy rece ceptac
In the northern tract, in wet places et on the west. Champaran! F1., Fr.
c.s. to March.
s fistular Lower L. petioled, 3-sect, upper sessile, uppermost often
simple ei lgsoetd ate. —, epreenie and ened. somewhat Lee ha out-
aot Petals scarcely exceeding the sepals.
e plant is very erie Iti is a common European plant near the
sass of ponds and stream
FAM. 2. ninemsn at
Trees or shrubs with simple alter n large and strongly-
nerved pa r toothed exstipulate fore, with ‘ibeatht he base to the
petiole. Flowers usually large , yellow or white. Sepals 5, ana
more, imbricate persistent. Petais 5, — fewer. Stamens many,
i ise
: man
— placentation various but raphe voutsal. Prui t follicular,
cai or baceate. Seeds arillate, albumen fleshy, sabes minute
next the tong
14. DILLENIA, L.
Trees h large and very strong pinnate venation
Flowers Pies or grey Stamens sare free, filaments not
thickened upwards, anthers linear, a introrse, outer recurved
extrorse. Carpels 5-20, cohering in xis, styles stigma
ovules indefinite. Fruit sero of the salaried fleshy jmbricate
sepals enclosing the ripe indehiscent carpels.
Fis. large = bby ‘pe diam. . : . 1. tadica.
Fis. large yello diam. Fr. 2” dia: ‘ | 2. aurea.
Fis. erate shld pth vena -1:5" diam., r elntered: Fr.'75" . . 3. pentagy"®
1. D. . L. Korkotta, K., S.; Chalta, Hargeza, Beng. ; Oao, Or.
A ra er small but beautiful tree with a dense crown; deep
leaves Pa 0” by 2-4” and white solitary flowers 5-6” diameter.
6
2. DILLENIACE 2. (1. Dittenza,
Very frequently planted, but probably only wild in northern Purn
; eah. In
ena wild state (as in the Duars) ibs ag mrs nd along muddy price Will
dol, Kalahandi and oat? este Coo It does not thrive in dry districts.
Fis rte un -F Ever,
; « Bre Se . - Eve saneh
L. lanceolate, pubescent beneath, with 30- 40* close paralle] secondary nerves, each
running into a strong tooth. Petiole 1-2”. Ca arpels 20.
The large fleshy accrescent ealyces which form the outer gee pn e fruit
are eaten before they are quite ri ipe, usually after ¢ cooking. The wood na mech
used. ton, who mentioned it as scarce in Purneah, says that it is used by
2. D. aurea, Sm. Korkotta, K., S.; Aghai, Th. ; Keringila, Karmata,
Gond.; Rai, Or.
A small, crooked tree with haters Ay oadly oblong or elli
12-20” by 45-7” with a distinct petiole 1-3” pone. ‘Tt re ei rge
solitary beautiful yellow Gowrie facraine ating the leafless tranches
(when it has been re peatedly mistaken for Cochlospermum, though
fferent.)
the habit and trunk are ad m
Throughout the province, from jah! to Sambalpur! and Puri! in hilly dis-
tric Very common in places on ae schists trachyte or grit. Ascends to 3000 ft.
oH Neterhat Fis. April-May. Fr. May-June. L. drop at end of Jan. and are re-
oa
ey gir rth, with nearly smooth light-coloured bark. Blaze dark crim on,
ate with a light crim mson border inside an nd o utside the darker belt. In leaf it is
e
’ t
urr eS.
stout pubescent, 1-3” long, with 3- Sy aie Me bracts. Sepals -75- V. WB drmeedjct lune
lanceo sarod oe by 2", St tye 10, ‘6”, spreading andrecurved. Ovules man , 2-Serinte
carpel. ee
_ Wood reddish broy wn, only used as fuel; makes a good charcoal. _ Fruit edible
and is greedily eaten n by wild elephants, which destroy t them
,, This is shinee gd tree called ‘‘ Dengr ’’ by Hamilton i = _ account of Purneah :
“A fine species of Dillenia with a lata fine yellow flower. Fruit about size ‘of a
ae apple ana need as an acid in seasoning.” But lave never seen the fruit the
size of ge bt enple, but rather a small one.
lon Roxb. Rai, we Sahar, 8.; Aghai, Th.; Agor
r)
moderate-sized often straight tree with elliptic or narrowly
ape greet 12- vad long, decurrent (and amplexicaul, scarcely
Wha. the iulith Me aics. especially in Purneah! In the central and southern
tracts confined to the valleys, especially at the Ss ageroel er eetans, and not very
h o
Fumon, though occurring in all districts! An ngul ! Fis., Giareh hped.
Fr. May. + Deciduous end of rob. t o Ma:
Attains 4-5 ft. girth. Blaze light or ceri imson, or elon i hed Sg cescee and white.
L. much as in last but adult nearly % jqquite glabro Pig en nerves beneath,
margi pen asian and together rig exc parent rves forming teeth;
base m more tapering than in D. ees ea, most often rreditnes a wing on the
Betiole, le Which ene * abepiee absent or is under 1 long. Peduncles slender, 1-2’,
“ The wood is reddish h grey and durable but liable to warp and split’ (Gamble).
It t gives an erosiiont anya oe fruit is eaten. The tree is sensitive to frost :
but is difficult to kill Il by gi
* The number of seconda nerves always refers to the number each side the
Words ‘each side” being understood.
7
1, MicHELtA. | 3. MAGNOLIACE.
FAM. 3. MAGNOLIACEA.
‘rees or shrubs with simple alternate ane leaves, usually with
convolute stipules sheathing the bud and leaving a circular scar
(resembling some Urtica and Sone on falling. Flowers
a i llow o: ‘
an elonga
one whorl (Illiciwm) ; se stigmatose on the inner surface.
Ov or more on the ventral matt anatropous or ee
Fruiting carpels bacc nytt follicular r dry. Seeds 1 or few, testa
pone oe double, albumen presen sinddtencd fk Embryo minute,
cotyledon eterna ity radicle nak the hilum
‘alana spi the Himalayas) is occasionally cultivated in our area, as also
species of Magnolia. Oil of anise = enact By distillation of the fruits of
the Star Anise — verum>—an Ami
Carpels on a Ov ules 2 a 2 poet : ; . 1. Michelia.
Carpels on a coal nophore. aida ;
Carpels abiedent persistent .- : : : : . Magnolia.
Carpels indehiscent, deciduous . : : ; : : g . Talauma.
> cmt wea
Trees, sometimes ett s shrubs. uous sa Meee leaving
a yp pons r scar. Flowers eolitary, white or yellow. erianth leaves
in 3 or more 3-merous series. Filaments flat with fetosek "suthanl
Carpels ceuine on an elongate axis a whiok | is on a gynophore, coriaceous
and dorsally dehiscent in 1 fruit.
1. M. ., L. eC aE Champaka, H., Or.
A large a 80 ft. high and 6-7 ft. girth with rusty tomen-
tose shoo slong-tneeolate or pes: lanceolate long-acamin i
leaves attaining 12 ” by 4”, a aes int yellow flowers 2” dia
— a of ils alate pooch 4” long.
A ra’ d beautiful tree inhabiting deep valleys ae by springs in
Gast: Peco ge iar | -lepcgescgh tag: and Karampoda) in 8 ee Pa He
= ter’ a hoe hi * Com Song — above 2500 f n the ‘vallegs!
Bonai ® Man Very Sine p to 10° ft. girth in the Korn lley
(Bonai)” eaaiey: Khuldia, Nileir ‘Stats, Coopiy. Purneah, not very "common
Apr Often planted! Fils. , April- -May. lr. July. eenree New L. in
Apri
Boe rk Be e grey, smooth. Biase: hard, mottled cream and 0 woke 29
beers retipatats mda 5 lo pte within the
Petiole *75-1’. Posende “with 2 Jorkaeebes si itky euiins racts which eh th
See zoe oung . dvr tule -bud and leave an annular scar below it. aroveie S 10. 12, 2-seriate.
ee(
** Wood soft, even-grained, heart- _— olive-brown. Very durable. ota 37 Ib.
Experiments biany 1 Ceylon wood gave co- notice of transverse a h 3°488 tons
per sq. in. Coe nt of elasticity 502°15 to r sq. in.” (Gam :
This cenaeee tree = has been neglected in nr past and I a nl it re:
oved in
favour of Sal, than which it is mek more valuable. It is very sensitive aie frost
and seedlings require protection
8
ae
A shrub or
larger 4” by 1 1 "25" 6” by 2”, acute, pian or su wget
glabrous, pelluci- punctate and slightly scented. re droopin a4
yellowish ereen » T5~1-2
ute
4. ANONACES, (1. Anona,
FAM. 4. ANONACEA.
Trees or erect or cli imbing sy a usually with lanceolate scaleless
buds and alternate fees oe imple entire leaves, which are often
pellucid dotted. Flow n greenish and pendulo ous, sometimes
2,in Anona
ded. Seeds wee with copious albumen a nd ial 2 embryo.
uminate, often deeply Jaminate endosperm of the seeds is vars
Meiccistic of this family.
Quite small L, very frequently occur on the tw wigs below t l-sized ones.
A. Stamens closely packed with a overlapping connectives
which copeenl she anther ce
» Tepals i Series, or al of third series very small,
Carpels da. -connate ; connate and fleshy ix isto ik 3 1. Anona.
slice anes in ot 308 series (or 2 in
taloid, subsimilar, ie free
rae “Pte tals with serenaine sip sto “concave eae as
< hooded over the s
2. Artobotrys.
6. Petals withont concave mooke a Leis
Scandent shrubs. Petals 8 orbicular, onter im bricate 3. Uvaria,
Scandent shrubs or r small trees. Ps tals ss ide sa Ovules 2-6 4. Unona.
rect trees or shrubs. Ovule s 1-2 5. Polyalthia,
B. Stamens loosely imbricate, , not conceal.
ing the anther ¢
1. Outer two series of tepals small sepaloid, third series
“petals” larger petaloid.
Base of petals not saccate. Oy cae ie + + 6. Milix
Base of petals saccate. Ovules 6 : e Sacogahtica:
2. oe Series of tepals small sept inner two series
tals”’ petaloid. Ovules 4 ‘many 8. Alphonsea.
1. ANONA, 1.
exotic genus of which species have become naturalised in India.
hone pellucid dotted. Petals (second series of perianth ene)
triquetrous with concave base. Carpels sub-connate, reer. tely con
fluent into an ‘ovoid or globose synearpous fruit. Carpels l1-ovuled.
LA. — a,L. Nenwa, yoncal, K.; Manda ecko S.; Sitaphal
Beng. ; Sarph H.; Ata ; The Custard App
mall toe with Loe oc cUoedaneet Beige —
*
8 minute or 0, Fruit tu
5” ire petals aasebetsekinaet third series of
rcled,
Cor ompletely wild now in th
d on the scrub-hills
of Sentearibaeh a gh and Ma nthe jungen of western Palamau, and on
Also run wild over the northern hills of the
pron dging from the native names its introduction must be
Cultivate Y ancient. Fis. _March-May. July-Sept
Vr
root and rhe largely, a and is one of the fruits that ee rive in Chota Nagpur. The
are used medicinally and are a valuable.insecticide.
9
1. ANona. | 4. ANONACE
2. A. oe L. Gom., S.j; Anta, Ramphal, H.; Barhial, Or.
Bullock’s Heart.
Leaves larger, 5-8”, acuminate glabrous. Flowers 2-3, toge otha:
innermost tepals narrow-oblong. Fruit larger, pinay but not a
all tubercled. ena cultivated, very common in Purn eah.
Fruit December
2. Secacooark Rs wh
Sarmentose or scandent shrubs with shining leaves. Flowe:
calitary. or fascicled, Taaeatly on woody ho fica pe Sepals 3,
valvate. Is 6, 2- seriate e, with concave con ivent bases and
ich is te : i
1. A. cashedndians, R. Br. Champa, H.
A large sarmentose glabrous sub with gers oblong or lanceo-
late leaves 2-8” long and solitary or paired green flowers turning
yellow, on hooked or circinate ul faaadals woody peduncles. Petals
1-1:'75” long. ee arpels large, green or ultimately yellow.
Fils. April-June and r.s.
Cultivated in chal and has a heavy Jasmine odour.
3. UVARIA, L.
Sarmentose shrubs, more or less stellately pubescent or fa: on
the shoots. Flowers solitary, te pages or leaf-opposed, 1-4 ©
abbreviated lateral pahdhies, red (in our species). Sepals 3, valvate.
Petals 6, large, orbicular or oblong, £ concave Carpels sm =
linear pons 5 — mig oi or oblong, stalked, sub- baceate, more or
eeds.
L. sof ve cent or way — tomentos . ; 2 eae Feber
L. glabrous ond shining. Buds with scaly aarte é é . 2, lurida.
1. U. Hamiltoni, H./. § T. Selauli, K.; Lakankuli, Or.
A very large woody climber, often with circinate branchlets. Shoots
rusty tomentose with elliptic or oblong-obovate, finely, but some-
times shortly, ac — rg ema Wi _— stellately-tomentore
beneath and deep scarlet flowers 2” diam Ripe carpels ‘0-* >
oblong, tomentose, sean Neda, on stalks 15- Vo ng
In damp, shady valleys and stony ravines. . Champaran! Singbhum,
frequent! Santal Parganas! Angul! Mals of Puri, prc Mayur rbhanj !
Fis. May-July. Fr. sometimes persistent till Dec. Evergree
L. from 3” 8 1:25” to 12” by 5°25’ on the same twig, elliptic oa mostly obovate;
base somewhat cordate. Secondary nerves about 18. Peduncle 1- -3, bracteate.
2. U. neg f.§ T. Gaichiria, Or.
large woody climber with black bark closely marked with white ©
itieaie. Leav ~ 4-9, coriaceous, very po a ~ - moss poke -
elliptic-oblong acuminate. Flowers 1-1°5” a
reddish brown Hattie. solitary, leaf-opposed ya jones tomate a =
10
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4. ANONACEZ. [4. Unona.
long, which gas with the rounded pyramidal flower buds are-
closely covered with stout brown a papille or tubercles.
Eiroets, Puri Division, freque
sous
twigs verrucose, hoes small stellate scales, when dry with netted strie.
Dias a densely stellate-tom larger, 8” by "25 5”, spreading, with stellate
brown — — th when tere Secondary nerves 12-18, not strong and not
gin. Petioles °25” _cu ve eduncles coh se . a
Sepals 3, ovate, brown, ver Trucose or su a ls concave,
orbicar-oby vate, ‘scaly- -Comentote “outside and minutely teslabuiales within, united
mens cune! carpels ‘7-1'2” long on oe De
oe sometimes root int und and send up a new ere
orr.— This is the plant deserted das U. behead King, U. a tae macro-
g;
phylla, F.B.I., in Bengal plants from a solita: ary twig ,in the Cal. meg —
Baruni Hill, ethan, without flower or fruit. [ ib collected it in
ae, ze Sree th sage veh arpeneange of the calyx ant peduncle * oes ;
var i a lur
ers.
. UNONA, L.
Small nie or ecuaiod shrubs, the ae bps punctulate
leaves with strong marginal and s condary ne Flowers solitary.
Se s Is 6 (or 3 only in U. Hay aa or open in bu
more o permanently cohering by their mange i longijlora
Stamens a Carpels maleroah Style ovoid Or ch ehas recurved.
Ovules ted Ripe carpels many, elongated and moniliforn
Spreading or sarmentose shrub. ae free : ie tong
Erect shrub or small tree. Petals 3. coherin ng ‘ ; or ge i longiflora.
1. U. discolor, Vahi.
A large usually sarmentose ote with finely striate recat agile
oblong or oblon ieee ase leaves 4-7” lon ng, glaucous beneath, with
fine co op ondary nerv, My "ede r yellowish ch Pt ces
with petals 1 5-25 5 rec and Pesite S moniliform carpels with
6 joints.
Damp forests of aye i Divi i o. Hage? da, Sees, Barberah)!
Fis. Api pril-May. r. Sep a fea Dee
ee rust, fit rye gee es oni at base of shoot, acute or acumi-
nate, shining above, beneath Saaty appressed, fact glabrescent. i rounded
orsub-cordate. Sec condary nerves about 10-13. Petioles ‘2-"4”, pubescent. Peduncles
lateral, silky, slender, 7” woody, and - 5’ in fruit. Sepals hcochate,” ih Petals
‘arrow, lanceolate, inner shorter. Fr uiting carpels sub-tomentose ; joints *2-"25
the B lowest shortly stalked.
e Soa “i so Specimens belong to var. pubiflora of the F.B.I., with beautifully
«een h, Fl. Ind., ii, 669, is referred to this species in various works, but
Scribes it as a pretty ize tree, sisal says that tis wood is employed for various
8, but chiefly for rafters!)
2. U. longifiora, Rowb.
and shining aboy wh itish beneath, cightiy 4 uraceo
nerves, otherwise g gl Flowers remarkably long and ious
up to 6 in., yellow cubaide. reddish within, on filiform peduncles.
Damp fists of Puri Division (in the Mals)! Fls. April-May.
‘Twigs puber ulons. Buds rus: ay Wisieanbee L, shortly cuspidate, rarely acuminate,
a1
4. Unona.] 4, ANONACE.
bese obtuse; secondary nerves Sm, 10-13, with tertiaries Cp tioles
ut, somewhat gL ae te, °4-6’, Fs. with Meee ecolate ac e petals,
omen cohering by their margins above Ripe carpels about 10, Sonweal but all
jot ints re lowest often fal li ing.
ple i Khasian specimen.
5. sai orga Blume.
raight-growing trees, rarely sh y (P. suberosa), with di nee
aaaly repieading leaves. Flowers eae d, rarely solitary, often 0:
gmail tubercles and extra-axillary. Sepals 3. Petals 2 S-eerinbey fat.
Carpels anh succulent and 1-seeded in fruit. Ovules 1-2.
Seeds usu
AG Se soon seebeou Petals lin
ree
Cultivated 0: 24 = narrow, iiabecksse th 1. longifolia.
Forest tree. ong 2. simiarum.
. Branchlets pabeseent. Petals ovate or oval. "Small trees.
eaves caudate acuminate. Small tree - . 3. cerasioides.
Leaves obtuse or r pounded, Small tree or shrub e 4, suberosa.
1 = eee ie Benth & H.f. Deodar, Debdar, Asok, Vern.
ight tree with ee eolate glabrous long-acuminate
iatomte eaves 3-8” long, and numerous “ cepa green n flowers with
pact te” pag petals 38" long. uxuriant specimens the
are med on short s cial ae branches or elongated
Guhacciat, with jeedor podielat pret 1” long.
Dee Sots nt in station Evergreen. Fis. a w L. March-April. ;
Grows best in the poe oon districts, iat! it forms a fine avenue tree and it
is often “planted near temples
yamble says that in it used for barrels, as it is tough and bends
easily. Weight 37 Ib.
2. a Eeeperauate Benth. & H.f. Ojhar, Wojarh, Or.; Dighi Bentia, 8.;
Deal
A very straight, tall, handsome tree with elliptic iat ee acumi-
tae or cuspidate nea wah ep leaves, 4-10” long, w 12-16 s strong
rallel Lene ne rs fascicled, with inner ot petal 1-12 f
acer ish. iantiole: ‘areal ake bright orange when ripe, l 2-15"
lms sllipsoid, on stalks as long.
amp forests in ae Malsof Orissa! Mayurbhanj! Bonai, Cooper! His
Apt Fre ene dake e. New me s June. (In sigs coy and Duars Fis. ye She
crn n, i bal oa nish and yellow blaz ~~ and young
usually e sn sometimes aheee , base rounded, young
5 out vi
with, merous cross “ertinries marginal nerve distinct. Petiole ae od Fis.
senate from the previous year’s branchlets on slender pedicels *8-1'2” 1 Sepals
short, orbicular. ne hacen greenish-yellow to purplish (King), onter (in my
specimen) ‘8”, in "lon
a y bark is pret a cure for scorpion stings. Its timber is not known to be
ed.
3. P, Archean ater om oe ye Sande Ome, K.; Panjon, Rida, 8.5
HN Pot
A small tree 20-30 oa dh abe icil ng branches, distichous, dark-
green, lanceolate or shiona tanceslata acuminate, more or less pube
12
4, ANONACEZ. {6. Minrusa.
scent leaves 5” by 1°5 eee ai ye he and usually solitary lateral
— mish flowers °5” ain n bra e curved ice ruit an
bel of many cieuidenditelkeds parser red, globose-oblong fleshy
aects 3” long.
Frequent in Singbhum valleys! Manbhum! Along ravines in Santal Sei agp
Gaya Ghats! Mayurbhanj! Bonai, Cooper! Sambalpur! Hazaribagh a
Is. ret 1-May r. May-Aug. Renews L. April, nearly evergree
Bark t thick, pO pt grey. ‘Blaze feep brown, then yellow, anky the yellow
noticeable | in young trees.
Young twigs Eadatitebo, 2 tame ‘pelieatie or ovate when young but ore
Sepals nor hairy, ovate- fers about *3”, but sometimes only 15!
Petals ova; “25/2 27’, somewhat pubescent, thick. Stalks of carpels*5’-"7”, Seed
brown, Pree, *25"
rnit sweet, eaten **Wood, weight about 50 Ib. »» Said to be used in carpentry
and for boat-bu eo hgarage
4. P. suberosa, Benth. § H. a Chali, Beng.; Burhi chamri, Or.
(from the *irinklod ats than a mossu, Or.
A small erect tree or shrub, often with a necahly naval ps
bark* on the branches, with biti ni coblong-lanceolate lea
usually deep glossy green above and with v rb gs03! se ondary ae
Flowers green and yellow or reddish, °4 aed ender 5-1"
uncles, mae are often 2-3 on oie boda wasEHOa: Ripe
carpels pisiform red.
Ins cng! fores me and generally near streams, cepegreiser ( men very rare;
riand Angul forests, peewee | Nilghiri! Probably in other Orissa States.
Fis. April-May (perhaps later). Fr. Sept.-Dec. New shoot = March
by ig aze br ai
wie Ls
cles ar sh ary br :
young from a continuation of the ‘peduncle at its colour and slightly greater thick-
ness. Fils. densely silky. Outer petals » inner *4’, oblong or oval. Drupels
broadly ellipsoid, -25-"3”; reddish, flesh ve So "thin. Stalks of carpels about *3”.
6. MILIUSA, Leschm.
eciduous in the hot weather and Len on the new
st
ries “ petals longer ovate, lvate, not saccate. Stamens and
dunone Carpels igearobions with 1-2 ovules, when ripe
globose or oblong
1M. oo Hook.f. § Th. Ome, K. 8.; Siarbhuka, Kharw.; Dom-
sal, Kar ; Kariota, Pha Gandha Palas, Or. ; Domgaru,
Khond hie ul).
A tree Sr, 4—5 ft. girth, usually branched low, with ee or
ea e broadly ellipsoid or ovate leaves more or less permanently
mineues ypertrophy of re bark of the old branches is often given as a are
but this by means al oo The bark is nearly smooth on
Some trees and not at all Poorly aa
13
6. Mintvsa.] 4, ANONACE#.
tomentose beneath, a green flowers on very long drooping pit
in few-flowe extra-axillary scorpioid cym Fruiting
6-75, ellipsoid downy on short stalks. Fruiting peduncles woody,
over 1 5”, often
Throughout the Province in the cca forests from Champaran to Orissa and
Sambalpur ; common < es ta er
Fils. with new small L. in May Jw Fr. June-July. Deciduous end of. April.
eee moderately thick rats thick. Blaze dark brown, then
thick light brown or dirty brown W ith li ght er streaks. ark often flut
oung parts densely, often villously ” by 4” to. 10” by 6”.
epals lanceolate, scarcely hairy, fay 20". Secure 7. like the sepals Lt va
Petals ovate to orbicular-ovate *4-°5 (sometimes mo _F.C.N., only °3", F.B
rpels nd villous, es ¢
Timber used for yokes and axles, “ is easily worked and weber : MS stews and
the fruit is eaten. ‘‘ Wood yellow when fresh cut, grey or erey own when
dry, dewey hard. Weight 40 to 50lb. P. about 8357” (Gamb by
7. SACCOPETALUM, Benn.
(Sometimes united with Miliusa.)
Trees, deciduous in the hot we eather. Flowers axillary in short
lateral cymes. First and second arcs of tepals eae. third series
“petals” much larger, petaloid, with saceate base. Stamens and
ch
carpels numerous, connective produced, ovules 6 or more.
Ls Leepntons H.f.& T. Ome, Ombe, K.; Charra, S.; Kirua, 7;
Kari, Kharw. ; Tone, Kheria.; Patmosso, Gandhapalsa, One
A ual or moderate sized tree with softl y pubescent or
shoots, and solitary danke purple flowers on slender Leap ee ral
lateral from the previous year’s shoots. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse,
or with short blunt acumen, aromatic.
Chota Nagpur throughout, but especially common in Palamau! Gaya! Sam
balpur! Angul! Puri!
Fils. May-June. Fr. June-July. New leaves in May or June
Bark brown, nearly smooth, with numerous fine cra racks in young
fluted in old. Blaze yellowish, slightly pink or brown, or in in older tree re
irt it m2:
sa
rarely exceed 0", asus 2:25” by Pa to 6” poy: 3 wes rith year ounded or cine
times cordate puberulous, or quickly glabrescent between
ns nerves aRoue. Suean dary nerves 5-10, omitting — Leese pnt nes, looped
branchin ng some distance frome the leaf’ margin. Fr mbel of rou —— black,
fleshy carpels, 6 6-1” diamete
he wood is strong and aavable; and taken for house poles.
2. S. longiflorum, Hook. /
A tree with puberulous cere ovate-oblong or oblong
mae acuminate leaves about 8’ 1 by 3” broad, appressed
bescent beneath, and — short-pedun! cled flowers from the
iar of the fallen leaves. Petal
Only Lae ig 8 Buchanan Hamilton from ais eah, and not t simce ollected
This tree, as ow it in British Bhotan, has s ienticellate oma and Bert
leaves up to 10”, ote gins 4 those of the Champak. It fruits there in Aug. and
14
4. ANONACEZ. [8. ALPHONSEA.
8. ALPHONSEA, H. /.
Trees with coriaceous very shining leaves. Pade clustered o
short cymes, clu ster s tomentose, leaf-opposed or on old twigs. Topas
in 3 series, outer “sepals” small valvate, second and third series
‘pe ” larger ie subequal with saceate “aye rama cells
dorsal, connective apiculate. Carpels 2-10. Ovules 4-15.
Tall tree. L. ar had up to 9” oR AS - 1. ventricosa,
Low tree. IL. ovate or ovate- -oblong, under 5” ™ : - 2. lutea.
1. A. ventricosa, H. f. § T.
ase of twigs) to 9°5 by 2°75”, beautifully polished tee ve. Flowers
clustered in brown, velvety, sessile, _— Big arct bracteate cymes.
Ri aM a very lar ge, yellow-tomento
near water, Mayurbhanj (elevation 2500 ft.)! Santal Parganas, in
Ramat Hills, — !
-M
= ge ay. gre gh aged New shoots at time of flowering.
ooth, r. ila Blaze thin, brown, then cream, hard. UL. rather
sadteny Reurhin ase acute, obtuse or rounded. ebga mst nerves 9-16, very
fine, visible both sis ps hairy beneath, Ltt and looped. Petioles -25-
*3” thick, nel asa the mid- ioe above *Cyme short and dense, oat from
the old y Pe nice 3’, with a min ‘aa Bolt wa Dene near middle. Calyx *17”
diacneter, with 3 broadly ovate brown jedencicas a9 Petals °37-"44”. Outer
ovate-tomentose ; inner btn orks Feet eolate, sub-erect, acute, with saccate
scent
Tpe -el
capitate. Fr. in Hastern ‘Bengal have not seen our specimens in fruit) like small
tomentose yellow m:
Gamble says it a ie
the 'Andamans. The aaecrpcan sa be a is niga vena the Sental Geees
chest which i is oe egie tsp and pe» somewhat different ero rs most Santal
suffering from the removal of the surroundin gle.
2. A. lutea, H. f. § 1.
A small tree up to3 ft. girth with s qrbee crown, elliptic-lanceolate
to broadly ovate she see i somata ully polished om sides,
small sae or yellowish flow tt 8-4dkbaibed browil “Velve vety
clusters or cymes. Pater ‘aalale slightly larger than the i ‘oi 25”,
with ree vel tips. Carpels 2-3, as seen (oval, about 6-seeded,
Roxb., 1-15", with very short stalk, "L).
uri Division, south ¢, fa
re April-May. Eve ergreen.
Bark eos grey, streaked (with lenticels). Blaze moderately hard, cream or
light bro L. sometimes elliptic, subacute, or usually many acuminate, base
rounded or ateeuntonse. Secondary nerves 7-10, very fine. Pi Clusters
aa one, leaves and on old twigs. Peduncles ‘3-*4. opate aes resto
ls app
AC) .
ie OTE.—The B.&O alee nt differs somewhat from the ete, the flowers being only
5’ diameter, and in longer Ppetios Carpels also fewer.
15
1. CIssAMPELOS. | 5. MENISPERMACEZ
FAM. 5. MENISPERMACE.
Herbs or milo sao d ie ae with alternate heme fer
palmi-nerved s —e rally entire margins.
minw Siibohnnme gates mero s (b ae: ee Ciesemie s) in val
emes. Petals ‘rarely 0. amens as many as petals, opposite to
and often embraced by them, or anth nnate in a ri und
top of a colu ale: carpels 1-6, a A dr paceous with a
very ch risti endocarp, the latter being ie Be
curved, often thickened and tubercled rt — the
rarely seed cba lohaae
ercle
curved round a solid depressed centre;
Albumen often ruminate. Cotyledons vario
A. Fils. umbelled or cymose, or if racemose then clustered in the
axilsof large persistent bracts. Stamens connate in a column
xg
Male Fis. 4-merous. Female tepals 2 1. Cissampelos.
Male sepals 3 6-10, petals 3-5. Female sepals and’ pet tals 3-5 2. Stephania,
. Fis. I agai racemed or axillary, if racemed without large
8.
1. Sepals 6, petals 0. Stamens on ina sasigare Carpels 3.
L. large. Fis. in large panicles A . 3. Anamirta.
2. Sepals 6, sree hg Stamens fr ree.
L. deeply cordate. Fis. racemose. Style scar sub-terminal . 4. Tinospora.
not cordate, rarely mp cordate. Stylescarsub-basal. Fils.
ih gant racemes or race iform panicles, leaves fone 5. abe 85
6. us
1. CISSAMPELOS, L.
A slender comer from a perennial root-stock. Male flowers
ymose. Sepals 4, rarely 5-6 connate into a peltate oF
4-lobed cup vite ers 4, ¢ e round the trun p the
staiminal col d bursti tered
in the axils of imbricating leafy bracts which are
2, adnate to the bracts. Carpel 1. igmas
style scar sub-basal. Endocarp horseshoe-shaped, compressed,
margins tubercled
1. CG. parei L. pee ee: a saat K.; Tejo mala, S.;
Akanadi, H., Beng es ati, Thar
Stems usually eat stri si Te caste peltate, deltoid or
— ovate casabeae orbic ar-eniform ‘orm, 1°75” to 3-5" w mae i neipal
rves. Male fiower in axillary ¢ soisbens usually panicled cymes.»
“Frousnt throughout the area, OLE in open and rocky cane Fis. June-
somewhat
Nov. Fr. Nov.-Jan
L. ti se 0: retuse, m mucronate, with straight o: shallow-cordate base,
glaucous heneath, more or less ‘pubescent 0 or hairy. Petioles 1-3'26”. Male Fis.
whitish, minute, in densely hairy cymes, in the axils of flinceous s seaeth. on slender —
shoots, or 2-chotomously yma on ery 75-1"'-lon nches & axillary
le racemes of: r. ae rupe orange OF
scarlet, stone ° “
The plant has long, Sepeer raving often bran ched geen: under ‘5’ d ;
mination wit n with “
f the Kols. diarr:
mp. Pelosin is dens es it. Pareira
16
5. MENISPERMACES. [4. Trvospora.
2. STEPHANIA, Lour.
Cli rica As ae with usually peltate leaves. Flowers small,
_ whitish, in d cymose umbels. Male flower: Sepals 6-10, free
~ Petals 3-5, ci “iittes 6, connate, dehiscence as fn Cissampelos
Female flower: Sepals 3-5. Petals as in male. Stam ens sO. Carpel
1 with 3-6-partite style. Drupe glab d shaped
? SLLAaAVPeU,
wi e.
compressed, margins tubercled.
1. §. hernandifolia, Walp. Syn. Akanadi, H., Beng.
A slender climber with sae leaves and striate cae ep
1
pilose or glabrate, looking very like Cissampelos bu y dis-
tinguished by the sarfiovonvionsé: The leaves are also ie ‘fiely
reticulate.
Bettiah, Cal. Herb.t' Purneah! Fls. May-Oct. Dec.
; 5-55", send hine Beep floccose-puberulose or sometimes sub-tomentose
_ beneath, rarely glabro 8, ovate, with “ogre base, often sub-acuminate. Primary
nerves about 5. Srtlorensonce pubese
The root is used in fever, “acing ‘inary diseases and dyspepsia according to
the yg materia , medica, b ut as Cinsampeto Pareira has the same vernacular
name it is possible onfused.
3. ANAMIRTA, Colebr.
Shrub climbing by means of twisted petioles and shoots with
flowers Bisa from the old. wood and large shinin
with 2 app r
g leaves
6 2 ressed bracts. Petals 0. Male fi : Anthers sessile,
-2-celled, bursting transversely. rhea flower with 9 staminodes
an carpels. Drupes on a 3-fid gynophore singe sub-basal style
scar. Endoéarp s egies aanly ints vaied from the base to the
centre or fur op Gas ed thus oceupying a chester channel and
being deepty hollowed ott:
_ 1. Anamirta cocculus, W. § A. Kalabiti Nai, Or.; Kakmari, H.
An extensive climber with stems up to 3” girth and large shining
ovate or sub-orbicular — 4-10” on petioles 4-8” long which have
ne eee thickened b, i ping from the old w
ng | ft. or more with numerous long pata branches.
Puri Division, especially in damp forests (Berbera, Kuhuri, etc.)! Fls. April-
May. Fr. June. Evergreen.
Bark light eo thick ; wood very faa. with rings of bast and large
_ medullary rays. Branches striate. Base f L, often ~~ cordate, apex anna
ages = a errs 3-5, strong, with tee secondaries ransverse tert
Pe see eee SSE Eb hat ee the! yl bre 2 tale tele eh & ah th hated SELENE OE ae Saea Se Ghee SOM eee 5 ae eke toes as SEER Got ea 4
et
pels
inder rthe esynon nym of teciniatnbeniee DC., I. P. and D. states that the poisonous
berries Constitute the Coeculus indicus of Rantala which is the source of Ai
; they also contain 50 50 per cent. of oil. The juice of the fresh fruit is
pplication to scabies and foul ulcers.
4, et Eee, Miers.
_ Shrubs with twining stems and sometimes twisted petioles and
Cordate leaves. Flowers in ati ry rminal racemes or from the
old wood. Se epals 6, outer minute, inner larger. Petals 6 equal,
i?
4. TINOSPORA. } 5. MENISPERMACE4,
smaller than the inner sepals. Male flower: Stamens 6, free, anther
termin al on the thickened filament with 2 cells bursting pobligos
emale flower with 6 clavate staminodes. Car arpels ith short
sepa and lobed stigmas. Drupels 1-3, en ndocarp ru one dorsally
keeled, Sesmoays concave and intruded. Cotyledons foliaceous,
ovate, spreadi in
L. glabrous, not lobe ; : : : ; : ‘ : et 8 phate bom
L. tomentose, often 3- Sobed F : ; . . ee)
1. T. cordifolia, Miers. Gurach, H., Th. Gulancha, Gunchi, Beng. ;
Gu es Khond.; Sarasati lat, Mal P.
A r ge suceulent corky stems, Sielrs cordate leaves,
2-4" or eae 5” by 4°75”, and rather lax racem s, 2”, elongating and
ultimately often se than the leaves ; pan = green and scarlet
drupels in frui
Puri! Angul! Santal Parganas! Ch —
Fis. ae -Dec. worn allther.s.). Fr. ¢ cm pe March-
the t sending down cfc r, pendulous, pebioome Toots ; terete,
striate, with tubercle , sometimes shining or glaucous bark, which is finally
d pale
loose. L. deeply cordate with large basal lobes, obtuse or cone or less cuspidate ;
shee! 4 ry nerves 7-9, very reticulate between, w with microscopic glistening gian
eath (not easily seen when dry). Petiole 1-3°5”. Racemes shorter or longer
oan the leaves.
Male Fs. siusteredt in the axils of small subulate bracts. Sepals: Outer very § small,
x broadly elliptical, ‘12-15’, rounded, yellow. Petals 6, equal, -08”, broadly
d the sta Pistillo
spathulate and ave roun amens when de 0. Female Fis
usually solitary, similar to male, sepals are green ; pes 8 flat, staminodes
hort, Is 3 weer. separated on the wd fone gynophore Drupels
pisiform, 3, with sub-termin A Shyle, juice very Vv: gee eos ellipsoid,
with slender dorsal ridge me ral pay ‘sight! ym :
Variety: The beg tar ay peckains ave purple stems, uae ‘thicker L., less reti-
culate, a the female racemes only 1-2°5”. The are also very slightly puberu-
The ener ‘plant i is used in medicine. Said to be a valuable tonic and best given
in infusion. There are “apne native Indian preparations (I. P. and D., p. Wl,
under Cocculus cordifoliu
2. koe ade malabarica, Miers. (inc. T. t herp inet Bara
Padma — Beng.; Bara Sarasati lat, Mal
A large ber wi large bikers ovate, or somewhat obovate
deeply Sa Site leaves 4” to 9” by 8”, frequently 3-angular or 3 3-lobed,
and small yellowish-green flo owers in racemes, usually from the
old wood.
nage 4 valleys, Santal Parganas! Rare
s. Be nt -March. Fr. a. Deciduous Dec.-Feb. a
ate hicker aérial r owen ti cer Branchlets hairy. L. shortly su&
denly ouaiake or acuminate. mary nerves 5-7, ar 1-3, gh pelo
Petioles 2°5-6”. ~ pg flower fascicled, srbbit sepals . by 25 -» petals
membranous, about 2mm Dru carlet or nga or
oa a 7’. tomentosa with T. mala-
ca). Perhaps more common than is a ght, a L. are ~ up and are
5. TILIACORA, Colebr.
A large woody climber. Flowers in racem narrow pant
“ gometimes polygamous” F.B.I.; ac ccabeckitany
18
5. MENISPERMACE. [6. Coccunus.
rn at the ends of the short pe Pa sige apie Sepals 6,
outer valvate, inner larger imbri iis ls 6, minute fleshy
r cuneate. Mi ale flower : “Ste s 6, anther dehiscence
enta
Cargsie styles short, ip Pa Drupels
Seevoil, faterally catomeraeel, with a narrowly horseshoe-shaped
putamen enclosing a bony plate, the seed being in the horseshoe.
Albumen ruminate.
nae noreptaed — Syn. T. racemosa, Colebr.; Tiliakoru, Beng.
Kalajati Noi
Santal Pa:
division, central and souther: ranges, com ampara:
Fis. April-June. Fr. des “Deo lso she: in ‘flower in D: .
Bark striated. L. 3°5-7°5/ by 1°5-3°75", broadly ovate to ovate-lanceola umi
nate, shini lat base rounded or shortly cuneate on the petiole,rarely some-
S ?
. Primary nerves 3, at if only 1 sven one or more secondary nerves
what re
close to aa: other ary nerves 1-2, all raised beneath and rBririnegin ig the
ond
mid-rib, tartiaxica. finely reticulate. Pe Tachi rticulate at base
nflorescence tomentose or pubescent. Female 1-2'5” long. male panicle sometimes
longer. Fis, yellowish, 3-4 bracteolate. Drupels red, *5” long
6. COCCULUS, De.
Climbing slpear or r sub- herbaceous ds one species a small tree).
Flowers ea rarely shortly racemose.
Sepals 6, — Petes als i smaller isan ‘the i inner sepals, with
exed la
i the subg:
bursting transver sar Car Fa 3-6. Drupel 8 ecuineute endocarp
shaped like oblique corrugated horseshoe surrounding a central
plate, Sa feo sub-basal.
1. C. hirsutus, Diels. Syn. C. villosus DC.
A ar villosely tomentose climber with — to ee ae
obtuse mucronate leaves attaini ing Ss byes maller pwards and
oblong on te flowering branch ne: — Male in ax acy short-
duneled small capitate cymes ; male peduncle usually, 1-3-
flowered, silly minute, greeni ish, . diam. Drupels dark purple.
Very in the S valley, Palamau, a ee through
Hazaribagh a and peay oes, Parganas ! perinwes idle: Puri ;
ee ee -April. «Fr. March-Ma:
mes with large coarse teeth « or with triangular obtuse or acute lobes.
Péticles “On 5”, primary nerves usu rnd ee
The plant when etarated ¢ vith vy gelatinise it
FAM. 6. BERBERIDACEZ.
Usually shrubs a caly buds. Leaves simple or compound.
Stipules n rarely pre Floy ais ers often globose, regular, solitary or
mose, usual] low or white. Sepals and petals free, hypo-
ly ye el :
synous, cadneous, 3-, rarely 4-6-merous, in 2 or several whorls,
*ubricate, or the sepals valvate. Stamens 3-6, opposite the petals ;
19
1. BERBERIS. | 6. BERBERIDACE#.
anthers erect, with adnate cells dehiscing by lids or valves, or by
lateral or dorsal slits. Carpels 1-3, free, oblong, stigma dilated, or
ei or oblong. Ovules anatr mii rarely ‘orthot tropous, | ‘bait or on
Fruiting carpe baceate-
estpadiion copious. Embryo straight or curved.
4. BERBERIS, L.
Shrubs with yellow wood and simple or pinnate or mostly
dimorphic leaves, those on the main branches converted into
ee
4
=
Fy
ie
23
2 38
=*
=
®
°
5
3 3
FS)
4
ee
®
9
a
Stamens 6, anthers dehiscing by valves. Carpel 1 with * alta ate
stigma. Ovules, few erect, basal. Fruit baccate.
1. B. asiatica, R
very pretty eet with small a Peon spines and coriaceous
entire or he perme -toothed leav Flowers °25—3” in short
mb Berry purple- pita: pruinose, °3”.
tees 4000 ft. Fis. Feb-April. Fr. May —June. Evergreen.
Berries sometimes eaten, They are Jaxativ
FAM. 7. NYMPHASACEA,
Aquatics with often peltate leaves, the margins involute in bud.
ot,
and often spirally arranged, so es adnate t fi Cor
enlarged torus amens &. ary apocarpous or synearpous,
arpel , in Nelumbium os in the enlarged , stigmas
peltate or decurrent. Ovules parietal, snatropeel or orthotropous
Fruiting carpels usually a but indehiscent, sometimes conna
into a fleshy or spongy ayn arp. The fruit sometimes matures beneath
the water. Seeds metimes ill eae flowery or 0.
Embryo enclosed in ike — embryo sa
A. Carpels whorled, more 0 ate in ovary:
Leaves all floatin
Ovary somewhat sunk in the ges to betes — st oo ot to
only are adnate. Unarmed | 1, Nymphea.
et Prickly 2, Euryale.
B. areata irregularly: ‘sunk in the torus. 5. -Wetasbi
4. NYMPHAEA, L. Water-lily.
Herbs with floating aioli rising from a pry sess rhizome or corm
Flowers large, white, blue or red. Sepals 4, inse erted almost at the
base of the torus. Pe ta t y
into stamens, a — uppermost being almost superior. Carpels :
_— who wi oe sunk in the torus and form ing a syncarpous 0 ovary
h conca’ a A wadiatin ng stigmas. Fruit spongy, maturing
under water: fhe freee wasty breaking up. e
20
3
a ee
be ee ee
Oe.
7. NYMPH ZACES: (2, EURYALE.
L. shar af seine. roothed. is abet paper not ereepienes,
to
L. obtusely pinvate oe en
Se pels S scarcely ribbed. Anthers scarcely appendaged. Fs.
1, lotus.
2. esculenta.
Bepaia veined, not ribbed. Anthers appendaged. Fis. bine to
white . stellata,
Rhizome nodular, large, over 3” usually 4” diam. Leaves hier f
pubescent beneath, strony veined, the veins repeatedly bifurca
ll usually large and over 3”. “Con nective of anthers not at ail,
x very atahtly, cesddeet beyond the cells. Carpels 10-20. eee
tht rays clubbed.
Var a. lotus proper. Flowers white or pink.
Var 8. rubra. N. rubra, Roxb. omer, pd or crimson, Throughout
the province in fresh water, tanks,
The tubers nerd Seas are eaten, the tubers paiciear eaten raw and the seeds
after being parc
2. N. — nai Roxb. N. lotus var esculenta, F.B.I.; Chote Sundi,
Beng.; Small White indine Water Lily.
Corm small, ovoid, 2-3”. Leaves esa tien pole scent beneath
herves more reticulate and less strong. Flow white, under 3° 5”
Connective of oot soualy slightly” proauile but not foliaceous.
1s it Stigmas
The tubers are eslsaaheriéa superior to ng other kind according to Roxburgh.
This species seems intermediate between 1 and 3.
3. N, Seer Willd, Syn. N. eyanea, Roxb. ; N. versicolor, Rowb. ;
“ya = Bhengt, H.; Sundi, Nilpadma, Nilsaphala, Beng.;
The B e Water Lily.
Corm as “ti escr hi da, not nodular. Leaves glabrous, entire or
slightly sinuate, nerves ‘iacsail more reticulate and less str ~~ than
in N. lotus. Flowers usually blue, sometimes white or pink. Apices
of the anthers a: appendaged or foliaceous, often coloured
Var. «. stellata proper. Fls. azure, only 2” aint. Petals only 8 and stigma 8-
rayed (Ro burgh),
Var. A. Wersicolor, Roxb. Fs. white or pink. Roxburgh says the sinus of the
ak 18 wedge-shaped and the fruit 15-celled.
eg ‘si major, sete Fls. pale blue, 4-5” diam. Petals 8-12’. Fr. 10-12-celled.
ngbhum, ete
e species j is foxind Ahittueheis the province. The cong Sot as of the varieties
's founded on Rox urgh. Their distribution has not been noted.
21
2. EURYALE. | 7. NYMPHZACEZ.
into the sepals and stamens ; the latter are in bundles of 8, innermost
stamens sterile. Carpels 8, many sunk deeply in the torus, connate
in a single whorl. Ovules few. Fruit spongy. Albumen floury.
1. E. ferox, 6 Syn. Anneslea spinosa, Rorb.; Makhana, H. ;
Kanta Padma, Or.
Searcely chikomat ous. Leaves deep purple beneath, prickly on the
nerves. yy rn les Ft sreeae § Flowers a lovely violet-blue, or bright
red, un + 2-4”, prickly, gradually qetegulaly breaking
up. illed.
B. & O., noted, probably Purue ah! Purneah, Bue sad The
plant was Vabepuiseene'ts fr ron the prickles but not pes flower! Fis. m of the year.
The teotancee ne seeds are largely en en (Loxb., mie tee are ated Makhanna
San ted for sick people are t.)
3. NELUMBIUM, Juss. The haa Lotus.
A large, beautiful aquatic, with milky juice and stout creeping
rhizome. Leaves floating and also raised high above the water,
: h : man,
irregularly sunk in the flat top of fie larg fleshy obconic torus,
laterally attach ed. Ovules 1-2. Fruiting Rte spongy and dry,
containing the dry, a loose carpels in its ca
1. N. speciosum, W%i Padma, Kamala, Sans. (Pundarik, the
white Mestoleg "Kokanad, the red variety) ; Shwet Padma and
Rakta Padm
Beanie one tetile often raised high above the water, some-
times ~~ weak prickles. Flowers white or rose-coloured like
immense roses.
On a etc., throughout the province. s. April-July. Fr. Dec.-Jan
This very sacred plant of the sr age — Beidblate s had various names given to
its several parts ; the whole plant v alled Padmini, the flowers as above, the
torus ca cece -. the filaments inisike, oo5
Hamilton says the Sep ~ called Chaka in Purneah, the root Mrinab, and eaten
raw or cooked. The _ called Bisangr in H,
Sg internodes of the prt ome and the seeds are eaten; the leaves are used for
FAM. 8. PAPAVERACEZ.
Herbs with = ea lam often yellow juice. Leaves —— or alternate
exstipulate. Flowers often showy, regular. Sepals 2 '3). Petals
2+ ens « va 1-celled, with 2-several parietal,
often lamelliform placente and many ovules. Stigmas many, 58
but ber connate. Fruit capsular, dehiscing by pores or valves-
Seeds many, small, with fleshy and ay albumen. opie a minute.
8 Petals 4. Capsules glot ° . Papaver.
Senate 2 Petals 6, Capcom Silenn: sorta ee 2, Angemone.
4. se ng L. ne
Leaves lobed or cut, not pri ——, sessile, radiating, com
_ peltate or pyramidal, ry ahby short free lobes. Caps sule short,
pening by small valves under the lobes.
22
9, FUMARIACEZ. 1. Fumaria.
1. FP. eeieram, L. Pasto, Beng.; Aphim (Opium), Vern.; The
Opium Poppy.
A stout herb, 2-4 ft., glaucous, with oplene. amplexicaul lobed,
toothed and serrate leaves and large, usually white flowers. Sepals
a Capsule large, 1” diam. Seeds usually white (or black,
Sy Sew used to be largely cultivated in the Northern Tract, and feral plants may still
. ARGEMONE
An erect, thistle-like Rati bs: yollon Pine and bright yellow
flowers. “Pe s2-3. Pet Sti 7-lobed on a very short
style. Capsule obloug, eheanlye with o Kied dehiscing by short
valves alternating w ith the stigmas.
i x omega es Siyal-Kanta, an Kania, K., Beng. 3 Gokhula
ng Bejari, Sarpun
A ae Re 2-8 ft. with diaot aes green and white
leaves which are half ice eee Flowers 2” diam. Sepals cus-
pidate. Capsules °75-1°5” lo
Naturalised (from A a) and — common in waste ground. Fis. Feb,-June
and more or less thronghont the yea
seeds, which a often, foand. ‘collected i nto little heaps by ants, yield an oil
fis PULpeY JBCS.
FAM. 9. FUMARIACEA,
Herbs with watery juice and usually lobed or aan alternate,
rarely oppo sonnel sentet- Flowers irregular race pals 2
small and deciduous. Pet. 2+2, 2 outer larger, i or ‘oth “psy ae
or spurred, 2 ae erect, ier beegrcece’ at the tip. Stamen
an hers. Ovary 1-ce a lamas pa i or more,
parietal. Fruit a avalred 6 capsule or indshiseent mint the en only
l-seeded. Seeds abuminous.
FUMARIA, L. seen
Sometimes scanden pat dissected w ery narrow segments.
One outer petal epbisaly spurr Sta rll ‘6 Giadathd ous. “Ovules
2. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seede ae
1. F. parviflora, Lamk. Pit papra, H.; Ban-salpha, Beng.
A diffuse much-branched patie Minti weed, with flat hosed
leaf segments and = estos or coloured flowers, -2-"3” 1
with purple tips to the pet Rac sauna 5-1”. Sepals lan satiate.
Fruit glo obose, lessee when om with 2 pits at the top.
Cultivated reg chiefly inthe Northern Tract, Bettiah! Fis., s. to March.
This is one of the d in tm, and dis-
species of Fumitory which is found in cin
tinguished by the very small sepals and pedicels exceeding the
23
1. Brassica. ] 10. CRUCIFERZ.
conn 40. CRUCIFERZ.
with watery juice and simple or pinnate, entire or cut,
ia
ili ay e
short dehiscent or indehiscent. Seed exalbuminous. Cotyledons
large, wit: th the radicle eee up on the back of one (incumbent) or
along their ss oe ben x
fh
garden plants, some 0: which may occasio nally be found ve pes Some culti-
vated forms of Brassica have more than 2 ear pels and pod-valves, and the replum
i sent
. Fr. a silique with broad replum hen rather short in 2).
A, Sepals gibbous at the base. Silique w ith a beak, Fils.
usually yellow
Silique ng fs ng. Seeds 1-seriate . 1. Brassica.
Silique rather short, turgid. Seeds 2 -seriat . 2. Eruca,
B. “fle. not Sr ebod at the base. Silique not bales:
Ln yellow. Sepals parte, # ete pte ‘ “y Nasturtium.
or rose. Sepals erect. Pod é . 4, Cardamine.
2. fa short poe broad (siliculus) diag echoes replumn. i
Fils. white or wale ~ ‘ . 5. Cochlearia,
peg “Ps. white ‘ ‘ . 6, Alyssum,
3. Fr a siliculus, compresse ed, w ith narrow replum. Fis, white.
Pods obcordate or cuneate, ite winged . «ve 7, Capsella.
pfevd ovate or 0! epee or ee not % winged - ‘ . 8§. Lepidium,
winged or keeled , ‘ ‘ . 9. Lhlaspt.
4. Fr. indehiscent.
Racemes contracted, leaf-opposed. Fr. a i, ste . 10, Senebiera.
Baca es elongate. Pod large, often septa . 11. Raphanus.
1. BRASSICA, L.
Leaves entire, lyrate or pinnatifid. Lateral sepals saccate or
gibbous at base. Petals with long claws, yellow, rarely white. Pod
with a seedless indehiscent beak, sometimes 3-4-valved (in cultiva-
tion), replum membranous. Seeds Sitios. cotyledons incumbent.
1. Cauli : base usually auricled.
L. all, or young only, hairy, covered bored a pale — ‘ wads even Ae
L. quite g glabrous, a faint bloom only beneath . . 2, na
2. Cauline L. not a mplexicaul, seeiirowredl to) ‘helt juncea.
There is much difference of opinion as to the s isteesiee of sai cies an
best speci
varieties of this genus. The above characters of voapestle and napus are after
Prain, but I admit that I have not found them = to work, and it is perhaps
preferable to consider both as forms of one species, ca mpestris, AS in the F.B.t.
The common Turnip is B. rapa, L., var. rapifera care. campestris, Sub-Sp- rapa),
-» Beng. -
Brassica tae L., and its varieties include the Cabbage, Kobi, Vern;
Cauliflower, Phul-kobi, Vern.; Kohlrabi or Knolkohl, pene prc v0 Go kobi, Vern
They are ects ge tind in European gardens in the cold seaso:
24
“a
10. CRUCIFERE. [1. Brassica.
1. B. ee,
An rather sous herb often with a swollen tap-root; lower
leaves oe hispid or se Paey upper amplexicaul and auricled, ‘oblon ng
r lanceo a covered with a glaucous or grey bloom. Pod with a flat
al
Fis., “ag C8.
Var. oleifera, DC. Rape, Colza.
Very stout, with st fi indle-shaped
root. L. up to 8” by wh thio large hones 15”, Pods slender, beaded. Appears to be
cultivated at the Gov nt farms only.
Var. ‘opdahm Prain( ‘Rengal Plants, p. 220). Sarson, H.; ; Swet-esriahs,
wet-ra:
= but nar a roots. L. up to 10”, lowest not amplexicaul; upper up to
5”, auricled. Pods stout, 2” by °25”, not at all beaded. Seeds white or lack. Cade we
States that there are two races, Natua sa fg veer glauca, Roxb.) with erect
pods, and Ulti sarson, with pendant pods ; e first is ienoraliy pry ecb
{it is, however, rare in our area), and the anand slightly cultiva' in E mm
Bel and perbare. in Purneah. Roxburgh, hoy says of his 8. glauca or
Shwet Rai that the leaves are everywhere pe aecly oo. "tha t it should come under
the next apecies) | ana glaucous, lower a finery upper sub-lanceolate. Seed white.
Gives colza oil. Roxburgh says much used in the diet of the Hindus.
Var. ane egg DC. Pods small, not beaded. The roots and leaves
2. B sens? L., var. dichotoma, Prain. Syn. B. campestris, mow a
‘PBL, ‘uu
Sanchi, sarsi, sada rai, Benxg.; Mani, K.; oe Rape, omg?
A more slender plant sore campestris and quite glabrous, rather
glaucous. Radicle and low ae eaves lyrate pin nnatitid, less
lobed than in heianiaiie an si then only 3”. Fils. ~ 5”
golden yellow. Sepals-erect or erecto-patent. Pods 15-2’ aaaiie
a beak ae 7”, erecto-patent, on pedicels 6-75” long, glabrous. Seeds
€ commonest cultivated species, especially in Chota Nagpur, forming tields of
a oo yellow i a the early part of the cold season. In all the distr: icts !
There are two va pe —Lotni “ie i (Lutni, S.) with seeds black, and Taria Tu ri
’ a ith
young L. are aie as a vegetable but it is grown mainly for the oil, not
pares aa Bearerd. Mustard oil is conve by Ih viame: to promote the growth of the
whol
The aaava of ¢ eed of B. nigra and B. al
Poth wit eth only 1-5 nee in the oro pcos B. cena is also 8 and ‘ pee
ndian mustard seed”’ is also ex rted, and is probably B. campestris,
Wood (Plante of Chutia Na ba, H. f.& T., and B. nigra
gpur records both B. al
—— — Chota Nagpur witht tie vernacular name of Sirsu, but T have seen no
: B. Siiien, H, f. & T. Sinapis ramosa, Rozb. ; Rai, H. S.; Rai
sarisha, Beng.; Mustard.
Stout or Rais with long-petioled leaves, not amplexicaul, coassareen|
12”, but often quite small, es pecially in feral s wisi there
eal leaflets or auricles slong the petiole. labrous, oa a : few: soft
A hairs ce se bg plant, a and cna sometimes scabrous, lower
yrate, upper lobate to entire. Flowers bright yellow, calials n and
* But see under var. sarson.
25
&: —* 10. CRUCIFERZ.
calyx — Pod 1-2”, somewha ed, and beak
short ac Sain Seeds dark brown, ge
Neen all the jebiiacte jnniuding: Chota _Nagpur, £, Prain; not common in Chota
Nagpur, Manbhum! FI., Fr. ¢.s. from Sept.
The often very short beak weil tiatiniraleneé the pod of this species. ce seeds
are used for the oil, and also exported for mustard, The seeds are rather larger
and more oblong than those of preceding species. Campbell says it. is largely
cultivated on bari land.
’ 2. ERUCA, Tourn.
Brassica-like herbs, but flowers sometimes white or lilac, petals
veined. Seeds numerous, 2-seriate-globose
1. E. sativa, Lamk. Brassica erucoides, Rozb.; Swet sarish, Beng. ;
Tar: iE.
A mustard-like herb with hairy or glabrescent stems, uneve enly
pinnatifid leaves 3-7” long, usually wi with linear-oblong segments,
rarely sub-entire, sometimes twice pinnatifid. Flowers white or veined,
-5” diam., on pedicels s ir
BY 5 ls shorter tha yx .
Pods erect and appressed to the rachis, turg 75-9”, including t
flattened beak ch is ha long as the seeding portion.
Banks of the Ganges, 7.T.! Possibly in the Northern Tract. Chota Nagpur,
Fis., Fr. Sept.
3. NASTURTIUM, R&R. B
Terrestrial or aquatic herbs, with entire aed or pinnatifid leaves.
and small yellow, rarely white, flowers. Sepals short, spreading, not
saccate. Petals — scarcely clawed, Silique long or short, nearly
lob:
terete. Stigma entire or two-lobed. Seeds sn mall two-seriate or
irregular see is taint; oétyladoris accumbent.
A. Fils. yel
L. i ctetieinndti Pos portale Stabs tated ee
L. not lyrate. Pods linear-oblon . ‘ . . . . indicum.
B. Fis. white. ‘The wate cp s : a‘ "|. Be gyetnaies
1
. palustre, D.C.
Glabrous except a few small hairs on the auricles at base of leaves.
Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. Flowers small, yellow, in plist e racemes.
Pods :25~3” long by *1-12” broad, on spre ading reflexed pedicels
three-fourths to as long as themselves, often esd urve ox
n wet places north of the Ganges, but not common : | Fis., Fr. Oct.-May.
2. N. indicum, D. C. Syn. Sinapis divaricata, Roxb.
Usually pubescent all over but sometimes glabrous. Leaves
more rarely simple oblanceolate, coarsely lowers small,
yellow, ra racemed. | Po s linear, colton! linear- oblong, *5—"7” long, om
spreading half a mga as the pod.
Common in Nortl vans oo also in n gardens eae as weed i n Central
Area! Fis., Fr. Oct,-Apr a
3. N. officinale, Br. ‘The common water-cress is cultivated in Chota —
Nagpur, Wood. ; ;
26
10. CRUCIFERZ. [7. CAPSELLA.
4. CARDAMINE, L.
Sinvos entire, aoe or pinnate, often pice Flowers bees white.
to violet. Sepals gibbous. Petals clawed. Pod narrow-linear
compressed, tsperin g th e se s, but n ex ia ked, wiivie with dis-
tinct midrib ¢ meliig’ up ela tiny on dchinegaias Seeds 1-seriate,.
compressed, cotyledons accumben
1. C. hirsuta, L., var. sylvatica. CC. debilis, Don, B.P.; C. flexuosa,
Withering
A small e bee or Reaee ip from She root, glabrous plant 3-9” high
with pinnate lea e flowers in terminal racemes and
linea pods, ‘6- 9” "Tong atet ect
Eadlieis icantly ¢ led, petiolated, often dentat lobulate. Petals.
narrow, erect. Discopsnen
5. COCHLEARIA, L. Scurvy-grass.
Glabrous, often fleshy, with entire or esis 0 leaves. Flowers
ag Petes ee neice, sho may: racemed or corymbose. Sepals spread-
lobose, ovoid o — with convex turgid valves.
Seeds Nenadnaes, seteletons. poor ent.
1, CG, flava, Ham.
A diffusely-branched seg Pasko? 1e8 2 ell with pinnatifid and
toothed leaves 1-3” long, ai ie 4.5 ray of very small white
or yellow Soe ers and sub- sche pods 2” tong.
Not ommon in the Northern Area om riv er banks. Dehri-on-Soane! Patna!
Siete: aly ial lands (J,D.H.)/ Monghy
Fis., Fr. July-Feb,
Said to be used for fever,
6. ALYSSUM, L.
1. A, Pectin, L.
A diffuse herb with branches 6-10”, iar ete like the
~~ with a a 2-partite ap Leaves 1 -oblanceolate,
entire, 1-2”. Foy small, white, in 1 dense texte rare racemes @
the ends of the Sieatcliind sub-cor raid when young. Pods orbicular-
ellipsoid, 1”, cells 1-s eeded.
Near gardens in the Northern Area. F's. c.s.
7. CAPSELLA, Moench. Shepherd’s Purse.
Small weeds with rosulate entire or pinnatifid leaves and v
small white, racemed flowers. Pods os da csprororrit fatale laterally
ed, so that the replum is narrow eeds many,
ery
“Seriate, narrowly- -margined, coty ‘agin incumbent.
LG, “she amenieg Moench.
well-known little European weed which is occasionally stm
in the northern area during the cold season. Height3-12”. Cauline:
27
7. CAPSELLA. | 10. CRUCIFER.
leaves amplexicaul auricled. Flowers 08” diam. Siliculus *25-3” on
pone’ eines Seeds oblong punctate.
oe
8 LEPIDIUM, L. Cress.
1. L. sativum, L. Halim, alevari, Vern. Common Cress
Herb 1-3 ft. high, eaten or slightly hairy. Lower eee 1-2-
pinnate, ee pinnatifid or lobed with oblong obcuneate or linear
Pods
lobes. vers very small, w white, in elongating racemes Zs
numerous, _broadly-eliptc, compressed, with an apie eal n otch con-
taining the short style. Pedicels sub-erect, scarcely as long as
the pod,
Cultivated and as an escape, but not common, Northern Tract ; along Soane
River UD. H.)! Chota Nagpur (Wood).
9. THLASPI, L. Penny Cress.
8
+
2
=
m
_
EEE
¢
oS
i}
en Ff
aod
®
=
68
—
2
oS
a
FE
°
cI
Do
ot
2s
=
a
See
al
terminal racemes. Pods subor *bicular, laterally compressed, *5—
what broader upwards, winged, and with a dee p notch containing
the pata short style ; pedis pais; patent.
rhage stn of cultivation, rare in the Northern Tract ; Champaran - !
ept.
10. SENEBIERA, DC. Wart-Cress.
oo iffuse, branched sma ail leafy herb wi ith finely-cut an aere
leaves 1-2” long, very minute, white, usually apetalous and 2-an
flowers in jidcinesotis leaf-opposed ra ee 75-2” long and small, close
didymous pods, consisting of two wrinkled indehiscent lobes which
separate on —— Seed, lin sik be, reniform. ;
i 1 in the United Provinces (at Banda), so will probably be
* i in ay ner Ontten:
Fils, Fr. Jan.-Feb.
11, RAPHANUS, L. Radish.
Annuals or biennials with lyrate-pinnate o nnatifid leaves _
moderate-sized or large white, or purple, em in long ebrac
t base.
e Z
celled within by transverse pithy Seeds globose or "ovoid,
20 styledons eondup licate, retuse. : Sa ; iaoarsbeat.
alli
d to Brassica,
4. R. go yus, L. Morai, K.; Mula, Muli, Beng.; Purabi sarisha,
Seuti earisha, Dora, H.
It is frequently enhivelad as acrop in ourarea! Fis., Fr. Jan.-Feb :
A herb 2-3 ft. with the radical and lower cauline TL. usually lyrate pine 4
but sometimes terminal lobe not much larger than others, usually coarsely
28
11. CAPPARIDACE. (1. CurontE.
and hispid ; a _ erat gen te aie Sega uricled, linear. Fls, usually white. oo
*25-°35"". Pe e, rather persistent, Pods 1°5”, eee
spreading, 2- he seeded nnd *ainted,, ee filled with pith between the lar
Funicle of ovules short and fia
ome forms resemble Er wea without the fruit. It can be distinguished by the ey
pedicels, ‘4’ or more, sepals, as well asthe l-seriate ovules. The root
feral states is very hard. The root and see¢ ds yield an oil for which it is chiefly
cultivated in Purneah. Root largely eaten and ins unripe fruits
FAM. 11. CAPPARIDACEZ.
erbs, shrubs or trees, singer ine ing by means of stipulary
es sometime es
on a large disc
metimes on a gonophore. Ovary ates ene Sapa’ e or —
i ne woo
oat placentz and numerous campy ee opie 1s ovules. Style short
. 0, stigma de eatsep or ca aha Fruit capsular or baccate. Seeds.
xalbuminous, Seabieyo incurved, often spiral.
1. Herbs with oblong or linear coer loti,
Gonophore 0, gynophor re short 0 Pe eh age -« 1, Glee
Gynandrophore w tamer pee Fi Ei jusadvopels.
2. Shrubs or trees, sometimes pein "Fr. baccate.
Sepals open in ad. adnate Loca to disc ; . 2 oy Crateva.
Sepals closed in bu a, free, 2-seriate : 3 2s? tee Cepparicy
1. CLEOME, L.
Herbs koe = digitate hag and racemose sbivsed or oe
flowe Ovules many on 2 parietal place Frui
an oblong or re aa fea Ww ith 2 valves, which ee oe the
-bearing rane Seeds reniform.
L. a : 3 3 : : ‘ ‘ ¥ . 1. monophylla.
L. digi
His. fallow. L. glandular pubescent Ci
Fis. rose- or yiolet-coloured. L. not glandular are jeites ae Chelidonii.
1.6. “eterna la, L. Hurhura saben as a pot-herb), Kedar
_ jhawar (as a medicine), S.; Cha
glandular bran hist re 1-23 ft. high with
es
pale purple flowers in the axils of petioled bracts. Sepals linear.
Petals long-claw roe 25", stamens 6. Ovary glandular, elongating into
a linea; psule,
Common and sain foutid in all districts. Fl.,
The L. are 7 7 ‘ s put on the lips (by the
Santals) to res: re as a pot-herb. The pounded 00 ip
a rae Chamani, K.; Harhara, S.; Hurhuria, Beng.
pubescent and glandular herb, 1-3 ft. high, with 3-5-
foliose leaves, ovate to sherk leaflets and long-pedicelled yellow
29
1. CLEOME. | 11. CAPPARIDACE.
flowers in long racemes. — ‘5’, Stamens 12 or more. Capsule —
2-3”, striate, glandular _
Very common throughout the
he seeds are said to have rig pon mele Ase #4 mustard, and are regarded as
Sa aapég- om carminative and pment a externally they act as a vesicant. Bic
give a fixed o
3. C. chelidonii, L./. Syn. Polanisia chelidonii, DC.
A ds etty species 2-3 ft. high, somewhat scabrid ome without hairs.
Leaves 5-9-foliolate, with obovate leaflets or upper 3-foliolate with
linear Teadlets (Potanisia angulata, DC.). Flowers 1” ae pedicelled.
Stamens very numerous.
Weileky oli not common. Santal Parganas! Orissa! Fils. July-Sept. The
seeds are said to be used in curries.
2. GYNANDROPSIS, DC.
Differs from gee in apo here is a beget gynandrophore.
e exstivatio open, whereas the petals of Cleome are
papeioats in bu a
1. G. pentaphylla, DC. Chamani, K; Seta kata arak, 8. (f. Campbell);
Sada hur a — (f. Prain).
Av g¢, somewhat fetid weed, 1-3 ft.
high, with digitate long’ petiole leaves, 5 sessile, unequal, obovate,
gla andular-hairy leaflets, and elongating corymbiform racemes of
purple or white flowers *3-"7” diam. and 3-foliolate bracts. Anthers
purple.
Throughout the area. Fis. July-August.
It is eaten as a sag (arak) by the Santals and Kols.
3 3. CRATEVA, L
Trees with aig wat = erate leaves and large white yellow or
pipeline flowers. Sepals g below with the lobed dise Petals
4, long-clawed, open in oon many, adnate t othe lb of
the long slender pyhopnues. Ovary 1-celled, ovules piers: Fruit
ate.
Li. eee tte Forst. Barun, Varuna, H., Beng., Or.
mall spreading tree, very handsome in flow when overed
with its terminal corymbs of flowers, whicli vary in ell par white
and crea’ m to yellow and pink with purple stamens, and are 2-2°5"
diam.
along rivers and streams, Rare in C. N. (Salai, Dighia, et c.)! Puri and
Cuttack frequent, becoming a dwarf shrub on the wont at becca | 5 Narsingpur
jungles! Along the Mahanadi River! Frequently ¢ ted all over the
province.
Fils, March-April, mostly with the L., but sometimes before the new L. Fr. June,
gg ot Jan.-March.
with white lenticels. Leaflets ovate to lanceolate, gradually or x abruptly —
Pikes ware ania} acuminate, pele beneath, ee — Pet, *7-1'25". oe
2" or more. Berry yellow globose, 1 el Nurvala).
Wood used for combs, Cooper, Fr. ecehanh el im
30
11, CAPPARIDACE. {4. CAPPARIS.
4, CAPPARIS, L.
Trees or shrubs usually climbing. Leaves simple, often ced
oo ed thorns. Petals not sett te ren ens at base of the
gynophore. Ovary on the gynopho spitringt Fruit baceate, but
often hard. Seeds many, eokvintind: a ally rolled.
1. os any axillary. ‘Thorns straight or curved. ada
= lar . ‘< : ‘ : ; . 1. spinosa,
ce oblong or ovate. lanceolate ; ; ; . 2, brevispina.
2. Fis. 1-several in vertical supra- ‘axillary lines. Climber, thorns
rved . . 22 al tcp ego, ep MOCO
3. Fis. in terminal umbels or ‘corymbs, Climbers (sometimes erect
in 5).
A. Fis. large, 3” diam. L. 1°5-3°7" . é a j ‘ ‘ “he seers a
B. Fis. small, °25’-"5” diam
Corymbs simple. Stamens many . : i ‘ ‘ i i
Corymbs panicled. Stamensfew . : Z zs 5 pets
1. CG. —— LI. Var. leucophylla, DC. (sp.). The Caper Plant;
much-branched prostrate shrub, a with a white “angio
with orbic sa or broadly ovate leave , 1-2”, and white solitary
axillary flowers with pu vf filaments. Fruit t1° 5-2”, ovoid or oblong.
Stony vi ane in Bettiah, rare. Fls., Fr. (not seen),
The .. ae ai the “ capers » of commerce, _ The plant i is more common
in the Wes alayas and pe age stan, andi West Asia and
N, Africa, ae stators and Australia
2. C. brevispina, DC. Syn.C. zeylanica, F.B.I.; Lephura, Niphura, Or.
A rigid, much branched shrub with small i stipulary thorns,
oblong or narrow-elliptic, icky conikesous lea 1-2”, and white and
yellowish flowers about 2” diam. (with protetts: in the axils of the
terminal leaves on slender pedicels, sometimes 1-3 Peta isi short
a Ovary lanceolate in out tline, pubescent o: r tom mento:
uri (Kuhuri Hill in forest! Protap and eucineaeen Block, aes in dry
Pais Spore Y Roc on lt of Chilka Lake !)
Fis. April-May. Fr. May (ripens probably June).
Branches stout, ewiae S acbanen talk small warts or papille and young also
floceulent or tomentose. Tufts = Bini weed hone the = axils are peculiar and
may represent rudimentary s mewhat ovate-lanceolate,
base rounded, tip obtuse or - dnd. oth: surfaces reticulate with
raised nervules and strong haeriene aes pateoh us. Petioles 05-15’. Spines
*05—2"", Pedicels slender, about °7’’, Sepals lanceolate, +3”, Petals ‘8”, oblanceolate.
Fr. (young) 1- 5”, ovoid to fu éitdens “Like a fat chilli, deep red when ripe and
eaten ates he boiling,” Haslet
.. 6. horrida, Lf. oe. C. zeylanica, L.* ee Buru asaria,
; Bagnai, Beng. ; Bagnahim, Kharw. ; Oserwa, Asadua, ey
A shrub, espe yhaame or sees by means of ite recurved thorns,
densely ntose on the. ‘shoots, with u seed ovate leaves
: long a and white or pink % owers 1°5-2” dia og ich are sub-
* According to Th ‘ L., is the we name of this
lant. ‘Prain, on the other hat nave 2 eet or Linn. *? In any case it appears very
another pant? retain the name Sbldeiie which has for so Jong been used for
31
4, CAPPARIS. | 11. CAPPARIDACEZ.
solitary or in vertical lines above the leaf axils, seine ne appa
panicled from the leaves being un ndaveloney at the time of flowering,
and occasionally on Fone lateral shoots. Ovary globo or beoailie
ovoid glabrous on a very slender gy nophore over 1” lon
In hedges and thickets ct along rocky nalas. Common ‘hieaee the
Spirent Fils. aiee ch-May. Fr. Sept.-Oct.
. from narrow elliptic to cd seroma obovate, attai acer 2°5’; shining above, base:
usually narrowed, tip mucronate, venation reticula Petioles °2” or larger.
pang n or porple. prety san filaments usually purple with age. Berry
ell 1°5’ diam., red when ripe on a gynophore often 2” long.
4. GC, huskilaanih DC. Handiphuta,
A oa beautiful large woody, climber with hoary branches, oblong
leave m. (with ea: Nasa in terminal
corymbs. ‘Buds and ovary Boos aad yee.
Puri, in rocky jungles, frequent! Fls, April-May, Fr. Sept. —Oct
Trunk att ains 3” diam. with light grey bar 4 “furnished with large conical
geminate bosses tipped by a spine. Blaze brown. sees phy a minute ashy
tomentum, unarmed or with small recurved spines. L, 1-5-3'7” by 1-17” some metimes
somewhat obovate-oblong; tip rounded glabrous, a hove shinit ing. Petioles *5’.
es flowers of corym eget ge axillary with pedicels 1-1°5” Leda: eirals
y con mori batagr antl var Phen 9 OF epete~ Petals *8”, oblanceolate, villous
within, unilateral I caducous . Gynophore 15”. Fr. green
globose, 2” diam
5. ©. sepiaria, L. Kaliakara, Beng.; “ree: Or.
A large erect, sarmentose or sub-scanden y bush with grey-
‘iain tons or hoary branches, sharp curved ‘stipulay thorns, leaves
*5-1:7” long, and small white flowers umbell at the ends of the
ia esaeodas with very slender pedicels. Trait clave black,
Palamau pear Bpaentans og in the dry scrubby zone near the Soane! Scrub
arog of Puri district, ¢
nik Dec. Dee
L ly elipieblons, or obov vate in Northern and ovate-oblong or oval
ences ian uthern specimens; base obtu obec or sub-cordate ; tip subacute
or retuse, tomentose when young, old slightly pubescent. Petioles 05-715”. Pedicels
from upperm most axils and terminal ‘25-5’, Sepals and petals ‘12’. Stamens 3 2-3".
Ovary very sm:
6. C. floribunda, Wight.
large woody climber with glabrous branches and coriaceous
glabrous oblong leaves, 3-5”, rounde “ De both ends, retuse and
apiculate. Flowers °5” diam., white, in many flowered umbels, which
are arranged in large pa anicles. Petals oe Stamens about 8.
Ovary ovoid acute. Fruit globose, 1” dia
Orissa, Cleghorn (f. F.B.I.) ; Kahuri Forest, Puri!
FAM. 12. VIOLACEA.
Herbs (in our area) with eat rarely opposite, entire OF
| pie ress stipulate leaves. ct ag regular, 2-bracteolate. cane :
5, persistent, imbricate. Petals 5 "hypogy nous the lower diss
often saccate or spurred. Stamens 5, hypogynous or “slightly peri-
82
12. FIOLACEA. (2. Ionrpium.
“1.
a aiatod ind pa ery cells "dehiceing a a icfagtoadiaal slit 6 or
<— _— res. Ovary 1-celled, style 1, stigma entire or 3-lobed.
ey anatropous, on 3 parietal placentse. Fruit a 3-valved
looulicidal capsule,
Sepals produced at the base : : 5 j § - é 2) 1. Violas
Sepals not produced at the base. . 3 ; . ; . . 2. Tonidium,
14. VIOLA, L. Violet, Pansy.
Herbs woody below. Flowers on 1- ee peduncles,
some sometimes cleistogamous and small, but ripening many seeds.
Sepals produced at the base. Petals erect or spreading, lower
largest, spurred or saccate. Anthers connate, two lower often
spurred.
1. ¥. Patrinii, DC.
Herb with a perennial oe and numerous leaves direct from
the stock, eatittate or hastate, 1-3” long and Aedes 8 base cuneate
on a very long petiole, which is bis ig ve. Flowers lilac, the
seed petal with spur about - ong, bet small cleistogamous
rn flowers only *15”, on pabcheiag often 6” long, direct from
Higher mountains of Chota Nagpur, Neterhat, 3000 ft.
Fis., Fr. May -Aug.
Ma shpat L. The Heartsease.
This is said to occur hein Rs cultivated fields on the Pakripat,
3000 ft., but ~ he = se
Both V, v, L., eiceane pansy, and J’, odorata, L., the sweet violet, are
largely oulbtented’ in re 8g The first is mechilit "The violet is perennial, but is
apt to be attacked by mildew in the rains and killed off.
2. IONIDIUM, Vent.
Herbs or wy anette with mene rarely Ss roan ales and
flow
Rather rs fre ort nate, 2 or 4 of them aibbolis or
mal Ovary ovoid, style savas: ees, with oblique stigma.
Capsule subglobose, few-s
WL <uffruticosum, Ging. Viola pope ok Tandi sol, bir
uraj mukhi, 8S. ; Laster scpe tenia H.; Nunbora,
A eel. per alah ith often woody eae aula sub-
— lanceolate 1 Retred:; subniats stipalel and solitary rose-coloured
hout th i and waysides.
Hc "se hag ® province. Common in open pastures uf eae
Y pubescent. L. li ti bianegolae t ly entire, ‘7- p
Capsule “12”, with ellipsoid striai set : :
3 33
1. CocHLOSPERMUM. | 13. BIXACEH
‘FAM. 13. BIXACEA.
Trees or shrubs with mucilage canals in the bark (and other
places), palminerved or palma ately -lobed less; — — usually
minute rs see stipules, = ally lar flow: which are
Pp ed, regular and 2-sexual. Sepals 15, tse. pi
imbricate. Petals 4-5, free, ie — and rye d. Stamens many.
: Styl
simple or ns stigma. Frui celled “eapents openin
2-5 valves, the thin dry inner ayes - the pericarp separating eins
and sometimes rere! on different lines from the outer.
many, sometimes with long hairs, ge mes Bigc —/ of the
ilif
testa ariliform ana coloured. Albumen copious. Embryo usually
curved with m or les Sta das aekjindoias whieh. are < ofan
palminerved. Garaiaidians epigeal.
Anthers straight. Capsule Entire — eottony.
Tree with palmately-lo' bed lea . . + 1. Cochlospermum.
Anthers horseshoe- ee valved, 1 il-lil
testa. Large shrub ed, Capsule? . . 2. Biea,
1. COCHLOSPERMUM, Kunth.
i. © hanced ar eo Hupu, K.; Hopo, S.; Galgal, H.; co- Beng. ;
iari, Konto palas, Or. ; Yellow Silk Cotton Tree
are stenight, very soft-wooded tree, with palm ately 3--5-lobed
aa 3-8" faaen and bearing, when leafless, large handsome thas
lar, ape
’ diam., which are succeeded by arge pear-sh
soa tei ee
Chi nid on ary: bt m Shahabad and Gaya southwards; rare in the Santal
‘arganas and the, vat districts; very common from ‘Chota Nagpur and
Saintatouk to An,
. dan Reged h. ie Fi Gers ‘h-June. Deciduous Nov.-Ma
ap io
7 panicles
3-4” by 23”, 5-celled at the base. The coriaceous epicarp and papery en
dehisce on different lines. Seeds m: wen 43 “25” lon, mg, F von m, brown, rough, clothed
densely with a deciduous floss. Testa mtbr
The wood immersed in water for shent 8 hours and prewed wakes strained 0 ixed
with flour and fried, forms a nutritious food in Sambalpur district Muilalian).
The wood is also used for torches. The ant is kien as Hog gum and the silk
cotton from the seed is one of those known as Kopok.
2. BIXA, L.
1. B. Orellatin, L. Latkan, H., Beng.; Gulbas, Sakta, Or.; The
rnatto
tree with cordate acuminate leaves, 4-8” long, eager
and pe abiedtucr with a slender petiole 2-3”. Flowers white
or rose, 1-2” diam., in terminal panicles. Ovary 1-cell “ovules
on 2 sacar placenta. Capule 1:5”, ovoid, softly echinate.
Fl. July-Sep -Nov Peg:
Native of pp fork pee cultivated and is very ornamental, The pulpy testa —
of the seed yields the Arnatto dye ac
34.
14. FLACOURTIACEZ. [1. Homatium.
FAM. 14. SDAROUREEEE
ee Samydae
Trees or ihe without mucilage or resin oe in the bark, with
alternate, usually di peraeny penninerved, rarely palminerved leaves,
frequently with translucent dots or dasiied or punctate beneath
ue to resin ce ipu y smalland caducous. Flowers
mal
racts, Side ae Eceagbee- moncecious or dicecious. Sepals 4-several,
more or less perigynous, ee ae connate in
bud aad ‘regularly splitting. Petals present or 0, ny as or
2-3 times y as the sepals or indefinite. Torus often concave
y arie in the axi
ing the ovary several-celled. Ovules usually many, sea tis
Styles as many as the placentas or more or less connate. Fruit
capsular or baccate or bd ca ae 1 or more. Testa
sometimes with an arilifor uter Albumen present.
ot straight with seteeatty tclinceon subg Woheuik Germination
epig
A. — present and persistent.
Re Pore: ed small tree with panicled inflorescence . . » 1, Homalium.
etals
1, Stamens AypO ogyno r flow: sa 1- see 03:5: i
Ovary in Sompletely > “6- palled, Byles as as many + 2. Flacourtia.t
Ovary 1-celled, styles usually con 3. Xylosma.
2. Stamens perigynous (sometim S nearly hypokynou), 6-15, :
fis. 2-sexual. Ovary 1-celle 4, Casearia.
4. HOMALIUM, Jacq.
I e 2 apg Benth.
1 tree, 30-40 ft., with coarsely serrate, prominently nerved
lars, ‘attaining 0 5 by 3-4”, and axillary panicles of small white
” dia:
Ren a jee ee reine near valleys. Singbhum and Porana
Keonjhar, Grie ri (see var.) ! Angul te At beni, Bonai, Cooper!
i !
a
g nerve, acuminate, nearly glabrous, narrowed into the *5-)”” petiole.
ndary nerves 6-8, 1 1-2 from near he base. Panicles 2-5”, dense, LL Beommary
bescent. Pedicels °05-"06”. Fis. densely hairy. Calyx tube funnel-shapec
rd ene Aes ecg linear. Petalss as many, linear-oblong, vale perigynous.
* The eiianess are closely allied to the — hpecey other
Placed at a considerable dirtante” from the Bixace: account of t their
markedly peri igynous or epigynous 0 vary. Vide pana he "Classification}
aan characters separating g end gabe ia and Xylosma are not very good ones,
35
1. Homauivum.} 14, FLACOURTIACE.
fleshy glands. Anther lobes very short. Ovary half inferior, hairy inside and out,
Styles i 5. ere “pages 6, parietal, anatropous. Fr. not seen
Var. L ee vate, acuminate, crenate-serrate. Fis, vs ery small, only
12" Since : oor rop of the Khandabolo Ridge, 3100 ft., Puri
Var. 8, Twigs pubescent. 3-6”, ovate-elliptic or broadly - ellipito, minutely
pubescent, margins crenate eglandular or glands inconspicuous. Bolong Block;
Angul!
2. chimp reg Commers.
Trees or shrubs, usually thorny. Leaves toothed or crenate.
Flowers small, usually dicecious, Sepals small, Saas Petals 0.
u
deeply intruded placentz. phan 2 superposed on each placenta,
styles or stigmas several, and stigmas usually notched. Fruit
baceate, with several l-seeded pyrenes. Germination epigeal,
rved.
ae pyle age under 4”, orbicular to oblong-obovate, never
beds ag with ih orns, often longer than the L. and hearing fis,
1-2,” Fs, sub- -solitary or racemes few flowered 1, sepiaria,
Small tree with aes "eae shorter than the ~ rary never
ring fis, L.1 "Fis. i in pu ubescent rac 2, Ramonteht.
Tt. I. mostly over 4’, alate! or acuminate. paeinel gem de
eed $0", ovate sons pa ag ty Petiole wR Fls, in contracted
rt-pedicelled , é 3. latifolia.
Ld 17", weligue. oblong, pu mbescent, " Petiole ‘25’. Fis, in
short axilla ary racemes, long-pedicelled . 4, montana,
Ill, L. 2-4”, lanceolate, acuminate, and glabrous. Racemes
glabrous. Fr. red to purple. . 4 : . 5, eataphracta.
E - sepiaria, Rozb. Sanu Bainchi, Or.
very thorny small bush, with straight sharp thorns, attaining
Vag" long (but see var.), many of them bearing clusters of leaves
or flowers and longer than the leaves. Leaves small, saat very
rarely 1-3”, in one pepe — here’ sume chai bicular
and bic cordate base, crenate-serrate except at base, ieee : cc
Flowers small, iecally apices at het ends of the short shoots.
In the Northern tract common in Purneah! Common in the Orissa
Tae ety ue lye as from Lorene southw bee ” Cuttack! Khan oad
Nil i! Balaso iri (Maniband, Jaimangal, ete., forests) ! Narsingpur!,
Te jeee-Ape, an April-May. Evers n
in im
stigmas 2-lobed. Berry with about 6-7 p *25-"4/' diam.
wae d, a sr pepecgine broadly cieieaiar “Ve base somewhat fe bimeeg , radicle
xclude: straig
Var. perenne Almost unarmed and flowers in short fasci
aves 1-2’. This is easily Beterircfrnr from
F. Eamonte Bs! the rigid. leaves and the very short racemes es and
pedicels being erect eve
Waste lands, Puri my precrate Fr, Dec
Bark on large bushes grey, slightly a Blaze hard light brown,
36
14, FLACOURTIACE, [2. FLACOURTIA.
Be, osorgge bagel L’Herit. Mehrle, K.; Merlec, 8.; Ka
rle, le tahi
a eng. ; ge ae Kontadhawra, Mamuri, ‘Bal
Siento, Kontaikuli,
A tree or shrub, sane i with crenate-serrate usually
obtuse ounded, n olive-green leaves and yellowish-gree
flowers, *25” diam., either clus rod or 3 sacemed or some also solitary
in the axils of scales or leaves. Pedi phe = ulate below the middle.
Sepals 4-6, pubes or hirs “in the male, very early
eceenst oe yellow stamens. Dis c-l tie 1-6 , rounded, often lobulate.
Styles usually ag omy I capiellate Ovules 2 superposed in each cell.
Fruit a Phar rry *3 ” dia
Very common thr cain the province, both in the valleys and on the hills and
in second growth forest.
P sa May. Deciduous just before
Ns ee The racists forms occur :
a, Ram é proper. I. glabrous, 2-3”, elliptic, — or ne —
ae racemes cape tel nearly or quite glabrow Chota Na
é .? Twigs slender reddish pubescent. "th 2°5" by 15’ lowe to
vate, glabrescent ; secondary, nerves 3-5, petiole *3’’, pubesc ent, racemes
cent, Hills, freque
pub
y. prcidestatie: F.B rx Sim but leaves often orbicular and permanently
pubescent or fomanine Sicke Nagpur, Bihar.
3. F, latifolia, Cooke.* Syn. F. Ramontchi, var latifolia, F.B.I.
A small or ar — — attaining 4 io ft. wae sa at
tho ormms ea rie
wets at pr as te § Petia 5”, rather slender te
males in very sma lusters (contracted racemes), usually
on asf ale bran eae Fruit °6” dia
Sameshwar Hills! et Gangpur!
oe Feb. Fr, March-A se
es. Blaze hard, pale brow ith flow of water.
b nally cuneate. Secon ndary nerves 5-7, slender, haigns, 1- 2 from close
to base ; tertiaries very reticulate, not at all scalariform as in F. moxtan
4. F, 7 seat Grah.
A small, iinet tho ‘aig tree, ines long thorns on bole, and a
few on the bran
&
5
ently pube
lowers (ifesoboth (ai always ?), in rer sgr oaph racemes, axillary
and from leafless axils. Fruit brilliant red, 7” dia
nh See Bolong Block, rare! Fis, Feb. Fr.
L. usual Db. Oct.
ly glabrese ent above = on the ‘smalle r nerves, but in the Angul t “ng
Pong ad less permanently pu nt, condary nerves 6-8, rather strong beneat!
ubesc Sec
. Tertiaries reuher straight and regular, Calyx 4-5-partite, lobes
pilose-pubescent. 3 le.
The fruit is edi ad fleshy, annular in fema
—
havi Tam not quite sure whether this is Cooke's F. latifolia, as he described it as
wing fruit only the size of a peal
37
2. FLacourtia. | 14. FLACOURTIACE:.
5. F. ne —_ Panialah, H. ; Paniyara, Uran; Beunch,
: Baincha,
small oe with = young trunk covered with large de-
sana thorns many inches long aves oblong to oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate, quite glabrons, crenate, one? Flowers in glabrous
racemes. Fruit purple, ‘8-1’ diam. whe
_. Very common in northern Purneah ! ae sat Mayurbhanj! Tamna
forest, Puri! Often Susvate da.
Fl, June. Fr. Oct.—
soa quite smoo oth it old tree k pallid, Blaze with chlorophyll, pale
bro L, 2-4 meer ovate- sealechent! lower ones on the twigs less acumi-
ute, base us sually rounded; petiole *25-'5”, Fils. ‘1-‘15” diam, Stigmas 4-6,
capita
The ail esr hay is like # small, round plum, with a small annulus at base
and remains e stigmas at the top. Epicarp somewhat coriaceous, endocarp
fleshy, with Arye ceo compressed with sharp edges and about ° 25” diam, Flesh
somewhat tart but of agreeable flavour when quite ee I have always. seen the
wild fruit red (not purple), *5-1’ se but it may be often eaten before ripening.
The seed takes nearly sm year o germinate. The seedlings and young plants
have slender, simple = xillary thorn:
Shah age said to be uncommo’ nin pone in resisting friction, and might be used for
ock sheaves, Ham
YLOSMA, Forstei
Characters of Key. nes F.B.I. states that there is Bho 2 short
style and a an ita - —— but tite stigmas are sometim 32-8, and
these are someti split nearly to the base. ‘The ov ay s also
imperfectly 2-3- celled i in many cases, just as in VF lacourtia.*
i: Ki Pe ssapacrgy Clos. Suljara, Gara Sul, Ho. ; Dandal, Katai,
wi, H:
sss on us tree, often with long thorns when her with
lanceolate, acuminate, shallowly-toothed leaves 3-6” lon sot small,
greenish mee in short axillary compound racemes. A tty tree
in fruit with umerable deep- _ la se berries, 25” aia, on
pedicels 17— 571 long, articulate n e base.
Ravines and along nalas in Singbhum — Porn Kochang, Gamble; Pala-
man, Neterhat! Evergreen jungles, Fron of Pur
Fl. Nov.-Dec. Fr, March-April. Eve rer a renews leaves Nov
L, (somewhat elliptic in the Puri specimen) narrowed both hrends with 6-8 pairs
oblique secondary nerves; young adtinietat poate t serrate. Petiole ‘25-"3”. go
racemes tags ai LY compound ; Fis. with 2 fles gg a ise glands 0 and about 26
Sti
stamens, s linear-oblong (ovate-acu eae FB. tigmas 2-3,
onpétuite a 1 capliane, F.BLI.), Ovul es few paca PU 1-celled, with coria-
ceous pericarp and 3-6 angled seeds, sea istent calyx and dise.
4, CASEARIA, Jac
Trees or shrubs. Leaves distichous, cen with dots or transl
dashes. Pedicels aor Taated. Ca rade inferior, deeply 4-5- lobed ;
‘persistent. Stam ites united into a tube, with s ria
staminodes or near. sis e, h nous ea be i
ypoey ub-perigyn Anthem
introrse. ee ma capi ake or 3-lobed. Capsule snouts enipsid
Seeds ma y, with a fleshy eaany searlet aril and straight e
a, ee more or less tomentose . 2 ‘ : : mapa piss
L, elliptic, glabrous siento . 2, graveolens.
a
* As noted in the C, NV, Flora, p. 160. The two genera , are scarcely separable.
38
Bees 2 2 cen ecient Bh Nay oe RM Neg Shep ae late) a a ae nk RE URN Bh ren ME ae IE Decl ts me on er RL) oy Leb te HT oS <n Ute OM Ree age a yey 2
15. PITTOSPORACEZ. [1. Prrrosrorum.
1. GC. tomentosa, Rox). Rore, K.; Chorcho, 8.; Churchu, H.; Ber
w.; Maun, Beng.; Tondri, Gond.; Der, Th.; io
i. Or.
small tree, or aired as a shrub, with pubescent or tomentose
aie L. oblong, or the smaller ones somewhat ovate or elliptic,
n the
ary 0
new shoots, 25’ diam., green. Ca shales s soft green, Lai and
from leafless axils Shida’ 6-angular
Throughout the Province. Frequent yy North Champaran! Very common
waste ground and river valleys in Chota Nagpur! Common on Howinh in seta
March-May. Fr. April- -May. Sub-deciduous Feb.-March. L, turn red
ling,
L. from 2” at base of twigs to 7” by 2”, obtuse entire or crenate, Stipules cadu-
cous, petioles *3- “5”, Sepals pag He pi 6-10, alternating with a
‘here
mieten 2-5 staminodes ; tube short Fr. 17: id F ape with a scarlet aril.
*q |
Dp 3
Tuits, pounded eiids mud, are gs ite, dammed-up streams for killing
ash. Casnpis says that the pounded bark is applied externally in dropsy, jxme
and snake
2. C. graveolens, Dalz. , K.; Nuri H.; Benchu ae
Kodarma) ; Kokra nee man ‘and dla ees Sambalpur), Or é
A aig mall tree with e Sand ic or ee -oblong or -ovate glabrous
owers gree dense clu os rs from the leafless axils.
Prats broadly ellips soid or ioalllg: seen , 65- a ong, yellow.
so distributed star the w hole PoC from Northern Champaran to
Sambaipuc and Puri, Mor a high ley Np) plan ce than C, tomentosa, but frequent
in valley cends to ates 3000 ft. in Palam
Paay-time, sm May-July, The tree is nearly or quite leafless at the time of
flowering, the new L appear on the barren b eae Roos the same nding but
or al later on the flov wering branches, Old L, copper-coloured in Dec.
wigs glabrous. IL. 4-8” * lind 5’, with often smaller ones at base of the twig.
very shortly acuminate, en or crenate, usually rounded at the base. Petiole
'25-"5". Sepals 5, a covery Stamens 6-8, alternating with linear-oblong
villous staminodes
FAM. 45. PITTOSPORACEA.
PITTOSPORUM, Banks.
ru metimes epiphytic. Leaves alternate or sub-
verticillate, ‘eative nd exstipul. Flower inal or axillary
5 ricate. Petals 5, hypogynous imbricate, erect, with con-
nivent or connate . Torus small. St 5, erect, anthers
the
e 0
rojection of the pacetel piaony nt, not on a Alaa waige ace
Be: 2 | *
a capsular, 1 Sisco 3 Sanbveks with the valves placen centiferous
In re co. = eds smooth, imbedded in pulp, with copious rather
1. PB. fran, W. 4 A. Bagh-muta, Kharw., Kisa
Small tree up to 25 ft. with branches and iar es often sabe
verticillate, pie oblong to lanonaians or tena shortly
39
1. Prrrosporum. | 15, PITTOSPORACE#.
ainsi “peepee above. Flowers small, yellow, numerous, 1 in sub-
corymbo' cicles. Capsule globose, 2 2-valv ed, 3-4-seeded. Seeds
permuded pe viscid juice, with red testa.
Higher hills of Ranchi and Palamau on rocky ground, often epiphytic on rocks
and in the hollows of other trees. Common along ravines at Neterhat, 2-3000 ft,
Horhap Forest, common! Ranchi Ghats (Adar) !
Fis ni r. Oct. Evergr
Bark smooth, lenticlinie a e's peeling. Blaze white, a very white layer
betw and outer bark. —7"', on flowering branches only 2°5-4'5 We
acute or acuminate, roe ly 0 se, axorine ‘a bas «Sete a slender ‘2’ be 8 petiole
margins often undulate. dary nerve 7-8, fi finely reticulate between.
very
-hairy, °2-'3” diam., slightly 4-2 eet asi “inside of carpels hori
e base, oblong, flat on
Panicle
appressed brown
sega striate, Seeds attached to mid-rib
tw
FAM. 16. POLYGALACEZA.
Usually setter sometimes shrubs or rarely small trees (non regionis
nostre). Lellv s alternate or rarely opposite, or whorled, sim ple entire,
lat i a ra i 01
aiken opening by pores. Ova e, 1-3-celled. Ovules 1 or mo
anatropous. Fruit eaaliy 2. celled and 2-seeded and loculici idal.
Beas usually strophiolate and albumin
1, Polygala.
x sepals (wings) larger, Stamems8 . - + + *+
All phere petaloid, fee ual. Stamens 4-5 : - - _ 2. Salomonia.
1. POLYGALA, L
Herbs, Ei ea with alternate cant and racemose, irregular
papilionaceous flowers, with the “wings” formed of the tw phithos
ested.
into a split tube or sheath is anthers open _ by Sais
h cell, pen
Seeds epee strophiolate and albuminous.
genus are often Reames variable in one and the same
ve Stirabby. Fs, not yellow, oe often aan —
Bracts persistent. a —— if 4 6. crotalarioides.
bracts caducous. Wings h " vet pti 1, glomerata.
Il, ewented. Bracts aia or sub-persistent. Keel
se be petaloid, oblique or faleate. Strophiole 3-
Racemes short and dense, —- sik seitittie 2, chinensis.
3. elongata,
Racemes long, but dense, terminal and axilla 4, leptalea.
Racemes ve me lateral, or flowers peerage A 5, erioptera.
C. Wings usually oid, not oblique. Strophiole ‘Sfid, a:
Racemes rather a na axilla’ ense 6. crotalarioides,
TIT. Small von i — ers ellow. eel ooded ft crested.
Racem es ? St can th
40
16. POLYGALACE. Ll. Potyeaa.
1. P. glomerata, Lou.
A twiggy undershrub, 1-2 ft. a Bator re eats branches, ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, sub- distichou 175” long, phe. gent nin
Shed
f a
agg , and greenish inconspicuous flowers i 'y
3-5” lon ng. Wings 2” by ‘1” oblique, faleately SbbSEE,
dptettate with scarious margins, ‘ate ay in fruit, cilia’
Singbhum Moment the Latua Forest under shade, very rare, ile locally
— Bandgaon, C. B. Clarke! Fis, Oct.-Jan, Fr, Jan.-Feb. Deciduous in
t
Distribution Sikkim, Khasia, Assam, Chittagong, Burma and Jay:
_L. sometimes (outside our aves) oblong 0 . dng stage or broadly ‘lanceolate ;
tia and somewhat oa oe sides, ith rounded ~ and 3-5 fine,
rather obscure secondar lie res Peti ae ch ent, om S pubesce
close-flowered, with very us bracts. Gorolla white or poe “portion parple
keel sub-saccate, °15’’, a as ceaatt fimbriate crest. Petals ers hg oe: small sca
near Ova: ary s sub-didymous and capsule ciliate. Seeds 1, silky, ik
3-lobed strophiole.
2. P. chinensis, L. ge P. arvensis, Willd, Gaighura, S.
A herb with a slender or woody rootstock, stem: Dany with a
: be minute persistent acuminate. Wing-sepals herbac
2”, que, acuminate, rather ne eding the broadly ai 8,
nace atat margined and ciliate capsule.
Rather frequent in open scrub ings and grassy ground, Chota Nagpur,
Singbhum ! aut en ee mau mbalpur! It extends to Bhotan and
United Provinces on n rth, Dacca on cnt and deities on south, and oceurs there-
fore probably thronghont the Province.
~L , i'r. y-
ranches ‘aually | procumbent, 4-12", L. from '3-2°5”, orbicular, Si eaiiat obova
osesttrd or linear; the longer forms are ustially narrow, gene cilia’ te, with
small curled hairs ; peicte caine, Fils. green, or “‘ when young: ten fh fadvos to
pink” (C. #. Clarke). bens usually straight on upper side, rounded on lower side,
tapering at base. Capsule sometimes scarcely notched, nara ned, ciliate. Seeds
ellipsoid, hirsute, and with hard, white, 3-toothed strophiole. Leteeal teeth often
ian.
The root is given in fever. Campbell,
3. P, ai Klein.
A herb somewhat resembling P. erioptera, 6-15” high usually
ro Sena the root. Stems with a curly pubescence or glabrous
Leaves “5-2:2' ”, Scar cely petioled, linear or linear-oblong >with 1 ae
hase. i Fa oy. in elongate lateral often lax racemes
34", Wings « —22”, te cues, come oblique, 5-ner —_
Usually ahiooiate. Capsule glabrous, very oblique at the usually
retuse ¢ or notched top.
Behar, Kurz!
4. P. leptalea, DC.
A very slender, erect herb, sometimes from a woody stock but
flowering its first year, 9-18” high, simple or branched be angled
stems eaves, *5-1” rowed both ends. Racem A
yerminal and axillary elongate, with small pink flowers *12- 14 long.
Wings petaloid, 3-nerved, narrowly obovoid, nearly symmetrical.
41
1. Ponyeata. | 16. POLYGALACE.
Capsule atl obovoid,
nearly as long as wings. Seeds densely Tay, steophiol ce He
Chota ltt very common. on clay s Common at Neterhat,
3000 ft. ! Santal ae nagar smh ! Orissa, on ‘thie ite
Fis., Fr, Sept.
5. P. erioptera, DC.
A herb with many sub-erect or diffuse gabenent branches from an
often stout root, linear, linear-oblong or rarel oo , leaves
-8-1:2” long and yellow Sot 17-2” ne with densely pu
elliptic, obovate wings in very few-flowered short racemes. Capsule
oblong, pubes
bl cent, not at all winge
Behar, J.D.H,! Darbhanga! Dalongans, Gamble? Mayurbhanj, Hooper!
Fils. Aug.-
ne the he variable, but the
The whole plant is usually very cng
B. & O. specimens seen have all na ne L. Whe Flora of Madras de soribes
the “wing-petals”’ as triangular and falc
6. P. crotalarioides, Ham. Bijnori, Gond ; pa moar el 8.
: e
Leaves obovate
scarcely petioled. Racemes*4-1°25”, den
bracts and bracteoles, which ‘een ssaar be after the fruit nas lee
wers 25-3” long, lilac or white with purple se pedicel not
che i ed. apsule half
exceeding the bract. ngs abowite; iliate, round
as long, orbicular margined, retuse, ciliate. Seeds dark fen
Biophiols thin, deeply — Lateral segments oblong or obovate,
rather shorter than phe oonee
Ramnagar Hills, in oy n sandstone, very shrubby !
Fls,, Fr. May-Sept.
Var. glabrese
oots he csi 3-8”, all parts much less hairy. Leav
glaucous and glabrous on both surfaces, but ciliate. pice
smaller.
Chota Nagpur! ma)
ei lane aor mah or oblong-obovate, somewhat shining peneath, 15-35".
greeni ink, wings ov _ or ellipsoid, sub- petaloid with green veins,
sane petals anes curv ed, pin le
This been. gontnaet with P. chinensis owing to the descr of the strophier
in the e 3. T. being described as 2-appendiculate and that of P. chinensis as WI
3 aa The Bijnori of the Central Provinces is this hale ies, Its rootstoots :
are 123” diam,, brown and wrinkled when dry, in which form they 477 nn Dae
peretretiy A preparation is ke en for cough | sete ), ane it is used (fide Haslett Pe
the Santal Parganas in he spir
Woke peas Ham
all pre ids simple or creer stems 2-6”, rare 10” high
Loaniae generally a crown 0 oximate, membra elliptic
orbicular, : porrtte or Spdithilats e lea We "5 2” long, and termi ‘onal racemes
aa seek ng of small clear yellow flowers, fading pink. ;
ag banks and rocks, Common in Chota Nagpur! Very common on Pa
, Fr. Sept.—Jan.
42
|
|
|
17, CARYOPHYLLACES, [1. Saponarta.
In the more branched forms the 6-nerved and acute, in
simpler forms rounder and obtuse ont gir er-nerved, in “all ciliolate and sometimes
with minute hairs on surface, Ca alyx wings petaloid, ee in fruit. Keel
Siatied, not crested. The seeds are black and usually pubese
2. SALOMONIA, Lour.
Flowers sent. in terminal spikes. Sepals nearly equal, the two
inner somewhat larger, al 1 petaoid Petals 3, not crested. Stamens
4-5, m oo sorkoa yaa belov
1. S. oblongifolia, DC.
A little herb, often oka simple, 3-8” high, oe small sessile,
near-oong to elliptic or kine acme leaves, ‘1-3” long, a and
dense spikes Sed maleate sty flow s “08” lon
Common in iD I ! Fis,, Fr. most times of wae
FAM. 17. CARYOPHYLLACEE.
Usually herbs with jointed or thickened
rt the nodes. Leave s opposit e, entire or serr ulate. Stipules scarious
Flowers sean or x noderate sized e —5, free or connate
tas t 4-5 or "0, rarely perigynous. Stamens 10 or some-
fewer, inserted with the petals on a hypogynous short or
re, im a perigynous ring hers 2-celled
with longitudinal dehiscence. Dise sometimes of olan Ovary free,
l-celled or im ly 3-5-celled, st 5 ate. O
conn )
into a column,
amphitro oo: Fruit capsular, —_ = thin walls, valves “ iad
“et a eeds often reni
marginal o1 or on albuminous. oe at usually cures ron the
nee. or oe aia: cotyledons narrow, incu
| Sepals connate into a tube, Fs. moderate sized we pm
2, Sepals free or nearly so. Fis. small.
a, Stipules 0 Styles fre
Petals 2-fid or 2. ipbiie'b ; ‘ 5 : : : . 2, Stellaria.
‘ Petals entire . 3, Spergula,
tipules scarious, Style 2-3-fid. é
Diffuse, Petals 2-fi walt po eh cans Can ee eee eee
Diffuse, Petals Soe é ; : : : : : . 5, Polycarpon.
Erect. Petals e entire : 3 . 6. Polycarpea.
1. SAPONARIA, L. Soapwort
Herbs, Flowers moderate size d, terminal on ‘the dichotomously
branched of inflorescence withs tabula Ht or -lobed calyx and
5 clawed petals, Stamens 10. Ova r imperfectly 2-3-celled.
Omieme,
many. Fruit aamanl, <iaathe -
L. 8. vaccari aria, L. gt S. perfoliata, Roxb. ; Tilothi, Vern.; Sabuni,
Beng.; Musna, H.,
Erect, 1-3 ft.,
late to linea
Panicles of pi
brane se above with cauline leaves, narrow, lanceo-
ear-oblong, amplexicaul, glabrous, and 2-38- ecaons
ink flowers on erect 7-2” long pedicels.
43
1. SAPONARIA. | 17. CARYOPHYLLACE.
Northern tract, frequent in cultivated fields. Bihar, J.D,H.! Champaran!
Fls., Fr. Jan.-March,
Calyx ‘3” to 6” in Fr, Sepals keeled, Petals obovate, Capsule included in
calyx, ovoid, Seeds large, _ globose, black, granulate. Campbell eye itis culti-
vated for its oil in Manbhu
2. STELLARIA, L.
Herbs with white flowers, often small, in 2-chotomous or 2-chasial
cymes, or solitary between the a of the 2-chotomous branches.
Se als free, or connate a the base only. Petals usually 5, 2-fid or
y SO: es
E m
Ovary 1-, rarely 3-celled. Styles s 2-3, rarely more.
Caps phat, splitting ae as many entire or 2 -fid valves as there
are styles. Seeds compressed. Embryo annu ular
Petals 0 or 5, 2-fid to uae L. WBE: upper sessile ‘
Petals 4, jlong-clawed, emarginate or 2-lobed. L. petioled ¢
1. S. media, L. Chickweed
; : valid
rarely -cO
beak elliptic. yee es diam. Petals 5, 2-fid to base or
Capsule ovoid- oyliniele se) than
ys ‘aepale, gent Drown, obtascly tubercled.
Champaran! Fls., Fr,
The common little ‘Ruropendt weed.
2. 8. sinker yea Haines in Kew — —? 2. Syn. Alsine
llichiana, Benth., Wall. Cat., No. S. media, F.B.I. in
e, By ake pe se
2-25”, usually icbameee Petals long- an often 0 nly e
or 2-lobed, sometimes 2-fid. Stamens 8. Capsule not exceeding the
sepals. Seed seuealy taba le ;
Purneah, in baw f oa under shade ! Similar specimens were collected i
Clarke in Run Fls., Fr. Dec.-Jan
SPERGULA, L. Spurr “4a
Herbs with seam paride rade ften abbreviated branchlets mW
leaf axils, so that the lea hind 1 o be w 7 oO insole .
Stipules small, scarious. cheat she cled ¢ me etals i
amens 5 or 10 on a perigynou walde. Oras 1 ‘walled, styles Y se
Capsule with 3-5 entire valves. Seeds compres ssed. |
i, . ret s
mall, pu avesee nt or glandular, ee green herb wi ith lin mt
sil o semi-terete, rather fleshy leaves and white flowers see"
diam., pe’ tuse. Seeds papillose, tabled or narrowly Wier)
The fruiting pedicels are deflexed.
44
17, CARYOPHYLLACES, (6. Potycarpma.
Rare, in cultivated ground in the northern tract,
Plants, but I have seen no specimens). Fs,
E nglish cornfields.
flee Seng Negpur (Bengal
. er. 0a, mmon weed in
2. §. pentandra, L
A herb very similar to the last, but glaucous or de terete leaves,
petals _ nceo — a ged.
a smooth, broadly w
mr il India than
the Sasts neal Som rh Sie n, mts i can pe no Percents
4, DRYMARIA, Willd,
d small, often fugacious or
Petals 5, 2-6-fid. Stamens
id ag perigynous "Ovar y L. celled. Style 2-3-fid. Capsule
LD. cordata, Willd.
A herb with oak
often 1
ft. with distan a -_ rs ois orbieular-ovate leaves,
3-8” long, we d from the times
-dalar-pubescent, penisic branches : Vive Zc axe er. Flowers very s
with ns. Petals very small, 2- Ae to to mide.
nous margi
Capsule 2-3-valy at © ith 1-2 brown, reniform, compress
Parasnath! Fis, Aug.-Sept. Fr. Nov.—Dec.
5. POLYCARPON, ZL.
| Diffuse herbs with gr and sti whorled leaves and scarious
Stipules. Flowers small and incons picuous, in crowded, many
i rats or shes in the forks of the branches.
. 5. Petals 5, small or 0, white or hyaline, entire or toothed.
| | Seen 3-5. Ovary 1- Soller sts short, 3-fid.
LP. Leflingie, Benth.
A age much 2-chotomously praiee son Dias hairy o
© en oo F.B.I.) bran 3-9”
htl
i inition ae absent. Seeds minute, brown,
; 14 34 4 c >. 44 1 + 4}
bass t - 5 b b
Ss ae ex
ja Sepals are °]””
long, with scarious margins, and somewhat boat-shaped in
ee htlieo Lamk.
spay ot ¥ erect herbs. Leave oeposite, sometimes pseudo-who peor
| Scarious. Flowers in ‘ee Sepals 5, free, scarious,
45
6. PonYcaRP@a. | 17. CARYOPHYLLACEZ.
Py coloured. aaioert a — 2-toothed or erose. Stamens .
bag oe or sometimes cohering and adnate to
Pi Ovary 1- ated. wae rle’ Sanisé: 3-fid or 3-toothed. on
3-valv “i
1. P. corymbosa, Lamk. a
A much-branched er ir 3-6”, very rarely 12” high, with very
nde tomentose, branches, opposite linear ‘leaves, and
aaNet; ouainlad: unas dichotomous cymes of very small
eel rs
Rocky places. Behar, near the Sone, J.D.H.! Chota Nagpur, frequent! Puri!
Fis, met ase
Roo’ woody, L, *3-'5”, sometimes pseudo-whorled from the axi xillary leaf
Sancieies: sepa innceolate, very acute, ‘05-"08”, brown and shining or silvery in
etals e, red, entire free. Ovary sometimes only 4-ovuled, Capsule
oblong, 04",
FAM. 18. arenes
Herbs, rarely undershrubs. opposite or alternate,
with scarious or bristly s tiple, gente stipules absent. Flowers
; cts hat co a
so
1-celled, with 2-8- partite style. Ovules 2-« , campylotropous on a—
basal pasty placenta, Fruit capsular, opening by valves or circum-
sciss, usually many-seeded. Embryo more or less curved roun and the
albumen or nearly straight.
n
5
oe
‘
a)
©
ties:
4. PORTULACA, L.
Often rather — herbs. Anterior sepal ace than the posterior.
Petals free or what connate. thes 4-many. Ovules
merous on the > Otten 3-8-branched weiteal! placenta. ae
1. tuberosd, —
Rootstock thick, L. bet linear : . -
=_ annual, L. not tere ol
. °25-1'5”, with Pin base, wider above. F : : , 2, oleracea. —
; sank 3. —
2-3", ovate-0 oblong to ovate-lanceolate
1. P, tuberosa, Roxb.
rb with numerous branches, 2-3” long, spreading fro oh ail et
with mat |
fusiform root. Leaves sessile, linear, terete, fleshy, 5”, |
decurrent on the stem and with tufted brown hairs at the nodes. |
lowers voters: in small terminal clusters, surrounded by about §)
—: — tufted hairs. Fruit sessile, s ee ‘2-25’, ovoid, gi
not e half vay up by the torus and calyx. Seeds minutely)
Sania
Monghyr, Hamilton (F.B.I.) ¥Fis., Fr. July, Oct
lt is entered in Camp, and arate’ ‘Catalogue withoes remark:
46
19. AIZOACEE. {1. Moxxivgeo.
2. P: = oa ete L. Dali ara, K.; Mota uric’ alang, S.; Bara laniya,
A pros Sethi or erect, subsucculent herb, 6-12”, with cuneate- oblong
or cuneate-obovate, usually truncate leaves, ea 15” lo ong, whorled
above, stipular hairs scarious, minute, or Flo yellow
sessile, solitary, or ae eons rs or cymes, mpeetel by es st er of
leaves, Stamen s 8-1
Very common in open grou egg Fls., Fr. r,s,
Ts largely used as a pot-herl
Oe atks! creeping and rooting 2,8 subset rent, ey with numerous
ascending branches, small, fleshy, na Way eee ovate or ovate-
eav with ver
Ceo. §
Stipules, Flowers solitary, tarningl van. Sei Is hyaline, united
at base. Petals 4, oblong, united below. Stamens 8. -12, filaments
hairy at base. Style long, 3--4-cleft,
Common ev: in open plac Fis.. Fr
The flowers only open in bright ee shine like “thoes of the genus. This is also
used as a pot-her
4. P, pe eetitors Spat ig Bi is the beautiful little Brazilian
so often
an land Watts ot noe gee with 10 perfect stamens, which
sey Ant eufere to be the cultivated plant gone w ild, and is a troublesome weed
eee ths roadsides in many parts of Chutia Na agpur. J. thick, fleshy,
pa with dark green reticulations. Fls. pale purple, ‘25-"5” diamete
m. and t tlowering heads covered with long woolly hairs, especially at the sober,
FAM. 19. AIZOACER (Ficoidez),
Herbs or under shrubs with simple, sometimes fleshy, opposite,
alternate o Poorac-vertic illate leaves with scarious or 0 stipules.
Flowers hand's small and greenish to em and showy (but not in our
area), in ¢ r clusters, rare] tary, 2-sexual,
samous, Ny homoiochlamyde 4-5-merous, or stamens fewer
or more or less nume » free o dies, or with filaments more
pany, axile, or 1 basal, i h carpel. Fruit usually capsular, some-
18S Or separating into cocci. ny or] ch
pel, niform, ¢ p embryo curved or annular,
; : ompressed ; em
tee on the mealy albumen, radicle next the hilum. In Molingo
v8 Sometimes a very curious tail-like a appendage to = hilum
: een man gynous, Capsule 3-5- celled, nrg j
MS perigynous, Capsule 1-2-celled, ciroumsciss . z ‘ 2. Fain:
1. MOLLUGO, L.
wheganched herbs, sometimes dichotomous and prostrate, with pseudo-
led or altern: ate entire leaves and fugacious stipules. Flowers
47
1. Mottveo.] 19. AIZOACE.
small, clustered, or cymose, —: Tepals 5. Stamens 5- 3, rarely
many, hypogynous, —* odes sometimes present. Ovary 3-5- celled,
ules m e
styles 3-5. Ov any, axile. —n apsule membr anous, included in
ah perianth, loculicidal. Seeds several, rarely 1 in each cell, often
ith a delicate appendage.
A. Erect or sub-erect. aad in slender cymes ; ‘ . 1. stricta,
B. Prostrate. Fis. in xillary dense cymes or clusters.
- vse or woaey 80. Fils. pedicelled < ; . 2. spergula,
oolly or hairy. Fis. se ssile or very monly pedicelled : . 38. hirta.
1. M. stricta, L. Syn. M. pentaphylla, L. :
A slender small herb, 3-10” high, with groove ed or angled, usually
much-branched erect stems and opposite, Se od or re eudo-whorled
leaves, “5-1'7” long. Flowers es ei a ish or bie ite, in slender,
dichasial panicles, or in uniparous obit 6 cymes on the branches
of a dichasial panicle. Capsule B otlony, Tightly 3- ae loeuicially
3-valved. Seeds bins bright chestnut, covered with close,
minute blunt spines or warts. Hi rade.
On bare walks, is. pe waste ground, common in all districts (among
rocks * gy tek Carter), frequent at Space (3000 ft.). Fis., Fr. all the year
rol st (but not the same plant).
ub-sessile, Rene eres someti mes rather fleshy, shining, linear-oblong to
obow kes api iculate Stipules minute, scarious. Sepals connate at base or bis
= mbrieate. nit elliptic- -oblong, obtuse. Stamens 3-5, very 8 mall, connate at base.
mbryo cur.
le
BS.
i= |
ee.
oe
fe)
pal
eS
a)
Sa
y
pedicelled, greenis sh or white flowers, 1-several, axillary. ‘apsule
near ty pase r & an es oer Seeds many, covered with very
close minute or points, as in the last, and with a minute
subulate bri istlo with sheets a second yet more minute bristle.
Darbhanga! Manbhum, near ee (which is just outside our area a) in sandy
eoil round tanks, Kurz! r gtx erhaps common in other districts, but the
us. Fils fe May- Jul te
Nenrly or quite ‘anbretih: L. °2-1’ long, spathulate, lanceolate, elliptic oF
obovate, shortly petioled, Secondary nerves s obscure. de gre poe
often exceeding the L. Sepals °12-'2” ot teste Clarke), often
= — Stamens 5-10. Sti letian & minute ;
form hota on the seashore, Puri, the branches are papillose on one side, L.
pire "5" long. Styles 3, stout.
_ M. lotoides, O. Kze. Syn. M. hirta, Thunb.
ser stellately-tomentose herb, with woody tap-root and numerous
procumbent stem s 1- 3 ft. long, muc h branched, with orbicular of
obovate — 35! m., patti 5a into a more or less cunea cuneate —
c :
: S i
with free, sar stent sepals, -2” gst in flower, °3” in fruit, stellate
acione, oblong- leneeblads or inner t-shaped, mucronate, one |
Ca
margin scarious. apsule 5- celled, with very numerous, brows,
rienain aie £0 seeds. =
The seed is remarkable. From the base of the funicle grows ups
48
=
|
|
|
|
:
:
19. AIZOACE 2, (2. TRIANTHEMA,
opie jacket, loosely enveloping the funicle and supporting
the seed, w hile the snahe is continued as a whip-like tail curling -
Bite fourths round the seeds,
Usually in sandy places. Manbhum, Campbell! Mahanadi River bed, Angul!
eH Fr, Feb.-April.
sometimes maly *2” long, ows up 984 1”. Stamens 5, with long filaments from an
a very minute ap he ey ovary, which
they exceed, Styles short nr stigm as 5, near. The capsule is loculicidally
septifragal (first mangoes ee ough ‘the Seid then separating wi ith part of the
is),
Septa and leaving the ax
2. TRIANTHEMA, L.
Diffuse, prostrate, sige ¥ poo herbs, with ne ager unequal,
entire leaves ; petioles a at their base by their dilated mem-
branous Deaths exett mat ip in small, axilla ary, solitary, cymose
orclustered, with a short or alioane, ehypant hium bearin g 5 small, often
coloured sepals. Stamens 5-10 or more, near p ‘of th hypan-
thium, perigynous. | Ovary free, teanorray bie 1-2 subulate He eae
es l-many, basal. Capsule membra. or wagered circum
aa the lid sometinies with 1-2 seeds, | lower portion 2 -maty
nular
1. T. monogyna, 1 Syn. T. apg se L. (Flora Madras)
OT. obeordate, Roab. ; ; Kecho
with pr tee forked branches 8-18” long,
r
om :
campylotropous Senet n a basal central column sometimes adnate
“ oa side of the vary. Capsule with a lower scarious or membranous
lon and an u apo , brown, Sagas e coriaceous Schtion, circumsciss.
Bends black with concentric lin
A common weed in most districts. Fis., Fr.
Stems pubescent on one side. Jy. obtuse or ot base obtuse. Base of petiole
sheathing with two sacar stipule-like appendages. Fls. sunk in the forks, y sent es,
2, Semon of the petiole, Motes petaloid, with an excurrent herbaceous centre,
Herbs or undershrubs, sometimes very small = Hes rs a
;Pbosite 0 r whorled, simple, stipulate leaves, Flowers small o
imbri, axillary, solitary or cymose, Sepals and nade 2-5, a wf
Stamens isomerous or ploste . Tee,
diplostemonous, hypogynous, f
be versatile anthers. Ovary with 2-5 cells and styles, stigmas
itate. Ovu ee tin
49
1. Bereta.) 20. ELATINACEZ.
1. BERGIA, L
Erect or prostrate herbs or sidantirtibe: with opposite or pseudo-
whorled, usv ea serrate leaves. Flowers very small, solitary or
fasce led, 3-5-merous. Sepals with green midrib and ‘membranous
argins.
Pikes and petals 5. Stamens 10 : : : ; ; : ee verticillata.
Sepals and petals 3-5, Stamens 3-5 . $ : : : ; . 2. ammanoides.
1. B. verticillata, Willd.
A herb with rather succulent, creepin t resembling —
an toi ada Leaves elliptic- errneee ‘Be oe 5” debe wly serrate
with very short epee Flowers very small, crowded in the ree =
the leaves, sessile, white, with 5 "ee als and petals and 10 stam
Capsule depressed, globose, 08” dia
Perm of India, Royle hear Sanna Bengal, occasional, Prain (without
ooality). Rice fields and river banks, Madras! A native of various parts of
Tndia in wet places during pre ainy season, Roxb, ‘It probably occurs in Bihar
and Orissa, but has so far not been collected there.
2. B. ammanoides, Rozb.
A diffuse or aan (Ro — annual with ceisegee 4-8” long, lower
daece mbent, etimes thinly pubescent. Leaves sub-verticillate
(opposite, with MWubler jated shoots in their axils), “31 Y’ long, oblong-
oblanceolate, minutely sharply serrate, tapering to the se essile base.
emacs ry small, crowded, rose- -coloured, sepals, petals and stamens
3-5, isomerous
Bengal, J.D.H. i iwikbovs locality), very Saiere3 in Behar! Nuddea, C.B.C.!
Genes me Doubtless in our pro Fis., Fr. Oct.-Jan., and during
FAM. 21, TAMARICACE.
: Small tr rees or shrubs with alternate scale-like, exstipulate, some-
times pai sarin or sheathing epee Flowers (in our species) i2
ral or i
c Ts
2-5, free or connate or stigmas sessile. Ovules 2- oc, on broa ad placentas,
anatropous; raphe ventral, micropyle inferior. Caps sule 3-valved.
Albumen present or 0, embryo straight, cotyledons flat.
4. TAMARIX, L. Tamarisk.
Characters of the family. Ovary narrowed bag: styles 2-4,
s plu lumose,
short, — he the os mas. Ovules ma Seeds
exalbumin: Embryo o ea:
Stamens 10, Fls, '2’”-'25” ba SO ee ee yy Med re a
Stamens 5. Fls, under 13" | -
Fis. l-sexual, L, eubatne atceps at tip 50 25 see
Fils, 2-sexual. L. appressed, sessile, but not tubular. «.) S, See
50
22. HYPERICACE 2. (1. Hypericum.
1. T. ericoides, Rott. Jhao, AK
A pretty shrub, 3-5 ft., with fastigiate branches, ap a shestping,
amplexicaul, shortly acuminate, glaucous, scale-like ves, which
are persistent and brown me oe eee Rowers Lia
heath-like pink in dense 15-6”
peria:
marcescent, ‘2—-25” long, the Sepak only half as a Tony i as the corolla:
apsule “4-5” long, 2-3-valved, opening and disclosing the silky
eds,
Along river ag in the Northern and Central Tracts, reg Southern tract,
ane pur, ‘ommonest species in the Province, Fr.. Oct.-April.
ve
The bracts are ovate-acuminate,
2. T. dioica, Roxb. Jhao, Lal J hao, Beng. ; Thar-thari, Vern.
A small tree with short trunk wit very numerous spreading
branches with drooping tips, and sheathing, amplexicaul, scale-like,
te leaves te) diceci
in drooping ed es 5
Petals linear-oblong, only about half the size of the last. Stamens 5;
anthers purple in the male and 2-lobe d, i —— female sagittate and
= Capsule 3-valved, —_ inaee er than thor rolla.
ds of the Ganges, Ror ; Ganges near roar y Hole; Kalahandi, er ih
I — ‘ve not seen the sp ecimens ‘from our area, but from Oudh, not far off. Fl. A
Bark dark coloured, crac
3. T, ee see Thao, ree
pine s
. a ,
Stamens 5, twice as long as the petals. Anthers 4-lobed
(Bed, and diplonigte my foe in ie pr anh Capsules “12”, 3-valved.
Sandy higher ground in the tidal forests of the Mahanadi! Beds of rivers,
Cham .-Sept.
oe ebed But in neither case seen in flower, Fls, Aug.-
k or Crackead
FAM. 22. HYPERICACEA.
Herbs or shrubs » rarely trees. Leaves opposite, exstipulate, often
Punctate with glands, entire or gland-toothed. Flowers solitary or
YMose, terminal or axillar ry. Sepals and petals 5-4, petals contorted
© Stamens «, in 3-5 b y quite free; anthers
Baden nat os = Para with 3-5 355 plncont or united styles.
ro Tropous.
Fruit x An Seewalie "Bee ds exalbumin
1 myPeRIcum M, L.
Leaves u usually sessile. Flow rs_yellow. Capsule septicidal, or
dehiscing at the placentas in et ovaries. aout
Sinall her Sage FI pistion fine free geen japonien .
ulti shrub, Styles united exceptattop . | . . . 8, chinense
51
1. Hypericum. | 22, HY PERICACEZ.
1. H. Gaitii, Haines oe As. Soc., xv, p. 7).
much-branched shrub, 3— 6 tk: high, with stems attaining
6” girth, with i hacaarsont citar somewhat glaucous leaves, 2-2°5”, and
short 3- “choto: ous cymes of showy yellow flowers, 2-2-25"
Capsule ‘7” ik, « ni bal.
oe: streams, Neterhat Plateau! Fl. April-June, Fr. May-June (perhaps
also Fr,
Branchlets terete. L. _elliptic- oblong, oblong-lanceolate or bmi Bose
dotted, paler beneath, with 2-3 sec oo reach
far forward. Sepals °3-"5’’, imbricate, yee oblons lat Petals obovate,
1-1 toh 8-'9”, Stamens very m any, i undles a long, Styles '5”, longer
than ary, which is ‘3’ in flower. tive Achaea eapeut es pr et shorter than
a ig psc from the contraction of be outer pericarps which causes the
dehiscence, Seeds brown, polished, linear, m, long,
2. H. japonicum, Thunb
A herb with erec ot tufted s tems 3-5” high, or sometimes diffuse and
nearly 12”; vale on sharply 4-angled. Leaves -2~25” long, sessile,
erect, elliptic or oblong, pellucid-dotted, 3-nerv rved. Small yale
flowers, * diam., solitary in the forks or axillary and termi
Sepals linear-lanceolate to ovate, 3-9-nerved. Capsules 3-valved, not
exceeding the sepals.
Chota Nagpur, common, especially in elevated ss lands and damp places.
Fl, Fr. April-June. : nity
3. H. chinense, L.
A cultivated shrub, somewhat resembling H. Gaitit, with ovate leaves 2° 5-3”
somewhat amplexicat Mae Prattii), or ." 2°65” and unr -oblong (in type), con:
spicuously dotted. Sep very variable in length, often *5-6”, elliptic: oblong,
obtuse, Petals 1- 12", isha mens *75-'8/', Ovas ry ovoid, weet tyles ‘7’ long, united
to near the top and then 5-cleft. Capsule only "25-3", Betti
FAM. 23. GUTTIFERACEZA.
Trees or shrubs with resin shiccaen containing a greeni nish or au eh
latex, and opposite aénally ergreen and coriaceous leaves, gene
ti
delpho as many bundle
petals. Anthers dehiscing by pores or slits or circumsciss. Female
flower with api 2ee Ovary 1-many-celled. Style 1 or 0. Sti
free, or com or peltate. Ovule 1-2 or many Fa or basal and —
erect. Fru i bascale: Seeds large, albumen 0. Cotyledons smal]
woe tgells very — or cotyledons thick, free or connate with ©
us ace ae. Over cells l-ovuled, Style short or 0, ;
Calyx of 4 1. Garcinia,
m, cave closed » yin burstin into 2 valves Ochrocarpus: —
shane % ce. bed “cells with 1-4 erect ovules. Bt le aistinet. |
Ovary-1-celled, l-ovuled si 3, Calo ;
ary 2-celled, cells 2- ovuled : ‘ . 4, Mesu
52
23. GUTTIFERACE. (1. Garcinia.
1. GARCINIA, 1
_ Trees with *aridw resinous bier e. Calyx of 4-5 sepals. Petals 4-5.
wers polygamous. Male stamens many, free, or Mopiv ore connate ;
anthers sessile on the staminal column or on shor ick ‘filaments.
Female flowers with 8-many free or connate oth min ian Ovary
2-12-celled. Stigma peltate, entire or lobed. Ovule 1 in each cell,
axile. Seeds arilled.
Sepals 4, Sew L, 3-5” ; : ; PE - 1, cowa,
Sepals 4-5. Pe mie 6b Ce Loman Oa estas Xanthochymus.
1. G. cowa, Roxb. Soroa, Ho.; Kowa, Beng.; Sarbana, Or.
An erect tree, 30-40 ft., with a slender and drooping branches
from quite close to the ground | and d dark | shining lanceolate or
oblanceolate leaves, 3-5”, with sl ves
ting in an intra-marginal one. rowers yellowish, rather fleshy,
14 in the leaf axils or Ainacrs and clustered. Fruit yellow, about
2” diam., 4—8- -grooved and celled.
Along streams. Hills near Monghyr, F.B.J,; Saranda and ge Forests,
pei rare ! ney aes bags pe Sg eis _Mlayur bhanj! Mals, Pur:
reh-April. bs, y-June
Blaze red, exuding br pean of yellow mili juice. L. membranous when
dry, often oblong-laniceolate, rarely somewhat obovate, ee imes 6” long, acute or
mina g into the ‘3- ‘Preiong petiole; secondary nerves indistinct in
in
Tminal ¢
females axillary. Sepals *15-"2”, Petals -3-'4/. Stamens many, in
central gy 8, anthers sub-sessile, 4-celled.
The Fr. is eaten and is of pleasant flavour.
2. G. Xanthochymus, Hook. /. Syn. Xanthochymus eongeing Roxb.
Dampel, Beng. Se e Prain) ; gop Chiuri, Si itam bu,
oblong or linear-oblong very sited on ‘hing eaves attaini ing
13°5 2, 4”. Flowers cream-coloured, °5” diam., globose, eles
oody bract, teate au from axils of fallen leaves. Fruit bright
yellow when ri pe, 1 ” diam.
Tn dense Mint Magee forest, i. streams. Mals of Puri (Dhuanali) ! aay, et
(Meghasani, 3000 ft.)! Bon i, Cooper! Planted near the temple, Bar
(Khurda), gg , ete.
margin tip shortl aa I an: ate, , base acute. Under surface wi
Scopie dots rZ me] ¥ iSite a acta, —_ snanpaniane stipule,
rs t terminal md. Bra coins o short mnbaeee ety bracteoles
minute, "05", oe Pedicele 37", Sepals arbiculat, Pe Peta ba 3”, orbic ular.
vith apa —
fneki. ‘tien, a and the tree is sometimes cultivated for the fruit. It is, however, very
It is mentioned i in Firminger under the vernacular name of Tumul.
53
2. OcHROCARPUS. | 23. GUTTIFERACE#.
OCHROCARPUS, Thouars.
1, 0. sas aE aie & H.f. Churiana, Or.
zed or small tree with handsome dense laurel-like
foliage seat like that of Garcinia Xanthoe repre — ie
obtuse, 5°5-8°
or linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute or 5” b
1°7-2°8” thickly coriaceous ; oaeraiae very
nerves copiously reticulate between and with distinct
pellucid dots in the areoles. Flow ” diam., W or rose, in
dense axillary fascicles, with numerous subulate bracts at base, at
the axils of fallen leaves and from the trunk, pedicels 1”. Calyx
bursting into 2 valves reflexed ac flowering. Petals 4. Fruit 1”,
ovoid, 1-seeded.
Khurda, cultivated, Haslett! This tree is stated in Bengal Plants to be found
in — , Orissa , and the vernacular names of Nagesar, Beng., and ree
Or., are given for it. It was doubtless a eausrated specimen, as the tree
He! have been introduced near Kuhuri by a former Raja and about 12 pie > existed
md A specimen near the Baruni Hill chon ee ere died,’? Haslett.
““'The Fls. are used like those of Nageswar in Hindu worship, ”* Haslett.
3. CALOPHYLLUM, L
Trees with opposite shining coriaceous inne s, with innumerable
parallel very slender secondary nerves at right angles nd the gtr
icled. a
Stamens very many, filaments slender. 1- called, ‘with closed
style and peltate stigma. Ovule solitary, eebeti uit a drupe.
1. C. Fwnsaan bee m, - tet Or.; Sultana Champa, Beng.; The
andrian Lau
ark ceedingly ha ai ome moderate- a tree, with large pers
oblong, celliptc-oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate leaves,
’, shining on surfaces, and sxilla ary lax drooping racemes
4-6” long, of Reali white fragrant flowers hae diam. Drupe globose,
4
dia
_ Orissa coast, extensively cultivated, but bohhetatty wild. Is also much planted
in Cuttack and eg, = tations Poa ot ‘far at m the sea. Fl. May—Jane ye again
Juice (of the reain- canals) bright pa Petiole *5-1°2”. niaaaite of flowers
1-2", Sepals 4, inner } petaloid, Pe tals 4. Stam mens fn & bundles
1 mble says
reddish-brown, moderately hard, and close grained. The seeds : yield an oi] known
as Pinnay or Domba oil, gi for burning, which has recen aly been recommended as &
jubricant in place of castor. The seeds are collected ewive a YORE (see above), Haslett.
The tree is being own. in the Caxeaivia Plantati he Puri Sands.
4. MESUA, L.
Trees igo Sen coriaceous leaves, with inn ——. very slender
secondary s at rightangles to the mid-rib. Flow aS ae mous,
large, ont Se axillary i Be a ntly) terminal. Sepals and petals
4, imbri Stam ery many, with saat filaments. O
es 2 in each ce
a with long pee a statins stigma.
Fruit sub-capsular, 1-celled by priate of the septum.
Seeds ex-arillate.
54
24. TERNSTREM/ACE LZ. (1. CAMELLIA.
1. M. ferrea, L. Nagesar, Nageswar, Or.,
A moderate-sized or large, very beaut: kn pas with straight ouk
ar the groun nd, abi bane lanceo rooping lea
ot
ant
is aon streams, Mayurbhanj (Bhanjabasa), rare! Mailagiri
Reserve, Mastin State, es oper! Often ss Fl. April-July. Fr. Oct.-Nov.
Evergreen. New L. in Mar _ brillia mt crimson.
Attains 7 ft. gin oa L. 1-175", broad, peo ute, or mostly acuminate ; secondar
nerves scarcely visible; eR vein rather arch Petiole ‘3-" 5”. Fs. ed
variable in ab aprané. *75- - oo Sepals orbicular, thick, Petals
cuneate-obovate. —- a yellov
orm
an area of iets 100 acres and up to7 ‘ft, gir m0) This es rious babie i is common
bs it in Eastern Bengal. ‘Vhe wood is dark red and dura ble, but almost too hard to
ork, Seed should be sown ix sitd, as it stands transplanting with difficulty.
FAM. 24. TERNSTRO@MIACEA.
Trees or oat with alternate, simple, exstipulate, usually cori-
aceous leaves. Flowers s usually showy (small in Ewrya), and subtended
by 2 dyal-liks cage axillary, solitary or ee rarely on ime
flowered pedune Se epa. als 4-7, tees or slightly connate. Peta
imbricate or contorted 43 aon free or connate si Stamens ge
base of ¢
ee or
Fruit baccate or capsular. Seeds few or many, - albbuthert scanty or 0.
0 straight or curved.
A specimen of Eurya spnnts cina, Blune, was found in my herbarium labelled
— Nagpur’’—almos f certainly in error, It probably came from British
hotan, ng ta “perhobaeaiaee DC., occurs in the Sikkin Tarai close to, but has not
found in our a
Picecasiysa
Trees > — ubs green, coriaceous, § ete leaves and
axillary, o: shone ea itches "Bd eae Sepals 5-6, 3, graduating
from a slagt towards the pein’ which slightly Share a the base
r more or less monadelphous and adhering to base
of petals, ; innermost free. Ovar ; 3-b.celled ; ovules 4-5 in each oe
Capsule woody, short, loculicidal. Seeds stele solitary in each cell
or redu veil to 1 or 2 altoge ther. Albumen 0. Embryo straight with
large, thick cotyledo
1. G. theifera, G Grif. Cha, Vern.; The Tea Plant.
._ 4 large shrub or small tree, but usually kept neran — am She
a. ‘ormerly much cultivated on the Chota Nagpur plateau
Php “orang but the reg pi is scar pid sufficient, and the tea
ufficien
industry in C ur has largely declined. Formerly also the
y line
plants were chiefly of 5 small- aeares China variety, but blanks are
how filled in with the hae prolific hybrid.
ov
1,. SHOREA.] 25. DIPTEROCARPACE.
FAM, 25. DIPTEROCARPACEZ.
Trees, rarely climber , with resinous substances contained. in a
nd canals in le ie ves, wood or bark. Leaves alternate, simple, —
, at least when -
cles. ve. Sepals 5,
connate into a tube below, often tmeqial etals 5, contorted, some-
imes the base. Stamens 5 or in pes pa of 5, often
~
®
Q
2
ert
o
=i
an
connate or ‘whine to the "peta als ; filaments gave anthers basifixed
introrse, connective often appendaged. Ovary slightly sunk in the
torus, 3-, rarely 2~1-celled, styles fused. Ovules 2 in each cell, anatro-
pous, bee ous.
one sae
: . y th
f the accrescent wing-like sepals, of whic re sometimes larger
than the others. Cotyledons fleshy, bapa one embraced by the
her; germination hypoge ny
4. 8. robusta, Gaertn. Sal, Beng.; Per K., 8.; Sakwa, Th.,
Kharw.; Salwa, Rengal, On; ; The Sal T
A tree attaining 150 ft. and 12 re haat et ie low and stunted
on the hills. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, cuspidate, with cordate
base. Fl s cream-coloured, alate ral on the Bien of tomen-
tose panicles 5-9” long. Petals lanceolate-aewm 5”, Fruit 5”,
ovoid, beaked with the iad Bi wings 2-4”, eng oe or spathulate,
Thro e Provi eee he i ibwtyite tracts of the Gangetic Plain
aeueena oe he pork of pore he highest Pek, 5 also ea 3 urs not far from the sea on high
round in a ck and Puri. Fils. Mare te n some years up to May. is
i O
and direct from the old wood. Petals — a twisted ¢ acumen, Stamens with avery
sw pen pert but slender below the anthers and connective tailed, cells often —
On retshitiad m the radicle issues from the nut close to the base of the style, a
oouy! is thrust far out of the seed by t tbe rapidly elongating mee
se q
white-timbered Sal is called Sakwi in Tepaleen 1 Tharu, and is consis.
superior 1 to red Sal. The best time for falling poles for rafters, ee
said to be rErvcovsel “bas the best time sylviculturally when coppice is required 15%
56
26. MALVACEZ.
i. hot season. ‘The ork po aia 2 be removed as soon as felled on account of borers..
The seed should medi res ly it falls as it soon loses the power of germina-.
tion, Thé first to f:
cooking
‘and burning in Baintintpir: and men see ai plea: 8 of yg fel ni pissy d
unwhole j ae
n (ae
in medicine and for caulking. Ste ‘neneieatiees of the forests trees were
killed in large numbers. by resin ipo The bark is employed i atan. The
leaf forms the covering of the Kol cigarette (fikr).
FAM. 26. MALYACEA.
Trees, or more usually shrubs or herbs, mostly with stellate hair
and wit i taogh branches from the stron of the bast fibres. Taavee
aha stipulate, with palmate venation, simple or digitate.
Flowers regular, often showy, nearly always with an epicalyx
uw 5; 0 e below. Petals 5
Aeactan ). Sepals usually 5, valvate, connat: ,
imbricate and twisted, often connate below. Stamens « (15 in Kydia),
re or less monadelphous into a tube, which is of
of the corolla ranches into free filaments above, or penta-
delphous, or some ments quite free, Anthers variously shaped,
ultimately 1-c 1-celled. ‘Ovasy. 3-4- but usually 5—many- celled, ¢ capsular i in
from a columella. Ovules 1—-m ore, axile; curved, en se canty
rmination epigeal (where observe
a.
or 0. fey nerved. G foinceous, usually crumpled or at , an =
d. d by m
tit family abound ilage and most of the species yield a fibre from the-
Stamens united into a long tube with free part of filament very short or 0
* ere Ab, ede ndr — Shrubs or herbs, — small trees.
I, Mal els 5 to many. Styles as many as carpels, Fruit of as
1
Stier td as 3. Rtietiaah linea: 1. Mailva.
Bracteoles 3. Stigmas pare ‘ =: Malvastrum.
esa : : fa Os Oe
b, Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. BracteolesO . 4 Mba tito:
i act Carpets 5 Styles or stigmas twice as many.
Fr. of 5¢ Fis, usually red.
a, Fis, is ‘den mse heads intermixed with bracteoles . 5. Malachra.
b, Fis, not in dense he ads,
Bracteoles 5, Ca rpels opposite petals, often — :
spinescent . 6, Urena.
racteoles 10. G: arpels opposite sepals, ‘smooth 7. Pavonia,
Ill, Hibinne Carpels 3-5, Stigmas a y as carpels
or
or connate, Fr, capsular, Btavainal tube. truncate
5-toothed, au
a, Sti tigmas distinct. Bracteoles5—more ia Bremer) ' 8, Hibiscus,
cohere
b Stigmas
shee Tes 3.5.8 small , . 9. Thespesia,
B i Brac settee 3, large and usually cordat 10, Gossypium.
age united at the base only a rae setatpioes or quite free. Trees.
see ombacee, Sepals c Fr, capsular or inde-
sce ct. ;
eg a pa te lobed, Bracteoles 4-5, persistent . ll, Kydia,
igitate,
Calyx cupular, slightly irregularly lobed . «+ 12. Bombax.
yx 5- 5a eft vite benatae . . 13, Adansonia,
Cal
ice wall known ge garden plants, Aocriore ‘ ‘Alshae cea ‘ait se also belong
y. The bracteoles in Althea are 6-9, connate at the
57
1, Matva.] 26. MALVACEZ.
4. MALYVA, L. Mallow.
Herbs with lobed palminerved leav: Flowers axillary, ee
Bracteoles 3, free. Ovary potanen ig ‘styles as many as ca
1, M. verticillata, L.
Branches often woody below, 2-3 - high. Leaves suborbicular,
a ae eer nd esa lower often 3-4 5” diam bag tase one
5 Flower : in dense clusters, with short pedicels
Coen. " long Carpels s 10- 12, Adiaubite.d x pitted.
Tt oceurs both ssi of the province, in Oudh and N, Bengal, and will probably
be found within it, Fl, June, July.
2. MALVYASTRUM, 4. Gray.
Herbs or ee with simple or —_ lobed leaves. Flowers
aragided or terminal. les 3. Ovu ascending in a 1.
Ripe carpels ape emer 1-seeded, pe eae beaked or awned.
Otherwise like Sida.
1. M. coromandelianum, Gercke. Syn. M. tricuspidatum, . Gray.
shrub or h 1-3 ft. high, som s gregarious,
strigose branches, oblong-ovate or rhomboid-ovate serrate leav 8-2"
long, sparsely 2 th sides, and solitary yellow flowers x
ls acumina’ — tube °35” long, connate half-way up.
Carpels = pneu strig
An introduced weed ! Fis, Fr. July-Nov. It h resembles a Sida
3. SIDA, L.
Herbs or undershrubs with stellate hairs and simple or lobed
leaves. Flowers rarely over ‘75’ diam., yellow or straw-colo ured or
nearly white, cities bracteoles. Sepals connate into a tube
pease ‘Stamin he sie ate ko duane ‘of patals, 4c ya above into |
arpels vule 1, pendulous. ruit
pasion, at thie: rah to Abutiton) be carpels usally 2-awned at —
the apex. Ripe carpels sie ventrally and from between the awns. —
Seed solitary. The 5-angled ie ih nerved calyx is peraistent long
after the seeds have dro
The Sidas open about 10 a.m. or towards mid-day.
I, Lower petioles long, ‘75” or more, often three-fourths as long asthe L, L, ovate —
to orbicular with cordate base, 5-9-nerved. i
a, Carpels 5, awned or not,
Trailing or pe -erect amongst bushes, eee . «1, veronicafalia.
Erect with numerons glandular hairs 2. glutinosd.
1s 8-10, long-awned. ‘Tomentose 3. cordifolia.
Il, Petioles nearly always under °75”, L. oblong, rhomboid or
bovate, 3-nerved.
. Carpels 5, iene shorter than the petiole. L, obtuse j
or rounded 4, spinosa.
6, Carpels 10-5. “Stipules ‘usually longer than the petioles. AY
L. hoary - or lower usually broadly ee
rhomboid poe acs oe ret often toa 5. rhombifoliae —
L, glabrous beneath, usually narrow, oblong or laneeo-
late, peduncles mostly as short as the petioles 6. acuta.
58
26. MALVACEZ. [3. Supa.
Ls. sega Lamk. Syn. 8, humilis, Willd. Baviar, K., S.;
Janka,
A procum .. erb on open pasture land, or trailing or sub-erec
is ft. high cammott bushes, hairy, with long spreading hairs as well
ip ones. Leaves sub-orbicular or ovate, cordate, eee
or erenate-ser rate, acuminate, ‘5-1” long, or attaining 3:5” by
OTe i ove forms. Petiole erie peduncles both slender, 5-2”.
Carpels m aide: cuspidate or awned.
Tn all a ee — province, Fls,, Fr. chiefly at the end of the
rains, but more or “Tess all the yi
Sometimes almost w roody talons J, 8-9-nerved from base. Fls. straw-coloured
or yellow, ‘5’ diam., 1-2-axillary, fe secchielees pit in racemes or panicles from
the reduction of L. Peduncles as lon ng as or rather shorter than the petioles,
The procumbent small-leaved form is often less hairy than the large one, but
the species can by no means be limited to this; all gradations occur,
It yields a good fibre. L, are eaten, Caip
2. §. glutinosa, Cav. Syn. S. mysorenis, W.g A. Vernacular names
as in last.
Pau nd more hoary plant than the last, to weame ih is
very cl allied. It is patie’ more pers pubescent, and ma:
the Mies 4 nd © poe lar, Leaves 1-3”, petioles less slender. Podivels
oom Ppa congested, us usually HED nc a close glandular panicle
_ towards the top of
Much less common, Chiefly in ‘eas Santal Parganas! Chota Nagpur! Bihar, Prain,
Fis,, Fr. Oct.-Jan, : lores i
3. 8. cordifolia, 1. Bariala, Bariar, Vern.
An erect undershrub 2-4 ft. » tomentose all over, and with thin
or’ ute
with petioles about 4 to $ as long. Peduncles 1-2, axillary and sub-
corymbose, with the ite ones regen. 9 1", Carpels 10-8, with 2 long
tetrorsely hispid awns.
— Octane the area, especially in scrub er in Palamau, Fis,
os ver a Din with triangular, not acumin nate lobes. Corolla
Var, oe
Pi tege procumb ont form from the sand y banks of the Mahanedi near Cuttack,
small L,, “5”, Collected August by Mr, Burkill,
48 spinosa, Z. Syn. S, alba, L.; S. alnifolia, Rowb.; Bariar
shorter
°F low nore ello tepeoton usua allg: noone eled on
ts. Joint of tiediiite aailty above the middle, often
59
3. Sra. ] 26. MALVACE.
obscure. Carpels not exceeding 5, either 2-awned or with ony 2
short points.
’ Northern Tract, very
Nagpur! Behar, "Prain. Fis. Pe ide te i
Appearance often ae that of form mbifolia, except for its greater
compactness and rigidity, the gna yetneles red on abbreviated shoots, and —
— the cold season the até ree L, usually drop ab tothe the all ones about °25”
me The
common on railway embankments in Purneah! Chota
sm:
poly. pla ant is then se naagiak weedy and unsightly as the small L, do not
Wo tubercles often occur ae the sides of the old leaf-
rs, Base of L. sub-cuneate to rounded and sub-cordate. Petioles vi i
5-8” long, or under ‘2’ on the shoots. pene es often as short as t: the
flower, but usually ‘25-5’ in fruit. Seeds oth, minent
the micropyle.
Roxburgh figu a with small white Fls. only °3” diam., and awns up
to °2”, and 8, penteifuite aun “Fis. deep yellow, °5-"7”. and carpels with 2 abeen
points only, Our plant corresponds rather with the latter form,
5. 8. earner meade L. Syn. S. rhombeidea, Roxb.; Ipirpijon, *
A herb or seein 1-4 ft. high, with stellate hairs on the
. Leaves narrowly or broadly rhomboid or obovate, aay
cuneate at the 3-n erved base Mes wedge sometimes wie ang ate
apex obt e
and a Ss :
stellate eres pt or eae ntose ly Peduncles le er, jo cinted
at or below the middle, the pe r (at least) far exceeding the
peti Pie nee 5-9, awns varia
Very common in waste ground, roadside, forest glades, ete, FL, Fr. Aug. Dee.
It is very ae ig the — T forms look like gps ent species, but numerous
connecting links be found, rate species (rhomboidea, Roxb,) is some-
times founded on ne pe etnies take toinke ed at rpels muticous, but
these characters do not always go together, no they coincide with any
perticalay, giatinetion of habit or leaf-form, Were it ‘e yo divided up, I should keep ‘
The following pelos occur in our area :
a, saree r
e, 2-6 ft. mboid-lanceolate serrate, or < lones L, rhom)
stellate beneath, 1°5-2°5 Stipules ‘linear setaceou 8, hairy about equalling the
petiole, which is *15—" 28" long. Peduncles solitary, ‘8’, jointed in the —_—
oe dyer 3 carpels 8-9, more rarely 10, with 2 long erect awns, slightly hairy
he ba .
Roxburgh says ‘ hee aon 10, with one straight sharp horn,”’ but I me that this
a error, Chot a Nagpur; Ichadag, 2500 ft. and other plage 4
B. As in the last 2-4 ft. high, but peduncles ‘2-5 : Mary, ant
clustered towards the ends of the branchlets, and ee ar inted low
dow
c he localities in Singbhum, common !
h i b: (5
y. rhomboidea, Roxb. (Sp.). .
L, narrow, rhomboid, peduncles solitary, carpels without awns. Manbhum:
6. obovata, F.B.
anon often n_procumbent. L. broadly-rhomboid, obovate or rounded,
ops = on a 6-1”, oe tee 2°5’ long, hoary benet th, on
sal Mate citrate *25” or les sp agen le he
densely clustered. p bieenen over the adhe bins the seed very broad. a
only .. (always ?). Awn not one-fourth as long as patie: els and reat te) [
In dry places, common, Bettiah! Hazaribagh! Also Parasn
60
26, MALVACEZ. [4, ABUTILON,
Fibre of thi
sample in June, 1916, badly steer 2-6 ft, ae mostly 3-4 ft., was valued at
£17-£18 per ton c.i.f. ‘London, with Calcutta jute at £28, Tt was ‘considered that
even this would be suitable for mixing with jute when the price of the latter is
i aa
obtain long s taple fibre, and in sufficient quantity, the plant must of course
be cultivated in close crops, but good seed could no doubt be obtained to start with
from some of the tall for st wariction
8. acuta, Burm. Syn. S. od ee F.B.I.; Ipirpijon, K.;
Ipirpichig, M.; Bir miru baha, 8.; Ancharna, Or,
he herb, usually 2-3 ft. hi with very
tough, sparsely stellate-hairy stems, lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate
wo _ leaves i —1”, and pale yellow flowers on
s, which are mostly shorter basa: the 25” petioles.
aaa oi cesta., . ut the area,common, Fils, Fr., Aug.-Dec
Pale green or frequently variegated with yellow. L. pies lly tapering,
scarcely acuminate, base 3-nerved, sometimes ro A er eed Bi ondary nerves, 5-8,
extending nearly to margin. Pe duncles jointed the middle, Sepals
_ acuminate ciliate. Carpels usually 5-6, reticulate, shortly. 3 aristate,
‘aot a good fibre, and I have seen it 5 ft, high, Plant used for brooms in
4. ABUTILON, Gaert.
vu ndershrubs more or less do owny, with a angie ee .
dia
entire leaves and orange ebracteolate flowers, usually 1”
» Opening in the evening. Pedicels aakicniat Jame oguaes
belo d adnate to the staminal tube, which is divided at the apex
laments. els exceeding 5 (exc. polyandrum),
in fruit separating as 2-valved us 2 » CoCe
persistent axis; apex of fruit cadres or truncate, awns or mucros,
it persistent, on the shoulders. Seeds reniform.
Andreecium only tubular at t heared teaeas 66. 4. 1, polyandrum,
he
2 eta tube long. Carpels 15 or more.
shortly awned on th oulders 2. indieum.
Hairy as well as pubescent, peduncles stout, “cocci i rounded
muticous or mucronat . 3. hirtum.
1. A. polyandrum, W. &
suffruticose poate 5 6 ft. high, very ape aha and with
4 peculiar smell. Leaves long-petioled, orbicu cordate,
inate, 45", Flov owers orange, 1°5” diam., in a Bape 3%
Staminal me short ris a hirsute ring at top. Cocci 5- 6, awned,
aumeey, it t, non, Champaran, Ramnagar Forest!
orest, Manta (Campbell pCR (Anders); Kochang (Gamble),
; he May-Oct, Sept. Biennial, or lower portions perennial,
tabes reband-dentate, de ssi ge Be rabeaoants “especially beneath, Stamina’
orming a cone over the ovary, then dividing into about 40 long faments,
and glandular, Seeds 3-4, pale brown with minute scattered wa
& *- indicum, G. Don. Mirubaha, 8.; Kakhi, Kharw.; Kanghi, H..
is undershrub covered with a soft, white, close velvet, with few or
ahs hairs intermixed. Flowers about 1” diam., on very slender
61
4. ABUTILON. | 26. MALVACE
peduncles two to three ate the re of the subtending babies
ne usually deflexed at the joint. Head of carpels truncate, ex
n diam. the moran calyx, che with short awns on the shoul:
atellately hair
Waste ground mi —, — ——~ me = the ae sy ete aa rather local.
Fils. r.s, and up to Dec iefly Nov.-Jan. Ripe seed, however, also collected
nd it pro obati j i on sy eof ‘
L. usually dentate and acuminate (var. populifolium, W. . A,.), sometimes lobed,
15-3”, Stipules ‘sual, deflexed. Petiole three-fourths as long as the blade.
eduncles so itary axillary, 1°5-2°5’’, sometimes appearing pars panicled before the -
leaves develo
3. A. hirtum, G. Don. Syn. A. 8 Beta W.4 A. Barkanghi, H.
eee ct aa high, _ whole plant covered with a tomentum
in A.i 0 wi ong
muticous
as broad as the fruit.
Simila Beatie si to A, indicum, Singbhum, frequent! beep sarge Ball! Palaman
(common near Japla)! Angul, Lace! Fis. Aug.-Deec. Fr. Oct 7
te orbicular cordate, entire crenate or slight ly toothed, 3-6” pees _ Petals 3-6",
tip eflexed, Peduncles usually 1°5-2”, stout, Carpels 2- —-3-seeded.
Seeds with a yellow pubescenc e,
5. MALACHRA, L
1. i — L.
suffruticose herb with stellate bristles on the ne yoaial sub-orbicular and
lobed or ae cordate crenate-dentate leaves, 4-6” diam., smaller
hairy and tomentose petioles. Fls. white or yellow, °3” long, Ui Bae heads Ey pen :
with prominently veined bracts. Heads on axillary pedu *7-2'5' long, Cals
angular with 5 subulate, lanceolate, aeleiny ge Ripe carpe a ’1-seeded, samt '
To
6. URENA,
Herbs or undershrubs with stellate i angled or deeply pal-
mately-lobed leaves, ond Pen solitary or clustered, ae webintey
ore or les
or clusters in m s leafiess terminal racemes.
adnate to the calyx sis s peankhiand connate aoe into a poe petals
5, connate and es to the staminal tube below AT aie nearly
sessile on the truncate or piping tube. Ovary 5-celled, .
l1-ovuled, shigeentc branches Ripe carpels sub- indehiscent OF
donisceht; separating from the rete when ripe.
‘Carpels echinate, L. oct ae or somewhat lobed. : . . ik lobata.
Carpels echinate, L. palmatified cup oj ap sopo «. an
y eye a
Carpels smooth, L, entire or slightly lobed
1. U. lobota, L. Bhidi janetet, 8.
ndershrub, 2-4°5 ft., with suborbicular, angled, or shallow! \ "9
leaves, 2-4” diam., often broader than long, with a gland on 1-3
62
26. MALV ACE, [8. Hisiscus..
the nerves beneath. Flowers pink, °75” diam., not racemose. Carpels.
_glochidiate
iPivotighout the province, in forest glades and waste lands, common.
ug.—Dec.
L, cordate, or upper on flowering branches, rhomboid and acute at base; lobes 3-5-
or more obscure ly 7-9. Lower petioles long,
ds a fibre,
2. U. sinuata, L. Mota bhidi pet S.; Kunguya,
Undershrub closely resembling the last, but easily Fae. nguished
on its leaves, being lobed beyond sie middle into (iirually 5) oblong
lanceolate seg ries which are hike at the base and often
pinnatifid and serrate. Flowers 1” dia
Associated with the last, Lae oe le rong common. Chota Nagpur! Angul!
Probably throughout oe provi Fis,, Fr. Aug-Nov
Yields fibre ast. Resbures ccs ‘it is a str ong and tolerably fine sub-.
stitute for flax, ,
3. U. repanda, Rozb. Sikuar, S.
More shrubby than the set two, 2-4 ft., with stiff branches ; densely
peared joe ge i age or some ols at lobed denti culate crap
25-3°5” diam xillary and Pome flowers. Carpels
glochidiate, aay athisent on igh t = i
Chiefly in open ground. mpa Chota Nagpur, frequent !
peebapar | Probably shbeaier, theonglaaens shh ron ince. Fis. Sept.-Oct, Fr..
“4 And ae beneath and ae rib with a gland near the base. Stipules
teoles united into a cup below, erect, linear-subulate abovi eS 5"...
Calyx "3" + Sigg linear-oblong, caraes ec fourths the way up, Corolla ‘6-1”
diam, Slaesae tube 1” long, Seeds ‘12”, grey-brov
a ae Cav.
Herbs or undershrubs with entire or lobed leaves. Flowers axillary
or “gee or apheatny st cled by the redineiid of the upper
leaves racteoles 5—a . a tube truncate or 5-toothed at the-
apex. noe 5-celied, styles 10, ovules 1 in each cell. Ripe carpels.
separating from the axis, atitabeae or dehiscent, never glochidiate.
1. P, - odorata, Willd,
An erect, suffruticose herb, 2-3 ft. high, er all
over, with sim mple, 3-5-lobed leaves, “5-2” long, rounde
laneeola - Flowers pink. Bracteoles 10-12, erect, linear, hispidly
ooth,
Bae Pari in dry open. forests! . Fls,, Fr, -Jan
sys fay bee Lower L. often deciduous at time of flowering, Peduncles
calyx ¢ axilla and forming terminal panicles. Bracteoles ‘25’, longer than the:
and carpels, Corolla 3—"4” lon ig.
8. HIBISCUS, Medik.
Trees, shrubs or ate usually suffruticose annuals, or with a.
a. oa Ea more or less palmately lobed. Flowers
ie. visi mose by suppression of upper leaves
- Bracteoles § °° 5 or aon rarely fewer or absent, free or connate at the-
63
8. Hisiscvus.]} 26. MALVACEZ.
Sepals connate at base, or combined into a 5-toothed or
spathaceous calyx, val Petals 5, adnate to staminal tube at the
ase. Staminal tube truncate, or eeeotiad at the top. O
3-celled, ovules 3 oe s “ 5-fid a Capsule peri with |
often a ‘distinct e ocarp. Seeds peneitoet globose or obovoid
I, Calyx crag circumciss at base, ti an free,
Indig: on species exc. 3and 6. (Spp.
1, Fis, yellov ple
with purple eye. Bracte oo any filifor
herr us species, Branches ee gs ercmanibanke
Capsule "7-2",
Fis. mostly in terminal rested Capsule with i
dense spreading persistent 1, cancellatus,
Fis, Penk gs Capsnle with “appressed de-
ae s hai 2. Abelmoschus, —
b, Cu Iti pepe spec nie Erect. Ca apsu le 6- 3, esculentus,
2. ~~ yellow si purple eye. Bracteoles ce tactlints
tout. coer strict, very ochre all o >A . 4 pungens. :
Bra: nched from the base, hairs short, red. . 5, tetraphyllus, |
3. a white or pink, B racteoles tele re linear, ‘
caducous 6. ficulneus,
12 pastel B-cleft, or sepals 5, nearly free, Indigenous species aoe
11 and 12, (Spp .7t01 ; S
. E Herbs — understirubs not woody, rece in 15, Bracteoles
y free, or only ang base (7-15),
4, Fis. white md ‘pink. un under ip telicn Bracteoles 0, or
pee
Herimecons. _ pr glandular, * ¥ i
Suffrutico andular beneath, . . 8. hirtus.: a0
L. under 2”, 9, micranthus,
5, Fis. yellow with purple eye, Bracteoles linear forked
10, furcatus.
6. Fis. yellow tee whit ite n 12), with purple eye, over 1”
diameter, Eresteclen not forked.
a, Bagot Rapa Bracteoles linear, Peduncles oh
‘iat es gre e to the base of calyx, accrescent , 11, Sabdariffa.
ractcolen not rece Sepals with a large Fs 12, cannabinus.
= eS species. Bracteoles free. Sepals
Bracteoles linear, Indumentum soft, Capsule winged 13, vitifolius.
Bracteoles linear- -spathulate. Indum ith
pungent and glandular hairs, ~ 8 ee 14, panduraforms,
- PF ochtipg 06 Fils. pink. Bracteoles oblong. . ; 16, pad ees
r large woody shrubs, Bracteoles connate at
ng into acup. Capsule with second: septa (due
to the ingrowing endocarp at the margins of the valves).
L. orbicular crenulate. Fis, yellow. 16, tiliaceus,
pee Care 5- cleft exc, in 20. Large garden shrubs grown for
showy flowers. Fs. ra: y yellow
“Cals 5-cleft. Bracteoles peal ered
pri eoles a Fils, white or pink. , ‘ a . 17, mutabilis,
re “of vavin
~arions prance: | nat lil urple, . 9 rosa-sinensis. ;
Fis. ac, purple o: r bluish ia so
2, = spathaceous, Bracteoies minute, Fis. pendulous,
. 20. ehianpllt
Le cancalintns, Roxb, Usungid, Hos Senet sanga, M.;
Birja it harw.; Bir kaskom
ke very h r bristly herb with vans variable leaves, the lo
usually pe sit te the upper often narrow and sagittate.
64
,
26. MALVACEA. (8. Hipiscus.
also a ary. Ca ae palsaletslin to oblong, 1-175”, denealy
pisaatgy moe oan aprending hairs, obtuse or cuspidate at tip.
Bracteoles 10~15, lition m, very pers sistent, “75-175”, with dense
iff hai
In forests, Drecaty. in the hills. we aac Throughout Chota Nagpur,
common! Sa nta gh ganas! Sambalpur
Aug,-Noy “bet ae iy
Fl. Aug, me = down after flowe:
Root Batten: Brkhe hee atens, L, wigan: deeply cordate and
subentire, or 3-5 nage or lobed (bat nbd half way down) or sagittate with ve
long hese oblong uricles, sely softly hairy or villous and often wit
les th aheves chavo hairy and with stellate bristles beneath,
Racemes el few to several, and dense-flo wered, with filiform, 2-several persistent
bracts at the base of the ahon’ 3 peduncles. Caps ules hirsute inside and out. Seeds
sub-reniform, grey-brown, °12”, glabrous, with hereby lines of minute tubercles.
aid are several forms:
Capsules ov oid, 1-1°25”, bracteoles much exceeding the capsu oe
B Sp cline gblang, 1°25-1" 75’, often much longer than the bracteol
belmoschoides. Branches glabrescent, L. cut into 3-5 narrow, fanideptite! or
: nts. Peduncles up to 1°3”, bracteotes arin cia than the capstle Ss
| “cpa somewhat glabrescent. Kodarm Neterhat! This passes into th
é 8peci
The root root is e
A. Satacerhis L. Mushkdana, H., Beng.
A hirsute or his id herb with rphous leaves, often rese
bling varieties of the last, taras yellow flowers with pedun cles 2-3
long, usually ait ry, more r. lowered ideas racemes.
Capsule ona 2-2°25’, beaked, w ith aoe e adpressed stiff
hairs, glabrescent. Bracteoles 8-10, linea Ty", rarely more or
longer, eiidions, not demaud hairy.
_, A rare plant in Behar and Orissa. peeing ag (Ranchi), Prain.*
Nov. Fr. Oct,-Jan Hav eribaah e. os — vke in Kew Herb, (Var. sagittifolin |
1A often 3-5-lobed half- way down or e, | inl serrate, sometimes very narrow.
hairy peat the usual forms of cancellatus, Bair on the Bie sien and peduncles
at Stiff and reflexed, a few matings oe istles on the leaves beneath, Peduncles
“Wate above in fruit. Seeds reniform strin te (as tn leat), on
3. HL esculentu ; Bindi
: 8s, L. Mindijingn, K.; Ramjinga, 8.; Bindi, H.;
Ochro ; La ady’s Fin
Stems stout i 6-10” diam
as > Sve 3-7 ft., ra Ppa leaves
- Pbicular, cordate ostly 5-7- lobed ‘a erved, coarsely toothed,
both surfaces Rivetite, Petioles 6.12" gee pules 1”, erect, linear-
mee. eduncles | B75", —_ swollen "above, with about 10
eoles, “5-7”. Flowers 2-3°5” , axillary, pale yellow
cy Same centre. Capsule 510”, ue emir: ribbed pubes-
nt culti t pro-
; vated for its unripe fruits, which owing to their demulcent pro
erties ca safely eaten in cases w here other vegetables are interdicted.
‘Bue . are “Fhe S plant, peter H. Abelmoschus in Cal, Herb, to var.
ancellatus, See ‘losel ly one the two pene. "It is not
On th te anceltatus in’ is best ‘Gecnguihed by the indume: en
waa. sggueyh which is is faci, sbacewal latus, i.e, » close persistent pubescence
brig y i ab
a
; er hairs, while that of A.
ms, Soon deciduous.’ Clarke's s specimen has a glabrous but small papenle and
i leaves, Tt is also doubtful,
65
8. Histscvs. | 26. MALVACE.
* ae pungens, Row
ee
ee p le ves,
and large yellow flower 2, 4-5” jam., th mania racemes.
4-5, Cate favscolate: shorter than the large oblong, 2° 25-2 75" |
— — Bech ule.
f Singbhum, Porahat and the Santal Parganas! Not common.
Palanan (Pendre valley, Neterhat)! Purneah! Fis. ok -Oct. Fr. Nov.-Dec.
. Ste ollow, often black oF pope spotted. Lower L, 5-7 lobed, often deeply,
and lo he tonsa? pie ¢hed or serrate, upper 3-partite, serrate, hairy above, with
seattered stellate ead ihe cet. fr: a petioles exceeding the blade. Raceme
often. Bra nate at ba Seeds black, sre with curved, most
aay ‘pubescent aoc. r
The Pendra Valley plant has reflexed bristles and 6-7 bracteoles, and is smaller
than the type
5. H. tetraphyllus, Ro ; ee
A herb or un usd ree praweytie from gee base, with a thick tap-
root. Branches with few short, hispid o prickly hairs, and deeply- |
lobed leaves swith + stellate Geforked), Santa hairs beneath and
very few abo wers primrose-yellow, 2°5-3” diam. Bracteoles: .
4-5, ovate, moot or ovate- sonia ea Oa under 2
enn in the Santal Parganas, on rocks, Fs Nov. Fr. ‘Deb. Jan.
ft. high o: nly. Me pasticol § attain 8” diam,, lobed m han. half-way
., dee eply or shallowly jobads Tobe ra usually 3
g or oblong, acute 0 r cuspida’ te, some
times again jobed, cone toothed. Petiole as long or ‘ita 6 fourt rths as pare as the
leaf. Stipu ules linear, ‘5-"75”. axillary and in short terminal race emes with the
irae stipules. Bractesles persistent, °62-"75”. Capsule oblong, 1°25-1°5",,
beaked, covered with glandular and pw ngent hairs, 5-valved. — black, striate,
ith ri mt Bo of minute raised perl striations with thin brown hai :
6. H. ficulneus, L. Ran bhendi, H.; Naita,
A branched herb, 3-4 ft., with large nang and stem
with tubercle-based sete or nearly smooth. Leaves cnt ae
San 1 Par rgana an
and Behar (Prain). Not se
re = y to p Stipules
caducons, Peduncles i Piaget above. racteoles short; ina, sa
hairs when green
“The plant yields an excellent fibre.
7. H. Solandra, L.’Her.
it
white, arranged in loose, terminal racemes on long pedicels. ®
teoles usually 0. Ca ti A slightly exceeding the ‘3” long ©
ga rade pabsecit, 5-valved, cu napa sutures ciliate with bm
Barasand Forest, Palaman! Fis. Sept.-Oct. Fr. Oct.-Nov. Annual.
66
26. MALVACE 2. [8. Hrsiscus.
8. H. hirtus, Z. Syn. H. pheniceus, Rozb.
Suffruticose with herbaceous rehbon 8, ovate, strongly serrate
leaves, 1-3”, often with a glan d on mid-rib beneat th and p
red or white flowers, 1” diam., with s ae ing corolla and 5-7 subulate
Peduncles and calyx with strong hairs and leaves stel-
lately ay beneath. Capsule globose
Sally seen it wild in the Central Provinces. Said to be frequent in Behar
i nety probably as an escap gardens. -
9. HL micranthus, L.
A lax, weedy-looking undershrub, 3-6 ft., with slender erect
Sere beabrid with stellate scattered bristles, and small ovate
es, 5-1” long. Flowers +5” ne axillary, white or pink, with
eke often reflexed, Capsule globose.
Chota N; gpur, not common ! Puri, fairly common (Khandgiri sandstones!
Baruni Hil Lamy ete.
Fis., Fr, Sept. April Cipril- Sept. ?)
L. erenate or toothed, simple or Ks lobed, with stiff stellate hairs. Stipules filiform,
pk Feduneles 5 long, slender, articulate, far exceeding the leaves, usually on
teral brane
10. H. furcatus, Roxb. Piri-Pirika, Or,
rect or trailing, suffruticose , 2-4 ft. with pungent
flexed sete on branche d petioles, a simple ‘hairy undivided
and 3-lobed leaves, 2-3-5” di Flowers axillary and up r becoming
: pe
| sub-racemose, distant, with 10-12 setose forked bracteoles ; outer lobe
| ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the are! inner lobe. Capsule 5”,
beak city covered with rigid deciduous hair
kg (Horhap Forest ! ah Dh Wena Pan (Chandka Forest! Rampur
ec
eB ticki with bulbous base, often r eal = y 5-lobed, crenate- age om
nate-serrate, softly hairy, except on the hispid me ng Stipules *b!’, lin
te. Peduncles '2-25", Sepa als 5, erect, lanceolate, rigidly acum: Fre
nerved, densely clothed with tul e-based sete a, persian: and closing over the
rue often red. Corolla 2” (4”, Masters).
ILA Sabdariffa, 1. Arhaipila, Ho.; _Athaxjorjora M.; Arak
—. m, §.; pe as ung, Uran; Patwa, H ; The Rozelle; Red
——, Breet glabrous with often simple ovate leaves, especially below, but mostly deeply
3lobed with the mid-lobe tirosdest, 3-nerved, ra: mae some 5-lobed, lobes dentate or
Fis, ina ate, — and petioles ofte a ped petioles about as long as leaf.
fee (o: 2°35, Bracteoles 8-10. rence pant ad we calyx, which is red and
Wi (or in one variety piss, and usually muricate or setose-
Thee iva ated. Fis. r.s, Fr, Jan
/ re made i intoa jelly, ana: the leaves are eaten,
22H cannabinus, i Kudvung, H, , 8.5 Dare kudrum, §.; Tepa,
Kudrun Dora, Uran ; a
the mig Roi usually entire and cordate, and
hears “pper deeply S7-palsoatilid, uppermost often entire lanceo olate
urved on long slender petioles, all serrate. Flowers 3-4” diam.,
67
8. Hipiscvs. | 26. MALVACE 4.
white or pale yellow with purple aFPx: axilesy sub-sessile. Calyx
campanulate, tuberculate, with 5 large sessile glands.
Pisces S cultiv ated in Behar, Santal Parganas Oo Ae Nagpur as an accessory —
rop. Fis, Oc :
on sie i istinct species. Native of Africa. Mid-rib of leaf with a oe a egos
Stipules linear. Bra mee 7-10, shorter than calyx, which has an ap
abercled hairs. Sepals long, acuminate. Capsule globose, mer
Yields a ad Saheabte fibre known as Bimlipatam jute, quoted in Dec., 1916, at
£35 per ton
13. H. vitifolius, L.
A straggling, weak, suffruticose herb, 3~7 ft. high, hoary ot grey —
tomentose or villous, without bri istles, with simple or deeply
um: 1 hind long-stalked, ~ bp icon tate leaves and yellow
flowers, 1 ue e Bae 12, linear,
nearly free to base. ag de jarae. with broadly lanceolate Re
Easily distinguished in fruit by the winged, reticulately-veined
ngu
sr ie which feadattle ie oH a Shave onia :
, but distributed from neancopis? to Angul! Manbhum,
campo ti walla "forests in in Angul! ;
ve —Dec., and also found in flower up to March in cool localities, Fr. Nov.-
Lowe! LL. usually 4-5” diam., with 3 large pesolp mone lobes and rounded cordate —
base, uppermost «dei to lanceolate, all more or less ater print scent — with |
long stellate hairs. Petiole as long as the blade, F'ls. aeILAtY' nd sub-ra'
with peduncles 1-1°5’. Capsule short, sub-orbicular, 5-winged,
14. H. pandureformis, Burm.
A very oss herb, 10-12 ft. Stems pubescent and with pungent
hairs. Lower leaves ovate and lobed, upper oblong-lanceolate, all
coarsely palais toothed. Flowers solitary, axillary and sub-
terminal, 1-1:25” diam, yellow with le eye, on very ort
oe 33”), stout, articulate ekpsiblen Ovary and capsule densely
silky. :
Pig ssf 3 coe Palamau and Hazaribagh (near the boundary), rave! Fis.and —
L. hoary. tomnentoes boul — =o s 1-15”, thickened above. Stipules and
bracts fili oem, caducons, Bract Are: nited into cup at base, ene paclit :
adpressed to and much shorter eat’ the bse et which has oblong, acu 3-nerved
lobes. Seeds bbs 10 in each cell, brown, densely pubescen
15. H. collinus, Roxb.
A small tree up to 3 ft. girth with leaves somewhat sembling-
those of a — “mae 5” long van broad, deeply 3-lobed, with “shallow .
cordate base. Flowers 2-3” diam., pink with dark centre
”
1-13 tases oblate, seeidate. welice tomentose and ‘deme
ie, Mals of Puri! Fl. r.s.? Fr. Apri
ark oath ey ireenish, "biane somewhat hard, light. Shoots tomentose F
tk igs hoary ellate hairs, Leaf so metimes S-lobe a, hairy beneath and thit e
~ © above, alee poh = stelinte, Ee ohes ee r caudate, sinnate-dentate of
b-lobed. Primary nerves 5-7 a ondary ra sed beneath, Peti dae
veinnoten $45, axillary, jointed out 6. “7 from. oe . Bracteoles 5 (8-10, hes ites
Calyx-lobes lanceolate, Capsule 5-celled and -angled, aie with long e
within. Seeds grey-black, sub-globose, ‘16’ diam. , glabro i
Bark gives a fibre. 4
68
26. MALVACE 2. [8. Hrsiscus.
16. " ygeiuma L. Syn. H. tortuosus, Roxb.; Baniab, Or.; Bola,
A aed much-branched tree, with orbicular cordate leaves, aogreitd
beneath, 2 4” diam, (4-5”", bee De and terminal, solitary or sub-
Sipinulste flowers, ’ diam., yellow with crimson
eye. Capsule tig closely addenda an with ufted scales,
5-valved, with the endocarp inflexed at the margins of the valves and
ing it. 10-celled.
Tidal forests, Cuttack, Mahanadi delta, Very common! Bal (Chandpur)!
Fis, Mar,-April. Fr. April-Ma ay.* Evergreen,
Branched usually close to the ground, I, with a short cusp closely stellate
beneath, minutely crenate. Petioles 1-1°s’. Sti tipules ‘5’, faleately oblong,
Bracteoles 7-10, bien connate for half their length, Sepals twice as long, ‘7,
laneéolate about as long _— capsule, Seeds black, glabrous, with pale dots,
Bark gives a strong fit
V7. H. mutabilis, L. ‘cea padma, B
e shrub or small tree, wit pen 4-9" une and_ broad,
“eply cordate, 3-5 lobed, sub-tomentose teege , lobes crenate,
midlobe long acuminate. Flowers white ' pin aE. 5” diam. from
the upper axils, and sub-corymbose at the elvis of the ——
- Tretment in garde rdens. FIs. Sept.-Oct. Fr. Oct.-Nov. Dec
The Fls vay sually double, open white and tain pik, but this is not always the
case, and i rieti they a are pink fro Capsule sub-globose,
iam. hi suite, mndoe arp ith Sines white = gta: eben: densely
bearded on the side a weeny from the e raphe,
pis native of China (Roxburgh), but even the double flowers seed freely in this
18, = “Oh mies L. Common garden Hibiscus; Chinese Shoe-
an oWn ornamental shr ] t
ub. L, 2°5-3”, ovate, acuminate, coa coarsely serrate,
fnctimes gg lobed, glabrous and shining, ba is 3-nerved, Stipules ensiform. It
brilli es very numerous single and double varieties, varying from very large
t¢ 8., often 5° iam, agh r med a
i eola : E
; 75" in length, but never seems to ripen, and the seeds are abortive.
‘ practically all the year round, The Fis. were used at one time for
Uheking shoes (f. Roxbun eh).
19. H. syriacus, ZL. Gurhul, Ver
1 Usnally of taller and ie ne hai rag the last, with upright branches,
sabhomtoi, often 3-lobed, denta or coarsely crenate, nearly be quite
8, abont 2” lon ng, with very short eae aha — filiform, Fis. axillary,
: “tally Hae oe? a pa rple eye. ‘Bracteoles 6 8, linea
: — schizopetatus, Hook, f.
Nery tose, with narrowly ovate or sub-r oe elliptic shining L,, 2-3°5
z nd st base, crenate-serrate except at 1 with minute, subulate, ost
ie Fis, axillary, pba and fu ms rete ike, on long sien der as,
Ta Petais — sn about 7, minute subulate, Calyx s arene ae a a
3 cee zs 5 e re ve
Pendalous, Style i eeply Jaciinte and reflexed, Staminal colum g;
: mM garden
ranche: ] ;
Peas Be = and a very TE RRS ee ey eee
afterwards, po Roxburgh it Fis, Mar.-May, and seed ripens three to four mon :
E pparently. it Ea aay ns May, however, I aa une seed and no flowers, anc
flowers Sporadically most of the yea.
69
9, THESPESIA. | 26. MALVACE.
9. THESPESIA, Corr.
Trees or shrubs with entire or lobed leaves. gay 3 large,
axillary or terminal, sometimes in fe flo ni are es
5-8, deciduous. Distinguished from Hibiscus by the ‘styles being
connate into a 5-furrowed =f cab. shaped entire or 5-toothed column,
es 2 gem Corr. Pares, Paras-pipal, Beng.; Habali, Or. ; The
sm m . re tire
hanes leaves 3-5” long, and with Jong petioles. Flowers 23” —
ae yellow, ‘atin Me ink ee Fighter often on "peduncles 2
lon Oa sule glo m., drooping, black when ripe,
5- ante but not Sone wi
Wild in the delta of the Mahanadi, Cuttack! Often planted. by roadsides, ete.
Fis., Fr, all the year round, but chiefly in the r.s s. and ¢,s ;
Young shoots scaly. L. coriaceous, 5-7-nery ved, with small peltate scales when
; yes ar.
s two species of this tree—Hibise a Parodes ie! and begets
poputneiden, The form: acre he cates has not glands in. thew ils eo
1 have not examined these screams in t
2. T. lampas, Dalz. & Gibs. - Ho.; Bir Katsom, K., S.; Ban |
Kapsi or Ban-Kapus, Ben
on ap nape sepia 4-6 ft. hi gh, with palmately 3-lobed or entire
4-5” dia wae terminal soit tary or 2-3-nate large yellow —
fon 4-5” an ith centre. Capsule 3-5-valved, —
girt ‘ee ‘the base by the pie fhe”
Ver, in the forests throughout the area, Perennial and deciduous, oF
often: Res 6 down to “Dee. root and shooting Pat again with the May storms. Fis,
ug. Oct,
h br bayer aga L. softly pubescent beneath, hairy
above, base ete or gies teatid mid-rib with a gland near the base beneath.
Peduncle swollen above, with 4-8 subulate or setaceous deciduous oe racteoles,
There are two varieties :
a. Upper L, usually simple. ig. ape 4-5-valyed, globose, woody, only slightly
dahisoent,. The common form in our area
L. all broad and 3-lobed. Caps sule. oblong or beat cuspidate, 0 often only
3-valv: ni less woody, much more widely dehiscent, and more resembling that of *
Hibiseus, Sambalpu ur !
a strong fibre. The root and Fr. given in gonorrhea, Camp.
10. GOSSYPIUM, L.*
‘all herbs, — or —_ ines, with 3-9-lobed more rarely entit®
ais s, and large yellow le flowers, with 3 large -
te weet as al focus as = leaves _ other parts, “
W:
Wila and: Coltivated Cotton of the World, 1907. I have a consulted Mr. @. A
Gammie’s Indian Cotfons in ‘te Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture 10 :
vol. ii. i ad May ~~ 1907, r. Gammie’s views differ radically from hey
Sir dl and i y endeavour to give ia synonymy I may ‘not alwa, “s
al The veers acular generic names for all cottons are Kapas (for :
pint) Ri itor the floss), H.; Katsom, Kaskom, K., 8.. but each ar
70
26. MALVACE &. [10. Gossypium.
often nigro-punctate, re ee d or entire. Calyx truncate or
shortly 5-toothe a Ovary 5- locula: Style clavate at the apex, with
5 furrows and 5 stiom yeh apsule fis culicidal. Seeds sub-globose or
angular, densely Heong, Cotyledons strongly folded with auricles at
the base eloaing the radicle, sometimes with black glands (like the
bracteo tt
There ar ually two coats on the seed, an inner short pubescence or hairin
known as the ie, and the outer adherent or easily removable floss or cotton, The
capsules are called bolls,
e oles united. Seeds with a fuzz.
a, L, two-thirds palmately 3-7- lobed, base cordate, mid-rib
only with a gland,
L, cha segage smooth, bracteoles entire or wp reid
oothed, Fis, le 1, arboreum.
L. Mecnoe: Biniote ios gashe a var, sanguinea.
L, eeponee nt .or hairy, bracteoles entire or toothed, Fis.
yello le flush var. neglecta.
L, ik, et lobes so what P eflexed and shorter,
sey relatively small with purple claws, white or
ellow w, or with cet at + Var, rosea.
aL. ‘halt palmately —— when 5-lobed nenally
roader ihe Sig ; not or scarcely corda
poh nd o
L. pilose igh os ks oi -oblong, ae obtuse, bracteoles i
ae "purple, acute, with usually 3 teeth. Fls. agen eg 2, nanking.
L, ov iA ilose, lobes anda: bracteoles large,
urple re, or shoo a few pointed ease Aa f
panoe’ with purple ba var, bani,
IL Bracteoles quite free, Se bi with a fuzz,
L, hirsute, Measintion pectinate 3, hirsutum,
Ii, Bravteoles , or nearly so, with conspicuous glands.
8 ewithout & fuzz.
L. nearly glabrous, half or more segmented into 3-5
spreading oblong acuminate lobes 4, barbadense.
1. G. arbore
A small
aaa Sea Si except that the younger S$ are more
wooll . Vv Ss
Flowers few on — t ahortive Shoots, bracteoles rather small, usually
entire, purple-gre Flowers large, deep, shining, purple.
with greenish- eeey peey cotton adhering, whi te, silky.
N d R
the following varieti re ed pe ge eld crop it
silk, become bushy an annual. Those hybrids pre tilnwsl d by hardiness, soft
ilky flosses, and which often throw se to purple flowers, he considers possess
ra ba bly 7% art of Africa, Watt; but it is the cotton which Brahmins select
Preparing the sacred thread,
Var, « Sanguinea, Watt. Syn. G. sanguineum (Gammie, loc. cit.).
Pe. red- ‘odahigha field cotton, Capsule almost linear. Fuzz less green
—
Benga, "He st jee ngre aN, 7 here in his time. It
re Siraig (if i it occurs: ed al ie in our area,
and does not bear cotton till the hot weather.
71
10. GossyP1UM. | 26. MALVACE.
Var, - snsbage it Watt, Syn. G. herbaceum, F. B.I. (in part); G. inter-
ne Ky mess tn og and G. neglec wiles: Tod.
ddeesetia, ee es Jethi, shi
De shi, Beng
Or.; Sar ‘oeakiye Bengal Cotton ; 3 Kharia kapa
anj ?).
A pyramidal gens from 1°5’’-3°5 ft. high bes often reddish stem
Leaves somew iaceous, lobes often furrowed and corru ah
es i i in
i usual pan B (
more the senate of the corolla. Boll ovate, acuminate, 3-4-ce ed.
Seeds with brownish or greenish fuzz i much coarse woolly, short-
stapled cotto
. The commonest cotton of the province, especially on jhumed lands in jungle
eg ie Fis. :
is an inferior eke asily grown ¢
—G. acvaueme according ~ ae report of the Cotton Specialist (1909-10), |
“
is voproshtt mted by two forms in Bengal, one Deshila with small bolls, bs is pro-
dh this = oy rey e other Bhogila, with larger bolls, which yobably
anking, Meyen. Th mixture with Rahar in North hh Beh
Var. Ps mone Syn. G, oe Tod., var. rosea (Gammie) ; Nurdki,
; Varadi Cotton
teares deeply seliuaiipeinies with narrow lobes. Flowers very
short, erect, white, or white-yellow with a pink tinge, bracteoles as
long as ane corolla.
Said to be grown in Bengal and I think in our area, bee have seen no herbarium
specimens. It is a very inferior cotton according to Wa
2. G. gore» Me <a Syn. G. intermedium (Gammie n part?)
G. negle . ar. vera, sub-var. kokatia, Gammie (probahiy
Chinese Cot
.
3
,
Leaves often glabrescent above a e green, agen? ee e |
he bas
i
broader than long, with scarcely any sat eee at t
Var. a hae Watt. Jethi, Deshi (Bebe) Paine cs Beng.; Bhoga
m, S. (is probably this) ;
A en ss ‘dialeenbyciwend hed stems At ch, rt sti eee are purplis lish be: ct 3
the numerons spreading hairs, young twigs, petioles, L. and peduncles, also wit
close, short, adpressed, stellate hairs. L. hairy, coriaceous, and often gl 2 piands
: : ith larg :
with age, very conspicuously glan eo three prominent ribs with
beneath, wey, 5-lobed, 1°5-2°75” broad and often broader than lon, .
deur he outermost usually —
broadly-oblong or ov: vate-oblong, acute or suddenly cuspidate, the ou
smal rohens upwards from the usually very shallowly cordate base. Pett
1 oad %
a good silky white or kha:
N. Behar, Gammie en Rovag! ay South Bihar, Ham.! Manbh
cultivated, Campbell (if the Bhoga gad 1a is this).
72
om
um, largey
iemescuies
;
26. MALVACE A, {1l. Kypra.
3. G. hirsut - hirsutum, Mill. (Gammie); Budhi, Burhi,
Vern. ; Upland Georgi Cotton
A coarse, stunted, rounded bush, ae branched, yellowish-green
or greenish-red, usually covered with dust from the character of the
ume! hairs o
oO, date teeth vi
Flowers light yellow isnt a dark eye (though this re prec | in
Miller’s type, teste Watt). Bolls large, spherical, usually 4-celled.
large, ovate, truncate one ot and with a anne pine a
rusty or green a Cotton shat
Singbhum, at Chaibass! Man! oe mmp.; May epoan kpepbably, the Budhi
cotton referred to by Cobden Sondiy LY in "The be rent geet) Fis. D
‘A to have oy toon pe admirably to the na asavar ‘conditions of the
higher lands of Bengal,” Gam
This cotton was well's spoken "of ‘by the Cotton Specialist in his report for 1907, It
isan early maturin ety.
4. G. barbadense, 1.
Sub-arboreous anches angled above, dotted. Flowers very
large, 2°5-3” long, wth large pectinate bracteoles half as long, teeth
finely acumin.
Cultivated in oat Prain, Ihave only seen isolated plants,
11. KYDIA, Rozb.
8 with stellate pubescence and palminerved, usually lobed
leaves, Flowers panicled, pblegnnnen with 4-6 bracteoles connate
at the base, spreadi ing accrescent in fruit. Staminal tube divided to
about the middle into a arms, each bearing 3-4 anthers, which are
i y
npertect me flowers. Overy a
with peltate stigmas, in oa erfec iw e flow Ovules 2 in eac
ee Capsule sub- ae Toculicidally 3-valved. Seeds
teniform, furrowed,
1 Xtra, cpg gr K.; Poska Olat, 8.; Derki, Kharw.
— Ban Kopasia, Or. ; Bur Kana,
Gond. ; ;Rola” 7, ara Har = Ve
] oderate- sized tree or flowering as a shrub, very ena —_
ming its pure white, large panicles s of fiowers, 75” d Lea
sub-orbicular, palmately 5-7-nerved, stellate pubescen pes or Peabsontenie
= always with a large gland on 1-3 of the nerves beneath. Brac-
po '25~5” in fruit, oblong or oblong-spathula
So ta the province in valleys and on hill slopes. Fis. Sept.-Nov. Fr, Dec.-
ee “Blane whi L. 4-6” diam., sinuate
Pry or somewhat Yobed a, with strong parallel poo in int y
< sue small, enclosed in the calyx, mealy with stellate hairs
wna sony ad The tree coppices freely and grows fast and might
73
12. Bompax. | 26. MALVACE.
42. BOMBAX, L. Silk-Cotton Tree.
.s, often very large and sometimes with verticillate branches.
Tukieee digitate. owers very ini ened Pee rh se ed Brae
teoles 0. Calyx leathery, caps 5 gro opposite
the petals, anthers re att FE, 1- celled. rik uy 5. collect syd ee
stigmas 5. Ovules many. Capsule loculicidally 5- valved, valve
woolly within. Seeds es
iw a ceca gay in Edel, K., = Simal, H.; Simli, Simuri,
; The Red a tacten Tre
ree with a igaml trun mid branches when young, 5-7-
A ie rge 't
Gainte leaves and large scarlet ated, which mostly appear when
i 57".
Fls. Jan.-Mareh.
“jaan 12 ft. girth and ales ‘aioe he ad slcaeen to the stem in favourable
s ee uations, Bark white. Blaze thick, soft, dark pink, streaked with pale pink and
rat
by 3-foliolate eave Oonpledens ccek oa are b one ovate: “8”, 3-5-nerved
i se ‘h very easily grown from seed and easil nsplanted.
e done this successfully in the cold season. It is used for the “*jamots” of
wells in Hazaribagh (Thomson), and is often sawn into planks for cheap, light boxes.
Z d it soon discolours, with a very bad smell, Immersion 11 water
improves its durability. The growth is very rapid,
Gamble sibel the weight as Be i8 al from 17-32lbs. The cotton is used for
stuffing pill razais, etc, ‘From its trunk proceeds an exndation an
a ochras, vests “used by the natives os diarrhcea; when dry it is dar’
13. fen see L.
i. goons digitata, L. The Baobab.
erate-sized tree with a — — trunk, smooth bark ant
es. g th
winale spreading b Lea em ose of a Bombax,
i ith 5 sub-sessile, eames ig pamidabe leaflets — very
large, 6-7" diam., ndulous, on long pedun alyx
leathery, gamosepalous below. Staminal tube naked ele wr, the he free
ends of the stamens forming a large trunca tely a wage 2-25"
diam. Ovary 5-10-¢ elled. “ Beait large, gourd-like
Sometimes planted. Several trees near the Dorunda Bridge, Ranchi. Fils. Apri
June. Fr. Aug.-Oct. Native of Africa, Pir ay ait
Kew Bulletin 8 of 1916 records the use of these trees as water reservols us
FAM. a7. shlapaacas cnet
cters of Malvacet
but flowers often 1-sexual or polygamous, ith often a tendency
egularity ; p mes definite ant
: }
a
ee
ct
L
nee
1s
into as many ce
(Waltheria). Ovules anatropous.
27. STERCULIACE 2. [1. Srercunia.
i er 1-sexual or ory gamous, Petals 0, Anther
es eee any, sda: hg ar dehiscent.
is pp
2, Heritiera.
is resent, ‘without are tppeniinges
Ts in a ring on the ane column.
1 . 3, Kleinhovia.
Sse ee aac Capsule: elon-
gate, sub-follicular « 4, Helicteres.
Fis, a: large, regul ar Capsul e lar ree, W woody 5, Pterospermum
n antheriferous tube, often with long
Riararnta, ecole 6, Eriolena,
C. Anthers on og margin only of tube, 15 only, ‘in groups
| . alternating
vith staminodes . 7. Pentapetes,
D, Stamens 5, A atria? below.
. Ovary 5-ce elle a « 8, Melochia.
Spidnet 1- sows (of one ca rpe el) . 9, Waltheria
Hl, Fis, 2. ial. Pe
. 10. Abroma.
Fis, ‘a small. Anthers grouped between stami-
ni . 11, Guasuma,
Fis, ery. small, Anthers solitary between stami-
nodes . : . 12. Buettneria,
be STERCULIA, L
. amouts, panicled. Cals tubular, lobed, often
coloured. Petals 0 Wiiasins inited into a column bearing a a head or-
ting of sessile anthers. Ovary of 4-5 carpels, opposite the sepals.
Styles connate at the base, stigmas were ng. Fruit of fs tinct
follicles, woody embranous, Se each follicle ireig he
sometimes arill r winged. Coty ledons flat ad thin, re
the albumen, or thick and fleshy. Germination epigea
1. L. digitate 2 gael, 3 wd A Gees > een.
2. L. omen cut Pag 5 or 7 acute or acuminate lobes, villous
neath w vhen young. | — woody.
Leaf iohue sty simple ite, papery . . 2. wrens.
Leaf lobes lly again 3-lobed. Bark not papery. v seasiigd
3 rusty . 38, villosa,
L, mostly 3-lobed’ Hand simple i in _old, or 5-7-lobed in “very
young warn i —_
Fis, searlet, cloten - " tb eoto tai eolereta..
Fis, yellow. i tomentose (even" when n old) ee re
aL, simple. entire, glabrov : : wos . 6. alata.
1. §. feetida, L. Bada am, Vern
A straight tree, much 1 esembling a Simal (Bombax), with very
stout twigs and leaves crov sd t their ends with 7-9 elliptical or
lipticdanceoate eRe eaflets, smaller che larger 6-7" (on.
les sb terminal, . ‘ long from below the
ous racem green or purplisl
my 4 es eae nume : urplis
ely woolly wi hin. F ones sel "3-3°5"" ong, very
stout, ultimately woo f haped.
Rather widel tion !
_ A) x Bites Fused, Sambal Lith Mudaliar). Purulia station !
faya station! Ranchi station | Fou Sag cording to Anderson. Fis,
fiewass - ripens following Feb. Dechidoan. New L, appearing just after the
“atk smooth, ApSictingnisha te from those of a Simal by ‘fg very = rconing
° f ong. Leaflets coriaceous with 1 promin
*econdary nerves, Young viscid-glandular with unpleasant smell), Petioles 5-9”.
a ee ae
——
40
1. Srprcurrs.]} 27. STERCULIACE 4
Calyx 5-fid, lobes '4-"5"’, lanceolate. Column long, oomets hairy. Anthers whorled,
Seeds slate-coloure d, ee ie oblong, ‘6-"7”, rudimentary yellow aril,
——— thin and inn — wn, coriaceous
In the weperne. ther san a a ssive hairy and glandular hypocotyl and large
oblong cotyledons, 1-1°5”, with ' pres basai nerves and very broad petioles. The
first leaves are digita tely 3-4-foliolate.
The seeds are eaten and have a taste of filberts. They are usually — The
raw seeds are said to bring on nausea and v ertigo (I. P. & D.).
2. 8. ca Roxb. ing K., Telhee’, S.; Kaunji, Kharw. ; Keunjji,
; Kulu, Gulu, H eG ering Khond. : Girangila, Or.
pats rge or Letaie Fouad. tree with thin papery bark which appears
white in the distan oe ant. aes oo branche S mee with
Lea ae
large scars. br
ae a 1 iohoa Pani seg den es ‘viseidly patie ae Flow
6” diam. etitslen sl with bristles
= conspicuous feature of the dry rocky hills of the hill country south of the
‘Ganges, extending to Sambalpur, Angul and Puri! = _— cially common in the dry
bg of Chota Nagpur but rarer in the Sa tal I Parganas! Gaya Ghats! Ascends
ft. at Neterhat! Not ‘th of the Ganges :
s. Dec. Fr. April. It drops its leaves i in Nov. or Dec, and often remains
iio until the May storms
uter very —. selves chlorophyll beneath it, L. 9-16” both ways, not deeply
— wn), but usually broadly ei anremctt base deeply cordate,
(never halt way a
‘ounded, ’ Petiole Pie ra Fis, reddish-brown, tom se — side, green — the
oblong acute lobes, which are bearded within at the ee ase and crimson insi
ot yields a gum, “ Katila,”’ used by the Santals in throat affections (Camp.).
seeds eaten, The bark yields a fibre, Gamble says ‘‘ wood very noth a
brown, © with an naplonanss ete used to make native guitars and toy Tt used
sometimes to be cut into planks in the C.P. Weight 42 Ib,
3. §. villosa, Rowb. Sisi, K ; Ganjl ae of ; Walkom, Piranja te Ps
Sisir, Graon; Udal, hen. at inga, Gond.; Chop,
dalo, Or.
A large tree with grey or brown, often pale, saaig not papery outer
bark, Branches with Soi leaf scars. ewe s de eply 5 7-lobed,
tomentose Panne lobes again 3-lobed, eae entire. Panicles
pendulous, 9-12”, rusty, pubescent. Flowers *5’’ diam., me embranous.
Ripe follicles ‘cmmpatons: scarlet inside.
Pym ssid a tree of the valleys as S. s is of the exposed hills, On both
he Gangetic valley and Sone the pe og prov ine but nowhere peices :
‘oandon cals sides of hills, e.g. Parasnath (Hazaribagh) ! Meghasani (Mayur
Fis. Jan. ~March, Fr, May-June. Leatiess Dec.- -M
Blaze hard, red or crims son. L. Fg edireyt sitloely “tom e beneath, 9-10
both w whys, usually i se d eeply conde oe “oandate or again
-3-partite, Petiole as long as Tis “al! , yellowish with pink centr.
Sees several, brown with a black ‘shining aril,
strong fibre 1s obtained from the bast, Bach accounts for t the scarcity
ag tient in pi oad places, The year ta isn used for tea boxes in the Duars; A
wey bad fuel, The tree coppices freely ; the seeds germinate soon after falling:
une,
“Growth fast, 3-6 rings per inch of radius. Weight 15-22 1b.” Gambie.
4. 8. colorata, Roxb. — = Udal, 8.; Sisir, Uran; Kodalo,
Pant con (Angu ze
A large or moderate me tree, very beautiful in flower, when the
numerous tpaaiaioe cuete masses of scarlet coral. In fruit it
76
RR eN Seai eE DER Sia OR DEE COE SE
‘phanj) !
2s
27. STERCULIACE®. (2. HeRirmera,
easily ose i by the very membranous green or rosy follicles:
c wid eed o of the
which o ely, bearing one s n one or both
nai oss alas throughout the provi 6 ft. girth in the Ramnagar-
forests (N. Champaran) ! Valley and cool pie ot mis in eee Nagpur, frequent!
Kodarma ! Not specifically oe from Sam Angw Bi om ae nt ! vur-
bhanj ! aaa Grieve. Fils. ch-April. Fr. ree May. y agg n.—May.
Bark gre rown, Sounhiah. Blaze rather thick, Sip, with cone of cream
and sg ja 12 ‘in soothe trees. L. 6-12”, with oo scattered stellate hairs.
beneath. In young plants y deeply 7-lobed or partite, in old trees usually with
only 3 caudate lobes and deeply onutinte Pwsage Fils. "75", clavate, orange-scarlet,
stellately tomentose, his of panicle of the same colour,
ields a strong fibre. “Growth fast, 3 roe 4 rings per inch of radius.” Gamble
5. 8. pallens, ae Syn. 8. pallens, Wall.; S. fulgens, F.BLI. (in
part); Phap, 7’
moderate- a or rans large tree with nearly smooth grey bark
and a dense crown of broadly Ahir yt ng leaves, 6-10” wide,
rather broader than doiew; cordate, and with 3 terminal lobes, per-
eh d wi
sjorter more sparse stellate hairs above. Flowers resembling chen
of 8. colorata, but eg instead of phair Pollicles membranous
opening before ma
bh Bettiah and «phn i dubs from the foot of the hills up to 2000 ft.! Fls., Fr,
aa YS
Deciduous } hs.
This, which is usually A nie as a small t: ains 8 ft, in girth and fully
60 ft. in height, but it i £ forked? ny slightly’ butions a ee
small exfoliations in eee Reset Blaze white with a little and Phe ello
With 7-9 principal nerves, Petiole 6- a te stellately tomen aioe “iy “is. —"§"", ee
globose, calyx campanulate, yellow tomentose, Tot bes ovate or Tatyoadiate | acute.
The wood is said to resemble that of the. Smal, ** Weight, 31 1b.” Gamble.
6. §. alata, R
A tall, ee a ee, with smooth grey bark and a dense somewhat
harrow crown of large, s simple, cordate, ovate or broadly oblong, quite
oa 7-9-nerved leaves 4-10" long. Flowers in simple or compound
mes fro a axils of fallen leaves, green and yellow, tomentose
ontaide, ieaide > reaked and dotted purple.
Rather aged ae planted as an ornamental prot and although a native be gpe
damp forests of the Duars, Assam and Chit ttagong, it su poe fey 1 in quite dry
realities, ages Station | Chaiheans- Chalkendheryate Soni a ete. !
Ms, March-June, both before and with the L. Fr, Nov. Deciduous Feb. March,
oung parts only with Pasty bmp te hairs or scales, 2-5". Fis,
ane ‘with unpleasant sm Sepals 5-6, ‘7-"8", dates’ ‘in male fis,
bout 5 in ring at top of column, in Her s, in 5 sessile groups in the sinuses
formed by t the carpels, Follicles ioe wi ron, ‘sub-globose, 4-5”, Seeds winged.
fotyledons not separable from the albumen
- HERITIERA, Aiton
vith coria stihl ae pea covered whee minute fat .
scales. th, eneath. Flowers small o very small, xual, in latera
panicles, Calyx 5- (4-6- ) tot hed or + -cleft. Petals 0. * Sashies united
into:a “nt with —— La ring at the top. Carpels Pa almost
10 ‘th i in ea
* First aaa ty King in Journal of As, Society, ix, ii, 73.
17
‘2. Heritiera. | 27. STERCULIACE.
1. H. minor, Roxb. Syn. H. Fomes, F.B.1. ; Sundri, Or., Beng. :
A small tree with brown branches and narrow cone leaves,
25-5” (4-6”, F.B.I.), silvery-scaly beneath like an Ele#agnus, entire
1 _penninerved with about 6-9 secondary nerves faintly looping
e the margin. Flowers pinkish or orange. campanulate, “15—18"
Tong with 4 5 triangular lobes, males very caducous. Fruit (xipe
rpels) 1°5” dia
ana delta in dal se ceo The well-known Sundri of the Sunderbans.
I. . Fr. Aug
Roots with Bisa Sere Branchlets scaly, scales
-ecoloured centre. L. with tapering acute or rounded base, aes mA cna ‘oun .
-sub-acute apex, zof acuminate, sually 2 very eo eine secon dar ry nerves from
base, i *3-"8"". Pa n i
3. KLEINHOYVIA, L
1. K. hospita, Z ie
ee “with smooth Laaice oe. ovate or sibel
A small tr
eos with retuse or cordate e, acuminate, glabrous,
4-5” 6-12” Pa Fresh ts Aisle 2 Rt el , with strong cross
ample terminal cpanaen: Sepals 5, nearly free, narrow oblong, *
ose. Petal i
a gonophore i ch is
each division with 3 anthers. Ovary tomentose, 5-celle
nn membranous, inflated, 5-winged, each cell with 1 black —
;
Often planted. There is a small avenue of it at Daltonganj. Native of the |
-Moluccas mooeinslints ty Roxburgh. Fis. Oct. Fr. Dec.
4, HELICTERES, L. :
Trees or shrubs. a obi ert Flowers » sxilany, —_ pie :
¢
gro her ivergent. Ovary 5-10
-celled, ovules many. Fruit cauk Solkiteks ar, sometimes ae spirally
twisted. Seeds pepe. Cotyledons leafy, folded round the
radicle. Albumen scanty
1. H. isora, L. Poto-porla, sinkari, ety also called Goinr from 4
oaneeed with Grewia; Petcam Aitem, aita, Khe hare.
Murad, Maraphal, H.; Muri ycenrre anno Or. ; Pita ta Barands,
Khond.
A shrub or small s ee with oblique usually —— a oblong
‘or rounded, pubescent, 5-7-palmi-nerved re v carlet
zy gomorphic icaeie: 3" long, resi odies uit of 5 nical rally ‘oll
‘earpels on a very elongated gynophore, se Bit follicular when ripe,
and dehiscent along their inner edge.
78
27. STERCULIACEZ. [5. satel
Distributed throughout t Champaran southwards. Very
common and often onto ace 2 roa valleys ma especially on northern
aspects in the hills. Fils. Meee rn ae t. ~Jan., but the open carpels may be
found up to J oe ao uw. ss Mare
Shoots softly v ely aviemetsionss bifarious, 3-6”, often scabrous
above, densely siollate ‘pubescent beneat h, often somewhat lobed, serrate, Petiole
25-5". Peduncles axi axillar ry, 2-4 together, short. Calyx "5-75",
— stellate. Pe eles re hen
e root, bark and fruit stn giv en. as = lic. Powdered and fried in ghee and
awectened, it is used for evi el complaints in various distrita possibly a case of
the use being spousal by the shape of the fruit.
5. PTEROSPERMUM, Schreb,
Trees or shrubs a ov with stellate hairs. Leaves usually
bee simple or lobed. Flowers large, axilla foie terminal,
bracteoles s ini als 5,
1, with 5-furro thet it a woody aaah
loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds winged above, 2-seriate in “ive soe
angle of the cells. Cotyloloes plaited or corrugate. Album
road, 7-12-nerved. Fils ‘ _ ae ph door
a 4-5-nerved. ais . Heyneanu
7-
. oblon, 3 -y
Rene enoeolate, 5- ce with | a riage basal auricle s - temisagittatam,
oblong, 3-5-nerved. Fls. . 4. suberifoliun
a Sree &
Sa 5
~~ “ry ueaeetpe Willd. Muchu kundi, K.; Machkunda, 8. ;
A large, handsome tree with lar ge palmately-nerved cordate leaves,
white tomentose bene ath, and large fragrant white flowers. Capsule
oblong, woody, valved.
Tndigeno ggg ag hills (N. oe but rare ! Bagwege sae 4
indigenous « > a ol Messrs. Campbell and Wat
It is commonly alaneed near villages preciso ‘the area. me
ee ee is Sanscrit and is also the Hindi and Bengalee name for oP.
vd 8. Mareh-July. The capsules open at the time of flowering in the following
. ergree
” Busty tomentose, L. 6-15", lobed, entire or coarsely toothed. Fis, regular or
sub-regular Sepals 4-5, Peis S par 5”. linen ws ~! Stamens 15, shorter
— the Giinaetee, with filiform filaments and linear anthers. Stamin nodes 5,
; a long (including tube), pubescent, filiform, slightly clavate. Capsule
2. P, Heyneanum, Wall. Giringa, rarely Machkunda, Or.
A handsome small tree wi ith oblong repand, spores dentate 0?
lobed, rarely ative = na CE : aid o mae Satins spo bee n the ee
bate nervation “eo naa
‘3’ diam. Ca: ele 2-9", le : nr nite “tly y dinerOwret upwards,
and base sudd enly "7 .
a, freque es and conglomerate in the Chandka forest in the
Plains, and also = the hill forests on me’ oa tamorphic rocks in _ Mayurbhanj!
Angal Rare n Sambalpur (on the red ee in the Bargat nala) !
Dee. Fr. April-May. Evergree
79
5. PrerospeRMum. | 27, STERCULIACES.
Twigs, petioles, nerves beneath, pellapeles and sepals densely covered with rusty
stellate hairs or scales. L. usually wider upwards and — suddenly acuminate or
caudate, lobes or teeth usually very ac poco a es 5-8 , of " which 1 °
the rf as
shed. 5e ar oblic
with —_ stclinte pu abescence. Perens. filiform. “Capsule cbiusely ‘sane
ee ‘cai stdlt taken, Ham.
A very handsome tr 4 a large handsome flowers with broad petals. —
Easily recognised by the large auricle on one side only of the leaf
sule terete.
m.).
some tree with the erg leaves 25-4” “ong, subregular, —
Seated or oblique, or subcordate at the 3-5-n rved base, never —
auricled, very hoary beneath. Flower only 1-1 5” diam. Capsule a
oblong terete, sometimes beaked, 2
Purnesh, very rare, Ham. Found i 33 "des, and may be found wild in Orissa,
where it is sometimes seen in garden
6. ERIOLANA, D
Trees or shrubs with palmately- amt is and regular ye
flowers, axillary or panicled, bracteolate. Calyx ows
ot TS
parallel. St : ary sessile, 5-10-ce tng! Styl vie as
many spreading stigmas as there are cells. Ovules many.
a Y
woody loculicidal, axial angle of valves villous, Seeds v ringed ae
‘The woody peduncles are often sharply flexed in fruit
ract nig peakeer
Peduncles l-flowered. Larger a 8-12” : P : 1. Wallichii.
Peduncles L-teverSawerads Larger leaves 4-6” . : i 2, Hookeviana.
Bracteoles entire or lobed. ee
lowers sometimes panicled. Larger leaves 3-4” i ‘ 3: quinqueloculari-
1. E. Wallichii, D
A large stout s pak or small tree, with ovate or Phair orbicular,
cordate-based leaves of very variable size, mostly about 8” each way, —
larly crenate nd thinly
irregu , with acute or obtuse apex, eviruleae al
i pe ently shortly stellate 3 ery
prominent raised nervation. Peduncles 1-flowered, stellately er
cent. ‘8-1'2” long, lanceolate acuminate apsules ob
ellipso 25-1°5’, with apex rounded apiculate, + about 8-valv
sng es se = smooth.
Sandstone hills, Ramnagar forests ! wine r.s. Fr. Nov.-Dec i
Shoots shaggily tomentose. L. when n flower 3 3-6" ‘Jong, mature ovate, and
sometimes only 3” at the Laer of the hanes: attaining ya end orbiculat ee
on the same branch or individual; young dense hp a
goes the rusty stelnte-pubescont nerves, base deeply or shatiowty “cordate
inne nerves. Petioles 1-3”, se — glabrescent, stout 0!
lecves. Bracteoles pin siewcrnteed Fis. 2-5” diam. Sepals densely stelinte: Homentoe®
odtade, villous within. Petals orbloulats Column glabrous. See ds 7-9 in in each
cell, with a broad scimitar-shaped wing.
At
80
27. STERCULIACE &. [7. PEnvraPerEs.
2. EB. hegre W.& A. Bundum, Ae meet Hakehomo, K.
guli, S.; Ponra, Uran: Bonta,
A ati or small tree with the new pi densely stellately herd
leaves ah orbienlar, cordate acuminate, white or erey tom
th, more less glabrescent. Flowers yellow, 1°5-2” ‘din am.
l-few aie illar io or extra-axillary long peduncles. Sepals ‘6-8’.
le ovoid, corrugate or tubercled,
Hill tracts south of the Gan nges from neji ent be cone seo Santal Parganas to
Sambalpur and Angul! Probably sage ve in ns
bes Nov.-Jan. Dee iduo
Fis. April-J ee of flowering.
L. toothed or crenate, often with alt round Pes Geatier triangular teeth,
mature usually vend covered ‘rhea with, thin stellate tomentum, glabrescent
above, base 5-7-nerved ; petiole 1-2°5” a Tem becciss lacinishe, Siena
36", nsually Soniinoas after the flow rece : + Bas ovoid, henked b y the tips of
__ the valvate tomentose sepals, Sepals ah in E. ichii, but smaller, and spread-
_ more directly from the base, Capsule iekaae oe. valved, non i” long.
‘ os viridis.
beneath with mi inute, distant, stellate hairs only; petiole slender.
cape 6-valved, closely covered ae yellow ish-green felt, broadly ovoid and
culate and nearly smooth. Oris
tse aes an undescribed easing. but without Fls. it is not possible to
Wood of EF. Hookeriana is strong and used for axe handles, The bark is said
toyiel a good fibre.
3 E quinquelocularis, Wight,
Asmall tree much like the reat rie ba a oo in flower by
ti
tl
mM
es, 11:25’ long, lanceolate in outline and sharply pointed.
re leaf it is very similar, but the under surface is white aaa: more
sth bl soa and the petioles relatively longer, being often as long
na
; Pome aa ft. (Parasnath), J. D. H,, » but I have seen no undoubted specimens
; hom mantens that marked 2. 4 3 in the Cal. Herb. I regard as E.
3 “ea —Two other s roe - Eriol e recorded from Behar and
- Orissa in the oo a Y of Eriolena ar
* E. Stocksii, 77. /. Ae
cee Hills, Kurs.
3; Manbhum, Camps
Sei mens appear to ep Tetti arpere oon from FE. Hookeriana, W. § A,, by the
“pl ag void buds, much longer than the laciniate nigas tecredtec and ei ass
evar; entum on the thin
rare EM Beckers © underside of leaves being t
5, kins Pl
h.
a Seas .. : po
Thie? 1-4000
-tubereled ‘d ard > ica spalioen bend a broken capsule, with valves 1” long and
_téled. It might he E. Hookeri
A biiinerait L.
Owers Se ticy; ith 3 caducous neces oe 5, lanceolate
“ach, ate, connate @ at base. Petals 5. Stam n 5 groups of 3
x _ with 5 staminodes, which aot ae as long as the
81
7, PENTAPETES. | 27, STERCULIACE.
petals. Ovary 3 5-celled, cells many-ovuled. Capsule loculicida’
Seeds 8-12, 2-seriate in each cell. ae plaited, 2-partite.
1. P. pheenicea, L. Bare baha, 8
A pretty branche hed herb, 2-5 tt, bigs glabrous, or with a fei
scattered hairs, easily recognised by its long, lanceolate, sharply
. ea ong wi 1 primary
Flowers large, red, n t 2-flowered peduncles
sepals ecsemrie isd ite fools eax eee axis woolly
Seeds sub-globose, dotted. i
In wet ea ary common. Purneah! Santal Parganas, Wood.
Fils. Aug.-Oct. Fr. Nov. Dec. The root is used medicinally, Camp.
8. MELOCHIA, L.
Herbs or undershrubs mor x less pubescent. Flomee am small,
clustered or panicle o Potala petiolate, SETS tamens
connate below. Ovary 5- ang Pry cells 2-ovuled. Capsule loculici
Embryo straight, crate et hg flat
1. M. corchorifolia, L. Thuiak’, 8. :
An undershrub with ohienetcete serrate se leaves, ple
with rounded or cordate b a wers small, white or pink, coll
in dense he ats: Calyx tube 2", surrounded na 4-5 brac
“25-33” long. Capsule ie ama globose, pubescent, 5-grooved.
Common in waste places, bunds of rice fields, etc. Fils. ~ Fr. r,s.
The L. are eaten as a vegetable and the stem yields a fibre
9, WALTHERIA, L
be et - undershrubs. Flowers small, clustered Petals obl
y, em Stamens 5, tubular below. Ovary 1 -celled, ©
Capsule cvalved: 1-seeded. Embryo straight, ean: flat.
1. W. indica, L
perennial, hoary-tomentose undershrub, 2-4 ft., “aa
down in some situations, and shooting out aga ain in May and jase
t
Leaves velvety, ovate or ovate-oblong, sub-plicate, tooth
5- , larger, 1:12’, rarely 3” long Flowers rs yellow
pink, in axillary, sessile, or stalked dense capitate es, with
lanceolate bracts, so running to leafless spik o
16-25”, narrow oblong, with a long claw. Staminal tube with
oblong anthers wi weve staminodes. Capsule ‘08”, ovold, we:
2- valved, with L Bing eed,
Abroma augusta, L.
A large shrub with cordate, ovate- oblong leaves, 4-6
purplish-yellow tial is occasionally seen in Indian pe
yields a good fibre
82
27. STERCULIACE. (11. Burnrrneria.
41. GUAZUMA, Plum.
earl : vy and
ater sunk in the staminal tube. Ovules numerous. Fruit oblong,
woody tubercled. Seeds many, albuminous, 2-seriate, embryo curved,
0 yledons leafy folded.
s G. tomentosa, Kunth.
moderate-sized tree with ey aon or Foon niece ay al
on very obliquely Ccordate-based serrulate 1}
15", omnean are daatly covered with vtaliaba ini — sides, ‘aide
ace very shor Base 3-7-nerv tioles '2-3”.
wers legeliow. Sepals °15”, stellate fcihontole:! Seeds ovoid, grey.
Often planted. Manbhum, Camp). Herb.! Very common in Cuttack asian |
here it grows into a fairly lar; ge tree, and is sometimes called ‘“* Bastard cedar
s. April-July. Fr. Feb.-Jun
The fruit, th ough capsular in appearance and deeply 5-grooved, is not dehiscent,
remains on the tree and falls at the next flowering period.
12. BUETTNERIA,
s shrubs 0 herbs, some etimes ORE, ing, y with simple, entire or
m se, cyme
des cell
-~apsule globose, more or less echinKts: nepeifragally ‘s-valved. Cells
‘sania Albumen 0. Cotyledons folded round the radicle, plumule
B. herbacea, Roxb. Idel sanga, K.; Deku sindur, S.
ppranched herb with a perennial woody rootstock, distant ovate-
ceolate, Gcinithate: toothed bendbes - a ef long, and “axillary cymes
mall purplish flowers, remarkable the long slender Nat a
“ appendages of the petals. Cape ‘softly spiny, °25” dia:
ree ashout Fone pales’ area ete of the Ganges, chiefly on rocky ground in the
The 3
f the | by the Kols. Itis
*ipretglha Pe with Beal tr ait: gb nog oh end pa ert root in cholera
anon ee abt 1 in the female comp datns: known in Santali as
~&B. i Colebr.
bs ane woody climber with large, cordate, sub-orbicular or erin
* aaah 6 tes al nerves, and the minute flowers in axillary, h
10se
Rajmahal Hills a
rain, Fls. May-June. 4
. doubt t this plant being so a native of the province. It is described as
83
11. Buerryertia.] o7, STERCULIACE &.
a tree in the F.B. T.and Bengal Plants, but all the herb sheets I ~~ —_ which bear
remarks as to its habit describe it as scan ndent. Ia ng se to find any specime
from the Rajmahal Hills or elsewhere from B. ither at Calcutta or at Kew.
The flora of those hills has, however, become ter ribly pow erished within the last
FAM. 28. TILIACE. |
Trees, shrubs or herbs, with the general character of Malvace
de eply lobed, boys rs often soit without an
1
a 2 Ovary
Ovules anatropous. Fruit various, often drupaceous or dee y lobed.
many, exarillate, usually albuminous. Em 0
or slightly curved.
1. Small trees, shrubs or herbs. Anthers oenping by slits, usually very short.
A. Sepals iinet below
mall tree or shrub, "wealy : : A. Brownlowia.
By Sepals free.
Herbs or undershrubs. Fr. polls dry, echinate .
2, Seimei
3.
ets ae Fr. ee not echinat ‘
Trees or shrubs. Fr. drupaceous pe ith 1- ~4 pyrenes ‘ 4. pote
2. Trees. Anthers pom eo terminal pores linear
5, Eleocarpus
Petals incised. Fruit drnpaceon : " .
1. BROWNLOWIA, Rozb.
‘Trees or shrubs with scaly or ee cet eatgie Leaves eat
ith 1-2 secondary nerves from the base. Flowe small, it
a
bglobo ary ay
ell, collateral. Styles long, free or cohere ruit sub-follicu
follicles 2-valved, 1- seeded. Albumen 0. TOBY edt thick, fles! :
1. B. lanceolata, Bent
A small tree or shack with lepidote twigs, narrow lanceo
inate leaves, 4-6” long, bhi Ricsebn’ J silvery beneath, 2 :
acumin “
sma h-coloured 2-sexual flow short Y oxitlary and termin?
cymes, covered with brownish retin i
Stee forests of the Mahanadi Delta, common! Fils. May-June ot
closely depicts, beneath, lateral basal nerves hed tri very “glender ® and al
other ‘secondary 1 hg ap sar aaad Be scarcely distinguishable é from the reti 7
ag be mpi hen Petites 3-4". nes *5- rN “6. wastes ea 2" Jon gf or
at top, truncate.
2. TRIUMFETTA, L
Herbs, undershrubs or shrubs, with simple, serrate or lo bed lea
and small yellow flowers in dense cymes : which 3
axillary or run out into interrupted er - 3. ae
84
28. TILIACE. [2. TRiuMFETTA.
ci on a fleshy glandular pies Ovary ovules 2 in each
eell. Style filiform, stigma othed. Fe at eat spines or 1 bts,
- usually hooked, Sedablacbat or é tardy dehiscent. Seeds each
Flowers open in evening and remain open till following morning,
rarely during mid-day.
Kis insvlte or ovate-lanceolate, tapering a _ eee
Shru Fr. densely hairy, spines w h patent hairs 1, pilosa.
Her Deke Fr . glabrous, spines glabrous or with few hairs 2. annua.
2. I.., some or all orbicular , apex rounded or 3-lobed,
ALL, ae ry, but not tomentose beneath , open lobed,
us, Spines of fruit ad ne ; ; be ar sey tl
ebaccons or suffruticose, Spin . abrous. . . 4, rhomboi
a a aane tomentose beneath, er lobed ieee ai rain
1. T. pilosa, Roxb.
A shrub, 3-6 ft. high, with stellate-hairy stems, and simple, ones
lanceolate subeordate leaves, softly a nie hairy both
Conspieu iy in m fruit from the he a ooked spines, 75-1"
diam., includin —3” long hairy spines.
cgiedy moist Jaa in ipinatin and Palamau !
ae ont y.. DP, _N
Teen em See
- Stellate haire
stem with red bulbous bases. L. auain@ ’ Dy 2°75", pale and
densely hair nity one ath. Petiole 5-2”. Stipules 23”. Sepals ‘3-"4”, linear, stellate-
may, i ate. Petals a Paces or oblanceolate, °25” apeadat ng. Stamens
Fr. 4-celled, 8-seeded.
2. Tr. annu
_ Aherb with the stems and branches Barally pubeseent on one side
only ; ny smaller than in T. pilosa, and ofte d
glabresce nt, except for a fe ew hatin 5 on the nerves benea uiting
heads smaller aa och ite glabrous between the Ee which are
_ glabrous or cilia
Behar, Kur
. Parnes ae species of moist regions and the Behar specimen was probably from
2 T, neglecta, W. 4 4.
A herb often floweri ng when 4” high, but attaining 2 ft., when it
ey resembles rhomboidea with ea ovate or rhomboi d,
“tabece. simple me 3-lobed, ¢ densely stellate te-hair ben ath: Fruits ellipsoid,
: serge wit, the pines hispid-bearded, sada hy on one side only,
| t, xa some hooked.
FP
my as “ya Meares, Singbhum! Hazaribagh!
: Variety sometitnes aes Spee in the afternoon. It is perhaps scarcely more than a
of the next speci
boide
ter herb than the last, or an age iy 3-4 ft., with more
pu /origgane branches, ar pe ostly 3-lobed, ’5-7-nerv ed leaves,
eath, but. si mple hates canis pies Unt eg Fruits
85
28, TILIACES.
2. TRIUMFETTA. |
ellipsoid or subglobose, 25” diam. including the minutely-
hooked glabrous spines.
Very common everywhere, attaining its largest size in damp shady
Fr, Oct. shes
Stems ually mcr2 pubescent on one de. Lower L. with rounded —
attaining "5 "5! lon ona broad, °3- lobed and Mpebealy tothe d, ‘with a eae
ually smaller and uppermost lanceolate. A
inal spikes. Sepals linear, °17- a once .
shorter.
places. Fis.,
5 5: eh Lam.
An undershrub, 3--4 ft. high, with sub- soins ott fa ii
Fruits globose
leaves, *5-1'5’’ diam, white tomentose benea
or ellipsoid, °2—25” long, including ~ eel hooked a spines
a only.
Open waste ground, in dry places.
Behar, Kurz! Fis., Fr. Sept.-Dec.
3. CORCHORUS, L.
ves and small yellow flowers,
Stamens
Herbs or undershrubs with simple |
ed peduncles. St
on axillary or extra-axillary, often lcaPoppoee
ind
free, diplostemonous or nite, on ion gonophore. Ovary
2-6-celled, with short ails and cone Capsule linear or
globose, 2-5-v: sometimes freee Cpibtatie Seeds many,
embyo cur
A. Capsule ies bose. L. usnally tailed 1, capsularis.
B. ie “a — ae longer than broac :
apsule without distinct hor us or beaks.
all the L. with a pair of tails near the
neoweh year some
base, capsule smooth . 2. olifori
yen s many, L. rarely wi itl 1 h basal tails, capsule rough Brag F iiloclare
Stamens 5-10. Capsule s softly | copa . i . 4. farcienlariy
2. Cnieais: with : « geaey es ore :
Capsule 3-w ed and S-angiet 5. centangult :
Capsule seret “s 6. trident.
1. C. capsularis, L. Pat oS aise ; Kaskomrau, S.; Jute.
A herb at ft., or attaining 6-7 ft. in cultivation, with lam ie
or oblong ac ital: rarely eriee: lanceolate, serr: er leaves, 1° aa
(or 3-6” in cultivation) ong. B leaves sometimes tail
the next spec apsule depressed, “pies se, muricate, 5 5-valy
Wiid in most districts. ie ae for ei at Betlah (Palamau) | Usually in the open
Manbhum, ince ae ae fos Y
This appears to be t @ species most peHany. cultivated, but except in Purnest
and parts of Orie se rainfall is in general not sufficient for it, and it is nowhe
grown on a large scale as in Eastern Bengal.
2. CG, olitorins, L. a Ho.; iy aR S.; San-pat, H.; Jule.
igh, taller in oe
so oe ee ieetegiig: into long, very
usua saat lved, 2-8” long, glabrous or nearly 80, ® & a
tip cisanlty § lobed but not horned, cells septate between the seeds. _
86
28. TILIACEA. [4. GREWIA,
A very common wild plant, pati in open lands in all districts in the rains!
ts 9 ely, shiva a in the nce. ‘lhe principal centres of cultivation are
and apo s of Orissa. fi 1 Mayurbhian) two varieties known as Sirajga
sind Deeks Path a e€ grow ls. rei ee ie ti.
L. nearly glabrous or pa ce vt nde d, 5 ved, secondary nerves 5-6, fiat
and ag ge Petiole ‘75-2”. Stipules “35-" 5", seh oy with filiform tips. vi
23, ona very short peduncle. The flower buds are bro i obovate, beaked w
the Sih-aristate tips of the petals. Young Fr. hispidulou
The young plant is eaten as a vegetable.
3. C, eae
her’ ith linear-lanceolate, linear-oblong, or more rarely
elipticcblons leaves, -75-3°5”, crenate-serrate, sometimes with
os nder “ap , tails, usually bie pubescent. Peti tole short but
a, 25 Capsule v ender, 2-2'5”, scabrous, septate on
the valves telcos the peolaas — 3-4-valved,
Notcommon. Gaya! Parasnath! Fls., Fr. June-Oct.
4. ©, fascicularis, Lam.
Suffruticose, 3 ft. high, with narrowly oblong or pent lanceolate
leaves, 5-2°3”, serrate or serrulate acute, and leaf opposed clusters
. linear, densely pubescent, or pilose subterete carable 8, 3-715"
ng.
Singbhum ! Saidope Forest, going ems oe on! ners - Aart at Oct.-Nov.
F Branches glabrous or with a few hispid hairs a at tapering to
the Snerved base, nearly gla brous, w rh 5-10 obliqns seco agro ner yee _Taised
cath. Petioles hispid on upper side, *2-"3”’. bee ge linear acuminate, *15-"2”.
be 17” diam. Peduncle 05" in Fr. pat -flowered, sometimes intere or sub
ty. Pedicels hardly an Capsules taavicied: ehiortly beaked, 3-celled, beak
sient 3-lobed. Seeds abou 8 in each cell, ends truncated,
°C. acutangulus, Lam.
pt Species more closely allied to C. aiteses than are the last two.
tect or diffuse with br roadlysovnte oblong-ovate leaves, 7-3",
marely 3” long, with the base aioe tailed as in olitorius.
e Lat ‘angled, of which 3 of the = Pee are alate or
orns.
wareiers Shady nacen, and often found among rocks. Sin — Hazaribagh !
8 um! Fi, .to Noy. There — to be two varieties.
1" da - with broadly ovate crenate, 1-3’, often rounded at apex. Petioles
: Diffu 3 ute.
Petiot inks» age ith lanceolate-ovate 1, *5-1 3”, crenate, serrate or serrulate, ac
6. c. tridens, 1
neha be found a Tirhut (B.P.), I have seen no specimens from ou
: sorseigt to F.B.I. the L. are linear-oblong or lanceolate, 1-3” by °5- aie with
7m. Capsule 1-2”, cylindric, terminated by 3 spreading po
4, GREWIA, L.
Tubs, rely undershrubs, with stellate pubescence,
can a 7 asa Lnerved, i, serra or serrulate leaves and yellow or
hota ed cl bels, rarel
w ei SS
. m the se o f ‘hea Ww hite or ellow ithin.
foe eh with a large gland with a pubescent rim at
87
4. GREWIA. } 28. TILIACE.
the base, or almost wholly ss to a nectary.* Stamens
nous, usually on a shor Vv 2-4-celled
i mor
succulent or gata fibr - i.
Se inous, with large, “fat, thinly: ‘mas cotyledons. Germi-
b
nation epigeal, Gotyedons nearly nerveless, sub-se
A. Fis. white, sepals first white then becoming dull y.
pre sania 6 and 7). Gonophore usually w
irsute or densely ciliate
3. "Climbing or 8 straggling: shr ub. Fils. large, “7-8” long,
terminal and becomi pp . ¥
2. aha pov straggling in 4). Fis. axillary.
be we road. Fr. large, glo —
ellow inside. Shrubs
with a cornice which is
1. rhamnifolia,
-y5/'3!", Ey. green or yellowish, coriaceous “2. asper
Se tala “Bog res piarple,epicarp ina ally cr ustaceous 3. pis Fae ylla.
d. Straggling, L. oblong. Se "5", Stig yas 4,
linear spreading. Fr. SreTataty hairy 4. flavescens.
e. Erec bs or undershrubs, LL. narrow or oblong.
Sepals -25-"3” long. a bogs capitate with radiating
papille. Fr. depressed, more or less lobed.
L. linear to oblong or cihene ovate. caine very
shor 5. A
L. linear, white beneath, Peiluneles slender . car. “Velicderifélia
d. Trees or large shrubs. . lanceolate or narrow
elliptic. Fr, didymous i. 4-1
L. eee Sepals-2-3” long . . : asks . multifiord.
5-6” lon . disperina,
L. Sepa Site ‘ i ‘i i ‘
B. Fis. bright mie. always axillary. mee present or
absent, pubescent or tomentose above
a. ir ovate or oblong, very oblique or auricled,
cordate at base, glabrescent. Petioles over 3
lon slender. —— creas fale te and
. didym 8. tiliefolia.
base, ee tomentose or he oar.
ae mee SH if Roca i then petioles short, stout
8
Hark “ark, “zonal. L. sow a br een when adult. :
9. rotundifolia.
Bark ont, gent sv white, tomentose beneath.
Petals under "ot ra paw
L. g zreen benea é estita.
- Ly ver) Y broudly ovate or suborbicular, green beneath.
Pe tio oles t. Peduncles long. Fr. Losin
5! ree Hainesiana.
2. Bhrabs. Peduneles slender i in all.
orbicular ot white beneath, not cuneate 12. asiatica.
i. sate ae rt < ostly with cuneate base, Br een,
rarely hoary bene : . 13. sapida.
L. inananiates always white beneath . . oe 14. Rothit.
i oe rhamnifolia, Heyne. Syn. G. orientalis, F. BT
A large climbing shrub with leaves mostly 25
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ser rrulate or hieieatnalis nearly
Flowers large with sepals ‘7-"8” long, white or yellowish in term
tary may be present or absent in one and the same speci —
e gi ‘abet a
* The
apparen tly” it is constantly present in some. Its presence or absence
correlated with the pore of the gonophore, the latter being very short or abse
when the nectary is abs
88
28. TILIACE#. [4. GREWIA.
3 aud leaf. opposed, fons foxseet umbels, Drupe 5-6” diam. soma
_ globose, faintly 2-4-lobed, hairy and yellow-tome ntos
Puri, in rocky fo pees 1, tas July. Fr. Sept.-D
L, attain 5 by 2:2”, few stellate hairs beneath, tesa rounded or obtuse, 3:
or De kicica'w with two sm a additional ner rves, secondary nerves above
Petiole ‘2’, densely stellate. Peduncles 2a , bracts linear, '3”. Buds
bon acy ribbed, acd te hirsute, Pe tals Gonophore short, top
S-ridged, Style Ee stont, = a a 4-lobed. ae of fruit several-seeded.
— in fruit stout, °5-"7” lor
2. G. aspera, R sen.” G. abutilifolia, Indian Trees, FBI. (?);
G. serpy, F.C.N
A coarse bushy shrub, wbout4 ft. high, rarely with long eadintsitinns
branches, pigs. densely saline. Leaves large, roundish or broadly
elliptic, what 3-4-lobed, serrate or denticula te, closely
wollate-pubescent, capesialty beneath. Flowers 5-7” diam., white
in in sub-sessile e axillary umbels. Petals 08-1” long. Fruit ¢ globose,
15-1” diam., with 2-4 rugose pyrenes.
Chota Nagpur, occasional: Singbhum, on wooded slopes! Manbhum, Camp.
(under 6 cilloea} ! Orissa: Khurda! Kuhuri Foca?
Fis. April-Ang. Fr. Bevkoreb.: More or less evergreen. Young L. appear
With the Fis,, or somewhat before.
Innovations very tomentose. a about 3” of flow ring, sieiniag
ove, b
ptncipal nerves, tertiaries dehonp. sealarifor ioles *5-1”, often slender,
Pedicels “1-1°5, ‘1, buds short ovoid, ig densely. s saline te tomentose = genre
: sh h i ee tire
St hotched, Gonc 1ophore Bat ng with hirs sute tufts above. Ovary a fivstite,.
“gman ste ellately 4~5-lo leaving it capita
her -B.—The old. dry fr at rema ins long on the bran ches. si is Fah shrunk in
barium specimens » and usually duaretied as only 3-75" dia
8. G. sclerophylla, Roxb. Sy G. scabrophylla par Dapher, Th. ;
Phalsa, Boag ylla, Roxb. Syn. G. scabrophylla, ; Dap
__A shrub or aiiieabaan usuall di rect, strict,
vill y sending up many erec
ly-tomentose branches 3 ft. high, from a perennial w -oody
i s
si Common in ot grass lands, especially those fit for Sal, along the foot of the
mparan! Fls. April-June, Fr. Oct-Nov. Shoots, where I have seen it,
rpeoe rnt.
mle h more Softly and persistently hairy than in @. @ orp vas habit different.
| Postar three very stro ong and usually two less gre ae aes sal nerves, venation =
: fae » Margin with small sub- pandnien ena hairy mab as al teeth,
as rugulose, more or an glabres —s pace rs | oth ie te and seabrid han
gig Petiole 3-7", mos ly wi e lar nds dee Bo op. vetuneea
- thorg on eels ‘5-"7’", tomen “i Petals whi ont Shalt “ ah gh: ate. Go eg in
Hairs long, den nsely hirsute above. Stigma with four large iamnellif or
Maton: though stellate, have the i parallel, not radially ile gg
38 eaten, It is sai oolin
Vescens, Juss. Syn. G, pilosa, Lamk. (F.B.I,, etc.).*
* uge straggling shrub or sub-scandent, with sharply 3 4-angled
A
G. pilosa is 0 Sometimes c rboreous.
alled 2 en tree. Pos plant is wecer &
anda Cal. Herb. in bud called G4 Gu tomentosa
89
4. Grewia. | 28. TILIACEZ.
stems. Branches, leaves and inflorescence hirsute, with
hairs, not villous. Reaves oblong or sometimes broader upwards ht
suddenly narrowed at the tip or more rarely acuminate.
buds oblong, mostly con mitt ted in the middle, 3-5” long stats
opening. Stigmas A tn spreading. Fruit closely covered with
very sli ovt reeset
A rare area is i ya Camp.! Parasnath, Anderson,*
Ranchi, eo Fils, July-Oct. bite
Easily distinc in flowe ner o some states of hirsuta in lea’
which, how be aistnitshed byt the oe chy the stiff not softly Ft
hairs on the b bes op Be fruit, which break off with age, leaving a stellate base,
also by the seamed sho. rh me edi noir: constricted, prltaes to dilated and cup-
shaped gonophore, which is recognisable in fruit and after this has fallen,
L, 2” by 1” to 4” by 1°5”, with rounded or waneerinte base, parr hig! serrulate.
Secondary nerves 4-5. Petiole “12”. Peduncles few, *25' Is ‘5-'7" Petals
more than half as long, bifid. Anthers with a few long hairs. emer hi rsute.
5. G. rae Vanb., ine. G. helicterifolia, Wall. sb G. polygama,t
.L, ete. ; G. sited a, Roxb. ; Gursukri, =, Kha Kukur bicha,
i, ; Seta kata, er andir, seta beli, S$ sta Or.
A shanb, usuall, 3 ft. high, with eats stems from the root,
tomentose or stellately villous all over, with leaves varyliid
linear to ovate-lanceolate or broadly vepens serrulate, very shortly
ioled, usuall sodittnate: stellate et se beneath and also
closely stellate above when y Flow vrei or dicecious,
id, “. Flowers depresse aos or 1 , 25-4
“a
ad) .. yellow, pilose, with eee deciduous hairs or (eae. “heicterifolia
metimes) nearly g srs
" Gaaghias the , chiefly in open forest, common. ishes July-Sept-
- NOV.-Jvan.
Very variable. The following forms occur:
a, G. hirsuta proper (G. hirsuta, Roxb., and perhaps G. pilosa, Roxb.).
ate to ovate lanceolate, hoary or pale velvety and densely clothed with i deellate
and pilose-stellate hairs —— hairs deciduous above leaving & simple base Cae
, tiole. ong. Fis. —
nel
white, burns yellow, oa finaily brow
oper “25” to nearly soi Petals - obtone entire, blade not much longer |
than the gland. “Ma le gonophore yu ‘dete, pee t slightly sapere into a sinuous —
cg ae the ee rnc om “densely piloah, Stamens 45 or more, much lo nger than —
the hai mophore without a cornice, and hairs exceeding i stamens: —
Ovary pe re mi Pt 2-lobed, and each half slightly lobed, In fruit the
ee the ‘zonophore sp yread | beneath it reeds :
B. L. large and rather membranous, often 4°5-5” by 16 » greet ;
be ath with 3-4-nerved base. aenpoenn very short. Fr. scarcely lobed. ;
very di stinct form. Palamau!
y. helicterifolia, Wall. Syn. G. eels Wall.; G. polygam—
F.B.I., not Rowb. ra
m between
Stems very slender, L. very narrow, white, with a very fine tomentu
1¢ plant from pies pos Laievasiae ya Ay Ry shy cide = Kew is not this in sin my
astiaor: but rather e the 1 name
G. po tei He ibed under bo ily
in the a Bs bear ee others. Cioubirgh'e areas drawing shi ination q
Seaieniaty ‘leaves and short peduncles, Nor can I follow the new determi a
of —— . st id Flo wi = dvas, as in my very comple series ae
forms 3-nery ave often off the sate plant as slightly-lobed fruits oe
4-nerved leaves with Goopty Joued fruits. Both breadth with its correla ape oe
racters. :
of basal nerves and depth of lobing of the fruit are very variable cha
80
the cone erves Neca 25-4” long, under ‘75’ broad. Peduncles 1- ih:
slende: ining 1'2’, but sua lly shorter. Male pipet about 30 only. _Stamens
inher, 7 slighuly exceeding the hairs. Fr meee are en and shining when
young, smaller and w aaae a or with ¥ t, delicate, stellate hairs,
but at biner times srg type, 1ally sul fiche hese faintly z a above.
Ramnagar hills Tiaeataree. (ty pical peat 5 ate a ! ub jangles in the
west of Palaman (slightly more hirsute <e Many o ms ah be found; even
broad-leaved ones with long peduncles were oa eae by me in the Central
Provin
The frnit of all varieties is pleasant eating, with a yellow or brown
tind when ri de is given in diarrhoea and dysentery. A decoction of ‘the k ne
isalso said to be sed,
6. G. ape Juss. Syn. G. sepiaria, Rorb.; Pansaura,
: r sometimes a tree with slender rhads sparsely saaaiclaly
Bien ‘with forked hairs, broadly or narrowly lanceolate or
- oblanceo lly a g by *5-1'3" bro
a. flowers “57” diam., succeeded by didymous fruits, each
; 5” di c , again slightly 2-lobed, bleok when ripe. Peduncle
3 rh 9”, solitar
Northern ‘tract, tne Puta common, as a 8 shrub or a tree! Mals of Puri,
48 a shrub tim Fis, June- Sept. Fr. Oct.-Jan. Evergreen,
-May
Attain 3 ft. rth: Yini i twigs and peduncles somewhat scale-like. LL.
’ ; What stellate “hispid on the nerves, pope! with quite small ones
(under 1”) below the ordinary | mina ate serrulate, base
coe , secondary nerves 35, ae ries sub-parallel. Petiole ispidly hairy, °2’.
Stipules fiiform, ‘i5-2", Pedice is 2-6, “2-4”, thickened upwards, Buds obovoid,
Sepals *2-"3”. Petals VW oblong, — tiene about as long as.
ela " Gonophore detissly pubescent at top. Stig peltate with seve
Roxburgh s states that it forms good hedges.
1G. os eigie Rottl. Syn. me levigata, Vahl.; Gara Bursu, K. ;
one war, S.; ; Patat
A small hat with Seontly ea —— branchlets, narrow
, and somew glaucous beneath, usually 3-6” by
, and white flowers 1 sig diam., sueceeded by didymous or
bed diame.
Widely ahd, Ch hamparan ! araaee ‘agpur and Santal Parganas, common
along Streams and nal
Mayurh pag Sambal nr, in similar laces! Angul! Puri, common!
hanj, common to 3000 ft. ! 7 E
Fis. sae Fr. 3 .-Feb. Evergreer
: white ooth, wi th en Nbeisontal stipular ridges. Blaze soft, thick,
igen bith oe of light st
—- taining in mois
- local ie de ptic or ieee ao lanpoolesh, acuminate, pe Sg ee,
nerves " by 3”, slightly stellate beneath, base acute, 3-nerved. Secondary
Pelicele 2 cbliane, cross heryules distinct. ‘Petioles °25-°3’, Peduncles ‘75-1”,
; 7: - Buds ‘5’ long or more. Sepals 3-nerved, “5-6 '. Petals less than
as long, orbicular or a glandular, with very small blade.
Wood does not appear to be used.
6. tiliefolia, Vahl, Syn, G. spt var. a har a ag aang
Olat, vl Dhaman, Ahsing, Gon ees
ies b, Dhamuro, Bhangia, Or.; “Kultho ope ‘hint
: — mally ae with very broadly ovate to obovate, wnequ ual
» obtuse or shortly cuspidate, usually crenate glabrescent leaves.
gi
28. TILIACEH. [4. Grewia.
*
4. GREWIA. | 28. TILIACE#.
with the base usually auricled on one = slender petioles up to 1”
long, encasly thickened at the top, mostly /faleate a d
uncles usually much shorter than the e petioles. Gon re long, |
short or 0. Fruit didymous (one lobe sometimes faili Pi :
See throughout the province in forest areas, attaining its ase development —
i sand rigrriey slopes of the southern hills. Fis. April-June. Fr, Sept-Oct.
Bark nearly smooth, sometimes with faint rings. Blaze fibrous, pink or red,
with fine alternating zones of cri mson and white. Attains 45 ft. girth in the
Angul fweaia, usually smaller, It is.rather var iable.
a. Heh bee proper. Leaves large, 6” or more long ane nearly
glabrous at the time of flowering, mostly auricled on e side,
erenate, 5-7-nerved and very di stinct sub- parallel eros » nervuls
Petiole ‘5-1’, very young only tomentose. Stipules semi- “cordate: tt
uncles °25- ie usually crowded and much shorter than the
neles mv
petioles. Buds_ shor ala to oblong, somewhat tomentose,
ribbed. Sepals andes 2
This is the common ‘of Champaran to Orissa!
Bp. L. half-developed at the time of flowering, near rly egpesiee3 oblong to
ovate, with sometimes etree a base, but very falcate or semi- -cordate stipules.
Fis. ye Sepals over '25”. Buds irate tomentose. Peduncles qnoreie orin
some pl as long as their 5-7" petio
ainebhuat! Palamau ! ane WE to Neverhas, sige ft.
L. only halt-developed, m0: over 3°5’ at time of flowering. Stipules only :
falcate while young. _— uds oe and "care or sometimes ellipsoid just —
;
= semen. Sepals over *
:
é. L.v sara membranous, oblong to ovate with sub-regular or obliqt e base, half
developed only Stipules | — or faleate. Peace fe =
rimany, slender and often as long as petiole, ‘2 Bu a oblong.
leches sub-persistent (they other deme) or cadncdns
pe tal Parganas! Kalahandi!
pi ar Sc is the ‘ i ore 3 ps excellence, though ares species sometimes —
called this. It is tb r purposes where strengtl :
Za elasticity are requi red. :
9. G. chery ae Syn. G. Hg gia F.B.I.; Mirga Chara
(Deer’s Food), Or.; Kala Dhaman, |
A small, Sale me tree, hes ee ovate, eect elligt ie
or orbi cular denticulate or ocea: ally rsely toothed meet:
easily alle sed by Mi aerobic tomentuan 0 or od nce -
ch gives the tree a grey-g colour. Flowers very nome |
mentose, uneled es nso Petancloe ‘which ‘considerably ex exceed
the os 2-3” pe
Local n jungles. Frequent on the sandstones and conglomernas
Durgapur torent, Angul! Fis. April-May with the new 1. 11. fe
Bark of old Saw cnched, dark g Blaze deep crimson with some lighter
-pygoed a often stibequal at t base, old usually oblique. Niigess, cipal nerves
5-7, secondary “tow. tertiaries numerous, close & sealarifor Petio!
-often thickened upwaré yest ars neles eeuaied, cally twice a ‘opi, FI.
large, woolly, globose, o oadly ellipsoid. Fis. de eep yellow, °5” diam
ee aes Petals i Ri Boa very ah Drupe grey- {aBlaree:
92
28. TILIACER. [4. Grewia.
10. 6. open tee Royle. Inc. G.cinnamomea, Gamble; Syn. G. vestita,
; G. asiatica, Brandis (in part) ; G. celtidifolia (ital of trees
id aC, C.P., Drummond in Journal of Botany, 1911*); F egiesy
Gonyer, K.; ‘Nanha Ola t’, S.; Pharsa, Th.; Mirgi Chara,
A tree with Ait v epcd ites pel usually oblong said bag “oe or
che ina rate or serrulate, erved He omento:
ung a: i often n persistently w nite or ie entose benea’ ath Bt
aie with og hal eek not cordate base. Babe shoxt ay under
baieea): ek unifor r grad Bevecere ed
eras Bein eles linear to setabadan more nent ae — at ing.
0 ; } Ss
var
t than in last. Buds subglobose to oblong. Gono.
“Bore cohetiig or absent. Fruit globose, not didymous, under *25”
=... the province, more abundant at high elevations! Fils. April-May.
a Fr. Oct.-Jan. Deciduous, the new leaves ph, gpg iar" me shoots with the fis.
__Attains 5 ft. girth, but is commonly only seen eet o3 ft. ae Bark nearly
» grey, thick, a iene in young trees. Blaze in red-brow amination
teddish-brown. bark.
Sub.-sp. 1. elastica akin Royle’s typical form with lobed ovate
leaves, very tomentose, on some shoots attaining 11”, is found
chiefly in the North. West Himalayas
Forma « (G, elatostemoides Bot, 4: Hemsley ?). Bammasor uri, Zh. Branches often
: - Shoots when young with shaggy white or (forma cinnamomea) rufous
‘omentum. L. 3-5”, obliquely broadly ovate, acuminate or acute, Petites
errulate. S :
: — .
. trical, very tomentose. Sepals tomentose without, about *3-"6". vias oblong,
Ib". Ovary villous. Stigma cupitate = = much lobed or fimbriate margin,
yee with lamellate branches.
es Nee Hil lis, common ! mee oe Nacpni, especially on Parasnath and the
: — urbhanj! Angul (rare) !
Seong nto L. beco ed “quite Bre - —— but permanently
- Selntty puberalous, Wininiog 65 a es 3/0 Singbhu
- a 2. vestita, Wall (sp).
: - Wallich’s type. Densely brown, vi io jo on twigs and pedun
Petre! very short and ee, dual eg exceed ing them. Leaves oblong.
bt Pounate, stellately villous be ls 29", Peta a linear-oblandentete, 1
Mad in Sikkim and meosl, Tee y but Tpocresky enters our province, except
2 = on the Parneah border.
: orate, 3-9, ess Less den nme tomentose OF: ions than elastica. L. oblong or narrowly
ruie, 3-6", scarcely or very fine se, ultimately green or hoary beneath,
Acuminate. ‘Sti paises as ng mn gre linear to setaceous, but sometime
ub-suricled base. Pedunele slender, 3-75”. Pedicels shorter than pedun
jae how examined the Malayan material of Grewia in the rae
nn aut a sory te —: 8 description of G. ce eltidifolia in Ann
93
4. GREWIA. | 28. TILIACE.
Buds oblong or clavate before opening. Bracts setaceous. Sepals *3-"4’. Petals |
linear or linear-oblong, ‘12-*2”’.
Gaya Ghats! Singbhum, frequent! Baud (called Baranga) !
‘The wood is much valued, but is not as good as that t of G. tiliefolia. ‘
11. G. Hainesiana, Hole. _ For., xliii., 316. Syn. G. asiatica,
Roxb. non Linn outlet ae Pat- anitiae Kharw. ; Olat, 8.
A tree, usually atl. but (in our area) not at all ahrabee Wee
tomentose shoots, very broadly ovate or sub-orbicular,
shortly cuspidate leav' <> Bas by 3-6”, with re egular or pee obliga
cordate,
gs
©
, tome ealees, beg ‘gre een both sides wh sf m:
Petioles stout, ge ee or clavate, ‘3-75’. Peduncles several up to
“8”, usually exceeding the peta Flowers large. Gonophore long.
diam 11
Fruit purple, globose, *3-"5” diam., pyrenes 1-2, 1-2-celled.
ioene eatvate sei “i area for its fruit. Ranchi! Palamau! Manbhum! |
rneah! Muza
“i April-May! rr. ious
Bark s mooth, thick. Blaze nipownd ‘brown, often w nae chlorophyll, thin, pale yellow,
or in older trees light pink streaked white , the harder to ofter bast tissues —
distinctly zoned. L. sometimes rm eT lobed, often some hat pubescent beneath
when mature, but green. Bu a ‘25'', ribbed Sepals 4 Jong. Petals
i half as long, emargina 7 baa. Stigma 4-lobed.
he Fr. is eaten and @ herbert is prepared from it. Kanjilal states that the —
} ify sugar. s
12. G. asiatica, L. (Siok of Rozb.). Phal
A shrub with tomentose shoots, sub- aes cuspidate, § sharply
and often coarsely doubly ope leaves, 3-4” long, permanealy :
beneath wi i xved base.
white h with ee Sur artis r cordate 5—7-n
Petioles -25-"5”, often slender wt elav. Peduncles usally y:
long and slender, far seeaudine the seaises and often 3 hee as
metimes over lowers large. Gonophore long.
— (to purple ?), globose, 25-3” diam., pyrenes 1-2, ive ae :
nse only, and very rare in = area in the ardens of Indians Rairakhol!
Stipules linear, subulate or aon . Fl. buds Be road :
cylindric or clavate. Sepals “45 Sor ‘stellately pubescent or tomentose se (as in
last). Petals ores, °25”, jagged or entire, me. bifid, gland with a wide fleshy :
margin, pubescent to — the Gacas Stigma with + short, rounded lobes, 8’
much thickened abov
The acid fruit is waic.
13. G. sapida, Roxb. Syn. G. Campbellii, Watt (in descriptive”
catalogue) ; Barsa ea : :
aie undershrub with m “ste fae shoots (if not burnt),
from a woody ahaa dly oblong to mas rbi cular and
obovate rounded or obinse. Photon Brciic “usua ith ¢
5-nerved base, very short petioles “1-25”, lan one oe or subulate
stipules, and v very long tiie peduncles ‘5-1" 35”. Fs. large, drup?
globose, sometimes somewhat lobed, with 1-3 1-seeded pyrenes-
On the hills and plateaux, especially on fire lines and other grassy
annually burnt, in oon districts of Chota Nagpur! Northern area, in g
towards the northern boundary, Champaran! Purneah! Fis., Fr. April-June
L. attain 4”, eae: teurah‘9iih ee A stellate both sides or glabrous pe
Campbellii) and usually green, sometimes pale beneath, often irregular
94
28. TILIACEZ. [5. ELmocarpus,
somewhat lobed but with a rounded or Phage very rarely acute apex.
. ena 3-flowered. Pedicels °25-- Buds large, clavate, ‘25” or more
‘efore opening. Sepals ‘3’. Petals ‘17”, uenally 2-fid. Dre upes 35", stellately
hairy.
The Fr. is eaten.
i = rem DC. Syn. G. excelsa, F.B.I. non Vahl; G. salvifolia,
n Heyne ; Bursu, K.; Phulari, Miri Chara, Or.; Bansuli,
sin
pretty shrub, at a small tree, with rr ie ho
a. Sgt lanceolate lan ceola ei acuminate, 8 rrulate 0 nulate,
h:
e th
_— ~petiol “sa .. oe P25! Stipules broadly linear to linear-subulate,
tee the petiole. ,
ae lng, with 3 very slender pedicels, Cares ben eath the flo wer
and linear bracts *17” long. Frit about ‘25”, su ho
: ay Tobe f finally purple.
Not noted from the Northern area. in the forests throughout the
Central area, especially in the hills! itso ‘ound in all districts of the Southern
_ area! Vis. April-Sept. Fr. June-Oct. Evergreen.
Twigsoften purple. L. usually 2-3", but staining 40 ‘py 1’ 5", acuminate, rar’ ely
: : ft) g-
Bursu is oe of the woods used by the Kols in producing fire (from its dry
4 sticks). The flowers are hen borne in great ep sre and it is well worth a
3 Placein the garden. The bark gives a fibre used for tying.
5. ELZOCARPUS, L
Trees with simple leaves and flowers in axillary racemes. Petals
aaly laciniate. Stamens usually indefinite, inserted on the inside
] oups
“a once ee — —— of the torus; anthers en sowronnd
aa Ovary 2- d, cells 2-many-ovuled. Fru
i Hats. 4S 5-3 oe 1 celled, nati 1 pendulous seed in ah ‘all, olan
ghee
; “5-78! nis bead OO ae ee
& ae 75-1'8", Fr. ellipsoid, 3-celled ee eas 5 eee eS
Petiole 1-2°5”, blad dary
e 7-12", gl s i : : . 3. robustus.
Petiole *7— 2), blade 5-8", eioeee Se é ‘ . 4 Walliehit.
|E, ganitrus, Rowd. Rudrak, H.
moderate-sized tree, with elliptic- -lanceolate or oblong, very
TVves
Is bri
» “15-1” diam., finall fine ar: blue or blue purple
i y a fine deep
bose, with 4-5 vertical grooves and beautifully Saeed,
and -seeded.
1 h, as it oecurs in
_. ere ae cam
often seen strung into rosaries.
95
5. ELmocarRPvs. | 28. TILIACEH.
2. E. serratus, [. Var. floribundus. Syn. E. floribundus, Blume; 4
Jalpai, Nep.
A moderate-sized tree with elliptic or pig oes obovate, crenate-
pleat glabrous or nearly glabrous leaves, 5” long, with a petiole
1 ender - n - thick ‘
en 4°5
axils, rhachis hairy, buds “ellipsoid, se 5 sepals ‘2’ 25", petals —
laciniate se ola down, fimbriate. Stamens 20-30, bearded or not
at apex. Ovary ares ai Fruit ellipsoid, green, smooth, stone
3- grooved, nearly ap :
Planted in Purneah as well as native! Buchanan Hamilton recorded it as q
common there. nee dae oh ge aoubi planted).
Fis. June-July. Fr. De reen. d
Bark quite smooth, nae “plooe odd ae then a red. The leaves (like many —
other species of this genus} turn red before faliin :
3. E. robustus, Rozb. ae E. dae: Rowb.?; Nard Champa,
Panasia, Patragundi, O
A moderate-sized or large tree, 6 ft. girth, with smooth pale bark, —
as oblong acuminate, et LP ieee or crenate-serrate leaves,
7-12”, and numerous lax lateral racemes, mostly from below the
leaves, some axillary. Flowers wits ‘4-5’ diam. Drupe e llipsoid, —
"e “5”, yellow, 3-celled.
streams in evergreen forest, Mals of Puri, common! Bonai, Cooper!
Magee ra Meghasani, 3000 ft. :
Fis. May-June. Fr, Sept.-Oct. Evergreen. Old leaves carn red before falling. —
Blaze hard brown, then A tien Sg Shoots tomentose. L. attain 4°5” in breadth, —
smaller o nes s sometimes ovate or lanceolate, base mostly Sot or rounded with
i ninut i }
aameae 3-5", raihpenest. Bracts small, linear, 2-5-gland-toothed, very caducous —
Pedicels *2-3”. Buds ovoid, “sexibhe d. Sepals lanceolate oblong, acute, a
peean:d rosin re Petals -2”, mente fimbriate, pubescent on margin. Stamens —
abo’ ers minutely 3 -valved at the tip, over iar pubescent and
usally be bended with 4-5 small bristles on one of the valves. Disc of 5 large —
pes na Ovary tomentose. Drupe 1 (-3?)-seeded. Endocarp very bart
Pp web
common tree in the Duars and Chittagong. I doubt whether E. lucidus, Roxb,
is distinct ; both th on which the ner is separated occur on n Bom”
flowers and leaves and not on others of the same
4. bap Wallichii, Kurz.
se tree with tawny tomentosely-villose shoots, thick
ond oblong _ seme tint elliptical or o pie ~~ ic rather di
errate leaves, 5-8” long, with the petiole *7-1:7” long, and slightly
thicke dd: to sot ends. Flowers and caeeee very satan to those of
KE. robustus, but more tomentose.
Agger es 3000 ft.! Fis, April.
Bark ty dos Blaze hard reddish argh then yellowish. L. some
chartaceous, shortly abana; base rounded, serratures with decidua’ pou aie
——. ng — sees! areeseranicar on ae nerves and young aoe
wn n the n above ; secondary nerves strong et 10- “12 each pro
Stipules es e, abner wah Top of petiole with 2 or someti with 2 oF
pairs of stipelise, like glands. Racemes 4-7” at the scars of pallor leaves. Sepals
96
29. EUPHORBIACEZ.
yaa tomentose, "15”. Petals as ey laciniate. Anthers minutely
puberulous, mostly bearded = ve few short hai not seen.
Kurz says that the wood is
FAM. 29. EUPHORBIACEA.
Plants of very various habit, trees, shrubs or herbs, sometimes
_ with thick fleshy bra — very rarely climbers, sap often milky,
toliths ingi i
°
S
a
Lat
mn
5
bee
n
D
eae
ES
i &
fo}
=]
8
is}
Tr
=]
i=]
n
i=)
ad
—
i
i}
$
Compou <n site l. are vé but e Sterculiaces,
See and paltnate 1. are counts wd ge and digitate L aprenden as might
. onde bat a — g. Bischofia, Manihot); true pinnate 1. are never
r (e.
he einiilo-binnate leaves of ae y Phyllanthex are very ingereatne. , and
whic i bee %
These ieate a method evolved
2 ; ablated class of pinnate 1. have
- te deci a, oe ged distichous’ leaves on branchlets of finite grow! aa ee
- “Oulidaces ara” whole; they probes ay resemble the pinnate fie a some ie
@ctus ties i ones stipulate, bon some of them esl .
le aiadke Euphorbias the 1. are sow es smal if sent,
doce hed from Cactacere by ag natty juice, a oni the spines, pre
; 97
29. EUPHORBIACE.
bei ired (stipular). site L. are found in Euphorbia, Gelonium, and Toes |
but it {5 intere stn ng io Sort t the seedlings of 7’rewia have alternate leaves!
an rmina s epigeal in all cases examined by me, even where, as 1
tropha, the cotyledons are very thick and fleshy. The expanded cotyledons are
usually br br road and Bs: aes heres sometimes, as in Bridelia, retuse, and much
Malvales.
KEY TO EUPHORBIACEE.
+ Fis. distinct, i.e., t a single ovary containedin an —
involucre. (Nos. 1-39.) :
z. ose of ovary 1- oo Juice sometimes milky (2, 3,
9, 20). (Nos, 1-21.)
A, Petals a ‘a one or both sexes, or if absent, calyx
etalo
pe
1, Petals i in both sexes, often showy. Stamens usually
, cen ‘
Fis, white, solitary and race : . 1. Dimorphocalyz.
Fis, in 2-3-chotomous cymes. TO or red. ; . 2, Jatropha.
2. Calyx petaloid, petals 0. Fis, | :
L. palmi-lobed, juice usually mi amy . 3, Manihot.
3. Petals smaller than calyx, often 0 in female. Fis.
cemed.
a. Anthers erect in b
Calyx vi a toe atallately pubescent herbs. ; - Chrozophora,
Calyx or open. Glabrous arate ‘i pars (p. 104).
b, aon permet in bud. Shrubs, often s stellate . ao
B. Petals absent in both sexes. (Nos 7-21, )
1 ate in 3 . 7-16.
tamens many, or if few (some Macaranga) then
L. peltate
de aes not bra: samt Trees with usually
palmi-nerved lea
* anther cells oblon ae, °2 celled, cells oblong.
L. opposite. Styles long, linear. Fr. rah a tito 7. Trewia
: iecaas, Styles fimbriate. Fr. 2-3-coccous 8. Mallotus.
** Anthers mostly 4-celled, cells Sabeiobowe.
L, peltate. Stylessimple. Fr. 1-3-coccous . 9%. Macaranga.
L. not peltate, penninerved. Styles 2-fid . 10, Cleidion.
ii, Stamens central, connate, repeatedly branched.
* L. penninerved, Fils. spicate or female solitary.
L. sub-verticillate. Ovary se sealy or see oe . 11. Lasiococea.
a alternate, narrow. abate omonoia,
Ova:
L. broad, p' slant loned and -uerved, Fis. cacaauael 13. Ricinus.
b. demene ay (under 10). L. not ota Fis. in
androgynous racemes. Anther.
s free above.
emale fis. withou — behets; Y ahem acer’:
simple — +
Fe male fis. in large bracts. Styleslaciniate. . Acalypha.
tee trees, ae quacs som ia Fl.-clusters axillary . 16. Gelonium.
2elandular. Fi.-clusters racemed, 17. Baliospermum
b. Stamens un er
—_ — or -undershrubs with pungent hairs 18. Tragia.
3, Male cogs. open in bud. Stamens-under 10, Fis.
spik Prades
a, Trees or aheata with copious milky —
Calyx su eee ee slightly ~~ i i . 19. Sapium.
yx sepalo . 20. cacari,
. Herbs L cost Fr. muricate 21, Sebastiania.
Il. coli of ovary 2-ovuled, Juice very rarely milky. (Nos.
A. —— — small. Calyx valvate. Filaments on
mare 2-celled. Fr. baccate = 2 pyrenes , 22, Bridelia.
Ovary 3-celled. Fr. capsular . 1 93. Cleistanthus.
98
29. EUPHORBIACE.
B, Fis, apetalous. Calyx imbricate in bud. (Nos, 24-39.)
1, Fis. ay: solitary, or mostly clustered. L. simple,
ire, usually on short branchlets road the leaflets
ae epin nate L. ( aig Sa anther rs
a, Stamens 3-5. Styles distinct, pet og 2-fid, Ovary
cells 3, prey. 4. Ovules collateral, Fls, with
open.
i, Diecions “Stam — 5, opposite the sepals,
piatillcde central,
Fr, ong white, or small and of 3 2-valved cocci 24, Flueggea.
ii, Sta s 3-5, tral. Fr. of 3 crustaceous,
: vail ve goes.
* Fis. moneecious. Herbs or undershrubs,
De Sepals 6. Stamens 3, connate. Styles very
g short. Fr. ovoi
epals 5-6. Stamens 3 Capsule depressed,
Ag
. 25, Agyneia,
. 26, Phyllanthus,
: ** Tree’ 8. dicecious Sepals 4. Stamens 4, 27, Prosorus.
é iii, Stam Bas ~4, ], connate. Fr, a drupe,
: with $-beeled ranged putamen, Trees.
Leaflets na: Sepals 5-6. — 3. :
Styles t ri fe 2- fid = Emblica.
slarge. Sepals 4. Stamens 4, Sty 29, Cieca.
Leaflets 1
b, a 3. 12, central. Styles 0, or consbinnat pak
column with minutely — d tip. Ovary
: : ls. with o
: Stamens 4-7, free or pinta. ores ‘oval 5-12-celled,
Ovules ed Semper Fr. baccate
Stamens 3-12, con: Ova: ry 3-15-celled. Ovules
collateral. Fr. "of 2 avaleela
, 31, Glochidion.
. 30. Kirganelia,
rm, fleshy, w:
closed. Styles flat, spreading, 2-lobed, or
i sessile
s
Column —- anthers contiguo . Bre
Column 3-gonous, anthers ciaerete on the angle s ~~ ir ond
d. Stamens few or — with large erect anthers.
puntyies with dilated stigmas. Fr. indehiscent.
ms 2-4, cen a r, a l-ce me p . 34, Putranjiva.
u inserted Penn a vacant central area or
pistill sacoousn ¢ 35. Cyclostemon.
2. Fis. in spikes or racemes, diceci L, simple.
Stigmas short, broad, or canalne Fr. not or
tard: isce
Fis. minute, bracts large. Stamens — Fr.
dry or fleshy ole Aporosa,
Fis. ‘minute, ‘bracts small. Stamens round ?
pistillode. Fr. a compressed small drupe . " 37 Antidesma,
Fl h Jarge. Stamens round a pistillode. Hts dr, ry,
e
Ge. Baccaurea,
3, Fs, panicled. ‘L. 3-foliolate, Fr. 1 . 39, Bischofia.
he Ht Fis, reduced to single-pedicelled ‘sane eaitonet tis n involuere of ith. rai
: pn gee sometimes coloured bracts, with or without a ‘single female fl. wi -
— amanth, the whole sosimere a single fil. Juice always milky. lL. simple,
ral),
racts
ohare vb aa 1-5, discrete, inner b _ 40, Euphorbia.
Gant fi the involuere connate into a continuous
ori er bracts round group of male md
en connate and forming a tube rou 1, Synadenium.
i : Tnvoluere y very Ey obliquely zygomorphons, often coloured 2 Pedilanthus.
99
1. DimorpHocatyx.] 29. EUPHORBIACE.
4. DIMORPHOCALYX, Thw.
Glabrous trees with buds sometimes sealy, a a penni-
e il rminal, few- |
flowered racemes or clusters or solitary, monce a. male
female ditferent-looking. Male calyx cupular, or 5- part or toothed, —
corolla well developed, campanulate (in our species), peta ls contorted
t s 10-20, sometim -seri i
in b amen metimes 2-3 ate, the inner series with
nnate filaments, or all lumnar receptacle ; anther-
cells adnate to hs thick connective, pistillode ‘emal
istillode 0.
e, sepals 5 arging in fruit, ovary 3-celled, styles erect 2-fid,
ovules 1 in each sor Capsule of 3 2-valved crustaceous cocci.
1. D. eyes Thwaites. (Perhaps not distinct from D. Lawianus, |
As ar tree with dark oo elliptic, ae or (some) 0 :
shortly acuminate leaves, 2°5-5°5", pale beneath, and with about
8 ae scarcely raised se ondary nerves, little stronger than the
intermediate and reticulations. Male flower solitary or clustered, on
ood; f
retuse
Petals free, “1-5 by 2", broadly oblong. Dise ular," Capeah
5” diam., globose lobed a. - eee * thinly matrigose-baity, :
eed ssn ‘the oa ganda ea ;
hcp in Angul! ., Fr, March- aise Evergree
Bark smooth or on po —— with oi ridges’ 0 of cork, twigs W
reddish, sete: apt shoots with several brown, shining, ovate scales, eee inbox.
phe nt *25-"4, stipules small, xupilar 0 or ovate. Male fis. short
enw calyx cupular or aoe igh at jones 5-toothed, eae ae 1s
ale fis. with ogee *8-1'5”, solitary, t nal, someti mes bracteate. :
overlapping to ere in bud. Ova ary pube sions: Fruiting sepals very — y
Lert é sy nh a ?
ry interesting genus, the staminal column sometimes with two
stamens and terminating in 1-2 Pepe petals contorted in bud and well ec
remind one much of the Malva :
2. JATROPHA, L.
Herbs, shrubs or trees, often glandular, with aiserne pote
nerved, "ehh or pale ately Jebad or -partite leaves.
owers r coloured in terminal ¢
the central one in the cyme or its forks usually femal
imbricate. Petals 5, —— free o oF hap ate. Dise
glands. Stam usually , filamen or the interior ones
connate, anthers erect with tae oe Pistillode in
* Perhaps dicecions i b D. able it
male and female qehoteorhbed ne on elt Neonchar pee ‘bs wet tree.
100
29. EUPHORBIACE. (2. JATROPHA.
Ovary 2-4-celled, styles — Arp 2-fid, sometimes again 2-lobed.
Ovules 1 - each cell. of 2-4 2-valved cocci, endocarp
crustaceous or bony. Seeds mone or oblong.
A. Fis, greenish-yellow, petals ae or less cohering . ; + 1, curcas,
B, Fis. red, petals free or nearly s
4 _ paimately- pale or partite, with 3-several basal nerves.
ised. chk pules eglandular : . 2, multifida
aerate: stipules glandular s ome goraypifoia,
ng ioe cee ddlay. Stems with swollen hase . ? . 4, podagrica,
2, L, panduriform, sub-penniner ved . . . 5, pandurefolia,
1 J. cureas, L. Kulajara, K.; Totkabindi, M.; Bhernda, S.;
Baghrandi, H. ; tne Beng.; The Physie- ue
A shrub or mall tree, ft., vies g laud (exc. when
very young), 3- cous eled or “lated oy cu diam., and small
_ yellowish flowers wit th a nulat cli in seat!
panicles. Capsule eehginbens or lbpeokd, 1” long.
Very common in village a oe oe the
Fis, May “ead Deciduous in the ¢.s., when it is fr aTeeaty conspicuous from the
cnc hg thick — large ls — L, broad, wenn de usually 5-angled.
Petioles 4-6”, Stipules 0 or very early caducous 0. Male fis. on sho ot roi
pedicels, corolla pogere at hairy, Tenns 10 with 5 Arve" sonnets. e Fis.
gon! in the forks of the cymes, antag ood Ste 2-fid.
grown from seed or cuttings. The seeds vield by or ooo about 30 per
cent. of a pale eon _ ge in doses of 2 t5 dr rops acts as a purgative equal in
action to on ‘castor oil and is poisonous in larger aanasiiina: The ill
hovalag > me partially ‘cor sat ay ine. -juice. Externally it is uaet for skin diseases
*. J. multifida, L. Coral Plant; Purging-nut.
A handsome garden arab, easil pen ge by its pid antago long-
_ ‘Petioled leaves, 3-5” aaipinbs caudate
_ ‘Segments, capillary multifid wtiialte and flat-t opped ayinel cor coral-
: flowers. Dise of female urceolate. Capsules sub-fleshy, large
Yellow, ical obed.
Common in Indian gardens, Fls., Fr. chiefly r.s.
3. enn L. Bhernda, verenda, K., S., H.; Lal-bherenda,
eng
te tub, 3-6 ft., with palmately 3-5-lobed leaves, easily recognised
te Seg te, yellow viscid evar: , which cover the leaf margins,
stipules, and by mall red flowers in glandular
eorymbose cymes. Stamens x by:
Very common in t 1 1 d-sides. A native of Brazil, now
Naturalised, Dacitene: 4 pronnd wes ny road-sides,
erateics, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4376. Gouty-stemmed peenh
- h stems suddenly swollen at the base, long stalked, glabro
2 =a aves with lobes une glandular fimbriate stipules, and eymes
e
‘mmon in gardens, Fis, chiefly r.s, Native of Panama.
101
2. JATROPHA. | 29. EUPHORBIACE.
5. J. 2 ecnaggeescr Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 267. Syn. J. hastata, Jacg. |
. Carib. ia
twat sibhiaetty branched shrub, with fiddle-shaped 1. which are el
pol on a hove wt fone = two vo lateral nerves at the base, Fs. in long-
le, 1” m.,
peduncle s, few female and many male dia vivid crimson,
pas on small Sieve. Petals large, aes ovate, S tral in a double whorl of
filaments.
rye arger stamens, the inner “ise with more or gl connate
ngardens. Native of Cuba, Fils. most of the yea
Cikiahep species occur in gardens,
3. MANIHOT, Adans
Shrubs or weak trees, often with tuberous senile and milky juice,
alternate, petioled, palmately nerved, simple or lobed or palmi-
es, m ually above and e i ften
petaloid, campanulate or urceolate, 5-lo or 5-fid, pet tals “a phi
10 in t 3 nts free, inserted bet he lobes
of the dise; pistillode 0 or 3-lobed, disc in female hy Hones ; wee
. celled, styles shor —, connate at the base, spreading, dilated or
lobed at the tips, cells 1-ovuled. ‘eet of hess 2-valved cocci.
L, peltate, mostly 3-partite. Small tre - . , 1. Glaztont.
L. not oalthte.: mostly 7-partite. Shr iid i .: : . 2, utilissima.
1. M. Glaziovii, Miill.-Arg. Ceara or Manicoba Rubber.
A small tree, about 30 ft. high, with a ounded head of greyish-
green i
+ anise e to 3-7-palmipartit e same tree,
Flowers in ‘oa racemes, watery in the axils of small bracts.
Capsles subglobos 4
eins mene a caneery “the tree is said to cot a in Poot ‘Tocky soils at elevations
of about 4000 ft. and might succeed at aan ngs or from
pe which h
Para rubber is deriy ed from Hevea brasili jeuis: ‘another Euphorbiaceous tree.
2. - utilissima, Pohl. Roti alu, Vern.; Cassava; — ee
sub-herbaceous weer with large tuberous aan som
ier of a dahlia, nodose stems, about 5 to 9 ft. ih, so
ae like leaves w ith 37 narrow segments. Monee not seen in
rn ionally cultivated. The tubers sometimes attain very large size and have
pagent juice. Ha, are eaten like yams. Their starch constitutes Tapioca, which is _
a granulated form imported chiefly from Brazil. a
4. CHROZOPHORA.
Coarse herbs, less often ten she clothed with stellate
tomentum, very rarely nearly a abro Leaves irene er ately
toothed, plicate, rugose or bullate or siedtly fix flat, often w Jands
at apex of petiole coe Mee Flowers moncecious dic
short dense racemes in the upper axils, solitary in the ae!
above, sub-sessile, Reiiies below, pedicelled, fewer.
* J. hastata, Jacq., has priority, but the descripti eagre that it ie D™ ©
possible tobe sure of the plant intended : ne sea eaaper = et
102
29. EUPHORBIACE. [5. Croton.
closed in bud, ultimately valvately 5-lobed, narrower in female.
Petals 5, usually dirty yellow, externally lepidote, narrow or
occasionally Eeeolete es ses perc eg gs connate, at
se of 5 short r
prominent glands rs ae 2 with potas in female. Pistillode 0.
i ir: es 3 a
arms usually red. ule 1 i 1 psule 3-lobed, pericarp
eae po stellate hairs, or with flat, sometimes pectinate scales,
ctorial. Seeds without caruncle. Albumen fleshy.
Clone Sad flat.
L. eglandular at base, stellate hairs pe gga : e . 1, prostrata,
Erect. oF ee at base, te hai il en ieddc tle ed aeottions,
C. prostrata, stor (vide Kew Bull, ii, 1918). Syn. C. nee
8 genuina, hie
A prostrate ae — branches 4-8” long. Leaves ‘5-1”, us
4 ull
ovate with rounded tip, covered with more or less stipitate stellate
]
base eglandular; radical rosulate, sub-persiste
: perat
i pllowish, stigma orange. Capsule when mature grey- ‘black, casein
moi places. Behar, Patna, Ham.; Naoranga, near R. Son., Jacq. (teste Prain,
lor. cit.) Fis, Jan.-May.
& aa A. Juss. Syn. C. plicata, F.B.I.; Croton plicatum,
: ab,
_
or acute or ri loin » With wabohtine” vias hair mes sessile
tiole long. Race _ t 3, 1-2” lling
eRe
_ © exceeding the uppermost leaves. Petals yellow. Stigma re
: Capsule -3” diam., sar ga stallebs tomentose, red-purple when
and very tinctori
aste places, fields — aalaee Common! Behar, Jaequemont, to eral
Beye Prain, loc, cit.). Chota Nagpur, ee Santal Parganas! Fis.,
most of the year, “Probal bly occurs in all distri
Cloth moistened with the juice of the green capsules soon becomes blue after
®xposure to the open air, Roxb, (under Croton plicatum),
5, TON, L.
Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, often scaly or with stellate hairs,
alternate, rarely opposite, leaves, 2-glandular at the base. Flow ywers
i inal racemes,
the ee sh. in. to often clustered in the axils of
é sir tae bracts, moncecious, rarely diccious. Calyx _4-6-partite,
- than th imbricate or sub-valvate. Petals as many, sometimes shorter
2 @sepals. Dis A sors as jeer opposite the sepals. Stamens
many on a hairy and sometimes scaly receptacle, filaments
din bud, an abies aiitinta, Pistillode 0. Female flower
ader than in male, rarely ace als smaller
usually bro rarely acerescent, petals
Disc annular or of glands. Ovar ary 3- (2 -4-celled), styles wee
» ovules 1 in each cell. Capsule aia or of 3 deciduou
Cocel. Seeds smooth, caruncle sma
103
6. Croton. } 29. EUPHORBIACE#.
I. Small trees.
L. ak Ovary lepidote : ia
L. palmately nerved. Ovary stellately hispid F / i . 2 t
H, ag eae ent shrub. :
4.8
palmately nerved, Ovary stellately woolly
Tl, Untdershen’ or
. : ry . parsiflorus, —
The handsome garden shrubs commonly known = 3 * rotons” oe to the Es
genus Codieum, Rumph., and m —, to the speci ariegatum, Codieun ©
differs from Crofon in that the stamensare erect in iin bud and the style reundivided,
subulate. C. rariegatum has an pet raordinary v Ciety = Ba oP forms. In some of
oe second portion or :
these the lamina is discontinuous and in some the base
upper portion cup-shaped. It is a native of the Pacific Tsla :
1. C. wereg. gag 7 Roxb. Mahson, Th.; eet hey K.; _
8.; Bhain swan, Kharw.; Pu itol, ; Poter, Ur;
Maiconda (Kod . Masundi, Or. ; Path, ie eng i.
small tree, with ra large coriac ae a less serrate, or
coarsely, obtussly or neue, te toothed o i pepatid:
over 12 fine spreading ‘secondary nei gan matur © gla Jabrous. rons
3” diam., diecious or monecious, in long r es, 5-12”, with
idote or nearly web o erat Pesena with lipase or minute
sw 4-5!” long, covered with flat scales,
splitting into ni de i
paran, sometimes ice us as undergrowth i nagar! Purneal!
Santal Parganas, scehauinde eieuniis us! eae common Giee a hate! ‘Throughout :
nny rege beg Bonai, Cooper! Mayurbh ee _— nbalpur ! ls. San.-Feb Fr.
More or Jess deciduous at the time of flowering and fruiting. L, turn ret
befor falling. 4
smooth, blaze streaked pink and white. L. with long or short rt petiolt, 4
see sacar or acute to rounded at apex, usually narrowed below, but rounded of
subcordate at top of the petinns; young le Racemes numerous from the
uppermost axils with many — rik subrolneeons oblanceolate bracts at their
base, male pedicels *25-"3 ous within, outside lepidote,
sepals ovate or triangular, Aa Be eee! er, th iamer, oblong, obtuse, =
about 12, Female racemes and pedicels shorter, ary lepidote with 3 lone
branched styles. Seed smooth, Leb ig
ant is described h as moneecious, “‘a few females mixed with
the males,’’ but it is sometimes, at ait. dicecious.
ol sigh on. and Teg are given as a purgative and also as an alterative
ry, Cam
2. GC, tiglium, L. Jamalgot, H.; Jaipal, Beng.
A small tree with elliptic or ovate acuminate, shallowly ser
sane with 3-5 basal nerves dived somewhat stellately hairy bene
Clusters of smallis oo in terminal sub-glabro’ ue
take Teepe <n ie ly cultivated. It is sa
“* frequently cu ‘vated, uk 1 have not seen it tin our anon, thou > well eq wees
ira ae ir in its wild aint in the lower Bhotan Himalaya. Fis. e (in ’
Fr. Sept.-Nov vergree ‘
ae
A aw only candate and with cuneate base, densely ere &
pubescent beneath, secondary nerves fom strong, seatiane a y petioulabts 4
large glands on the base of the leaf or above the etiale. Racemes 5-6°5”, Sule
nearly glabrous or thinly stellately eee Peta wer than sepals, WoO?
Stamens many. rome fis. °25--3” diam., peta’
sepals. Ovary de stellately strigose Styles bev veaete "ylid.
beuys ultimate’ tly woody y,, su ub-lobed, *75" tong and broad, Seeds “5”. teckel e™
104
: 29. EUPHORBIACEE. (7. 'TRewsa.
a . ea Geisel.
: serambling or tie pois shrub with trunk attaining 2 ft. girth,
‘ta Dia on Speier? or stellately hair Leaves ovate or
“ te, 2°5 a tia
and at n neat
- Snerved and often with 1-2 pena ite Flowers whitish on
_ 2-Bnate pedicels at long, in r es often Fre. rt ng to 15”,
_ monecious, the lower 2-6 flowers posraierac usually female. Capsule
globose, “6-7” diam. , Stellately mealy.
Not common, —— t often — a ——— undergrowth in Eastern Bengal,
Pari, Dra; -Jul
LL, stellately hairy beneath and o ves above, stellate hairs between nerves
2 above deciduous leaving copious anal 3 mes wma 2 ae stalked glands on en
_ side of petiole beneath, secondary nerves on mid-rib 4-6, tertiaries sub-parallel and
Strong. Male Fs. villous, with stamens '25’ 25” long, aft on the rhachis, oblong
= as long as sepals, woolly. Styles cleft almost to base into two linear
4 &. sparsiflorus, ote
A small shrub 2-3 ft. high, with tough et ribbed with
stellate irs, somewhat resem nbling Rivina humilis.
sa sdastely 8
me — —e Fe nadi, Cuttack! Balasore! A native of America,
coun ) along. the Hughli, near Calcutta, Fls., Fr.
E = an ee Freitag all the Ba nd,
ht is somewhat aro
5 7. TREWIA, L.
: on gg poe? | Opposite og te i ms ee seedling) ovate or bg
, » entire _palmine ee leav Flowers dicecious, apetalous
om lineachcell. Fruit dru upaceous, Wi : 4-5-celled
ocarp (or in one species joouliedal). * Seeds ovoid,
nudifiora, L. Bilur, vn Gambhar, H. (from confusion 0
_ Gmelina) ; Gara Los, ; Gada Lopong, “8.4 Pitely Pen
gambhar, Beng a3 pong:
large
105
7. Trewia. | 29. EUPHORBIACEZ.
petioles 15-4” long. Male racemes drooping, 4-8” long, with
flowers usually in threes, on slender, bracteolate, ‘artionlate pediegey
fi solit
Throughout the whole area, dt rar the south-western districts, common mn in
Purneah! Usually along river beds ant alw: a ra so in the nie er districts, Fils. —
Jan. Fon! ch. Fr. ripen s Oct Dec. -Leafless Dec. or Jan.—Feb., the fis. usually
Bark lig ht grey, old flaking in thin patches. Thin raised ae lines are —
visible on the branches and Egon stems, although the stipules ec. — and
caducous, These lines may halp t 0 disti “tea the tree from the pubescent-leaved —
of Gmelina arbor ne the roger to whic n leaf is really remarkable in some a
specimens, The venat of i - viz. 7 ie sal nerves, 4-6 strong seco! 9
nerves and strong cro a rvules sie th ch asin Gmelina, but the 1. ao the
. glands beneath, 3g ; ‘y have usually two large ‘glandu vier an “
on the e I th
LILOL Pb
The li is saa white, and not durable rue ordi ing to Gamble is a ee
for purposes for ich a soft wood is pl a gy “Tt is stated that it is a os j
drums, nt icanhly chvouir ch confusion with he ow na, Which is eee the best woods |
for drums, The weight is given as 28-29 lb. o
8. MALLOTUS, Zou :
Trees or shrubs with opposite or alternate nine sien or —
th minute round —
usually abut rae ene ara , often covered wit a
d sometimes with glandular aie: near the —
base above; petiole sometimes inserted abov e base, stipules —
often prominent. ls. small, usually diccious, apetalous; males 3
clustered, and females solitary, in the bracts of simple or panicled —
spikes 0 ec aN valvately 3-5-partite, stamens —
r racemes. Male ca
numerous, central, free; anthers dorsifixed, 2-celled ; cells globose OF —
shortly oblong, parallel, a pete to and often widely separated by the —
thiskeued connective. Fema e calyx spathaceous or valvately 3-6-
lobed or -partite. Ovary 2 ait d, styles free or connate at base,
entire, plumose or papillose, ovules 1 in each cell. Capsule of 23
2-valved cocci.
Small tree. L. peltately fixed, 7- ne _oijl-u ile 2s) “oR
Small tree. L. basally fixed,3-nerved. . «6 + 2 le He
Large sarmentose or scandent sige he : ‘ ‘ : . 3. repandus,
1. M. Roxburghianus, Mvell. Barui, S.; Dopsinga, Mal
ed, o' ror
dentate, or denticulate leaves 4-7” diam. an
long as the leaves. Capsule densely echinate cogs gland
Santal Parganas, in ravines, rare! Fl. May-June. Fr. Aug.-Sept.
L, stellately hairy and with yellow glands both vides, densely so beneath, abo
sparsely but ore with simple ae secondary nerv 5, tertiaries — ‘
Petiole 15-4”, Stipules linear, ° Male sepals 2-5
: Seger aga ris ages ta . Rora, S.; Rori, Khar™
A poe pay . sma we with ovate or rhomboid,
106
29. EUPHORBIACEZ. (9. Macaranga.
or acuminate leaves, covered beneath when young, as are the shoots,
witha greenish-yellow pa lar r pubescence, and kia my tee with
small red glan Male ‘flowers clustered in racemes 6-10” long.
— Female os sa 2 3” long. Capsule smooth but prares ae
_ with red glands.
a the area, especially in moist ground! Fl. Oct.-Noy. Fr. Feb, ee
— mooth, grey, blaze red, = 3-6’, or some attaining 9” by 5 ae
4 ‘aerate an a slightly: toothed by the e current nerves, old 1, ofte retire Sn renee
: Decree m, glabrescent eit base 3-nerved, secondary ne! 344,
a nase rtiaries, Petiole 2— ts 5” ; thickened both e nds, cf Apes paehions
Es Pep fenacly panicied at the end o branchlets. i tish-yellow,
, ally ‘
pln fis, distant, rarely 2 seuthaart Slo og 4 fd, auney’ tomen-
: ese glandular, stigmas 3, spreading yellow. Capsule ‘3- “5” diam Seeds
~ Wood not sy aed except as fuel. It coppices well and is frost-hardy. The
red glands emai the capsule are the source of the Kamela dye, and i is met gator in oe
aS a purplish-red powder, used especially-for silk. It is also used a
‘emedy for tape-worm.
iM. repandus, Muell. Syn. Rottlera tricocea, Roxb.; Ghirguria, Or.
Si
, me of the =
rent as minute teeth, 2-4” long by Aigo broad, botily stellate-
Female flower n simple race
linear, soon deciduou 8s, ovary very tomentose, 2-lobed and
‘elled, s stigmas 8 plumose, sessile, Cocci globose glandular, ‘2” diam.
wt Hong per regions only, Champaran! Purneah, common! Santal Parganas
ithe ds = Ganges — ee whee ble! ley very common in
er Jan.—Feb, reh-A
ieee , ner va above the 3- necved babes, tertiaries sub-parallel,
Neds ba lng , stipules minute, tomentose. Capsule densely fulvous tomentose,
abi ta Thouars.
sles or shrubs with most of the characters of weres * yy which
arated by t ns, Th
in our species), with as many cocci in frui
107
9. MACARANGA. | 29. EUPHORBIACE£
L. peltately attached age the base in all.
I, Floral bracts of male narrow, not concealing the fis. Female
wi
me sti
Ovary 2-celled, 8 tigmas 2 terminal ak denticnata,
Sta s6-10. Ovary mostly 1-¢ elled, stigma 1 lateral . . 2. indica,
se Floral poset Mate broad, cya Rad the male fis. iicirasas ‘with ;
peltate lateral stigma . 3, peltata,
Mi denticulata, Muell. Mallota, Nep.
a low crown of delto sgh light green vores
ds beneath.
osely covered with yellow
with 2-curved stout subulate = tigmas. ay tte ule *25’’ diam., did,
nee oe on the borde m Tarai only! Fils. April. Fr. July.
Stam w vith quite smooth light-coloured bark. Shoots brown, tomentose. 44.
Fs trong principal nerves and about 6 other basal ones, secondary nerves
9) n
nea te)
then —e ing, each short branch ending in a gland or (in shay! young |.
oth, e-mr sometimes permanently denticulate ; tertiary nerves
be Lr aoa base of leaf usually rounded or somewhat retus se, apex 8 sharply acumi-
nate or obtuse. Stipules lanceolate, caducous
‘The tree-has been found useful in ‘the Duars in reclaiming Savannah tracts.
2, M. indica, Wight.
quick-growing tree up to 5 ft. girth and 50 ft. high with
or glaucous branchlets, nak broadly ovate or sub-orbic lar leaves
6-13” laucous and glandular beneat le panicles 3
lo ith zag by bearing stipitate bracts,
°. a upper with blade modified into a larg do
pid emale panicles pyramidally branched, 3” long, haity,
woe a 1-3 at t odes, on icels *2—4”
s long, sepals
cute. ss shortly pe and densely Ecehaapes mostly 1-celled,
apsule
titi "25"
Ravines in the hills uF Singbhum, rare! Fl. Sept.-Oct. r, Oct.-Nov. a
Juice very gummy, Branchlets robust,: shoots tomento jot ” Nervation much 7
in denticulata, but hc ee 7-10 sec ‘ondary nerves more cur rved bidoar the margin ant |
giving off very short nervul nom whic arginal teeth or glands; Rt
Loris glabrous ; Inrge elliptic glandular r areas also Protuetithy peril | the wp
surface nerves, Stipules ‘5’, ovate, ciliate, apni
here is wh ;
from Sikkim specimens collected at 4000 ft. elevation. My specimens colle
pian ang oh were caer: bat Sir Dietrich Brandis, fi i by him to If.
dian Trees, p. 5
3. M. Lpeltatan Muell. Arg. Syn. M. Roxburghii, F.B.I. ; Osy™ e
Toso: o> Siopsea ate Or. ; Tabhari (Ma, a)
coat rate-sized tree with _—- branches and gl
res alge; patats, ditheular: Seat acuminate leaves mostly 7
long, densely tomentose when young and permanently more or *
108
29. EUPHORBIACE. [11. Lastococca.
between the nerves ; some what r usty above. Male pani — oe long,.
but rather strict, bea ing large tomentose bracts, foliaceous at the
hase of the ~ nches, transversely oblong or orbicular and deadinmnies
g the flower-clu asters ; bracts 15-3 "brow d according to
|
hairy on the nerves beneath, — with numerous minute glands
position, Bivatly stipitate.
these oa ched at the soit 1:2” orn also with lar: rge rusty tomentose
ous bracts ; flowers on long pedicels -25-'6’ long, sepals very
. ‘inate, 0 unded. Ova densely covered with glands glabrous or
a lateral s
ltate
apsule globose, °3” diam., often grooved, with
aa ine ¢ fr ig “sea ZL, globose , black.
_ Singbhum, in deep valleys, very rare! May urban} Puri, frequent! Angul,
common! Fis, orate Fr. April. Eve ergr
_ Branches exuding large quantities of gumm y sap in the last
“Te attain 12” in iplenew, the neryation as in the last s species, soy nall ni
mining into the eee ia ending usually in hirsute glands; upper Gaehe dull, snot
poe The Singbhum form is rather different in that the at ules below
a raised amt he marginal glands glabrous, ab Dopey ually 3-8 + 80 hd
: te to oblong or anceoiate, in
: and over. BY long, Panicles ‘mostly rtaes te. axils of fallen leay es,
- Anthers 4-valved
: sialon growing soft-wooded tree, soon overtopping the Teak in the Puri
10. CLEIDION, Blum
Glabrous trees bu alternate, toothed, oainmiceol leaves. Fs.
ceci
| woneecious or di males in — axi altar acemes, females 1-2 on
dee axillary odtineh e. Malec donk age valvately eet saris
vy
figs ap
tte
ve. Female sepals 3-5, imbricate. Ovary 2-4-¢ led, styles
‘nnate below with 2-3 long filiform arms, cells fe ore Capsule
1-3 2.valved cocci. Seeds subglobose.
C. javanicum, Bluin
4 small tree with narrowly ne pais ? 0, Coot a eae
8-1” diam. and ‘4’ long on a peduncle ‘wa
% loon, smooth.
corky, blaze with chlorophyll. LL. somewhat repand with the teeth
: ety pe ws dine but fine beneath, tertiaries numerous,
reticulate betw Thickened ends of petiole and pedune cle transversely
dry. Tapecne woliuatoaie puusioei: bracts minw
PETA OS Hook. f.
with anton rticillat rarel ate or sub-
wee, Tees rarely altern
r ite, shortly petioled oblan boolite? or ptt Arent leaves, cated with
base. Fis. moneecious or dicecious, males racemose, females
109
11. Lasrococca. } 29, EUPHORBIACE#.
solitary, peduncled, axillary or sub-corymbose at the apices of the new
shoots. Male flower with globose calyx, valvately 3-partite, stamens
numerous, connate into a much-branched column, the brane hes with
numerous anthers with 2 globose anther-cells, ppricates large.
Female flower with 57 u nequal 7? persistent and so
scent. Ovary globose or ‘sigh tly 3-lobed, — or tubereled sige
filiform erect, stigmatose on the inner si Ovv
Capsul lly 3-coccous, deciduous or a3 i we
pave with — bristles, hard somes pene tuberel Seeds
lobose, smooth, with thin eous testa, raphe linear,
afieenits hake: cotyledons large ean, subcordate, thin.
1. “a Comberi, Haines (Kew Bulletin, 1920, No. 2.) Kukri-hari, Or.
mall tree, with bushy crown, white twigs and sub- verticillate
‘ideeunes cordate-based or r panduriform leaves 37” long, with usually
ner narrower or linear, : ee
F Rie nage re nt a simple seta. Capsule 5” diam,
d. own. :
ee HOMONOIA, Lour 4
Shrubs with alternate, entire, or toothed lentes, ee beneath.
Flowers usually ieee bracteate and 2-bracteolate in axillary spikes |
rarely, sometimes reduced to single flowers. Male with pares
= WP
column, whieh is divided into numerous branches and finally dens
pe sters of 2-celled anthers, with a very minute co nnective. Female
, narrower imbricate, inner sometimes gamer deci
ose j
styles. Capsule small, of 3 usually tomentose 2-valved cocci, BY
sealy or tubercled. Seeds ats: with a thin fleshy coat. =
A, Female fis. in slender spikes as lon ng as the male. eee se
L. linear to Case oblong, en ntire o tei rrul nae a
B. eo bo subsolitary on in short spik L. toothed, Bree
ong to are te, 1°5-3'5 orem feiale * als ‘14’ . 2. seem
vate, '7-1°5!’ Fe male sepals , 07" 2 ees yetusa, 4
1B. ; Neate hour. Syn. Adelia pene ‘bolt: (and in F.I.); &@
unukui, Gurjor, S.; Jamla, Or.
A soe pee shrub with numerous erect stems marked
110
29. EUPHORBIACE. [13. Ricinus.
t leaf-scars, tomentose above.
Leaves linear, linear-lanceo-
vt linear-oblong, willow-like, 3-10” long by ‘3-1” broad, entire,
s, or sometime hed or serrulate towards the
pager oa pubescent on th rves beneath. Male spikes 1 d
th to. tose rhachis; br 4—05”", ovate ac 4
bracteoles smaller, lanceolate. Female spikes 2-3”, bracts as in the
male, rhachis entose, sepals lanceolate, 5-6, ‘07’ long, nearly
pubescent. Ovary tomentose. Capsule tomentose -2--25
boomy 9 ola crimson.
h al! Fl, March-April
Usually aesntibed as evergreen, but it is
es ary nerves of leaf very A weather, sometimes over 30, but dependent on
2 the size of 1.; o} nerves sometimes much raised, evis ng deep areoles between
en in other forms not much raise Petiole ‘25-"3”,
Stipules linear, ‘24’,
e sepals nearly glabrous, elliptic, 13”,
arc with many saan branches and stout, usually - ae
pubescent twigs. Leaves mostly 2-4-5”, sometimes only abbre-
viated shoots i nua
acuminate, ong, sepals la tae ab outer 3 larger, red, ‘14 4”,
: styles more Sabre 07-08”.
and retusa, and it might possib cm bea
T 8S the female fis. nell “twits the size "of the other two species,
: as a variety of either it would be very difficult to know to which to assign it.
4 Eezetuss, Muell. Arg.
togpamaller shrub than riparia with obovate 1., 1-2’, usually cuneate a
“Sapien at ti
: +1" le than in riparia and only about 5-6 secon dary nervi e spi
heen te? Stout. fls. sub-solitary or in spikes *5’ long, with p
8 clo pany Seaneabline intermedia, Ae fis, only as large as in
Sepals of male glabrous, of female minutely pubescent, Capsule *1-'15”
pe
“pe has been described from mecha from the ee eerie for
comparison with interme edia, has
13. RICINUS, L. Castor-oil.
4 stout herb, or perennial and sub-arboreous, with large,
hora palmately-lobed mee: serrate leaves Flowers in terminal,
13. Ricinvs. } 29. EUPHORBIACE#.
coloured. Ovules 1 in each cell. Capsule of 3 Ryan cocci. Seeds j
oblong, with large caruncle and crustaceous tes ce
1, R. communis, L. Arandi, H.; Bheranda, Beng.; Jara Bindi,
ith small grey a
yielding me less oil ot better quality for medicinal purposes.
seeds na toxic, extremely poisonous substance, “ ricin,” which
is, “sonoma oe conta ined j inthe oil. (3) var. achat which large —
purple bronz leaves, re grown as an ornamental plant only. Miller —
distinguis — . varieties. De Candolle states that its cultivation is
extremely ancient, and considers its home was originally in Abyssinia, |
Sennaar and Kor dofan
44, CLAOXYLON, A. Juss.
Herbs our ork or usually trees or rit tody3 with long-petioled, - ;
entire or toothed, penninerved or sub-palmately-nerve ed leaves.
Flowers smal or mine, moncecious or aieeiouk: in sometimes very
slender spikes Calyx subglobose, of 3-4 valvate segments,
petals 0, dise 00 or of | 3 y petal-tibe hypogynous scales alternate with the —
many, or few, on or around a central recep
often intermixed with glan linear scales, anther cells distinct,
pole e erect. Ovary a ae styles entire, spreading, fringed, —
es one in each cell. ine e of 3 2-valved cocci or indehiscent. |
Seeds sub-globose, testa neh hes et sometimes arillate or verrucose, _
albumen fleshy, i oan broad, flat
1G. eaieionac Thw. Syn. 'Tragia mercurialis, Wil
An eedy ual 12-24” high with fo Ae glabrous |
stems, Tong pte, ovate or rhomboid, acuminate-crenate or serrate
leaves 1-3” lon erous capillary racemes 2-3” lon “ eatig
distant si usters ret min sibubeants or Ghortly pation d
slender-pedicelled reer foinats s 07” diam. Sepals 3, hag pee :
late, scales 3, shorter, ligulate or sub-terete. Caps sule ’, deeply :
3-lobed, depressed, pilose. Seeds pitted or ee
Monghyr, Ham.! Orissa, near the coast (Konarak)! Fl. para a -Sept.
L. giakkonk with a matt surface, sometimes obtuse (teste PB ay & _— anit,
rarely with a slight cordation or 0 obtuse on the ma ‘long petiole nerve
with em bauat harves slender ; secondary nerv ox Bra t the "jower-euse
very 8) Male fi, most minute, with only 2-3 stamens (often 5-10, teste F
ns very on, ‘siaher-eetle ‘short, erect, parallel
45. A ALYPHA,
rarely
e aves, and mi nute fl s, rarely dicecious. oe
ne in axillary or ‘atininad al racemes, ‘with ¢ the ato age at the base ¢
he rhachis and bracteate, with the more min males ebracteat’
or females separate, 1-2 in a peduncled solitary see or in separ?
112
29, EUPHORBIACE &. (16. GeLonium.
bracteate spikes. Male with 4-valvate membranous _ Sepals, dise 0,
stamens 8-many on a convex receptacle, anther cells d often
male
g
3 oO : —4 1 mbri
Sepals, ovary 3-celled, styles wi Rego often very long and laciniate or
fimbriate. Ovary 3-celled, ne lin each cell. Capsule of 3 ea
2valved cocci. Seed subglobos
Herbs with males and females on the same spikes in our pPates:
Female bracts dentate or crenate apie ae! fy od
Female it almost pectinate, with long, hispid te eth ‘ 2. ciliata.
widely spread in the tropics of bo: re hem spheres, and of which
Pinte hndsome iad ubs with variegated and copper- Pilsen 4 leaves are found in
L. A. indica, L.
A stiff erect herb, 18”-2°5 ft. high with puberulous stems, spreading,
long. ip rhomboid- ovate, serrate leaves, and very numerous
h pie ar if,
es b-orbicular
‘herved tooth thed bracts, bearing gent male flowers in the lower
q spike, the top of the s rer ng male and ebracteate.
_ Capsule Biscealad 1 y the bract, higed, uecal 1-seeded
orthern Benga] (bossy Pur pens), & eich Hazaribagh, near Oniseiated: etc. !
L, 2-25", with a 6- sania ‘ounants argin somewhat ciliate, apex
obtuse toothed, surface pininioly do ited, pen iole ieee than the blade, pubescent.
Spikes 1°5-2°5”; several in eye ron ore pert: hisachle ets; female bracts
_ With a nerve to each t tooth aud bearing on. ssion of fis.; perianth of
3 minute hyaline scales with gland-tippe ot ‘cil ®, ” OVEEy 3-lobed with curly
Inbescence, style arms with 3 slender br: anches, Male fis. very minute, clustered,
with 4-lobed rianth, buds 4-angled, stamens with curved swollen hyaline
filaments and 2 erect slender cells.
2. A ciliata, Forsk.
; *» Crowded n
- teeth as long as the limb, each with 1-2 flowers. Male flowers few,
_ ‘Yery minute at the end of the e spike. Ovary sparsely hispid. Capsule
: tga coeci very thin white,
5 16. GELONIUM, Roz
Salt glabrous trees or shru es “ sie tes with stipular lines pa
Q the nodes Leaves sometimes ite, pe se i one asi entire
_ “trate, with connate, sheathing, saison stip Flowers axillary,
| or clustered, dicecious, Male scala, coblcielats imbricate,
on 10-60, fhe central, anthers oblong dorsifixed, cells parallel,
: ers sepals 5-6, usually narrow an in the
dehiscent. Seeds subglobose, arilla
1138
ni
Oe. Fruit 8-4-ponous or 2-4-lobed, fleshy, coriaceous or
: “oo tardily wi te.
16. GELONIUM. | 29. EUPHORBIACE#.
Fils, in wesqor= ert cymes. pet ‘4-5! diam. Female sepals ‘15’ in
fie, +2426 in fr. = Fre7=" ‘ 1. multifiorum,
Fis. “fewer eres Male 2" diam. Female, I- 4 together
sepals *1 in fi., sa accrescent. 2. lanceolatum.
1. G. multiflorum, A. Juss. Khakra, Kukra, Or.; Ganari, Gon
A small straight tree with green twigs pita marked er the
d ds.
tipular scars and with very resinous bu Leaves 3-6”,
elliptic-oblong or sometimes oblanceolate phe asa: or acute, some —
somew , more or les ne t 25’-long petiole.
Flow sually in contracted cymes, more rarely merely 1 f
Males very sweet scented, yellow from the large, yellow, honeyed
receptacle and anthers, “4-5” diam. neluding the many s :
sepals 5, re 17-2”, broadly oblong, obtuse, often concave d
with somewhat minutely-ragged hyaline margins mens 40-70,
Female sepals pubes val oleae or broadly oblate a :
2 Or oof ; dise annular, rough, w imen- |
enlargin
tary staminodes @), stigmas *flakellately lobed. Fruit 7 y” ralightly :
3-gonous and 3-g
More or less ibis nt bee est round the lopeai tat damper side of the province.
thee Santal Parganas, rare! Puri, c Angul, common! Nilghiri! _
‘bh: 2s nj! a hele April ie: Apri ae Fone?
rk nearly smooth, with i Ae oe secondary nerves, reticulate between,
bon slightly rained noe Fo eeuates Ae s not clear and often ¢ diffused, sometimes —
slightly ra: er on the dry lea f. The fr some specimens is somewhat tuberclet,
but I have only ares.
2. G. et Willd. Same vernacular nam
mall, straight, much-branched tree, uy resembling the |
last in meseet and —. tae — usually smaller, 1°5—" 4’, rarely UD
to 6”, nearly always r less obovate or oblanceolate, sometimes
elliptic. Rees to oblong, shining both sides = bila sen nat = uus(as in last).
Petiol re ae e, only °2” diam. —
include th 40, "opal 3 orbicular, —
i ‘O7— 1”, re ceptac —4
ulate arms
toothed. Disc thinner, more cupular and less pu ulvinate t
nt et and without staminodes. Capsule 3-4” with the 2 kbs
tale Puri! Fis. us ree a few weeks later than multiflorum. Also a flowering 7
ane someti
racemes, hi
capsules are rough. gg hore globose, '12-"17”
7. BALIOSPERMUM, Blume.
Shrubs or oe with alte ewes sinuate; dentate or
leaves, penni-nerved or palmi ular
moneecious or dicecions, oa ate racemed or panicled.
4-6, orbicular, concave, imbricate, dise - > 6 ae sro = 10- :
on a small iendptasie; Sesnts free or few connate, me
114
29, EUPHORBIACE 2. (18. Tragia,
— ogee a broad connective. Female sepals 5-6, lanceolate,
cent in frui iss disc entire. Ovary 3-celled, styles
i ; su
ovoi
1, B, nam Muell. Syn. B. axillare, Bl.; Jatropha montana,
om lle : or undershrub with numerous, erect, herbaceous shoots
from the perennial rootstock, with variously lobed. lobulate, sinuate
e 1 i 1 and b
or te ves, lowest sometimes palmately-lobed and broad
y elliptic-oblong, becomi g lanceolate above, often attaining
6-10” long below. F'1 een, fascicled, axillary in the axils of
_ Usually in Beerorth i in damp places. Purneah and Santal Parganas! Sing-
ee u! Parasnath, Prain! Angul, very common! Fis. chie efly Dee.—
_ Attains 6 ft. in Angul with weak stems, more or less strigose or twigs Nhe
L. with 3-5 herves at or near the base. Fils. said to be moneecious in the type.
_ Var. dioica, Haines (F.C.N. & Indian ae p. 583).
Leaves with very strong tertiary nerves, Fls. dicecious, males Leng in
__ harrow panicles, and the females 1-3 axillary. The common form in our area,
18. TRAGIA, 1
Usually climbing herbs, hispid, with pungent or stinging hairs,
_ Leaves alternate, sim ple or palmately 3- ‘lobed, with often cordate
base, palmately nerve a Flowers minute, x cious, racemose gsnalee
Several in the upper parts of the racemes, ten ales solitary or few,
_l™ the lower parts ale calyx valvate ly 3-5-sepalous, oe
Female sepals 6, much la ger than in the male, imbricate,
‘metimes pinnatifid and accrescent. § yles 3-fid wit g
tative arms, Capsule of 3 Aten ge Seeds globose
Thani Sepals accrescent pectinate, hirs 1, iavolucrata
© Sepals not accrescent, entir re, waren 2
LT, “involucrata, be. J aspen Ho.; Sengel-sing, K., 8.; Barhanta,
3 Bichati, Beng
st herb, w siay: ee and with a perennial stock, with sub-
vind oe ning branches, puberulous and villous a well
G hair; eaves 1 long, ovate-oblong, elliptic
or thombeid + eh ate, base usually rounded, sharply serrate, yo
lend tomentose benea, , old hairy and s lowers usually in
PO 2 tea sub-spicate ered sometim —— ecg or on
illary branches. als 05”, ‘brond} Stamens
Sometimes 2-branche ssh eb ith an a 1
n
wi: ray e
m fruit and s ” of . ] co aad diam
Usnall preading, -2--3” lon ay villous. Capsule am
‘ Under hir sute. Seed globose, oxple 2 black, sceophiiolsss; slightly
: 2", mottled with thin white s
115
18. Traaia.] 29. EUPHORBIACE.
places and hedges, oft rocks, Chota Nagpur! Santal Parganas! |
Puri! to Kalahandi! Fls., Fr. Dec.— pril. ;
-5-nerved and with 3-4 secondary nerves and mao cross tertiaries, Petiole |
7-1", Stipules lanceolate, "l-’2”. Spikes or racemes ‘3- 1”, upper male portion —
with close ol lancedlate stipitate bracts about ‘06” ee
2. T. Gagei, Haines, in Journ. As. Soc, Beng., xv pea :
ae eS twining herb with brown, slightly ‘tise branches —— ;
oblong, 4-5” long, abruptly acuminate with cordate wae
s allots dentate-serrate, beneath almost glabrous wee wh
above slightly setose, base 5-7-nerved, secondary nerves “about 3,
i eticulate. Ma Sta:
tertiaries reticu le sep i ute ens ae
paar broader than long Female sepals obl ng-oblaneeolate, a >
long in fruit, entire puberulous outside, glabrous .
Capienks hispid, - seeds globose, ‘2’, quite aera ee pris: pees .
and white, not at il strophiolate or tumid at the chal
Mals of Puri! Fis,, Fr, March-May.
ae yon stinging. Petiole 1°2-1" 3” ie ently ager both ends, villous 4
when Stipules triangular, ‘07”. on the racemes, ovate, "05", or :
shorter sh the fate: fis., almost aueseed saben the ma: havens :
19. SAPIUM, P. Br.
Tre shrubs with milky juice, entire or toothed penne
haves” als ig pe armen = a top. Flowers in term
spikes or racemes, monceciou cigs in each bract, me
shortly 2-3- lobed or “toothed” or valvately pon omer stamens 2-3, |
free, anther-cells per on Female flowers usually at the base of the
spikes, solitary in ea ract, or spikes unisexual, calyx 3 3-fid or —
pudtite? nt ie cle, oe psc connate ns igor > i
snisple, cells t erustaceous, fleshy woof
ta tardily beady eauareme Seeds bitatebe! coe "ong. persiste :
Spikes androgynous. L, rhomboid . ae ‘ Fre ob 4
Spikes unisexual. L. large, elliptic- ‘lanceolate :
18 a oni eg Roxb. Momcehina, Beng.; Bilaiti-sissu, Vern.; Chines?
V
A small — tree somewhat resembling Sissu, the leaves being
of much the same shape as Sissw leaflets, broadly rhom boid, 15-3" ;
e eti
= under the e epiderm
A native of China, very pace, planted, and more or less natura
116
29. EUPHORBIACE 4. [20. Excarcarra,
Purneah, Fils. Aug.- Sept. The open capsules may remain on the tree until
November, E Debian Nov. -March in the dryer districts, turning red before
Growth very fast and. tree ornamental. The. source of ied vegetable tallow of
China, Roxburgh c that for burning,
2. §. insigne, Benth.
A small tree with thick » pale brown, succulent branchlets and
sather 4 fleshy large leaves crowded at their ends. Leaves elliptic-
lanceolate, acuminate o r finely enabiees 6-10”, crenate, base narrowed
into the 1-1-7” petiole, which is 2-glandular above. Stipules very
ith e und
y acuminate v lar base flowers in ro
clusters on the s y rhachis of solitary terminal spikes, 3-6”
a st Pebti nsirreni be h cy La ot td 5. FB. oh
similar sp
i ibd * hatha er silts
ty rare. On rocky aspects on ie sort mountains “4 dhe bees elevation
ie 0 Te Fis, Dec.-Feb, Fr. March. Deciduous, r ty rsa | ch-Ma.
laze pale with much milky juice. Can ations of leaf a are asi with de-
die, glandular pee. Secondary nerves about 12, rather ides oblid,
This is one of the numerous cases of a a Himalayan and Onweecong ainidé being
found in Orissa, The: res has, however, also been collected from Southern India
and Malabar, presumably from the mountains
20. EXCCECARIA, L
Glabrous trees or jm with acrid milky = and alternate or
posite leaves. Flowers in bracteate e spikes or racemes, moncecious
or divecious, very small, finals with large glan ae Male flowers 1-3
h bract, sepals 3
1B. Grea. L. in ea ; Gengwa, Beng.
A smn Y lar ‘th auch milky jt
pond or "hrs, well. slothed with scoridonoy i oneepeeholeee Seve or or
Sinuate-crenate ovate Riese e or orbicular aoe es, 2-3” long,
the old ase deep re peor falling). Male flowers in catkin-like
— one sak on Meta axils or from ‘the axils of fallen
# or racemes ie *5--1”, separate trees.
mitre iene re bee. Gailtee si: 6” dia
ie y ditches near the sea, Balasore ! OF poet Cuttack! Fis, May- mt
--, Hew leaves, Fr, May-June, The old L, drop at the ‘duns of the
ohae “nla nded base and short acuminate tip. Secondary nerves 5-8, rather
Tound reading, petiole °5 5-1", 2-glandular at junction with nine Male _—_
funded, or broad; fl. sessile ee B mgemincet bracteolate sepals 7 ve ay min “at
— €Xsert late with inearved ve ute tip and pe toot dd; “Boras ye
si ned, small ennmosive pee two large ellipsoid cells. Female oe “>
Ae les 3, errs subsessile, sepals larger than in male, ovate cuspidate,
revolute,
“a cimen collected by Bourne there is one twig with male racemes and
leaves and ad with capsules and mature L,, which, he says, were
ee
a”
117
20. ExcarcaRia. | 29. EUPHORBIACE4.
= cnet ysens from = same tree.’ Hooker says the variations in the size of fr, and
eeds is remarka : : i
“the e juice causes blisters and bad sores. Gamble gives weight of wood as 241b, |
only, iets
21. SEBASTIANIA, Spreng.
Shrubs or (in our spect cies) a herb with alternate
us flowers in slender racemes. ” Males 1-3 in each
ut ci
calyx unequally 5-lobed or -partite, stamens 2-4, anther-cells —
! ; :
yx
ading, sometimes connate at base. psule of 8 cocei separa
from a columella. Seeds Mason.
1. S. chamelea, Muell.
A glabrous annual, with erect or ascending often angled stems, —
18-30” high, and linear obtuse leaves, “7-3” long pinnae sang
aes petiole ‘1”. Flowers most minute in a ng 8 1 or leaf-
posed s spikes, 25-5 5” tian, See male at the base and ‘oe above, or a
it te perianth with ovate segments, pe
and en ie rged in fruit abe ate and ciliate. Capsule ‘17” long, |
3-lobed, lobes each gon two lines of short spines. j
Cultivated — Ranchi, Clarke, W Foot ——. Singbhum! Man-—
bhum, Kurz! Behar, Kurz! Fls., Fr. Oct.-
22. carne! witta
ii
crenate Front with stron ng ae pati ction; n dene
uniting a marginal nerve, and small monccious, ids coco :
flowers i in n axillary clusters, or clusters in simple or p nicled spikes:
Jalyx wi i
n e male, i
corona (or inner dise of some W riters) from the inner margin, whet —
often closely invests the ovary nat s toothed or lobed, or consists of | .
sub-petalo aloid lobes. Staimetia 5, on a distinct gonophore wea
often 2-lobed. Fruit a dru
splitting into 2 gooded, 2-valved (always ?) pyre gees
iL gaas! cae or shrubs with secondary nerves patho: up to the marginal :
Pe i mostly over 4” — oblong = obovate. j
~ ary nerves 15-20, Fis. axilla nent icate glabrous. :
sages Pe ii acid 1, refust.—
Seco mary ner’ sine 8- 16, “Fils, “all sessile axillary, pubescent at at .
BL. pene under 4”, dmneoniake
Secondary nerves s7- Prt Fils, glabrous. Fr. globose
TI. Erect. Secondary nerves forked, looped or reticulate w ‘ithin
be margin (exe. 4 var, “Hawnilloniana).
hrub 4. Sepals glabro . .
Tree with Saieeig sea petcet iL, a pabeecesis
iit. sarcnentoed or scandent, nervation as in I. Sepals pubescent
118
29. EUPHORBIACE 2. {22. BripELtA.
1. B. retusa, Spreng. Syn. B. spinosa, Roxb.; Cini iegiage 2
Karaka, M.; Kaka, Ho.; Kadrupala, S.; Kaj, K arw.; Khooj,
Th.; Kasai, Kosai, Beng., Or. ; Pani-kasi , Or,
A small or moderate-sized tree, ead ith long eo thorns 0:
the trunk when young, cada elliptic- SS sa ute obtuse, sorta
rounded leaves, cdi —— ed tiene and | 15-20 strong secondary : nerves
whichmeet a marginal greenish
and elusters also in sie ong mre ikes, 3-6” eae males and females usually
intermixed. ruit greenish-yellow or flesh-coloured, globose, *25—3”
diam., a ri
Througho the d 3 li usually near d ] , OT
on the coo! ase ‘of the hills. owt Aug.- Dee Fr, Nov.-Jan. Prargines
A - girth with grey flaky bark, seat “Apes and a dark crimson
blaze. L. 4-10’ long, mostly = . oF = ally pubese y or glaucous beneath,
Sometimes so at obo
ati r
limb, entire or of 5 lobes, erect in the young fl, ultim ners 4
The pes are quoted as purplish-black by Brandis, an ri she: FBI. This is
so when over-ripe or dry, but they are usually eaten before that stage by green-
Pigeon, hornbills and parrots, of which birds they
heart-wood is deep brown, veined black, and is very ha ndsome, Gamble
States that it is durable, and that the 521b. The poles are lespely
used in native ogg and for senitiines implements, The leaves are much ¢
seedling an broadly emarginate, faintly nerved cotyledons; the first leaves
are strongly nerved.
2. B. oo Haines Hamp me Hook, f. (in F.B.I.), non
Sade a on Journal i Rotaay 10
without much alge siiah is short and sometimes
ib ies er yn penny nched, with upright verrucose
brane f :
flowers aoe oe with a sm atl villous
sth a the base, Sibncles as. ‘villous on re tube. Fruit broadly
cs, har Hills, near nalas! Common in rocky ravines in the Santal Parganas
— in the higher hills of Chota aan Parasnath, J.D.H., Clarke,
Park fai: ir Did tices bine os R.
Branchlet 1 old trees, blaze rec ridbighinan oh in B, ret
hlets brown, giabrots, except on n pabosee ew tid, pustulate. Male
: r than the female, with obov: a pf som ularly lobed or toothed petals
& aaeried ou tide the patelliform, operate and rane disc. The curious villous
Boral detachable dec the fi, on boiling, and I am unable to state it
soa menifcan ia-is gevheape Ale wee el. Female fl. 06-07” long,
minate se pol and chipaamaiate entire petals, Disc conical,
‘ tees = mri gitting the base of the vey ee and tsa circumsciss at the
ming lifted Up as a Cap on the you variable
119
22, Bripext4.) 29. EUPHORBIACE.
B. tomentosa, BJ. Syn. B. lanceefolia, R
A large bushy shrub or small tree with opi drooping branches, —
slender, rusty tomentose or pubescent, or (in ce ——s rulous twigs, —
nd small lan ine ate, 0
a 1 lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, or sometimes oblanceolate,
often acuminate leaves, 1-4” pale or gla e or less
pubescent or pu rulous beneath, with 7-13 nearly straight secondary
r
een
he ee in ni — region, Purneah! Gya, Ham., And.| Eastern Manbhum !
Santal P: ! Dhalbhum, Gamble! Puri, frequent. Fis, Sept.-Oct. Fr.
ecmuiainess
pone Cee “tree dimensions in Arca with smooth white bark and red blaze. L.
are hay 6” on the main branches, but _ smaller upwards, and
preg: e flowering bran aber dull above, base acute or obtuse, or rounded on
a ie Tabeat ent petiole, Saale ovate to janceolate, petals half as long, |
a wiki or rounded with broad claw, coarsely too thed in both sexes or entire in the
em: a
Ta! d drupes the pericarp splits into 6 valves and each of the pyrenes into 2
saben Seed black, somewhat cordate
Cotyiedons epigeal, road and som mewhat emarginate, seedling pubescent, first
of leaves opposite or alternate, stipu ules setaceous.
‘A. Bs montana Willd. non Hook. f. (F.B.L.). Syn. Cluytia montana, —
bh mittens: Wall.; vide Journal of Botany, 1921;
Maris,
A much- ls nehed, large shrub, with usually abner stems or
long brown branches, glabro ous or nearly so; leaves 2-4”, mos ostly
rhombic-obovate, ying t ombic-ovate, ek ges ‘ie ar, or occir
sionally late or lanceolate, with 6— ery rarely up to 10
and then only i leaves) secondary nerves, with he ends
tly fork ooped, or reticulate before reaching Be
yrous or sometimes rulous beneat les persistent (for
th us), wly linear-lanceola u urvell
Flo usually few in an axil wi ie sree almost glabrous bracts,
se abrous, J] broad, —
ey angled or toothed ; female shomboid or obovate, minutely —
veirene of eee subulate. Fruit 25-3 diam., ulti mately
Usually i in ro oil aga’ or in the aryss parts of the prov ince in rocky nalas,
not common, Monghyr Hills, Ham. urz ! Be har, J.D.H.! Sambalpir 4
especially in the Boropahar nee frequent Fis. . Sept. ry. Oct. Dee
Bark thin, rather rough on old stems, a tg * Branchlets not pustalnte, és
Petioles *1-"2", —— or Yo i argins sometimes repand or shallowiy a
crenate, Inner dise in female fi. broadly one vag scarcely covering ene the sein (
globose ovary or imuact, minutely toothed or 4-5- lobed in flower, 4-5 -fid to ce
Var. Hamiltoniana, Wall. (sp.)
Pubescent, IL. with several of the secondary nerves emmens into the margins!
nerve. Mo mghyr, Ham.! Kaimor Hills, J.D.H, (but glabrous)!
. B. pu ubescen =
small tree “ inser cent or tomentose twigs, narrowly aint
leaves, acuminate at the apex and pilose or thinly hairy bene
120
eee ere
29. EUPHORBIACE.E. (23. Cuuisranrnvus
with rounded or acute base sree 7-15 ——— nerves, mostly looping
_withinthe margin. Flowers white, -2—-25” diam., den msely pubescent
outside in ssllry dense clusters and sometimes short spikes. Drupe
ellipsoid or oblong, *5’’ by
Along streams, Re joes ning hanine usually above 2000 ft. !
mena Mayurbhian} above 3000 ft. ! Fis, April, Fr,
Simlipahar
| = £10" 1 long, rarely some of the lower on a twig broadly elliptic, base sometimes
. Tipens the following C.8.
oblique oa prereet texture thinner than in retusa and montana,
3 fi
Male fis, with
short. si cels, emale subsessile. Sepals lanceolate. Petals broadly
: fabellate on orr a} in male and ep sometimes 3-toothed ; ‘ot long or obovate
Poh in ent mn Ike the al Male dise often granulate with smooth
i ale li h
ale but ation and thinner, and with inner
g the ovary obscurely lobed
6. B.stipularis, Bl. Babu janga, S. ; Th.; Nota Kasi, Or.
A large
unji,
; woody climber with erin Piaaban meena ie
_ oblong, Deecip nerves leaves mostly about 4°5 by 3:5”, but much
on the eri
3 s ath. Flo ou
_ unerous, axillary, or spiked, a ec aA apes, green, densely
outside, Drupes oblong, ed (an over-ripe), *
In the moister regions only. Demet tract, all along any northern boundary
: = throughout Purneah! ‘Santal Par: ganas, ‘along the bi banks of nalas and in
tavines ! Mayurbhanj, at higher elevations! Puri! mr Daspalla, and
thin Orissa, Cooper, Fis, May-Oct. Fr. Dee,-Feb, Evergreen, ;
Branches pubescent. Iu. obtuse or i Gaiyaie or suddenly acute at the tip and
_ With rounded or ; Secon j
ary nerves 7-12, strong, joining a marginal
gs calariform tertinries and nervules. Fils. ‘15’ long, fruiting
Pyx 3-4" diam. Pe als obovate or orbicular, sometimes with a dorsal nts a
hair, ap ils fie sexes Bane e B.I.) or (in my specimens) toothe 1 in the
» Fe ; cles
fr. is globose ir + Parton specimen, and the sepals densely shaggy with
-falvous hairs outs ie
3. CLEISTANTHUS, Hook. .
- Trees or oS ith bifarious entir ot small dinsions or
flow
4 re lea
oo in axillary clusters, oh tere sometimes also
iene liye 4 Bovina valvate, petals, stamens and di oe eh
m Bridelia . : ;
sas i capsular,
E flesh occi. uoda without uit or ear ah Besiodous | ‘Bins or
Soong often folded
tn : ‘ - 1. collin
tole is, Ora gatos Fl ee . ae
a collinus, Benth. Syn. Cluytia collina, Rowb,; Lebidieropsis
| orbicularis, Muell. 4+ rg.; Parasu, M.; Pasu, Ho.; Kargali, S.,
ee Bare Karla » H.; Garari, Gond.; Ko orora, — Or.
‘dliptie te rarely erodaenie-cined tree, with orbicular, obovate or
oe 1-4” long by ‘75-3” broad, jas us beneath and sal
“Males — % eu yh diam io ng with the n sd gi
some-
: What 3-gono ialen, often solitary sessile. ne apsules
us, Mods. chestnut- aie when ripe, shining, 75 x;
121
23. CuxistantHus.] 29. EUPHORBIACE,
diam., sometimes dehiscing with a considerable report on. eee
veni ngs.
Central and Southern tracts: Shahabad! Gaya! Chota Nagpur, very common
on the Tate but local; a my form occurs along nalas! Santal ha south of |
the Brahmini! One of the commonest trees throughout Orissa and Sambalpur!
Fis. April-May, semiteany ras in Sept. Fr. ripens March-April of the following
year, Deciduous March—-Apr *@
Bark nearly black, “rough, with red blaze. Twigs slender, lenticilla' te.
donned t ee retuse, both ends with fine reticulate nerve s, sometimes say
beneath when young Petio 7-25". Stipules aeciaiiin, hairy,
pe vr Sone a often dicecious, aston in fe Ww clusters, pio
solita , 5-angular, softly pubescent, with minu villous bracts;
‘sepals thom Baia “alton twisted, ae 95’ in female; petals minute, fleshy,
mes 0, Dise of male, pulvi eet of i ale conical, with a thick ee
whi r r
and fr. are poisonous and used to poison "Bs sh, Campbe I sa: pee be that bo! ee
i —_ a2 : pes
it g expo: Towa
aod iy ort oy Pied teat} ye si an nce in re-afforestat Makins states that a Bye ir-Old
coppice in Singbhum showed extant of 10 ft. high and 5” girth, ee
2. CG. patulus, Muell. beta. vate ia, O
A sma i
white. Petiole -2”. Flowers dye a with white aut and anthers,
moneecious or sub-dicecious, 2-3 in a fascicle ee ; fascicles Rages
new sho rt leafless branches, or in the axils of white practiforal leaves;
sepals 46, oblong, acute, glabrous, ‘15” long in female, shorter in
male; petals obovate, clawed, Se in male, sub-entire in fi
dise shortly cylindric, thin, shallowly crenate, or a toothed 11
male, sometimes deeply lobed in the female, not long as the
globose densely villous ovary ; pistillode large and 3- To . Capsule
"35” diam., deeply 3-lobed, somewhat silky in furrows.
Southern tract only.. Puri, rocky hill-sides 2000 ft. ! Stay urbhanj, 2000 ft. tr
above ! ee in rocky ray ines ! Fis. Feb.-April, also found in fl. in July. #*
rk mooth, exfoliating in thin plates, brown underneath, blaze pink 0
iene then dere dp os
Gam =e hat the wood is reddish-brown, hard and close-grained. Weight
about - Wb ¢
. FLUEGGEA,
rubs, sometimes «horas wit small astchous lonven nd minute
pedicle pocsste dice wers, clustered i leaf axils,
females sub-solitary. hon ay 5 pilav stated Male flower
s Iternating with 5 fleshy disc-lobes or 51
pistillode small, with 2-3 long styles. Female flowers with am
F celled (1-3; F.B.I.), with long recurved st
— at , entire or 2-lobed above; ovules 2 i
se, dry or with white fleshy epicarp, finally locute
dehibouk Seeds not arilled, ra eer Moreally convex.
122
“
|
% — and prominent, BS, ter ~ inries rather irr
29. EUPHORBIACE2, (26. PHYLLANTHUS,
1. F. obovata, Baill. Syn. F. mieroontye Bl. Securinega obovata,
Mel pap epnyile obovata, fs “illd.; F. virosa, Baill.; Sikat
re-horte, S.; Patri, Or. ; ’ Bari Pitondi, Vern.
A sibs, feeaillty Aaahitne shrub, with — elliptic, obovate, or
orbieular thin rte mostly 1-3” long, s es attaining 46 b
, 0 gan bene: Flowers wodicetiod, porpeiri in both sexes on
filiform *17--5’’- cater pedicels Fruits pretty, white, °3” diam., rarely
dia
- thy and -oorebeeat "12-17"
Gay Santal yeas nas! Singbhum, in valley forests, frequent!
cat tes chi! apa ag gh ! Palamau ! Puri, chiefly in the Mais!
Fls. May-Anug. Fr. July-Sept.
oe or thorny,
Bark thin, heavily smooth Diaze eink, ae somewhat ¢
= one — ;
25. AGYNEIA,
a = or suffruticose with diffuse dee angled or compresse ed
stems and small entire leaves. Flowers minute, monecious, pedi-
c axillary ; males clustered; females larger, sub-solitary. Male
“sepals 6, gland-dotted with thin white margins, disc 6-lo
- 8with connate filam ents, and ye ~ anthe
Scene hey a ne ers W jen h larger é
panded top and slightly
i vules 7
jek,
ce t lobed S spitting into three
os slender, vive A, ‘ans long. Embryo curved, with broad flat
AL ov cain A. Juss.
ms 6-18”, spreading, Jaxly branched, angular, w ape: somewhat
“woody base. Leaves elliptic res o oblong-obova mi 25-5”, rarely *75”
‘(i our area), acute or obtuse, apiculate, rathe thick ; sree aslo
panes sand > Stipules lanceolate or deltoid and
*uricled, Setaceous, bracts patie setaceous. Male flowe under
diam with slenc i ce cee
Venale A —4-nate ‘romn
© Howers 1-2 near the top of the branches,
Ges long. i pals. se ae very distinct, aasitle iebling
aoe: with truncate tip, -22” lon
- Chandpur, Balasore, near the sea ! Fie, Fr. May.
» 26. PHYLLANTHUS, L
Shrubs or herbs with slender bra “— itt supported by bracts,
le
sewed ll, alternate, distichous leaves, which with the
and rik eesti deciduous with
ee ers small or min on a si
‘aun, ‘ill seared , apetalous ; ema ag usually ace acerescen
Series, re ate tha he males. Se mbricate in two
ae Dise mais ye minute a aig of pane of glands or
123
26. Puyntanruus.] 29. EUPHORBIACE#.
expanded and often lobed. Stamens 3, _ a united i
short column, anthers msi or di dymous, es cone
spreading, but never connate > ea ces “nen or a
vertical dehiscen ce or e “_ ent at
Styles 3, free or uals at base, often ane “2. fd or
Fruit of three 2-valved cocci, rarely with a ier stan epic
— — ~ ith jeg ia = ‘aig yori
Phyl lim jon the sections Paraphyl
"rile oA Mees int DC, Prodrom as and the F.B.I
cal dehiscence, yam oblong.
i. iin sae blong. Anthers apiculate ‘ °
Her
. Anthers with connective apiculate or muticous.
“ cuneate-obovate, Capsule smooth .
L. oblong to linear-oblong. Capsule v ruco8
Fat oblong to linear-oblong, Capsule s snb-succulent
nthers v short, connective,
L. elliptic, 5-75". Male and femule n i — ?
B, Small prostrate herbs with dal mall leaves
L. ‘1- "2". Fis Re 2” diam.
L, *1-"15". Fis, inder *05” diam
i: “ waiving Grah. Tis, ‘M.: Sawa hander, 8
A pretty shrub w stems, 3-45 ft. 8
densely eere with manatee’ leafy branchlets with + very close 0
es persistent stipules. Leaves distichous, “cro
slb-aioatin, 13" long, linear dat alr cbt, glenc
cordate base and 3-4 faint s econda ary ves, Flow re mine
smears ious along the banks and in the beds of rocky rivers with a
water tin pool ee, the area, but Jocal! Fls., Fr, Jan. Perse
Branches terete Stipu ales narrowly suimlate, 3-4 time:
Lar aang Pedicels ee 12 ic on. Male fi. sepa’ el —"1" long, outer oblong i
rather smaller, oblong o obovate-oblo ong. Dis a 6 Lach tate glands. 4 3
slightly, pa ae be Lapain linen -oblong ; Siciaed filaments at first very § Ovary
finully as long = the antl Female sepals *06--1” nk ageeiees obovate,
3-lobed and Tol bes again s sligh tly channelled, Styles flattened, sub-erect, CO
only at base, with two spreading lobes. Seeds sapaottis microscopically Pa
reddish,
2. P. maderaspatens oe -
persi , 08”, lanceolate, acu te, sear basi
(F.B.I.), Flowers numerous on ander side of t 2
males usually pags: with one much lar emale ‘115
in fruit di t -06” i
ressed, globose, oe ‘12 diam., shallowly 6-lobed.
yoy Behar, Kurz! aida Puri, Hooper! Fls., Fr., Feb.,
nad
A Sinetines decumbent below. 1, sometimes truncate or retuse, Devry sin
apex; secondary nerves 4-6, oblique, not looping. Male fis. *05”” diam
124
29. EUPHORBIACEZ. (26. PHyYLLantruus.
_meanded or obcuneate sepals. Disc of glands in both sexes. Anthers free above
oar roe ma Female sepals obovate, or r inner oblo maaheeain,
whi ometimes keeled w Hc Styles free, minutely
eimests seriabod ir in ieee of dots.
icose salt pe with slender erect stems, 6-18” high,
a compressed or angular, with numerous spreading leafy
- branchlets resemblin ‘pints leaves, 1°5-3” long, with ike
i long. e
ery common and probably in, all districts, in the rains. Fls,, Fr. July-Dec.
reddish. L, oblon, li apicula bare St margin
oy nagti glaeots with 4 5 fine secondary nerves | os oem ae
the ma om ce oping = decidncts, —
, SO o that tt 1e lower raha all fem Male 04-0:
greed white, tinge with red me ciliate in the _~ stamens 3s
Ts a0 ate, broader than long, but ehiscence longi:
; laments ech R= rllgge nate ames our specimens, free, F.B.Z,), d
is 6, most minute, peltat Fis etaate 8. “Or diam., Berg li momnothena;
Padding, with red centre, mes ame (styles ?) broad spreading, connate at base,
h 2 minute spreading lobe
Var lavis, Haines.
Appears to differ from the type in the basifixed stipules, the quite glabrous.
, connate filaments Avery | ahort, aed = sig the type being free as described).
Sl ni
ry quite n fresh ! washes sii Neterhat,.
The
leaves exhihit <} ree aR ee, BO RT
‘P simplex, Retz.
_Aherb with ope slender wabyoeronch from a somewhat woody
oe — reson: with a keel on one or both ss
x dintinetiy compressed, glabro
very long ce te anthara% sci more or less : secund or distichows
ves, *3-1°3” long, subsessile, with n
wers minute from an axillar roe of
2. very s y pedicelled, se males, and
celled ieeule te . Femal:
abov bose,
@am., sm pate nd glabrous, or peer at slightly pubescent
= worted.
» probably in all districts. Monghyr Hills, Xwrs! Singbhum, very
3 uit open pin ces and 1 at the ra m! Manbhum, comm
Hooper t vee a Ane beer ite wr iIny seaso! much after Dec. and
sactamnl non aa in Monghyr specimens ; often distichous imi
“ young, rather thick with prominent midrib, and cnet 5 slender looping
125
26. Puyuiantuus.| 29, EUPHORBIACE£.
secondary nerves visible above, beneath glaucous, base rounded or sub-cordate,
apex acute or obtuse and mucronulate. Stipules Ss small, triangular, often with
. I : “
0k als te-oblong, —
jJarger in fr., disc ae nular wavy, rary na un earoostitete styles epreatiaae 4
on as top of the o vary, grooved, with 2 eer ved stigmas. Seeds with lines of most |
minute worts, or practically smooth. q
5. P. niruri, L. Jar-amla, H.; Bhuiamla, Ben: i
n erect, very slender glabrous annual, about 1 ft. high, with very.
umerous spreading or erecto- accra slender me anches, 4- oe long,
aera like pinnate lea Leaves elliptio-oblong.i4 a
sinpeta obovate or linear-oblong, distichously cprending, eye
long. Flowers minute, es hitish, about 2-3 m one
mal a i els 08
a ro i
on pedicels 2-3” long. Seeds each a one-sixth segment of a sphere, rc
peaks with vertical lines (ot vinite dots) and Trane slender
rie.
* common weed, probably in all districts. Fls., Fr.
ranches & ngled, usually 2-edged. L, sensitive, bane obtuse, apex obtuse »
ecu secon ey nerves 2-4, piel Petiole hardly any, ng pole :
ot agate or subulate, Male: sepals orbicular, anther-cells 3, p of short
column, most minute, with transverse dehiscence dise glan nds 6 nae minute |
Vise 6 of female Ase elliform lobed. Styles minute, free, 2-lobed. Capsule sometimes —
minutely granulate .
= cm _— is considered de- obstruent, diuretic, meget a and cooling, and is
tered in jaundice, dropsy and g affections. A bitter ic
pear Phyllanthin has been isolated from it. (Nadkarni i.)
6. P. debilis, Ham.
n erect slender herb or undershrub, 1-3 ft. high, with st straight | -
ngle stem and many erecto-patent or spreading branches, which ar |
2 -4-edge ed and frequently microscopically ee on the ;
Leaves distichous, elliptic ~ cm pcp a cpm 75" long, .
rounded at apex, glabrous. Stipules n eolate, with setaceows |
be often twice the.very short petiole Flowers ‘all short] ae
racteate axillary clus metimes
caoeslons bracts, and often Male ca cae
n open
in all district
Chiefly in shady places, common in “tie forests. Probably 1
126
29. EUPHORBIACE. [27. Prosorvs.
Parneah! Monghyr, Kurz! Rajmahal Hills, Kurz! Gaya! Palamau, —
to 3000 ft., common! and rahe erleas henge Nagpur, as ns i top of mre nath !
Often perenni crit cee — duous branchlets and leaves. Fis. r. May.
Stems o terete with ar ised lines below.
base, lower ceitane pale, microscopically papillose, with a slender, very ‘fine
secondary nerves, margin thickened.
7. P. rotundifolius, Klein.
pretty little plant ieee prostrate and ascending numerous stems
- $18” long, an oat mall round leaves -1—2” diam. only, pinnately
ae N . on meron ase ral branchlets 1-1°5” long. Petiole
long as the leaf. Male flow wers *1” diam
then’ Bons out), ) ene on — bracteate peduncles as in debilis.
oot of t et exactl in debilis, from which it is very
SF telinguiet d by the nt and habit as well as the short
oar der Wi in fruit).
‘Sea coast, on the sands, Puri! Fls., Fr. Sept. * Perennial.
: Rootstock vee er woody. L. apieutte, glabrous or minutely pubescent beneath,
_ Margin thickened, secondary nerves obscure, Female fis, *2” diam,, sepals ovate or
_ ovate oblong, twitite with green mid- me aise annular and gland-papillose as in
_ debilis. Disc of male of minute green glands or oe brie vi re Cap-
sulepale, Seeds pale brown, smooth, with fine c d lin
$8. P. nanus, Hook /.
es a Mi dwarf P. niruri, with spreading branches or
Ste "long only, and very small oblong leaves *1—15” long.
Resale = with oblong obtuse or suddenly acute sepals.
Hooker “this resembles a minute, rigid, branched Niruri and has simila
ee out is is Pickles in all its parts with differently ribbed seeds.” A drawing in
shows, however, the short didymous anthers with vertical dehiscence.
The eat are Say. “ iate bd a transverse striz
The species is added to ‘our Flora note by Col. Gage in Herb. Kew that
‘ — = i f P. ‘enteat: agrees with the specimen of Pigltanthas
fe Ham., ‘No, 2093, in Herb, Ham. at Edinburgh, and collected a
Monghyr.
27. PROSORUS, Dalz. (Phyllanthus, sec.
)
_Dieeious small trees with deciduous branchlets and leaves more
Pig's
: wers small in clusters, mostly below
racts
te leaves, at the time of flowering very membranous gn
long, finally 2-6” fea Male flowers very small, green,
127
27. Prosorvs. ] 29. EUPHORBIACEZ.
slender :2— 25/-long a in a danse regen mostly below the lennial
on the new shoots. males milar positions but fewer, *1-15"
diam. Fru it “4” me ‘dethiews me Bi nated
Mals o f Orissa, the hi igh - hills, not ian Fis. April-May on the new a
shoots. Decaions Feb. -Mar ‘
Blaze white with chlorophyll (but I have only seen small trees in: our pre)
Branches covered with white lenticels. L. I apart when mature, with 5-7 fine ©
secondary nerves, soon reticulate. Petiole Stipules tei lan mbes acute,
‘1’, base sometimes sub-hastate. Sepals con ,» membran oblon 7 | (
oblong, reflexed, Female pedicels often 5” long and pile
28. EMBLICA, Gartn. a
with small leaves pinnately arranged on short lateral
sti as
Trees
branchlets, which are supported by a small bract and two ’
and are often cre us. Juice somewhat milky. Stipules a er
Z : j eo eked
lower .
pedicels. seal 6 (-5). Filaments connate into a slender column,
3, fre ve
ack to » Cel
Oakey rtical dehiscence. Disc 0, or Ae _— plane in male, |
capelas 3 in female. eit 3-celled, ‘styles r less connate below, |
2-8-fid or twice 2-fid a Ovules 2, collateral’ in éuth cell. Fruit |
a drupe with woody, sccllea, 6- grooved en ndocarp. ;
1. E. officinalis, es na: tas ae ar iat L. ; Cieca
Emblica, Kurz; Amla, Aonla, Amlika, H., Ben ; Aura, Or.; |
Miral, K.; The ‘emblic esac
A small or moderate-sized tree, ith greenish-grey 0
peeli in scales and long ae and with pretty feathery grey
foliage. Branchlets hairy, 3-8” , with close-set, dist ,
linea brous, mar eaves, ‘3—'7 5” ong, im Ww
young i fi ate, or with a hair tip. Flowers densely
oung. Stipules fimbri rt
faseicled, yellowish on the new shoots, onidil ms sle ope i
fem me eye oer globose, succulent, yellow or Dak
when ‘7-1 dia: ith a 6-ridged putamen (not of cogs)
sich | is f eave déhieesat fe the ridges. ‘
Common throughout the area and in all situations. Fis. Feb.-May. Fr. Oct
— higerig _ - tig t.). Deciduous March-April, bard .
ung trees quite smooth, greyish- idee, blaze pink, in old trees :
and ory henemen ers
Badin: fairly g good and much used for cr yh eee also for agricultura
mu s'
a is often taken by Indians in the forest rani iui r. Fraymouth
as a tannin material he had Sah good to say of either fruit af Teaves a
th: h
tery and in dyspepsia. It is —_ an a cure ia cough in gh a
es ~
re
height and 26°5” girth in 16 years. It cgplais easily, ‘bet requires to be
down or the pS 8 are produced above the groun
128
29. EUPHORBIACER. (80. Kireanenia.
29. CICCA, L
’ Giiiichirs of Emblica, but a ves 2 arger and flowers usually
‘4-merous, _Filaments free. Clusters of flowers usuall racemed from
the
and 1-2 females. Ovary 3-4-celled and -lobed with 3-4 spr eading
Bid stigmas. Drupe usually 3-4-lobed with 3- -4-angled putamen.
ee -listicha, % Hariphal, Beng. ; Ray Nurphal, H.; Aura-kuli,
t ungarada, Or. Star eber
: , small or moderate- sad tre ae very thick branches closely
marked with the scars e deciduous branchlets 8, a often
2. ing 00. e pinn
; Bm uentin gardens, Fis. ‘tte, Fr, June-July.
pratt Breen leaves are eaten as : sag and the acid fruits are eaten cooked and asa
; 30. KIRGANELIA, Baill.
Slender shrubs, usual ly sarmentose sometimes climbing b
es
sedenod.. —. ed stipules nats ‘aibek at the base of he
i n deciduous. Leaves small or moderate-sized,
ne Seca branchlets, stipules la: ate
Male and fem in axillary, few-
mes ps
the reduction of the leaves on special branchlet
imbricate, 3 inner often larger and sub-petaloid, dino
ens 4— 5, free or rith
stam or inner 2-3 w
oe or half as mo 2-lobed stigmas. Ovules 2,
, cell. Fruit with fle eshy exocarp and softly
“ ye S-2lled enidocarp, seeds usually fewer than outs the
reticulata, Baill. a Phylanthus reticulatus, Poir. ; Panjoli,
ee Jandaki,
entose shrub Aas ee Pe or Pagano branches,
° or oblong leaves, *5—1-7 ong. Flowers green or purple,
‘ate, male and female wie sey on slender pedicels,
" long, usually one male and one female in each axil,
129
30. KIRGANELIA. | 29. EUPHORBIACE4.
sometimes racemed, inner sepals 05-06” long, Mt her
broader ang often or rbicula r in fruit in the female, up to ‘08 1
ruit. Bet s black, ‘2” diam., usually 8-10- seeded.
Throughout ae whole area, chiefly in hedges along nalas. Fis., Fr, most
the yeor, chiefly Feb.-May, more or less leafless Jan,-Feb.
Leave: ni na attain 3” in length, rounded both ends, pale beneath, dark
gree above 6-8, slender, Petiole ‘1-15’. Stipules lanceolate, shorter
soap or saoihug hs ah og occasionally hardening. ui
31. GLOCHIDION, Forst.
Trees shrubs, usually evergreen, and with = ternate bifarious,
entire ehnetle petioled leaves. Flowers small in axillary clusters,
ally moneci M i yi
1 e
separately Gpetslebart; ror s - frui t often twice as many
rig usually laterally 5 hie sometimes with a re
. Fr. much depressed, distinctly lobed, intruded both ends.
Glabr cn us shrub, St. 4-12, a st very short . . l. multiloculare.
Small pubescent tree, St. 3, conn lalate. w white > 2, velutinum
Ree i not much depressed nor carat at the ends, not
ee
. Stamens 3, connectives umb yee enn 2” diam,
2, Stamens over 3, Fr, over ‘25’ d
L, 3-6”, base cuneate, Gomaketiv Me ‘ong. Fr, °6-°7”
L. 4-9”, base rounded ages east on 0 ee si oma Connectives
free, but very short. “3-4
B, Tomentose or pubescent sna? ee peheradea asind. . Var.
1. G. multiloculare, Muell. Arg. Nanha-bania- Kandhum, 8.
A dwarf usually gregarious bu vi 3-4
sharply usually 2-angled and exuou
wly obova
r
nda
shortly pyar with 4-12 ie
pedicelled, calyx °37” diam. Sasa which is °75-1” diam,
lobed, intr ~uded base and
moister regions, and ade in ss lands. Champaran: ! tok Fi ;
anaes. Ham.! Manbhum and Ranbel Pargatiha, near river beds!
April-Oct. Evergree
Leaves acute or obtuse apiculate, eek” nerves numerous, sub-parall arallett
beneath but fine. Petiole ‘1’, Male fis, “12” diam., sepals oblong. an
inflorescence is often monstrous, of numerous short branchlets, a
imbricating bracts. Style a creek cone or um un hollowed bit
Capsule three times as broad as high, with thin separable epicarp arilled
also falling sen — the conical carpophore, leaving the re red
attached to the axi
130
29. EUPHORBIACE#. [31. Guocupi0n.
2.G, velutinum, Wight.
A small with nearly all parts iemecncisg or tomentose. Leaves
3-6” (sometimes smaller se base of shoots), elliptic to oblong or
oe lng lanceolate, sometimes oblique, base usually cuneate, ape
with a short t rounded tip, de ae pnbeipent’ on the
ted b le
ovary, often fa rt h
slightly dilated = lis stigmas 4-6. Capsules a 4” diam. , flattened
_ and depressed both e a} Seuiting pedicels -1—
Ta Hills! Sin rah m, in valleys, not common ! Usually on the
higher hills, Ranchi and Palamau, elev. 2000 ft, and above! Hazaribagh, on
Ream Sambalpur, occasional! Fils. on the new shoots April-May. Fr.
Bar tkérown and rough, blaze crimson, Twigs often hirsute pubescent, Leaves
_ Sometimes ovate, base rounded or acute. Ina ‘high pone form (Ichadagh) some-
- What faleate, obtuse or ee acuminate, glabrous between the nerves when
mature, Petiole ‘15-"3'’. tipules subulate. fate peatiols "25-4, fem, in flower,
12" long, Capsule rsp 10-lobed, pericarp dehiscent on the tree, leaving the
- ‘Ted seeds attached to the ax
%. G, assamicum, Hook bd
A leafy tree, with angled or almost 2-winged pee roan
_ kets, sometimes slight tly pen ndent. Leaves usually 3-5” at flow
time, ver ards i: 6”, elliptic. oblong , acuminate or cuspidate, ‘vith
th sides with 3-5 secondary nerves. Male aed aoe
fowers from the same axils. Male glabrous, *12” diam., on _ee
5 W.
“8-5 long
Connectives terminating in an umbo. Females often very numerous,
S 6, nearly free, erect, alternate larger, prone hispi Ovary
obed, sessile, pubescent, style conical, shor t, glabrous, 8- sulcate,
., Pex 8-toothed. Fruits -2” diam., usually crowded at the axils,
> 3 loculi.
A small glabrous ‘ees or often flowering as a shrub, with green
er flexuous and angular twigs, coriaceous dark green (gre y-green
ity) shining leaves, usually narrowly-elliptic or elliptic
Ate, or oblanceolate, 3-6” long. ith usually obliquely
se a !
_ Male flowers numerous, clus castered: axillary, Lo oneal
diam., on slender pedicels, ‘3-7” long, with 4-6 anthers.
© flower green, 1-3 or more together, -12” long, narrow-
131
31. GLOcHIDION. | 29, EUPHORBIACE.
campanulate. Capsule orbi cular, somewhat depressed, “65-
diam., pale, not ata shoes sessile or pedicelled.
Champaran, not very ¢ ! Gaya! Santal Parganas! Common throu
Chota Nagpur, ge tg aoa streams! ! Joe throughou re Risiae Sambalput!
Fils. March-May. Fr, Sept -Jan. hhoots in March.
Bark smooth sey ee ica ® ‘delicate pink erp rodainnk on the
ly 4 re at base of ee
ells Fem sepal
inner na Ovary stalked, ees eae indo ok * 6-8 8-toothed t
pubescent without, swollen below. The red seeds often persist after dehiscence
‘* Bark ven medicinally when -_ stomach revolts against food,” Camp.
seeds give an oil used for burning :
The fruits are sometim fied into large crimson 6-8-celled bodies, with
seeds, due doubtless to a parasite.
5. G. zeylanicum, 4. Juss. Syn. G. a -_ (in part,
A small tree, quite glabrous or densely pubesce with §
ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, often curve Hes oblique Teal atta
with rounded or cordate base on one or both sides 8
acute or shortly acuminate apex, secondary nerves 6-9, petiole
stout, 15-25”. Flowers monecious. ine -25” diam.,
een or reddish on pedicels *25’ g,s 5-7, not co
ent, filaments ha any, ast shortly p
sani pom Tt appegees small. emale outer sepals erect, 1
suborbicul column with 5-6 minute lobes.
diam., dep wile elohose e, not lobed (when fresh:
herbsnium), a apex n A fatended. beaked by the stylar column,
reely "2" long.
Along streams. Athmallik! Bama fa (Katabaga and Ha eo
Fis. Feb.-May. Fr. may be foun ove rc — following dower ring sea
Attains 2°5ft. girth. Bark dark sometimes bullate, ont 5 at DASE:
often only 3”, tertiary nerves ee ipules small, subu ate harde!
raga urved or deciduous. Male flowers several in same on bial will
in usually supra- pegs em ak sepals imbricate in bud, °
oblong recurved, inner owly obovate-oblo: ong, adnate at base with the 0
Fem, outer sepals “erect, “suborbicula, inner larger, ob pers er! els snd)
and s eo th male, Frt, sometimes slightly 5-6-gonous, epicatP”
ruptu y lobe endioe carp.
Var. ae Dalz. 5 Gibs. Quite glabrous. The localities q
above.
Var. typica. Pubescent. Mayurbhanj, Hooper! tees !
Var. pinen ge i6 Syn. G. tomentosum, var. Talbot, FBI.
Lea grey tom sass or densely hairy on the nerves pel
oO” 2 .
2”. Male outer sepals broadly ovate, “12”, inner
glabrous, ovate-oblong.
reams. Athmallik!
Cooke says that the fle. are in supra-axillary umbels in ee and &
in G. tomentosum, Specimens do not confirm this difference
132
29. EUPHORBIACES. (32. BrEeYNia.
32. BREYNIA, Forst.
tubs or small trees, with 1 entire, and o
d spreading
sunk 2 ae none to “9 of the o ovary. Ovules 2 in each cell. visa
‘More fleshy and coloured, 6-valved, or with 3-6-coce
Cans Becaa. solic long.
a opie asily separable from Sauropus wc (in Pflanz. Fam.)
it: i the calyx at the base not being ba pf elie oe ‘union with dise-
ee or. or pales, whereas in Sauropus the calyx-lobes are strongly thickened in
way,
M, : tos Fem. fl. campanulate, pag in = small. 1. rhamnoides,
17", Fem. ti, porte, 2” diam ‘5’ diam, in fruit,
Btylee short spreading 2- slope 2. patens.
Calyx ‘YX Of patens, but stigm a eeahite sessile as ‘in r 4 . 3. cernua.
th B. rhamnoides, Muell. Kadrupala, Karki, 8. ; Jajan, Or.
A pretty shrub when well bg 4-10 ft. high, with the spreading
branchlets resembling pinnate leaves. Leaves close- -set, distichous,
la us, “3-1” long, or som fe es attaining 2°2”, owers minute,
moneecious, or rarely dicci ous, green, yellow or pinkish, solitary
axillary fe w-flowered clusters, male and female often on
3 . » Seated on the enla arged ee calyx, which, however, is not
broad as the diameter of the fru
aed the Province but not at all ¢ common, chiefly in moist open glades.
along T forests! Muzaffe erpur (with sarmentose branches)! Santal el ord
Tee frequent in the North! Manbhum! Athmallik State! Puri
Mareh- Fr. March-Jan., practically al Eve
4 ly all the year. Evergreen
Bark light- Reser Shoots often! 2-ecied rae pao st bag angles Tene ot
L. pu c-ovate or elliptic, rounded o cigars a Sate
obtuse or ¢ eate, rarel = a, sec, n 5,1 sige
Buch reticulate, of often joinin ng up t P mde se ie Sila tl He guia vox
el lar or M. fis. cometimes on minute shoots Riobignd
ted With bracts, » patos “i, Fem or
flower). Ovules linear or ee oblong
‘ * See note under Sauropus,
133
32. BREYNIA.] 29. EUPHORBIACE.
2. B. patens, Benth. Jajan, =
diam. in :
the style being central, with 3 spreading 2-fid s
flattened both 1 ends, brilliant carmine when ripe,
crimson calyx
Rare in our area. Puri, fairly frequent in open jungle! Possibly occurs
pi ror BA lgg The Chota Nagpur locality in Bengal Plants Sous F.C.N, seer
r, Campbell’s specimen being B. rhamnoides! Fis. pe
ie siontt ulipiie-cbictiog 5-8”. Sec, n. 2-4, usually 1 sents
lanceolate. M. fi, often “1’’ diam. at mouth, pedicels *2- "26", filiform. Fem, S
broadly obovate, pedicels shorter, stouter, in fruit ‘2’
3. B. cernua, Muell. Arg ip
W. G. Smith ee os abet eon in Floral ‘Magasin, re i
name usually given in horticultural gardens
A pretty shrub, with leaves somewhat like eae of B. rhamnoides,
elliptic or br scrote vate, 1-2” long, with rounded tip, and obtuse
retuse base. It i oir ye s by the new shoots and their you
leaves being pink or w
Very commonly grown in pitta and verandahs, Fls. April. It is appare
a native of f Polynesia Nba?
bie rons me red- brown striate bark. Stipules linear-subulate- Fis.
ry ona “es le perianth turbinate truncate, lobes round the mouts
pam aati, gh column shortly stipitate, connective slightly prod
phen fs Some Fem, perianth ‘3” diam. even before fruiting, Bs
ponar ese se lobes and the ovary ie aga snaieens 3-lobed tru
Soc radi s 3, fleshy, minute, inflexed v nutely 2-lo bed.
33. SAUROPUS, Blume.
Shrubs or earner with babies entire leaves as in B
but often moderate sized. Flowers axillary, monccious, solitary
clustere d. Male on rebirth: disciform or urceolate, outer
Ova
or concave top, 3-celled, hie 3, usually on the broad margim
ovary, sessile phsiomie) spreading with 3 ree or incur’
oe in cell. Fruit globose or depressed,
scoot or alved "Oe rupturing sreielatly, with 6 in
peepee coc
There appe ] essential difference i
Fhe and stn the outer rim of the c sot is che
Breynia ; “it varies from abaane to very ievoly lobed in Sauropus ; the 80
134
29. EUPHORBIACE. (34. PuTrRansiva.
cial thickenings or scales in Sauropus are homologous with the so-called
i or perianth lobes in Breynia, The ge adage a3 of the genera unless they
reconstituted and arranged according t ondition of sessile stigmas or
bed styles, appears to bed he three- anata pron with discrete anthers and
discrete ert in Sauropus, the anthers in Breynia are sub-connivent round
terete colum , the stigmas or bases of the styles are central,
deties “8g "the female flower is also usually more deeply obed in Sauropus
Bhan in
Sate perianth lobes Hoedly. eee teak L. poten ea FS sopra
Juter perianth lobes linear-oblon, Leaves glabrou . 2. quadrangularis.
1 §. ocean Hook .
An erect undershrub, 3-4 ft. high, often tomentose when young,
chlets compressed, sete 2-ridged or sub-alate, permanently
cent, leaves small, broadly ovate or elliptic, ‘5-1:25” long,
sent it beneath ev isti - ge the
t
jam., perian lobes of male o at retuse, with inflected
ounded ligule or scale (or sepal ? see mae n a level with the top
i minal column, alternately over the grooves fs opposite
he anthers, the former lates, cells thei shortly o sae g. Female
obes,
uit tions ate, 25”, ovoid with nbc er e top.
gar ! ae (probably ; it occurs close to the boundary !), Singbhum, in
Mayurbhanj (Baripada, ‘Hosier’ Fis. May-July. Fr. with the later
owe eci
eaves acute or pabouative mech rounded base, margins thickened wd a
2. abou e looping. casi minute. Stipu ule es ae bra minute,
rsistent. Usually one male and o m. fi. 1B 2!
8. qu adrangularis, Mu a
brous undershrub, with habit of last. Leaves thin,
obovate, or Sui dhanetOrNbe rounded at tip, sometimes
te, stellate,
n
wer °25”, with large sora obovate lobes and 3
eds styles. Fruit globose, 3” aiain: -deprlaeed: narrower
qua a accrescent calyx.
= bhum (Tundi Hills), Camp.! Karakpur Hills (Monghyr), Ham. Fils, Aug.
34. PUTRANJIVA, Wall.
with alternate, entire or serrulat ———s ae with
® caducous stipul Flowers aise ous, moncecious, or oh om
obes unequal oe disc 0. Male with 2-4 central
yo a nthers large, Female with 2-3-celled crsr- apa as
€s, with large, ain sha ed, illose stigmas. es 2 in
cell. Fruit a go bolas? da o¥ oid dr rupe with hard 1-celled and
endoca: Boat. eed o ith erustaceous testa, albumen
> feirlidons flat, a eaiekst Pet tat on the middle, broad.
135
34, PUTRANJIVA. | 29. EUPHORBIACEA
1. P. Roxburghii, Wall. Pitonj, S.; Piten (in Hazavibagh);
Putranjiva, Jiaputa, Beng. ; Poitundia, Poichandia, Or.
A large or moderate- woes handsome tree, frequently with so: cmb |
drooping branches. Leaves bifarious, broadly lanceolate or pee
on leafiess axillary shoots and on previous year’s woo
i s shoots or in few-flowered ;
racemes on the previous year’s. Ovary white tomentose. Drupe
tog hoary, ‘6—7”, crowned with the style bases, pedicels 6-1” :
See i
ixed forest, apparently wild! Purneah! Manbhum and
8. *. ee plied np! as it isin several Pes districts and ma? Angull
seen on railw + platfo: Common wild the Mals Bs Puri!
Fis, March Apr cay S March (following yea ie), Evergre 2 4
Shoo d petiol ne pu ubescent or tomentose, hinin pas i glabrous or :
paberulous both sides, obtuse to acuminate, sec. n. abou "he. very fine, soon —
g and reticulate. M. sepals lanceolate or linear- ablong, ciliate, filaments |
more or less parry below. Fem. —— entire or wider and a
ince
The stones of the fruits are strung iio roscoe s aye. worn asa charm, A tree
sown by me measured 31 ft. high and 19°8” girth after 16 years. * Dene sometimes
used for fodder, Wood not much used. Wt. 49 Ibs. (Gambl e). es
- CYCLOSTEMON, Blume. -
Trees with alternate entire or crenulate penninerved leaves se
illary
minute eaudeous stipules, Flowers atenoivanes dioatows axl
clustered or racemed in the male, or female solitar
road, the fs i
t subglo
coriaceous or hardened pericarp. Seeds solitary in the
1. CG. assamicus, Hook f.
A small, much branched evergreen tree, Buds deep green atoll
shining elliptic, Samat elliptic-oblong to ovate-lanceolate leaves
3-65” by 1° —_— Foner flowers. Males a 25” diam,
with 7-1 e margins of a depressed glabrous dise.
Female solitary, alli, with ane thick, br ral shallowly lobed
io a with pubescent margins and densely brown toment
ro) . Fruit weet eoidtlens. somewhat gt tome 5-79
ha nalas and vines. Sameshwar Hills, Champaran! Tholasis
agchers Singbhum! Sodshern fi Range, Puri! Fils. Nov.-Dec. Fr. ripens April.
a “Sti e ;
petiole rusty pubescent. Lea rarely attain 9°5”, shortly sou
rounded or acute, usually eas base, sec, n, 7-10, very fine,
reticulate nervules, petiole °25-"35’. Mature male with 2 outer orbieular
136
‘
29, EUPHORBIACES. (37. ANTIDESMA.
appressed hairy and ciliate and 2-3 inner iabsionde a ones. Dise thin _—_ te
on the margin te to a field note my speci 1, and
connective > comeing (always ?). Stigmas 2, large, fleshy, subsessile, a Stade.
: cringe aceous, endocarp pulpy, seed with hard coriaceous test
36. APOROSA, Blume.
Trees with a sake: gor e, entire, rarely re some! toothed, penninerved
_ aves with caducous stipules and sometimes two hairy stipelle-like
2g at the base of the leaf. Flowers nina dicecious, apetalous.
Hen es.
4 fles som
} when dry, endocarp thin, often separable, ces s semis ned) hairy
a Seeds oblong or suborbicular, with sometimes fleshy testa.
A. dioica, M ebony os pore Alnus dioica, Roxb. ;
an Or. yee canner with Saccopetalum m).
mall bus ushy tree, anes entire ature iamiee or elliptic- bites
. or icc: lanceolate obtus or acuminate leaves, very variable
ften on] ut 5-6”, or even 7”,
racts glabrous ciliate,
4-cleft stigma. Fruit ovoid- oblong, thinly oa he 65;
s jong, 2-celled with hairy pie seeds with orange-coloured
ah, common! Mayurbhanj, near streams, 2000 ft.! Mals -* Puri,
In evergreen fores stl Fis, Feb,-April. Fr, April- -May. eo ergree
Rearly smooth grey-brown or rough in old trees, blaze = oon, then
fed, then yellowish or (in the Puri tre ee) hard light brow Young leaves
) rusty silky on the nerves and gland-toothed with spore he tufts of hair at
®» Stipules “3-45”, rusty-villous, unequal-sided, only ‘2” in the Purneah
2 Ovate-oblone,
37. ee L.
ely 6—7, insert
a disc, bases somiebeion combined in a short column below
© Pistillode, anther cells globose or globose-oblong, usually terminal
. eomective Ov eg y l-, rarely n more-celled, stigmas "2-4,
all peemetimes on a short style. Ovules 2, pendulous. Fruit a
“» More or less aeascaasell drupe,
137
37. ANTIDESMA.] 29. EUPHORBIACEH.
i oe ange acute or acuminate 0} r both ends, glabrescent.
. Racemes or —- a as Seater
Shrub. Rhachis glabrous. Fls. pedicelled, calyx glabrous
outside 1, diandra.
Tree, Rha chis s hairy. M. fi. sessile, calyx hairy : . 2. bunius,
B ag mostly panicled.
Rhachis ae Fls. shortly pedicelled . 3. acuminatum,
EE teceus pivended. both ends. Racemes panicled, tomentose . 4, ghesembilla.
ey. Acorn tae writs Mata-ara, Mata-sura, K.; Matha arak’, 8; —
; Archal, Th.; Matta, Beng. ; Amtua sag, Ma i
Ps MA [Lene "“Kundui :
e shrub usually glabrous except the meet a obovate-
scaniges or somewhat rhomboidly-elliptic leaves, usually 15-3' 5”
ross sean, reves {2 per ¢ at the tip to an sts or obeces
apex, bas
a
green, in “mustly Sei rely 2-3-nate, racemes 1-2” long or
female 3” in fruit, rhachis and pep outside parrig heie disc and sepals
inside siedatic pilose. Fruit sub-globose, -14—2” diam., red to black,
i os 4 seed,
Common in all ag Chiefly in the pagent be in hilly areas and near streams.
Fils, May-June. hea Vv, Jan, Leaves turn red from Jan, to March and then fall.
Shoots pubesc ak eT with the leaves permanently —
settee beat L. acs beneath ith 3-5 slender sec. n.andothers
indis poi Luxuri apn “seam oeensionally occur with leaves up es “Jong, but —
these hav: me 5 or rarely 6 sec, n, and are acuminate with cuneate base. Petiole —
‘1l- 2", Sti ipule: a iteiae “Ait oe than petiole, caducous. Sepals u usually 4.
Stamens 2, rarely 3. Disc lobed glabrous, or usually tos Ovary glabrous. :
The young leaves make an excellent spinach, The fruit is also eaten.
2. A. ante Spreng
L Male flo i a
spikes or racemes 2-4” long, solitary or sometimes 2-3 together,
tee “terminating short weaneriae: vastly rateed from leaf-scars. —
Male rhachis tomentose, flowers 8 sessile, gst wly cupular sub-entire
thick lo disc. Stamens 9-% —
united at base into a s cal mn heehee oe per pistillode.
Fruit elliptic wit on red, o black when |
ripe, seated on the J cones Betis ‘point with sodisehe 15” long.
On the nga pa ac ns only in eres forest. Simlipahar, — hang! S
rae below = spike soon ys br L. ia ning Doth rt wit 15-7 rath wel beg
sec. not inctly looping, certian not at all raised, Petiole ‘2-"4”-
fles airy, at some little dis —— low the pedicels. Fem.
sminate = i . :
thinly fulvous pubescent, calyx pulvinate cupular with minute thinly hairy
disc annular, ovary glabrous ovoid with 3-4, usually 4, rarely 5, sessile reer
se stigmas,
3. A, sie puongi= Wall. Bie Jamrala, ns of
small tree with tomentose buds and s Leaves at time”
a
flowering Pa ‘long, Seenhly 4-12”, i eee shining, only
138
29. HUPHORBIACE. (38. BaccauREA.
mal
cage hl Soediatete at she of pedicels. Perianth 3-4-fid
Stamens
— Along si in the Saranda Forests, wi aeons Bonai, Cooper! Mayurbhanj!
‘Tis. May, Fr. Sept. Evergreen or nearly so, renewing leaves at time of flowering.
very ower
umequally celled, those of the male. teenie very short. Sepals glabrous in
male, ibeent or or ciliolate in female, Dine Seony. fear gg i: Pistllode distinct in
ys fe Sti
id care should be en with. specimens in bud not to confuse
species with sessile flower.
A, ghesembilla, Gaertn Mata-sura, K.; Amtua, Kharw.; Nuniari,
Or.; Jamula , Or; also Kath-marmuri ‘(in Angul).
tree, with broadly elliptic or peerage or
nded both ends, sometimes also
um
sel
Tacemes, Stuntely padioelied: Sivas als Sane stamens 4-7, gine ar
: ‘tally pey. else or hay airy. Fruit red to black, oblong,
gq ammon, in alm i Cham Purneah ! pers 1 ale
De Neepur 8. Pt Pu il ‘Angut! Te eaivaes Mayurbhan,
i care of ayer localities _ ny of the other species, bemg. oft found
Roepe soot scrub jungles, Fis, May-June. Fr. Sept-Oct. Deciduo
Bark pale, = or slightly cracked, blaze pink. Leaves exceptionally 5 5°5-6"
tong, never quite glabrous in our area, sometimes permanently sub-tomentose
o’e ‘17-5, Racemes °75-2°5” (the last in — Perianth usually 5-7 7-partite,
: ofan Bird Spartite. Dise usually 5-partite
38. BACCAUREA, Lowy.
tees with alternate, entire or crenate- sce penninerved leave
sigan Covering the buds, caducous. Flow sehen us, asiy
mnecious, in simple or compound spiciform Hibeiien cemiform
icles, apetalous wer als 4-5, sehlty unequal,
. Stamen , filaments short, anthers didy Pis
: lly orbicular, pubescent. Femal als 4-6, h larger
'm the male. Ovary 2-5-c 2-5 papillose, 2-3-lobed or
. vules 2 in each cell. Fruit coriaceous, crustaceous or
vik » 2-4-celled eeaily loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds broad, testa
a thick i t, albumen hard or fleshy.
. Sapida, Melt. et
tree with light smooth bark. Leaves obovate, elliptic-
or Tlaicicalate or some elliptic, entire or repand, obtuse or
139
.
37. ANTIDESMA. ] 29. EUPHORBIACEZ.
I, Leaves acute or acuminate one or both ends, glabrescent.
A. Racemes or spikes mostly srihared
Sh an Rhachis a Fls. pedicelled, calyx ee ini
side 1, diandra.
Tree, Rhachis hairy. M. fl. sessile, calyx hairy . . 2, bunius,
B. Racemes mostly panicle
Tree. Rhac his pubescent, Fls. shortly pedicelled . 38. acuminatum,
IL. Leaves rounded both ends, Racemes panicled, tomentose . 4 ghesembilla.
1. A. diandrum, mt Mata-ara, Mata-sura, K.; Matha arak’, 8.;
Amti, H., Khai Heaparyer) wes Matta, Beng.; Amtua sag, "Ma i
|
:
ese rritteth Ran dui,
shrub usually ahem except the shoots, with obovate- /
lan Hon or somewhat rhomboidl ving a leaves, usually 15-3'5"
long, nearly a palvaye taperin g at ye tip to an acute or obtuse —
apex, evi ate, shining “especially ae map Flowers minute, —
green, saoetly 6 solitary, r: acemes 1-2” long or
female 3 5 in fruit, rhachis and pee outside glabrous, dise and sepals
inside usually pilose. Fruit sub-globose; ” diam., red to black, —
i aay
Common in all districts. Chi wa len neg shcgion4 sin oe —_ and near streams, —
Fis. ow fab a Fr. Nov.-Jan. d fro: o March and then fall.
cent.andaf ith chives ves Deraaene
sub-iomentose oneal bs mint and shining with 3- 5 slender sec. n.andothers —
indist one er specim ey occasi ~~ rags cad leaves up to vi long. but —
these have only 5 or rarely 6 sec. n. an toes ate with cuneate base, Petiole
‘l “Stipules near, ici lonwen Ati caseene: i ficbass Sepals asually 4
Stamens 2, rarely 3, Disc lobed tenes or usually pilose. Ovary glabrous.
The yo ung leaves make an excellent spinach. The fruit is also eaten
2. A. bunius, Spre
small tree up we 30 t. high and 3 ft. girth, with the twigs and :
buds oer t ate: fulvous way especially near the leaf axils. Leaves —
-5” long : ;
3-5” i flowering, ulti 3-8”, elliptic-oblong oF
ess obovate or oblanceolate and s ‘
glabrescent and shini th sides, stipules v caducous ‘1-17’
fi eaves expand. Male flowers spicate, female racem'
pi 2-4” long, solitary or so mes 2-3 together,
usually terminating short branchlets, rarely lateral from leaf-scars.
Male is tomentose, flowers sessile, shallowly cupular sub-entire
or shortly lobed, thinly hairy with lobed di mens 3-4,
united at b into a sho umn beneath the jest pistillode.
of it
Fruit elliptic compressed, ‘25’, very juicy, red, turning black w
ripe, — on the oceans hes perianth with podioele “15” long.
On the hig’ mountains onl lipahar, Ma; a
Parasnath! es April-May. Fr eh ig tama sag eh
rk smooth grey, blaze with chlorophyll, pinkish or pink, har ghar :
rhachis below the spike soon glabrous. r ‘shi ning eae Fy Pee with Pa rather ts
sec, n. not distinctly looping, tertiaries no a sed. Petiole “2-4”. racemes
minute "fleahy hairy, at some little dis’ oe Anis he pedicels. Fem. limb, ©
thinly fulvous _Pubeeo ent, calyx pulvinate auiee with minute thinly eager
disc rete ary piatbots ovoid with 3-4, usually 4, rarely 5, sessile Tecutt™
igmas,
+ ey fai age Wall. Kath Jamrala, ". time of
mall tree with tomentose buds and shoots. Leaves at time ©
iwc 35" long, ulisetioly 4-12”, glabrous and shining, only
138
29. EUPHORBIACEZ. (38, BaccauREA.
very young slightly ata oblong or eancerr ovate-oblong acuminate,
jase usually rounde ws secondary n s 6-8, = a ct, sero with
each other a ewer ailiépo hen young, iole
in sbspesistent, a silky. 25” long. "Plo wers ae prec
panicled spikes or ra s 2-3” long at time of flowering, up to 4°5”
in fruit, rhachis habe waar peaeies small but distinct, subulate-
: _Imeeolate, . immediately at base of pedicels. Perianth 3-4-fid.
Along Bis: in the Saranda — — Singbhum! Bonai, Cooper! Mayurbhanj!
Fis. May, Fr. rg ar Evergreen early so, r eunivine leaves at time of flowering.
Attains a onli ft. girth. Easily “distinguished fr m A, bunius by the deeply
tmnequally Sealoelis ie nee or glab: ous i
= pubescent or ey in female, "Disc c fleshy g glabrous _Pistillode distinct in
iu usually staminodes in female. Stigmas acute. Fruit elliptic acute ‘2”
eter pedicels *1-"12” long. The pedicels i is 1 be le ates te fr ——
and care should sia Sega with specimens in bud not to confuse t with
species with sessile flow:
e,% Gaertn Mata-sura, K.; Amtua, Kharw.; Nuniari,
Or.; Jamula, o Kath-marmuri ‘(in Angul).
_ A shrub, ange as ai tree, with puber elliptic or a or
tlliptic-oblong leaves, always rounded both ends, sometimes also
a short nt acumen, 2—4°5 n
short blunt a ” long, grey- care -teicieatoies
oung, more ss pubescent or villous beneath when old with
strong seco ary nerves. Flowers in dens er
n rves. Flow ely
Reemes, minutely pedicelled. Sepals woolly, stam s 47,
‘ally ovary pubescent or hairy. Fruit red t S hlesks oblong, “28”.
mon, in almost all districts! Champaran! Purnea ah Gays ! Throughout
Mote Nagpur | -P.! Puri! Angul! Bombalpur’ Mayu j!
a Man of dryer localities than any o of the other ee emg rng found “>
tid I sides and in serub jungles. Fis, May-June, Fr. Sep Deciduo
: oe S
k pale, sooth or slightly arg — pink. Leaves excepti ionally 5°5-6”
tae quite glabrous in our are netimes permanently sub-tomentose.
acemes °75-2°5” (the nae in 1 it) Perianth usually 5-7-partite,
only : partite. Disc usually 5-partite
aten.
38. BACCAUREA, Louwr.
Trees 8 with alternate, entire or crenate- rahe penninerved 1 eave
the b rs dicecious, rarely
$ or racem
; c ruit coriaceous, crustaceous or
vith? ¥, 2-4-celled, tardily loculicidally dehiscent Seeds broad, testa
“1 thick aril-like coat, albumen hard or fles
. ag Mueil.
tol tree with light smooth bark. Leaves obovate, ——
te or oblanceolate, or some elliptic, entire or repand, obtuse o
139
38. BaccauREA. | 29. HUPHORBIACE.
acuminate, 4-8” long, with a long petiole thickened both ends, glabrous
(exe. the quite young). cemes hoary-tomentose or pubescent
Jee — and leaf-scars, ae from the trunk and old branches, —
le
ale flower 4
clitary ne groupe es out lateral snore of the raceme in
the s of aaiaicus: lanceolate stipular ~_ s, 08-17” long, longer —
g use,
e i ee
cab ang on a long gree els a i e racemes 6-7” long, elon-—
hia in a ares it ree close by)! Mayurbhanj, elev. 3000 ft.! Fis.
April-May. Fr. following May. Evergreen,
Blaze flesh-cold, Buds 7 young twi ane densely strigosely hairy. L. with about
8 rather prominent sec The male flowers are contracted at the base and
articulate, but can sdatuats | be said to be stalked, [
39. BISCHOFIA, Blume.
One species only, easily aie dere from its sear 3-foliolate —
Flowers di cious
Sta: F
3-4-celled, with linear recurved styles. Ovules 2 in each cell. +
globose fleshy, w si 3-4 cells lined w vith a parakacee ae :
endocarp. See 3
1. B — ee ger Th. ; i ajam, M.; Pader
erate-sized tree with long- Hye tioled 3-fol. Fins and
bo
Not common but occurs throught the province none streams. Fis. March-
April, Fr, Oct.-Dec. Evergreen, new shoots March-Apri
Bark weal flaking when oe. blaze pink with erimson juice, then whitish,
Petiole 25-6” lo ong, takentnial petiolules ‘75-1°5”, lateral short, Panicles 3-4 from
the seat re of ery new shoots,
It is an excellen af cas for planking and the ceilings of some forest rest- houses:
have been made fro ;
40. EUPHORBIA, L. Spurge; Milk-bush. :
Trees or shrubs, often with thick flesh hy branches and stipular
_— with alternate le eaves ; or herbs of various abit ¥ ith o
or alternate leaves, always with milky juice. Leaves e niall
sometimes pseudo-whorled, often caducous or reduced in the flesh
Hib
140
29. EUPHORBIACEZ. (40. Eurnorsia.
. Stipules present or not. call ae composite. Male
of naked pedicelled stamens usually many together, frequently
groups, in a calyx-like 4~5-lobed involaeee, the lobes thin,
sepaloid, entire or divided, sig sce with ne e, rarely small,
r processes formi ° whorl, or i
solitary, and sometimes furnished with a petaloi id expansion or limb:
orwith horns. Involucres 1-sexual or usually 2-sexual, containing a.
solitary oon female flower pt weg of = arse ar ovary, naked
i ith rudiments of a alyx. Ovary 3-celled,
more or thee sisetply 3- sna styles M ‘fre rn r ype or less sgn
- often 2-lobed or 2-fid, e 1 in each cell. Capsule of three 2-valved
— cocel, détating tm a Arti lla when ripe, —— pedicel wisi
“and usna usually decurved. Seed with or without a car
I, Fleshy trees or shrubs or (fusiformis) an undershrub with
_ Subterranean rootstock. Lea aves: alternate fleshy or 0.
Inflor. not leafy (Sec. Euphorbdir
A, Armed with stipular spines, Tutehaeeed in 2-3-choto-
mous cymes
1. Branchlets not winged :—
Spines not on prominent tubercles. Antifers sed A
mous, purple 1. nivulia,
eo nes on prominent tubercles which are sub-con
fluent in 5 lines. L, obovate or spathulate 3-6. aie
Anthers apiculate 2. neriifolia,
Spines on distant tubercles. L. ovate to oblong-
Guiyen — = yellow, not areata: ine! or
3. caducifolia,
2, Sa a 3- rarely 4-5-winged :—
sa 3-6 joints ‘of anshos one 8” lon i * aa
nultimate and preceding joints over ro” long . . 5, trigon
thout spines
a stem 0. Leaves 6, fu siformis.
vulia ;
IL ree or shrub. L. very posh abs py pine | F. tirucalli,
_ U Shrabs or herbs, neither oven fleshy nor umbella tely
= branched. L. alternate or upper opposite. Involucre
with a single large gland, often with brilliantly qlourel
bracts eagscata gaa a) :—
Garde Inflor. with brilliant scarlet bracts . 8. pulcherrima,
Garden herb or Hewes Bracts of = parti-
oes poe : 9. heterophylla,
Im, Hes ntroduced herb, Bracts stly ¢ nor pal at base 10. geniculata,
hepa eam d branched alore. upper leavi oa, opp. or
, glands not petaloid (Sec.
lus) —
AF al ramifications of inflorescence forming a sympo-
_, dium on which the solitary involucres are pastes erences.
itaeeetence a or dichasial throughou
Perennial, Iny labrous 1 rt gular,
fimbriate , 4 . 12, prolifera
nnual. Invol, hairy within, lobes ovate Ciliate oe dracunculoides.
bs, rarely umbellately b it
: vies y ranched, leaves all opposite
With oblique come ae ds of invol. often with a
1¢h
A. Involucres sub-coltary in the axils of the uppermost
: Ere whi ich im
14, pycnostegia.
Ascenain ng. inh of reir lacinia 15. eristata.
B Bivolueres cymose, cymes rior seahi and terminal.
Glabrous or thinly pubescent. brig not cepliats . 16, hypericifolia.
Hispidly Lo emt Cymes capi 2247. Mrta,
Prostrate, Yymes few-involucred, ie, pink 8. rosea.
141
40, EvpHoRBIA.] 29. EUPHORBIACE2.
C. Prostrate herbs Mihad paver under ‘3’,- Involucres
illary :—
volucre: vi :
L, “15-"3" ; ‘ ‘ , A je
L, *I-"
* 23 Involucres gia abro
L, 17-25" co riaceous, sometimes toothed At apex. 21. in
1. E. nivulia, Ham. . pa E. nereifolia in F.I. and Bombay Flora* :
Sij, ad ; Etke, K., :
A tree 10-30 ft. ida ae straight trunk and terete, jointed,
spain ei whorled branches, with str aight geminate ‘stipulary ;
d t rs
nes (or unarmed). Pairs of spines inserted on flat brown or
hla «ig cae. ne on swellings of the branchlets. Leaves (usually —
only peony’ | in u by 2°5”, fleshy, linear-oblanceolate
rs. >
or spathulate, eae. apiculate, base narrowly cuneate, nerves 0)
visible by transmitted light. Petiole 0. Cyme ahout twice fo
borne at the leaf-scars towards the ends of the branchlets, 1°5”
Involucres yellow, anthers purple with yellow pollen. Sti
lobes flattened and slightly expanded. Capsule sharply ‘it
lobes compressed. fe
The common indigenous species, frequent on barren rocks and in rocky places
from Shahabad! and the pon — Pde psa cape beri riest a Ps a ‘
trap! Sambalpur, occasional eve: the shales nalas! Common
quartz sone of the Thateels acy © Fount ass ciate: with Sal in the Sfanibend.
orest saath Fis. Feb.-April. Fr. April. TLenties s Feb.-June or longer according —
io
tia
Bark ‘thick rugose and corky on lar es. Sti ipo lar gro ,
svggem «Ramee Cyme normally consists of a pediricls, *3” long, tw
fev
2. E. neriifolia, L. Syn. E. Renlanss Roxb.; E. nivulia, Cooke im
Bombay Flora.* Etke, K., 8.; Mansa-sij, Beng. :
of stipular spines on tubercles or swellings e branchlets, th
tubercle less confluent five vertical or slightly spiral
lines, so that the branch is more or less o ely 5-gonous in section.
bovate, very similar to those of the last species. Involucres
yellowish, 3-7 cyme, usually 3, with a very sho y peduncie
about ee te Oldest Mh male, 2-b te, 1 the
their pec bear each a pedu aoe and are 3-lobed with central to”
toothed. Lobes of involucres broa cuneate a 2 uel
i es. Anthers sagittate, apiculate (teste Roxburgh),
colour Fruit as in last le 3-fi
dilated and minutely tooth ruit much as in
species.
Common in village hedges, Howhare seen wild unless the next is its wild O!
Fis., Fr, Feb.~Apr:
e follows Roxbargh in the nomenclature of these two _ species,
Linnean gee aes of Byes Sito and his quotation of Commelin’s j
exactly agrees, cole, that he ye oe not referring to Hamilton's s¥
quently named x lage form with tubercles in 5 rows
142
E 29. EUP. HORBIACER. (40, EvpHorpia.
3. Ecaducifolia, Haines. im Forneter 4.0: 1541914
: dense shrub with several stems from the root or densely
_ branched close to OA ground, Branchlets with small rather distant
& i k ar lac
pe 8
a ; n fruit. Inv ‘ s broad b
obcuneate bthed, asl fimbriate. Anthers yellow, a nae
oblong or datear oblo ong lobes and longitudinal dehiscence (or
times with the lobes erecto- patent or globose, possibly fr oma different
‘Species in the same locality). The male flowers are in 6 di
Dears (more atte when old) opposite the lobes. Styles i
for half their length then dk fi ng with minutely 2-lobed stig
e P Is. ; .-April,
h ines of the anthers indicated above is correct, this may
neriifolia, but more observations ix sit% and more re specimens
0. stese: of the anther. in neriifolia shoot. be noted. The
ved and =! section 3-lobed. Ovary sharply 3-gonous,
‘ ths e '2” long, *4-"5” diam., with sy baron
ast two speci Seed smooth, globose, The bra of t
eres corresponding io the Tobod bracts i in neriifolia are ern oie
00 a t lobed. There is some rudiment of a 3-lobed calyx
i
<Sechia L. Etke, S.; Tidhara-send, H.; Baj-varan, Beng. ;
a an:
ee ~ Pp branched Het tree, 12-25 ft. high, with pinks branches
ate Af 3-, more rarely 4—5-win ged branchlets, the wings repand-
“mate wi th short itipaiaiy 3 spines. Leaves fagasioin and small,
feshy, obovate- -oblong or spathulate, Ad long. Cymes usually short
and Zinvoluered o only, longe once-forked and 7-involucred
vigorous specimens, Styles free, 2- ert Cocei laced sed.
indigen. nous, except, perhaps, on the cpio in Khurda. Fre ren seen in
Th Ses, especially in the south. Fis., Fr. Dec.-Jan. Leaves Aug.-Sept.
> se se this species are short, especialy towards a0 ends of the ennches,
they are usually as broad as long
§ Ez trigona, Haw. Vern. names of las
A tree, 10-20 4. high, with ascending branches and 3-wi
branchlets mac, * aecen inged
suehlets much as in the last species, but the wings less broad in
= a to tis: length of the joints, which bear more numerous
Nall tubercles and geminate spines ; the penultimate one older joints
quory ‘ee! Sele over 9” long, while the 3-6 last joints of E. anti-
- under 8” long. Leaves obcuneate, 1 "y" long, pale
ya ed only and now frequently planted on railway platforms (as is the
Jt gardens, etc, Fis., Fr, Feb,-April.
and 3-i nvolucred. Centra] one usually male only as in
Aol oRetedibess um the central one . described oY eae eg Sem Seyiee
thorny PO accordance with my obse vations), Anthers didymous.
v sort stigmas emargina ard tree
143
40. EUPHORBIA. | 29. EUPHORBIACE.
6. E. fusiformis, Ham. Syn. E. acaulis, Rozb.
A dwarf species reduced to an ig Ste rootstock, "75-15"
jam., ucing annually from its apex of sessile or sub- ©
sessile oblanceolate or broadly obovate-spa stiles leaves, 6-8” long
3°8” broad, ns “2 often crenulate-crispe eres
25” diam., 3-7 inas long-peduncled cyme which may be
to 6” = se hes epatiialate, fimbriate. Styles combate a half.
way sule °3”
Very awe hae soil in the abe of N, Champaran ! Purneah, Roxb,
Fis, April. Fl., ves anes May. The leaves appear in the rain s and remain n till
December or Jan
a for its habit the plant reminds one altogether of the nivulia-neriifolia —
group
7. E. tirucalli, L. Lanka-sij, Beng. (tirucalli is the Tamil name).
small tree easily recognised from the erect branches and smooth, |
terete, polished, whorled or fascicled branchlets, not much thicker
han a qui rae ear i i i
t qaill,, it b n y season small linear-oblong
5 Involucres a d in the forks of the
branchlets, s ate pe icelled, mostly female, campanulate, glands
5-3, versely oval peltate, Tee short, hairy, bracteoles numerous,
era * emale woolly, styles short, recurved, = lob geen |
‘2’, cocci compressed, velvety. Se eds ovoid, sm :
ie a in parts of Puri and frequent in village ihe ‘chief i in the south. — 3
8., Fr, 1.8.
8. E. opr neligo Willd. The Poinse 4
A lax shrub, 10-15 ft. high, with <a Stas branchlets. Leaves —
game: elliptic or sia 4-6” long, and-dentate. Involucres —
in corymbose cymes su rrounded by b Milian gee foliaceous bracts —
(or, in variety albida, bracts hed involuceres with a large, unilateral,
ellipsoid, compressed, y gla
pith ot 2 ba Indian Se end one el the most pease! shrubs when in
es ret wesc Nat ice f merica
38 yr rigor sly cut back a it ter flowering or becomes very §
is aa. pectin ach ‘hlike all the preceding species) from cuttings. es it
ripens seed or not I do not know
9. he ecophsils, © -
erb, 1-4 ft. h ati like a dwarf Poinsettia agg od less bandas
The x aves are almost lobed and the floral bracts are green, with the
scarlet heneene never extending more than hal-wie up, stten es
Here, also, the coloration may be white. The sian is single as ™
£. pi fee
Common in gardens, Fils,, Fr., all the yea
It is a native of America, where it is widely distributed. y dese itself basi
readily in this province, becoming quite a weed in some garden
10. E. ease eon ih E. prunifolia, Jacq
Ah 3 ft. high, with long-petoiled, shlong obovate gub-
entire, “Shallowly deat diate leaves, 3-4” long, the
the upper opposite with stipular pecits, secondary iron ; 12-18, is
144
29. EUPHORBIACES. [40. EvpHorsia,
but distinct. Involucres very small, -1” een 4 at flowering time,
recom in dense corymbose cymes only ‘7-1” diam., with the
g leaves wiltish or pale near the Le Gland one, large-
& ‘stalked, with expanded disciform hollow top
_ Cultivated fields and sometimes in gardens ! Pe ¥r, -Oct. Annual.
_ Intern w the inflorescence usually ver a4 ‘ene Lobes of fnvoluere very
n gland-tipped fim bri Male fis. numerous
nthers broadly oblong with lengttias J Gahiideevite, Ovary
rtly connate, 2-fid, erect with subulate stigmas. Capsule
nd.
sieniug) 18-30” high, with pale stems, 2-3-choto-
branched above, lower leaves alternate, sessile,
ong, deciduo ous, Ae an! opposite, broader, those on
vate to orbicular, un at i bout “7” broad
m
rithout hairs or brac ie oles, the filament stouter than its slender
tells globose transversely, laterally dehiscent, Ovary glabrous,
t base, 2-lobed, stigma slightly expanded. Cocci ‘17’, smooth.
rble d, 12”, caruncle deciduous.
ous, from a woody rootstock with several stems 1-2
linear leaves or scattered lineanobons or oblong.
on the inflorescence, ovate leaves. nilciticence o of
4-5) unbellately spreading arena tg a ey nee
its base and a terminal involue. ranches wi
r of leaves also teniatng in an involucre. "Pr “ia ‘the side 7 a
h a
, 80 that afte riHlowert ing and fruiting the plants
bra nched above with leafy shoots (proliferous).
of Chota Nagpur. N eterhat, elev, 3000 ft,, frequent! Fls., Fr.
T plateaux
dune,
tied) of nOOtS After fires may have orbicular ovate leaves,.'6” long, and a sub
res - Peenile, Patnpatcd ovate leaves “6-7” long supporting the young
ee Lamk. Parwa, 8.; Jychi, Chagulpuputi, stip
glabro ite o
te 4-8”, rarely 12-18” high, wit 4 opposi
lin dichotomous brane hes, often umbellate above. Leaves
bs. = Siar once olate or linear-oblong, “7-2” ee the lower
condary nerves not visible. Involucres solitary at the
145
40, EvpHorBIA. | 29. EUPHORBIACE2.
forks, turbinate or campanulate, fo Magen glabrous without, pres q
within, 06” lon Capsule °15” with pedicel about as long, cocci
ulato-venose with a media ty: ai no ose ne scarcely keeled.
In fields. Bettiah! Behar, abundant, J.D.H.! Chota Nagpur, oceasional! —
Fls., Fr. Nov.-March,
Leaves usually narrowed towards whe B aengi floral usually shorter and b :
Glands ns often slender, a ovate, denticulate,
ciliate. “Anther- cells globose, aeeke as long as youn vary, 2-fid. Seeds
tubercled, caruncle depressed.
14. E. pycnostegia, Boiss. Syn. E. zornioides (in Bengal Plants).
A slender erect annual, about 12-18” high, with opposite —
: apex,
or linear-obl leaves 1-15” long, roun nded at the
inutely serrulate, glabrous, base oblique semi-cor
nervy Involucres mostly solitary in the axils of the
im some-
up Os ricate an
times pale betw een greener reticulations. Lobes of involucre toothed, —
glands with : large “obovate Fpebetonl limb. Seeds granulate.
Behar, Kura! Fis., Fr. Sept. (in C. P.)
Youngest faves slightly silky beneath in some specimens. Petiole hardly any.
Stipules min
15. re oo Heyne
Leaves Spporits, covered with long flexuose hairs, anh :
obtuse serrulate. Involucres sub- sessile, hairy, sub- solitary, in the
axils of the uppermost eee which are distichously imbricate, lobes
linear-lanceolate, glands with a postinate and fimbriate petaloid limb.
Cocci globose.
Very rare. Behar, Kurz!
16. a hypericifolia
herb of various sore with stems 6” to 2 ft. long (or high), with
oblong. or somewhat obovat use or rounded serrulate leave
e
peinist limb. ray and capsule glabro ssed_h
pid. Seeds smooth “or with shallow cave voae » (EBL. 1)
whee diet bi Beinn gt ag probably in all districts. Fis., Fr. Dec."
perhaps all the i
ag rile two varieties at first look distinct :
A large form with sub-woody, sub-erect or ascendin, poorer pe
Pat Hed swollen nodes and Ste! leaves 1°5’ lon ng erenuiaee
subulate or setaceous, Invol and ovary nearly glabrous. Petal i
minute a saat or apparently (Gin dried specimens) obsolete, the gland often set
Var. B. Stems spreading, procumbent more ubescent, leaves 5-'75", apPE™
hairy beneath. Involvcres ‘pubescent, the id ciliate, glands with a distinct,
146
29. EUPHORBIACES. (40. Evpnorsia.
small, ~~ petaloid limb, Chota Nagpur! A similar form in Purneah! but more
=
e last oblong, keeled opposite to the fine raphe,
ome Ae or Beccsans faces, grey (microscopically punctulate),
: 17. 8 “rig * Syn. E. pilulifera (F.B.1.) ; Pusi-toa, K., §.; Bara-
and with two
ge ere oh ecumbent roughly hair
_ Opposite unoualside Serrulate ape
Z aves, *75-1'5” long, with a
ry herb, 8” to 2 ft. neiggnt ag
ic-oblong obovate or 0
j Tr y pedune
& i panulate, with 4 shortly stipitate Pipi oe glands
: without a limb or ne @ minute betes: rounded green white limb.
annual,
Fis
urly, "Peave ~s ethic mes sub- rhomboi d,
ys pines, one va:
he upper extremity
the centre of each; "h
sub-flabe ry:
rs
print and wi a igs? k
the ath
ower ‘surface he ale and hispidly hairy on er
b-flabellate ne es, hairs somet: red or b Fi tines coe : em
e and finer silky ones beneat h. Petiole 12-2” long. Stipules of
glands fimbrie, minute, ymes always congested, at first sub-sessile ste nl
elongate a finally Taedieere a cise e and sometimes 1” long,
Il the alternate axils, Involuer only ‘04’ long, strigose, ‘oben
Ciliolate tater the minute stipitate wands or as long, Pes 0 scarcely
above, tip concave, sometim ‘distinct minute fleshy limb
Without a perceptible limb t ae — hairy, '05” long,
feed oblong, reddish, 3-keeled and. se semmee a te
t is given lay
0 al vomiting by the Santale. arg ahs plant to nursing
as a galactagocue,
Syn. E. auricularia, Boiss.
Cuz,
i oody rootstock, many slender prostrate flexuous
12” long from a perennial rootstock and o opposite, coria-
e t
s. Invo 12”, -campanulate, glabrous,
r-ovate, acute, 3-5-fid, glands with a conspicuous rosy
So deeply 2-fid, stigma spa Capsule minutely
weal
; little plant is Conspicuous i in the e rains when in flower from the cym
$ been named E. auricularia, Boiss, in the Calcutta Herb,, on ecount of the
sg and capsules ein perfectly smooth, but. Col ore) 1 Gage considers it
distinet from E. rosea with which |
ero lly spreading branches which
on t above and glabrous base, small, 0 ret oho rien
inely oblong, roun = utely leaves, *15—3” lo
Y green r pi inkish clusters es invetaneal withoat’. a
n peduncle. Capanles erect, pubescent, °03”.
: ricts, Purneah! mi aie Eases my Campbell,
often ! Perhaps in all the distri icts, F
; — Pink with short branches 8 successively to ‘bs. rik and left from
trey eate pair of leaves. Petiole m oe Stipules subulate, hai Involucres
Timi’ ube
ps
Scent, glands minute, stipitate, with or without a minnte
ule erect, pubaesene, "Seeds with shallow transverse furrows.
147
40. Evrnorsta] 29. EUPHORBIACEZ
20. E. granulata, Forsk. Kantha arak’, 8. ined
A small procumbent herb wi ith many villously tne stems, 2-8” long, from 4
stout ponte, villosely-hairy all over. Leaves minute, °1-"15", ase | "2", OPP.
broadly oblong with pce gate ot se or somewhat obovate, apex obscurely
stipules scarious. Inv ol. nute, °04” long with aes lobes, gland
without alimb. Capsu ale ad ir gee oeci with pingemutios Seeds acutely oblong
page Deen mies ig or Pugnlose-lacunose, seric
Dry pla ae ngetic Plain! but no a ei specunanih seen by me from |
our area. “Cho a Na a Prain, Fis. Oct.-Apri
21. E. caspase ipsa Syn. E. serpens, var. indica, Boiss.
Very similar to E. granulata, but with slender pare gale or
only spar analy gage tenses usually larger, 12- 24", ¢ or toothed.
Petiole distinct. Stipules subulate. Involucre ee: 02”, lobes
bt 2 0
Seed reggae tetragonous, nearly smooth (andulately ro
joss), whitich- blue
Banks of stream, Be mar r,J.D.H.! Bettiah, Hieronymus! Fis. , Fr, Sept. -March.
The Bettiah plant is villous and scarcely separable from er n usta, vee
keeled cocci; glands narrow-elliptic, limb a mere rim, lobes minute lanceo!
smal villi or bristles, styles ag short, ptr transversely rave we
414. SYNADENIUM, Boiss :
Shrubs with unarmed terete fleshy Gennches and well-developet
we
e entire somewhat fleshy le Flowers reduced to single
stamens in the male anda single ovary with or without a rudimentary
in th , the males or males with a single female
collectedinto capitula as in rbia, but with the glands of the
involucre completely fused with one another into continuous
ri (outer) of the involucre as in Euphorbia, but} bracts
8 r = of male flowers connate by ee inner @
thus form inner involucel round ie male flower wi
€
present. “a Ries 3-lobed. An African genu
1. §. Grantii, Hook.f. Syn. S. umbellatum, Paz. African ee pe
ush, 6-7 ft. high, with green ter
ultimate ones about 3” diam., and erous oblanceolate or sbo
scarcely fleshy leaves 3-6” long, dark green d often clouded @
the very oblique secondary nerves mu di ere
the fies shy Euphorbias. Involucres in somewhat supra-axil :
ong a ost axils, repeatedly forked or 9
umbellately 3-5-n . Involu ” di
, red-purple, the pulvin ulus (connate glands) entire
mewh =
n the inner side, lobes 5, erect, sub-quadrate, shortly fimbriate
toothed. Usually 2-sexual. Ovary tomentose. Perianth anm
sub-entire.
< Cea = hedges about Cuttack, and occasionally elsewhere in gardens! *
-Fe ee
The distinctions described between S. Grantii and S. umbellatum isa
number of Indian specimens are examined paowit gfreely, The leaf mare which ®
ciliate, or the pubescence extends for some distance from the margiD, E
148
. 30. CALLITRICHACE. [1. CaLuirricHe.
:
,
|
_ often incurved at the lower part and tapers into a short petiole, Involucres
by scarious oblong srthente: bracts, ‘l-'15” long. less |
: d
:
- PEDILANTHUS, Neck
Somewhat fleshy — with milky juice, estes alternate below,
tor opposite. Flowers as in Euphorbia, but involucre zygomorphie,
dipper-shaped (in our species), with th the florets exerts d from the toe,
-and the heel ana the saccate thibe of an outermost superior
a lobe or “appe noes, containing inside at its base 2-6 large
-tumid glands, papery & landiess. Invyolucral lobes very unequal, two
anterior large the Siceal smaller (the appendage is considered as
tt homologous with a lo = is exterior to the involucre proper;
its morphology seems doubtful), innermost ligulate. Style stout,
beak-like, with 3 short 2-toothed lobes
P. ees, Poit. Bilaiti-sij, Vern. ; Adjutant’s Hedge; Jew’s
iieay ira or undershrub wit a es ov Aeiedur Macher about
‘*t high, but sometimes much larger, beari more or less
lliptic leaves and red or orange slipper prin Bey savothisiee in dicho-
oy with caducous bra
mmon in gardens and ice acs is a variegated form with white on
Native of tropical America.
te lees
. 30. CALLITRICHACEE.
Werticillate vst “fle ting), narrow entire ved le ee:
sometimes st Flowers moncecious, r fps a single
e anda single naked ovar the female, usually
ary, supported by two bracteoles at right angles to the
‘taf, sometimes & single male sub-tended by the bracteoles and an
@€ same axil, but out bracteoles. Fil t
» anther 2-celled, with lateral dehiscence. O two
nent. Frui
testa and fleshy albumen. Embryo central terete.
genus.
water-weed with the Soper leaves forming a floating
orate-spathatata “75 le The minute yellow anthers
atte of be detected with t e naked eye from the axils of th
nit. leaves, the female flowers are usua lly submerged, at least
Fruit sub. orbicular sith ‘seats keeled but seitooty winged
Sy Plateau,
2000 ft., in still water near a stream, Wood.
149
1. Linum. } 31. LINACE.
31, LINACEA
AM. :
shrubs with alternate simple usually entire leaves.
i or 0. Flower
as om Ww. vules
ead Shee iv ae —5-coccous, or drupaceous. Album on taake 0.
Embryo ne as long as Pgs seed, poaigit: rarely ncuel cotyle-
dons broad, Sole superi
Herbs, Perfect stamens 5. St: il 5 : i ee 5 ee }
bo Sosen beg Perfect stamens 5. Styles 3-4 ; : : . 2, Reinwardtia.
Perfect stamens 10, Styles 5 ; : . 8, Hugonia,
Gultivated shrub. Perfect stamens 10-12. Styles3-4.0 . «4% sabres
4. LINUM, L
Herbs with narrow gerd oon} stipules 0 or glandular, Stamens
5, perfect, staminodes Dise of 5 glands. Ovary 5-celled,
the cells sometimes aivided. into >. Styles free. Cocci 5, 1 o
partially 2-celled, 2-see
1, L. Snr ea Or L.. Unehig Je: _ alsi, H.; Tisi, Mosina,
; The Vax. or Linse
i co ni ne thi igh with stem ene co linear or lanceolate
leaves, 3-nerve 3 base and blue flow wers, ‘7-1” diam. Capsule about
; ros :
sepals
Extensively fecal 0 = Neha fields of a beautiful blue when in full flower
In ree se districts,
Sel for oes eet § pst the flax not being manufactured, A pin t of Taw eos
dimond ith an ounce é ach eg Jaudanum and spirits of sarpeneisin is one of
best hick for colic in poate :
2. in INWARDTIA, Dumost :
Undershrubs with entire or crenate leaves and minute subulae
caducous stipules. Flowers yellow in yd nei eee al nbulat®
perfect, hyper noe, connate below, with 3,
staminodes. Glands 2-3. Ovary 3-4-celled, sane 2. oat styles
1. R. trigyna, Planch (inc. R. ste ea Planch). Langora, vam
A very pretty small shrub, 2-4 ft. high, with green herbaceee
branches, ovate-oblong to elipti lanceolate entire or ¢ renate-6¢ i.
leaves, and bri ight yellow e-yellow flowers, 1-1’ = pee
numerous small axillary Gatilen rarely solitary oF in He
mes.
On shady ban’ gpur! Ango
wbly thereforeins all districts, “Fis, Oc ra Feb. Fr. eek March, “Perennial, evers™ery,
Branches ents woody, he rect or spouse _ rooting, glabrous. "iendet
3-4" rarel mes with minute teeth, mucrona’ wed into the Ft i
*B-1” pe es agg Geom erect. Petals pm ig St i po 3 (Re. ~trigyna) or 4-5 (Fe
ar oe ‘3’ diam,, depressed globose, with alternate green an nd orange ©
in some s
Is well psc a place in the garden,
150
32. MALPIGHIACE. (1. Hiprage.
3. HUGONIA, L.
lowers yellow, the lower peduncles converted
to sp Stamens 10, hypogynous, with glandular swellings
on the ring between the filaments. Ovary 5-celled, styles 5, filifo
Ovules 2, collateral in each cell. Drupe re Seeds compress sed,
; es 2, co
_ albuminous. Cotyledons flat.
_ LH mystax, Z. Chulijinka, Or.
or climbi h
opposite circinate tendrils (m odified peduncles) below the
clusters of obovate-elliptic, entire leaves which are 1:5-3” lon ng, or
_ less on the gered branchlets. oo ers 1-1-5” diam. edlen Dru
yellow, ora range red, ° 5 “6” dia
crub jungle as; Ka be frequent, Fis. May-Aug.- Fr, -Noy.
_ Young parts yellow tomentose. IL, usua lly rounded at oe g arial. or subacute,
FBI), young with a few yellow hairs on mid-ri ae A fine spre eadi ing, —
_ Teticula tween. Peti, very rg ged subalate, Sep
- tomentose, 25”. St. 5 long and 6 shorter,
4, ERYTHROXYLON, L
Lamk., has been grown on the Ranchi plateau for the drug ¢
: Pct from All leaves, but without much success commercially, It isa untive re Of
San
monogynum, Ro aP:, migat ,Possibly be found in “che It is a bright-
- teen shrub with cuneate-o
FAM. 32. MALPIGHIACEA,
In the Indian Genera.) Climbi g or sub-erect shrubs with
opposite entire leaves. Stipules small or 0. Flowers eae sized
es games 1 in each cell, axile, pendulous, with ventral raphe and
_ Uperior micropyle. tab of 1-3 winged samaras. Seed exalbuminous,
or
berect or scandent. F! 1, Hi
: 8.m.8,, irregular. . : : : tptage.
Seandent, Fils, rather Small, regu ular . : : . 2, Aspidovterys.
de HIPTAGE, Gaert.
climbing or sub-erect shrubs ne coriac oo leaves and
i in
ed racemes, irre Calyx with Leds pais adnate to the
- Petals qual a ne differently coloured, claw
: declina » petra repens connate at base. Ovary 3-lobed
‘subglo Saag a and 2-1 mentary. Fruit of 1-3 samaras.
Giigledtn: thick unequal.
151
1, Hiprace.] 32. MALPIGHIACE.
1. H. arene Gaert. Sang Karla, 8.; Madubluta, Beng.; Boro- —
i, Nata Nageswar (fide Gr pete Or.
oe oody shrub, sometim mbing to a consis height, —
with pale fapecnac, elliptic or Poa oblong or oblong-lance cla
shortly acuminate whey 4-7" b ; and show pss ‘Sowiee
y
“75-1” across, with one yellow eee Each carpel with one large, —
a erect, pblahbeolite wing, 1°5-2” long, and two sna lateral
geal along nalas and ravines. Singbhum and Porahat! Hazaribagh and —
ed Ghats! Santal P,! Mayurbhanj! Narsinghpur! Angul, froamaal Kala-_
ee i, Grieve
Is. Fe “babel: Fr, April-May. Evergree ;
Youn ng bi pres | and leaves to mentose = soon bai escent and mature leaves
shining, penniner with 4-6 arched se numerous very faint inter-
mediate ones, base ot feat obtuse. Potiole 35 Hisense s pubescent, sometimes in
leafy panicles. Petals fimbriate.
2. ASPIDOPTERYS, A. Juss. .
Tall climbing, a eucpet hrubs with opposite entire leaves, —
stipules small or 0. Flowers small, in axillary or terminal panicles, —
pedicels articulate, often “paiitbaly 2-bracteolate. Calyx mask
ee Petals sessile, entire. Stamens 10. Ounys 3-locul
loculi ned at the back and epg winged, these wings largely i
developing in fruit hich consists of 3 (— 1): sam ooh nadleue 3 some- mH
mes with an additional small do th wing. Styl :
L, sometimes glabrescent. Samara narrow oblong . : : ae barges Pa ae
L, densely silky beneath. Samara broadly elliptic . ; : ie psa d
1. A. indica, Hochreut. Syn. A. Roxburghiana, A. Jus 7
Climber, with broadly ovate or elliptic shortly a come nae ovate —
shining leaves, aren or silky beneath, mostly 4-5”, w: ]
rounded but n ordate base. Flowers staal w aE
iculate pedice in lar:
Fotaas frequent, Puri and An alt Fils, Sept.-Oct. oa
Stems attain 4” diam. mo id Ga some Angul —
ze mane ste _ 8” by ne 5! iw ith usually rounded or “opliaee ‘teak and po .
n, larger sec. n. only 3-4, of which 2 a are 2.0 ually near the base and
rusty pubes ondary -* anches nce sub-verticillate with the f=
racemed and an neueyaite se. orieyeg capillary *3-"4”. Petals reflexed 12” long.
ic gp aa eng are two bie inear-
Leaves thinly fulvo silky beneath e in fruit. Sam ra 1
ened s attaining 2! re ee Pedicels pebeetieabiicutation ana calyx conspicuously
pubescent. Malso
Var. 8. Leaves glabrescent. Samara much broader in the middle (ell. oblong)
attain’ ning 2°3” by ‘8’. Pedicels ration the articulation, glabrous. Calyx min
puberulous and ciliate. Puri and Angul,
Norr.—Var «a is sag a gl A. indica, Hochreut. (Kew Bulletin, No. 3, 1917,
vision ¢ of Aspidopter rys), but var, B appear; ‘ 8 to tonnes the species with 4. floribu
Hutchinson, except
The shape of the samara in a k vs rather variable.
So Vb
152
383. ZYGOPHYLLACE®. (1. Trisutus,
2. A. Hutchinsoni, Haines. Kew Bulletin, No. 2, 1920
A stout og aad with sub-woody branches rong? wit th the bases of
fallen hairs ir ea
oe ‘ long, base
ht or rounded, densely silkily hairy beneath. Panicles short,
; . Samaras broadly elliptic, 1” by nearly 1”, nucleus also with a
median wing *5” lon
Mayurbhanj, elev. 3000 ft. ! Dike . Dec,-Feb, Fr. May-Jun
_L, sometimes broader than ny, mostly 4 by 3° 5”, slensely Fallow tomentose —
nm young, Gatenacens, above, sec. n. about 5, of which a ope pepaly fro:
«thet raised beneat i as icles n hai ary
Pedicels short articulate near — base and glabrous (in fruit) above the! trticnlntion,
_ Sep. dorsally hairy, Pet. oblong, -18” long. Samaras membranous, retuse at the
«apex. on wing semi- eka or semi-lanceolate 1B" broad. Ca arpo phore 3 m
rulous.
FAM. 33. ZYGOPHYLLACEA.
rarely small trees, usually with
a c s
heceate or dru aceous, Albumen present or 0. Embryo as long as
the ceed, straight, rarely curved; cotyledons thick or flat; radicle
“straight,
canna
ey bs e lea
ect herb with teepl i Pane cub ; eaves
m ¥ green
. ‘ : A; 5 essai
or shrub with 2-foli olate leav es. "Fruit drupa-
Peganum.
z 3. Balanites.
tual eativatea tree with blue tlowers ; YE OA eal tis Pee ee
. TRIBULU
P 8, L.
sell te herbs hi oe ite pari-pinnate leaves and white or
agg flowers appearing axil r pseudo-axillary (the
IMobed. a Re ). Petals 5, fugacious. Dise annular,
Epipetalous stamens longer, en nate shorter with a small
base. Ovary hirsute, 5-12-celled and ‘lobed, Fruit of 5-12
or spinous or tuberculate indehiscent cocci
lets: - Gokhru, Goksura, Beng., H.; Caltrops, 9
setaely hairy, with prostrate branches, 1-2 ft. long. Leaves 2-3”
hase, yt Unequal in a pair, pe sn 4-7 pairs, oblong with ‘hig
dun otate, “3-8”. Flowers pale yellowish, 36” ce
| "ail 45". Fruit usually hairy, cocci each with 2 very ¥y sharp
"gid spines and 2 shorter one
153
1, TRIBULUS. } 33. 2X SORE
Fis., Fr., h.s. and r.s., perhaps all the year round,
Se be inn os onl our area show flowers over 1” diam, A form collected by
Chandpur he sands near the sea (Balasore goes a snow-white
wie :
seaetene leaves, lea flets erate ‘1- ks an ns small flowers. The spe caer are Te
beer w sp Sse zange genre 9 :
to dad A
ustra. !
Bicycl eyres are certain to be punctured if wheeled over grass pes this weed
occurs, The entire plant and a = _— fruits are used in Hindu m ui ;
Water is rendered bine Sepa sm by it s drunk especially in diseases
genito-urinary sy
2. PEGANUM, L
Perennial herbs, with alternate en aan or multifid leaves with
stacenue stipules. sbi a opposed white. Sepals often folia- _
ceous or Sas ak ns 12-15, . 48h whorls, the ‘
outer , filaments dilated below. —
Dray deaply Sebel. gy Mer: acelled, ”3- meres ee indehiscent.
1. P. harmala, L. Harmal, o* Isband, Beng.; Syrian Rue
Rather a pretty bush, 1-3 ft. high, densely pe om nib corym-
Has branched and with the leaves cut into linear segments about
ong. Flowers white, ‘5’ long, on leaf-opposed peduncle Sepals
exceeding the petals. Stamens 12-15. Capsule globose, —
iam
y frequent in the U.P, and Punjab and occasionally entering the province —
st.
Fis., Fr. April.
The seeds yield a red dye and are used in medicine.
They contain alkaloids.
Guaicum mene gr L., is a small tree with dark glossy pinnate leaves and the |
of the axes of
is ental trees 2
e widely cultivated than iti
3, BALANITES, Delile isle
Thorny small tree or shrub, with alternate leaves consisting of
one pair of Pistons leaflets. Flowers yellowish green, in ntracted
Petals 5, imbricate
cymes or pseudo-umbels. Sepals 5, concave. tals 5,
at the base
Stamens 10, inserted on the somewhat elongate torus
e prominent dise which is 10-lo below, i subulate
Ovary 5-celled, or by suppression ees slightly su n the dist
with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Fruit janetc ae a very —
hard 5-angled, 1-celled and 1-seeded ee
1. B. Roxburghii, Planch. Hingua, H.; out are... aes :
ll grey-green tree or low bush, enol a armed with axill olate q
en ver with 2-foli
leaves and green and serene flowers °3” aint * “Drape bes:
ones sanite 5- grooved ~ ends. pki
n Palami the ag pank of the Son and frequent near Keck
apariieek. ‘Waste sah Pe ant tow scrub jungle! Gaya, frequent! Fis. Nov
thorn . Fr. Nov.-Dec
— “ora often m elongate and bearing leaves. Lfits, entire elliptic, Lager
76-1" eave hardly any. Petals strap-shaped or br ob groove
anibas noes veiiiw. loosely imbricate in bud. Style subulate, stout 5-
Drupe yellow, full of ‘oil and with a very offensive smell,
154
34. GERANIACE, [2. Bropurtum.
FAM. 34. GERANIACEZ.
Herbs, undershru rely trees, with opposite or sabia te,
simple or ecard, | stipulate basi palmi nerved, leaves. Flowers
mall
umbelled, cymose or racem r pga gula r nearly so.
Sepals 5, free, imbricate, or aces below. Petals 5, usually alter
nating with ands. Sta as many or 2-8-ti as many e
petals, connate into a ri a base or free, outermost
opposite the petals v -lob r -celled, with 1-2 or 2-many
ovules in each cell usually — s with micropyle upwards. Fruit
r or tting into beaked cocci which separate from the
_ Central axis or (in oe obees Pitt Embryo often green, straight
g ok hla
capsu r of cocci.
cl oled give: ofan Toved Petals alternating with glands . 1, Geranium.
Leaves pinnate. Glands ce ee
_ lattes Stolioint, Glands ¢ f F : ; j . 8. Ovalis,
2. Trees, uarer 8 pi mbate. rate accate . 4, rag pata
La [pes * geranium”? belon ninin The
are tore oe ae irregular and a peculia Ae mae spur xpos be found un nde the
_ Uppermos “cng allege pal nthers. to the pedicel ; there are no disc glands and only 2-7 of the
: The ¢ en “nasturtium’? belongs to the genus Tropeolum n put
separate family (Tropeclacee), disting: alta by the long hollow aes spur on the
_ Posterior sepal, 8 stamens and 3-celled ovary — into 3 cocci in fruit. The
«Senus Nasturtium belongs to the family Cruc cifer
wert agen L.
Leaves Pept: lobed rarely entire. Flowers on 1-2-flowered
_ Peduncles, 0, all with Aa nat rs. Fruit beaked, breaking
| pinto 5 cocci uith "aia tically Selling ends which remain for a time
Suspended to the t tip of the central axis of the fruit.
4G. pa Camb. ee Geranium
a erb with a short rather woody s Sant often clothed with
€ pers ations t aie “ea ‘eufted long-petioled orbicular aman tely
{Tlobed leaves rely 2 and numerous axillary
tte paimunsles of rose-coloured atm B15" diam;, ‘ith a
w to Ma. “ 4000 gi Neterhat (Palamau) 3300 ft.! Fis. Oct.-Dec. and sometimes
gad ~A ril.
pact and fte vith very sho rt peduncles among the crowded radical Ls he
with long, slender, ewes Edie few saree | —_ Mig attain 10 long
iabniasy = of the way down cuneate lobes, obes. 3-5.
Pedunel and lobules ber few teeth, Yoel oi ee weit Petioles 2-4", hairy.
“Dedicelg’ “mong the radical leaves usually very gard and 1-2-fld. with short
ender’, those on the een ms either short and sub-umbellate, or sometimes very
‘hey and up to 3” long, with Fetes up to1‘5’ long! Bracts lanceolate, hairy,
jy nds ovoid. Bona : vate-acum
ay he central nerve produced into a long mucro, base
Imei orate pedicels deflexed and fruiting pes *2" long. Ripe carpels
2. BIOPHYTUM, D
la often small and sometimes like min ae trees, with a single
and crown of leaves, Leaves pari-pinnate, leaflets sone,
155
2. BropHyrtTuM. | 34. GERANIACE.
petiole swollen at base. Flowers small, yellow umbelled on —
peduncles. Sta ee 10, free, 5 outer smaller. Styles 5.
loculicidal capsu
Flowers Jocnny as Sy a relative length of style and stamens, The
leaflets are sensitive ee — at nights
Stem often short. Sep: hb than pedicels — fruit.
Lfits. 8-14 prs., saute distin : : = — ivum,
Lfits. 5-7 prs., fis. sessile oe neatly podiscias,
Stem usually long and gracef Sepals shorter than the pedicels 3 3 Pear
1. B. sensitivum, DC. Lak chana, H
a)
:
stout stock or crowning a hairy sometimes br anched st 34" |
5-5” lon ith te
chaffy, ne
icels. Sepals lanceolate, 2” long, like the bracts and excee
the pedicels. Capsule epi 5-groove ee
Common Chota Nagpur! i! Probably wie pole the area. Fis., Fr. 1.8.
aa a. bec wis ae to sca phe by the Kols and Santals. A case of the
aw oO:
2. B. apodiscias, Tur
A weer small delic ots _— 1-3” hi gh, Speen 5-1” long only,
with only 5-7 i of strongly nerved | ts aud nflorescence
ese sessile. ‘The seeds are said to have sie tubers, while
prin of B. jehahionis tae transverse tubercled ridge
onghyr, Hamil
a rarely 37 sna ere 0, hairy above. Peduncles 0 or very short Pedicels
“1-"15', sepals 2”, about + long as the pathad eae > capsule. It is per the pedicels
as sometimes stated, but he peduncles that are so short in this speci :
3. B. Reinwardtii, Walp :
A grace eeful little teed with its crown of pinnate leaves always :
terminating a slender stem 25-10” high. Leaves 2-3” w ith usually
ff cts shorter
han the pedicels, which again are longer than the ‘1” long *¢ epals.
als equal sule.
wane jungles and damp banks. Hills of Chota pncted common. Fis., Ft ee
3. — L. habitus Sorrel. :
Herbs with often bulbous or tuberous roots and acid juice. Leaves
digitately 3-foliolate. Viowere variously coloured, on sig: fess
flowered repageerss Dise without glands. .Stamens
cn
p
ferous, free or alightly connate at base. Fruit a deck
with § pe rsistent va ie
35. BALSAMINACEZ.
1.0. corniculata, L. Amboti, Chalmori, H.; Amrul, Beng.; Tandi
: chatom arak’, 8.; Yellow Sorrel.
Stems diffuse with procumbent branches, leaflets obcordate, atipeilon
_ oblong, united to the base of the petioles, peduncles a about 2-flowered,
shorter than the leaves, pedicels reflexed in fruit. Flowers yellow,
4-5” diam. Capsules narrowly oblong.
-_Acommon weed in gardens, ete., in all districts. It extends into England. Fls.,
Fr. all the year.
The leaves are used as a pot-herb.
4, AVERRHOA, L.
Trees with alternate wehbe satan Sop age Hilbig and opposite
or alternate leaflets. Flov ee ype panicled cym cea from
asi
an all e 5 sta iiede e
i at the | base. Ovary 5 5-lo oh d and - celled, each lobe with a short style
and capitate stigma. Ovules many. Fruit baccate, 5-ridged or -lobed.
Seeds sometimes arilled, aleanan Bae 2% Embryo straight.
1. A.carambola, L. Kamaranga, H., Or.; Karmal, Kamarak, Beng.
Flowers campanulate, 2-25” long fee broad, pretty, pink ae
— deeper pink gig in aan icles from the branches or axillary o
terminal. Frui d.
bese, to a small shat in most sediteaal Fis. June-Sept. Fr. Sept.-Oct.
oe 8 3 ft. girth. Leaflets puberulous beneath, base usually very oblique.
8 with a Zlobed oe = ate aril, Leavessaid to beirritabletotouch, Fruit eaten,
Usually stewed with s
2. A. bilimbi, L. Bilimbi, Vern.
< omy distinguished by the “se rous a et -oblong or inter Tenet
' ees leaflets more pubes scene ‘ben ath. Fruit with rounded lo
: ah pga ds. A graceful little tree, occasionally planted. The acid fruits ie,
and also last, ood pea to promote digest The juice is made into a cooling drink
FAM. 35. BALSAMINACEA.
Herbs with opposite alternate or whorled, simple exs stipulate
Petninerved leaves, and axillary, rarely pseudo- bo hahinco solitary Sd
wers
fev.ey wi rt bro: a
— hooded over the stigma. Ovary 5-celled with 3-more
: ulous axile ovules in each cell, raphe dorsal. Fruita succulent
157
1. ImparrEns. ] 85. BALSAMINACE.
pe ayy es one upwards by 5 valves (or in Hydrocera
accate). Album :
4. IMPATIENS, L.
Characters as above.
1. I. balsamina, L. aon mendi, H.; Dupati, Beng. ; Haragaura, Or.;
Common Balsa:
annual with a t r distant leaves, narrow-lanceolate —
acuminate, deeply s serrate, pics glandular petiole. _ wers purple or —
rose coloured, solitary or fascic sic lateral sepals broad
pet
etals very isa lip small,
ile tomentose.
Common in waste Sone in Ls “ocarsak at usually near villages. Fls., Fr. rs.
The origi
minute, standard orbicular retuse, w:
spur short or long, incurved. Capsu
FAM. 36. RUTACEZ. :
ares or Lelie rarely herbs, abounding in pellucid glands —
filled with essential oil, with opposite or alternate, simple or —
danpound exatipulate enten: Flowers regular in cymes or anicles, —
ften polygam Calyx of 4-5 sepals
P
0 epals usually connate below
Petals 4-5, avely fe antiee), valvate or
imbri Stamens hypogynous, diplostemonous or numerous, fila-
ments free or somewhat connate, inserted around a crenate or lobed,
seenstiinias elongate disc. Anthers introrse. ary rlo
4-5-celled (l-celled in en ) or re-celled (many Aurantiee).
es _ oO
uall som
y 2, sometim
or capsular, woietiaiien splitting
ells. Albumen fleshy or 0. een hfs or curved, ©
ee 7
oxylon is sometimes included in this family on account of its gland —
leav ti bat its numerous cee and ar — are more those of Meliacee, —
Cedrelez, which con o fami
‘be es
nects the
ribe Aurantiee Catach terised by its exalbuminous seods— :
an awkward field character not here il
The Morne 4 are often found lateraDy a a leaf or fascicle of leaves. In
a ar _—_ uds requently one of these develops into a thorn ; som
E Grae: 2-lin eac che
A. L. pinnate. Oy as 2-5- ee
Leaves Pe eto Una
Leaves alternat: Gaiaite: prickly
B. L. digitately Soot. poten prickly
C. le a oer rT bacca:
rmed
Fruit a sie a Boodia. 4
arene 3
ober
ee oe
peer
"Ovary entire, Fruit baccate.
Leaves with winged petioles . .
ex oo &
a)
158
Bi
36. RUTACEZ. (2. ZANTHOXYLUM.
E. L. pinnate porely po rede pa mixed in Glycosmis).
Ovary en Tu
Fru
a, Thorny. Potibles Wit ee : + 8. Demonia ~
b. Unarmed. Petioles not winged
1. Style short ica stent. cap small in narrow panicles 9, Glycosmis,
2, Style articulate, deciduou
Petals valvate. Fis. in are terminal corymbs . . 10, Micromelum,
Petals imbricate. Filaments linear. subulate : . ll. Murraya.
Petals imbricate. Filaments dilated below : - 12. Clausena,
many in each : “v
L. l-foliolate . : a : : ; Z ; + 13. Citr
L, 3-foliolate . ‘ : : ; ; ; ‘ a i. Mate
L, pinnate. Ovary l-celled . : ‘ : : : . 15, Feronia,
YODIA, Forst
_ Trees or shrubs with ae? PADS 3-foliolate or imparipinnate
leaves with entire leaflets. Flowers small in panicled cymes,
45-m . Petals without claws, bag or slig oe imbricate.
Stamens inserted at base of the disc, filaments ached ate, anthers.
. Ovary ery: aug * ately 5- 5 bed yer -celled. Style
ach
from between as Ovu collateral or
ue -, Fru Pa . (0 or ce coriaceous, ey "pasaed’ dikios ent carpels.
‘with separable Seeny endocarp. Seeds with hard shining testa,
‘sometimes extruded dete the carpel hilum linear. Embryo straight:
‘with ovate or oval cotyledon
: LE, melizfolia, Benth. Ankhijhora, Or.
A large tree with grey bark, agg A d on the branches with very
lage prominent lenticels. Leav ota RMR Ms bie 9 to 17
‘|nceolate or oblong-lanceolate pS leaflets, 3°5-6” long,
‘opposite or lesen ag site. Flowers in terminal celia as broad as
| long. Fruit deeply 4-5-lobed, -3-4” diam., each ca rpel with a
ood black oval-oblong seed “12”, extruded on the persistent
ee Fils. May-July? Fr. Sept.—Oct.
ma U. a Ups, Eastern Himalayas (ascending to 6000 ft, in Sikkim and Bhutan) Assam
Pang rough ep al v). I. rhachis 8-14”, pubescent. Lfits, mostly opposite,
wer og meng alt. and s rg ae more or less gtyes 7! pubescent on a
visible, Sec. n. spreading 15-20 fine, glands very minute and indistinct or scarcely
ei “ea Petiolile 1”, Panicles terminal (Gorietimes also Beal!” 4-6” diam.,
a pate pubescent. Fis. white. Pet. oblong ‘17’ at. pe _ Piacentas from
Grieg basal angle of the carpel broad, membra ee a
: Collateral, Ca: arpels usually 4, very APortatts oyrin aan bey gan the
broadly Testa very thick. Albumen’ scanty fleshy. Cotyledons fleshy, voles.
: oval with short blunt radicle.
2. St aes de ote =
+ ate, often very cane aflets. Flowers siiials ina sar or
_ duncled Ca lyx, 8-6-fid or 0. Peta Is 3-5
Tarely 0, ara _ + induplicate-valvate Disc small or obscure.
es ous or reduced to scales in fame —
ies fas le <i atey Lecelled carpels. Styles sub-lateral. Ovules
159
2. ZANTHOXYLUM. } 386. RUTACE ZA.
in each cell, usually collateral. Fruit of 1-5 oe coriaceous, or
fleshy 1-seeded carpels dehiscing ventrally, endocarp horny, se
or not. Seed oblong and com mpressed or globose, — extruded from
— rpel, hilum broad, testa bony or ¢ crustaceous, r black
ing, albumen I embryo axile, straight or ng Sotrllae
fist radicle very s
Petiole winged, i fs icine $ ; : ah 2 aeanthopodian.
Petiole not winged, flowers pear péenions
Lfits. crenate, with a large shee din each c crenature. : . 2, budrunga,
‘ . Var. rhetsa.
Lfits. entire, very unequal-si
1. Z. acanthopodium, DC. Var. timbor, J.D.H. (Wall. Cat. —
with dense foliage and prickly t
branches, branches w ith, dense rusty tomentum. Leaflets 2-6 Bol
lanceolate, oe fest rhachis narrowly Preieed cymes very short,
dense,
Shaha al? * esaraéd by Hamilton from the ‘Chainpur pe his o
supposed to be those in Shahabad, but there is some doubt in the
2. Z. orgie ot Wall. Syn. Z. Rhetsa, DC.; Fagara Budrunga,
orai, Or. q
mall o -oaicarngee epee tree ae pale Se io covered with
conical prices and rs s and som few small
ones on the leaf rhachis. tha eaves ¢ senso tow: ae ie end
stout branchlets, 18” -2 ft. long eth the petiole).
—6” long, ob
Sw
z
ad
Mm
hl
2
ot &
8
8
re
sinus. Flowers ‘17” diam., yellow, 4-merous, in
s.
panicles with opposite branche
Ranchi Ghats (Bi r, along i Puri, common! Fils, Mareh-June
¥r.r.s, Deciduous. New leaves anpene
Bark corky, Pith lan e septate. young’ prickles upcurved, Lfits, very oblique
at base, rounded on the upper side, with the shorter, narrower and & ai
the petiole on the lower si ven some Puri apes ina s, however, have leafle
more regular lamina. Rhach sin cig + ee psa estat d leaflets less crenate,
oi Pet, val Ripe carpels solitary
25 “eG eiberelea “Seed nineciick, tast ing of black-pepper.
I it is impossible to separate Z. budrunga and Z, rhetsa. bi former.
usually the north India form, the latter ee nes Peiies rw form
be expected, the Bihar and Orissa plant un that from nara
‘a
Herbarium, Moreover, arac sien by urgh to
species are not the leaf’ crenatures, ani both his descriptions and figures show
boi of both ag s9 pee pass ! = evidently knew his
3. TODDALIA, Juss.
hy on moments Pers. Syn. T. asiatica, Lamk; Tundpora,
ing or scandent very ae 4 shrub mg
mblin
saint leaves with sessile leaflets. Flowers small, 1-s¢
illary cymes, white or yellowish. Fruit globose, 25
160
|
36. RUTACE A. (5. ATALANTIA.
3-5-grooved and cago orange. — 1 in each cell, angled, testa
eoriaceous. Embryo curved, tere
or cate sonth sont oi Fan vince especially near the coast. ie at ! Puri, commen,
or ungles! Mayurbhanj, in the hills, comm
Lfits, 1-3”, acs obovate oblong or lanceolate, crenulate, ti p obt t t
or ‘crt acumi a Fls, °2’ diam.
t bark and whole plant pungent and aromati ormer is used in
The f
he ie ne and is pieey in fevers, and is both dianhorsell and antiperiodic. It
contains the bitter ecg d “‘berberine.’? Unripe berries pickled and eaten. Vide
_ LP. & D, for other
4. ACRONYCHIA, Forst.
Trees or large shrubs with opp. or alt. 1-foliolate a leaves.
Fis. yellow in peduncled corymbs, holsetna us. ies oe im-
bricate. Pet. 4, spreading and revolute, valvate. 8, inserted
under a thick $-angled tomentose disc, fil. subulate, alterna longer.
Ovary sunk in the disc, tomentose Spee: style terminal, stigma
‘ a: <a hmerd . superposed. Fr. a 3-5-celled dru =e Seeds often
carpels, testa black, albumen copious, embryo
: noe Btyledone oblong, flat.
‘LA, laurifolia, Blume.
A apy ote with opp. and alt. leaves. Lfit. 3-7”, ell.-oblong
r
3
t ou rather i
and and finely reticulate nervation. Corymbs axillary, 3-5°5”, including
‘the long peduncles, Petals 9!” om es d at the base within.
Damp aes. eons of ted Bonai, rather rare, Cooper! Fils, June-Aug.
- Vi
i 8 veiiod we fine roieed. Lederoctan; some uniting
y as stro reticu late, marginal
na tie; cies ed both ends. ragrant,
sailor pubescent. Sep. very small fonkdded persistent,
diam,, somewhat obovoid w with depressed or apiculate
"very aromatic,
ish white, little used, Wt. about 47 lbs.” Gamble.
5. ATALANTIA, Correa.
y or unarmed oe ubs or trees with alt. 1-foliolate coria-
“perey re or crenulate leaves. Stipule-like scales (un-
. f buds) often present a mire wk the —— = spines
- or in short axillary r , corymbs or pan nicles,
3-5-lobed or Fie rm eg irregulacly Iobed and split.
othe stamens and united with them into a
t rely more, pinsi rr Gnitod into a t
ar or lar disc, subequal or alternate
short, ovate-oblong or bees bsg le My ry
rely 3. or 5 ~célled Style deciduous. 8 106 collat
a -globose, 1-5-celled and -seeded. Seode iene. ys 0a
al ee shrub or small t with i apoit smooth bark, ovate-
“ oon entire leaves, “L-3” by ‘5-1:25”, with emarginate
161
5. ATALANTIA. | 36. RUTACE.
tip and rounded bas white, in very axillary 0
terminal oeyinbe: Calyx Pecnceiioes ecules split. Fruit :
diam. (1 F.B.I.).
In the south of the province, chiefly on the east coast. Common ! Banki!
Sambalpur, as a shrub only, ty rare! Fis. Oct.-Dec. Fr. eer ae ne ay. a
Attains 15” girth. Trunk often with bran ched thorns. Twigs pubescent, often
iC; Ths e
‘bs
e, pube rhac bequally
irregu mary Pookie! 3-5-lobed. Pet. °25’, adnate at base to the staminal tu
Geary usually 4-celled narrowly ovoid, the tip 0 only as wide as base of the *12!"1
style. Berry 1-4-seeded. ;
‘* Wood yellow, hard close sssancnaien > Gamble. Recommended by Kurz and Gamble —
ag a substitute for boxwood s
6. PARAMIGNYA, Wight.
Shrubs, st climbing and with axillary thorn 1-foliolate,
entire persistent. Fils. rather large, axillary, pose or fascicled. 4
Calyx Gapatieo r small — 4-8-lobed. Pet. 4-5, free, imbricate or -
rarely sahbbine tecwnl tilt t. pers inserted round a columnar —
disc, filaments fre ~ oahers linear-oblong. _— 3-5-celled. Style
elongate, Aeghivicns®. Ovules 1 or 2, obliquely superposed. Fa :
oyoid or sub-globose, 1-5-seede d. Seeds large, oblong, comp:
testa membranous, ceobyleantie fleshy.
1. P. Griffithii, Hook /.
climber with thorny bosses on the stem and stout reflexed
A woody :
or leat axillary thorns. L. oblo Peon ag or oblong, 3-55",
pee with rounded base and petiole long. Flowers 1-2,
axillary, “7” diam., white. Berry su ie prcaaad than long,
circular or ee in transverse section, ‘8-1'25” diam., hairy, q
ith strong’ unpleasant smell, the pericarp full of large —
ante :
for !
Stems attain 8 eon “ayo o agree Sikes 7 Diese brownish. Twigs
pubescent. L. softly hairy Picante or at least on midrib; n, 9-12 inconspicuous
Peduncle ‘25’, baa x "15" diam acutely 6- ‘toothed. "Pet, a 0 4
specimens) linear-oblong, ‘3” long. Ovary hairy, cells 2-ovule i ere eds large, :
contracted oe the b base into a short stalk above the persian ca
ng, .
2. P. monophylla, Wight, occurs (f. sepa in Ganjam and the refore ore might :
found in Orissa. The leaves are nearly always glabrous, obtuse
blunt acumen. Calyx ot ‘27! diam., obtusely-lobed. Pet. 1” long. Fruit
obovoid, longer than broa :
7. TRIPHASIA, Lour. 2
ee gi Lour, Syn. T. trifoliata, F.BI.; Chini narang) :
A 2 me glabrous shrub with straight usually paired axill shar
3-foliolate leaves seagetye | petioled and ovate o: . — coriaceous roundel
cr Serene leaflets ‘5-1°3” long. Fils. solitary axillary, ‘4’ long, white, vor ®
ee es bardly any. Calyx small pubescent. Petals linear-oblong.
y
In gardens only. Fis., Fr. h.s.
162
36. RUTACER, — [9. Grycosmrs.
8. LIMONIA,
Shrubs or small i us gewe A bags ny* with pinnately 3-more-folio-
late leaves with winged peti Flow panicled, race
med or
fascicled. Achaatiag 8-10, eoeag chides. 4-5-colled, with short stout
e. Fruit baccate, 1-4-celled and -see ded, seeds im-
bedded in mucilage, cotyledons fles eshy.
jay te 2 ipranee L, Beli, H.; Belsain, Kharw.; Bhenta,
A small straight tree, attainin ng 30 ft., with 1-2 axi i Ho a ‘¢
aT Palate Abies winged rha bie. ae small white or pale yellow ish-
_ white flowers, in very short ¢ acemes. Fruits small, globose,
ae when ripe and ee iecly oe (not acid),
HE
85
In the dri aati south of the Gangetic plain. Frequent in Palamau (Betlah
Forest, ete.) !" Santal Parg., in the south! Mayurbhan: nj! Puri, very common,
. on the laterite! Athmallik! nenls pen ur ran, Kalahandi, Cooper.
May-June. Fr. ripens Nov.-Dec b-deciduous at ‘the time of flowering.
ent. i 4
wiy
_ Racemes ‘5-1’, mostly from samiee axils. Fls. ‘25’ to (in Miuyarbhan) vs
diam., eee oelied, 4-merous. Ovary cells l-ovuled. Fruits °5’
It is ices, used for cart axles.
9. GLYCOSMIS, Correa.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves 1-foliolate or imparipinnate, with alt.
_ © opp. leaflets. Flowers small in axillary, rarely terminal panicles.
] all, broad, imbri
; Pig! two follo Owing species are connected by intermediates vs — united i = the
BD. under : - Pentaphy ile. Corr., pnd under G. cochinchinensis, Pierre, in the
Flora of Madra They are easily distinguished in ont area
Large bush or small tree, Iflts. 1-4”, panicle ‘5-2’, axillary, pet.
- ae or oblanceolate, 22", " filaments terete, ‘cole
— ae ; . 1. arborea.
‘oe ie ft., fits. 2-5", panicles 1 1'5- 5-3", often terminal, pet.
- Obovate, -18”, flame 1 suddenly acute tip, 08” 2. pentaphylla.
arborea, DC. Syn. G. sebiindenie Pierre; G. pentaphylla,
#.B.I.; Chowal Dua, Or.
green small tree or large bush, 8-20 ft. high. L.
_*
Pkg FS vision, in all ranges, especially on the Khandgiri sandstones. Fis.
Turk on twigs paie HY° ergreen
b artione re pale gr Buds sty tomentose. L. rachis 1-3”, lfits. alt. or
re, te ginbrois shinin geti with a blunt acumen, nervation obscure
fee. n. about iculate. Petiolule -15”, Fis. ‘3” diam. in very short
* See the note on thorns in Aurartier at the beginning.
163
9. GLycosmIs. | 386. RUTACEH.
peduncled cymes which short panicles. — minute,
ree an se usty- “Sta s not or ogee diya rey dilated. Ovary base tricted
above the disc, not or slightly’ m ammillate, gradually passing i fe the thiek style
which sli ightly narrows upwa
2. ‘ O onsecadir Correa. Syn. G. cochinchinense, Pierre;
monicho, ro “ae Haslett).
whi : illary an
terminal panicles 15-8” long, with erect obovate petals usually under
ae rry ‘3-5” depressed globose, nen Sea glassy, 1-seeded.
uc the damper parts of the province. Common in Mee» hu
in the Northern Tract! — Parganahs ! Pasastnts; Anders uri! Fis. most
of the year, especially Sep
Stamens apa dilated, boy ae pointed at top. Ovary base scarcely distinct
— — _ very mammillate with large glands, the short thick style dilated
upw
40. MICROMELUM, Blume.
Small trees without thorns. Leaves pa lagrheanay et with alternate
leaflets, oblique at the — Fl hel maetee terminal panicles.
Calyx cup i
10,
short or eas sc, alternate shorter. style Gonateidted at
and deciduous. Ovu superposed in each cell. Septa of "small
oe tw Po i Betiedans leafy, crumpled.
i. :. Re ns, Blume. Soitani, K.
mall tree, pesca | 25 ft., aces if sa with 5-11 very large
leaf and lar. rymbs of w shite flowers *5”, which are succeeded
by feotid, ovoid, callow or scarlet berries 5” dem
amp, esp. evergreen, forests. Singbhum, equal Hazaribagh! Pun,
common in the southern Range! ,.Bonai, Cooper! Fis, Jan.-Mar. Fr. May- July.
Evergreen.
Lflts. ovate to lanceolate or Bie pilin heccprge 8” by 3°5”, lowest times
only 1°5’, pubescent beneath, , base sora oblique, rset ‘acu, :
sometimes cordate. Cory sb pubuscetie. or tomentose, often 1 ft. across;
with a strong sweet — sometimes only °3”, petals narrow oblong, valvate.
Very pretty when in flower or fruit.
MURRAYA, L.
Unarmed small trees or aie with ea leaves and
alternate leaflets with oblique base. F's axillary
terminal corymbose, cymes rarely sub-solitary. P 5. Stamens
itary. et RF 5.
10, inserted round an elongate disc, filaments linear-subulate,
alternate shorter. Ovary 2-5-celled, narrowed into a long deciduous —
style. Ovules 1-2. Berry 1-2-seeded.
1; ape Lay a L. Otli, K.; Athel, S.; Kamini, H. Ben
Ban Mallika, Harkankali, Or.; The Chinese style:
_ oni bass a
andso mall tree or shrub, with leaves 4-5” long; small,
em dak aie leaflets, °75’’-2” long, and white fragrant flowers
in Sarnia or few-flowered loose cymes
164
36. RUTACEZA, (ye. CLAUSENA.
Throughout the hills of the province in rocky rayines, not uncommon. Samesh-
war Hills! Singbhum! Hazaribagh (on Parasnath)! Sant, Parg.! Ranchi, on
the ghats! Pa) Sinks (Neterhat) ! “Bonai, Cooper! Angul, fre ne ig Sambalpur!
Puri, Southern range! Fs. April-July.» Fr. Dec.-Jan. Evergre
Lfits, 3-8 rigid are aa entire. Petals °5 “iy? oblong: lanceolate. Owaity celled. pot
red or yellow, °5- ao, 1-2 -seeded, seated on the persistent calyx
Var. sumatrana, Rowb., is distinguished by its few-fid. cymes or
pubiolitary flowers, larger leaflets often 4” by 1°75” and subulate
oo, ieee 4-fld.
common wild form. In above localities, also Gaya ghats,
hued eins tay Neterhat. “Ons Santal Parganahs form has obtuse sepals, and
2. M. ep Spreng. Bakl ler re Hpenahor H.; Barsan, Or.
A shrub or small tree with ited haa 5-1 8 tong: very oblique,
_ Strongly ested, Tasccolate or ae leaflets 1-3” long, and term
: “jad ag cled pubescent corymbs of odorous white flowers,
EBs aiet: wild along the Nepal boundary! Possibly wild in the jungles of
the Mahanadi Delta but o only seen by me near False Point! Not wild elsewhere but
=m Seen in gardens.
Twigs pubescent. Leaflets entire or crenulate, usually acuminate, lowest much
Smaller, 6-15 prs., opposite pi alternate, Petals linear oniene = long. Fruit
4 succulent, ovoid or ellipsoid, *3-"5” long, homed = end black. Seed large.
The leaves are used in curries and as ¢
12. CLAUSENA, Burm.
Unarmed shrubs or trees serge a leaves and small
‘ flowers in Se panicles or race
q - elongated disc, alternate Bhortbr filaments ~nweeilly dilated or
- arched and concave below t e subulate tip. Ovary stipitate, ae
y distinct, deciduous, ovules 2 collateral or superpo
; a cell, ogg small, ovoid or petit Seeds oblong, ety twtteal
0-con:
1 Shrubs, oe pubescent.
RD
nm
si
AS
°
bee
PA
oO
a
Z
5
~
Leatiets 9- 9-15, 1°5-3'5” . Uae Gees renee:
Teadets 5-7, 3-7" lo : long «cst alaeha’’wehg-ets? Rescate cp tae A ali
ba leaves a ous.
Leaflets 5 9, 3-6” ion . us : ; Bey Ee aks
Coopers ge common in the = =e in pi see Western Bonai,
ay sce ted. Branches conta ialrootstock. Leaf-rhachis
Gore tadhtgl long. Lflts, 1-5-3: 3, ovate to oblong oF as ceolate with very ¥.abliane
Pubescen: nate, hairy especially beneath when — and with large margina’
in t glands. Branches of panicle cpmene Fis. 26" — hairy. Sep. 4
er
par indigestion and as a iiinretic. The ¢ ariea and at rootstock is
th.
165
12. CLAUSENA. } 386. RUTACE.
2. C. pentaphylla, DC. Rowana, Th.; Ratanjot, H.
A very aromatic shrub 3-4 ft. high with all parts pubescent or
tomentose. L. alt. ascending 5~7-foliolate, TAts. ell. or rhomboid
acuminate alt. or sub-opp., 3-6”, conspicuously gland- punctate.
4-merous yellowish in _ * icles. Berry verrucose, “34”
long, broadly oblong, pale ora
Common in the Sal sean of northern Champara Fils. May-June. Fr.
Branchlets tomentose. Lfits. with sues Saneate base, sometimes faintly
toothed , pubescent esp. on the nerves, sec. 10-15 rather irregular. Pet pert od
05-1", Pani 4-10"long. Fils. '25” Giant. "hep. triangular acute, Pet. oblong,
ioeeatece obtu
A mu enna Indian veterinary medici ee The bark is powdered and applied
with one oil to flesh wounds. For spra of neo and ligaments, bruises and
abrasions, the powde ris first boiled in ohees oil for 1 5 minutes and applied as &
age Also used for ossification’ (see. Polo in India by Lieut. -Col. H, de Lisle,
p. i
3. C. wampi, Blanco. Wampi (from the Chinese).
A small tree occasionally hg for its edible berries which
greenish and about °5” dia The leaves are 5-9-foliolate, 3.13”
pes. i us. Lflts. 3-5 3" obliquely ovate. Rind of fruit full of
gla
Fis, May. Fr. July.
13. CITRUS, L. Orange, Lemon and Citr
trees or shrubs, usually with axillar ty thorn Leaves 1-
foliolate with often winged petiole. Flow 2 axillaiy solitary
fase i en sia or
icled or in small cy -rather large, n i ow, sweet
scent Petals variable in number, imbri amens numerous,
unten sn _— re or less nate filaments and oblong
Ovary many-celled. Ov 4-5 in each cell. rry many
colied. capunlenk: , with coriaceous or fe shy rind. Seeds sometimes
2-more -embryous with ig convex often omaaal cotyledons.
A. New shoots and leave glabrous ;
Twigs pale, petals white, Fs, ual . . 1. aurantivm-
Twigs purple. Some or se the howers tinged with pink. “Fis. A
often ae esp : 2. medica.
B. New shoot bescent 3. decumar
SA de :
The aboye is gees 8 ‘ae ificat tion from his interesting account in The
the cuit Flora of the N.W. ew ae India, but Bonavia has shown that —_—
mn
i ® Nail L. The Wild Orange. Narengi, H.
A small tree much-branched from near the gro sires with take
ang wigs and nearly entire scented leaves 2°5-5” by 1-2’ dpe
‘petiole '25-5” long, narrowly winged or not, Fruit small igi a -
oblate not mammillate, 2-2°5” diam., juicy and resembling 4 a
lime in flavour, rind green, not thi ck. =
Pitas An secluded ‘alent in Singbhum and Bonai. Flowers not seen. Fruit pf a
Beanchiets mostly armed with straight axill th 25-"75"' long. aol
cna or somewhat acuminate and pies a at the b po en et or faintly erm
ss
166
36. RUTACEZ. (14. Heng.
The flowers of this interesting plant should be looked for. In form and leaf it is
wee i ery to . ‘eta Citrus in the Pachmari hills, but the ordinary bool e Citrus
rent both in its larger leaves and thick-skinned elliptic mil-
ate acu is commonly cultivated in Chota Nagpur and Sambalpur,
2. C. = L. Jamira, K.; Jambir, §8.; Nimbu,
very thorny beds; young shoots pianpliak: L. 3-6.” Fis,
often Ppreia) and pin < Fruit mantillate at the apex.
Wild in the of doodoarme ! Sometimes apparently wild in waste
especially the Netatioar fe honey but not brisk so. It is frequently
wild in soo moister “valleys of the sub-Himala, ayas and in the Duars.
— ted varieties include the Citron, pln me Limes, but some of the
oYerbealy either the thick skin or mammillate fruit ‘and oe into C.
peatland The wild plant has a large ellipsoid very thick-skinned fru
>: &-decumana, L. Pamalo; Shaddock ; Grape Fru
small tree with leaves 6-9” long and fruit de 6” diam. with
om cells. Poaresaly cultivated.
14. ZEGLE, Correa.
__ Trees with 1 or more axillary thorns and schgsor 3-foliolate leaves,
- With i tenulate cre — or nearly entire leaflets. Fis. rather
large whi r
ag imbricate numerous, inserted ro -
disc with short subulate filaments and long anthers. Ovary
ovoid with a stout -20 cells, short style and decidu
es ny 2-se Fruit large, several-celled and
iate.
a sclly rind a Testa mucilaginous and woolly, albumen 0,
OLA _ marmelos, Correa. Lohagasi, K.; Sinjo, 8.; Bel, H.; The Bael
: Pal tree or sometimes m.s. with 1-2 strong thorns from the
leaf axils. Léts. elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 2-4” long, sessile 1
d Fls, 1” nish
- thachis “3-1” long and pe 1-2°5’long. Fis, 1”
Wiite:in very numerous lateral and sub-terminal simple panicles,
: » ippearing with the new leaves —_— 2-3” diam. (lar
1
i long, a w :
_ ‘cultivated forms), globose or oval, Seeds embedded in a clear
*‘MUcilage an atic pulp.
: apparently wild in the — amparan hills! On high and stiff soil in
Purneah, Ham, Wild in the hills of the sonora and Southern tracts and also
les
: sang the scrub jungles of Puri, where it is sometimes the only tree |
“pe May-June, Fruit ripens s May-June. Deciduous or sub-deciduous April.
valuable tree of which ~~. “properties in cases of bowel complaints,
(Nadkarni) “oa seg ‘ nown. ‘I'he fresh juice is also said
ue eo le a highly prized romed mph nd feveris! —
a tion of the foot bark is mney ip The juice is used by Indian Saliders in
The tem cement, ot goog for bringing a glaze to the surface.
ves are sacred to Siy:
=
id
=
=
a
=
“dq
a
®
4
or
&
4
“ped
2S
3
s* Inravines in the Santal Parganas I have found a mod.-
thornless tree with broadly ovate leaflets, sometimes faintly
167
14. exE.] 36. RUTACEZ.
e, 2-4” by 1°3-2°3”, shortly eer acuminate and puberulous
both ride lateral erckale ules ‘25’. It was neither in flower nor fruit. |
The bael is frost-hardy. Very Supine
15. FERONIA, Correa.
Only one species kno Generically it is distinguished pon:
Aigle and Citrus by the lacente “not altogether reaching the ax
of the ovary so that per* are parietal. Ovules many. Stam
10-12. Leaves imparipinna
1. F. elephantum, Correa. Kat- bel, Kochbel, S., Beng.; Kaith, Or, H ;
The etait ant Apple or Wood-apple. ’
A small or rather large thorny tree with dark green odd-pinnate |
leaves, opposites sm este sub- piseriad entire leaflets and green or d 4
Ww short r i
Fruit 2°5-3” diam., many-seeded, vies a roug :
Common and vans indigenous on the ¢ soil of Angul, Khandpara, ra, Banki
and Puri! Planted a. re province ios chiefly in the re! — and pod a
common elsewhere. hes see An . Noy.-Jan. Evergree w leaves
with the flowers! in Fe
Bark dark grey or Moke: rou, a. 2b fascicled, — 3” long, with 5-7 elliptic or
obov ate le aflets about Nee long, — jeege marginal glands and often notched a =
apex, rhachis narrowly winged. Ped cels glabrous, articulate on the "pubescent
peaiunele. Sepals minute Unert in bad, soon withering. Petals green or Po oeitab,
mbricate, oblong, ‘12’, St. usually 10, bases adnate to the large woolly dise.
‘Anan rs red.
The wood is sometimes used for agricultural foster The pulp
fruit = edible and aromatic and has much the same properties as the peste Ob :
also used for affections of the gums and throat. The gum } is also given in
one ie SIMARUBACE.
Tre large
and aieease, stipules Oo * deciduons mena > sal in terminal of —
axillary panicles or cym , regular 3-5-merous. Petals rarely 9 —
hypogynous. Disc a Be Esta or elongate, simple 0 r lobed. Stamens —
isostemonous or diplostemonous, inserted oak of the dist,
1
filaments free, often with a scale at the i Ovary free
2-5-celled and -lobed with many free or poi styles and
caries stigmas ; ovules 1 in each cell, raphe ven ie
oid or of several drupels or baccate, the fesse more e.
som “distinet. Embryo straight or curved. |
1. AILANTHUS, Des/.
Large tre Fis. small, polygamous, ie te, P ner
5-merous. Petals valvate. ‘Stam mens 10 in the male, 23 — ”
hermaphrodite te flower, wi ~~ = scales. Prt 2- mee ie
connate. Fruit of 1-5 sama
168
\
S
FA
:
!
38. OCHNACEA. fl. OcHNa.
1. A, excelsa, Rowb. Pir nim, Ghoranim, H.; Ghorkaranj, Kharw.
ge tree with light- os bark, stout hoary tomentose
_ branchlets, large pin nate lea ith 10-13 pairs sat very coarsely
ote ees aod large oltied of yellowish flow
Haz requent ! shag meciga rie, | eg sei pb _ Often near
o Jun
rene’
Smell foot . Twigs “or din am. with large leaf scars. 3 ft. long, with
_ hoary tomentose rhachis. Lflts. 3°5-6” by 2- att Genegy, ‘puescent ee <2
_ pubescent above when young, acute or acu nate W obliqu
“nerves “gir gr hie ot ule 1-2’, with two hsicy 5 paree ss sree the tae, hy Piva
in place of the lowest leaflets also. Samaras often solitary, 1°75-2"” by ‘5”,
strongly oy with a twisted base.
The ground bark is used in Indian veterinary practice.
FAM. 38. OCHNACEA.
us trees or shrubs with alternate simple stipulate leaves.
Glabro
“Flowers diotially large, panieled o or Pes oen ci bracteate. = nig 4-7,
fre imbricate, persistent at ee Dipper in fruit. Petals
>-10, hypogynous deci s i e
ae rarely pendulous, raphe ventral. Fruit of several
E pels ee eeaincs each 1—4-seeded, or capsular.
1. OCHNA, L.
i oa Serrate. Fls. large yellow, in racemes or umbels. Disc large.
{ens many, filaments came ae anthers deciduous. Ovar.
deeply Sto
10, Squarrosa, Roxb. Champa baha, S.; Pate champa, Koniari,
|, Buin cha oo.
~ tree or large shrub with ell., ell.-lanceolate to obovate acute
‘Somewhat acuminate 1] , 3-7” long, with very numerous fine
blique s r diam.
ub-corym rarely panicled racemes from the leaf
a in bet 75”, erect athe flowering, but again spread
yagreeky ravines es and cool rocky slopes. Rajmahal Hills, from Barhait north
Ye hwards!
ety Fs ! fac! Puri pwchiong common! Athmallik, along ee!
acne roe. Er, Sub-deciduous Feb.-March, the new "leaves ofte:
h, bark smooth pale grey, blaze dark pink, red on t od.
stems nA often clustered, ‘finely spinulose-serrate, but points deeiduons
Crenulate or serrulate, hase acute. Petiole ‘17-25’. Pedicels 1-1°25",
169
1. Ocuna.] 88. OCHNACE.
2. O. pumila, Ham. eine 2s
A very pretty undershrub w ee stout rootstock from which —
it sends up tegen shoots 8- 18", rarely 2 ft. high, bearing um
showy yellow flowers, 1°5-2” diam. Conspicuous in fruit trom tae
of
spreading deep red s sepals
In open especially grassy forests and waste land. Champaran, on the bhabar!
Gaya ghats! Ranchi: Horhap, Neterhs t, etc.! Singbhum! Hazaribagh ! Palamau!
Manbhum !
s. Feb.-June. Fr. March-July. A
The new shoots usually appear i etotiatsl7 after the jungle fires.
po am eas ’ by 1-2”, narrowed into the short petiole, sara oo ae
gan pa nt g, ra rarely ¢ coarsely mothad. sometimes sub entire when
Fils. n pedicels 1-2” long, peduncle axiliary 1-3”. Pet i. 6-75". te
Cam ar aes that the root is used by the Santals as an pet to snake bite
and for. certain menstrual complaints, consumption and asth :
FAM. 39. BURSERACEA.
Trees or shrubs secreting oleo-resins in the cortex. L. alternate, —
impari-pinnate, usually wit. ith o opposite es stipulate or (in all the
following) seakiciniake. Fis. regular, small, often polygamous 2
xillary or terminal rac i i
r ad oat a ;
petals inserted on the margin of or yas St ice the disc. Anthers
igen sortagiee, longitudinally. Ovary free, 3-5-celled. Ovules -
ach ¢ e pendulous anatropots Fruit a drupe with b>
fine or eee ay renes or dry an d dehiscent, each pyrene 1-seeded.
Albumen 0. Cotyledons gery bees plicate or crumpled.
A. Flowers with ned by the disc.
r
ae
a globo: |
Tree flowering vehi ie leaves. Lfits. crenate per . L.A
sg gk? bape witha small cupular or saucer-shaped ca
Tree fi penn age the leaves. Panicles axillary, diffuse - . Bursera.
Asi es pseu udo- terminal bone doko Fruit trigonous. - 3% Boswellia,
h . Se Commiphort
2. Dise
the leav Cds
1. GARUGA, :
Trees with pubescent branchlets os se pulate leaves etter
t the hes of the twigs with opposite subsessile es leaflets.
i nched panicle
4-b.colled. “ capitate 4-5-lobed. Fruit a drupe with 1°
1-s seeded pyre a
1. G, —— Rorb. Jiga, Kekar, H., Th.; Armu, K.; Kandwer, $
Bhumij ; eee Mal P
mae or m.s. tree, handsome in full foliage, with odd- Logs
leaves 12-18” long, 8-16 prs. ovate-lanceolate lfits. attaining 4°
170
39. BURSERACEZ. (3. BoswB.L.ia.
% ‘< 15”, erenate caudate, Somes se —e sides, lowest pair usually
very short and reflexed. The yel mpanulate flowers, 25” long,
are borne when the tree is dies pay: numerous panicles 4-6” long
ftom the leaf scars at the tips of the branchlets
_ Throughout the area. Chiefly in the valleys, same or cool sides of the hills in
; “the hotter districts. Fls. March-April. Fr. June-Aug. Leafless March-May.
4 * pore fern rn red before falling. ‘ = —
5 pale grey, smooth or va 4 fenogay - vie — trees t me. pi in
trees thick mitt os y + BA r dee mson. streaked
F sepals —_ as — as the raed Heer’ ablon ng petals Hi ta ments hale
‘rt globoee yellow 75" diam., with 2-4, rarely 5 pyre
Fe pent are very frequently attacked ‘by red galls which are very conspicuous
autumn. ood tree for reclamation of grass lands in damp
It is not sere sed. Hamilton nays that “Jiga”’ used for
- canoes and coarse furnitu ure, &
2. BURSERA, L.
Trees — exstipulate leaves. Fls. small polygamous or 2- sexual
nicles, 4-6-merous, with annular crenate disc free from
ealyx-tube and 8-12 2 stamens inserted at its base or aienanely on
md between the crenatures. Ovary rel 3-5-celled. Drupe with
pyrenes.
[1B serrata, vince
Syn. Protium cin 4° Engl.; Kandior,
Kariar, K.; ,S; Karonda, Kharw.; Sari, Mal PS Garur,
cal dimbra Or.; Mohi, Gond.
A ms, tree with a 6-12” long, lfits. 3-4 ee oblong, = we
| udate, entire or more or less serrate, pubescent o env 6-12 se
arora The very a green flowers 12” diam
e borne
is in full sore lax panicles ata the leaf ‘dail and from
axils of mee lea
. e a ous, Chiefly among rocks and on the
ome vom hill and streams in on coe 3 larea! Champaran! Angul an a
1 Sam | Athmallik, along — ! Common in the higher whee
ae be and Southern area! Fls. April. Fr. May. Evergreen or nearly
n April.
: ie er r-slightly cracked, hla 1d trees) en thick deep pin
ent. Petiolules 3-3 5! 0 iy Ae very pean with small hes
act . a. ery short, Fruit globose red when ripe, abou
wi
e Be a and valuable Thonbese tree = Burmah but not much used except as
posts in our area. It coppices from the cambian ring.
‘t. Serratissima.
te
ts. 4°5-7°5" cach very deeply and coarsely serrate,
“pur! Kalahandi, Cooper! Along streams.
3. BOSWELLIA, Rozb.
» often with a papery bark. L. exstipulate with —
usually serrate leaflets. Flowers paar. small racemed o
ea 2 eee
{ ion, *MDUlar crenate. Stamens inserted at the base of the disc 5
meres shorter. Seer sap pipe: res 3-lobed, — 2
Tit
8. BoswEtia. | 39. BURSERACEZ.
1. B. serrata, Roxb. Salga, Salai, Sali, H.; Salga
A pretty tree with green, grey or reddish bark sells off in tl
flakes. Leaves 12-18” long ver 4 prs. opposite coarsely ere!
serrate leaflets 1°5-3” long, a erous racemes of smallish
flowers at the oy of the Saker sially appearing when the tr
lea
ane common on aay) hills in the Central and_ parts of the et oe
ot common in 8,P., Angul or Puri! Fis. Jan.-March. Frt. May-June. Decid
ta. ~May or June
very thin grey flaky, with chlorophyll layer beneath the thin outer layer
eee. ap: igae ot the rand darker pink; from it exudes small d of resin,
but
terminal, as ~ branch aS through th em and they are below t the leaves ia
, villous, ‘Petals ‘25, oblong-ovate with thickened
‘Dise scarlet, dots, papillose. Anthers sagitt ate introrse. Fruit “5”, 3g
with three valves and 3 winged hard pyrenes,
The wood isused for charcoal, ‘The tree yields the Indian Olibanum, a golden
yellow gum-resin (Inban, loban, S.), very fra chy gee and transparent, The leaves
hung up in cattle-sheds drive away flies. Can be grown from large cuttings
4, COMMIPHORA, Jacq.
shrubs, often spinescent. L. alt. 3-foli
otal "iipalse 0. oh mall polygamous fascicled or in di
nicles. Ca u e bed
les. Calyx cupular or tubular, 4-, rar
persiste Pet. 4, ra a 5-6, i ted on or under the
me Po disc. St. 8-1 inserted
vary ovoid, sessile, 2-4-celled, stigma 3—4-lobed;
a colt ral. Fruit drupaceous with 2-6 pyrenes.
caudata, Engl., syn. bi Ae pene ae ih &¢ A., is a deci
or 5 b with greenish papery ff in thin flakes, :
B ssc ns, but so metimes erfohont) ieatlets orbicular or ovate si
1°25-3" lay nervatio iculate. .
pedaneted slender dichasial pani atthe teeth aye ed, 2-6”
Planted on the Orissa coast as near Konarak!, probably from cuttings, and
3 | eee at present shrubby. The sap is abundant and fragrant.
eciduons.
FAM. 40. MELIACEZ.
gota pies — Chloroxylon) bearer gh
a leaves, Leave nnate, rarely 2~ 3-pinnate, €
ar, vtec ally as axillary panicles. Cal.
ana oe sub-entire. Petals 3-6, sometimes. cohering
tamens 4-12, usually twice as many as the petals, more or gost
t
ina
disciform or capitate stigma. Ovules 2 or more in each
‘solitary. sometimes arilled or winged.
absent
172
40. MELIACEZ. (2. Cepreta..
rmany in each cell. Seeds w winged.
Tae secon og united into a tube. Capsule under 1°35”,
Perfect stamens 10. Leaves gland-dotted - » 1. Chloroxylon.
stamens 4-6. — not gland-dotted : - 2. Cedrela,
i a tube. Capsule over 15",
Anthers between the teeth of st. tube. . 3, Swietenia,
4, Indigenous
ap weal between the two teeth beg ee -_ — of
4, Soymida.
‘ enters = margin of almost ent 5. Chickrassia
Ovules 1-2 in each cell. Pintle not Seren) “st. “united into
L tts. eared pothod. Petals usually sorening:
“ oad oe. : tu ‘ge om
* eaves pi : . « 6, Azadirachta.
F =. F - Melia
; fp ae ly emp retin St. tube very short ipadessa
Leaflets en Petals erect or sub-erect (exc. 9).
a, Terrestri hoes
Petals ovate-oblong. Leafl ; he Fiabe
= shortly “oblong. Teale se i ig i . ‘ i, pico,
eaflets é 3 ‘i °
on romp tng ‘ Taatlots $ 37 12, Agia.
5, Littoraltrees. Lfits, 2-4. Fruit very large” Siege ae
1. CHLOROXYLON, Das
L. paripinnate. Flow wers 5-merous in terminal and axillary pani-
Spreading clawed. Siteninns in the depressions of the-
» not connate entin a tube, alternate shorter. vary
im the prominent disc, 3-lobed and -celled. Ovules about 8 in
- Capsule sorinnerkes, s, Joculicidally 3-valved.
xalbuminous, winged above
_ Swietenia, ee Sengel-sali, K.; Bharhul, Khaw.; Bhira, H.;
Indian Satinw c
8. tree, larger in the south, with thick corky bark,
glaucous- ea foliage, leaflet ts 10-20 pairs, about
dott ls. white, 25’ dia: e cymose sd
&cen 5”-long pa pan state es, witch's are olnetores towards the
‘of t the ® ranches from the leaf scars. Capsule 3-gonous, oblong-
a, 1-175”, 3 celled.
ay the ‘Northern area, Common i in the Central area but local,
yom horthern slope : chiefly in the drier forests, not common
D in Angul! Orissa States, in open forest, chiefly on
i , Coope
ts. thomboid- -oblong with rounded apex, petiolule 08-'1”,
“a 8-12” lon
very nee, me aailiog thrives: with he = aad tra
very, icer. It thrives ea.
ce, which busters the skin, ed unpalatable even for
me sengel-sali, sengel = “9 tad
2. CEDRELA, 1
ms with pinnate leaves. Fls. short- oblong, white in —
panicles, re ae ually 5 us. St. sometimes-
alternating minodes, inser ead on yf y dons which is
less adnate to the base of the sts Oeaty G-ollled: ‘Colle.
173
2. CEDRELA. | 40. MELIACEZ.
with several 2-seriate pendulous ovules. Capsule sepia :
bebe! globose when young, then ellipsoid or oblong. ry
mbricate, winged at one or both ends.
1:6. a — eine Roronga, Ho.; Katangari, M.; Tan, Is ¥
The
A m.s. or large aye with large agpingenys leaves 1-2'5 ft. long, with
5-12 prs. of alt. or opp. lanceolate or oblong-lanc. caudate or i
acuminate glab or pu nt stihe or “faintly undulate le
3-7’ long (on same leaf), with long petiolules “45” and obliqual
rounded on the acroscopic side 3
bases !
leaflet usually present. Fils. ‘16—2” long in drooping or sub-e
panicles on the new shoots. Seeds winged both ends.
Wild in the Northern tract in the Ramnagar Hills and Purneah! Wild
on on 4 and Southern tract in valleys among the hills! Largely y
< wie ene Fr. a but the capsules 0 n remail
whole year on tl Deciduous
The following genet occur which 1 ove ndeay oured to name as far
possible in accordance with C. de Candolle’s monograph.
A. Branchlets “patentee rb hen young only. L. Sais when mature except
cag real Panicles glabrous or nearly so, long and drooping. Flowers wit!
minutely apiculate. Capsules *75-"9”, sm
ys nn lenticeliees
Southern range, Pui! Narsingpur! Chiefly cultivated elsewhere. ‘
B. ~~ GD. C. (sp.) As in typica but staminodes 5, filiform and pan
-9”, erect. Singbhum! also apparently eal flowers secon,
!
y: Haslet “ae ae Ch. Nag.) am opp. 6-10 prs, only, under 4”.
brous, Fils, “Authers with a tail 4-$ as |
Sieaers oo gomenag nder ca Santal Parganas, Khatikhund, He
B. Branchlets and leaves more or less permanen ntly pubescent or pu
Panicles shorter ys al the ee
8, multijuga. L. ceed ength, Singbhum! Bonai It
appears to aio oe rank or . variety, Filaments perdi the
not var, pubescens.
2. CG. Se n. Sp.
A small tree with permanently pubescent Miyhi petioles, ™
and midrib here remarkable for the very short petiolules of
Toate, wh which do not exceed 1”, Lflts. about 10- 15-jugate, much
Mals of Orieen
anne flower and fruit has not been seen and the species therefore has ® wot
ao tly as Barber’s No, 5774 es bp Anal
which Ran oe taken up in “the Madras Flora owing to
. SWIETENIA, L. Mahogany.
Large trees wi ie pari-pinnate leaves and opposite OF 5S
leaflets. Ils. 2-sexu a small greenish panicled. Calyx 5-fid. i
with numerous pendulous 2-seriate winged se
* Vide Rec, Bot. Surv, India, II, 4, on the Indian species of Cedrele.
174
40. MELIACEZ. [4. Sormrpa.
Cok
— Cedrela math “al oblique base larger about ong. Flowers
greenish, ‘3—-4” diam.,sweet smellin ng, in rrow axiliaty padiislap
about 35-5” long. Capsules like larao” cavartel aE. erect, 5-6”
woody,
Now somewhat largely nara Purneah! Dumka! Ranchi, etc,! Flowers in
ee ween | in fullleaf. Fruit ripens nearly a year later. Nearly evergreen but
ar
brew Leaf rhachi is 6-8’, ceolate acuminate
Petals greenish, ovong, a3" ae whe cream-coloured,
aed, Bienrted below the sinus. Disc red.
. os - Soar leaved Mahoga
rather rugose gouge ‘blak k bark, pinnate leaves
s 12-2” long o and panicles of greenish
sie relive staminal rid
= Often planted : Muzadtarpr, Ler as etc, ! and thrives well towards Orissa, ee
= Nagp ae Fis. April-May, Renews leaves April and i
It iy to rs rather Saco road Ss. papel te a,
Solid ique, en sub-falcate, vd a short slender age Panicles
=e 3 iy er than the leave st, tube 12”
With 1 10: laden
_ It does not set py “8 freely as the last.
4. SOYMIDA, A. Juss.
ith paripinnate lea Fls. in axillary and terminal
- 5 imbricate, shows e, peak spreading. St. tube
10-cleft or sometimes stamens near ly free and spreading,
wes fleshy, apex minutely 2-lobed with the anther in the sinus
Dise ry 5-celled, cells with about 12 pendulous 2-seriate
Style short. Stigma large capitate, sey lobed. Capsule
. Svalved w ody, valves separating from a large 5-rayed central axis.
=) numerov, large winged both ends, Sibiethin iia, cotyledons
2 enna, A. Juss. Rohini, K.; Ruhen, §.; Robana, H., Kharw.;
m the large ellipsoid or obovoid
(4 by 5a
and Southern tract. Si hum, xp ee rubera)! Gangpur, common !
as verti ln ae Palamau! Puri, not very common ! hi chiefly in
on ! Narsingpur, ditto |! Mayirihan ditto!” Cogan ape yoo ent !
‘in the other states of Orissa, Coop very waco m poor
With ws, 2/80 grows on cotton soil.
the old falling leaves Feb.-March or with the new leaves April-May.
eed Deciduous,
ng rown, epiitting into oblong flakes on old trees. L. usually red when
€ and often n with permanent red w Bicep and midrib, Lflts. sessile or early
175
4, SoymiDA.] 40. MELIACE. :
8, sonoma oblong or elliptic, obtuse with very oblique base, glabrous. Sep. 5,
Staminal Bip usually erect.
os othe eb is extremely hard and very ae red-brown, very durable and makes —
* beautiful furniture eats easoned. is somewhat cross-grained,’”’ Gamble.
is used for building, oil mils and ae purposes, but is usually taken as —
sare It coppices well. The Oggi is bitter or astri Sri ein is employed in
ysentery and Fi hea, “A decoction is given umatic swellings,”
Campbell, ‘It is said t 4 good as “Bunari (Cassia fistula) for tanning
bell,
purposes,’’ Cooper. man t. got 75 lbs. P= 1024 according to Skinner but a
626 according to Fowke,’’? Gamble
Juss.
In a pamphlet entitled “‘On the Flora of Behar and the mountain Parasnath,
Thomas Anderson, formerly Raominentent 6 of the Royal Botanic ae
Calcutta, it is stated that Chickrassia tabularis occurs on Parasnath from base to
summit, This is the only record, and I oy seh are error as L bars failed to ie
petals and a woody capsule ‘about 1°5-1'°75" long.
6. Oe a A, Juss
Tree. Leaves pinnate, leaflets toothed, pate Is spreading, dis
annular. St. tube oe sieca d, vile spicules the teeth. Ovary
3-5-celled, ae 2 in each cell superposed. Drupe 1-celled anil
1-seeded. oty ee cblong-obovate, fleshy, sessile,
a long stout Ty ootyi on germination
1. A. indica, 2 hea Bose Melia Azadirachta, L.; Nim, H.; The
Neem ‘'ree; Mar os
i. handsome tree ‘aol ith 5-9 prs. of coarsely-serrate 2
ded le and axillary reg of white scented flowers. Drupe
a 75" “allipeoia yellow when
Believed not to be indigenous in ae province but occurs as if wild on some ibe
hills in Puri district and in jungles in Hazariba ee. It is frequently self- Te
gardens and villages and very commonly planted. Fis. Mar rch-May. Fr. Juné
July, and the seed germinates in July and pene of the same oer sven
. 8-15”, lfits, a5 aad fe sana lobulate near the base. Fils. diam, St, tube
“2 long. Cotyl i 3-"4 long. eatlf
wood is wer nd used for various purposes. T Rage bark = — and nD vise
dearte part is eer ‘sail cinally in gore ss ay ape fever and a nic. ie
fruits are ao, collected for ise oil, which is expecially coetatt in n parasitic ae
diseases and for dressing foul ulcers. Toten lly anthelmintic, The twit
used for tooth- ie ushes. It isa good avenue rand
The first leaves after germination are pinnatifid at base.
7. MELIA ee
Trees with 2-3 pinnate leaves and 2- dita flowers in Mag
panicles, pre 5-lobed or sep. 5 imbricate. Pet. 5, free
ular,
anthers 10 included on or near the margin of the tube, apie!
Ovary 5-8-celled, style ylides: stigma Lagaae ovules 2 superp™
Fruit a drupe, cells 1 or more, 1-see eeds pendulo Oe
peeiaiane crastaceots, albumen fleshy, thin, Sob otek foliaceous,
ere
1. S-pinnate, eek white, D aa ere
L, mostly 3-pinnate. Fis. lilac. pice wader?’ ag ee
176
40. MELIACES.
[8. CrpapDEssa,
1M, yg eae “itbsiaa! Syn. M. dubia, Cav.; Ghora-nim, Mahanim,
ee eowith spreading crown and 2-pinnate leaves up to
“sf oa Sentored towards the ends of the » branches. Fs. white,
h petals in numerous
—8” long. Drupes
__ Forests of Sony oda nd mas aided fre javaiiat in — Fis. Feb.-March, Fr,
— *‘Dec.-Jan. N hom with the flowers, pat iduo
Bark reddist smooth and flaking. mor Mr in, cri mn, then white. Twigs stout,
fy. Pin to 8” ee 3 folilate os ps up to 3-6
‘bs. of leaflets, Lflts. mostly ovate-la naeblive and ones te, labrescent,
% t@ or crenulate. Petiolules -15-"3” minutely ts . Fis, -25"
e : Pet = Ae spathulately-linear citeeheet St. tube
lar with over 20 short line r teeth, inside silky. Drupe with 1
thestnut-coloured seed “esi large e ae yo.
Wood soft. To dab th rr
pid, s rings per inch of radius in Madras to 7 rings in
sme Bengal specimens. “Wt. 36-3 3 Ib. The wood will probably be found useful for
: pope nes nd. similar pi og Spas and the tree should be cultivated on account of its
a M, Ssedarach, ZL. Bakain, H.; Bokom baha, S8.; The Persian
ree, but flowering when small, with mostly 3-pinnate
ut 2 ft. long chiefly towards ‘the ends of the bra nches,
h deeper pu rple baa 1 tube, in axillary panicles,
75", yellowish with very hard pane rp.
- Cultivated in all stations! A native ae Uppe ‘mah !
‘the May-June. Fr, ripens Noy.—Dec., but joy Fortis iend on the tree Baggins iat ut
{cold weather. Leafi April, Ba e
og i young. Shoots somewhat rusty with stellate hairs. Pinn up to 12!
| cen. onal i . mostly lanceolate Se, "5-2" "5", glabres-
| Fis. ‘25-"3” long, sweet-scented. Dru “ge 5-6-celled,
a ea narrow seed with he ‘own. testa ‘a d fleshy linear:
' lve op teak abo
fs, lilac w
good neeful a nd pretty, handsomely gee a Wt. averages about 38 Ib.
uick, often very pad Ang 3-4 rin on per i ”* Gamble. I aa grown trees
pg ft. high in Years from seed so that it is keen when quick growing trees
San : The i Inner bark contains a resinous alkaloidal substance and is used
tt FD antic. The fruits are poisonous and are used in leprosy and scrofula
8. CIPADESSA, Blum
with odd pinnate ase opp. or sub-opp.
Peas axillary or extra- axilla ary peduncled panicles and sub-globose
5 oblong spreadin valvate. Staminal tube deeply 10-
hed, lobes aneas loose 5
Phang or small trees
co
a ortly cupular, adnate to base of the staminal tube.
S-celled, wvitles 2, collateral, Fruit scarcely fleshy 5-gonous.
: een” Blume. Nalbali, Or.
ag pare o r large shrub with lon ng weak sub-sarmentose branches,
toe dn’, with iota, i Log tahis variously-toothed lfits. and small
iets in Pa bhum, ai uent in da and Porahat! Parasnath!
we very common! unt in Probably all the nl a States,
Teh-June. Fr. Ma y-Nov. Deciduous in March,
177
8. CrPpADESSA. } 40, MELIACES.
Whole plant usually more or less pubescent. Lfits. from *75” (at base 0: laf)
5! by 2°25”, terminal oblong acuminate, petiolules Sd ‘65’, Panicles ae
long, including the long peduncle cle, Fruit under °25” diam.
WALSURA, Roxb.
9.
Trees with 1-5-foliolate gi and opp. lfits. Fls. and
_ terminal panicles. Calyx , 5-fid a partite St. 8 om Wire
by r ie e. nnular
2-3-celled sunk in the disc. Fruit aad e 1 rarely : calla ani :
parry Seed enclosed in a fleshy aril, exalbumin
L we ee a ae Rozb. (inc. W. iertete, eee: Mundika, 0r.; si
m, Kuruwan (Sa:
A bushy tree or aiaty: 0 ore eats shrub with pi innately 3-folio-
late leaves, oblong or somewhat ovate- Gone leaflets 3-5” by i,
pale glaucous beneath and very shining above, and white or yellowish ish
* ;
n: 5” p ;
partial panicles. Panicles from the upper ret oxi at) brown hairy
leaf scales of the new shoots. Frt. 3” close Y mentose.
Along the Hazaribagh-Gaya Ghats in rocky rav- Cate the shade of jmmens
— —* - one = of he fiom rma hill (Pal.) ! ‘Not cena elsewhere in the Central
gee a e Puri er ages pens he southern range! Angul, chia
"s sabelpur, chiefly o e shales neat riv oe ! Oe Feb,-June.
the Central tract it is partially actions at the ee of flow
Bark lightly crac’ ra rd ellowish.
Innovations b: own tomentose. Lflts. usually rounded noth er “O $01 oe
y Jate betwee
*1-"12” long. Se th t oe as as corolla, .
of petals cleft for one-t onird to two-thirds of its s length into 10 2-cornute segments,
alt, ge gr shen with yellow apiculate anthers i inserted between the Dade
mall h Dise Short annular. "
bark is wae 00 1 fish. = oil is said to be obtained from the wood
hantinde the chips. Itis rane for itch.
The following are eee considered as distinct ei
Var a. typica (W. pisci Roxb., F.B.I., 64). Lfits. ch
sapien ¥ — thickened ners Hear Sep. scar beh ly one-fourth “a ie on a
ong, erect oblong or lanceolate-oblong, yell owish, Ce ntral tract
"Var. ternata (W. ternata, Rorb., F.B.I., p. 563). Lifts often somewhat af
nate. Peduncles usually. under 1” long, uniform oe ui eee
palale, Pet, 3°5 mm., o-patent ell. or ell. Conlon white, 8 shorter a
st. tube sometimes not renner, Sambulpur!
The serth % the lobing of the staminal tube used in the F. vt I, 08
character is very variable. Fig. 65 of Brandis’ Indian n Trees Un jes the two
haying the tong inflorescence of ¢ypica and the pointed leaves of ternata!
. HEYNEA,
Trees or shrubs with 5-11- ones lnves Bers ay
egmen ry immers
dise, 2-3.celled, narrowed into the short Fruit
1- celle d, 2-valved, l-seeded. Seed getitat 1 eviedial large
fleshy. Raphe e large
178
40, MELIACE&. [1l. Amoora.
: i? ema Roxb.
rn
amental tree a odd-pinnate grthe 121 ie long, 2-4
_ ~pairs of Sirate Gedniinats leaflets 3-5” long, and small white flowers in
rymbose panicles on ried nder podunels S 712" long. Fis.
shortly obl 15 St. tube cleft about half way into 8-10 seg-
ments which are forked with apiculate anthers in the for Ovary
2-celled, cells 2- Fruit r ’, ellipsoid, with 2 Te
vuled.
, coriaceous valves, and with 1 (ra arely 2) pendulous seed (from
eating funicle) with a thin white fleshy aril.
__ Sameshwar Hills, Champaran! Valleys in Singbhum! Ranchi (Kolomda, 2090
ft), Gamble! Bonai, Cooper ! Mayurbhanj, in the mountains 2000 ft.-3000 ft,
Often pl
in Ranchi, etc. Fis, March-May. Fr, Aug.—Nov.
Attains about 3-4 ft. girth. Bark crazies or fluted, brown (or grey red in
cracks), blaze red to a , Lillts. le and somewhat pubescent beneath or
ttai ’, base of laterals straight, rounded or obtuse with
*25-"75"", tering (without peduncle) 2-4” only. Sep. br ubescent.
wood does _—— sed, Gamble says that the seeds give an oil used
burning by the Ne nei
sd ‘rag sev: eral leaves of the seedlings are Jarge, simple and ovate, the next
11. AMOORA, Rox
Trees sometimes with mil ky inten, Phin odd-pinnate leaves and
‘tatire leaflets. Fs. dicecious (or hermaphrodite in form), panicled,
e. Calyx 3-5-partite. Petals 3 concave
th Ovar
lied. Fruit “ear ae nitimately loculicidally 34
Marely 5) -valved. Seeds i-4 with a fleshy aril.
Male flowers in panicled onde or racemes, fem. in long simple :
spikes . 1. rohituka.
Yale Bowers oe panicled eymules, females i in a short sub-racemose a
H) 2, spectabilis,
esos, W. § A. Sikru, H po Hos M.; Pitraj, Tiktaraj,
ii Mangai, Khanda, Or. pork Gilakusum or Panikusum in
url
; A handsome small or m.s. tree with low spreading crown “8
ag ASI ase 0}
fond ~cagghd e flowers in lax drei pers noon gi branched
ale) spikes, Capea 3-valved, yellowish or flesh-coloured, 1- re 5
tesco
Mf remover rgreen forest. Champaran, tending Al Singbhum |
8.P.! Puri, Sahni ! _ Often n planted in other dist:
Ang. . Fr. r Ey.
laze thick
Sone pubescent but Peete L. en chis grey with few scattered bro
Tee Scales. Lfits, someti
es
the leaves sometimes 2- Jalyx 5- arte, cher: obtuse
sla it Seeds wor 4 scarlet + pie a — lobose or oblong poised
179
@
11. Amoora. | 40, MELIACE#.,
The seeds are frequently 2-embryous, both embryos germinating. First leaves
simple or with one additional lft. The name Rohituka is Sanscrit, Seeds yields
medicinal oil. :
2, A. spectabilis, Miq. (vide Kew Bulletin, No. 7, 20). .
Wallichii, King; Spherosacme rohituka, Wall. Herbs in ml
Karandali, Or.
A tall handsome tree with nome ey trunk and a high crown. —
eg of young parts milky. L. crowded at the ends of the —e 16"
3 ft. long with a stout shaoity. Lfits. opp. or sub-opposi te 9-19
© r : abeiscil close to the panicle only 3-7), terminal nal
1 on "
bo
5
4 ct
Bos
a
t
°
rc)
=
a
=)
B
4
°
ohn
+
eo]
i
°
re
25
® B
oO
8
°o
i
A
es
es
ae
a
dicels
globose, 2” dia: , 3-4-celled with milky juice when unripe, tomentose. —
Seeds with ienrlot aril and chestnut-coloured testa.
Mountain valleys of Singbhum! bee Aci ! and Orissa!
Fils. ei Fr. May-June. Everg
Bar! ooth pale. ag rather soft, aaakat with brown and cream m and
extn atop of milky j juice. Twigs and le ok ate grey or rusty with microscopie
fimbr scales or shotints’ hairs, young n tomentose. Lfits. decreasing in
size ireatia the base of the leaf, 6-14” ee C or bash! only 3-4”, acute or
with regular or po oblique rounded or obtuse base an
spreading sec. n. Petiolules ‘7” or of termin ” eae: t 1-1°5", Ova
12. AGLAIA,
rees or shrubs often lepidote eee wt foliolat or odd-pinnate-
leaves rd entire leaflets. Flowers polygam Calyx, ¢ corolla and
_— all 5- ero Sones — 10, eid nal = subglobos?
entire 5-toothed a ery small. Ova : :
Frit niche 1-2- vocliod ‘and sl ag Seeds with v feshy integt :
aflets 26-9” long, Panicles 2-4”, Anthersl0 . . + + 1, Haslettians.
_— 3-5'5” long. Panicles 5’. Anthers 5 pS Roaburghia
t, 7 Haslettiana, Haines (Journ. As. Soc., xv, 7).
ergreen tree up to 4 ft. girth with rates raealy shoo’ -
asta impari- or pari-pinnate leaves with 5-7 large oblong —_
ruptly acuminate lea: ited ee long and axillary panicles alate,
cee very fragrant flowers °15” diam. puget broadly cam toothed.
scaly. St. a s long as petals, globoee, 7
mouth. Anths. 10, 1-seriate equal sessile, rnekisted on ridges 10
by the equal adnate filaments oe
Evergreen forest near rege Mals of Puri! Angul!
Fis, April-May. Fr, not seen.
Shoots, petioles and yiaeae lepidote. L, ohne 8-10” long. Lfits. Sa
mostly alternate, larger 1'8-3” wide, base ering and oblique, seo, ni, StU
eis beneath, glabrescent except fo for eae scales on the midrib , o, 2
10-15, incurved within the margin, Certianios very obscure. Petiolule “2's” ei
2-4!’ Cioaety sponte ieuontly peduncled. Pedicels '05-"1", Calyx 5! shallo
180
41, ICACINACEA.
_ Pet, 5 ell.-oblong, tip rounded. Mouth of the staminal tube crenulate, Anths,
“oy Dise. 0. Ovary short, gerber t3 angled. Stigma sessile 3-lobed.
This species unites Aglaia a nd Amoora. The fruit is required,
_ 2. A. Roxburghiana, Mig.
3 ree or shrub with leaves 3-10” long, leaflets 5, rarely 6-7, 1°5-5°5”
_ long, narrowly elliptic or ell.-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, glabrescent.
_ Flowers under -1” diam., yellow, in elongate supra-axillary pyramidal
_ tomentose and slightly scaly panicles as long as the leaves. Fruit
_ subglobose, *75” di i
ety.
a n Nore . Hill east of Pitorea (Ranchi), Wood! Baruni Hill (Puri), Gamble!
is Pang -Dec, Fr. June.
in the ete se a oblanceolate and only up to 4” long,
margin nor curved within it. Fls. sessile or pedicelled, an tim
‘Stellately scaly, ssh ge icxich,
_ The seeds have a White edible aril,
13. CARAPA, Aubl
Littoral trees with paripinnate leaves eid? 1-3-jugate leaflets. Fs.
iniax axillary panicles, 2-sexual,4-merous. St. tube globosely urceo-
“Mite, 8-toothed with 3. partite teeth. Anthers 8 sedetad’ on
alternating with the teeth. Disc cupular adnate to base of ovary.
«Ovary 4-grooved, 4-celled, with 2-8 ovules in each cell. de br Wsag
é stigma oe. nity it very large ateray oe with fleshy o Ae cen
_ pericarp, 6-12-seeded, finally 1-celled by complete or partial absorp-
tion of the dipts. Toouliidally ara Seeds large, thick, en
. and compressed. Aril ?.* Hilum large. Alb. 0
J 1 ay Bl, eee Beng.; Susambar, 0
» small L. 1-2 prs. of gintiesings rathée coriaceous,
ond Ie ell. hong leaflets 2-345” lon ng, Fs, small yellowish, in
Panicles 1-2-5” long. Conspicuous in fruit b the aaa globose or
oval fruit 3-4” eng : Z !
eed Swamps of Mahanadi delta! Fis. r.s, Fr. April-May
~ Smooth, that of twigs pale. Blaze pi nk. Lfits. oaod at tip, somewhat
et pee teown petiolule ; sec. n. very fine, 8- 10, soon finely reticulate.
=" lon oA an
‘ Spline aes ace hgs It is said Mi be a ce ve for cwalliaugs of the breast
FAM. 44. ICACINACEA,
_ Trees or gg wre climbing, with alternate very rarely Mi Stats
Fi lly en metimes lobed or toothed, exstipulate lea
Padres 5. Sémerous , regular, a _— — in cymose puiniilen, 22 or
-sexual with perian
: clusters, spikes or a; 1-2 wit
Single or dou js P in fruit.
al
, ‘
he aril is described as er in <— Berets Ned bina ound consulted, but my notes
that an aril is
present,
181
41. ICACINACE.
lateral dehiscence. ee shogent kg Sg deo or lobed.
3, sometimes 2 or 5, united i ovary which is usually 1-celled
above, rarely co pl 3. “4 led. Ovules 2 to each cell,
collateral lous from the of the pace: :
micropyle superior and interior. Stigma 2-5 1 oi or capitate.
Fruit usually a oa Seed pendulous with t :
testa, usually albuminous. Eabrye « straight or bent with super
radicle and unin. lead cotyledon :
4. NATSIATUM, Hom. :
Climber vie alt. point marred leaves and dicecious flowers in :
M. fi. sepals in bud.
sep: ake aly Ww
5. St. 5 , Ff iotlene with a e pointed con
eells, rted inside the disc. Disc small yellow
with 10 linear erect glan 334 the inner surface
as in M, but sta Ovary villous
pooh 2-3-lobed. Ovules ? raphe dorsal. Drupe “obliquely ox oro
compressed. Seed 1, alb. ficehy. cotyledons orbicular 3-5-nerv
1. N. herpeticum :
A strong twins ith ‘pallid almost white stems attaining 1” diam, |
alt. cordate-ovate dark green palmately 7-9-nerved denta te or denti-
ideo nF -petioled le: eaves, eet 6-7" by 4- 3”, small :
— ey Pipes Riegel in long a pendulous |
xillar sitle und oc ‘ long.
Fruit a oe one ee) ‘. sated sccanbuhoké drupe *2: 3” long
In the moister forests, chiefly near nalas, ratherrare. Puri Mals ‘jim ! joe
Nene Fe ee ya lentes Maren ot eg Common in Purneah! Fls. Jan.-March.
re
brid.
lanceolate or cbtanonsinte 2 paar hen: ‘Ge sepals, free or nearly so, flat
valvate. M. fl. fil. seg short, anthers Loe incurved, pistil rudimentary+
lol
FAM. 42. OLACACEZ.
Shrubs or trees, more rarely undershrubs with pore simple
entire exstipulate leaves and small regular usu nde * sexual
illar ‘C
a e ve.
a free central placenta from which 1 (very rarely ih slender,
pous ovules hang in each cell, micropyle superio r and
182
42, OLACACER. (1. Onax.
_ eeeasionally ovary 1-celled with 1 pendulous or erect ovule. Style
wi pga Fruit usually drunaeetan and 1-seeded, the
_ placenta usually sunk in a cleft of the seed which has a thin testa
and copious albumen. eye small apical,
_ The family is allied to the Santalacee and Loranthacee, and is only intr
_ here in order to adhere as closely as ; poskibie to the order ‘of the families in ‘the
: rig etic Plantaram and F.B.I., vide Introduction, The morphology of the “ calyx”
' is
A ea two or three times as many as the petals, et. with
2 or more ovules od, Olar.
__ B, Stamens as many as petals or corolla lobes. ov ner ‘L-ovuled,
i pedicelled. Petals free . , 2, Opilia,
a sessile. Corolla 4- ished * : ‘ . ; esr . 3. Cansjera.
oe 14. OLAX, L.
_ Shrubs or pc seneaniyen iepeatio scandent and spiny with alt.
- leaves. Fis. in axilla r panicles with i i cuous bracts
0 i qubyoitorts rim ace in fruit and 3-6
less connate tepa als. St. ier 2 seasonally ached
‘tile A at+
he abo
surrounded by the sbioreatennt pon seer ert Embryo minute
: “ia in fleshy albumen
_ ‘The fertile ih pushes ae entral placenta to one side, so that the latter
_ Appears as an ascending basal fanicle i in fruit.
(10, scandens, Rozb. Rimil, Rimilbiri, K.; Hund, S.; Koko aru,
__Beng.; Bader, Badalia, Badurli, Bhadbhadia, Or.
A large usually scandent shrub with trunk attaining i ft. diam.,
pubescent branchlets and white flowers ‘25-3” long in short axillary
Tacemes. Fruit yellow fleshy s sie: 3” dintn:, more than haif
tnclosed in the accrescent outer perian
rhe den aeemggg reeh By Puri abe Kalan, i.e. throughout the whole province !
u ne. '-Dec
: i ait nt, Seaintoe 3 oy 15”, rarely 4°5 by 1°75”, often less than
. _ larly spinoge branch, orbicular elliptic nln or ovate with rounded base, apex
prrounded, pubescent beneath. Sec. n. slender 4-7, scarcely distinguishable
Shorter intermediate, not raised. Petic iole *3-"5”, pubescent. Fis. often
cle sometimes panicled from leaf suppression, pedicels short. ‘Calyx
Tepals narrow, ‘2-"3", St. 7-10, 3-5 fertile, staminodes 2-fid. Disc thin,
fruit is oie It is insipid and somewhat viscous. A sherbet is made from
‘in in Hazariba
ie cose perennial wi ake a woody rootstock, sending up
mually erect strict herbaceous shoots 1-2 ft. high with sub-sessile
hy os or Hncsk oblong leaves and solitary axillary small
ually in grass lands. Northern tract, near the Nepal ae) Central tract,
plateau! Manbhum, Campbell. Fls., Fr. April-June
183
1. Ovax.] 42, OLACACEZ,
Shoots striate. L. glabrous, reaching 3” by °5-°75”, obtuse. Peduncles “5 long,
femal a3 Pissed when expanded, buds feasieg 2 “Calyx + Ce eee 1 flower,
d enclosing the fruit with a fleshy sca’ sink Petals 3, linear.
Shiatig.: "Pertile stamens 3, staminodes 3, white 2-fid. f+ tes with coat) “Bi! diaw.,
oblong or obovoid. :
2. OPILIA, Rozb.
Shrubs, usually scandent with alt. penninerved leaves sometimes
<octia ‘translucent dots. Fis. small fascicled on the rhachis of
oe racemes with lar ei aie aa cone the flowers
Filaments
or staminodes. Ovary superior l-celled. Style short, stigma minute.
Ovule solitary pendulous. Fruit drupaceous. Albumen fleshy. Em-
bryo apical or axial.
1. 0. amentacea, Roxb. Kara Badalia, Duraikuli, Or.
ys
_ in threes oakley | in bud by o piodler rhomboid ciliate bracts w ae
arranged in catkin-like axillary and papi spikes ‘75-15 —
ieee
Sambalpur! Angul, very common on the gneiss and Sowa of the Durgapur —
range! Singbhum, rare! Santal Parganas, Gamble, Fils. April-May, Fr. re Ja
Evergreen, :
L. with small raised dots when dry, tertiary nerves peony distinct. Petiole
La a, Racem mes solitary or fei "aula be omentose. Pedicels ‘15’. tepals
yellow: nths, satile. Drupe ‘3’, pedicelle
A root parasite, Pacdor
3. CANSJERA, Juss. :
Sarm ee © or Beste omens sometimes spiny shrubs with alt. eG
tioled penninerved leaves ‘
Fis. small, 2- or ie Hinetlonally 1-sexual in axillary spikes with incon
ote, Peri valvate. St.
paceous surrounded by th escent per Em ryo in the
upper part of the fleshy albumen, Sores 2 Aoobiy bifid (or 4)
or 3 (according to Griffiths).* “4
1G, osetia Gmel. pokes Or. Also Badalia, ete., from bai
fusion with Olaa
A ‘ony suberect o oe seandent shrub with gene ly rd
stems and et pe oats or unarmed branches with a pant
* I thought in one case that I had confirmed Griffiths’ chreain, i
the third cotyledon easily separable into 2, or perhaps 2 segments
184
43. ILICACE. (1. Inex,
pubescence on the younger twigs. L. 1:5-3” patent ovate to lan-
ceolate acuminate shining pee sides tute with a somewhat wrinkled
se Fls. sessile, -1”, r yellowish — m4
y short re ecurved broadly tia meted lobes. Dru
nh ellipsoid with thin hard en
“cokogg td distributed but not usually ¢ on, lah along ravines and near
water, Champaran (Sameshwar — Fe One tral bed pee oe ghats! or
, and Santal ag] ened ee tract: Singbhum! Puri, more freque: Bs
young jan) ms and branches often. slender, °5-1°2” 1] long. Twi, " sometimes
45
and d r ; em, "
— Close to the often oblique pate, rounded base, tertiaries very indistinct.
: . “05-15”, articulate at. has pikes °4-1/ ] long, 1-2-nate, sub-tomentose.
inute subulate Puredikentt. Ovary or pistillode narrow-oblong, Stigma
Norg.—A root parasite (vide C, d, e rber in Memoirs of the Department of
Agriculture ee "yeas a, Bot. Series, vol. ii, part 5). The bbe often contain 2 ing
~haed a sing i The broad to’
S extends be} = the perianth into a mines sable which may ie
plozous with the “‘calyculus” of Olax. Em bryo 2 oa. long with a very
— fleshy hypocotyl and‘4 flat oblong coup leton ns,
FAM, 43, ILICACEA.
__ Trees or shrubs with alternate usually coriaceous and evergreen or
- ‘Rearly evergreen leaves, stipules 0 or minute. Flowers regular,
usually sons, small in a slaty cymes, fascicles or umbels. Calyx
3-6-partite or lobed i ~ bri ole persistent. Petals 4-5, rarely 6-8, con-
Rate at the base or free in the female, imbricate in bud. Stamens
Bee
B
ee
2
i
Q
nm
cr
t<
ee
©
wo.
8
5
ae.
°
it
Bo
nm
ae
7
eh
Fs
capitate or discoid; ovules 1 or 2 collatera 1, pendulous with
raphe and superior micropyle, funicle often cupular. Fruit
an with two or more 1-seeded pyrenes. Albumen fleshy, embryo
1. ILEX,
Fis, 4-5-merous, Corolla rotate. fo free or confluent.
| L. umbellulata, Loes. Syn. L. Godajam, Colebr. Marcha, Th.
A small tree with pubescent twigs and simple elliptic or ovate-
rather coriaceous glossy aoe 3-5” long, when in flower
oung and membranous. mall, i
?lowish, crowded Side in small ‘ia bate *3—4” diam. on slender
Teduncles which arise from the — axils or from the 4
uous bud scales Bédoies the lea
Forests of Northern Champaran! Fs, piece Ns with new leaves. Fr, May-
Distrib, alon
Atta; g the foot of the Himalaya ea Chittagong and Burm
layer, then req $4 tt, girth, Bark nearly rele Binge Bag chlorophyll in ‘outer
Saminate, 2 L. glabro I Bbinge old secant on s beneath, egg gin y
base tte ten cu 5-7" long
Pibescent > e and somewhat ‘assur ten t on
t petiole, sec, n, shdut ce, ane: Aprending, rather aban ddnling pe
185
1. Inex.} 43. ILICACEH.
distance from margin, which is slightly thickened. Stipules 0. Fils. polygamous, ;
a wcieau ibe -'8 long. Pedicels “15” with tr iangular Lioeeic . their base. Sepals |
orbicular. "Petals ney 5 ovate- oblong roun Aeglh belo ow. __ Fr. ovoid-
Maw: —A small tree with drooping branches and oblong leaves, 4-9°5", mem-
branous, very gioiey & above, cena narrowed to a stout usnally curved and rusty
ae sa . Seppe sec, n. 7-8 ind in the Ramnagar forests, was also probably —
88
FAM. 44. CELASTRACEZ.
Usually glabrous, often thorny trees or sm eh sometimes eli ing,
w
with simple rl a or alternate coriaceous lea usually with s ;
stipules. Fils. usually white or greenish, peri es ae. | 4
in axillar ee more rarely clustered or racemose and
2-1-s 1. Calyx small with 4-5 sepals sometimes mnate
at base. Petals 4-5 usually imbricate in ¢ well-developed, —
t s ng or pulvinate, entire or ? 4-5
alternating with the petals, inserted on or under the margin of the
disc; filaments short subulate with oval or ovate anthers attached ;
wey te AO oA sessile free on the disc or immersed in it, superior —
half-inferior, 25-0 el d or (in the anomalous genus —
1
capitate or | bei; veewuie — be kin mall. Ovules usually 2 In each
cell, rarely 1 ne m rect eras the - rarely pendulous —
(if 1 only). sere tooulicia a or drupaceous or baccate. Seeds
usually ied in a bright-coloured ar iL soesethined
winged, ae
albuminous. Embryo axile with large usually green ‘cotyledons
shove radicle. =
I, Ovary cells 3-5, Ovules 2 in — _
a. L, opposite. Fr. capsular ji, 0. S 4 a
b. L, alternate. Fr. capsula oaporits
Fils. cymose, bbe sunk inthe dise . a ‘ . . 2, Gym
Fis, i vary free . . 3. Paps per
. Opp. or sub-opp. “Fr, ‘Grupaceous
II, Oat Pes divided up into many cellules each containing
. alt., fls.cymose. Fr.sub-baccate. . . + + + & Siphonodor.
14. EUONYMUS, L.
Trees or shrubs with glabrous opposite mate # and cad’ re
stipules. Fls. mostly in ‘2-3-chotomous cymes. se large f
S- a 0 te) n the dis d
8-5-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cell, one ascending sub- basal, the Bel
on the axis, rarely more than 2. Capsule 3-5 -celled and
angled or winged, coriaceous.
1, E. glaber,
A small nie eae tree with coriaceous — <
e
we uot
=
es ort
2-4” long and greenish-white 5-merous flowers 3" ," mes
tomous long-peduncled more or less twelve-flowered ae
186
44. CELASTRACE#, [2. GYMNOSPORIA.
usually on > sebpeleaiage arco from the axils of the leaves or from
“8 axils of leaf older branches
Mayurbhanj : ag “see fon chiefly sae streams, above 2000 ft.! Fls.
May. Fr, not seen Pe bet.$
i irth
fimbriate tips. ymes sometimes apparently _termin al in a ee case single and a
‘Rew shoot springs from its side, usually f fle scales on ra shoots
or special abbreviated bra ranchiets, rarely OAL 5-7- id, cone inet 2” broad and
; oy. with s slender divaricate branches, Peduncles 1-1°5”, Pedicels articulate
te C:
eola i s oid rbi .
long, sub-orbicular r ‘12’, short-clawed, minutely penne. St. at the
ccapy the large os * 5-angled disc. Anths. very short. Ovary 5-celled right
wits: bag a Pp, not deeply sunk in the disc. Ovules 2 in each cell, a sub-basal
axile. Capsule
2. GYMNOSPORIA, W. ¢ A.
—— Shrub: small trees usually thorny with alternate exstipulate
leaves es andaxillary often clustere
often m
uch See so that the flowers adh clustered.
4 Pioad iuuate or Ovary more sas less sunk in Poe disc,
: eta ‘habs short weyie and 2-3 stigmas. Ov shad? 2 in each cell.
: opal ually obovoid. Aril partial or entirely sovecinge the
L, entire. Cymes co veh ¥ vith ge Sin . . . 1. emarginata,
L. crenulate, Cymes divaricate, no ed 6 2, pontana,
5. L. lanceolate acuminate or ov ately ‘el soto ee ge
By emargi nata, Roth. Bali bhains, Boincha, Or. (from confusion
. With Flacourtia a).
_Atigid dense shrub unarmed or arene with long straight sharp
“babes ns 2-9 foches and Je64e _somewhat like that of
ris,
| Greeni Rdwhite flowers about -2” diam. wiki long slender pedicels
} oo ofa thom ed in very short cymes ‘aostly on Pi "eanclitiobe in
lan e hadi sandstones in the north to the shores of the Chilka
: nou oti in the south!
ss r. Jan.-M arch.
: i ibe -4ft. Branches sometimes zigzag. Bark pale grey. L. attain
ely broadly elliptic or ovate, canals with rounded Pan pe cuneate base,,
about 3 green, ne
onally retuse, pale beneath; sec. : cely raised, very
and at margins Petiole “yy ot ten borne on =
»,bbosite, only 3-fld. or once or twice 2-3-chotomously branched, subsessile
c ’
tary aia Pet. 2-8
» Pedicela ‘3-"5”, Fis. polygamous. Sep. minutel: ciliate, Pet.
one, = eo ong. St. from benenth the “pulvinate et longer in the male
m. fl.
rary in the m, sm: sessile stigmas ;.
ie erm. fls. exserted wit <9 cones ious style and 3 — stim.
= Sea ous 3", Rica: ous, pyriform, split about four-fi hs en
Tipe into “si il, 1-2 in
8S. Young seeds with a rudimentary lobed collar-like ar
ach col, ate inkiniing brown or reddish, *07-"1” diam., aril spreading and finally
flowers in both F.B.I. and Bengal Plants are referred to as we nn Ott.
tion:to those of G, montana, which are spoken of as nu
187
2. GramxosrorrA. ] 44. CELASTRACE.
this bs gaa does not hold if it implies that the fis. of this species are nob
2. G. montana, Bent
A large shrub oy ‘the branchlets mostly ending in thorns which |
often bear leaves and flowers. coriaceous grey-gree ‘
mn dry, 1°5-2°5” obovate oblanceolate elliptic or orbicular but —
always with cuneate base tapering into the -25-4” long petiole, and —
the apex, minu white 2”
diam. in numerous lateral 2-3-chotomous cymes ‘4-1” long
Rien sub-globose *2” na usually purple when ripe.
Behar, Kurz.! not common nath, Anders, but the specimen has
Baca and leaves not at all aepieal it is somewhat doubtful, Fis, F. :
. :
L, with 6- c. 2, very fi more visible than in emarginata. Capsule :
mostly 2- aired ‘ued lor 2, ned dn 3, with a thin aril or aril absent.
3. G. rufa, Wall. Var. latifolia, Haines. :
A large shrub or small tree with sh p (axillary) thorns on may :
of the branches, glabrous elliptic or eyitaly elliptic crenulate leaves —
em ae long, obtuse or bluntly acuminate ang mostly with acute bale,
Fs. in axillary sessile, dichotomous or panicled cymes, often several —
from ied cteate tubercle. Capsules 3- eit 25” diam. ;
Ravines in the Sameshwar age hs borg age gp (f. Wallich). Fr. Nov. ec
Shoots papillosely pubescent. a! Bg r 1°5-2'’ on the same plant.
sometimes 2°25” wide with about 740 & a pa cher '§ in’ ntermediaaa pio
very finely but inconspicuously retioulite Posalicol, crenatures sometimes obscure
when young apiculate and then serrulate rather than crenate. Petiole 3), :
often pink, minutely pubescent, base of leaf goon on the sides ae
Stipules pecences exceeding the petiole lanceolate, ending in a 1 oo
Cymes about 1” o bei —o up to 2°5”, ss 25 Benes ent, bracts at the forks ee
minute lanceol ate ac Sep. 5, very small, benoit triangular gee See
Pet.* ‘08’, subor Ea paige ten sy with very broad base, go t. 5 at ee =
Crates 2 in each cell from near the base, Capsule 3! ong, coriaceous, Minti
splitting about three-fourths . the wax down, Young seeds “with a collar-like
in seeds
(it probably grows up in olde .
Norr.—Most of the epechnens of G rufa in Herbaria and Wall Hich’s types bare a.
—— leaves or narrowly ell. A amen and Rien 3 capillary pele :
the when ove — ayetin ‘long, though often much bgp :
g2
invariably. glabro says leaves. lanceo ee acuminate i
‘Co orymbs axillary ‘apaary ‘on ayn boca a coloured eee Young —
colour, glau
: eaeesaninihe. A
Scandent ie with alternate br serrate leaves. Fs. poly:
gamous, in terminal or rail panicled cymes, or racemes, heer S
(exc. the pistil). Dise broad concave 5-lobed. Ovary not im
in the disc, 2-4 aah 3-celled, re 3-lobed or 3-fid. a
erect in each cell, Capsule usua. — Seeds enclosed in
fleshy aril; albumen fleshy. Emhyy
1. Ge wager Willd. Kuijri, K., 8.; Konjri, Keane ;
TT ee , H.; Maltangun, Th.; Peng, Korsana, F.;
al,
A scrambling or r climbing shrub with long lenticelias branches
: an Septente
* Fis
188
44. CELASTRACES. (5. SipHono:
obovat ] leaves 15-5” long by 1-2'5” broad, green flowers
12” diam. i termi ani panicled cymes and yellow 3- ‘lobed capsules
3” long with red-arilled see
Very common in hedges, in all dintaibia | ! Fls. April-June with the new leaves.
Fr, Oct.-Jan.
L. metimes ell. or oblong, always with a short sudden acumination, young
(and young Rearieicte) pubescent and bright green, base acute, sec, n. slender
#7, petiole “25--5’, stipules minute deciduous, Panicles 2-6”, lanceolar, with
minute bracts. Sepals orbicular, erose. Petals ovate- -oblong obtuse. Capsule
globose or hovoia : 3. -valved, 3-6-s eeded. :
From the seeds are obtained two valuable oils by fg te prong and by wat aa
_‘Tespectively. The fixed oil is used for burning as well as for external use i
_ theumatism, but is not considered SOV dst i; that 0 obtained by distillation, be
} So-called Olenm nigrum, nedicin
The fruit is sometimes eaten before it is oy
ELAODENDRON, Jacq. /.
ith op b-opp., or, on some shoots,
alternate, entire or crenate leaves and white green or brown flowers
i 0 mes, en polyga iy er
Stamens inserted and ne e margin of the large often lobed
near th re
isc, anthers sub-globose. Ovary conical, base confluent with the
. 2-4. (usually 2- in our species) rarely B — ovules 2 linear in
cell. Fruit a drupe with one exarillate seed.
OLE nage ie Miri, K.; Niuri, 8.; “ai jehul, Beng.; Ratan
; Geti, Baoan: Th.
A aa ve e wit ‘th crenate or canes rarely (Ramnagar) -eeorien
4 erenate-serrate leaves usually about 5” by 2°5” and lateral corym-
_ bose cymes of small Geettuh whiten cr tugowainh flowers succeeded by
; Rearly dry oblong or oboy Radin ape? “Jon ng.
ae Throughout the whole area from nagar Hills to Puri, commonest in the
oe i. Fis. Sept. “Dee.; pat. ies (teste jth Cooke) Feb. ome The
g ay be found at most times of the y r and appear to ripen about Feb.
r nearly |
5 “ec grey, nearly smooth, thin. ee rather hard with dark red outer layer or
— trees) thick red-brown outer lever, 8 then hinge and ne on a wood.
i cut is followed almost pemeniorty by a ie water the | Arcs
2 ee ee ipgee 2-6” by 1-3’, ovate to fie > rare re Bee
ee + Feti. 5-1”, cym es 2-4”, peduncles fone Sep. unequal orbicular.
m9 peed Strom: ‘ ower part of margin being recurved), re ponte ical St.
0 © disc, straight ascending, finally spreading an
a aty proterandrous). 2 = =
reparation of the bark is given in cholera (Camp.).
ger Gri.
n.
connect ttened, arching over the pistil, anthers with very
aren, Dearing the oblique laterally dehiscing cells on the
ne ofa wh t,o first inferior, subsequently half-superior consist-
@ whorl of some 20-30 cells ra radially disposed, finally irregularly
Pg mer = the ——- structure of the pistil in this genus, vide
: un, Soc, xx ii, p.
189
5, SIPHONODON. } 44, CELASTRACEZ.
2-3-seriate, each cell with one ovule hor ee or ine upwards -
or downwards, with lateral raphe. Style _ with five minute
stigmatic cL ae i opposite to the peta mez are aa five
smaller poi alternating with these, or noticed in the article
quoted on p. "89). From the centre of sg annulus rises what looks —
like a stout style and “sang stig: gma ; its use is unknown (its tissue
is non-conducting). Fruit with coriaceous pericarp, firm fleshy meso-
carp and n — irregularly arranged radially compressed woody
dang Pg ry thin. Cotyledons large, thick ; caulicle directed —
cowards t.
ihe ovary may Pa looked upon as morphologically 5- —— each = separated —
between —. ovules by secondary partitions and becoming i irregular ly displaced
wt.
Grif. 2
A small erect glabrous tree with coriaceous somewhat distichous —
ell.-oblong more or less crenate ole mene u resembling those of —
Croton ter a Sida white flowers ‘5~6” diam. in 3-fld. or up to 7-fid —
cymes mostly from the old wood. of ches q or pe Fruit b roadly
pyriform, 1-25-2” long by 1-1°5 |
i "Ravine in the Rajmahal Hills, sak a common! Fils. April-June, Fr. ripens Feb, —
= ‘
~ ia in Sikkim and no doubt was found in Purneah before the digforestation :
of that district, d
grey, slightly ro rough. Blaze thin grey, then yellow, white on :
a nf by 1'5-3°5", ve ry shining anor, eae or cisgamaa with r oman pon
te base, sec. n. slender about 8, depressed above
:
1. 8. celastrineus, @ :
E
FAM. 45. HIPPOCRATEACEA.
Usually g ata hows eeely climbing* shrubs with ci ee opposite,
pcan As alt., often aceous leaves without or with
stipules F mi im :
4U1TeL
the di i :
St. 3 (esrely 2 or 4) of the di ang the a :
filaments, usually sidney recur ved pe en on or sunk in the
disc, 3-celled with 3-lobed ma, Ovules 2-10 in each cell, §
times 2-seriate, anatro ay Srait either of pe oboe fete 4
Erect or scandent. Fr. bacca eo eT an re
Scandent, Fruiting cutneis o Sraardid re a ee 2: Hi, vee :
Same £.
* By means of respi growing twigs.
190
45. HIPPOCRATEACEZ. (2. Hiprocra
rarely in age ape conical, sunk in the disc, style very short,
ovules 2-8 in e cell, 1-2-seriate. Fruit baccate, sometimes sub.
woody. Seeds re “pigilae
1. S. prinoides, D
An erect shrub a ut 3 ft. high resembling a “ Euonymus,” or scan
dent, with twigs ridged from the decurrent bases of the dec sdcous
pules, oblong or elliptic coriaceous faintly crenate-serrate leaves
mostly 2-3” long and clusters of 2-6 yellowish flowers axillary and
from a axils. Fruit a scarlet globose berry ‘5’ with white
ety
: a the South! Erect and bushy on 0s rocky shores of the yao
: late but Samant in the forest! Behar, Prain. Fls. Dec.-Jan, Fr. April
Evergreen,
Branches pale a small twigs sometimes purple. L. sometimes 3°5”, subacute or
short tapering to an obtuse tip or rounded, base usually roomy sec. n. 6-10
very fine, scarcely visible above, Petiole ‘25’. Stipules deciduous. Pe 2dicels 1-15",
arising from clusters of minute rounded bracts on very small ey Ol Fis. °26”
ot. Calyx oe: “08” diam., gamosepalous with deltoid Ferm gin being
Teflexed and hyaline, ‘inserted between the dise and calyx. e
pulvinate, °05/ high and near ly as broad as the calyx, dented at res Bib: By t e
t.3 aren . on the Bor edge at the man of the “- she ntgeee om nla anos of
*he ovary, Fil. flat, finally recurved, anther terminal tran £ ouiians
cells confluent across the top. Ovary conical, slightly 3- -2 Too vet ad, bap
in the dise, _ Ovules 2 collateral in oan cell, axile, prints no with o pms
Style0. Stigmas minute, Berr ually l-seeded, some val diam. and then
2 di long pe ght n =
tir
Mals! y di b
law a Br prints, The eee of the petals corresponds with that described by
. HIPPOCRATEA, L
Unarmed small trees or climbin: viele ith opposite, often
coiled branches ienatinice conantiee pinnate jac with opposite
Spreading often toothed leaves and small bgt cornered caducous
th
ES lobes which are usually ‘dehiscent through their centre an
2 ea few vertically co Giredhod we inged seeds.
Leaves 175-3” 1 . res adn aes
: Leaves 3-5:5” loa tings rer ; NEN eo eer ge, vr oan
os = indica, Willd,
: iene or scandent shrub climbing by means of its coiled
rrate ae ‘1:5-3'5”, and minute yellow fragrant 5-merous
tee ‘owded on the branches of axillary and terminal dichasial or
booms de ee eymes which are “75-2” broad. Fruit 1-3
8
i
rather . : } fi aes huri Hill, ete.) !
pen jung Bughmari; Jaimangal, Ku :
Behar, Prain; Fis, April, Dec. —
191
Z
2. Hierocratgea.|] 45. HIPPOCRATEACE2.
Twigs either pe on’ ovg be glabrous. L. caraicinnceoee shortly, Pace pai
acuminate with c e base, sometimes nearly entire; sec. n.
curved, retfeulate “remus impressed, har gihh aT herve distinct following thes on
tures. Petiole slender *2-°3”. Stipules most minute, of 1-3 gens caducous.
Cymes broader than ar (excluding the ‘3-’8” long peduncles) with subsidiary
S axils of the mai
decurrent as Bae ridges on the branches. Fils. 2°5 mm. diam. Sep, ell. ovate or
oblong ey ‘7 tam., papillosely ciliate esp. at eet Paton ie me Bros apr
margins sah Wied ndry. Dise cup-shaped, t spreading —
border. Ov a with 3 saeabet aes above 8 ‘ep ae the ise di conical tip —
about as long as the flattened stamens, Samaras oblong 1-1
2. H. arborea, Rozb. on Th.
robust shrub with branches at wide pres
climbing like the last, smal branches distichous and looking like —
pinnate leaves ering: | usually only 3-4 pow s of leaves 3- se long,
0 sha
ng sm
cumination and roun aot or sub-acute base. Minute prc
i ; r $
pedicels.
black gundela minute deciduous tip and teeth (as in the leaves).
f Ram _Fls. Nov, -Dec. em pominle Jae. vet June-Sept.? .
3) be
Stems attains 2° foun n girth, Wood ‘siructire scmeltt ’ Bar x grey, somewhat
in squares in old tru Blaze pink, L. attain 7”, shining, Paige
crenatures with deciduous black ‘points ; ; sec, n. 6-8, Petiole ‘3-"7”. as ID
last but stouter and comparatively few pe me ee Bracts lanceolate. Fils. Js, smaller
than in _ with 5 erect petals 1°2 ong. ep. microscopically ¢ crenulate
pon ae mes with black nen a mann oo back puberulous nches of
wteter in fruit, Ovary unk i @ ais ¢ than in H. in aie very
slightly —— and ovules eee laze ‘of t ce of d ine, 2 n each cell, axile- from near
e base (as in H. indica). Samaras oblong, 2°25-— 3” long and ‘7-"8” wide with is
sineate base, ‘ows, with 1-2 ovate seeds at the end, ‘|
FAM. 46. RHAMNACEZA.
Tr — or shrubs, often scrambling or climbing, furnished with 2
n Gouania and Helinus (and rarely with coiled twigs 0
ou a
rarely 0, inserted on the margin of the dise or on the throa’
calyx-tube nigh smc mga which is ie filled or ean with tl
sma
he e tly
2-celled. Ovary free or sunk in the disc, usually superior
but inferior in tribe Gouaniex, 3-, rarely 2-4-celled. Style
simple, rarely cleft. Ovule 1 in each cell, erect anatropous. *™"
capsular or drupaceous, sometimes win, ged, 3-, rarely 1-4-celled;
men fleshy, aly 0. Em mbryo large er
192
46. RHAMNACEZ. [1. VENTILAGO.
A, gimerg calyx hypogynous or th, ho ae — absent,
ruit samaroid. Unarmed pot : : . 1, Ventilago.
2 Prat a drupe with vl 1-3-celled
Erect or climbing, armed with bese ee . 2. Zizyphus.
3. Fruit baccate or arenadeccs with 2-4 pyr
Leaves alternate. Disc usually thin : . 3, Rhamnus,
Leaves opp. or sub-opposite. Disc usually thick ; 4, Scutia,
B. Fruiting calyx epigynous, Climbin g shrubs with tendrils.
Fis. in Sunioulate re Fr, 3-winged : 5. Gouania,
Fis, in peduncled cymes, Fr, dr upaceous . 6, Helinus,
14. VENTILAGO, Gaertn.
Scrambling or climbing shrubs ee with some of the
branchlets coiled into woody tendrils Pinan L. pen ininaled
entire or toothed, sub-bifarious, _stipal caducous. Fis.
- $reenish, 5-merous, Sanctus, in tern nal aad axillary panicles. Petals
pli amens. Anthers short, some-
short fre rgin. n the disc, 2-celled
With ha diisct thick. 2- fid style. which eV in » trait into a large
or oblong wing above the globose nut.
vd ¥. po uderaspatana, Gaertn. Bonga-sarjom, K., 8.; Keonti, oo
Petchuri, Pitchule, Or.; Pitti, Rai- dhani, H.; Rak
(Bicod. eater, from the red cracks in the bark), Rairui, Daxinsibas
en
ide ely scandent with long sarmentose branches, bifarious te
g usually acuminate leaves about 5” long, young somewhat
nt, and es entose or pubescent fascicles of small yellow-green
< 12” diam. arranged in interrupted panicles. The winged fruit
- ‘Wseated on the disc-like ¢ calyx.
| Throughout the Central and Southern area, chiefly on the edges of forest eee
‘ “herrea Streams. Chota Nagpur and Santal _ et amon Sambalpu
Rhanj! Orissa! Fis, Sept.-March, Fr. March. "Eve
k furrowed, with ror’ in the Fess eas ‘often 2 f t. girth,
berulous or glabrescent, often B ac L, 3-5°5’ by 1°5-2°5”, sometin: mes
: te-lanceolate esp. at base of the twigs, often crenate or crenate-se Sie f
2 tertiari 8 very Slender te distinct sec. oe and very fine numerous paralle
mes. Peti. “25”, Panicles pubescent. Calyx-lobes: shorter than the tube
: oh Wi athulate, 003” long with Te nearly glabrous
: ing of fruit linear-oblong, 1-2” , coriaceous, gla
Bark Yields ps cordage fibre. The "seeds are said to be eaten when ! cooked and
used in cooki — — mpbell says that the circinate
ane worn as charms by the Sar
speci ly allied to iss last and often treated riety of that
yellow The ets are more pubescent and the leaves often
Y tomentose, usually m more ovate and obtuse,
b
eh girt to the mide by the calyx-tube and
193
1. VENTILAGO. | 46. RHAMNACEZ.
Throughout the area. Bettiah (but the leaves are glabrous and it appears in
iate). Monghyr! Chota Nagpur and Santal Parg. ., frequent! Angul! and
other parts of Erie, frequent!
Fis. Sept.-Nov. Fr. Feb. — Same uses as the last, the Indians not dis-—
tinguishing the two varieties
2. ZIZYPHUS, Juss.
Small trees or shrubs, sometimes scandent, usually with sti ‘plea
solitary or paired prickles; when pai ied. one usually straight and the
other hooked. L. sub-bifarious entire or toothed, basal-nerved. Fis.
ing terminal panicles.
in axillary fascicles or cymes 0 ming
alyx rely 4- or , lobes pene triangula
Pe , ultimately wit ens s reflexed, some
Disc more or less filling the tube He often
above it or wit in free margin Ww h
inserted. Ovary eS in the disc 2-4-celled. Sty
partially united. Fruit a drupe, sometimes ee aS dry,
rarely 1- or 4-celled oe Albumen scanty o
Cymes or fascicles a ag Petals present.
ee —— — or shru
. Peduncles of eyinee 0 Md Eine than the pedicels, Styles
m
os ma ee only. Fr. red.
Tree. den: sely PBA has henpatt: Fr, °6-1” ; A
Shrub, a Tiosely elliptic, tomentose beneath, et
ee
Shrub with slender zigang branches. 1. mostly orbicular,
grey-tomentose beneath "3-7", Prickles very sander :
b, Fagunciee, pa longer than the Rares! a ks
9-4, uly ¢ Pr, , gree a ee 3. aylopyra,
2. Sctimablore o¢ r climbers. St nies ostly 2 ae
L. silky beneath. Ped, hardiy 6 ss ny. Fr. small black . 4, @nopiu
L. glabrous. cymes ee ona forked . 5 fumenlosa.
B. Cymes panicled, Petals 0. Usually climbing. Fr. white 2 Ca Puget
1. Z. jujuba, ms ooaerg “ri rai oe M.; Dedaori-;
om-janum, S.; Dha , A; bee r, Beng:
Boyer, toes koli, Or.; 1 seat . ium” ot Anglo-Indians.
A small — often with sroning branches and obl ong af :
dark green leaves 15-3” long densely —— benea’
green flo in dense axillary tementos cymes or ee
yellow or ty fleshy drupes °5—"75” dia
Appears indigenous on the Ranchi-Lohardaga ghats ! “ee
self-sown over the rest of the area! Fils. March-Oct. Fr. Jan,
leaves Mar - Ap ee
Attains 2-3 ft h grey or nearly black rough 1}
age bagi ak Eby “Twice tomentose with ogee pricks 0 orf
rees. with a white or red tomentum beneath glabro
eat Seay serrulate or apex distinctly toothed geomet rarely oe
sn 3 nerved ba base. Cymes °5-"75’ long, sometimes with Lg
Fils. 26” diam. on eatiele ionger than the peduncle.
late white co oe Ovary cells 2 and style 2-fid. Fruit g
varieties ation. always ellipsoid Ohen very young, stone 2-ce ed.
pen Be is eaten, it is believed vd purify the blood. The bark con
tannin and is a remedy in diarrhcea and when powdered is used for
unhealthy wounds.
194.
46. RHAMNACEA. (2. Zizypuus.
Var. fruticosa, H Janumjan, Ho.; Bakura, Bakula, M.; Kurit-
rama (rniture’s $s “tademy; 8.
A densely branched thorny shrub 3-4 ft. high. L. often symme-
eel Gipatiy elliptic ‘75-1'5” long sometimes ovate or suborbicular,
minutely serrulate or with 3-more coarse teeth near the a
i ne s pe on.
er, * r. petio Cym
co. diam., rarely 4- Pept ne cblongspathalate
elitaxe: Fr. ips yellow or red shining -3—5” dia
Common sere n gregarious in waste places, nine ae etc, From
N, Champaran < ri and sec nga ir! Fis. Aug.-Sept. Fr, Noy.-Feb.
ae ery Geacty vale for fencing. Th e fruit is eaten but ‘after being dried and
-~pounded is chiefly used for a sherbert in the hot weather.
2. Z. nummularia, W. A yn. Z. ropandifelie Lamk.; Boyer, Or.
A Somewhat smaller Aer than the last with more constantly
zag and more slender branche , leaves mostly orbicular and often
2
retuse only -5—75”, mostly white or grey tomentose beneath, ee
times also grey pubescent above, stipular prickles ve
°“®
=]
«*specially the straight iad ofte n 6” (though sometimes the prickles
_ of fruticosa are as sle nder). Fils. 14” diam. Petals ver y_ broa oadly
spathulate, lateral eo very slightly inflexed. Pe
This is also said to d r from ie jens by the 1 10 Iobed, aise being
Pitted o tial te zee whereas that of Z. juj is gro
tthe ave not been able to confirm this ee )
On cotton soil, western Angul and Athmallik! Fis, Oct.-Dec. Fr. Nov.-Feb.
38% Flr tale Wilid. Karkat, Prem. K., S.; Kankor, Kharw.;
tah, Khond; Kat-ber, H.; Ghont, Mal P.; @hot, Ghonto,
y.
A small usually straggling and t thorny tree or old trees cat
_ thornless, with broa adly ellip tic or ovate leaves 15-3” long m
pubescent or hairy amare sometimes isis when young, “Yis.
18. lam , green, in axillary peduncled cymes *5-2” long in the
oe ot the bright green leaves of the new shoots —— (from nae
Suppression) in flexuous panicles up to 4” long, tomentose.
Slobose 1-1°5” diam. deep-green ree beg te: sometimes tomentose,
24. usually 3-celled with ver y hard stor
eet common in the Northern area. pti and Southern areas very Dt Garal
: pecially in inferior forest on the hills with a clay soil. Chats N agpur ! Ge ,
ho Angul! ct do Orissa States, common, Cooper. Fis, April- -June. rhe
lh ede January or up to a year after flower! ing. Deciduous and renews its
a
enka), OF brown with thick oblong scales when old, blaze thin crimso
streaked With white. Shoots wb eines and ws Dclarahine“" "L. glabrescent above
found est permanently pubescent on the s, rounded or obtuse, serrulate,
One stbcordate at the somew at obli ety 3 nee i nase, Fils, sometimes 4-
ting Pet. spathulate hooded, Disc flat peralabent, Style shortly 2-4-fid, very
te at first, ovary quickly rising up above the disc on fertilisation and style
tlonga s+ Oxburgh says that the valves of ‘the nut separate when this has been
“posed for some time to the w weathe
Indian gut 80 bark have for a long time feng epee sre eanins by ts
Tannin Crs and it has recently co prominence at the Ksociet
Research Factory. Mr. Fraymouth sated “str that taken at the right
195
2. Zizyruvs. | 46. RHAMNACE.
e the fruit may yield as much as 20 per cent. pnd talons that it constituted —
the "Gibapest tannin in India. The kernel of the fru eaten The wood is said
to es hard and igen reddish brown, but Gamble good as thatof
Z.jujuba. Ibis o of the woods used by the Kols to mie ca ete tripods
4. Z, cenoplia, Mill. ae Kharw.; Makai, H.; Siakul, Bers + 4
Burukoli, Kontaikoli, 0 oS
A straggling thorny s ae® becoming a large climber festooning
ae hi sgpeet. ee: the trunk armed with large conical spine-tipped
oody boss is obliquely ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate
L 2°5” tithe b copious ose silky appressed pane beneath. Cymes —
axillary u nder ‘5” long brown pond entose. Fr. small black succulent
oA diam. Stone eta compressed, 1- tae pee d, 5
hout the province; com on sandy soils; Bettiah! Purneah!
sigue not oe Frequent ‘in jing also in Manbhum, Hazaribagh,
yee a 8.P.! Common through out on Southern area! Fis. June-Sept.
Fr. No Evergreen, new leaves Feb
Tw a
nearly straight, L. acute or sub-acuminate cote 4 or — crenate arith
oblique 3-5-nerved base and very slender oblique silky sec. n. Petioles slender,
12-3", Petals cucullate. Ovary 2-celled.
e branches are used for fen vt Bolg The fruit is eaten. A morbid condition is
common bearing dense fascicles of small bran ches — ow piri believed BA
Mr. Hole to be analogous to the condition of *‘ spike” in San
5K Cvereseptys Han
A crambler or Tier with raehighrs oblong to elliptic-lanceolate sometimes
Sapgsceimsene 8 2°5-3'5” long, with 3 prominent and usually
rves, inte wv ii protedh ake very fine and close giving the leaf a
characteristic cohuaversely. striate Poe Se Poe ance, Cymes peduncled, “7-2! long,
ising brown ben nt, sometimes panicled. Fruit i shies « densely tomen-
n young or globose, older patron ‘5 diam. Fis. pril. Fr, May.
pari? > have a single specimen marked Puri, 1915 5, but as fe ‘collected the same
species in Burmah in 1914 tet Joe 1 may be an error and I have no field notes in
connection with the Puri plant.)
6. — _— Lamk. pane Tsirka, K.; Se kra, S.; Pituar, Karail,
‘Or
; Hohnoi, Mal P.; —— eel a ie :
A ash shrub or s ith long pendent or, in favourable —
localities, — andent branches, fares eliptic 3-5- nerved serrulate a
usually cordate- based leaves a ttaining Gb or more, and sie a
men
tomentose panicles of scensirlanc cathe’ flowers eae in
cymes or the oui cymes axillary. Fr. 3-5” diam. white “feshy
lle
with a thin-walled 1-celled and oo stone.
Biss gre the whole area foe Bettiah! and Purneah! to Sambalpur! Angul!
and Puri ci t the mountains ‘ink: usually OOCUES near ravines,
vergreen brown
Young parts all tom sometimes tl other
i . aleeanans or permanen
potecent pecyee met ae, One oak usually a short prickle the
: tals
cou “2-"25", peta is
The fruit is eaten for Z iia able. “The ‘powdered bark mixed with ghee
applied to the swollen cheek in toothache and for ulcers in the mouth,” Camp» —
3. RHAMNUS, L. Buckthorn.
Shrubs or small trees. L. Svmapedies but often with 2 secondary —
nerves from aspen the base. Fls. fascicled in the axils of leaves
or bud scales, racemose, teste or dicecious. Calyx-tu!
196
46. RHAMNACEZ. [4. Scurta.
(hyp: an ethium) ager oa or turbinate, lobes “5, keeled within.
Petals 4-5 m r0. Dise lining the tube with thin margin, not
swollen. Ovary mr frei 3-4-celled. Fruit 2—4-celled, with 2-4 pyrenes,
girt at base by ths calyx tube, — obed
Erect rigid, - mostly under 3” long lanceolate . : : : ae
Sarmentose or erect. “L. m ostly 4-6” oblong ee pa ic
TR, sa Pall.
_ of a cherry, sa clothed with abbreviated clos erg scarred
- eeeilsts and sometimes ending in a sharp thorn Pgade: small, often
» (~8” long, young pubescent. Fls. minut A eee or fasei-
dled i in ithe axils of bud scales on filiform pedicels 2” lon
Rocky places on the Neter hat plateau. Fils. March-April. Fr, Was —June.
Distrib. : Himalayas and Ghats of Western Peninsula,
ranchlets often 4-farious. LL, usually 1- 3 — acuminate, errate,
pubescent nm the nerves beneat c. n, 3-6, tertiaries very reti ate mpressed
etl. slender, ‘1-"3’, Stipules filiform, pubescent, Fs. 1-sexual (sometimes poly
oust). Calyx tube “05”, lobes 4, ‘07”, caudate, 3-nerved. Pet. spathulate “years
half as long. Fil. shorter than petals. Fruit obovoid, somewhat ¢ mpressed a.
1 pe
faintly 2-lobed, “15” long seated on the hemispherical or patelliform calyx- babe,
icels and tube minutely pubescent,
2. og sa Lawson.
suberect or rambling shrub with 1 long brown sarmentose
hanes st of bela oblong acuminate serrulate shining leaves
3-6” ne sed with much ler ones,
en
Wk nitintaine 6 rae a, fests 3500 bi Fi. June- es ze ry Fike
Distrib. : Himalayas to Dias and Assam.
ranches dotted with prominent brown lenticels, young parts pubescent. L.
glabrous with tufts of hair in the axils of oa of »~ ae n. prc Lord
8
Da
‘ Petiol 3-7", pubescent or glabrous Stipules siulute, Seeger seers
can leaving & rounded base. becouse pubescent. Fis, rtly cereal
ain lanceolate acute, Pet blong concave over the sence ns, caduc
shining oblong 2. sided. withi (fide Wallich).
ty or very loses ith 2-4 erustaceo ar pyre
Seed c
ret dh with thin or no cas en and plano-convex fons ta onia.
: : 8. myrtina, Kurz. Syn. 8. indica, Brogn.
id considerable shrub formidabl ly armed with very sharp recurved
axillary thorns, small shining opposite, sub-opp. or alternate one-
197
4, ScuTia.] 46. RHAMNACEZ.
nerved leaves mostly about 1” igh small white flowers *15-2” diz
fascicled on very short p: ae es and green berries 3-4” diam. w.
ultimately become dark ble
can jungle near the Chilka Aisles ! Fls., Fr. April-May (probably also at 0
“a en s glabr or grey with quite miercscopical Bart, Bitar marked
oe ae sepciar r raised lines. Thorns often ‘5’ long, but those pr floy
branc y be undeveloped. L, ‘8-2’ long, neg gh os ell. obovate obti
Leiner Song ends, mucronulate. Mid-rib strong, . 3-6, very fine
impressed beneath (not Paar a soon reticu inte i
Stipules flattened subulat Jams 1-6 axillary,
U hlpeherse cymose on ary a shed neles ‘02-'1” long, which slightly el
25’) in fruit. Pedicels “oR and te and 2-bracteola
— early as long as pedicels, ovate mucronate, bracteoles smaller, Ca
(4mm,) Tone ico vaape tube, lobes as long as tube, 5 lanceolate keeled within
bond cold ties ang tip. Pet. minute, broader than long
api i d th
f Sete and base of anther which exceeds the petal. se
Ovary base slightly sunk in wre iin ae and constricted above it, glo
ranging at nd 2 (-3) apical stigmati
cell of ovary ey Toe the gem portion.
came, Saeaod on the patelliform calyx-tube
5. GOUANIA, L.
toa Rages cra with the s of the branchlets t
wiedl fied i endrils. eirapr ey ere ulate. Fils. smau |
gamous, fsecled on the gate his spikes or Bet w
sometimes pani Fls. 5- anges area the o Di
less filling the a x-tube with 5 processes aitocumit
mens. Ovary sunk in the se 3-celled, style 3-cleft.
3-winged or orale angled, eee splitting into t
through the wings and epring. a slender axis. Seeds with
shining testa ans fleshy albumen
1. G. De doncernint den DC. Bitkil-chand, 8.; Ramduri (teste Ga
Pitchali, Or.
ae ate fi To with — branchlets, broadly ovate cord
coarsely crenate leaves and green flowers Egon on the ©
simple or panicled terminal Pasnnis: and 3-wing ps
Chiefly along nalas and ravines in gt ae al and Southern areas:
Chote & Nagpor, not very common! 8. P.! Mayurbhanj! Angul, freque ment
Fr. gee! Dec. Usually deciduous in the dryer localiti
meant ie ar vee S hearchoa pril, pong me ergreen in Angul. The old dt
fruits may sometimes % Towa up to ;
L. 2°5-5” by 1°5-45” shining above, pater glabrous except on the |
sec, n, of which the ithe are basal, crenatures glandular. be
Bageiiea 6-8", pubescent. F rt. '3-"5”, broader than long, top ema marginate
by the calyx. Seed black, compressed, broadly ovate-o oblong 17"
The bark is used (ground up) for bruises in Mayurbhanj.
rs
6. HELINUS, E. Mey
Unarmed climbing shrubs with some ay a branchlets
to tendrils. LL. alternate entire with all deci
Fis. aoe in pede sales ores © bels, 5-merous (exe ovat
ing t. epigynous and ovary inferior,
short salah a ele aa ‘small recuived stigmas. Fr. dru
198
47, AMPELIDACEZ. [1.. Vuris.
a ag —osgpalge the putamen finally separating into = crustaceous
i leaving the remains of the three septa
tinately iiahiacent. Seeds with fleshy albumen and large flat
ledon
1 H. lanceolatus, Brand.
~ A bright green slender oe shrub with ovate - lanceolate
\ acute leaves about 2°5 by and ¥ very numerous small yellowish
_ flowers in slender poluncled ‘eymies w Hog me are axillary ae paniculate
by reduction of the lea 25-5” dia:
ee Grassy valleys end fag a ne ee siuatieiees not common! Ranchi,
Neterhat! Santal P.! Fis. Jan.-April. Fr. April-May.
__ Branches ; d, Sube ene -
1 scence much reduced, 3-nerved with 1-2 s mes n,
Stipu € - Fis: onset Biren : Ragen Petals fe bn whitish Molded ¥ ad
_ the stamens which are in the free margin of the dise with exserted
anthers. Fruiting pedune my t ccndanad above,
FAM. 47. AMPELIDACEA.
Erect or climbing herbs or soft-wooded shrubs, rarely small t
_ Branchlets gra transformed into tendrils in Bie Vines (Vilis),
imple or EAR stipulate — ee often
inflo
di rnate,
_ sheathing at ‘the base. Fls. small in compoun rescences,
regular, often polyg amous, sometimes dicecious. Calyx small -
lobed or truncate. Petals 4-5, hypogynous or igynous, valvate,
_ sometimes falling off as a cap without expanding (calyptrate).
isomerous and opposite to the petals, sometimes perigynous,
on or outsid disc, anthers 2-celled, introrse i e or sm
s tubular an bed, vary free or sunk in or
the dise, 2—6-celled, with 1-2 perormaees natro
Se in ost ot with the raphe towards the a: Stigma simple
or lobed. erry. Seeds with copious eat ‘aoe. Embryo
heck basal, eotyledons ovate.
_ _ Norx.—Both th Vitis are morphologically main
~ 8xes which get cae aside with the pee of the stronger axillary shoots and
‘thus often appear leaf-opposed,
| Climbers. Stamens free on led i ekg
a hypogynous dise, Ovary 2-cel + te *
Breet: Peat and a perizyno ous and —s a pte tabalar =
: le
2, Leea.
1. VITIS, L. Vin
Herbs or shrubs climbing by means of a a modifntion of the stem
branches into tendrils, which sometimes bear the inflorescence
ple and palmatel igitate or pedate. Fis. 4-5-
. Petals often calyptrate. Dise of glands ¢ OF lobed or annular.
ns free. Ovary 2-celled, very rarely 4-cel nage at the
og — way up by the disc. Ovules 2 in each cell. Berry 1-4-
Simple, often angled or stg rane
rs. ¢merous (or ovary 2. us), Fis. 2-sexual. Inflor-
escence not bearing tonaete (Cisens)*
Bran ches jointed, very thick and y, angled
199
1. quadrangularis
1. Vitts.] : 47, AMPELIDACEX.
2. Branches normal.
a, L. glabrous. Somewhat deaity herbs.
Stem very glaucous, glabrous 2.
Not glaucous, stems more or less hairy ; 3.
b. L. pubescent or tomentose.
L. 2-4”, as broad as long; with short pubescence : . 4. vitiginea.
L. 2-6, ovate, tomentose. . 5, adnata.
L, 5- 8”, br Pan ovate or orbicular, you ng t tome tosely
— ~~ often panicled on leafiess br asiche
repens,
assamica,
repanda,
>
flow
B. Fils. m ony 6: merous, polygamous. Infl. tendrillate.
de Petals eal yptrate (Vitis proper) .*
L, scarcely lobed, woolly bene ath when young
2. Petals expanding (Ampelocissus).*
Leavy ——- ybrous : : : . 8, latifolia.
pea deeply lobed, tomento: “ : : tomentosa.
II. L. 3-foliolate. Pe eecascnce tendril-beari ee
Fils. 5-merous. Petals secanaine paces cissus) 10, divaricata,
itt. i i or Coon Inflorescence not bearing tendrils.
lanata.
=
EK
us,
A. Fils, _polrgumous or dicecious, Petals or their tips i fcao
pe Sti lar, ah si “2 lobed. Seeds furrowed, withou
eep pits (Tetra a).
ay Fase ‘a Se “stigmatic ge not papillose
1, pet. with sal _apical cs
tat . 11. bracteolata.
episode aes RR hse ES > ee -
= ne rge rte t rare eal Ee
6. Petals not spurred, es paar i
Cymes very short. Dise retin thick. Ovary “pubedoent 12. oer
one mes divaricate. Disc 0. Ovary glabro eave ee.
3; moaly pedately 5-foliolate, Stigma papillose . 14, lanceolaria,
B. Pie. _2-sexua et. connivent or v eprending: Stigma
inute. Seed with 1-2 pits covered by a membrane
ayentin
1. L, all 3-foliolate.
Herbaceous, rather fleshy. Lflts. hairy . . . > + trifolia.
2. L. mostly digitately 5-foliolate ete. auriculata,
3. L. mostly pedately 5-7-foliolate, hairy . 17, pe edata.
* Norr.—Planchon in his monograph divided Fi iti up stake a iri of genera
and this ekgpe omg has been adopted at Kew and in the Madra These
genera are shown in brackets above, but the ais shown in oie Key for the
convenience of ‘Forteter# in the field. ;
oF age: apg Hr —. —— Cissus quadrangularis, L. ; Har-
rbhan
jora, Beng. ; .,
A fleshy lee ik jointed saint with 4-winged internodes and
a tendril at some o nodes, bearin ng in the rains and cold wae
nish-
short-petioled snc ae es 1-25” long and broad. Fils.
bioctie o n short peduncled small glabrous umbellate cymes- ee
> red, l-see eds d.
very common, Puri, both in the north and common on rocks near the
By ! :
Cc ta Lake ! Angul, near villages | Fis. r.s. riot hg 8, Der Te cis ovate oF
Stems often 1’ diam. sometimes festoonin
gt foliaceous,
reniform, rarely lobed, crenate-serrate, | prgabee ieat opposed, Stipules f
ovate. Tendrils simple. Cymes with 3-4 umbellules. Seed fissured (Hoxb.). .
The young shoots are eaten.
2. ¥. Chae af fa A, Syn. V. glauca, Wallich’s No. 59904; -—_
repens, L ‘4
A weak RE succulent trailer with very glaucous- -white (leet
so when old) stems and sagittate or ovate cordate and acuminate :
200 : ‘
47. AMPELIDACEZ. {1. Vrris.
glabrous leaves 2-5” long with rather distant small teeth,
ow large membranous amplexicaul broadl ly-ovate or -oblong
ed ff 1 i
= —
acu Berries black, juicy, ‘2-25” diam. Seed 1 ane
i -pyriform, namin hat facetted or with raised abocenie not.
ae f Orissa, rather rare! Fils, July-Sept, Fr. Noy.-Dec. New shoots
“fer ape and May. Distrib.: E. Bengal, Sikkim, Chittagong to Burma, also
Stems Somewhat compressed waxy 5-nerved at base L, gradually acuminate (in
; our » Sec. n. above basal 2-4 only. Petiole Fe “3, ‘rarely up to 4”. Peduncles
a usually short, Pedicels *3” Swollen at apex. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma
: le,
Y, assamica, Laws. (Wall., No. 6001, Cal. Herb. Syn. Cissus
adnata, Roxb, teste Planchon, but this seems to me an error).
3 sub-succulent climber, stems somewhat ha airy at the nodes with
pcan brown hairs and sometimes on the in Soleus leaves eae
“ordate,
}, Hous, stipules oblong rounded, -2”, sprea ding, ean ths a adihatant
_ hase on falli Cymes umbellate leaf-oppos 1-2” long, hairy
When young, sometimes panicled in fruit <e fall a deaves, Fis. small,
exual, Cal ampanulat ” di seo eat or
ong, tiles hoo:
eed 1, pyri itoee! with close eee fiabliae
»* otherwise smooth, raphe conspicuous
‘Ste. Common in che Mals of Orissa! Fis, July-Se ept. Fr, Dec
hit 8 Somewhat gone angled. L. 4-6”, bu — 7" ay 5, shining both
: rved margin, distin etly rate v when old, Egon or
. nt a
B
gg
, Stron,
xed at the extremi ty. peat with lous ae baits ibe young, poe
(or in some Sikkim plants up to 2°7”), divaricate or ascending, fruiting
The be 2~25”, sometimes verrucose. Gene celle Hie mate bret
berries are not dry as stated in F.B.Z. but are succulent and edible.
¥ ua ong comb. (non V. vitiginea, Kuntze=V. repanda).
“hb V.L i, Wall. ; Olen vitiginea, L.; Jangli angur, H.
eal beaiy vant sce iit climber with co ky bark, membranous
: le cordate lobed and coarsely dentate leaves mostly about 3
a d Cebelints compound cymes of small. white inetd
Fruit pale purple aes 1-seeded on —_— pedicel
fe
ics, above, 2-4”, basal sinus wide, 3-nerved, sec. n. ending in eo
l teeth. Petiole -7_] ". ” Btipates, under ° it rounded, deciduous, Tendrils
+ Cymes 1-15” diam ;, pedicels 3-many.
Not seen in Herbarinm . +1 . ea ee Ac cent as
Y Set removed o
201
1. Vitis.) 47. AMPELIDACE.
5. V.adnata, Wall. Wall., No. 5998 (not 6001). Syn. Cissus ¢
Roxb.
sometimes attaining large size, leaves ovate acun
with cordate base, bristle-serrate young, usually 2-6”
neve road as | , floc hairy or tomentose beneat
— Saray PO and abo s long a
Prous adl p
ee ioe aah ee ae! fea rown, globose-pyriform, °3”
Seed somewhat obliquely pyriform, sharp pointed at base, *2”
brown, smooth (facetted in skies. but this is not evident i
resh seed).
Purneah, ogee on in the north! Fls,, Fr, Sept.-Jan
Not nearly so large a climber as V, re nda. Stems mer harder, less su
Ror not bila pack napa! on vi sides and grooved on the flat sides as in
perry much cxqgow but rarely they attain 8”
rising in 4g on on the sje striate leafy branches, not in leafless
oath act, be heliform, 2 ft ely 2 3 long, including the pedunele. —
muc. recurved i in frui
The het mentum " ‘adeuatfings giv listi ishi naracter, but the
is often e vale absent,* while the ves of VF. repai mi ky is sometimes red,
have mer seen the shoots clothed gory ravnen tect stipules as occurs in ra
growing specimens of V. repanda,
6. ¥. repanda, W. § A. Syn. Cissus repanda, Vahl. ; Bambor,
aula anny s; Ts oe Gond.; Harjarwa, K harw.; Pe
; Takwale
A ie ge Suehes« ve soft, very porous wood and corky bark,
simple deepl y cordate usually repandly too si leaves 5-8”
and long-peduncled tomentose irregularly-branched cymes
umbellate, which often appear copiously reach before the av
- ete leaves. Fruit 35-4”, pyriform. Seed pyriform, nearly sn
s ” ong.
Throughout the whole area (in favourable localities) from Champ:
Puri, Angul and Sambalpur! once pies ap soni’ _ — 7
therefore rare in the C athe and N 3000 ft.
= — nath (4000 f Fis, Api =a
expans of the
lance yall in December
New s sh cots rapa
—_ .
aug
ies ally glabrous both sitio Petioles e 12” long.
mbricate on young flowerless ee on the ter
‘Tendrils a ked Scans dichotomon us, Coes terminatin
mate pilose, a Pe
expanding widely and reflexed, boat- haped at the apex.
between the pon 195 Young fruits ‘ellipsoid apiculate on 58
eet gues cels,
ms npreit a quantity of ene water. ‘‘The root
sere m i= appited to cuts and fractures, The bark and stalk ro Peso
mpbell
n the water cut rac cai the soft stem with one clean obsigs
at pease it _ higher up when the water in the piece vil
from the lower
* This red appearance is also to a great extent a herbarium character.
that my specimens collected without a : trace of red gradually chan,
dryin
oe
202
47, AMPELIDACE 2. [1. Viris.
Kolo nari, 8.
climber which in for sometimes resembles V. adnata,
t once dustin otelaber by t lygamous diwciou
being poe ed in thyrsoid oe or Tong, opposite to
leaves and usually ten deid: bea merous slender
licelled flowers with calyptrate Soret ee re inry slender fila-
ts of the male
Manbham, oes Com pet & Watt: bee I have seen no specimens from our area
~~ dg ‘ror in identification, It is a plant of the zn Himalayas,
ogee and the Enster rghaae:” Is.
the ete ate ovate cordate, sometimes slightly 3- lobed, 2°5-8” long, densely
hen young, oh in one variety glabrescent. Seeds pyriform, somewhat
far eed on the inner face and 1-furrowed on the outer.
gaa Rozb. Syn. Sree lantern Planch. ; Oteron,
E.; opri, K vela, Beng.; Pani- kacho,
Or.; Paniloha. (Bonn, Fi Comper.
sl
eaves =. i ng and broad, deep brown-red flowers and
and juic
y-
“hag out the area, v ery common, especially in tow scrub jungles in Chota
ur, Rajmahal ape and Oris <n Fils, June-July, Fr, Aug.-Oct. The stems
down annually to the perennial 1 tstock, which Sey “out eipte ai shoots in
an etimes to a height of 10 ft. before the leaves expand, and ‘it
e leaves are fully developed.
vip sina or, qui te blue, hollow, and often producing the inflorescence
e the leaves. L, 3-7. ,
i . y 4-merous mi
arige on @ very stout peduncle together with a forked tendril.
red, ied granting saccate at the apex. Disc oder ge lobed
nate ait often showing as a ring on the fruit, Seeds 2-4, ‘22” long,
ably | Piano convex with conv ox ig Fe rugose, sidew rugose anda strong ridge on
Ln
he fruit is eaten,
tomentosa, Heyne. _ Ampelocissus tomentosa, Planch ;
Oteron, K.; Ghora-lidi,
; extensive but sea ae woody climber, densely often ferru-
us tomentose with large orbicular very deeply cordate gem
ing Psi th ways and 3-5-lobed. Fils. sessile, —
a peduncle saat et ¥ long which again
cym
ther with 4 a fendi on a common woody branchlet 3-8” ine:
” dia:
me Seeman areas.common, Gaya! Hazaribaght Ranchi! Palamau
te the top of Nerhast Santel Panis ! Angul! ete. Fis. July-Sept.
2 =.
Often dies back in the hot season, ;
With a dense cottony tomentum. L. with adense omentum
obes rounded, ae nore or pears ope! Petiole ye" i
g, usually 5. Seeds obcord Sunieed and keeled on the inner
i the outer with rayed Saanres: es the pit.
x divaricata, Wall. Syn. Ampelocissus divaricata, Planch.
Somewhat extensive climber with cottony tomentose but glabres-
branches, 3-foliolate membranous leaves with rather large
203
1. Viris.} 47. AMPELIDACE#.
ate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate acuminate terminal leaflets
Sie aeragner he semi-cordate lateral sat cronate
the teeth
ub-spinulose. Fls. reddish i rather d ho
eymes 15-2” diam., Seine ialerally on the tendr il: rks ches,
ameshwar Hills,common! Fls. Oct,-Nov, - Dec. (ripe? ).
L. cottony-tomentose beneath or old ones baa puhesvent on the n
i . 4-8°5
which is 3-55‘ long. Calyx pecilar at ag scarcely lobed. Dise
aoe Wo-plented _ bed, Stigma sessile. Ovary 2-celled.
me) said to be b Py and 3-4-seeded with seeds 3”, almost onal
11. yi bisitosiats nen Syn. Tetrastigma bracteolatum, Planch.
medium-sized vine nearly glabrous except the inflo ce Ww :
sollte leaves, thin. leaflets 3°5-5°5” long, ell. or ova
serrate -serrate ee sometimes puberulous pel te
cent on thie Gave beneath. Fls. very small, dicecious,
tom
: ae thin, girting
half-way up in the fem Fruit black, succulent, 3-4” dis
usually Hoy Be Bape ‘by a white line (the remains of the:
cin
Poirisiadi' Fls. Sept.-Dec. Fr. Dec.-Feb, Common in the Bengal jungles
of Purneah,
PS tect: flattened sub-woody ‘3 “a diam, pore leaflets with base oblique
ually rounded, sec. n. 7-10, curving wi e margin and each giving
Searels toatooth. Petiole 2-3 ‘5 and petislnles oa Le puberulous. od
oblong deciduous, leaving prominent scars, peduncle *7-2”.
distinctly 4-toothed, Spur on petals making the b ie 4-corniculate, Stigma
o glabrous ova ith 4 acute lobes eeds 1-2 rounded
somewhat depres on the plane inner side and with prominent linear
1-2- owed (with sometimes 1-2 a édaee. * fur urrows) on the conyex side and ft
transversely rugose on the rounded e
12, pend Bie pamretooea bo Syn. Cissus angustifolia, Roxb.
Tet a Thomsonianum, Planch.
A sale st der a at pubescent or puberulous all over exee
the leaves, which are 3-foliolate predetehe what resembling those
ot ng
Ovary papillose-pubescent. Stigma a peltate ;
Deree | spherical, pink, white or yellow, or ripe bright red,
when bruised.
N. Purneah in river-side jungles. Fls, Feb,-March. Fr. Oct.-Jan
Stems flattened. Base é € peicle: petiolules and inflorescence often
acuminate puberulous on a mid-rib and also on the nerves beneath oF 2
204.
47. AMPELIDACE#. (1. Virts.
e 15” apn below. Petiolules nearly equal or terminal longer *5- ve
es large oblong or somewha‘ triangular, ‘25’, br g off above t
ol “a2 a i ny
n
oubt on this being Roxburgh’s Cissus angustifolia because the
rom Sumatra, but the figure and description are wonderfu ully ae
oe neal “ gleag plant is shown to be different I am inclined to kee
¥. dose rné, Haines. Syn. Tetrastigma alcicorne, Haines in Kew
Bulletin, 2, 1920
A planber, plsheons aoe the inflorescence, with 3-foliolate leaves,
leaflets shinin ng both sides ‘ lon
Y. sari Laws Spa: Cissus wininbelaatle mei +; Tetra-
stigma lanceolaria, Planch. Wight’s Ieones, tab. 2
nearly glabrous exc. the inflorescence cao stipules,
(-3)-foliolate somewhat fleshy leaves, lanceolate elliptic
distantly ts 3-65” long. Cymes
or sub-axillary ver t. uncled, dense, papillose,
the new s minating long sed
cles which take the place of te 8. s. wish, ‘1’’ long,
0-dicecious ae ds oblong truncate, each petal sometimes
= :
rry ‘4’, seed °3” long, rounded oblong with
“ groove on hak and piaiiled end and a V-shaped groove and
>on the i inner
Damper itll, along foot of wih me Hills from Champaran ! to
bag (near Sahebganj)! Parasnath, mp.! Fis. Jan,-March, Fr.
Y, flattened and grooved, Tendrils simple, leaf-opposed.
Supul es oblong-lanceolate deciduous ‘5’. Lfits. sho ortly sharply
mee ‘pe fine — rather indistinct sec. n. to ‘ Cale nerves
. etiol a
te-oblong papillose-pubescent. Stamens long in the male, in
Staminodes, disc at base of the grooved conic 0 ovary, stigma
th papillose-fimbriate lobes.
L. Syn. V. carnosa, Wall.; Cayratia carnosa, Gagnep.
Amar-lati, 77. . f
herbaceous climber with succulent ae stems eetneing
Seed described for this plant in the Ft ap foo
and j it eg nae have belo onged to this species
ot known to Roxbu wah,
205
A. Vira. } 47. AMPELIDACEZ.
from a stout perennial rootstock, with 3-foliolate leaves and crenat
dentate leaflets usually 2-3” * 0 ng, pubescent both sides. ras
rhite cu
dise, in lax divaricate lo ong- foots an sett be peas s 2-3°5” diam.
black, Frente ornate 5-7” dia eeded.
Throughout the whole area, sometimes J shelas to rocks and trees by
expanded tips - Sys tendrils. Champaren ! ! —— ! ei = ! Po :
Chota Nagpur, though nowhere very abundant, ascer 3000 ft. at Ich
and Neterhat ! fon very prvceriat on ! Fis. peers ‘Sept. Tr "sept, Dee: It often
back in Jan, — —
Pasay rasa y asec rh fe on
Petiole ya ren Ten wale memoer, teanehed: *vOymes thinly hairy.
ger Petals rarely white, ‘0S-*09”, saccateat the tip. Style prominent, su
often pink with simple sti igma,
16. pe auriculata, Laws. Syn. Cissus auriculata, het Cayra’
uriculata, Gautis, Baiang, K.; Amar-lata, Kharw.; Kanjkany
Or.
A large sub-succulent climber with digitate rarely _peddate 5(-8)-
re ee leaves, long crenate-se
r small late Seal cose culy 2°) chicing above, oo
and large divaricating chewy on long ee pe sen
herry-like, L; Gin, & d red or pink when r
idely distributed in the picks jungles, usually near “adie courses. Same:
Hills ! Chota Nagpur, ‘all Natoma, Sos a streams ! Bis Mayurba
, occasio =a . July-Se pt.
Deciduo
Stems up to Ls” ‘diam., corky whee old. po Pia ahocea and poe densely p
cent with short re white 3 hairs, clothed with large scimitar-shaped or half-o
stipules Bei 5” long. Digitate and pedate leaves may occur on the
ie digitate. Petiole 3-7”. — B. ealy 3 in some leaves ronbosnes 4 F
The fruit is said to be eaten, I have not found it edible.
17. ¥. pedata, Vahl. Syn. Cayratia pedata, Jus
A large weak climber with young branches and yee ly 7-foli
leaves softly ao. leaflet ts 4-8”, stron gly vein we berms the
th. Fls. 4 all,
beneat merous, sma en or white in large sub-co
— as long as the petiole. Fruit sub- vickee 2-4-seeded,
fe the more humid districts only. Bhagalpur and 8.P. towards the
Narsingpur! ent Nilgiri! Biiesove! ! Mayarbbadg ! Par comm!
oe ape! Fr, Oct,-
' or gen a 2” oblong-lanceolate, lateral unequal-sided
elit, shamply peg base often cordate. Petiole 3-6”.
” diam, m9. depressed. Seeds convex and ph carts me
side cron ne a ihaachene
2. LEEA, L.
Stout herbs, shrubs or small trees, erect and without |
usually with herbaceous branches. Leaves large with §
206
47, AMPELIDACE. (2. Lema.
Po. - —— patent: decompound. Peduncles leaf-
ed. Fils. orymbose cymes. Petals and stame nous
fed on a a hypanthin um whisk is prolonged into - aie Aster
ul
cua
bepacence red.
p te, lfits, sessile i ; : : 1, alata,
pinnate, Iflts. petioluled . 4 é . 2, acuminata.
: r white. In ntlorescence not re ed.
A. with lower ee es very few ns ee
__ cordate, rarely one or two upper pinnate 3. macrophylla,
» icose, L. 1-2- or ’ fee 3-pinnate, "See. ‘close
parallel, o one to each tooth or bifurcate with a Bouts to
it Om: ostpee ach racin Corymbs sub-sessile, Stems
with 1 sti ris ped wings 4, crispa,
2, Nerves less tha _ beat ot gene tooth, Corymbs peduncled.
Lifts. 1 oe with cordate base 5. aspera,
Lfits. not or thse slightly setose, base not cordate, usually
_ rhomboid [herbacea}.
. Shrubs or small’ trees, Ifits, with usually 3 or more ‘teeth
to each sec.
1 Lfits, wit 7 neath.
Lfits. glabr : . « 6, sambucina,
Lfits, Ebeecent beneath, at least on nerves . . 4%. robusta,
2. Lfits, with many small peltate scales beneath | . 8. eqnata.
shrub 2 ast ich. _ sieaply pinnate leaves and oblong
ng Bioicesiate e serrate sessile or sub-sessile bolets 6- 12" le aaa.
Ted as is also the aiete Ee and frui
at all common in our area Manbhum, Camp,! parities found in first-
ota Nagpur, Gamble and ‘Memon. It proteins. also occurs
s. June-Aug. Fr. ripens Sept. It dies down
7-foliolate, petioles winged below, reddish, Lfits. w Scenes d | serratures to
. Po ey nerves numerous, close and parallel. Pulnees usually long
Dildinnia. aa
handsome shrub 4~
eath when
g and shining above, crenate-serrate or serrate, 5-5" a with
er petiolules -2--35”. Fis. scarlet in cn ss pai corymbs.
as of Mayurbhanj, 2000-3000 ft, | Fls, Ma. -Sept. Fr. Aug.-Sep
Aa fools, glabrous. Petioles with b tase connate; auriculate ‘pues wh whieh
7-11 se . 1, supp
branched, sessile or pednnete a. “yobes of staminal tube nab fe se
Berries '25--3” with
ea and the preceding ¢ are common ned the Eastern Sub-Himalayan region.
ylla, Horn. Hatkan, S.; Dholsamudra, Beng. ;
: robust herb 1-3 ft. hi igh, with annual shoots from a perennial
ovate-cordate leaves 1-2 ft., very large stipules and white
Sessile cor rym mbs. iam.
Wie Jone ts Lea
! Purneah! Santal Parganas and Chota Ni , but not
ves turn yellow in January and plantdies backia3
207
2. Lena. |] 47, AMPELIDACEZ.
I have sometimes observed one or two pinnate leaves at the top of the stem in
robust specimens.
The rgot is applied externally to allay pain, Camp.
4. L. crispa, L. Ban-chalita, Beng.; Gorar, Th.
An erect ion herbaceous plant chicas Drs oe Se a baggirr os
— k, ae » pe eee sence edun ridged o Si ith v
vings. ie nate me Sphans ed fits. wit h vee parallal sides.
or some all. “oblong seaienaly serrate, with strong parallel sec. n. each
serrature. Corymbs sub-sessile, stout. Berry
blue-black.
Grass 7 maps of N. Champaran, frequent! Purneah, very common! Palamau,
grass lands, ascending to ae oe of eae pats! Singbhum Cea Gann. rare!
Praca about 2000 fi mmon! The Singbhum form ot winged. Fis.
June-Aug. Fr. Sep rare ig rE turn red before dying in Deoerntien:
Ridges or wings cheat 8. Lfits. often with as sn as 18 sec, n, only 17” apart, :
quite glabrous above, puberulous beneath; not caudat
j
i. Lis Soanaexge Edgw. Syn. L. herbacea, Ham.; Hom, Ho, ; Horom, M;
A pee sean woody, onary ng or in situations with
many erect or curved stems from the root nttaining bY ri ft. ites
and 2” diam., horewoodad with very large pith, :
1-3-pinnate, but usually only 2-pinnate with most iy olliptic'o or reer
caudate leaflets sent vesreimese or cordate base, tangy often coarsely
serrate, with m strong sec. n. supplying more than one
tooth, always pall vein ate and ome or less asperous OF
hirtellous above and puberulous or pubesce the nerves beneath.
Cymes small, rarely extend 4” i n breadth, wie eo more or
less 2-winged compressed branches. s de _ sed glaucous oF
of a slatey-green colour and finally black, ee -seede
ery common throu tops of the b
in ‘anady places. Fis eo om eg ‘Dee. “The leav to the io after fruiting
+n ¢
Stems often piece guar A tenaes and with a single microscopic tomentum. —
past of Ifits, 5-7- fone Cymes bifurcate at the base or with a Leap be Poi
‘long, bracts lin r-seta shri caducous, sometimes wi hite. Lobe disc-tune
pion. oblong or Pepeiarare usually 2-toothed. Petals oT
Norr,—L. herbacea is usually separated from L. aspera by the characters yin
in the oy oto I ren these quite LON ge in the forest. bbe tong -stemmed
may differ from the shorter one but I thin cality,
6. L. sambucina, Willd. Giringa, Khon
large woody shrub or sub- or quite meee ous ie umbraculif
seca! ~~ 2-3-pinnate glabrous leaves, large oblong or lanceo’
caudate coarsely doubly serrate neal chartae
leaflets gett sec ~ much curved or looped within the margim
es as many teeth as sec. nerves. Corymbs large pame
Pa 4 unite: 410" diam
In the more humid Hat ag Sashal Par,, ravines in the Rajmahal Hills! A
Fis, June-Sept = -
Stems u ‘yr phe ee spore 997 eg occasionally ovate
the base of the pinne and only 3-#’, base usually rounded, sec. n. 7-15 2
208
48. STAPHYLEACER, {1. Turprnta.
beneath united by os parallel tertiaries, Petiolules °2-1’, Panic]
see compressed, Fils, green with yelloy vish pie Dik grey or white. Yaad
succulent turning from green 231 lack pruinose, "3-"35”, depressed 3- -6- seed
ria Fi seven Roxb. Hom, Horom, K.; Haramda, Hatkan, 8.
-woody shrub 4-6 ft. high, with more or less tomentose
ng-lane ° ce
in, . 3°5”, with several serratures to one sec. nerve. Fs.
green with white staminal tube in large branched us ually geminate
a 7-15” across. The plant somewhat retihde one of an Elder
_ Inravines or along nalas or on cool aspects, fairly frequent in Chota Na; agpur !
j SautalP.! Puri! Angul! Probably throughout the area in favourable poston
} Fis. Aug. Fr. Nov.-Dec. Apparently dies ‘DOH geet ke = nga district
_ , eaves 2-3 ft. Lfits pale beneath with about ae n, above
_ &T-mnerved base which is F mab-cordnte: tertiary n strong para
| Cymes 2-3- ey branched, brachiate, puteeoeee” "Bessy purple Hack,
35!" dia jam, depressed, Brscte not persistent.
4 L. aequata, L
_, Mals of Orissa, ae Fis. r.s. Fr. Noy.-Jan. Old fruits remain till April.
‘Perennial, New shoots te June,
etimes almost ar us, Leaves 2-1- berry a the lowest pinne of
qeat again pinnate with ‘about 8-5 leaflets. Tit mewhat resembling those of
sambucina, large ” long, n oblo ong-lanceolate, or lanceolate
minal r omboidly- lacicadlate. pits “base PhD Lees above with scattere
r8, > beneath hispid on the nerves. serrate, usually 2-3
Pedu Weth to each strong sec. n., tertiaries strong paralle vy 2 Aton petiolules °2-"5”.
35" cle of cymes 0-1 a many of the hairs “landular on the branches. Berry
depressed Peaattien (lobed when dry as in other species).
FAM. 48, STAPHYLEACEA.
rees or shrubs with alternate or (in our species) opposite ec.
nate Sticalate leaves, F'ls. regular poprde 2 panicled. Sepa
or e s . 5
€s 3 sho ma
t baccate or of three dckinendtt carpel h
BE inous, sometimes arilled, with flat or P anoaiaves
oe
. TURPINIA, Ven
as 209
1. Turrrnta. | 48, STAPHYLEACEZ.
1. T. pomifera, DC. Syn. Syne pomifera, Rowxb. (1824);
Tee epAiineis, W. & A. (1834).*
A small tree with opposite pi cai 5-7-foliolate wesc leaves,
elliptic serrate finely acuminate m he 2 les inenenn eaflet
long, and small regular yoRowis sh ive xillary panicles as long
as the leaf rhachis. Frt.s svete mdeuisaetit 3-celled, 3-lobed.
y specimens were with withered flowers and in young fruit and I was therefore
unable to satisfactorily devavmine either the colour of the foweit or the size of the
ripe fruit,
Mayurbhanj, evergreen forest 3000 se ! Fis, April-May. ripens(?), Evergreen,
Bark Ben goregh Erhis blaze be Gane ake : chlor Trophy Il nee then dirty yellow
darken 0) “Ter nal bud thinly pubescent. L, rhachis
4-6”, ‘Stipules. deciduous Lfits, ‘elliptic, Tanceolate bs pees -oblong with cuneate
A inal somewhat obovate. Petiolule ‘15-" rminal leaflets 0 (the
position of the stipellee shows that the fs -called terininal “petiole : part of the
rhachis). Stipelle minute bape ig hpkaegesd Panicles puberulous
above, lax. Fis. °25” di se ather unequa a cilia até, Pet. te
oblong. St. 5, with flattened a bE giatitotis Blarhents inse
lobed disc. Ovary 3-lobed and 3- ae. lobe w
separated in
Hed. itside the
> Rese atl ef
fruit, but my cohering in in flower, aie
pendulous. Frt. (young) 3-lobed, each lobe mi ooved,
Gamble gives the weight of the wood as about 30 Ib. It is apparently not used.
FAM. 49, SAPINDACEZ.
or shrubs or (Car rdiospermum) ee herbs with alternate
pinnate o or Pomme 1-3-foli ea oot s.sm all or mod.-
ized, us d more or less irr ane
nner len 4-8-lobed ¢ or 5 sepalous, ged nn or -imbriente.
winged. Seeds often arillate,
or mally with aneves or ‘oneoieee cotyledons.
A, Climbing herbs with t tely divided leaves .
a», Dise unilateral — ‘ :
: Stamens inside the disc or unilateral.
a Fle ZY, pcutobee: dise often cicirepsiteg or lobed.
. Pree a with 1-3-foliolate leave . , 2 Allophylus.
1. Cardiospermum, j
Leaves odd-pinnate. Carpels nearly distinct in fruit 3, Erioglossum.
Leaves warren Frat not deeply lobed 4, Lepisanthes,
2. Fls, regular o: ns somewhat uni ilateral, | disc
annular Pee (Slarver tia). P
- Petals0, Ovule lin each cell, Frt. entire. . 5. Schleichera.
rs re Ale — fog 0 in Wephelion scoieh (s
t lobed Ovale, a be
Fruit lo or 1-coeco ] ce)
poe er i) ee
. Trees. nnate. Cocci or aae nant
Calyx +bibbee pi te Coceu rustaceous és
usually rough , ee i joa 4
Sepals 4-5 imbricate. Cocci globose fleshy . . 7. Sapindus.
a itt Ta
* Tay py 7 > 1. hee + Affton £. ; DC.
whinh 1 kg? | Mewes gee m T, pomifera, t
210
49. SAPINDACEZ. (2. ALLOPHYLUS.
ii, Trees or shrubs, L. paripinnate or 1-foliolate.
Sepals 4-5 imbricate. Cocci or cee Kiera 3 . 8. Aphania,
é, — — Ovules 2 in each cell nflated
capsu - 9. Harpullia,
C, Shrub. Stamens outside the aise, or dise absent. ” Petals 0.
Leaves simple 0. Dodonea.
1. CARDIOSPERMUM, £
Slender climbers with biternate cine coarsely dentate leaflets
d small flowers in axillary racemes, the lowest pair of pedicels
being developed as spiral tendrils. Fi s. po lyiymind-Suieio ous. Sepals
i Peta in uneq ir:
&
oO
—
@O
So
na
lo)
c
=}
=
ba)
co
fer)
yy
©,
i)
»
5
[o)
n
or
rd
dg
Bees
oO
Q
ae
°
cot
s
o
fe |e)
i=}
Qu
an
i= |
bead
n
-_
os
ee
a
fee)
: t. excentric, sometimes
shorter. Capsule vate inflated, loculicidal, with 3 membranous
valves. Seeds gl ci usually arillate at base, al Pover large,
transversely conduplic
. 1.6 z malicacabum, L. Galphul, Kharw ; Lataphatkari, Sibjhul,
an ual wiry herb, thinly pubescent or nearly glabrous with
much ibaiinate leaflets. Fls. white, 12” diam. Capsules depressed
onde winged at the angles.
ommon, probably in fee oe, Fls., Fr. May-Nov. ips
The P ieee is caid tc be 1 st hic, and is used in combinatio
with other drugs in ae mre di , ete
2. ALLOPHYLUS, 1
Small trees or shrubs with 1-3- ee Heaton — small poly-
samous irregular flowers in simple or branched racemes. Sepals 4 in
_ thequal opposite pairs, imbricate, Hide” Petals 4 still or almost
obsolete, generally declinate, often with a shaggy scale inside. Disc
= teral with usually 4 glands opposite the petals. o eeen 8.
_ Ovary usually 2-lobed and -celled. Ovules asce nding, 1 in each cell.
Fruit indehiscent Pe — dry or fleshy. Seeds caaaily with a
short aril. Emtry
a A. “aoa Radlkofer (Ueber die sonia 2 —— etc., 1909).
Cobbe, Blume (in part), Kandakola, kura, ie
‘ saat erect 3-4 ft. high or much ie arger and ake traggling
_ habit among other ieee teen: 3-foliolate leaves, elliptic en obovate
_ shortly acuminate tate-serrate or crenate-denticulate leaflets
eo y 2-25 Mina irregu aie small yellowish or white flowers
clus tered on ent axillary racemes 3-5” long. Drupels globose,
20” diam., orange-red.
Balasore to Puri, commo Fis. June- “valy, Fr.
set bescent. Peta
~ U€elinate, cee. ned very sho ort “itwcemes very pubescen
ss ‘ry variable plant, the Orissa plant belongs apparently to the
stows sus and serratus of A. Cobbe of the F.B.I. disti nguished
211
2. ALLOPHYLUS. | 49. SAPINDACEZ.
“ Racemes simple and solitary, petals somewhat declinate, Iflts, oval or ovate,
ic yn oagene or somewhat hai
nate-dentate. Bracts sho ; é é
is Late serrate- denticulate, _ Bracts subuiate - 3 pocini
Roxburg J d the root is astringent.
3. ERIOGLOSSUM, Blume.
Trees with odd pinnate leaves and. inpeenier flowers in terminal
panicles. Sepals 5 orbicula wae conca tals 4, each with a 2-fid
scale. ye fleshy unilateral. St. "S- oh ie stipitate 3-lobed.
Fruit of 1-3 fleshy oblong diverging cocci. There are only two
species of which one is India
Be Fe ag Baa Bl. Syn. E. edule, Bl.; Sapindus rubiginosa,
ona Mahanga, Arner, Or.
of a sina ith golden or rusty tomentose pubescence on the
twine ‘and hadhis, pinnate avon with about 6 pairs opp. or hee
ets casi i nds _
si 0
white or pinkish flowers ‘25’ long clustered on the emiform
branches of a terminal panicle 8-12” lon ng _— or ere absent.
ruit of 1
F 1-8 black fleshy oblong carpels °7”’
Cuttack, evergreen forests of ge delta! raga, Simlipahar forests! Mals
of Orissa! Fils. April-May. ay. Evergree
Bark usually discoloured, blaze ‘thin dark vie L, “‘yhachis 5-11’. Lfits. pores ss
alternate, 9-13, small 1-3” a f Halonite | cats in size Sy
largest 4-7” (3-15” F.B.T.) pe ho or ‘a obleie, acuminate, base of inietal ifits.
usually very w both sides fulvous hairy, espec : y on the nerves, more or
less glabrescent above; sec 11, not quite uniting with the marginal nerve,
very reticulate between. Bran anicl f Is. someantet Pac
Laem a villose ay “ve mentose, Calyx sub-globose 5-partite . Sep. unequa unded
‘15” concave and very inerioase | in bud. Pet. 4, °2”, ell. es ee “lave
port witha huge ‘fleshy ei seale eer on the inner face of its expanded to
St. 8 (or 9, 1 being forked), three posterior inside the esky one-sided lobed diet
Fil. sparsely hairy. Ovary ood young fruit villous deeply 3-lobed, Style declinate.
Ripe carpels only connate at Mage red vipat
The fruit is eaten. peoncnit: h says the aie ‘very useful, strong and durable
and chocolate-coloured to ards the pentve. ie Leste it as a large tree in the
Circars. Gumble gives the weil as 34 1b, only
4, LEPISANTHES, Bl.
Trees or shrubs with paripinnate leaves and entire —— a 4
or panicles.
ete ee pier om species), it omg in racemes
Sepals 6;
3-g0; entose, hirs
oblong, ex mag ‘aiways 2. Tihen, Yor, toate re Styled
fleshy, obliquely supe
1. L. tetraphylla, adi Syn. Sapindus teteaphyseas bee Mire
Mo va hee een s, Roxb.; Hemigyrosa canescen
Panikus ee
A small wu: y crooked tree up to about 3 ft.
gnarled tarsi aude leaves with only 2 pairs of leaflets
212
(4
girth with thick —
ie ae
neo eee ONY
eth
49. SAPINDACE#, (5. ScHLEICHERA,.
pairs F.B.I.), 4-8” long and copious spiciform panicles, both axillary
- trom the old leaf axils, of smallish white irregular flowers with
rect peta
sc a ther local! Fils, April. Fr, April-May. Eve
Bark light colo hanes: blaze rather ce or A ae brown, Lomng tell
wigs pale
pubescent. Petiole er rhachis togeth more rarely 8” long, slender,
nearly white. Lfits. coriaceous, very var ict ithe oblong, 3-7” by 1-2”
or even smaller wit I 6a uneate base, or fe es 4-8! 2°5-3'4”" with sub-
se, acute or rounded feeb tee id-rib p t. Sec. n. 6-12 oblique
ent with
interm “e soon reticulate with the tortiaciaa Petiolules *15--4" glabrous or
pubescent, young yellow tomentose. Racemiform con cles 1-2°5" or elongating to
4-5" often, fascigiod, raged one the old wood, se-flowered nearly to base,
rhachis tomentose. F's. ‘25-"3” sometimes *4”’ long, fascicled, Sep. 5, pot t or
orbic,-oblong connate at tabs, 2 posterior largest ‘18” with membranous margins,
2 anterior smallest ‘1, Pet. usually 4 but up to 6 oblong, villous below and with a
villous ligule half as long, ligule 2-lobed a os a Heese! — forked appendage on
its back exceedi he li h petal and li metimes toothe
. 8
Trees with povpinnate leaves and opposite or sub-
opposite leaflets. Fls. small, regular, i wi so ciitce fascicled on
the rhachis of simple ee per ched racemes, pedicels slender. Belly
bed. a ) ‘
Ls. Bande, gage futile Kusum, H., Kharw.; Swad Kusum, Or.;
A oe dense-foliaged large tree with leaves 8-16” long, 2
of opposite entire leaflets 3-10” lo ong, the basal ones seantibat,
and inconspicuo us greenish-yellow flowers in numerous
as are ic in t a
, r
W foliage which is coloured a fresh green or deep r
wi aed eat and often sonia muricate.
re it is cadets “eq ests, Fis, Mar, F ug.
or quite ey, n,
§ ft. girth but not a great height, Bark rather thin, blaze pink,
yellow darkening to brown. Leaves da: ri {ges with rhsohis 3-€
sessile ell, or oblong pishroas, yey os repend of sepiobed,
slender distinct pale - rmedi te shorter ones finely
mee Inflorescence t nitose 20", ean ge pecan
often on branehte S lame
finally’ 15’long. abbrevinted d, brown, “6” long. “Cotyledons
long 1-1°5” long ; first leaves opposite and 3-foliolate
213 |
5. ScHLEICHERA. | 49, SAPINDACEZ.
seed sown as S00 ripe. The you oo should be e pu pO in one 7 from
the time of so ia., The average of 13 treessown by me in Singbhum was after
16 years 23°5 ft, eh and 14° . girth,* ape picts all girth.
Both the aril and the kernel of the seed are n and a good oil for cooking is
expressed from the seed, Suscoke il cee that the oil is used for the treatment of
certain skin diseases. It is also reputed to be the original Macassar r Oil.
6. NEPHELIUM, L
Trees or shrubs with = ak leaves Maal entire sub-opposite
leaflets. Fis. small regular polygamous racemed or pani icled. Calyx
regular po
cupular 4-6-lobed, ene ial Serene n bu a Petals 4-6 or 0, smal
Fan squamate. Stam s 6-8, filaments slender.
ary pubescent, ie d and -celled. Fruit of
3-1 indehiscent ‘lobose oe, Simaiag, ‘thinly crustaceous coccl.
Seeds with a succulent aril.
1. N. litchi, Camb. Vern. Litchi (Chinese).
i fles
Everywhere pea Fis, _ i rch, Fr, May-June. Evergree'
Lfits, coriaceous, sec. nerv: bscure, Calyx cupular shallowly toothed.
gee 0, St. incurved in bud, Mernight: erect far exserted, Style in fertile fis. with
recurved lobes but ati of the oe one male with undivided aes
Rerabes a lot of water to gr
2. N. longana, Rozb. io pte _ Longan (Chinese
lawe
hairy. 1-2 ¢ Pericarp brown, rather rough but not
acutely tahoiceat Avil yal eens) oe ataret than in the Litchi. —
Frequently cultivated, but 1 n European gardens than the Litchi.
It is said to be indigenous in India but j rs pore soin this province, Fls, March-April. —
. SAPINDUS, L. :
Trees or shrubs with nity pinnate leaves and entire opp. oF § ge
opp. leaflets. Fls. small regular panicled. Sepals 5 imbricate, *
* Measurements kindly taken by Mr, A. N. Grieve in 1917.
214
49. SAPINDACES. (7. Saprnpus.
two series, unequal. Petal 4—5, sometimes squamate. Dise annular
obed. a a normally 8, filaments free, usually hairy. Ovary
entire or 2-4-lobed Scoala or reduced to a villous pistillode in
the aay with usuall 3 styles. Fruit of 1-3 fleshy or coriaceou
e
paceous ¢
two integuments, the outer very hard, the inner membran
pop edons poiealis convolute linear oblong unequal. Germination
epigeal
ie}
a=)
5
Lfits. ie. Broad dly oblong or elliptic, obtuse or ema arginate . : - 1. emarginatus,
Lfts, obliquely ovate-lanceolate acu minate, glabrous. . 2. trifoliatus.
1. 8. tha, en}. Vahl. Syn. §. trifol jen fhe nF B.I.) in part;
Bor-ritha, ; Muktamanji, Or.; Rentha, Or. (f. Cooper).
. Nov.
Young parts algae i sonia w vith youn 2-5°5” tomentose or pubescent
Lifts, with rounded ba often’ frsineneh above (Gamble says dull above), lowest
a i i i 1 e mar.
Cc. ru “ -
il nerve, tertiaries very reticulate and zoreert both sides. Petiolules *1--25”.
_ Panicles 3-4”, Sep. 5 oblong or ovate, tomentose, Petals 5, long-clawed, lanceo-
te, enoeth Woolly, Unripe fr uit. undivided tomentose.
© tree i sily grown from seed sown in June (wi the pericarp). The
: nded ¢ cotyledons are ‘75” long, oblong-linear, ay petioled. Hy poeniy!
e pen . 2" long, young stem v t,
_ Sfoliolate, lfits. elliptic but lanceolate both ends and ver ‘y acute, rather 1 oriaceous
hairy ben h, Eotianinte, about 2’ long, lateral s aherkaes Petiole *3”, The perkiexp
very saponaceous and is used for soap.
a6. trifoliatus, S. trifoliatus, Hiern (in part); 8S.
: lnurifoins, Pah: esa Kew Bull., No. 7, 1920, p. 250). Vern.
a of last.
mewhat resembling the = and considered by some to be
ya varies of the same species. The leaflets are, howeve
jmous and n d
© upright drupels (I am not sure however that these are
'Y ripe),
y Occasionally planted in our area,
215
a ae ae ees
8. APHANIA. ] 49, SAPINDACEZ.
8. APHANIA, Blume.
Trees or shrubs with ni see aye sit or iat ies: leaves and —
regular polygamous small fi in terminal and axillary panicles. —
Sepals 4-5 widely Sbricake,. hBetals 4-5, epmnagl epee scrinenleal seale
2-fid. Stamens 6-8 neither unilateral nor declinate. Ova i
tC) bh 1-3 ese: ips
hota ileal aad E Nes
nited at the bas ith crustac
testa, sometimes eelllate. atone with thick cotyledons.
ie “Eaceanie Radlk. Syn. oo Danura, Rozb.; Sapindus
F.BI.; Danura, Ben
A es Be the fore usually ei a miniature tree about 10 ft. high
es
, Y
ana panicles 4-6” long of abe us small ‘pedivalled pl pale pink
flow Drupels 1-3, min Ae “ y 1 maturing ellipsoid -45-5” with |
soft etitiogai and one large 4
Mals of Orissa, as nae in pai ee in i oe £4. aoe h. Fr, April.
petiae slender, vo Seif by 1°75-4”, lon ate glabrous tapering to the —
broad base, sec. n. with shorter iascenaaitiate: tertiaries much —- ed
margin thickened. Petiole stout | Sot® 5”. (Pani cle with caper spreading branch :
Fis, not ctagtared. Pet. 5 each w bg hme pa wooly
|
scale near the base. ma 658, Die ‘orenulate glabrous. Ori ary 2-3-1
fruit tame in 2 t to black when quite phi
5
9. HARPULLIA, Rozb. .
Trees with odd- or even-pinnate leaves and alternate leaflets. Fils.
large (for the family), regular or sub- devin polygamous or ly.-
epal
s, in rac d panicles. § 4-5 im e in two
series. Petals 4-5, oblanceolate or obo hae out scales. Stame
55 ogynous. D rdly any but torus raised un e ovary
hich is reduced to a villous pistillode in the vary tomentos®
2 (rarely 3) -angled. Ovules 2 in each cell axile. Fruita —
coriaceous inflated (-3)-lobed and -celled d loculicidal capsule. :
Seeds 1-2 in each cell — clips a ed Piped e, more or less
arillate. umen 0, em very mi-spherical unequal
n 0, embry: larg a
cotyledons with radicle ae taben t sail aeecton towards the hilum
ina is of the testa. Germination hypegesl. :
_ Nore,—There srneers to hen safe character in the twisting of the stigma. .
Hole a bower ning men kindly ectaied out that Beddome referring ® a
ated wit a
ole
twisted. Hiern rh gathoe correct eg acta a imbricata ye ‘. earns
ay supenintre, Roxb,, but as I do not know the latter tree in the field I keep . ;
int D
1. Phat, Or Thwaites. Syn, H. cupanoides, F.B.I. (in part); ;
At about 4 ft. girth and of considerable height mre
long clear ts le, stout closely lenticellate pubescent we at
nnate leaves but terminal Ifit. often rudimentary. Lifits. is
8 alternate ell. or ell.-oblong acuminate with oblique @ base.
216
50. SABIACEZ,
pale yellow in lax racemiform panicles 2°5-5” long extra-axillary
below the leaves on the old or new shoots. Fruit ee we ern
Piieecent a glen scarlet inflated 1*7-2-5” diam. 2 (-3)-lobed and
| -celled. Seeds ell.-oblong or ellipsoid with short thik fneniole and a
| radimentary ail.
Mals os Brive, ne: reams, rare! Fls, April-May. Fr. July-Aug. Nearly
a wlenves appearing at the time of flowering while some of the old
leaves are still ny aha
Bark very light celaned. Blaze with shloreohy il moderately hard, pale brown,
white w: ith in. i e
ntos “il ts.
pubescent on the nerves, sec. n, 8- ped and united within th ape is ig Petiohale
pew. Wis; +75" oon ep. 5, frees 4” long, oblong or obovate with oe ——
tomentose, clawed, °8”, chlanoutitee with pgp ye crisped
_ sparsely siclinte-haiey. St. 5-6, hypogynous, ‘6’, anthers oblong pea elgg ise
ically ni? d scent reine tide the ovary.
; with villous pistillode and rudimen ntary devia: a minnte ng aprerit 2 J we eile
— Villous, style minutely 2-fid with flattened lobe pee les
Capsule 1-2-1: ong, transversely oblong, an very Sean eres 4
_ permanently tomentose at the base. eh 1, rarely 2, in each cell, horizontal °6-"8’
_ (never sub-clohose as described Eos B.I.), hilum basal. Testa smooth black
shining. First Tea? solitary 4- —
A very ornamental tree i ei tk let capsul
DODONZAA,
_ Shrubs or small trees ene alternate gs: leaves and small
- polygamous or per osions pn in ie ral and terminal cymes.
& rele S 2-5 imbricate or valva; Petals Dise 0 in male, small in
en
8 $-10 ie outer side of the disc
Where present. Ov ry 2-6-angled ond oles. Ovules 2, rarely 1 in
heell. Fruit membranous or co ous, septicidally 5 dvalvad,
_ Valves onde Seeds without ariticin subglobose or lenticular
Embryo n
PB, scons, L. Mehndi, Vern; Mohara
ight green resinous shrub aitetiias ft. high with simple
alt. ae glabrous sub- cae leaves 1-3°5” long and short
‘Axillary and terminal cymes of green flowers. Fruit membranous
winged, septicidally 2-4-valv ig
Cuttack and Puri, near the sea, possibly wild! Plentiful in the Bajaragarh
Teserve, Zenban di, Cairo Often cultivated.
os. Noy.-F r. Oct.-Nov
s where wild, cariacsons shining as though varnished,
a ey petiole. te) n. ‘man Bel, regular. polyeamons long-
‘ Sep. 4- "yop ending *I-*12/’. Pet. St. 8. Dise inconspicuous.
ny 3-t-eelled 8 2 in each cell. Fruit ‘5! long. Seeds stiglobase, nearly
with a thickener funicle. Embryo spiral,
FAM. 50. SABIACEA.
Trees or shrubs, sometimes meanionhs with alternate simple
pinnate exstipulate leaves. Fs. small, sometimes io ce: vith
pict. eed ieee
others
8 or plenty only 3 petals with t
Pog amens as many as the petals and onpostte to
ben ht frequently only two fertile and the or ers Secare
217
1. Sasa. ] 50. SABIACE A.
free, usually surrounded at the base by the usually small toothed or
lobed disc, 2- rarely 3-celled, sometimes 2-lobed. Ovules 2 (rarely 1) _
in eac cell, — horizontal or pendulous, superposed, epitropous, —
Style short or 0. Fruit drupaceous and 1-seeded or of 2-3 dru rupels, —
—. 0, cotyledons conduplicate with jovi often spiral hypocotyl.
hrubs, often climbing, with 4-5 perfect stamens i : . 1, Sabia,
Toon with 3 stamens reduced to staminodes if : 3 . 2, Meliosma,
1. SABIA, Colebr.
Climbing or sarmentose aed pe es ihe bud-scales
persistent at their bases. L. simple
branched, and venation very See Hg Fs tial ‘axillay solitary
or panicled 2-bracteate. Bracts, sepals and stam opposite. —
Calyx 4-5-partite. Petals 4-5. Disc ann ular, as shee St.
inserted at the base of the disc. Carpels 2 (-3) “slight ly i :
gibbous and usually drupaceous in fruit with sub-bas style.
Styles as many as carpels slightly cohering. Ovules 2 in
carpel, collateral or superposed. Seed reniform, testa coriaceous,
otted. Embryo curved.
1. 8. paniculata, Edgew.
Sarmentose shrub. Bran |
L. glabrous coriaceous = ie 36 2- oy elliptic ‘Or ell. -oblong shining .
be
above. Panicles peo airy. Fls. yellowish. Petals oblong or
ovate-oblong, -05--0 7 io 12” f. F.B.I.). Drupels °3”. |
Rayines in the Sameshwar Hills (N, Champaran), Elev. 2000 ft.! Fis. —
Jan.-Feb, Fr, Feb Pane — rgreen, :
Stems up to 1” diam. ith rounded cata apes slightly tapering 0 r Tob,
tr n. a 4-5, soon br. valieio = with shor mediate, Bscng slightly
sed when dry. Wiha: ole rather prison iy ‘e1" often with transver
Pome Tontiosle at the bi
2. MELIOSMA, Blume.
Trees or shrubs with simple or odd-pinnate leaves or one
ee sometimes serrate or y en young:
dit ia les pas rhe na mo Ripe a
0 imbricate. Stamen as
os petals reduced to staminodes, in ore or less adnate at
e to the inner petals. Fruit a small Minus globose drupe,
jae eded.
1. M. simplicifolia, Walp. Syn. Millingtonia simplicifolia, Ro#.i
Churri, Nep.
A small tree with large simple oblanceolate entire shining leaves
6-12” by 1°75-4 5 and rusty pubescent panicles as long as t the a
of sitiall: yellowish-white flowers. Drupe small keeled, °17 ye
Bettiah and Sameshwar Hills, alon Deep ravines with ¢ Me
ennial water supply in the Berand da aieste' ots Singbhum, om especially above 10
elev,! Fis, Dec.-Mar ch, Fr. March-June. Evergr
218
d1. ANACARDIACES. [1]. MANGIFERA,
Twigs with prominent lenticels, puberulous, L. glabrescent and shining both
‘sides, sometimes obovate, acuminate, base tapering into a slender pubescent
ls : n, 12-1
petiole 1-1°5’ pb hich is thickened at the base a prominent oblique
3 u the margin, Fls. minute sess Sep. 3-4 larger ~~ 2
| (bracteoles ?) avalos, ciliate. Pet. 3, outer large pee etic concaye, the two inner
: is “Gabe scale-like
mble says that the wood is reddish and moderately hard with a pretty silver
but warps. Wt. about 33 Ib.
FAM. 51. ANACARDIACEA.
Trees or shrubs with resin canals in the twigs and peri
nt :
°
=}
:
r-
‘=
5
4 *
i}
5
g
S$
a
mn
bee
us an
meeting by loops or etsetatlbte fx the margin. Fs. small re
_ (orsub- ‘nsegular in andreecium and gyneceum) 2-sexual or dicecious or
| polygamous, often panicled, Calyx sometimes ol with ynous, 3-5-
2 8 a
| sub-apical, rarely axile, raphe aoraal foe hed, Ay the Dube of oe
farpel). Fruit a 1-5-celled, usually a and 1-s see
| which Sala ae Endocarp sometime ite mabey aoc
album Embryo lar and fleshy, often curved.
Reainstion fiattty ypu sonjetlines B epigeal.
: Berra ace only 1- 1-4 fertile. Leaves nem satel ced ass
ree, tdryonasucculenthypocarp . . . 2. Anacardium,
- oe 4-6 but only 1 fertile, all free.
= Ss. Leaves simple, Frt. a small dm upe . . « » 8&8 Buchanania.
; arpels 3 tnited oe be 1-celled l-ov rad ovary,
14, simple. Ova endulous from near Feds of ONEEY:
Fis. 4-merons, Fn tleshy cup . 4, Nothopegia.
Fils, 5-mero Fen unk in a fleshy ¢ wf ‘ 5. Semecarpus,
pe usually euiis fo tong Ovule a basalfunicle . » 6. Rhus,
* “arpels 4-5 united into a 1-5-celled o ary. Styles 4-5. Ovules
from top of cell. Leaves pinnate.
oe 1 Sag ne 1 seed i developing. Fls. in simple or branched ii
eae’ $ eae av tna,
Boreal oa” wih their seed dev veloping. Fis. in erect ‘
panicles, Drupe large, ellipsoid - « « 8 Spondias,
1, MANGIFERA, L. Man
219
1. Maneirera.] 51. ANACARDIACEZ.
1. M. indica, L. Uli, K.; hea S. ge fpaits amsi) ; Angi Amb
e
is a fine large t t: more.
The fruit is 3-4” long with a very thsi iter a ‘hin slerp patho i
abundant pleasant j hain — ote flesh i in the m
as cultivated ev
wild in the ravines of the Sameshwar Hills and along rocky v: alleys Bi banks mg
streams in the deepest jungles of Chota Nagpur and Orissa, also oo the
— ee and “8 the ord pee ns,
2
i=]
a
So
ae]
5
i]
a
°
he
Rp
)
5B
ees
5
s
°
>
Ee
et
2
a:
,
®
a"
ap
s
i after
These however contain some 10 per cent, of tannic ey ait they are indeed some-
times used on this ac poonit in cases of diarrhoea, so that they must be very unwhole-
some!
The tree is easily grown from seed, best sown in sit as ripe. On germi-
nation pease eo splits into two valves, bie
and i is sometimes partly deciduous in. such iste st not ites 2 by neighbour-
wast
2. ANACARDIUM, Rottb.
l. A. Pc OF nag L. Hijali-badam, Beng.; Kaju, H.; Lanka-Am!
n, Or.; Balia (Sambalpur). The Cashew- nut.
A sma sit dooked tree often gra ed along the ground with simple
alternate coriaceous one ate leaves 3-7” long and ome al and
upper-axillary pubesce ibhek much longer than the leaves, of
pink somewhat seeogulas flowers 3-4” long. After foveran the top
of the pedicel and torus enlarge into a clavate and ultimately pyti-
form fleshy body 2-3” long on which is seated the kidney- -shaped
nut 8-1” long.
Very commonly planted in Orissa near the pte ae, “5 running wild in Ee
of = Mahanadi delta ! ! Introduced from America. s. March-April,
ough. IL. with rounded or emarginate apex. egy and its
hos peduton hie numerous lanceolate or ovate bracts ° Sve:
gamous. Pedice rery short. Sep. 5 nearly free ovate or janceola e 17".
linear subeq terior rather shorter) *32-°4” recurved. St. 1,
others pred inetd on the short disk. Ovary obovoid nearly regular,
res ~ the long stamen somewhat curved, stout with small capitate stigma,
dul = = a lateral funicle near the top of the wtb e E anatropous,
i “* hypoe!
Ls € . i asant. 1
The pericarp a the fruit is oa of oil glands which contain
principles as ound in Sem carpus veep aptatat ie v
pressed yield alight Nelle: Diana oil which i ous and emollient.
says that the gro a shows about 8-11 Hire oe 7 ch of radiu
reddish-brown, m tely ha Re and can be used for packing-cases
We. 30-38 Ih.’ Tn the Andamans the oil from the pericarp is used to
preserve fishing-lin
220
51. ANACARDIACEZ. (4. NorHopsetra.
. BUCHANANIA, Rozb.
_ Trees with altern a petioled simple entire leaves and small white
1 flowers in dense axillary and terminal panicles, Calyx
ri tals 4-5, i
vul
ulous from a basal funicle. ruit a drupe with crustaceous
or bony 2- ot Susser algae Seed gibbous, acute at one aha with
cotyledon
raight Hg with rough rae stiff entire strongly nerved
oblong or ck i leaves 6-10” long and dense pyramidal Pager ig
whi wers "2-25" diam. Dru upes slabose black °5” dia.
m —- rather scarce, Champaran! Bhagalpur! Central aay Houthem
mmon, especially 1 in the hilly tracts and Covaraa the west.
od Jan. March a ar ril-May. Nearly =e reen but sometimes leafless in
dry y New leaves in =
k grey or F itack with oblong b pa Innovations pubescent or villous
nt beneath rounded at the © tips nervation very similar to that of Seme-
arpus but without the grey or white felt Petiole -25-"3”",
stout scent. Panicles densely Pe —_ Sepals 5 nearly free. Petals trian-
e. z tamens er rec t as long as the spreading petals. Caxpels hairy.
much used but the fr ait is largely e ae 0 esh is very
Palatable and the. ie rnels, ieehtwhe t like Pistachio nuts, saunas in sweotmests,
They — Re. 1/- per seer in the Calcutta market from eda >of the Orissa States
4, NOTHOPEGIA,
Small trees bi alternate or oppo ie tiled entire leaves and
‘mall bracteate white < greenish poly us id in short axil-
. Calyx 4-5-lobed pe sheididedi Petals 4-5 spreading
Stamens 4-5 alternate with petals inserted on or hated
e f an annular 4-5-lobed disc, filaments free e hairy. Ov
*e sessile ovoid 1-celled with very s short curved s tyle and on
® stigma. Ovule 1 pendulous, from a thick funicle from = r the
p of the ey on the side to which the style is inclin ch
te, what oblique, pericarp ofa with ata Bit 8.
tyledons thick, eabenied fleshy.
N. Heyneana, bap eat Syn. N, Colebrookiana, Blume, var.
Heyneana, J.D
A small Loe with ‘cat hairy twigs and densel P etatiah be buds,
itemate narro obl Bae sen hate leaves 3-6 5 whitish beneath,
‘with 15-20 fis sec. n, meeting the mar ginal one, sonnet d reticu-
= es 8. a merous ‘nal pee nish in very short rusty
sub-solitary. Fr. 1-seeded rig aiely obovoid,
somewhat lines Stitt striate one dry. Seed transversely
‘ot Puri, rare! Top of Mailgiri, 4000 ft., Cooper! Fls, March-April. Fr.
‘By. Everg Tgreen, new shoots April-May
Smooth, blaze dee: eep red. L, with laaioacinie base, margins sometimes wavy.
ener 3 ‘3-5’, Racemes ‘2” or less, pedicels swollen, ssuce! than the set
x lobes 4 nearly free, ovate, spre eading, rusty pubescent. Peta
221
4. NovHOPEGIA. | 51. ANACARDIACE.
ree small, erect, lanceolate-ovate or oblon ng, ee he ng with recurved obtuse te
e
The fruit is baccate in my specimens but poste: becomes ara us and blue :
when quite ripe. The racemes are shorter and the leaves far, ccmaee than as_
described by Gamble, |
Ty PEM ECAREUN, L va
esand s all poly- :
axis panics, Pini
with deciduous norm on a cual or — Pr Lg. —
Trees with
V4
5-6 imbricate. Disc broad a Sta 5-6 in
base of the doavdas disc. Otay i celle i wil 3 styles.
pendulous from a sub-apical lateral fantelo: Drupe firm or
oblong or sub-globose, oblique, seated on the fleshy accrescent cupular
h thium, peri ull of acrid resin-glands. ed
with coriaceous testa and somewhat fle shy inner coat. Embryo with
thick plano-convex radicle superior.
1. §. anacardium, L. Soso, K., S.; a H., Kharw.; Bhela, Beng.;
a ep The ia oe. nut
‘tre
A att tree with large simple oblong or usually obovate
set nerved ce 8-18” long clustered at the ends of the
branches, and smallish pil re fasciculate dull greene
flowers ‘25’ diam. on the br aaa = stout pubescent panicle as —
long as or exceeding the leav Fruit an oblong or obliquely ovoid
drupe 1’ Sree finally black, egies i in the orange cu .
Throughout the whole area, chiefly in the hilly districts, pul th war
hills aieieanie Fils. J er. Fr, : I have notesof it ripe and droppi ing Nov-
Dec. but also notes of it up to March Gerier s a different flowering). The tree is
Qpciingies March-Ma i
Branchlets stout, young pubescent or tomentose. L. hairy on the nerves es beneath
and grey ety ween them with a close-felted layer of igaacae ne
unded, | 16-25, reticulate within the thickened Pir 4 gin iole 1
Is g the small sepals. Ovary tomento
The hoy is not used as ~ black caustic juice which <anaee from the bark
"felled anaes blisters to the axe-me ndeed “it is said to affect one even to
).
6. RHUS, L
Trees or shrubs with oe simple si foliolate or pinnate I
with entire or serrate lea Flow mall polygamous.
4-6-partite with Renieaaridg sepals. yearn 4-6 sprea
e r
222
51, ANACARDIACEZ. (7. Opina.
with mesocarp full of resin cells and crustaceous or bony endocarp.
Seed sometimes kidney-shaped with flat cotyledons and lateral u up-
curved radicle.
. 3 Fike. large genus poorly represented in our area, often abounding in very acrid
| LR Semialata, Murray. Bakiamela, Nep.
A ee pretty tree with impari-pinnate pubescent leayes and 4-6
: = of opposite sessile oblong or peep ao -oblong crenate or scien
Strongly nerved lateral leaflets 2 ’ long, anal at the
the often winged rhachis, and sm ite or yellow-green flo Bs
08” diam. in | rminal panicles nearly as long as the leave
| Drupe ocneipend compressed, red and ing nm ripe, *3”
On the of the Sameshwar Hills 2500 ee ! te. April-Sept, Fr. Dee.
E Desiduous, : the leaves turn red ine falling. It is a common tree in Nepal and
“Sikkim but wv “hg Angst ve 3000 f
er diy ng small drops of milky juice. Twigs, petioles
4nd rhachis closely Shortly pubescent. L. rhachis 9-18” resign margined or
rds the end,
least towa t d, leaflets shortly acuminate scent beneat
and slightly so above, mi mentose, sec, n. 16-20, many bifurcate towards ae
ch nerve or bifurcation entering a rat base of terminal leaflet decurrent o
hachis, Panicle with subsidiary s aller ones from the upper axils, hag
ovate, obtuse, pubescent. et. larger oblong ciliate and with a ciliate ridge above.
_ Dise cupular, 10-lobed,
The small acia drupes are eaten. Wood not used.
7. ODINA, Roxb, Syn. Calesium, Adans.
Breer, magne shia thick ——e full pl starch = enGenyse ct ssa
Pinnate lea Fs ll greenish dice
pals
es
bases below. Petals longer, inseetod ‘with "the
ens ag under the margin of the 8-10-crena
dise,
oping, or one
wed a h f. Engler, sometimes
° sterile cells, but I do not find this in our ‘onus es).
Lo, Wodier, orb. Nanam, K.; Doka, 8.: Dha uuk, com Tanti ;
_ Shingan H.; Genjan, Khare Ji a Kas la, Ben Shi Ingna,
twigs, males usually PRI setae and compound,
erect, fis. succeeded by curved oblong compressed
223
7. Opina. | 51. ANACARDIACE.
One of the commonest trees. Throughout the whole area from the §
pied and Purneah to the shores of the Chilka Lake and Kalahan air Fis.
Fr, April-June, One of the first trees to lose and one of the last to
i leaves, being leafless Nov Paral but seedlings keep their leaves longer,
ba ah ak under the ae
Bark light-coloured and eingsie ae in young trees, rough and dark in old
blaze bright crimson, streaked - Toeger pale pink or har Perr
scattered stellate hairs or some almost ae
terminal and fruiting below the fare males 3-8’ male 3- 6” eas
Sepals ovate ciliate. — "19 rare J = pone oe longer eer obt
nd a lobed ovary. Drupe witha
P
The, pith and other tissues contain an abundance of starch which
elephant agent and renders it easily grown fom cuttings.
considerable quantity ch i i
in medicine. “The bark is Sopee aim and gives a coarse fibre
eaten by birds. It coppices easily.
8. SPONDIAS, L.
s with alternate odd-pinnate leaves usually crow
brig of the branchlets and small or m. s. polygamo
slightly imbricate, pe spreading
inse’ beneath the broad pulvinate lobul dis
ogee . nyo ” bed a pad ha 6 free or connivent styles
ach cell. ta large d rupe with a 1—6-ce
Binbyo with ‘longa cottons and — pe: 5
n germination the € grows out at the end o which 1b
aoe the Repieakyl. —— is sings stout, pulls fi re ieee lines CO
which become Cer aceous, The first leaves are 3-foliolate with the leaflets ‘(in
species) denticulat.
1. 8. mangifera, Willd. Amar, Th.; Ambo, Ho.; Amburu, ]
Amra, 8., H.; Amara, Kharw ri ken Beng. ; ‘Katambolam,
lum.
A large or m.s. tree with stout branchlets and sweet mango-sm
leaves with 4-6 prs. of ge va Me leaflets 2-97 long by 1-4
Fls, white “25-35” diam. sessile in small cymes on the branches
Ss Sone 1-2 ft. lo ong Ww when ey tree is le aiea. These ar
ed by large yellowish plum-like a 1°5” long, ellipsoid.
Throughout the whole area, especially wild, and often p!
villages. Fis. Feb.-March. Fr. ripens in the following January when the
n bare brides eaves, which it renews apg e.
asily recognised by its mango like smell, Bark Lara white very ti
cot, — Lae = he lee with narréw zones of lighter pak sang
10-30 horizontal sec. n. joined by a pee i ;
with 5 ave
arpels
celled ovary, each lobe with a very short style. “Drape.
apres and slightly grooved 2-6-celled stone, usually |
ae is not much used but-the fruit is generally eaten as a ne
= wt -y Raw it - very astringent but oceasionally }
ns; it is greedily ea Bd deer and other animals. he pul
224 /
S THE oS a
BOTANY OF BIHAR AND
ORISSA
= Account of all the Known Indigenous Plants ot
the Province and of the Most Important or
Most Commonly Cultivated Exotic Ones
cases Pr aaranedeecchteraee ee
With Map and Introduction
By
H. H. HAINES, C.E. Bs Fee Fs.
Late Conservator of Forests, Bihar and Orissa
PART Hil ~
_CALYCIFLORE
= Agents for the Sale of Books Published by the Bihar
Orissa Government.
Agents in India.
a) — ogame Spink & Co., | (8) op: * the xen] :
Kis res
ee 2) Men, ~~ Newman & Co, (9) Moses, fa N. Burman
: Caleutta. | anki
Messrs. K. Lahiri & Co., (10) Babu Set Dayal Azgurwals, la,
_ ~ College cok Caleutta, 84, Katra Road, :
(4). Messrs. R, ona > aah 6and (11) pe
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Depot, 308,
Fis B. te so ges ah Seely Street, C
= Co., eadow | (13) pers Butterworth - 0G
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- Bombay. Caleut -
Messrs. M. C. Sircar & Sons 16) Messrs. Ram Krishna bet oot
“Harvison Road, Calcutta. Anarkali Street,
— in the United Kingdom.
Messrs. A. onstable & Co., | (7) ene Henry S. King &
Ltd., 10, “Orange St, Leicester Cornhill, London, 8.¢.5.
Square, London, W.C. 2 | (8) Mace Grindlay & Co., 54,
2) Messrs. Kegan, Paul, Trench, A corge. Street, London,
Sel Dotan, 8 >| © Bae ag & &
‘New Oxford Street, W.C.1. 2, Creed Lane, I =
3) B. Quaritch, Ltd., 11, Grafton London, B.C. &
Street, New Bond Street (10) eee Luzae & Co, re
3 Leach Wi : Russell St., London, W.
+
rs. PS. my & Son, 2and
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@ B. Blackwell, Ltd., 50,51, Broad
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ca a
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Continent.
law a ‘aR. Priedlin nder
trasse 11 sie
AND ORISSA
‘AN ACCOUNT OF ALL THE KNOWN INDIGENOUS
PLANTS OF THE PROVINCE AND OF THE
MOST IMPORTANT OR MOST COMMONLY
4 CULTIVATED EXOTIC ONES
WITH MAP AND INTRODUCTION
BY
H. H. HAINES, O.LE., F.C.H., F.LS.
LATE CONSTR TOR OF FORESTS, BIHAR AND ORISSA
Published under the Authority of the Government of Bihar
and Orissa
PART III
CALYCIFLOR#
LONDON
INTED BY ADLARD & SON & WEST NEWMAN, LTD.
And Sold by the Agents for Indian Official Publications
(For list see previous page)
1922 Q, 4 4
Price Nine Rupees op)
53. PAPILIONACE.
| FAM. 62. MORINGACE.
Trees with alte 2-3-pinnate teins us leaves with small
eaflets, stipules i "but ends usually present at the base of the leaves
and leaflets. Fls. m.s., zygomorphic, Ss exaat white or red in many-fid.
axillary pani sf es ry petals and stamens inse on the margi
of the disc which lines a cupular hypanthium, perigynous Sepals
petalo e rrow etals somewhat ual, pe
erect, the others reflexed. Stamens 0 $s with somewhat
| d in two whorl
‘unequal filaments, te episepalous ones more or less: reduced to
= et, anthers Ji. celled, introrse. Ovary on a short gynophore
celled 4 a | 4 7
n
Seoriate on each placenta, pendulous anatropous with vent
Fruit pod-like, 3-6 —6-angular and 3-valved, seeds along the eas eine
of each valve, separated y corky protuberances, 3-winged or wing-
less. Embr tyo straight with thick coty jer a radicle Sanasioe:
plumule with several leaf- rudiments, album
- MORINGA, Juss. (The only genus.)
1. M. liter, Lamk. Syn. M. pterygosperma, Gaertn. Munga ara,
. a, Sohajna, i. , Beng.; Munagha, Or.; eee tree.
A small cos with elegant 3-4-pinnate leaves, mien t or tomen-
tose when er and att elliptic or ovate leafiets 2-9" long, ra
beneath. tome ;
Capsules iad 9-18” long, seeds 3-gonous, winged.
Wild in the homie of the emtiaaa Hills, along river beds! Cultivated in alt
Fat: Fl. March, Fr, April-June,’ Decid. Dec.-Feb. or new leaves in
a
: ark grey, cor tTky. Young parts tomentose. Two upper petals yellow spotted,
. lower larger, 75” long, oblanceolate, se Soup rig! strongly reflexed.
) eaves, flowers and f vegetables, and the tree is usuall
of.
ery pungent
h in Hindu medic cine, either decoctions of the root or the ex xpressed
eral | Preferred. The seeds yield a fs os oil (Ben) which is. pea a ky
mers for xt: , db
. tide Nadkarni racting the odours of flowers yy
cose The tree stows readily from cuttings.
FAM. 53. PAPILIONACE (Leguminosae).
r herbs with —— 1-foliolate or compound leaves
ngs! te flowers. Calyx equally, or usually un-
en 2 at peri
a
ve 225
53. PAPILIONACE#.
sometimes different. Ovary free, usually pute) carpellary with
simple style and stigma, usually with 2-many ov on the prin
suture, rarely sub-globose with only 1 ovule. Peiie t (pod) wi
follicular and 1-celled, iauned indehiscent and sometimes pre uae
and somet ‘im — breaking up into one-seeded joints. Seedsalbuminous
or exalbum
The “sepals of the Papilionaces is variable, from hypogeal to epigeal, but
usually hypogeal with, however, the firs t leaves simple and coplielic and thus
skating cotyledons. The shape of shane is very different, from ynege. =
palminerved as in Canavulia oan some Phaseolus to linear-lanceolate and p'
nerved as in Cajanus.
§ Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (1-57
+ Stipelle absent,t Mostly osha or pa Lana Pod usually
dehiscent (ep. +++) (1 to
I, L, simple or di igitately. 3 folio late (5-fol. in one specie
Cr rotalaria). Leaflets bentive, not gland-dotted ¢ Ra
(cp. 31. Flemingia) :—
ta aesall solitary axillary. Pod compressed, 1-2-seeded ve bays pet
Fis, on 2-more-flowered a cles, Pod turgi . Crotalaria
II. Leaves pinnately 3- foliolate. | Herbs with thes sec. n. of Ifits
excurrent as + Bt.
a. Pod dehiscent, 1 i See panes » 3. Prigonedia,
b. Pod indehiscent.
— slender. Pod sub-globose or very short. . 4. pr ps
Racem not slender, Pod spiral or sickle-shaped . 5, Medicag
Til, L. simple, ors ately 3-many- “foliolate with entire marge
(ra toothed and then st. diadelphous). Pod n
sists] (Galegee) :—
: f ago Gane ‘Haire fixed by centre (very few ex-
ons
L. 3 feliolate, leaflets toothed . : : ; ‘ . 6, Cyamopsts.
L.1- several foliolate. Lflts, entire 4 - o Peee
B. ay not apiculate. Hairs 1 beaiticéd
eaves ines dotted, Pod 1- athe iy i ce 8. Psoralea
. , Leaves not gland-dotted. Pod several-seede scent :—
aE se herbsor shrubs. Pod soon orate fA _
S) : . Tep
Lfits. 20-80, often even. Pod long slender septate. 10. eaeaa
b. ag rei shrubs. oie often yore and br de-
hiscent . ae Millettia, -
or bristle. Pod dehiscent, not jointed Vici
A. Stamens 9, Slender climbi rubs 12. Abrus
B. Stamens 9+1. Herbs (in our area) :—
. Leaflets haere pots e glabrous. “eas 13. Cicer.
2. Lfits. entire (exc. Pisum), Style usually hairy. Pod
compress ‘or ‘ turgid in the Jes pags Pea)
_ Ovules 3 3-many (or, if only 2, shen beard eo 14, Vicia.
only 2. Stbie Jongitudinally bearded . 15, Lens,
heen cabs trun
Style broad pate ee vis mhngttin not recurved 6, Lathyrus.
Style broad upwards with the margins recurved “17. Pisum.
V. Leaves odd-pinnate (exe. Zornia, Arachis, Smithia), rarely
only 1-3-foliolate. Pod jointed (joints 1-seeded, some:
times only tt ye (Hedysaree) :—
1, Stamens 9
L. 3-foliolate. “Qvale and joint 1 only . . » 18, Lespedeza. |
_ L. 1-foliolate. Spiny shrub. Yue) OO Athagi. — cate
5 ne oe ntral is here used in the strict botanical sense, bat ne eT a hg and
fee e suture task Me permost, or dorsal in the ordinary sense 0!
faces the vexillum o' 4 see Be
+ Minute in some
226
53. PAPILIONACE#,
2. Stamens monadelphous with dimorphous anthers :—
2-6
L. — 1-2 prs. of leaflets. Joints . 20. Zornia,
L. 3-foliolate. Calyx-tube very long. Joints 12 . 21, Stylosanthes.
L. with 2 ore of Iflts. Calyx-tube very long . 22. Arachis.
3, Stamens
mecdeinte folded i inside the ca calyx Ss 2D tees pi ea ee Ree,
2. Joints several exserte
ea = two entire or r chbcentiee per 4 . 24, Eschynomene.
Calyx teeth distin . 25, Ormocarpum.
tt agar “present (sometimes absent in Cajanex and then
es gland-dotted) (26 to 53).
AL (ied nave, continued.) As above, but stipell# presen
s9+ a ha oints inconspicuous in some Predarthesa
ery Desmi 4 —_ :
1, Ova 1. lL. 1-foliolate. Raceme very lax . 26, Eleiotis.
2. ont sovera al: =
. 27. Uraria.
4, Pod es twisted up:—
Se a a often terete . 5 ; : fi . 28. Alysicarpus.
s os flattened :—
Deciduo my ree. Joints 1-5 large 29, Ougeinia,
oe Pod — septate, scar reely ‘ndaniea. Pseudarthria
D diun my 8
Shrubs o 1 Bs lly se — and indented 30. Desmodium,
VII. Climbers tely 3-foliolate
(exe, Flemingia) loner Pod Beitecebt, not jointed
wemegee lee
A. a @ gland.dotted, Nodes of raceme not tumid (Sub-
ibe Cajanee) :—
i, ‘Ovate a 1- 2. % 1- -3- sboenracone _
oot or prostrate “undershrubs. L, digitate or
1-foliolate. Fis, i, Pod an (ep.
| Genistes ‘ jae Flemingia.
' Erect. Po a cone sed ge a
Erect or climbing, T. pinnately 3-fol. Pod turgid . 33, Bhynchosia.
b, Calyx with very @ sctreonant Gee Gla 34, Oylista,
2, Ovules 3 or m
a, Pod without ches s between ibe. seeds See . 35. Dunbaria.
b. Pod ere lle d verwbed the seeds
2 wd with a lar ~ soe Oe pare
5 Wieatochsolnte . : O. Oye
. 3B. Leaves ig gland-dot tted :—
re fate not tumid. Style beardless (Sub-
neg) :—
: a. stamensifadelphous Sti ag Sar ane te es :
: Style filiform. Calyx-tee teeth distin . 38, Shuteria,
2 Style flattened upwards. Cal cpa cate . . 39. Dumasia.
b emiens mon: — Stipu esand bracts caduicoas :
Sallfertile , ; é roe Glycine.
ascot anthers Surly : « Teramnns.
2. Nodes of raceme tumid,
P Jock equal in length | (Sub-tnbe ‘Gelactice) —
. Her
Two racic rcaiys toot qr’ oe Migete Grona,
4 Dre calyx.teeth connate into one 8. Galactia.
Goes s 1- rarely 2-adelphous. Suffruticose. te valle.
ti. cin abit vest a Se hnorent ot projecting
-d ing shrubs. er lip of calyx
St. map elphous. ‘Poll: seeded (inc. Spa sec 4. Butea,
i Pecan adelphous, Pod linear many-seeded . Pueraria.
a Ss yury. ‘unequal veding Wing Erythrinee er ae
Trees or undershrub. Standard exceeding keel. 48. Erythrina,
3. sper of raceme suely tumid. Style bearded (Su ub-
tribe Euphaseolee) :-—
227
1, HeyLanpi. |} 53. PAPILIONACE2.
a oblique :— :
“Kee spirally beaked . ‘ é ae pe .
Keel incurved. Style not fiatte ned gna, :
Keel not wad i) Style flattened ape ards and circinate 31. Paige
Stigma ines not mae
Petals om . ; — Dolichos,
Petals est nal, Flow wers large, blue 3. Clitoria,
+t 0 Be ee Seely, pon ing Woody plants. Pod indehiscent :—
ore es pinnate, Pod flattened (Dalbergiee) :—
eaflets aaopnibte —
t Fowete small, w hite or hey
Flowers m.s., ye ellow g
2. eyo oppo osite
rather thin and usually winged : ; . 56, Derris. —
Pod sather thick and woody, not w inged . . 57, Pongamia.
§§ Stamens free :—
. Leaves odd-pinnate. Pod not ues moniliform, Erect
shrubs (Sophoree) ‘
a
. 54, Dalbergia.
. 55. Pterocarpus.
. 58. Sophora,
1. HEYLANDIA, DC.
A single series with simple entire sub-sessile leaves, small flowers
solitary in the axils, keel of corolla beaked, stamens s monadelphous,
ovary Beatie 2- Svuled; pod < Sa oblong flattened 1-2-seeded.
1. H. = DC.
Dry grassy places, not common. FI., Fr. se
2. ober
Herbs or low shrubs or undershrubs with simple or 3-foliolate, very
pare withers gt So oe i Soe ate, meme ang ellucid punctate,
entire lea om gk aie , small or showy- —
Calyx took ‘caete aavion. estas ae a d connate,
Corolla « exserted or not, standard usta ‘broad shortly claw
ved ere St. monadey
The distinction of terminal and leaf-opposed racemes is only relative ; :
terminal racemes become leaf-opposed om = to the stronger growth of ti auld axillasy
8 ~ js
pe igs to simple. Mostly herbs under 3 ft. Corolla rarely (no. 6) exserted :—
eae ap en becoming nenes -opposed (exc. sometimes 3), few-fld.
Big 9 rie Fis, under 6 in a raceme :— =
Pod sub-gl teen Peduneles slender . + « 1, dbiflora.
rs Pod oblong :— ; ae
L. with — spreading hairs, base cordat _ 2, trichophora-
L. only silky, base not eng shlong,” 715 5” «3. prostrate.
Asin is), but L, linear-oblong, '25~"5” ;
228
53. PAPILIONACES, [2. CROTALARIA,.
2. Stipules present, branches not Winged :—
ae broadly elliptic, se 1”. Fis, -287 é .
= —_ or ovate oblong, 1-2”, Fis, "5M, ae,
rein F . 5. ferruginea,
. L, ‘ovate, re 2: 6. hirsuta,
4, acicularis,
ods ha:
and decir ent as lar Bia persistent
wings on he bra nche 7. alata,
B, pe not becoming leaf: opposed :—
oR essraptiag very s — rt. Stipules 0
42-7", “5-1” she Fis. 1-12". ; “a gets:
L. *5-: se a nies capita Fis, *25” : 9.
2. Racemes 6-9-fld., elon negate. “Guipaies Foliactous 10, apabite:
3. Dacemes elon ngate, _usually many-fld. L. under 2”
long, Stipules
Upper calyx- ada connate bs be a Pod not ex-
ogy . 11. linifolia.
Calyx lobes nearly f free . 12, albtida,
4, Racemes elongate 20” Hong. ‘Stipules wacale —
ye wie ‘ ;
Calyx °75-1", Tle - . 13. ealycina.
ER 3-5". Fis. blu y : Z . 14. sessilifiora,
Tea S over “t ft. ‘high, or undershrubs.
Corolla Tite orm x: d
ushy much iriuched undershrub
L, rather broad, often rhomboid. Fis, blue and tet balsa 15, verrucosa,
L. very short linear. | n See ‘glandular . - 16. ramosissina.
B. Tall usually strict herbs or shrub t
}, Herbaceous glabrous, Corc lla ‘much bana bee 1 Pod ;
glabrous , ‘ : . 17. sericea.
2. Sub-woody silky. Cor. slight] P . Pod d velvety : —
Pods, Pai. oblon f nae : :
6-12" inear- lanceolate acuminate “ ‘ ‘ ¢ rapa:
U1. = trifoliolate :
se 3-5 fte dite. 2-3" , : : é ‘ . . 20. striata,
cue, often diffuse :— : A
ae F113" ao 5” oblong. F - E j ; . 21, ovixensiz, ‘
Lt oe Pod ¢ sub-globose e < ‘ ; ‘i 3 + ae medicaginea.
TV. Leaves mostly 5-foliolate ; ’
Mts, linear-cbion ng or “Ghliivenvtatn : Cow 6, eeeaeigdafonas
1. ©. bifora, 1,
A silky trail iling herb with sometimes very numerous ears from
8-12” long from a w moody root, small sessile nt e broadly ovate or
Sub-orbicular lea, 25-75” long, sma usually 2 kieBier
j ll flow
ws long ocr sre and comparatively nee sub-globose
2.6, a... Bake
A ener much eee hed diffuse herb covered with wat, long
ender villi, sometimes ‘25” lon mg. Leaves “75-1 3” sessile
~~ — mab osed: ate base. F's. ve ma mall, *15” on filiform
Lefid. leaf-o i sed peduncles. Pods ‘3
sey rare, Ku)
1A n leaf-opposed
; n slender uncles 2-4-fld. soon leaf-op
3”. Pod 5-7", endr pod of 16-20- seeded.
229
2. CROTALABIA. | 53. PAPILIONACE.
Very common on clay in open n Sal fores re -_ 1 Wr. Bept.-De Pesce Nagpur, all
districts ! geome, # A ogi the provin jar a
Stipules 0, Fils. 27”, three lower pont cane linear e shorter than
pag Begin re keel, inti paaes linear oblong connate half ro genes foarte way up
ong as standard.
Var. levis, Haines.
with numerous branches from a woody rootstock,
simple exsti street strigosely- a leaves
25-5” long and slender iene! (leaf- racemes of 4-7 yellow
flowers *22-"25” long, the corolla only as “long as the calyx or very
slightly exserted. Pod asi
Neterhat 3000 ft. in open places. FI, ae y-Dec.
Branches strigose. L. opaque. Petioles minute. Racemes 1-4”, exceeding the
branches, somewhat wavy. Bracts foes 94g setaceous. Pedicels ay ‘2’ slender.
Calyx strigose -2”, upper teeth lanceolate acute sinus “06”, lower teeth rather
narrower with sinus ‘l’’ deep between them. bar ndard yery slightly exserted
s ot Sek
emarginate ‘18’ broad with 2 small hones a ba
Distrib. from United Provine 1 Hills “usually in the hills. May be
poe heath ed from small specimens of o in th 1e absence of fruit by the
opaque |
4. GC, samc gna. Ham
mall pro yeedinbent tapes very hairy weed with a woody 7
rodtatesk when old. Bran L. br sai 7 Se 15-75"
scarcely petioled, base alae ro pede d. Racemes 1-2”, 2-several:
Sowers d, oa ‘20... Pon — Skok 25-3” oblong.
y places, often very conspicuous on CO. id mornings
g- hairs — ving ‘it a grey or silvery look. F
Jan
Open ¢ from the dew
adhering t
Nagpur! Semnbalpr ur !
requent, Chote
5. C. ferruginea, Gircah. :
Stems ascending 2-3 ft. branched more densely hairy, leaves
— to oblong 1°5-1-75”, stipules lanceolate, racemes pu ubes-
cent lax 1-6-fld.; flowers -4—5” long, calyx with teeth as long %®
corolla.
Chota bape dant eley. 2000 ft.-3000 ft.! FI., Fr. Sept "95!"
Leaves pubescent rounded both ends. Stipules ers Tented spreadi ng jam
Racemes cxitary and terminal, 2-5’ long. Bra racteoles sean
2-lipped often Mma lower lobes oblong- aoe née sa . "Tinear,
purplish veins, 9 nearly glabrous, °3” broad, seeds about
6. C. hirsuta, Willd
n erect hairy eee 2-3 ft. high with broadly ovate simple dees
2-2: 3” long, very ne stipules ; and terminal few-flowered rac ee
yellow flowers - ” Jon with very long lanceolate calyx-teeth "nearly -
as coro
Rather mon in rocky jungles, Chota Nagpur , Fr. Aug.- Be ie hardly —
Hairs soft § spreading. L, thin, with rounde Soave, m rnoronnte I
‘ i Ral comes lanl :
leaf-o opposed, sually under 2”. Standard spotted fen: 5-1 :
spreading heise. aber 6-10-seeded.
7. C. alata, Ham. aaah — a, S. :
tems 1-3 ft. branched sub-e en softly hairy, w! inged ase,
subsessile elliptic pelsag or obovate 1-2°7 , usually oblique-
230
53, PAPILIONACEZ. (2. CROTALARIA,
finely Sane mand beneath, meets - punctulate. oth et oe
mes terminal and pepe psd nas oppo Racem
3-4”, Metres, with small petioled lane aig ote
calyx as long as corolla. Po aimee 1'25-1° 3” minal at dane ra
a exserted.
2g weet Bulle Lt panegas | Chota Nagpur! Sambalpur!
Aug.-Novy r. Sept.-Dec
8. C. pusilla, Heyne.
A small plant 3-5’ ‘bee 1 with numerous usually spreading branches
from the root and d nsely covered throughout with brown villous
hairs. Leaves tia omeatns 25-75”. Sepals linear subula
rown villous. o , the long brown hairs leaving small dots
when rubbed off
Bihar, Kurz! Fl., Fr. Sept.-Jan.
9. ©. hirta, Willd.
A herb, scarcely sub-fr aco somewhat resembling narrow-leav
of
forms of C. mysorensis eer is a smaller plant in all its } parts and moet
diffuse. Branches den y clothed with short patent ve. hairs.
L. linear si fitién sitet t sti — hairy. Fis. o 4 sub-
linear aici Pod whinaal
ot common, oa Kurs! devnnselting Singbhum, 2000 ft.'' Fl. March.
10. C, mysorensis, nee
A rather strict herb 3-4 ft. high covered with long spreading or
erecto-patent hairs. oe sessile linear to oblong m mostly about
2” long with erect foliaceous sree stipules “3~6” long. copa
sub-solitary or in few-fld. terminal r. with lanceolate brac
>~6" long. Pod exserted 11:25” shortly y atipitate in the deeply out
alyx.
ao in Chota Nagpur and the Santal Parganas! Fl. Aug.-Oct, Fr.
Sed stipules which sometimes look like subsidiary leaves and in some Koderma
Plants are ag lar. €, are very characteristic, L, 2-3” pellucid- enbeates Lower
Sepals linear eotaniiate 6 TR! villous with brown hairs. Seeds 40-50 small black
shining sharply hooked.
1. G. linifolia, 1
A herb 1-2 ft. high erect or with ph branches, soem
resembling the last in leaf but with black globose or oblong-ovoi
Mack y as long as the calyx and the marecscent corolla drying
Sibu ei and more often in the qe Ranchi! Hazaribagh, Wood!
m, ook ! Fls. Sept.-Oct. Fr. Oct.-
i tems somewhat ieripoeeny hairy, Leaves oaanity obla coo sa pone emer
inne bot Slightly wider upwards, 1- ‘= 5”, appressed silky beneath an aaaate
rea Mic Macemse oe. Fis, , calyx hirsute, upper lip not deeply
12. C. albida, Heyne. ae
A herb or undershrub with stems very many up to 3 ft. high from
% woody rootstock, sparingly branched with fastigiate appressed-
231
2, CROTALARIA. | 53. PAPILIONACE.
pagar or silky branches, narrow leaves and yellow flowers ‘3-5’ with
“a ing exserted corolla in terminal racemes with few or up
te 35
One of we ommonest forest Crotalarias, very abundant on hard clay soil on hilly
Loe ~ Gcaghods Chota Nagpur! Angul! Probably occurring in all districts.
s,, Fr. Sept.-Jan
Stems sepredeed pubescent above. L. linear-oblong, ie or oblanceolate
8-3” by '25-'6” obtuse or rounded mucronate oo r laxly hairy above,
glaucous and silky gers base narrowed to a ve ork petiole, copiously
pellucid punctulate. Stipu ules 0 or minute mibalate: Calye' very silky two upper
rt oblong obtuse. Pod glabrous ‘5”, slightly exserted, 6-8-seeded on pedicels
ong.
13. C. calycina, Schrank. Mota bir-jhunka, S
Herbaceous 1-3 ft. high ee appressed browne hairy branches and
long lanceolate or — leaves 3-5”. Easily recognised by the pale-
yellow corolla being shorter ae eid vey Mabe ‘75-1” long calyx
which is oproente with long brown hai
Frequent. Singbhum ! he ences eas Santal P.! Probably in all
. S. i
L. ssed brown. tare bene ath, very acute, closely pellucid-punctulate,
Fils. eta: in the upper leaves ir in terminal racemes with ns “Pa linear-
lanceolate bracts, Pod inc Jaded: glabrous. Seeds pale yellow or wh
14, C. sessiliflora, 1
Pl probably be fou nd i in Purneah as I have found Bo pa close to — Reine
ngal. It is very like am ne va but can be easily recognised by the blue
cool Wet places. Fl, Sep
15. C. verrucosa, L.
A much branched erect undershrub - m bur high van —- or
-winged shortly silky aeneet broadly rh boid lea
sac ped ome 3-7-fld. r s 15-3” long of hae and yohowsl onda
subsessile 1” chim aiey.
a of Orissa ! — _— h-May. Fr. April-May.
L. only 1-2" in aa by me, 4-6” according to F.B.I., obtuse, iiky both
rounded, so inition ‘shallowly lobed wavy or cete, glaucous, aes J
sides, Betiole short. Stipules janes broad auriculate ‘2-*4/’ shortly cu uspidate,
attached by a narrow base. Calyx “4”. Standard °3” blue-vein ned, wet “5” ong
Hel hase ed and deep bice ‘apically, keel pale *5’’. iivkees subulate “07”
16. C. ruaaiaa Roxb. Harduli, Gond.
Adensely branched small shrub 1-5-2 ft. high asd as broad, stems,
leaves and rte plow densely silkily hirsute. Leaves 5-1” ‘long
Quartzite rocks in open , Pie te : seo Oct.
mbalpur -Dec. :
Usually grey or fulvous from the numerous hairs. L. with Ronni ae
obtuse, “Bracts and bracteoles o ovate and ith a very viseid
secretion wanee salina clothes brown pri becomes a pest.
17. ©. sericea, Retz. Sakesing, K.; Junka,
fs tall handsome bri ght green h ae 3-5 < ‘high with often
nal waxy stems, oblanceolate to obovate leaves 3-6” long wit
percitteet stipules and long Searsinal be seh panicled racemes
232
53. PAPILIONACES. [2. CROTALARIA.
bright sa flowers over 1” long with persistent spreading or
exed ori late or ovate atpdnnes foliaceous bracts °3-"5”. Pod
glabrou
Frequent greta under light shade and along streams. “ipa mpge the eine.
vince, but ra: rely 0 utside the forest tracts! Fls. Sept.Feb. Fr.
Biennial.
L. finely 4 Sipe — Aeuiea sub-acute or obtuse, petiole short and stout,
stipules variable in 8-12", Calyx 75”.
18, “ eae L. = M. (jiri-bair, the fibre); Ji, Ho.; Son, 8S. ;
un Her
A srt pa b ee ft. high with virgate grooved stems and
branche and linear or linear- oblong leaves 2-45” long. Flow
1" long, allow in lax lateral and terminal racemes 6-12” long.
seed sepals, agcaitan: and pods all softly closely seiresecate or velvety.
rolla s “sree eer andard 1” broad and long, veined red,
silky without. Pod 1
Apparently wild Bong streams in the Northern Champaran forests! Cultivated
and sometimes apparently wild in Bole Ney and the Ranchi scarps! Cultivated
In most districts, Fl. rag. Je an. .-Feb.
Yields the fibre oy as re
19. G,
uch * ade . ne than the last w oe Rondars pubesce
bra: aches, sparvovely lanceolate very acute or ac nate eaves reed
long an al and termin ai scan of large p maple llow flowers
ye
with Bic slightly exserted corolla. Pod 1°5-2” stout sere:
brown-velvety.
Fr. oral ines, N, Champaran, rare! Probably also Parneah, FI. July-Oct.
20. ve striata, DC. Sakesing, K.; Son-jhunka, S.; Junjunka, Or.
n unders ie 3-5 ft. high with slender Weahehiee, long-petioled
tilt leaves and terminal and lateral elongate racemes 6-12
ton - Fils, yellow ‘75” long, usually streaked with purple. Pods
aha 2 cl a 30-40-seeded, silky when young and more or less
glabresce
Waste grou = and along road-sides, throu locally abundant
£ . ghout the province,
ge sometimes cultivated for its fibre. Common in Orissa and the Mahanadi delta!
ct,-Apr
Lifts, wl 5” Broadly elliptic or obovate, with sparse appressed hairs beneath,
base cuneate, tip rounded, Petiole 1-2”.
Possibly introduced plant. It is now very common near Calcutta and it is
curious Pecagy “ry hg makes no mention of it. Prein cibamalabes cg reg
species), with obtuse obovate leaflets and C. Browne, Bert
with oblong acute. 1ddtote: which latter he says is cultivated and in some places
natn uralised in Ber ngal.
21. 6, orixensis » Row
=]
8
a
of
i=]
Le |
wie
(=)
=
me
S
i]
og
=.
=
=]
=
a
nun
stipes.
poben waste ground and borders of fields. Behar, Kurz! Orissa, Prain, Fi.,
Fr. Aug.-Oct.
Branches and leaves beneath thinly hairy or strigose, Iflts. sessile,
233
2. CROTALARIA. | 55. PAPILIONACEZ.
22. C. medicaginea, Lamk.
A diffuse h or with slender erect Meanie 1 foot high with
3-foliolate oatem ss oblong or -oblanceolate leaflets -4—7” with
petioles shorter than the terminal leafle , aaah yellow i home
d in termina arr es and leaf-opposed racemes 1-2”
small pie inalesglohose ‘12” diam. grooved ant shortly pis “thickly
r thinly pubescent with 2 shin ae brown eeds.
2
3
_
aran ! - r, Oct,
Branches with appress sed and i galeg “pubsscence xelinse up to ‘5’, Lflts.
rounded or emarginate at tip, — beneath. ‘l'erminal ra 3 2-15-fid. C alyx
‘1’, upper teeth widely separate. rolla " witb very pels erate ak,
The more pabant erect we ms sige cane: -fid. terminal racemes werner the var.
a of the ¥.B.T., and the small prostrate forms with very few fis. the
Vr, herniario vides.
23. ©. quinquefolia, 1,
n erect annual 2 4 ft. high with sulcate thinly silky branches,
usually 5, rarely 3, linear or narrow rly ee ceolate a ts 2-4” long,
ae beneath, and terminal racemes up to 6” long of rather large
w flow ‘long with linear- Jnceolate reflexed Loerie Pod
faite alsa 15-2” or 2:5” long and “75-1” broad, elled.
Pienr): a a _ say ree in wet incest ! eat se Chota — pest Bengat
3. TRIGONELLA, L.
Herbs with pinnately 3-fol. leaves and adnat tipules. Fls. peer
or in axillary racemes, sometimes itat inute or 0.
a al. St
filament sometimes conn te to the middle, anthers uniform.
many-ovuled. Pod often indehiscent, elongated, straight or faleate,
sometimes beaked, not septate, many-seeded.
Erect. Fls. axillary. Pod beaked < or. ols Al My Seane-gnecem
Diffuse. Fls. racemose. Pod not beaked _ ; ; : . 2, corniculata,
LE, Sorte ame Methi, Beng, H.; Fenugre
cana seca herb L 2 ft. with thinly hairy 6 we rine
s and oblo
leaflets °5-1°25” long. Pot ole 3-5”. Fls. pale sessile 1-2 to tue
in oe a of the young le ae es. pow at first straight, often Faleate
3-4” by 2” with a lone aiwiong
mucila, 1 thers they ue
said eS preree vate properties are ascribed to them ; among others
2. T. corniculata, L. Piring, Beng.
A diffuse herb a. branches about 10” long, lfits. —_ e375"
—— petiole slender -25- Peduncles filiform “5-1” with
everal flowers +15—: ae ; pric es eid in a sharp "point saben
Pods ‘25~75” slightly curved, not beak ot
Rare. Bihar, Kurs! Cultivated in Tirhut, Prain.
234
58, PAPILIONACES. [5. Mepicaao.
4. MELILOTUS, Juss.
Herbs with toothed Lge! shee leaflets and small flowers
in long slender - cemes. andard and wings narrow, keel straight
obtuse, St. diadelphous, rerio uni nifor m. Ovary few-ovuled, ab
much incurved paie rous. Pod oblong exserted, indehi
1. M. indica, Al/. Syn. M. gece Desf.; Trifolium —— L.
A Ee herb 1-15 ft. Lfits. vate or oblance olate °5” long
glabro s. very hicoeny oa white in spiciform racemes
16-2°2” ae Pod scarcely jose That the calyx when 1-seeded,
eded.
Nagpur, Hazaribagh, Clarke! Fi., Fr. ¢.s.
2. M.alba, Zamk. Syn. M. vulgaris, Willd.
Herb 1-2 ft. high much more se than the last, lflts. °1”.
oe -2 in racemes 3-4” long or 4-6” in fruit. Pods 12",
ommon in cultiv at wanes in the peel In fields of dhal, Prain!
.-April.
Not u =
Incern not Ranchi! Fi.
5. MEDICAGO, L.
Herbs with piesosely 3. fotgier leaves and toothed leaflets.
Corolla more es serted, standard and wings oblong,
straight obtuse. St. di adalpiaes pore rs uniform. Ovary usually
many- ovuled, surie short, little incurved, stigma 0 blique. Pod
usually spirally twisted, sometimes va sha: aped or reniform with
spiral tip, rarely only 1-seeded (lupulin
A. Sub-erect perennials. Fls, racemose, essa Pod soar met:
_
Calva lucern 1, sativa.
Diffus innals. Racemes very short or sub-capitate :- —
feniform, unarmed, I-seeded . . 2, Inpulina
Pod spiral, muricate, 2-more-seeded * 3. denticuleta.
1. M. sativa, L. Lucern, Alfalfa
Stems slightly hairy 1-2 ft. hi 1 Ifits. narrow oblong with cuneate
iry righ, $.
base to obovate- sient olate *5-1'25” with sharp tee mec S
stout 15-25” including the ni nele. "Pod silk y forming a comple
— ni a double spiral, venose, no intramarginal nerve parallel to the
: cultivated by Europeans as fodder for horses. It may be repeatedly
cut before flowering, In Pe damper hay triets it is apt to be attacked by fungus in
the rains and is best grown as an an
2. M. lupulina, L. Black Medic
A small procumbent branched neds with sete ge branches 3-6”
long. “Late small obovate or cuneate-obcordate, "18-35" ; young very
— beneath, toothed, the sicitis usually apicula ate with a small
riangular tooth. Fis, ver le yellow in dense ovoid heads,
oie in fruit, on s airy peduncles much exceeding the
petioles Pod very small sub- a Age reniform* with tip coiled,
* Baker (FB, ickle-shaped. which ie
wigehh (FZ) desu, the nod a ute NER wt Rel, st 3
ndian specimens, though smaller, agree with the English ones
236
5. Mepicaeo.] 53. PAPILIONACEZ.
-seeded, with several strong raised concentric nerves and cross
nervules, otherwise eur finally black.
Champaran, Bettiah, in fiel FJ., Fr. March.
3. M. denticulata, Wi/ld. ‘oe F.B.1.).* Toothed Medick.
nearly glabrous —- with prostrate eres pete 1 ft. long.
Lfits. obovate or obeu aerate nag retuse apex, '5” long,
petiole slender, 1”, tiles an Flowers br: few, 2-5 only,
umbelled, yellow, tab horte the pe
Calyx 1”, teeth ne wa babe. 2~2” diam. sub globose-spiral
muricate with strong nerves ew _ el to margin, face re
late, nervules meeting in intra-marginal one and roee a seas < from
each spine j joi oining margin and 8 Tatew side ginal n
Bihar, Kur
This ohio is also found in England, but is rare,
6. CYAMOPSIS, D
Erect herbs with laterally attached hairs as in Indigofera and pin-
aie 3-foliolate leaves with toothed leaflets Stipules small. Sti-
pelle Flowers in axillary close racemes with caducous_ bracts.
Sepals connate into an oblique tube. Ke el obtuse inappendiculate.
Stamens 10 monadelphous with uniform anthers, comectiy e apiculate.
‘Ovary many-ovuled, stigma terminal capitate. Pod linear, subquad-
rangular, acuminate, septate. Seeds quadrate, obkepasaitil
1. G. mse gh a Taub. Syn. C. psoralioides, DC.; Guar, H.;
Bur ; The Cluster-bean
Rather tnt ee tt. high with aadpressed grey hairs. Lfits. 2-3”
oval e inciso-dentate, short- Peron 6 close. Fils.
pinkish 3” Pods clustered thick ‘feahy, 1:°5-2°5” long, 8-12 seeded.
Cultivated o ecasionally in treme Parganas and Manbhum!
The youl pods are eaten
7. INDIGOFERA, L. Indigo.
Herbs shrubs more or less clothed with hairs which in most
cases are forked, each fork appressed. Flowers in short or long axil
ally reddi
8, someti ua oitate, usu re ‘alyx small or
minute, campanulate, te sub-equal or lowest longest. St
id ; Keel straight, not beaked, each petal spurred near the
e. St. diadelphous, alt. filaments sometimes longer and narrower,
anthers uniform, — . Ovary sessile, style shoe 4 neurved,
stigma capitate u som pencillate. oe usually linear or oblong,
sometimes curved, in one species murica
I. Leaves simple, catty os — eg ale ai ;
1. Fils. clustered. Pod muricate, 1 . 1, echinata.
2, Pod unarmed :—
linear. Pod globose, 1-seede< Pea: ees 2. linifolia,
ce ECON ate cordate. Pod oblong, 2 o seeded . * : cordifolia,
* Our s speciesis i: oe ee a iculata, but M. api _ ta, Witta. = denticulata,
Willd., var.) seek not a with Gee rtner tee esscregiat M, hispida (Gaertner de_
8-91) to which it has Ge reduuel by Urban,.
-and T have not i is this matter been aii to follow that authority on Medicago.
236
53. PAPILIONACEH. (7. InDIGOFERA.
II. Leaves 3-foliolate. Herbs:
1, Lflts, gland-dotted beneath n. Pod short CON rea ee - 4, glandulosa,
2. Lfits, Sot gland-dotted. ent hegre narrow
Rac ona ws asi sessile. s "3-6" : : . 5. trifoliata,
—— Pods ‘7- oor - 2 a . 6. trita,
pixcate, “y 0 “only “ Foliolate : “>
whe iowers stuall, ps
Lfits, alterna
"Race pitate, Lflts, 6-7 °. f . « 4%, enneaphylia,
s 1-4” ter Lfits.. 6-9 >=. - : : : . 8, endecaphylla..
2. 2 Lees op opposite, Fils. only 2-4, ped. slender... 9 pentaphytla,
ti osite,
a, Herbaceous; whole plant hirsute . 10, hirsuta,
4, Shrubs. Hairs sparse neers “(Dye Indi aay. =
x — eta glabresce: mts eeded.
Lfits, 7-8 prs. Racemes sheet . lL. arrecta,
Lits. $8 prs. broad, tacedies 2-4", ’, Podacute . . 12, finetoria.
Lfits. 3-6 J ion narrow. Pod stouter obtuse . . , 13, sumatrana,
** Pods sausage-s ce NB _— 5-seeded, sericeous . . 14 articulata,
B. Flowers vain over “4” lo
Shrub, Lifits, 6-15 prs., “6 “1'5 5 —oene acuminate. . 15, pulchella,
Undershrub. Lflts. 2-6 prs., °5-"6”. Sep. acute - . 16, Hamiltonii.
1. rd echinata, Willd.
herb with many branches from the root 6-12” long with simple:
abe te leaves or orbicular-obov mi Bae “5 ini long and small
flowers in very short axillary race “7-15” long prameg ee
uncle. Calyx somewhat hispi idly. tat with, long t
fad 25” densely echinate on the two keels of the dorsal ene te
somewhat hairy.
Ranchi, Clarke ! aT Kurz!
2. I, linifo
A herb nek prostrate two- edged or sub-4-angular grey pubescent.
gh ony 12-18’ long and linear or linear- sree eer get
leav 2” long, sane both sides. Fils. small bri
Destine racemes ‘15-11’ long. Pods aria Pivetig
silky 06” o miy,
Very common on banks and in grassy places in the open, chiefly in the dryer
districts | Fls,, Fr. Aug,-Jan.
L, subsessile. ‘Buipaies filiform, Bracts linear subulate, message or persistent.
Calyx tube very ert with es setaceous teeth as long as the pod.
The roots are usually ¢ opio usly covered with tubereles, so that the plant-is pro-
bably useful as seal fertilise
3. L cordifolia, Heyn
A small herb w ith sarge Laie oa id 5h branches — aon
root, Sic with a dense whit ~~ e, leaves very small, only 2
(in my Specimens), but “attain 7 *, ovate o a oR use or acu ae a ub-
Sessile. F'ls. minute bright red olus tered Oa iis er. Galy x densely
on Pod. +2’ d
overgrazed pastures, Gaya! Fl, Fr. Sept. “Deb.
Some states suy perficially reaeuitie Heylandia,
41 —— Willd.
2 ft. ee Bporeerres Branches htindoaat L, 3-foliolate
With petioles -3-'5’"long and sub-digitate oblanceolate leaflets ‘5-1
long ea ceenedaib a dotted beneath and somewhat pubescent.
287
7. INDIGOFERA. | 53. PAPILIONACE.
i. in gente clusters shorter than the petiole, corolla '18” long much
serted from the pubescent cet ek Pods short oblong ‘2” turgid
ini and with four lines ‘of fibrille
In the western dryer districts, Behar, Kurz! Fl. Aug.-Sept. Fr. Sept.-Nov.
5. - sean te
usly ie nched weed with spreading branches 6-12” long
thinly etvthed with appressed bifurcate hairs. L. small with bbe
shorter or equalling the 3 digitate oblong to oblanceolate ‘25-1” lon ong
strigonely fod leaflets. ls. in sessile very numerous capitate
raceme: + than the petioles, in veh na conspicuous by the
numerous bat stare of slender *3-"5” long 4-8- ods.
Waste ground in Chota Nagpur, chiefly on the ieee frequent on firelines
near Neterhat! Fi. r.s., Fr. Sept.—Oct.
6-1 > Ye
Erect suffruticose slender 2-3 ft. with membranous. 3-foliolate
tates, S, "cla "5-75", leaflets valabls in size, °5-1°5”", the lateral
much sm aller than the terminal, obovate or ell. -obovate, ps
rather d
short ait both sides. Fils. dark red, at fi
close in r shorter need or een exceeding vee leaves, tee
bose elongating | ” 1-3”, 6-12 fld. Calyx white can
ewhat reflexed ‘7—-9” Augalae bisaiy: with spots “haits} finely
aked, 6-10. sci d.
Not thin 4 common but wide-spread, Shahabad! Angul, Lace! FI., Fr, all the
yearr
(fee san gear
alterna
terminal usua y largest, appre essed hairy both cide; sometimes
silvery Beneath.” 1 red 7 tered subsessile, heads dense
sessile or shortly bed led shorter than the leaf-rhachis. Ovary
mom Pod "12-17” oblong thinly silks 2-seeded.
ta Nagpur, frequent in waste places ! ee Fl., Fr. Aug.-Nov.-
8. I, cdaaeans Jacq.
n general appe none very like forms of I. enneaphylla, with many
pros ostrate stems up to2 ft. long. Leaf-rhachis usually *3- ‘§” but in
Rare re in our area, "Be har, Kurs! Sirguja, Clarke! Fi., Fr, July-Jan
Stipules s scarious (as in enneaphylla), Bracts with setaceous tips, exceeding -
buds, caducous, Stic bg m, pilose, Corolla red, wings much shorter than
keel, Anthers
9. 1 pentyl Syn. I. glabra, L. (Madras Flora).
A rather variable diffuse often sera, h gs —
egy herb with numer
8-15” ng: baie or ‘tea hairy all over except the pods. L, me
238
53. PAPILIONACEA. [7. InDIGOFERA.
branous odd-pinnate with 7-3 leaflets, pairs opposite. Fs. small
reddish or bright red Saheos 3 coi mh on gs one) in lax racemes
illary peduncles *3— Pod slender straight turgid
base
, chiefly in sandy seth Lohardaga and Parasnath,
re
rj
re)
oy
fo}
Es
by
© ig
id |
oc
B
lent in iy
Clarke! la Jw
i the most ‘part simple. ipo elliptic or obovate, large and small, small
am aaty 15”, large ‘5-°7", the larger ones often 3-nate. Pedicels very short,
yx tee th three times the tube, mos Standard °12-"13”,
10. I. pean
hairs or has adpressed on 1 the. leaves, hairs yet mple oat
fixed). L. 7-9- ss i stipules lif. rm ma his 253 5”, Iflts
os gg coe te or oblong, end one largest 1-2” with about 9 oblique
th sides. F k in elo g@ racemes, 2-4” ]
in fr aa apie cuous from the close strongly reflexed terete hairy
and pubescent pods “5-75” long. Pedicels very short. Seeds about 5.
Common in Chota aise: in waste ground, i gg um! Ranchi! Hazaribagh,
Clarke! Palamau, Neterhat! Fl.r.s. Fr. Aug.—Dec
ll. I. arrecta, Hochst. Java and Natal Indi
Ain erect deep-green rather strict but leafy undershrub 3-6 ft. high
with angled and grooved t thinly strigose stems, pinnate leaves 4-5’
long with about 7 pairs and one odd leatlet and ‘athaiasdniion pink-
red flowers in orpantd axillary racemes 15 Bi yes gradually elongating
i ee ut only bearing pods near the base, which are straight and
reflexe
Sept-Oct. ag the indigo plantations and on the Ranchi plateau (for seed), Fis.
-Oc Nov
fits. up to 17, meiiian on the gore largest, '7-1°5”, narrowly elliptic-oblong or
oblanceolate thinly red Ha geedins with app pressed short hairs, tip rounded or
acute mucrona ate, ped y faint. Stipules po noe 17", Pedicels
“07” erect. Bracts setaconis, very daduecian: 03". Fis. ns sae Calyx strigose,
shallowly campannlate, cleft less than half way pete into 5 sharply lanceolate
seat Standard green “=, own: hairy as also is the keel which is prominently
Wings A ag a” Pl ee parts of — alternately rather longer an 4 more
slender ‘coy iitermndinte four. Pod w sparse appressed hairs 1” long,
ut 8-
oe is the indigo now generally grown in Bihar and Orissa. Most of the seed
a Sof rng Spa ~ now wee baht Chota Nagpur or the Uni ited Provinces.
d the plants suffer from a disease called “wilt” and do not
Produce fertile fect “(Shit lingford),
12, : tinctoria, L. Nil, H.; Sili bichi, 8.; Wild indigo, or when
alteetea. ‘Ceylon Indigo
A slender erect shrub 4-5 5 ft. high with weak sharply angled
branches, odd-pinnate leaves, with two to four pairs of broadly elliptic
or ell.-ovate membranous Ifits. ‘5-9’ long and very sl
m s lflts. *5- a slender ax ry
say of small red flowers 17” long. Pod straight or slightly
ed (not “om in the Orissa plant) about 1” long, pointed reflexed
Teac _ ceded
‘shorn ler shade! Chota Nagpur,
almost certainly ¢ oo be aby aca ar iin kaahs ‘ean fend
‘Srpygtlye nde! ! Santal Parganas, ies anan ys ga,
Dutt, wi +» Without aon! Fl. Sept oa Dee. ga and Purneah, culti-
ted specimens
239
7. INDIGOFERA. } 53. PAPILIONACEA.
ranches with appressed hairs. Lflits. with rounded base pas apex a
nearly as broad as long but sometimes obovate so even oblance
rs s benes
i ha deli
ition fine not visible above. Petiolules -05’. sipaled setaceous *12”,
Racemes at frckd equalling the leaves, elongating to 5” with very slender peduncles. —
Bra 3°05’, Pedicels about as ‘long. Fils. 391" from tip of standard
tip of keel parsed ve a y 12” equally 5-fid, teeth rather more than twice as long as
tube, hill Ma ar late acuminate, Standard sub-orbicular *17”, keel s
half-way up. aria Ss 0 linear, 4 shorter lanceolate. Ovary
hairy, é. wf pot ay in "Orissa specimen, io 12-0v nied in Bihar specimens and pod
usually 10-12-seeded 3
13.1 , sumatrana Gaertn. Syn. I. tinctoria, F.B.I. in part; Nil, H.;
gal Indigo. :
7
than in last, u saith 1” broad nae somewhat curved, obtuse, 8-10-_
seeded, at Sltod, Standard :2”,
Occasionally spontaneous in ~ jungles and on river banks in Tirbuty
Prain, Purneah (see below
form occurring as a aera weed collected by me in Purneah has leaflets only
*4-6” long ~ = ading shorter pods only ‘6-'8” long with fewer seeds, It
probably a fera
14. I, Selteainie: Gouan. Syn. I coerulea, Rorb.; I. argentea var.
cerulea F.B.I.; Surat Indico fe
Very distinct from the two lost. Branches sericeous. Leaf rhachis :
25-8” with nearly hace four pairs of obovate leaflets ive
glabrous above. 1-2” elongating in fru os
<eae and stout, somewhat like those of the wild I. anil, 3 ny long,
sade curved sausage shaped, densely hairy.
Patna, Ham, ! ene cultivated in Behar, F1., Fr, Oct., Jan., April.
Ip; ee Syn. I. art tn Roxb. ; I. Jirahulia, Hawes 4
arborea, Prain (Roxb.?); Vern. Jirul, Jirahul, Kharw.;
Hiutar, Uta ar, K.; Dare Hutar, S; Kilberi, Ur. ; Giral, Gibri, Or.
_ A much branched shrub 4-10 ft. high with odd- pinnate leaves 3-8”
long and 6-15 pairs of elliptic- testers or —_e obovate opp. and sub-
opp. leaflets -5-2:2” long. Flowers pink or rose 5-6” long in panicle
dense racemes which are axi ary and from the axils of fallen leaves,
wi ped acuminat iduo coat eater.
usually re
Common ces the province but chiefly in hilly country, Fils. No vite
pede in Feb., when it is more or less leafless { in the dryer localities, Fr. F
Branches rarely quite peta ee Lfits en emarginate, apiculate, pressed
hairy both sides, Founded both ‘s Calyx. usually hairy. Standard bine ‘oblong
5 by '3” neither clawed nor spurred: often with a white patch at the base
There are two principal forms or varieties in our area:—
Var. a. Vogl based Roxb. (sp.) = I. Jirahulia, Ham.
This is the common robust form with angled stems often quite h
when Pvc but gradually she thinly appressed hairy or strigi
240
53. PAPILIONACEH. (8. Psoranea.
es somewhat sericeous and the inflorescence often with erecto-patent or
ad i tars, ae aig bay all obovate, much ae than in the next variety
ten very large, u 2°2" 5 s often far exceed the buds
nd end in lon iasdsan futnts: “Standard with a morn patch above claw at base
ot recognisable in herbaria).
Mae eeh cx says that it is a ‘native of the interior of the Pe ninsula, and So Fer os
“mn it in its best sae oe ee on the hills and plateaux of the Central
r loc: and
coieen hae. zobadl but more elongate often cittcaabery exceeding
and relatively broader, without the white patch. Bracts
t the long tip and therefore not exceeding the buds, Lfits. smaller, often
at obovate or ovate. Ori !
oTE,—All Soy ch a connecting these two seem to be found (Gamble’s No.
70 0 from Orissa here is doubt as to the correct ecific name = —
o our common Indian ide ellip pen appears
t form oe the eastern parts of Be purascens
fertainly, she'p plant described above and i a also Hamilton’ Fy Thrakulia, but
ans the Fone en pd of t me is the objection to replacing such a naar
lished om hell neh ich is mblacerien nace unless it can be shown t
pl
Hieiee sea ti pr. on ne ts after jungle
ar or oval lfits. 5-6” long. Fils. red i
P werseaet pron ay ee the leaves, with
@ concave es ot es is s‘1’”. Calyx obliquely saucer-sha
of leaf strigillose, Lflts. sometimes up to 6 pairs in unburnt s specimens,
Sericeous beneath, rounded or retuse ‘anterior. 8 pionitaae: Calyx up to “15”
pag ht
h a
o
at right angles to se uae nat the petal. Keel h curved
ont | hal it we nee Ovules about 10. Pod (in Oudh specimens)
dand about 10-see
whether this is always ow. undershrub, I have found a shrub on
nl ocensons up to 5 ft. high with Badan | erate an. agi vo —
10 ilcmny de of this species, bu
a8 Not availa ~<tge rs to me to be the unburnt form ip ,
_ Reirson 5 x
Herbs or undershrubs w 1-3-foliolate te donire and repand or den-
gland-dotted featiote, “Blip ules large, stipelle 0. Fils. in spikes
_* Tacemes — _sub-oapitate, often 2-3 to; ory = the axils of
: aio — Cal mpanulate. e.
10 teelsighoe or gee ie filamen tek a vv nate free
unequal. Ovary l-ovuled. Pod ovate ee aca
Cpe my m herbaria, an raib
=e e that the mere eaeaie Edi a me fe antiaaly therefore to be found,
16 241
8. PsoRALEA. | 53. PAPILIONACES.
i, Fs pearatie, DC. Babachi, H.; Barachi, Beng.; Bakuc hi, oF
seeds have been asked for under the afer name of
“ satbara.”
A coarse herb 2 ft. high with sparsely hairy striate branches,
i i broadly ovate repand-dentate long-petioled leaves about 35.
by 2-5” and heads of small purple dowace on peduncles as long as
or exceeding the leaves
Occasional. Bake appt in the Sone valley! Less common elsewhere, FL, 4"
“
Lh, st tre oe nerved, punctate beneath, bas Spikes fae — — 2-4",
Fils, 25”, ele E gland. rome Jeo tooth yo ab soe again Fe,
exceedin Sta with one filament free. Pod pe er pan glan
pusstate or at one tly hai rnp %
The seeds are laxative and stimulant. They yield a colourless essential oil.
9. TEPHROSIA, Pers.
Herbs, shrubs or usually undershrubs with odd pinnate leaves _—
opposite ‘obliquely -parallel- nerved leaflets. Stipellz small or 0.
white or red usually in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes or phe
s ed, 8
also a j x Jat als clawed, standard sub-
orbi _— wings slightly adnate to the incurved keel petals. Stamens
with vexillary fila se nate above the base or free, anthers
unif r many ovuled, style incurved, often trans
Ova ary 1
sa A flattened, glabrous or villous, with terminal often penicillate
stigma. Pod linear compressed, not or slightly septate, dehiscent at
both caheibe, Seeds 8 many, sometimes strep:
J, Shrubs. Lfits. mostly somuanlall ng :— lida
Lfits, over 7 prs. Fls. white 759" ~ belosclue oe ee
Lfits. un: s i “Bl, 3 : : ; . 2, tinetoria.
Il, Undershrube, Lfits, under 13", Styl h tiattened
A. ig thinly appressed-hairy or glabrescent
bigger elongate with abe a ‘pearing 2 2-3 fis.
Fis.
a, Style ha. 8, maxim:
b. Style not aye above Fis. ae So:
Erect bushy, densely sericeous. Fis. “o 4. Hamiltonii.
Fils, ego
ik, sericeous. 5a. maritima,
Sub-erect, nearly glabro Fils, 5, purpurea,
2, Pedun ~~ oly 1-3 fis. ony, Sd “o8". "stems villous, . Hm ‘sites
proc :
B. Pods With dé dgdse spreading hairs, Diffuse . . « villosa.
1. T, candida, D.C.
weak shrub 5-8 ft. high yon suleate grey sericeous branches,
— dower leaves with 7 to 14 prs. oo narrowly sre cca ie
ong which are grey- or white-sil d axi
ado ngate racemes 3-9” lo ong of » sia whit nyse eddie F. 7B. "L ae
seed 75-1". Pod 3-4’ gi et sericeous, slightly curved, 10-1
Wi
and pects Fl. Aug.-Oct. Fr - ec. i.
0G)
, with
‘short
many oblique sec. n. uniting in the ‘inate ital one, r Petiolules 18". ’, Racemes 8! -
peduncled. nd = —
Pedicels “3-5”. Calyx rather oblique, 25-3” long anteriorly
242
53. PAPILIONACE. [9. TEPHROSIA.
3 on repli h as long as or shorter than the tube. Standard silky, Seeds smooth
: versely oblong el aes *15- te with white strophiole,
ales plant is often ardens, and at the Kanki Farm, as a green
manure. It is also crown, ie so podem: e
_ 2. 7. tinctoria, P
A much branched undershrub 3-3°5 ft. high with angular shaggily
ea bra: sessile 3-5-foliolate leaves with oblong leaflets
1-3: 3” Jong, densely gr rey silky-tomentose beneath, and sharers | maa
s the ve a short race
Ping ‘Pot iS aiipic) 2-2'5"’ linear-oblong flattened thinly eilky.
ht Bae Seemah forest, elev. 3000 ft.! FI. Se Fr, Oct.—
L. rhachis ‘7-1”, but sometimes a pate aidapie peti jeaves on small lateral
branches; petiole only 1’. Lflts, increasing i > size from base to apex of the
_ Thachis, lowest about 1" and terminal 2 3° an all with very numerous spr ect
bins nerves up isi diate
_ reticulations. Qa s erect 2/1] lat strongly nerved. Pecsnicles
— axillary, 1°2-3” ith a close raceme ‘3-’ ong ‘hineute begs | bracteate, the
_ bracts being Parbished with — like ‘those pe the lea Pedicels cals a Seca
_ 4s long as the bracts. silky-hirsute with 5 eae gh «
| teeth equal to or excee edin ng the 1 oom Vor olla fugacious. Standa: ry aeye
‘ tne with green claw, Bask, Wings half as tot ae, and keel a ite longer
m the entice Fil, very slender. Ovary villous, Style shortly hairy an
cillate
racemes notwi Leguminose
_ distinguishes ec’ ers Si ter ae Lie, - a racemes,
3. T. maxima, Pers. Syn. T. purpurea, var. maxima, F.
| Erect (often prostrate, Gamble) 2-2'5 ft. high, not sane Stems
| usually few sparsely villosely hairy. Leaves 2-3°5” with lanceolate
_ usually reflexed acuminate stipules and 5-8 prs. of obeun eate | _—
_ with retuse apiculate chad Corolla bright purple “5”. Inflexed p
_ of style villous. Pod n ves straight appressed BE or fae
» 2-2°5”, 10-12 =
ground, Puri! i ~Oct
Lfits. “4-65” lon ng thin anak s beneath. Petiolules short but slender.
_Recemes terminal often ong een distant nodes. Bracts small sence shorter
. man the pedicels, Standard silky, Seeds ell.-oblong not renif
i € Hamiltonii, Drummond. Syn. T. purpurea, PBL in part ;
. T. sericea, Ham. Vern. names the same as for purpurea.
to 8” broad not emarginate grey purple, pubesce scent outside.
Pal 10" long slightly recurved above, with short appressed hairs,
meen, often gregarious. Bihag and Chota Nagpur! Fl., Fr. Sept.-Dee
hav, ppears sd be the 7’. sericea of Hamilton, but as st. Me name is preoccupied
pted Mi: A Druwioaa § name in the Flora of Madra
243
9. TEPHROSIA. | 53. PAPILIONACES.
5. T. purpurea, Pers. Sarphuka, H., Kharw.; Ban-nil, Beng.; Wild
In a (of some Anglo-Indians).
Usually sub-erect with rounded glabrous or slightly hairy stems,
filiform-enbul ate stipules, 5-7 prs. of oblong-cuneate glab or
g¢ with thre
fis. in the axils of setaceous bracts a out as tort
6” lon i
tube. St
broader than long, scarcely ye ger es res transversely fla ttened
and glabrous above (as in the rest o oup). Pod 1:5” nearly
straight. mig ey sha appressed sebieatetie (glabrous in Willde-
eeded,
Waste aa chiefly in sandy places, Common in Chota Nagpur! FI., Fr.
r.s, to
The branches are sometimes zig-zag.
“ a ce ag
Sub-erect or diffuse, geo gaa ee more hairy or sericeous.
Stipules: ‘subalate Lfits prs. oblanceolate, finely sericeous
; Fs. 6-2" i: man y pairs, fascicles or single in the
short Franti Calyx broadly ¢ mpanulate, thinly downy, teeth
broadly lanceolate or ionne , Slt cE rd *28” diam., blade broader
than long, distinctly emarginate. Pods much as in the type but
spreering and r ser ed.
rissa, near the s Fl., Fr. May
This 1s actors ga as "distinct a specics as T. Hamiltonii, but without more bee
mens it appears undesirable to separate it. It unites purpurea and Hamilton
6. T. pumila, Pers. si Gaiters diffusa, Roxb. :
iffuse with many procumbent villosely haley branches. Stipules
setaceous. Rhachis eillous with seven or more pairs of obeuneate
a ‘45-—7” long riven sericeous beneath and less so above with
unded or emarginate a Fls. ‘2--25”, red, baba only about
three towards the ends ma slender r peduncles. Calyx f
acuminate, twice as lon the tube, densely hairy. ‘itandard sub-
orbicular. Pod s ee nearly glabro us, 6-7. seeded.
Dry waste ground, Chota Nagpur! Fl. rs. to c.s.
7. T. villosa, Pers. Syn. G alega villosa, Row
Diffuse with flexuose somewhat hoary ste Lfits. 6-8 prs»
pha somewhat emarginate. Stipules snltea. Flowers in
several prs. Pods much recurved, covered with white hairs, 56
seeded.
Behar, Prain,
T have seen no specimens from our area.
10. SESBANIA, Pers.
Herbs or ee or small soft-wooded trees, sometimes Mage Bin sinall
prickles. L. odd- or even-pinnate with very numerou
244
|
|
|
|
53. PAPILIONACE#. [10, SESBANIA,
leaflets and narrow stipules. Fs. usually pera io very large in
8. grandiflora, in lax axillary racemes. Cal short sub-equal.
Corolla exserted, alata mi agai keel bat ot or in S, grandi-
flora sub-rostrate. Stam with - uniform anthers. Ovary
linear, stipitate, many-o ne e filiform, loareaks glabrous.
Pod very long linear, septate Brad mea eeded.
Flowers very large, white or sometimes red . : $ . 1. grandiflora.
Flowers small or iodernte, sma. under 1”, .
y perennials without prickles . 2. egyptiaca,
B. Annual, often tall, scarcely woody, sometimes prickly.
Tall. Fis, “age aged dp rt . 3, paludosa,
Often dwarf 1M. Pod ascending jy bust oes &aeuleata,
rr (Boa Baked 5. wliginosa,
The roo e Sesbanias are copiously cover ed with lates Foot ‘tubercles which
should make Ped a good green manure, The cotyledons are large epigeal, the
frst leat i 5 simple obovate or sub-three-lobed.
SF | egy Sele sy Agati grandiflora, Desv.; Agati, Vern. ;
; Buka,
A ae 4 ree a maces sa high and nearly 2 a girth with
straight stem and a calng etic a Leaves 6-12” long with 10-20
prs. of leaflets and one. Lfits. linear-oblong a an Gall pnt
Flowers very large 3-4” ea white, or in one variety red, in lax
iid. racemes. Pods lo ong slender curved, pai 18”.
Often cultivated i 3 years. It grows best on
chie eo
The young leaves a are emia but ther are said to be aperient, The juice of the
‘ flowers is said to beet ieNOted the sight when eterna into the eyes. It is also a
: poputar 1 Feaety for catar
2 8. egyptiaca > Pers. Jainti ti, Ben
A large
pinnate leaves 4-6” long ending in a pac 12-20 pe airs of ¢
_ linear oblong cc. flets -75-1-2” long tig yellow, or lang ig ted wit
_ ange, red and deep purple, flow fetes ab y lax faa
oe Pod twisted 6-9” slender, thin, tonhliee.”
ee “3 ns — eg ground, Sometimes coming up as though wild, Fils. Oct.-
. Fr. OvV.-
ee Liles, glabrous nn ‘spar sely appressed pubescent below. Flowers 2-10. Pedicels
dard sometimes nearly black een 7" broa:
a
-
: yer readily from y lives’ about three vears giving a
ls and may be need ne goo irse oe Wo Oe other piarites, especially as it is Soptanty
th With root betere rd
"oat With yellow pane is considered the type, bat with, the stands:
se otted purple is oe calle e. eta (Prain) and t
black standard vy. bicolor (W. ah hae
2 ana Prain. Syn. 8. aculeata, var. paludosa, F.B.I.; Kathsola,
An React annual 6-12 ft. high like a miniature tree, with a stout
‘swollen tap r it hang lower pert of stem swollen and pith-like, above
Steen and shin 0 i ‘ g
Leaves 6-12” 1 with 10-30 prs. of oblong
ee: ait tapering leaflets 1” or more long, apiculate, ag eid
Stipules caducons, semi-lan te. Flowers 1 ow
iat ake purple De d. Pod linear pendulous 10-12 inches long,
Somewhat Spiral, slightly moniliform
245
10, SEsBAnra. | 53. PAPILIONACE.
In jheels and s This probably occurs in Purneah and Santal Parganas,
a ae ineludet fr ac under S. aculeata in my notes, Central Bengal, ge
‘ F ;
4, §. Scoageres Pers. Syn. ischynomene spinulosa, Roxb.; Chaipijan, —
An pace arare eye ape resembling the last on a smaller scale,
reaching 4— ~ ft. in height and muricate = with small weak ke
on the branches and leaf mi chis. Leaves 6-12” long w Mine Re prs. —
— ono leaflets ~6” lo oe pbeney apiniclata: glabro Stipules —
ute, cadnueous. Fils od asce ele ist nce slender
6.9" long, beaten, straight ieee onili form
In wet places, common in the rains; nai Gavriel Fl., Fr. Aug,.—Oct.
5. 8. ee Rozb.
f this speci d has been kept and there are no specimens
from our area, su I helieve L have — observed it The stems are diffuse.
Lfits, “1-2”, Fis. Pods sub-erect, 2°5-3°5
11. MILLETTIA, W. ¢ A.
_Trees or shrubs, often (in our area plsare) climbing, he ur
pinnate leaves. Stipellae present or not. Flowers usua
emes, i
‘a , lobes short Petals
standard broad. Stamens with veullaty filament free or Co)
only from the middle, anthers unifor Ovary sessile linear few-
ovuled. Style filiform incur yea glabrous w fn 1 ee stigma. Pod
linear or obleng, dehiscent or sub-i ndehis
he on
hk ic ly resemble those of the genus Dervis in flowe er.
The anthers in
Standard auricl : “4. auriculata,
uricled, Pod flat, very tardily dehiscent “i pennies
Standard not auricled, Pod torulose, dehiscent
ik. ace Baker. (aj, H.; Hehel, K., S.; Gurar, Kharw.;
Wla, Ov.; Gora aes Th.
A five shrub a and
Segre with leaves 1-2 ft. tong 5
be she ”
rea.
often clustered on’ short stout axillary peduncles. Po
thin, woody, tomentose, 4-6 ” by “75” with th ickened suture ;
Throughout the whole province Ina set -erect state often forming a dense ;
undergrowth in many of = Sal for ests in the valleys 2
Is, March-June, Fr. Jan.-March, oe
en oyna Lacentees, Tits, obov: ie peblong cuspidate 3-8” long, bee gg :
; . §-12, stipelle min Rac dense silky. Pod very late
dehiscing. silt .
It is cut The root, like some other eect of Milletia, is used to =
fish, It is ace used for killing insects on cattle sores
2. M. racemosa, Benth. Gaj (confused with the last), H.; Jungi
-nar, Gon
A large climbing shrub with white bark on the branches; ae
about 1 foot long with 5-8 prs. of es glabrous _ Stip
rge, filiform. Fls. cream or reddish 45” in cop us racemes —
e
246
ere
53. PAPILIONACE. {12. ApRus,
10-18” long with very consplcuaee villous setaceous subulate bracts
3-4” long. Pods 4-8” by ‘3-'6” linear, a e with 2-4 tapering
segments, black and readily dehiscent when
ota Nagpur, chiefly in rocky ravines above serio ‘ne common! Rajmehal
Hills, ra Rocky ravines in Angaly frequent Puri, Gamble! Sambalpur,
uly. Fr, Jan,- ril,
Old bark brown and uneven. Blaze tiem ale-yehiow, ait og tomentose.
date, brown-
silky along the mid-rib beneath, end one dt ed by 1°5 3, Petiole thinly
Uses as in last
12. ABRUS, L
Climbing shrubs vo — i jugate deciduous leaflets and rhachis
ending in a point. . ped oni = grrr wr
sh
ate tube. St ns a
tube (place o sda vacant). Ovary sub- Biren ovules several.
Pod flat, s I 1. Lflts. oblong . : ce ae ec «by patenetins
Pod turgid, acct round, L. linear orlinear-oblong . . + +2 precatorins.
1. A. “aan Wall,
3 0
ut *44” broad. Se eds compressed ellipsoid orey- ise ihe,
: the hollows of a papery endocarp.
ees: ee Northern Tract only. Champaran and Purneah ! te
2. A. precatorius, L. Kaw : — , K.; Karjain, Kharw.
Gum —% rati (the poncho .; Sonk h, Kuneh, Beng. ; rot
r.; Indian Liquorice ; Crabs’ Tyes (th e seeds).
tty twining slender shrub with same habit as last, leaves
23 of “long with 10-20 prs. of leaflets 38-7", Mencia or ce
beneath. Fs. eeeally a pale pinkish nite 2" racem
lon out 1:5” pee, turgid. Seeds polished sariatty a
Pods
brilliant scarlet with a black eye but sometimes white
zi S and waste lands on ‘ye Common in the Central and Southern
. Aug
Very pretty in ri re fr isclose the oe
ruit heh ihe pods open and disc lose t
These seeds con ta oh & poisonous pnmined s substance ; the active gore cgi
inolatec Powdered and the powder boiled in milk it is said to be
_ @brin, has been
peeeertal tonic, Sucooked iis purgative and emetic and in large doses — rise to
wi :
edical w giv ve beveral other uses,
yy Indian jewellers as ® weight; each is said to
247
13. Cicer. | 53. PAPILIONACEZ,
Ry ob:
13. CICE
Annual herbs with usually odd-pinnate leaves and toothed it
Stipules sometimes coarsely toothed, conspicuous, stipelle 0. Flow:
solitary axillar aa eye alyx geen rage teeth sub-equal Tinossiaee
tamens 9+ 1. e beardle Pod sessile ontetig ety Peder:
conical at tip, so fate wiley Beds with a slender funi
ke 6s eee pene L. Bhut, 8.; Chota but, Butkalai, Beng.; Chana,
; Moraijan, K.; Chicken- -pea, Bengal gram, Horse gra
A pretty herb about 1 1 ft. high, much branched and viscous
Leaf rhachis 1-2” long with small toothed strongly-nerved taaiete
15-3” long. Fls. bluish- zuple ‘27-3’ long on slender peduncles.
Pod esis “75-1” long, 2-seeded
om cold-weather crop, ee, Sea th
It is lar rgely eaten and horses and sheep are ta ro fedonit. It contains much
okalic acid, i d antibilious.
14, VICIA, L. Vetch.
Herbs, An grad climbing by. means of a —— pin into which
the end of . y erect or diffuse and
rhacl is ending ina srt Leaves even-pinna Is, often showy, some-
times very sm xillary or in axillary racemes, Calyx campanula
ften oblique, ith uneqi orolla exserted, wings adnate at the
middle to the shorter keel and to the 2 _ ube. amens 9+1,
mouth of sheath very obli Ovar many-ovuled, style filiform
: ique y 2
or slightly acti usually pubescent or beak ded. Pod compressed,
continuous withi
(The genus is chiefly one of temperate climates
i rigs or ag slender herbs. erornee ending in a tendril,
. Flowers few, pet small, '25” or les
Lflts, ee prs., ods hairy, 2 2-seede “a : - 1. hir
Lfits, 3-6 prs., rod glabrous, 3-8- seeded . Peres a el ftrasperna
Flowers "9 Pees illar Pe ne Pn
Il. Btout erect. Rhachis ending in a point or tendril + faba.
1. Y. hirsuta, Koch. The common Tare, Hairy Tar
A graceful delicate climber wit very numerous branches and
slender leaves ending in eo Sy sere ay ean — or opposite,
usually 9-1] j area, about “3-7” long or eee at
broader upwards or ikesnbllodé. Vis pale ate 12” long 1
usually 4-flowered at the end of a sle nies peduncle. Style tb —
Honore allround. Pod hairy oblong or rhomboid oblong ‘25”—
Fields, Bettiah ! Champaran! Hazaribagh, Wood! Fl., Fr. Dec.-April.
2. Ve ee Moench. Syn. V. gemella, Crantz.; The Smooth
anit intl but less graceful, — usually 6-8 only, paired
eduncles only 1-2-flow bas ea Pod shortly
stipitate glabrous 3-8-, us atts rite
Dinajpur district, on the edge of our area!
248
a
acicieniminee -_ i:
tii aedcneaet
53. PAPILIONACEZ. (16. Laruyrus.
3. Y. sativa, L. Ankari, neti: Rothi, Or.; Common Vetch.
A diffuse herb with angular stems, leaves Liles with rhachis ending
in a short tendril, 4-6 prs. “of obovate or oblong or linear-ligulate
leaflets ‘5-1” long with truncate or retuse tip. Stipules semihastate
often with a dark blotch, toothed or entire. Flowers 75” pale purple,
solitary or paired, bay sessile. Style bearded on = lower side near
the tip. Pod linear 1°5-2” flat, 8-10-seeded. Seeds sub-globose.
ed common but rs general, from Behar to Angul! Said to be self-sown.
r. ¢.8.
Iti ag a favourite fodder with cattle. Often cultivated outside our area.
The variety wish og om Rove me or ovate-oblong, the lower ones shorter and
broader, is only known in cultivation.
Vai only angusti ifoli. a has Teatlets of Dees’ leaves linear- reg lower ones
me vate pebune or wild
in temperate regions.
4. Y, a L. Field Bean, also Broad or Windsor Bean.
tem t erect 1-2 feet high. Rhachis ending in a point or short
. Teatet 2-3 prs., 1°5- -3” long, elliptic-lanceolate. Flowers
ite
cas in Bettiah, etc,! Native of Persia and the Caspian region,
15. LENS, Gren. § Godr.
Annual herbs differing from Cicer chiefly by the rhachis ending in
@ tendril or point, rarely w with a terminal leaflet, lfits. entire,
sometimes sho: ortly gripe wings more or less adnate te to the keel and
to the staminal tube, = style bearded longitudinally on the inner
face and by the short tag
Bet
lL, esculenta, Petes bei Lens, Rowd.; Ervum Lens, F.B.I.;
Masur, Masuri dal, H., Beng.; The Lentil.
toe somowhat of the habit of be r oo 1-2 ft. Branches
angul eaflets from 4-6 prs., sub-opposite, pu a a te.
The short satlinee peduncle bears usually 2 abl white or pale blue
flowers and ends in a bristle. Pod oblong peda mg peta with
two round compressed grey seeds with min
oo largely in Behar, occasionally in other erie
& valuabl 1 1i id to } he property of p
reventing b
16. LATHYRUS, L. Sea ng.
Scarce] ely “er from Vicia ps the staminal sheath is
truncate and the tyle instead of being nea is flattened upwards,
always hairy beneath the stigma.
This is also ane a genus of the North Temperate zone.
LL Sativus, 1. Kansari, kesari, H.; eras Beng.; Chana, Or.
A very prett little lant with winged stems. Leaves with 2 rarely
: er leafle ts 1-9 5”"long and rhachis ending i mtheintarins Stipules
: lanceolate with a ncply ceolate auricle, very variable in size,
mk
from *3” to n, mas 1” ‘ncleding the at uricles. Flowers jolttaidy oxi xillary
ed.
: : bright blue -7 Pod dorsally 2-wing
249
16. Laturrvs,] 58, PAPILIONACE.
Pape ree ag cultivated as a second crop, but very general self-sown. FI. Fr.
ec. —
It is largely eaten, but it duces paralysis, dathyrismus, or hemi
sonia, both in human beiueen mo canis The toxic property has been traced to an
pean Ake is vola ell ts can be dissipated by heat. It should therefore be
Shite temper
2, es aphac
An tai little herb from the leaves being altogether yb
to tendrils at the base of whic hb the large hastate ovate folia
Fls. yellow, — aulleays
Pods 1” ‘sub-faleate, seed at: serine compresse
Bihar and Chota i Lee but rare. In cultivated fields, A native of Europe
including the British Isles
17. sod lone irs oe
nus differs from Vicia y in the truncate s staminal
tue ‘and i in the style, w hich j is hand, var st see above but with —
margins bent back ee more or less of a channel beneath;
bearded below the stig
1. P, arvense, L. Mata , H.; Batura, K.; The Field Pea
' Cultivated in Chota prasad !
2. P. sativum, Z. Matar, H.; The Garden Pea
Closely meres. the last but flowers putively white, seeds not
angled, pale yellow
Rowburgh says on coe is iy i or common white field pea, and oe ae
Matar, a small, round Rid ce ish variety of the common grey field pea. The form
- t Patna, and the other over every part of Ben ngal,
8. LESPEDEZA, M
Shrubs or herbs io. exstipellate 3- fol te leaves. gee
axillary or racemed. Calyx campanulate with narrow — ons
with broad standard. Stamens 9 +1. Ovary only 1 cried wi =
long slender ba Sve style and minute stigma. Polo f one sma
oblong compressed indlel ince reticulate Are
coma brutes es Sk ee
Lfits. pores Keel neneied acute ; 3: aooeugie.
sae 8 oe Miq -
An und ershrab with few long erect slender branches and close- ct
very shortly ae leaves with posrmenpeeinner es aflets, in the —
of near which are apie ecole bes teolate racemes 0 of 2 a
chon Or pile flowers *17—"25” lon "Bo d 08-1” orbicu
har, Kurz! Neterhat, 3000 ft.! Fl. r Fr. Dec.-Jan x
Ree rane bard thinly hairy. Lfits. °25-" yr lon with Srangell or emarg! nate Ee
and a bristle in the sinus, with close ascending parallel lateral acto ov
beneath, nusemte rarely elongating to one inch, bracts filiform persiste
250
q
53. PAPILIONACEZ. (20. ZorNia.
2. L, macrostyla, B
A much awctaa: eh 3-4 ft. high with silky or densely pubes-
ae branches clothed with short-petioled 3-foliolate leaves. Lfits.
obovate. Fls. pink ‘4’ long in fascicles or very —: racemes
in tie axils of the leaves or of bracts. Pod thin -25-3” lon
On the top of the - sgepanatces Hills (2884 ft.), Fl, Fr. Noy.-D
Shoots densely silky tor i L. rhachis (with Vopr dee oy" only. Stipules
‘1’ brown nerved dafinedinte & ovate acuminate, ppressed hairy or
sericeous beneath, eee Padi me rounded or mostly e a Lhe te with the
stron, “ato “onged rib rode ed i seta; n, about 7 not clearly Gistingulahable
from a te gett? me inte itd and te res ear Pigs les very
shor. Mraseities ype a very short ses so that the fis. pe shortly
ose. Pedi ~ 07” elongating to °*2” in fruit. ris, ioeaiig. ane a time.
Calyx och oaei ate with teeth Laden longer than the tube, lower 3 setieeons,
Wing ag lanceolate. Standard o Pee claw 0,
bone sally cage pr to the up- gered be outs keel. Ovary nial sely aly
iry tyle v whi ch br eaks above the base leaving an awn on the
oh Po a llous, venose
Distrib, : iooatiren Sinin and Gartinal to the Khasia Hills,
19. ALHAGI, Desv.
A low veal shrub with simple leaves and ys all flowers in short
racemes with a thorn-tipped rhachis. Calyx teeth short. Corolla
exserted, soe obovate, wings free, fr oe incurved obtuse.
tamens : he “a Ovary many-ovuled with filiform incurved style and
capitate Pod linear, rather stout, jadebiooont, septate and
Devericéed eewoee the seeds.
1. A. camelorum, Fisch. A. maurorum, Desv. Juwasa, H.
2-15” long sometimes very slender. Leaves oblong
horns
mucronate obtuse drooping, -4~9” rigid g alebores Flowers 3” red in
Pod 1” straight ie curved,
racemes 1-1°5’, Calyx glabrous ‘1’.
Shioniliform
Dry waste ground, Gya; Ganges banks, down to Patna, Kew Herb,! Near
Monghyr, Ham ie ns ve
The thorn + are derived from one ont of a pair of axillary buds an
xil
frequently d ov a es small branches. L. sometimes slightly hairy, in up-country
Specimens often only "3, base sometimes narrowed,
ORNIA, Goma
nly 1-2 pairs of ected
more or less edt n beneath and 5 vall dewenein elonga aan mes.
furnished with pairs of large folinceutia bracts. Calyx minu et
unequal, upper connate, Corolla exserted with acute sandeven kee
ms monadelp with dimorphous anthers — vary se ver
ovuled with filiform incur yw and minute sti fo
2. :
LZ, ne ac Pers.
A small wiry herb 6-12” with comparatively long petioled 2
flotate leaves with peer ary © Jeatlets “5-1” long and mi — -* ellow
flowers sessile between and hidden by the geminate peltately attached
doubiy-lanceolate conten which are “3-"4” long and gland dotted like:
251
20. ZORNIA. | 53. PAPILIONACEE.
hota Nagpur, open grassy places, common.
Seanehion and minute eesti A ge “Siipuies Sina Pay attached
‘deciduous. Bracts on Joi f pod o only very reticulato-
venose, slightly bristly,
21, STYLOSANTHES, Sw.
Undershrubs or sub-herbaceous with roma = foliolate leaves
and stipules sometimes adnate to the petiole. Flowers small in sho
maiikate spikes. The structure of the flowers Phi remarkable, the
calyx-tube
P
ypanthium, wing petals free or united at the tip. Sta
pa tg uae dimorphous, alternately with linear and very s shige
anthers. Ovary subsessile 2-3-ovuled. Pod with 1-2 compressed
peor aig ints.
1.8 cers Willd,
A procumbent herb or undershrub with a woody rootstock and
spreading chia oh silky villous branches 8-12” long and small leaves
hr leaflets 2 = ng yellow flowers '2” wi vide solitary in the
of brac anged in short capitate spikes or are
axl. Pol — ental wooly beaked 1- or sometimes 2-jointed
and -seeded
Sand dunes of the Orissa coast! mn. Aug.-Sept
Petiole and rhachis Seas a adnate. fed ‘tea lower hai to the connate cuspidate
setose — ules. Lfits. pie "5 atieh hairy and t windy silky, tip rounded or
poharen. t ith she bak disting, petiolule above the rhachis,
sec, 1, about 4 oblia que. "Spikes 55 ‘eesti leaf-opposed, ultimately lateral and
poe Fay ra or at the end of a slender branch bearing 1-2 bract-leaves. Brac
arious, low Hike tha,lenves or innqoolaty ed pungent or
redu fod to sel + A which are persistent and striate. Calyx-tube ‘25” long,
pisiehesien 13” lon
22. Soper LI. Ground N
: nate leave
Stipules sana to he’ petiole, site elle 0. Fils. ye aw
sessile axillary capitate spike, remarkable as in Siysanthes pe ‘the
ong slender % Soop Calyx-lobes 5, —
e
ng
burying the fruit. Pod indehiscent with a thick sepa ian per
1. A. hypogea, L. Chini-badam, mat-kalai, bilaiati-mung, Vern.
A small Sessias plant. The well-known Earth-nut or r Ground-nut.
Cultivated in all pe air and becoming an increasin
gly in
Probably native of Brazi ? :
. SMITHIA, Ait.
Herbs or undershrubs uy even- rarely odd-pinnate leaves and
usually small leaflets, rhachis ending in a bristle when even-pinnate.
252
E
i
a4
3
7
eer
53. PAPILIONACES. (23. SmirHta.
Stipules scarious, persistent, usually appendaged at the base.
Borers usually yellow, Say! ‘ble 1ish, in dense, more rarely lax, often
unilateral racemes; bracts and bracteoles a the stipules. Calyx
Ps. 2-lipped, lips oe or "oe Ree sips xserted, Bei s clawed
and auricled. Sta 5+5 y-ovuled, e filiform,
gina ‘anal. Po £ of. flattened oF “turgid 1-seeded inte folded
together inside the calyx. Seeds
I, Flowers yellow. Calyx nerves pa veils
Flowers collected into heads with — er — _ es
1. conferta.
Flowers Lom led heads, i tow (3) 2, sensitiva,
II, Flowers blue-white ealyx nerves paced tog 3. ciliata.
1 i ‘etamarieng Sm. Syn. 8. geminiflora, var. conferta, F.BI.
erb with state ous spreading branches 12--18” long with pinnate
s ‘7-1'5” long, setose along the viisehik and midrib and margin
gle f
e linear-oblong leaflets, remarkable for the large persistent
scarious stipules with long-tailed auricles. F ow clustered in
he axi | the close-set terminal ca s of short ome 1 boar
Banks of rice fields, rivers, ete. Probably in all districts. Fl. Sept.—Oct. Fr. Oc ct,
eege not bristly, much branched. pan Sogn Aa rigid ne or bristles SS
g, and hoped ee Ve eet ne ” lon ~nd ie rounded or acute,
Bracte
Ey obovate obtuse bristly a nding i long bristle. Calyx lips 3 seate
Posterior slightly longer florets ., scariou se parallel veins
with a few pristles. along — rib and Bel ng Corolla shortly Standard
+ broad, oer. oblong but narr t base. Wings and: en petals oblong
see, spurre Dise annular, ‘Overt deeply jointed. Pod about 7-jointed
2. 8. sensitiva, Ait.
A much sented or elegant little plant with stems up to
lor2ft.long. Leaves -3-1” sensitive, —- Cree hrs and ending in
a bristle, Ate. 412 oe 20 lin Sake long ciliate or
bristle-ciliate on the midrib bel n nabs Flowers
In a close peduncled raceme with short ascending ls, bright
yellow ith acute entire 1 th a few short deciduous
bristles, nerves red rallel. — with a brown band in
with small Danie warts.
Furneah ! gd Soi Gamble! Singbhum ! Manbhum! Not nearly as common
ay i eri Fi. 4le
P eduncles aotides “5 on usually > longer than the leaves, racemes capitate *3-"4”,
Fruiting calyx with included pod 25- oF” with 2 bracteoles at base “12” long.
3. 8. ciliata, Royle.
A delicate species with diffuse branches 4-10” long. Leaves 5-7”
With 6-10 leaflets about ‘3’ long or less, linear, close, baiie-cllinte
on the midrib Ss n margins, m some punctate. Fils. in
and less so 0: a
small peduncled heads with reticulate-venose long ciliate calyx “2
long, upper lip truncate. Corolla bluish or bluish-white
Frequent on the top of Parasnath! FL, Fr. Sept.-Oct.
253
24, XscHYNOMENE.| 53. PAPILIONACE.
24, ZSCHYNOMENE, L
Erect herbs or undershrubs with pa ye seas and very numerous
elose-set small linear leaflets. Flowers m.s mall in ert racemes
with deeply 2- gc calyx. Stamens 5 : 5, 8 ithe ers unifor Ovary
stalked, linear, ovuled. Pod linear or linear- robong stalked
exserted, flat, sstoulate with several Ysaaded § joints
Stems slender, Fis, ° ‘ - 1. indica,
Stems swollen. Fils. a ri j % ; : : ; é : : . 2, aspera,
1. A, a
An erect ase suffruticose annual 2-3 ft. high with numerous
aader qisiees ranches more or less spa wit ae mall worts or
pa =e 8 . pinnate aie ‘75-8” long with close set minute
— 5” ene, small yellowish or winte Hien he lax 1-4-fld.
tras and lin —e g 5-10-jointed pods 1-15” long.
ae wet places in “ta rains. Very common, and probably in = districts. Fl.
fae! t.—-Nov
ile on stem, branches, leaf rhachis and usnally. pods crowned with a delicate
—~
bein ac portion, Joints of pod smooth or papillos and sometimes (in @
en) ieee opposite the seed. Lower erbtite indented. Stalk of pod
“he F.B. 7 ca ale e racemes axillary, but in my specimens they are terminal 0
axillary bra sia which has often however only one leaf) (The leaflets are
pela: dotted 1 in a polled specimens.)
2. A. aspera, L. Shola, H. Beng.
A stout marsh herb wit th pues spongy stem, leaves 3-6” long
with 50-100 leaflets and corymbose simp. bo or branched racemes 1°5-3
long of yellow flowers °75” long Pods 1 5-3” 3 by. ‘3 broad smooth or
urica aces.
In tanks and jheels ema in the North East, Purneah! Ranchi, not common!
Fi. pais oh Fr. Oct.-Nov. basal
Ste: nas thick as the thumb. Stipules ‘3-35’ lanceolate with large
wilt. tie linear ‘3-"6". Eni eae teas #5 and aire hairy.
This is the plant from which “ Shola “Solar” hats are made. The stems
are also tied together and inoro as rafts,
25. ORMOCARPUM, Beauv.
Shrubs "aes odd-pinnate sentes with persistent striated stipules
and brac wers m.s. in racemes. Calyx not dis or
2-lipped, » with t upper teeth ae Itoi, sateen r lobes io onger
Stamens monadelphous or 5+5, - delphous sheath split Pibbed
linear few-ovul ta ehiscent tur; ir linear or
e Pod o: ¢ few d
oblong joints, naked or with stout gland-tipped trichom
1. 0. sennoides, DC.
_» large shrub with weak sub-sarmentose. branches, leaves about
3” long with 7-11 leaflets ‘5-1’ long. Fls. ‘5” yellow in very § short
254
53. PAPILIONACE. (27. Uraria.
lax glandular pubescent racemes. Pods moniliform, muricate with
stout trichomes having a capillary id — by a viscid gland.
Baruni Hill Forest, Khurda! Fl, Aug.-Sep r. Sept.—Oct.
YS attain 4” girth. Innovations Closely piece with gland or hair-tipped
s, branchlets thinly covered with their bases. L. rhachis 1°5-2° ah slender.
States lanceotar. setaceous ‘2’ brown. Lfits. alt. oblong, rounded and somewhat
apiculate at tip, ean or obtuse at base, glabrous, pe ees beneath,
= obscure and soon nched, —— ‘03 slender, Khachis of raceme
it 3 slender bracteate, sometimes flexuous ith s — bracts at the angle,
Pedicels very slender ‘3-'4”. Fs. t e bracteoles at the base.
Calyx 5-lobed about half-way down, °25” yositbo anterior Sete Soagee than the others,
more or less idchataa, Stan aa ard broadly-ovate sharply r Pee ia on the claw
ce ened obtuse. hide od red. Keel petals obtuse co above, with
V
sting ;
4 .
with a deciduous beak, both sutures equally indented, joints 2-4
Basses elliptic, eedettnet the trichomes developing with the pod and much stronger
than on the inflor
26. ELEIOTIS, DC.
An annual herb with 1-foliolate opt and small flowers in sa
lax axillary racemes. Ca — tube very short, teeth 5 sub-eq
b mee sub- pre 1- ovale with srt
sometimes uncinate style " thickened the bas Pod of
membranous exserted elliptic- ieniondteke or oNfom Breseic joint.
1. E. sororia, DC.
Procumbe at with long trailing ago 3-angled stems and
orbicular leaves often emarginate both ends, 75-12" broad thinl 4
iry beneath, petioles slender, stipules Sanvas lanceolate nerve
stipelle minute. Race 2-3” with s g hai :
Y opposite spreading filiform pedicels. cts elliptic conti
caducous. Fis ong reddish. Pod ‘25” venose, someti
purple streaked.
sand y places, rare. ‘Behar, Kurz! Fl., Fr. Sept.-Oct,
27. URARIA, Des
seHerbs with perennial rootstock or sudihcielh hrubs aie with the
habit of Desmodium. Leaves 1- to pinnately 9-foliolate. Flowers
short or very elongate racemes. Pe mee and se ee feet
‘aly: teeth hairy bristly or plumose. Stamens 9+1 often rted
from the keel. Pod of 2-8 small turgid 1 ‘-oneaad Lieniacent joint
a A bent on one another so as to become more or less face to
n
i ise: 1 8 with 5-9 narrow leaflets rece oe ee
di, Upper lea aves 3- ge me lower usually 1- foliolaie.
se, plumose, 2, la. ioi
. «+ « 2, lagopodioide
" Procumbent. Lilts, small Fegan eat ; 3, alopecuroides.
rect. Lfits. large ovate, base cordate
B, Hacennes ey elongate pe
8. “arto Pati — - 6 ; Pd i i 5. pulchra,
» Des
An Riilsrnierad 2-4 ft, high with the upper leaves yes liolate and
8 with linear leaflets 3°5-6” long usually with a pale o purple cloud
255
27 ‘ URariA. | 53. PAPILIONACE2.
along the centre. Fils. small red in dense terminal cylindrical
es 3-4” long
Waste und open forest. Chota Pe Lig frequent! Behar, Hope!
ae ht in in all districts, rg Aug.-Sept. Fr.
ms pube: _ y variable on he: wei plant; the first are small and
eke bicular, vibes tee d by 3-5-foliolate oon leaves but often also phe
large sacaiie. shine anmbaciate leaves up to 6” by 1°85”. ry many-ne
— spon ciliate. Pedicels ga — hairs et Sipaln w vith long pei
on Joints of pod hard ae ished gr
2. v. sedis odioides, M:
Suffruticose herb vith srcouiine and omen branches about 12”
ock. r broad].
long from a perennial woody s Leave undish o 1
oblong 1-2”, 1- and 3-foliolate porta coniett mes all simple.
Heads dense 1-2” long rarely 2°5” oblong, conspicuous from
the
plumose persistent calyx teeth. Pod with oblong finely pubescent
joints 12” long.
Common in forest and waste ground. Chota Nagpur! Sambalpur!
FL, Fr. Aug.—Oct.
3. ns ot Wight. Syn. U. repanda, F.B
uch larger ovate cordate leaflets, terminal on the
afoliolate leaves 2:5-3°75” — laa Shine Hy Racemes 2-4” very
dense, in bud conspicuous f mike long awned bracts mae afterwards
by the praied pedicels and dalyy.te eth.
ig rt Chota Nagpur! Behar, Kurz!
4, v. ‘iliese. Wall. Salphani, Or,
n undershrub 3-5 ft. high with ee habit of a bani (and
in some states apt to be confused with D. laviflorum but hairs not
by 1-3” pale beneath with many fine but Ue gehen pt parallel sec. n.,
terminal leaflet 2-6” by 1-3”, Flowers °3” long, pink or purple,
1-3-nate, Ss paired on slender pedicels 1-25” long in long rather
ley racemes 4-8” long, which are sometimes panicled. Calyx teeth
ender hairy but not poor in fruit. Pod 4-8- jointed, brown or
alate. poloured, puberulou
er apaat ei its Loon cae in the forests, esp. in valleys! Fis, Aug-—Oct.
Yr, Cc a
Branches slisetiy: pubescent, hairs of two kinds, straight, and shorte r hooked 0
curved, Stipules erect *3-'35’ with setaceous tips. Lfits. sometimes only 1” tong,
rarely narrowly elliptic or ovate- innovate, tems rounded or retuse, ed rer Me
in ) ral Ifits.
be :
usually less than half the terminal and apt, Stipelle Dpereprgtersoc ys"
red
imbricating ovate or obovate orbicular ohgnotiaphies e bracts, caducous before eo
flowers expand. Pedicels usually divaricate, curved in fruit. Calyx ‘l-'12", ’, teeth
fin wre acuminate longer than the tube.
seaatioen of ise leaves i is used with other drugs in ae of fever in Sambalpur
(Mudaliar), c 1 Desmodium gangetic
6.0), sms Seg Hair aines, in Kew Bulletin 8 of ei.
A Desmodium-like, b 3-4 ft. high with
somewhat diffuse, shru
fulvous hairy branches iar 3-foliolate bates, terminal leaflet rather
256
meee Nee pe
;
|
53, PAPILIONACE. [28, ALYSICARPUS.
larger than pein eee | ell.-oblong or mostly somewhat obova’
with rounded a 5” long, thinly yellow hairy beneath oa
apd hite, lila he ue 1-2-nate flowers ‘4” long on very slender
5-6” long podidels 1 in long lax often partied oer glandular racemes
6-15” long. Pod 5-7- jointed glandular an 'y-
, Cha: n! 5 v. Fr, Dec.
Hairs long and short as in U. hamosa, Stipules “3” pra peepee sn
e
so ing and much the same s hape. Stipella setaceous. Calyx r less
aicolis with 2 upper geese nearly connate, with very few cs Bs “bnirs
anand Piieeacent, Keel *4” lon
28. ALYSICARPUS, Neck.
erbs with neve kre leaves and strongly-nerved dry calyx
sie and —— axillary — Corolla included
redidiche St. 2- saat ous. Ovary many-ovuled, Pod not or
aa aighily compressed, ‘ several indehiscent 1-seeded joints.
Seeds iberhiculer or —
A, mg uch long f pod.
I. c sessile eral, erect ; aa villous . . . +» “1. pubescens,
Il, Fs pedicelled,
a iffu: ce. Pod distinctly 4-corn = 2. tetragonolobus,
ect _ diffuse. Joints of po oe an angle ed in section.
. in distant pairs, Podsnotrugose. L, usually eo
ten ot tad broadly elliptic or home. : . 3, bupleurifolius,
sone en close. Pod rugose rel,
2.
B. lir ae, “often elliptic 4, rugosus,
Calyx not Snoer than first joint of pod (exe, sometimes in 5),
een rarely linear,
with spreading hairs.
od with globose es tee ae rere be °
Pod with compressed joi nts SSS - 7, hanes
Il, Stems without t spreading hairs «mali
od with cylindric joints, not constricted between . 6, vaginalis,
LA eehencens, ioe
Erec igh some linear nie ty hairy ae 8-2” long,
yery shot petioles, and dense villous spikes of flowers, the rhachis,
bracts and ca calyx being all covered with dete soft ay Pod 3-4-
jointed, deeply notioutant ed.
Western Behar, Kurz!
2. A. * tetragonolobus, Edgew.
smal use species with linear- earn to ell.- “Sip eres
ie Tapa me lin
- (abd long appressed hairy beneath, the hairs leavin
Pints, rugosely-ribbed with
+n the faces so that the —_ becom aloes inte -angular in section.
a ft er parts of the province. Behar, Ki Fi, O r. Dee
& small ee ee te ag 3-4’ but seen 12”, fre stems are hairy on ete
With a line of appressed hairs, Some states resemble diffuse forms 0:
A apiertins
17 257
28, ALYSICARPUS.] 53. PAPILIONACE2:.
3. A. eae De.
r
Sbloag jes Lee's or 3” long aa very 8 got racemes 3-6” be of
distant paire ‘- shortly pe edicelled Pee flowers '25” long. Calyx
15-2”, much di than first joint ae ciliate at be fe only or also
at edge s. Pod usually 2~4-jointed, joint with faint raised ne
not uniting in a facial ~eemeanae one and not angular in section.
Rather comm FL
The iaesthe forms occur :
Var. a typica
Diffuse. L. tiie acute glabrous,
Chota Nagpur and Santal P, !
— - wtp (Syn. _ —— W. s A. in part.)
L, linear acute, wi ib beneath, Pod 2-4- jit
Pt nae minutel YY Siicetene = oeecmeent,
High hilis and pats of Chota Nagpur, eley. 2-3000 ft. !
Var. y gracilis, Baker (Edgew. sp.).
L, oblong-lanceolate ———' ion bce 1-2" by °6”, Calyx ‘2’, Pod 1-2-jointed.
Minsacitogty Clarke! Behar, A
Var. 0 intermedius.
Diffuse, lower leaves sometimes elliptic, spikes less lax, Pod =. with up to
6 joints,
Hazaribagh, Clarke !
4, re o>
—
scendin ng very variable herb with broadly-e Lliptic,
elliptic or oblong leaves -5-2” long, rarely more, with petiole 15-25’.
tigi oo = 25~3" long vith truncate or obtuse se spe
nse or ually glabrous racemes. Po ds t urgid
form, included ee slightly ore with 3-5 deeply oid ee
rrowed jo
Widely pisces FE YS. BE Ce,
Var. a typica.
Stems attain 2 hie in len, L, ell. or oblong glabrous or thinly hairy ro :
Spikes dense; and acpaiis glabrous or somewhat hairy at beri tips only, Pe.
sometimes purple, sent obtuse about °28’’. wong terminal spik
appear long and compound from the leaves droppin
Parneskie 2 Parasnath, Clarke!
Var. 8 hechtguarseena Baker.
Diffuse 3-12”. L, broadly elliptic pubescent beneath *5-'7". Spi oe baci
dense or reabians rhachis and calyx villous, pedicels very eho rt, sepals s acu Fi DH.
Singbhum! Palamau! Gya, Clarke! Sahebganj, 8.P. | Banks of Soane, J.D.
Var. si Heyneanus, Baker.
3-4 ft. with stems and leaves pubescent, lower leaves opin nee
Rob
“i 2" sp Pron a racemes more lax, mostly 2-4’ long,
258
53. PAPILIONACE. [29. OuGEINIA.
6. A. . DC.
Asm species with branches rarely exceeding 1 ft., leaves
2- 50 Ghlong « or et often with cordate base, glabrous. Petiole 12-2”
hairy. Pod ‘3-6- or oa re ee 57" “long, re pe minutely
pubescent with curve first joint.
Hazaribagh, Clarke! Ranchi! einguides, common !
6. A. a.”
De.
saceiyeian Mpc species. Stems 6’—3 ft. with petioles
A diffus
iistively. Racer than any of the preceding. re agg ntly
te pods not at all | oonehelaeea at the joints o (Be
Throughout Chota Nagpur, all districts, common! Behar, pads Monghir,
Ham. & Kurz! Puri! Probably throughout the province,
_ Both leaves. and inflorescence variable. vain —_ = Benya ae a8, lax
inflorescence ‘‘ vaginalis’? and with eenee. Leggynce’ ob desgesind : “ae
places the Srenceien. on the leaves smitatifolne ripe des of
rounded leay: L. vary from elliptic an on ticoealy elliptic to tnceolale, yererenie
even linesr-oblong 95-1" 25", thinly hairy beneath, base cordate, Petioles slender
up to 4”, often as long as leaf, Very rarely some of the leaves are 3-foliolat
(var, heterophylla
=
ee sins: Edgew.
Whole plant reid with ascending branches rarely exceeding 1 ft.,
leaves large ‘75-2” rotund or broadly elliptic. Po aes ompressed and
often continuous within as in Desmodium triquetru
29. OUGEINIA, Benth.
A tree with — os stipellate leaves and rather
nice 2: mostly 3- nate in the of bracts in dense fascicled nate
from the 1
of
~5 compressed ren
10. dlrs, Benth. Ruta, Panjan, K. S.; Sandan,
ores Bandhan, Tinsa (Baaabalpar) ; ; Puan Kharw. ;
njan,
Usually a cael and rather crooked tree in our area. Branches
slender, grey. Lfits. often sub-tomentose beneath, t terminal ovate,
orbicular or obovate 3-6” long, obtuse, ee Pe erenate with 5- 10
strong sec. n. Flowers often borne in great
the old wood, al fay or pink, on slender Soiaelas: Calyx ¢ sa tr
with distinct teeth.
nigbron ghout the area, from Bettiah! to neemonggs A io ai anemia in the
h rgely
orests and on red clayey loams..
Giburgh s {Says that the pillars of Madajee Scindia’s s palace at Oojein are made of it.
ut
259
29a, PseuDARTHRIA.] 53. PAPILIONACEZ.
a. PSEUDARTHRIA, W. § A.
An undershrub in er respects resembling a Desmodium except
that the pod is neither jointed nor dehiscent but continuous within.
Baker (F.B.1., ii, 154) says that the sutures are not at all indented,
bu is is no ome pods bei i
hi be retain
as genera. I have adopted the former course (see Sect. IV of
Desmodium). Pteroloma is a connecting link between feos
and Desmodium proper.
30. DESMODIUM, Des
Shrubs or herbs with Por, 1- . foliolate eg = te (exe. in a
and 15) lentes and usually small flow racemes (rar
1—4 axillary in “gree of Dicores a iin) ge x with two w ae
tandard broad, wings
more or less adhe sas to the jue (or acute in section Pteroloma)
ee which is sometimes spurred. Upper stamen entirely or partially
alternate 4 of the sheath-stamens often shorter and sometimes
O
(setion Sagotia) without ea vary several-, rarely only
incurved, stig capi Pod usually much
com mpre an : of one- seeded erie a joints with ae wa a
po
Phiéion ma pote
(As noted under srr it appears to be on ersten to separate off that
genus from D a.)
Y TO SECTIONS AND SPECIES.
I, oo so heads or umbels, Joints of pod indehiscent,
A, Bectioe I, Phyllodium. Flowers hidden by pairs of
la: Te foliaceous Seat L, 3-foliolate 1, pulchellum,
B. i Dendrolobium. Bracts minute, deciduous.
s 3-quetrous very hairy. Sec. n. 10-20 . 2. etal
eeaschee sub- — — sil Sec. og 7-10. _. 3, congestum.
As sei in elon often panicled racem Pod inde-
cent along the sutures. Erect or pear Eon (exe,
sls Bens TI. Pteroloma. 1. 1-foliolate with broadly-
theo. a petioles, Keelacute, Pod sometimes con-
— ~ within when ripe, sutures sometimes
par a
Breet pod very hai . 4, triquet
trate. Pod od sub- glabrous 5. preudotriquetram.
B. Bee. 7 Pse s inauet aed foliolate, _Peticle not
Pods. pe ent withi sutures ay
ae straight . 6, viscidum.
Cc. saa Desmodium roper i; 3-fo il. Pods "with
ral joints "es 4, Bells and indehiscent,
ares indente
ay ‘Leaves - folio pa
. Joints of po sg much longer than broad.
Bructstinear subulate, Joints 3-4 times longer ;
pen broad 7, laxiflorum,
racts lanceolate. Joints twice ge longer than
broad, Geauely ta iry 8, barbatum.
260
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lg
LS
3
53. PAPILIONACEZ. (80. Desmoprium.
b, Joints scarcely longer than broad.
Stipules large auricled. ane minute 1” 9, diffusum.
Stipules subulate. Fls. r ‘2! : 10, polycarpum.
2, Leaves 1-foliolate. Joints about ye broad as long.
Stems angled, hairs appressed, Lea’ en or
if large, lanceolate-ovat An a PE ate. shone)
Ss co but leaves large ov: ramnagari,
Stems terete, hirsute. - Tangs deltoidiy ovate yg latifo lium.
TIL, Flowers eal in short racemes or 1-4 axillary.
with only 1-2 joints, or, if more " peparately tip prt
ig; suture (exc. no. 15). Trailing herbs (exc
A. See. VI, Nicolsonia, I. 1-3-foliolate. Recon ele
Joints of pod 2 2, ae dehiscent . 13. brachystachyum,
B. See. VII. Dice L. 3-foliolate, exstipeliate. Pod :
2-jointed, infiahisber! t. Bracts minute « 14. biarticulatum.
C. Sec, VIII. Sag otia, L. very Smad 3-foliolate, » stipel-
late or ok Bracts large deciduous, 2-5-
jointed, dehiscent (exc. no. 15).
Fis, axillary, not racemed. Pod indehiscen 5. trifloru
Fis. in very thor lax racemes. Pods finally dehiscent 6 pit clo ee
IV. See. LX. Plewrolobium, Shrubs or undershrubs with 3-
Ep Ciate aged arge flowers in (often pani icled)
racem ehiscent in a continuous line, in-
dented ad Dat sraensty Pare ge
Undershrub, side leafi fpresent,minute . . 17. gyrans,
Shrub. Side leaflets w vell dir eloped . » L218, gyroides.
1. D, pulchellum, Benth. Bir ~~
A shrub 3-5 ft. high with grey h aii branches, easily recognised by
the inflorescence which far exceeds the leaves and bears double rows
of pinnately 2-foliolate coriaceous foliaceous bracts, the rhachides of
which end in a filiform point, and which faa in their axils fascicles
of small hike. or yellowish flowers ‘25” lon
Tat! Fe ee: in all districts, sometimes almost gregarious. Fl. Sept.-Nov. Fr.
Lifts, three, s shortly grey-hairy beneath and on the nerves above ell.- or
ovate. oblon, mg 3-5” long, often sinuate; sec, n, 7-10 with arate! so 5 toftiasion.
cried ey ets about half as large. Bracts orbicular strongly nerved, Joints of
2. D, tae sien cadens Syn. Hedysarum cephalotes, Rorb.; Ram-
A eth 9.6 AS high with Regen 3-cornered, hairy soe
elliptic dictate leaflets with 10-20 fine prominent silky parallel
nerves and numerous yellow or pes flowers in dense axillary
short-peduncled umbels sometimes running out into racemes from
reduction of the leaves. Pod silky 4-6-jointed *1-"12” broad.
on, N. tract, Purneah, etc, ! Chota Nagpur, in valleys, all districts !
ce t common,
balpur! Fl. Aug.-Oct. ‘Fr, Nov.—Jan.
Angles of stem often ome} Lflts, 3-6” sometimes rather tg eboaee sieve f
Pay beneath when ; lateral half to three-fourths as long
ss a le 1-2”, *, Umbels ans pena flowered with linear-oblong acute or a deces Venean
"12", Bracteoles linear or setaceous ‘12’, Calyx-tube °12”, anterior sepal long
cuminate "15-"18”, Standard °3’,
d pods glabrescent. This
yon von With the n More glabrous and pods
- eke "Boeoles put is easily cea inarear? in our province by he
n, and general appearance. Chota
261
30. Desmopium.] 53. PAPILIONACE®.
3. D. ape oa ore Wall. Syn. Hedysarum congestum, Rottl.; Hedy-
» Roxb.
umbe capa
A = arge shrub 0 ft. with terete or very young obtusely
3-gonous, adpres sotkeiity branches, is foliolate lonveny and oblong or
oblong-lanceol ate or lanceolate ac a ¥ aflets 3-45” glabrous
beneath except on pri olga ais ich are ee a d less
— eee han in D. cephalotes. Fis; in a aeons aaiine ie neled
mbels. Pods tg ” deeply indented, joints 4-6 dele 3) slightly
silky or glabrou
Mals of Orissa ! a Sept.-Oct. (probably). Fr. Nov
A much larger shrub than D. cephalotes, bere ie shape or acutely angled,
Lfits. glabrous above, pale gr th, about 23-3 times as longs ved i pecee eae rit:
two-thirds 4 three-fourths sec, n, 6-8. e ‘7-1! ral
petiolules "1 Stipules 37" 25!" eget striate wit’ i ‘ane ctenoel va
Bracts ot Ha acum Calyx-tube 15”, anterior sepal with the > mile
A. De igen, aon fr Pteroloma triquetrum, Benth. ; Hedy-
alatum
ee Fcalisenrch 3-6 ft. a: ie: Shiai 3-angled branches,
i-foliolate leaves — an oblo: ~—* us leaflet 2-7” long,
easily recognised by its short b esp wineet petiole, small blue 7
purple 1-3-nate fis. i in axillary and eaaiarncma x panicled racem
4-8” long, succeeded by linear-oblong ¢ enna ultimately 1
jointed pods ‘75-1'5” long. Seeds ae, ont thro gh the open end of
the pod
Purn
Fl. Aug, ; Fr. —M: ch,
A very distinct species attaining 6 ft. in damp localities, Branches sometimes
4-angled, angles villous glabrescent. Teatiet acute oe psi uminate, base row nded. or
subcordate. Winged petiole °7-1°3” long by ‘25-'45” broad, 2-cuspidate at apex
Stipules °5” erect-lanceolate. 2-25", 4-cleft, upp
« ssed h ing transversely at each joint but lower joints
ly connected by the act fos Sentehs are only eighty nese se ag ra
ont he the Resco blag chink or at the end of the eC
essed white or yellow.
"This section si be restored as a distinct genus or included in Pseudarthria
which the seeds and vg carne! resemble, but the next species seems to have the
normal pods of Desmod:
. D. pseudotriquetrum, DC. Syn. D. eines F.B.I. in part.
— diffuse undershrub very similar to but smaller in all its parts
than D. triquetrum, from which its habit o once distinguishes *
‘25” broad, glabrous or puberulous on the faces, hirsute on the
sutures. The joints are closed when young.
Northern Bengal, Prain; probably Purneah
6. D. viscidum, DC. Syn. Pseudarthria viscida, W. & A.
An undershrub with slender ascending pubescent branches 2-3 ft.
long, pinnately 3-foliolate leaves with Hogs leaflets often broader
than long, and slender terminal racemes of small bright red flowers
"15" long on slender 2-nate pedicels. te oe and small oblong
262
53. PAPILIONACE. (30. DesmopIuM.
pods more or less gen anes pubescent. Pods 6-8” long pubescent
and with cereale short airs on the straight or somewhat
indented suture Aes aey slightly depressed between the seeds
when dry and senha Treeline across at the joints.
Puri, Khurda forests! Fl. N Fr, Dec
cored — hat a Taine ion and cuit mixed with very short and
es. L. rhachis including peti orgie basa panesoent Terminal Teaflet
. often
1-2! (4 3 = some specimens outside our area), si what glaucous and thinly ref
beneath and thinly hairy above, Lateral Tentets a on half aslarge. Sti oe
linear- Diescone s, striate, hairy, ‘2’. Stipelle very small, sean de NP
sometimes panicled, ot Prom 2-3-nate, °1--2” long, re dish. Calyx *1”, red, i teeth
acuminate,
7. D. laxifiorum, DC.
_ An undershrub 3-4 ft. high with rather thin twiggy angled
branches clothed with adpressed short hairs. ‘Leaves occasionally
1-foliolate mixed with the other:
rhombo ute, y acum: e, termin ‘ 1'5-3”, lateral
about half as long, adpressed hairy beneath, sca Pp ous above
es panicled 6-12” long, lax. . pretty, clustered on slender
pedicels “15-37” long, the standard white, the lower lip deep purple.
Pod slender 6-8-jointed, covered with minute tubercle- _~ hairs,
scarcely constricted, joints much longer than broad, about y 08”.
Shady forests. ig yg ce Ranchi, Ichadag, eley. 2700 ft.! iti
Geapil Fe Parasnath, 7. Thomeon! Rajmahal Hills, Kurz ! Puri! Fl. Aug.-Sept.
It is y an Uraria in flower. Petiole slender pubescen
15-2", Stipul ules persis Heo ge Pear setaceous. Sec. n. of leaflets 9-11 eaiag
parallel, joing a marginal one. Pedicels reece! in fruit. Calyx white or pink,
wa erie teeth longer. Standard ‘2” diam., keel *2” long. Th Puri the flowers
ight
The elas astio acca are enclosed in the keel petals and wie and shoot the
Pollen to a distance when these are depressed.
8. D. confertum, D
A — with thinly adpressed-hairy branches, apes stay
te terminal leaflet 2'5-3'5”, remarkable is, aaAge =
os gh
for)
BE
—]
5
oe
im]
tad
EE
ee
ppt
ae
ode I
hae
&
oO
form)
ong i d
Tacemes. Very distinct i in n fruit from ais densely fences
Depth River Bank, Sameshwar Hills at low elevation! Fl. Nov.-Dec.
-Feb.
Fr.
gin thickened benea R s 3-4’, rhachis , s °25’ lanceo-
a Beet, cam 15-17" teeth 2 upper connate nearly to
coer agg Standard obovate ‘4” by °3”. O
-g'"4” long, 3-4, longer than broad,
Concealed by the long hairs whi
This is essentially -! Hi stbebetorser aula,
9. D, diffusum, D
A stout herb sn branched from the base with 2-3 ft. high,
_ Somewhat diffuse, suleate and angled hairy stems, 3-foliolate leaves
263
30. Desmoprium. | 53. PAPILIONACEZ.
with very large st es ae and Ae ae stipules and many-
pe rte > seem Flowers very minute bluish in —— panicled
racemes in the axils of 3-nate small REE APES — Pod 5-6-
jointed, joints sibs circular with minute hooked h
Open ground. Singbhum, Clarke! Hazaribagh, Wood! Dei: Kurz! SantalP.!
FI., en Sept.-Dec.
i ap sparse adpressed hairs above, thinly sericeous an dp ent beneath. ee h.
strong parallel about 8-10. Stipel le large, excecding as poem petiolules =
nat
tic hI +} wx } +
10. D. polycarpum, DC. Baephol, a Salpani, Krishnupani, Or.
n undershrub with an rineentlen 2 ping ts! rootstock wore i
humerous erect or ascending stems 1-2 ft. or sometimes 3-4 ft. h
Branches hairy. L. 3-foliolate xe bis ate or broadly cll oblong
P
pa
long, ae in bud by the clo csely ritibeloatian concave lanceolate 4
striate bracts -25” long which have a sub-aristate tip. Pods 5-8
pen 54 12”, brown, hairy, close ia ren 5-7-jointe 2,
m, often forming an undergrowth in Fp rather ts, frequent in
Sal oo ee the province! Fl. Sept.-Oct. Fr. Noy De
Hairs on stems appressed (see var.). Late. membranous, or rie: coriaceous, pale
at the margin 5-7. Petiole 8 lon ng or Saree that t the apt y Teatlotx: angled, hairy,
Stipules ee pees sneer ae nie 20
on slender pedicels *15— ft spreuting or what flow ree, 8
or erect in fruit. Calyx 2 upper ‘teeth prs nna pa copt at tip, 3 lower
narrower acuminate, Sawer eke tube. Joints of not much longer than broad,
lower suture indented about one-fourth width of p
Var. trichocaulon. D. See a te
ranches with spreading hai emes laxer 2°5-6”, glandular.
Fis. 25-3”. Calyx °1” yoddiah thinly, faery: lobes ovate ionger than
tube, sinus gibbous. Standard -25” broad obovate emargin
Hills of Chota Nagpur 3000 ft. and ov er, Ranchi (Ichadag)! Palamau arias and
Neterhat)! Parasnath, Prain!
This s plant is also said to sed medicinally in Bonai, but por oe species
of Uraria and Desmodinm are = hanes confused by the non- -botanist
lL. D. A cates DC. Tandi Bhidi oss S.; Salpani, Beng.
Herba: r shrubby with somewhat angled stems, lanceolate
oblong oe “the olf wietaie, 1s eg leaves rather shortly petioled,
rr e point and
u
indented about half-way dow the lower suture, upper suture
slightly indented, ser a minute a hairs on the y tae
Throughout the whole province, common e form or —_- n. both f
and waste land! Fi. re pete of the pan bat ‘chiefly May-J nl
2 Very variable, diffuse or sub-erect, depauperated pecan have leaves 0 A
5-1°5" (var. maculatum, F.B.I.), luxuriant forest plants have stems 3-4 ft. an
264
53. PAPILIONACE. [30. Desmopium.
leaves 3-6” long, upper surface glabrescent or somewhat scabrous or with few
adpressed hairs, sec. n. 7-8 or up to 10 in the largest leaves rather strong
beneath and reaching margin, often with interme nck shorter oe oar ctl
in the larger leaves, one-thir alf as long a leaves in ler on
: gas t mal
Stipules erect striate subulate with setaceous tips. Fls. purple or wets, several:
nate, pedicels 1-15”. Bracts pnp rove minute or as long as pedicel. Calyx *08”,
as lon toid. Pods spreading
Var. maculatum, Baker. (D. ponee DC.) inet ‘gudse 1 foot. Leaflet
often only 1’ or less, roundish or oblong with cordate base. Frequent!
Var. ramnagari, Haines
Very robust with sik panied hairy stems and broadly ovate leaves yt densely
hoary-sericeous beneath. Bracts setaceous °15”. $ more erect, s curved,
constrictions peaching from the lores to the straight upper suture
Fr. Dec., flower not seen. -It looks at first sight very different from
the ‘ype end ‘ta may be enecinlly distinct.
ay 1 gangeticum is regarded in Hindu medicine as febrifuge and anti-catarrhal. It
sca an ingredient or ‘the compound decoction called ‘‘ dasamula kvatha”’ which
msists of ten drugs (S.M.M.).
12. D. latifolium, DC. Kursopani, Or
An erect shrub 3-6 ft. high with proms hirsute terete branches,
roadly ovate leaves of one softly-hairy membranous or coriaceous
Stine leafl et 3-6” by 15-35” with stinight or aes very broad
base. Fs. pur ~ 16-2” in ere i axillary and terminal often
panicled, dense very narrow racemes 2-7” long, or wasisdee up to 18”.
Pods 3-6-jointed, Joints slightly sola than broad, about '13” long,
pubescent and villou
rapa ent under esa ‘An districts! Fl., Fr. Aug.-Jan
1s Species may best be iss enisleny from var. Y eenaeact of the last by its
spreading pot and more deltoidly ovate leaves with a very obtuse or rounded
oe Lfit. often repand, wonioetiins poe 2’ in ary places. Sec. n. 6-8 of which
S bas al. Sieet ere oe with setaceous tip, Short hairs F acekenigies
hooked as in the last
13. D, De icertecy um, Gra
Lion herbaceous nes e 2 ft. high with thinly age acid
somewhat angul ms and mostly 1-foliolate leaves with t
elliptic-o re tafe. reflexed ed on the "sbkiote, 1-1°7” oni: sericeous
beneath an an slightly so above, rounded or somewhat — of tke
eep purple in axillary and terminal very short dense racemes “5-1
long with th ia pedicels chaxply deflexed after flowering ao yees
white-villous. “Pod s of 1-3 joints only, widely dehiscent aco
— and slightly edhe
Sually under light cover in open jungles. Gaya! Singbhum, esp. Porahat
Hazaribagh, Clarke ! Bonai, shines undershrub, Cooper! Fl. Sept-Oct. Fr. Dec.
fotiole 5-7", aStiRt les *2”, ttipells setaceous. Petiolule hairy curved, thus
porsangc Hates hich hme a roundel oF rete tae: Tayo coal
o ‘and d a Calyx teeth nearly a A
standard 12 dia it sohaia ot ra ns by “08”. deed shining yellow peppered red.
14. <§ biarticulatum, Bent
lo mall proc nt ae hrub with spreading stems about a foot
te ‘from a long woody rootstock, small di “ene ong —
i : ts ‘ long, grey silky be mall reddis
pia in short often oa gmt terminal race and 2-join’
Sely appressed-hairy pods with both sutures a crealy indented.
265
30. Desmopium. | 53. PAPILIONACEZ.
pends, of the Orissa sea-coast! FI., Fr, Aug.—-Sept.
hes with adpr or ‘gas often clothed below with the brown striate 2-fid
"12",
od stiles. Petiole * fits. oblong or obovate-oblong, rounded or some-
what retuse, sec. n. re faint ie reaching the a feipe sae? aga ay between,
petiolules very minute hairy. Stipelle 0. Rac “5-1 “05-07”
subulate, striate, exceeding the short pesicels. Tis. ony Se mat ‘2, 2:
bracteolate. Calyx ‘1’ tubular, sericeous, two upper teeth connate except at tip, 3
lower ate. Wine ee ima or upstart exceeding the tube, acute. Stan
nd keel lon, wed. Joints of pod broadly ellipsoid *22” by 1°8.”
15. D. “mon DC.
A very slender procumbent and long- great 4 herb, often rooting at
- Stems with fine spreading ha Leaves ve
e
i . n
3-5-jointed on filiform pedicels to °5”, joints ca = nearly
glabrous Sebinolabs: veined, rather ies than broad.
Pastures and banks, very common. FI., Fr. Aug.-Jan. and perhaps throughout
Much resembles a small frefoil. Stipules conspicuous persistent ‘1 long
lanceolate. Calyx og owen — mon? silky hairs with very long teeth. The
pod in this species does no
16. D. oer Fe
aS sonenaiedl hates enh d with exe mid-rib, slender
petiole with long e villi towards are and glandular hairy lax
oan of pale violet flowers nearly ‘25” long on capillary pedicels
3”. St. 941, alternate 4 without ai Pod 2-4-jointed, joints
dehiscent not separating.
pda Fawn are agen streams 3000 ft.! Fl. April-Oct. Fr. May
Stem above sometimes trailing ‘o 2 ft. Petiole about ae ae as the
Waediote.: Stipules laneeolate brown, striate, as long as or shorter than eo petiole.
Leafle in one form crowded and only about *1” and often
7” the other. up ry 6! and elliptic. ipelle absent st minute.
numerous, often short on small pete shoots, ‘7-2” long, 2-14-fid., * 1-2-nate
on his, buds with large imbricate np age boat-shi aped 0 ly
ovate amplexicaul ceioitate “Jong. Cal aked in bad wi the
ppe
total length of the ca rola Standard yh amd ar peed retuse, claw cu
Wings and keel shorter par tly connate, keel petals spurred :
Ovules about 4. Joints of pod rarely 5, 12" by "1” pubsruions; young wa Qulae :
17. D. gyrans, DC. Gora Chand, Beng. The Telegraph Plant.
, ve e ng. Fls. ra’
large in axillary ae terminal ee 2-6” long, the large bracts con,
cealing the flower buds and forming a terminal club. Pod 1-19
shortly pubescent slightly jidehtee Sontiinoaaly dehiscent along
the ventral su
Seen te damper oe, and on moist banks. Champaran on agin, be the
‘ !
Fi. ‘hedotlen ah : 0 oN Baga frequent ! Probably also in othe racts:
266
|
Sp IS EET (gir a
53. PAPILIONACEZ. _—_[81. Fuznota.
Lfits. nearly glabrous, sometimes flushed with white, base and apex rounded,
sec. n. distinct but fine, areas aot inconspicuous. ‘Stipules “5” setaceous from
abroad base. Terminal raceme often branched. Fils.
The small side leaflets move by little jerks in damp oa ee
18. D. “tee DC. Jatang sing, M
b 6-20 ft. high with softly hates branches. Lfits. 1-3 often
abe end one obovate rounded attaining 3°25 by hot side ones
rarely 15” long. Fs. ‘5” deep purple in short axillary rminal
racemes 1-2” long, with large deciduous bracts as in thie
Along river banks and in a ravines. fava barra sin Saal
especially on the Porahat plateau! Common along streams at Neterhat (
and Palamau)! Fl. Aug pe oe ct. te
—_. appressed ret both sides, sec. n. Pe and tertiaries distinct. Terminal
raceme often branched rarely elongating to 4”. Bracts ee hey Pod 1°25-2”
hairy, 6-10. seeded, lower pon A iedeied: dehiscent as in the la
31. sn rion: Roab.
Shrubs or undershrubs or herbs with perennial rootstocks, digitately
om ageing ‘9 nag 1- ar oli cate lentil ‘gland.do dotted beneath. F
rather small or m.s nute es or in racemes or panicles, some-
times with ‘ings conduplicate tract Calyx tooth narrow. Corolla
r oes red-veined. Stamens 9+1. Ovary sub-sessile 2-
ovuled. Po " veh very inflated, without septa, containing two
rounded Pkcoohidtate seeds, funicle attached to centre of seed.
IL “yeh simple or 1-foliolate
ane in small ey nes each hidden by a large conduplicate
sisten
Leave es broadly oF si fas a eeappar,
L. lanceolate. Potiole under ‘3’ thick. ae a
L. la ance ol ate. Petiole over ‘3’ slender . 3. strobilifera,
B. Fils. cymes on the pres of ‘panicles | ‘with i
maducons 2 small lanceolate b 4, panicucata,
II. Leaves 3-foliolate. Inflorescence ra‘
A. Erect or promente: strict shrubs with janceolate leaflets
and 6-20 2
Erect. Beaaein: i 12-20 sec, n. "nacemes oe omy pecretrietage &
Erect. Litt. with 6-10 sec. n, Racemes 1” . wit ae Be magnetite:
Prostrate. Sec, n, sometimes few. . 7. prostrata,
B. _— branched shrubs with elliptic leaflets and under 6
tnet x ands evanescent. Racem ad . « 8 semialata,
= A glands blac k persistent, meee ’ a sa pie hy ie rnertes
stemless, Leaflets large an shee re elli . ,
TH. oe Sfollolece, Inflorescence cap . + 11, involuerata,
LF, intr Hom. . Vin; &. 83 eiiieai Kharw.; Rani dant-
An erect shr say eal 10 ft. high with pubescent branches, some
nerved orbicular-ovate cordate cuspidate leaves and axillary racem a
erie 2- laemiate re folded bracts enclosing the small cymes 0
scoala oa be orthern area. Central and Southern areas, frequent in the
forests, often Sceoay < a sens * unde tee Myo =, — —— swan
a common! Rairakhol! Athmalik! aes
han j ! Angul! The bracts are well developed in October ap: it does not a gsed
Wer until Jan.-March, Fr, April-May when the bracts are brown
Deciduous April and renews leaves May and June.
267
31. FLEMINGIA. ] 53, PAPILIONACEZ.
Leaves 2-4” each way, distinctly dotted and thinly silky in age beneath,
Leicsemoe °75-1'25” thickened bo Bb nds, Bracts “75-1” by 1 fen 5" ober when
nfolded, cordate emarginate, -"5” opening singly in succession and then
becoming visible between the parted — of the bract, fow i in an fone
The wood is used for tooth-brush
2. F. bracteata, Wight. Syn. F. strobilifera, var. bracteata, F.B.I.
A t.
hrub 1-3 ft. high with shaggily pu nner sharply angled
branches, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate leaves 3-7” by
1-2'5” with sub-cordate base and ve ioles under ‘3”
and mostly terminal panicled rac 2-5” g of large folded
a emes lon
deeply cordate bracts ‘7—8” long which are softly hairy and (when
folded) are over V" broad, usually all oe 4 emarginate and some-
times the lowest obscurely cuspidate. Pods “3-4” thinly ti
non Ne mt sth: “y phesc Aire usually in dryer places ee strobilifera, Cha
Chota
1 Nagpur, all distri Angul! algae Kalahandi ! Probably i in wal
distri 1. Jan,-Apri i Fr Oct.-N.
tne Risto with bao few gla ne beneath, base 3-nerved. Petiole usually
only 3 25" Seneats pubesc ent, Stipules sub- -persistent Eficacia or subulate
with a fil —— tip * cemes hem gg with a zigzag rhachis, Fls. ‘25” pinkish.
Root metimes given for epilepsy
3. F. strobilifera, R. a
shy shrub 5-8 ft. high a? baked soaps — or la
angular branches, bie te or ovate- sub-acuminate lea
3-6” by 1-3” ee rounded base a slender “petiolen: sal nw onsteel
folded
xillary and terminal racemes 2-3°5 1 meses
cordate teats enclosing pe tew-omerel cymes ‘5” long mall
white or purple flow a Non
Frequent in ee ravines = n hg joni Porahat forests esp. at 2000 ft.!
Manbhum, Ball ! iy evn = ing 2500 ft.! Fl, Feb.-March. Fr. Mar. -April
) ac
*15-"2"" pubescent a nd hairy and Siandular, teeth ‘linear. lanceolate acuminate,
lowest rather inner th others Pods ‘3-'32’ pubescent.
Var. nudiflora, Hain A very remarkable . variety in whi Ss the bracts =
open, or bot: “ open and fo “Fe d, but caducous before the flowers expand, It is ap’
to be mistaken for F. panientata after the bracts fall.
Sait tba forest, Singbhu
4, F. paniculata, Wall. Rani dantkatta, Salpini, Ov.
arge shrub 4-12 ft. high with terete thinly eukil ent or hairy
branches, rather large ovate cordate and cuspidate membranous
‘omy es Fis. reddis
» or upper Phecongeer Stipules caducous. Fis. h
in short rather de terminal soomee hairy panicles,
ovate to lanooslaic es "25" strongly ne
Damp Forest Singbhum and Porahat, not ve Santal P. 1 Angels
f ivetl FL ” haere forests! Sambalpur, attains 12 ft. in the Tablai-Deog®
ores eb.-M
Leaves 4-6°5" long, rarely base nearly straight and toa oa glabrescent beneath
except for the hairy nerves, a inconspicuous, base 5-7-nerved, sec. n. 5~ ae
prominent and tertiaries often sub-parallel. Petiole thicken ve
‘75-1'5" very hairy, Fis, u sony sancttied om racemes 1- . long, W <i
subsolitary in the axils but u stered an cled, the panic boss
terminal attaining rarely 6”. Ca ipsstenth Tong linenr-souminate nearly as long 88
the corolla which is mob di pink, Pods ‘5’, hairy.
268
53. PAPILIONACE. {31. Fiemrinera,
5. F. stricta, Roxb. Also called Salpani in Orya.
tall strict scarcely sh wr patra 6-8 ft. high with large 3-
foliolate Aaa lfits. lanceolate or elliptic y 6-11” in
length with a 1-3-nerved base ae Pe P30 fine e strong parallel sec. n.
ve the. = Stipules 2-3” nae lanceolate caducous. Fls. pur
plish, veined, taal long in very dense erect axillary 1 2-nate
25-4” long co a in bud by the Me imbricating
per a be acts which fircens the buds and the very
bract hi
g
s5
s
ze
braced by the yet Cage atipales,
In the damper forests usually under dense shade, N, Champaran! Ranchi!
Singbhin Po Pit Angul, common! Narsingpur! Sambalpur (Katabaga
forest)! P robably ‘therefore i ig ut the whole province where the forest
conditions er exist. Fl. Jan.-Mar pri
ranches 3-qu nena Lflts. iaiey on sha as nerves beneath, lateral basal nerve
never much stronger than Jai secondary nerves. Petiole 3-quetrous, often marrowiy
win ase Alle long. Lower calyx tooth equalling or exceeding the corolla, P
6. : orga Roxb.
ect undershrub 2-4 or 6 ft. high with tomentose Bassa
angled Perks es, 3-f
Fis. in dense axillary an sa sub-terminal sometimes cluster red sub.
spicate racemes abou ong with rg -persistent dry villous bracts
and sls slender dcnmaly villous calyx lobes
Ramnagar Forests, N. Champaran! Fl. Aug. Fr, Sept.-Dec.
Scarcely more than an erect yo of F. prostrata, but if united with it then
Species nos, 8 and 9 should be united. Similar specimens were collected at Dein
Dun and North Oudh and includ F. congesta Cal, Herb. which it
= iat = not, Roxburgh’s type (not now existent) came from Hardwar, which is
0 De un,
Petioles 1-2” 4-ridged below, pgm i channelled above roughly 3-angled as in last.
Sec. n. 6 or more ei the , tertiaries strong raised, hairy (hairs not
appreesed asin F. « ta),
7B, prostrata, Roxb. Syn. F. congesta var. semialata, F.B.I. in part.
A diffuse a branched undershrub with a woody rootstock,
brown-tomentos. angular bra. er 3-foliolate leaves with an
is olate leafle
arr
» Im dense sub-spicate oxillary racemes about 1” long with sub-
persistent dry bracts and very slender densely villous calyx-lobes as
long as or exe oe ee os corolla and
Frequent in the f N. Champaran! Singbhum! Ranchi! Manbhum,
Sar in the eaher, aie lore of Gobindpur sub-division !
ug.— Fr. Oct.-Dec.
Branches 8 i ft. ies sely tomentose when igi i$
Teapescent, be meath and a so above, lateral ae ee genet 300. n. owe
aie t) 4-7 reaching the margin. Pe — 3-angled 1-2” hairy tomentose. sip
ceolate or subulate acu anminete
8. F, jfemialata, Roxb. Syn. F. sbingelte: var. semialata, F.B.I. Bir-
a are ith densel
An erect shrub 4-6 ft. or attaining 9 ft., bushy wi ensely
pubescent or eer villous glabrescent branches, 3-foliolate leaves
wl
269
31, Fueminata.] 53. PAPILIONACE.
rea oti 8 on the nerves beneath and ai glands disappearing
. 8-4’ long in copious axillary 2—-4-nate or branched
wihoes sobicen which elongate and become rohigite than the petioles
and are often sub-panicled at the top of the branches
4 very common {in moist forests throughout the province, attaining its best
2-3000 ft.
ns "Aug. teste Fr. Oct.—Feb. pecatiel: new shoots come out April or
y
Be tae 3 act 9” girth in Chota Nagpur with red blaze. Young shoots densely
‘iole 1°5-4'’, Eocacty sually 4-5°5’ but sometimes — 4 ioe by ph ! acute
or + Saher ane se n fact sb -cordate. Racemes 2-5”. Bra
densely ig aa or eviioas. teeth 2-3 times as long a Sa Seed ad ‘long as
corolla, Sta: d green with red stripes, wings pink, on reddish. Pod ‘4”
tomentose. Seeds 2 black shining, raphe basal not very la
9. F. congesta, Roxb. F. congesta, F.B.I., part only.
by simile | F. semi-alata but a rere and pre ts? plant, leaves
very similar but AS eh angled bhi sed nly with a narrow
pu econ’ glands small black numerous Maer, persistent and similar
glands o calyx and etd pod. Racemes always very short
1-2°5” ok ke tong as the petioles
Not common. Pel tiah, Hieronymus! Kalah
an skier ge on nly @ var riety ol the last and is so ike it in leaf Leach is may be m
ld app rvation of a
ve very ; different from F. angustifolia, i. e. mae i midrib there
= nbeut #8 len — obates sec. n. which reach the margin and the tertiaries ate
e an pro:
10. F. nana, Row
- oa arf terse 1 ft. high with a very short brown tomen
m springing a ally from a woody rootstock ; very large, oe
sieall, 3-foliolate Waves with tea ng winged petioles and conges ted
— etimes prpnielad racemes of small reddish flowers appearl ng before
In nee fcronie, In most if not all districts of the Central and Southern tracts!
Fis, March-April, Fr. April-May. ‘The leaves do not usually appear x until the
and they la ue + until the succeeding Febru minate
boy hs broadly-elliptic oe a oll bcp el often 5” broad, ni +95)"
lateral very oblique jole some s 10” lon Petiolules ein ntose .
Racemes 3-4” densely Sd nmeet rg neon. pect ie, Corolla °25”, lowest pal as ry
long. Pods °3-"5”. The inflorescence rw 4 -— orange stain on the b *
especially in fruit, from the numerous red gla’
‘ae — involucrata, Bth.
rict undershrub 4-5 ft. high with pubescent branches, very
rtly petioled a folidlate monte —_—- ort narrowly- eee oil
elliptis leaflets and purple flow ney 5” long in den .
eads surrounded by paket peered | chong acuminate b
Grassy places in the forest. N, Champara:’
Fi, Oct.-Dec. Fr, Dec.-Feb. Dies dow es ime root after fruiting.
A very distinct species with petioles one: +28” long, leaflets 1 vt 6"; I ag 80
beneath not 3-nerved, te 10-1
erints braces 4-3" te n. 10-12. Heads very villous, with perman
270
53. PAPILIONACES. (33. Ruyneowosta.
32. ERIOSEMA. DC.
Shrubs or herbs, sone erect with 7 3-foliolate leaves. Flowers
axillary 1-2 or racem Calyx-teeth 5 as long as tube. Corolla
exsert, standard Pcnicdad. _ than the — = “slightly beaked
keel. Stamens 2-ade Ovary se style glabrous
tam: pho uled, style :
Pod eee turgid 1-2- sebdbd Seeds oignes fanicle attached to the
extremity of the linear hilum
1. E. ic Vogel.
An erect very sparingly branched undershrub 1°5-3 ft. high covered
with long hairs. L. 1-foliolate linear, very slightly tapering, 1-3”
h i margi i ipules per-
, silky beneath, with mid-rib an argins pilose. Stipul r
nt filiform hairy ‘25’, Flowers 1-2 axill ry yellow -2” long in
nearly all the leaf axils. Pod ‘5” clothed wit long brown hairs,
rsi with recurved valves after ri
In Wo forests, frequent i Chota Nagpur, piebiaing to 3000 ft. !
Fl. Aug.-Sept. Fr. ct.— :
The rootstock is said to be eaderdtia: The plant reminds one much of a Crotalaria,
383. RHYNCHOSIA, Lou.
Twining or sub-erect herbs or shrubs _ Fi tet= gg 3-foliolate
aves. gland. dotted beuisatli, with or without stipelle. Sti — and
bracts d med.
caducous. Flowers small or m.s., ace and usually
Calyx rarely somewhat accrescent (in R. s, but rate nie
la apilionaceous corolla, as in Cylista), tube short, teeth
usually exceeding it, upper a“ more or less connate. Corolla in-
cluded or exserted. Stamens 9+1. Ovary subsessile, j-2-ovuled,
i pele incurved, stigma capitate. Pod round o ong, com-
or turgid, not or rarely septate. Funicle Saeeted in the
Sake of the seed which is reniform or sub-globose and with a small
Peltate, or large divided, erie hiole.
Calyx-teeth, at least the lower, rete yee or acuminate,
Suffruticose’ climber, lfits, rhomboid, 2-3” beet? ee aed. bracteata,
Erect undershrub 2-4 ft, high, heterophy! ies 2, cana,
Slender twiner, Ifits, under 1°7 s lax é ; . 3, minima,
Slender twiner, lfits, under 1”, —— fe m reantens + ple ne CNR
B. Calyx-lobes br oadly ON corollaincluded . . . . 5& wufescens,
1, _ bracteata, Bih.
A suffruticose ee Bae woody below, A pegs a pee wens
At
Tesemblance to tylosia down r grey-t entose
branches, rather large aon aly served ‘eailets, yellow otek 5-6
» Not paired, va very n sub-pani as od oe
Tacemes usually 1: she eae a "p “75- mpress
r than :
obovoid- or phlantesinbe: ating glandular-pubesce . “gp ny
crassa), d (neither septate nor peltately glandular as in Atylosi
Angul! FI, Feb, -March. Fr. March-April.
coved, Lflts. attain 3” by 3" 4 rhomboid est Hacer ae
pid less above, nervation strong. Stipules carapace Racemes aie mn
Asha in pubescence,* and divides ovate Tracts excee
in F,B.I, states that the pubescence is not Sansa
271
_33. RuyNncHosia. | 53. PAPILIONACEZ.
the buds which are pubes t (not varnished x in A. crassa), Calyx densely
glandular, campanulate fate ‘2’, lower sepal lon pucaniis amt 25”, upper two
connate into a 2-toothed lip. Standard ‘3’ diam, 2-auricled. Seeds ‘2’ sais =
2. re ihe DG,
erbaceous undershrub erect about 4 ft. high villous and
glandular shat, cape of two “arr ds, see wom Shae o oblong
1-2°5”, and small 1 olate-acuminate ll yellow
or veAdiah 3” (tip of stanlaed a ‘ip ea) on 124 ld, rt acl
“ei uncles, corolla twice as lon sere some-
hat flattened neither ane ate en as bie imes slightly
esbcnne Get wocit the maki tg minute aly pubernioad relates scent.
urgapur range, Angul, on sandstone, frequent! Gyra, Thoms, and Anders, !
Hl. der. i Semgges
ery vi e broad 1 aved f nd the small line arte. form
would be votnaey i different seine ‘but cobediiatly plants occur with both kinds
of leaflets, Ant é — sew nape glands above, but the — eo tend to
disappear in e plants. hes often whippy at the ounk, jole *3-1".
Lateral lentieia pol than pire aus which is often 3 times as long Paty pac
or less hairy beneath, with stalked glands in small for me Peduncles ‘1-"75".
Pedicels *1”, Cats 2-lipped, upper 2-lobed, lower with 3 subulate hairy teeth
about with ‘as long as tube. Standard longer than wings and keel pega: eo
with red. Seed resembling that of R. rufescens and
£3
3. a — ae
ili twining} it] ngled paler an
Herr tee ibs acpeark or ovate-rhomboid mos con. Te 2” long.
— Ai Fs. yellow 3” long, for. nome silky, er h ote
uminate, corolla about twice as long as the upper teeth. P
at tied, flattened, nut hannnerecarey ~— curved, A pate scent
(aisbrosentit, F.B.I.). Seeds brown mottled black, '12—"14” long.
Open jungles, wig Hills, eis Koderma, aeiahetss frequent! Fi,
Sept. Fr. Nov.
Var. laxiflora, Baker.
Our s Ere ens all belong to this variety which has ovate-lanceolate leaflets with
deltoid b and are 1-2” porn ly 275" long, the type being rounded at apex and
rarely attaining 1”. The not how glabrous (as described in F.B.I.) but
minutely hispidulous. Stipul es linear lanceolate persistent, Racemes very lax,
attaining 5°5”, Strophiole minute, pelta
4. Rhynchosia aurea, D.C, Var. ca ect is a small species only once corded
By see from B ~, es is a slender tit with small broadly rhomboid I leaflets
“7-1” each wi very easily retsoprituiy by its flowers being ag: 2
cmpitias racemes barf by its square or ee membranous villous pods *35-"
diam, closely striate with transverse raised lin
Ss. Bo cig it DC.
A scarcely woody rust ubescent often landular-hairy ¢ climber
with slender whip-like bra “4 A “ minate
leaflets 1-2°5’’ and v -flowered racemes of smallish
yellow at the corolla Cnaed. in the large —_ 5-fid calyx
S
272
53. PAPILIONACER. (36. AryLosza.
Forests. Singbhum! Kode erma, Hazaribagh, among et, frequent! Haripur
forest, Puri! Durgapur Range, Angul! FI1., Fr. Dec. ae
Stems sometimes woody below, gland-pulpenent above. aia ts sub-equal much
reduced in size on the upper branches, terminal usually Pombo bargianspen oh both
sides pubescent, base 3-nerved, sec. n. 2-3, loo oped and with r ret iculations,
glands very minute. Petiole 1-3”. Racemes 1° pe long, laxly 3-5. Ad: Standard
sub-orbicular °32” broad with 2 small inflexed auricles above the claw, wings
spurred oblanceolate. Ovary si ilky 1-ovuled, slender style swollen in middle,
34. CYLISTA, Ait
A twining shrub clo wesd fee to Ehynchosia bi
sometimes panicled race with lan gp te caduco
bracts, ering from ipod osia in “the xoessive “development
of the persistent calyx, the lobes of week t first sub-
petaloid in form and texture but become Pevialen s. Anterior
sepal boat-shaped, largest resembling the keel petals of a corolla,
enlargi or more in fruit, u ar > Soe in an
emarginate lip and the lateral shorte eae
ip a test very o Ovary
ovuled* and pod small oblong keeled somewhat ener glandular,
enclosed in the calyx. Seed not or very slightly strophiolate.
1. . seariosa, Ait
somewhat extehe sive but scarcely woody climbe r with densely
ms eti
numerous sometimes branched racemes, yellowish and red. Calyx
; enlargi wo rior ese
uly.
aaneul, in the os especially climbing over undergrowth near open ravines !
Athmaliie Fl. Nov., also Feb.-March (perhaps Nov.-Mareh?).
=, microscopically gland-dotted beneath, dull and rugose above; prim ary
ae 3, sec. n. about 4 on each side of mid-rib, tertiaries strong transverse an
reticulate, lateral leaflets ovate, much broader below mid-rib, , acumina) te, larger
oo. by 3”, Stipelle small setaceous or acicular, ‘2-"25’, Pod ‘4’ pubescent
dular
The “A Angul plant differs rather from type in the leaflets being glabrescent
between the nervules and in the more slender racemes which attain 6” in length.
Th baria L circinalis, h Baker, was found in the Jalpaiguri district, not in our area.
® genu d by mistake in the Key.
. ATYLOSIA, W. g§
vary with
ed ea brous or pubescent b it peated style, and — -
iS rc itate sti gma, P ea linear or oblong, somewhat flatten — hick
depressed lines between the seeds which have a
phiole.
A Erect shrub 3-6 ft. high. Pod Seg eons Be velvety . «+ « L. cajanifolia,
ae
toneead 8. Lfits. ovate 1-2”. Fls, °5~’6” Beg s platyearpa.
a baceous. Lyits. ell.-oblong ‘5-1'5". Fls.°8” . . . 4 searabaoides,
* Wrongly described as 1-ovuled in all works consulted.
18 273
36. ATyYLosia. | 53. PAPILIONACE.
1. A. cajanifolia, Haines "gee As. Soc. xv, 7). Ban Arhar, Or.
rect shrub 3- very like Cajanus indicus
ppearanc tems ately pubescent angled by three decurrent
aes of from the nod Lflts. Bs Ss rhomboidly pert very
3-nerved, lower 1°5-3”, most often only, ae Fls. d
5 he about -5” long, 1-4 usu stall: 2 on short axillary
peduncles longer than oad leaves. Pod 1-13 by 4 pare oe
i el
Forests of Southern range, ra Fl. Nov.-Dec. Fr. March-April. Sub-
i in the a
Petiole *5-1'5”, Lfits, pale, minutely pubescent, or sub-tomentose beneath, very
acute, exstipellate, margin puickened, sec. n. about 4, tertiaries reticulate,
Peduncles *8-1°8” long. Pedicels °3” ‘long. Calyx *15— 19", teeth triangular.
eo te 42-"45”, Standard purple brown veined at the back, corolla sometimes
cescent. Seeds 17” black shining with large strophiole.
2. 2. K. crassa, Prain. Bir rambara, K.; Bir malhan
suffrutic climbe downy or tawny- panne stems,
iy large strongly-nerve ed leaflets, yellow marcescent flowers “7”
long in pedicelled pairs on short axillary and ee racemes. Poa
1-1'8” by *4—6” with Seals oblique furrows. Seeds
Bettiah Forests, Champaran! Central tract, not geben in the damper
valleys ; Porahat ! Palanan! Manbhum! Ranchi ghats ! Rowe tract :
oo Angul (Labangi)! Puri (Kahuri)! Fl. Jan.-March, Fr. March-
ee nches grooved. Lfits. attain 4/’ by 3°75”, eae usually rhomboid, rugose
above, yellow- or brown- poveennh, sec. n. 2-3 mikes the 3-5-nerved base and with
strong cross nervules. Petiole 1-4’. Racemes be nz beter A ger sere with large
decidu uous concave Sticke paralled-nerved bracts *5-"75"” long. Calyx B"5 —_
3-aths as long as tube, upper two combined int © one obtuse or emai
Standard and we purinien. Ovar ubescent. Seeds
Strophiole lar;
3. A a Aaa h.
A slender annual a r with hairy stems, broadly ovate acute or
acuminate leaflets 1-1 5 pallet 2” — = -5—'6” long subsolitary on
axillary slender peduncles, pods oblo 1°5” by 5-6” comp
bets -seeded lineate not deeply apie ith deciduous spreading :
Pager to be rocks in the Horhap Forest, Ranchi! Behar, Kurz! Fi. Aug.
ct.-Nov.
Rhachis of end leaflet about *5”, Lflts. hairy with 3 slender basal n
Tecanales 1-2-fld. °5-1'3”. Calyx narrow ‘4-"5” with long setaceous teeth, very very
ary.
4, Ay itt, Or. Benth. Gaisani, K.; Bir horec’, 8.; Ban
n usually only
flowers “3” long, ‘the pasa Ae aan exceeding the densely grey-
silky calyx. Pods small oblong very hairy or silky “75- 1” long, -
about 5-seeded.
Very common
and Southern areas ! zz rdoianss orga noted it from the Northern area but }
occurs, Fl, Aug.-Dec. Fr. Oct.-April.
274
forest Jay soils, throughout the os :
open forest on clay sol g rae a
53. PAPILIONACES. (39. Dumasia,
i Stems pubescent. eames ith 3 primary nerves tomentose when young; the
glands in some specim siti ost evanescent: lateral somewhat og na a some-
what oblique. Petiols “ssually shorter than the terminal leaflet which has n
Tounded apex. Stipels 0. Peduncles -25--75” slender 1- few-flo ee. Seeds
under -2, grey-brown, oblong rounded
The seeds are eaten but c chiefly by ‘children. Campbell says that the plant is
Bien for diarrhoea in cattle.
be Sasi vce
An erect ee age med flow The genus differs
from Atylo osia in the BM ER dsc seeds. “The ovary #4 sub-sessile
and the Be ordedions between the seeds oblique
1, G, oem aon rr Arhar, K., H.; Pipeba Pea, Dal.
An erect shru 8 ft. high with slender grey-silky grooved
branches, airy hican lanceolate leaflets 1'5-2°5" long snpoto
* and yellow flowers °75” long in orice racem ear
icles,
23" long, silky, often with dark purple i Seeds 3-4 BR ks
€ own,
Cultivated me ht pepo the Mabe bo often on a large scale, FI. Fr, ¢
bat puePending o Perennial but usually grown sa o eeiciha.
Probably a ative of Afri
he dal is aenly esteemed ‘and said to bd easily — but it is regarded as
e tender leaves are chewed in cases of
aphthe and spongy gums (Nadkarni), Lac soho mes tc ‘anh grown upon it.
st omg ve Fo hte are _ opposite Bee ee oe -dotted beneath and
t to I
38. SHUTERIA, W. & A.
Climbers with gieener: ae, ge lavas and conspicuous per-
sistent oni and brac s. Fls. small or ms., r - Calyx
tube oes » teeth meee Standard not spurred, exceeding the
Spurre ings and united keel petals. Stamens 9+1. Ova ub-
po ty stipitate, m mapa ce style incurved filiform, beardless.
oe od flat linear usually recurved.
slender twiner with pubescent nga very slender petioles
"membranous nearly gies ovate or rhomboid leaflets pein
long with lw
oats ee a AM are eA)
. Pom bhum, in a re valleys, rare! Ranchi and Palamau, in valleys at
3000 ft.1 FI. Dec. -Feb. Fr. Feb,-April. ' buscar
= 73 Satie BY timch fone Gents i atin pie al “setaccous Racemes
te rhachis very slender, stipelle
een 7) sessile with 5 alee cae marge marge fag pele ', bracteoles
te as long as calyx, ‘12-2’ long, Sta
= 39. DUMASIA, DC. a
oe 1 f Shuteria but bracts and stipules
re crit sshengy res oO pets 4 Sad aaa oblique cul
: truneate mouth, base gibbous. Potals sub-equal, standard spurred.
275
39. Dumasia. | 53. PAPILIONACE.
Wings and keel adherent with small limb and long claws. Ovary
linear sub- 9 8 few-ovuled, style flattened upwards. Pod linear
faleate, torulos
1:2 coi DC.
oe twiner baie thinly hairy stems. Lfits. membranous
m 5-3
spurred above the long weseats claw pias! sericeous, ovules
Pod 1-1: ae slg biti or sub-glabrou
Chota N Ray ae Neterhat, elev. poe ft.! Parasnath! Fl, Oct.
h and ort appressed hai ens
. leioca arpa), 1°5-2°5", soar larger than lateral, lateral with rounded or
aie “2 &
Bracts and bracteoles minute. Calyx *3-"35” long. Pod type velve vety, in var,
leiocarpa nearly glabrous. The type has not been found in ‘ur ur area,
40. GLYCINE,
Twining or sub-erect herbs with 3-7-fo oat stipellate leaves and
blue or red flowers in axillary racemes. Corolla little-exserted, pet
sub-equal, standard not distinctly spurre Sta amens monadelphous.
Ovary many-ovuled, style short beardless. " Pod ieee or oblong, flat
or rather turgid, few-seeded.
1. &. Pet gee Maxim. Syn. Glycine Soja, F.B.I.; Dolichos Soja,
m kurthi, H.; Gari kalai, Beng. ; Hende disum horee’,
re “The ‘Soy Bean.
Suberect or trailing about 1-2 ft. high es like a pA
with ve Be Bs stems, petioles and infloresce fits. ovate
oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate about 3” long, hoe or less haity bot
sides, petiole very long, often 5-6”. Fis. -2” pale blue (or reddish,
F.B.I.), i eeding 1°
abou . ;
narrowed at the bas aes. = 7 long, straight or slightly curved, hairy.
Seeds 2 8) deep omit or black compressed ellipsoid ‘35-38 long
with hilum ‘1” long.
Occasionally cultivated, Purneah and §.P,! Manbhum. Fr. Oct., May.
|
4. eet Sw. =
1
very slender racemes, ¢ uate Tittle serted, rea subequal, 7
beak Coca tek — seeds several, o
1. 3. — Spre .
ery s lender econ with glabrescent hese very {
*itiable in — es only °6-1°3”, at other 1-3” Lng. velit
or ovate or inal somewhat obovate, ~rs appressed we
beneath, sec. n. ee petiole shorter than or equalling the ae
276
53. PAPILIONACER. [44. CANAVALIA,
r
solitary flowers in the axils of. se | ae bracts. Fls. about -2”
with §
: wny hair
corolla pink purple or white. Ovary hispid. Pod narrow linear
straight or slightly curved 1:5-2°2” ew Pthinly a gpepa’ egg
Seeds red when fresh, hak when dry, oblong, 12” long, abou
Widely distributed, Bihar, J.D.H.! Shahabad plains, J.D.H.! cra, io
Palamau! Manbhum! Mon nghyr, Madden. Fl. July-Sept., Fr. Oct,-Dec
42, GRONA, Lowr.
Twining herbs with stipellate, sometimes very narrow, 1-foliolate
leaves and deciduous bracts and stipules. Fls. racemed, nodes of
Taceme slightly swollen. Calyx campanulate with narrow teeth, two
upper shorter but not connate. aioe, exserted, Loony sony long,
standard and wings spurred. Stamens 9+1, anthers uniform. Style
beardless. Pod linear ponaeend or aye Bs septate
1. &. “ae Benth.
Rclh lender twiner with linear or lanceolate-oblong leaves attaining
75" in length. Flowers Hepes re stant to 3 rarely some era
mostly geminato in short r Pod compressed 2-2'3” long
densely hairy ; seeds with a sci rpeeer tres ouieubar:
Ranchi, Birn, im Cardew! Manbhum, Campbell! Bonai, frequent! FI. Aug.
Leaflet his marginal nerve ge Paki deciduous hispid hairs
beneath finally glabrescent and 3 oad: sec. n, umerous and nervules
Teticulate; petiole °5-"7” long, hairy, Res pe cient, Fis. *4” long, racemes
‘scoop Sd one to three together, 1-3” long, Lower calyx teeth much exceeding the
43. GALACTIA, P. Br.
Slender twiners with . Peps late stipellate 1 Flowers racemed
ot the nodes of the raceme som é timid. sar x teeth ntl
“ie Poa ests withint Sion
1, bag tenuiflora, W. a A.
A slender climber with small elliptic bryce *4-1°5” long, ae,
silky and Riny reticulate beneath. Fils. ° a few-fid. elongate on
Sas ~ slender racemes. Pods curved 1: 2-1 ” flat sericeous, see
about 8
Behar, Kuret The onl
wee Specimen belo me A 07 to rately villosa of Baker (F.B.I.) = panne aepee ie
: Which is epee ary by the leafiets being densely owe ee
pl de attaining 3°5” accordin ng to the Madras Flora), mucronate, sec
44, CANAYALIA, DC.
—, Large teres twiners or prostrate herbs ihagh sti
: alioh Olate leaves and rather - ge. Severe in racemes
: » flys | 2-ipped, upper li r with 2 rounded lobes,
: d. Standard ie ey ne than the aay and
2 incurved obtuse keel. Stamens monadelphous, or ons r free at
277
He
44. CANAVALIA. | 538. PAPILIONACE.
base. Ovary many-ovuled, style beardless. Pod large linear or
Pe egee somewhat compressed with the upper suture a
2-ribbed. Seeds a sub- aomaptosiia with linear hilum, e
a thin papery e endocarp.
On germination a ees oblong fleshy cotyledons are somewhat epigeal, the
first leaves are sim opposite, deeply cordate and palminerved, with erect oblong
interpetiolar a
I. Lfits. ovate or al, very few obovate, glabrous or nearly s
Lflts. ov joked acute or ysl ein with obtusely cuneate ‘thes.
eeds 1’’, pink or red, compre:
ts. pol or scion ovate, often obtuse, base rounded. Seeds
7", scarcely —_ sed, bro . virosa,
ai. Lfits store r-0 Borate: Founded or retuse, often with white
3. lineata.
1, ensiformis.
1. C. ensiformis, DC. Syn. Dolichos ensiformis, L.; Canavalia
— ata, DU.; Tihon, K., 8S.; Makhan Sim, Beng. ; “The Sword
A climbing perennial with green glabrous stems, terminal leaflet
4-6” long apse s ovate usually shortly acuminate and with obtusely
nk. Ca
bai sericg not ro . Fis. large ens or pin lyx glabrous
6” long, s fend ard broadly oblong 1:3” fad ” br a
tg a yas -clawed, slightly Benet? Ee a bees ia slender silky below,
swollen ae the style. Ovul or Pod usually 8-10"
long by 1:3” ae: Seeds bright Lees: 8-9" long, rather
simonply ie
Apparently je love river valleys in the Angul rs and cultivated in all
ee ists! Fl. A Seed ripens March-April. h of the
own as Bat Raney. as the natives say that the pe arin e
raps ha see a are more’ or _ poisonous! This is interesting in view of the a :
cpules gre reputed poisonous. The seed i inates in June. Zhe io eee
2. C, virosa, W. f A. Syn. C. ensiformis var. virosa, F.B.1.; Do ee
virosus, Rozb. ; ; Kath: sim, Kala-sim, Beng. ; Mohrhorha, Bahara, Or
A climbing perennial with usually Lege and tougher stems tha
Terminal leaflet 1:54” long rarely 5°5”, broadly elliptic-
i i d
_
i=}
o
ct
ely ac sub-a unded ;
soattored ihepid nie ne sai. petioles oa. Flowe H
purple 1:2” long usually reflexed in shorter but clos ser-flowe ee |
raceme than the last, calyx puberulous 55”, gece set sometimes 1 2" :
road not as long, with tw bo 1 Wings 1
adnate to keel at base, wavy. ary silky tapering into the style.
Ovules about 10. Pod staal: 7 by 15” se often much :
(4-5”) nearly — — — ahi ve 4-8 ellipsoid oF or
somewhat ovoid “6-7” long a uch mpressed t
eusiformis, said with light se danke trove: mee as “5” long:
278
53. PAPILIONACEA. (45. Burga.
Tn hedges and scrub forest, copeany, near the sides of ravines, common in the
Southern Area but a elsewhere. Purneah! Puri! anew! Fl, Aug.-Dec. Fr.
ry ay March and newly ge vite aT seedlings may be found in April. These are
vee!
afl :
on the other aa have not been usually ni oticed, In the forest the very frequen
ch sand vena
i poisonous, but ‘he young pods are sometimes eaten.
3. C, «mira DC. Syn. C. obtusifolia, F.B-I.
A prostrate plant with lon ng stems several feet ee te not
Te) which at least when quite young are clothed with white
ars. Lflts. silky when very young, glabrescent, se tren
obovate or 2 a pa rounded or retuse, ya inal 2-4” long and
nr - pink much as in virosa but in er fld. racemes which
exceed the ong Pod straight 3-4” long by ve broad, 4-6-seeded.
Sandy sea-shores from Balasore southwards! Oct.-Nov. Apparently dying
own after fruiting i in Mare h. New shoots in May
y t very
the plant roots at the nodes and tends to bind the sand.
45. BUTEA, Rozb.
Trees, sub-erect shrubs or large woody climbers with pinnately
$foliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers large or rather small fascicled
anicles. campan
u e emes or Caly ulate,
teeth hort or lanceolate. Petals sub-equal or unequal, kee ed
and acute or straight and obtu Stamens 9+1 vary 2-0 ;
style beardless. Pod mu ch compressed ysis, ge the base sometimes
ecm and the apex dehiscing round the terminal seed,
Sometimes seed more central and pod su Thcudelaenele
- Flowers very large, red. Keel incurved, acute
Tree, Sawer: ig Put ipe a ca eee 1. py hiniom +9
B. Large climber, Lower -teeth lanceolate. - + 2 superba,
Flowers not very late, poets little-curved, sub-obtuse. z
c — erect shrub + 3, minor,
“gg ae ht, obtuse.
gil sy ec cream- coloured. Keel straigl on.
1. B, tage Roab. Mor ud, K uewe’ 8: Dhak, H.; Paras,
da » Beng.; Pora asu, tps
A small or m.s. tree with usu: eee crooked trunk and black oo geen
branchlets eee rarely 1-foliolate. Lfits. coriaceous 4-8” long
and broad, with a — ae ot when seen ten 6
dis nce, grey to anen pubescent beneath, shining above,
termin bovate roun seals r emarginate lateral ouigas and
emergent smaller. Flowers scarlet and o 1 ong,
Fl ran ai
bi profusion on the us calig leafless branches. Calyx sisal
a eres coriaceous, upper lip sub-emarginate, lower pt ;
hree deltoid teeth. P od ae ¢'B" long, velvety brown. Seed o
Compressed brown, 1°5” 1
a Ale Common in the Ce areas exc. Pu
= ivated and waste lande cop in Palamau end Haz8 bere gg in the Northe m
it a it becomes scarce in Partch except tovenrds the Morin but ek found Pak
iy in some grass lands of Northern Champaran. had Apri
© upper part of the tree being leafless at i the time. Fr. May-July
279
On blazing | the trees a red juice oe whi - hardens — a red astringent gum
need ating v It is sa
of indigo by 30-40 per cent. The trees are “nied in May: Sw = ee
realises Rs. 6/- to Rs. 15/- per maund. atk manure,
45. Bursa.) 53. PAPILIONACE. ;
:
i
|
!
The root bark gives a fibre and the flowers a yellow dye. Itis a of the principal
ae for lac cultivation. It grows easily from seed and succeeds best on cotton
2. B. superba, Roxb. Morud, K.; Nari-murup, 8.; Dorang, Kharw.; |
Noi Palas, Palsa-Noi, Or. ; Budel, budhla, Go nd.
A very large wins & climber aaa eo ae pees attaining
12-18” and sometim ung p sub-rugose and
above, green and thi sess ps a a de ieee hairy especially on the
nerves beneath, arene usua rn sub-rhomboi ith obtuse apex.
Flowers 1°75-2°5” lon ous orange scar oer borne
gor n great
rofusion along the le afles cee anches on racemes often 12 long.
— broadly campanulate, lower teeth lanceolate. Pees a -—
f tk —— hhern
FL March-April, Fr, June-July. ie eafless Fe vie
It climbs from left to ight with a — ¢ attaining 2-3 ft. ue Bark rich
brown, tardily flaking and hence Sapo ally et woe red juice as nB. fro
contained in r ithout con
centric rings, with numerous med, ‘ray 8, noattered lanes 4 bores often a divided and
other smaller ones, “the spaces between the sed pn ee ath are minutely
1 with depressed nervules and the Pricrae pe oa: and glabrous. ba
appearance is therefore diff t to the leaflets of Butea ie 2 which are som
times confused with this, The fruit is very similar but can be distinguished by the
character of the persistent cal 7X.
Roxburgh remarks that ‘the colours of the flowers are so vivid that my best
painter has not been cri with his utmost skill, to imitate their brightness, When
in flower, I do not think the vegetable world offers a more g' how.”
2S its Ham. (Wall. Cat. 5439) inc. B. as H.f. (Kew, Bull.
WwW. ce
with rounded not rhomboid base and acu te saul or ema:
wider upwards 2-8” by 1:25-1-4” 4” tomentosely aay with t
thin portion very short or ct! abse
Sameshwar Hills, N, Champaran 2000 ft., on uses of ravines! Fl. Sept.—Oct.
Fr. Nov.-Jan. The whole plant dies back to the rootstock after fruiting.
ne wh vb = limber.
le
panicle angular, Pedicels "57", Calyx “gH with v hort teet Style e hairy.
tastern Himalayan specimens ais in some re ve sh especially es the mom
sericeous less hirsute tomentum, rather lar; Ail flowers and longer r base to te ae
Our plant more resembles B. pellita but is close to Hamilton's type and gnc
hear the same region, so that it is the ante a form, et the Western, which Ker.
requires renaming if the two ey distinct. The description i i ar in
Bull., 1908, appears to have been drawn up from the Haste , nob,
Hamilton’ s Nepal plant.
280
53, PAPILIONACES. (46. Pupraria.
A, re Beno, Roxb. Syn. Seathatebes Pootinasigl gers Benth. ;
andu, Bandan, K.; Cihut » 8.3 Bibs Maula,
a ae Th. ; Murdha, Or, (Whe en in wae pa it is than
called by names applicable to Butea superba.
gigantic climber with the trunk atta aining 3 ft. girth or Leafiets 5-10”
long, scarcely coriaceous, shortly densely silky or var prot ar Baker)
glabrescent beneath, oe elliptic, sub-rhomboid or somewhat obovate ae
cuspidate, sec. n, 8-10 s ng and tertiaries scalariform, Fls. cream-colou
white “35” long. Pod 34 long, ferruginous-tomento: ose, sometimes fieaet ed
below the seed, base narrowed suddenly to a stipes °5” long. g.
Throughout the whole area but only common in the moister forests! Fl. Aug.-
Dec. Fr, Feb.-Mar ch. Evergreen,
Bark smooth grey, wood with d deep red concentric bast bands. e length and
character of the leaf thachis between the lateral and terminal venflete is arraggeenail
variable, sometimes only ‘3” long and stout, at _—< times slender and 1°5 ong.
Panicles tomentose, pedicels under ‘1’, Calyx n se! Wine mpa eo mae te (b: .
character the inflorescence can be . Gistingiiaaey fro m B. superba = ee dale
The seeds give an oil used for poses and anointing. The bark pices k She.
The red gum “= gree that of ie Aloe 25 and lac is si A So bag collected both
46. PUERARIA, we:
Large woody climbers = twining esta with stipellate 3-foliolate
leaves, leaflets sometimes lobed. Flowers large or small fascicled on
the tumid nodes of ocr often panicled racemes. ‘I'wo upper calyx
di
th connate. Corolla far exserted, standard spurred or not at base,
clawed, about equalling the wings and keel. Stamens monadelphous
or distinctly diadelphous, anthers aniforth. Ovary not o reely
_ stipitate, many-ovuled, style filiform ineurved be » 8 stigma
_ ‘“apitellate. Pod line ear, more or less compressed, sometimes con-
: ooonade between seeds. :
: - . 1. tuberosa,
Blender A penta vith E one eae eee 3 ; . 2. phaseoloides,
_ LP. tuberosa, DC. Jan Tshira or Chirra, 8; Pathal Kohnra,
| Kharw.; P; athal, Badra, Gond.; Ban Kumra, H.; Shi mig
Beng. {ieste Beng. BABE Page aahiki pate: Kataka, Buinka Karkaru
Or. ; a tunga, i
A very tags woody PF ae er : hee when leafless and then very
han andsome. f, ts. las, e 6-12” roundi sh ¢ or, more usually, the terminal
; more a u :
the nodes of racemes 6-18” long. Calyx - 3” purple or green, silky.
Y Standard hicular ar, ape ele d, often white, °5” ae slightly spurre
0b, sides often ee and apex — Stamens iinaily
& tarp hous us 9+ Pod 2-3” long, hai ; A oe on
& nd aie of rocky stre:
ae Mecita 1 Aa Sonshm Macuhann Geant Ranchi! Palamau! Puri! Angul!
“ jeombesn aban di, Cooper! Fl, Feb. a, es Fr. May-June. The leaves
ne December to Febr ruary and are renewed l roots
tubers usually several, attached to the ey of. tie stem by stout lateral roo
d again ending i in = tae pom ; s remind one of the Yams and are probably
281
46. PUERARIA. | 53. PAPILIONACE.
morphologically roots, the shape is usually globose-oblong. Stems attain 2 ft.
girth. ee ee —, peeling off in strips, sometimes twisted. Wood rather
soft without bast ri ith many very large pores with distinct walls, sometimes
i . Near the pith ar meti
ed,
‘ jui k has no red juice.
faleately oblong with spur above base, obtuse; keel nate free, long-clawed,
spurred. Ovary silky, about at style puberalons. Vexillary stamen rarely
slightly connate. Young pod densely brown bearded the sutures and densely
bil PES Pioug on the faces.
The metimes attain an enormous size. ays aged rr one from the
Go bindpn Hs eo division nearly 2 ft. long and 2°5 ft. in por her They are
peuvintinias cut up, boiled and eaten in Palamanu, but thet pth as food seems to be
far from general. In most may they are used perenne poy & Campbell tate fis
Manbhum for) renal i hg and to kill fish. e districts eaten in pene
Senditions oe er iateiots no hier aie ears 5 De i ade of th
22 P. Eeaaeagty Benth. Syn. ee phaseoloides, R
Rather a strong twiner but not a oody. Stems with reflexed
raga leaflets 3-4" closely appressed-hairy beneath, less
ae =e blue (yellow according to an In dian collected i
mes 3-6” a or about as ht as ane leaves fp: his
strai
m aes + ene: Fr, Oct.-De ial.
Terminal leaflet broadly Meembesd sometimes as broad as ior rarely 5’, obtuse
or acute, sometimes shallowly lobed, sec, n. 6, of which 1 basal. Pe tiole densely
hairy, 1-1°5". se rage basifixed triangular, *15” long. Retpeliae: subulate. Racemes
sometimes 2-nate. Pedicels very short, recurved in fruit, hat the pods are
strongly reflexed.* Seeds ae oblong, subterete, yous, ot shining, with
very hard teeta and short hilu
The pods and seeds are more > shen of a Phaseolus than a Pueraria,
47. MUCUNA, Adan
Twining shrubs herbs with pinna atel ely BS foliolate nia
stipellate leaves. Vinwers usually large and usually purple (in
ea), mostly f es ch
area ly fascicled on heid f emes whi 2
illary o ral on the old branches or stems. Calyx widely ware
panulate, anterior lobe longest, uppe nnate. Corolla mu
exserted, $ very unequal, the standard being uch |
tha 3 which again are shorter than or equal to the ae
ndard auricled at th dimorpho e longer Wl
basifixe thers, the shorter with ovate aap bearded eit
vary and style densel mere vules 2-m od usually a
with fine irritating pungent bristles. Seid s transversely oblon
short hilum or hen apg with linear hilum
I, Flowers 1” re long.
A. Pod Ghisag 9 with plaited faces ta.
Lfits. pen agro Pod oblong, winged down the sutures. 1. pesos
Lflts. ovate, Pod elliptic or Trios, 2-2°5" . 2
B. Pod tin nay. faces not plaite
seaves silk — ath. Fis. purple.
Pod grey witt valde brist . , . 3, prurt
. var. srt
Pod black with oe nach Re tomentum
- Leaves S Senpeghar
So : Pod as in oa ve variety epee tran. var. capita.
8 ser vee e od velvety, ‘Jabrescent .
II. Flowers about 7 e les: 4 r >
be
* In our specimens, but sometimes the e pods are erect. In the closely’: ern ep 3
Phaseolus the position of the pods has sometimes been used to differentiat
282
53. PAPILIONACE. [47. Mucuna..
iM. SS” DC. Mar se atkir, itikar or etka, K.
A large climber with slender sparsely hairy or oe ss setose-
branches, lanceolate or ov sa lanceolate or elliptic usually acuminate.
s 4-6” i
i g
about 5” by 2”, easily recognised by the two wings on each suture
and the obliqily pinited faces. Seeds 2-4, large, flat, with a cir-
cumfere
In the Bees pa bs aon os — Ravines in ee and Santal
! Parasnath (Hazaribagh) ! gul! Fl. Aug.-Oct. Fr. Dec.-Feb.,
but pods remain long on the plant and ae @ found on Parasnath in May,
Peti tiole and leaf- a oe slende r, together — 3-5” long. Petiolules stouter,
25". Stipelle minute, setaceous Pol neles usually 6-12" lo Flowers about
oy al long. Bristles on the plaits fecruanaes and style persistent as a hard
z8
2. M. monosperma, DC. Sarni, Bai-donka, Or.
A large climber with sometimes worted glabrescent branches, ovate.
adly ova
te or (t minal) sometimes elliptic leaflets, very dark
d nerves and se erruginous hairs tly about 4
long and shortly suddenly cuspidate. pe purple in short-
peduncled short racemes about 3-4” long only. Pods sub-globose
— young, afterwards ovoid or dicate or rhomboid, 2°5” long, .
eeded.,
aga orests. Mals of Orissa! FI. Nov.-Dec. Fr. Feb,-April.
Petiole and leaf- cnchie, together 4-6” long. Btipell minute, setaceous,
Feduncles usually a ’ only and racemes few-flow Flowers about 2
long. Pod very Bristiy 4 sit y ouile with slender hardened r atyle-baee. The young
cr "agg poneeee © on the sutures, but some specimens at Kew show the wings in
3. M. prurita, Hook. Syn. M. pruriens, F.B.I. (not of DC., teste
Gar mble) ; Kiv vach, 2 what English name Cowage ; Alkusi
Athi Etka, K., S.; Bai Khujani, Or. ee -
A slender climb appressed hairy beneath, lateral exceed-
ing the terminal oa So pid vate 3-6” lo i with 6-7 rather strong
lateral nerves, terminal rh boid Flowers sigs 1 25-1 5” lo Sa
rather den oping short-peduncled r sdeeske lo ve 0
poe id linear with the ends curved in opposite direc ; he
: tig — with brown or grey egoarge ¢ irritating ristles
Seeds about 6 i a papery tacasae black shining.
resey om els, very common along riverain forests, throughout the whole areca.
“Nov. Fr. Jan.—April ia
Stems su ulcate and densely clothed with rigid hairs or with few appressed hairs.
-_ Byatrmeti | Beles,
/ Sasice medicinal ina s are ascribed to the plant, some spewed nme ade
re tei States that,the root is given for caliper - eee r gt _ rsa antl
‘ the po ole root te Sppied for drop y Sree aire of the pepoth th non
mnintic and were at one tim luded in the Brit os ooh armacopaia. ~ ess
seeds ote in ae ded ra the. Hindu Materia Medica, An ~ Soca geen ing Hauer
— 8 prepared so ~ _— in Palamau. The young po
- oe removal of t
g are soaeibly ‘nly ¢ cultivated varieties of M. prurita;.
they a «eh ‘aie wild in our
283
47, Mucuna.] 53. PAPILIONACEZ.
a, M. utilis, Wall. repgzenne Beng.; Kursar, Mal Pah. -
It scarcely differs from M. prurita except i in the black velvety pod. “In badly
-fid. : :
~ Cultivated in Chota Nagpur,” Prain.
B. M. nivea, DC. Khamach, Beng.
It differs in the leaflets being glabrescent beneath and in the white flowers.
Cultivated in Chota Nagpur, Wood.
y. M. capitata, W. sf A, Kursar, Mal Pah. 5 i — Si
Branches glabresce Lflits. usually smaller *5-4" jot ong, thinly
appressed hater ear sub- equal, petiole often shorter tea ra leaflet. Racemes
short peduncled few- flowered. Pod purple 5-6”, bristles at first de nse sub-
rime few and deep brown or blackish, when dry eve e with faint oblique
groove
Pulamaa| Rajmahal Hills !
As the ce may sometimes be described as black and velvety, this may be the
as wi
4, M, minima, Haines Sah * Soc., xv, 7). :
ery slender climber sulcate.thinly hairy stems, leaves with |
term
“75-8” long in a few Pali axillary ‘cluster. Podn
|
orest near Larasara, Sambalpur ! a
F l. February. :
Leaflets sericeous beneath and less so above, apex rounded, sec. n, 3-4, Petiole
1-15”, Stipelle filiform. Pedicels aes Pili "B54" densely cariodouds lowest
tooth lanceolate about as long as = Keel ‘75”. Standard ‘5’, near a
glabrous, bre slightly ee than © eal, ‘narrow. Up pper part of filament 0
an ith d long.
pper arly free or connate with the others half-way up.
Eishnd stpitate many-ovule ed. Pod linear turgid, septate usually -
torulose
I, Tree
A. “eatys nr — spathaceous and splitting.
Calyx split to base, tip 5-toothed Coie
Cas rend half-way down, apex enti ‘ <n . 2, stricta.
B. ee —_ pathaceous but two lipped. ;
adly ovate or rhomboid ee suberoety
Lfits. elliptic. mvuoh longer than broad 5 eee ropa
Il, Undershrub. Calyx 2-li ined 5, ee
1. E. indica, Lamk. Marar, 8.; Pharar, Kharw.; ee ol
hse .; Hadbad, Ghatw. ; Pharad, Pangra, E.;
A prickly tree with the prickles small and black. Snowe’ sat it
-densely tomentose but leaves quickly glabrescent, leaflets
284
53. PAPILIONACE. [48. EryrHrina.
broadly deltoid or base of terminal sometimes lepeh or sub-
thomboid. Racemes — sloasaes usually 6” excluding the peduncle
which is -~ ut 4” lon Flowers brilliant scarlet. Calyx split
spathaceo i
beaked, somewhat curv oe 5 wed in seedless base and a stout
stipes 5-1” long, torulose, rs ‘TBseded, Bi stellate-pubescent.
Often planted. Rare in Purneah, Ham nchi! Palamau! Khandpara and
Banki! Common in Khurda, where it is perhaps wild! Fl. March-April. Fr,
eee suly. Deciduous up rae ‘the bag ok of flowering.
kK smooth and greenish after t a pace finally hail ce npregaig iPr cte a
in the next. ge! et as swollen reflexed finally
one from the base. Stan gee four times as long as vthe yiticd Frating
— stout about ‘6 ~"7" dark purple
he wood is vg pare oat Ga — says it is fairly durable seen light and
soft “Wt. abou paras ne e bark is used asa collyri ophthalmia,
The tree is very 0 cial oa Pt easily from —_ rend iss seed in som
parts of India for duprodink the Black Pepper (Rowb,).
2. E. eee Roxb.
A large or mod.-sized tree with the nya branchlets very closely
beset with sharp yellow prickles -15-2” long. Lflts. hairy beneath
cent, A ’ long hg id,
0 Ra ong on peduncles
the same length. Pawan crimson, 18- 2 Io oh Bed split, sas
Ceous, pubescent “4”, not toothed at the tip. Pod not at all torulose.
(in our spec imens), sighely curved, 4-6°5” long by “7” wid ges a
slender “ov Se 5-13” 1 and persistent iiiafbnised i tale often
beaked with the sieadar pe Seeds *4-"5”, oblong.
Orissa. han cabishe Barra Sometimes planted! Fl. Jan-Feb, Deciduous
Up to the time Of f agi
uch la arger tree ‘thas the last. Bark pale smooth greenish after the papery
Am
exfoliation: as in the las Standard about ‘4 wide but if unfolded *75” wide and
lanceolate,
3. apytaey is bg: E. sublobata, eng et a Buru Marar,
; Phar ; Paldua, Chaldua , Fond. -
A son all ver ee Poe with thiek eke ae Be and leaves co cover
with mal ery prick 4 entum beneath (exc. var. glabrescens). Fils.
persistent turbinate 2-lipped.
Scarlet in sub-capi wt
e
acemes. © aie
Pod scarcely torulos r
e- d
e racem Ey
ee ulose F.B.I ), much asin E. stricta, ery.
; long in eluding. ‘the slender stipes, about “4
wide in the middle. See is 2-3 only.
orl gna) throughout the province! Fl. March-May. Fr. April-June.
€ss up to Jun
Pate attains 5 ft. girth. Bark deeply cag een = oe textes
00 brea ally ac w-coloured, “rhombo A =a sy cone cp en n. 5-6, one from
» ho ors
* Petiole 6-7" tomentose" Racemes 15-3" long (excluding the peduncle).
rd 3-4-times as lon broad nat twice the I
Mong “yeaa oe lene ts lobed or lobulate, very tomentose beneath.
yr azaribagh ! rasnath ! tinguish
ogg Nae. glabrescens “ts #8 pment glabrescent beneath. It may teat ous and oe
‘elias stricta by the areoles (between the reticulations) less conspicu
ampara
The The toe yields ween dage fibre of a pale straw colour. The wood, ash, and
are used for i ean ee the bark is also used in medicine.
285 -
48, ERYTHRINA. | 53. PAPILIONACE.
-4, E. ovalifolia, rans Hari-kekra, Beng
mod.-sized much br cree tn with scattered pale-coloured
prickles which eh extend e to the leaves and leaflets.
-claw. Pod about 6”, torulose a east 0 n one side, 6-8
Puri! Perhaps only planted. Fl. Feb. also May. I have seen new
the others but it probably sec Te its leaves also at the end of the hot Pris oe
the others.
Bar brown thick and fluted or somewhat cracked. _ Prickles sometimes
aoe black — very s. 4-6’ long,
unded at tip, very pole beneath and minutely reticulate, glabrescent, sec, n. 6-8
“Of which one from bas
5. E. resupinata, Roxb.
n undershrub with shoots a few inches high, dying down annually,
leaflets about 2°5” long an broad, roundish or terminal rhom oid,
r
lateral smaller, sometimes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, tomen-
ose or pubescent os ‘glabrescent 2 Petioles and nerves usually
poodle t pri lg Rac about 4-6”, short-peduncled, often
ng before the Fls. bright scarlet. Calyx 2 2-lipped.
wes pacply iat ive.
‘Standard Velliptie far far exceeding the small obovate nearly colourless
win
Higher plateau of Chota Nagpur. Neterhat, 3000 ft. ! bis sean Fl. Marcb-
Apri 1 will very likely occur in Champa:
49, PHASEOLUS, L
Prostrate, sub-erect or twining herbs with 3-foliolate stipellate
leaves and siren aiden stipules pre ae genni fe st Fis.
the len xilla
fascicled on wollen nodes of axillary racemes. Calyx cate
panulate with up th scainieba or not. Keel of corolla
spirally beaked. Sta: Ovary sessile, many-ovuled, style
twisted with the , conspicuously bearde the inner face (0,
keel
owing to torsion, on the side) below the very oblique stigma. :
linear, rarely oblong, sub-terete or compressed, wi ith usually thin :
pe pick to pe — 2 Seanentog at their base. Fils. rarely yellow.
. oe — nia oe sei te 2-4-seeded,
oblong. 8. whitish or yellowish green . .
B. hi linear. Fils, medium-si: tts xi ‘
racteoles large, exceeding the calyx. F's, lilac to white . 2. culgarite
Dedotoalbs shorter than the calyx. Fs, scarlet, rarely a
: 3. multiflora.
1, lunatus.
_ pin ‘ . . ‘ a ‘ . ° . °
ag Wtipates xi peotanad below the base (peltate), Fis. yellow.
er Tow
A. Pods a or "puberulous, terete or sub-compressed,
Pode aula: seeds rounded at ends. ee
ions ong. Lfits. short: lobed 4. trilobus, an Sy
Sti se gia lanceolate. Lfits. deeply lobed : 5, aconitifol ue
2. Pods sub-compressed, Seeds truncate at the ends.”
Lfits, usually repand, ncaroely "obet., i calearatus
286
53. PAPILIONACE 2, {49, Puaskotus,
B, god hirsute, sub- -compressed.
. Wild. Stems twin ning ac d pods distinctly septate 7. sublobatus,
Cultivated. Stems sub-erect or shortly twining. "Pods
sometimes not septat Septa sometimes evanescent.
a, Pods erect or sub-e ok iseage),
Sub-scandent, seeds blac : ; ; 8. mungo,
Diffuse. Seeds black with rey spots : ¢ : . (9) Roxburghii,
&. Pods Spreading: or r cnet (radiate),
Seeds pods nt 0. radiatus
Seeds atin sone secant (11 pease
Seeds black, pods patent tia,
-—The above be is mainly after Prain in Bengal Plants, but ne setone two
cies, viz. mungo and radiatus, and treats the others (shown brackets) as
varieties of these oo, I look upon all of the species 8-12 as variatioa mem from
sublobatus, The position of the pod is not a satisfactory character. Gamble (Madras
Flora) adds “ seeds black” in the beggar of es mungo and ** seeds ecg in that
of P. radiatus, This would — P. grandis to varity of i ngo, whereas Prain
considers it a pee. of radiat tr
Baker in F,B.I. reduces P, taitidtns to a variety of P. mungo.
1. P.lunatus, L. Ran om ‘eat fete ugar or Lima Bea:
wining with pubescent but often clare sie Lfits. 2-4”
long, nearly Babson: Sern al Co g-rhomboid. vegies usually
short, 1-3-5”, hairy. Fls. oF ee Gk ata to a node. Po
2-25" long by ‘6— a" broad, what curved, gad beaked,
eee, seeds 2-4 large, peasy earn ps purple.
onally oy tbeec ic chiefly in Orissa. Fl, Aug.
It is ‘maid to ei injarigus to cattle, owing to prussic acid, which, however, is
dissipated in ¢
2. i. vulgaris, L. say — Beis Bean.
Glabrous or nearly so ing or and suberect (var. nanus).
Lfits. ¢ thinly hai int terminal rhomboid seri rounded aide a ee
tapering tp, 2 “long. Rac rh 7”, axillary ver Fis.
Pale- “asp Ps nder-poaicelldy in mee s on the not much thickened
nodes alr es sed by the very ponent ei large nerved brac-
teoles embracing the flower aiid exceeding the calyx, itingdale
pote Phone: Pods about 3-5” by ‘4”, beaked.
ted in European garden’
f Rosburgh dia (hie bracts (oraeteoles) Let ee than the calyx, evidently
Ollowing Willdenough, wh e this mi
3. P. multiflorus, Willd. ‘The Scarlet Runner.
tem twining. Flowers geminate, scarlet, in many-flowered
acemes as long as the ston = two a ares tp and
Shorter than the calyx, Pods long pendulo
Casional in Boece gardens, a att 23 of abn
H.
tems eal 1-2 ft. long, glabrous or hairy. Lifits. very greed
horte i :
oes
iJ
2.
&s
a
ag
ad
+
ne
i)
=}
ct
S
@®
A
£86 t
oe
©
Dg
=]
is]
<]
wh
|
2
25
2
a
wu
oS.
eS
=
is
ee
a
287
49. Puasnovs.] 53, PAPILIONACEZ.
ere ovate. Pods sano pose about 2” long, only about
—12” broad, glabrous, sometim rved, Seeds 6-12, grey, small
one with rounded coat a a
Apparently wild. Behar, Hope! amen Puri, Hooper! Fls. chiefly r.s.
The seeds are gathered and eaten by the poor. C ttl t plant
5. P. aconitifolius, Jacg. Moth, H.; Bir-moch, S.; Mung, K
ms numerous, trailing for several feet, often very hairy. Lfits.
always deeply lobed and the lobes often again lobed, lobes linear or
at hai Peti
lan te, somewhat hai Petioles longer than the
leaflets. Stipules sharply lanceolate, 2” rarely 3”, ipelle
ear Racemes usually te, flowers ‘2’ or less, but
linear or su lly capit
standard call broad. Bracteoles linear-setaceous, far a
minute ca én Pods 1-2” age 15-17” broad. Seeds often 7-8
aan ft Itivated mpbell says that it is wild in dry Be
n Manbhum, ad ‘the Santal name icecream this, Santal Parganas, Wood! Culti-
Saad in Bevel, Singbhum, etc.! Fl. Grave a -Oct. Fr. Oct. -Nov
The grain is eaten and the plant used for fo
6. P. eee Roxb. hy H.; Bir Mung, 8.
ender twiner. Stems with spreading hai Leaves long-
petioed Lfits cool terminal rhomboid- ovate -repan ndly 2-lobed or
ach § ide, ely some lanceolate and entire, both sides hairy.
Seip piu peltately oblong, “45”, hairy hee ciliate, 12-nerved
above. Rac 25” elongating to 1 with peduncle 1-3”. Pod
sever ‘with rae baits hirtellous or puberulous.
Wild in Sal forests in Singbhum! Abundant in a wild state in high jungle
lands. Manbhum, Campbell ! sab pit Clarke! Palamau forests! Koderma
gi oe od |
FI, Aug.-Sept. ept.
—_ re — hairy both sides, broad-ovate or rhomboid or upper r quite
al avy or lobulate, larger 4” by 3” rarely up to oI Peduncles
a4 “Wis. Saltow, 32 broad. Bracteoles setaceous. Pod 1°75”, 9-12-seeded, seeds
brown, not shining, small 08” or less, truncate both ends. 3
appressed hairs on me ods very c consta a in Charheter r. But it is do ar tally
Roxburgh’s plant which has quite glabrous pods. Roxburgh states that the earina
has a ee psoe long horn on the right side (when looking a a back of the
ae
7. P. sublobatus, Roxb. Ghora Mung, B 24
A twiner with branches and petioles socal hairy, - foliolate leaves
with leaflets sparsely setosely hairy on nerves beneath and rather
) wit
rather rigid ascending hairs, about 12-seeded. Seeds terete “4-12”
dank grey with longitudinal wavy lineoles. Stipules large oblong
etn in the forests. Palamau ascending Sods an ft.! Ranchi! Parasnath,
4000 ft. Clarke! Fi. sm. Fr, Oct.-Noy. 9-'3""
Var. @ typica. Very slender. Lfits, 2-3". ‘Petiole 1°25-1°76". Stipules * —
sparsely ciliate. Stipelle ‘2’ setaceous exceeding the petiolule. Pe duncles ‘4-7
288
53. PAPILIONACEZ. [50. Viena.
trigosely hairy. Racemes ‘2” few-fid. Bracts oblong-lanceolate. Pods 1-3’
‘ thi uy pigeon Neterhat 2500-3000 ft.! Parasnath !
usta. Stouter and more densely “hairy Lfits. 3-4”. Petiole 1°5-2”,
Bioulce toe strongly 8-nerved and_ strongly ciliate. Racemes up to ‘8’,
Peduncles shally Pods 15-2" by ‘18’. Palamau and Ranchi forests!
This Jast comes very close to er ra ated P. radiatus, L,, esp, var. grandis, which,
however, cas got perfectly smo eeds.
8. P. mungo, L. Urid, mashkalai, tikari-kalai, Vern.; Ramya, Kol.
A cultiva —. diffuse or shortly scandent herb with often twisted
ms with spreading or reflexed hairs sometimes glabrescent. Lfits.
ha
tarely more, e ~_ or ascending, hairy. Seeds 4-6 black or black
mottled grey, smooth.
Chota Nagpur, sigetans roasts ated! Santal Parg., Kurz! Probably throughout
the province, A cold weather
Sper this and P. radia tus, 7 are pr er ef "Pcrtagh apes Sen * the indigenous
sublobatus. The floy yellov n P, radia
in) no
only. I am inclined to thin 4 the colour rather src T have seen
brown seeds in forms with erect pods. Indeed all the characters
riable.
Roxburgh describes it as diffuse and hairy, Lflts, elliptic. ee
orn of the keel very ae Pods straight hairy terete nearly erect 2” long, very
hairy. Se eds small, 4-6, black with grey spo
me +
all the LAGI Catt!
of this variety and it is considered very nourishin
410::P, ogee L, Syn. P, Mungo var. sions F.B.I.; Mung, H.,
oo
A cultivated plant rarely more than a foot ss Stems with
dheeiing hairs or hairs somewhat reflexed. Lfits. sparsely ice
hairy, v variable in size according to malbivadivn: usually 1 aie
Stipules 3”, 5-7-nerved usually ciliate. Racemes un ler “5 usually
3” but occasionally sub-panicled. Pods 1'5-2°5” by ‘2—"22” spreading
°r reilexed, hairy when young with hairs ‘eidiinad forwards but
usually glabrescent. Seeds smooth
Cult, apparently th hout ti
Var.atypica (Pm ungo, Roxb om Pods spreading, seeds green,” Prain Balasore !
Wan | 3 crop.
(11.) Var. 8 aurea (P. an eus, Roxb,). ‘* Pods reflexed, seeds yellow,” Prain.
: — Vary gran rea Maz, Roak.): Krishna Mung, Beng. ; Mash Kalai; Urid, 7/.
= 0) a
gu tis last is very close to P. eublobatus var. robusta (q v.), but the wild plant is a
— ber end puedes sot Marc th, One specimen has op saa sag ator
Baker is
Pp P.mvngo (0 probably more iogieal in reducing P. radiat
50. VIGNA, Savi.
_Agenus only separable from Phaseolus Bid the keel petals, which
_ e not spirally twisted, though often incurved.
_Even this chara cter often fails in V. vevillata, tual I only retain in Vigna
instead of Phas eolus for uniformity with other floras.
19 289
50. Viena. | 583. PAPILIONACE.
stigma is sometimes large and capitate, situated on the inner
face and with the minute horn-like appendage often more dorsal
than
nin ‘hcaccsues
eak, é ods hairy, at least when haters
sbi 1°25” pry * Pod with short brown hairs . 1. vewillata.
Standard 8” diam. Pod pater oo and bein. . . 2. pilosa,
II. Keel scarcely beaked, Pod gis =
Cultivated, twining or sub-e a ‘ rs : 2 é . 3. catjang.
1. V. vexillata, Benth. Syn. Phaseolus vexillatus, L.; ie i., a
Bir Ghangra, 8. ae
a0 i 0
e ribs beneath, base rounded. Fis s. large pale-purple in few-fid.
heads o =a ‘ong Pe eduncles, Miceeoae compressed with keel some-
times spirally cu pea. Pods narrowly linear straight, 3-4” long by
d, w eeded.
2” broa ith coh short brows hairs, 15-20-s
A oe in the forests of Chota Nagpur, edges of fir da etc. Singbhum,
yas fly on the Porahat ghats! Hazaribagh! Ranchi! Manbhum, Camp, ! Fl
: “petiole 2 2-3” long. Peduncles 6-9” long, the raceme very short and often only
2-3-flow' hi with Mgt Be oy pedicels, Pod glabr ceceitt,
z s 8 well as the beans are eaten by the Kols and Santals,
2. VY. pilosa, Baker. Syn. Dolichos pilosus, R
A twiner with hairy — Terminal eat unceat acuminate
ved; lateral
about 7” b shor
rather shorter sab tales ok < S oe bane ” peduncles not
t t
da ae
near ly straight, about °3” wide, beaked, densely apres and h
ut 10-12-seeded. Seeds oblong, shining black 2” long.
unk. , Songra forest, near streams! Fl, Oct.-Nov. Fr. March,
Hairs appresse or in young parts spreading a d of hee lengths. ig 00
narrowly lanceolate besifized 18’. Petioles of Fone leaves 3-3°5” long mir”
pret below, pubescent, 2-margined — e. — — ied eb ath, tower bth
17" slightly gibbous poser with small appressed eo sic alee penfoe Heine
lanceolate 8 long as tube, upper = extremely iiah d. Wings with
slender claw and basal spur as well as a short hooked ser} mpi the rounded ape*
keel with an incurved not at all mnirat phen ik, Pedicels
3. VY. catjang, Endl. Syn. Pebichos Catiang and D.
rsh Beng.; Ba W. 5 :
mbara, M. ; Gatectaate ees Bodi, moh re
sits uh ee tia iling branches or tw
hist or glabrous. wg op peers ~ rhombi
broad, nearl ro
290
53. PAPILIONACEA. [52. DoxicHos.
diam. sub- orbicular with 2 ridges and 2 small callosities above the
claw. Keel carinate. Pod long linear sometimes 1-2 ft. and °3”
broad with 15-23 « seeds. Seeds usually white °3” subterete.
Cultivated in all the pest ies with other crops or trained on trees and
trellises or asa iar soe
Fl. chiefly Sept.-Noy. hes . or lat
_ Petiole 3-5” long gro woven, ar olan: dahatals above, rhachis of terminal leaflet
often over 1”, similar. Stipules “5-9” long, oblong nckinainds attached near y
base but with a broad lanceolate often serced niet rarely (in the twiner) o
Sti
3” and spurred. Stipelle stan ovate or tum bcos ong. Peduncles nies
shorter than or much longer than the petiole, Mion Ss very short *5-1” a
Calyx °3” long with campanulate tube ab nai
out as re as the Gere as
lanceolate teeth, sometimes tuberculate or transversely rugose. a
Var. typica. Pods erste rac 5’, 6-12-seeded, expanded or sub-truncate at the
tip, seedless both ends, Raml a, Bodi, ~ sth
Var, sinensis, Willd. (sp. y "pode very long, 1-2 ft., erica eet,
torulose, usually twining. als) amba, Ho,, Daonbodi, H.
ae whole pod
is eaten co
achyrhizus angulatus noes (Syn. Dolichos bulbosus, Z.; Sankalu, Beng. ),3 vi
a on climber which is fairly ¥ ridely cultivated in the moister regions ‘but has
far not been seen gis me in our a ugh it is very probably cultivated in frereshag
The genus differs from Pulravis os the ae betig: Ratte ned upwards and being
hea irded within below the stigma, and from Phaseolus in the keel not being at all
spiral, The plant has large tuberous igo aba? are eaten, sharply angled or
3 ; long ra s of handsom te)
18 compressed about 5-10” ong, acto denteated gree the 8-12 round
flattened seeds. Roxbur gh says it is Ber isu throughout the Malay Islands for
its roots, which resemble a turnip in
52. DOLICHOS, L.
Twining, more rare ely sub-erect, herbs with plies . ae
leaves and small na or rsistent bracts, bracteoles and stipul
small or m.s., axilla racemed, much as in Vigna, but the taleered
keel kt at all winted aide stigma terminal without a dorsal process
In many species, too, the style is hairy all round the stigma instead
i eard n i Po
of being bear the inner face. d flat, linear or oblong or
sub-oblong and wider in ats or upwards, curved, usually tipped
with the style. Seeds n somewhat fla ttened, sometimes with a.
thickened and sid. povebeteuls funicle.
pare thickened upwards, bearded ontheinnerface . . . . 1, lablab.
yie slender, hairy all haga ge stigma. :
ous. Flowers ender bra cteate —— 5 - 2. faleatus,
Root annual. Flowers 1- 3 doe hopes . . 8, biflorus,
1D. lablab, L. Inc. D. ot ane peng not of Linnezus ; Sim, Sirmi,
<i Malhan, Malal, 8S.; Shim
A rather powerful clianber: or in some i‘ fo rms dwarf and sub-erect
ee Sarmentose branches. Lflts. pubescent both sides, but especi
the ee es beneath, terminal 2-4”, rarely 6”, long and broad,
ly ovate or deltoid, shortly acuminate, base strongly thd 5-
d. Flowers red, purple or whit a
3-6” long or te A amy attaining 9” excluding the peduncle.
Nodes tumid 1-4 flowers °75” long. Calyx as"
Subequally too oothed, stan _ e ——— eel rost St.
delphous, Style bearded down t rv face. Pod white to gasct
‘nd usually shining, me deter: or wider above the middle,
291
52. Doxicuos. | 58. PAPILIONACES.
2-3” long, ei ag with the sharply bent vine Seeds with their axis
at right angles to sutures about °5” long, rarely (in variety) W
long axis parallel to suture, and eao n pod loses its normal shap e and
is longer. — sutures have a iam crisped or cconalata
appearan
Gals nt in ar ede ga and one of th r the houses of
the nat Th arf variety is less Malivased spt in the. Contra Provinces.
Fl. O¢ sre
Stems putescent o - puberulous. Petioles 2-6”, Stipules lanceolate 15-2” long
‘Stipelle variable eee usually as ane. as the petiolule. Pedicels under
cian tes caamuedl-ta calyx, oblong, ciliate, °06!’.
Yom = Roxb, SPs has qooger di near-oblon ng pods less curved (see abo
The Tt is the form usually grown as a dwarf and kept
the anny which a
In the usual eck saace form the bean is usually eaten before t
2. D. faleatus, Klein. D. faleatus, Willd. (FI
A slender climber with rather small 3- foliolate leaves and simple
and 3-lobed leaflets times 5 a Raa tar in the centre. F
yellow i blue-purple, Roxb.), ° a slender usually —
lax few-fid. raceme or solitary 07 = a ‘ences oaouee pedunele.
2-8” by
+} Aa wine
£ 2
5-8 somewhat kidney- ia
Hill forests of wag ag Fr. Noy.-Dec
Root a fusiform t Branches with fine spreading bairs. Lfits, 1-1 lls
few up to 2°3” with go cunt ae aeareeee’ hairs both sides. Peti, slender 1-2",
Stipules or cpa te 'l” reflexed. Calyx ‘17’. Funicle he! 4 broad.
Roxburgh’s drawing marked Dolichos tr aitsbus 289 (Cal, Herb,) is this.
ee te Em L. Hore, M.; Hoe, Ho.; Horec’, S.; Kurti, Kulti, H.
Kulthia, Or.; The Has: -gram. :
A sub-erect vill us herb with sub-seandent branches or, in
wild form, twining and less hairy. Lfits. ‘75-1'75” long la nowoate
ovate-lane. or ;onete- oblong hairy both sides and o reflexed.—
t h n
F's. very yellow with a arimneon spot on the sta ndaed 4
a pyre asi 45!" inoe, Pod curved, Anclep slightly so in the
wild for ieee’ or broadly-linear, + 1-7” long, thinly appressed
bess or fe sttelabresiect. Seeds 4-6, reniform, grey.
One of the commonest field- ae in Chota Nagpur and frequently cultivated also
in all other poop a = ov. Fr. Oct.-De
hi a o be ndi emoes s plant in Indie. but not perhaps in our #
hen! aly riety te very long and setaceous, about three-fourths as long #8
“Eaatiy L pha aud caten largely by the ci age but is inferior, and in ave ma
se ‘The on — tiene for cattle foor The straw is also used as
rsi
53. CLITORIA, L.
Twining herbs (in our area) with —— 3-7-foliolate leav
i ge sh axillar, mn
and persistent striate stipules 1 s large wy, @
paired on the his of axillary r ‘ us differs
the allied genera in the standard far exceeding st wings a
Stamens diadelphous. Ovary stipitate. Style rved, flat
— along the inside below the sagittnnhs on “oblique
od linear, flattened or turgid.
292
53. PAPILIONACER. (54. Danperara.
ae ., L. Aparjita, Beng. The Mussel-shell Creeper.
beautiful slender twiner with pinnately- spacing sa tai:
haves, ,elipti leaflets 1-2” long and azure blue
. pod
under the wings. Pod flat linear about 3°5” long.
wre common in gardens and as an escape. FI. chiefly in the r.s, Fr. Nov.-
54. DALBERGIA, L/.
Trees or shrubs, sometimes scandent. Leaves be at with etn
hate exstipellate leaflets, Fls. rather rapes in grr ss term
pan Corolla usually only shortly e sete, ihn as
as the broa - ao ep be beige wearin with the etal jpined at the
Bk amens elphou croags baie ade rarely
Ova tipi rate; teva¥ uled. * st oo se ar
Pod ‘thi in fat, astally oblong and veined usenie the seeds, inde-
hiseent. Seeds 1-4
‘The pods usually remain long on the tree. The seeds germinate within it after
_ the ee rp has become so ecttdaee by the first monsoon rains that the radicle can
Root tasters are very common in the
I. St. monadelphous in a sheath split pirat rarely the tenth
“ "Treo, I casually free
. es,
— cuspidate. Cor atl vane! ish Eg oe a iasoos &
fits, 5 re »btuse o or emarginate. ow whitest Dca- 3b) 2 egeeiela:
B, Shrubs, rear os climbing. hite. :
Is. an Z - ; i . 3. candenatensis,
Tits 7 “is rt es aay. Pile: ‘3 SiG te ae eee . 4. rubiginosa
Lilts, 0 a “eRe tamarindifolia,
TL St, dindelphous 5 + 5, sheath split above and below.
A. Climbin g shrub, ey 11-13. Fils, purplish 25” ‘ . 6 volubilis,
B. Erect a. Ss
oe BAO" be 3” ser taste oblong f an
oe "75-2°5! iui os « : anceolaria,
Ee en or rat aig thorny. Lfits. 7-9. Tis at saree ee Q. rine
. D. sissoo, Roxb. Shisham, H.; Sis
A large handsome tree, Ifits. 3-5 cell 5, br gee ell., ovate or
ovate or orbicular, cuspidate or acumi inate, 1-3’ lo Fls. small
‘ellowish, sub-sessile, secund on the branches - iy SES densely
ubescent axillary panicles 2-3” long. Stam Ovary long-
ith very short style. Pod. moaiavel with
eded.
t with
e 1-3”, 1-3- rarely 4-se
thern
us along rivers in Northern en and the Mechiriver in Nor
h, but the rest of the northern a s just outside its m senha eet
It is however comm only planted "Shrowghot the province, especia tes ness
* districts! Fl. with the new leaves March-April. Pods ripen in t “ld
usually rermain on the tree until it pine flowers, and the seeds germ
cod Partially deciduous Dec.-March.
— 12 ft. girt i le 1
aac eee Corolla twice the calyx or less, s
dsomest furniture woods. The
he value of Pas 700-900, It forms
rk exfoliating in narro
brown thick bark e g stom ee’
293
54. DALBERGIA. | 53. PAPILIONACEZ.
— — of wooden wt one of t Bary t for all implements reqaiie strength
asticity. ‘“‘Its weight varie ig 2-52 lbs.’’ (Gamble). t grows very
eure when young. Planted tr ees in the compound of the pi of the Bettiah
ao st showed a girth of 8 ft, in 20 years (if the age furnished by the manager
and the average of s tee Soak 1d Sissoo was 6” girth per annum.*
For
only takes place as a rule in new ae silt, It is an excellent _ 1 and makes a
i — poy charcoal but its light cover renders it a poor avenue t It requires a —
ght
2. D. oe Roxb. Setisar, Th.; Kiri, K.; — Mahle, 8.;
ari-Sissu, Sitsal, H ; Blackw ood, Rome
Us nae a small tree except i in the south i“ our aaeee ae; es odd-
pinnate with 5-7 very asa igre zed leaflet hacia
lfits. sub-orbicular with ro hd = — genes fe ake 1 —4 long,
petiolule 25-4” lone, pale ste s. pure white in v ne erous
lax panicles 2-4” long axillary yen pak the id scars. Pods 15-35”
by ‘75” stipitate, 1- 3- rar ely 4-se sie fas
Northern area, in the Sameshw ar Hills
ally on Saneag “= c os area. Often a nme tree in the
Southern area, a Ba id the tree isin fullleaf. Fr. yar mh,
Attains 7°5 ft, on. Zocobo Block, Angul! Over 3 f she Rajmehal
Hills! ~s light-coloured, blaze ape then pale yellow, Padicels and calyx
12-"17""" wnigine Be wice as long. The pods sometimes constricted at the sutures
between the
This = as valuable a wood as the true Sissu, indeed it appears to me to be a more
handsome furniture “re est a sin as gre . By nand for gu un-carriages and abe
articles ¢ requiring great stre but in our area it is too scarce to supply a large
demand and it should be “artificially propagated in Angul, Gamble gives the value of;
P as between 822 and 1052! and the 50-70 Ibs
he reproduction under shade in + Bae ote nda forest of Ae nage ig -
excellent. The growth of trees rained sags me es: seed in Chaibi
jen an of = ft in height and 18” girth in 16 years, but the locality ‘is s entirely
unfavou
oe
3. oe eR Prain. Syn. D. monosperma, Dalz. ; D. torta, —
mbi ing shrub frequently with ag! amperes branchlets 5
spirally coiled round supports. Leaves small, leaflets usua pag
obovate rounded at tip or em rgina 81.8” long with sec, n.
only very fine scarcely ae ap tgs ae from the reticulate carvan
8. white *2--25” ] ort simple or b |
long axillary and on lateral abbreviated branchlets. St. 9-10 m
delphous. Ovary linear stipitate 1. ovuled. Pod flat, rather thick,
sub-lunate, ‘9 rf ‘4’, rarely 2-seeded rane larger.
Tidal forests of the gop og delta ! fcemad :
gat rhachis hee 0 with sparse re edpteesed hairs beneath Bag ules
i, of Prosar rusty tan Calyx green with short roun ect
obkase teeth, Petals with claws longer than the calyx. Standard ovate slightly
4. D. rubiginosa, Rozb. Kanchanai, Or. is
A dwarf bushy or scanden b with rusty pedi —— shoots, —
t shru :
small odd-pinnate leaves ig “ae = or oblong, goon obovate ae
leaflets 5-2'5”, and white o oka ured flow fs in short .
* Vide Report on the Forests wl Aipbeetei a3 1904, by H. Sig Haines.
294
53. PAPILIONACE. (54. DALBERGIA.
‘
axillary simple or panicled racemes ‘5-1°5'’ lon St. a-
te ae sheath split above. Ovary linear P ongestipitate 2-3.
vuled. Pod 1:3” very thin, but opaque and ve
Frequent in Angul! and Puri districts! often in sey’ ‘aiibe when it becomes
bushy, Fl. April-June. i April-June.
L. apashio with short petiole 1-2°5’ pahencantii hae subsessile ineroeuee in
size from the base of th . rhac his upwards, ¢ s polished a finely
sericeous partly or hole beeper pores finely closely nerved, i. sient
Tarely sub- see Rhachis e densely sty’ hirsute with 2 rows of minute
sub-secund bracts. Fs. apenitiaadl sinadiiee ars ually ace but not fascicled.
Calyx “12 2" campanulate rusty-pubescent, feos oblong-rounded, two upper
broader and shorter than the 3 lower, Standard retuse long-clawed and with two
fleshy callosities, Wings oblong auricled. Keel petals connate abo pi all long-
clawed. Filaments free above. Sheath open at base then connate anteriorly.
5. D. oe Rowb.
A large shrub scrambling or climbing by means of < maar
peduncles, singularly resembling a » climbing Tamarind, nchlets
Pha cent. L. 4-7” haat
ei 3-8” Jon
glabrescent above. F's. 25” in den gues own- n pubescent agg
panicled racemes “5-2” long ipa tient thie leaf s and on the
new shoots. Pod linear vabdiens thin glabrous long- Mipitate 15- 3
long.
Ravines in the northern gay Hills, 8,P.! Mayurbhanj, near ~sra above
ago F]. Feb.-March. Fr. ril-May. Partially deciduous in Fel
ts, sub-sessile with oblique aan somewhat zippo on the Sane edge, yobs.
rounded or retuse. Calyx *12”, lobes obtuse, ova Pet. long-clawed.
2-3. Pod 1-3-se
de
My Sbeciménn were not in flower.
6. D. on. Ro . Nari it K., S.; Kalibeti, Nubari, Or.
A sarmentos d scandent shrub with long green branches, 7-18-
foliolate 1 aa pes pale purple or pale bine flowers in ample term minal
panicles. Stamens in two bundles of 5 ea Pods oblong, 2-3°5
long by “6-75” broad, tae ‘opposite the sta
AR Champaran, common! Throughout the pc acai! and Southern areas, along
vines and nalas! Fl, Feb.-March, Fr. May
ins 2 ft, girth in the Santal Parganas: ree fluted. Wood with ath
large pores but without concentric bast rings. Leaves 3- 10’ hag, SD / . —
oblong or obovate ranging tn nboall by 1'5” but usually only *75"-1'75" on a 7
a obtuse or e i
Inflorescence ‘a antose with lateral branches 3-5
appressed pu pasoeh nt o sty t
long, Fis, *25-"3/ pollod ied dense. ” Caren t ure campanulate, ., i ‘ogden
sub-orbieuir, lower narrower acute, Seeds 1-2 light brown, ‘32’ ellipsot ghtly
D. on — Sojania- apa Barahbakla, Or. ;
Dhobin, Gond., athpardia, Gon
ly strai 7 ak tree. Leaves Wik 7-15 alternate leaflets,
rely or
0
nin inutely setiiulate with somewhat raised nerv y
glabrous, above with sparse short app rresiiod hairs. Fis. -28-"3
295
54, DALBERGIA.] 53. PAPILIONACE.
pinkish or bluish- = in den very numerous mostly lateral
panicles 2 . lon andard ep with claw about pee "third its
length not of differ Fee eats ne not thickened above it, two small
etim i pr base of blade. Pads 2-3”
“5-62” ae Sah s, at into a slender pedicel -2—5” long.
Seeds 1-3, brown eases ellipsoid but sub- charrg m at base.
In the Sonthern Tract only. Puri! Angul, common in cotton po Loe
ang Athmallik ! ‘igh common and one 7 gues size in most of the
Orissa States, Cooper! Fl. July with the lea Fr. Noy,-Jan
Bark nearly ipa Blaze as in next, fr ee ‘whi th | it ‘a sometimes difficult. to
peaeateb: leaf, wee tall Sree habit is not invariable. The alternating
if xy. na and phloem serve to distinguish the stem and larger branches
Reig ae Lflts. with emarginate apex and u sually rounded base, sega bt
the next. Calyx densely hairy, | ower upper
The pod usually has a sharp terminal wedge with straight idee pepo
cone. al wedge in those of D, lanceolaria has often rounded sides and a inne
The wood falls to pieces when sawn owing to the rings of phloem,
8. D. lanceolaria, L./. oiad, Kiachalom, K.; Chapot-siris, 5.
Hardi, ft a ; Lipsi os Manbhum, teste dean Chakundi ia,
Sujanipati, 0
A mod.-sized tree with leaves reaching a foot in Page with 9-12
(or fewer on the smaller leaves) oblong, sane r obovate-oblong
ene reqs) 2:6" 15” but often mu h smalley on the lower
lea ranch, with about e very fine sec. n. and with thin
catered shake. hairs beneath, or ahok pes te fi young.
‘3-5’ pink or purple or nearly white sop tinged blue from &
in dense or lax numero 0 eh
all Pr 4” by -
ends, nites nua aes between the 1-3 beets with a stipes ~
Throughou ny whole area, except perhaps in ae north-east! Now ril-
common, aaally | in valleys or shady sides of hills and aon acer } Feo
May when the tree is _— bare of leaves or with rt young leaves. Fr. Sept k ne
Bark white or grey nearly smooth, peeling off in oblone oF irre, regula ar esto
rea ale yellowish-w yhite very soon darkening. Innovations Rgeceh si att
Stipules linear-oblong Neat sro Lfits. with sometimes emarginate apex
rounded, obtuse or sub-a
Var. « lanceolar ie proper. Panicles and racemes lax. Fils. nearly
ae Bg pe with eaelats oe half to three-fourths the tube. i
Va Fs. secund i nse racemes in panicles as dense a5
in waist species. “Fis. 3 3” way. Calyx sely hairy with anterior
lobe as long as the tube. Santal Parg bean
young forest of suckers Sotinas up loth eer tree after the roots have
injured by trampling.
9. D. spinosa, Roxb.
A large woody e¢ tenber or sub-erect, fre yaa with long sharp:
thorns bearing leaves and flowers, lea og af 5-9 ment 9, Evondly
_ or obovate 47" lon ng glabrous. Fls. very ama n lax slater
1-1-5” long rarely shortly panicled. St. sreclphow nee
296
58. PAPILIONACE. (56. Derris.
sets of 5 each. Pod somewhat oe 8-1” long, 1-seeded
rarely 2-seeded and then somewhat lon
Tidal forests of the er amt delta! Fl. April ge Fr, July-Oct
g Attains 8 1 foot go with rough bark. Branchlets sometimes cir cinate, glabrous,
Fis. 12” long. Bracteoles pia tate Calyx glabrous campanulate about vex the
corolla, me the ip gence leg low el ep Innccolate, Standard obcordate much
exceedi: ings and ke el, Ovary and pod st
55. PTEROCARPUS, L.
e trees with alternate coriaceous exstipellate leaflets. Fils.
yellow ii tionlate he dicels, in panicled racemes with minute
da
es . Ca uw
teeth short. Petals vith lone claws, standard and wings crisped.
Stamens 5+5 or mdnadeliioee with the sheath slit above only, or
upper gaa free anthers — Ovary stipitate 2-ovuled. Pod
orbicular with a broad wing, the apex disbiaded to near the base.
Seed nearly one s solitar
LP. — 7 um, Roxb. Hid, K.; Murga, S.; Piasal, Bijasal,
Paisa: ; Bia, Kharw.
Aha os e tree attaining a (7-10 ft.) girth. — with 5-7
oblong or elliptic leaflets 3-5” with rounde d or obtuse or retuse
ends, eee beneath ; sec. nerves close parallel, over er each side.
Fis. 5” in den ~ flowered racemes on terminal panicles 6-10” long
and hoa Pod 1-1°75” eit with hee 2” long.
Not recorded ei the Northern area oe in the Central and Sonthern
peg . Very common in Patna
and Kalahaedi gta (Cooper a seri phere: ou etek vases the nalas in the
t = on nor ecg mm wri aaa rtzite in Sam r.
"Near ly - ergreen, leayes cine May —-Jun
pink and | finely lined,
Yr.
Bark Wil ceceone, saither ree Blaze prt "streaked, then
with exudation of red j e (Kino),
Var. ac ke Pn Lfits. ovate, acute or acuminate. Pods
larger eg in the
2 ie the province and it deserves
nt adequate, The wood is largely
has not much value and
. The liquid gum Kino
The leaves are
felled d for this purpose of
tected forests of the Santal
Raj Hil ‘ai vita
wl marsupinm is one of the best trees te pianiing
largely planted. The s ages is not at pre
used for st see os ty ps poh ete, a a pole it
Should there af lways be allowed to reach timber size
K about An its a
‘orester for Ponte gh 399.) Itisa valuable pba in diarr!
s |
q eal or two to buffaloes “ ae ee
‘Trees raised b . aghige>
; y me fr oer Cha ibassa showed a after 16 years an
wisht of 32 ft, and girth 47 “4, eo the locality is not favourable. Stools of Bija
may be detected in the forest their blackening from the exuding sap whi —s
rich in tannin
56. pes Lour
Trees or, always in our area, climbing s hrabe: Leaves oo pinnate
e. Fils
ho Opposite leaflets wscall exsti ulate exstipellate. . small,
Solitary = te fas ede A S achis on the branches of
axilla r tern cadena s or perio gers and bracteoles _
wit
And feally Seng Calyx campanulate ae truncate or
297
56. DErris. | 58. PAPILIONACE.
short teeth. Corolla oakaee Standard broad, not auricled, wings
often spurred abov ee long claw, somewhat adnate to the keel.
Stamens usually mon adiehiens but with upper filament free at base.
rarely quite free, nnthers versatile. Ovary sessile or age stipitate
few-ovuled. Pod u ually thin, indehiscent, winged on on
sutures, maatacien iia narro wly. Seeds 1-few, pair eS or
orbi =
Der any respects closely allied to Millettia and except
for aie: sebatae aaeedion of the wings and keel the flowers are very
naug
As 1.2 ee. |
Lite ak be oy Rac sotee 4” not carloled . «+L, wbiginosa,
Lfits, 4-5 prs. oblanceolate. Ra via mes 1- raf panicled : 5 . 2, euneifolia.
Lflts. 3-6 prs. sah ator Racem : ‘ ae
. Fis. not i lusters, te teh panicled. ;
Lflts. 4-6 prs. oblong or ovate-oblong . +» « & laxiflora.
1. D. uliginosa, Benth. Ketia, Or.
A arge climbing shrub with brown branches aren with pro-
minent white lentic els, soa es only 3-5-foliolate, leaflets ovate to
oblong 15-3” , or those on the 3-fol el leaves s sometimes 5” by 2° _
Fils. ae ong, white, 2-3-nate on a rhachis 5-7” long, which i
occasionally branched and bears 1-2 leaves. Pod orbicular, I=) 3"
diam., with a very narrow wing on t pper suture.
og the pee —- Cuttack tidal forests! to Puri (near the Chilka Lake) !
r. April-
ae rhachis together with comparatively long petiole 3 Lfits. glabrous, base
unded, sec, n. 6-9 fine, reticulate within the conti nervules reticulate.
Petiolnlé 2”, Calyx + seriieamniets nearly glabrous, teeth very short
2. D. cuneifolia, Benth.
ge woody climber, ~ branches often tuberculate with t
raised lenticels. Leaves large, 9-11-, rarely only 7-foliolate,
oblanceolate, hihenidiiianiie < or narrowly bee ee aber leaflets
which attai ’ 5 by °75’ the base
a
—
Is. “4”, Pod 2-3” by “5~6”, sessile, venose, thin, flat,
winged on the upper, very sanvowly or scar cely winged on the lower
suture, 1— * -seede -
Bettiah Forests Ch ha n! 1 Parganas, ravines near Banjhi! It
also oceurs in the sue is aoveet: gt I clowe a cies KI. April- se
before or with the new ire. Fr. Nov.-Jan, Dec
Branches often long and whippy. Lfits. slightly “terraginous:pube i
very young, soon gia rous, base rounded, tip tape . &10 ri ;
finely reticulate between. Petiolules “25” ckish ie i jouves. Race
ecoly cae a Calyx ‘12” broadly campanulate wlabrous except the
3. D. scandens, Benth
A large climbing shin with b late branchlets, and one
pinnate leaves with 7-11 narrowly wep ear ae few obov ater _ bea =
ae leaflets ‘7-3” long coriaceous shining aud glabro of =
” white or pink in clusters along the teotiepulancea rhachis .
298
scent when
53. PAPILIONACE.E. [57. PoNGAMIA.
long racemes usually far exceeding the leaves. Pods narrow 1:3”
- and 1-seeded to 3-4’ and M3 eded, ‘4’ wide with a very narrow
- wing down
. wild; Cuttack! res ‘ork cultivated in gardens. FI. July-Sept.
“
sattain 9” girth with very large pores and rings = bast in the bot L.
ven very diender 1-4 (longer in some eastern specimens), ts, mal
shortly sericeous beneath, aeeunet derstalom tapering to an Suess. ti
: eg t about 8 very slender and scarcely longer n the interm nang finely
teticulate between. Petiolules ‘1- 15” sendan pte Si Racemes 3”-1 ns
- Pedicels oo. er — subentire "1” sericeous. Pod ats inns fepinedd Ot the
ures
: lower or both s
aD. egipea Hain
ge woody Pekin’ with nannies rusty pe pe branchlets,
A large
9-18-foliolate leaves with oblong or slightly ovate roe 2, rarely
: inal somewhat obovate, 1 lets 1-2°5” eos pubescent
beneath, and v thinl ely sericeous oe solitary,
var i
rusty pubescent. Pod oblong flat 2 by Peel winged on both
sutures, sessile, 1-seeded.
Ramnagar Hills, N. Champaran! Fl. AN ater Fr, Nov
The flowers were over in iy specim: ens remains were ee in spiders’ yee.
the fruits mostly young. L. rhachis ms ith ‘ibeais 2 5-6" ¥ usty pubescent. Lfits.
_ Sub-cori d " ly rat
tapering onte 0 r obtuse ti ‘ubescent beneath, sec. n. 5-7 not strong,
: Pp; saiatehy ae ages pescent bene
* vules pee below very sal usely ‘reticulate above. ‘Petiolules y", Branched
of panicle « erecto-patent shor Bracts small persistent subulate. Pedicels
» Calyx 07” long oblique rice broader than lon
-~
ng.
Soy leaf this plant “resembles scandens except for the indumentum and =?
D. . :
sec, n, The panicle of D, ferruginea has wih very long branches and fascicled
owers, mor poe ve y seg erruginous
nga eover the young OO pol much stagione — a D. ferruginea.
a
57. PONGAMIA, Vent.
A ei ar stone? innate leaves and opposite leaflets. Flo ral
oe *y Ovary sub-sessile 2-ovuled. Differs in the
oblong pod, Ries is i Wioay and not at all winged.
P, int Vent. Karanj, H., K; Kuruinj, 8.3 Darkaranja, Beng. H
sometimes, on the sea-coast, flowering as
ong with sg ae oblong cg vate cus-
p to Flow
Calyx bro
Pod woody glabrous Psion 8 ig 2" ee
ick, se a ahead decurved point.
and in t
Ley i long streams
oe ndige ous ere the greater part of the province along ;
forests. It is also ‘cond wilhand of large girth (up to5 ft.) on the top of the
299
57. Poneamta, | 53. PAPILIONACE.
ratte pa (Puri)! Ab in Athmallil 1 other of the Orissa
States. rgely planted in val districte, It is possibly not indigenous in the
Northern yes ea, . May-June. Jan, Deciduous in May but renews its
leaves the nh weed month.
Bark smooth thin grey. Blaze shows chlorophyll under the outer bark, then
thin yello
The 2 pods t are Mass Jargely collected for the 1 from the seeds,
be hier ss is larg’ = r burning idk for te cure oF skin PTR tt is also
ised in Poca:
Br wonderfal | tree ake See. itself to rowing well with its
roots in salt water, or fresh water, or peta to tom nok sey pone. of Gaya and
Chota Ag boeiting when inated along road-sides.
58. SOPHORA, L.
yellow P yepne racemed or pan icled flowers. oblique ebay
campanclate ith very short seat: Staadadd ‘ ial petals long-
c . Stamens all free, or ——_ obscurely connate a e very
base, anthers versatile. Ovary stipitate, many-ovuled. Pod monili-
fens indehiscent or dabiasent” ‘joints turgid, somnalehis winged.
1. S. Bakeri, Clarke. Bara Jirhul, H.: pe Bodi, pins
A shrub 4-5 ft. high with tomentose shoots and leaves 5-8” long
with about 7 prs. sub-opposite e oblong silky Toadiata , 1-1 25”, or up to
2” long by °75” broad. oe on ple in leaf-opposed racemes 4-6” long.
Pod 3-4” moniliform, beak i. aok iscent, hairy.
Higher mountains an sagas in Singbhum ! Ranchi and Palamau, ascending te
fhe © ops 0 of the hares common at Neterhat 3000 ft.! Parasnath! Fl. May-June.
long, two upper teeth connate —- od Standard 5 with inflexed margins ns, dee
eae, notched, ings narrow-oblong, Keel rather shorter, purple-veinet,
auricled, Stamens 9 very sitecky coheting. Ovary and pod stipitate.
FAM. 54, CASALPINIACEA (Leguminosae).
Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. ere Bish emesis but on
segets only 2 and sometimes these two com ned, thus simulating —
a simple palminerved leaf Campa ein be ay gabe pel sensitive
(showing sleep movem owers large all, zygomorphie
or sm
or sub-regular, usually racemose. Calyx sometimes spathaceo oo
generally 5-merous and perigynous with a short or na
um
(hypanthium), sepals imbricate or valva’ tals 5, more ly
fewer or 0, free, imbricate, posterior innermost in bud and often
diff Stamens normally 10, but some often reduced sta
nodes or altogether abortive, inserted on the hypanthium,
conna O =. r somewhat os on one side to the vs da
thium, as in the Papilionacee, but more frequently aves
and ramaroid in fruit and never peeakin ng up into one-seed
join’
800
54. CHSALPINIACE 2. [1. Cassra,
the germination is generally epigeal or sub-epigeal, i. é., With the somewhat
cotyledons elevated on a very short hypocotyl or hypocotyl suppressed,
pe ee ee ee
ACU).
s 1- -pinnat m UL simple
Hypanthiam sia shor
Petals 5. L. 5 “gamer tha : ‘ . * .
) :
. Cassia,
. : - 2, Ceratonia.
_ . Hardwicki
Leaflets | bwo usually combined into oneleaf . 4, Bauhinia,
Leaflets several. St. 9+1 (diadelphous) . Z . 5. Amherstia,
Leafiets ao, St. 3 . 6. Tamarindus.
Calyx petaloid. Lfits. several . é 7. Saraca,
ith dis
Se vege s petaloid, “me, " upper connate . - 8. Colvillea,
= « 9, Poinciana.
Il tree with very abbreviated rhachis * . 10, Parkinsonia
. Sepals sub-imbricate. Fs oly: gaia
‘Tree with lee branched | a : « « » 1¥. Gleditechia.
gig imbrica Fls
1.-Ovary ac fone ‘at base ‘oak “femal nthium
Seed enclosed in the wing-like endocarp o! of the Sacer :
oe od ‘ . 12, Schizolobium,
2. Ovary quite free from hypanthi 1ium,
a, Pe seedy wing’ ged, indehi scent.
narmed tree, yp : ‘ Hrs eatin; bres
Prickly climber. Hypanthinm dee ep : . 14. Mez ‘on,
4, Pod not or scarcely winged, dehiscent or not.
rect or climbing, often prickly 3 . 15. Cesalpinia,
1. CASSIA, L.
a ele ov Sessa herbs ute ge cami leaves and
ated lea ers in axillary racemes and terminal
s, rarely in sickle | pairs, rs eg cia short. Petals
ual, dats somewhat zygomorphous. Stamens 10, frequently
Or soine reduced to staminodes, pac ins dehiscing by a short
or terminal pore. Ovary hear. many ovuled. Pod variable in
} septate, dehiscent or no
ge genus with m species li te not here referred to. Many
purgative ams ip ran Tea is the 1 ecies of Cassia,
Shrubs or herbs with broad obtuse sepals and large
d.-sized leaflets.
s. Stamens 10 antheriferous, 2-3 lower anthers
reut from the others. Pods indehiscent, ‘
in lax pendoices racemes, very large yellow » IL, fistula,
m . .
. oval 1-2" glabrescent. _Fis. Sees 2, javanica,
te 3 nodosa.
Pcpabeas seat “opis: 1" t 4. marginata.
87 only natiictintens (exe. glauca), 2-3
3-4 posterior reduced to orden.
nt. -
Leaves without glands She Oe Vet a ees;
301
1. Cassia. ] 54. CHSALPINIACEA.
2, Shrubs or herbs, Rhachis or petiole with glands.
a, es usually with several glands between the
fle
Large shrub. All anthers 6. glauca.
Large ow aad Supules pei semi- SRA, i.
8-12 prs. . . 7. auviculata.
Undershrub. Lfits. 3 prs. “Glands 1- “2 only . » By ford
b. Gland only on top ot “ietio ole.
Lfits. 3-5 prs. more or less ovate . 3 9. oecidentalis,
. 6-12 prs. not at all ovate "10. sophera,
Lfits
B. i ccendirane or herbs with narrow acute sepals and (exe.
absus) numerous very. small sub- fica jeer ty
1, Lfits. mod.-sized only 2 prs . ll. absus.
2, Lfits. small and m a,
a, Petiole with a large sessile nde: Stamens 10 eM:
Lfits nid
si te jon ng wads Leonean
Lfits 0 prs. “15-2” long ~ 13s 4 soides.
b, Petice with a Jong septate gland
Fis, san he mall, under ae ¥ : . 14. geen
- Stame ng 10, Fis, a inp 1
1, 6. eetale, L. Hari, K., Mirju-baha, Rome and the Lee eke
, S.; Danbar, Dhanr ach, Kharw arki, Ura }
rarer H.; Sonari, Or.; The indian pcan (but the true
Laburnum is one of the Papilionscee)
= small or m.s. tree, very handsome in flower, with large, closely
ined ovate, ovate-lanceolate or evade: oblon ng acuminate or acute
leaflets 2-7" long. owers 1°5-2°5” diam., light bright yea in
s, sueceeded by long Zylisdrical drooping pods
12 et long and 1” diam
il
all gregarious, Frequent on oe Khuirda lnterive! Fl. May Aug: but the igre! be
March-April.
Bark Pets pale or white, Blaze rather hard, red-brown slightly 8 streaked.
Lfits, 4-8 p with close strong sec. n. Racemes 1-2 ft. Pedicels long. ‘ods
ultimately” beau, patiecont Boi the flat transverse seeds embedded in flesh
which is eaten by ja kals, bear
The wood is ha ay pram meaty hcasy (about 60 Ibs.) and much in demand for carts
and agricultural implements. as ays largely used for house posts for hick it is well
Adapted as the des ane Ss not g © the size of large timber. It also
wood and c Shas th - S Chiet use of the tree lately has
593
been
ark, and in strate a considerate leases were giv Ho out ers _ collection from the
ne fg while = 1/- per und was 8 pri aid fo or i n the Ori oe tes, It is said to
be a good mixture with ta and the poles are
in demand, the "bale of the bark for tanning is not as Adtent | as it might seem.
The flowers are eaten, Sigs of the leaves and fruit are used as laxatives &
the pele: round the seeds is the Case pulpa of the Brit. Pharmacopeia, It is made
into a sherbert in Chota Nagpur, The seedlings at a are very slow growi
Gamble gives rate of growth as 9 rings per inch of radiu
a
2. by Lotro L. Syn. C. bacillus, Gaertn. (F.1.).
mall tree with grey or brown bark, often thorny. Bran
essa reading often flexnocs with bifarious leaves ase
00 rs of a
oe
som t mn or pink flowers, 1°5—
gating br: mbs 4-6” broad. Pod like ge of C. fistula,
18-24” long, flesh & not pul Me
302
54. CHSALPINIACE A. (1. Cassta.
Common in gardens! FI, chiefly in the hot season.
i pouaest branches and leaf rhachis a ay tomentose, — Stipules lunate ¢
horn lanceolate, upper horn broade Lflts. of ten few
ear the raceme, somewhat } ska os eeaathat and axillar.
lanceolate sxe pam (cordate Roxb. is “Sepal 8 Ov ate, agente ish
ae t sual custom I take Rowb,’s if: bacillus to be the Linnean C. javanica,
but the Retription of the latter in the Species Plantarum might as well we one of
> nm iN is given ser te native of Tndie, whereas our species is a native
| Asmall tree eich a erpemnae and weeping branches and bifarious
leaves about a foot long (9-15”) with 11-14 pairs of oblong or some-
eaflets ae but someti u
t by Relig somewhat narr and — use, acute,
y a, » the Up. Egually handsome in flo ae with
rose flowers 1°5-2°5” diam elongate henetoate corymbs
oll are als Tateral on prancing other than the new ones.
ilar,
Oten Peat! in our area (e.g. Ranchi)! Fl, most of the rainy season. It is
ve of In
one. branches downy. Leaf rhachis pubescent. whe ung, Sti
ith b 5. pabern oes "beheatle bere slightly. renal.
"ehout 1a. Bracts: subpersistent me ovate-lanc need = See o',
very Sweet-scented, Pedicels red 1-5-2” long. Sepals red °2
declinate with a bulbous sw elling hy the yellow ethene and Srortil ile > baiey
shorter arched bb of bao opening wy Rigas nenrly, eerese Three
‘parently unfertile shorter with incurved filam Ovary ha
4
6. marginata, Roxb. Syn. C. Roxburghii, DG.s-C. goes CN.
in axillary and terminal cor ym racem h t
Sshoots. Pod 8-12” long, often cured eth
Cultivated only in our area (e.g. Dumka)! Fl, Nov.-Dec. Native of India.
amk, Sometimes a Siris in Chota Nagpur and
r nam roper. be. .
de
So
oO
v rs
25’ long and numerous very large erect or inclined
. so | bright yellow tiie Pods flat 6-9” Sale many-seeded.
— but very comm va eee and self-sown, Fl, Sept.—Dec.
ce Lamk,
handsome shrub or small tree. Leaves with 4-6 prs. of ova
Ss leaflets 15-4” long, usually with glands between tie
303
1. Cassta.] — 54. C-ESALPINIACE®.
leaflets. pone bright yellow in axillary corymbs with reflexe
bracts. s 10 with anthers similar but two lower Patios i
longer. Pod 1 flat and thin 6-8” long.
Frequent in gardens! Campbell gives Manbhum as a locality with the Santali
name of Bheda-dereng and says that the root is given in epilepsy. The plant was,
no doubt, only cultivated
7. C. auriculata, L. Tarwad, Vern
much-brane ed h e shrub 3 t. high with hairy twigs
and leaves, 8-12 prs. of elliptic obtuse neha hairy leaflets 6-1”
long, and larg Ww subt leorymbs. Ea ecog-
——: ae Pods 3-5” long by °7” broad, flat, obtuse each end.
Seeds 6-
It is not on wantiaoe in our area but has — recently sown in several divisions
on account of the. scarcity of good tann material during _ war. In the
Central Provinces it flowered Oct.-Jan. and fruited Jan.-March and was partial to
cotton soil.
Fresh tarwad bark contains over 20 per cent. of tannin. Mr. Fraymouth
Director, Esociet Tannin Research Factory, Mather, © said before the blerigem Con-
ference at Dehra Dun in 1917 that the gerconeg’ ores | vipenies of this bark are
quite exceptional, and “* doubt if any other -stuff can be found mi provide a
Bree substitute Pho turwad.’
1 found the plan Bae easily grown per seed at Nagpur and it attained +5 ft,
t year, on cotton
8. GC, tora, L. Inc. C. obtusifolia, L. Syn. Senna keg tage Rowb.;
ipreing a K.; Bheda-deren, chakoara, 8.; Chekor, Kharw.;
ger
An fab i 5 ft. high with 3 prs. of obovate obtuse roun nded
or vate “leaflets, the tga in size from the base of the
rhachis upwards. Fls. °5” diam, axillar ee oh soli tary.
sub-terete or 4-angled ape Heater. faleate, 6 ’ long, incom-
asin bead with numerous see itsurs 2 seeds “eo lon
Very and sub-gregar he rains, but nso peoree be
forest Sudo aonate it attains” 5 ft. De ped: i v1. Sey pt. -Oct, Fr. v.-Dee.
Lfits. 1-2°5” long, glabrous or thinly villous with a linear gland between the
loweek: oe two lower pairs, sub-sessile or shortly petioluled, od ad usually foetid.
bei see setaceous. Fils. usually two on a very short peduncle but one often
— bata see Senna toroides, Roxb.
t tl C.t gtd eo a a cee subulate
Ee
<
=)
Ps
a
‘09
ey
S
&
2
:
Ss
=
oe
5
hay with leav
foetid va gieatorth Beneath and Sale haere one gland except on the “Toweet on!
on ag leaves, which had two. Such plants may also be discovered in the wit :
The young leaves (Chakaoda ara, K.) and the pods are eaten, Both leaves and ee
Sova conten, phevenphenic acid and Serene Capos a aes remedy in —
worm anditch. The lea re gently aperi ears
9, - occidental is, L : Kal epcsape = Beng.
Sometimes called ee Secine & in a emetish ‘foie the ted and
ground seeds having been used as a substitute for peri iy
An Sook stout herb, or suffruticose, 2—4 ft. high with leaves oe
304
54, CAESALPINIACES. f1. Cassra.
ms with about 4-5 prs. of ovate or ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate
‘fits. 15-4” . _s- Flowers yellow be Bt i. diam. rarely sub-solitary,
usually in ax y and terminal r metimes panicled. P
aad fattened slightly faléater septate between the numerous
A ee, weed on waste ground during the rains, Fl. Sept.-Nov. Fr.
"Whole — feetid. Stems often grooved. Petiole with a large tumid gland
above its Lflts, sometimes lanceolate and ane Stipules semi-ovate
Peatas cous. Axillary racemes very short, terminal many-flowere'
The leaves, roots and meaits are pureatrs sad are said to be useful in cough and
whooping-cough. The plant is used for skin diseases in the same way as
G.sophera, L. Bas-ki-kasunda, H.
A shrub 4-7 ft. high, stouter than the last, and the leaves with
y a
-12 prs
ee ossaar 1-8” long. Fls. 1-1°5” diam. in short axillary
nal panicles. Pod sub-terete or terete 25-8”, straight or
oo fecved. Seeds very many compressed.
All districts but not nearly as common as C, occidentalis and usually in hedges.
; Fl, Aug.-Dec. Fr. Nov.—Dec., but also fou nd in flower and fruit
80 has a single gland j just above the petiole, but, it is subulate, not tumid. |
rties and uses are practic i sio
Sen the bark or powdered pnb ay said to be good for diabetes. An infusion of the
ves is given in rheumatic fever and as an anthetmnintis and as an injection in
Bethe (Nadkarni).
DL.
An erect viscous-hair herb 9-18” high with oe two prs. of ovate
Static ee to aflet E 6—9” long and terminal racemes 0 of s ~
oy or red flowers ith 0 nly 4 stamens, all. perfect. Pod fi
pets” ie scods ; bindk shining.
requent. Probably ~~ = districts, In somewhat open stony
: and w: Sante arena Fl., Fr. Aug.-O'
ees 1-2”, Stipules acicular hairy. mame 1-2” long.
26, Leschenaultiana, DC
lender erect but stouter plant than C. mimosoides with slender
. leaf rhachis clothed with straight spreading oa :
os ith distinct petio aring a sessile glan
Flowers on long Pp , two or
Q edicels
solita: very short extra-axillary pedu
es of stipule- like rots ae uw
tamens 10 perfec ‘
16 2” long. Pod 1B” tes mae Rit Yah flat, hairy, about
<q
Preah Ranchi and Palamau, elev. 3000 ft. in damp places! Fi. Aug.-Sept.
inte rved
The aceolnte-a ith sub-oblique or semi-cordate many ™
su wh salenes sacariiniaiea uds ; ovoid io i
a adh sepale, Sepals subulate, “45 long, carr. Petals sho
shining, oblong with oblique base.
805
1. Cassia. | 54. CHSALPINIACEZ.
13. C. mimosoides,.. fae Senna tenella, Rozb., also S. sensitiva,
or ndro,
Ot-ko
slender erect or somewhat diffuse pin are si hare! eine
teaatas and leaf rhachides clothed with erect what curled
hairs. Leaves 2-35” with a ve a aoe 1B tg boasts a seaiile
gland. Leaflets very small and many, 50-70 prs., “16” long.
solitary, rarely two, with very slender pedicels arising from a pair of
a bracts. Sepals 3” slender tapering both ends. Petals
shorter. Stamens 10 bce 4-5 rfp: distinety _— than the
others, the longer on: —14”, Pod 1-2”, 15-25-s
Usually in grass lands, ede in Chota a Fl., nly
Stipules 3” subulate with a filiform tip and a very broad occa sub-cordate
gu ne sie
abbrevia’ di
halt a hes as the sepals, “Buds. with “appress sed hairs, ovoid, beaked with che tips
of the sepals
14, C. <—s Lamk. Ot-kondro, 8
A diffuse or prostrate herb with many stems 8-15” long, ag
or sub-villous with curled hai Leaves very variable 17” in
smaller, 1-3'5” in the larger forms, iry rhachis, a vais stipi-
tate gl n the short petiole and sometimes one or more on the
smaller, 5-6” long i in the larger forms, aeny r glabrous excepting
9 shortawn Els. very 8 3
shortly edie, 1-3 on a short bracteate extra-axillary peduncle.
Sep. i subaristate, 3 outer hairy on back, petals ‘I— if”.
An ther = abo out as long a s filament. Pod d flat, thinly villous or
uiirepned t, °8-1'2” with Phiskeaed sutures, 8—11l-seeded.
a egy reg waste ony nd a ro nose Sago Prain! oe Nagpur! Santal
amble ee Se oe t.~
Stipules narrowly Teniocclase, epinvose sieped I.fits. sub-faleate. Bracts on
Sas geminate subulate and two small bracteoles at apex of petiole Ovary
nse lous,
15. GC. Kleinii, W. ¢ A.
Habit of C. pumila and indistinguishable without flowers. Leaflets
more often nearly glabrous and nearly always over ‘1” long. | Fis.
ger pedun i
ce
Sep. 2”, three usually broadly-lanceolate, petals 2”, anthers 10, i ee
lo filament. Ovary usually only villous on the margins, —
— longer and less curv nearly straight erect or ascending 4
*5-1:9” sei about 12-seeded.
Rare. mn Behar, Bengal Plant 4
This ‘oug te ‘aherely a lnnge- lowered variety of C. oe in which the 10 stamens q
ae ph agg with the larg y) C. pumila is & variety of
Speci
Ceratonia siliqua, L. Carob Tree; Satis St. John’s Bean. 7
m,s. tree with a dense wn and even-pinnate leaves ote
usually 3 pains 6 of coriaceous el] Hliptic ys eve ~ retuse leaflets. Flowers ont :
polygamo-diccious, in short spikes from the axils of fallen leaves with very et
306
54, CHSALPINIACEZ. [4, BAUHINIA.
deciduous bracts and bracteoles, H
: ypanthium saucer-shaped with 5 small teeth
filled with a pens ssouron th disc. Petals 0. Stamens 5, ge oe ary shortly st tipitate,
=. A setin y, stigm Pod linear Pein thickly ge indehiscent
hickened Scunres ner t ill of a sweet nutritious pulp, which is eaten raw, an nd
3. HARDWICKIA, Rozb.
A tree with parip Beant leaves of only two palmately-nerved
nall numerous in panicled racemes. Calyx-
oe 5, york 4, ae imbricate,
epals, alternate
"Pod 8 amaroid,
cog
4
Qo
2 aS
a
See segue al et MP ata lo
small auricles indiatinetly 3-4.ne we, nemaly 1" ioag, bee
‘L4AL binata, Roxb. Anja
large and beautiful fee nis drooping branchlets and glaucous
te e, the small leaves resembling those 0: nie ee but with the
Wo leaflets quite peda sessile, abo at 1-2” long, obliquely
ate o 5-nerved. F's. tice in axillary and
e 44
Pod waninrold linear-oblong
t ndstone in the Kymore Hills, formerly svat an attaining 120 ft, in
ns Hooker, a J ournals Palamau, near song opt Lagoon
i. July-Aug. ty b.-Mareh, ‘Bret rgreen early so; new
Bark sebordes! ark grey.
ed. and sometimes nearly black
o 84 lbs. This extreme ee
t
. odder
It was ceumce aed grow:
— has 9 oe tanta hue ~ “tia Pome,
Se Some usefu sylvicu sehgh ismaston W1
for June and J
ill be found in the Indian
4, BAU ats © 3
limbing b ans of circinate tendrils,
i broad
n Hardw conna to a
y-nerved 2. lobed, park "eatin: simple leaf with rounded or
ase and mid-rib (rhachis) ending in a bristle. Flowers
ly large or m.s., rare , in simple or panicled sometimes
acemes, rarely only aa axillary. H ium usually
ned and tubular or turbi calyx lobed o us.
with clawed petals parieae zygomorphic, the posterior
Stamens normally
different goon the others or sub-regular.
edu: asionally only 1-3 rfect, anthers vers: atile.
et pe
ty stipitate, oa free or r adnate pei sie of hypanthium
linear to oblong, coriaceous © rarely inde-
» Several or inany aes ed. Seeds ri eee Se auttious.
307
4. Bavuinia. | 54. CHSALPINIACEZ.
The germination in those species examined is sub-epigeal, the orbicular oblong
sessile rather fleshy _ ledons turning green but lying close to the earth.
A. Erect trees or shru
Fertile stamens ne Calyx tul d th 5-toothed limb.
a. — trees. Fls. rather ae not
™m
wy-
. mostly under 2”. Recs mes Gnwie with short pedi 1, racemosa,
L. — ove ao vey mes sub-corymbose, lower pedicel
ong, far the bracts . ; 2, malabarica,
b. ee with ni white - Lpoper: flowers.
“ee 3 axillary usually y P ‘ . . 3. tomentosa,
n short racemes, pure 4, acuminata,
If, Fertile stamens 8-5. Calyx- tube. aide (exe. in B, retusa),
. Leaves deeply lobed, Flowers us e,
Fi. tale notangled, lL, deciduous when Hearne
Fl. buds sharply angled. Fis. with bhi
b. Leavy reds sgl cely lo obed. Fils. small whit
B. Large clim
L, with spt lobes. Fils. over 2 mn diam.
L. with acute or acuminate lobes, Fils. very ‘small
variegata.
purpurea.
retusa,
Vahlit.
anguina.
Se Nae
-1. B, racemosa, Lamk. Kaimu, K.; Katmouli, a Kharw.;
Ghatouli, Ur. ; — on Kathal, Or. - bdo er).
A small tree with pubescent b srw ge small lea < oader than
long, tomentose or pu pbaneat raggsigne n the nerves —- and
small whitish flowers in pane, no b corymbose, omen a ae
2-3'5” long. Calyx spathaceous, petals Pod
4-7" rarely. 10” long, thick, sometimes ‘lightly Landline, spon not
beaked or with very short beak u
a and Sonthern tracts, Ueunlyin er r mixed forests! Manbh
Hazaribagh! Ranchi, on the Ghats! aes Betlah forest, pecoens at
Athaallik! Puri, Baroni Hill! Anu, towards rag Pa Sambalpur ! Cooper says
common i —— Ori oon eet . April-Jun Fr. Nov.-Feb., but
wea eas '
Bark deck jpn pote with dark-pink blaze. Leaves 1-1°5” by 1:5-2'5" pale
pies beneath, lobed one-third way down, lobes obtuse, base shallow- cordate
sin — 3 Bracts linear-subulate about as long as pedicels. Corolla scarcely
1 villous, Seeds ‘12’,
The e pod i is variable. A very thick form occurs on sandstone and co — merate
but there is alan a faleate less turgid variety. The wood is only used for fuel. The
bark yields a fibre.
; Koteli, Or. ;
ea tree me ag ee 4 Ss oth with a bushy crown and dark —
green leaves 1-4” diam. broader than long, glabrescent and grey —
beneath. Fis. calcein whitish on slender podisela in tomentose —
sub-corymbose racemes 2-3” long which are mostly in a corymbose
Lede Pod 7-12” by about -75” flattened, mostly Ber
2. B. a Roxb. — K.; TShinjit, 8.; Koinar, Turia; Sahul,
Ampti
streams, Shroughoat the whole province. Bettiah rossi; Champ® mite t :
P.! Singbhum, on northern slopes and apes valleys, r Semooer Manbhum! —
ri oe Pari | Angul! Sambalpur, frequent! Fl. Sept
Bark li ht brown. ; penis aoaieise r with linear-oblong flakes ier old.
Blaze heed pial mola . —_— turning med: or bright wr crimson zo seg
bier pubescent or to . lo i
es permanently 1 minetel y pubescent beneath, ells per Pac Be 3
petiole 1-2 usually black at the thickened tip. Calyx -25-°5”, limb shortly 6lobed, —
308
54. CHESALPINIACEZ. [4. BavHInia,
slightly exsert, oblong-spathulate. Pod usually described as reticulato-
The wood is sig used for fuel, The leaves have a pleasantly acid taste which
may be used to discriminate — species from the last when only foliage is
available and there is any doub
wn yer: lon
_ Frequently ae in gardens! W fis cites Tamar, 500-1000 ft., as a locality,
‘Without remark, Fl. July-Aug., Fr. Jan.-Feb.
4, eenats, L. Ahalad, 8.
Alarge Sia 6-15 ft. high with shoots y pubescent, not tomen-
tose, 7-11-nerved lea aves often small 1°5-2°5 per in farce seria toa
attainin idly 6” long and broad with petiole 1:5”, lobed over one
buds and long acuminate or eect pathaceous calyx.
45" by = a Deeded. widest above and taperin rards, about
Tseeded.
ild in the Santal Parganas, in cool places on Trap rock on the north side of
43 earl ! Wild on the Baruni Hill, Khurda! Very frequently cultivated
Fl. May-Aug. Fr. Jan,-April, Nearly evergreen. :
lowers are in short racemes 1-3” long with a pure white corolla 2°5-3” diam,
he bade he ve beaks °5” long,
B variegata, L. gos Juruju, Burunga, K.; Jantai, M.; Jhinjir,
8.; Kachnar, H.; Kandol, Bhumil-s Lalkangehan (the red),
: Patakanochan (the white), B
_Asmall or r 1n.s, tree with 13-15- norved leaves 2-5-6” by 3-6°5”, lobed
fourth to one-third the way pee into rounded lobes,
-glancous and pubescent saute the nerves oa.
Wers large pure white or pink or pope wit th one petal variegated
in short racemes mostly from leafless axils, Newer buds
Pod 6-12” by -75-1” flat, de hi soak.
at ree vs dry rocky hills and yery beautiful in the forest, Sle ibe ur,
s! Santal Parganas, Rajmahal Hills, occasional ! yall) the
8 of the Central Po siting! ody Often cultivated in gubtiala and
netines ihe ER, second ye be Fl, Arete oad the upper
shru
“Bagh (he tree be tie of less lenhaas pe the time. Fr.
park grey longitudinally cracked, blaze pale pink eo flesh-coloured ‘iarkening o on
q ®. Primary nerves sometimes only ll. Peti 1°75 pubescer t stout.
be 1-1°25”, limb broad ovate. Petals obovate 22"5 5 "one.
ually 5 without staminodes. Pod very venose when dry ai
oung, stipes 1” long
medi is 5 al used for fuel, The bark "yields a fibre and is both eaten and
Y, Campbell. The flowers and flower-buds are sometimes eaten,
says ce the? bark i is astringent, tonic and alterative, and a decoction is
thea. The flowers are laxative. The dried buds are also useful in
and w worms, ioe g a dasaets on of the root is an anti-fat remedy.
309
Me Soa
4. BavuHiniA.] 54, CHSALPINIACE.
6. B. Jel toenee Koilara, Th. ; Sing-ara, M.; Sing-a, Ho. ; Sinhara
r, Kharw. cake Mal > sa Sona, H. ; Deva- kanchan,
4
en
tree but not infrequently poverty as a ae ise! 9-11-
nerved very deeply lobed often oblong leaves 5-7” long, lobes with
usually angular tips. Fls. large purple in iennegd panicled ribothel
ith evel = cole eae buds. Pod 6-12” by “75-1” narrow
ow, nearly ys somewhat br = pee msde flat, dehiscent
when ied aon thin soeuseits twisted valves
Frequent in a ne a especially in valleys sh ies grown in the villages.
.-Mar ch.
ink
Ba rk a wn, blaze with ¢
layer, then pale yellow mepial darkening, "shen rie whi te put centre (on Sool
in yellowish. ‘l'wigs glabrous. Leaves split from one-third of the way down
te) vie to near th 1e ake ‘glabrc ons or minutely puberulous pid the Beste beneath,
n B. varieg
2
g
i=]
1 Fey
oe
Lm
a
of
5
oy
2
ata. As in
, scarcely
+ erst nk
ae "Bauhinias \ very 8 hers
Petiole 3-15", Casx. essirsihaduaie limb '75”, the fatbinate abe *25-"3” only,
Petals oblanceolate 1°25- “oa often variegated, long-clawed, Stamens 3-2
perfect and staminodes fi
The bark gives a ia whe | t vegetables (a:, ara, K.). The
tree is frost hardy.
Var. a triandra, Roxb. (sp.).
A ae ered form with pink flowers with a dark crimson centre. The
leaves are also broader with a broader sinus, pet
On limesto et Mais ga Saati (Palaman) ! ois Nov.-Dec,
This is probably Roxburgh’s B. triandra
7. B. retusa, Ham. Laba, K.; area anes hee aes S.; Kaamaun,
ao Kharw.; Tewa, Ur.; Kan ; Choari , Or. ; Panki,
rae
eaves i; *r rather ages bum long with a cordate or straight base.
only 1” dia white with t
Flowers orphic, white with the three upper
petal: pire moved, en 28 rac arranged ampli
inal panicles. oo straight, sub-oblong but rather broader
— bere Ses = ees thin and deep red till ripe
Hi U t i tie agar tracts. Especially common on northerD
slopes in = tae gpur oe in Angul, bg ner and Sambalpur in
valleys ey po tp te hills, "Fl. Babb Dec. Fr. arch. Evergreen.
pt. ®
Bark dark grey-brown, blaze very pale pink. Pig ees beneath easily distin-
poe a by the entire or wced well bid 1 hal ie Ca eave scarcely any, P etals 5
The bark yields rt fibre and arn. the pearing used in sweatmeats. Campbell says
aceon are leay es bt Fees diagreeable taste, The tree is Bing hardy, hig te stem
& 5: das Weg A. aulan, Th.; Maholan, Kharw.; Maljan,
; Jom-lar, pee lar, 8:; Sialpatta, Or. a
im climber with villosely tdmente se he ots and young —
parts, hea any’ circinate tendrils mostly leaf-opposed, deeply 2 lobed
deeply cordate leaves from 2” to 18” diam. and corymbs of larg@
310
54. CAASALPINIACE ZS.
[6. TamaRInvus.
white or cream-coloured flowers. Pod woody 6-12” by 1°5-2”, flat,
velvety.
ent the province but es
ri]: Fr. Sy ec.- torso
a, atta
pecially on the hills and in stony ravines. Fl,
Sub-deciduous and renews its Loctterts in ae
8 2-4 ft. girth, often deeply fluted with n arly smooth
‘bark. Leaves with rouncled Tobes — re or less pubescent or ame and with r atte
stout point from the often panicled, villously tomentose. Petals
5” peated villous is pr i
One of t ost destructive climber the province but fortunately of consider-
: Th rk yi re (chop, K.; egg i 8. ) used for ropes.
he leaves are used as plates Cextas, . ‘nd Leone (pu, K Th ds are known as
tama in Kol, in Santal the small-seeded y being cihri ak and the large-
iety lamak, These magento pein veated fey means of heat which, to
e husks, a Be ae~ applied inside the forest and is a fruitful
The seeds are an important article of food. The bark con-
nin, but che mucilage,makes its extraction difficult.
ge
forest faves:
ac, os of tan
i woody cirrhose + cllnahae with peculiar compressed stems alter-
lately convex and concave on the flexures. Branchlets se, Seis smooth
terete. L. densel tomentose when young, adult thin glabrous 2-5”
th two very long acuminate lobes or lobes short, a on ya plants
leaves often quite se rounded and cuspidate. Fls. very small
White :2--25” diam, racemed in lax termina pubescent saliclen Pod
118” long ellipsoid 1. 1- ageaed glabro
s, N. Champar an!
n as broad as lon Racerane long and slender. Calyx 5- apotkied.
3. Ovary glabrous, stipitate.
5. AMHERSTIA, Wall.
stia nobilis, Wall., is a well: known garien tree in the more humid parts
ack), It hasa br — mi da wd een but low crown of et in leaves
to minate leaf wers are very large an pen:
€s on long ren dliceis eitiehs have a pair of bright qgenek tog raat os
- Sepals 4, Petals only 3 developed, roe te ale very broad 2
scarlet and yellow with a ie tube, lat
6. TAMARINDUS, L. Tamarind.
. dojo, K.; Jojos, 8.; Amli, Inli, H.; Tetul, Tentuli,
ude Or.; 'Tetar, Khar sei
ipo large and very ‘ai ndsome tree with even-pinna a leaves
20 prs. of small close linear ein leaflets about ‘5” long
ed and yellow flowers in lax racemes. Calyx tobe as
*, Sepals lanceolate, irebutters: in Sak ‘connate. Corolla
{uth only the three _ m: developed, two ttl reduced to
arg seal Sta 3 dev rai ped, monadelphous below.
sheath beari ng 3-4 bristles "taminodes), 8 anthers large versatile.
8 inte, stipes adnate to hypanthium. Pod ¢ curve Piso
t compressed thi - with thin ceuktiluaitias epicarp and thic
rp, indehisce: Sey
vid er
FN in ago an vege some ee aa Reruzeus eee is wore
311
sites,
6. 'TAMARINDUS. | 54. CH SALPINIACE.
probably become so earns but it suffers much from fires, Fl, neue April-
vo bean Setrpde a matric in n flow rin October), Fr. Dec.-Feb. Evergreen. Supposed
of i
Iti n from mond The young plants have persistent linear-lanceo-
a stipules 4 ‘se pubescent shoots and leaflets 75” lon
marind must be oe exceedingly ancient introduction and it has two Sanscrit
atin tidi and = woes Bye fruit os regarded in native practice as
sto pik lg digestive, c Spray tee and useful in intoxication ca
Mf “satin or datura (atateria Medion va the Hind ua). Hamilton speaks of the tree
f Gaur
7. SARACA, L.
s with Maa eg mae e glabrous coriaceous lea aves. Inflorescence
Seeds e
1. §. indica, ZL. Husangid-ba, Usangid-ba, K.; Asoka, Beng.
ikin en in fi ee ense corymbs
3-4” broad of a brilliant orange-scarlet, each flower with scarlet
exserted stamens. The eee are - set off by the dark-green
peaiten of 3-6 pairs of large oblong or oblong-lanceolate ae or
uminate | nips which attain 9” by 2 25"
pen, aa the Ramnagar Hills, Champaran! Valleys of sine
es sack in the varies of Porahat! Bolah Seen Keonjhur, Grieve !
Pots — 3000 ft, along streams ! — Reserve, Angal ! Sones Rees:
ent! Fl, _March-Apri sd and se eeds nee n Dec. Ever-
pio ° w leaves in purple drooping clusters appear at interv
Rarely exceoting: = Barer - low see : crown. Leaves Se eeeauths leaflets on
some leaves only 2- d lan soos Corymbs often sub-terminal on short
pete: branchlets tonethes with a single int, bracts sub-persiste: : yee ee short
vate-acuminate, ciliate, and bracteoles similar, coloured. Sep 25-"6/", tube
Fits 3”, Pod 6-8" by 1- = 6” slightly oblique both ends.
The tree is Br ng cultivated. Roxburgh says ‘ when in full blossom, I do not
think the whole bp baste _kingdom affords @ _—— beautiful object.” In my
erin Play tee SA it requi ng some woodland stream, 1
ppear at its
8. COLYILLEA, Boj.
1. CG, racemosa, Bo/. :
An ornamental tree occasionally seen in ensdea: introduced from Madagascar
(teste Taubert), It grows to a moderate size and has handsome 2-pinnate leaves
with very small linear egenage 8 a —_ arge drooping pen sub-paniculate racemes
orange flowen i Rhachis of racemes s thickened. Bracts
coloured caducous, anth mn very ew widen ie with 5 sepals, 4 more or less
connate, the fifth rhe {aver free, Up ost petal very broad, lowest narrow.
Stamens 10 free declinate villous below. ie sub-sessile free. Pod elongate
straight turgid dehiscent with several seeds,
9. POINCIANA, L.
Trees with ample perce leaves “_ numerous small leaflets.
Stipules small or well-dev Flowers showy, orange or let
in terminal corymbs. eve me very oe Sepals 5, large sub-
equal. Petals 5 with the uppermost different from the others.
312
54. CHSALPINIACEX. [11. Guepirsenia.
_ Stamens 10 free se bee at base. Ovary sessile many-ovuled.
ra oa ogee ciliolat woody flat straight or curved finally
‘Seeds nuance se
a ra of Madras has abandoned the well-known name Poinciana on the
al tl t the species (Poinciana pulcherrima) for bene it was pad oon
established by vrcanper has since heen transferred to Cesalpinia (vide Kew Bulletin,
1920). Ita rs to be open to doubt whether this cancasiniee a change in the
oad Poincia es as since Lapin —— and amplified and no confusion can possibly
arise by retaining the o
: 1 P. cos. 2 Syn. Delonix regia, Raf.; Gul Mohur tga
corrupted in Vionglich to Gold-mohur), Vern. ; Flamboyant, F
oe ok beautiful ate well-known tree with feat hery. sf recs sith:
When not in flow ox distinguishable from the other trees with
feat! i
ra ng.
_ oblong seeds have a bony testa and often inks two years to germinate,
Common in Indian gardens. FI, April-June
2. P.elata, Z. Syn. Delonix elata, Gamble. The yellow Gul-mohur.
A mod.-sized tree with larger leaflets and orange flowers. Bracts
small simple. Pod only 6-8”
oo Tvis org more in southern India and is rare in our i area. Its native country
‘is doubtful,
Fi. cee-May.
ee 10. PARKINSONIA,
‘Trees or shrubs with sharp thorns which anit the —
axis of a 2-pinnate leaf, pinne 2-4 relatively very long, with com-
‘ very small leaflets. Stipules ane’
into ipickice, Flowers yellow in lax yey racemes. Calyx-tu
short, sepals equal coriaceous. tals 5, the Sepsis broader than
the rest. Stam ys Ovary ibe stipitate, with many ovules.
| Pod linear, unevenly turgid, indehiseent or tardily ocak Seeds
- linear o oblong, raha with the ax
a P. aculeata, L. Bilaiti-kikar, H.
_Asmall tree with 2-6 6 pinne on the shortened m ain axis and
thorns recurved or absent. Lflts. numerous linear-oblong
“25” or “ee =! obsolete. Pod 1-few-seeded, acuminate or beaked, dry,
Moniliform, 3-6” long, ‘tardily dehiabedt: Seeds brown "3!
wbgparenty naturalised (from America) in various parts of the province on
ered ary oe — “i f the Sone, Palamau! On cotton soil, 8.P.! Frequent on
the y iaceous oblong rounded ‘8’.
an germination in wi rith the sialon oe deciduous points,
a 11. GLEDITSCHIA, L
Trees with the axillar y branchlets often conver rted into branched
thorns, Leaves abruptly pinnate or bipinuate, sometimes in the
Same species, Lfits. rather Flowers greenish in often
Panicled spikes, polygamous. Calyx with 3-5 sepals. Petals 3-5
™ 2
eS
_
11. GLEDITSCHIA. | 54. CASSALPINIACE.
a ee imbricate. Stamens 6-10 free. Ovary in herm. fl.
ieee. any ovules, short style, stigma terminal pubescent
shove” rp “a gta r long ho § Spe indehiscent or tardily
2-valved. Seeds often surrounded by p
iG. Pea: Aan, Syn. G. horrida, Willd. ; Dozahk, Vern.; The
Honey-loe
a oly th Pare 'nowak + iy tie obtuse Pod elongate
A tree armed
compressed.
Hither this or tl t ften seen planted on railway platforms.
2. G. eeirevantha, Desf. Syn. G. ferox, Desf.? Vern. as above.
Similar in habit. eaflets lanceolate rigid, about 2” long ¢ lentate, Pod
very pulpy within.
Both species are native of China. G, sine nsis has Rie each aids 7 into Europe
and whether the Indian t minat
12. SCHIZOLOBIUM, Vog.
1. Schizolobium excelsum, Aah
di nn ‘ith \
bark be ing a ona a of pte iter tery ¢ptnnate leaves and large anieted
racem ‘Of ow —— in * ril. th pecs er turbinate oblique with 5 sub-
with _— irs 8
oval-rotund 57" long w ith w ae margin af mens 10d eclinate, uniform, Ovary
stipitate with the stipes partly fused on the upper reiae to the hypanthi
um, Pod
eompressed obovate, Gebiocs Seed 1 enclosed in the wing-like endocarp which
Separates from the e epic arp,
13. PELTOPHORUM, Vogel.
Tall trees with evenly bipinnate bi and showy cdogps ro an
in axillary and terminal Lopes ~ = Flower as in Mezonewron
but hypanthium shallow ly peltate. Pod co mpressed,
indehiscent, thinner and w Stat — both sutures. Seeds 1-3.
1. P. ferrugineum, ee Syn. Cesalpinia inermis, Roxb.
A large handsome dark- foliniged tree with rusty fomentens shoots
one ray Renielgs ‘of showy yellow flowers, Pod oblong, about 35
ork ith the wing each side a Seeds usually 3, “62 own oblong
ng.
Vow ge planted, ae ae pevecraty in bi Central Area and is bite
cen esos natin: ert chops Fr, Dec. Nat of the Eastern Peninst
an
Leaves a to 1 ft. long, priv 16-20, 3-6” long. Lflts, 20-30, close oblong, 5°75"
Pod closely longitudinally veined,
14. MEZONEURON, Des/.
Differs from Cxsalpinia, to which it is very closely allied, —
by the ass indehiscent pod broadly winged down the upper st with
also in a less degree sai its she oblique and deep hypanthium wt
314
54. CATSALPINIACES. (15. CmSALPINIa.
1
M, cucullatum, JV. A, Baganaha, Th. ; in janu e
E Koko bot ne. § ganaha, Th. ; Baghin janum, 8.;
Body snag prot scrambling 0 or widely scandent by
os arp prickles on branches and leaves.
Leaves ample i araate with, pe creen shining ovate leaflet 31-3°5”
long. wers bright yellow or orange articulate on their pedicels
in ee "ae led racemes, often from the old wood. Pod 2- 4!”
= i-s
: ira 0m Champaran to Purneah! Central Area, in valleys, Singbhum, ~
especially in the Saranda forests! Dalbhum, Gamble! Santal Parganas, along
Fl. Sept.-Feb. Fr. Feb.
F ere by a prickle, sometimes 0
girth. Leaf rhachis 6- ‘ag’ Pinnee distant 2-5 prs. — 3-5 prs: ovate -
duced into a slippe
cf
; ni
‘Bobed, others and usually also calyx, pedicels and Lege
we r and 5 shorter but one very,long and o ery short, inclined, anthers
ight crimson, é
5, CASALPINIA, L
Nreo s or shrubs often se nt and seeiinlig Ae med with numerous
prickles and with large abruptly a ge leaves and usually showy
yellow or red flower axillar acemes, more vse racemes
ogee and ahiclea: Br — present at least when Wyott alyx-
s imbricate, the lowest much the largest and encnilate, tube very
Pet aria), usually
e
the e lo
rt. Petals shone (oe? “erecto-patent in C. core
i Stamens 10 free
od
eclinate, filaments yee woolly. ary rat ovule
m form, dehiscent or not, not winged (a Tr rudimentary wing 18
ent).
oe ~~ or shrubs, not scandent, Not indigenrat col
: narmed tree. Flowers Sua! whitis : «1, corearta,
B. Prickly, at least on young stems. Flowers show
ree, prickles very few. Pinne sed leaiiets 10-13 Drs. , cat CORPe >
seutnse shrub. Pine 6-9 prs ee.
. i nt prickly shrubs.
» Petals broad. Pods unarme
prs. on — set vlnade
fits. 6-12 prs. on each pin
ro *25-'3", Pod t thick, out: fleshy.
B. ae 8, ae Pod dry
na narrow. Pod eobinate ‘
. G, coriaria, Willd. Divi-divi, American Samath sh.
r m.s. tree with a dense low sprea reading crown Ba potty,
t 1 oh 12-3” long
eaves with very numerous close-se
7, 1-2” long. Fis. small whitish sweet-scented panicled.
sa
$3=
Be
=
8
=
a
from Central America and often cultivy:
It Santal Parganas and Ko erma! Fi. May-June. fe Aug. Evergreen.
~Aaderg seigicalty introduced for tanning ses but does not seem t
‘The seed germinates well in about & week fer sowing but it is
ey not wi orth are es ing on a large se ones by ther more easily accessible materials
rich in as the pods of Divi-
eal b pay ee
A small tree with small and few or §
315
ng, H.
ometimes no prickles. Pinne
15. CHSALPINIA. | 54. CHSALPINIACEZ.
8-12 prs. Leaflets — sessile ‘5-75’ oblong — - falcate,
sie prs. Fils. yellow, the ‘acsceek panicle 5
r and truncate at apex which i 3 prominently tre polished,
misekice: nt. Seeds
Plani a at Ranchi and neat Fl.r
The wood yields a red dye not, I believe, tate used in the province. It is allied
tthe Logwood Lomstostios eampechianum) 0 of Central America, oe the dye is
Brasilin and in Logwood Hormat ee eet, Before the advent of the aniline dyes
a dye for cotton fabrics. It is a powerful
astringent (Wadkarni).
3. C. Somer Swartz. Krishnacharan, Gultorah, oe ; Peacock
; Barbadoes Pride. Syn. Poinciana pulcherrima, pe
A — much-branched shrub, but getting “straggly and
untidy when old. Upper damage’ often without thorns. Leaf
— smooth glossy 7—-11’’ long with 6-9 prs. 0 are Lfits. on
median pinne about 8-10 prs., median about ‘7” long, glabrous,
igo oblong, emarginate and aiionli ate. Flowers scarlet or yellow
oi
elongate axillary ‘and terminal racemes fs ek or cape in
fruit. Pedicels 1-1-5” lon ng axtinniate abor ve. tals, four sub-equal
transversely oblon the long claw ‘7” br fifth with ‘its claw
ong abov
longer and blade smaller and snvch cae: Filaments declinate 2”
long, 5 ee than the other
Very ¢ in Indian wes and oe g see running wild. Seeds sown
in the r.s ewill fH flower nd h.s
The yellow variety is sometimes called cog lutea.
4. C. nuga, Ait. Syn. C. paniculata, Roxb.
A large — climber with prickles on gn pics at the base
of the pinne and along the rhachis of the above. Pinne 3
prs. Lfits. pera ink 2 prs. on each Seth - aa ae and an odd,
ptic- or ovate-lanceolate, shortly obtusely acuminate cute,
ceous wit :
yellow, fragrant in panicled racemes; calyx apo “3” and ater not
much exserted, filaments densely woolly beloy mpressed
woody, obliquely broadly elliptic tynular cuspidate, are 2” long
nea without hes cusp and short stipes and 1:2-1'4” broad with one,
ery rarely two, lar, ge ys wn fattened ellipsoid seed.
Tidal Forests a Oriss Jan.-April. Fr,
Tn the Himalayan ioarval ‘Bir J, D, Hooker, we, ae of that part of the Grand
‘Trunk Road not far from Parasnath, w “eae “On the ¥ ay ; found the C, paniculetsy
@ magnificent climber, festooning the trees with its dark Fie nia pa og
01
mbles C, nuga. It could scarcely hers been C. i
6,6, nor Rottl. Umul-kuchi, Beng.; Gilo y OF
Tari - Tari appears to be the re ‘ins of "the oie Terr
.
in io
A large sca branched serambling — copiously armed with
~— prickles. Leaf rhachis 5-8” or up to 11” long, with geminate
ir of
Pose 8-10 or up to 12 prs., “75-2'5” long, swollen at base.
7-10 or up to 12 a. on the median pinne, °25-"4” rarely 5 long,
316
54. CATSALPINIACE, (15. CasaLpinia.
¢lose oblong. at - ight = ee 7” diam. in copious supra- axillary
glabrescent r. 3 3-8” 1 pedicels slender spreading, *7-1°25’
with very cbtique persistent spreading trun nia jee isi sepals
lanceolate and a 4", soon deciduo bicular,
posterior Etter re ipso Pod 1 3" pone ‘asi ick fleshy aes
“il ~~ crowned by the long style, 14-seeded. Fruiting pedice
In the damper districts. Champaran, near streams in the Ramnagar Hills!
Purneah and the northern Santal Parganas! Mayurbhanj! Bonai, Cooper!
Pari, but oe abundant! Angul, fairly common in places! Narsingpur! Fi.
July-Oct. Fr. Feb.-April. Evergreen.
Usually very dense. Branches “sh uining, lower abe = ‘6 straight and sharp,
upper *1-'2” recurved and those on leaf rhachis Lfits. pale beneath with
oaay aif and sub-cordate oblique base, minciely pr oens hairy beneath and
above, becoming nearly glabrous with age. Racemes often curved,
Eahrescent bracts almost obsolete. Filaments far exserted sinleny below. Calyx
a The young pod shows signs of a wing. Seeds roundish smooth dark
” diam. with very hard testa.
The peas are said to contain as much tann e American Sumach and
ore . a sked for. The plant is, Sowerer: eg more abundant towards
_ Seed obtained. Prot Burmah, sown in July, germinated at Sambalpur after 25
days (Mudaliar).
6.0. sepiaria, Roxb. Uri, Relu, = H.; Gilo,
An extensive shrub presi or climbing by in ee the recurved
prickles on t achis. Dckachtate Hana fs af rhachi des.
and panicle r rusty Dubeseent or gre tomentose. Leaf rhachis about
12” long with geminate prickles between as well as at base of pinne.
5-10 prs., rant ito oper 3-5” long. Lifts, 6-12 prs., “5-1”
long _ some only °3” long, broadly oblong, close, rounded or retuse
- hot s, puberulous both sides or nearly glabrous above. “fs
show y bright sulp hu ma yellow ‘75-9” diam. in long simple racemes
; are che i
aoe which the spesrabat is the oldest. Pod oblong dry com pressed
885" ae. paved with the sienghy hardened style which ay 5-75
long. ng pedicels stout, w ie
| Oceas a: Pos ! Ranchi, planted not far from
4 gpur, near the B mini river ! p
a the Mahadeo Temple and occasional i i gardens an nd hedges! Fl. Dec.-May. Fr.
Old ripe pods have been found by me both in September and June ail unripe ones
- meray. Tam not sure to which flowering months they relate as they remain
; on the plant.
on hiets sometimes 5-angled. Stipu tat hasta tate caducous.
‘Fatemes with deciduous ianoaotatl recur siege long. The sual petal
aun ey with red lines. Lower part of Sreatentl densely woolly, Pod very tardily
7. 6. evista, 1. Syn. C. ne Fleming; Bagni, S.; Katkaranj,
: oo Reng, | The FOr d with short
ee extensive climbing or sound shrub covered with s
a raight prickles, those ol the leaf- rhac his reflexed. Br varied
- ai
fulvous-hair i mda po
x s ample. with large pe
ifid foliaceous shoes Pinne 6-8 prs. and leaflets about | 3
prs. “peg or ovat -oblong eee a Fils ae ellow ‘5 i
simple usually — omy’ “very e cate racemes, the
lower other only fertile. mer sty ‘eohinate, old broad-
oblong prickly, 2-3” long, keane 1-2-se
317
15, CmsaLPIniA. } 54, CABSALPINIACEZ.
Usually in hedges in ee aye Champaran ! Gaya! Ranchi! Bau Pi
ergre
op
frequent! Puri! Sambalpur! Fl. Aug. -Oct. Fr. Dec.-April. Eve
fits. not eas slightly downy beneath, with sass racroaete ane Bracts
long linear re r the buds *6- 75" "long, deciduou The small erect petal
marked with prin = grey °75” diam. wit th an exceedingly hard
sta.
The seeds, Puti ace va “ Sanskrit and Natakaranja in Bengali, are said t
resemble in properties t of Ponamia (Dutt). The seeds and the root bark
are largely used as antiperiodio and febrifuge in fevers. Roxburgh says the see ed is
a powerful tonic ; Nad dkarnt pee t the pow dered seed acts as & tonic in dyspepsia,
and that the same s mokec a hu bec is erent to cure colic; other uses are also
given in Indian Plants and Dine by that autho
I have found t eed oma more huiokly if the testa is rasped. The
germination is athe
FAM. 55. MIMOSACEZ (Leguminose).
Trees or shrubs, rarely B Ckaage beh undershrubs, with 2-pin-
nate joni (rarely main we dig Pinne and le re $s some-
times reduced to one tale & areas ome eGie Acacie) absent and the
spikes or heads with weusily seme nent stam ens bat smal
t
geegade or pan , truncate or valvately toothed or EO
sometimes am lvate, free or ess connate in
a tubular or Found shaped corolla (gamopetalous) hypogyn
P us. r ce as s the petals or
erigyno wi
numerous, hypogynous to perigynous, free or monadelphous some-
time adnate to the base of the ee Ovary 1-carpellary free from
the hypanthium, 2-many-ovuled. Fruit a dehiscent or indehiscent
dry or sub- succulen t pod, very only breaking up inside the sutures
into one-see eded jo joints.
Germination in those species examined by me is epigeal in most, eacttle sometimes
hypogeal as in paada, The first true leaves are often at once bi-pinnate
I, Stamens definite, usually 10 be mosee).
A. Flowers spic cate. Anther s apiculate with a — ave in bud,
Large climber with tendri 1s and immense pov . 1. Entada,
Unarmed tree : 2, Adenanthers.
Small thorny tree, Fis. polyga mous, similar rosopis.
Small thorny tree. Fis. (dissimilar, he. oad rari eooimed ry Diehrostachss,
nthers apiculate glandular. Pinnes enh Se 6 ne
2: Aithers not ea tipped, Pinne several.
. St. monadelphous. = inbrigate". 3. sO Parkin
. Sh oy Sepals valva
Uma mt ed. Poa tn not jointe on oe ee po neat
ckly. reaking into joints when ne . 8. sty
af, Stamens ind . ? mn sive
A. Stamens
Usually spiny or prety trees or shrubs ; . 9, Acacia.
B.S nadelphous. Usually unarmed trees.
Pod ¢ B . 10, Albizz
Pod diecinabi: dry. “Sometimes prickly emi OS whl Pithecshim
Pod straight, flattish, rather succulent . ww 1 « 1B, Baterolobinw.
. ENTADA, Adans. or L.)
Cite aeaieg metimes immense, climbers with pinnate I leaves, PPA
st pinne (o or allin drils,
Teafiets often large and few-paired. Stipules small, mye tle like.
318
55. MIMOSACE 2. [3. Prosopis,
_ Flowers 5-merous small in slender single or fascicled spikes which
are often panic ted towards the ends of the leafless branches. Cal
_ ¢ampanulate, very shortly toothed. Petals free or slightly ue
St. 10 free, biaertad: Ges ary sub-sessile with many ovules. Po
- compressed, in our sagem very large acid Ww span with ‘hiokéned
sutures and breaking up within them arge 1-seeded joints.
_ Endocarp enclosing the seed oe Tsopnrating ess theepicarp. Seeds
_ large compressed exalbuminou
: LE. scandens, Benth. Syn. Pusaetha scandens, L.; Karu, K.; Kari,
be Kharw.; Bidhanta, S.; Gila, Gilo, Beng., Or.; Osta, pik Or.
: lea Lfits. 2 os
: aw towards the base of pinnw. Spike nih pct scan ct
~ fis 4-9” long, pubescent, often extra-a ‘silaé Pod the pageat we the
: fay in in India, often 2 ft. long, large chestnatooloured seeds discoid
a a
Th mper high fore
en ate Sing tae, “valleys rite ee 3 Haslett! i ry
~- 3000 ft, aga stats, common! FI. April. Fr. March-May of the following
Ritains 3-4 fb. gi irth, br often with cork-screw-like flanges, Bark b
t
we red or pink and very fibrous in old stems, wood without the large cores
usually — in climbers. wc Rectan. A = obovate, with many fine
umin
n., apex emarginate even when tly ac , above glossy. Calyx 712”.
Corolla lobes + valvate ‘17”, oblonscianceolte acute, pe min near,
The ered seed mixed with me eaten as an anodyne Wet parturition,
The seeds are often w orkel up into
of
ma germi fhatia on is hypogeal, and” the hasaiiinr concentrates all its energy in
(uickly getting up thro de the bushes to the — - that all the leaves are send
*ohverted into slender tendrils, the rhachis in a mucro, _Thes endrils
Syrate very
fast, describing many
; 2. ADENANTHERA.
os Adenanthera payonina, L. Ranjan, aus kanchan, Beng. tip
: handsome “bigs but sometimes flowerin gets is sometimes foun
erm eg at Dumka and Ranchi, It has pte innate eaves with a
#, each with 12 or more alternate oblong leaflets *75-1°25" lon ae e
is somewhat -ord tho-e of Entada, being small and yellowish in axi wid
anicled wpioitorm rm racemes 2-6" Jane — with 1 ies stamens as long as the
Pod 6-9” by *5” falans e, with about 10 and repens rarely yello a
mis, exch of which are said to weigh :. grai re used as weights a
3. PROSOPIS, L.
Trees usually oh axillary or paired thorns or stipulary and
Stattered prickles, rarely unarmed, with evenly 2-pinnate te leaves of a
w eck
.
Pairs of pinnw und many —_ coriaceous leaflets, glands often
— etals 5 ligulate c pees to the middle or later deus.
10 Hg sli ape paginas nee anthers with an apical gland. A
319
Prosopis. | 55. MIMOSACE:.
raised disc sometimes present. Ovary stipitate, many-ovuled. Pod
flat or turgid with a thick spongy mesocarp, septate, often torulose.
Seeds ovoid, compressed.
uy m cetyl L. Jhand, H.; Shami, Ben
A small thorny tree with rat Chae SY a fo liage. Leaves with 2
prs. of pi at only, each with 7-10 pts s. of ligulate leaflets 25— 5: ae
with an ascending cusp. Spikes 2-3”. Corolla under ‘1”. :
straight Ss iiharia torulose, 4-8” toe with 10-15 s st
ecimen in the Calcutta Herbarium is described as from “ Bihar” but it is
very rare there and probably only i in the driest parts. In dist tri a fy the tree
is abundant the pods form a valuable food for cattle, camels and goa
aes e
4, DICHROSTACHYS, DC.
Small trees or pee with the branchlets often ending in thorns.
L, 2-pinnate with s Er oes ve and guany small or minute Hgulete
leaflets, deeper es pecsent. stipelle Spikes parti-coloured with —
dimorphous minute flowers, the upper "yellow and 2-sexual, the lower
‘pink and n ae bearing lon ng filiform staminodes. alyx minute.
Corolla oblong with 5 anishe petals co sey towards the base.
Stamens free, - anthers gland-tipped. Ovary many-ovuled. Pod
narrow compressed be oye ae ee or exe guieel y bent and depressed
between the peda not septate
1. D. cinerea, W. § A. Vurtuli, H.
A large ee shrub or small tree — like an Acacia when
not in flow Tw stly ending inathorn. Easily recogmis
by its aoe tassel-like « stalked heads of ‘aor one the lower 1-2” with
staminodes “5” long being a bright rose colour, the upper usually
shorter portion _ with the stamens more shortly exserted and
antheriferous, Pods —— ane cebacesae — long in ¢ clu sters
Only found on black c ince! Puri! In
Novem ke fruit most of is year cools "Boed og Back collected October and )
Bark grey. The habit ing armed
with pri lateral and terminal piety thorns ee the saves on the oak and
small nodose tubercles which are ie hag ith what are apparently the bases of
pirilsiant “Tpalag: L. rhachis only 1°5-3 long eee with 3-12 prs. short
pinne and numerous leaflets only "05-71 long. Seeds 6-10,
6B. XYLIA, Benth.
Tre e with 2-pinnate syste pinne only one pair with large leaflets.
Fawr small tubular-campanulate ile in dense globose peduncle ed
ith 5 ce ; ens free,
exserted, with slender filaments, anthers apiculate e and ig oct witha® = 4
' eaducous gland. Ovary sessile or reduced to a fulvous hairy pis!
lode. sd ge many. Pod large woody pi septate, seeds ; oblong
ompressed,
320
55. MIMOSACEA. [8. Mrmosa.
+X, tee o ~_ Syn. X. rs isaeae Benth. ; Inga xylocarpa,
; Suria, H. ; 3 Tan n, K ei Licalahandl),
: Us sually a small ite in our ae s 6 ft. girth i
_ places; with bro mentose thick pallaneetare "Potiole pegutiens
_ with main rhachis 2 2- ny sec. i 4-13” wit rmall 1's.
Of leaflets, .. 2- 7 prs. some leave aro usually ovate
Upper oblong aatie 2 ‘8 with 71 fine Shiigdel .n. Glands 4-5
on rhachis, ee een the upper leaflets. Peduncles 2" pe *b—
_ diam. (without the stamens). Corolla one and a half times as
longasthe calyx. Pods flat woody somewhat shoe- ahoped. 6” lotig and
2” broad towards base and about 1:25” broad towards apex, the
gibbous base tar oy Ay ward to the stipes. oat brown broad-
oblong 5-6” about 10, ee of the valves.
Frequent and often Rept « andards in the Puri forests! Mayurbhanj, up to
1000 ft., attaining large size . Kala ana}: Narsingpur, attains 6 ft. gir irth in the
; high valley of Nayagarh! Fl, April-May when leafless.
: tis the Wey known Sh i we or Iron-woo sot of Burmah hs the siatt trees as
uonally ound e of much value
6. PARKIA, R. Br.
_ Large handsome trees with am ple 2-pinnate leaves often with
_ glands on the petiole, and very many small leaflets. Flowers in dense
— on long peduncles, each flower narro bee geet subtended by a
: w bract with a clavate or spoon-s haped t ip. Stamens 10
itzerted, con et bial anthers eglandular. Ovary stipitate. Pod
_ large flat narrow many- -seeded.
oP. ren W.& A. The Drum-stick tre
"about 01 jae “his ea up. Fis. pepe 5” lon
: on Planted, e.g. va est ¢ t Chaibases. Fl, Feb. The trees at
Chaibassa avers raged 4 +5 ft. fy height pe girth 43°9” in 15 years. They are
: er remarkably quick-growin
. LEUCENA, soi!
Trees, or vbibada as large shrubs. 2-pinnate. Flowers in
dense Bivboes heads which are often f sacieled or panicled. Stamens
_-Wfree much ex serted without pre gee Ovary stipitate. Pod fla
: us Many-s
af ide glauca, ag
. wore shrub or small le L. with 4-8 prs. of pinne a
+15 prs. of lin pane glaucous Ifits. 3-5” long. Fis. white
vice the cal x-tube. Pods about 6”, very numerous,
ituations, F)], May-Aug.
8. MIMOSA, L.
More or less prickly shrubs or undershrubs with digitate-pinnate
pinnate eat es and numerous small, more or less sensitive
21 321
8. Mimosa. | 55. MIMOSACE 4.
leaflets, st Cm - stipelle small. Fls. very small in dense oe
hea = ous. Calyx campanulate, teeth small. Stam
as Sey asda. pet als, much exserted. Pod flat
dry, a fe iat Is seeded joints which separate from the con-
tinuous ae sutures
A. Pinne digi cai as many as pepe . ‘ . . 1. pudica,
B, eed pinately arranged, emonou
much oyer 1 long.
"pam 8-12 prs., Iflts, 16-20 prs, °2-"3” long 2, himalayane
Pinne 4-6 prs,, lflts. 10-16 prs. ie 7” lon ng : . 3. rubicaulis.
Pinnze a Pits Ifits. 7-8 prs. Pod sutures aculeate . . 4, Prainiana,
2. enti 1” long.
“alata ee. Pod very prickly mata,
i Indian species of Mimosa have Weer revis teed by Gamble in roe Bulletin No. a
1920. In this the species usually hitherto known as M. rubicaulis a = Pose Pag
have been split up. My co ections and those at Kew only s
M, himalayana from our “gies but these are so few that I have Zaded ‘the yo
M. raged and M. Prainiana to the ae ey in case they ot hereafter be found,
and also shown MM, vnata fore compari
1. M. pudica, L. Lajalu, jaws H.; Kajak, Beng.; Lajkuri, Or.;
The apy iam re
well-know undershrub with weakly- oaly stems and
compound spreading Tong: petioled leaves, oles 4 digitately arr rranged
rel
w 1-23” long, leaflets linear °3-"4” ely “5” long, stipules
pectinately cil ag Peduncles 1-2 stieee “with pretty pink heads
of flowers. Bracteoles to the male flowers minute subulate or 0, to
the her aphrodite flowers — subulate pectinate. F's. 03” long
without the stamens whi _ about 4-times as long. St. 4. Pod
with weak a on — su es
ineide the Tachinidungri sopes near streams in een pal ge oor is thoroughly
naturalised, Bra oe ally from tropical America (Brazil). Fl., s. and ¢.8., also
— oleae: fruit in Puri in Mare ‘i 2
m. e irritabilit ts, Englis
edition. p. 644, y of the Sensitive Plant see Sachs, Physiology of Plants re
2. M. exam cogge Gamble. Syn. M. rubicaulis, F.B.I. (in part) ;
pore ies .; Kundaru, K.; Sega-janum, S.; Khirkichi-
An erect or sub-erect Bey prickly weak shrub 6-10 ft. high with
many stems. Branches angular, densely tomentosely pubescent when
young, with close scattered slightly toed prickles. Leaf rhachi
. of pinnse *7-
2
1 . m deve
with filiform stipules -2-25” long, Pod linear-oblong curved (0F
straight, teste Gamble), 2-3” long, # 10,inted res -seeded, glabrous
attenuate and apiculate tipped by the long style.
Sutures slightly mee or theepied r
Very common in 1 "
anna are RB a nat ae ie a
frequent! This, or one of the Phe the M. es pa F.B.1., occurs t is
he area, but whether the hirkichikanta’D f Puri, Angul ‘and Sambalpur
322
55. MIMOSACE 2, [9. Acacta.
aM himalayana remains to be ascertained, as it was merely noted by me as
( F.B.I.), Fi.r.s. to Oct, Fr. Jan.-April.
Mi fte with obtuse or subacute _— ss ig ti bg and agua acory games base, hairy
beneath, mid-rib nearer the upper . faint, about ooping. Brac-
teoles among the flowers presi clavate pohesbehat: Calyx eee lmm.
long, eek Corolla fun ped, 2°5 mm. long, lobes 4 oblong as long as the
tube, ong-exsert. Ov os uae
St.
In Angul * cingrgaee ”’ is said to be used for gunpowder charcoal, In Manbhum
the powdered root is given for vomiting arising from weakness, Campbell,
9. ACACIA, Willd.
Erect or climbing, — rmed trees or shrubs with either 2-
pinnate leaves or the leaves transformed into green variously sha
es. ent ;
rs sm:
-merous, sometimes polygamous, each subtended by a bract.
»t e from
oot
r less gamopetalous. fone many, free or connate with
Dokte: and to corolla at the base only. Pod usually flat and dry
sometimes moniliforn m ae targid but never oaks fas ane
. co
are from the first nes pa Pama A in
§. pre es not converted into phy ‘eta
pe ners i in Seger ose heads, .
. Armature stipular b a oie and therefore usually
pom aba spines
i = sara epee se yellow or. orang’ A
ubby. Pin rs. Pod 2-3", turgid 1. Farneesiana,
Athoreous Pinas o30 prs., “5-2” long. Pod moni- oot
lif o = a
panes § 4-6 prs up to *5” long only. "Pod ‘even . 3, eburnea,
i S- ” i . 4, tomentosa, .
Pinnw 7-14 prs 1°5” lon ps2 ntose een.
B. nents. not stipular. easly of scattered curved —
pric
ehgas. I i. nate appearing panicled (exc. concinna)
e leaves in the axils of which they arise
being undeveloped & at the time of flowering.)
1, Small e
Pinn 16-20 oa s-extending almost to base of rhachis. ane
Lflts, '25-°5” lon, Idi.
2, Climbers or scrambling woody ‘shrubs, rarely sub-
sp :
@. Pod thin.
Pinne 8-20 prs. Lfits, ‘2-°35” long linear . - acest
Pinne 8-20 prs, Lfits, "15-"2" long linear . —- - saree .
Pinne 12-20 prs. Lfits. '25-"3” oblo go . 9. torta.
Pinne 6-8 prs. Lfits, ‘3-"7” linear -ob ong . . 10. casia,
. Pod thick.
pi Lifts. *4-"6"" . 11. concinna.
ower in ioc Spines usually ‘stipular, short
gry Toggle ed,
. te, under 6” long.
Pinne 7-24 prs. pea ery dark , ‘ i ‘ ae peers
Li inne 10-20 prs, Bark ver saci ‘ i at ferrnginea
ite. 76-1. 5 10 . : : : enticularis.
i Leaves yea yecies) ‘ :
Hearts converted into phy es _ ew 1G, auriculaformis.
323
9. ACACTA. | 55. MIMOSACE.
1. A. pig oc riya Willd. Dei-babul, Harte Gand-babul,
Gabur, §.; Kapur, Or.; Guyababla,
A cea or ict tree 12-20 ft. with 4-8 prs. ne short pinne, and
10-20 prs. of minute crowded leaflets ‘07—15” long. The branches
Pp
orange de. sly fragrant fl ” di on p c 15",
usually clustered on abbreviated destin from the axils of fallen
leaves, also axillary. Pod 2-3” long, brown, turgid, ‘56 ick,
curved, not dehiscent. Seeds dark-brown, more or less oval, °25”
scarcely compressed.
Cultivated in aon throughout the province and often self-sown. It i
native of the West poe. Fi. chiefly | Sept.- -Feb. Fruits may be found poh of
the year, ripen April an
Branchlets Stipe zigai a, Tstibetlate, Leaf rhachis with short petiole pubescent,
ponte ending in a spine, a gland often present above the petiole, pinns ‘5-1 rarely
on,
If pruned it makes a very beautiful garden shrub covered with a
yellow fragrant heads which under the misnomer of ‘‘ Sager flowers i : are used
agonestig The roots have a smell of garlic and with t
gre oblong.
2. A. arabica, Willd. Babla, Babur, iecred (teste Draper), K., 8.5
Babul, mam sd nigeria (in Sambalpur).
. A tree attaini t. girth, we often Pa as a shrub, with
long oer mite rir ian es *25-2” long on the brane
Leaves with 3-6 (seldom up to 9) ie of pinne ee? long, each with
10-20 prs. of Hil ee 12-25” long. Leaf rhachis with a cup-shaped
giant at ae pee of the gis and -emagarg also of the uppermost
pair of pin Heads of yellow flow 5” diam. on short axillary
stanlgs fascicled peduncles with two fo a little above the middle.
abe bom the soe whitish tomentose 3-9” long, deeply constricted
altnviatt¢ Other districts of the Central and Northern meen ais on_ spoil
banks and railway embankments, where also it is sometimes — Santal —
Parganas, on Cotton mah Southern Tract, common in Khendpara d Ban caer
Cotton soil and in parts of Puri! San mbalpur, rare, and chiefly on Arse soil! It
appears to avoid Mletamor phic rocks and is absent fro eg the more fully stocked
ae emp Fl. A Dee. Fr. Jan.-—April, meceres
(hates or black deeply cracked, blaze vere hard, deep brown then
mri for further finis ing m parece ‘that the so-called half-tans (e.g. tar ).
‘The seedling is very impatient of grass and other competition and it requires to be
raised on clear soil in even-aged crops, vw = experience it does not c ppice, and
in his paper read before the Tannin Conference Mr. Tireman says Se “in general
it does not coppice we 1 og = — foresters speak of its coppicin, The tree
produces the Indian Gu abi. The true Gum Arabic (nitotion) has not the
_— —— os = a "the wets macmilifcarsh pods —- aeons
ra e is sai one of 1 the essentials of its silviculture, et i rs t
thrive on badly ej cotton vena : ’ ao
The cotyledons are ovate pe ery obtuse with the base somewhat auricled and
= bho The roots a ike the last have an ‘aliaxeots odour. The pods are largely
ten by goats and the seed which passes is the best for germinating.
324
55. MIMOSACEZ. (9. Acacra.
3. A, Rus Gn mety” Drummond (in Kew Herb.). Syn. A. eburnea,
Willd. (in part).
A shrub or eal tree with long straight dark-brown baer which
me white on the older bra — Leaves small 1-1'5” with hairy
rhachis ending in a spine or "poate and 4-6 rarely 8 ea of smal!
pinne about °5” long with 6-12 prs. “of ri igidly coriaceous greyi has.
green leaflets ‘08- bg long. Peduncles about 1” very ae grey-
downy with connate bracts about the middle. Heads 3-4” diam
corolla pale yellow {(alvays ?). Pod 3-6” long, thin, fat, Paci,
al and shin
har, Kurz! Ther only one specimen from Behar, and a very poor one in
fruit, ‘The ere apparently ae enters red province from Oudh and the North-
West. of Nov.-:
rk dark g pier 8 reddish-brown Spin sg *25-2", slender in our specimen
ranc lets hairy. Rhachis yh ge: ‘y large gla sae between the uppermost pinne and
sad ore), between each of the two lowest pairs. Sec. rhachides also often
nding in spines, Lfits. rites abties ‘1’ long mucronulate. Pod ‘25’ broad.
o phis erie appears distinct from the South ‘Indian true A, - urned. 2 the larger
pi sle
4. A. tomentosa, Willd.
A small tree re om twigs, leaves and spines wat with grey
Leaves 2-3°5” long with bua htge glands on the rhachis
lon
ten ae seeds, pedicelled. as 6-10, pale grey compressed
oval *3”
conte cat Puri, Southern Range! Fl. May-June, Fr. April.
e Pi ec Willd. ‘Goira, Gohira, Or.; Gulura, Reimja
Sambal
Usually a email tree ied moons | 6 ft. girth with white okt
barked branches, sometim med. Twigs and om aves tomentos .
Leaves small, 1-3”* long with 6-12 prs. of pinne “7-1°5" lo ong —
with 15-30 prs. of crowded leaflets -12--3” long. Flower-hea s te
2-25” diam., nearly white, numerous in large term e 4
aye Ee" by on I penne median. Pods long lies curv
mentose.
hic
Bother, rts 7 the provinee only, chiefly on cotton soil not on metamorp
Tocks, Fro - etmouy ale nnd — to Sambalpur! Not frequent in ee
forests, where the see - a uppressed, though old trees may so
sen zs, ed f “bet th h may turn nearly
» Vi ve rou,
Diack, Biths upper part trunks it white. Biase heht rok sii white-streaked.
chis With a gland sometimes at each pair of pinne b
“Season s well and takes a fine po olish, strong and tough, but often eaten by
CE ee eee eee ee ae ee aoe suspect that the
have 1 the dimensions of the leaves, an
de uremen a8 9 field note . eon. prc Herbarium material, are as usual too small, as
these are sseantie associated with the inflorescence,
325
pee Se eA Up gh Secret cat NeiReae Vis toca Mey beat et RES ae pal an ee ho > Napa emer ec ML male yah SEN ENS ct ME AO yay ic 8. 9 sie he DI ey SOME CRMOMB REN key ha PS dearest, FY
rs SES
- neo mE
iS 14 2
na Bo yy Se
3 =
ee
oD
&
®
=
ct
oe
oO
pe]
=
©
ao
an
oe
3
jt
OL
os
SI
=.
n,
=
EE
es
a?
ot
-
i=}
fas)
RQ
nD
oe
ivy)
iq O
eae
Beka
co
see
9. AcacIA.| 55. MIMOSACEZ.
sects. An excellent fuel ed locomotives,” Brandis, It does not seem to be much
eee in this province, A fibre is obtained from the bark by steeping for several
days and beating it, ” Gamble gives weight as about 55 lbs.
6. A. Coe & Haines (Indian Forester, Feb., 1917); Gar Khair,
as rkel
mall sey ee to 2°5 ft. girth, very rarely sub-scandent. Branches
saith usually 5 lines of minute prickles, twigs finely pubescent,
i n
tar
swollen qintiole and a flattish or rudimentary gland on rhachis
immediately above it and between each of the 3-4 upper pinne,
rhachis with vnbl ida weak prickles on the aie rounded surface.
Pinne 10-27 (usually 16-20) prs. °3-5” apart and extending down
the rhachis to within half an — of > ase of cont median 15-2”
a
long with 25-40 rarely 50 prs. of linear le aflets 25-5” by °03-05
Pods green to sa yellow = ‘whitish-brown, ultimately grey, rather
turgid when unripe, up to ‘25” thick, base attenuate, but pedicel, if
not exceeding °2”.
tom nl ey on the quartzites and shales of the Bor opahar Range!
Fr) Tay Fr, Nov.-Jan
Bark | light. coloured, blaze slightly pink-streaked or = in older trees. Folia
often fascicled, sparsely mey pislate, rhachis pune nt above, Iflts. mucronate
r -has under surface pale with
inicrosecopic “hairs. ast he tie an “12- ne". a gac cious. ug beg plies or cream coloured
about '5” diam, on peduncles *58- +g! long usually 3-nate in the axils of bracts.
— are really very young leaves and develop later so that the phew
peduncles become axillary. Calyx ‘14” almost glabrous 5-neryed with acute lobes.
Corolla quite row from Nive. iano, length (measur pee from base of aoens
“17-"19”, Stamens very shortly connate at extreme base and also adnate to base 0
corolla, Ovary sericeous with long stipes °08” Jong.
s and seeds “ok under two forms: (a) length 3-5” by ‘8-1” with about
e germination i sub-epigeal, the cotyledons are thick, oblong, and there
is no hypocotyl bt 7. thiekeng ee _ base of the cotyledons, a pair of 2- -pinnate
leaves and a stem bet them e immedi gee A me = end eco ry axis.
The tes firs ng Mesh err ty - in a é outa, bear two prs. of pine and normal erect
stipules.
The seeds are much punctured by one of the Bruchide, identified at the Forest
Research Institute as a species of Caryoborus
ie # A orange Willd. Syn. Kundaru, K.; Kondro-janum, 8. ; Arar,
; Dontari, Nali Ko nti, Or.
A pitty wsdl climber. Branches php more or less 5-angled
with lines of small prickles on the angles which ra gear: persist
even on the rounded stems. Leaves like those of A. canescens but
pega on the margin Rhachis often more aculeate. Inflorescence
n my specime 2») smaller, ani 6” long, pica ~~ pubescent
or nearly glabrou owers very small witho
* But T cannot — — the distinctions bet weer pect Fe
in the Flora of M e of these is that the leaflets ‘ote canes mas are always
acute, yet some Sacaovas moa at Rov have not only obtu rounded tips t©
the leaflets, The leafiets in pennata are said to be linear- “ObIOnE and those in
canescens linear, but the proportionate | dth
326
peer
. MIMOSACER. [9. Acacta.
_ the dilated tip Sebo Pease 6 occurs = Le ‘canescens. Flowers as in
A. canescens var. d ‘75-1" b
- Behar, Soan River, oe ae ‘sikkin Tarai, ae staiefors probably all through
In Behar specimens the me ation eaflets are ‘17-"3" long, mid-
abt edge at base. but nearly Ree at tip, the base is ride We rectangular w
: t4small nerves. Pods v ae le but always purple when young, 5-7” by 713",
suddenly obtusely acuminate or acute.
8. A. ene, Grah. ‘A. pennata var. canescens, F.B.I.;
_ Kundaru, K.; Ko mice Stee S.; Arar, Kharw.; Dontavri, Nali
Konti, Or.
A large woody climber. Branches usually more or less 5-angled
with 5 lines of small ees even when old. Shoots an sigh grey-
orfulvous-tomentose. Leaf gees without or with only very few
prickles 3-8”, y gees a large nd between the very, short swollen
w
nne, a gla ay als ppe
_ pinne, rhachis permanently pubesce cent or glabrescent with 8-20 prs.
of pinne the lowest of which is u — from 1*5- * distant from base
of petiole. Statin br cer 5” apart, 1°5- 3” long wi 0 prs. of very
small linear leaflets *15—2” long permanently tia y benea Pod
thin flat dry with strong 8 sutures 4-65” by about ‘7 a" , deep brown or
@, Margins sometimes sinuate.
Tn all districts, c diag near nalas in the dryer ones. Purneah (or Sikkim Tarai)!
oane River, Shahabad and Heine of Bihar, J,D.H.! Gaya! op gro
| gpur! Hazaribagh! Santal P.! Puri (var. fulca), ascending to the tops
. eA hills Nee Rajim! Fl. May-Aug., pee es earlier in wet seasons. Fr. ripens
: in ril, :
> Bark ene coloured. Blaze cri — (this may possibly be penn nata). Lflts. with
rounded apex or (in var. fulca) a ute, Construction of SD prciegs os asin oa iasaoeg
Peduncles so 4-nate an _ with | 1-2 hanar get omg ra Calyx OW oe.
Gorolla (from base of flower) “I- 72. Boeds up to 12 black, oblong, “8” long
Soa:
There are two varieties, perhaps oe distinct from one another as
_ they are from pennata. I nied lo 3 nly keep A. penser distinct from
_ A. pennata to be in uniformity with fe Flora of M
gentral atapex. Flower r quite glabrous s or ovary minutely sericeous, ox with a
Cate median nerve to eac
1 Var. fulya. Shoots panama d ie tomentose, indumentum a es,
leatets very ose with costa close to upper margin. Calyx minutely pubescent,
ed. Ovary ser Pct
ae of Puri only.
% 4. “ae ; 0. ¢ of 1915). Syn. A. casia,
“e vag gia — Faaiges: N DP aie oat in my
Decritin List ey 1846, ae iene Shatner this is not the
d Mr.
i in Kew
mosa cxsia of Linnzus, an Craib has renamed it in
Bulletin, 1915, No. 9.) Same ve ce. (0) pepcensee
ta, also Dontari, Konti, Or. ; Dater, Khond (?)
curved prickles and a spay or = tonic gland at base, pinne
| 327
9. ACACIA. | 55. MIMOSACEZ.
ays ube n
white, e, copiously pan nicled. Pods flat dry with strong sutures, 3-5'5”
by “6— ga eae Foes cuneate both ends, with a rusty
tom btu when you
eg bee and sea areas, probably in all districts. Behar, 7.7.! Monghyr,
Ham Gaya! Sa een P.! Chota Nagpur, all districts ! Mayurbhanj! Nar-
singpur r! igul to 8 mbalpur ! [am doubtful whether it occurs in, Puri, where
the next species h een ebilectel Fl. sey -Sept, Fr. Jan.-March ios ih et
_ Trunk ety 2° = ~ girth with rough penk, brow n blaze, on youn, ger 3 bark
ight-grey < and blaze slightly pink. “Wood i “prow ‘ apres
the pores are.
goin nonin, falsel ringed with soft tissue i
x,—The rhachis rs 2 ager that. i of ‘t aut cies the ‘* petiole’*
he 1 pe
below tiole.
10. ee Mccoy, Md ied Syn. A. Intsia, F.B.J. Same vernacular names
ary: Fee |
rhachis at first clos ser ge age or pilose 2 anata thinly so,
5-1” apart with a distinct short petiolule and pote apy te stipelle
above the petiolule (these are present in A. , but are more
minute and hidden by the indumentum wegre te aa prs. usually
shining (often steel-blue in herb: se “obliquely re sessile,
mui oe paar ee tet (on the same plant) ° by °27”
wide, w v fine hairs beneath when young bat wich
Pagano pot tio a terminal, very narrow and lax up t o 18” long
with the sears. Jens, very minute and bract-like, heads 5-7-nate,,
‘diam. Fils. white with tip of calyx and coroli
often red. Bre tl betwien flowers ng-spathulate acute ciliate.
“08” fresh speci ip of corolla ‘1-12’
b ’ bro
4, dark poliahed rove , oval, flat
sosotea Area only, in extreme south, “Puri! Alcs Se Fl, Sept.- Fr.
April. Renews leaves as in othe gor caaeediaery after
Soweni ering.
I have had to describe these species at great a on account of the confusion
existing in works as to their distinctive character
11. A. concinna, DC. Syn. A. rugata, Ham.; Ban- si Beng.
ge very prickly scrambling shrub with pale-grey twit
eopiously armed with hooked pri rickles. “eal ehesohie Bo 5” long.
pubescent with 3-6 prs. rarely up to 8 prs. of pinnw, of which the —
median are yon i long with 9-15 5 prs. of leaflets 46" long
eads appearing with the more or less developed
leaves, not sachaloti but 2-4-nate in the ‘caf axils and below them
328
- ott
55. MIMOSACEX. (9. Acacta.
Scale i tiny, eream-coloured or pink 4-5” diam. Pods thick and
fleshy, depressed between the seeds and margin often sacar but
finally dehiscent, 2°5-4” long by 7 7 ~1” broad, beaked.
__ Throughout the - but not common. Ramnagar Hills! het ib es
! ri D ! ing Ma
ripen: to)
i -April. I re .
Branchlets often nearly white. Shoots pubescent. Pinne ‘5-1” apart. Length
of flower to tip of corolla cist dpi — — 087”, minutely thinly pubescent. Ovary
Var, rugata, F. m= i. ,is distinguished by. re larger leaflets and pods and villous.
he Flor Madras keeps rz Ham., as ® distinct species from
ana, Tam miabie to neeept = vi aliaitye of the distinctive characters given as
my specimens have agp only 3-6 prs. and an all-but glabrous ovary. The young
pods in the Ramnagar specimen have very minute scattered thin hairs and ae ;
ovary may therefore have been pubescent; the leaflets are, however, those 0
coneinna and the pod is only *7” broad.
The pod is sa ponaceous and used for w ashing.
2. A. catechu, Willd. Khair, H., 8.; Khoiru, Or.
with black bark, bho slender ‘armed with
‘y) Wedtet spines. nn cee prs. with their
e. 1g
larly co ted, 4-7- rarely only 2-seede d, obtuse-
mate or beaked, bees posites ted into a pedicel and pubescent,.
tee. glabrescent, de ehi scent.
_ Central and “aie Tract, usually in dry forest! Gaya! Palamau, common,.
nd often found mixed with the S al both on clay and sandston ne | Samal oe
‘SP, on sandstone and often mixed with Sal! Manbhum! 8, Parg., especia
- i arsingpur! Angul!
i 1 th , Cooper.
Bark peelin off in thin vertical aecioss blaze very hard _vandyke-brown, then
com i 5 2-6” rarely 8” "
7 ir : ; :
oe 1 one between the appar meee 1-6 pinne. Peduncles ——— —.
hai iamens in 5 bundles at base of corolla with long glabrous
et Se inents. largely used as ogee posts. The
valuable wood, strong and _very gine argely
Raat gual being tho chipe, the well-known Kash nee long een
: in medicine, ane gg be meas for tanning.
serine red in Palamau, Manbhum and Hazaribagh. Kath is a yaluable
The open Kh f treatment by m where
tattle air forests are largely a result of tre
Cattle e and fires are kept out the Khair penal to die out, as Lee ight
under shade—a ea which has sometimes been lost sig
“The os given by Gamble is about kets dao Ths. OR aS 8
ons are orbicular-oblong °25" long Vv "
fission €8 are erect oa biptooatey the first leaves W fre —_ two oti
at. « catechuoides, Wall. sp. th
enehter tree than A. catechu and nyo eee Af .
Mperalous n ot pubescent rhachis and glabro h he sialon tract in
ae a tr here it occurs in - e su :
: al Race ae t any ates be the tree of Bettiah and Ramnagar, but the
of that district was not examined b
329
9. AcactA.] 55. MIMOSACE.LE.
13. A. suma, Ham. San-kanta, Ben na
ree ch resembling A. catechu but with white bark, more
oun’ branches and with the corolla not much exceeding the
ee Raganathpur, Clarke! Balugaon. Puri! Gamble says common ii
Soe but he probably refers to Orissa in its wider sense. Patna and Kalshandi,
Fl. Aug. Fr. Dec
ug.
Bra mahiet ts and petioles grey- pubescent. Leaves 4-10” long with a large
above base of petiole. Pinne 10-20 prs. as pode 50 prs, generally pecs = ower
usually under ‘08” but the relative ler of calyx and ¢ In
nearly all the specimens I have seen tbe: Se is nie ee aoues chet ‘ral be ‘long
et corolla, in some three-fourths or two thirds. Pods 2-5" by *75” pubescent
en young,
The wood is said to be similar in its properties and uses to that of 4, catechu,
= A. ferruginea, DC. sot ee H.; Kanta Chira, Or.
A fairly straight tree 2- irth. Branchlets pubsowet with
hina stipular ry. prie ckles -1— fy ‘slightly curved. Leaf rhachis 16-
vith 3-5 prs, stalked w each with 10-18 prs. “fits Lfits.
pinn
iin gla siccie, » inoot white when dry. Pod * spike eh a: to 65"
long by '8”, 4-6-se oe d, geen suture mar gine.
This is also nd by me in i oie Forest,
ett ae It + wil probaly Ge te found oa calaimnids and the Khondmals, Fl.
ar YN
rk gre. seule cracking into oblong pie n or in old trees deep
crimson, with thin white lin s, As thet oan is rapt an of leaves at the time of
flowering the spi ikes appear panicled,
15. A. seeseetreiey Ham. Khairi, Ur.; Kolsa-kanta, H.; Balu
Te hs 1, Mal. P.; Kanta Siris, 8.
A pretty tree, 20-40 ft. high, at first sight _— peor an
dntidte ¢ or ? Sirs with Dee & green foliage ae larg leaflets. Pinne
2-4, more rarely 5 prs 5’ long. Lfits. 7- se «oblong or roboxate
oblon ng i ba le poate or nearly s o Yi soe ae
white in stout ieee pikes 4-5” by “75” ‘with Thai y Tashi Pod flat
‘straight 5-9” by 1-15
Hill forests, central ane southern tracts, Hazaribagh, frequent, ——
‘quartzite, on clay schists near the Damuda! Palaman, Kumandi pbeg sha ary
Adhe, on banks of streams! Ranchi Ghats, common! Common about Neterbat,
3000 ft. orahat, ee forests! Rajmahal Hills, not common! Ka
Grieve, Fls. May-June. ‘The s seem to She about Oct. and Dec., but remai
on ve os often till t following gies Everer oblong
8 7°5 ft. girth i . Palaman, Old bark cnc So or dark-grey with
Sikes’ and blaze deep crimson, ‘The old trees are nearly nnarmed or with Geshe \
slightly recurved sxinabicry: compressed agi —— rhachis 5-7” gla ee
aligns ly hairy with a erg Segal the ——, -m — whe rounded apex —
y, teeth nearly as
Frost-harc rdy ar miber § is said to be attacked by white ants,
‘lige very hard ate aiee :
16, = period A. Cumm, (Benth, in Hook. Lond. Jowrns
2 athe er tall straight tree with smooth white bark, 80
a Eucalyptus. Glabrous and glaucous ‘At igs
sae Fy Sramlticts, The place of aves is taken by
330
55. MIMOSACE #&. [10. ALBIzzIAa.
compressed falcate- rn phyllodes 4-7” long and - bd 5” broad,
tarrowed both ends with 4-6 principal sub-pa arallel nerves sometimes
enfluent near the be se and finer parallel intermedi mtd occasionally
i Flowers small white in Slender axillary spikes 15-
I ely toothed
Frequently planted op in Bankipur! FI,, Fr, at various times of the year.
Native of N. Australia and Queensland,
A few other Austratian phyllodineous a are sometimes met with ‘te
fardens, but the above is the ouly common one, All transitions occur betw
— and true leaves and the seedlings of phyliodiieons Acacias have usually
; leaves.
ZZIA, Duraz
Unarmed trees with 2 =e — peer Flo wers in globose heads
tarely subten ded mit bracts o -nate peduncles which are om
‘ in the eis siieentae ie sx which ultimately
develop, Purely truly panic Soled and in xils of small or large
bracts, Calyx tubular or cam Spero eon ale eal “Cox olla
samopetalous usually exserted and with 5 petals. Stan many
Wore or less connate. [Ovary se ars or ‘phortly eeuahaes aay. y-rale d.
“me . linear-oblong, fl aah raight, thin ardily
Seeds exalbuntinons, aan ssed.
1. lucida,
sile ' . &. procera.
ta. 75. 2: 25", "Heate axillary. ‘Fils. pedi-
~9 prs, . *
ostly over 6 prs, Ltlts. all under °*75”.
8. Ltlts. 5-75”. Fis, policelled so oe
Lflts. *1-"25", costa Tnedian 7 :
Lflts, "15-"35' ginal.
X lucida, Benth. Gobraha, T
2
/ 5 a8 ebbek. :
Liits, “6-13”, Heads panicled, Fis, sessile. 4, odoratissima.
5. Thomsoni.
6
é
. amara,
. stipulata,
mn maanr fore rmvb en Probably also in Purneah,
Fr. March-A how Beene
y Realy smooth, Blaze yellow rand repo
Wood is sa; Vy the dto }
. procera, Beak Weis, TAS iaiel ts Safed Siris, H.;
Garso, 80, Kerso, agaeetgr: Tentra , Or. :
large tall tree with characteristic greenish-white or ae bark
ue very “old trunks). Leaves with 3-6 prs. of pin Pinna
331
10, ALBIzzta. | 55. MIMOSACEZ.
with a gland below the upper 1-3 prs. of leaflets or nob Lfits. 5-11
c
r to ow Cc
—4-nate copiously panicled, bracts caducous.
xserted part of corolla 1-1°5 times length of calyx. Pod 4-8” by
5-1", thin strap- dhaneil, young often red.
Tn damp ground, along watercourses, etc., in all districts. Also Cone
egal but only attaining perfection in the a near streams. g.-Sept.
tr. Dec.-May. In May and June it may be nearly or quite leafless for ‘a pn short
tne. There may be a second flush of new bees in August growing through the
cle.
ee ns 7-8 ft. girth. a red. Youngest leaves silvery hairy, quickly glabre-
Panicles nearly glabrous, large or only 3-4’, Calyx ‘1- “13” glabrous, teeth
soeerual: Corolla greenish- white, nearly 25" goes Siti from base ‘of fh ower) and —
lobes about one-third as long. Fil. white, anthers yellowish, staminal-tube exceed:
ing the corolla.
e timber is good. Carts are Bape shar it in Champaran, it is used also for
building, rice-pounders, etc. It is od fuel. Gamble gives the weight at about
50 lbs. It grows very rapidly, /
aa Loker Fat Syn. Acacia Lebbek, Willd. a. Sirissa, Roxb.;
; Shirson, Or.; East Indian Walm |
_ ie “bree ually eg. when Tea from the
numerous pendulous ae a ured pods. Leav with 2-4 —4 rarely
5 pairs of pinn, rhachis with a gland below the aie rmost pair of - |
b nn wi
*35-1" rarely twice as lon Read xs inded d_ glabrescent, drying
green, costa not _ brok one-ti edn ot 1fit. from and parallel to
its bp edge. uncles stout 2-4” long, 1-3 together in the axils —
of the leaves of ihe: ee shoots, rarely cae -panicled from the late
development of thes ers with distinet pedi eee which attain
’ lon orolla te to twice length of calyx. Pods linear
cian 6-12” by 1-2” broad.
Everywhere planted, very commonly along roadsides. Apparently wild in the :
patie gp yas Hills but rare! Hamilton speaks of a Sirish in Purneah ate te
Le not it. hearer bedi on the Damuda Cal the Kuru rege re art
hills atove Ader (Ranchi), below Korgi and Adhe Deamon all in Chota ee
Apparently wild along s Rea near Nakchi and Lohamunda (A Atheist i
in the i forest, near the movenné and at Gapineanan, Ang’ Pgs i
Mals of Puri! Fi, Ap ril-June, ripens January and r enaiha os he tree :
the following March or April. Eonthins during the hot season. Shoot, :
Bark r rough and rugose, einereone. laze deep ¢ orien — esi
7 ves and inflorescence densely (often yellow-) to’ one.
inear deciduous, 2 minute stipella ae she thickened. petiole ot ite
i: pane :
when young. Lflt. with 4-5- -neryed base. F's. eget wit ah siete be! Sony :
alyx *12” pubescent. Corolla un 3" ja oe red from
wag ney ~ tly hairy above with lobes near rly long
rata, ‘pms 8, pity E-pomgh even va afar ches. Pod with a very
sbarp beak Wii be ow Korgi and Adhe, Palamau, near hill streams. bit
Tintees Pat ieas, leaflets more or less permanently
wilted 1 more eee oblong and up to 13 prs.
It is practically a from the species without omen aie
art ahaa the Ae crc sare om shorter han ae type it is probably a DY ns
nu near tongan bly of nursery ori 3
The ond of A. lebbel-is1 oe Seok used in the a: a Gamble says that it sono
332
e
=
55. MIMOSACE#, [10. AuBizzIa.
sand pe teey oped andi is fairly durable, The weight i is given as about 50Ibs. It
fast ¢ ana he dismal rattle
pods i i aie pola w cree make it very inferior,
odoratissima, ieee Phe ae: Th.; Kiachalom, K.; Jang
Siris, 8.; Sirish, Tini
A lenge or small tree, some oie graceful with arid foliage.
ith 2-5 pairs of pinne, main rhachis with glands as in
i
Cc
tthe ea calyx. Pods purplish-green to brown or red when quite ripe
12” long by Gace, is ra ris 1:25” broad.
rT sand-co ey blaze thick deep crimson. Shoots and panicle
or tomentose. Leaf acne AA agri Iflts, pale eens ——
xcept the —— and mid-rib, basal-nerves 5-6,
pubescent, scarcely toothed. ‘Corolla hairy all ae "funnel.
xserted and lobes one-third to as long as tube, whitish,
‘sin is used for much the same purposes as A, lebbek and is said to be
Gamble gives the weight as about - lee and says that it works and
SWell. It is sometimes lopped for fodde
4. Thomsoni, Brandis. Sailari, Gondi.
oa and handsome tree with the young parts Hee or golden
and old twigs dark grey densely appressed-hai _ Pinne
rs 26” long. Lfits. 5-10 on the first leaves, up 's: 25 prs. on
Tulka, Labangi, and Burkundi Forests! a se while leafless, Fr.
edhe 2 new rm appear at the ends of the new gba which = the
re or just after flowering, ae some peduncles also axillary in
=
” pube ee cepted and
pune. etals greenish *12 pu =
is — as as the calyx, narrow ell.-oblong subacute. Fil. ‘4-5’ long connate
nicle is ; is always described minal and ample, bat sometimes the
young leaves and | the ‘inflorescence umes the form of
333
10. ALBIzzIA. | 55, MIMOSACE4.
short tube at the base, white glabrous with greenish-yellow anthers. Ovary
shotiy stipitate, glabrous, or both it and young pod densely — hirsute. (These
last are diseased.)
Var. galbana, Haines
It is remarkable that Brandis particularly states that the flowers are not scented —
and that the anthers are pink. He even says that these pe gebetci iy? differentiate it
from A, odoratissima — the Flora of M T have confirmed
the observation | in he Central ‘Pere inces, but our tree has scented flowers and
ners! Prain in th ae a matte pen ium. on odoratissime
var. mollis = A. i onecapent which is good species.’ But the cover really —
contains a mix — = = ‘odoratissima with a; Th moot + and this no — led to —
percent ion on which I have seen . Thomann in the forest have I
= a m moment ooothosryg it with 4 tis an excellent species. The —
ree with scented flowers and yellow anthers I therefore consider = . variety of :
Thomeoni. The form, leaflets, time ca See wy Shasaceet of inflor ce, a
celled flowers and pod serve to disti ish it at every stage from oratissima. —
so high that 1 gcanie alw oe had to collect them by shooting —
down a branch ; those of odoratissima can usually be reached from the gro und,
6. A. amara, Boivin ;
A small or n NGee with smoot greenish bark and the innovations
ey yellow Scien Leaves with main rhachis 2-4” long and
15 : i i m
yellow hairy, 1-4-nate in the axils of ponies bape of esha w leaves or |
appearing shortly pan BSR ee owing to appeara of these. —
Pedicels short. Corolla exserted to two wages ‘Gute ‘lengt of the
calyx which is sub-entire, ee Tanceotat about half as long a —
tube. Pod 4-6” by ‘7-1” pubesce q
s Orissa as a locality but I can find no specimens from our area either =
at sree es Y Cderitee: The oe locality where I have collected the tree was in
Raipur in the Central Province
7. at Le pecan Boiv, Syn. A. marginata, Merr.; Kare, Th. ; Kala
pud, K.; Chapot, Kera-serom, 8. ; Ghora-lenja, Or.
A mie ‘hana tree with ene A clear 2 Slane 12-20 prs:
usually about 14 prs., 83-5” long with hairy pubesce. t rhachis and
about 30-40 prs. of semi-lanceolate leaflets *15-35” Tong with - q
bee rac to the forward margin, young pubescent, mature pubescent —
margin and costa. Stipules s large caducous. Fis. Ser’ 4
ations) 1-125” long on 1-5-nate peduncles often in the “oe 4
stipuliform — in panicles 4-8” long. Pods 3°5-6” long by te
broad, dehise 4
In na dam t ts, Il Not common.
paran ett valley ra es nt rare! Athmallik,
near rivers ! ig beck Z Marcel
Attainin st foe leaves Feb snsvers=
e ie witha th pal bark with characte é
N ay al sae densel en ol hare a roug Berk below come snot
n yet
ieseed the Gul Seohar. Phitieh ‘asin ke mare C0 cordate stipules are Very
334
5d. MIMOSACEZ. [12. ENreRoLosium.
eipicuous on the new shoots but so far from being bersigtant (as sometimes
described) they are very caducous in our area. Fl. cream coloured or angen
“sessile, ; the tubular -funnel-sha. ped calyx *11” one | and the a twice as long o;
aga
_ The wood is not used in the province but in some parts of India it is said to be
wed for building and for wheels. It was tried for tea-boxes in the Duars but
2 ras no subsequent demand for it while I was in that district, though
Stag Me * Sau,’’ it was extensively planted both t there and in Chota
he ‘ ‘
Serer ton cattle Todder
Closely allied - wii but snares spi ee It diffe
letly the compressed pod being circinate or s spirally twisted:
and dehiscent, and the seeds often aciltate or
P.dulce, Benth. Syn. I nga dulcis, Willd.
, A pretty tree with small stipular spines Apegcoat~ on the trunk.
ves with onl d t
cra nly one pair of pinne an e pinne w with only one
pit of small oblique — 1-2” long. Heads white °5” rae in
harrow coment se face sis _ black in a white corinne
ote often culti o be more so but I haye not ton it succeed
the Ranchi plateau and nee is. sensitive - Pam Tt is a nativ of Mexi cg arya 0.
"ya eut h
Jan.-Feb.
Fr. April- cds
12. ENTEROLOBIUM, Mar
_ Differs fro m Albizzia in the somewhat thickened fleshy pod which.
in more 0 or ies septate within. It is indehiscent
A E. saman, Prain. Syn. Pithecolobium Saman, Benth.; The Rain.
Tree,
large or tree with rather short Say but large spreading
town, often forked from the base. Handsome when in flower from.
humerous rose- Seige ta heads of hn with long stamens
he dark-green leaflets.
hash ns nly = Lae in stations in every district, Native of tropical
oy June, Fr. March-April.
ux dark grey. Shoo te and Tha chis jee ch Tat rhachis — often a
nm one to nt t base.
“pr tt 2-3 prs. of leaflets only, larger with 8-10 ci “Latte, st se 2 long
~., ?tHomboid with the costa diagonal, somewhat hairy a esp. 01
: n
0g pink." p 25". “ Corolla- _— fis ther longer, lobes *12”, Filaments very
od 5-9” fleshy with firm sutures.
il ~ Mage tae tre6 0 of raimereaiee quick growth. The fuel Bos gel nl os
to wel and Ba aoe ripen ind. For., 1917), but this may ny be
ad difficulty in splitting it is often much damaged by win
nee ee sweet and
. t
in the ies
pot:
&xample of slee ts. Mr. Maries formerly of. D
this tree has the CmANty. of Feniierteg, oak eae fertile. I believe ea oie
confirmation oF this theory & ben a the efflorescence reappea:
Shade of the trees was remo’
3385
56. ROSACE#.
FAM. 56. ROSACEA.
Herbs, geist or trees with stipulate me ae simple or variously
compo ound lea Flowers regular, ign = oe Pres Pt ef
ate in bud, ipaminas an epicalyx present. or less
hollowed out into a cupular or flask-shaped receptacle Chypadithtnaid
lined above or entirely by the disc and bearing the sepals, petals s and
usually numerous, rarely definite, stamens. Carpels 4% ma y, free
e
les carpou ary. Ovules 1-2. Fruit very variable,
Series imes of otal a oe seh receptacle or nutlets sunk within it
or sometimes forming vind he pe fleshy swollen aocreanentl hypanthium
a el: palied berry or pon
I, Carpels abe not enclosed in the ay panthium.
A. Carpell. Ovules 2, pendulous. Trees or shrubs.
Onlyx B-lobed. Petals lar, . 1, Prunus.
Calyx 5-toothed. Petal its sometimes sepaliform . 2. Pygeum.
it.
5
oS
=
Usually prickly shru 3, Rubus.
2, = Ay solitary, aeseaniing. Her
Ripe a a seated = the Fe ancrescent receptacle 4, Fragaria.
Ripe carpels seated on a dry receptacle 5, Potentilla.
II. Carpels many 1- oat ps0 as the bottom of a flask- shaped
od age an re styles free or connate abo 6, Rosa.
Ill, Carpels Dogger -ovuled, enclosed in the hypanthium and
to ite walls, more or less connate with on oe
ed form oe Bs Sage ovary, Fruita wai or pom
Flow: 7, Eriobotrya.
Hiowars Pascicled or corymbose . 8, Pyrus.
4. PRUNUS, L.
Trees or shrubs with simple entire or toothed, often gland- serrate.
leaves with frequently 2 glands on the petiole. Fs. soli itary fascicled
cem, epal 5 in fruit. 5 OO
spicuous. Stamens perigynous. Carpel 1 with terminal “we and 2
collateral pendulous ovules. Fruit a drupe, stone often 2-valved,
1-, rarely 2-seeded.
A. i conduplicate in bud, lanceolate.
ls. peduncled appearing before the leaves . i sevgen
rs, sessile, appearing with new leaves . H : ‘ : . 2. persica.
B. Leaves convolute in bud, ovate acuminate . * : . . 8. armenacd.
1. P. amygdalus, Baill., is the Almond.
3. P, armeniaca, Benth. a Hook. f., is the Apricot. Neither appea®
to thrive in our are
2.0PRe Lye Benth. & Hook. f. The Peac
tree with oblong-lanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate ger
4-6” ae finely serrate or doubly-serrate, short petioles es and wi rai
po ate stiptiies. Flowers sessile on the brachlets, pink. Fru’ —
v
336
56. ROSACEA. : [3. Rugvs.
Succeeds w ” ou ped — plateau
: te variety with a ooth shiny fruit s the Nectarine
ums and Sherrice 3 are species of Preats and have no connection with the
Jujube or Ber commonly called *‘ plums” by Anglo-Indians.
2. PYGEUM, Gaertn.
Evergreen trees or shrubs with entire or toothed leaves, sometim
a _° of flat circular glands at the base of the blade. St tiptiles
minute caduco Flowers small ra see Sepals minute 5-6.
Petals 5-6, like the sepals or very small and villous. Stamens 10-40,
often in serie suds rs Carpel 1 with 2 welicees! pendulous ovules,
— abbe Fruit a transversely ellipsoid somewhat
* = vein with scanty flesh, cotyledons hemispheric, fieshy,
album
Leaves entire. Stamens over 30. ‘: : ‘ j : . 1. acuminatum,
Taaves toothed. Stamens 10-15. ; ; ; - « 2 lueidum
A small evergreen HO with near elliptic “ r oblong acute or
shortly acuminate leaves 4-6” by 1° ”, yellowish-green flowers in
racemes 2-5” long hie tindhvedeely ellipsoid. -oblong drupes °75”
Along streams in the moist shady hill valleys of the Saranda forests! Very rare,
- ers probably also be found in the Mayurbhanj mountains. Fl. Aug. Fr.
igs br th white lenticels. IL shining, some ovate, base rounded or
ata ncnte, “miei very ‘peonababidy and sec n. 6-3 strong beneath, arched, and
oping 80 801 ‘ a
Pa e.
soem "25", eye me” diam. pitensaat. Fr. ‘5’ on the shorter nara
Sometimes en a slight median vertical furrow, endocarp thin woody, testa
papery vein
2. P. Pidstesas Hook f. Syn. P. lucidum, Anders. (Beng. P:
praia shrub or small tree somewhat res eee a smmplos
lute glabrous except the margins of the petals eous
r oblong-lanceolate obtusely acuminate, 15-3: 5” with rode
or obtuse base and crenate-serrate margins, sec - eae
early straight, bifureate. Petiole 3”. Racemes 1 ‘dense. “
ls very short. Hypanthium hemispheric, glabrous, sepals
y ovate obtuse, petals twice as long, elliptic with densel y
“apa Stamens 10-15 with transversely oblong 2-celle
An in nveresti ting and ve by Anderson on Parasnath elev.
rare plant first collected by An
800 ft. £ a solitary wer ree on She 1orthern som od Bn Centra -ctnhegerd Since that
wea times, but only from the sam and perhaps y e€ ba shat
also been found at eshenemeee gore i, elev. 4500 y
November, Fruit not seen,
3. RUBUS, Z. Raspberr. oe “ :
ate hrub ly creeping herbs. aves simple o
= Ahn de 7 bytes pres ne vd to the petiole. Flowers
By hame P, lucidum was published without _dearriotion in Anderson's paper
‘the Flora of eee and the mountain Para
22 337
3. Rusvus.] 56, ROSACE.
in terminal = — oat —— solitary. Sepals persistent.
Petals 5. Sta many, inserted on the margin of the pechispigge ce
or broad iiss tole. Paipila eae on a convex receptacle, ue
sub-terminal. Ovules 2 collateral, pendulous. Fruit of man. ft .
seeded drupels on the dry or spongy raised digs droens cle.
Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed_. . 1. moluccanus,
Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate . : ‘ : : : f . 2, ellipticus.
1. R. moluccanus, L. Syn. vide note.*
shrub, easily recognisable as a Raspberry, with sarmen
prickly branches 3 5 ft. ee ng, broadly ovate or nt orbicular ps 5
1 — leaves with small prickles on the 5~7 strong primary ne ii
eath and very dense axillary a and terminal ‘panicles of w
rather inconspicuous flowers ‘5” diam. Fruit variable in size, fas
y
Along the ected dae £ below Neterhat, elev. 3000 ft. Fl, Aug.-Oct. Fr.
Sept.-Oct. Ever;
A very variable plant of which only the local form is here cribed, ba
tomentose. Leaves mos gf fy by 5°5” with rounded dentate a hoary-tom
between oo Serves and hairy on the nerves, Panicles — only 2-2° 3 "jong
stipules and bracts, Sepals acuminate reflexed in flower, erect
ag ee — after 8 ol hat Petals distant obovate ‘2’ long
Sipl
2. R. ellipticus, Smith.
A large sarmentose shrub with peanches 15 ft. long, ine
with spreading red sub-setose hairs and with a silky-tom
-ri
pedicels and setaceous bracts. Flowers °3—5” diam. with obovate
— exceeding the calyx. Fruit a yellow raspberry “6” diam., very
packs Hills, Champaran, elev, 2500 ft.! he gee Mayareeey ae
rivers, elev. 3500 ft.! Fl. Feb.-March. Fr, A ril-May. ergreen
The leafiets are usually rounded or obtuse at the apex + te rong form has
them gradually acute, margin ve sharply toothed, sec. n. 8-12 cs oe
bifurcate near raph Maret scalariform. Petiole 1-3”. Stipules
4. FRAGARIA, L. Strawberry
Perennial os inspec — with oe for leaves
and “ae adnate to t tiole. ite or yellow, often
poly gam us. — with si epicalyx of ri bracteoles siuals 5 bec
many persis ne els many on a
chee atylet: ‘venta, ovule 1 ascending, Fruit o of numero
achenes separately sunk in the very eaten fleshy recept
* This is apparently pe rugosus, Sm., if the species is subdivided as is done in the
Flora of Madras, but the sabre are rather variable th ough usually pam ne
laciniate chiefly at apex. It cannot be variety Thwaitesit, which is bed as
having black fruit!
338
56. ROSACEZ. (5. PorenTiLua.
" * F, indica, Andr. Yellow-flowered Strawberr
TICeO
Peduncles grgprds Longe y and — ‘only be aring 1 flower each which
is etal and a ‘5” diam. with calyx (including the epicalyx)
agi thd cor ate Fruit on
hady places, Purneah! FI., Fr. Jan
ee Ener stout. Petioles very te thinly villous. Stipules foliaceous
Bracteoles of the epicalyx exceeding the sepals and sub-lobed or with 2-3
oe teeth. “Fruit sometimes very succulent but insipid, sometimes spongy.
2. F. elatior, Ehrh.
The cultivated strawberry, whose origin is probably F, vesea, L. (Hooker f.),
_ succeeds fairly well on the Ranchi plateau. Fl. Feb.
5. POTENTILLA, L
Perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with compound leaves, oy gee
adnate to the petiole. Flowers pio yellow, sometimes white or
eitmes unisexual or diccious. Calyx 5- rarely ee
ted, so
with an epicalyx of as many bracteoles, valvate. Petals as many.
Stamens " ni Is
1 pendulous. Fru
Dm
tae
a
nal,
_ humerous amos on bus dr v piasandaee
A. Ower's in cym
Diffuse. Bad ical eee digitately 3- §-foliolate.. 40.9 «
lical leaves pinnately 5-9-foliolate . : .
B. Flowers eolitary axillary:
Sub-erect or diffuse. Leaves pinnately 5-9-foliolate . «
. Kleiniana.
: Leschenaultiana.
3. supina,
L . - Kleiniana, W. § A.
ftan
ong. meen geen long petioled tigate y 3-60 ila boven
glabrous somewhat swollen or fleshy in fruit. Achenes 1 1 mm. long,
S oblique, orgs and with wavy ridges, glabrous or near y so oo
3 Agughest hil s of Ranchi and Palamau in grass near streams, Neterhat! y
une (pers all ihe r.8. < ¢aiche duneiform
with ioles laxly e, leaflets deeply : sharpiy serrate excep
he inflorescence sessile.
Sento ge gpe yx rather shorter
P, Leschenaultiana, Ser. Var. biharensis, Haines. —
tstock, long-petioled pinnate
i 0
Tats 4-1-8" Hin with a subsidiary leaflet between or at the base
: 339
5. PorentTi.ya. | 56. ROSACE 2.
. several of the leaflets, ae leaves signee 3-foliolate or Hip soe
ost simple. Fls. yellow ‘4-5’ diam. in lax often corymbose cymes
soe ut 2” diam. Achenes glabrous calaneles ovoid some penta m-
pressed with a dorsal rib and lineolate faces, on a conical pel
Silene receptacle.
{ enniaine of Chota Nagpur near streams, Neterhat 3000 ft.! Fl., Fr. May-
aa lleaves with petiole 6-8” long, leaflets villous beneath str ongly nerved,
nerve running into pat of the large strong mucronulate teeth. Stipules mnie,
ean Pedicels eso aoe eel ovate 15’, Bracteoles lanceolate nearly as
Tis (of type) North- West erhaalay a and Nilghiri Hills,
3. P. supina, L.
n see herb 3-4” and sub-erect, or with stems up to 1 foo
us and spreading from the omy ae and leafy. Radical
eld (with: petiole) 2-3” flace id, often absent when flowering, pinnate,
with 5-7 rarely 9 obovate opp. and alt. tTobulate leaflets *2— 5”, lower
cauline similar to the radical leafiets long-petioled, upper cauline
with 3-5 leaflets short-petioled and Ifits. cstally small and obcuneate
about pee. or incised- serrate. per mall _yelow "25" m.,
sol itary axillar nto prnnee a
bran
ched statis with much reduced leav
naa
J
hern tract, in damp places, Bettiah to Purneah Ss C. B. Clarke!), Fl.,
Pr: ee, aie Feb. -April. Lente not always distinc
. ROSA, L. Rose.
Erect, sarmentose, or tiunbieig usually ese shr bite with pinnate
leaves and an Seda cei ets, stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers
terminal, Mg secede nbose. Hypanthium ovo mas r pitcher-
shaped with a gare nabs outh beari nie ee foliaceous or pees folia-
ceous a which are saurteiok te in bud. Petals normally 5, large.
Hie tae! many inserted on the thi Pas dise at the throat ‘of the
free, b
ovule 1 (rarely 2) pendulous. Fruit of dry coriaceous or bony inde-
Nees t carpels (achenes) enclosed in os fleshy hypanthium: ere’
often lined with a
in concise and admira of the roses usually cultivated in India
given in Brandis’s Fore o er inny ‘. North-Wes ‘eat and Central India, This is repro-
duced with some mosliflentions in'the F.B.I, The following appears to be the only
rose indigenous in our a
1._R. sia pee: Jangli Gulab, H.; Koya, Vern. (Bihar, teste
Northern cepts said to be co n along oA riv are neah! In the Central
and Southern igacee it is rare, but { todd reed ps ene rivers in n the forest coo
Singbhum ! ger te Buch, Ham. says that it was common in the “ higher
of the swamps of Purneah ” (Puraniya, vide eveuiiahed MS.). ve ‘stareh- ADSL
Young parts and inflorescence tomentosely villous, graduall Baca se
340
- 57, SAXIFRAGACEZ. [1l. VAHLIA,
Leaves 2-4’ long only, Iflts, shining, a with ye narrow segments. Styles
gin, ending in a discoid mass of stigmas. Fru glo bose, tomentose (not seen
ts ERIOBOTRYA, eit
_ Trees with simple coriaceous leaves and vy oo in dense
- panicles Sepals s small per sistont on o hie rt or clavate
thium. Petals 5 ¢ ontorted or imbricate, obovate or once Grey
. 2-5-celled jee styles $s conn ats and woolly below. Ovules two in each
— cell, basal, a i Fruit baceate with hae thin endocarp and
large Ga gled Seeds with very "chile cotyledon
1. E. japonica, Lindl. Loquat, J Japanese Medlar. |
small tree with
me. woolly. Leaves ee 6-12” long, sub- sessile , lanceolate +d
EE
; F low n. in pie staid panicles 3-6” long. Fruit el
yellow racelent i 1:5” long, 1-5-seeded.
hative o pan, =. nit gee dead and succeeding well on the Ranchi
Plateau and 4 ihe No FI, Sept.-Oct. Fr. March-April.
eetient fruit.
Pyrus communis, Z. The common Pear is cultivated on the Ranchi plateau but
Yields a ‘: uit only fit for cookin
M. 57. SAXIFRAGACEA.
A
peters, shrubs or her bs with alt. or opp. nearly always spe rit
nositi wers
ers Sepals imbricate or bere ‘usually on a * distinct "uff
thium which varies much as in the Rosacee, from which family the
alternate leaved genera are ionic’ mine by habit, by the definite
stamens equal to ¢ or double the number of the petals, ovary of 2-5,
but usually apie’ below and
. and by the numerous ovules
_ andseeds. Placentation in 1-celled ovaries is variate or the placent
_ #@ pendulous, in 2-more-celled ovaries axile. The opposite-leaved
: eo often hive numerous stamen
2 re s t at all typical.
_Mlatelone he Hinengea wiseh s cra °
To the family
AHLIA,
__ Herbs opel 0 ris ) enti e exsti stig veg but ee with
_*S8tipular lin a ‘i axtiny nat ord toa ired. s5 superior
«Putas 5, epi: Ovary oi sete 1-celled
; Potaly 5 spec st. 5, epigynou ‘
wh 2 pendulous placenta and many hese vi styles 2. Neg nacent a
ng apically between the styles. Seeds numerous, nu
aiioag actyape Idenlandioid
ines, 3-7", 2.fid. Filaments without basalscale |. + 1. eeemmnsios sf
oc ssile. Filaments with a minute basal scale. — 2, viscosa,
usually erect or diffuse, much
nt very like an Otdentandtia, bescent all over and also
branched 2 about 6” hight shortly sparsely pu
341
1. VauHtia. | 57, SAXIFRAGACE 4.
glandular above tlt subsessile, linear to linear ovate.
Peduncles 2-fid. in all the’ axils, 3-7” long. Fs. white (or yellow ?)
with 5 small erect ce Sorel sepals, petals about °17” long, obovate
Capsule Pit globose *12” dia
n fields. Behar, ratte wna er SPE. OB
- ¥. viscosa, Roxb.
Densely branched from the root with stems up to 10” and oe
more densely flowered than the last, glandular-pubescent. _ Leav
“5-1” long sub-sessile, ovate to lane eolate, narrow hie both e ig The
)a
inute hairy scale at the base which is act hie the last.
aica® rice-fields, Fl. Feb, On grounds of distribution probably oceurring in our
axillary 1 the _ axils which makes
the kart te, oft this genus to the Rubiacee aa nt et strikin
FAM. 58. CRASSULACEA.
erbs, rarely under sacube, pene. with simple (exe. Bryophyllum
Kalanchoe) oe te or opposite fle ate exstipulate: leaves and
regular rac , eymose = pani ve d flowe Sepals and petals
Mek
of each. Ovules on gt edges a the ca ep usu.
many. Fru
follicular; seeds albuminous wit and short cotyledons.
Calyx with long inflated aan and 4 —, ais . ow ee 1. Bryophyllum.
Calyx 4-partite : ; i . 2, Kalanchoe.
14. BRYOPHYLLUM, Salis.
rect per eras Rake with opposite simple or 3-partite crenate
leaves. Flowe ge drooping, in panicles with “ipgontil spreadin
branches Calyx ines inflated, shortly 4-lobed. Corolla gamo-
petalous ‘with 8 hort 4-fid limb. Stamens 8, 2-seriate, inserted ©
middle of the auntie tube. Hypogynous scales 4. Carpels 4, free or
connate at base, ovules very many. Follicles 4, many-seeded.
1. B. calycinum, Salis. Kop-pata, Beng. ; Life-plan
A glabrous fleshy herb with simple or SAonosie, (e hess) leaves,
oblong or elliptic crenate or very coarsely crenate leaflets 6” long
deltoid lobes. Corolla nearly included, sub-globose at base and
constricted in = tip foddiat purple. Pollicles pe aaiied a the
persisten i nes
Freque ocky waste ground on the eign of page Very Co
monly eelceaad and sometimes spreading as an escape. Fl. Dec.—Feb.
plant is remarkable i the facility with which it osetionnl buds and young
lants from the le af-c ane tes when these are laid on peepee ground, .
Tength be before dying.
342
59. DROSERACEZ. {i. Drosgra.
2. KALANCHOE, Adans.
Erect stout usually cowry. bacttinv herbs with opposite leaves, or
tifi
the upper ernate, lower or all sometimes pinnate or pinnatifid or
3foliolate. Flowers ace u acai vain with calyx deeply divided
coro ding _— above the gamopetalous k-
_ shaped tube, much Magy fy the calyx. Stamens 8, 2-seriate, adna
6 eorolla-tube. cales Ca rpel 4, rarely 5, adnate to base of
Ovules Rise Follicle
only mple obovate-elliptic, cren’ _ Re ate ie Reeeropegita,
_ Heaves, or some of them, deeply pinnatifid : . 2. laciniata,
LK. heterophylla, Prain. Syn. K. flortbandis var. glabra, F.B.I.;
| Cotyledon heterophylla, Road.
About 1-3 ft. high when in flower, with opposite fleshy ovate- oblong,
‘or upper ell liptic, leav es 2-3” Bess, w ‘hich a re crenate or (fide Roxb ust)
_ Slightly laciniate. Fis. clear yellow sae or pe Cc. al a
ee lev. | FL April
ayo Z plan ininhaves J cae tae oy Petiole short.
2. K site
th ap alos woody below 1-3 ft. high when in flower with
@ low metimes all the leaves pinnati ifid with bed narrow
usually enti tes r (at least in cultivation) 2-3-pinna Fis.
: bh yl yellow 1” dina: in panicled cymes, sepals peonreers glabrous
1 so ils spreads that
Pina, B. oe rhe. But it is s ly eultivat
—‘Tthink ¢ ins was probably — oe aa
: FAM, 59. pie 8H
_ Small herbs usually with whorled radical leaves and cauline ting
ee or 0, copiously covered with long paniales r hairs “tg i ng
ate by means of which they aie and digest minute in nsects, % 7
_ thes diaphanous and glabrous and then with automatically ¢ oaing
minke, Elo e apes.
ar styles. "Ovales many on parie ‘etal placente equal in number
the at les. Capsule cientencin 6 5-3-valved, m y-seeded. Seeds
. 7 Y with fleshy albumen, embryo ¢ oe or ‘nisinte.
Cau s* andular, bictoapad in: alternate. + 1, aie eas:
E Cauline le r .
he ogitidror saves whorle be sats sicular glabrous . tl tta close to bat not within
hae our Area, It is not ene dealt with.)
4. DROSERA, L. Sundew.
Small
green or red herbs a —
Slrnate of radical leaves or with erect or decumbe seeped
“*mnate leaves which are ete arctan in vernation. pu
343
1. Drosxra. | 59. DROSERACEZ.
0 or adnate to Beara — see Petals wee or rose,
-marcescent. Stamens hypogynous or slightly perigyn 0
1-celled with 2-5 styles. Fruit loculicidally 2-5-valved. nee many
obovoid ellipsoi
Leaves forming a pee osette, ab es 0.8 ‘ 2 ‘ 3 ‘ . 1. Burmanni.
Stem elongate with tHiveur le po ‘ nia : F ; 2 . 2, indtea.
Stem with lunate peltate lea é , : ‘ ‘ . 3. peltata.
1. D. Burmanni, Vek!. Mukha- jali, H
A pretty little tged with a very clogs compact rosette of obovate
or obcuneate lea 4” covered with Saraage | scarlet) gla ana
pe erect 3.8” hig! : soittetlines for. ta wers rose-pin
white secund in a helecoid cyme, ae onl x few opening at
atime. Pedicels Sook in fruit. Calyx redstish giestteart with short
®.
ocally abundant, especially in Purneah! Also found in Chota Nagpur
Generally on damp sandy ground where water has atood during the monsoon et
someti ~~ re ag eah) on rather high Shee Fi. Boe Apr
The sine hg 3 B.1, are said to equal half the petio those in my specim
pi Sg joleg os ie exceeding the petiole, shor tly adnate ond intrapetiolar with tone
mbri
2. D. indica, L. Linear-leaved Sundew
A slender little plant with sub-ere ect | or decumbent weak stems
few inches long with linear leaves 1-2” long covered with long g sland
tipped hai rR “Flowers la arger than in the last ‘5” diam. w ith lon ng
pedicels “3” long in helicoid eymes 2-4” which are usually Tater on
the stem int radical tat probably terminal, the branching being
cymose). dicels spreading in fruit. Sepals lanceolate °15~2"
thinly cat hai
Frequent in wet Sika near Segoe = ptt -beds. Chota Nagpur, common
Puri! Probably in all districts, ascending to top of Parasnath, Fl. Sept—Jan.
3. D. peltata, Sm., is said to ‘oaee throughout India, but I have seen no speci-
mens from our area. It is a hill plant and might be found at Neterhat.
FAM. 60. HALORRHAGIDACE A.
nall he igine herbs eine ue South American genera) oF
Shits with opposite or whorled, or upper D tacuiee: simple or (in
aquatic species) ectinataly pinnatisot bxetipalate leaves. Flowers
redue ced, solitary or clustered axillar Hes Eras: of the leaves
running out into suikee, 1-2. pret ‘Cal es4or0. Sepals ne
tne 4 or 0 superi Sta — Ais 4. ae waa ed to 1, epigyno
ary 4-, 2 or Lseited with a like awitise of ra or fimbriate
yi ‘Ovules 4 alto ogether, senate ous. oer mall dry oF
lee 2 Sateen or separatin is into its carpel
4 So sun oe bir praia whorled often pint eta . 1, Myriophyllwm.
u hale eaves enti fl a
acted: ntire apposite, ~— p 2. Callitriche.
[Callitriche is diana habe in the pines allotted to it in the genera
Plantarum. has, however, already been dealt with next to the
Euphorbiacee. It has 1-sexual flowers, and whether the ovary is
superior or inferior it is not possible to say. |
344
|
:
'
;
;
j
:
4
:
:
3
61. RHIZOPHORACE#.
1. MYRIOPHYLLUM, L.
Slender engage reat with the Renee ged leaves whorled or rarely
r alternate, ged ones usua ally finely cut into arate
oothed; rarely “al iimpts and toothed o
. Fs. inco supibidlg 5 asttiney or in ype a seat high the
r, 1-2-sexual. Sepals 4, rarely 2 or hort t pre
ile.
le. Ovary ey te rarely 2-celled. Fruit 4-furrowed some-
es separating into 4 or 2 cocci. Seeds albuminous with centra 1
embryo.
_ Flowers white or pink — much fimbriate stigmas, carpels
with acute dorsal ridge 1. tubereulatum.
- Flowers gid stigmas ‘slightiy fimbr inte, carpels rounded on
back , . 2. indicum.
| ‘1M, tuberculatum, Roxb.
A submerged aquatic with iat er leaves 1- oe 5” long cut into filiform
&gments and somewhat lea pikes of minute flowers 3-5” long,
“ar lateral as well as tert minal, ies al leaves simple linear-oblanceolate
toothed -25—-5” lox ng. Upper fis. male, lower female, but sometimes
Rernaphodite fis. also pe Sask Petals white; sternag i 4 iaa yellow
anthers. Stigmas s pink very fimbriate. The plant in fru t is easily
reeognis ed from the - ra nating @ sharply angled rita taet carpels,
te whole fruit about -1” long and broad.
ably generally siden ae Fr, Sept.—Dec.
F 2M indicum, Willd.
Habit of preceding except that the plant is much more flaccid and
leaf se Segments more capi illary 7 $0 that the plant collapses into a ares
m t very sho 2"
va Ty
rely “3 long narrow ‘Janceolate toothed. Spikes dense - the
ls 04" long. Fruits -08” diam. 4-lobed, the lobes with
mmunded angles, not or searcely tubercled. rig
ce »J.D.H.! Herb. H sithout locality, possibly Purneah)!
wee Specimens heen nate mun ah oka eel it stavont cree? occurs, especially in
ak Fr. July-Sept.
FAM. e Te.
( shrubs, often and furnished with pne ot goreupmi
tometimes called blind rc ais cham e and aérial roots,
em opposite entire simple coriaceous leaves LE iater-
“cig deciduous stipules which enc minal bud an
: nts lowers regular, 2-se often coriaceous,
many fid. axillary peduncles. Calyx s ser ib sine .
r campanulate he thium, ane”
US as — : ol
ly indefinite, perizgynous or epigynou Dise usually lining the
thium a. Pro ovary which is oe or a 2-5- rarely
345
61. RHIZOPHORACE.
l-celled. Ovules 2 pendulous in each cell or pendulous from a
central placenta in l-celled ovaries, style 1. Fruit usually a
rdi
e +
org aly rarely fn: nats usu ually without a period of rest
i her
but ati the
Sn ‘caved or distinct, pire sires
s are usually eran ee xerophy woe the salt water being @
iy pologiosliy dry environment, an bear water-tissue bi bee
—_ mis. The pneumatophores well as the stilt- pads and aérial roots
noo ree lenticels and air-conducting tissue to supply oxygen to the
p< tec
In aérial seca ination the cotyledons at first enlarge in — cases but this
growth is quickly superseded by that of the ins cence —_ or tig ao
h may attain 1-: in i
late
I, aii epigynons, the ovary rset ade ate to the ie ipa
thium ee poeeeion) Fruit srogeen scen
A. Hypan haped, not or scarcely produced into a
hs th ri ec 0 Calyx eirtit ng the fruit, 4-6-
—
1, Sepals 4. Petalsentire. Anthers many- -locellate . . 1. Rhizophora,
2, Sepals 5-6. Petals lobed or cut, Anthers 4- oe
Stamens 10-12, Ovary 3-4-celled . . . . 2, Certo
: Sowere indefinite, Ovary l-celled. . . ss 3. Kandelia.
Giiys above the fruit, 5-14- sepalo 5;
a 8-14. Petals embracing the | stamens. 5 : . 4, Bruguiera
Sepals 5-8, Petals not embracing the s . » 5, Caraliias
If. Flower perigynous, the ovary free in the semen it . 6, Weihea.
4. RHIZOPHORA, L. Mangrove.
Evergreen trees or large shrubs with little main trunk : and numerous
stout usually arched adventitious roots. aves coriaceous mucronate
or oo Fls. rather large, coriaceous, on xillary few flowered
oy —* mes ee 4. Petals & entire. Stamens su e
ith anthers inserted the fleshy margin of the
hy panthium, ri: 2-celled produced resin oN adnate hypanthi 27
as a cone, stigma 2-fid. Ovules 2 in each cell. t ovoid girt Nac
the persistent sepals. — as t before ger rmination, Cotyle-
con Hig and acting as a continual absorber “of 1 . triment ee’ the
a emeent hy pocot twhich ohio ately grows far beyon' e
fruit and is clu De Splid: tortie as upper end iy grows small isa bo
fatty dalesied itself cireumscissily from the cotyledonary mass #
drops into the mud.
True specialised pne y psent, their function ig
assumed os ney uppe caer oe se stile woes sigh my copiously supplied wi
lenticels and air tissu
Cymes cab adios “ea 3-5 flow
ered . sponser
Cymes very shortly pediaens: pred 2 subsessile flowers
eandelaria- ae
i. R. sen Lamk. _— ; The Common Mangrov
mall aes on stilt roots, with eligi
hivondly elliptic coriaceous ites 4-6” loue cuneate both
346
61. RHIZOPHORACEZ. [2. CxRiops.
bed with a short blunt awn, brown or black k dotted beneath 2
0 microscopically pale-punctulate Piiwers’a in long-pedun
d, cymes, very coriaceous, *4 7” long. Fruit brown at con oe
on 1°5- bpyrifor
Orissa, tidal Swamps of the Mahanadi delta! Fl. Dec. also April-June.
re reen.
rk smooth. Blaze pink. nchlets closely marked with leaf and stipular
, leaf buds subterete slaiiter 13 5-2°5”, Petioles . 3 Peduncles oe the
ng rered, 1-1°5 ce
n
branches and as — with two termin al brac' tenies united ad their
Ade the a el epiis “4°57 Bis rch germinating tigellus and radicle
Teaching one foot or mor repping.
One year o old seedlings (chumnivaninaiad by Mr, C. G. Rogers) are 3-4 ft. with
e lower part °6” diam. warted with large lenticels and 3-4 Lore of “LATTOW
es ptic leaflets. I have a note of
The ark is lar 'gely used for tanning.
2B, on DC. Syn. R. conjugata, F.B.I. (not of Linn.) ;.
ie ry similar in yer fe oatzigpnca to the last but
iapuishea in the forest by its n wer leaves which are often.
: uthacumina e. Peduncles very sho rt mth stout bearing two sub-
flowers only. Fruit narrower, the 4 reflexed sepals oblong
ong.
» tidal forests of the Mahanadi delta! Jf. Rogers points out that in
“and, elsey whe ere this tree is naualy found in less deep wa ater than
jugata in n with the Braguieras and | tilted roots.
April-June and { per rhaps at other tim h
‘o-1", often rather shorter and stoater and the sec. n. more distinct than
onl wuata. Peduncles mostly from the ‘axils fallen leaves °2-"35" long,
ong forming a eas receiving the base of the °5” long flower. Petals thin,
ny - ling has
for tanning as in the case of R. mucronata, The one-year seed
aise leaves and the lower part is far less warted or nearly smooth as
red with
aril i R, mucrona ide Kew Bulletin, 1920, p. 51.)
Vet
2. CERIOPS, Arn.
trees or shrubs wi e er obovate leaves and small
In axillary peduncled heads with bracts and bracteoles at
epals 5-6, pe -6. Stamens in two 1s, diplo-
* sepals 5 als 5-6. o
hous, filaments inserted between the lobes of a crenate we
With free top only, growing up in fruit far beyond the ca
Which girts its base, 3-celled, a 2-ovuled. Fruit 1-celled an
“t. Germination as in Rhizoph
Betis, Arn. Goran, Beng.; Gartah, Or.
tall shrub or a small tree with many — branches, coriaceou =
nded “ig mostly 2-3” and s Il greenish- -white —. .
d 4
horter-
acteoles at b Sepals 4-6. Petals 46 5
; Puberulous or pubescent with white fimbriate margins.
347
2, CERIOPS. | 61. RHIZOPHORACE#,
Stamens 8-10 (10-12, F.B.1.) inserted outside | crenate dise. Fruit
“5-6” girt by the calyx about one-third from bas
Orissa, eo forests of the cs. rome —— LPRES Pre ae il- es
With numerous pneumatophores. e white, turning brown, Leaf buds com-
pressed ae ar 1”, Leaves sometimes soe to 4 by 2 2", base cuneate on ae 4-1" long
petiole. Peduncles ‘1-3”. Sepals ‘2” tick fle eshy lanceolate e 3-angular.
Petals conduplicate ee rs inner whorl of stamens. t first with ‘
free top only, ultimately growing up conically far beyond the ‘pale ‘eae as in
Kandelia. ee free ye 5’ before dropping, often curved, seedling leayes
narrowly obo
3. KANDELIA, I. J A.
aie mall tree with oblong coriaceous — and m eye sized
hite flowers in long-pedune cled cymes. s. sheathed at base by
tebe bracts. Hypanthium ter binate produ ced above per ovary
and with an annular disc within. Sep 5-6 linear. Petals 2-fid —
with multifid lobes. Stamens nume foal. vary ror conical —
tip growing out in fruit beyond the ae
alyx. Ovt usua
abortive and 1 fertile on a central column. Fruit ere and -seeded.
mination is said to be as in Rhizophora Wut I have not examined it. The
mninati ing seedling may attain 1 foot in length before falling. The first stem is
hiturcate (always ?),
1. K. Rheedii, W. § A. eee Or.; Goria, Ber
7 small spreading tree with thick twigs, leaves 4-5 ” long ro ounded
the apex = wh “ee Aeaees with white linear sepals 56” long.
Petals caduco a 1” long, a double cone girt by the calyx at
their common ha A
Orissa, tidal forests of the Mahanadi pion usually fringing the creeks and lean-
ing over ‘the water! F1., Fr. all the year round, Ev fare reen
Leaf buds flat linear with wen 1. Leaves tapering into the *3-*7” long
petiole dotted beneath, sec, n. not. visible. Peduncles 2 Ko! pi long,
usually once bifureate and each branch t wers, Somet oniee
branched. Hypanthium t panulate, sepals finally reflexe a.
4. — Lam.
Large or small trees with cori aot leaves ome eee large
neiaberscis flowers on 1-many-fid. ped uncles. Sepals and petals 8-14
n the obconic, campanate or ellipsoid pypankhiieg! Petals a
> ctokedt if be : ates in the sinus, lobes —— fimbria
Stamens twic ais 8, ie ant 7. them
ceatcatiy Sevaat thes ripe, filam ‘sendan: snaban —
mucronate. Ovary 2-4-celled falgeide. eayieal lender, stigma miu", —
2-4-lobed. Fruit girt by the calyx, 1-seeded. :
The germination is said to be as in Rhizopho a dab only superfici in ie
There _ 3-4 ena sab connate while in the mee with h abeorbing ge eo
gelatinous albumen. On protrusion of the paste the via and its base
aside as rs teri anid when ripe for falling tse whole embryo including ihr near
pees ages _— The latter not remain o heb and stieaniteh issil
and mere 4
zophora,
ee paccyptt are found in shallower water than the Rhizophores
develop hick: trunk. ca
Leaves ell petioles over 1”. Flowers aerre . . . 1, gymnorhion- ae 4
L. recon ie Rano petiole under 1”. Fils, 2-3 4 fe a aa evapaal :
348
61. RHIZOPHORACEZ, [5. CARALLIA,
B. conjugata, Merr., inc. B. eriopetala, W. § A. Syn. B. gymno-
thiza, Lamk.; Rhizo ophora conjugata, L., non F.B.I.; Kekra a,
SS Dy.
) Asmall sti raight ps ee with elliptic, or pene ———- elliptic-
obovate, sh hortly a minate leaves 3°5-5” with s 1-25” long,
litary Beuioat whee flowers 1-1°3” soon r a a iy with the tube ©
er shorter than the 10-12 linear-subulate sepals. etals 2-lobed
ith a long bristle from the s sinus and 0-3 acs ones near the
h lobe.
al scorned o the Mahanadi delta! Fl. April-June and perhaps at
om
rly raewodhs blaze bright crimson, Stipules about 2-2'5” long,
io vn dots on the leaf absent or very few. Sepals rarely 14, tube
dave united - eriopetala with this species. Mr. Rogers agrees
e that it at most is no more vere a variety.
rca a villou t the base nearly glabrous
C rin tien 0-1 br ristle > on each lobe, ~ Interm eciatee : s may, hon owever, occur
a eve i fr ringed throughout and more than 1 bristle on a lobe.
Occurs in sam
The tigellus ae radi cle are much shorter than in the Rhizophores, being 0:
6” ae when the leafy shoot emerges, Mr, Rogers states that it is found in
shallower water (in Burma).
+B caryophylloides, Blume. tee Karika, Or.
small erect tree with n owly os or —— obovate
S345” te ore or shor ortly a acuminate at and narrowed at
into a petiole -75-1” long. | Flowers w hitch 23 pedicelted on a
“oopanagd ry <hr le aie “cllipsoid- obeonic tube 15-2” long and
maine en we en — ’ long er ecome reflexed and
cede very early pene-
ting ‘he Se of ne Hoe which is me first below the top of the
tidal forests of the breed Reale ! Fl. April-June. Evergree
buds compressed at base, ve minate, leaves microsco pically dotted
h, sec, ~ no Proce (when fresh), “stipules i pi Peduncles ‘3” with two
ite setae ot ret pe ae an calyx, Sy fimbriate.
1 va a eel urceolate crowned by the spreadin;
Sepals,
gembryo cae not more than 4-5” long while on the tree.
5. CARALLIA, Rox)
or shrubs with entire or serrulate levis and small tre
flowers sessile in short dense ele te cymes.
ary
Soe small globose coriaceous, crowned by the calyx.
» lL. tntegerrima,
S. white . ee : . 2
Petts yellow cag pea eRe Bee eee ees e UR duetda.
5. CaRALiia. | 61. RHIZOPHORACEZ.
1. GC. integerrima, DC. Jur, K.; Kierpa, Beng. ; Manj, Or. :
ree with shining leathery ae — or obovate
A small
shortly suddenly obtuse or 0 obtusely acuminate leaves 3-6 5” long
and stout dense 2-3-chotomous cymes 1-2" long of ‘onal te»
diam
flowers with inconspicuous white erose petals. Fruit “2
Par meek | Ran sneer frequent along the banks of streams phe ry aed
Santal Par Athmallik ! Angul! Sambalpur, along stream ms! Fl. Dec.—April.
Fr.r.s.
Attains 5 ft. girth but no great height. Bark smooth grey, blaze hard red.
Aérial aol sometimes present. Twigs somewhat 4a ngled. L, beige 8” by
3’, base often i i, erguapenst a ——— visible as dots, . close
Celine, anastomos argin. L. ss rar fag 575"
acuminate, encosed ty the dans gitcroles. EM 75", Fils. obconic '17”.
Pet. 6-8, 2-fid. and la
Wood hard 8 fee Paid ¢ to be good and useful for furniture. cabinets and
veneering. Gam 7 ae weight as 46 lbs.
2. C. lucida, R
A specimen co ho ae by me in Purneah with serrulate leaves exactly matc tching
C. lanceefolia, Rob, may be this. It Pte. with acuminate leaves, without
flowers. Possibly a seedling of C. integerrima? Haye these serrulate le: aves?
EIHEA, Spre
Trees or shrubs with bions entire or obtusely serrate leaves
Flowers on 1-more-fld. peduncles with connate bracts e eniene the
ampanulate h m with
a
erted.
inserted on the margin of the perigynous disc with slender filaments —
and oblong gs gs 2-4-celled nig ier style, stigma —
with 2-4 lobes. in a é ell. it loose fleshy but —
tardily sevtiotdally. tune in vive celled each with
1-2 seeds. Seeds — pore Seieanel with oteniell embry
“oe elliptic cotyledon
1. W. vals Baill :
Aa erect much-br anche d shrub 3-4 ft. with lenticellate brown
twigs ate very coriaceous opaque oblong or ovate-lan ceolate tea
2 —_ 5” long shining "tive with obtuse tip and rounded 0:
broadly ova quadr: tinate nearl e eon
with ad short filaments Gn bud) and oblong 2- celled abe ort
cells on the inner face. Ovary conical villose, style with 3 :
ola
Rocky hy of the Chilka Lake! Flower buds Dec.-Jan. pud; it
a ty 8 D oa fore ae — description is tak 7 oy very Pe B ia oung bull 2
0 3 nO pee e ve measurements of be e parts = can
following details are from ep e pro se ou egy
new species ; it is 5-merou: oblong
Te ott ten acuminate, petiole up to ‘3”.. Fis, usually tetramerous. Sepals oph" af
350
62. COMBRETACE#. ’ [1. TERMINALIA.
te °2~"25" Swe persistent. Petals cuneate. Anthers cordate, Ovary
ad. Fr. (f. F.B.I.) globose spongy. ‘The plant in young bud looks very like
ofthe “come eee, but the stipules at once give it away.
the Cal, Herb, are from 8, India and Ceylon,
FAM. 62. COMBRETACEA.
es or shrubs son metimes scandent, with opp. BS eG
m ce
reduced or absent. Ovary ¢ ompletely inferior, 1-celled | with
¥ pendulous ovules. Style staple: Fruit 1- ae generally inde-
. sometimes 2-5-winged or -angled. Seed exalbuminous, iad
: uw H
eat : pemninerved w Ley me gine of rather
/ a nervation of Cor sirgteh eae is pe weak numerous
engd sealariform tertiaries,
. racemose or spicate. St ] t present
A. Petals 0.
1. Saag Sepal Cb nat ig 8. eos 1 Termin
: ani : , upaceous . >
8. spiked or racemed, Fr. = y dr Pe ; 3. ——
3. Calycopteris.
i)
77
°
=
a]
=.
ot
=
o
®
oF
Eg
at
»®
26°
m
~
Tie
2. Large diffuse i Calyx Succeneeh ‘
etals 4-5 (exc. Combretum apetalum).
peoral shrub with alternate 0873 ves . . : . :
ay aa usuall agg a be shrubs.
Beak of a oanthe ue m short or under ‘5’ mes 4 Combre
Beak of hypanthium very fhe ng. Blowers showy ata bt tual er
Fis.cymose. Staminodes present as glan . Y ™
4, Lumnitzera.
4, TERMINALIA, L. Myrabola ag
large trees with sub-opposite, Moe or eciee e leaves some-
clustered at ‘ip ends of the twigs and often bearing | a
ds on ; -
oF cal be :
Ted outside the le ec. Ovules 2-3. Frai drupac
wed lag an a se or oe proiuced into wings.
iple.
Pu very a ei apc a neti sed . : pow mtn
cone twigs. tt aa chebula.
“com 4) sub-equal wings. Spikes panicled. ee
ck :
Sark, r ongh. , ssa hairy or tomentose beneath . . 5. tomentosa.
* Now transferred to Family Hernandiacee-
351
1. TERMINALIA. | 62. COMBRETACE#.
1. T. catappa, L. Deshi-badam, Bangla-badam, Vern.; Almond Tree-
‘A very large and handsome tree with wide-spreadin
buttressed ene Bark cracked like that of T. road bat ll
deeply ae ae Leaves clustered towards the ends of the Trecolibei
1 i TO i ;
-10”, obovate with a narrowly cordate base. . Spikes solitary _
Fruit eilspeoid gr, = prone’ with a very thic
fibrous endocarp 177” long, Re ap in which is a small anand toaly
ue the trouble of extract
very com pogo’ planted but to * viv tl Fl. Mare!
May with the new leaves which turn a Semnatal crimson pees in nr and Feb.
drop.
and then
rota eyed Fae, Lapure: K.; Lo opong, S.; Behra, Bahera, 4.;
; The B eleric My yrabolan
A gi — wi with straight and tall beciites broadly elliptie and
obovate ‘leaves 3-8” long inal ed at the ends of the branchlets eve
and distant on some growing twigs), petioles 1- 25’ long
greenish-white or -yellow flowers °2-"25” diam. in solitary axillasge or
een iary spikes 3-6” long. Fruit 75” diam. grey-tomentose,
sub-glo or pyriform showing only ‘faint furrows when dry.
Throustot ee whole area, chiefly in mixed forest in the north, general in
forest in the Central — nearly always in valleys, Fl. March “Mi ay. Fr, Jan
Feb. Deciauen s Feb.-March, the new Eiger being often copper- red.
Bark dark grey, dies yellow: Wav ith rounded ‘or pe dageoio -euspidate apex
and cuneate base, only very young with ‘ little La agi nsually dotted il
sec, n. 6-9 rather irregular, v very min nutely reticulate between on lower su
f d bracts below leaves.
Inflorescence ax egy, ome sometimes from axils of ca ir ous
alyx-t , densely villous et pecald s small triangular.
but have ‘now but little market value. The kernels
are eaten but are said to prodt 1ce V ortig if many are taken. They are :
eaten however by monkeys, and Bisset animals eat the fruits
gum which is eaten by the Santals. As a constituen of “tri . “a or the three
myrabolans, they are used in very numerous diseases by Hindu physicians
especially in h h ee is no distinct heartwood and the uimber
is little used except for temporary h The growth is fairly quick. Two —
sown by me attained 31 9" girth in ry year vi — . height of *36 ft, Gamble says
that, it is moderate to rapid, 3 to 7 ri ane nch 0 purine, es that the wood is
AM Seco v* ts
3. T. chebuls, Retz. Rola Uran; Hara, Hara-t taki
(the ipa a, ; Kasn hat nee Rhy Harida, Or.; The
Chebulic Myrabola
A small or m.s. ais with a rounded crown, usually sub p-opposite
ovate or elliptic leaves 4-7°5” by 2-4” and whitish flowers in one
from the upper new leaf axils ao forming small terminal P
Drupe vp code 1-125” long glabrous, 5-ribbed when ep due to the
5-ribbed endoe:
Throughout the ade province, especially common on the low sp a
ee pla
and ascending to the highest se It appears to favour clay B
r. Nov.-Feb. Feb.-
ie ape
reh
reticulate as. fn other species, iole lightly are usually 2 glands ds near the 12?
Spikes 2-3°5’, pubescent or adit hers pine ts linear as long as
62. COMBRETACER. (1. Termiania.
Fis, very densely white-villous within, Stone 5-angled, very thick with gum
_ vessels in the walls and co reviohgomg ee
are several varieties or forms, y dependent on the amount of wo
anthi te is pn vill, in ee glabrous ; the villou
. In Mayur urbhan nj a a for. occurs with the paves Bane
cog 0) e first, whi Pa = tae urs with the leaves shaggy
_ beneath and the drupes only *75” long.
vee f the Myrabolans for tanning, and the best quality is considered to
be those “nuts” (so called in the trade) with a haba Sranae per AS ag has,
_ however, “opat es they are best i ve § gh und a fall.
The tree is a great light rere at leas ood frait-bearin aring, "though the
- enka Mtoe i ites s tro oxy ae coppices well. The growth
bY is rather slow, but me eth ii en Soares in Singbhum, The
“fruit is langely ea n by animals, e especially Chital, Hari-taki i & ti chief Myra-
: bolan in Hindu nedibies and is highly prized as an alterative ent t toni
4 T. nang def: 5 2 Kowa, Gara Hatana, K.; Kahua, 8.; Kahua,
% Arjun
ae Sees tree ay pals greenish or grey bark Seay’ inclined
branches with opp. or sub- opp. oblong leaves 2-3-times as long as
» but s eae ones at bases of shoots elliptic, ae sessile, soon
‘glabrous, Flov wers ‘2” dia am., white, in shortly panicled spikes, Fruit
LYS" long, oval ig than ‘5” wide, usually premorse above, with
Ascending stria
cuede ‘on along el seit it —— attains an immense size in the —e
and Southern, gi * hy noted from the Northern area and not very common
the Santal P., also absent i D Peal Balasore and Cuttack. Ii thus chiefly
ero the valleys 0 of ‘the dryer hilly districts. Fl. May-Ju uly. Fr, March-April
the very short petiole which is under *
excurrent as teet.
ae ngs have often toothed and usually linear-lanceolate cecaee leaves and
there are often 3 opty ie dons which are very broadly cuneate, ‘7-1°8 —
With slender -5—* ong petioles, Two trees which were sown by me gore i: in
iG 16 years 3 irth 34°2
: Gambi ble lag nag w
eight of the wood as 52-69 lbs,
| The bark j . duet i in native practice as a ‘tonic — astringent and is said to-
Useful in h on di iseases, contusions and ulce
n peg W. § A. Hatana, atana, K., S.; Asana, Th.; Saj,.
San, Sain
co A large sen’ wii dark cinereous rough bark, deeply cracked =
hed pe or pase elliptic or ell.-ovate or, in s
e rent as
d panicles much as in 1’. arjuna bu panicles of ten larger.
mt 1'5-2” long or sometimes attaining 3” byiRE swings wrens
: Tashout the whole a
+1
area and perha nest tree, It is parti
umid valleys tind only aly prs 4 its best development, but appears as &
23 353
dy: TERMINALLA. | 62. COMBRETACEL.
small tree on the hills and plateaux, Fls, May-June. Fr, Feb,-March. Decid,
March- se
As might be e expe eon a in so widely distributed and common a tree, oa are
several peo or varieti
nepalensis. er ki-Asan, Th, Leaves large, usually
oblong, s-11” long, w very close short tomentum beneath
whence the under- ns ears white or grey. Sec. n. over 20
lo
be sind pubescent or almost glabrous at tips, se riangular
cronulate, inside with long villi oad large jebed. ‘ae ‘decay
Sia. hirsute.
Lowe ae and valleys of a pen goons mg entering oemtue bg oie say
that the wood is lighter coloured and 8 jor
this is the same tree as var. sete ok Clark so the Cor t se nable
to say without further specimens,
typica, Clarke. The Central India Saj. Leaves usually
more or less “pecntoogetied or ovate, often serrate esp. when y ae
beneath
the nerves. Sec. n. usually fewer than
Inflorescence with a ~ottnaed longer ee bee flowers ‘18-1 ig
diam. with the sepals insi more shortly villous, deltoid;
hypanthium broader than Soon: “dense ly cuss calyx outside
pubescent or epi se meg in las
f Cho ts Nag aa the Central Provinces, The
There are other peas incinding which i is —. nearly glabrous in the San tal
P Boosey and t there are also w what ‘appe ar to be hybrids | —— this species and
d hairy.
: The t ea is very pry grown from seed and appears to pater a clayey loam.
is more patient of water-logging than most trees. In coppicing it baphtar vice ts
ears to fo s is frequently a sympodium, Seed sown ein
Sin, gbhum grew on an average 30 ft. in height and 20°98” girth in 16 years and were
thus much ~/ ol po the ——.
The timber of 7. tomentosa as been largely cut for sleepers
(which are, however, i inferior ros oa os an - F baie one of the principal trees
used as poles in native hou: ‘also an excellent fuel. Gamble gives the
weight as about 52 to 70 O lbs. Ibis oon vn pollarded throughout Chota N. for
feeding the Tusser Silk-worm. The appears inferior for tanning to the last.
The young ovaries are attac decks 2 by a eynips, so that panics of galls are very
common on the tree, season metimes mistaken for
2. ANOGEISSUS, Wall
Trees or shrubs with opp. or sub. -opp. and alternate entire usually
dotted petioled leaves and small greenish flowers in globose
peduncled heads. Ovary inferior and hypant chiuat ‘produced above it
into a beak and then into nulate 5-lobed “calyx-tube.”
a@ campan ae fot }
ged, beak ed heads.
Germination epigeal ypocotyl very short, cotyledons trans-
versely oblong 2 gear te petioled, convolute in nd seed. as
Bark smooth pale. broad. . latifolia.
Bark dark. looted espe ree re Som cag ogee Ak _— = ; : : pest hn
354
62. COMBRETACES. [2. AnogEIssus.
1. A. sera Wall. Hesel, K., 8.; Dhaunta, Kharw.; Dhaura, H.;
A straight large or m.s. tree with whitish bark and alt. to opposite
| oad voadly “llipti leaves 2-4” long rounded or obtuse at both
2 8, agg ee glabrous with age. Peduncles ape shortly
2-anate. t (excluding hae about as long as
pe equaling or shorter than the dian. of the
Us “th the Northern Area eeu a dry —- in the west, al
districts, In the Central Area ery comm ter orming a large propsbane of the
stowing stock on the dryer hills ask also freuen | in second growth, also common
Inthe Southern Area except on the coast. Fl. June-Sept. Fr. Dec.-Jan., pend
up tot —* md of March, Deciduous Feb, ~April. eaves turn red or bro
™m
Bark s: mooth, shed in thin roundish Sakae, blaze first a chlorophyll layer, then
mornin, _ _ (on wood) pale bro’ Leaves sometimes sub-orbic ular or
acute, with ‘stint sec. n, curved before reaching thi
rely a -14 di t
Paste 4 i, pelhuc dots visible witha lens foes above but often not from beneath.
io ik
Var. tomentosa, Haines (F.C.N.). ci and leaves, especially
beneath, persistently tomentose (but maller as in Clarke's
Variety villosa), Fruits slightly sbeorierdt above, only about as
broad as lo beak as long.
Manbhum, Palamau, and west of Hazari
The tree isa very useful ie ate is expecially . a by the agriculturist for
» implements and carts. anon = man of large trees as well oe
poles, In the Monghyr m Sess ae the best price of all woods a
It is very strong, tough and elastic, oesd ie values given for P in Gamble" ‘
ual vary from 752 to 1220. Troup includes it only in his fourth class in which
= 700. Weight 56-68 lbs. (Gamble
le am
The twig, bark and leaves have assumed pe omotener g importance during the war
a tanning purposes. According to Mr. Fraymouth the September shcots are
r than those ab bag ed in other months, 4 aves in for pollarding has been
i =e
sia - : sh ei had an
oe seedlings are ve hairy. Trees raise’
‘Wetage pent of 30 ft. =307 prose yen girth 18° ee Gamble gives 37 igs oar rink of radius
= h and more details are give the paper cited, The young artes
gy ainly well in the: hot season. Mr. “Maki s has recorded 56-year-old coppice
high and 9” girth. It is fairly frost- hardy.
' sanminata, Wall. Gara-hesel, Parsia, K.; Chakwa, Beng. ;
large at beautiful tree with slender drooping branches but
often flowering as a small tree. Leaves “75-2'25” long, mostly He
; ®, narrowly elliptic or elliptic or ellipti-oblong, scm ni “a
oth ends and a: apiculate, base nearly always ¢ beneath densely
ly solitar
. J labrous
um above and oak densely pa peg calyx tube ¢
‘ruit 13-18” long and ° ” broad with upper part
355
2. ANOGEISSUS. | 62, COMBRETACE,
pubescent and beak much shorter — diameter, wings often lobed
or irregularly cut and ees r toothec
Central and Southern areas, ‘ivers es streams, Singbhum
common and attaining 8 ft. irth i ” Narkadn! Athmallik! Magrarbhan§ “puri!
to Sambalpur! Frequent along the mcr 2 Fl. March-April. r. April-May.
Evergreen or nearly so, renewing its leay 1t the time of flowering aE fruiting at
verg
which time the old ones me also shec
Attains 8 ft. girth with nearly black cr acked bark and red blaze, Young
densely sericeous or ponents. the tip bu it apiculate an a
with cuneate base, rarely base obtuse and only ree some leaves, dots ap’
translucent and due to crystal-cells are numerous, Peduncles usually solitary a
and branched ; they sometimes appear pan! \icled by arising
on leafless t
The Wrond | is aad for cart axles and ploughs and some natives state that it is
superior to tha a A, latifolia, Gamble states heap it is inferior to that tree sh
that it warps and cracks in seasoning ; he give
3. CALYCOPTERIS, Lamk.
A shrub wi _ opp. entire leaves with minute scales beer nd
i
into
yew ys ins aad out with 5 5 spi sepals and 10 stamens in two
ries. Peta Ovules 3-5 on long funicles. Fruit crow wned by
the greatly enlarged wing-like sepals. Cotyledons convolute,
ss . floribunda, Lamk. Sil, Or. (also Achindi an Atundi, through
onfusion with Combretum) ; Kukaranji, Gond
A ae eee ose or es shrub Hee" 18” girth with
rusty villous shoots, opposite ovate or elliptic acuminate leaves
2°5-5" 1 copi ote eed with minute peltate scales beneath,
densely Spauaitons when young oo J gaponsie rarely quite glabrescent
racteate spi r ne
{ \ g i foes se “15—
p Aas in large terminal re Calyx rapidly’ 6 enl ert after
with membranous sepals “5-1” long crowning the 5-r ibbe
‘aciahinbant 1- celled fruit which is aileus and °3” lon
the Southern tract on ly. se of Puri! Angul, ecihenbih Narsingpts
{J pril,
Leaves with rounded ba page per 9 sec, n, curved up within the margin bod
with not very strong sealariform tertiaries, usually permanently pubescent on
nerves beneath, Petiole
It is curious that no work which I have seen makes mention of the very chate®
teristic scales, which resemble those of a Combretum,
4, LUMNITZERA, Willd,
e shrubs or small trees — in salt — with alternat®
cori rinceous subsessile noe or mate obovate leave Ser arrow
ikes wo-
356
62. COMBRETACE. (5, COMBRETUM.
l-celled with simple style Pea nate ~ one side of the calyx-
tube. Ovules 2-5 pendulous. Fru Swaps wned by the calyx-tube.
Kadicle long, only partly prac be by the eh cotyledons.
1. L. racemosa, Willd. ie Or.
A small tree Bee bs rough bark and small obovate or oblanceolate
entire or crenate fleshy leaves 1: pa long. Flowers small white 25”
é diam. in mostly axillary spikes
Tidal prea of naa! homers: delta! Fl. Bote May. Fr. May-Jun
calle nneate base and rounded or emarginate vd venation
iy = tos Mh ana calyx idvettier’ "3" long, lobes small rounded minutely
tate, Petals entire "iis a say thet Fruit 6” (in May and not Res Tipe)
on “shaped, clasped at th
geass: TUM, LL.
Usually large sar mento shrubs (C. nanwm is a dwarf shrub) with
opp. or su b-opp. . more rarely eh entire A veab often wit
small peltate sees 20a — Flowers small w or = hich in
polygamous. Hypanthiu ‘
into a tubular or arosclate a mete - ters it, and s fenttidies
ermediate v arrow tube or bea
1 :
u e
Ovary with 2-5 pen ovules. Fruit with 4-5 angles or wings,
dry. Seed one gary take or yet vat dois convolute cotyledons.
A, Flowers B-nerous Heke wit winge . 1. decandrum.
B. Fis, 4-mero Frt. 4-winged.
large lent cen rae i Pollnibene pHrOh (60 es a ovis olin.
Undershrub . , 3. nanum
Norr,—c. extensum, ve s quoted in Bengal Plants fvdiah Che sta Nagpur. The
Supposed specimen, omit ae Dr, Wood, is in the Calcutta Herbarium and is
Merely Terminalia chebula,
Le, decandrum, Rov). Phalandu, K.; Aten, S.; Rateng, Kharw.;
Atundi, Kala- Achindi, Or.
large bush or scrambling climber or dior 4 from left to right,
Sometimes “apt ing the highest trees and conspicu us from the large
_ White brac n the ix cence. Le tiaatie oblong oa
sec. n. beneath. Spikes rusty villous 5-1" rarely 2” long in
“large axillary and terminal panicles. Fs. 5-merous with urceolate
_talyx-tube +17” diam. dens ely villous-pubescent. Frt. oblong or
_ elliptic 1-1°25” long.
Very common gpa ie the province, especially along 2 aoe b
ut also formin
dense low m: Nov pb, Fr. April-June
asse rub le, as in pee Fis.
a leaves on gli nicle wu white r cream- jodtoured in Sees while the
eaten forming a der oa bush in the open with brown — ae
densely rusty-villons. pects sometimes somewhat obovate- ‘oblong, aries nee
fertiaries ‘subscalariform, those on the panicle similar except as to colour aim serie
bracts 6 thespikes becoming linear upwards, villous. Sepals sub-aristate
. _Aeuminate, petals ovate acuminate hairy, not much longer.
357
5, COMBRETUM. | 62, COMBRETACEZ.
we ovalifolium, Rozb. undi, Or.
A large son YHe ing . with elliptic or le not at all oblong,
leaves 2°5-4 5” long, apex roun ne d or with a very short obtuse cusp.
pikes °5-1°5” rarely 2”, often racemose on a ae on rhachis and
frequently by aa fall of the leaves aaa copiously panicled.
There are no white foliaceous bracts on the oe Robin 4-wi d
only, often a peautital claret Aad ght ripe, *75-9" by *6-7",
ini i izontal striz.
Chota Nagpur, rare (Palaman, Rajkot)! Puri, fairly frequent h Angul ! eng
Fis. Feb.-April as the leaves are dropping. Fr. May.
renewing es es in May, 0: een a eynratey dark red before falling.
Very young | I ous tomentum near mid-rib and lows sec. n. :
mature with a rounded ors boty paced ti base, sec. n, 6-8 nv
under s ce of the leaves shows under a lens numerous minute pte “evidently
pac eon Da the scales so evident in some species but in this case scarcely
nti rom vatipe
arise in the axils of Ranta or seta leaves, and are pubescent. Petals ra her
shorter than the os angular acute sepals s and narrow ly obovate with sometimes
seeiae apex. Disc densely hai ‘eg ed
a, Hypanthiu oe oon the calyx-tube ‘14’ long and pubese
8. vas rpanthivi below the calyx-tube -09-"1” long gingrons on varnished.
h forms it is slightly narrowed upwards and 4-angled.
Var. — Haines,
This is a remarkable ager od Bee? Aig reomgenatic to describe.
leaves are exactly thos a except — oe it has t
scales cha 5 cake of ni be pone a need than in C. ovatifolivm
x one of the lower leaves ie also the shape of the la r specie :
i is in ‘fruit with pubescent axillary panicles 3-4°5 i
Frai all 4-winged but oblong 1:8-1°9" long by “75~8” with
solos and texture of us valifolium and minute scales between the
inte as in oe aoe
aoe pe y wel asa hybrid between
C. pf tea aa Cc, pettifelion, m, Tealabandy: Cooper !
3. C.nanum, Ham. Phirtol-rel, Andaika, K
An undershrub with woody rootst ocr nd numerous erect stems or
tirwiialiok 1-2 ft. hi. igh, opp. or alternate leaves which are orbicular or
obovate or lanceolate 2- if long and are at first bright red an again
turn brillian in December ‘and anuary. Petiole 5". see
white . Prego? dense acekel 8” long. Hypanthium obeonie:
Petals far exceeding the seal Fruit 1-1:5”, a pretty pink oF
crimson pe inged.
Burnt jungles and fire-lines more especially on the plateaux, Throughout a
Nagpur! Gaya Ne the eg age age Fl. with the new s shoots butnt
Fr. April-Aug Lag agg .-Feb, in unprotected forest ‘onally u
down by the Tenale e fire
6. QUISQUALIS, L. i
Quisqualis is ee pa goes from Combretum by
hypanthium oS pees uch longer slender tube above
t
he ovary and the style yay gacata to the tube, funicles long with
their papillose inner sides almost connate. Flowers showy.
358
63, MYRTACEZ. (1. Evernia.
1, Q. indica, L.
A large handsome ead with oe shortly acuminate
leaves 3-4” lon g, peti 4” at fi
ate recurved a pret the fall of the — = rete which ae plant
— in climbin howy i with
E Lvcsaittan about om Ba piece “8-1” at first white
then changing ot evi nd cri The flowers are beautifull
scented
_ Very common in garden Indigenous in the Malay Peninsula, Philippines and
western tropical Africa,
The genus Gyrocarpus is transferred to Hernandiacez.
FAM. 63. MYRTACEA.
Trees or shrubs with opposite, very rarely alternate, exstipulate,
simple entire, usually evergreen and shortly petioled leaves which
the young stems and parts of the flower = nd fruit are usuall
copiously supplied wish lyse genous oil glan Flowers 2-sexua
ar perigyn oO
sg
Fruit os Nass , drupaceous or opening by as many es
as there are Saedi usually 1-few, exalbuminous, em
straight or aay
Germination usually hypogeal.
Sind venation of the Myrtacem i is like that of the Combretacew or more Lares Aa the
loop continuous!
“The Piette hidacew (including Careya and Barringtonia) are included in the F,B, és
: ud many other tte in this family.
Breit bacea: ‘
A. Cotyiedons thick and fleshy, Sep. 4. Seeds 1-few 1, Eugenia,
ped. Cotyledons small with com:
parativel poe! e e ocoty!.
ne axillary 4 olite: be Sepals free in bud es =< asl
Flower. ea pace oeriatere cymose ee ae depts
p P a a = 3-fld, Calyx entire in bud irregn ar y 4 Podiem
o splitting in flov facies
TL, Prt La localicidall splitting at top.
AR Ponies ea ally Pp a retnls calyptrate Se 5, Eucalyptus.
in aun spkes: Petals § sprang. Sti YAM 6 oy,
Fis, in cekiferone spikes. Stamens free . . 7. Callistemon.
: 1. EUGENIA, L
‘Brees or shrubs with ~ mn q ar branches and fire “ad
Opposite Piabrous gland-dotted leaves. Flowers — A pened
: ut usually in 3-chotomous cymes. Hypant pac apt hy
- dueed ‘into a ca calyx-tube above the ovary which is trun or ns
_ *Ssepals. Petals 4 rarely 5, sometimes calyptrate. Stamens
359
1, Evert. | 68, MYRTACEX.
small versatile anthers often with a _ at the tip. Ovary
rarely 3-celled, style simple. Ovules y in each cell but ie:
1-few developing. Embryo thick with poe axis and large Aosby
tyledons. a gea.
J, Flowers cymose. Hypanthium sated beyond the ovary
yx-tube.
A. Stamens not inserted on a thickened disc. Petals usually
p'
ie _ and intermediate very fine close
a nirenchies of patil rounded in sectio
L. oblong or oe cheng over 4” nok glaucous,
glands conspic Berry oblong or ges er 1, jambolana,
Le ei. oF Ianceolate inoatty under 4”, gland ae
obscure. Berry pisiform 2. caryophyllifolia.
L. narrow vly oblon hie or lanceolate. Berry dry
oblong ae ovoid. Often copie ue very
conspicv 3. Heyneana.
+, Branches of mankiie square in sectio
Branches of panicle sharply reuensitt ed. of
Jambolana not or aitage glands more are
surface often shining 4, fruticosa.
Branches of panicle o obta use ly 4-angle ed. L. broadly
ell. to ell. oplang 2° ok opis and sony glaucous . 5. ei 3
-n, 8-15 dist et sed b 6. culata.
B. Becusie inserted 01 Sinic hed disc. Pe not usually
calyptrate. Flowers often ee (Jambosa).
1. pneen of orien goo a sac above the nodes :
La: digen Tyas sometimes calyptrate 7, lanceefolia.
2. Angles ‘of twigs not sacdlite at the extremities. Small
enltivated to
Flow rent 2-3" dieu... Pee globose . 8. jambos.
F's. iam. Teuitunning turbina 9. javanica,
Il, pried sitary or sub-racemose. Hy pennies not p
uced tube above the ovar. y — ia proper)
. 10. bracteata.
1. E. jambolana, Lamk. Jamun, Jam H; Kala Jamb, Beng.
Jamkuli, ; Kuda, K.; So- kod, es * Jambun
A large tre jaetpalane e glabrous with oblong or elliptic a
acute or annateais shining leaves most] re long, with v
numerous close spreading sec. n. and rlaricaiate ye S as § cone :
Fis. white sessile mostly in threes a tio pies panicles with
terete branches. Hypanthium turbin 2 long, sepals 0 rarely
small. Petals calyptrate. Berr bp ree or ae yarns curved.
Very co: mmon rowel ane the fotagr fee or ba age tree occ age
chiefly slong rivers and nalas, Fi, sf besa . Fr. Jun _saly . “ver rape
1 appears
Attadns 8 ft pe dese = cues ‘in sheltered ravines, with grey-brown or nearly black
often pitted bark m or less cracked —— old, The t , unk is nearly always
ningle, “Blaze thick, deep red or brown. Wood Solileh betwen to reddish-grey-
— always solita ary with thick rounded _— cotyledons | s closely
age m their inner faces. Seedling stems sharply 4-angled with linear 0”
lanceolate pst *4-1'5” long i io their first year, alternate or opposite, withou' t the
close oe poet gene of the adul
building and ete well Ape tig ag im — and carts. Itisav
heating fuel. Weigh fruit th eaten and a preparation pie given bag
ic, aS & pemeay in ee | Sclson and in ‘chronic diarrhea.
= meta for diarrhoea aad er — the seed in diabetes. It isa veTy ry ood
tree except in very dry si
360
d has teen been much used for sleepers. It is eae used for |
63, MYRTACE#. [1. Evernta.
ic iiometimes sed cist = ‘discriminate betw E. frutie . jambolane
ithout inflorese erbarium hey: an always yprberet eh by the
aa peachy liitolia, Lamk. Syn. E. ie aan var. caryophylli-
a, F.B.I.; Buru-kuda, K.; Bir-kod, S
or m.s. tree with pale branchleta ; ta, all: or lanceolate or ovate
inate earn mostly under 4” long, the glands very
ponaas. Fls. wh celled
ted — pearontia ustered at the ends of the
or ly bran i i
6 of Nagpur, very com Fl. May. Fr, June, Nearly leafless at the
. vering; the young it then all come out together generally of a
liane red colour,
E. eeeens Wall. Gara-kuda, K. ; Chuduk’ Kod, 8. ; Kat-jaman,
be oak or small bushy tree 8-20 ft. high bbe jnarrowly oblong.
iptic or lanceolate acuminate leaves 3-5” by and latera te
te white flowers from the old foi Aes ace +5” oblong .
. e wed by the ca. lyx-tu
nthe “Area i Champaran | , Common in goon vin negt ! eee May the
ves ‘have gland jambolana and the cymes are usu
“ueer-peduncled, 2-3’ asd with Weate ithe branches, Fis. sub-sessile eon l
: Aplin a head, s sepals small.
n | collected by me on the Mahanadi in Angul has linear-lanceolate leaves
Bias il Jon ng. The presence of the Reefs -tube on the fr agli is not a specific
ultivated forms of Jambolan
“The fruit | is sometimes said to be ea
Se wea Rowb. Bhalu ert Or.
We & Jatge tre low or from the base with
cha closely resembling those of B. amen often long acuminat
ry distinctly glandular, shining or not. Fis. as in jambolana in
panicles. vat with — leer branches cts amo.
Divers minute very caduco ypanthium turbinate or r broadly
Sepals 0. “Petals " calyptrate or sometimes expanding.
3 . e *25 o— ale dia
lotmtains of May rans peas ft. Fl. May-June, Fr. July. Ev.
Bar’ eeu atches
in lorophyll, dark or with pale pat
young mis with ch ase brow =n a6 in Jambotana, L, usually
when dry, 3-5 es
Renews
ont scribed as oxbu meee all the specimens in the Calcutta
en have ws ah a several other cases of Chittagong
s being found in Orissa (see Introduction —
361
1, EvGEntA. } 63. MYRTACEZ.
Petioles °5-'9”’, divarica Fils, usually very small, a only, but in Mayurbhanj
vas a 15. by '2” sc raised _ prreen inside and out. St. ‘2’ lo ong. Fruits (in
Maymyo specimens) globose °3-"35” diam
5. E. glaucissima, Haines.
A small tree with broadly elliptic to ell. oblong long-acuminate
leaves 2°5-5”, ra: ar attai oa 7” and oblong lanceolate, very glaucous
an t shi ith liucid dots. s. W
ches. Bracts among the flowers cadu
aeute oblong or triangular. Hypanthium obedietd Frames ‘oouconshiee
15” long and broad. Sepals 0. Pet. calyptrate. Berry sub-globose
javeuieny Pn short ee pee or broadly ellipsoid, glands in
large and n
Sats 2 ee pntoggers ote ! Sa May. Fr. June. Evergr %
Bark pale. Blaze phew hard, light red in young, deep re red in aa trees, Petiole
5-7", Cymes from deg years’ leafless axils stout, 5-15’ with few branches.
Regarded as a variety i t clear whether this is most nearly allied to
E. jambolana or to E. fr «he sr,
.E. deg a4 pias. Topa, K.; Totonopak’, S.; Paiman, H.;
Boda, h.; Satiam, Bawal, Or. ; Pui Jamla, Gond. ; Dumkol
(Ga;
age: ee yee with broadly elliptic or obovate and rounded leaves
5-75”, more mean id obl ong: eppneneloke or ovate and acuminate, sec.
'n. rather irregular 7-1 ite sessile ternate in brac hiate
PR aa long lets Ping old leaf scars. Berry glabrous ‘25-3
(-
Widely distributed in the damper forests but not eomamann except in the north, All
bso the northern boundary esp. in Purneah in open grassy jungle tracts! Valleys
in Singbhum, Hasaribigh: Manbhum and Santal P., especially in s+
g ts, near streams! and the cool tops o of the highest mountaly e.4.
d i ul! Sambalpur! Fis.
y- - June- . =
Bark rather rough, blaze red. Twigs 4-angular. Leaves usually 2°5-3°5” —_
or, in one form occurring in Chota Nagpur, 1°75-2” wide only, fds small, Petio'
u i cl.
ypanthiu
oblong, a A large gland also on connectiv
The fruit is eaten for rheumatism ama an extract of the root boiled down to i
onal stency ‘of gur is re Sg he n the join s for while the leaves oo | d
—_ in oe fomentati The t tree is yet eer and the wood usually :
7. E. lancezfolia, Roxb. Syn. E. Wallichii, var. lancewfolia, FBI.
A large tree with —— ene shige bark, twigs 4-angular above
the ee ne with distichou r lanceolate acuminate gla’ psoee
leave same long, Spars tee. Sot white haiahics am — 1 corym wned
es 1-5-2°5” lon: nee _ broad. Berries narrow oblong cro :
with "tie cule x: The cuickchentenl feature = the o
however, . oie way in which the two pairs of i nternodal ridges unite
and form two prominent sacs above or at node.
rian ane Range, elev, 3000 ft. in dark valleys! FI, Nov. tet
Fr. Feb. Evergree
362
63, MYRTACEA. (1. Ev@enta.
_ Large trees are much ppm yr below, blaze hard with chlorophyll, then dark
ted, Leaves translucent-dotted seen from beneath and with minute ago beso
n. about
SE. the Howe ap L. Syn. Jambosa vulgaris, DC.; Gulab-jamun, H.;
e.
a short
‘ptiole n. rather distant joined by a prominent ici : fate
margin, nal o: ne. Easily meoneniaet by its very large ace me flowers
: st 3-4” Sana (with the long stamens) and which are in short
minal r. e cymes with i of ae Planets cymes
mith the central axis not ein once terminating in a flower). Sepals
rounded. Fruit globose white 1- ey with 1-2 grey seeds loose in the
large cavity of ake peel pericar
Ve ery commonly cultivated and semi- hess » ‘the ae jungles of Purneah, also
‘Galtivated in Santal Parganas, Balasore, but does not succeed well in the
pid aed Sg Fl, Bae dup -April os traits in the st es bbe at
ery
D oo Lamk. Syn. E. alle, Roxb. ; a Beng.
shortly
: ‘pied tid s 5-10” long with a nerrouly 500 cordate or sub-cordate
base an a es ee
0 the last, about 1°5” diam. or 2:2” with the stamens, in lateral a d
. sho:
e
inal receptacle somewhat pulvi ith a yellow colour ruit
-turbinate almost flat above rather a pearly or h white crowned
af on Saag inflexed sepals, very and flavourle
d only in the southern moister districts, ¢.9- Cuttack. Fl. April. Fr.
wy. Native of Malacca.
a
red 0
oots with undev yee erie Berries
ti Hack LG hoHONe 1-2-seeded about 3-4" diam. crowned a the
rd
“etd on sandy ground in Orissa near the ¢' coast from Cuttack southwards
in am bees oes erab aun gle! Fi,, Fr. all the year - ages
bro iry as well as the in so eg 8
: te ;oblaiceolate, elliptic or "rhomboid, usually Bary pay ne seh _—
obte .
alyx with a ‘civeular browal eget pubesee role oa ¢ dise, Sepals 4 oblong obtuse °15”
ach ubescent esp. on edges.
t pu
€ ripe fruit is eat ina
363
2. Myrrvs. | 63. MYRTACE,
2. MYRTUS, L.
Myrtus differs chiefly from Eugenia in the horseshoe-shaped
cotyl. The
aoe a ae Carpels 2-3 ming a wholly or almost wholly
(sep t quite reaching the cio of the ovary) 2-3-celled ovary,
ie gals placentation.
1. M. communis, ZL. The Common Myrt
A b with small ovate to tasnbblaté leaves 1-1°5” long, very
sweet smelling, white flowers about ° iam. solitary axillary on
sle wigs pedun cles succeeded by pes kis of which finally turn
b and are crowned by the 4-5-partite ¢
sf planted in gardens, Indigenous from the case to North-West
Himalayas.
3. PIMENTA, Lindl. Allspice.
1. P. officinalis, Ber
A small haan evergreen tree 20-30 ft. high with aromatic narrow- oblong leaves
with many sec. n. and te f rather
small white tinietn: Sepalsand petals4. Ovary 2-celled with 1-2 pendulous ovules in
each cell. Fruit somewhat like a gress, Asa bi hen ary, 2-8 ae d. Native of the
West Tate sometimes found i sei vag ardens ndia
in the sun yield the Oleum Pimentz.
4, PSIDIUM, L. The Guava. ‘
1. P. Pest or , L. Syn. P. pyriferum and P. pomiferum, Willd;
rud, H.; pe a Beng.
oer chin or small tree with 1g at entire ell.-oblong leaves
4-6", prow mie beneath “on = th 15-20 20 Peduncles axilla’
with 1-2 pretty white flowers 1-1-5” diam. very usually 4-5-celled
with many o ra es. The bie known fruit with many very hard seeds.
a horseshoe- nm seabton
Imost ilage junglesof Purneah! Native of tropical
ioe “Fi, he, Pr. tis. aha 6 c.8 -
5. EUCALYPTUS, L’Heritier.
Trees, often gi wx rai Nerart native forests, sometimes sagas
when ihe el secr an cade matic gum or resin. Lea
coriaceou
beyo
out sepals. Petals aaiel sya ae a calyptra. geo
umerous. Ovary 3-6-celled with n s axile ovules. Fruit —
y hard and Woody dihtackay loeuicidaly at ‘ie top. Seeds
pesnla a
364
63, MYRTACEA. [5. Evcayprvs.
A very large Australian and Tasmanian genus, the pec of which are variously
own as Gum-trees, Stringy-barks, Ironbarks ete. pe Lip lina ae racer s 480 ft.,
eae tree in ne orld. E. marginata is the sin lar; wilica for
s. ‘sg spec nae proved very useful in Tealy, 2 Ateeria. st hae bn
ryin tas as and pa ttens, | Prva 4 s and in California, on the other
a, for : planting up areas subject t riodic droughts. 2.9 lobulus preg others
Be ancose ded well in the Madras Posten ency-
The following apaceee —— been tried in this province, viz. globulus, citriodora,
tertticornis, rostrata, crebra, and a few others. All these and others have been
ri 4
dora (a le aed fragra t_ species s) and fereticornis which have attained
tage e followi “i descriy hiefly compiled from Mueller’s
Anthers mostly broader than long, usually reniform, sedan
by dive — it upwards confluent slits. Umbels generally
so Siary 1. amygdalina,
I, Anthers not or scar cely longer t than broad, » usually youndish,
slits longitudinal. Umbels mostly pan 2. erebra,
TH, Anthers dis stinctly longer otra hale. priate to narrow
solitary. slits longitudinal almost parallel. Umbels or fis.
A I late, Lid hemispherical , - A Nis & maculata
(citriodora),
B, Eabels
: beak . 4. rostrata, —
ie Lid edger than tabs with sub-terete obtuse e beak” . 5, tereticornis.
4S 2, Umbels subsessile, 1-fld. Fruit angular and warty . 6, globulus.
mygdalina, Zadil/, The Giant Eucalypt, Probably ae tallest tree in the
ir tems tena growing freely -— oy and almost w L. rather short-
betioled, mostly alternat e, narrow- or fal ee re weuaty attenuate into
oblique base, somewhat shiny. "Diniebs usually se He st short peduncled.
IyX attenuate into a thin pedicel, Ripe fruits small, tart
rebra, F. v. Mueller. A very sweet-smelling species with dark rugged
a slender drooping branchlets. L. alt, short-petioled, linear or falcate-
€, rather thin, dull-green, very translucent- atten, Ed eeecaren almost
“Fruit slightly attenuate at base. Germinated at Net
acul é n. E. citriodora, Hook. in Mitch. Journ. Trop, A
JFimacaat, zie. a bn sh) with smooth somewhat shining rien
teddish-grey bark mottled with the remains of the older bark. Seedlings rough
With red-bro i aves sca i n
se es 2-3-nate on t.
orth pedicels shorter than calyx —_ tube ee, ah rag inner transparen nt
on "4
outer hem tee ne pol ninite z Anthers oval-clavate. globose or sub-
ate, rim narrow, valve
Mueller states that B. nly be distinguished from E. maciilata as a *
y differing in ‘the ernauits lemon scent of, its A sidtig and frequently fine
The tree called E. citriodora hive in Rane
E. rostrata, Schlecht. The Red Gum.
= tree —— —— my er grey or white serge ot ee slender branches, L.a
Unibels
e-falca ed rather fai scanty or obscure.
fid, Calyx-tube semi-
: or su ranudiien ‘wotlewey on slender peduncles 4-14- .
lhe? tid i nger sila, ub-hemispherie base then sharply beaked. Fruit sub
The tim timber is extraordinarily durable bit less quick ‘growing than ern ust
‘tree will live in swampy land in Australia
365
5. Evcayrtvs. | 68. MYRTACEA.
5. E. tereticornis, Smith.
Closely puree to _jast. =, Leaves | with more. ‘prominent sec. n. Umbels short-
peduncled 4-8- y tapering cone. Top of
fruit more Dafa inate
_ The seedlings Nave. opposite almost oval leaves. Timber excellent.
6. E. globulus, Labille. The Blue
A tall tree with smooth greyish- or aes es bark (except where persistent at
base) with robust 4- — branchlets. L. on old trees a bei opposite
sessile cordate or cordate-ovate), lanceolar-falcate, thic = eed not
erowded, marginal “ruthie distant from edge, dots notes 1
axillary ‘solitary rarely 2-3-nate, sessile, short and broad. “Cals neg pits id
depressed cuca penne warty- -glandul ar, sharply umbonate, rare <a ey: Peer 3 i
obverse-pyramidal warty tu Anths, oblong oval. Fruit ra’
a ge aed i sched pe stoma with sheer rim and depressed or coneee - oe
ung foliage is often very glaucous,
6. MELALEUGA, L.
1. M. leucadendron, L. Cajeput Oil Tree.
A ms. usually tall and straight tree with almost white or ashy
bark peeling off in large papery flakes, branches pendulous and
somewhat willowy teh lane cole. — oblique coriaceous
aromatic leaves 2-5” lon Nabe —, ends and with 3-12
longitudinal nerves and Shai rt peti ae, wers yellowish-white
ree in erect axillary adie which are often pigs fhe pe
long. Cor : es
olla *3” =
era the petals. Ova: Serpe the a oviiak 2 poltede
oi nte. Capsule loculiedtally “aektooent ry the apex, subglobose,
Frequent in gardens. Native of — —- Peninsula to Australia, Sometimes
confused with Encalyptus and Aca
te : erkunn: R. Br.
— con brush Trees. Trees or —— — often with
willowy and often bright red or mall flowers
roliferous
elow H
less globose or pious with ate iduous dry oe and ee
petals. s ve
1. C. linearis, D.C., with numerous bottle-brush-like tufts of brilliant crimson
flowers and
8, Sweet, with small white flowers are both heoubitut shrubs or small
garden:
2, salignu’
trees flowering in se hot weather and v
The last has a very hard wood, noo”
Hloyxs 64. LECYTHIDACEA.
in one of our species) with the characters of
Trees (an
Myrtacee sing ae oil glands in the leaves and flowers, the leaves
alternate and usually clustered towards the come of the branchlets,
366
S|
64. LECYTHIDACEZ. (1. Cargra.
often toothed and usually without an sie peas inal nerve or loops.
Flowers u usually large 46-merous, rarely 2-3-m mptiah Fruit a berry
or fibrous or i gras genera woody and opening by a stoppel.
The flowers of som this family which are found in Ectrit gardens are
exceeding ly weit and Tncoreaiii! 3 such are Napoleona imperialis and SS at
Guianensis. In th
grows out sidewa sa nd then curves over the top of the flower so that an paeane to
get at the Mediating has to waneee ag: in, pernn the two pear aoe sana
belong thi
_ inthe case of some species) surfac To this family also
Flowers large in short spi ee Fru nets ice many-seeded. . 1. Careya.
Fis, m,s. in pendulous raceme rt. cde l-peeded. ss 2. Hacrigichles
1. CAREYA, Roxb.
Trees or (C. herbacea) an undershrub with large leaves usually
toothed — very large spicate or racemose flowers in few-fld. spikes
Hypanthium phe produced beyond the ovary Frith
dimbricats dueldutiias sepals. tals 4 large a = pink. Stamens
numerous, the outermost or Fetches! or both reduced to filiform
staminodes, more or less connate at the base. Dise annular intra-
Staminal. Ovary 4-5-celled. Ovules numerous axile. Style long
filiform. Fruit a large globose berry with numerous seeds.
1. C. arborea, Roxb. Kumb, Kumbi, H., Beng.; Asanda, K.
A small or m.s. wit ob
clustered at the ends of the branchlets and large white and pink
- flowers in dense spikes succeeded — large atlas green fruits 25-3”
diam. crowned with the calyx-tu
‘Throughout the pale but chiefly in mete moister regions and only found in the
valleys of the Central Area, Fl. March or Ey casl -May. Fr. July. Deciduous
Feb, to the time of flowering, old leay: me uhien red or purple.
W.
ins 6 ft. girth in Angul where the largest trees are foun t no great height.
Bark thick dark brown, rs: with asteiaene rae ‘blaze very thick
us ves 6-15” long, paves slightly cre: ,sec, n. 10-12
_ hot very strong. Flowers with large bracts and prares Ewen ssile rceely
| Pedicelled. Sepals ovate obtuse. Petals 1°75” cream or white, Filaments pink,
_ Very numerou: vary panels 4-celle
s. O
| food only used for fuel and a souieasnl implements. Brandis says weight
Variable b verage about 50 Ibs. ethe bark gives’a fibre suitable for rough ropes.
ate ag 50
- Campbeti that th ti but I have nee found this. The root is used
tok fen in Gangpur. “Except in the grass of a damp district like Purneab
(Where the thick bark ma akes it tole rably fire resisting) the tree only thrives in shady
Torests, and though han ooks well in a garden
2.0. herbacea, Ro A
4 An one rhe piageg sere like a very dwarf “ Kumbi
Sending up annually from a woody rootstock reddish aarar with
alternate gisteous chorale Be oblanceolate serrulate leaves 3-4” long
at time of flowering, ultimately 6-8” long, and large flowers 2° oe diam.
With a dis ble odo
; Jn open grass lands of Champaran! New shoots appear beginning of March and
_ Stonce flower, but this is ‘patty dependent on the time of firing the grass and they
— may a as early as Jan
ieee a ou rounded at up, vary ae uate nt base into the short rather wider petiole.
sub-so. es adnate of hypanthium. Se a
( - broadly rt 3 oar gd Percy peers & whitish or purple, Filaments pink below.
Aaa ?) 1°5” topped by the oblong rounded sepals *4” long.
367
2, BARRINGTONIA. | 64, LECYTHIDACE,
2. BARRINGTONIA, Fovrst.
Trees with entire or toothed ene aia apc towards the
ends of the branches and large or flow: n terminal or lateral
spikes or racemes with eat deciduons tacts. “Hy ninth ovoid or
oe =r tube ——— epals 2-4 rarely 5 imbricate or
valva Pet 5. sea nate at t the. base and tube also
east 5 hiss oe petals, aathats short versatile or sub-basal. Disc
annular sibhin the stamens. Ova 4-celled with 2-8 ovules in
cell. wood yramidal, ovoid or wi ni sometimes 4-angular, hard
and fibro he en ripe, indehiscent, with one seed oa: Embryo a
thick ioahy igsccstyl with rudimentary cotyledons
a Be se Gaertn. Hinjal, Hijal, Beng., Or. ; s Har, Th. ; Dundi,
, Kharw.; Hinjor, 8.; Hyal or r Hyar, H (teste Buch.
a mall or m.s. tree with obovate or oblanceolate perce pone
attaining 9” by 4” but usually much — narrowed into the
* ti Flowers with pale pink v ry caduco us etal but
yo ae from their bright ‘ed stamens a: and f ing arranged
n lon ae racemes often 2 ft. long. Fruit ebione quadrangular
trunéate about ne.
Usually on ban! ; of streams but equally common both in the flooded parts and
ign laude of Purneah and apa as ampy parts of Bihar. Singbhum! Manbhum!
Written Athmallik! Puri! Angul! Sambalpur, along the Maliened Bajmabal
Hills (no doubt along streams) Rue — ! Fl, May. Fr. Sept. Evergreen
Sometimes attaining 5 ft. g ch but al oe with short trunk, Bark thick dark
grey distinctly furrowed on old trees, blaze pink with chees fi _ Leaves usually
pale pe reddish b pene tough and erie Wt, about 40-50 Ibs. Used
fer mabe building, wells, carts, rice-pounders and b ” Brandis.
FAM. 65, MELASTOMACEZ.
Herbs or ees baevand small arenes with opposite or whorled entire,
varel
serrulate, exstipulate leaves which are usually 3-7-0 erved
from or from near "hie e ( Mat ylew) he nerves exte
nearly x. Flowers small or often very showy regular OF
Ww. e andreecium, 2-sexual. Hypanthium
usually united by vertical walls to the ovary, sometimes wholly
adnate, rarely nearly free, bearing 3-6 sepals or truncate. Petals
man sepals, contorted in bud. y or more than the
petals and inserted with them o n h thium,
rudim m
connective po Ue appendaged at the base. vie 3-6- usually 4-5-
or (in Memecylon) eee: style simple Ovules very many
a in Memecylew, axile in the Melastomex, ‘free central in Meme-
eyle Fruit baceat te or eat etti: opening by pores in the top or
368
65. MELASTOMACE#. {1. OsBEcKIA.
sometimes irregularly breaking up. Seeds minute and numerous:
(es Memecylon), albumen 0, cotyledons usually short.
seo ord Melastomer. Ovary 3-6-celled. Ovules very many
radi ahne placentze. Seeds very many. Anthers
erie Fig a po
A, Flowers aa: rarely 6-7-merous, not es
Stamens all simil BS Baer . 1, Osbecki
rencns pcan el ir aaa Melactom
B. conte a 3-merous, ts 7 acon picia ey re os ieee Soeurtla: «
at Ovary 1- ented, ovules about 9 on a free
short central placen nta. Petre pe eede d. Aes opening by
milar : * RS
pores or short slits. Stam 4. Memecylon.
voupeell AL
Shrubs or herbs with usually 4-angled ‘pranches and sig avid
base, slightly swollen or with 2 tubercles. =
x with very numerous ovules on placentz diatin a fro
axis. le opening by 4-5 pores at the top. Seeds curved poe
half a ele: covered with minute elevated poin
A genu * them suitable for
of very pretty herbs or shrubs most
I. Perianth 4-mer
A. a not te r scarcely beaked.
Hai eading. Fs. capitate —_ _ eS of — a treooatss
Hairs appre ssed. Fls, 1-3 not capita ‘ 2, zeylan fon,
8 -
B. — hermcine| he beaked. ar. non-rostra
Hyp. n ecked. Herb under 2 ft. Fls. capitate . 3. chinenst
Th Pee, Tor mg-necked in fruit, Herb 3-6 ft. Fis. panicled =. 4 rostrate.,
J, Perianth 5-merous (rarely 4-merous 1n nutans),
Small wiry shrub 2-3 ft. Fis. certiuons diam... . - 5. nuta
Shrubby 4-5 ft, Fils. not cernuous 1° Si din cag 8 nepalenales
1.0. truncata, Don
ct herb sle indse 4-12” high with spreading hairs on the 4-
ie hairy leaves 5-1" 3” and very
o fore ere at the ends of
—15’
Ss lly
_ the stem or brane s. ipa ribbed and stellately
Pilose. et mall ‘05” or less bel angular and cuspidate
nched hairs which _ as long. Anthers
Q “te
persistent aternating y with bra
“not beaked. Fruit ‘15—2” with the pains mee
In wet sce not near! ‘net Manbhum
Camp.! Gaya, below she gets (P (Pathra forest) een ‘Chat ttarjee! TL ers (Fr, Nov.
ily rec rnised in flower by the v' apes oy rela
leaves Shortly peti Bie. cpper se ‘f ssile. a A ve upported by 3-4 large leaves.
Var. Kurzii. Plant scarcely 2” with very aaeall leaves and flowers
and ribs on frui
it —
aidan 4200 ft., Kurz,
7 ©. “gate Wil: a Hove strata.
, the stems strigosely hispid om
aad mall herb 2-3” high w
the angles, pa orliptic or Sone “ae
24 369
3-3-4” thinly strigose above
1, OsBucxta. | 65. MELASTOMACEZ.
with stout hairs ending in a capillary tip, a SL row of espe-
cially stout adpressed hairs near the margin. ls. mauve °5” di
not capitate, few, usually abo - pact 3 at or towards ha peo of the
ranches on pedicels 05-07” long. Hypanthium 8-ribbed setose
Sepals SS as 15” Serene with ‘rip ataliea stellata hairs
between. Anthers 8 scarcely beaked. Fruit ovoid setose
Sands of the Orissa coast, Puri! Chilka Lake (called O, Sr isadhc in Herb, Cal.),
ck! . March,
This differs from the type essentially in the anthers not being ee A
specimen of O, zeylanica, however, collected by C. FE, C. Fischer in the A malai
ills has only short beaks. The other characters in which it differs foe cs the
very small leaves and few flowers are no doubt the immediate result of its habitat,
3. vi 2 pe
ect herb 6” to 2 ft. high with linear oe or
prnaba Tomes 9 al appressed-hairy both sides and usually 4-
merous mauve-coloured flowers about 1” diam gore at the top of
the branches. Hypanthium saitialade not ridge ed, glabrous except
for stellate peuee Sen foal the sepals, or with a few re stipitate
ten hin n fru Anthers with yee ng bea
Com wet ae: all over = Northern and Central —— especially on
the eietaina! Chota Nagpur, common usually on damp clay ‘soil in grass!
— “aan oo Fis. Ang.-Nov.
Stems 4-angled, sparsely strigosely hairy. I. 1-2'5” rarely more, margin often n
scurely serrulate, ‘ao als lanceolate oP be i ‘ciliate. Fruit glabrous, *15-"2
wide with apical bri
Var. arasnathensis, Erect, 2 ft., leaves oblong 2” with sub-cordate
e. Fruit often -25’
Parasnath !
4. a rostrata, Don.
A stou b 3-5 ft. high, scarcely branched, with opposite
—— distant leaves 3°5-7” lon
3 ] h 57 pe suis
an umerous distinct obliquely magearlec.- secondary Sed
Petioles 2-4", owers in oblon al terminal panicles
4-7"! Mend * oe bowl of the stem, purple with petals 5-7” long.
or thinly setose -3” Tt ovoid oblong with a
neck (hoitestinpe, glabrous or setose *4—5” long in fru
Fl. A ept. Fr ten
Thief fol owing two ig "Tietines varieties occur in the province :—
Var. pulchella, B.
— slabrous tangled - ——e L. oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late ac r sub-acu up to 2 oe — glabrous beneath
be sae —— hispid sn Fruit Seeds small white
with aon of minute dot
Purneah, in wet stom and Pag
Var. sexangulata, H.
bona eet Sen! ioeate with bulbous-based hairs, 6-angled.
le
te or Zagdls lanceolate up to 1:3” Paoet setosely hairy i
small orange Pe oat
ce
both tines etiole densely strigose. Fruit 3-4”. Seeds v
idly granulate.
Haid ty heresies n wet places !
Thetype ha: gl ab Ppri Si ace 7 hb flowers.
Usor is > a
65. MELASTOMACE#. (2. Menasroma.
nutans, Wal
A Sestty little much-branched wiry shrub 2-3 ft. high with narrowly
- lanceolate 3-nerved leaves 1-1-8” long glabrous and sometimes golden
between the strigose nce bincaiies glabrous ant beautifully lineo-
late above when dry. Flowe os red, about
: u pen il
minal peduncles. Hypanthium glabrous, globose *2--25” diam. Sep.
= 9 lnteolate, ciliate at “tr and with peatnate scales between. Free
- Fert of.o and fruit en packed
~ Sub- ahaa ‘ act, along rivers a ee aran ! ii. Oct. -Dec,
Branches strigose. Petiole mostly und rit
_ C, B. Clarke says (F.B.I., p.5 bas " there is no recorded instance of a normally
j Sid Osbeckia producing 4-fid flow ; this, however, was the case with the first
_ specim f O. nutans collected pean oe
Fr. Nov.-Jan.
6, 0. nepalensis, Hook.
A branched shrub 4-5 ft. somewhat resembling aap metas mala-
bathricum when not in flower but the leaves softly hairy on both
surfaces. Flo owers in corymbose panicles w ite (or sets ge
anthium with large at permanent scales
arg ns
g of the
cate in fruit. Sepals broad lanceolate ‘4” ciliate.
panulate (not bartiosnenes or aparear a free top short opening ty
5 terminal pores densely strigose and with a5-crenate ciliate
aN Oe aad ere and Ramnagar! N. pikes in open grassy uct !
Fi. Oct.—Dec. Nov.-Dec me?
Stems soacheny s angled pent se, L. lanceolate acuminate subsessile, larger 5°5
by 1'7”, principal nerves 3 and 1-2 weaker ones each side,
2. pire hee L.
ites or villose shrubs with 3-7-nerved leaves a 5- (rarely
_ €7-) merous flowers. Hypanthinm with “6 imple hairs or scales.
_ Sepals Tatiada, Stamens twice as many as
_ ones longer with purple anthers nd connective produce
terminating in two lobes, the intermediate ae ones ie tn yellow
thers not produced but with two tubercles fron in
* Osbeckia, pane baccate or coriaceous, Lardine ina Seeds
— 88 in Osbeck
: of M. malabathricum, L. Dantgigiri, Th.; Gongai, Or. ; Phutki, H.
A beautiful very bushy shrub 4-5 ft. or sometimes 7 ft. high
_ With 4-angled branches dense] strigosely-sealy twigs and 3—/-
herved, rough, broadly lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or sa nes
g. i uve-pur le fe eg — Zs no usters of 1-5
- the h hypanthium becomes rather be
_ Versely, while r. placente become very fle
Throu rth of the
a3 chout the area, but especially common in the Northern area
Ganges. In the Tanteat and tg acer A area restricted to falter more itaay 7 yalleys
= wati ms r, Nov.—Dec.
: ves eelgoner sek a March May, hairs beneath and Tpewkat similar: hairs
i
idermis above. . Petio ole *3-"5’, The bairs. (so
371
te their eet length to the ep
2. Menastoma. | 65, MELASTOMACE 2.
or ger described) on the > hypanthium and other f th les, consisting
ery toothed and with a mid-ri
” The mass of ecean fleshy placentze and ‘seeds is eaten and stains the teeth
purple.
3. here ang Roxb.
Small herbs, pp ea woody at the base, sometimes stemless.
Leaves in a pair sometimes unequal, 3-5- nerved, enti ire or serrulate.
Fils. in racemes or rscorpioid cel with ca a long-funnel-
shaped hypanthium and 3 short sepals, 3 see als and 3 stainaiie
(rarely 8), ‘sae without appendage to connective. Ovary 3-celled,
apex glab ruit a capsule usually 3-gonous and 6-ri
ing at “tom 3 valves . ed y smooth or nutely
tuberculate or punctate, raphe simple or running out into a pepe!
appendage, sometimes efeltonpihg the seed.
1. S. tenera, Royle.
A ee little plant 2-8” de! i often pink stems more or less
pube and gland-hairy. es eet ace ovoid, elliptie or
vs miboid 3 5-nerved, larger es" by! somatitids obscurely
thed narrowed into the short petiole, idl ere ith long sparse
hairs above. Racemes or Ay i es 1-2”, only about one flower opening at
some aster ‘3’ long. Sepals broad ovate eect ay Beye ae
oblong, saadeetly we wi
ed, broad-o ute. Ovary with y
val’ ‘aiehtly adherent to the hypanthium which is apatsely reuads
Frequent on moist banks in the hills of Chota Nagpur. a se ! Hazaribagh,
ascending to top of Parasnath! Neterhat! FI., Fr. Oct.-
4, MEMECYLON, L
Shrubs or ss ilnam short-petioled or scale coriaceous glabrous
_ whi ch a sually penninerv Flowers in-small la grr’
rom
nar an —— dise at the top, style filiform, ovules 6-12 on @
ral plae Fruit baccate but only l-seeded. Seed large with
pene on sa
lie baa Roxb. Var. ovata, Clarke. Niras, Or.
A very beautiful shrub or small tree with ovate acuminate leaves
3 by etd to 55” by 2°8” with rounded base and very obscure sec. nel
am
m ot excee . d
Hypan. Lert — ramen trae mre e then spreading | and
wit sha
oad) nec UP
act broadly ovate. St. blue. Berry °3 ee Stain 2 blue or dark-
8.
Along rocky ravines and on the tops of high rocky hills in Orissa. Baruni and
372
66. LYTHRACE#. [1. Wooprorpta.
Kahuri hills and ravines in Southern range, Puri! Ravines in ppavbt ! Rarely
also in serub jungles ! F]. April-June. Fr. June-July, Evergre
Attains 2 ft. girth with closely regularly fluted corky bark and hae eh
Te brown blaze, in young trees thin pink and dirty white, rarel
m pa
Orr . , re .
ey distinct in Angul vate ens). Petiole ‘25-4’. Cymes (only °3” long in
eé Khurda plants) toe y from a node with 4anglel peduncles °*25-"4” long.
uA bac white very ac
FAM. 66. LYTHRACEA.
P*Prees s, shrubs or herbs, often with 4-angled branches. L. entire
usually opposite. sometimes Nisarige-eb or beepeialy: exstipulate, some-
dl abo Fls. from ar wie 2-se xual, regular or
ay eens growing up around gre rom the ovary (exc
Puniea) though often pageant fae acer ae in fruit, “generally
3- rous i epicalyx of
‘Sepals 3-6,
ami interme: tate sepals (orb practs?). Petalsas many as the sepals
or 0. St. definite or indefinite perigynous, inserted in the hypan-
thium or on its throat. Ore igen with long simple style and
ny on larg i
les very ma
parietal placente. Fruit m jembranows coriaceous or ¢ ; -
times Sega as er of the septa. Seeds many e exalhuminous,
metimes ged. Embryo sieatglit (exe. Sonneratia and Pun sped
In rede ac am, Sonneratia (under the name Blafti) is place cate
Separate iy (Bintiincen) and Punica eee: wien in another family consisting of
a = gs genus. The last is the most ral arrangement, but as Punica is n
Indige ana in our here
I rae cex. Flower perigynous. i very salte in one whorl.
A. Trees or ‘te aoimets often large. i :
- 1 Powers distnctly zygomorphous, -hypanthium coloured 1. Woodfordia.
. Flowers regular.
a, susctioeg not adnate at base with hypanthium, 2-6-
celled, placentation axile.
Flowers 4-merous .
Fis. eo or 6- sansa rarely perianth 7-9-merous,
St.
2. Lawsonia,
3. Lagerstramia,
b. Ovary mo r less adnate a at base to > hypanthium, :
: or sae celled ‘ 4, rncietbont
a B, Herbs with on ag minute fl ave sedi “ 5. Ammannia.
: Punicace Flow oe 7 multi- :
E two sO d 6. Punica,
7 daar ssc poet
_ A shrub, a si ingle pers erally by the cymose
bular flowers which are distinctly even aokonin with a curved
ured hypanthium somewhat dilated above with oblique mouth, 6
‘pa
n
linate and of two different lengths in any one flower (fis. trimor-
Phie as in Lythrum salicaria, cp. Darwin’s Diferon nt nt Forms ef F Flowers).
irregularly breaking. Seeds very ane goon cuneate-
shovate, smooth.
1, Wooprorpia. | 66. LYTHRACE.
1. W. eta Kurz. Syn. W. floribunda, Salisb.; Lythrum fruta-
; Icha, K. § S.; Phuldawai, Dhai-phul, Kharw. ; Dadki
Sintate ees, Vern.
Amu ranched beautiful shrub when in flower with soesile’d or
sub-sessile are lanceolate acuminate distichous leaves 25-4” lon
poids finely pubescent and dotted beneath, and brilliant scarlet
ers ‘5-7 3 tas ng in fascicled cymes axillary and from the old wood,
wien eee covering the branches.
A very c nm shrub except in the ack chiefly on piey. soils in open &
second- peowth h forest, 80 ane etimes gregarious, — P's. Jan, Phan Fr, April- May:
Nearly leafless me - Feb. and in March s best, leaves often
not renewed till end of May in rid localities.
e covmeinesions “> epigeal but __ most minute with cotyledons the
size of a Aol head. ave germ and gr pie the plant very successfully by
sowing it in h en of brick sea kage wih is kept damp.
The 1 flowers yield a dye which be ig dl or pink, Paranjpe
dye so familiar duri _ the Holi. Bot he flowers and leaves ‘yield a arg per-
centage of tannin. e dri a eae aleon with ‘‘ dhai’”’ in dyse On
account of the Die ie oa powdered flower is sprinkled over unhealthy ‘sores
and ulcers. It isa favour cad aa er among the Kols w at wear it in their hair and
one mention it in their son
. LAWSONIA, L
A large shrub or on tree “sho terete often thenah prea
er all
glab yes opposi Flow ather sma
panicled cymes. Hypanthium short peck Se 4. 0V —
4 obovate, wr ae ting 8. Ovary 4-celled or 4-celled
— with many 0 axile ente. Fruit dry coriaceous
finally 1- celled. Seeds
x; L. inermis, L. Syn. ie alba, bua « . Mehndi, H.; Benjati, Or.;
plac
rted from the inypanthium, globowe, irregularly croing up and
g mooth.
A small tree 20 ft. high or large shrub with branches often ending
lanceolate
in thorns, @ or narrow rhomboid small leaves “9-15” very
shortly potion with few rather inconspicuous sec. 2. 25” diam.
very fragrant, ge -coloured. Fruit red when young, * ultimately
dry and seated on the Rcenthtist with the bet Por small sepals,
depressed plabike: 25--3” diam. crowned with the style.
oo hm ey in hedges. Ranchi! Palamau! Gaya! Sambalpur! Fi, Oct.-
ag
Yields the Henna dye.
a LAGERSTRGMIA, L
Trees or gry yali h opp. or sub-opp. distichous enkete leaves and
ually sho ¥lowers in axillary and terminal pani Sepals and
petals 6-9 0 margin of the cupular or ie ‘hypanthium ;
petals very as “awed idea d, crisped or erose. Stamens very
many, inserted near the bas the hypanthium and more or less
hypogynous, with long ee igi and barren filaments. Ovary.
3-6-celled. Capsule 3-6-valved and - aa ise by the persistent
in be , flat,
ypanthinm sirongly. © Fils. large; manve...... + « b#@ regine:
aa not ribbed, Fis, rt ie ‘diam., — Guano ok
Hyp. not ribbed. Fis. *5’ diam., whit : : . | 3. parviflora
374
66, LYTHRACE 2, [8. LaGERSTREMIA,.
1.1. ot rogine, Retz. Kwiri, M.; Gara Sekre, Ho.; Jarul, Beng. ;
7 ok la: e but often flowering — only 20 ft. high.
Leaves elliptic ¢ ‘ feta 4-8” long, glabrous, with rounded base
Petiole
very short. Flowers 2-3” pina mauve-
le i long 1 na owls ane panicles kmabinere a foot long
H seg mi-sph 1 with alternate : — and
narrower ribs sometimes slightly produced a h beyond its
Reryin eadimantary pt ara ial ena = bees 56. aids
woody, 1-15” diam. subglobos
_ _ Along the larger rivers and eetenet ae: nalas in Singbhum! Gan pear tl pag
Bonaigarh, rare, Cael Banks of Mahanadi, Angul! Cuttack and
- Tear the canals, indigenous? Puri (Jaganathpra rachad Forest), Hewett oret
planted and a very handsome tree when covered wien its large panicles,
Fi. si of April-June. The capsules remain on the tree till the following
rgreen.
eeetiy smooth, pote off in omer grey. Although an BA 2 timber
nthis province to be of much v
2h ieetion, L. ¥arash, PE a - H.; Crepe Plant or Crepe
Myrtle
A very beantif ul oo attaining ved te ee meine or oblong sub-
_ sessile glabrous leaves acute or sub-o abou ‘ Jong and very
| nsrsas panicles a white, lilac or ae oul at Sailies 1-1°5” diam
e -Hypan thium not d, with triangular naieke and long- clawed
_ petals. Fruit sub- Boge 3” diam
| Very common in gardens. Fi. say ay Deciduous in cs. Native of China.
8. L. parviflora, Roxb. Asidh, Th.; Sekre, K., 8.; Sidha, Beng.;
Lendia, Gond
ia, Senha,
or som small tree or shrub, with narrow
elliptic or oblong or ovate-lanceolate acute or acuminate distichous
2-3°5” and delice hite flowers in 3-ch ous panicles with
petals “25” long. Hypanthium cupular smooth, woody in fr uit and
- embracing the piston which is “75-1” long ellipsoid and polished.
3-, sometimes -o ved.
Throughout the i attaining its largest size in the sub-Himalaya:
tates, sal in in
districts and again ig RE ter fo of the Orissa hg Tat
oots.
be .
ce, the ‘oung lea hoary h wi
a shortly pubescent beneath with
A 10 sec, n. Cyme branches and et very slender often 2-5-nate, bracts linear.
few long and many shor
,
Sars dephay Clarke. ova canes —< sometimes 4-5
ics ruit larger, sometimes ¢ ceeding 1°5 by 1’ ed
ey The an tree of Chota Nagpur pewit? be to behonig to this variety whic
m 0}
i ts and other timber for native
chare igo much used for ee oral fnplements. The fuel, os yng |
edible,” I, is good. Gamble gives the weight as 53 Ibs, The gum is said to be
. BTS
4, SONNERATIA. | 66. LYTHRACEZ.
a Li fa
Glabrous trees of -water marshes with coriaceous leaves a
e axillary solitary or cone al ternate flowers. Hypan oP thick
8
cupular or campanulate wi ith 4-8 lanceolate sepals and a
narrow or 0 petals. Stamens man rigynous near mouth of hee a
thi Ovary adnate below to hypanthium or nearly free, 10-15- or
20-celled with very many axile ascending ovules. Fruit 10-15-celled,
te embraced by the persistent calyx. Seeds very many curved,
angular, with to cotyle
Petals 0. Stigma baad ose mashoome shaped é 4 d ‘ . 1. apetala.
Petals 6, Stigma capita ‘ s : ; . 2. acida,
1. S. apetala, Ham. aide, Kerua, Or.
large tree with pale bark and numerous conical pneumatophores.
Leaves oblong or narrow-elliptic, often oblique, 3-4” long, glaucous
¥
both sides and wit e sec. n, not visible. Flowers both lat ral and
terminal 1-1:25” diam. with the numerous stamens, se als broadly
ate 4 or sometimes 5. Petals 0. The flower is at once recog-
nisable by the long style with its remarkable mushroom-sha
5-75”, broader than lon
Common in the tidal forests of the Mahanadi dete ! Fl, Feb.-May.
Often 4 ft. girth with grey-green bark on young stems, blaze with chlorophyll
then white and brown, bark of old trees ark -grey and rough below, boo! te
k mn. Pneumatophores with exfoliating bark. Leaves attenuate
into a a og petiole.
The uch used but is said to be used in the Sunderbans for te
and for r fuel. The fruit poiled till it is soft is cut in half and is used as a fish bait.
Gamble says that the bark is black! He gives the weight of the wood as about
2.8% ‘acida, L
A small Sie Dees pre ft. with a obovate or sta orbicular
more rarely oblong leaves 2°5-3'5 g, pale beneath, s n. fine
but distinct, about 10, base narro the very short ‘petiole. Fis
2” diam. with large calyx 1:3” long eT the hypanthium)
Petals linear, 6. C. s epressed often 2” broad.
ar meests of the Mahanadi delta! Fl. June-July. Pr Aug
te and comagsod a but sae “darker on the wcok : Enger?
Bocca Tnflos orescence articulate.
The above is somewhat “doubtful. The tree was not in flower and the
described from a Bom ecimen. As the species occurs in oe Gangete delta
there is, however, schaitieatae probability of its occurring in n Ori
5. AMMANNIA, L
Pisa ~ herbs growing in wet lak with ener su
site or upper alternate, rare y whorl ti
Flowers ee % are axillary solitary and oat or in spikes oF
smi eee s 2 some u um
3-8 rarely 2, inse usually near the middle of th
hypanthium. Ovary free, 3-5-celled or by a tion
-ce. very many axile. apeule oo d 2-4-valved
376
66. LYTHRACE. [5. AMMANNIA.
minute, usually sear mi on the back and concave or flat with a low
m the face, rarely an. led.
ite genus is sometimes fe into three: Rotala, Ammannia and ae sea. In the
7 two the central one with placenta i re not cape gee with the style and in
| Neeaitis, In Rota alves and hil ea wets is said to
rupture preaulesly or Pasedeetarhen 9 but in some species of Ammannia the valves
are nearly regu
af opal “solitary in the axils of leaves or bracts.
Capsule
a. Flowers distinctly spicate, spikes peduncled terminal.
| Soe
i icular. Hyp. ¢ — ulate. ey twice BeD. ee a0 it
: L. ell. or ova Hyp. tu pula Pet. small . 2. tenuis.
B, + scree Al or spikes axillary, not pedunc ied.
: 1, Hypan ubular. ary and capsule oblong.
2 Stems eeaten. L. Poti margined ue . 3. ind
2 Stems prostrate. L. linear ‘2-'3”. Sepal 4, Gentetloides.
2. Hypanthium campanulate. Ovary ety 3-lobed.
Capsule as broad as long.
a, Procumbent cespitose herb. L. linear under °3”
ep. * . . 5. pygmea,
b. Ascending’ or erect ‘herbs. . oblong or lanceolate
re"
: Fis. ostly 4-merous. Epicalyx 0, petals yellow ensiflora.
IL 5. oom erous. Epicalyx conspicuous. Petals pink or 0 7 pies
Flowers symone =a, clustered axillary.
me A. ates $8 or Cyn a
L. tapering at z : ‘ i ‘ 3 : . erwin
Cen be salicifolia.
L. rounded or poner tk at b
B, Cymes ¢ distinctly peduncled.
psule much hypanthium ‘1’ long i . 10. senegalensis,
gp’ long «+ A. multifiore.
Canenle hardly exceeding hy panthium, *0
: 1. A. rotundifolia, Ham. Sim-sindur, 8
magenta or pink when
aN A very pretty little herb formin carpets of
in full epee | with very numer ect. branches 3-6” high from &
ste — sessile orbicular or broadly elliptic rounded
end *2— 3” lon Is. i il all foliaceous bracts im
anthium campan
: dense | terminal re we spikes. Hyp nulate. Peta
i wice as long as the sepals. Capsule 4-valved ellipsoid.
i. Common in wet places especially by the marshy sides of streams, —
all i: sponge leg re tops of the mountains! FIL., Fr. Jan—
3 esha e di esi #7 ny o respect to the length of stamens and sis (teste
" Aste
2. A, tenuis, Clarke. Syn. Ameletia tenuis, R. Wight.
A little plant resembling 4. rotundifolia but far more delicate on
less . Leaves ‘1-"2 ipti te, often acute. Spikes
1-25” elliptic or ova 3
very slender ge ea with oblong or hace ie
ooh funn = a e bul ith Ms ceo. se
: As = weg ooo sak 3 ee-fourths its length.
large ite a
Petal lanceolate- goad sane slightly te the sepals. Capsule
. kent J.D.H.! Fi., Fr. Oct
A. indica, D.C. Syn. A. pepl
An erect succulent herb 5-12” with decumbent often rooting bas
and quadrangular stems and branches. Leaves often ions elliptic.
ea Spr., Rotala soa Koehne.
377
5. AMMANNIA. | 66. LYTHRACEZ.
obovate or elliptic with attenuate —_ sessile, °3 Pie distinctly _
margined, tip rounded or obtuse, sec. n. 4-6 rather prominent
beneath. Fls. very p k ow oe solitary axillary
0 'y + spiciform axillary nches with reduced narrow
oblong leaves (or bracts), base of bract also often pinkish teoles
line ng, i.e. abou 1 as the
olate acu exceeding t y minute petals, or a 0.
Ovary oblong. Capsule oe or oblong about as long as hypan-
thium, 2-valved. Seeds “narrow oblong sub-falcate, pink,” Clarke.
Rice fields and wet places, co Singb mas Ranchi! Parasnath, Prain!
Bettiah, Hieronymus! Angul, MChatiarje | Probably in all districts. Fi., Fr.
Oet.-Dec. or up to Feb. in moister situation
4. A. dentelloides, Kur
A small cheapie aed with stems 2-4” long and opposite linear
leaves ‘2-3’ long. Fils. axillary. Hypanthi um tubular-campanulate
. beets with 5 icsruiar nrg minutely thinly puberulous. Petals
nute. Capsule ellipsoid 2-valved.
Weld in the Sikkim Tarai and probably Purneah, A note in the _Caleutta
“7. — says uments, Kurz, but I can find no Par
N,B.—Koehne, in Das Pflanzenreich, states that this is oy Scopalasianta cp.
A
bent branches up to 5”, with linear leaves "1-25" long and mos
waits evens in their axils. Bracteoles shorter than the flower
rarely 5. Petals 0. el
before ee then about primes as slong, 2 2-valved or 3-valved.
Seeds concave white, en or “plac
se t. Ranchi! Singbhum!
Parasnath, Closter Sanbhans oalt | ! Banial 225 in
lt sometimes forms green mats in the damp beds of poh F1., Fr. Nov.-Jan.
6. A. densiflora, Roth. Syn. Rotala densiflora, Koeh
Bcc habit of A. peploides, 6-16" high. Leaves cblong or oblong-
ceola l with cordate base decurrent as four win
on mths reas pn i and spikes, cauline “5-1”, upper smaller with
more — base and passing into bracts, tip roanded, scarcely tapering,
; in on the s i
sec. n. di Fis, on the short spiciform axillary branches but
these sometimes elongate pentandra, bracts *1-'2”, 8 1
pering, p the s. soli iad long, ant
; 8
vate then suddenly acute, peta tals 0-4 (3-6 ne), “put
usually 1, yellow. Stamens inserted below middle of t Ovary
3-lobed microscopically a style short but Bee as long a8
nger, © Sigg long.
Wet Ranger Purneah !
as
only a variety va the pet the length of the style peing a bad
378
66. LYTHRACEA. [5. AMMANNIA.
_ A, pentandra, sowie Syn. Rotala leptopetala, Koehne, and R..
densiflora, Koehne
An erect weed 4-15” ” high, in “arte? jer spina pyramidal wit
‘y numerous spreading branches. es oblong or ent
te (sub-
ann
ide the dise when pre ry prominently 3-
aval Et -globose style po 2 longer pee ‘ach capsule globose,
o-vaive
: Nad ground, especially on clay soils,
; n turning red when the ground dries up- Fi,, Fr. July-Jan
very common i> the province.
8 A. baccifera, L. Syn. A. vesicatoria, Rox
Erect, stout for the genus, 6”-2 ft. high pars square stem
Bett. lon aed
pering both ends, attaining °3” by °6” but often 0 3
on depauperated ts, successively smaller up s. Flowers
og =e Legros in few dense axillary t sually serv
or
|’ under °2’ long, rning
2 angled « often like equal pyramids placed _b o base with
S the four corners son fntermediate fold or
Poy Xx). ypant Neer ‘campanalate e or obeonie wit ly
Ro broadly Giceatae sepals, peta 1s 4 (or small, Clarke), cient 4
With very short filaments. Capst ule depressed-globose excooding the
calyx and red in fruit, circumsciss, 1- celed.
__Inrice fields and wet places ave hout the provi FL, Fr. r-s. and ¢.8. A
Plant from a marsh in Por ahat Ww 33 ft. high, with ena few-fid. eym mes, but it was
Young and old cymes become mor oa and more conges until, as Clarke says, sped
Appear as knots on the branches. pace —— says that the leaves are exceedingly
yem a
more than & variety of 4. baceifera
at the base but rounded or sub- cordate.
9. A. salicifolia, Monti, is iy
tsiniaished by the eee not taporiniz
metimes attain 3” in len
Behar, J.D. H. bas
40. A. peseenss Lamk.
An erect weed 6”-2 ft. high with sharply 4angled bra eae
3 al blong ° r linear-lanceolate from
— sub-hastate pase. Fis. in axillary pecune cled cymes which
5—7” in length but are shor ter than the subtending —
ion abckciomepoaniie ate with ane ribs, sepals 4 broadly tri
379
5, AMMANNIA. | 66. LYTHRACE.
angular and intermediate ribs eee era excurrent as teeth (epi-
calyx). St. ae Fruit globose. *1” dia
Purneah, Kur’ Upper gy, be Plain ‘ca therefore probably extending
throughout the Teens area), e! Fi, Fr. r.s
Ty A. aay Roxb
An erect weed 6”-2 ft. high with numerous erecto- patent sharply
4-angled Finch Leaves linear or Pope rts from a very broad
sub-hastate or auricled base, larger sometimes 1-1°5”. Flowers in
n
7, pal Pe
very minute red or 0. St. 4, 6, or Sa ith oe filaments extesding
the ik Fruit globose minute “0 " dia
Very common in wet places in all distri pi a andc.s. This is perhaps
scarcely ne than | a finely branched variety of the last with smaller fruits but its
appearance is nea in the numereus slender cymes OV vertopping their leaves
and becoming racemed.
6. PUNICA, L. Pomegranate.
1. P. granatum, L. Anar, H.; Dalim, 7
A large hou or small er with terete, or when young, 4- angled
ry branches and opposite ny ed “opp or clustered oblong oF
. . ; r
nt
any covering the whole of the disc, anthers versatile introrse.
Ovary inferior adnate wholly or for the most part to the h J panthium,
ny-celle e cells in mF oe centri re. or superposed
whorls, style long, oa a apit Ovules very numerous anatro-
pous, in some cells axile, in sone parietal. Fruit a a globose berry
with coriaceous ep = heag and crowned by the ons many-celled and
-seeded. Seeds angular, cotyledons convolute
Very commonly cultivated in gardens, In this}
wanes. yor t sg Ss Fr Sale Sep about 2’ diam.
The bark and rind of the cauivan used for tanning. The edible pulp is formed
from the outer layers of the testa of the seed.
FAM. 67. ONAGRACEZ.
Herbs, rarely undershrubs, sometimes aquatic. Leaves opposite oF
sg altern ane rarely all alternate, simple Seg bmersed leaves
Trapa ae Dinnatipartite), —_ ng ulate. Flow regular and
typically 4-m ub-regular, pees pee or m.s. OF
show illary, pee ie cal met Hypanthium sore? enclosing
the ovary = in enol with 2-5, usually 4 id Is. P
alternate with the rarely 0, Stamens many or —-
many as th : one ig i nde on the i of the hium.
hiefly for its scarlet or
hypanthi
Ovary adnate to the hypanthium 1-6-, usually 4-celled, style simple
380
aN ey
67. ONAGRACE A. {1. Jussima.
with capitate or 2-4-lobed stigma. Ovules 1-many in each cell a
pendulous or half-asce ending. Fruit usually capsular, og met
indehiscent, 1-many-seeded. Seeds with little or no album
I, Hypanthium more or less Adhere: above the inferior ovary.
Ovules and seeds many in each cell. eri or gions angi C.
oy 4-6-merous, diplaanaene . . 1. Jussiea,
s. 3-5-merous, isostemonous 2. Ludwigia.
: I Hypanthiam cupular calyciform only enclosing the lower part of
on e ovary, with no free tube above. Ovule 1 in each cell. Sag
ra
N. —Jrapa sometines hatas as’ oype ofa ances: family, ihe Hydrocaryacer.
: the Samydacew are in the Genera Plantarum placed after the
—Onagracee. The family has already been described wit th the
" Placourtiaces,
4. JUSSIAA, L. (Juseiae, Auct. plur.)*
sometimes floating
rbs or undershrubs growing in wet places,
Fls. yellow
He
_ with modified air-roots. Leaves ieeviinite mostly entire
itary axillary or sub-race ypan
the
breaking irregularly
Be rPhons and enclosed in a co orky fissile endocarp
A, Creeping or floating. Leaves obovate
B, Erect, Leaves i pet am acute.
Usually pubescent, Sep. broad. Seeds all similar .
Glabrous. Sepals narrow. Lower erusenne di om from the
upper and 1-seriate sf
1, repens,
2, suffruticosa.
3. fissendocarpa.
iJ. repens, L. Kesara- sae
Cree ne on the pa gt ns ae dnd with “, nay wg 4
E on the wa r by mea white air-roots 6 a
paneciaiae 3” long narrow aha a Sine petiole.
Flowers pretty, white, 1-1°5” diam. with the veins at the base of the
ls yellowish. Petals 5-6 obovate, long- oF ae t-peduncled.
Capsule -5-1°5” a dy. te 1-seria
woo 8 58 ch aoe ; h hite
each enclosed in a corky segment of the endocarp ( with a whl
Common on tanks, Chota Nagpur! Santal Parganas! Purneah! Angul,
ee +, HY, C,8,
of. a. _-egpanons L. Dak’ichak’, 8
An erect herb, scarcely an und
sually sivars s?) hairy and with decurren nt raised lines agi
* Since this sheet was sent to press Ridley h s written a paper
Malayan Ss ten of Asi ova” . the haat of Beran, September, 1921. He spitis
DJ. suffruticosa, nobis, into J, ., and vi c
feseudocanpa is the pies J. suffru am (though he he does not pl idee all Bho characte
it difficult to determine from this paper ee a “ fg tng
ected by Chattarjee is Ridley’s J. erecta var. exaltata OF a. 0 osa,
381
ticose, 2-4 ft. high
aE, suffru ag pone
1. Jussima.] . ONAGRACES.
linear or lanceolate, rarely ovate-lanceolate, pubescent or Pale sub-@
sessile or very shortly petioled. Hypanthium subsessile r tapering
into a very short Sheet. pubescent, are arate or broadly ae
and acuminate, "2— Petal: llow °25-—5” long. Cap: 2”
tapering at base, pu ubescent (or finally cbiiue. teste uae duit,
and breakin: g up between the ribs. Seeds rounded, brown or reddish,
—
Com ee ony sides of tanks, etc,, throughout the province! Fl., Fr. ¢.s
Raimann ‘suggests that the seeds are each formed of two coalescent ovules of
3. J. fissendocarpa, Haines Sone As. Soc. Beng., xv, 1919, No. 7).
A very tough much-branched undershrub 3-4 ft. high, stems
glabrous with raised de eacant lines from the leaf-bases or sub-alate.
vi late or linear lanceolate subsessile acute. Flowers
j ls 08—
aa a ellipsoid sub-compressed, pale
brown, ‘07 mm. with a pho aeett raphe (or white and half the size),
several-seriate, in lower part of capsule 1-seriate, each an in a
2-valved — ee “slog of the endocarp and larger
ptm BN aces, Purnea: 1. No Fr pa Jan.
Upper leaves hnges i eed lo ae “alien in ‘my speci cimens), not tapering t
artes bess as in Ludwigia parviflora d L. pro enipeet| nearly glabrous. | have
pct penis may vary.
~ 2, LUDWIGIA, L.
Habit of Jussiewa but perianth 3-5-merous, petals posses inserted
below the margin of the SrEynOnS ise and stamens as many only.
Ovules in two or more vertical rows in each cell. Ca eho opening
by —— Boriag or breaking up ngobrns pare: along the sides. 8
obovoid s
Capsule BPR an many-seriateineachcell. +. + «+ »* b parviflora.
Capsule very slender, Seeds in one row in each cell . : . 2, prostrata.
1. L, parviflora, Roxb.
A herb 8-18” high usually erect, glabrous, bf lenis linear-
lance. or linear-oblanc. leaves 1° 5-3” lon ng always t apering a o bate
into a short petiole. Fis. very shortly pedicelled pe “yellow ue
usually 4-merous. Capsule very short oblong - linear-oblong °
long, glabrous, seeds many-seriate not separately a
through the capsule walls.
rn r Grand Trunk Road! Ch P Manbhum, common in
ricefields, “Cla = Mi il al Zar says si smo ya gute Western Bengal
his.specimens are, however, small and diffuse
Fl. Oct.-Nov. Fr. Nov.-Dec.
2. L. prostrata, Roxb.
‘Somewhat like the preceding but more diffuse prostrate oF 4
ding with the lower branches sores than the stem spreading —
flat on the ground and rooting, generally reddish. Leaves thin
glabrous lanceolate or ell. Sah: with very fine sec. n., narrowet
382
68. TURNERACEZ. [1. TURNERA.
into a slender petiole. Sep. ‘07” narrow-lanceolate acute
Petals. lanceolate longer than the calyx (Ro#b.) yell Capsules
mu r than in last, ‘8”, linear, often more or less curved,
glabrous, obtusely 4-angled. Seeds minute pl ink 1-seriate, distin-
1
. guishable through the capsule wa
but it has been coll lected
es will therefore almost
. both ge in the Gangetic plain “and the ane tarai.
: certainly be e found in the Northern Area.
; Roots often cellular and float-formed,’’ Keenan.
3. TRAPA, L
quatic herbs with the floating leaves rosulate, rhomboid, Sane
Aqu
petiole with a spongy ene submersed Jeaves* i in opposite pat
Flo xillary solitary Beas
with cupular hypant faa ' produced above the ovary, sepa.
stent, two or all spinescent in fruit Sepals, petals and stamens
in alternate whorls inserte the margin of a perigynous disc
Ovary adnate below to the hypanthium, conical above, 2-celled with
0 nly in each cell pendulous from the inner angle. u
onsisting of the lig ified hypanthium, ovary d calyx sh ibe
forming a 1-celled 2~4-horned indehiscent nut with a short ofte
nahi beak through which the radicle issues. Cotyledons Sei
unequal.
-phal, H.; The Water Chestnut.
4 T. bispinosa, Roxb. Singhara, Pani
< long, —_ ticulate,
sely
ruit so omewhat urn-sha
oolly.
o horns ‘cua the handle of the urn; the second pair o
horns are usually wanting
Tn tanks throughont the provin Fl. Aug. Fr. Nov.-Dee.
_ According to m PBI, r the iypieal plant as nies 2° 53" wide, og ae crenate
= very villous beneath, hdice ret neisa has leaves ene about °75”, inciso- serrate
much less ites: The ¢ beret ‘orm in our & has the ieaved about 2
i a and gin toothed. “Fis, white, °75” diam., an much raised above the
Surface of the
_ The kernel of tt th aten
FAM. 68. TURNERACES.
__,A tropical Amerionn and African family of which we are only con
the following gen
4. TURNERA, L
ually gr amneae
Shrubs or herbs with alternate simple leaves us
at the base with small or 0 stipules. wers regular 2-sexual
4xillary solitary ic in racemes, yellow ; eaele
i
5.
cerned with
pe eynous, inse a oa ee
* These ae se robably floating adventitious ™ roots as described in Na
Plane, Fam, They ine below the axils of fallen leaves
383
me
1. TurneEra. |! 69, TURNERACE.
5, more or less perigynous and often connate at base, anthers oblong
with longitudinal dehiscence. Ovary free 1-celled with 3 parietal
it
s anatropous, 2-seriate on th
3-valved capsule bearing the seeds in the _— of pre ers
Samyd oe or ae to which the ia is closely led)
terete e
1. T. ulmifolia, L. Basanti, Vers
_ Herb or undershrub with den nee hairy shoots broad- or narrow-
lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate coarsely s errate leaves 3-4” long
d he °5-1”-
with 2 large glands at t f the 5-1” jote petiole. Fils. yellow
” diam. with the peduncle a e to the petiole and bearing 4
pair of leave ow the flower (bracts?). Hypanthium funnel-
shaped hairy with lanceolate sepals ‘3-4 long. Capsule sub-globose
P
oblong ‘3” hairy and minutely oo sometimes only 2- valved,
with elliptic-oblong brown rugose eeds.
Bettiah, Rastler! Roadsides, Orissa ! A Fr. c.s. Introduced from America.
FAM. “ PASSIFLORACEZ.
mete or shrubs climbing by means of tendrils, very seldom
twining, with eps Seeapaate simple and palmi-nerved or us sually
palmate. Sched: arely penni-nerved leaves frequently with glands on
undersurface or petiole. Flowers axillary cymose rarely solitary
ane 1-2-sexual and sometimes dimorphous. Hypanthium usually
c i 5 se
sepals tiene bagel marcescent. A 1-many seriate “cor
other = scales usually clothes the intra-
staminal zone of the arypanthin Stamens 5 usually on a gonophore,
sometimes inserted inside a se sit eri nous disc, anthers oblong,
h
°
g. 2
a
a)
Np
C
or less psa dt sgmati- vules numerous on the placen oe 2-many-
seriate anatropous. Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds souuihe many
with a fleshy aril and aaah, cotyledons foliaceous.
4. PASSIFLORA, L. Passion-flower.
Flowers 2-sexual with well- roost gears Sepals often
sig within. Petals free. 8 a long go’ onophore with
ovary. orona aments very nuMerODS. Ova _ with 3
welsh. and more or less distinct styles. Fruit
Sa American genus with few representatives elsewhere. pee species are
@ommon in gardens.
1. P. foetida, L
A slender fostid. smelling climber with palmately-3-lobed, leaves
1°5-2'5” long, ciliate and denticulate with gland-ti pped se
384
71. CUCURBITACEZ.
_ hairs, similar hairs also beneath poet simple hairs above, stipules
_ laciniate with gla se tipped segmen Flowers 1”, greenish, mostly
~ solitary sending ry; an ous ‘of se pinnatifid bracteoles
_ with capillary einkdalie segments. Fruit like a small green
gooseberr
ry.
Widely distributed, in most districts! Fl., Fr, r.s. and c.s,
FAM. 70. CARICACEA.
Small trees, — with an unbranched crown of long petioled alter-
mi-lobec ilk e. Flo
eri uu
: Ma, or the eg are 10 epigynous closely adnate to the ovary
with their ntact connected by a ridge. Ovules very numerous
_ parietal. Frui ian 1-celled or 5-celled wiles Seeds many with
| an outer sappy bey an inner hard testa, albuminous.
1, CARICA, L.
paya, Papaw
a eaten ‘aun tree with ve ree palmately 1 lobed leaves,
obed.
the lobes again variously 1 Sepals and petals in alternating
Whorls, F s greenish-white or white, females rd subsolitary
or in very short cymes, males panicl The 2-sexual pe
| . extracted from the “milky sa
FAM. 71. CUCURBITACE.
shrubby, ges by means of tendrils.
haveabe Gigs Gael * : tely divided, ire
all to v'
ed py the ovary.* Corolla
t various levels on the
a She nthium in the generic and specific
ingnc ist ets tes sie 0 vos ee _ rst a Cea i above the
vary is alluded to, As the wall of the hypanthium also the ovary wall the
pe of the ovary is —— explicit for the one nian
25 885
ete ss Sos
71, CUCURBITACES.
hypan pa normally 5 gh tree anthers each with one anther-
cell, but usually connate in so that only one remains free (in
ich -celled an
ary © :
giacent z often however tellers 8 filling up the ovarian cavity, or
ultimately 3-celled. Ovules anatropous usually numerous. Style
stout with 3-5 stigmas Fruit a berry, entirely succulent or finally
with a hard rind (w when it is called a pepo), rarely entirely dry.
See ds with a hard testa, exalbuminous with straight embryo.
Th rphology of the tendril has been investigated by several authors. It is
apparently a shoot or partly a shock and partly petiolar. fen foliar. The axil of
Cc
bs .
by Roxbur, idols > the case of some species. This member has scarcely been noticed
any other work I have seen. It would also _appear o be the first leaf of a su
presse: aclaty shoot. It is very cies ca re es Cucurbita, etc.
oe Me all the genera erp ned by me with the Compound. i oscope, viz. Tricho-
8, Luffa, Momordica, Bryonia, ‘Cucurbita and Cephalandea, the ovary is
initially 1. -celled with ok arietal placente. In some cases t pparent septa is an
bp en a+ nese tissue or mucilage formed subsequently to the meeting of
the enlarged placente with which the ovarian cavity nee filled and the tissue
of which is plentifully y supplied with spiral vessels. In Luffa the septa are the
ingrown placente, Bt ad tion is epigeal, the eeaadinns sometimes attaining
very large eee
The following ‘pete all belong to the tribe Cucumerinee in which
the evales are mostly horizontal, leaves not compou und, female flowers
usually solitary.
Es ag free or corolla deeply 5-partite.
. Flowers white (or actrees in Melothria, sp. \,
1, Anther-cells conduplicate or sigmoid. :
a, Fis. large, solitary. Hypanthium —— ee 1, Lagenaria,
b, Fis, lar ongate
Poinis heteiate.. Tomdrilet6-G0-... iin coe Trichosanthes
Potala entire or toothed. Tendrilsl-2-fAdt . .. 3. Gye* nopetalum
2, Anther-cells I isp or curved.
Flowers small, nanulate : j 4, Melothria.
B, oe yellow 3
. Fils. small, qe or clustered. rehabe ea det 3 res.
Anther-cells straight, connective mutico . 5. Mukia. .
Anther-cells curved or sigmoid 9 6 ae
2, Fis. m.s., 7! or eaten. anthers eohering,
cells horse-shoe s\ sat or conduplicate,
Connective sac “Tendrils simple ae ee
Connective muticous. Tendrils 1-3-fidt . ; . 8 Citrullus.
b. Peduncles (or those of male) slender with a large .
edian or apical bract. Tendrilssimple . - % Momordica.
3. Flowers la: Stamens inserted near mouth
of hypanthi dase ‘anther: cells sigmoid 10, Benineasa.
4, Fils. ping maga Ag ~ paired, one “with
Pat fis. Luffa, sp.). Stamens 0 oten 5,
tamens 3-5. per her-celis nye oid . 11. Luff. ie.
mens 5. Anther-cells straight . 2, Thiadian
I, Corolla aistinot ly gamopetalous with tube exceeding the
Flowers Sasa very large. Tendrils oe ee a Cucurbita.
m,s, Tendrils len ‘ 4, Cephalandra.
* In the femal } thium above th y is alluded to.
+ 1-2-fid means on to 2nd. f
386
71. CUCURBITACEH. (2. TRICHOSANTHES.
4. LAGENARIA, Seringe.
Large herbaceous climbers, pubescent, with 2-fid tendrils, ovate or
orbicular cordate and dentate leaves and long petiole with 2 glands
i or diceci
at the owers large white solitary monccious cious,
M. long- F. short-peduncle M. hypanthium funnel-shaped sub-
campanu ith 5 narrow sepals, petals 5 free obovate, en
ett ly) 3 with connate included anthers and conduplicate
r-cells. Pistillode 0. FF. perianth as in male, ovary oblong,
vith aboot style and 3 2-fid stigmas. Fruit large indehiscent
morphous. Seeds sineliabe smooth with a marginal groove.
1.1. nay me Ser. Syn. peer — L.; Lauki, Kadu, H.;
Ladu, Beng. ; Loewa, Uran; Suku, K. ; Bo ttle-gourd.
A coarse glandular and softly ay rare moneecious plant with
hairy leaves 7-8" diam , 2-glandular at the base, and large solitary
white flowers 3-4” di ale peduncle 5-6”, h a - 75", sepals
3 B~'4, id-r
25” linear, hyp. tube above the ovary very short, rasta and
xo ir
y:
* agar in all districts. Fl. July- -Jan. Fr. ¢.8..
et,
and edible. _ The ripe fruit is var iously- cnet witha nd Bi hard shel a common
]l-shaped-used for bottles (tumba, K.),1 ete
2, TRICHOSANTHES, L
erbaceous or s ticose with 2 cenikiiin and white flowers,
males in long racemes (exc. diotc ) ite a solitary female or mal
te
(free in dioica). Frui ellipse to ‘slncants or globose, smooth. See
any compressed, ee ned.
Perennial. Bracts large pie : : . 1. palmata.
Annual or perennial. Bracts very small 0 :
Longer male peduncle with a racem roo ca es fe corona ag
Both male peduncles with single oven rs St. free
1 T. 7 seroma Rozb. eter K.; Makal, H., Beng. ; Jar Mahwyrar,
a Kirl
qT high trees with a suffruticose
beetc on eg: or ae nibh ing on hig Gavan. and rather :
stem and long pen ndent bran ches, 2-5-fid te her lang
simple or lobed co and denticulate leaves ge aR y 5”.
Flowers white 25-3" etch bracts on the racem broadly obovate
foli ay h large dee glands
oliaceous and over ‘5” long with large derp Sit" Pray y ellipsoid
and sharply dentate. Fruit bight scarlet none or
2-255" ae 2” on axillary short stout peduncles cm as
Widely distributed but nowhere very common. Pu
ee Ranchi, Palamau and srmeendm in Chota pas ar era ite ani 0: - 2 the oaeveeax | !
Angul 1. Aug.Sept. Fr. Nov.-Dec., rare 1 aie oe ee
. - " ly
Large green glands sometimes near pase of leaf.
large plants, lobes mostly 5 broadly or pte po gon w = te nerve ality
right gre cab a ae et ee — ‘prous with small round discs
387
2, TrichosantuEs.] 71. CUCURBITACE#.
(cystoliths) when dry, lower surface paler bis gh ieee oO on the nerves when
dry, primary nerves 3-5 (or 7, lowest forked near base). Petiole 1-2”. Some
specimens have the nerves slightly copeneni “ainy, beneath, others gla abrous but
with more ogee cystoliths, but the f in flower and the latter in fruit
and it may be a matter of ag 2, Fem Aigo be (or sometimes moncecious ?),
Male coedlne usually paired, the racemed one 3-4”. Calyx-tube 1°5-2°5” long,
Rind of fruit °25” thiol be Sei yrs Seeds wagons in dark-green pulp, oblong,
flattened, slightly narr t base, *4-"5’’ lo
iste o fruit and root hoiled ‘vith 2 oil j is ae for headache. ‘The root is said
t
2. T. “omae rrr re ine. T. anguina, L. (see variety). Bir Kaita, RE
tol, Ben
A asta rather succulent climber — Jong: spatiolath deeply
cordate 5-7-angular tached and denta es 3-4” diam. rarely 5”.
White flowers 5-12" diam. with fimbria ae and spin nd e-shap
is aad fruits 1-3” long at first green with white ‘atripes, ultimately
re
OR besa in Chota Nagpur! Behar, Hope ! ———, in all districts.
Fl, A vO Dec. Fr. Sept.-Jan. It is alwa al, but this is not
always the case. it only is the rootstock 8 use etimes stout but I have found the
pen, rote a@ previ crop of fruit ona se flowering plan
Stems — angied and °25’’ diam, I. mostly sub-orbicular, smooth to touch,
basal sinus very marked, either Pectmnucilnt pes almos , eh by the basal lobes,
margin donticntate | from ot ate nerve en rimary neryes close sely
shortly pubescent or somewhat scabrous ben ge boxe “puberulous, petio sg pr} ste bf
se 3-fid. Legg eg “Male and female f h Mal
2-5-3” or’5-8” lo: Fem. solitary shortly siitied. "By aioe thit Ag “25- 75 3".
Var. anguina. Syn. Tl’. anguina, L.; Kaita, K.; Chachinda, H.; The
Snake Gourd.
This is the cultivated form. Leaves 4-6” or up to 11” diam.
cemetimes very ran lobed with narrow ot except “ee basal
e which is very broad. Fls. 1-5-2”. Fruit v res attaining
2 "tt, and often spiral, panel a nhc ptripes abi 4 ung.
Very commonly cultivated. There s between pies and the wild
form. Chachinda is usually — ved org in nthe — of "French beans, long narrow
strips of very light * vivid green but no flay
3. T. 8S Rozb. Prince: Beng.; Palwal
hairs, pets: aie leaves 2-4” with p sinus, margins > dente
u occasionally bette, petiole 5-15" hispi hairy or
alm oolly. Fis axillary, M. o paired, one short- the other
ng-peduncled, hyp. slender 1°2-1°5” long, villous or woolly. F-
short-peduncled 1°5”, a glan t at peduncle. ep
oblong-lane. -2”. Fruit 2-3°5” or (in ee ne 4”, oblong. orange:
eeds “3-"5” aig eens with a slightly re argin.
gg ila s Darbhanga, Prain’s ainda FL, F
rous aah prot when dry, basal lobes eltch somewha
mend decoy forked. Peduncle of ee male slender, 0 poe ra ong.
Pet. long fringes, Stamens 3d
The t ati ime fruit cooked forms a cao, Gates sige i ye says that
itis ee extremely wholesome. = tender tops are also used as fe
and a rded as tonic and vermifuge. The tender shoots nan dried “trnits are s
rega eeds &
very bitter and aperient and giv t digestion. 8
mintic (Nadkarny). — decoct ee we ermereta ei
388
71. CUCURBITACE. [4. MELOTHRIA.
3. GYMNOPETALUM, Arn.
Leaves as in Trichosanthes. Tendrils simple. Fis. white or yellow,
as in A adangdettion but F. also sometimes racemed like the male,
-hypan etimes curved, sepals linear or subulate, petals exitire
a oF eothed “thie not fimbriate. Fruit often ribbed when young. s
- compressed marginate in a blackish-green pulp.
1. G. cochinchinense, Kurz. Kaubutkila, K.
A pretty apie with bright-green foliage and white flowers 2”
diam. M.s and racemed from the same ers F. ssascand A or
Eisisionally aos cemed. Corolla- lobes oblong toothed or enti
Fr, 2” by shaolh bright orange- -scarlet, pyabasoblcag, with 10 altel
ribs ian >
sgggiee oa hese on the ghats and plateaux. Fl. Aug.-Oct. Fr. Sept.-
Stems 7 sely. pubescent or hispid. L, lower deeply cordate orbicu
lobed and denticulate 2-4”, scabrous above, ispidtous beneath, basal obes ron ee
and sinus wide other lobes acute 0 e 5-9” with ong
bracts ‘5’, obovate-cuneate, yon tie, a ee nthium fot ved "pnteeas i,
uot ‘25, Anthers connate. Fem, hyp. ‘5-’6” above produced as a mlyx peas
5-6” above the pubescent ovary, which is 10-ribbed. Seeds brown, somewhat
compressed, °3’’ by 12”.
4%, MELOTHRIA, L. (ine. Zehneria).
Us eset mani herbs with simple tendsii and entire to deeply-
lobed leav : enish h-white, moneecious
che
or licocions, : pediooliad corymbose 0 racemose or cluste :
rhachi raceme, Very ly in asilacy clusters, female solitary,
ty
male. Fruit baccate With ually many ov! r p .
compressed, smooth tenascin or pitted seeds, § sometimes obscurely
ined.
The Yr. B.I. keeps Zehnevia separate from Melothria. Cogniaux unites
_ genera as well pi Mukia. The a differs in its pr eieaplted hase flow: ore aa
fat ed axillary short-pedicelled or sub-sessi jle and small, round, neve
ie 1, heterophylia.
lL. polymorphous. M, fis. corymbose. Petals triangular ah
es i 3-lobed, AL fis. clustered ia thie angles of racemes, Petals ovate 2. zehnerioides,
; Ban
: 1 M. Hep apse Cogn. bith an en oo vag
ri, _ gor, K.;
kirla, Or.; Tura, Gon
A prostrate or cimbing with angled smooth stems from a
_ tuberous root (a chain d plants), 1
389
4. MELOTHRIA. | 71. CUCURBITACE.
pod mbose racemes under 1°5’ long, an ua
t c
tive pepilose on the top, pistillode 3-lobed, pedicels with a fusiform
bract from near the middle. Ovary narrow. Fruit ellipsot oid 1-16"
long searet ape red pulp and 12-20 smooth ellipsoid slightly com-
pressed white oe sometimes with a slightly corrugate margin.
Fruiting sitecacle —6” stout.
Throughout the province inside the forests and ially in rocky rav es (pr
bably on account una tl s), Fl. April Oct. Ar
May-Jan. Dies down at the end of the c.s. and puts ine new pages in the hot season.
Every part of the plant is Trg including the leaves and ripe
fruits. The following forms o
7. bags Me not, or only slightly, es with aceee lobes, ovate cordate.
f the forms)
; oe Bs mall 1-2°5” with a pits a
8 owt as small raised di owe “eyetaith) when an. Pur
bBo sig 5” glaucous, Puri! May yarbhanj, pica “Chota Nagpurt
ce, Leavy _ to 7” with Brerved ho but only 2-3 se — led Ma-kirla
in. Angul from confusion with Tr dekonsathes an which it may
be distitiguisesd: in Jeaf 1 Hed ta weak habit, only ‘denticulate, ee
rugose nor with pee Ta nerves above nor nigpid on the nervy! eath,
also by its short petiole.
d. Like (e) si more lobe nuate, called ‘‘Matka” in Angul, never
dentate or serrate as in Triches nthes.
il map hed hastately or sagittat i.
s sub-equal. Burdwan, Clarke ! Mayurbhanj !
b. Mid-lobe very much lexger. than the side lobes.
i, Leaves under 3 Puri
ii. Leaves up to 6” long or more, cystoliths 1 ident. Purneah! Chota
ur ! :
Iil. Leaves ati See with all lobes narrow and usua ally small. Puri!
Nore.—Olarke (F.B.1. 25) says that the seeds are sometimes only 4-6 but
he includes Bryon tnnplestenli Lamk. He also notes that the bracts on eed
dicels are a a They appear me always to pohogy on some 0:
the pedicels sneer rie pres vrs es of the inflorescence. They are very ou
structures, being often inflated ! ! The female flower is often solitary - the axils
leafy bracts of lateral branchlets with a similar inflate < bract in the same Gxt |
2. M. zehneroides, Haines. Journ. Asiatic Soc., xv, No. 7,1 1919.
A slender climber with —_~ seen hispid stents? (-5) -lobed
leaves 2°5-3” long scabrid o ns and nerves and Wl
scabrid petiole 3-5”. Fis. asad anit clustered at the angles of short
racemes, ¢ and 2 mixed, campanulate wit inear-subulate
Anthers all pena with nearly ae cells and connective neither
swollen nor pr ‘ruit 3-4” sub-globose or somew what ellipsoid
on slender peduncles with flat ditiptiocbovate white seeds ng
Purneah ! Peet r. Dec. [But = the mature male flowers peeeret in my
13”
Leaves pa cues or ce ts or linear oblong lobes, t ani
with a subsidiary lobe very like peed of Zehneria umbellata but aig distinguished
by the hispid nerves and a few long hair: airs at the top of | nag
Racemes zigzag 1~ 2:5” long, pedicels “2-3” scabrid. a ypanthium
white oat ly csi oleate sepals small linear, corolla rotates with *proadly ovate
acute papillose peta
890
GS oe caret nan Sac Yo are ae
71. CUCURBITACE. (7. Cucumis.
5. MUKIA, Arn
Seabrous herbs with simple porn and 3-7-angular not deeply-
lobed cordate leaves, often sub-sessile. Fls. small yellow, M. and F.
clustered in the same axil; siuihie very shortly peduncled and F
oe . Hyp. campanulate, sepals very sm: ll subulate, co 5-
St. 3 inserted low down, rs free with straight cells.
‘ sale — with thick style 2-3-lobed. Placente 2-3, 0 ovules not
very ma: erry small ane Seeds ovoid compressed strongly
Sarpined. faces rough or s
1. M. aamebg acter 4 Kurz. Syn. M. scabrella, Arn. ; Cucumis
raspatanus, L.; Melothria iadiatestiahans: Cogn.; Bilari, H.
A very ee anaes smal 1 climber with firm 3-7 eae and toothed very
rough deeply cordate leaves attaniie 4” by 35”, usua ally much
smaller. Petiole of u pe leaves gee 0, orl er sometimes
attaining 2”, Flowers *12- 17” dia Berries Waive WAG: firm epi-
a
Common, climbing over bushes in low jungle and open places. FL., Fr. Sept.-Dec.
Very pretty when in fruit with its clusters of scarlet berries.
6. BRYONOPSIS, Arx.
Climbing with 2-fid tendrils. Leaves palmately or _sub-pedately
3-7-lobed. Flowers small yellowish, M. and F. clustered in the same
: ‘ cal
nthers free with curved or sigm:
ea 0. ee ovoid with am 3d aie disc
rry globose. Seeds not very many, 0 oblong or ead ae prepiel
with corrugate iiedeal pad (in our species).
1. B. laciniosa, L. Syn. peg so laciniosa, Naud. ; Kahubotke, 8.3
achguria, Kharw.; Mala,
A climbing fetid tas with aaa eer deeply 2-7-lobed or
-partite leaves 2-4”. Petiole 1-1 5”. Filo small yellowish, males
_ With slender °5-1” pedicels, — Enbaceig Fruit smooth glo obose
5-6” diam. gree red, with white stripes.
in a blue-green pulp, pear-shaped.
aS ‘t-Dec. in hedges, Purneah! Throughout Chota Nagpur! Angul! Fl. Fr.
“ ril-D
2, Stem oth, Leaves sometimes on lobed and pr than half- hoe
oe wn but pron cs lobed beyond the middle an be) vith two subsidia
ee lobes, eettes yee three cen wosiant ee sr usually _ ee and narrow pve ae] ate,
— ape Flowers sometimes in
ghtly
eystolithte dots above wh uty Wi +n ery bit epieno
much abbreviated Me batreg ro “3 "light-ye
he fruit is eaten readily by horses and ca
7. crt s :
_ Hispid or scabrid herbs with simp le tendrils and monoecious flowers.
: Males fascicled or sub-solitary, "yemales solitary; ay abe vo
peduncled. Hypanthium short. Co rolla deeply divi po v4
8,anther-cells conduplicate or only flexuose- Connective P
391
7. Cucumis. ] 71, CUCURBITACE.
into a crest above the anther. Ovary sometimes apparently 3-septate,
style short, ps on obtuse. Fruit fleshy. Seeds oblong com-
pressed mostly sm
A. Leaves scabrid.
L. eee oa $slobed tect ng middle. Fr. oval : ; . 1, trigonus,
L. oo roun uo sh. 5 g . 2. melo,
B. Leaves membranon hairy. r. hispid or muricate . eae satin,
- trigonus, Roxb. Bing Dimbu,
2, akg t and trailing plan a eiaeoeky ever climbing, with
scabrous stems and patio oles and small de “anf vole ately 3-5-lobed
harsh leaves 125” dia m., scabrous on both s and with the se
dilated at the tips or again sub-lobed. F's. re ello w 5” a
usually ellipsoid, rarely ovoid-globose, 1:25-1°5” diam. striped gre
and white or green = paler green, <a smooth, finally yellow ae
AA fl ry ground, FI., Fr. Aug.—Oct
i focass s said to be pe wih Ong and according to e Naudin it is by this character
aoa that the species can properly be Sag pon aye gr from the next, It is very
probably the wild fo: ne of the wild forms of the cultivated Melt Petiole
i mall
2. = — Kakri — seatlaitek H.; Karbuz (the fruit) ; Melon.
er to the ci Marea plant. The wild form is
Bi ing ioral iy the Kols. This is a procumbent annual plant
th i s
with mucrona nerve-endings, texture thinner han in the las
species, 1‘5-2'5” diam., basal sinus often very shallow, petiole 19-9 »
tendrils often long which it uses chiefly for climbing among grass
: © 35”,
in the male
°
-
u
2
=
tuse pube
spherical usually striped a as in the last.
cn in waste ground in Chota Nagpur and probably in other districts! Fl.
"The ‘cultivated Melon only differs by the si er size of all its parts and perliaps
by the somewhat softer indumentum Peak joe ys it has both soft and harsh hairs.
The fruit of the wild plant ultimately Peed rele, and is conspicuous lying on the
Seaman, to the plant long after the death of the vegetative parts, which are
3. C. sativus, L. Khira, H.; icp ai, Or.; Cucumber.
A hispidly hairy climber membranous deeply cordate angled
or ee eg 3-5-lobed nee wade 45” diam., the larger up to 6” by
55”, bot airy with softish hairs but the upper with ickened
aad the ribs beneath scabrid “y margin denticulate,
te: sometimes lanceolate and basal lobes sometimes sul
hastate. Petiole 2-4”. Flowers yellow “7-1” mek. Malbs clustered,
392
BEN SESE Uta ay OR ae et ea
i ie hat ai Ree ee a ae ie RS
I Eye Tr OEIC | AYR Sh OPRESSA TREES RES PO iS Sen STNG RP ed Se EE
71. CUCURBITACEZ. (8. CrrRULLUS.
hyp. tubular or a with long white hairs '25-3”, sepals
_ jinear spreading *15-2”, fil. very short, ager cohering with con-
_ hective crested ‘or clavate above the cell Female solitary, hypan-
mo: s*
20 h o hieeola
covered with very bulbous- ‘ieee ate or soft pines ending i
deciduous hair so that the fruit is covered with harsh hairs or soft
pines oe corey deer more or less muri pa eylindric.
__ Appare wild in several places in Chota Nagpur in open and na ss goa !
s and in he Poralss Forests (e.g. between Nakti and Tebu)! Fi. up
The cultivated plant is the well- gratia Cucumber and the above-described forms
probably feral. De ey fe ue rmised that the wild plant is indigenous in
i ghan:
The flattened and elli: vtie "seeds, like those of C. melo, yield a sweet edible oil
which is nutritive and diuretic, The pulp of the fruit is also diuretic and beneficial
in eczema (Nadkarni).
8. CITRULLUS, Neck.
erually a and trailing hispid or scabrous vist gs with simple
palma lobed 1
t
ee. short style and 3 reniform stigmas. Fruit at first very
fleshy, globose or ae smooth, indehiscent. Seeds very many
— oblong compressed smooth.
Leaves 2-45”, pale, with id close scabrous cyselishe 1. colocynthis.
_ Leaves 3-8”, thin, sparsely scabrid. Cultivated . <>), 2. vulgaris.
1. G. colocynthis, Schrad. Indrayan, H.; Colocynth or Bitter Apple.
: ce
pinnatifidly lobed, the lowest lobes palmatifid opposite, segmen',
_ again pinnatifid, lobed or robulate, closely covered with s “gan a
3 piace when dry and nerves hispi 5-7” diam h
3” diam. smooth = — green and ‘nite ona hispid and nity
‘peduncle. Seeds ‘2—25” by
_ Said to be general] gppantion « fr I have not seen it so in our province. X
: specimens were cry x in the Gentral Provinces and were apparently wild. YL
‘The fruit is bitter, acrid and anette and finds a place in the Britiah Phermo-
eopeia. Itis ion ate in large dose
E20. ire cerie: Schrad. Syn. Susur citrullus,
j, K.; Tarbuz, H.; The Water Melon.
L. (also in F.I.);
glabrous stems a
ired 0
‘Hypanthium short campanulate with linear ae 25” wi
‘alver-shaped ue ‘ash. lobed nearly to base, petals 3-5-nerved,
393
8. CITRULLUS. | 71. CUCURBITACEZ.
somewhat puberulous. Stamens distinct, anthers — The
uit
second —, in the axil is often aborti ive. ie 4-10” diam
Largely cultivated, especially on t nual, Native of Tropical
Africa, and De ‘Ca wo me relates peti ders sweet and cr fruits are found in the
wild state, Fi.,
he axil of the ie f oten contains a pecu hope + °75" long,
4 nerved and foliaceous, which is _ obey <a leat Of a suppresse nail shoot.
would be described by Roxburgh (but he gives no detailed Goeeeipala nm of this
etm es) as a “ada and Corresponds to his ‘‘ solitary axillary cordate stipule”’ in
Luffa pentandra
9. MOMORDICA, L.
Tendrils simple. L. undivided or oe Fls. moncecious or
diecious, solitary peduncle often with a large bract. yp. cam-
panula Corolla nearly polypetalous. Filscaeats 3, anthers with
horse- shoe-shaped or conduplicate calls. Style long, sti — _
mootn.
Seeds obovate or oval “sometimes rectangular often oorrantie on th
margin and sometimes on the fac
In a species outside our area the M, -aldiadiilk are 2-5-fld. and the stamens are
two only,
Fis, monecious. IL. very deeply 5-7-lobed. Fr, tubercled 1, charantia.
“ oo, L. entire or mightly lobed. Fr. ba ceva with coft
2, dioica,
1. : charanti, 1 L., ine. M. muricata o Ds Karels, H.; Kirla, K.;
Karena, Or.; Karala, uchchhe, Beng.
A softly-hairy Sora slender romp with pedately 5-7-fid or -sect
leaves 1-4°5” diam., the again lobulate or sinuate and
denticulate, the teeth usally vite A in a fine poi Is. yellow
idk males on rm peduncles often 3°5” long with one
acbipuilay foliaceous bract ren gh a middle, female peduncle nearly as
long, bracteate near the base. Petals sometimes distinct to base,
obovate, spreading. Fruit ovoid or scsitorh, tapering both ends,
rib and covered with tubercles, 2-3” long, yellow when ripe,
beaked. ” Beetle cpipbeiaed with corrugate e margins
Very common in hedges and widely cultivated. Often found wild in waste ens
Fl. Aug.-Jan. Fr. Aug.-Feb.
The fruit is bitter, but wholesome and eaten as a vegetabl e. It is said to
poe tesead = “and useful in gout and rheumatism. It is also i ee
2. M. dioica, sit Ochen, K.; Kaksa, H.; Ban-Karela, Beng.i
Kanchan- S. (the fruit “ Karla”
A slender se ‘glabrous sinies with festid smell, angular st
deeply cordate simple or 3-lobed often sinuately denticulate ovat
leaves 2-45” and solitary axillary yel oe ic@cious flowers with
petals -7-1” long, M. on slender peduncles 2-6” by
usually somewhat shorter or as long as the male with a small aera
per tek near the middle, ovary densely hirsute-fimbriate, “
fimbrie in fruit bearing soft fleshy spines which are lan ceolate 0 —
ovate lien dried,
394
71. CUCURBITACE. (11. Lurra.
ee he wept Detaee throughout the province and apparently wild, Fl. Aug.-
ept.-O
oot perennial, oe yer ous, Li. p e beneath and dots sub-trans luce
: ce (appearing on white dots ty ‘when dry), basal auricles citer No very
; ound 198 si gies a calyx campanulate °4” long with oblong-
oo - ge an ac maar sepals as lon, tube. F, fl. ovary '3”, sees *2-'3” linear or
_linear-lanceolate. Fruit 1- 3", elkipsoi id acute 0: r ovoid, Seeds ‘4-45’, more or less
- compressed, closely inverted ceo = aril- Tike integument, ‘ilipsoid, dark grey,
nearly smooth or with gocregese es
_ ‘The leaves are eaten as a sag an "the fruit is also eaten when y
EB, short- enor wie tase plant has been repented wate a dr
Luffa gr isatens and £ a, but the pedencls is rarely as short as 1 riioue
species ; 0, young fr ait tom ‘ms ce and beaked and the fAmbriv, though sometimes
Bently , are never his pias the remains of the sepals form another useful
Sacer ten with those species).
10. BENINCASA, Savi.
A single species.
1. B. Senge Savi. Syn. Cucurbita — (F.1.); Kumra, H., Beng. ;
Rakhsa, K.; The White Gourd Mel
A rather ais eubagh dapho Pa hairy ei over and with 2-fid tendrils.
Resembles a Cucurbita its large solitary axillary yellow flowers
and nema us sepals, but the corolla is only very slightly gamopetalous.
F ious, the male wi duncle tha
Be cetca, with tumid mar gin
Fairly generally cultivated. Fl., Fr.
_ Leaves reniform-orbicular, 3-6" long pow broad, deeply
— With ~— arog? r lobes, margin toothed ; petioles hairy,
cordate and sometimes
1-3”, tapering above.
nthe 3 vets bere tmeats, It is said to
| The you ng ‘trait is eaten cooked and is also made into sweetmea is
he alterative, antimalarial: ening and laxative, and is said to be a good antidote
for many kinds of vegetable poisons.
41. LUFFA, Cav.
3-5-fid. Fis. moneecious. Males in long oe Adapts
m t
_ Tendrils
_ in graveolens) with a solitary male or sclitary gta, a fro oon
nod female in a “different axil. Bracts usually ; °
hyper um obe rcampanulate, Corolla rotate from the top =
the hypanthium or lining it to hoe base ite vi 3-5 : see tog
n
Oe eT acess on the id ins of the often lamelli-
a
n
Which is narrow and ultimately 3. gan
dry with a very point or sub-woody aieaes a
_ Opening by a stopple.
__ The placentation in this genus becomes apparently axile
_ ingrowing of the placenti.
nd fibrous mesocarp,
or nearly so from the
395
ll. Lurra.] 71. CUCURBITACEZ.
ear 4 2 }
solitary one from same
xil.
A, Stamens always 3. Fruit covered with bristles i . - 1, echinata.
B. Stamens 3-5. Fruit not bristly.
St. usually Fruit sharply se a ae ae Fi ¢ . 2. acutangula.
actions usually 5. Fruit smooth Pea lege . 3. egyptiaca.
Il, Male flowers clustered. St.5. Fr. softly bristly . : . 4, graveolens,
1. Tx POPE rae
mbent or ort t herb with 5-angled slender stems,
distinctly ao tatonitage ovate or broadly ovate deeply cordate and
denticulate leaves 1-2°5” long and broad, somewhat hispid or hairy
both sides rae the nerves beneath strigosely or hispidly hairy,
: Groeten aiane ate when dry. Tendrils 2-branched. Fils. w
Males in few flowered racemes 2-8” loi with slender
io often near rivers! FI. Sept.-Nov.
Jan
There i
omitted the ie Mfomord locality (of Bengal cmt as the so-called specimen fron
i
Darb omordica mines (in young fruit)! Another specimen is a Cucumis |
Leave somewhat hairy petioles about as long as themselves, with uliar
Sa glanaler axillary bracts. Inflorescence more or less hairy, bracts oblong.
8 iy t ovaie or ovate-ol long. Petals obovate. Ovary with bluntly
conical tip {aa ite different to the _— ovary in Momordica dioica), Style 3-fid
a _ down with large stigmas oval ‘15” grey-black slightly
2. L. oe Roxb., inc. L. amara, Roxb. Jui — Paror
Jhinga, 8.; Shin east H.; Tita Dhundul, B
An e xtenaive po climber (very do Se distin from the
next species, q.v.) with siebsehdae smooth angled stems and 0 bicular
angled or slightly 5-7-lobed leaves deeply cordate, 3-5’ Pas. tn ways,
minutely closely scabrous above with tubercle-based points, more
softly es pecmoeer' A with shine’ hairs, the tubercles or cystaiths at base
of hairs never very large, margin dentate. Tendrils 3-fid. Male
race
0 ns sometimes panicled, sometimes only 1” long with
glandular bracts near the base of the pedicel, sepals Jan 3
Fem. r, solitary, often from same axil 3-45” clava
pyriform, a e we to a stalk often its own length, 3-celled,
tardily o topple and probably not alvare doin
Seeds Jack “4 4 flattened, elliptic, rather broader nd, which is
phy dse On with 0OV n owen. emiees points, genes it much
gies cultivated and wild or feral in sera districts. Fl.r.s. Fr. bea
Along rivers oe N. Champaran is an apparently wild plant "nth deeply-t0
leaves sir eM ree stamens and smooth fruits. According to the usual di
this should be ZL, acutangula but it really much more resembles L. egyptiace ns
marine of the cultivated plant is largely eaten as a vegetable. It Is The
to be demulcent, diuretic and nutritive. The seeds are emetic and purgative.
wild plant is very bitter and the — plnasine cathartic and emetic (Nadkarni,
who calls the wild aie. L, Plucketiana, a synonym). ~ ee
d have combined this and the toning were it not that LZ. ae 1 es
pro! ly nearer the parent species, but if combined it would be nec ry ores
the species L. egyptiaca (the older name i
396
: 71. CUCURBITACEH. (12. THLADIANTHA.
See L. pueyptiace, Mill. Doro, M.; Pulu here Ape Torui, H.; Dhundul,
Beng.; The Egyptian ene or Towel Gou
€ A ugh ooth s ants angled stems,
suleate when dry. a tee iehinehas to Re tate-acuminate, often
attaining 12” saiathe: 7 ache ith very deep basal sinus, other lobes
‘shallow or deep, denticulate, intwotely gland-pitted beneath when
fresh and puberulous, especially on the nerves, senbounynt above or
both sides with the hair-bases developing into small hard raised
_ dises when and often pubescen the main pert ; the lo
are usually well marked and acuminate. Petiole 3-5”. Male racemes
often 12-18” long, bracts el prlagbersr see 3” with 1-5 large round
glands nearly covering their surface. Calyx widely campanulate,
anth. 3-35” long ants sepa. as 5” lanceolate, pr sulphur-yellow,
spreading, 3-4” diam., thinly y. Stamens 5 or filaments conna
at base in . . f t be or stamens 3, anthers very nea
dehiscing lateral margins, filaments hairy bel Female
peduncles 23", peo glandular, aupals to °6”, ¢ 4-4°5” diam
Staminode t base of often 5, 'y appr: illo
i 3-4, 2 Fruit 6-18” cylindrical, not angled, but with
10 darker coloured stripes. Seeds or black with very thin
ultivated and feral in all districts. Fl.r.s.ande.s. Fr.
a have little doubt that this is but a variety ¢ of the aot ar that the characters
n the Ramnagar valley has 3 ec aia or 4stamens and absolutely
: ay fr 4" Jong. A feral smooth fra ited Luffa in the Santal som yoy had 4
ens. At Sidhaoa gino a oe = ena to the Ramnagar plan Dis =
: “The fe that it had 5s s! ly J lit in
me Pp
it. The cultivated fruit is once as
= 2. _sprrigg pula has fruit usual under sion constitu utes the Loofah used for
_ Scrubbing brushes, stuffing saddles and other purpose
4, L. graveolens, Roxb. 5
_ Aslender climber with a “most disagreeable heavy ig Sipps ),
_ Stems somewhat villous but gla ee leaves cordate broad ovate
to reniform 1°5-3” sinuate and denticulate. Tendrils 3-4-fid. sg
ow 1-15” diam., sep. ovate. M. sub-sessile. F, short-peduncled with
-2 sub- ease or oping — bracts on the peduncle which is
‘2-4 long. — = beaked, — ellipsoid, \ when 1 ripe ©
'€ two can be dis .
‘And al d als the b scales aude
wl ia the lat jet ‘ne Scrip a Pace has pom lanceolate scales or
and intermixed villi. Fl, Sept.
12. ener PES Bunge a
Climbing with ers le rarely 2-fid tendrils. (ER es deeply cordate,
dentioulats. Fis. a e (in our sn yellow “digocions, —
med with ofte e-fld. peduncle from same ax!
hot, Fecanle Be ti jpcye el put only 1-fid. Hypanthium abort
397
12. TuuapiantTHs.| 71. CUCURBITACEZ.
anulate, the bottom by a —— scale, — SS
abou
0 ypan
narrow-oblong, eas OrerE oblong, gms deeply 3-fid with 3
reniform stigmas. Placente 3. Fruit ellipsoid baccate cylindric
ehad with many ee
eT: maar Clarke. Syn. T. dubia, F.B.I.; Momordica calcarata,
u
racemes Wi ths or inciso-serrate bracts. Female pedun ncle 2-3”
hairy. Picwore s Geoht 2” diam. golden yellow. Fruit 1:5” oblong.
Dalsingsarai, Darbha: 7. Prain’s Collector! Itis common in Eastern Bengal,
Sikkim and Assam. Fl. r r. Sept.
t resembles a Rviéhabandhes superdelally:
13. CUCURBITA,
Stout we or hairy herbs with 2-4-fid ae and cordate ovate
lobed
angular o aves. Flowers very large yellow solitary mone-
cious, Sydatthitun above the ovary campanulate, sepals sometimes
foliaceous. Corolla opetalous campanulate lobed less than half-
way do Stame erted low down, , anthers connate
lumn or club with conduplicate cells. Ov: blong, style
short, stigmas larg hy, 3-5, often longitudinally lobed. La
epigynous cushion-shaped disc 5-lobed. F Seeds ovoid or
oblong compressed smooth, margined or not.
te Pats is filled with tissue and the ovules are on large swollen parietal
plac hich meet in the axis ap are recurved,
The: following sean of is according to Naudin and De Candolle:—
A, Leaves somewhat harsh and rigid.
L, with acute lo ~ peruse: sulcate. Corolla narrowed at base
with erect lo 1, pepo.
L. with rounded lobes, peduncles 1 not suleate, ‘Corolla. 1 lobes :
curved outw: 2, ma.rima.
tans re ote ge fine and s 1
mee c n foliaceous. Ped 1 ded below
th 8. uncle pentagonal, sig tah Ms epee
1. C, pepo, De. Karkary, K; ya cack Safed-kadu, H.;
Pu Patio ol Marrow
eee er ith soft hair betw the his lous nerves
neath and also sometimes hispid with abort meister Petiole 4-10"
with ckly hairs and als uncles 4
male 1-5”, _— groo nthium —, villous
in fruit.
with distant subulate sepals 1-2" isp ha mow an
4” long and 4” diam., mid-rib s bs hairy.
The most commonly cultivated species, sg i ‘ich rs. be Candolle thinks —
it most likely Mexican in origin, i
The species includes C. malopepo, L., and C. ovifera, L., and sho range
variety in the shape and size of the fruit, either smooth and chloe as in
Se ee
* Both vernacular and E * pen (or American) names such as Pumpkin, 8@
etc., are often loosely applied, and to the fruit rather than to the plant:
398
71. CUCURBITACE. [14. CEPHALANDRA.
Vegetable Marrow, pear- shaped, covered with smelt ao. Serra round and
depressed, dish-shaped, etc. y pal
, 2. 6. maxima, Duchesne. The Gourd, Lal Kumra (when flesh is
red), H.*
Besides the characters given in the Key it differs chiefly from the
last by the absence of the prickly hairs on the petiole. The fruiting
_ peduncle is striated but not grooved.
: The fruit attair ormous size and is usually oblong but varies in shape
almost as much a oes C. pepo. The ‘fesh f rigs reddish.
De Candolle considers it to be of African 0
3. C. moschata, Duchesne. The Musk Melon.
e species is easily recognised by its general softness, the fruit-
ing peduncle being pentagonal and enla: ei beneath the fruit geen
is more or less covered with a glaucous bloo e sepals are m
eeently ——— by a broad ie -— ‘tip (Or the flesh of the
fruit is usually somewhat musk-scented.
Be ccaty Ghats ! Its native serene is entirely unknown.
14, CEPHALANDRA, Schrad.
Climbing herbs vie simple tendrils and 5-angled or -lobed or
-partite leaves. Flowers rather large, Pee 7 solitary, or males in
abbreviated racemes, a ce white, ebracteate. Hypanthium
ulate o ions nnel- err short. Corolla campanulate, lobed al ut
f-way dov St. ith exsert connate anthers and conduplicate
anther- Solas gta ph ag style long with 3 bifid eed placentze
3. Fruit smooth fleshy cylindric. Seeds ovoid com ressed margined.
a C, indica, Nawd. Syn. Coceinia indica, oe A,; Kundri, K.;
Kandur i, Bhimb, H.; Ban-kundri, Or. ; "Tela-kucha, Beng.
hk rap og Eee Nate Serpe athe hae Tale 2) ca aa i MRI ae ar a re ShS
m led, some abrous 0 oot 15-3°5”
rarely 4”, avite or orbicular, variously 3-5-angled or -lobed and the
lobes oc nally constricted and again 1 , but
always easily recognisable by their being glabrous, delicately venose
beneath but marked n ss round discs above, base
andular distant denticula-
ear
ae orolla 1-1-2 tong ahd
| ; awit : Ila 1-1° “Yo _
late or oblong acute *15- 17” long Cc ‘chee papillosely
B
E,
ES
fe")
4
a
ct
Seiad
RES ae
a
®
Ph
gg
=
=
8
ae
Zui
eh
ad
hairy <4) 5 Fruit oblong narro api y
hasta aot on a but es with usually 10 white
s bse unripe.
: age mae seen
Aform earn ove of ‘rset has Dae rather glaucous Teaves with the
_ Margins sparsely sca
- The fruit is largely are
: * See note on previous page.
1. Braonta. | 72. BEGONIACE#.
FAM. 72. Sees er
NIA, L.
mtn sonar herbs, ofte gee or tuberous, with alternate
s B-very m
‘ sular, often winged, de hisci cing or eralgtl ‘bre ing up.
ig son — terete or globose with ct ode a rs and pel
r 0 album
1. B. picta,
A pretty Non plant, varying in size from one leaf an inch or two
long and peduncles 4” high to several leaves and flowering stem 18”
igh. m i ic: n
acuminate, margin unequally dentate —_ teeth ending in hairs,
upper qastube rough with tubercle-based hairs, lower with some hairs
on the nerves; in os er ewe they attain 9°5” by 85”, an
with a petiole 10°5”. Fis. and F., on oo sbemee of the
inflorescence. Larger M. sonar Re 7” ovate. St. many _monadel-
= yellow. F. fi. 5-tepalous outer to 8” Ovary and
up
capsule 3-winged or one wing ohastste, a oadly covered with crystal-
line branched hairs (very pretty when iG placente 2-fid. :
Chota Nagpur, esp. on the plateaux on damp banks under shade, common!
gunbelor le: Fl. Aug.-Oct. Fr. Sept. —Jan
ey kbar a field-note of a pie ant wiskce 5 scat white petals, but it was not collected.
may be a variety of the
Sagoo 73. son ie CSE
Succulent p'ants, some ar s, with je club-
shaped, ee - Fiitete: compresred or sable 0;
stems a ches, rarely ereskia, with septa leaves,
bulate and fleshy with tufts of hairs, bristles, or spines
axils.* F axillary or on special tubercles, usually
large and rth —— stn in Pereskia in several-fid
Perianth zygomorphous, not evidently separable
into calyx aia” iat vrotate, pene ae d or salver-shaped, of
many superior tepals a tubular hypanthium. Stamens very
mary pseaiats = mein, levels in the hypanthiam ary i
‘areole.”’
400
73. CACTACER. (2. Opuntia.
i-celled with several parietal placente. Ovules mbieiay~ ie a
with i. — ents (as in bere: Polypet te
cur
Bidons, albumen scanty or
The germination of Opuntia ids a one > have observed) is epigeal with two
ormal small rather fleshy cotyledo stow betwee ie ge omg once arises a clavate ey
Sate
Only the naturalised ati semi- paturstionl poneeite ane here dealt with; seve
others are found in gardens, especially epiphytic species of Rhipsalis with Asai}
2-edged serrate branches.
I. . es reduced to scales.
. Barbed bristles 0, Stems columnar, strongly ribbed or angled.
Flowers » aniteri -shaped or funnel-shaped with tubular hyp. 1, Cereus.
B, pcre ed with barbed bristles, Stems with broad flattened
as Fis. ate or sireaggge topo Stan t ted . + 2 Opuntia.
e Fils, omeeses Stamen: a: 3 ‘ 5 . 3, Nopatia,
IL. Leaves well- vaoenlang. Flowers cymose 5 - 3 ‘ . 4, Pereskia.
4, CEREUS, Haw.
Stems either erect = attaining large lakes or byaend and cho aa
: with climbing roots or epiphytic, ¢ columnar in form with strong
‘prominent or ribbed.
nd the oid. . ine to
zm bine Soe filaments. Ovules long funicles pre staat ,
-™M groups on the large swollen Lian Borex: very sewer
eae ae tebectie d.
1. ©. hexagonus, Haw. Bonga-daru, K.; Sapin, 8.; Soju, Mal, P-
Stems cos ga the = oot, tall columnar with usually sao
6-ridged stems covered w ith clusters of sharp spines but n hat %
bristles. FIs . large itary: funnel-shaped, white, oe
morphous.
. - !
mee ent in village hedges, Chota Nagpur! Santal P.! Puri! Balasore
mat May-Sept both deficient.
1s Some doubt about the n specimens and notes are
he ope tion of C, hexagonus in 1 Britto n aa Hos se (Lhe agit pe Waemngton,
A la ase lag Up to 22 metres high, oe
high.
seaies es. non sh ort, cuter tepals lan nnceolate £0 ch oblong-lanceointe 6-7 cm.-;
wrkill in Records of Bor. Sure, of India, 1911, apparently calls this C. plerogenus,
Tam. but the habit of the at plant is entirely different.
2. OPUNTIA, H
large
Shrubs ge the stems often woody, bisiinibe jointed with a
i
ompressed limbs bearing when very young sms
lindrical or tbat caducous leaves leaving axillary scars or
26 401
2. OPUNTIA. | 73. CACTACE.
. areoles” from which arise very numerous fine barbed bristles and
ofte e or more larger prickles or spines. Flowers a large
or mod.-siz e marginal or apical areoles, usuall yellow or
reddish, regular, rotate or funnel-shaped uter totéls ‘sipaleill
inner nume loi Stamens shorter tha e periant
nserted on the cupular or saucer-shaped hypanthium, of which the
pper part falls off with the peri th a t y k
the hypanthium (w which does not diff rest of the axis and
and grow ules ake or very many, enveloped by the mu h
Seranaed a of the funic
A, Spices deciduous except one ere one (rarely 2-3) on Sine
1, monacantha.
B. er a lar; e spines ‘usually remaining on each areole.
1 Goines aaiats slender tawny, browy or bla: ck,
Fis. lemon yellow c capes teed to rose-pink . é ‘ . 2, elatior
Fils. orange : . : ; A a . var, nigricans.
i eas pale yellow, he | 1 3. Dillenii.
1. 0. m antha, Haw. (Supp. Plant. Sask. ae Syn. Cactus
treo onl Nagphani, Vern.
: A large suc mt jointed gies b with swine branches and with the
limbs (th Intomnodssike portions of the s between the articula-
tio uc ed obovate to blaticaouee: bright-green
Areoles orig 1-3 spines only, of which at least one is often over
1” or As long, often brown or whitish and iP ing 3 Flowers
yellow or only reddish outside, corolla spreading rotate, stamens
Soe ice, pistil longer than the stamens. Fruit green, nearly
— plentiful in the damper dis tricts Neon ie nt
uen
h.
aie limbs vf this species like iy PR being branches, usually decrease in
wire bel upwards, so at it is difficult to give measurements, and the ete
‘nall sessile subulate fleshy leaves. Outer werals smaller, obcordate,
pee oblon, <
This eactee is eaten by the to papa insect, which on introduction caused its
destruction over large areas in In
2. 0. laisse, a (Gard. ‘Die , 1768), ine. 0. nigricans, Haw.
Tall India
Habit of aa ge hth compressed limbs of much the same shape
(usually described as 0 ovate-oblong), but frequently faintly facetted
by slightly raised lines joining the areoles, somewhat glaucous.
Areoles i i sneer.
with 2-5 strong divari wny or purplish-black sp
ers yellow soon becoming tinged with purple or p
and inner dirty yellow, perianth somewhat , stam
purple, pistil shorter than the filaments (always ?). Hypa anthium
with tufts of bristles and a few spines. Fruit red marked with the
areoles, but bristles and aieee deciduous, top depressed.
Exceedingly common Figs att ae Patna districts, Burkill. Purneah,
Burkill, Very plentiful nomen Bur
* Records of the Botanical Survey of India, 1911,
402
78. CACTACEZ. (4, PERESKIA.
The stems become woody below with age. Leaves subulate compressed above,
Var. nigricans, ig (Miscellanea Naturalia, 1803), sp.
Ido en see how O, nigricans is to be separated as ngs speci s from O. ela ee The
characters given appear trivial, such as the flowers areeg orange (as contrasted
with lemon- -yellow changing to rose- — and the spines black. Bankipur, Burkill,
The Cochineal insect does not feed o:
3
3. 0. Dillenii, Haw. (Supp. prea Succ.). Nagphani, Vi
NESTE RI ae SENT oy eee ne eR Re ee ey Ee Dh raw yee AS UL. ele CMa et meee Mealy
A large straggling fleshy shrub with iia oe branches and
large flat eit lower often longer Peat 6 media ut 11-15”
_ long and only about a thick, mostly CEE sect. sep Pace Pi
_ often with a f ng of spines or bristles when young. Young leaves
subul y ‘2”, sub-spinulose, seate fleshy base
_ (petiole ?), in the axils of which are the rudimentary bristles and
tom Areoles finally 5-6 (more rare 0 ) very pale
: yellow spines and numerous yellow barbed bristles. Flowe tirely
sulphur yellow or greenish-yellow or slightly tinged with
within e base toward ening, so hat funnel-shaped, with
_ petals about 2” 1 anthium pores turbinate with areoles
ee ypan reo
like those on the young limbs, white tomentose but without spines
or sega (the latter sometimes pr resent ? P
q
B
®
RM
2 &
me
oF
I
oO
oe |
wn
°
i %
E
a)
2
=a}
ae
a,
B
oO
Lew
=]
oc
&
39
for fencing the Casuarina plantation on the
Puri sands, and makes a thick oactive hedge on sandy soil. Easily grown from
cuttings,
al
or
24
oO
Bs:
oS
oS
4)
=
3. NOPALEA, 8. ts k
omer sai nulate with very man tepals the outermost scale-
8. ar exceeding the perian ath. Ovules embraced on two
sides by prey ie flattened funicle. ‘The rest much as in Opuntia.
1. N. coccinellifera, S. Dyck. Syn. Opuntia cochinelifera, Miller.
Limbs fleshy obovate without spines on the areoles.
Only recorded from Shahabad (Arrah), Burkill.
PERESKIA, Plum.
Succulent shrubs with thick twigs and broad more or less fleshy
pia jile me AO EO NE Se iid eee ee et
S
_ es in the axils of which vs } reas a a rs of =
i in min: a A
: wider fer sg se or connate, the outer usually ~
and fleshy green or harder and almost rickly, the inner petaloi
Stamens inserted o margin of the -sh or ¢ r
ium which is somewhat swollen above the ovary but not
produced into a ry inferior 1-celled, or 5-celled at t ¥ ra
Ovules few or many ie _ pendulous — a s. Fru
: or pyriform,
elegan oi ge ulptured with was
& itr iodens i" round one anot other.
403
4, PERESKIA. | 73, CACTACE.
1. P. bleo, DC. Barbadoes — rry.
A large shrub armed on some branches with long needle-like
spines. ILL ate or faacichon: fleshy, narrowly-elliptic oblong
acute 2-3”, shining, s arcely visi ‘lowers pre ink,
1:5” di nse cymose panicles the ultimate branches of whi
resemble peduncles, with y cts. pals calyciform
short and green, several intermediate tepals gradually passing into
1 green, se
petals, the innermost 5-7 being distinctly petaloid -7—'8”
Stamens ian many with free slender filaments shorter than the
petals a A beatae anthers. Style long, stigma capitate deeply
= ut 7- ca - ved.
sn re ens an ie oot soe regs naturalised in some parts of Ranchi. Fl,
ikaw —-April and also at other
.P. L Plum. The name Barbadoes Gooseberry is more correctly SY one
to this species, It is sometimes found in gardens — has a pair of hooked spines
in each axil and white flowers. The fr nit is edib’
FAM. 74. UMBELLIFERZ.
Herbs with usually fistular stems, compound (simple in wt go A
and Hydrocotyle) and often much dissected alternate leaves with a
i tipul oO
1
Sepals superior, usually very small or 0, Petals 5 inserted under the
i a i
epigynous disc often emarginate with an in exed tip and a median
fold, im acieloute or valvate and involute in bud (exc. Hydrocotyle).
Stamens 5 inserted unde the dise which is usually tumid and 2 lobed
ric eed 1 S$ a =
mbryo small, she ae 5 Sate sony ietions prnete often
unequal or chine.
The plane of separation of the two carpels is called the cdg sel e, In the centre
is a vascular system forming ultimate ly a distinct slender entire or forked axis
ioe :
(carpophore), from which the ripe carpels Cae oe remain for atime suspended, —
but this is not always ~ grag oeraee gia Bach occus has beguiany $f 5 primary ridges, —
viz. 1 dorsal, 2 marginal o: adadiacig ye i, e, ONE
each side between she Gorial ami aan ginal ridges. lee cet "species there are 4
other ridges whose positions are alternate to these ; they are called secondary
ridges and are in a few cases more prominent than the prim
The oper pm innate is epigeal.
ssile.
Uanbel nonwee lencitatns in Pyecnocy as *
I. Leaves entire, usually very narrow s. yellow . . 2 Bupleurum,
ie ppm compound (radical rarely hails ‘and ovate ye
. Primary ridges most conspicuous, vittze in the furrows
between them :—
1. Fruit narrowest at the commissure, in horizontal section
Asner or laterally com pre: Srna a
Vit BractsOtomany . . 3
Vittee 2 or more in the furrows. Sears 0 or few ‘ Se. Pimpinella,
* The vitte are often externally visible in the ripe fruit as s dark st treaks ; ; they
show under the microscope in transyerse section as minute holes in the eens:
404,
Leaves simple sub-orbicular ous 3. ieee
74. UMBELLIFERZ. [1. Hyproooryis.
. Fruit widest at the commissure, in horizontal section
circular or spar yp dorsally copreetets lateral
ridges, if jelgen Sas distinct, not conniven
a, my ee not wing’
Umbels capitate, heterogamous. . 5, Pycnoeyela,
red Umbels not capitate, ar similar or outer ‘yadiant.
Fils, white or pink, mary ridges Birong os 6. “ seli.
Fls. white or pink, Lateral ridges large co 7, Gnanthe.
Flowers sisi Lea “oper cut into filiform Sextents : Powesien.
6. Primary ridges sub-alate or alate 9. Ligusticum,
3. Fruit very. wide ‘nod b> pated, pen much dorsal y com
pressed, in transverse section lenticular, lateral ridges
with odnudvens: A ngs - 10. Peucedanum,
B. peennary xaeeon igh iba fruit more ‘conspict 10us or al t least.
as the primary. Vitte under the Seer
ges, a See oO il ahcen:
Fruit globose, smooth. Bracts 0 : : > ‘ wie Fad opens
Fruit echinate. Bracts pinnatisect Se owas ee eee
: 14. HYDROCOTYLE, L. Marsh Penny-wort.
Creeping iad ie ibe bslare! orbicular simple cordate entire angled
or lobed palm ved lea and small scarious stipules. Fils.
minute whitas or ape in mehr simple “axillary 0 or sessile compound
umbels, bracts usually present. Sep. minute or 0. Pe tals entire.
: all
L. dy 5’ diam., not lobed. Bracts 2 (rarely 3-4) broad-ovate, Fis. es
. 1, asiatica, —
LL. 7 75!" diam., lobed. Bracts obscure, Fis. 10- 1b . ow. 2, rotundifolia,
1. H. asiatica, L
A variable iui with long creeping stems rooting at the sgt
young leaves and petioles s villous, never quite glabrescent. L. orbi-
cular-reniform never lobed but often with ‘ine Pel apt crenatures
or sometimes coarsely de ntate or sub-entir Umbels ui pepe Archie
ata ods) perhaps " nbel, e2 7
of ovate sub-amplexicaul ‘bracts “1-15” long. ve. 3-5 rarely 6
im an umbel, sub-sessile, petals deep- “a ovate acute or obtuse imbri-
cate. Stamens red. Fr. with very narrow commissure, didymous,
¢occi -11—13” diam. broader than long or as long, cocei with 5 erpan!
thick
dges strong, so
or the intermediate spaces venous, thinly pilose, epicarp very
corky and endocarp thin. Seed much laterally compres
Tn wet places. Ranchi plateau ! Baas side of nalas in the hills! Mayur-
bhanj Mnts. !
The ss k down the distinetion of the
: ge aracters giv en above will be seen sel - ri sag cree sane. sep
ble
oe e ovate bracts and -avgravteants fruits.
The following varieties look very perm superficially :—
the
Var. a. Leaves 1°5-2'5” diam., very villous before expansion (
tT Tos aoe rolled inwards in bud). rer oles 1-4 apiece Pedun: a 1
0 1” long. Bracts pink and pubescent when in °
this has ie compou aiaaa wonbels Sei the rays 25 ” long poe bracts 2-3
Re seclata or ate! Fruit w
Chota Nagpur! FL, Fr. Nov.- pets
405
1. Hyprocory-e. | 74. UMBELLIFERZ.
Var Leaves under 1” diam., less villous. Petioles gia
ah destaere 2-4 under °5”. Fruit reddish.
Mountains of Orissa! FI., Fr. May.
2, H. Sec Roxb.
uch gee delicate plant than the last species a somewhat -
iabiin ng the last variety of that species.
distinctly 5-7- lobe d or -lobulate with the lobes or "obaigs crenate ;
‘ diam., with s hi hairs th.
2
5
B
a,
S
S
3
3
sp
na
on a hills of fase Salwar Neterhat, near streams, elev. 3000 ft, ! FL;
2. BUPLEURUM, L.
Glabrous with entire, often grass-like leaves and small ye ello
flowers in compound w mbels with the be cts ana bracteoles a
eous Fru
setac r O tals obovate, emarginate. ru
compressed somewhat constricted a ommissure Ede
terete or sub-pentagonal i and distinct seed obscure pri
ridges, vitte 1-8 between the ridges, rarely 0 or many. Seed pone
a _— grooved on inner face
racts 3-5, "15-2", bracteoles, exceeding the pedicels 1, mucronatum.
aan 0-2 under "15". mien not half as sei as the “very
slender pedicels : 2. falea
ar, bortga 73
1, B. eee W.gA
seh nig otiekcana et herb (up to 6 ft.) with often flexuous stem,
ios tae leaves up to ong often mucronate at t the tip, small
yellow fis. in much panicled umbels, 3-5 conspicuou s lanceolate
bracts “15~2" 1 ong and bracteoles exceeding the pedicels pee carpels.
Carpels elliptic or oblon
we roe mountains of Chota Heepur: Sarguja, Clarke! Bisrampur, P’ ain’s Coll, !
an
eg AVES often much attenuate towards the base and sometimes sub-obtuse scarcely
ee , primary nerves between midrib and not very prominent margin 2-3
ely 4
2. B. falcatum, L. Var. biharensis, Haines
bracteoles 4-5 geet cuspidate half as long as the ”
long very slender pedicels. Pedicels 347 pithee exceeding ‘hs sade
long narrowly oblon: oon
mountains of Chota Na . Neterhat! FI., Fr. Sept.-Jan.
Higher agpur i
ae leaves ns ce ——- to the cy pour oak with a prominent =_—
margin and 4 es between pap ste
This differs ising the type. which is a Him n plant in the short, bracteoles
and long pedicels, which in the type are less stad. halt the length of the fruit-
406
- Only i in the fruit which is more distinct
: das a carmin
8. C. copticum, Benth. ee owa
3 all
e papllose hip ridges uiaallt
74. UMBELLIFER2. [8. CaRum.
3. CARUM, L
Annual or perennial with pinnate to ri ompound leaves and com-
pound eubele with few or many bracts and mane to many bracteoles.
Flowers white or ce ES ygamous, outer — sterile often ae
radiant petals. Sep mall or 0. Petals retuse or emargina’
Fruit ovoid ellipsoid = iene — rane at ahd constricted
at the commissure (didymous), cocci gia abrous, 8 mer ose or murica’
sorrel ee eee ner 7 rics nearest rs slender
conspic obseure primary r feeb e between the ridges.
Seed evista or wr klighithy dorsally alin nea or slightly grooved
on the inner face.
A. ey (hypanthium) gone ne or pubescent. Ray . a
rnately divided, segments —— or again
“i a wi engage "hapa 33-6 glabrous. Fruit ‘tied 0 or
hispidu ‘ 1. stictocarpum.
Asi in Wictooarprn, but fruit hispid, 08-"1”” 2, Roxburghianum.
L. 2-3-pin segments linear to ‘filiform. Rays ‘4-12.
Ovary rs poet E nae pi
B, Ovary very villous. Rays 18-30, villous- einen
3. coptieu
. 4. villosum.
a. C. stictocarpum. Clarke.
A herb 1:5-2 ft. high with a lanes leafy branches and 1-2
ith the pinne and t segments usually 3 only but
te
i with th
5 on the lower leaves, ultimate me dete ig ey EA glabro
. . 0 in 1 UW =
ent (var. hebeca a, Clarke). scarcely puberulous.
F r “06" ’ shining esd with ‘microscopic dots or in var. hebe-
nN s.
the Higher ry Vindhyhan range from Pachmar
Mousanine of Bilaspur, and it probabl
our a not n in flower fn it there. The western form has
early. "gibeoun, foils but the preratrhl s Clarke’s variety hebecarpa which
passes into the next species. Fi., Fr. Oct. “Feb.
2. C. Roxburghianum, Benth. Ajmu ud, H.
A slender plant 1-8 ft. high, much branched, the leaves cut_into
slender Honan daneeceae or obeuneate often lobed 5 — ys
slender usually 4-5. Pee ls 6-14. Ovary pubescent . Fruit pores
hispid-pubescent ‘08-
mneneen, Purneah, =. z! Fi. ~
This, as Clarke says, is pro obably
t. to March. Fr. April. Cultiy vated.
<2 a cultivated pig of the last. It differs
a and more pubescent. The fruit is
used in curries an
high Dobie pubescent or glabrescen nt,
ents very slender goa
li
cs
3
g
3
Ee shee
°°
3
B
eoles 3-5 i
nse oe riistinct making the cocci sub-pen-
407
3. Carum.] 74. UMBELLIFERZ.
Sahebganj, Kurz! Cultivated. Fl, Feb.-May. Fr. May.
blond see eds have an. aromatic smell and warm pungent taste. They are used -
spices and as a carminative Nadkarni states that the plant is a source of Thym
4. ‘i dcsapsaes Haines (Journ. As. Soc. Beng., xv, No. 7, pl. ix).
Stems 2°5-3 ft., pubescent, very leafy below L. low ee —3-pinnate
and vimmatifa ; upper 2-pinnate ovate, ultimate comune arrow
oblong or cuneate and lobed, spuotely pubescent above, puberulous
es
iam. ,
pubescent ‘5~8”. Bracts about 10 linear 233" Pe adie els 25 30,
tod Br eae ee t 10, °1” ne mes Hypanthium densely
villou Calyx obso Peta. 03-04” not including the
hese inflexed tin pe ilose. Dies parr above, 2-lobed. Styles
Fe ender Pp, 7 p
ng sl
5a Hi lis of Ramnagar, N. Champaran! Fl. Dec. Root rather w oody
and apparently perennial.
ad fruit es haiti not known, so no Latin description of the species has
yet been pu’
4, PIMPINELLA, L.
Biennial or perennial se RS peed the -_ bie ’s leaves pine
simple, cauline eaven 1-2-pinn or decompound but sometimes
simple (on the same plant and hstnomorphous). Bracts Henk or 0,
bracteoles usually linear sometim Flowers 2-sexual or poly-
in int.
ed, ovate :
Cocci terete or sub-pentagonal, plane on the inner face, ridge es slender,
obscure or Bcoseaties, vitte 2-3 in the furrows. Seed with inner face
plane or nearly so.
A, Lea: sub-similar. Dis
L. 3-7-foliolate, §, ‘. 3- fotiolate or with one pair of 2-3-foliolate
oe Hobe cts 0 1, Heyneana.
B. Radical and sometimes lower cauline leaves 1-3-foliolate with
very large ovate- aatenione lfits, Upper different. Dise p
nen
faye cis brous, bra * Katy : Gs i , 2. monoica,
Rays Sh antnioes patente, Bracts several a a 2 Gg 8 eee
1. P. Heyneana, Wall.
cal slender na tt branched herb 1-3 ft. high with es striated
stem and 1-2-ternately compound pe , usually o orbicular in outline.
sry eaf-opposed umbels “diam. Bracts 0 pages les
ely 2 prem 8 25” or eo tt Fruit didymou
= Tong, glabrous ridges slender, primary often pale and posse
when dry
mp places under shade, Chota Nagpur, frequent! Fl. Hav Fr. ae
-sooe or about 2” Jong. “Lflts. rarely 2” long, lanceolate or ovate-la: ceolate,
P a, often doubly serrate, sparsely puberulous b both sides, Peduncles
15-4", at, ‘5-1'5” long with 6-10 unequal glabrous pedicels ‘1-"5”. Cocci
2. P abue he
A biennial aay ‘3-4 ft. high with striate stems very copiously
corymbosely branched. First year leaves radical 3-foliolate with
408
74. UMBELLIFER. (5. Pronocycena.
ovate-lanceolate cordate leaflets, cauline leaves of second year pin
nately 3-5-foliolate, lfits. orate lanceolate aan rp eas spi inulosely-
rr i r lo
merous te
without bracts. Bracteoles 0-2. Frt. minutely papillose ov oid com-
pressed -07” long. carpal each with 3 distinct primary ridges with
2 Mite between, sub-pentagonal with plane inner face.
Highest mnts. of Chota ip ot i Ranchi and Palaman 2500-3000 ft !_ Neterhat!
; Nov.-Dec. Fr. Dec.-Jan
labrous or with short hairs both sides. First year’s leaflets 3-5” doubly
Sauce serrate, crenatures sub- aca ricee inne of leaflet often very oblique 5-nerved,
aa reat petiolules long. Such leaves are occasionally found on the lower part
of the ste 1 the sec sand year. Coner r petioles reduced to sheaths with ciliolate
Decain. Baye — wie eageg (pubescent in plants outside our area) 8-13
slender '5-1'’. ~"08" dia
3. P. bracteata, Haines (Journ. As. Soe. Beng., xv, No. 7, p
stout biennial 3-4 ft. high with striate stems se pees
First year’s leaves much as in aes but more ee cent and crena
2
FR austooine 1-2" teh Fruit ‘min ly peplioee.. glabrescent.
gre use of Chota Nagpur, Ranchi and Palamau 3000 ft.! Neterhat!
Oct.-Dec r. Jan ;
Stems ail Neat es pubescant or —— both sides esp. on the nerves. Radical
and lower cauline leaflets some apelin ilar. Lateral leaflets sometimes
UDpe t petioles ots to sheaths. Rays of
mbel 8-12 pubescent ‘5-8’ Ms. 0 “08- ‘1’ diam. Pedicels *2-"3”.
barren flowers. Fruit cocci with inner fac eaeply: — iar 7A
ridges filiform, vitte numerous, very. sle en tered. €
Junate or with a T-shaped groove on the inner face.
Li
An interesting Umbellifer “> woody roo Senn aa stems
Siscconk pedun neles. A
ose one fruit which attains ponte
rass lands of the Chota Nagpur plateaux, ae Rane) Bressers! Tagore’s
wit (Re (Ranchi), Carter! Neterhat! Fl., Fr. May-Nov
409
6. SESELI.] 74. UMBELLIFERZ.
6. SESELI, L
Leaves 2-3-pinnate or twice 3-partite. Bracts few or ee so pig
times pinnate, bracte ee several or many. Sepals minute
etals emarginate pink or whi oe Fruit oblong, Gate or spherical,
ommissure
vitte one in each furrow. Disc not prominent on- ‘the ‘fruit. Seed
semi-terete.
1. S. indicum, W. & A.
gue ap gg Ad = greria: and erect striate = esse
ranches fro oot, high. Radi — leaves oblong ©
chong lanceolate ee with oy petiole, 2-pinnate or panes ered
ulate
arger i with ovate pinnatifid pina ules and lobula
eal apachlais segments, cauline sim iar but smaller and more
crisped, all = airy expecially beneath with short white hairs. bee.
fruit in this species is not et widest at the commissure, primar,
ridges totes. densely glochidia
Not common. Mahanadi River bed a other sandy places, Angul! FI., Fr.
Peduncles 1 het 2-4”, Flowers white or pink ° n dense umbels
1-2 5” diam, with about 15 oem “gi ) era longer in gh 5 eos poral, « bracts
a 3! eS in fi reflexed in fruit, 8-9 Seng septa sige Bg with scariou
7. @NANTHE, L
Herbs ¢ atti cane wet places, sienilininn. creeping or solo
eae ves 1-3- -pin Umbels with 0 or few bracts and seve nar
Pruit ) € 0 er tha 0:
Cocci semi-terete with inner face plane, lateral primary ridg large
gus ~- dig , others subequal or very small or obsolete, vitte 1 in the
More or an decumbent, stoloniferous. Peduncles 3-6” : stolonifera.
Erect without stolons. Peduncles under 3” or umbels subsessile i benghalensis.
1; stolonifera, doit
af.
Peduncles 3-6” long or more.
y places and river banks. Neterhat 3000 ft.! Fl. May-Jun
Lower jonves with 5-7 pairs of pinnz, petioled above the she ob, up
peeigs on the sheath which has scarious margins, radical leaves age petiole) sboxt
i -lan
neate i ys . seoles
9 linear, shorter than the pedicels. Calyx with 5 aabalate te teeth nearly as long as
pion which is slightly os, Patent pag o ithout prominent ridges. Pet. white
a long inflexed cusp. hers pale pink. Inner fis. male, outer female with
te erect styles. Coen a9" Une. Book ser pone
410
74, UMBELLIFER. (9. Lieusticum.
2, &. benghalensis, Benth.
A less stout ese it than the i pinnae cng ee =.
smaller only ‘25-1” long, of t — r leaves vie eb e up
lanceolate. Faro cles short or Bays of um mba ew, abouts 6
only, usually under “75” lon = Cooei ‘1” or less
Sides of muddy rivers. Purne
8. FENICULUM, Adans.
Tall glabrous herbs with pe as ein mpound leaves, the ultimate
B mall lin
al. a
sub-terete with broad commissure, primary nidge s stout sub-equal,
furrows 1-vittate. Seed fu rrowed, flat or concave on the inner face.
1, F. P seat Gaertn, Syn. Anethum Panmori, Rozb.; Panmohari,
unf, H.; Fennel
ie or in India, annual, 2-3 ft. high, glaucous, with a
characteristic aromatic smell, stems terete, ete polished, =
li Roxb i s in and Sowa.) Lea’
a :
ng ‘ridges a conspicuous vitta between each r nning t
Sale length of the earpel. There are also two vitte on the. inner ty
i d.
The striking, more than superficial i ome of esc plant to Peucedanum
graveolens justified Roxburgh in Baia’ yw: in @ gent almost doen og
that the taxonomic valine of the shape of t e fruit bat peng ‘here carried t ped ys
so widely separating the two apoties eet in fruit the Indian P Menaal an
more closely resembl an do the Indian and European Fen nels.
9. LIGUSTICUM, L.
Dodi com pire 1-3-pinnate or twice 3- Laie certs Peon ap pinne
large. Bra many, bracteoles many. als 0. 1s obov ie
p Prui ae
u
romi ese ch eee fen une dorsal furrows
1-3-vittate (on sam ey): lateral furrows usually 3-vittate,
commissure with several vi
. Beng., xv, No. TP . 814).
: stem
A orp stout herb wii ‘ft hig ge diam. of oan shite
flowers giving place to iene conspicuously 10-ridged or -winged
fruit -2’ long much do
hee cp en Pg, PLB cseinding the petiole which
is as lone, oblong-lanceolate in outline -pinnate with the ss segments Pi pod
tifid or inciso-serrate with linear- ‘lanceolate lobes or teeth ; pinnee 5-7 prs- 8:
All
9. Ligusticum. | 74. UMBELLIFERA.
menimaucne fle pinne with etry segments, on renceates or lobed.
le above, Bra F 8 ove pid
Peduncles pubescent ve. Bracts nse linear. Ra 12, his ulous on fo
upper surface, ‘7-1 25’ long. Bracteoles about 9 linear unequal. Petals ‘05’ 0
with keeled face and’inflexed Os Le blue. Ovary at first Prbrenies is interalle
compressed with strong ee 1" broad, lateral ridges alate and 3 dorsal
ridges sub-alate. Vitte
10. an ee L.
erennial rarely a 1 herbs 1-8-pinnate or 1-3-part
in ultimate s occa ope alg or altel rarely (P. sratolns)
orm, sometimes toothed. Rays of umbel Sasi
various or 0, bracteoles pangs gas Fls. often polygamous, "pollen rh
_ Our species) or white. Sep.0orsmall. Petals obovate, emarginate
or 2-fid. Ovary glabrous ecly. geo aE Ra, Fruit much dorsally
ong or or
Seed Antes dorsally compressed, inner face plane.
A. Leaves cut into filiform segments 1, graveolens
(sowa).
B. Leaf segments not dele
1 Peart
line leave nate, lflts, en 3a aoe a
ae voualiine te owe 8 2-pinn ate, niiite. deeply serrate F 3 eee nagparense
2. Ovary pubescent ovate inciso-serrate ; 4 sativus
1. P. sowa, Kurz. P. graveolens, Benth. ‘hn part): Pepe
Sowa, Roxb. ; ae Sowa, H.; Salpha, sowa, Beng.
A graceful annual 2-3 ft. hi igh with a darker sak lighter
green stems covered with a whitish bloo ompound leaves
cut into filiform segments. Fls. yellow in a abel 3” diam., often
larging to 35” diam. in fruit. Pedicels eee gre slender.
s
. Fl, Fr. =
Perhaps not more than a tropical variety of P. graveolens, differing only in the
more delicate growth, in the frnit being Lene Lynn 12-"14" by °07 ve
mericarps more convex, marginal wings narrow and the ribs ™
prominent.
It ex exceedingly resembles the Fennel bos in foliage and flower, and apart fro
the hypanthium and fruit good discriminating characters are difficult to ‘ohne.
E h
seats to “121 ra and except the arial wings the ie or ridges are not
the seed is nea earty 7 ripe and ay then scarcely raised.
seeds are used in medicine and in cooke
2. . dhana, Ham. Var. Pascu Clarke
A glaucous glabrous herb with flowering stems 1-2 ft., but with
leaves chiefly radical 3-partite or simply Casein with a6 thick
oblong to lanceolate S-nerved leaflets 2-4-5” by °3—7”. Flowers small
yellow in umbels with unequal and often “ed vee rays attnidind 5
in fruit. Cocei ‘llipecid *25"—35” by °25’
High plateau lands of Chota eexper Fl. Mar’ - -May. Fr. May-June.
Theaflota extive wins toothed ?). if bel 5-10, some ereecwn, 7 long
in fruit. Tenet near acuminate, ie Pelioahe numerous. Bracteoles 4-8. Sep.
412
74. UMBELLIFER2. {12. Daucus.
ante triangular or obsolete. Dise yellow and glandular. Fil. lon
"obs g. Ripe carpels
3 “aa ressed, usually “25 3 long, broadly oblong, esac Se gyal with Sane distinct
aed zeae 2 on dorsal face, slightly Bea ie weed bot
ypica ana has t d lea awit cueower leaflets ; vatiet F
— Dalzellii is described by Clarke as having iehtlebe shortly oblong or even pod
ar,
oe. P. ai ee Prain. Syn. P. glaucum, DC., var. nagpurensis,
; Epondom, i ia Dg Trio-singhi, Birja.
; ole stout herb 38-4°5 ft. high with a Pierce Pal and striate
: polished s stems. Leaves twics ternate y compound with leaflets on
the lower raves very large ovate acum taints and strongly serrate,
Ener “anceolate to lin zie nd uppermost occasionally filiform.
e Be ce aay n Aisle pick do selne -lanceolate with an inflexed
: Ci elliptic ‘ long, broadly pia ed, the wings
RSiccting both ends, dorstl Hales fine pat distin
gem tn Keer freq on the mountains of Singbhum gene and Manbhum !
Dee erma ‘ezavibvagh). Neterhat ! See "Chattarjee! Fl, Oct.-Nov.
abo
Pedicels rd YS, bracteoles 3-4, setaceous, '25-
Sepals short truncate mucronate. Stamens pote
h
spreading and re exed in frui
trio, Birja). The
only 2 per
The stems are used < asec cia pipes or flutes (rotu, K.,
root is used as a stomach
4. P, sativum, Benth., is the Parsnip, only cultivated, I believe,
Europeans,
in the gardens of
41. CORIANDRUM, L.
Only one species.
1, G. sativum, L. Dhaniya, H. ; Coriander
An annual ‘slender: branched labrous herb with a disagreeable
i tely decomp ves, leaflets of oe leaves ovate
lobed and crenate, upper oa ‘Plower 3 white or pinkish, outer
d i ;, 5-10, rays, bracts ° pein
inate with in point.
ith the 4 ser nese ridges a eac este astene e-
Fruit globose w
what stronger than the 5 Pp which are often inconspicuous
wavy lines, vittee obscure, itary. under each secondary Tt and
two vitte on the concave comm issural surface ; diam. of fruit about
2" ther variabl
wiaey, cultivated in the gardens of Indians and often self-sown. The
fruits py mu hone in ¢ currie es. They. zit Oil of Coriander which is stimulant,
aromatic an at
12. hab L.
1, D. carota, L. Gajur, H.; The Carr wee
Small country carrots are largely grown i Chota Nagpur with « while o
urplist t in a rance from the European garden carrot,
i J ,ioh , juarever,stcoeeds we in on senson and on t the plateau lasts through-
out ne aH wea
The cocci have the four sec. sides hispid with bristles and the 5 smaller primary
with smaller sub-glocidiate hai
418
75. ARALIACE 2.
FAM. 75. ARALIACEA,
Trees or shrubs (never herbs in our area) sometimes scandent, often
but little branched, frequently prickly. Leaves always palmately-
nerved if simple, usually palmately compound or a onishinial
o t
decompound, alternate, with stipules more or less adnate to the
petiole or0. Flowers regular, small, sometimes polygamous, in pine
t ta und der the 1 n of ous disc.
Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals.* Ovary inferior,
2-many-celled, styles as many as the sy Notephs: bes eat Ovules
solitary, pendulous in each cell. chee r drupaceous,*
one or more cells attain suppre ne “penaulcte: albumen
uniform or ruminate. Embryo prints vutie next the hilum
1, Petals lightly imbricate, pedicels jointed.
es Petals val oe oo endl with compound leaves . , é . 1. Aralia.
regres uniform.
1. S ae 2- rg Cultivated shrub, leaves 2-3-pinnate . 2, Panaz.
ry 4
La ir as digitate ‘ 3, Heptapleurum.
Small tree. Leaves Balmate o r digi itate| ‘ . 4. Trevesia.
B. Albumen ruminate. Ovary 2- — Small trees,
Leaves pinnately decompound ; . 5. Heteropanaz.
1. ARALIA, L.
Herbs, shrubs or small trees, often hairy or prickly. Leaves
alternate or whorled, digitate pinnate or 2-3-pinnate with serrate or
nearly entire leaflets, stipulate. Umbels variously arranged. Fs.
often polygamo-dicecious. Calyx margin truncate or rae alous.
Petals 5 mony Pep sie 4 imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-5-celled with 2-5
styles. Fru celled and -angular or subglobose and 2-3-ce
Albumen wu
ni
1. A. armata, Seem.
rhachides. Stipules 1-2” intrapetiolar. Ww about 9” long
inne about 5 pairs with subsidiary pinne or leaflets at their base,
lowest pinne about 9” | and the nex i er pair somewha
n abi
ho pinnules or leaflets softly hairy, about 6 pairs on the longer
pinne and a terminal, ovate, caudate, 2-3°5’’ Peery pacar tonsch eS “A,
pa Mountains in Mayurbhanj, above 3000
ny finely serrate. Panicle often 1-5 ft. long, up : pe feds pedicels pubescen nt,
ts caducous (or it pedicels ‘5-°75’” unequal. ve about a diam, without the
petals which are usually reflexed and ‘1” long, white. Fr. ‘2” long ellipsoid or su
= sharply 5-angled (at least when d vrs .
Tupidanthus, a small tree ere seen in garden
; The store cme is only applicable to the genera so far an the ey ar re represente
in nang and —— e.g. Aralia also contains hexhe and ‘sail trees and septa?
pleuru ao! trees, The oe of the genera have, however, been very
Soubihetahiy che chan by different author
414
75. ARALIACE. (38. HepraPLEURUM.
Several species of so-called Aralia are grown in neh woe their ornamental
poliage, but these plants sometimes belong to other genera. 1
ish and insignificant from a horticultural standpoint,
2. PANAX, L
Shrubs or trees with ane or digitate 2-3-pinnate leaves and
entire or serrate leaflets. Umbels pant hed , esag jointed under
the flowers which are often polygamous. Calyx- hed or
nearly entire. Petals 5 valvate. Ovary 2- phate adie styles
distinct. Fruit with as many seeds as cells.
N.B.—Panaz as her foray, ak the genus of that name in the Genera Plantarum
ad F.BI. Harms in * Nat. Fam., taking the Ginseng section nm of norte as
the true genus Panag, piaethne the Linnean P. Sruticosa in the genus Polyscia
1, or es ve — Polyscias fruticosa, Harms ; Nothopanax
cosum, Mig
A stat with me as leaves a toothed leaflets. Fils. very
yellow in umbels am. Calyx 04” long, corolla caducous.
Berios’ 3 recurved.
Found as & pot plant in eg weed Indian verandah. Nati of Jav
The “iable, In var. multifidum they are Te daneapoel and
very ‘Anely cut.
2. P. cochleatum
belongs to the genus Not
Sa stchiges simple, lobed or “digits
Norg:—A very common plant in Indian baareagret and gardens with simply
pinnate leaves and “ies flets with a white margin ma also be a Panax, I have
never seen it in flow
DC., with sre often spoon-shaped leaves
ho a, which is distinguished by the
tate.
3. HEPTAPLEURUM, Gaertn.
(Schetllera, Forst., Section Heptapleurum, Harms in Nat. <saaoue Fam.)
ree shrubs, sometimes ate
ceous e or
aves digita coriaceous entir ;
uni-foli or twice digit icle “as on branched
mes, s woolly, pedic not jointed und the flower.
i ). Style
very short eveloped, the broadly coni
the ovary helt apparently sn hob Fruit sub-globose, 5-6-angled.
Seeds compressed, albumen uniform.
—. Syn. Schefflera venulosa, — Sukriruya,
Sun iva §.; Ban-simar, Beng.; Or. ;
cage (Bonsai, Coope
A large climbing ©
digitate yy aolisiare iiaves and icled umbels.
the nce orin t
nd rocks in the ent aoe Nagpur ascending ~ pa ep
i. H. venulosum,
ukrirun,
mani shrub attaining 3 ft. girth with
Mag flowers in pan
trees &
mountainous districts, frequent. Throw,
of ath! Santal Par onl i! Maree urbhanj! Bonai, Coope
mmon ! !
wrens wipe eatoat: ay Me noticed “gh ge am commences its
mace says (Jow rnal LS, , xxi, 352):
hyte, bu subsequently y reaching the
life here (i.e. Paras — as a —, pn ge “pa Agee Seis early history.”
415
3. HepraPLEURUM. | 75. ARALIACE.
Lfits. unequal 2-6” by 1-2” a -oblong acuminate glabrous rather coriaceous,
sec. n. 3-4 rather strong but not much —e eons ahotesmauttee yee: ries
reticulate. Petioles 3-12”. Petiomues 1-4” long. ey en i sone oe the
petiole. Panicles glabrous. Umbels ‘3-4’ diam, the 5-8”-long
— of the short panicle. Hrestesisa 0, Calyx tr one: “Petals 5 5-6, su erved.
Style 0.
Var. penrerenite Syn. Schefllera Roxburghii, Gamble ; Aralia digitata,
This p Sstingeined from H. venulosum by the less leathery
rves scarcely more ocr nt than the secondary and
retieniations, sek very 3 ae abou degrees with the midrib,
panicles with a rather ee rhachis "(Gamble whereas venulosa has
the main nerves far the most prominent, very obliqu
degr the isk. Fh ca with a short rhachis (teste
Ga
Perhaps bl compared with the
pb ale of ‘ventana, but bi one of i ne two es | varieties is very
common, neither has been Raivio i titer yy to inclons chats relative —
bution, | A specimen from P: ath s as been named Roxbarghii at Kew. .
Its leaflets are broadly elliptic mary v eriplons.
4, TREYESIA, Vis.
Shrubs or — trees, often prickly and sometimes stellately pee
Leaves palmate or digitate o eth petiolules un nited by a foliaceou
wing, stipules iutra peti olar or | obanlet Flowers pobyeniiioll: rather
large for the family, in panicle eo alyxcmiargin entire 0
toothed. Flowers 8-12-merous, ovary with as many cells as the
ee styles united into a small boss or short column. Fruit ovoid.
eed compressed, albumen uniform
1. T, palmata, Vis.
A small erect scarcely-branched soft-wooded prickly tree 10-20 ft.
high with t parts covered wi reddish tomentum.
s large sub-orbicular, palmate with he. af |
gashed or with sharp penceninke ep which are rather shallowly
serrate. owers white e drooping panicles nnn
numerous umbels 2- i dia
Valleys north of Bettiah an Ram Hills! Purneah, 2
See's 1 alleys May] 'Singblim (¢.g. a a poe in the Leda Tose oy
ep tis 2 ft, diam. with cordate ‘base, divided about or rather | more than —
way ples tie
Petioles ca 3 ft. prickly towards base, _Panicles 18’ long. Bra tl’. Fis.
25-40 in an umbel, buds -4” diam., ribbed corolla 8~- I-petalons thea a ly Coie trate,
calyx with wavy margin, Bedusbles, of umbels attain Fruit broadly oblong-
ovoid, truncate or sai tan 65” diam., ribbed when d ry.
5. HETEROPANAX, Seem.
An unarmed small tree with very apa i decompound
leaves aan ‘large panicles with the umbels n the branches,
a small o istent, pedicels not wrointed nae the flower.
Fis. oh race calyx-m argin nearly entire. Petals and bie ges ens 5.
is
Ovary 2-celled with 2 distinct styles. Fruit much pte y com-—
ted. $
ae paaded. Seeds Foseied, albumen ruminat
416
:
a0% A ‘3 eRe Oe ah ee Me RI Ps epee ee eS
76. CORNACE. [1. ALANGIUM.
1. ae Sar pe Seem. Rengebanam, K. (the name given to Oroxylum
which it superticially resembles).
An "er a tree up to 2 ft. girth with enormous sag ae
leaves 3-4 ft. long and 2-8 ft. across, ee ¢ or _ -ovate glabrous
entire joaflets 3-7” long, or the ter — attaining 4°5”.
er bra
i “ig
stellate sc r tomentum. Fruit closely eubane’€
Umbelli hth ra sitet splitting into meres strongly Sinbrased at
right angles to the septum, “4!” =
Rather frequent in the more hum id d untains, Champaran!
Chota Nagpur, cigongpoen in valleys near streams ‘and on the col sides 3 ‘hills!
S.P., very common orth aspects on the trap of the Rajmahal Hills! Angu ul !
Fl. Dec. Fr. Feb. , er ngree?
The em are som es 4-5-nate together with a single leaflet at va iin
of the m leaf rha ai wy Late. 1 1-7 on the ultimate age er OE on base usually
Renewhat ‘oplaes and rounded, apex shortly acu uminate. Styl reading
ar. vata, Haines. Lfits. ovate-lanceolate pias: wadiy,
almost ok spinulosely, serrate. Bark rugose, blaze soft white with
indistinct spots.
Near streams in the mountains,
Southern Range, Palamau : !
FAM. 76. CORNACEZ
(Tribe Alangioidez).
Trees or shrubs, sometimes thorny, with — entire or lobed
often palmately-nerved exstipulate, sometim gland-punctulate
or ular, 2-sexual in
leaves. Flowers white eream- pre fs oe -
— segrtse or cymes. Calyx superior, usually feebly developed,
marginal rim ©: the hypanthium or wi 4-10 teeth.
Petals He: teas or somewhat lanceolate, valvate in bud, free or
Scrawhat connate et the base. Stamens igynous as many
petals or 2-4-times as many, sometimes adnate and nserted with
tween the calyx-rim the disc at the base the petals,
connective elongate and ' 8 eee s ate. sc ee
and adna
ca Oe age votes Pg he middle of og! dise, with usually 2-
the lobes lobulate
at t
ndulo areas micropyle superior
vale lateral. ee a ned the calyx Pope
eeded. ick testa ae preted albumen, in’ ; ns
foliaeots parmately: ‘nerved, thin with cordate pase, radicle long
ete.
4. ALANGIUM, Lamk. (including Marlea, Rozb.).
by the characters
e F.B.I. Marlea is oe from ryepacrin y
of senbne d stamens equalling the number of peta: —. a! ae flat
cotyledons, whereas the ooty seo of oo eo oo
pone and the albumen } rumina As noted in my
27 417
1. ALANGIUM.] 76: CORNACEZ.
Nagpur the cotyledons of-A. Lamarckii are flat and the albumen not
ruminate and I therefore follow Harms in bringing our = es of
Marlea under Alangium, the characters of which are as a
Leaves oblong or elliptic. Fis. fascicled \ - - F ol. bam
Leayes broad, often Jobed. Fis.incymes . 2 oor * 3s saponinfaiaie
1. B. eee Thw. Syn. A. hexapetalum, Lamk. § DC.; Ankol,
K.; Dhela, S., Kharw.; wee H.; Ankula, Dolanka, Uv.; Akar-
pee pie Kumri , Mal
A bushy tree, u suatiy sma i and thorny, with oblong, dept
pe erst] oe elliptic leaves 3 "6" by 1-2” pubescent all over when
, white in axillary fascicles or from the gee of
fallen leares with 5 6 etals “5-9” long, recu stb or revolute after
expan 0-30 very villous below: uit *8-"75” sub-
globose or Fp bok ve with bony at pass by
the calyx ribbed when dried.
A common rk vies rather locally Aa It deli ed ~~ wee Srne sides of
rth but_is ane —_ in waste theenet ham n, ca Pane Leni”
rae
Cooper! Sambalpur, local! FI. March ate ay. Fr. Siete y. More or ness
loahans at the time of flowering. New leaves appear May-J sisiet Some trees are
very beautiful when covered with their masses of sweet-scented flowers, others
flower sparsely.
Attains 4 ft. girth in favourable localities (near rivers) but no great height,
rarely 30 ft, Bark in ioeniengie- somewhat flaking, blaze cream- coloured. Leaves
with sometimes unequal base which is 3-nerved or the first pair of sec. n. is close to
he base, other sec. n. abe an olga more or less parallel, per ot belt
ils; when fr
ypan nthium ent deve
Cony ledons with 3-nerved bas
n Monghyr is = fe with leaves over 6” long and ovate-lanceolate, very
pubescent beneath.
wood is strong and is much used for agricultural implements. The bark
and ey 4 ae need i in jaundice, the seed for the cure of boils (in Sambalpur). The
fruit is
2. AK. im gr eiting: Harms. Syn. Marlea begoniefolia, Roz. ;
Timil, Akhani
A small thin-cro stat tree with spreading long igsrvans on which
the large leaves are often distichously arranged. Leaves ovate and
entire to sub-quadrate and with large lobes, 4-8” long, Comae > villone,
old glabrous or nearly so above, pubescent on the nerves bee
i TV uid
stou lous
filaments and long anthers. Fruit broadly ellipsoid °3”, not ribbed
when fresh, seed slightly grooved, 25”, black on both faces with a
lateral white band.
Northern Purneah! Fl, June. Fr, Aug. Decid, Jan.-March.
418
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