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WRIGHTIA

A Botanical Journal

. VOLUME 7
Number 1

1981

Misseye! BOTANICAL

Jue 16 1981

GARDEA LIBRARY

PUBLISHED BY
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS
Box 688, RICHARDSON, TEXAS 75080
U.S.A.

WRIGHTIA

A Botanical Journal

VOLUME 7, NUMBER 1

Issued June 1, 1981

CONTENTS

Revisional Studies in the Genus Sisyrinchium — I
Mr re FRU UII coo cs a oa a eo eh et es 1

On the Presence of the Genus Orthrosanthus
(Iridaceae) in the Argentina Flora
By Pierfelice Ravenna.............. ae ened cee keen oe ee ae 10

Sympa, A New Genus of Iridaceae from Rio Grande
Do Sul, Brazil
BR si inci iid eh bes how knee ek 10

The Tribe Trimezieae of the Iridaceae
RI EN ry ee es saben cewns das 12

Eight New Species and Two New Subspecies of
Cypella (Iridaceae)
ee he eS a i es 13

Neotropical Myrsinaceae — V
Bey Corian Er a a so a es co ho ks o's ce ees 23

Printed in the U.S.A.
The University of Texas at Dallas
Richardson, Texas

WRIGHTIA

Volume 7 June 1, 1981 Number 1

REVISIONAL STUDIES IN THE GENUS
SISYRINCHIUM—I

Pierfelice Ravenna!

Eight new species, and four subspecies of Sisyrinchium from Argentina
and Brazil are described. Moreover, due to the priority of S. filifolium Gaud.
over S. junceum E. Mey., the former is reinstated, and the new combination
S. filifolium ssp. Lainezii (Hick.) Ravenna (Symphiostemon Lainezii Hicken)
is established as an advance of a revision of the complex. S. platycaule Bak.,
previously reduced by Johnston (1938) to synonymy of S. Sellowianum K1.,
is revalidated. The character of free filaments in S. galapagense Rav. is re-
considered under the new light of an additional specimen received from U; it
appears now that the filaments are sometimes partially joined in a column.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Newspecies and subspecies from Argentinaand Brazil.............. 1
2. Thestatus of Sisyrinchium filifolium Gaud ...........2000e cece eee 8
3. Revalidation of Sisyrinchium platycaule Bak .................0000 0 9
4. On the filaments of Sisyrinchium galapagense Rav. .............++5. 9

The present paper pretends to initiate a series in which new species, re-
visional subjects, and miscellaneous notes on the genus may be treated. The
purpose is to advance toward a general monograph of the genus.

As in most of my articles, this is the result of the direct examination in the
field, or under experimental culture, of the great part of the species and sub-
species here included. These will be illustrated in future unified studies.

1. New species and subspecies from Argentina and Brazil

Sisyrinchium tucumanum Ravenna, sp. nov.—Herba gracilis ad 15-31
em. alta. Rhizoma pusillus radicibus tenuis leviter fibrosis emitens. Folia
laevissima fusco-viridia apicem versus attenuata ad 11-23 cm. longa circ.
0.8-1.3 mm. lata. Caulis floriferus anguste ancipiti-alatus ad 11-21.5 cm.
longus ad apicem circ. 1.5 mm. latus. Spatha unica vel duae pauciflorae ped-
unculatae (pedunculi circ. 3.5-9 cm. longi) ad 13.5-18 mm. longae et 2 mm.
latae; valvae acutae subaequales. Flos luteus vel vitellinus infundibulatus
circ. 5-7 mm. latus. Pedicelli glabri. Ovarium obovatum glabrum ad 2-2.5
mm. longum circ. 1-1.1 mm. latum. Tepala oblanceolata, exteriora ad 3.5mm.

1Casilla 21128, Sucursal 21, Santiago, Chile.

2 WRIGHTIA {[Vol. 7, No. 1

longa circ. 3 mm. lata, interiora subaequalia sed leviter angustiora. Fila-
menta in columna filiformi lutea connata circ. 1.8 mm. longa ad basin circ.
0.4-0.5 mm. glandulosa. Antherae contiguae oblongo-sagittatae etiam post
dehiscentiam erectae. Stylus circ. 3 mm. longus; styli rami in lagaena ovato-
conica ad 0.7 mm. longa cire. 0.2 mm. lata ad summum stigmatosa toti
connati. Capsula elliptica vel obovata glabra ad 3.5-5 mm. longa circ. 2.7-4
mm. lata. Semina subglobosa nigra minute foveolata ad 0.6-0.7 mm. lata con-
cavitate micropilari notata.

Argentina: Tucuman, dep. de Capital, Munecas, 500 m.; leg. Schreiter
1868, 13-XII-1921 (LIL type), dep. de Tafi, Siambon, 1200 m.; leg. S. Venturi
3943, 10-X-1925 (LIL). Idem ibid., 1300 m.; leg. Schreiter 6798, XII-1931
(LIL). Idem, Rio del Chamico, 900 m.; leg. S. Venturi 1901, 26-IX-1922 (LIL).

Belonging in the section Sisyrinchium proper, the species is related to S.
chilense Hook. by virtue of the elongate, subfiliform staminal column with
few glands near the base. Sisyrinchium pachyrhizum Bak. is also an allied
species bearing however a dense and conspicuous area of elaiophores in the
lower part of the column. S. tuewmanum Rav. differs from both species in the
thin roots, delicate habit, smooth and dark-green leaves and stems, and the
existence of only one or two spathes.

I have examined living plants near San Javier, at the top of the first hills
above the town of Tucuman. At first glance it was thought to be S. foliosum
Johnst. Nevertheless, an ulterior study of the type specimen of this revealed
that S. foliosum is a synonym of S. pachyrhizum. S. tuewmanum is now ex-

tremely rare and certainly endangered by the increasing human activity in
the area.

Sisyrinchium uliginosum Ravenna, sp. nov.—Plantae circ. 40-100 cm.
altae. Rhizoma brevis saepe oblicuus 3-4 mm. latus radicibus tenuis fibrosis
emitens. Folia basalia pauca lineari-ensiformia vel lineari-attenuata fusco-
viridia ad margines minute ciliolata ad 20-42 em. longa circ. 2-8.5 mm. lata.
Caulis floriferus foliosus ancipiti-alatus ad margines minutissime ciliolatus;
folia caulina 4-5 inferius basalibus simile necnon brevius; caetera gradate
reducta ad bracteiformia. Spathae plures (ultra sex) complanatae pauciflorae
ad 17-22 mm. longae valvis subaequalibus. Flores late infundibulati lutei ad
9-10 mm. lati. Pedicelli filiformes glabri e spatham valde exserti ad 20-30
mm. longi. Tepala oblanceolata apiculata ad 7.5-8 mm. longa, exteriora 2-3.5
mm. lata, interiora leviter angustiora. Columna staminum subfiliformia ad
2.1-2.3 mm. longa circ. 0.2-0.3 mm. lata inferne glandulis stipitatis rallis
notata. Antherae oblongae contiguae rectae circ. 1.5 mm. longae. Styli rami
inter antheras occulti. Capsula obovata vel elliptica ad 4.8-6 mm. longa et
4-5 mm. lata.

Brazil: Santa Catarina, Lebon Regis, 900 m., banhado; leg. Reitz & Klein
3365, 6-XII-1962 (HBR type, Herb. Ravenna isotype). Idem, im Walde am
Bande der Serra do Oratorio; leg. Ule 1625, Januar 1890 (HBG) Idem, mun.
Campos Novos, Duas Pontes, Campo umido, 800 m.; leg. R.M. Klein 4300,
30-X-1963 (HBR). Idem, mun. Bom Retiro, Campo dos Padres, by Faz. Santo
Antonio, bog and pasture, ca. 1650 m.; leg. L.B. Smith & R. Reitz 10302,
23-1-1957 (HBR, US ?). Idem, mun. Santa Cecilia, Campo do Areao, 1100 m.;
leg. R. Reitz & R.M. Klein 14177, 19-X11-1962 (HBR). Idem, mun Agua Doce,
Campo das Palmas, 28.5 km. southeast of Horizonte (Parana), ca. 26° 45’ S,
51° 25’ W, alt. 1000-1200 m.; leg. L.B. Smith & R.M. Klein 13466, 3-XII-1964

1981] RAVENNA: SISYRINCHIUM 3

(HBR, US ?). Idem, mun. Orleaes, Headwalls (aparados da serra), source of
Rio do Oratorio, alt. 1200 m.; leg. L.B. Smith & R. Reitz 10242, 17-I-1957
(HBR, US ?). Rio Grande do Sul, Faz. Englert, pr. S. Francisco de Paula, in
subpaludosis dense graminosis; leg. B. Rambo 56425, 2-1-1955 (HBR 13615,
PACA ?). Argentina: Entre Rios, delta inferior, Rio Seibo; leg. Burkart 5051
& 7628 (SI). Idem Arroyo Martinez; leg. Burkart 15060 (SI). Idem ibid.; leg.
Boelcke 908 & 974 (SI).

This species appears to be related to the precedent and to Sisyrinchium
megapotamicum Malme. It turns dark when drying.

In the Museum of Santiago, Chile, there are two specimens from Sello’s
collection. One is labelled S. gracile (SGO 4245), the other S. Sellowii (SGO
4246). Both are, no doubt, part of the type collections respectively from S.
megapotamicum (see Malme 1935) and S. pachyrizum Bak. (syn. S. foliosum
Johnst.). The former is a slender, totally glabrous plant with mostly wingless
stems; the latter has puberulous pedicels and ovary, and the staminal column
is densely glandular below. Both species do not become dark when drying.

Sisyrinchium obconicum Ravenna, sp. nov.—Planta ad 15-40 cm. alta.
Rhizoma perbrevis radicibus tenuibus leviter fibrosis emitens. Folia basalia
plura linearia gracilia usque 18 cm. longa et 1-1.2 mm. lata viridia. Caules
floriferi plures ancipiti-alati inferne circ. 1.2 mm. lati sursum ramosi folio
abbreviato et bracteis paucis gerentes. Spathae pedunculatae pauciflorae
ad 10-15 mm. longae valvis subaequalibus. Flores luteo-vitellini late infundi-
bulati circ. 10 mm. lati. Ovarium obovatum glabrum ad 1.2 mm. longum circ.
0.8 mm. latum. Tepala oblanceolata, exteriora usque 9 mm. longa et 3.5-4
mm lata, interiora subaequalia. Columna staminum obconica vel turbinata
inferne attenuata glabra lutea circ. 1.9-2 mm. longa. Antherae oblongae
erectae vel suberectae ad 1.5 mm. longae. Styli rami inter antheras occultae.

Argentina: Cordoba, San Francisco; leg. Ruiz Leal 23442, 1964 (MEN,
LP 2). Santa Fe, dep. Reconquista, Ocampo, banado; leg. Venturi 316,
9-X-1905 (BA, LIL ?). Culta in Bonaria ex plantis ad viam ferream pr. El
Socorro prov. Bonaria Argentinae collectis; leg. Ravenna 581, XI-1966 (Herb.
Ravenna type, K isotype).

This species was collected and introduced into experimental culture by me
several years ago. Following Cabrera (1953), I treated it as Sisyrinchium
megapotamicum Malme in Cabrera’s Flora de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.
The figure appearing in the latter work, by M.T.C. is inaccurate and wrong in
several aspects. This can be observed in the shape and relative size of staminal
column and anthers in the respective detail.

S. obconicum Rav. is distinguished from S. megapotamicum Malme mainly
by the obconical staminal column.

Sisyrinchium plicatulum Ravenna, sp. nov.—Plantae saepe densae.
Rhizoma interdum laxus multiceps. Folia basalia ad anthesin saepe tres vel
quinque late lineari-attenuata leviter plicata erecta vel suberecta pallide
viridia valde glaucescentia ad 44-56 cm. longa circ. 10-21 mm. lata. Scapus
ancipiti-alatus ad 30-47 em. longus circ. 9-11.5 mm. latus folio unico erecto
abbreviato instructus. Spathae saepe pedunculatae laxe et flexuose fasci-
culatae; valvae subaequales vel satis inaequales acutae pallide virides ad
margines haud scariosae nec membranosae. Flos rotaceus luteus glaberrimus
circ. 26 mm. latus. Pedicelli valvis aequantes vel leviter longiores. Ovarium

4 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 1

obovatum obtuse triquetrum glabrum viride ad 3.2 mm. longum cire. 1.9mm.
latum. Tepala lanceolato-attenuata, exteriora usque 15 mm. longa circ.
4.4 mm. lata, interiora usque 14.2 mm. longa circ. 4 mm. lata. Filamenta
erecta lutea circ. 4.6 mm. longa ad basin tantum connata. Antherae sagittatae
lobis basalibus patentibus circ. 0.8 mm. longis ad maturitatem circinatae;
pollen luteo-aurantiacus. Stylus circ. 3-3.2 mm. longus. Styli rami oblique
erecto-patentes lutei ad 3.4 mm. longi ad apicem minute capitato-stigmatosi.
Capsula obovata circ. 5 mm. lata.

Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul, Taimbezinho, matinho no comeco do Taimbe ou
canion; leg..J.C. et al., 3-XII-1971 (ICN, U). Santa Catarina, mun. Ipumerim,
Linha Bonita, bank of small stream, ca. 26° 58’ S, 52° 11’ W, 600 m.; leg. L.B.
Smith & R. Reitz 12914, 24-X-1964 (HBR). Idem mun. Campo Alegre, lower
fazenda of Ernesto Scheide, 900 m.; leg. L.B. Smith & R. Klein 7491A, 9-X1-
1956 (HBR). Idem Estrada Dona Francisca, lado da estrada, 600 m.; leg. Reitz
& Klein 5584, 6-X1I-1957 (HBR). Culta in Bonaria ex plantis in umbrosis pr.
summum Morro-Cristae mun. Tres-Barras civit. Santa-Catarina Brasiliae
collectis; leg. Ravenna 582, XI-1966 (Herb. Ravennae type).

Sisyrinchium plicatulum belongs in the S. macrocephalum R. Grah.
alliance, which includes S. nidulare Hand.-Mazz., S. congestum Klatt, and a
few still undescribed species. From all of these, it is easily separable by the
thin-textured, slightly plicately-nerved leaves, the lax fascicle of spathes, at
least when fully developed, the lanceolate-attenuate tepals and the filaments
joined only at the very base.

S. eserrulatum Johnst. (see Johnston 1938) is a synonym of S. congestum
Klatt. An isotype of the latter is found at the Museum of Santiago.

Sisyrinchium itabiritense Ravenna, sp. nov.—Planta usque 60 em. alta.
Rhizoma brevis radicis fibrosis fasciculatis emitens. Folia basalia pauca ad
7 em. longa circ. 1-1.5 mm. lata sed ad anthesin saepe nulla. Caules floriferi
plures ramosi flexuosi ancipites angustissime alati bracteati; bracteae plures
usque partem mediam caulis circ. 35-54 mm. longae deinde 17-20 mm. longae
valvae exteriorae spatharum simulantes. Spathae laterales sessiles a bracteis
caulis occultae. Spatha apicalis breviter pedunculata (pedunc. 11-17 mm.
jongus) circ. 17-18 mm. longa; valvae subaequales plerumque ad margines
haud scarioso-membranaceae. Flores roseo-lilacei. Pedicelli e spatha valde
exserti. Ovarium obovatum glabrum circ. 1 mm. longum cire. 0.8mm. latum.
Perigonium 8-10 mm. latum. Tepala patentissima oblanceolata venis fusci-
oribus notata ad 6-7 mm. longi circ. 2-2.5 mm. lata. Columna staminum
1.5 mm. longa deinde filamenta circ. 1 mm. liberi et erecto-patentes.
Antherae oblongo-sagittatae luteae ad basin bilobatae versatiles et tortiles vel
incurvae circ. 2 mm. longae. Stylus longitudinis columnae staminum. Styli
rami erecto-patentes circ. 1.2 mm. longi. Capsula globosa glabra 2.8-4 mm.
lata. Semina parva nigra perfecta non vidi.

Brazil: Minas Gerais, mun. Belo Horizonte, Itabirito; leg. FE. Pereira 3092
& Pabst 3927 (RB type, HB and Herb. Ravenna isotypes).

Superficially, this species may be taken as one of the members of the
Sisyrinchium vaginatum complex. However, the existence of although short
basal leaves, the quite narrow stem wings, and the flower color, makes it un-
mistakable. I have examined living plants at Serra de Ouro Branco; unfortu-
nately the specimens were damaged in travelling.

1981] RAVENNA: SISYRINCHIUM 5

Sisyrinchium soboliferum Ravenna, sp. nov.—Plantae saepe densae ad
10-60 cm. altae. Rhizoma brevis vel congeste ramosus ad 1-2.5 cm. longus
radicibus tenuibus vel paullo fibrosis emitens. Folia basalia linearia vel
lineari-attenuata fusco-viridia nitida laevia ad 8-60 em. longa et 3-6.2 mm.
lata. Scapi plures ancipite-alati subfoliacei ad 8-70 em. longi folio unico 4-9.5
cm. longo continuantes. Spathae compressae glabrae congestae sessiles vel
subsessiles multiflorae tres vel quinque virides margines versus castaneis
marginis membranaceo-scariosis translucidis post anthesin soboliferae;
valvae arcte carinatae subaequales acuminatae ad 14-18 mm. longae. Pedi-
celli filiformes erecto-patentes pilosi ochraceo- vel castaneo-virides ad 14-22
mm. longi. Flores rotacei lilaceo-violacei vel roseo-violacei ad 14-22 mm. lati.
Ovarium obovatum vel subglobosum tenere viride nitidum dense pilosum
ad 1.8-1.9 mm. longum cire. 1.3-1.8 mm. latum. Tepala oblanceolata sub-
aequalia apiculata ad 10-11.5 mm. longa, exteriora ad 3.5-4.5 mm. lata, in-
teriora circ. 4-4.8 mm. lata; apiculus cire. 1-1.8 mm. longus uncinato-attenu-
atus pilosus. Columna staminum subintegra lagaeniformis ad 3-3.5 mm.
longa sursum filamenta circ. 0.9-1 mm. libera inferne 2 mm. lata densissime
glandulis luteis stipitatis vestita ad medium et apicem versus sordide albicans
vel albido-lilacea pilis deflexis sparse instructa. Antherae oblongae erectae
contiguae vel subcontiguae luteae ad 1-1.3 mm. longae. Stylus circ. 4-4.2 mm.
longus. Styli rami ad 0.8-0.9 mm. concrescentes deinde erectae 0.1-0.2 mm.
longi vel toti concrescentes. Capsula globosa pilosa ad 3-4 mm. lata. Semina
globosa nigra rugulosa circ. 1 mm. lata.

Brazil: Santa Catarina, auf fehlsen am Salto de Itajahy, bei Blumenau; leg.
Ule 983, X1-1888 (HBG). Parana, mun. Guarapuava, Guara; leg. Hatschbach
20484, com Guimaraes, 5-XII-1968 (Herb. Ravenna, Herb. Hatschbach).
Idem ibid.; leg. Hatschbach 23084, com P. Ravenna, 3-XII-1969 (Herb.
Ravenna, Herb. Hatschbach, and others ?). Ad Parque Nac. Iguazu Argen-
tinae; leg. Ravenna 1045, 6-XII-1969 (Herb. Ravenna type, BA, C, G, K, NY,
P, RB, isotypes).

The species produces plantlets on the inflorescence, in the same manner as
in the Trimezia species previously included in Neomarica. Sisyrinchium
iridifolium H.B.K. is the only other species that sometimes bears offsets in
the past flowered aerial stem; the latter, however, is not scapiform. Its near
affinity is found in S. hirsutum Kranzl., S. platycaule Bak. (see note in this
work), and S. Sellowianum Klatt.

The specimen from Parana has been previously named by me as “S.
iguazuanum,” but since the plant has been found also in other places than
Iguazu, it seemed better to base the epithet upon a character.

In Argentina, S. soboliferum was found growing near Amaryllis petiolata
and Oxalis Regnellit.

Sisyrinchium convallium Ravenna, sp. nov.—Planta ad 40-50 em. alta.
Rhizoma brevis saepe multiceps vel pauciramosus usque 3 mm. latus. Folia
lineari-ensiformia erecto-patentia glauco-viridia pruinosa ad basin unacui-
aque inflorescentiae cire. quinque ad 15-25 cm. longa circ. 4-6 mm. lata.
Caulis ultra medium ancipite-alatus, deinde ad inflorescentiam praesertim
teres. Folium inferius basalibus simile deinde gradate reducta ad bractei-
formia; bracteae inflorescentiae ventricosae caulem distincte vaginantes
praeter duas inferiores valde obtusae ad margines maembranaceae spathas
includentes. Spathae laterales 3-5 membranaceo-translucidae sessiles multi-

6 WRIGHTIA (Vol. 7, No. 1

florae ad 13-16 mm. longae; apicalis breviter pedunculata viridia textura
foliacea bivalvata valvis obtusis leviter inaequalibus ad 13 et 16 mm. longis.
Pedicelli valvam superiorem leviter breviores vel distincte exserti. Flores
rotacei lutei ad 15-17 (-20) mm. lati. Ovarium obovatum pallide viride dense
pilosum ad 2.3 mm. longum circ. 1.8 mm. latum. Tepala obovato-lanceolata
ad 7-8 mm. longa extus venis fusco-castaneis notata, exteriora ad 4.4. mm.
lata, interiora 2.9-3 mm. lata. Filamenta pallide lutescentia vel luteo-
viridescentia circ. 3mm. in columnaconcrescentia deinde circ. 2.1 mm. libera
erecto-patentia subulata. Antherae oblongae versatiles vel ad apicem
incurvae luteae cire. 1.8-2 mm. longae. Stylus columna staminum aequans.
Styli rami filiformes patentes ad apicem stigmatosi circ. 3-3.3 mm. longi.
. Capsula late elliptica glabra vel glabrescente laete viride.

Culta in Santiago Chiliae ex plantis in convalle supra La Reina collectis;
leg. Ravenna 3040, 8-X1-1977 (Herb. Ravenna type, SGO, K, C isotypes). In
convalle ad pedem Cuesta de los Condores ad viam lacus Maule prov. Talca
Chiliae; leg. Ravenna 1997, Nov. 1971 (Herb. Rav.). Argentina: prov. Santa
Cruz, dep. Deseado, 5 km. del rio Deseado; leg. Correa 2663 (BAB, as S.
arenarium ssp. microspathum).

Sisyrinchium convallium appears to be related to S. arenarium Poepp. and
such closely allied species as S. adenostemon Phil. and S. macrocarpum
Hieron. From the former, it is distinguishable by the flat perigone; from the
second and the subspecies microspathum (see in this work), by the much
connate filaments, and well developed, spreading style arms. S. macrocarpum
and subspecies laetum Rav. bear an hirsute staminal column, and trigonous,
or almost so, larger capsules.

Sisyrinchium angustifolium Phil. might be the same. However, the poor
type specimen (SGO 47345) makes impossible the absolute certainty in this
respect. As a lucky circumstance, the binomial is illegitimate by the earlier
S. Angustifolium Miller.

Sisyrinchium macrocephalum Grah. ssp. fuscoviride Ravenna, ssp.
nov.—A subspecie macrocephalum foliis angustioribus fusco-viridibus haud
pruinosis differt.

Argentina: Santa Fe, dep. Reconquista, Ocampo; leg. Venturi 345, 21-XI-
1905 (BA). In humbrosis humidis secus rivulis ad Gualeguaichu prov. Entre-
Rios Argentinae; leg. Ravenna 1027, XII-1968 (Herb. Ravenna type).

This subspecies differs from the widely distributed subspecies macro-
cephalum by the narrow dark green, not at all pruinose leaves. The type is
found in Argentina in the province of Cordoba, to the northwest (Cuesta de La
Chilca, Catamarca; leg. Vervoorst), and north through the Precordillera into
Bolivia. Moreover, it is rather common in Uruguay, Paraguay (as S. grande
Bak., see Hassler et Chodat 1903), and South Brazil. The subspecies fus-
eoviride is known so far only from Entre Rios and Santa Fe, although its
presence in Corrientes could be expected.

Sisyrinchium macrocephalum Grah. ssp. giganteum Ravenna, ssp.
nov.—A subspecie macrocephalum habitu paludoso statura magna usque 170
em. foliis cire. 20-25 mm. latis viridibus haud cinereo-viridibus bracteis et
spathis inflorescentiae brevioribus recedit.

Brazil: Santa Catarina, mun. Agua Doce, bog by small river, C Campos de
Palmas, 28.5 km. southeast of Horizonte (Parana), 100-1200 m.; leg. L.B.

1981] RAVENNA: SISYRINCHIUM 7

Smith & R.M. Klein 13468 (HBR). Idem, mun. Catanduvas, forest and
ruderal, east of Catanduvas, 700-800 m.; leg. Smith & Klein 13001, 7/8-XI-
1964 (HBR). Idem. mun. Curitibanos, bog 5 km. W of Curitibanos on the road
to Campos Novos, 850 m.; leg. Smith & Klein 11117, 9-I]-1957 (HBR). Idem,
mun. Lajes, along the Estrada de Rodagem Federal, south of Lajes; ca. 900 m.;
leg. Smith & Klein 8195, 3-XII-1956 (HBR). Idem, Lajes, Morro do Pinheiro
Seco, banhado do campo, 900 m.; leg. P.R. Reitz 6641, 3-II-1963 (HBR). Idem,
Matos Costa, 1100 m.; leg. Reitz & Klein 13743, 27-X-1962 (HBR). Parana,
mun. Curitiba, Rodovia do Xisto, Rio Barigui; leg. Hatschbach 30573, 28-X-
1972 (Herb. Ravenna, Herb. Hatschbach and others ?). In palude pr. Posto
Agropecuario mun Guarapuava civit. Parana Brasiliae; leg. Ravenna 1010 et
Hatschbach 23079, 3-XII-1969 (Herb. Ravenna type, Herb. Hatschbach
isotype).

This is distinguishable from subspecies macrocephalum by virtue of its
height to 170 cm., the green (not ash-green) leaves reaching 22 mm. in
breadth, and the shorter bracts and spathes of the inflorescence.

Sisyrinchium vaginatum Spreng. ssp. ciliolatum Ravenna, ssp. nov.—
Plantae saepe densae fusco-virides. Rhizoma breviter ramosus caulibus
erectis vel erecto-patentibus emitens. Folia basalia absentia. Caules ancipite-
alati ad margines ciliolati vel ciliolato-papillosi foliis pluribus brevibus saepe
bracteiformibus instructi. Caules steriles flexuosi ad 12-57 cm. longi et
2-2.7 mm. lati foliis pluribus ad 15-50 mm. longa circ. 2-3.5 mm. lata. Caules
floriferi sterilibus latiores foliis saepe brevioribus ad 20-38 mm. longis et
3.2-4 mm. latis instructi. Folia ad apicem leviter faleato-incurva ad margines
minutissime ciliolata vel glabrescentia; pars connata vaginae ad marginem
interiorem interdum papilloso-ciliolata. Spatha compressa 4-9-flora ad
18-30 mm. longa valvis subaequalibus. Flores erecti lutei rotacei cire. 20-25
mm. lati. Ovarium obovatum viride glabrum ad 2-2.1 mm. longum circ.
1.5 mm. latum. Tepala oblanceolata acuta, interiora 10-13 mm. longa et
4-4.3 mm. lata, interiora paullo breviora. Columna staminum circ. 1.7 mm.
longa medio inferiori albicans superne lutea deinde filamenta circ. 1.2-1.3
mm. libera. Antherae oblongae luteae versatiles circ. 4.2 mm. longae. Stylus
filiformis ad 2.2 mm. longus. Styli rami patentissimi filiformes ad 3 mm.
longi.

Argentina: Corrientes, dep. Santo Tome, margen izquierda del arroyo
Aguapey, 52 km. al SE de ruta nac. No. 12, desvio a Gob. Virasoro; leg.
Krapovickas et al. 16625, 29-XI-1970 (Herb Rav., CORR). Entre Rios, dep.
Federacion, banados del Rio Mocoreta; leg. Burkart 6372 (SI). Idem ibid.;
leg. Burkart 21691 (SI). Culta in Bonaria ex plantis in humbrosis pr. fluminis
Uruguay ad Federacion prov. Entre Rios Argentinae collectis; leg. Ravenna
1026, XII-1968 (Herb. Ravenna type).

The present subspecies appears closely related to Sisyrinchium vagi-
natum Spreng. ssp. Marchio (Vell.) Rav., comb. nov. (S. Marchio Vellozo,
Fl. Flum.: 273, 1825; vol. 7: tab. 2, 1827). It is easily separable, however, by
the ciliation present especially on the stem margins, and by the narrower
tepals. A revision of the whole S. vaginatum complex is in preparation.

Sisyrinchium hirsutum Baker ex Hassler et Chodat ssp. dasyspathum
Ravenna ssp. nov.—A subspecie hirsutum textura flaccidiora bracteis et
spathis distincte et uniformiter puberulis ad margines late membranaceis
differt.

8 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 1

Argentina: Misiones dep. Obera, 10 km. SO de Obera, ruta prov. 105, arroyo
Salto; leg. L.A. Mroginski 778, 10-X1-1972 (Herb. Rav., CORR). Same pro-
vince, sine/loc.; leg. Villamil s.n., XI-1965 (Herb. Rav., BAA ?) Supra muros
diruptos reliquiae San Ignacio prov. Misiones Argentinae; leg. Ravenna
1097, 9-XII-1969 (Herb. Ravenna type, K isotype). Brazil: Santa Catarina,
mun. Sao Joaquim, Bom Jardim, Curral Falso; leg. Reitz & Klein 8414,
19-I]-1959 (HBR).

The subspecies hirsutum bears flatter spathes being ciliate only at the keel;
the membranous edges are wider. The plant does not become so dark in drying
as in subspecies dasyspathum. The former is found also in Santa Catarina,
Brazil, as represented by the following specimen:

Brazil, Santa Catarina, Ibirama, ao lado do caminho; leg. R.M. Klein 610,
20-X-1953 (HBR).

Sisyrinchium adenostemon Phil. ssp. microspathum (Phil.) Ravenna
stat. nov.—Sisyrinchium microspathum Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile 91: 627,
1895. S. arenarium Poepp. ssp. microspathum (Phil.) Ravenna, Bonplandia 2
(16): 287, 1968. Ravenna, Iridaceae, in Correa (Ed.) Fl. Patagonica II: 176,
1969 (as to name only).

Several years ago (Ravenna 1968), I treated this entity as a subspecies of
S. arenarium Poepp. This was tentative, since I had not had an opportunity
to examine Philippi’s types. As a resident in Santiago for the last ten years,
I had access to the latter and to living plants in the field, too. It was also pos-
sible to cultivate side by side some closely related species. Consequently, it
can be assumed now that S. microspathum Phil. is a subspecies of S. ade-
nostemon Phil. (see Ravenna 1979). The presence or absence of elaiophores
on the filaments or staminal column in certain species, may not be diagnostic
at the species level.

2. The status of Sisyrinchium filifolium Gaud.

Sisyrinchium filifolium Gaudichaud, Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. II, 5: 101, 1825.
Some years ago (Ravenna 1968 & 1969), I treated this entity as a subspecies
of S. junceum E. Mey. I overlooked, however, that it has the priority over the
latter, and should be reinstated to its original rank.

Sisyrinchium filifolium must be regarded, from now on, as the type sub-
species of a complex that includes about eighteen subspecies from Argentina,
Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. The application of the binomial S. junceum E. Meyer,
supposedly collected in the Chilean Cordillera seems obscure. I was informed
by the Berlin Museum that the type is a single poor specimen. If the binomial
could not be referred unmistakably to any of the Chilean subspecies, which
are many, it would be advisable to neglect it. A revision of this difficult com-
plex is in course.

Sisyrinchium filifolium Gaud. ssp. Lainezii (Hick.) Ravenna, stat. nov.
Symphyostemon Lainezii Hicken, An. Soc. Cient. Arg. 65: 301, 1908. Phai-
ophleps Lainezii (Hick.) R.C. Foster, Contr. Gray Herb. Harv. 127: 43, 1939.
Sisyrinchium junceum E. Meyer ssp. Lainezii (Hick.) Ravenna, Bonplandia2
(16): 287, 1968.

The illustration by M.T.C., which appeared under this epithet in Cabrera’s
“Flora de la Provincia de Buenos Aires,” does not agree with my description

1981] RAVENNA: SISYRINCHIUM 9

(Ravenna 1969), nor with the specimens cited. It represents another sub-
species of the complex.

3. Revalidation of Sisyrinchium platycaule Bak.

Sisyrinchium platycaule Baker, Handb. Irid.: 132, 1892. Although being
quite a distinct species, this has been reduced by Johnston (1938) tosynonymy
of Sisyrinchium Sellowianum Kl. S. platycaule is a tiny plant with often
prostrate, smooth, dark-green, tender leaves; the leaf sheaths are flaccid and
loosely clasping. The most frequently decumbent scape is foliaceous in tex-
ture, and bearing a single leaf at the apex. The latter subtends one or two,
often shortly peduncled (rarely sessile), few-flowered spathes.

The species will be fully treated by me in a subsequent monograph of the
Argentine species of the genus. It has not been recorded so far from this
country, being even adventive in lawns of certain public parks of Buenos
Aires.

Argentina: Misiones, Santa Ana, in palude; leg. C. Spegazzini, I-1907 (LP).
Paraguay: leg. Balansa 555 (P type, phototype seen).

4. On the filaments of Sisyrinchium galapagense Rav.

Sisyrinchium galapagense has been recently proposed by me (Ravenna
1969) as a new species. The filaments were described as free to the base.
Lately, however, I received from the Utrecht Museum a beautifully preserved
specimen, which proved that the character is not constant. In fact, in some
of the flowers the filaments appear as joined for a little more than half of their
length. In others they seem free.

Ecuador: Galapagos, Santa Cruz island, on Cerro Precioso, 772 mi.; leg.
H. van der Werff 1743, no date (U, Herb. Rav.).

Acknowledgements

I feel indebted to the directors or curators of the institutions where I con-
sulted material, or who cooperated by sending dry specimens or phototypes.
The herbaria are the following: BA, BAB, CORR, G, GH, HB, HBG, HBR,
Herb. Hatschbach, K, LIL, LP, MEN, P, RB, SI, SGO, U.

Literature Cited

Cabrera, A.L., 1953, Manual de la flora de los alrededores de Buenos Aires,
589 pp., Ed. Acme S.A.

Hassler, E. & R. Chodat., 1903, Plantae Hasslerianae; Bull. Herb. Boiss.
Ser. II 3 (12): 1106.

Johnston, I., 1938, The species of Sisyrinchium in Uruguay, Paraguay, and
Brazil; Jour. Arn. Arb. Harv. Univ. 19: 376.

Malme, G.O., a:n, 1935, Einige Wahrend der zweiten Regnellschen Reise
gesammelte Phanerogamen II; Arkiv Bot. Band 26 A (9): 1-19.

Ravenna, P., 1968, Notas sobre Iridaceae III; Bonplandia (Arg.) 2 (16):
274-291.

_______ 1969, Iridaceae, in Correa (Ed.) Flora Patagonica II: 167-186.

ON THE PRESENCE OF THE GENUS ORTHROSANTHUS
(IRIDACEAE) IN THE ARGENTINE FLORA

Pierfelice Ravenna

In America, the genus Orthrosanthus Sweet, is cited as an element of the
flora of Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. It is usually found at relatively high
altitudes, in pine or oak woods, “paramos,” or “pajonales de altura”; often it
reaches 4.800 m., at least in Peru and Ecuador. Three species and one sub-
species are presently known. These are: O. chimboracensis (H.B.K.) Bak.,
O. chimboracensis ssp. tunariensis (Ktze.) Rav., O. acorifolius (H.B.K.) Rav.,
and O. monadelphus Rav. A fourth species is recognized here: O. exsertus
(Fost.) Rav., stat. nov. O. chimboracensis var. exsertus R. C. Fost., Contr.
Gray Herb. Harv. Univ. 155: 49. 1945. A unified eventually illustrated treat-
ment will be given by me in the future.

In addition to the information above, it is worthy of mention that the south-
ernmost distribution sites of O. chimboracensis ssp. tunariensis are found
in Argentina. Personally, I have observed its existence in the area of Pena
Negra, between Yavi and Santa Victoria, prov. of Salta, at an altitude of
3500-3800 m. The genus is therefore recorded for the first time in the flora
of Argentina. The following specimens are cited:

Argentina: Salta, dep. Santa Victoria, Santa Victoria; leg. Kiesling 242,
31-XIJI-1972. Jujuy, dep. Valle Grande, Serranias de Calilegua, Cerro
Amarillo; leg. Fabris et al. 5806, 18-II-1965 (LP).

SYMPA, A NEW GENUS OF IRIDACEAE
FROM RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRAZIL

Pierfelice Ravenna

Among a number of herbarium sheets sent to the writer for determination
and study by the Utrecht Museum, one specimen proved to represent an un-
described genus.

A new genus and species of the Iridaceae, viz., Sympa riograndensis Rav.,
is described from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Its relationships are
mainly with Trifurcia Herb.

Sympa Ravenna, gen. nov.—F los regularis pedicellatus. Tepala exteriora
obovato-pandurata; interiora multo minora geniculata breviter unguiculata,
lamina inferne concaviuscula glandulis densis notata deinde revoluto-paten-
tia orbiculato-triangularis. Filamenta in columna subteres tota connata.
Antherae oblongae contiguae erectae columnae pariter leviter longiora.
Ovarium inferum anguste obovatum. Stylus filiformis ad apicem tantum
breviter trifurcatus. Styli rami-filiformes ad apicem stigmatosi. Capsula
elliptica vel obovato-elliptica.-Plantae humiles bulbosae. Bulbus tunicatus

RAVENNA: SymPA, A NEw GENUS (IRIDACEAE) ll

subglobosus. Folia basalia plicato-taeniolata tenera. Caulis floriferus teres
foliatus et bracteatus. Spathae pedunculatae biflorae valvis inaequalibus
subventricosis.

Typus generis: Sympa riograndensis Rav.

A single species is known from Central Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The
genus name has been taken from the Greek sympas, which means altogether,
alluding to the concrescent filaments and contiguous anthers that enclose
the style and style arms.

The general habit including bulb, leaves, and inflorescence, recalls Tri-
furcia Herb., a genus with three representatives in Rio Grande do Sul.

The perigone follows, too, essentially, the same pattern as in Trifurcia.
Only the short claw and blade of the inner tepals appear as at variance with
this genus.

The decisive distinctive characters of Sympa are in the androecium, with
its erect contiguous anthers, and in the simple, short, filiform style arms.

Sympa appears then as closely related to Trifurcia, having possibly evolved
from it. It also represents a link between Trifurcia and other genera still to
be described.

Sympa riograndensis Ravenna, sp. nov.—Planta humilis usque 15-17em. >

alta. Bulbus subglobosus ad 16-18 mm. latus tunicis siccis brunneis in pseudo-
collo circ. 10-15 mm. longo productis obtectus. Folia basalia saepe dua taeni-
olato-plicata flaccida ad 15-17 cm. longa circ. 5-7 mm. lata. Caulis teres ad
basin et medium foliis duis vel unico basalibus similibus necnon paullo
brevioribus et bracteis duis vel unica circ. 23-45 mm. longa instructus.
Spathae 1-3 bivalvatae biflorae valvis subventricosis inaequalibus; valva
inferior 25-34 mm. longa, superior 34-48 mm. longa superne marginibus
membranaceis undulatis. Flos erectus violaceus. Tepala exteriora obovato-
pandurata verosimiliter 35-37 mm. long circ. 20-22 mm. lata, inferiora multo
minora geniculata unguiculis brevibus circ. 3 mm. longis; lamina inferne
dense glandulosa concava deinde patens. Columna staminum teres vel sub-
teres circ. 4mm. longa. Antherae columnae pariter paullo longiores oblongae
erectae contiguae. Stylus filiformis ad apicem tantum perbreviter trifidus.
Styli rami filiformes ad apicem stigmatosi. Capsula immatura e spatham
exserta elliptica.

Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul, 17 km. W de Sao Gabriel, campo com baixada
umida; leg. J.C. Lindeman et al., 13-X-1971 (ICN type, U isotype).

The discovery of this species in Central Rio Grande do Sul is an unexpected
event, considering that the region has been supposedly fully explored by
many botanists in the past.

The writer is indebted to the Botany staff of the Utrecht Museum for lend-
ing the specimen which served for the present study.

THE TRIBE TRIMEZIEAE OF THE IRIDACEAE

Pierfelice Ravenna

Hutchinson (1959, p. 649) included the American genera of the Iridaceae
in the following tribes: Jrideae, with Jris as the sole genus represented;
Sisyrinchieae, at present with seven representatives; Tigridieae according
to my knowledge with twenty-seven genera; Cipureae, which should merge in
Tigridieae; and Mariceae, with Neomarica (= Trimezia), Cypella, and
Trimezia.

Mariceae Hutch. was based on Marica Schreb., which as stated by Sprague
(1928) is a synonym of Cipura Aubl. This sole fact makes necessary to drop
the tribe name. Moreover, Hutchinson places the discordant genera Cypella
(of tribe Tigridieae), and Romulea (an Old World genus belonging in Croceae)
in it.

It is, therefore, indispensable to propose newly a tribe with Trimezia as
the type genus:

Trimezieae Ravenna, tribus nova—Rhizoma multiceps vel uniceps plus
minusve tuberosus seu interdum abbreviatus vaginis foliorum carnosis inter
se stricte amplectentibus bulbum tunicis exterioribus fibrosis obtectum con-
formantibus. Folia linearia lineari-ensiformia ensiformia vel teretia.

Type genus: Trimezia. Genera so far included: Trimezia Herb., and
Pseudotrimezia Fost. {| ),.p)9 649

Floral features such as those concerning perigone shape, inner tepals, an-
droecium or gynoecium, although useful for defining genera in the Iridaceae,
often are found in rather far groupsor vary substantially within asingle tribe.
The variation in the androecium and gynoecium within tribe Tigridieae is an
example of the latter. The similarity in the flowers of Moraea (tribe Irideae)
subgen. Viesseuxia, Gynandriris (Irideae), and Mastigostyla (Tigridiae),
although superficial in itself, is an instance of the former.

By contrast, vegetative characters, such as kind of rootstock and leaves,
appear as much more stable through the genera. This probably is due to the
fact that they apparently evolved earlier, lasting until the present with
relatively little diversification. Hence, they are more relevant than the floral
features for grouping the genera.

Literature Cited
Hutchinson, J., 1959: The Families of Flowering Plants II, Monocotyledones,

2d. edition: 511-792, Oxford Academic Press.

Sprague, T. A., 1928: Marica and Neomarica; Bull. Mise. Inf. Kew 1928:
278-281.

EIGHT NEW SPECIES AND TWO NEW SUBSPECIES
OF CYPELLA (IRIDACEAE)

Pierfelice Ravenna

Eight new species, namely C. laeta, C. laxa, C. discolor, C. Pabstiana,
C. fucata, C. cwruzupensis, C. armosa, and C. lapidosa are proposed. More-
over, two new subspecies, respectively of C. Hauthalii and C. Herbertii, are
described. A new form belonging in the subspecies of C. Herbertii is also
named. The entities belong in the floras of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and
Uruguay.

All but one of the species and subspecies proposed here were studied from
living material. This part of the work was carried out in the field, or on plants
that were subsequently introduced in my experimental collection.

I feel indebted to the institutions that cooperated by making available
specimens of this genus. The herbaria are the following: B, BA, BAB, BAFC,
CORR, HBR, K, LP, MBM, SI.

Cypella laeta Ravenna, sp. nov. (sectionis Nais) Fig. 1.—Planta ad 20-35
cm. alta. Bulbus subglobosus ad 15-28 mm. latus tunicis fuscis obtectus. Folia
basalia ad anthesin usque quattuor vel unicum ad 15-20 em. longa cire. 2-5
mm. lata superne attenuata. Caulis teres pruinosus inferne folio abbreviato
superne bracteis approximatis spathas 2-4 originans. Spathae leviter prui-
nosae; valva inferior ad 14-22 mm. longae, superior circ. duplo longiora con-
voluta. Flos sordide aureo-luteus ad 45-51 mm. latus. Ovarium oblongo-
clavatum ad 4-8 mm. longum circ. 1.8-2.2 mm. latum. Tepala exteriora
pandurata ad 34-37 mm. longa circ. 18-20 mm. lata inferne circ. 16~17 mm.
concaviuscula ad margines membranaceo-translucida in urceola conniventia
ad basin fusco-purpureo-suffusa deinde lamina undulato-reflexa ad basin
partis reflexae area piloso-glandulosa interdum fusco-punctata extus sparse
fusco-venata superne apiculata. Tepala interiora ad 18-23 mm. longa circ.
7-10.5 mm. lata; unguicula erecto-patentia fusco-purpureo-striolata et
maculata ad basin angustata circ. 15 mm. longa; lamina geniculato-recurvata
ad margines revolutos citrina oblique nigro- vel fusco-brunneo striolata ad
medium urceolato-depressa dense glanduloso-tumescente ad apicem re-
flexum angustata brunneo-ochraceo-maculata acuta; glandulae (elaiophora)
luteae vel fuscae paullo translucidae. Filamenta libera pallide ochracea
praeter basin incrassatam fusco-purpureo-striolatam et tinctam 6 mm.
longa. Antherae oblongae 7 mm. longae; pollen loculique fusco-brunnei.
Stylus circ. 9 mm. longus. Styli rami ad 3.5 mm. connati deinde 3.6 mm.
liberi erecto-patentes; cristae tres, abaxial ovato-triangularis usque 2 mm.
longa ad apicem minute crenata, adaxiales cultriformes arcuatae petalaceae
circ. 3.5-4 mm. longae; replicaturae stigmatosae parvae recurvatae. Capsula
obovata vel obovato-clavata ad 10-18 mm. longa circ. 7-9 mm. lata.

14 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 1

Fig. 1. Above, Cypella laeta Rav. upper view of flower; photo P. Ravenna.
Below, C. discolor Rav., flower from above; photo S. Magno.

1981] RAVENNA: CYPELLA (IRIDACEAE) 15

In grassy, well drained places of the east part of the Argentine provinces
of Entre Rios and Misiones. Its presence in the province of Corrientes could
be expected.

Argentina: prov. Misiones, Paso de las Tunas pr. Campo Grande, C. Spe-
gazzini (?), II-1907 (LPS 19064, LP). Prov. Entre Rios, Parque San Martin,
Gamerro s.n. (BAFC). Ibidem, Estacion Agronomica, Burkart 784, 16-I-1927
(SI). Ibidem, Ruta 14, camos altos, Burkart et al., 25-IV-1952 (SI). Culta in
Bonaria ex bulbis ad Parque San Martin pr. Concordiam prov. Entre-Rios
Argentinae collectis, Ravenna 506, XII-1967 (Herb. Ravenna, type).

One of the few species with two-flowered spathes. The others are C. aqua-
— Rav., C. discolor Rav., C. Osteniana Beauv., and C. Hauthalii (Ktze.)

ost.

The morphology of the inner tepals places the species in section Nais.
Actually, C. laeta appears as closely related to C. aquatilis, the type of the
section (see Ravenna 1981), and to C. crenata (Vell.) Rav. The former is re-
markable by its submerged habit, the production of plantlets on the inflo-
rescence, and the short, spreading blade of the outer-tepals. The latter species
inhabits the bogs of southeastern Minas Gerais, Brazil, and is a very slender,
taller plant, with extremely narrow and longer leaves.

Cypella laxa Ravenna, sp. nov. (sectionis Nais )—Planta usque 30-85 cm.
alta. Bulbus subglobosus ad 5-14 mm. latus. Vagina basalis unica ex bulbo
circ. 7.5-14 mm. longa. Folia basalia ad anthesin dua vel saepe unicum
lineari-attenuata ad 17-50 mm. longa cire. 1-3 mm. lata. Folium caulinum
abbreviatum 9-40 cm. longum et bractea unica vel duabus distantibus (si
spatha unica) seu usque quattuor approximatis (si spathae tres) circ. 17-53
mm. longis. Spatha uniflora saepe unica distincte pedunculata vel raro
usque tres; valva inferior 17-41 mm. longa, superior convoluta 33-51 mm.
longa. Pedicellus longitudinis valvae superioris vel paullo longior. Flos
luteus ad 30-50 mm. latus. Ovarium clavatum viride ad 4.5-6 mm. longum.
Tepala exteriora ad 25-35 mm. longa circ. 12-20 mm. lata unguiculis con-
cavis fusco-rubro-striolatis; lamina perflaccida laxe reflexa. Tepala in-
teriora ad 14-15 mm. longa circ. 9-15 mm. lata prope basin ochraceo-
purpureo-maculata; lamina inferne valde depressa glandulis densis (elai-
ophoris) ad lateras striis nigro-purpureis obliquis notata. Filamenta fili-
formia ad basin libera circ. 3 mm. longa paulo divergentia. Antherae oblongo-
lineares ad 7-8.2 mm. longae circ. 1.3-1.4 mm. latae connectivo nigro pur-
pureo liquidum secretante; pollen loculique cinereo-virides. Stylus 5.5-6.8
mm. longus. Styli rami paullo divergentes ad 2 mm. connati deinde 4-4.7 mm.
longi praeter apicem purpurescentem albo ochracei; cristae luteo-ochraceae,
adaxiales 3.2-3.5 mm. longae, abaxial parva. Capsula clavata vel clavato-
elliptica praeter apicem fuscum pallide viridis circ. 12 mm. longa. oe

Rather frequent in the Brazilian states of Parana and Santa Catarina; it
is found exclusively in bogs. :

Brazil: State of Santa Catarina, mun. Lajes, Encruzilhada, 900 m., R. M.
Klein 3207, 5-XI-1962 (HBR, Herb. Rav.). Mun. Agua Doce, Faz. Esperanca,
Campos de Palmas, 6 km. S of Horizonte (Parana), 1100-1200 m., L. B. Smith
& R. M. Klein 13517, 4-XI-1964 (HBR). Mun. Irani, bog at Campo de Irani,
700-900 m., Smith & Klein 13034, 8-XI-1964 (HBR). State of Parana mun
Palmas, S. Agostinho, brejo, Hatschbach 15419, 13-XII-1966 (MBM, Herb.
Rav.). Ibidem, Hatschbach et al. 28291, 6-XII-1971 (MBM, Herb. Rav., U).

16 WARIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 1

Mun. Contendas, Rodovia do Xisto, Hatschbach 17551, 22-X-1967 (MBM,
Herb. Rav., F). Mun. Piraquara, Pinhaes, brejo, Hatschbach 33411, 12-XI-
1973 (MBM, Herb. Rav.) Mun. Curitiba, Atuba, orla de brejo, Hatschbach
32778, 30-I-1973 (MBM, Herb. Rav.). Ibidem, Jardim Natalia, brejo,
Hatschbach 33430, 30-XI-1973 (MBM, Herb. Rav.). Mun. Marmeleiro,
Estrada Marmeleiro-Campo Ere, brejo, Hatschbach 26409, 21-II-1971
(MBM, Herb. Rav., AAR). Ibidem, Hatschbach 22668, 25-X-1969 (MBM,
Herb. Rav., K). Mun. Guarapuava, Rio Campo Real, Hatschbach & O.
Guimaraes 20517, 6-XII-1968 (MBM, Herb. Rav.). In uliginosis cire. 2 km.
a Posto Agropecuario mun. Guarapuavae civit. Paranaensis Brasiliae,
Ravenna 1008 cum G. Hatschbach, 3-XII-1969 (Herb. Ravenna, holotype;
RB, isotype).

Years ago, I determined most of the material from Parana as Cypella
crenata (Vell.) Rav. However, as soon as it was possible to examine popu-
lations in the field, both from the mentioned State as well as from Caldas,
Minas Gerais (the area of C. crenata), the new species was evident.

The northern plant has orange flowers, with the outer-tepal blade firmer

in texture, and longer, erect filaments. Both species are otherwise closely
related.

Cypella discolor Ravenna, sp. nov. (sectionis Nais ), Fig. 1—Planta usque
20 em. alta. Bulbus ovatus ad 20-30 mm. longus circ. 14-17 mm. latus tunicis
exterioribus siccis fusco-ochraceis in pseudocollo brevi productus. Folia
basalia lineari-attenuata ad anthesin dua vel unicum pallide viridia taeni-
olato-plicata ad 20-25 cm. longa circ. 4-6 mm. lata. Caulis gracilis ramosus.
Spathae uniflorae breviter pedunculatae pedunculis 6-19 mm. longis; valva
inferior acuta ad apicem marcescens circ. 13.5-15 mm. longa, superior circ.
24-25 mm. longa cinvoluta. Pedicelli saepe 23 mm. longi. Flos inodorus.
Ovarium subclavatum viride ad 4.7-4.8 mm. longum circ. 2.4 mm. latum.
Perigonium ad centrum profunde urceolatum ad 39 mm. latum. Tepala
exteriora ad 26 mm. longacirc. 13 mm. lata; unguiculum circ. 10 mm. longum
purpureo-suffusum; lamina patens circ. 14 mm. longa pandurata albiuscula
tenuissime fusco-venata inferne stria media purpurescente notata ad apicem
apiculo incurvo circ. 2.2 mm. longo instructa. Tepala interiora ad 17 mm.
longa circ. 8 mm. lata; unguiculum circ. 10 mm. longum purpureo-suffusum;
lamina circ. 2 mm. subplana deinde abrupte recurvato-reflexa valde bi-
convexa et depressa in fundo depressionis densiter sordideque glandulosa
medio superiore depressionis lutea ad margines revolutos striolis macu-
lisque purpureis et fusco-castaneis notata apicem reflexum versus lutea et
sordide purpurescens venis fuscis peracuta. Filamenta filiformia purpures-
cens ad 5.7 mm. longa ad basin incrassatam circ. 0.7-0.8 mm. connata.
Antherae oblongo-sagittatae apiculatae ad 5.7 mm. longae ad basin 1.8-1.9
mm. latae connectivo latiusculo; pollen loculique sordide virides. Stylus
circ. 7 mm. longus. Styli rami oblique erecti ad 3-3.2 mm. connati deinde
circ. 3 mm. longi antice albicantes postice purpurescentes; cristae tres pur-
purescentes, adaxiales oblongo-acutae ad 3.2 mm. longae, abaxial 1.4 mm.
longa integra subtriangularis; replicaturae stigmatosae patentes 0.6 mm.
longae. Capsula obovato-clavata ad 8 mm. longa circ. 4 mm. lata cycatrix
perigonii lata. Semina irregulariter compressa vel angulata castanea
minutissime ruguloso-colliculata ad 1.9-2.1 mm. longa cire. 1.3-1.6 mm. lata.

Meadows near stream, in low open woods at Passo da Guarda, in the
Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul.

1981] RAVENNA: CYPELLA (IRIDACEAE) 7

Culta in Bonaria ex bulbis ad Passo da Guarda civit. Rio Grande do Sul
Brasiliae collectis, Ravenna 507, XII-1967 (Herb. Ravenna, type).

Among the one-flowered species of sect. Nais, C. discolor appears as a very
distinct species. Its whitish and purple flowers have no parallel in the genus.
C. Osteniana Beauv., of section Cypella, has whitish, dark-veined flowers.
However, the much less deep cup and the features of the section distinguish
it well from the new species.

Fig. 2. Above, Cypella Pabstiana Rav., side view of flower; photo P.
Ravenna. Below, Cypella fucata Rav., side view of flower; photo S. Magno.

18 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 1

Cypella Pabstiana Ravenna, sp. nov. (sectionis Cypella ), Fig. 2—Planta
usque 33 em. alta. Bulbus subglobosus ad 13-15 mm. latus tunicis exterior-
ibus ochraceis sursum in pseudocollo circ. 30-35 mm. productis. Folium
basale ad anthesin unicum lineari-attenuatum ad 10 cm. (vel ultra longum)
circ. 1.5-1.8 mm. latum. Caulis saepe geniculatus ramosus folio abbreviato
74 mm. longo et bracteis pluribus approximatis circ. 19-29 mm. longibus.
Spathae uniflorae usque tres pedunculatae succesivae ad axillas bractearum
in bostrice disposita; valva inferior 20-22 mm. longa, superior 42-45 mm.
longa convoluta. Flos luteus ad 40-45 mm. latum. Ovarium clavatum ad
5.5 mm. longum circ. 2 mm. latum. Tepala exteriora pandurata ad 30 mm.
longa circ. 26.5 mm. lata prope basin minutissime fusco-purpureo-punctata
partis concavae circ. 9 mm. longa. Tepala interiora ad 8 mm. longa circ.
7 mm. lata; unguicula patentia pallide ochracea fusco-purpureo-striolata
circ. 5 mm. longa; lamina geniculata arcte recurvato-reflexa longitudinaliter
depressa albicantia inferne glandulosa (elaiophora) aurantiaca minute nigro-
punctulata vel striolata ad lateras aurantiaca oblique vel transverse nigro-
striolata. Filamenta circ. 2.5 mm. longa basin versus incrassata circ. 1.9mm.
connata purpureo tincta deinde libera sordide lutescentia. Antherae subsagit-
tatae ad 4.4 mm. longae circ. 2 mm. latae connectivo lato luteo leviter excur-
rente liquidum secretante pollen fusco-viridescens. Stylus circ. 4mm. longus.

Endemic in dry, grassy fields of Entre Rios, municipe of Guarapuava, in
the Brazilian state of Parana.

Brazil: Parana, mun. Guarapuava, Entre Rios, Hatschbach 22552, 21-X-
1969 (MBM). In campis siccis graminosis ad Entre Rios mun. Guarapuava
civit. Parana Brasiliae, Ravenna 1013, cum Gert Hatschbach, 4-XII-1969
(Herb. Ravenna, type).

The species is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Guido F. J. Pabst, distin-
guished botanist who specialized in the Orchidaceae. The premature and
unexpected death of this friend and collaborator on the Brazilian flora left
a painful vacuum in botany.

Cypella Pabstiana is nearly allied to C. Herbertii (Lindl.) Herb., differing
in the low stature, narrower leaves, yellow flowers, and smaller floral organs.

Cypella fucata Ravenna, sp. nov. (sectionis Cypella), Fig. 2—Planta ad
10-20 cm. alta. Bulbus globosus ad 10-12 mm. latus tunicis exterioribus
siccis ochraceis in pseudocollo circ. 9-32 mm. longo productis. Folia basalia
ad anthesin nulla vel unicum raro dua anguste lineari-plicata ad 8-12 em.
longa circ. 0.6-2.5 mm. lata. Caulis pergracilis interdum geniculatum folio
unico 6-8 cm. longo instructus. Spathae paucae uniflorae pedunculatae;
valva inferior 14-23 mm. longa, superior 33-36 mm. longa. Pedicelli cire.
30-42 mm. longi. Flores sordide aurantiaci ad 25-33 mm. lati. Ovarium
clavatum ad 4-6 mm. longum circ. 1.5-1.9 mm. latum. Tepala exteriora
flexuosa inferne inconspicue concava tenuiter fusco-venata; lamina modice
vel abrupte reflexa. Tepala interiora arcte geniculato-recurvata ad 4-7 mm.
longa; lamina ad medium praeter apicem canaliculata alba inferne area
dense glandulosa ad lateras arcte revoluta striis nigris obliquis ad apicem
aurantiaca acuta. Filamenta circ. 1.8 mm. longa albo-viridescentia ad basin
tantum connata purpureo-striata. Antherae late oblongae ad 3.6 mm. longae
ad basin 1.9-2.1 mm. latae connectivo circ. 0.95 mm. lato; pollen loculique
nigro-viridescentes. Styli rami suberecti ad 2.4 mm. connati pallides deinde
circ. 1.2 mm. liberi aurantiaci; cristae adaxiales ad 3.8-4 mm. longae cultri-

1981] RAVENNA: CYPELLA (IRIDACEAE) 19

formes erecteae; abaxial circ. 0.8-2 mm. longa bifida vel leviter bilobata;
replicaturae stigmatosae patentes 0.35 mm. longae. Capsula clavata ad 7-9
mm. longa circ. 4 mm. lata.

Grassy fields in the Brazilian states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do
Sul; also in northeastern Uruguay (dept. of Cerro Largo). Populations are
usually formed by few individuals.

Brazil: Santa Catarina, mun. Lajes, Morro do Pinheiro Seco, 3 km. east
of Lajes, 900-950 m., L. B. Smith & P. R. Reitz 10003, 15-I-1957 (HBR).
Ibidem, Reitz 6579, 4-II-1963 (HBR, Herb. Rav.). Culta in Bonaria ex
bulbis ad pedem collis ubi Gruta do Segredo est pr. Cacapava civit. Rio
Grande do Sul Brasiliae, Ravenna 500, XII-1965 (Herb. Ravenna, type).

Cypella fucata is related both to C. Herbertii (Lindl.) Herb. and C.
Osteniana Beauv. The former is known as a much stouter plant with larger
flowers; the filaments are connate for half or more of their length, and the
adaxial crests arquate. Our plant resembles C. Osteniana in the size of the
plant and flowers and in the carriage of the outer tepals; the latter are dark-
veined as in C. fucata. However, the relatively large bulb, whitish color of the
perigone, and rather long and divergent style-crests make C. Osteniana un-
mistakable.

Cypella curuzupensis Ravenna, sp. nov. (sectionis Nais )—Planta 25-44
cm. alta. Bulbus depresso-globosus magnitudinis nucis avellanae minoribus
tunicis ochraceis in pseudocollo productis. Folia linearia ad 15-30 cm. longa
in vivo circ. 0.8-1 mm. raro 2 mm. lata. Caulis gracilis simplex spatha unica
vel duabus raro tribus pedunculatae ex bracteas 1-3 approximatas in-
structus. Spatha uniflora; valva inferior 12-24 mm. longa vaginans, superior
32-34.5 mm. longa. Flos cire. 38 mm. latus. Ovarium clavatum ad 6.5 mm.
longum circ. 2 mm. latum. Tepala exteriora ovata ad 23 mm. longa circ.
25.5 mm. lata inferne concaviuscula. Tepala interiora 15 mm. longa ungui-
culis 11 mm. longis ad basin 1.3 mm. latis superne 10.8 mm. latis; lamina
ad basin 11 mm. lata area glanduloso-tumescenti notata ad lateras vitellina
caeterum luteum fusco maculatum. Filamenta libera filiformia superne
lutescentia prope basin brunnea ad 5.8 mm. longa. Antherae oblongae ad
6.2 mm. longae pre dehiscentiam 2 mm. lata; connectivum minute brunneo-
striolatum; loculi fusci. Styli rami pallide luteo-ochracei vel sordide
lutescentes ad 3.5 concrescentes deinde 3.5 mm. liberi suberecti; cristae
adaciales circ. 3-3.2 mm. longae, abaxial integra 1.8 mm. longa. Capsula
obovato-clavata circ. 10 mm. longa circ. 5-6 mm. lata. Semina angulata
parva ochracea.

Endemic to a bog and nearby damp meadows at Curuzupe, formerly
called Mbubevo, in the region of Villa Rica, Paraguay. Although as scarce,
the irids Cypella armosa Rav., and Sisyrinchium vaginatum Spreng. ssp.
Balansae (Bak.) Rav. are found in the same area.

Paraguay: Mbubevo, P. Joergensen Hansen 3871, XII (BA 28/1683, SI).
In paludibus pr. Curuzupe (ante Mbubevo) regionis Villa-Ricae Paraguariae,
Ravenna 463, 17-II-1966 (Herb. Ravenna, type).

There is some question whether this species truly belongs in section Nais,
mainly because of the scarcely depressed blade of the inner tepals. However,
the relative size of the claw and blade in the latter seems to indicate so. The
plant shows the most slender habit in the genus.

The rainy weather at the time of collecting prevented my taking photo-

20 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 1

graphs of the flower and sketching the essential organs. Experimental
culture was attempted without success.

Fig. 3. Cypella armosa Rav., flower (x 1); right, androecium and gyno-
ecium (x 24%). Drawn by S. Magno.

Cypella armosa Ravenna, sp. nov. (sectionis Cypella), Fig. 3—Planta
gracilis ad 58 em. alta. Bulbus subglobosus vel raro subovatus ad 9 mm.
longus circ. 6-9 mm. latus. Folia basalia 1-2 ad 12-20cm. longacire. 2-4 mm.
lata. Spathae usque tre uniflorae; valva inferior ad 23-28 mm. longa, superior
42-56 mm. longa. Flos utrimque luteus circ. 5-6.5 em. latus. Tepala exteriora
spathulato-pandurata inferne modice concava deinde lamina leviter vel arcte
reflexa ad 38-40 mm. longa circ. 12-16 mm. lata apiculata. Tepala interiora
arcte geniculato-recurvata ad 15 mm. longa; unguiculum ad 9 mm. longum ad
basin 2.1 mm. latum ad apicem 2.5 mm. latum; lamina praeter apicem
deppressio longitudinali albicanti inferne stria glandulosa luteo-aurantiaca
parceque nigra circ. 2.8 mm. longaad lateras aurantiacastriis nigris obliquis
prope apicem albolutea maculis fuscis notata, apice abrupte reflexo
aurantiaco. Filamenta 3.2 mm. longa. Antherae oblongo-lineares connectivo
angusto superne tantum ad styli ramos applicitae leviter apiculatae (apiculo
circ. 0.38 mm. longo) 7 mm. longae; pollen loculique nigri. Stylus ex ovario
circ. 4.2 mm. longus. Styli rami oblique patentes circ. 6.5 mm. longi; replica-
turae stigmatosae 0.7-0.8 mm. longae; cristae adaxiales flexuosae auran-
tiacae leviter divergentes ad 5.5-7.5 mm. longae, abaxial leviter bifida circ.
0.8 mm. longa. Capsula obovato-clavata. Semina parva angulata ochracea.

Temporarily inundated pastures of the provinces of Chaco, Corrientes,
Formosa, Santa Fe, and Misiones in Argentina, and in the areas of San
Bernardino and Villa Rica (near Curuzupe) in Paraguay.

Argentina: Prov. Formosa, Formosa, in campo, Kermes 303, 15-XI-1900
(BAB, SI). Ibidem, Joergensen (SI). Prov. Chaco, Colonia Benitez, A. G. Schultz
156, X/XI-1928 (BAB, SI). Ibidem, Resistencia, A. Muniez 9, 20-III-1928
(BAB 80728). Prov. Santa Fe, Colonia Macias, R. A. Spegazzini,
24/30-X1I-1942 (BAB 64543). Prov. Corrientes, dep. Ituzaingo, Estancia

1981] RAVENNA: CYPELLA (IRIDACEAE) 21

Puerto Valle, W. Partridge, II-XI-1962 (BA 59641). Prov. Misiones, in campis
prope Posadas, C. Spegazzini (LPS 19061, LP). Cultain Bonaria ex campis pr.
aeroportum Posadas, Ravenna 1046, XII-1970 (Herb. Ravenna). In herbosis
inundatis pr. San Bernardino Paraguariae, Ravenna 462, II-1966 (Herb.
Ravenna, type).

Cypella armosa is closely related to C. exilis Rav., which it resembles in
the anthers and style-arms shape. It departs from that species in the taller
habit, larger flowers of a different color, and larger anthers and style-arms.

The specific epithet is formed by the Latin term armus, armlet, in the
augmentative form, alluding to the rather long style-arms.

Cypella lapidosa Ravenna, sp. nov. (sectionis Cypella )—Planta ad 18-30
cm. alta. Bulbus subglobosus ad 10-12 mm. latus tunicis exterioribus
ochraceis in pseudocollo circ. 20-35 mm. longo productis. Folia basalia ad
anthesin ut videtur nulla in plantae juveniles paucae usque 15-17 mm.
longae; folium caulinum lineari-attenuatum ad 12-13 longum circ. 0.7-3
mm. latae deinde bracteis tribus circ. 13-26 mm. longis duabus superioribus
approximatis. Spathae saepe duae uniflorae pedunculatae vel unica; valva
inferior circ. 13-17 mm. longa, superior 23-32 mm. longa. Pedicelli longi-
tudinis spathae vel leviter breviores. Ovarium clavatum ad 6.5 mm. longum
cire. 1.6-1.8 mm. latum. Perigonium aurantiacum. Tepala exteriora paten-
tia pandurata ad 28-30 mm. longa circ. 17-18 mm. lata. Tepala interiora
arcte geniculato-recurvata ad 8-9 mm. longa circ. 5-6 mm. lata. Filamenta
circ. 2.8 mm. longa basin versus 2 mm. connata et incrassata. Antherae ob-
longo-lanceolatae apice obtuso ad 5.8 mm. longae inferne 1.8-2 mm. latae
connectivo latiusculo leviter excurrente. Stylus 6 mm. longus. Styli rami
tote vel subtote concrescentes circ. 4 mm. longae; cristae adaxiales 1.3-1.5
mm. longae, abaxial parva.

Argentina: Prov. Corrientes, dep. Santo Tome, Garruchos, Estancia San
Juan Bautista, costa del rio Uruguay, en pedregal, Krapovickas et al. 25815,
20-II-1974 (Herb. Ravenna, holotype; CORR, isotype).

Cypella lapidosa is closely related to C. fucata Rav. and to C. exilis Rav.
It is separable from both by the much concrescent filaments and style-arms.
Moreover, the anthers in the latter species are linear-oblong, with a narrow
connective, and the style-arms much longer and mostly free from each other.

Cypella Hauthalii (Ktze.) Fost. ssp. opalina Ravenna, ssp. nov. — A sub-
specie typica floribus minoribus albicanti-opalescentibus lamina tepalorum
exteriorum breviora ad apicem leviter recurvata area glandulosa tepalorum
interiorum magis lutea recedit.

Argentina: prov. Corrientes, dep. Santo Tome, Estancia San Juan Bautista,
costa del rio Uruguay, Krapovickas et al. 25807, 20-IX-1974 (CORR, Herb.
Rav.). Cultivated at Kew Gardens from bulbs collected at Garruchos near
the banks of the Uruguay river, prov. Corrientes, Argentina, B. Mathew
(Herb. Rav., K?). Culta in Santiago ex bulbo ad ripas fluminis Uruguay pr.
Garruchos prov. Corrientes Argentinae collecto, Ravenna 3300, X-1980
(Herb. Ravenna, type).

The bulb that flowered here at Santiago was received through the courtesy
of Mr. Bryan Mathew of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.

The typical subspecies is found in the northwest part of Corrientes; also
in Misiones and southeast Paraguay. Subspecies opalina differs from it

Ze WRIGHTIA

by the smaller, whitish opaline flowers, with shorter outer segments. Accord-
ing to the collectors, it grows in inundated places.

Cypella Herbertii (Lindl.) Herb. ssp. reflexa Ravenna, ssp. nov.—A sub-
specie typica floribus minoribus lamina tepalorum exteriorum laxe reflexa.

Argentina: Prov. Entre Rios, dep. Parana, camino Maria Grande-Parana,
E. Nicora 6582 (SI). Prope Parana ad viam Maria Grande prov. Entre Rios
Argentinae, Ravenna 1042, XII-1969 (Herb. Ravenna, holotype; CORR,
and K, isotypes).

The present subspecies is distinguished by the usually more slender habit,
smaller flowers, and by the laxly reflexed blade of the outer-tepals. The
following two forms are keyed:

A. Flowers yellow; blade of the outer-tepals minutely
SN NOON ay i's cok ar tnchstdekuse f.reflexa
AA. Flowers orange; blade of the outer-tepals not spotted ...... f. palmeti

Cypella Herbertii (Lindl.) Herb. ssp. reflexa Rav. f. palmeti Ravenna,
ae nov.—A forma reflexa floribus aurantiacis basi laminae emaculata

iffert.

In herbosis inter palmas Butiae-yatay ad “Palmar de Colon” prov. Entre-
Rios Argentinae, Ravenna 1043, XII-1969 (Herb. Ravenna, type).

This form is rather frequent in pastures among palms of Butia yatay,
differing from the form reflexa in the contrasting characters of the key.

Literature Cited

Ravenna, P., 1981: A submerged new species of Cypella (Iridaceae), and a
new section for the genus (sensu stricto); Nord. Jour. Bot. 1.

NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE — V
Cyrus Longworth Lundell!

Ardisia Burgeri Lundell, sp. nov. — Arbor parva; ramuli crassiusculi,
apice lepidoti; folia glabra, petiolata, petiolo 1-1.5 em. longo, canaliculato;
lamina chartacea, anguste oblonga vel anguste oblanceolata, 25-36 cm. longa,
5.5-7.5 em. lata, apice acuminata, basi attenuata, subcuneata; inflorescentia
terminalis, paniculata, 10-15 cm. longa, parce lepidota, basi dense lepidota;
flores umbellati vel subcorymbosi; pedicelli 7-10 mm. longi; sepala 5, sub-
coriacea, lanceolato-oblonga, symmetrica, 2.4-3 mm. longa, aurantiaco-
punctata, integra; fructus subglobosus, punctatus.

Costa Rica: Prov. Alajuela, Llanura de San Carlos, wet tropical rain forest
near Los Angeles, alt. 100 m., Feb. 21, 1966, Antonio Molina R., Louis O.
Williams, William C. Burger & Bruce Wallena 17670 (F, holotype; LL, xerox
copy & fragment), small tree 5 meters tall.

Among the species in the Jeacorea complex, this taxon is distinguished by
the slender leaves more than a foot long and the subcoriaceous oblongish
sepals up to 3 mm. long. The short peduncle of the inflorescence is densely
lepidote, typical of plants of this relationship. Only immature fruits are
available.

Ardisia carchiana Lundell, sp. nov. — Frutex; ramuli crassi, apice ca.

1 cm. diam.; megistophylla, petiolata, petiolo crasso, 2-3 cm. longo; lamina
coriacea, glabra, obovato-elliptica, ad 40 cm. longa, 18 cm. lata, apice rotun-
data et late apiculata, basi acuta, subcuneata, nigropunctata; inflorescentia
terminalis, paniculata, ca. 12 cm. longa, furfuracea; flores capitellati, sub-
sessiles; pedicelli fructiferi ca. 1 mm. longi, crassi; sepala 5, lanceolato-
oblonga, 2-2.5 mm. longa, obtusa, symmetrica, nigropunctata; fructus sub-
globosus, nigropunctatus.
«Ecuador: Prov. Carchi, Pefas Blancas, 20 km. below Maldonado on the
Rio San Juan, wet montane forest, elev. 900-1000 m., May 27, 1978, M. T.
Madison, T. C. Plowman, H. A. Kennedy & L. Besse 4625 (F, holotype; LL,
xerox copy & fragment of holotype), shrub 3 m. tall, leaves shiny above, dull
below, immature fruits dark green.

A. carchiana may have affinity to A. megistophylla Lundell, but both taxa
are known from incomplete material and their relationships are uncertain.
The large rigidly coriaceous leaves, glabrous in fruiting collection, the fur-
furaceous inflorescence, subsessile fruits, and the large black rounded glands
of leaves and sepals and fruits well-mark A. carchiana.

1Director, Plant Sciences Laboratory, The University of Texas at Dallas, Box 688,
Richardson, Texas 75080

24 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 1

Ardisia duriuscula Lundell, sp. nov. — Arbor parva; ramuli crassi, fur-
furacei; folia petiolis ad 2 cm. longis, crassis latisque stipitata; lamina du-
riuscula, oblanceolata, 17-26 cm. longa, 5.5-8.5 cm. lata, apice acuta, basi
attenuata, integra, subtus dense peradpresse lepidota et parce furfuracea,
supra glabra; inflorescentia axillaris, paniculata, pyramidata, ad 18 cm.
longa, pedunculata, dense furfuracea; flores capitellati; pedicelli subnulli,
ad 1.5 mm. longi, crassi; sepala 5 vel 6, libera, coriacea, inaequalia, asym-
metrica, late suborbicularia, 2-2.5 mm. longa, punctata, ciliata; corolla
glabra, 6 mm. longa, coriacea, parce nigropunctata; petala basi coalita ca.
1.5 mm., apice asymmetrica, acuta; stamina ca. 4 mm. longa; filamenta ca.
1.5 mm. longa; antherae crassae, lanceolatae, ca. 3 mm. longae, epunctatae,
apice obtusae, basi subsagittatae; ovarium ovoideum, apice subtruncatum;
stylus 5 mm. longus; placenta pluriseriata; ovula numerosa, ca. 50, parvissima.
“Costa Rica: Prov. Heredia and San Jose, Cerros de Zurqui, open pasture
and remnants of lower montane rain forest formations on ridges and steep
slopes along the Rio Para Blanca, alt. 1600-1800 m., Feb. 6 & 7, 1977, Wm.
Burger, Gary Visconti & Johnnie Gentry 10288 (F, holotype; LL, xerox copy
& fragment of holotype), tree at edge of pasture, about 6 m. tall, inflorescence
dull yellowish-green, flowers white, leaves deep yellowish-green.

The species is notable for its large axillary pyramidal furfuraceous in-
florescences (in the holotype), leaves drying hard, and the closely appressed
scales together with scattered elevated scales, these appearing trichome-
like on undersurface of leaves and stem. The unequal thick sepals, either 5 or
6, usually are ciliate on the overlapped margin. The thick anthers are longi-
tudinally dehiscent, and minutely apiculate.

Probably related to A. Hagenzi Lundell, a species with capitellate flowers
and similar depressed-orbicular coriaceous sepals ciliate on the overlapped
margin. In A. Hagenii the inflorescence is narrow and terminal with the
sepals lepidote, not glabrous as in A. duriuscula.

Gentlea tenuis Lundell, sp. nov. — Frutex, ramulis tenuis, minute lepi-
dotis; folia parva, petiolata, petiolo 4-7 mm. longo, anguste marginato, canali-
culato; lamina chartacea, lanceolata vel elliptica, 2.5-6 em. longa, 1-2 cm.
lata, integra, apice acuminata, basi acuta et revoluta, punctata, glabra; in-
florescentia paniculata, terminalis, parva, 1.5-2.5 cm. longa, pedunculata,
bracteolata, minute lepidota; flores umbellati, 5-meri; pedicelli lepidoti,
2-3 mm. longi; sepala ovata, inaequalia, 1.2-2 mm. longa, hyalina, minute
aurantiaco-punctata, apice obtusa, minute erosa, extus parce lepidota; petala
lanceolata, 2.5-3 mm. longa; stamina ad 4 mm. longa; antherae cordatae,
ad 0.5 mm. longae, minute apiculatae; ovarium punctatum; placenta sub-
globosa; ovula 12, pluriseriata; fructus globosus, ca. 4 mm. diam.

Mexico: Chiapas, Municipio of Rayon, in the Selva Negra 10 km. above
Rayon Meycalapa along road to Jitotol, steep slope with dense Montane Rain
Forest, Magnolia, Podocarpus, Calatola and Ardisia, elev. 1700 m.,
December 12, 1971, D. E. Breedlove 23144 (F, holotype; LL, xerox copy and
fragment), shrub, 6 ft. tall, flowers white; same locality, Breedlove & A. R.
Smith 32425 (F), shrub 10 ft. tall.

G. tenuis has affinity to G. costaricensis Lundell, a species which differs
in the conspicuous reticulation of its leaves. Also, leaves of G. costaricensis
are widest above middle, the sepals are glabrous and more rounded, and the
fruits are larger. Both taxa have similar large rounded mostly orange-red
leaf glands usually most conspicuous on the upper surface.

1981] LUNDELL: NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE — V 25

The sepals and petals of G. tenwis are very thin and inconspicuously
punctate.

Other related species are G. Austin-Smithii Lundell, G. parviflora Lundell
and G. Vatteri (Standl. & Steyerm.) Lundell. The latter has very small coarse-
ly crenate leaves and furfuraceous indumentum, while all the other species
are lepidote and have entire leaves.

WRIGHTIA

A Botanical Journal

VOLUME 7
Number 2

1982

PUBLISHED BY
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS
Box 688, Richardson, Texas 75080
U.S.A.

OCT 95 1982

GARDEN 1jBRaRy

Printed in the U.S.A.
The University of Texas at Dallas
Richardson, Texas

WRIGHTIA

. A Botanical Journal

VOLUME 7, NUMBER 2

Issued February 15, 1982

CONTENTS

Botany from Linnaeus to Lamarck
BY Ae reG Tews os es a a ei ee cs at

Neotropical Myrsinaceae — VII
By Cyrus eneworth Lundell ts: ee ae ak 38

New Combinations in the Genus Fortunatia
(Liliaceae)
Pee OTIC TNO ie eee a te ee ee oka as 51

Contributions Toward a Monograph of Cybianthus
(Myrsinaceae) II. The Systematic Position
of Ardisia perpuncticulosa
| By John J. Pipoly and Cyrus Longworth Lundell ...................-. 52

Notes on Agriculture of the Ancient Maya,
Exploration, and Sundry Investigations in
Peten, Guatemala
Pa it OPE PAO oo ook ks Pivieee thes ses ey dh beccne ss 55

New or Noteworthy Species of Middle American

Bignoniaceae
Rr WHT Te THOT i ok eh cee eee ew eents oe eke A ce oC 83

New Species and Miscellaneous Notes in the
Genus Trimezia (Iridaceae) — I
CT BVO soak oe en vs eee es om ae

Fig. 4. Dr. and Mrs. C.L. Lundell are joined by President Lorene Rogers
(center) at the opening of the Lundell Library, November 17, 1978. The book
being examined is copy number 1 of the 10-copy special edition of Captain
Cook’s Florilegium. Photograph by Frank Armstrong.

WRIGHTIA

Volume 7 February 15, 1982 Number 2

BOTANY FROM LINNAEUS TO LAMARCK'

Albert C. Lewis

LINNAEUS AT TEXAS

This exhibition of books by Linnaeus and the Linnaeans, and of plant
specimens described in these books, provides an opportunity to compare two
types of collecting enterprises. The naturalist, and the botanist in particular,
relies on the collection of plant specimens to form, through analysis of similar-
ities and differences, the basis for a classification of the plant kingdom. The
book collector does not usually claim such scientific applications, and book-
collecting motives are probably too numerous and diverse to be categorized
properly, yet the collector of the archetypal collector Linnaeus must surely
warrant a rather special place in the hierarchy of the book-collecting world,
for Linnaeus’s eighteenth-century books still represent a benchmark in taxo-
nomic literature. The books in the exhibition are drawn from the collections
at the Humanities Research Center, principally the Lundell Library; the
plant specimens on exhibit (not included in the checklist) are from the Lundell
Herbarium in the Department of Botany of The University of Texas at Austin.
A resume of the history of the Lundell Library reveals why it can be said that,
in several different ways, Dr. C.L. Lundell brought Linnaeus to Texas.

Over the past thirty-eight years the Lundell Library has been developed as
a research collection that reflects the activities and interests of both Dr. and
Mrs. C.L. Lundell. While part of the collection has been linked with the re-
search needs of the Texas Research Foundation, founded and directed by
Dr. Lundell, it has been primarily a resource for the study of natural
history—especially in the field of botany. Thus one can find among the 20,000
publications, 240 manuscript boxes, and the many photographs not only
material having to do with introducing and applying modern scientific tech-
niques for the benefit of Texas agriculture, but a range of classic works that
makes the library of national importance both bibliographically and

historically.

1An exhibition in the Leeds Gallery of eighteenth-century books and colored engravings
from the Lundell Library, together with plant specimens from the Lundell Herbarium,
illustrating the spread of Linnaean ideas in botany. The Humanities Research Center,
The University of Texas at Austin, October 15, 1981-January 15, 1982.

lL,
DOOKS 1

rare

77)
po
2)
a

1+
T
L

rary,

=a
ir
ik

ell sti og B84 2A 0

oe th

7 sisi eileen piteliiondt peop pctv

URI Ral wg po Ping pow to oo

‘

ee am be Ro dada b | .
Te

Fig. 6. The Lundell Library, a view of the reception room, with stacks of

rare books on the right side, with cabinets on the left side.

Fig. 7. The Lundell Library, a corner of the reception room.

30 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 2

In 1946 the Texas Research Foundation came into being as an independent
research corporation; its predecessor, the Institute of Technology and Plant
Industry, had been formed in 1943 as part of Southern Methodist University.
As the prime mover in forming both the Institute and the Foundation, Dr.
Lundell knew firsthand the uses to which privately funded research could be
put in support of Texas agriculture. Born on a farm at Del Valle and raised
on his father’s cotton plantation near Bastrop—both communities within the
environs of Austin—Dr. Lundell came naturally to his ideas on the relation-
ship between agriculture and research, and these were deepened by his
studies in the plant sciences at Columbia University and at the University
of Michigan where he received his doctorate. As early as 1928 he pursued
studies on the environmental background of Mayan civilization, and made
major archaeological discoveries in the Yucatan Peninsula, the most notable
being the metropolis of Calakmul discovered in 1931. While at the University
of Michigan he also served as Research Associate in the Division of Historical
Research of the Carnegie Institution of Washington from 1933 through 1941.

The Lundell Library and its room on the sixth floor of the Harry Ransom
Center Building are gifts of Dr. and Mrs. Lundell to The University of Texas
at Austin. The colonial furnishings of the room, many of them antiques, com-
bine with leather-bound volumes in wall bookcases to form the thoughtful and
attractive atmosphere of a traditional scholar’s library. In one corner of the
room is the Lundell family Bible containing handwritten records of Swedish
ancestors. Mrs. Lundell, a botanist in her own right who served on the staff of
the University of Michigan Herbarium for nearly a decade, has preserved in
the Library her field journals relating to botanical research projects in Texas
and Mexico. The papers of the Texas Research Foundation, also part of the
Library, include reports, general correspondence, personnel records, and
documents pertaining to such special events as the Hoblitzelle Awards,
named for the founder of the Interstate Theatres chain, Karl Hoblitzelle.

Dr. Harry H. Ransom, in his Newcomen Society Address of 1962, “The
Vision of Karl Hoblitzelle,” quoted views expressed by Hoblitzelle in
1954—-views which were closely allied with Dr. Lundell’s own fundamental
aims: “There are two things of importance in Texas today. One isa revitalized
agriculture, based on sound research, the findings of which are applied by
men who are proud to be farmers. The second is a higher standard of educa-
tion and research in public institutions of higher learning.” In Texas Research
Foundation: Its Historical Background—through 1966, by Roy Roddy (1967),
the author shows how the development of the Foundation involved many of
the most prominent Texas businessmen of the time. The story of the Founda-
tion thus presents an historically interesting example of ties between scien-
tific research and Texas business, industry, and agriculture.

Along with Linnaeus, most of the other famous names in botany are repre-
sented in the library. One can find the works of such figures of the past as
Adanson, Darwin, Hooker, Bentham, Lindley, Reichenbach, Scopoli,
Sargent, Hemsley, Jacquin, Lamarck, the de Candolles, Sagra, and Swartz,
as well as works of such prolific twentieth-century scientists as L.H. Bailey

1982] Lewis: BOTANY FROM LINNAEUS TO LAMARCK 31

and H.N. Moldenke. Complementing the Asa Gray collection are the works
of other early botanists such as Torrey, Michaux, Catesby, Wright, Beck,
Nuttall, Greene, and Engelmann. There are also numerous books describing
early voyages and explorations, surveys of the Texas-Mexico boundary, and
surveys of railroad routes from the east to the west coasts of the United States.

The Lundell Library is also the repository for the official archives of the
Botanical Society of America. The Society archives contain original manu-
script minute books going back to its founding in 1894, with additions to the
archives continuing to be made periodically.

LINNAEUS

During his lifetime, Linnaeus exerted an influence in the fields of natural
history and botany that has had few parallels in the history of science. Driven
by indomitable ambition and aided by an amazing capacity for work, he
accomplished a task that he had set for himself in his youth: the establishment
of new systems for the three kingdoms of nature in order to facilitate the
description of all known animals, plants, and minerals.

FLORA LAPPONICA.

Amsterdam, 1737. S279
GENERA PLANTARUM.

Leiden, 1737. S 284, 285
BIBLIOTHECA BOTANICA

Amsterdam, 1736. S 250
CRITICA BOTANICA.

Leiden, 1737. S276
HORTUS CLIFFORTIANUS.

Amsterdam, 1737. S$ 328
SYSTEMA NATURAE.

Leipzig, 1788-91. $117
PHILOSOPHIA BOTANICA.

Stockholm, 1751. S 437
SPECIES PLANTARUM.

Stockholm, 1753. S 480a
CLASSES PLANTARUM.

Leiden, 1738. $332

SPECIMEN ACADEMICUM DE OECONOMIA NATURAE.
Uppsala, | 1749]. $1514

32 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 2
ORATIO DE TELLURIS.

Leiden, 1744. $1377
MATERIA MEDICA. LIBER I. DE PLANTIS.
Stockholm, 1749. S 968

LINNAEUS’S PUPILS

As a popular teacher, Linnaeus had many students who took the doctorate
under him (though he was often the author of their dissertations which are
collected in the first work below). Exhibited are books by some of the best
known and most travelled of his former students.

AMOENITATES ACADEMICAE SEU DISSERTATIONES
BOTANICAE.

Geneva, 1786. 5 13380

Petter Forsk&al 1732?-1763
FLORA AEGYPTIACO-ARABICA.

Copenhagen, 1775. P 2969
Petter Forskal
ICONES RERUM NATURALIUM.

Copenhagen, 1776. P 2970

Pehr Kalm 1716-1779

“Nagra norrsken, observaerade i Norra America,”

in KONGLIGA SWENSKA WETENSKAPS

ACADEMIENS HANDLINGAR, 1752.
Stockholm

Per Lofling 1729-1956 é
REISE NACH DEN SPANISCHEN LANDERN
IN EUROPA UND AMERICA IN DEN
JAHREN 1751 BIS 1756.

Berlin/Stralsund, 1766.

Anders Sparrman (1748-1820
UTVALDA ALLMANT NYTTIGA.
Stockholm, 1797.

Anders Sparrman
A VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD WITH
CAPTAIN JAMES COOK.

London, 1944.

1982] Lewis: BOTANY FROM LINNAEUS TO LAMARCK 33

Daniel Carl Solander 1733-1782

BANKS’ FLORILEGIUM. PARTS I AND II: AUSTRALIA
London, 1980.
Set number 22 of 100.

C.P. Thunberg 1743-1828
FLORA JAPONICA.
Leipzig, 1784. P9257

THE NETHERLANDS AND AUSTRIA: A FAITHFUL BEGINNING

During the years 1735 to 1738 in the Netherlands Linnaeus’s talent matured
and he achieved an international reputation. The scientists Gronovius and
Burman were of special help to him and also came under his influence.
Burman published the monumental work on the flora of Amboina by Rumpf
and the important work on West Indian flora by Plumier.

Works published in Austria in the second half of the eighteenth century
reflect a strong flourishing of botanical activity. Especially through the work
of Jacquin, Linnaeus’s basic taxonomic ideas were adopted by Austrians.

J.F. Gronovius 1690-1760
FLORA VIRGINICA.
Leiden, 1762.

J.F. Gronovius
FLORA ORIENTALIS.
Leiden, 1755. S 635f

Jan Burman 1706-1779
THESAURUS ZEYLANICUS.
Amsterdam, 1737. P 1388-89

Jan Burman
RARIORUM AFRICANARUM PLANTARUM DECAS
PRIMA [-DECIMA].
Amsterdam, 1738-39. P 1390

Georg Eberhard Rumpf 1627-1702
HERBARIUM AMBOINENSE.
Amsterdam/The Hague/ Utrecht, 1741-50 P7908

Charles Plumier 1646-1704
PLANTARUM AMERICANARUM FASCICULUS
PRIMUS [-DECIMUS].
Amsterdam/ Leiden, 1755-60. P7217

34 WARIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 2

Nicolaus Joseph von Jacquin 1727-1817
ICONES PLANTARUM RARIORUM.
Vienna, 1781-93. P 4368

Nicolaus Joseph von Jacquin
PLANTARUM RARIORUM HORTI CAESAREI
SCHOENBRUNNENSIS DESCRIPTIONES ET
ICONES.
Vienna/London/ Leiden, 1797-1804. P 4372

Giovanni A. Scopoli 1723-1788
FLORA CARNIOLICA.
Vienna, 1771. S640b

Heinrich J.N. von Crantz 1722-1799
INSTITUTIONES REI HERBARIAE JUXTA NUTUM
NATURAE DIGESTAE EX HABITU.
Vienna, 1766. S649a

Heinrich J.N. von Crantz
STIRPIUM AUSTRIACARUM.
Vienna, 1769. P 1954

GREAT BRITAIN: LINNAEAN VICTORY

The Linnaean generic reform, the sexual system, and the insistence on
purely diagnostic phrase names for species found no real echo in England
until well after the publication of the Species Plantarum. When it came, after
1759, it came quickly and convincingly.

John Ray dominated the British botanical scene long after his death in
1705. The Irish naturalist Patrick Browne was the first true Linnaean in
Great Britain.

John Ray 1627-1705

SYNOPSIS METHODICA STIRPIUM BRITANNICARUM.
London, 1724. P7438

Patrick Browne 1720?-1790
THE CIVIL AND NATURAL HISTORY OF JAMAICA
IN THREE PARTS.
London, 1756. S 636

William Hudson 1730-1793
FLORA ANGLICA.
London, 1762. S 643b

1982] Lewis: BOTANY FROM LINNAEUS TO LAMARCK 35

William Withering 1741-1799
A BOTANICAL ARRANGEMENT OF ALL THE VEGETABLES
NATURALLY GROWING IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Birmingham, 1776. S675b

William Curtis 1746-1799
FLORA LONDINENSIS.

London, [1775-] 1777-98. P2004
CURTIS’S BOTANICAL MAGAZINE.
London, 1787- P 2007

Philip Miller 1691-1771
THE GARDENERS DICTIONARY.
London, 1731. P 6237

John Hill 1716/17-1775
THE VEGETABLE SYSTEM.
London, 1771-86. P 4070

John Hill
EDEN: OR, A COMPLEAT BODY OF GARDENING.

London, 1757. S 637d

John Hill
HORTUS KEWENSIS.
London, 1769. P 4069

William Aiton 1731-1793
HORTUS KEWENSIS.
London, 1810-12. P78

SWITZERLAND: ALBRECHT VON HALLER, ANTI-LINNAEAN

The Swiss naturalist, poet, and novelist von Haller was one of Linnaeus’s
most outspoken opponents and a strong influence in the German-Swiss
scientific world. It was mainly his failure to grasp the importance of the
binary system of nomenclature that caused him to have less influence on the
botanical world in general. Von Haller published the third edition (1745) of

Ruppius’s Flora.
A. von Haller 1708-1777
ENUMERATIO METHODICA STIRPIUM HELVETIAE

INDIGENARUM.
Gottingen, 1742. P3718

36 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 2

A. von Haller
HISTORIA STIRPIUM INDIGENARUM HELVETIAE
INCHOATA.
Berne, 1768. P3725

A. von Haller
BIBLIOTHECA BOTANICA.

Zurich, 1771. P3727
H.B. Ruppius 1688-1719
FLORA JENENSIS.

Jena, 1745. P7913

FRANCE: THE BIRTH OF SYSTEMATICS

Gouan was the first in France to use the binary nomenclature of Linnaeus.
He and the others represented below brought Linnaeus’s work to bear on the
new ideas concerning creation and evolution within the plant and animal
kingdoms. The culmination of their contributions came after the French
Revolution with the work of Lamarck.

Antoine Gouan 1733-1821
FLORA MONSPELIACA.
Lyon, 1765. P 3486

Jean-Francois Seguier 1703-1784
BIBLIOTHECA BOTANICA.
Gravenhage, 1740. P 8586

Jean-Francois Seguier
PLANTAE VERONENSES.
Verona, 1745-54. P 8590, 8594

J.B.C. [Fusee] Aublet 1720-1778

HISTOIRE DES PLANTES DE LA GUIANE FRANQGOISE.
London/ Paris, 1775. S Add. 664c

C.L. L’Heritier de Brutelle 1746-1800
STIRPES NOVAE AUT MINUS COGNITAE.
Paris, 1784-85. P 5268

C.L. L’Heritier de Brutelle
SERTUM ANGLICUM.
Paris, 1788. P5270

1982] Lewis: BOTANY FROM LINNAEUS TO LAMARCK

Pierre Bulliard 1742-1793
HERBIER DE LA FRANCE.
Paris, 1780-95

Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu. 1748-1836
GENERA PLANTARUM SECUNDUM ORDINES
NATURALES DISPOSITA.

Paris, 1789.

J.B. Lamarek 1744-1829
FLORE FRANGOISE.
Paris, 1778.

J.B. Lamarck

TABLEAU ENCYCLOPEDIQUE ET METHODIQUE DES

TROIS REGNES DE LA NATURE. BOTANIQUE.
Paris, 1791-1823.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

P 1356

P 4549

P5002

P5005

The entire exhibition—in structure, selection of exhibition items, and
annotations—has relied heavily on Frans A. Stafleu’s Linnaeus and the
Linnaeans: The Spreading of Their Ideas in Systematic Botany, 1735-1789

(Utrecht, 1971).

The exhibition and brochure were prepared by Albert C. Lewis, October

1981.

BIBLIOGRAPHIES CITED

P Pritzel, G.A. Thesaurus Literaturae Botanicae, Leipzig, 1872.

S Soulsby, B.H. A Catalogue of the Works of Linnaeus. London, 1933.

NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE — VII
Cyrus Longworth Lundell!

Amatlania Lundell, gen. nov. — Frutices vel arbores foliis alternis,
petiolatis, subintegris, crenulatis, dentatis vel pectinatis; ramuli glabrati,
minute glanduloso-puberuli vel villosi; inflorescentiae terminales vel raro
axillares, paniculatae, glanduloso-puberulae vel villosae; flores hermaph-
roditi, 5-meri, corymbosi, pedicellati, glanduloso-puberuli; sepala libera,
membranacea vel coriacea, punctata, glanduloso-ciliolata vel ciliata; corolla
convoluta; petala basi connata, intus glandulosa-puberula; stamina 5, petalis
haud multo breviora antheris lanceolatis vel angustis, rimis apice triangulo-
dilatatis dehiscentibus, apiculatis, basi filamentis brevibus affixa, filamentis
glanduloso-pubescentibus; ovarium glabrum, stylo gracillimo; ovula plu-
riseriata; bacca globosa vel subglobosa.

Type species: Amatlania Liebmannii (Oerst.) Lundell (=Ardisia Liebmannir
Oerst.).

All the taxa have branchlets and inflorescences covered with minute
reddish glandular pubescence, and in two species, A. jalapensis Lundell
and A. pellucida Oerst., the pubescence is heterotrichous with longer villous
hairs intermixed in the short glandular-hair covering. The petiolate leaves
vary from large membranaceous to smaller subcoriaceous to rigidly cori-
aceous blades. They have margins ranging from conspicuously pectinate to
dentate to subentire, the latter inconspicuously crenulate. Punctation of the
leaves is variable. The paniculate inflorescences are pubescent like the
branchlets, with pedicellate flowers in corymbs. The sepals, nearly free and
ovate to oblong, range from coriaceous to thin and hyaline with the margin
ciliolate or ciliate with gland-tipped hairs. The glands of the sepals, orange
to blackish are mostly small, rounded and conspicuous. The corolla is con-
volute and constricted apically with the petals connate into a short tube which
is glandular within. The stamens, attached in the tube, are shorter than the
petals, with the filaments pubescent with gland-tipped hairs. The anthers,
longer than the filaments, are lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, apiculate, and
dehiscent at first by rimose pores. Dorsally the anthers are eglandular or
with small inconspicuous glands.

Amatlania, named for the type locality of the type species, resembles
Oerstedianthus Lundell in some aspects, but differs notably in the nature of
the indumentum. Both genera have filaments with gland-tipped hairs. That
the two genera are related remains to be determined by future studies as
additional collections of the complex become available. Some of the species
are not well-marked.

The genus Amatlania ranges from Veracruz and Oaxaca south into Central
America, with a variety, A. pellucida var. myriodonta in Panama and
Colombia.

1Director, Plant Sciences Laboratory, The University of Texas at Dallas, Box 688,
Richardson, Texas 75080

LUNDELL: NEOTROPICAL MyYRSINACEAE — VII 39

Key to Taxa

Leaves membranaceous, the margin conspicuously pectinate with slender

long unequal] teeth.
Glands of blades small, elevated and rather dense over entire surface
AAEM EI CTEM Seed gE OOS aE I RE em Paani et apes 1. A. pellucida,

Glands of blades large, scattered sparsely over entire surface, not elevated
Ag ar reg a UREA LA een 2. A. pellucida var. pectinata,

Glands of blades elevated, small and reddish, bordering blade and in the
ROC acisieicaes «bei 4b emi 3. A. pellucida var. myriodonta.
Leaves chartaceous to rigidly coriaceous, the margin entire, inconspicuously
crenulate to dentate, not pectinate with long teeth.
Leaves coriaceous to rigidly coriaceous, the margin inconspicuously crenu-
late, rarely entire.
Leaf blades rigidly coriaceous, large, oblong, the petioles long, sharply
marginate and winged; inflorescences axillary and terminal, small,
Few Thowore! 655 he oe a sn Se ees 4. A. angustialata.
Leaf blades coriaceous, small, oblanceolate, the petioles slender, incon-
spicuously marginate; inflorescences terminal, open and large, ex-
ceeding leaves, multiflowered............+....... 5. A. rarescens.
Leaves chartaceous, the margin acutely dentate or rarely entire on same
branchlet.
Leaves acute or obtuse, elliptic or oblong, up to 9 cm. wide, the margin
WEUNGT OU TE te OP CHUL cg oon coi vb pce cg ee ths eset 6. A. Schippii.
Leaves acuminate, lanceolate or oblanceolate, rarely over 5 cm. wide, the
margin uniformly dentate with small teeth, never entire.
Indumentum heterotrichous, the minute reddish gland-tipped hairs
intermixed with villous hairs, sepals thin with wide hyaline margin,
lanceolate, the medial glands blackish .......... 7. A. jalapensis.
Indumentum uniformly minute, consisting of minute reddish gland-
tipped hairs.
Sepals coriaceous with thin margin, broadly ovate or ovate-orbicular,
the medial glands small and dense; anthers acute ..............
er es, aki we ees baw ee eaaeee © 8. A. Liebmannii.
Sepals thin, triangular, lanceolate, or lanceolate-oblong, the medial
glands larger; anthers mucronate .......... 9. A. crenipetala.

40 WARIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 2

1. Amatlania pellucida (Oerst.) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia pellucida
Oerst., Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1861: 130, t. 2. 1861. Mexico: Veracruz, type
from Pital, F. M. Liebmann 29C (holotype, C; fragment and photo, LL).

2. Amatlania pellucida (Oerst.) Lundell var. pectinata (Donn. Sm.)
Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia pectinata Donn. Sm., Bot. Gaz. 12: 132. 1887.
Guatemala: Dept. Alta Verapaz, H. von Tuerckheim 942 (holotype, US;
fragment and photo, LL). Ardisia pellucida Oerst. var. pectinata (Donn. Sm.)
Lundell, Wrightia 3: 99. 1964.

3. Amatlania pellucida (Oerst.) Lundell var. myriodonta (Standl.)
Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia myriodonta Standl., Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17:
13. 1927. Panama: Barro Colorado Island, Paul C. Standley 40848 (holotype,
US; fragment and xerox, LL).

4. Amatlania angustialata (Lundell) Lundell, comb. nov. Avrdisia
angustialata Lundell, Wrightia 3: 25. 1962. Mexico: Chiapas, Pinabeto, near
Motozintla, Hizi Matuda 5462 (holotype and xerox, LL).

5. Amatlania rarescens (Standl.) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia rarescens
Standl., Field Mus. Bot. 4: 248. 1929. Mexico: Chiapas, Cerro del Boqueron,
C.A. Purpus 7032 (holotype, F; fragment and xerox, LL; isotype, US).

6. Amatlania Schippii (Standl.) Lundell, comb! nov. Ardisia Schippii
Standl., Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 12: 412. 1936. Belize: Temash River, W. A. Schipp
1365 (holotype, F; fragment and photo, LL; isotype, NY). Ardisia izabalana
Lundell, Wrightia 5: 88. 1975. Guatemala: Dept. Izabal, El Estor, C. L. Lundell
& Elias Contreras 18898 (holotype, LL).

The leaf form is heteromorphous, the holotype of A. Schippii with four
leaves attached to stem, has one leaf with entire margin, the other three with
uniformly dentate margins!

The type of Ardisia izabalana has narrow oblong rather than elliptic
leaves, these entire, and obtuse rather than acute. The indumentum is sparse
in A. izabalana. The two types and two other collections from Belize and Alta
Verapaz are all variable, but appear referable to one species.

This variability of features in a number of species has been noted in various
families in this rain forest with vastly different ecological niches from sea
level to cloud forest.

‘Ls Amatlania jalapensis (Lundell) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia jalapensis
Lundell, Wrightia 6: 104. 1980. Mexico: Veracruz, Jalapa, M. C. Sola B. 610
(holotype, LL; isotype, MEXU).

8. Amatlania Liebmannii (Oerst.) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia Liebmannii
Oerst., Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1861: 129. 1861. Mexico: Veracruz, Amatlan
July, 1842, F. M. Liebmann 7A (holotype, C; fragment and photo, LL); Mirador,
1843, Liebmann 7 (C; fragment, LL).

———

1982] LUNDELL: NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE — VII 41

9. Amatlania crenipetala (Mez) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia crenipetala
Mez, Pflanzenreich IV. Fam. 236: 91. 1902. Mexico: Orizaba, Botteri 146
(holotype, G; fragment, LL). Ardisia Rekoi Lundell, Bot. Mus. Leafl.,
Harvard Univ. 9: 185, tab. 6. 1941. Mexico: Oaxaca, District of Teotitlan,
R. E. Schultes & B. P. Reko 273 (holotype, MICH; fragment and photo, LL).

The A. Liebmannii complex, which includes A. jalapensis and A. creni-
petala, is poorly represented in herbaria and needs field study. The small,
thick, ovate or suborbicular sepals of A. Liebmannii appear to set it apart
from the other two species. Differences in the anthers may be significant
also.

Chontalesia Lundell, gen. nov. — Frutices vel arbores, ramulis novellis
lepidotis, glabratis, foliis elongatis lanceolatis vel oblanceolatis ad apices
ramorum confertis, paniculis terminalibus sessilibus laxis novellis lepidotis,
ramulis filiformibus; flores hermaphroditi, 5-meri, subcorymbosi, prope
apicem 5-6 gerentibus, pedicellis elongatis; sepala fere libera, anguste lance-
olato-oblonga, coriacea, ad 1 cm. longa, symmetrica, striato-venosa, punctata;
corolla rotata contorta, calyce aequalis; antherae anguste lanceolatae, sub-
sessiles, apice 2-porosae, acuminatae; ovarium glabrum, pluriovulatum;
fructus subglobosus, ad 1.2 cm. diam.

Type species: Chontalesia calycosa (Hemsl.) Lundell (= Ardisia calycosa
Hemsl.).

The monotypic genus Chontalesia, named for the type locality, is unique
among the Myrsinaceae of the Neotropics in having a large striate accrescent
calyx with essentially free firm narrowly lanceolate sepals persistent and
reflexed in fruit. Hemsley compared the sepals of his species with those of
Ardisia opegrapha Oerst. (= Graphardisia opegrapha (Oerst.] Lundell), but
their resemblance is restricted to size, and of no significance. The corolla of
Chontalesia calycosa in mature bud slightly exceeds the calyx, not shorter as
Hemsley surmised in his comparison.

The branchlets and inflorescences of very young growth are lepidote (see
Liesner 5066, LL, MO), so the species is not glabrous as described by Hemsley,
Mez, Standley and others.

The subverticellate short-petiolate narrowly oblanceolate leaves aggre-
gated at stem apex, the short peduncled open lax inflorescences sometimes
equalling the leaves, the slender secondary and tertiary branches of the in-
florescences and the long slender pedicels up to 2.5 em. long further distin-
guish the genus. The punctation of the leaves is irregular but conspicuous.

Since no open corollas are present in the numerous collections available
from Nicaragua and Costa Rica, the description is from mature buds which
equal or exceed the sepals in length. The petals are punctate and connate at
base. The stamens are essentially sessile in the buds, with very slender
lanceolate anthers attenuate to the acuminate apex and equalling the petals
in length. Hemsley describes the anthers as “apice 2-porosae,” which I have
not been able to confirm from specimens available.

42 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 2

Chontalesia calycosa (Hemsl.) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia calycosa
Hemsl., Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. IT. 292. 1882. Nicaragua: type from Chontales,
Tate 454 (holotype, K).

Ctenardisia Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Janeiro 5: 179. 1930.

Ctenardisia is very distinct in the nature of its placenta. The ovules are in
one series, erect around the base of a columella which supports the thin mem-
branous wall of the placenta.

A similar type of placenta is found in some species of Parathesis Hook. f.,
but the genera are not otherwise similar in any feature. In Yunckeria Lundell
(Wrightia 3: 111-114. 1964) the placenta is similar, and that genus for the
present is considered a synonym of Ctenardisia. The placenta of Yunckeria
is illustrated in the Flora of Guatemala (Fieldiana: Bot. 24, part VIII, 199,
fig. 56. 1966). There are differences among the taxa in ovule number and size
and in the shape of the placenta. In time, as additional collections accumulate,
Yunckeria may be found to be a distinct genus. See Fig. 9.

Type species: Ctenardisia speciosa Ducke.

There are two Amazonian species from Brazil and three Mesoamerican. Of
the latter, two are from Chiapas, the third ranges from Belize and Honduras
into Nicaragua.

The two Brazilian species are noteworthy for their large oblanceolate leaves
and terminal long-peduncled simple inflorescences which sometimes exceed
the leaves (up to 75 cm. long). The peduncles of the corymbs in the long simple
racemes range in length from less than 5 mm. in flower up to 4 em. in fruit.

In the Mesoamerican species the corymbs are in 2- or 3-pinnate panicles
less than 10 em. long. :

The narrow elongated racemes of peduncled corymbs in the Brazilian
species are striking but do not appear to be of generic significance with our
present knowledge of the group.

Key to Taxa

Brazilian species; leaves either pectinate-dentate or entire.
Leaves pectinate-dentate with short acute teeth ........... 1. C. speciosa.
Leaves with entire Arai sos. oo cos ei oc 2. C. stenobotrys.
Mesoamerican species; leaves entire.
Leaves elliptic, apex short-acuminate (Chiapas) .......... 3. C. Purpusii.
Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, apex obtuse or rounded and apiculate.
Leaves pallid, subcoriaceous; sepals about 1.5 mm. long
(CHIGDAS) oes ose coeee eee ee 4. C. ovandensis.
Leaves reddish-brown, conspicuously so on undersurface, thin;
sepals 2-2.5mm. long (Belize south to Nicaragua).... 5.C. amplifolia.

1982] LUNDELL: NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE — VII 43

Fig. 8. Holotype of Ctenardisia stenobotrys (Standl.) Lundell & Pipoly.
Ardisia stenobotrys Standl., E.G. Holt & E.R. Blake 521 (F).

44 WARIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 2

1. Ctenardisia speciosa Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Janeiro 5: 179.
1930. Brazil: in silvis primariis non inundatis ad orientem lacus Salgado
prope flumen Frombetas inferius (civitate Para) locis humidis, florifera
septiembre (9/7/1927), fructibus februario (2/7/1927), A. Ducke 2524 (iso-
types, NY, US; xerox and fragment, LL).

2. Ctenardisia stenobotrys (Standl.) Lundell & Pipoly, comb. nov.
Ardisia stenobotrys Standl., Field Mus. Pub. Bot. 11: 170. 1936. Fig. 8.

Brazil: State of Amazonas, Rio Maturaca, below Salto de Hua, Dec. 10-12,
1930, E.G. Holt & E.R. Blake 521 (holotype, F; isotype, NY; xerox copies and
fragment, LL).

The species has been collected only in the Rio Maturaca area (LL, NY).

Dr. Getulio Agostini recognized that A. stenobotrys was a species of
Ctenardisia as early as 1968 but never made the transfer to that genus. My
own interest in the status of the species dates back to 1971 when I noted the
peculiarity of its placenta. Subsequent studies were undertaken by Mr. John

J. Pipoly III in connection with his recent work on the South American
Myrsinaceae.

3. Ctenardisia Purpusii (T.S. Brandegee) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia
Purpusii Brandegee, Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 6: 189. 1915. Yunekeria Purpusii
(Brandegee) Lundell, Wrightia 3: 112. 1964. Mexico: Chiapas, Finca Orlanda,
Sept. 1913, C.A. Purpus 7119 (holotype, US; isotype, NY; fragment of holo-
type, photo and xerox copies, LL).

The taxon is known only from the type collection.

4. Ctenardisia ovandensis (Lundell) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia
ovandensis Lundell, Contrib. Univ. Mich. Herb. 4: 21. 1940. Yunckeria
ovandensis (Lundell) Lundell, Wrightia 3: 112. 1964. Mexico: Chiapas,
Mt. Ovando, July, 1938, Hizi Matuda 2549 (holotype, MICH; isotypes, F, LL);
Pico del Loro, near Escuintla, June 25, 1941, Matuda 4281 (F, LL, US). Other
collections are known (F, LL, MEXU).

The pedicels are minutely papillate in young bud. Otherwise all the taxa
in the genus appear to be glabrous.

5. Ctenardisia amplifolia (Standl.) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia ampli-
folia Standl., Field Mus. Pub. Bot. 4: 249. 1929. Yunckeria amplifolia
(Standl.) Lundell, Wrightia 3: 113. 1964. Fig. 9.

Nicaragua: region of Braggman’s Bluff, F.C. Englesing 230 (holotype, F;
xerox and fragment, LL).

The species is well represented from Honduras and Nicaragua, with one
collection, Percy H. Gentle 3215 (LL) from Belize.

1982] LUNDELL: NEOTROPICAL MyYRSINACEAE — VII 45

Fig. 9. Holotype of Ctenardisia amplifolia (Standl.) Lundell. Ardisia
amplifolia Standl., F.C. Englesing 230 (F). Yunckeria amplifolia (Standl.)
Lundell. A, Flowering branchlet; x 4. B, Branchlet with fruits; x 4. C, Calyx
and style; x 2%. D, Flower bud; x 2%. E, Placenta with enclosed erect ovules
surrounding columella; x 10. F, Placenta cross section; x 10. Courtesy of the
Field Museum of Natural History.

46 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 2
Graphardisia (Mez) Lundell, Phytologia 48: 139. 1981.

Graphardisia albovirens (Mez) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia albovirens
Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 311. 1920. Brazil: Rio Acre, Xapury, Ule 9682
(isotype, K; fragment and photograph, LL).

Graphardisia nigrovirens (Macbr.) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia nigro-
virens Macbr., Candollea 5: 397. 1934. Peru: Dept. Loreto, Puerto Arturo,
Oct.-Nov. 1929, L. Williams 5081 (holotype, F; fragment and photograph,
LL).

Graphardisia Romeroi (Cuatr.) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia Romero
Cuatr., Rev. Acad. Celomb. Cience. 8: 319. 1951. Colombia: Dept. Bolivar,
Camino de Monte Libano a San Pedro, May 28, 1949, R. Romero C. 1756
(holotype, F; fragment and photograph, LL).

Graphardisia sapoana (Lundell) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia sapoana
Lundell, Phytologia 48: 135. 1981. Panama: Prov. Darien, NE slope of Summit
Cerro Sapo, approach from Garachine, May 9, 1979, B. Hammel 7297
(holotype, LL).

Graphardisia tuirana (Lundell) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia tuirana
Lundell, Wrightia 6: 91. 1979. Panama: Prov. Darien, Rio Tuira and Rio
Paca, J.A. Duke 5025 (holotype, LL).

Graphardisia Weberbaueri (Mez) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia Weber-
baueri Mez, Fedde, Rep. Nov. Spec. 3: 97. 1906. Peru: Prov. Farma, Dept.
Junin, prope La Merced in valle Chanchamoyo, Dec. 1902, Weberbauer 1809
(holotype, Herb. Berol.).

Ibarraea Lundell, Phytologia 48: 137. 1981.

Ibarraea mayana (Lundell) Lundell, Phytologia 48: 139. 1981 Fig. 10.

Ibarraea Wendtii Lundell, sp. nov. — Arbuscula, 4-5 m. alta, omnino
glabra; folia petiolata, petiolo ca. 2 em. longo, canaliculato; lamina mem-
branacea, oblongo-lanceolata vel elliptica, 13-18 em. longa, 5-9.5 em. lata,
apice breviter acuminata, basi acuta et breviter decurrens, integra; inflo-
rescentia terminalis, bipinnatim paniculata, folia superans; pedicelli 1.5-1.8
em. longi; flores racemosi; sepala lanceolato-ovata vel ovata, 3-4 mm. longa,
erosa et ciliata, prope apicem dense et minute aurantiaco-punctata; corolla
ca. 1 em. longa; petala oblongo-elliptica, apice asymmetrica, intus prope
basin flavo-glandulosa, punctis perpaucis conspersa; stamina magna, ¢a.
6 mm. longa; filamenta punctata, basi ca. 1.4 mm. lata, prope apicem ca.
0.8 mm. lata, ca. 2.5 mm. longa; antherae ovato-lanceolatae, basi sagittatae,
apice apiculatae, punctatae, prope basin nigropunctatae; ovarium ovoideum,
glabrum; placenta globosa; multiovulata, ovula pluriseriata.

1982] LUNDELL: NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE — VII 47

Fig. 10. Holotype of Jbarraea mayana (Lundell) Lundell. Ardisia mayana
Lundell, Elias Contreras 1162 (LL). A, Branch with inflorescence; x \.
B, Calyx and pistil; x 24. C, Open flower, showing star-shaped eye at base of
corolla; x 24%. D, Stamen, dorsal view; x 5. Courtesy of the Field Museum of

Natural History.

48 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 2

Mexico: Veracruz, Municipio Minatitlan, 8.2 km. al N de la terraceria La
Laguna-Rio Grande, sobre el camino a Ejido Belisario Dominguez, el cual
sale de la terraceria 14.7 km. al E de La Laguna, elve. 130 m., July 16, 1980,
Tom Wendt, A. Villalobos, R. Lara M., & I. Navarrete 2584 (holotype, LL),
planta lenosa de 4-5 m. de alto, petalos blancos con amarillo en las bases
formando una estrella.

The star of the corolla is yellow. The leaves have a narrow marginal area
of orange glands, the glands otherwise few and dispersed, not elevated. The
sepals have a dense area of small orange glands apically with the blackish
glands below few and dispersed. The large stamens have broad filaments
and the ovate-lanceolate anthers are apiculate and glandular at apex, and
conspiculously glandular above base with small black glands. It has affinity
to Ibarraea Lindenii (Mez) Lundell but differs at once in its yellow-star eye
and in other floral features.

Icacorea Aubl., Pl. Guian. 2: Suppl. 1. 1775.

Icacorea oaxacana Lundell, sp. nov. — Arbuscula, ad 3 m. alta, lepidota;
folia glabrata, petiolis ad 8 mm. longis, anguste marginatis; lamina charta-
cea, anguste oblongo-lanceolata, 14-22 cm. longa, 4-6 em. lata, apice
acuminata, basi breviter decurrens; inflorescentia parce lepidota, terminalis,
tripinnatim paniculata, ca. 10 em. longa; flores cobymbosi, 5-meri, glabri:;
pedicelli ca. 6 mm. longi; sepala libera, oblongo-ovata, ad 2.5 mm. longa,
obtusa, symmetrica, minute ciliolata, punctata; corolla ca. 9 mm. longa;
petala oblonga, basi connata, parce punctata, apice obtusa, stamina ca. 7mm.
longa; filamenta ca. 2.8 mm. longa, prope basin affixa; antherae epunctatae,
lineari-lanceolatae, ca. 4.5 mm. longae, erectae, apice obtusiusculae; ovarium
ovoideum; ovula 20-22, pluriseriata.

Mexico: Oaxaca, Municipio Pluma Hidalgo, Carretera Pochutla-Oaxaca,
1 km. al N de Chacalapa, 13 km. al N de Pochutla, orilla de un pequeno rio,
alt. 225 m., Nov. 13, 1979, S.D. Koch, P.A. Fryxell y T. Wendt 79512 (holotype,
LL), arbolito de 2-3 m. de alto, flores color blanco, anteras amarillas, frutos
negros.

Like a host of taxa in Jeacorea sensu stricto, this resembles several species
of Mesoamerica, such as J. belizensis (Lundell) Lundell, but differs in having
elongated narrow leaves, rather large sepals, large corolla, and slender typ-
ical epunctate anthers about 4.5 mm. long dehiscent by apical pores.

Parathesis (A.DC.) Hooker f., Bentham & Hooker f., Gen 2: 645. 1876.

Parathesis Kochii Lundell, sp. nov. — Arbuscula, 2.5 m. alta; ramuli dense
stellato-furrugineo-tomentosi; folia petiolis 5-7 mm. longis; lamina mem-
branacea, oblanceolata, 7-11 cm. longa, 2.6-4.5 em. lata, apice caudato-

1982] LUNDELL: NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE — VII 49

acuminata, basi cuneata, supra glabra, costa subtus stellato-tomentosa,
lamina parce stellato-pubescentia, pellucido-punctata, crenulata; inflo-
rescentia terminalis, parva, sessilis, tripinnatim paniculata, ad 6 cm. longa,
stellato-ferrugineo-tomentosa; flores corymbosi, pedicelli ad 5 mm. longi,
parce et minute stellato-puberuli; sepala valvata, anguste lanceolata, 1-1.3
mm. longa, acuminata, minute stellato-puberula; corolla ca. 3 mm. longa;
petala valvata, lanceolata, obtusiuscula, extus parce puberula, intus villosa;
stamina ca. 3 mm. longa, epunctata; filamenta crassa; antherae subsessiles,
erectae, lanceolatae, basi sagittatae, apice obtusiusculae; ovarium glabrum;
ovula 4, uniseriata.

Mexico: Oaxaca, Municipio Matias Romero, lomas al E de Arroyo Amaca,
al N del Rio Verde, 9.5 km. por camina al SE del Aserradero La Floresta,
ca. 21.5 km. al S de Esmeralda, elev. 400 m., May 25, 1981, Tom Wendt,
S. Koch, A. Villalobos, I. Garcia, et al. 3308 (holotype, LL), arbolito de 2.5 m.

Only mature flower buds are available, and measurements of floral parts
were taken from these. This is a unique species notable for its small flowers
with epunctate anthers and glabrous ovary.

Parathesis Kochii is similar in some aspects to P. chiapensis Fernald,
which has red stellate pubescence of branchlets and leaves, much larger
flowers and inflorescences, similar glabrous ovary, but with anthers black-
punctate dorsally. It is not closely related to any species of Mesoamerica.

Parathesis Wendtii Lundell, sp nov. — Arbuscula, 4 m. alta; ramuli
crassiusculi, peradpresse pubescenti, glabrati; folia glabrata, longe petiolata,
petiolo 2-2.5 em. longo; lamina membranacea, 15-30 cm. longa, 7.5-10.5 em.
lata, integra, apice subabrupte caudato-acuminata, basi cuneata, breviter
decurrens; inflorescentia axillaris, tripinnatim paniculata, tenuis, laxa,
ad 22 em. longa, longe pedunculata, puberula; flores corymbosi, 5-meri;
pedicelli 6-8 mm. longi, puberuli; sepala anguste triangularia, 1.2-1.5 mm.
longa, acuminata, minute puberula, lineari-aurantiaco-punctata; corolla
ca. 8.2 mm. longa, extus minute puberula, intus villosa; petala basi connata,
anguste lineari-lanceolata, ca. 8 mm. longa, basi 1-1.4 mm. lata, lineari-
punctata, reflexa; stamina 5 mm. longa; filamenta ca. 4 mm. longa, dense
glanduloso-pubescentia; antherae ca. 1 mm. longae, basi Sagittatae, apice
cuspidatae, minute nigropunctatae vel raro epunctatae; ovarium ovoideum;
placenta subglobosa; ovula 6, 1-seriata.

Mexico: Oaxaca, Municipio Matias Romero, lomas al E de Arroyo Amaca,
al N del Rio Verde, 9.5 km. por camino al SE de Aserradero La Floresta,
ca. 21.5 km. al S de Esmeralda, elev. 400 m., May 22, 1981, Tom Wendt,
A. Villalobos, 1. Navarrete y J. Anguiano 3281 (holotype, LL), arbolito de
4 m., flores blancas, pendiente en selva.

P. Wendtii is an outstanding species, apparently related to P. Oerstediana
Mez, also described from Oaxaca. P. Wendtii differs in pubescence, much
longer pedicels, flowers much larger with narrowly linear petals fully 8 mm.
long, filaments about 4 mm. long and densely pubescent with gland-tipped
hairs, and small erect anthers cuspidate at apex and mostly minutely black-
punctate. The placenta has 6 erect ovules surrounding a columella, and
encased by a membranous cover, as in the genus Ctenardisia,

50 WRIGHTIA

Valerioanthus Lundell, gen. nov. — Frutices vel arbores, ramulis et
foliis rufo-hirsutis vel rufo-stellato-hirsutis, foliis alternis, subsessilibus,
petiolis ad 5-10 mm. longis, membranaceis, subintegerrimis, nigropunctatis;
inflorescentiae terminales, paniculatae, dense rufo-hirsutae; flores her-
maphroditi, 5-meri, umbellati, pedicellati; sepala libera, ovata vel lanceolata,
hirsuta, punctata, symmetrica; corolla glabra, dense nigropunctata; petala
elliptica, asymmetrica, basi connata; stamina prope basin corollae affixa,
filamentis brevibus latis, glabris; antherae oblongo-lanceolatae, apice
obtusae vel apiculatae; ovarium glabrum; ovula pluriseriata.

Type species: Valerioanthus Nevermannii (Standl.) Lundell (= Ardisia
Nevermannii Standl.).

Valerioanthus, named for the collector, Juvenal Valerio, is distinguished
by its coarse red hirsute pubescence, the trichomes up to 2 mm. long. Only
two species are known. In V. Nevermannii the trichomes are simple and
rigid, while those of V. wrsinus usually are minutely stellate at apex and
septate. No other known species of the Myrsinaceae of the Neotropics have
such stiff long tapering red trichomes covering all parts except the corolla
and ovary.

Only flower buds of V. uwrsinus are available, and in these the anthers are
connivent and obtuse. In V. Nevermannii the anthers are dehiscent by apical
pores and apiculate. The unique elliptic petals are densely black-punctate
with mostly small rounded glands. Additional collections in flower are needed
for studies of the complex.

Both species, one from Costa Rica, the other from Panama, are known only
from the type localities and collections cited in the original descriptions.

Key to Taxa

Sepals ovate or oval, about 1.5 mm. long; hirsute pubescence of stiff red
SIDR IE io ee V. Nevermannii.
Sepals lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long; hirsute pubescence of stiff red septate
trichomes usually minutely stellate atapex.............. V. ursinus.
Valerioanthus Nevermannii (Standl.) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia
Nevermannii Standl., Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 524. 1927. Costa Rica:
Prov. Limon, on the Rio Reventazon below El Cairo, Paul C. Standley &
Juvenal Valerio 48603 (holotype US; photo and fragment, LL).

Valerioanthus ursinus (Lundell) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia ursina
Lundell, Wrightia 6: 97. 1979. Panama: Prov. Panama, El Llano-Carti Road,
10 km. from Inter-American Highway, S. Mori & J. Kallunki 2314 (holotype,
MO; xerox and fragment, LL).

NEW COMBINATIONS IN THE GENUS FORTUNATIA
(LILIACEAE)

Pierfelice Ravenna

As an advance to a revisional study of Fortunatia Macbr. (Liliaceae-
Scilleae), some species originally included in Ornithogalum, Scilla, and
Allium are transferred to the genus. These species belong to the floras of
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.

Fortunatia arida (Poepp.) Ravenna, comb. nov. Ornithogalum aridum
Poeppig, Fragm. Synops. PI. Phanerog.: 13. 1833. Ornithogalum chloroleucum
Lindley, Edwards Bot. Reg. 9: pl. 1853. 1836. Scilla chloroleuca (Lindl.)
Kunth, Enum. PI. 4: 325. 1848.

Cocucci (1969) treated this species as a synonym of Fortunatia biflora (Ruiz
et Pav.) Macbr., which obviously is a mistake. The species is remarkable by
its ovate-lanceolate tepals and the broad, abruptly narrowed at the apex, flat

filaments.

Fortunatia argentinensis (Lillo et Haum.) Ravenna, comb. nov. Scilla
argentinensis Lillo et Hauman, An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 29:
423. 197%

This species has been considered erroneously by Cocucci (loc. cit.) as another
synonym of Fortunatia biflora (Ruiz et Pav.) Macbr. It is distinguished
mainly in the deeply channeled, paler, glaucous leaves and the greenish-white
or greenish (not snow-white) flowers.

Fortunatia sessilis (Fries) Ravenna, comb. nov. Allium sessile Fries, Nov.
Act. Reg. Soc. Scient. Upsal. ser. IV, 1 (1): 165. 1905. Nothoscordum sessile
(Fries) Beauverd, Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. II, S: 1000, fig. 3, D-G. 1908. N.
fictile Macbride, Field Mus. Bot. 11: 12. 1931.

This extremely interesting plant was included successively in Alliwm and
Nothoscordum until Guaglianone (1972) demonstrated that the inflorescence
is a contracted panicle. Several years ago I collected bulbs and dry specimens
from near Cuchu-Ingenio in the Dept. of Potosi, Bolivia. The species flowered
in my experimental collection.

Nothoscordum fictile Macbr., was based on some specimens from Peru that
are stouter than the type, but it should be regarded as a synonym.

References

Cocucci, A., 1969, El genero Camassia Lindl. (Liliaceae) en Sudamerica;

Kurtziana 5: 181-190. : : a
Guaglianone, E.R., 1972, Sinopsis de las especies de Ipheion Raf. y

Nothoscordum Kunth (Liliaceae) de Entre Rios y regiones vecinas;
Darwiniana 17: 159-240, ill.

CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A MONOGRAPH OF
CYBIANTHUS (MYRSINACEAE) I. THE SYSTEMATIC
POSITION OF ARDISIA PERPUNCTICULOSA

John J. Pipoly III and Cyrus Longworth Lundell

Abstract

Pipoly III, John J. (The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx NY 10458)
and Cyrus Longworth Lundell (Director, Plant Sciences Laboratory, The
University of Texas at Dallas. P.O. Box 688. Richardson TX 75080). Con-
tributions toward a monograph of Cybianthus (Myrsinaceae) II. The
systematic position of Ardisia perpuncticulosa. Reexamination of A.
perpuncticulosa Lundell revealed that it is better placed in Cybianthus
subgenus Weigeltia (A. DC.) Agostini. The transfer to Cybianthus is made,
a discussion of the subgenus and an artificial key separating C. perpuncticu-
losus from its nearest relatives, C. Lawrencei, C. bogotensis and C. albiflorus,
are provided.

During the course of our collaborative effort in revisionary studies of
Neotropical Myrsinaceae, the generic placement of a species described from
fruiting material, Ardisia perpuncticulosa Lundell, was brought into
question. Reexamination of the type revealed that the glabrous and valvate
calyx lobes excluded this species from both Ardisia and Parathesis, the
former having imbricate, glabrous lobes, while the latter bearing a tomentum
on its valvate corolla lobes. The valvate sepals and paniculate inflorescence
indicated placement in Cybiavithus subgenus Weigeltia (A. DC.) Agostini,
necessitating the following new combination:

Cybianthus perpuncticulosus (Lundell) Pipoly & Lundell, comb. nov.
Ardisia perpuncticulosa Lundell, Wrightia 5 (6): 194. 1975. Panama: Darien,
vicinity of Cerro Tacarcuna, summit camp, along N stream of camp, 1 Feb.
1975 (fr) A. Gentry & S. Mori 14049 (holotype, LL; isotype, MO).

With generic delimitation heavily dependent upon ovule position and
number, and position or fusion of the androecium relative to the corolla tube,
determination of fruiting specimens is often difficult (Agostini, 1971; Lundell,
1966a, 1966b, 1981; Pipoly, 1981). Although it would seem less than de-
sirable to describe new taxa from fruiting material, there is often no viable
alternative because more than two-thirds of available herbarium material is
sterile or in fruit! (Lundell, 1981). Therefore, problems in generic assignment
under these conditions are not unexpected.

Cybianthus subgenus Weigeltia is readily separated from all other sub-
genera by its valvate sepals, corolla lobes with glandular-papillae only proxi-
mally within, and dorsifixed anthers which are as long or slightly longer than
wide (Agostini, 1980). As with other taxa in the genus, dioecism, minute

PIPOLY AND LUNDELL: MYRSINACEAE 53

flowers and a lack of adequate collections force the use of few, seemingly fine
distinctions for specific delimitation. However, within subgenus Weigeltia,
unlike several of the other subgenera, floral merosity and isomorphic stami-
nate and pistillate perianth parts are constant characters which facilitate
recognition of species. The subgenus is composed of two groups, the majority
of species possessing paniculate inflorescences, with the remainder bearing
racemose inflorescences. Although four species of the latter group have been
reviewed (Pipoly, 1981), no phyletic interpretations can be made until a re-
vision of the approximately thirty-eight species of the subgenus is completed.

Cybianthus perpuncticulosus is closely related to three of the ten taxa of the
subgenus known from the Andes. All have chartaceous to membranaceous
leaves and paniculate, densely glandular-papillose inflorescences. With a
total of less than 100 specimens known for the entire group, the current de-
limitation of species is tentative. Diagnostic characters separating C.
perpuncticulosus from the other three related species are presented in the
following key.

1. Inflorescence pinnately paniculate, not pyramidal; leaf blades without
punctate or striolate schizogenous glands, elliptic to oblong.

2. Calyx epunctate, 0.6-0.8 mm. long, the lobes erose; leaf margins sub-
entire toirregularly serrate ..... C. Lawrencei (Moldenke) Agostini.

2. Calyx punctate, the schizogenous glands not raised, 0.8-1.0 mm. long, the
Pests GREE: NT ts OR os oc ne vee cn ccctsccesss
ive ies ee eel IR ERe eas eee C. bogotensis (Mez in Engler) Agostini.

1. Inflorescence pyramidal-paniculate; leaf blades with punctate or striolate
schizogenous glands, oblong to obovate.

3. Calyx 0.6-0.8 mm. long, 4-lobed, the lobes bearing prominently raised
punctate schizogenous glands, margins not abruptly contracted
basally; leaves striolate below, not perpuncticulose above ............
Be ta a nee es C. albiflorus (A.C. Smith) Agostini.

3. Calyx 1.5-1.7 mm. long, 5-lobed, the lobes punctate, but the glands not
prominently raised, margins abruptly contracted basally; leaves
estriolate below, prominently perpuncticulose above ................

C. perpuncticulosus (Lundell) Pipoly & Lundell.

2s 08 2 8 £0. oo 6. 60 6 6 8 48

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Drs. Ghillean Prance, Scott Mori and Arthur
Cronquist for critical reading of the manuscript. The work of John Pipoly
is supported by a New York Botanical Garden Herbarium Fellowship, which

is gratefully acknowledged.

54 WRIGHTIA
Literature Cited

Agostini, G. 1971. A revision of the genus Cybianthus section Conomorpha
(Myrsinaceae). Ph.D. thesis, The City University of New York. 317 pp.

. 1980. Una nueva clasificacion del genero Cybianthus (Myrsinaceae).
Acta Biol. Venez. 10(2): 129-185.

Lundell, C.L. 1966a. Flora of Guatemala: Myrsinaceae. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(8):
135-200.

. 1966b. The genus Parathesis of the Myrsinaceae. Contr. Texas Res.
Found. V. 206 pp.

Pipoly, J. 1981. Contributions toward a monograph of Cybianthus (Myrsina-
ceae): I. Subgenus Iteoides and the identity of Conomorpha loretensis.
Brittonia, 33(4): 493-497.

VOLUME 7 NUMBER 2 pages 56-95

tA se Fh. o
AT a3 Nek we Se Bh 56-99
¢

NOTES ON AGRICULTURE OF THE ANCIENT MAYA,
EXPLORATION, AND SUNDRY INVESTIGATIONS
IN PETEN, GUATEMALA

Cyrus Longworth Lundell!

TABLE OF CONTENTS

area os ee i ee 56
UO ONT cere eek Carnes Ore OP eh ve Mew Ka reek 56
ee ES oe a a oa hee cae ek 56
Ariel oF the Anviont MAEVE. 63s ei ko es ee 59

Be NR ahr ce ue ye os a Fk vhs a oe es 65
ROA es ee a eo a ow ns bs oh 65
LTaNG fF OFESLOL NOPINOIN F OteN «Goo orice oan Ns wise 67
Gwaminsorent of Northern Peten sic 6 coos big cock hee tenes cb elecse 67

CPERGY Cress SIVORLIOULIONS 5 60) oo os oo os oc vs 5 cae % cae vi'eeds 73
Sumdiry Studies 25 ..6oe i oe etc wee tac acs ob a bck 73
Plait Materials from Excavations at Tikal .......220c0ssecccevecss. 76
The Discovery of a Rock Sculpture at Tikal .....6...5 5c cas eee sees 78

PN i a 0s ok a gS be asoa te bese ies 81

Ea Ra oc NUR STARE FE OFS ESRF Ue EE apa SEN PR pee nD ea 81

‘Unless otherwise noted, all photographs are by the author.

56 WARIGHTIA

AGRICULTURE

Foreword

In 1928 and 1929 and through the 1930’s, I undertook exploration and agri-
cultural studies in the Yucatan Peninsula. My observations of the results of
millenia of occupation by the Maya and their predecessors, led me to found
the agricultural research center at Renner in 1943-1944. The goal was tostem
the tide of blackland deterioration in Texas. Soils of the Yucatan Peninsula
uplands are similar, and what happened there could happen in Texas.

Born at Del Valle in Austin, Texas on a blackland farm, and reared in the
Texas blacklands, I undertook to organize soil and crop production research
to find methods to restore the productivity of the once fertile cotton belt of
Texas. In 1946 the enterprise at Renner became Texas Research Foundation,
chartered as an independent non-profit research and educational institution. -
It was dissolved in 1972 upon my retirement at age 65.

In the Yucatan Peninsula the black rendzina upland soils developed from
limestone under forest cover, while the almost identical shallow black rend-
zina soils of the great blacklands of Texas developed over limestone under tall
grass prairie conditions. The soils of both areas are of the montmorillonite
clay types which erode dramatically under cultivation filling river basins,
lakes and reservoirs with heavy clay silt.

My observations during boyhood as a farm boy of the breakdown of the
Texas blacklands under cultivation, because of sheet erosion caused by the
loss of humus which had maintained the physical properties through bacterial
action, and subsequent studies of these same soils of the Yucatan Peninsula,
are the basis of my conclusions on the role of agriculture in the rise and fall
of Maya civilization.

Among the pertinent publications documenting the research in Texas and
the Yucatan Peninsula are Lundell in 1937, The Vegetation of Peten, Carnegie
Inst. Washington, Publ. 478; Lundell in 1967, Agricultural Research at
Renner, 1944-1966, Texas Research Foundation; and Laws in 1962, The Soils
and Vegetation of a Relict Area of Blackland Prairie, Part I. An Investigation
of the soils of the Stultz Meadow, a Relict Area of Blackland Prairie, Wrightia
2: 229-241; Laws in 1961, Investigations of Swamp Soils from the Tintal and
Pinal Associations of Peten, Guatemala, Wrightia 2: 127-132.

For twenty-eight years I headed and directed the research at Renner, which
had as its basic purpose the restoration of the agricultural productivity of the
Texas blacklands, and this goal was achieved. The attainment was recorded
by Roy Roddy in 1967, Texas Research Foundation, Its Historical Back-
ground—through 1966.

Milpa Agriculture

Milpa agriculture, described as the slash and burn system, is probably one
of the most destructive and wasteful developed by man. Forest or regrowth

UrYyewz

a le *
ee

Temple

r
£
i

1960 o

onstruction in

; tne rec

Tikal

Fig. 11.
secondary forest remained to |

he ruins.

eared from the

}

pe Cl

Fig. 12. Clusia suborbicularis Lundell growing on roof comb of Temple II

at Tikal.

LUNDELL: INVESTIGATIONS IN GUATEMALA 59

is felled, cut up and piled, and burned during the dry season. All the smaller
limbs, leaves, surface litter, and herbaceous growth is burned, leaving a thin
mantle of ashes over the surface. When the rains come, planting of corn, beans
and lesser crops are made using pointed sticks with fire hardened tips to make
the holes for the seed. Large limbs and trunks of the trees criss-cross the land.
But the crop the first year is excellent, the second year it starts to decline as
the humus diminishes and weeds increase. After two or three years the milpa
area is abandoned and another site is cleared, and the cycle is repeated over
the years. Population pressure will shorten the period of abandonment for
regrowth to rebuild humus, the key to production.

As today, away from urban centers, milpa agriculture perseveres for the
population is sparse and the available land unlimited for cutting and burning
of the forest cover.

In ancient times where the population was small, milpa (slash and burn)
agriculture could be practiced. In such an epoch, such as we have again today,
this practice could prevail.

Agriculture of the Ancient Maya

In my earlier publications on the agriculture of the lowland Maya, I re-
ported field evidence that the ancient Maya utilized every bit of arable land
available at one time or another over the millenia of occupation. Potsherds,
flints, metates, areas of all sizes marked off by shaped limestone blocks, soil
retaining structures, drainage ditches, and other physical remains are every-
where.

Except for the swamps (bajos), the pinelands of southeastern Peten and
Belize, the central Peten savanna country, together with precipitous lime-
stone peaks, the limestone Peten lowlands are covered with a mantle of black
montmorillonite clay high in humus content. Everywhere this mantle is thin,
but very fertile where the organic residues have accumulated.

In areas of milpa agriculture cyclic resilience of production is evident from
the ebb and flow of the population over the centuries with abandonment and
resettlement. This system of burning and erosion depleted the soil, it was
abandoned, and slowly with reforestation, the fertility was restored and the
people returned.

This certainly occurred with the milpa system (slash and burn) which re-
quires vast acreages of land to make possible the abandonment after two or
more years of production, with regrowth of forest and fertility to follow in
ever longer cycles. The milpa system that prevails today with the small popu-
lation in scattered villages is a reversion toa condition where land is limitless.

Such a wasteful agricultural system could not have supported the masses of
people during the time of the ancient Maya. With corn, beans, pumpkins,
tomatoes, cotton, and a host of other endemic plant sources of necessities,
selected and improved by their scientists through millenia of empirical ob-
servations, the basis for the support and development of a distinctive culture

existed.

Fig. 13. Upland forest bordering the quarry at Tikal showing the thin
layer of soil overlying the limestone. The thin mantle of montmorillonite type
of black clay soil, high in humus and covered by forest litter, is typical of the
uplands. The limestone varies from beds of soft marl] to stone of marble-like
hardness. Trees have roots which spread out like pancakes on the surface, for
tap roots can not penetrate the limestone substrata.

That the ancient Maya were a gifted people is obvious to all. They had no
metals, no implements except sharpened sticks, tools of flint and obsidian,
no beasts of burden, limited sources of food proteins, but they were resourceful
almost beyond comprehension in utilizing the natural assets of their environ-
ment.

Without beasts of burden, with only crude implements such as fire hard-
ened sharpened sticks for soil tillage and planting, an intensive agriculture
was developed which of necessity was manpower intensive. And this was the
key to production to feed the masses of the ancient Maya.

Intensive agriculture implied practices such as soil conservation through
terraces, drainage structures, and the maintenance of the physical structure
and fertility of the soil by the use of organic residues.

Probably crop practices in tropical areas of China would come nearest in

LUNDELL: INVESTIGATIONS IN GUATEMALA 61

demonstrating practices of the ancient Maya, although the Chinese have
water buffalo for tillage. The Chinese have maintained soil fertility and con-
served their soil through millenia. The use of plant and animal residues have
been the key. Their manpower intensive agriculture of today was likely even
more manpower intensive in the system of the ancient Maya. Everything was
done by hand as in much of China today.

Although a karst country with large areas of internal drainage, such as the
central Peten savanna region, Peten is well watered. There was no need
among the ancients for irrigation systems, but that does not mean that they
did not water dooryard gardens or small plots during the hot dry season. Their
crop production fields, possibly covering as much as 25 percent of the surface
area of Peten, provided their basic food supply, namely corn and beans. That
the uplands of Peten and the limestone plateau of El Cayo District, Belize
were the food basket of the great ancient Maya centers of Peten, suchas Tikal,
and other lowland urban areas, during possibly the entire millenium of their
rise to greatness, we can theorize on a sound basis.

They had a good rainy growing season, fertile soils of limestone uplands
and plains, and a dedication to soil conservation as indicated by the stone-
faced terraces covering hundreds of square miles of hillsides in Belize and
southeastern Peten. That these terraced lands were used continuously for
generations for crop production, we can assume. Certainly the narrow ter-
raced fields surrounding the hills were not for milpa agriculture, with its
abandonment of land for decades, but for continuous manpower-intensive
land use. That these areas were hand-weeded, cultivated and planted year
after year, and all organic residues utilized to maintain fertility we have
sound reason to conjecture.

As for transportation, the Maya today plant milpas in favorable forest
covered areas many miles from their villages. They harvest their corn and
other crops and store them in elevated bins. As the produce is needed, it is
carried in packs on their backs suspended from forehead straps. With their
backpacks, a pouch containing corn masa and a gourd bottle of water for
sustenance, they bear their burden over incredible distances today, as they
must have from times immemorial.

As to the organization of the ancient Maya labor force, we know from
writings of Landa and early chroniclers that the totalitarian theocracy which
governed the Maya maintained complete control, and organized labor into
units with assigned duties.

Recapitulating, intensive agriculture required unlimited manpower, man-
power organized in efficient units to carry out specific assigned duties. The
ancient Maya of necessity depended on manual labor in all production opera-
tions from soil preparation to planting, weeding and harvesting.

Conservation in all aspects, such as the control of soil erosion, the utilization
of all organic residues to maintain soil fertility and structure, was a necessity.
The luxury of wasteful burning of residues to reduce labor and control plant
growth could not be permitted in such asystem, hence no milpasystem except
in outlying areas of small population could be tolerated.

Fig. 14. The 1961 hurricane which passed over Tikal felled a swath of the
forest, the shallow rooted trees falling like dominoes.

We can assume that the size of upland crop production units depended upon
the terrain, much of which is hilly. There must have been large well cared for
fields for basic crops—corn, beans, pumpkins, yams, manihot, cotton, etc.,
interspersed with smaller units, some irrigated, along with dooryard gardens.

Forest products played a major role for food, fruits, condiments, spices,
incense, thatch for roofing, timber, poles and lianas for construction. Cacao
and avocados were important. We know little of their medicinal, insecticidal,
and herbicidal plants. That they had specific uses for many plants is evi-
denced by the use of bark of a Lonchocarpus tree in beer making, the alcoholic
drink of the Maya. In their plaster they utilized organic silicates as discovered

LUNDELL: INVESTIGATIONS IN GUATEMALA 63

by Laws in 1962, An Investigation of Temple Plasters from Tikal, Guatemala,
with Evidence of the Use by the Ancient Maya of Plant Extracts in Plaster
Making, Wrightia 2: 217-229. What was the source of these extracts? Lundell
in 1939, Plants Probably Utilized by the Old Empire Maya of Peten and
Adjacent Lowlands, Papers Mich. Acad. 24: 37-56, gives a partial enumera-
tion of the useful plants of the area.

Their agriculture was the base upon which the great Maya civilization rose,
and finally decayed. That they developed and maintained it for over a mil-
lenium is the greatest tribute we can pay to this race.

The quest for knowledge about the environmental background of the M aya
civilization and the great accomplishments of these people in so many fields
will be an endless but worthy task!

Fig. 15. The hotel, Posada de la Selva, at Tikal.

Fig. 16. The cottage headquarters for the botanical work at Tikal, with
the author making specimens of the botan palm, Sabal Morrisiana Bartlett.

Fig. 17. The hunting lodge on the bank of the Rio Pasion at Sayaxche,

headquarters of the 1964 Expedition in southern Peten.

aT -

2 re 2

LUNDELL: INVESTIGATIONS IN GUATEMALA 65

EXPLORATION
Introduction

To continue research on the environmental background of the lowland
Maya, studies were initiated at Tikal in January, 1959, as a cooperative proj-
ect between Texas Research Foundation and the University of Pennsylvania
Museum. My earlier investigations in Peten were made late in 1931 and in
1932 while connected with the chicle industry, and as Director of the 1933
expedition of the University of Michigan and the Carnegie Institution of
Washington to Guatemala. Results of these studies were published in 1937
in The Vegetation of Peten (Carnegie Inst. Publ. 478) in which I summarized
what was known about the physiographic ecology, flora, and agriculture.

Although O.F. Cook and R.D. Martin made a plant collection in northern
Peten in 1922, the first extensive collections were those secured by Professor
H.H. Bartlett in 1931. His work was concentrated in the vicinity of Uaxactun,
but he visited Tikal. Bartlett’s report on the vegetation of the area, including
Tikal, appeared in 1935 (Carnegie Inst. Publ. 461: 1-25).

With the initiation of the Tikal Project by the University of Pennsylvania
Museum in 1956, facilities became available to carry out a survey in this
ancient Maya center.

Fig. 18. Field assistants, Elias Contreras (on left) and Rolando Tun Ortiz
in the plant drying shelter at Sayaxche with the Rio Pasion in the background.

66 WARIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 2

The Tikal area affords special opportunities for advanced studies to re-
construct the background of the Maya culture with particular reference to
agriculture. These studies became possible in January, 1959 when a three-
year grant was received from The Rockefeller Foundation for an “evaluation
of the ancient agriculture of the lowland Maya area of Guatemala.” The in-
ventory of the plant resources of Peten was continued through 1970’s.

Although the emphasis initially was concentrated at Tikal, exploratory
work in other areas of Peten have been extensive. Through the courtesy of
the Signal Oil Company, which made available its facilities at San Luis, a
reconnaissance trip to southeastern Peten was made during the week from
July 9-15, 1959, in the region from Machaquila along the road south through
Poptun, and beyond San Luis. Pinelands at Poptun are similar floristically to
like areas in southern British Honduras. The rain forest at San Luis and
Canchacan closely resembles the forest at Valentin on the limestone plateau
in southern El Cayo District, Belize (Lundell, Carnegie Inst. Publ. 522: 3-35.
1940).

In 1960, my own investigations were concentrated in the Tikal National
Park, but plant exploration extended from the Mexican border into south
Central Peten through the work of my Guatemalan field assistants.

The American Philosophical Society made grants from its Penrose and
Michaux funds in support of the field work in Peten, making possible year-
round studies to obtain a representative collection of the flora. The collecting
implemented studies which I resumed in 1961, 1962 and 1964 from the base
camp at Tikal, but extended as far south as Poptun. My exploration in 1964
was primarily in the rain forest of the Rio Pasion basin. It extended from
headquarters at Sayaxche along the Rio Pasion and tributaries and up the
Salinas and Lacuntun Rivers in Chiapas, Mexico.

Supplementing 1960 collections made in the Remate area at the eastern
end of Lake Peten from the middle of March through June, and around Dos
Lagunas near the Campeche boundary from October until the end of
December, 1960, Elias Contreras continued field work from time to time
since March, 1961 in the pineland, savanna and rain forest areas of southern
Peten. with concentration of collecting around Dolores and La Cumbre. His
collecting, supplementing my own, has contributed substantially to our
knowledge of the vegetation of these areas. Over 20,000 collections have been
made in Peten, and most of these are represented in LL, F, and MICH. A high
percentage of these remain to be studied critically.

With the dissolution of Texas Research Foundation upon my retirement
in 1972 as head of the corporation, I resumed my botanical exploration and
research under the auspices of The University of Texas at Dallas. Results
since 1972 of the fifty years of study of the plant resources of Guatemala are
published mostly in Wrightia, a publication since 1972 of The University of
Texas at Dallas, now in its seventh volume.

1982] LUNDELL: INVESTIGATIONS IN GUATEMALA 67

Upland Forest of Northern Peten

Where the uplands of northern Peten have remained largely undisturbed
since abandonment about 1000 A.D., they support high forest which the Maya
classify on the basis of dominance of certain species (Bartlett, 1935, 1.c.:
Lundell, 1937, 1.c.), notably the ramon (breadnut), Brosimum Alicastrum
Sw.; the chicozapote (sapodilla), Achras Zapota L., and the caoba (mahogany),
Swietenia macrophylla King. They comprise, respectively the ramonal, the
zapotal, and the caobal. On all the Maya ruins, the ramonal is characteristic
of the association. Outside of the center proper of Tikal which had been
cleared earlier by archaeologists, the older forest is zapotal. In the broad
valleys where the caoba is present, the association may be called the caobal.

Between the uplands and the swamps, there are poorly drained areas sup-
porting transitional associations, such as the botanal, wherein the botan
palm, Sabal Morrisiana Bartlett, forms continuous stands. The escobal,
dominated by the thorny-trunked escoba palm, Cryosophila argentea Bartlett,
is found on other areas of similar terrain.

At Tikal, considerable clearing has been done during the past century, first
by a colony of settlers in the 1880's, and since the turn of the century by
archaeological expeditions. Young secondary forest is present in these areas,
and it is characterized by such fast growing trees as Bursera Simaruba (L.)
Sarg., and species of the genera Cecropia, Ficus, Stemmadenia, and
Myriocarpa. In clearing, certain trees were spared, mostly the chicozapote
and the zapote, and these tower over the stands of lower trees which form
the mass of the secondary forest.

In the zapotal, the association is retrogressive. Because of tapping for chicle,
the stands have been decimated. Fallen trees of Achras Zapota criss-cross
the forest, and the rotting logs are wonderful places for botanizing for orchids,
ferns, aroids and other shade-loving herbs, but their presence is a sad com-
mentary on the greed and destructiveness of man. With the opening up of the
Tikal area, it is inevitable that most of the upland seres will be retrogressive
as man hacks away at the forest. The Tikal National Park, asanctuary by law,
is being depleted of desirable timber, as well as continuously bled for chicle.

Before their clearing, the five great temples at Tikal supported distinctive
low forest growth in which species of Coccoloba, Diospyros, Eugenia,
Alvaradoa, Ficus, Clusia, Hampea and Jacquinia were prominent. On
the open areas, particularly the exposed roof combs, species of Agave,
Russelia, Clusia, and numerous bromeliads, orchids, and aroids abounded.

Swamp Forest of Northern Peten

The swamp forest, called by the Maya akalche, and generally designated
bajo, occupies extensive silted lowlands. Bajo de Santa Fe to the north and
east of Tikal, and Bajo del Hormiguero several miles to the south, have the
gnarled low forest growth described by Lundell, 1939 (1.c., pp. 27-32). The
tintal, characterized by the tinta tree (logwood), Haematoxylon campechi-
anum L., is the conspicuous taxon of the association.

Fig. 19. Old upland forest on the ruins at Tikal. Note the tapping scars at
right on the chicozapote, Achras Zapota L. This species is the source of the
chicle of commerce, formerly a valuable export used in making chewing gum.

Botanically the bajos are of great interest. They have been collected exten-
sively since 1959. A degree of endemism exists which indicates that the scrub
forest is of great age. It has many species in common with the dry forest and
desert flora of the State of Yucatan.

These swampy lowlands are silted basins. Much of the silting occurred
during the thousand or more years that the Maya planted and exposed the
uplands to soil erosion. That they were shallow lakes during early periods of
Maya occupation of adjacent sites can be conjectured, for in wet seasons
water stands for months over vast expanses of the basins.

Such lakes would have facilitated travel and transportation by dugouts
to outlying areas of the great centers such as Tikal, Naachtun and Calakmul,
much as we now have on Peten lakes.

Bajos were most important as a source of water during the dry season.
Causeways into the swamps, and water holes (aguadas) dug by man, are in-
dicative of this. The high water table provided easy access to a dry season
water supply when the upland supply was exhausted.

Fig. 20. On the shallow upland soils, many of the trees are buttressed, like
the ramon, Brosimum Alicastrum Sw., in the foreground.

Soils of the bajos are infertile heavy acid clays of the montmorillonite type
as described by Laws (Wrightia 2: 127-132, 1962). The bajos are water-logged
or covered by shallow water over much of their surface for up to nine months
of the year. In exposed treeless expanses some bajos are covered by dense
stands of the tall saw-grass, Scleria bracteata Cav. In open areas during the
dry season the dried out clay surface cracks in a mosaic of large blocks which
turn up around the edges.

Under these edaphic conditions, no significant agricultural use of the bajos
was possible.

A diagrammatic cross-section through northern Peten, showing topog-
raphy, soils and zonation of the vegetation, is given in Plate 14 (folded) of
Lundell, The Vegetation of Peten (Carnegie Inst. of Washington Publ. 478,

1937).

70 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 2

Fig. 21. A strangler fig, a species of Ficus, growing around a ramon
(breadnut) tree, Brosimum Alicastrum Sw. at Tikal.

LUNDELL: INVESTIGATIONS IN GUATEMALA 71

1982]

Fig. 22. The supporting aerial roots of the liana, Coussapoa oligocephala
Donn. Sm., surrounding a chicozapote tree, Achras Zapota L., at Tikal.

Fig.23. Anaguadain the Tikal National Forest. These water holes appear
to be man-made. The aquatic vegetation of each differs.

Of ecological significance is the discovery of a pineland hammock in the
Bajo de Santa Fe. Its vegetation is essentially the same as that of similar plant
associations in Belize. My exploration of this hammock added a number of
species to the flora of northern Peten (Wrightia 2: 111-126. 1961). Pines were
important as torch wood.

Fig. 24. The deep fluted trunk of the logwood tree, Haematoxylon campe-
chianum L., in Bajo del Hormiguero. This historic species, known as tinta
locally, the source of haematoxylin dye, was the prized logwood of commerce,
one of the first great forest resources to be exploited. It is reported that pirates
in early colonial days valued logwood with gold as a source of loot.

OTHER COROLLARY INVESTIGATIONS
Sundry Studies

In addition to the plant resources study, other pertinent investigations
were carried out. Soil samples taken in the Tikal National Park were studied
at Renner. A detailed report on these from two swamp sites in Bajo de Santa
Fe was published by Dr. W. Derby Laws in 1961, Wrightia 2: 127-132.

To investigate the sixteenth-century report by Diego de Landa that the
Maya of Yucatan used plant extracts in plaster making, samples of plaster
and mortar were taken from Temple I and Temple IJ at Tikal to determine
if the ancient Maya did likewise. Analyses show that lime was not used in
the plaster tested, and furthermore, the evidence is overwhelming that plant
extracts from varied sources were utilized by the ancient Maya of Tikal in

forest of Bajo de Santa Fe at Tikal. Note head of sedge,
ahl, at bottom center.

ynchospora cephalotis (L.) V

ov
~~
co)
é
ea
3
aS
tH
ad
as)
o
ce
3
~
=
oy)
io 2)
o
oS
o
bah sey |
5)
jaa)
ey
°
w
<2
2
)
[Pear
oF
&
s
ie 9)
‘>
oS
ao
17)
=
a
[o)
ov
xs
=

5.
epiphytes, orchid and bromeliad on tree trunk at right.

Fig.26. Theswamp

Fig. ¢

2
l

‘e AY + a oe OS
yer’ — Rex

ree i 9
s «a
ee

LUNDELL: INVESTIGATIONS IN GUATEMALA 75

the «4

< 4 bon x

Fig. 27. The escobal, a dense swamp association of the escoba palm,
Cryosophila argentea Bartlett, with viciously thorny trunks. Photograph by
O.F. Cook.

76 WARIGHTIA

plaster and mortar. Evidently these extracts were the sources of silicates
of organic origin which are present in all samples.

In the course of preparation of the Tikal plaster samples for analysis, a
very distinctive odor was noted when water was added to the ground plaster
and a much stronger odor was present when samples were autoclaved, re-
quiring aeration of the laboratory! The fumes given off resembled those of
herbicides.

The question is raised: Did the ancient Maya find plant extracts which
inhibited mold and other plant growth? Plaster in some rooms of temples at
Tikal is remarkably white after more than a thousand years.

Plant Materials from Excavations at Tikal

In connection with the studies of economic plants and their progenitors
in the lowlands, plant materials from excavations at Tikal were identified
and catalogued. The following, representing the earliest authenticated
records of plants utilized by the ancient Maya, are primarily represented
by charred remains and lime-encrusted casts of seeds.

1. Cache 98, Lot 12K/19, Jan. 30, 1961, Tikal
A. Thumb sized crudely molded pieces of a resinous material, probably
copal, formed a base over which seeds were deposited. Evidence for
this is the charred mass of seeds embedded in the upper surface of the
partially burned carbonaceous material.
B. Seeds of the following plants are present:

(1) Zea Mays L. Although badly charred, fragments of the pericarp
with well defined structure, and several corn kernels have been
extracted. A small kernel, about 6 mm. in diameter, may represent
a popcorn.

(2) Cucurbita Pepo L. The best preserved seeds in Cache 98 are of the
pumpkin. These seeds are identical to those of the “small sugar”
variety cultivated today.

(8) Phaseolus sp., possibly Phaseolus lunatus L. Only a single charred
seed has been identified as a bean.

(4) Theobroma sp. Most of the charred seed mass evidently represents
the cacao. Since the shriveled seeds are comparatively small, pos-
sibly they are from Theobroma bicolor Humb. & Bonpl., rather
than Theobroma Cacao L., the commonly cultivated species.

Although the charred mass contains fiber remains, and fragments

possibly representing seed of other species, their identification is not
possible.

2. Lot 12C/34 (12C-563) Burial 10, Str. 5D-34. Late Early Classic.
The calcified fragments represent seeds of a species of Cucurbita.
Dr. Thomas W. Whitaker, authority on the genus Cucurbita, has ex-

Hitt IAAI TUT U UU UU ULUU MU UUUU LULU UUHUMUUU UUM UMIT TU NULL ’ \
| ! [tll Ee i | “ My ul Uncen u | il gee it HHH HHH

Fig. 28. Cucurbita Lundelliana L.H. Bailey, a progenitor of the cultivated

Cucurbita, growing at Tikal. This wild gourd was discovered in Peten in 1933.
Whitaker in 1956, Am. Nat. 90: 171-176; and in 1959, Madronio 15: 4-13,
reported on the genetics of the species and its relationships.

amined this material and he reports as follows: “I regret that the fragments
were not in condition to make an identification at the species level. How-
ever, I am positive they are seed of some species of Cucurbita, probably
C. moschata Duch.”

The discovery in 1961 of well preserved seeds of Cucurbita Pepo L. in
Cache 98 makes probable the identification to species of the calcified
fragments in burial 10 of structure 5D-34. I am convinced that the species
represented is Cucurbita Pepo L.

Another small calcified seed cast in the same burial may possibly be that
of a very small bean of the pinto variety, Phaseolus sp. No other fragments

are identifiable.

. Lot 4F/5 (4F-30) Temple I tunnel. Fill between Feature 6 and Feature 7.

Late Classic with some Early Classic.
A charred subglobose fruit about 1 cm. in diameter with thick pedun-

~]
~]

78 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 2

cular scar 3.5 mm. in diameter and crowned by the persistent small base
of style.

Although positive identification even to family is impossible, this
appears to be the burnt remains of asmall green sapotaceous fruit, possibly
of the sapodilla, Achras Zapota L.

4. Lot 4C/3 (4C-49) Cache 49A. Late Classic.
Referable to the Euphorbiaceae with capsular fruits, this well-preserved
seed fragment may be from a species of either Jatropha or Cnidoscolus.
It cannot be matched with seed of any species now known from the area.

5. Lot 4B/2 (3) Temple I. From burned layer in surface debris near foot of the
stairway. Mixed.
The remains of plant origin consist of well-preserved charred material,
as follows:
A. Seeds of the “ox” or “ramon” tree, Brosimum Alicastrum SW.
B. Club-shaped sporophores, from a fungus in the family Clavariaceae.
C. Charcoal of undetermined woody species.

The Discovery of a Rock Sculpture at Tikal

Condensed from an article in The Dallas Morning News, page 4, Section 5,
September 11, 1960.

The President of Guatemala, Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes, last week officially
designated what may be the most important archaeological discovery of the
year in his country as “The Lundell Sculpture.”

This is in honor of Dr. C. L. Lundell of Dallas, who discovered the massive
piece of sculpture last February on a causeway amidst the ruins of the ancient
metropolis of Tikal in northern Guatemala.

It is the first piece of rock sculpture ever found in what was probably the
biggest Mayan center. It shows the heroic figures of a prisoner with a rope
around his neck standing before a seated dignitary, probably a priest.

Last week, Dr. Lundell received a black and white drawing of his discovery
done by Antonio Tejeda, the foremost Mayan artist and director of the archae-
ological museum of Guatemala.

The ancient Mayan priests were the world’s pioneer mathematicians and
were marvelously accurate astronomers. They were obsessed with time and
dates, and they recorded dates on stones.

Dr. Lundell is primarily interested in botany and is a leading authority on
the plant life in the ancient Maya area of Guatemala and Mexico. He was
searching for plants on a trail, over which the resident archaeologists had
trod for several years, when he found outcroppings of the sculpture.

1982] LUNDELL: INVESTIGATIONS IN GUATEMALA 79

Fig. 29. On February 22, 1960, while plant collecting along the Maler
Causeway in Tikal, a rock carving was discovered. Shown in situ, after being
cleared, this archaeological find is unique in that it is the first rock sculpture
known from Tikal. It was covered by forest and a centuries-old accumulation
of soil and forest litter. The rock carving was named “The Lundell Sculpture
by the President of Guatemala, Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes. Photograph by
Frank Tolbert.

Fig. 30. The Lundell Sculpture on the Maler Causeway at Tikal. Mea-
suring about twenty feet wide and fifteen feet high, the human figures
depicted in this bedrock carving are of heroic size. The hieroglyphs are
approximately two feet square. Sketch by Antonio Tejeda.

President Ydigoras came to the remote site of Tikal and congratulated the
Dallas scientist on the discovery.

On that visit to Tikal, the Guatemalan president, who has his troubles with
Cuban-inspired Communists in his country, indicated the figure of the
prisoner with the rope around his neck and said:

“Dr. Lundell, I think you may have found a picture of E] Presidente of the
ancient Mayas. For that fellow is all tied up with ropes like me.”

A 60-foot allspice tree and an 80-foot ramon, or breadnut, tree were growing
right on top of the sculpture and the trees and deep accumulation of soil had

to be removed carefully by Dr. Lundell and his Guatemalan assistants to keep
from damaging the carving.

LUNDELL: INVESTIGATIONS IN GUATEMALA 8]

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

For expediting shipments in Guatemala City, and for handling all permits
and official arrangements, Jorge Ibarra, Director of the Museum of Natural
History of Guatemala, facilitated the program from 1959 through the 1970's.
Grateful acknowledgment is made to him for his generous cooperation.

REFERENCES

Laws, W. Derby

1961. Investigations of Swamp Soils from the Tintal and Pinal Associations
of Peten, Guatemala. Wrightia 2: 127-132.

1962. An Investigation of Temple Plasters from Tikal, Guatemala, with
Evidence of the Use by the Ancient Mayaof Plant Extracts in Plaster
Making. Wrightia 2: 217-228.

1962. The Soils and Vegetation of a Relict Area of Blackland Prairie, Part I.
An Investigation of the Soils of the Stultz Meadow, a Relict Area of
Blackland Prairie. Wrightia 2: 229-241.

Lundell, Cyrus Longworth

1933. Chicle Exploitation in the Sapodilla Forest of the Yucatan Peninsula.
Field Lab. 2: 15-21, 2 figs.

1933. Report on the 1933 Carnegie-Michigan Expedition to Guatemala.
Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearbook. 1932: 96-97, 108-109.

1933. Archaeological Discoveries in the Maya Area. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc.
72: 147-179, 8 figs.

1934. Ruins of Polol and other Archaeological Discoveries in the Depart-
ment of Peten, Guatemala. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 436:
173-186, 9 pls., 4 figs.

1934. Preliminary Sketch of the Phytogeography of the Yucatan Peninsula.
Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 436: 253-355, 1 fig.

1937. The Vegetation of Peten. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 478: viii
+ 248, 39 pls., 3 figs.

1938. The Botanical Expedition to Yucatan and Quintana Roo, Mexico.
Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearbook No. 37: 7-11.

1939. Plants Probably Utilized by the Old Empire Maya of Peten and
Adjacent Lowlands. Papers Mich. Acad. 24: 37-56.

1940. The 1936 Michigan-Carnegie Botanical Expedition to British
Honduras. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 522: 1-57, 4 pls., 1 map.

1941. Flora In: Alfred M. Tozzer, Landa’s Relacion De Las Cosas De
Yucatan. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology
and Ethnology. Harvard Univ. 18: 245-247.

1942. Flora of Eastern Tabasco and Adjacent Mexico Areas. Contr. Univ.
Mich. Herb. No. 8: 1-74, 4 pls., 8 figs., 1 map.

1942. The Vegetation and Natural Resources of British Honduras. Chron.

Bot. 7: 169-171.
1961. The Flora of Tikal. Expedition 3: 38-43.

82 WRIGHTIA

1962. Plant Exploration of the Southern Lowlands of Peten, Guatemala.
Am. Philos. Soc. Yearbook: 308-311.

1967. Agricultural Research at Renner, 1944-1966. Publ. Texas Research
Foundation, Renner, Texas. x + 670 pp., illustrated.

1976. The 1931-1932 Odyssey in Campeche and Peten. Wrightia 5:
199-220, figs. 16-32.

Cyrus Longworth Lundell and Collaborators
1936. Botany of the Maya Area. Miscellaneous Papers I-XIII. Carnegie
Inst. Washington Publ. 461: 328 pp., 57 pls., 19 figs.
1940. Botany of the Maya Area. Miscellaneous Papers XIV-XXI. Carnegie
Inst. Washington Publ. 522: 474 pp., 7 pls., 29 figs., 1 map.

Whitaker, Thomas W.

1956. The Origin of the Cultivated Cucurbita. The American Naturalist.
Vol. XC, No. 852: 171-176, 1 fig.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY SPECIES OF MIDDLE
AMERICAN BIGNONIACEAE

Alwyn H. Gentry!

Already two new Central American species of Bignoniaceae, tribe
Crescentieae, have been collected since publication of the Flora Neotropica
monograph of this group (Gentry, 1980). In addition several significant range
extensions of MesoAmerican Bignoniaceae are reported and a new combi-
nation proposed to accord specific rank to Arrabidaea chica var. viscida.
Finally a new Panamanian species of the problematical genus Gibsonio-
thamnus — intermediate between Bignoniaceae and Scrophulariaceae — is

described.

Amphiteena Lundellii A. Gentry, sp. nov. — Arbor 10-20 m. alta. Folia
oblongo-obovata vel oblanceolata, acuta, cuneata, chartacea. Flores solitarii
vel bini, in alabastro longissimi acuminati. Calyx spathaceus, acuminati.
Corolla tubulo-infundibuliformis, 3.5-5.5 em. longa, 1.5-2 cm. lata ad orem.
Fructus ignotus.

Tree 10-20 m. tall, 20-25 cm. dbh., the branchlets angulate when young,
becoming terete. Leaves alternate to subopposite, oblong-obovate to oblance-
olate, acute, tapering to a cuneate base, 5-17 cm. long. 2-6 em. wide, char-
taceous, scattered lepidote, otherwise glabrous, midrib raised above, prom-
inent below, 2° and 3° venation plane above, prominulous below, not white-
edged, drying dark gray below, dark olive to dark gray above; petiole
0.5-1.5 em. long, merging with attenuate leaf base. Inflorescence a single
flower or cluster of several flowers, terminal or in the axils of uppermost
leaves, the pedicel 5-7.5 cm. long. Flowers in bud long-acuminate with the
acumen equalling the base; calyx spathaceously split to base, long-acuminate
at tip, 3-4.5 cm. long, 1.1-1.5 cm. wide, glabrous; corolla greenish, tubular
infundibuliform, without a fold or bulge in throat, 3.5-5.5 em. long, 1.5-2 em.
wide at mouth, the lobes fused into a reflexed rim, glabrous; stamens sub-
exserted, the anther thecae divergent, 4-5 mm. long; pistil 3.5-4 em. long,
ovary rounded-conical, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, glabrous; disk annular pul-
vinate, 2 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide. Fruit not seen.

Type: Guatemala: Baja Verapaz: N ito Perdido, on top of hill in high forest,
east of km. 150-151, 30 Aug. 1975, C. L. Lundell & Elias Contreras 19760
(MO, holotype; LL, isotype). Guatemala: Baja Verapaz: loc. cit., 30 Aug. 1975,
Lundell & Contreras 19765 (MO, LL). Nifio Perdido, in high forest, on La
Cumbre de San Jose, 6 km, “guiro de montaiia,” 21 Jun. 1977, Lundell &
Contreras 21175 (MO, LL).

Only two other species of Amphitecna have spathaceous calyces. One of
these, Amphiteena Steyermarkii (A. Gentry) A. Gentry, is probably the closest
relative of A. Lundellii. It differs in longer more coriaceous, sessile leaves and

iMissouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166.

84 WARIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 2

a shorter much less pronounced bud acumen; A. Steyermarkii occurs farther
west in Huehuetenango and Chiapas and at higher altitudes than A. Lundellii.
The other species of Amphitecna with a spathaceous calyx is A. spathicalyx
(A. Gentry) A. Gentry of central Panama which has much thicker strongly
shagreened elliptic leaves with white-margined venation.

Arrabidaea viscida (Donn. Sm.) A. Gentry, comb. nov. — Arrabidaea
chica var. viseida Donn. Sm., Bot. Gaz. 20: 7. 1895. Type: Guatemala, Santa
Rosa, Heyde & Lux 4550 (US, holotype; MICH, MO, isotypes)

This poorly known taxon of southern Guatemala and adjacent Chiapas has
never been adequately placed. In Seibert’s (1940) treatment of Maya Area
Bignoniaceae and in the Flora of Guatemala (Standley & L. Williams, 1974)
it was referred to A. litoralis (HBK.) Standl., a taxon synonymous with A.
mollissima (HBK.) Bur. & K. Schum., which apparently was used by Standley
as a sort of garbage disposal for problematical collections of various species
of Arrabidaea. It is clearly not closely related to A. chica (H.&B.). Verl. nor to
A. mollissima and is much closer to A. costaricensis (Kranzl.) A. Gentry, to
which I have previously referred it (Gentry, 1977). It differs from A. costari-
censis in its liana habit (A. costaricensis is almost always an erect shrubby
tree) mostly gland-tipped inflorescence trichomes, openly paniculate ter-
minal inflorescence (rather than a few-flowered racemose or racemiform
lateral inflorescence), and a thinner irregularly truncate calyx. The calyx
and inflorescence of A. viscida are thus more like another related species,
highly variable A. corallina (Jacq.) Sandw., but that species lacks the gland-
tipped inflorescence trichomes, has a longer, usually denticulate calyx, and
(in Central America) has a denser, longer, vegetative indumentum. Arrab-
idaea corallina is restricted to drier lowland areas in Central America.

The collections of A. viscida that I have seen are:

Guatemala: Santa Rosa: Casillas, 4000 ft., May 1893, Heyde & Lux 4550
(MICH, MO, US). Baja Verapaz: 12 mi. SW of Granados, dry subtropical
forest, 12 Jul. 1970, Harmon & Dwyer 3013 (MO).

~Mexico:’Chiapas:-Munic. Ixtapa, wooded slope along Mexican Hwy. 190
at the Zinacantan paraje of Muctajoc, 4400 ft., vine, flowers purple, 15 Jul.
1966, Laughlin 1269 (DS, F; fragm. MO); between Mazapa and Motozintla,
1200 m., woody vine, flowers pink, Matuda 4837 (F). Trapichito, Comitan,
1350 m., woody vine in dry bush, 2 Jun. 1945, Matuda (1)5664 (F, MO); steep
wooded slope 15 km. N of Tuxtla Gutierrez along road to E] Sumidero, Munic.

-Tuxtla Gutierrez, 3800 ft., vine, flowers purple, 2 Jul. 1965, Breedlove 10646
(DS, MICH) (glabrescent form)’Guerrero: Cahon de la Mano Negra, 4-8 km.
N of Iguala, 1100-1150 m., dry stream bed and very steep limestone walls
and ledges, woody vine in tree, fruit only, seen once, 15 Feb. 1970, Anderson &
Anderson 5797 (MICH); Canon de la Mano (Iguala), 11 May 1946, Miranda

3930 (MEXU).Morelos: Canon de Lobos, 20 km. ESE de Cuernavaca, sobre
la carretera a Cuantla, bosque tropical deciduo en el fondo del canon, 1320 m.,
arbusto con hojas completas, flores abundantes de color lila muy vistosas,
6 Aug. 1967, J. Flores C. 16 (MICH).‘Colima: Along road from Hwy. 15 to

1982} GENTRY: MIDDLE AMERICAN BIGNONIACEAE 85

Playa del Oro, W of Santiago, dense low forest on steep slopes, occasional
woody vine, scandent, corolla purple except white in throat, 30 Aug. 1973,
Stevens & Fairhurst 1845 (MO) (glabrescent form); 3 km. N of Playa de Oro,
wooded ridges overlooking Pacific Ocean, 25 km. WNW of Manzanillo,
ca. 50 m., flowers rich lilac, the throat white, vine, climbing over shrubbery,
3 Aug. 1960, J/tis et al. 666 (MICH) (glabrescent form).

Parmentiera Dressleri A. Gentry, sp. nov. — Arbor parva 2-3 m. alta.
Folia 3-foliolata, folioliis ellipticis vel obovato-ellipticis, acutis, acuminatis,
integris. Flores solitarii, cauliflori vel ramiflori, Calyx spathaceus, acutius-
culus. Corolla late tubulo-infundibuliformis, 2.5 cm. longa, 2cm. lataad orem.
Fructus 23-24 cm. longus, 1.5 cm. latus, non porcatus.

Small tree 2-3 m. tall; branchlets terete to subangulate, unarmed, without
noticeable lenticels. Leaves opposite, 3-foliolate, the leaflets elliptic to
obovate-elliptic, acute, cuneate at base, entire, 5-13 cm. long, 3.5-5.5 em.
wide, puberulous in the domatiate nerve axils beneath, otherwise essentially
glabrous; petiolules not clearly differentiated, that of the terminal leaflet ca.
1-2 cm. long. Inflorescence a single flower, cauliflorous or ramiflorous, the
pedicel less than 1 em. long. Flowers with the calyx spathaceous, mostly
glabrous, inconspicuously lepidote near base, bluntly acute, 1.6-1.7 cm. long;
corolla white, broadly tubular-infundibuliform, 2.5 em. long, 2 cm. wide at
mouth of tube, the lobes ca. 0.8 cm. long, glabrous. Stamens and pistil not
examined. Fruit 23-24 em. long, 1.5 cm. wide, not ridged.

*Type: Panama: Panama: Cerro Jefe, 28 Aug. 1971, R. Dressler 4092 (MO,
holotype). Panama: Panama: Cerro Jefe, Dressler 3679 (F). Colon: Rio Gatun,
District of Portobelo, 2200 ft., 12 Mar. 1980, T. Antonio 3797 (MO).

This species was discussed as a possible variant of P. macrophylla Standl.
in the Flora Neotropica treatment (Gentry, 1980). Discovery of its fruit proves
that it is sufficiently distinct for specific recognition. The flowers are much
smaller than those of P. macrophylla and the fruit is much narrower and
lacks the conspicuous ridges of that species.

Schlegelia brachyantha Griseb. — This West Indian species has recently
been collected in both Panama and Venezuela for the first time. Both of the
mainland collections are in fruit, but they seem almost certainly referable
to this taxon. In the Flora of Panama S. brachyantha, with fruits 6-8 mm. in
diameter, would key out with the small-fruited taxa, although its flowers are
slightly larger (corolla 2 cm. long, 5-6 mm. across the throat) than in the
other small-fruited Panamanian species. It is closest to S. parviflora (Oerst.)
Monachino but, besides having larger flowers, differs in having the flowers
solitary or in fascicles of two or three at the nodes and completely lacking an
inflorescence rachis. Its leaves are smaller (3-8 cm. by 1.5-3.5 em.) than in
any other Panamanian species of Schlegelia. Whether these two collections
from widely separated isolated mountains in Panama and Venezuela repre-
sent long-distance dispersal from the West Indies by migrating birds, or
whether the species is much more widespread than previously supposed
remains to be determined.

86 WARIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 2

‘Panama: Chiriqui: Palo Alto, 4.5 mi. NE of Boquete, trail towards Cerro
La Trompeta, 6200 ft., 25 May 1979, Hammel 7463 (MQ).

Venezuela: Yaracuy: Distrito San Felipe, Rio Taria, 10 km. al norte de
Salom, 10° 15’ N, 68° 29’ 30” W, 1200 m., 7 Dec. 1980, Steyermark & Carreno
123825 (MO).

YTabebuia striata A. Gentry — This species, known only from extreme
eastern Panama, was described (Gentry, 1973) in the absence of flowers. At
that time I noted that it is uncomfortably close to Guayanan T. stenocalyx
Sprague & Stapf. Seeds from the type collection of T. striata were planted
at Summit Gardens, Panama in 1971 and two small trees survived. The
largest of these put outasingle flower in February 1975 asa 4-year old sapling
about 3 meters tall (Mori & Kallunki 4895 [MO]). In addition, T. striata
turns out to be locally common in parts of Colombia’sChoco Department from
which complete flowering material is now available (Bahia Solano, cliffs
along coast, 4-5 Aug. 1976, Gentry & Fallen 17162, 17211 {both COL, MO)).
The flower of T. striata thus can now be described: Corolla white, basically
salverform but campanulately broadened near top of tube, the tube 5.5-7 cm.
long, 1-1.5 cm. wide at top of tube, the lobes 1.5-3 cm. long, puberulous and
lepidote glandular on lobes, glabrous to very sparsely lepidote in throat, the
stamens didynamous, subexserted, the anther thecae divergent, 3-4 mm.
long, the connective slightly apiculate.

Although this flower is indeed similar to that of T. stenocalyx, as antici-
pated, 7. striata still seems specifically distinct. The characteristic pubes-
cence of the corolla lobes of T. stenocalyx is reduced and partly replaced by
minute lepidote glands in T. striata. The upper corolla tube, puberulous in
T. stenocalyzx, is glabrous to sparsely lepidote in T. striata. The corolla tube of
T. striata is wider (1-1.5 cm. wide at mouth) and campanulately broadened
toward the top while that of 7. stenocalyx is narrower (0.5-0.7 em. wide at
mouth) and more salverform. The anther connective of T. striata is more or
less apiculate in contrast to that of T. stenpcalyx. Were it not for these floral
differences it would undoubtedly be necessary to lump these two species: the
fruit and leaf characteristics of the two species prove to overlap completely.
Even though distinct, these species constitute a good example of the frequent
pattern of closely related taxa disjunct from the Guayana region to eastern
Panama and adjacent Colombia (Gentry, 1982).

Gibsoniothamnus truncatus A. Gentry, sp. nov. — Frutex epiphyticus.
Folia elliptica, acuta, cuneata, coriacea. Inflorescentia terminalis, irreg-
ulariter confertim racemosa. Calyx cupulatus, truncatus. Corolla tubularis,
2-2.5 cm. longa. 2-4 mm. lata. Fructus immaturus globosus, 5mm. diametro,
calyce inclusus.

Epiphytic shrub. Branchlets acutely tetragonal when young, becoming
irregularly ridged with age. Leaves elliptic, 4-10 cm. long, 1.4-4 em. wide,
acute at base and apex, coriaceous, glabrous above and below, with small in-
conspicuous more or less ciliate domatia in axils of some lateral nerves, gland-

1982] GENTRY: MIDDLE AMERICAN BIGNONIACEAE 87

ular lepidote below, with larger glands near base of midvein, the margins
revolute, drying dark above, olive below; petiole 0.6-2 em. long. Inflorescence
terminal, irregularly contracted-racemose, usually with poorly developed
congested several-flowered side branches ca. 1-2 mm. long, the bracts and
bracteoles triangular, minute, less than 1 mm. long, the pedicels glabrous,
mostly 1.5-2 cm. long, to 3 em. long in fruit, glabrous except the bracts and
bracteoles. Calyx cupular, evenly truncate, the truncate margin subtended
by reduced scarcely evident submarginal teeth, glabrous except the “teeth,”
4-5 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide. Corolla light pink or lavender to white, tubular,
2-2.5 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide at mouth of tube, the five lobes rounded, 2 mm.
long, mostly glabrous, the lobes ciliate, densely villous inside at level of stamen
insertion, with a few stalked-lepidote glands at base of lobes inside. Stamens
4, inserted base of tube, the thecae divergent, held just below throat, 0.5-0.8
mm. long. Pistil ca. 1.5 cm. long, the ovary globose, 2 mm. long and 2 mm.
wide. Fruit (immature) a spherical berry ca. 5 mm. in diameter, completely
enclosed by the calyx.

“Type: Panama: Cocle: 7 km. N of El Cope near Rivera Sawmill at Alto
Calvario, Forgotten Hill, 700-850 m., 2 Jul. 1977, Folsom 4092 (MO, holo-
type). Panama: Cocle: same locality, 5 Jul. 1977, Folsom 4145 (MO); El Cope,
Atlantic side, ca. 1200 m., 23 Jun. 1979, Antonio 1167 (MO).

Gibsoniothamnus is a very problematic genus both as to familial placement
and species delimitation. However, G. truncatus is easily distinguished on
account of its truncate calyx. All other species of the genus have well devel-
oped calyx teeth, sometimes enlarged into striking wings. Nevertheless G.
truncatus does have inconspicuous small submarginal enations, presumably
representing the remnants of vestigial calyx teeth.

Gibsoniothamnus pterocalyx A. Gentry — This species was reduced to
the synonymy of a sensu latu G. cornutus (Donn. Sm.) A. Gentry by D’Arcy
(1979) in the Flora of Panama treatment of Scrophulariaceae. Several addi-
tional collections are now available and suggest that the distinguishing
characters (single axillary flowers, only slightly angulate stems and laterally
compressed calyx teeth extended as wings in G. pterocalyx vs. flowers fasci-
culate, twigs strongly tetragonal, and calyx teeth strictly marginal in G.
cornutus) between G. pterocalyx and G. cornutus (sensu D’Arcy) are constant,
and specific separation is warranted. In fact I suspect that G. pterocalyx may
prove to need further subdivision. It includes a small-leaved form with later-
ally extended calyx lobes from the Fortuna Dam area of Chiriqui Province,
Panama (treated by D’Arcy as part of G. alatus A. Gentry) as well as the
larger-leafed typical form from Bocas del Toro Province. The known range
of the small-leaved form has now been extended to Costa Rica (Alajuela Pro-
vince: 2 km. N. of Bijagua, 400-500 m., Utley & Utley 3161 [MO]; 8 km. N of
Bijagua, 300 m., Croat 36505 [MO]), where it seems very distinct from more
or less sympatric pubescent-calyxed G. epiphyticus (Standl.) L. Wms. (the
latter also lumped by D’Arcy with G. cornutus but probably specifically

distinct).

88 WARIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 2

Gibsoniothamnus alatus A. Gentry — This species is unique in the genus
in the extreme development of its lateral calyx wings. It differs markedly
from the small-leaved form of G. pterocalyx in its much larger broader calyx
wings. As thus delimited it is endemic to Cerro Pirre in southern Darien
Province. However, recent collections from Alto de Nique at the extreme
southern end of the Cerro Pirre Massif extend its range (barely) into Colombia
and represent the first South American records of the genus. Both of the
Colombian specimens were collected exactly on the ridge separating the two
countries. Though both were collected on the Colombian side of the ridge,
one was epiphytic in a tree growing on the Panamanian side!

Colombia: Choco: Alto de Nique, exactly on the Panamanian border, cloud
forest, 1300-1520 m., Gentry et al. 28645, 28653 (both COL, MO).

Gibsoniothamnus Allenii A. Gentry and G. latidentatus A. Gentry — Both
of these taxa were included by D’Arcy under G. cornutus, the latter main-
tained as a distinct variety. Recent collections of G. latidentatus from
Veraguas Province (trail to Cerro Tute, near Santa Fe, 3200-3400 ft., Antonio
3961; Cerro Tute, 4000 ft., Antonio 1873 [both MO]) are obviously G. latiden-
tatus as defined by the triangular calyx lobes. In addition another collection
from the same region may represent G. latidentatus. This is Dressler 5942
(MO), 16 km. NW of Santa Fe, descent to Rio Calovebora, 650 m. It differs
from typical G. latidentatus in having a few long trichomes along the main
veins below, a longer calyx, and a corolla described as yellow cream rather
than magenta or red.

Gibsoniothamnus Allenii has also now been collected in’Panama Province
(Cerro Campana, Folsom 3631 [MO]) as well as from the type locality near
La Mesa, ‘Cocle Province.

Heretofore each known population of Panamanian Gibsoniothamnus has
been internally homogeneous but morphologically unique from the popula-
tions occurring in other geographical areas. Since both G. latidentatus and
G. Allenii are now shown to retain their differentiating characters in the
additional localities from which they are reported above suggests that these
differences are fundamental enough to justify their specific separation.

Two other collections of Gibseniothamnus related to G. Allenii and G.
pterocalyx remain unaccounted for. One is from Coclesito, Cocle Province
(Hammel 7206 [MO]) and the other from the upper Rio Tuquesa, Darien
Province (Croat 27281 {MO}). The Coclesito plant is unusual in its reported
orange or orange red corolla, green calyx and single axillary flowers. The
Darien collection has subulate calyx teeth ca. 1 cm. long which are extended

as ridges on the sides of the calyx as in G. pterocalyx but has the strongly
angled twigs of G. Allenii.

1982] GENTRY: MIDDLE AMERICAN BIGNONIACEAE 89

Literature Cited

D’Arcy, W.G. 1979. Scrophulariaceae. In Flora of Panama. Ann. Missouri
Bot. Gard. 77: 173-274.

Gentry, A.H. 1973. Bignoniaceae. In Flora of Panama. Ann. Missouri Bot.
Gard. 60: 781-997.

. 1977. Notes on Middle American Bignoniaceae. Rhodora 79: 430-444.

. 1980. Bignoniaceae — Part I (Crescentieae and Tourrettieae). Flora

Neotropica Monograph 25: 1-130.

. 1982. Phytogeographic patterns as evidence for a Choco refuge,
pp. 112-136. In G. Prance (ed.). The Biological Model of Diversification in
the Tropics. Columbia University Press.

Seibert, R.J. 1940. Botany of the Maya area: Miscellaneous papers X XI: The
Bignoniaceae of the Maya area. Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 522: 375-434.

Standley, P.C. and L.O. Williams. 1974. Bignoniaceae. In Flora of Guatemala.
Fieldiana, Bot. 24(10): 153-234.

NEW SPECIES AND MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
IN THE GENUS TRIMEZIA (IRIDACEAE) — I

Pierfelice Ravenna!

A series of successive articles on Trimezia will include new species, sub-
species, and short revisional notes. The genus is a fairly outstanding repre-
sentative of the Iridaceae in the neotropics, ranging from northeastern
Argentina and south Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), to the east side of the Sierra
Madre in central Mexico (Veracruz).

Five new species, namely Trimezia sincorana, T. connata, T. guianensis,
T. guaricana, and T. caulosa are described. The new combination T. galaxioides
(Gom.) Rav. (Sisyrinchium galaxioides Gomes) is established. The species
belong in the floras of Brazil, Guiana, and Venezuela.

Trimezia sincorana Ravenna, sp. nov. — Planta procera ad 1-1.68 m. alta.
Rhizoma verticalis percrassus tuberosus saepe usque 8 cm. latus extus fuscus
intus luteus radicis pluribus crassiusculis emitens. Folia basalia plura
lineari-attenuata viridia ad 35-90 em. longa circ. 4-15 mm. lata nervio medio
crassiori parti subterranea vaginis basin versus gradate incrassata. Caulis
teres foliis tres vel quattuor basalibus similibus necnon gradate reducta
superne foliis alteribus parvis saepe bracteiformibus instructus. Spathae
usque tres pedunculatae inter se divergentes multiflorae ventricosae ad
20-25 mm. longae circ. 8-9 mm. latae. Pedicelli complanati ad 25 mm. longi
cire. 2.5 mm. lati ad margines puberuli. Flores laete lutei circ. 4-4.7 mm.
lati inodori centrum versus concavi. Ovarium clavato-oblongum pallide
viride ad 5.3-5.5 mm. longum cire. 1.5-2.6 mm. latum. Tepala exteriora
obovata ad 24-25 mm. longa circ. 15-16.5 mm. lata inferne usque 6.5 mm.
pallidiora prope basin veram maculis castaneis paucis prope basin laminae
dense castaneo-maculata et piloso-glandulosa; lamina modice reflexa ad
apicem obtuse apiculata. Tepala interiora ad 11-14 mm. longa cir. 6.4-7 mm.
lata; unguiculum ad margines piloso-glandulosum ut in exterioribus varie-
gatum; lamina inferne glandulosa et cenereo-maculata. Filamenta circ. 3.2
mm. longa ad basin incrassatam purpureo-tinctam connata deinde filiformia.
Antherae oblongae ad 3.9 mm. longae; pollen loculique fusci. Stylus circ.
3 mm. longus. Styli rami suberecti lutescentes ad 3.8 mm. concrescentes cire.
1.4 mm. liberi; cristae duae adaxiales acutae ad 1.1-1.2 mm. longae. Capsula
matura oblongo-clavata ad 15 mm. longa circ. 6-8 mm. lata usque medium
sursum trivalvata. Semina ignota.

Among shrubs, often in a dark, sandy soil at Serra do Sincora, as for in-

stance, along the Bahiano River, near Andarai, and as far as Mucuge, prov. of
Bahia, Brazil.

*Casilla 21128, Sucursal 21, Santiago, Chile.

RAVENNA: GENUS TRIMEZIA (IRIDACEAE) — I 91

Brazil: Bahia, Serra do Sincora, Mucuge, R. de Lemos Froes 19989, II-1943
(Inst. Agr. do Norte). Idem, mun. Andarai, velha estrada entre Andarai e
Mucuge, via Igatu, 2 km. ao sur de Igatu, ca. 800 m., S.A. Mori & F. P. Benton
13204, 23-XII-1979 (CEPLAC, Herb. Rav.). Serra do Sincora(no further data
available), Harley et al. 16122 (K, Herb. Rav.). In decliviis supra fluminem
Bahiano prope Andarahi (Serra do Sincora) civit. Bahia Brasiliae, Ravenna
171, XIJ-1962 (Herb. Rav., type). Vernacular name: “lirio.”

Among the species of the typical Trimezia alliance, T. sincorana is probably
one of the most elegant. In habit, and particularly in the small ventricose
spathes, it resembles 7. Steyermarkii Fost., a species from Guatemala. From
this it is separable by virtue of the rather large, tuberous rhizome and the
more stiff, almost erect leaves. 7. spectabilis Rav. (Ravenna 1968) is another
allied species which is readily distinguished by the rootstock and the less
slender leaves.

The rhizome is used by the natives, as a powder, in preparing “tapioca de
lirio,” a nutritive and slightly purgative meal for children. Milk and a bit of
sugar are sometimes added to it.

Trimezia connata Ravenna, sp. nov. Fig. 31.

Planta ad 20-40 cm. alta. Bulbus subconicus leviter compressus ad 4-5.5
em. longus circ. 14-24 mm. latus ex rhizomate breve circ. 5-18 mm. longo.
Folia basalia circ. 2-6 linearia sursum attenuata viridia ad 15-90 cm. longa
circ. 5-8.2 mm. lata nervio medio crassiore notata. Caulis teres. Caulis teres
usque 15-30 em. longus folio reducto ad 8-31 cm. longo interdumque bractea
circ. 32 mm. longa instructus. Spathae usque tres vel saepius duae peduncu-
latae pluriflorae ad 22-25 mm. longae; valvae subaequales vel paullo
inaequales naviculatae ad 18-24 mm. longae; bracteae interiores valvas
superantes membranaceo-cartaceae. Flores lutei ad 22 mm. longi circ. 18.5
mm. lati. Ovarium clavatum obtuso-triquetrum viride ad 5mm. longum circ.
1.6-1.7 mm. latum. Tepala exteriora obovato-spathulata conniventia ad
margines valde revoluta apiculis inter se fortiter adhaerentibus. Tepala
interiora sursum geniculato-recurvata unguiculis circ. 31 mm. longis sex-
maculatis; lamina inferne brunneo-maculata area glandulosa densa instructa
deinde emaculata. Filamenta usque basin libera lutescentia emaculata
praeter basin paullo incrassatam tenuissime filiformia ad 3.8-4.5 mm. longa.
Antherae oblongo-lineares ad 4.5 mm. longae circ. 0.8 mm. latae; pollen luteo-
viridescens. Stylus circ. 5mm. longus. Styli rami usque 3.8 mm. concrescentia
deinde circ. 2.7-2.8 mm. liberi; cristae nullae; replicaturae stigmatosae
0.6 mm. longae. Capsula clavata ad 12-15 mm. longa circ. 4-6.5 mm. lata,
cycatrix perigoni lata supra trigibbata. Semina usque 11 per loculo sub-
globosa vel paullo angulata rufo-ochracea ad 2-2.4 mm. lata hylo parvo
instructa.

Among shrubs and herbs, between the village called Morro do Chapeu
and the homonym hill, at 1200 m. above the sea, in the state of Bahia, Brazil.

Brazil: Mun. Morro do Chapeu, rod. BA-426, km. 6 no sentido M. do
Chapeu — Jacobina, A. J. Ribeiro 45, 12-VIII-1979 (CEPLAC, Herb. Rav.).

ve WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 2

yn CW,
Wrrvawtit

Jing

| .

Fig. 31. Trimezia connata Rav.: A, Flowering stem and leaf; x 4. B, Side
view of flower; x 1%. C, Androeceum and gynaeceum; x 8%. Photos and
drawing by P. Ravenna.

1982] RAVENNA: GENUS TRIMEZIA (IRIDACEAE) — | 93

Idem, Serra do Tombador, dry middle slopes of Morro do Chapeu, 1125 m.,
H. S. Irwin et al. 32419, 17-II-1971 (NY, K). Inter urbem Morro do Chapeu
et collem ejusdem dictum civit. Bahia Brasiliae, Ravenna 1102, III-1968
(Herb. Rav., type; K, NY, RB, U, isotypes).

Trimezia connata is a peculiar and unmistakable species. Its erect outer
tepals are firmly adhered to each other by the apicules. Another case in the
family of this kind of adherence is found in the genus Larentia where the
connective is intimately attached to the style tissue.

Trimezia guianensis Ravenna, sp. nov. — Planta usque 87 cm. alta.
Rhizoma brevis verticalis ad apicem vaginis incrassatis persistentibus
foliorum vetustorum fibris obtectis instructus. Folia basalia usque tres
linearia nervio medio prominente marginibusque tenuibus ad 5-67 cm.
longa cire. 4-6 mm. lata. Caulis teres inferne folio reducto bracteaque circ.
50 mm. longa instructus. Spathe longe pedunculata (pedunculus circ. 30 cm.
longus) multiflora ad 27 mm. longa; valvae leviter inaequales. Flos luteus
ad 35 mm. latus. Tepala exteriora obovata ad 18 mm. longa circ. 10.5 mm.
lata. Tepala interiora geniculato-recurvata ad 8 mm. longa cire. 5.8 mm.
lata ad unguiculos castaneo-suffusa; lamina castaneo-striolata (fide collec-
torum). Filamenta ut videtur libera ad 3 mm. longa. Antherae oblongae
luteae ad 3.5-3.8 mm. longae. Stylus circ. 3.8 mm. longus. Styli rami ad 4-5
mm. longi inferne connati; cristae breves.

Guiana: Upper Mazarum River basin, savanna between G. S. Camp 1 and

Haieka River, along trail to Ayanganna, 747 m., S. S. Tillet et al. 45199,
20/21-VIII-1960 (VEN, type; NY, isotype). Idem, Pakaraima mountains,
Samwarakna-tipu (Holi-tipu), 1100 m., B. Maguire et al. 40657, 10-II-1955
NY).
Dlemnce Trimezia guianensis resembles T. Fosteriana Steyerm.
from Venezuela. However, its leaves with thin margins and a distinct midrib,
smaller flowers, with the outer tepals not glandular on the abaxial face below,
and free filaments are keen distinctive features.

Trimezia guaricana Ravenna, sp. nov. — Planta usque 29-40 em. alta.
Rhizoma brevis ad 7-11 mm. longus circ. 7 mm. latus radicibus carnosis
fascicultais emitens vaginisque crassiusculi foliorum vetustorum bulbo
simulantibus sursum obtectus. Folia basalia ca. quattuor ensiformia supra
solum 37-42 em. longa circ. 5-14 mm. lata flaccida nervio medio prominens
sursum attenuata. Caulis teres gracilis folio unico basalibus simili ad
20.5-21 em. longo. Spathae parvae lanceolatae pluriflorae ad 15-17 mm.
longae valvis subaequalibus vel leviter inaequalibus. Pedicelli spathae saepe
exserti usque 19 mm. longi. Ovarium obovato-clavatum ad 2.5 mm. longum
circ. 1.2 mm. latum. Tepala exteriora in alabastra obovata ad 6 mm. longa
circ. 2.5 mm. lata ad apicem pennicillato-apiculata. Tepala interiora
geniculato-recurvata ad 5.5 mm. longa circ. 1.7 mm. lata. Filamenta libera
filiformia circ. 1.8 mm. longa. Antherae oblongo-lingulatae circ. 2.7 mm.
longae. Stylus filiformis filamentis aequans. Styli rami crassi usque medium

94 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 2

vel ultra concrescentes cire. 3 mm. longi; cristae duae adaxiales acutiusculae
in alabastro circ. 0.7 mm. longae.

Venezuela: Guarico, Ortiz-Galeras de El Pao, a unos 20 km. de San
Francisco de Tiznado, Hato El Tranquero, L. Aristiguieta et al. 6279,
20-VIII-1966 (VEN, type).

Trimezia guaricana appears to be related to 7. martinicensis (Linn.) Herb.,
which is also commonly found in Venezuela. From this it is distinguished at
first glance by the very small spathes. In general habit it resembles more
likely to T. galaxioides (Gom.) Rav. (in this paper), but the morphology of
floral organs readily separates both species.

Trimezia caulosa Ravenna, sp. nov. — Planta elata ad 42-118 cm. alta.
Rhizoma brevis subverticalis circ. 12-20 mm. latus radices plures fibrosas
emitens. Folia basalia lineari-ensiformia suberecta firmula marginibus
tenuibus nervioque medio crassiore ad 57-161 cm. longa circ. 11-15 mm.
lata infra solum base vaginae modice incrassata et valde persistens. Caulis
teres efoliato bracteis duis distantibus circ. 8.5-4 cm. longibus instructus.
Spatha unica longe vel saepe longissime pedunculata multiflora valvis sub-
aequalibus vel modice inaequalibus ad 25-35 mm. longis herbaceis. Pedicelli
complanati glabri. Flores lutei ad 20-35 mm. lati. Ovarium clavatum ad
5.3-6 mm. longum circ. 1.5 mm. latum. Tepala exteriora obovata oblique
patentia ad 14-24 mm. longa circ. 6-10 mm. lata minute apiculata. Tepala
interiora circ. 10 mm. longa (haud in extenso) 3 mm. lata unguiculis 6 mm.
longis; lamina geniculato-recurvata. Filamenta libera angustissime linearia
tenuia ad basin ampliata circ. 3.5 mm. longa. Antherae oblongo-lineares
circ. 3.5 mm. longae. Stylus filiformis 4-4.4 mm. longus. Styli rami usque
3-3.2 mm. concrescentes deinde 1.4-1.5 mm. liberi (excluso cristae). Cristae
ut videtur duae erecteae cultriformes circ. 1.5-1.8 mm. longae.

Rainy forest, especially in the “pau-brasil” wood environment, to the south
of the Bahia state, Brazil.

Brazil: Bahia, mun. Porto Seguro, 16 km. W de Porto Seguor, proxima a
Estacao Ecologica do Pau-Brasil, A. Espunino 368, 3-XI-1978 (Herb. Rav.,
CEPEC). Idem, Santa Cruz de Cabralia, Reserva Ecologica do Pau-Brasil,
T. S. Santos 1924, 15-1X-1971 (Herb. Rav., type; CEPLAC, isotype). Ibidem,
A. Espunino 16, 1-X-1971 (Herb. Rav., CEPLAC).

Trimezia caulosa is distinguished by the lack of a well developed leaf on
the stem, and especially by the long-peduncled solitary spathe. Its relation-
ships are with T. sincorana Rav., and T. guianensis Rav. (see both in this
paper). The former has a leafy stem with more than one spathe. In the latter,
the spathe arises from a reduced leaf and a bract, both being approximate.

Trimezia galaxioides (Gom.) Ravenna, comb. nov. — Sisyrinchium
galaxioides Gomes, Mem. Acad. Real Cienc. Lisboa, Mem. Corresp. 3: 99.
1812. Marica semiaperta Loddiges, Cooke’s Bot. Cab. 7: tab. 685. 1821. Cipura
semiaperta (Lodd.) Heinhold, Nomencl. Bot. Hort. 1: 197. 1840. Lansbergia
caracasana sensu Klatt, in Martius Fl. Bras. 3 (1): 527, tab. 67, f. 2. 1871;

1982] RAVENNA: GENUS TRIMEZIA (IRIDACEAE) — I 95

non De Vries (1846). Trimezia semiaperta (Lodd.) Ravenna, Rev. Inst. Munic.
Bot. Buenos Aires 2: 60. 1964. Vernacular name: “maririco.”

Frequent in shady places, often not far from the sea, between the Brazilian
states of Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina.

Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, under the Serra dos Orgadés, Burchell 2592 (BR).
Canta Gallo (?), Th. Peckholt 141, 1859 (BR). Environs de Rio de Janeiro et
Ouro Preto, recuilles en 1883 et 1884, A. Glaziou 19670 (NY). Parana, mun.
Morretes, Anhaia, Hatschbach 33708, 22-I-1974 (MBM, Herb. Rav.). Idem,
Rio do Pinto, Hatschbach 29780, 6-VII-1972 (MBM, Herb. Rav.). Mun.
Paranagua, Piacaguera, Hatschbach 21372. 23-I1V-1969 (MBM, Herb. Rav.).
Idem, Rio Cachoerinha, Hatschbach 20848, 18-I-1969. Santa Catarina, Ilha
de Santa Catarina, mun. Florianopolis, Naufragados, 200 m., A. Bresolin
97, 19-I-1971 (HBR). Idem, Morro do Ribeiro, Klein et al. 6774, 13-IX-1966
(HBR). Ibidem, Klein 7149, 14-II-1967 (HBR, Herb. Rav.).

The species is fairly well illustrated in Martius’ Flora Brasiliensis under
the binomial “Lansbergia caracasana De Vries.” The latter is a nomen-
clatural synonym of Trimezia martinicensis, as it is Remaclea funebris
Morren, roughly figured in the same work.

The description of Gomes is rather accurate and leaves no doubt about the
correct application of the epithet. The vernacular name “maririco” is applied
to this as well as to another still undescribed species which inhabits mainly
Minas Gerais.

Glaziou’s specimen, cited above, represents T. galarioides. Apparently he
observed the mentioned allied species at Minas and assigned the plant also to
Ouro Préto, which obviously is a mistake. The rootstock of both species is
commonly used since long time ago as a purgative.

Acknowledgments

My appreciation to the Herbaria that cooperated by making available dry
material for study as follows: BR, CEPLAC (Itabuna, Brazil), HRB, K, MBM
(Curitiba, Br.), VEN, Inst. Agr. do Norte (Belem).

Literature Cited

Ravenna, P., 1968: Notas sobre Iridaceae III, Bonplandia (Argentina) 2 (16):
273-291.

WRIGHTIA

A Botanical Journal

VOLUME 7
Number 3

1983

PUBLISHED BY
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS
Box 688, Richardson, Texas 75080
U.S.A.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL

x APR 11 1983

Printed in the U.S.A.
The University of Texas at Dallas
Richardson, Texas

WRIGHTIA

A Botanical Journal
VOLUME 7, NUMBER 3

Issued January 31, 1983

CONTENTS

The Flora of Northern Yucatan and the Coba Area of Quintana
Roo, Mexico: Collections and Observations in 1938
By Cyrus Longworth Lundell and Amelia A. Lundell................. 97

A New Species of Viguiera (Asteraceae: Heliantheae)

from Mexico
By Neil A: Harriman and Harold Robinson... .: - sees sececs ene ces 229

A New Species and a New Subgenus in Ennealophus (Iridaceae)
S59 ViGTOiOe RAVORDA Goi boos ices Cee ek es pe ae a2

Contributions Toward a Monograph of Cybianthus (Myrsinaceae): IV.
Notes on Subgenera Stapfia and Microconomorpha
a PE foes deat caeee Fee Gua d tees bee ks 235

Neotropical Myrsinaceae — VIII
ey Cera La wWOrth LNGE!, oo. iss oc ase ina see eve cewek rs 245, 254

Revisional Studies in the Genus Urceolina (Amaryllidaceae) II
NE CRE OOS Eee ae eave earn a ren rare rar nein eer 251

A New Combination in Lindmania (Bromeliaceae)
Lg Pig cl piece oo Urs) | eens ong iene fen erPE eee Neng: riage aera eere’ S 253

S it appears along
Yokdzonoot.

s forest of Yucatan a
he vicinity

hen Itza and in t

32. The advanced deciduou

€
e

Fig.

Kaua road near Ch

the

WRIGHTIA

Volume 7 January 31, 1983 Number 3

THE FLORA OF NORTHERN YUCATAN AND THE
COBA AREA OF QUINTANA ROO, MEXICO:
COLLECTIONS AND OBSERVATIONS IN 1938

Cyrus Longworth Lundell!
and

Amelia A. Lundell

NORTHERN YUCATAN

PVRS PODINY ils coo cea Sees ees Lee a ee eee eo ees ens
Ey ey ss Se MRNA AAS Gea ieee ees
PTS 55 ei ic a ks Pine a Go Ik een cs was
PURE SrA Se as a OK ota es a he ne ks
Vowel ation of Northort ¥ G0G1AN co) os 4s. ces kis ew es cle cs veo eee eens

Annotated List of the Species Collected or Observed in
Si tuted OMA 205 bs C6 is eee ae ss se ae ee oa

COBA AREA OF QUINTANA ROO

a cy ok ceed fv Ge eee eh ens kweee ee
Excerpts from the Journal of Trip to Coba..........-.- eee cece eee e eee

Vegetation of the Coba Area ..........-cscercceeneeccscesecenscecnees

Annotated List of the Species Collected or Observed in
ty Rtata he CNRS FOO 65 ns ci 555 ox + Sian baeetee he eee e See sens eee

Archaeological Notes onthe Coba Ruins .......-.-.0+0see secre eee e ees

i ae ca eh vee Geka ie uk cae cee 8 es

1All photographs are by the authors.

98 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

NORTHERN YUCATAN

Introduction

Prior to 1938 my studies of the Yucatan Peninsula flora had been confined
to Campeche, Peten, and British Honduras. In September, 1928, as Assistant
Physiologist of the Tropical Plant Research Foundation, I was stationed at
Honey Camp in northern British Honduras to carry on field studies of Achras
Zapota L. (Lundell, 1933). Here I collected my first plant specimens, the
prelude to a lifetime of work in the Peninsula.

In 1938 a report was published in the Yearbook No. 37, pp. 7-11 of the
Carnegie Institution of Washington covering the 1938 botanical expedition.

This 1982 summary expands upon that report, includes photographs of
the areas investigated, and gives an annotated list of plant collections with
vernacular names and uses. The more than 8,000 specimens obtained during
the course of the field study were painstakingly labeled by Amelia A. Lundell
after their identification. The first set of specimens from the 1938 expedition
is in the University of Michigan Herbarium. Duplicates were distributed to
other major herbaria in the United States and to Mexico. The junior author,
who as research assistant helped collect, assumed the responsibility for re-
cording the vernacular names and for making the notes on the plant uses as
included herewith. Her Journal, covering the expedition from the day of
departure from Ann Arbor, Michigan through the summer in Yucatan and
Quintana Roo and the return to the University of Michigan, is filed in the
Lundell Library of The University of Texas at Austin.

A member of the staff of the University of Michigan Herbarium, she was
appointed a staff member of the Carnegie Institution of Washington by Dr.
Sylvanus G. Morley, head of the Carnegie project in Yucatan, for the 1938
summer work with headquarters at Chichen Itza.

While a member of the staff of the University of Michigan Herbarium in
a curatorship position through 1943, I was also a Research Associate in the
Division of Historical Research of the Carnegie Institution of Washington
from 1933 through 1941. I headed joint expeditions of the University of
Michigan and the Carnegie Institution of Washington to Guatemala in 1933,
to British Honduras in 1936, to northern Mexico in 1934 and 1937, and to
Yucatan and Quintana Roo, Mexico in 1938. The junior author was a member
of the 1934 and 1937 expeditions to Mexico.

The 1938 expedition to Yucatan and Quintana Roo covered the period from
May 27 through August 3, 1938. The vegetation study, supported by the
Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies, the Faculty Research Fund
of the University of Michigan, and the Carnegie Institution of Washington,
carried out exploration of the dry coastal area forty miles east and west of
Progreso, around Chichen Itza for a radius of twenty miles, and in the vicinity
of the Maya ruins of Coba, Quintana Roo. Important but smaller collections

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 99

were made along the road south to Uxmal and around Merida.

Facilities of the Carnegie Institution of Washington at Chichen Itza,
generously placed at the disposal of the expedition by Dr. Sylvanus G. Morley,
who was our host, contributed substantially to the success of the field work.

The observations were first published in the 1938 Carnegie Yearbook
report.

The State of Yucatan has been worked more extensively by resident col-
lectors and visiting botanists than any other part of the Yucatan Peninsula,
yet few data have been gathered concerning such important subjects as the
general aspects of the vegetation, zonation, abundance and distribution of
species, successional stages, relic forest areas and their importance in the
interpretation of the natural climatic climax forest. Biotic influences include
the effect of milpa agriculture, fire dstruction, and the henequen industry.
In the course of the studies, a large series of herbarium specimens was col-
lected, included among which are adequate collections of such difficult groups
as cacti and palms, some of which still remain unidentified in 1982! Many of
the described endemics, some known from single collections without locality
data, were rediscovered and gathered repeatedly with both flowers and
fruits. A few species were new to science. Clearer taxonomic interpretation
of a number of species and some genera, heretofore inadequately known,
was made possible from the ample herbarium material obtained.

To substantiate and amplify ethnobotanical data, this subject received
special attention by the junior author.

Collections were made of reptiles and amphibians from Chichen Itza and
Coba, and fish from Lake Coba and Lake Macanxoc, Quintana Roo. The
specimens were turned over to the Museum of Zoology of the University of

Michigan.
Geology

The limestone of the flat northern plain of the Yucatan Peninsula is fossil-
iferous in character. The paleontological evidence of the fossils in the lime-
stone indicates that the latter belongs to two periods of geological time, the
Pliocene and the Post-Pliocene, but it is not easy to draw a line of demarcation
between the two. It appears as though the Post-Pliocene, except in the coastal
area, were present only in patches, having been removed by atmospheric
decay and denudation (Heilprin, 1891).

Where less compact the rock may be said to be a mass of loosely united
shells, a condition that is best shown in superficial layers. Secondary deposits
of calcite in the form of veins, crystals and nodular masses are abundant,
contributing to the irregular surface. The rocky surface is visible over a very
large part of its extent, being but scantily covered with red soil. The residual
soil appears to be a product of iron impurities introduced into the limestone
at its formation. The impurities were possibly a product of volcanic dis-
charges which visited the region for a long time (Heilprin, 1891).

100 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3
Physiography

The limestone plain of northern Yucatan, as well as that of northern
Quintana Roo and Campeche, is flat. The northern coast across all of the
State of Yucatan is skirted by a narrow sand reef with low dunes and flats
behind which lies an extensive shallow lagoon of brackish water, known as
the cienaga. (The latter is known not only for its physical characteristics
but for its vicious mosquitos which sting painfully when they bite.) The
cienaga has outlets from the sea and is open at its western end.

As to elevation, from Progreso south the average increase of the Peninsula
from the northern coast southward is about one foot for each mile (Cole, 1910).
Merida is about 30 feet above sea level, while Dzitas and Chichen Itza are
above 80 feet. South of the northern plain there is a series of ridges extending
across the Peninsula northwesterly from southern Quintana Roo across
southern Yucatan with a single ridge terminating beyond the City of
Campeche. The ridges reach a maximum elevation of approximately 900
feet and differ geologically from the northern plain.

The State of Yucatan is practically without rivers and lakes. Lake
Chichankanab on the south is mostly in Quintana Roo. Northern Quintana
Roo has various small lakes, notably those at Coba and Lake Bacalar in
the south.

As stated in Shattuck (1933), the soil of the northern part of the Peninsula
is so thin and arid that it seems incredible that anything should grow upon
it and whatever soil there may once have been is now impoverished by re-
peated burning of the bush. The scant soil is of a reddish color and largely
accumulated in rock fissures in denuded areas. It rests upon a limestone
which is so fissured and porous that rainwater quickly runs in and disappears.

Merida was once known as the city of a thousand windmills, which tapped
the shallow Yucatan aquifer. The sources of water in the northern plains
are rainwater which may be collected in storage tanks or cisterns or accu-
mulated in natural or man-made aguadas, the small reservoirs of the
Peninsula. Artificial wells are common, but the most important sources of
water are the cenotes, which are natural sink holes of this karst country. The
plains are dotted with these, the most famous one being the Sacred Cenote
at Chichen Itza. There are deep caves with water and natural springs along
the coast, fed by underground streams, mostly flowing northward. Casares
(1905-1906), Cole (1910), and Stephens (1848) are sources of data on water
supplies.

Climate

Data on the climate of the Yucatan Peninsula are given in a chapter by
Page in Shattuck (1933, pp. 409-422).

As stated by Page, Yucatan is entirely within the tropics and has only
slight climatic variations. It is tropical with small temperature range from
summer to winter or from one part of the region to the other in the same

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 101

90°

Over 80in.

Map. 1. Rainfall of Yucatan, based upon all available data up to and
including the year 1927. From Page (1933).

season. From northwest to southeast the rainy season is longer and the rain-
fall more abundant. In its low latitude it is under the influence of tropical
hurricanes in late summer and fall and has occasional northers in winter
with uncomfortable temperatures dropping sometimes into the low forties
at Merida. Because of higher temperature and lower pressure inland, con-
vection is more intense and rainfall consequently greater there than along
the immediate coast.

The lowest temperature recorded in any place on the Yucatan Peninsula
is 39.2°F., at Champoton in January 1906, and the highest, 116.6°F., in
March of the same year at the same station.

Rainfall distribution, as it pertains to crops and to the flora, is the most
interesting phase of the climate. Amounts vary greatly, especially between
the coastal and interior stations, the interior having the heaviest, and the

102 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

SY,
AW NN ‘op 60-70 per hg
Nj 5, si 10-8 Sant
aN

80-90 percent

90°
Map 2. Percentage of total rainfall occurring from May to October.
From Page (1933).

south much more than the north. The nature of the vegetation attests to these
differences. May 1 (from Page) shows the rainfall and its distribution in the
Mexican part of the Peninsula, and Map 2 (from Page) gives the percentage
of total rainfall occurring from May to October.

Rainfall total fluctuates from year to year, for three to four times as much
rain falls in some years as compared to others. At Progreso the mean annual
rainfall is 17.82 inches, at Merida 34.73 inches, and at Chichen Itza 46.69
inches, about the same as at Valladolid.

In a narrow xerophytic belt along the north coast of the peninsula where
rainfall some years is as low as 12 inches, the area is most interesting botan-
ically with a high degree of endemism.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 103

@MERIDA

\ A,
mae Nk cl

CAMPECHE

See

WN
HONEY, CAMP

SS CAL SY

tf @)

BELIZE

« L PE ADIDAS
a He
= a% i
ey POLOL
ue . j SAPODILLA
j FOREST AREA
Z : l ©

Map 3. Area covered by the sapodilla forest on the Yucatan Peninsula.
From Lunde]! (1933).

Agriculture

With a dry season of six months, November through April, with bush fires
consuming forest litter and humus, with a mantle of depleted reddish soil
so thin that it is found mostly in rock crevices, the agriculture supporting
the Maya in northern Yucatan has always had a precarious base.

Yet, milpas (corn fields), where the staple crops of the native population
are corn and beans, supplemented by plantings of tomatoes, pumpkins,

104 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

squash, peppers, sweet potatoes and other lesser sources of food, have sus-
tained the Maya for more than a millenium. Today a good corn crop means
money for cloth and other necessities, but a poor season and crop failure
mean hard times. Famine conditions must have prevailed from time to time
over the ages, considering the erratic rainfall pattern. No wonder that the
life of the Maya centers around their milpas, now as in the past.

Intensive agriculture was practiced in past ages, but it is limited now to
dooryard gardens. These are few and consist of small plots or plantings in
elevated containers. To have a garden requires that an area be laid out,
surrounded by soil retaining blocks of limestone, and filled with soil. It is
necessary to gather up soil from the surrounding countryside. Fenced in
with poles to keep pigs, chickens and other animals out, and hand watered
as necessary, such dooryard plantings supplement the diet. Here alone is it
possible to grow successive crops year round. Leaf cutting ants, aside from
the animals, are the worst pests.

From cities and villages, employment in agricultural and forest enter-
prises has provided a source of income. In the dry northwest sector of Yucatan
and Campeche, with rainfall from 20 to 30 inches, henequen plantations
flourished until foreign competition made the industry unprofitable on a
large scale. See Edwards (1924) for an account of the henequen plantations
and sisal fiber production.

Preceding henequen, indigo production was widespread but the intro-
duction of aniline dyes brought an end to this. From the forest of southern
Yucatan, State of Campeche, and Quintana Roo, logwood in post-Conquest
times was a major export. Later mahogany cutting and the production of
chicle for chewing gum from the sapodilla forest provided labor with a good
source of income. Now almost all has dwindled away from over exploitation
and loss of markets.

Over the ages agriculture has sustained the masses of Maya in their count-
less villages and ceremonial centers. No wonder that their marvelous calen-
dar and their religion are centered around corn, their staple of life.

But, it is remarkable that any of the native flora has survived under such
land use conditions!

Plant Exploration

In Standley (1930), the Flora of Yucatan, there is a chronological account
of the botanical exploration of the Mexican states of the Yucatan Peninsula
(pp. 166-169). To this must be added the collections of Lundell (1934) in
Campeche in 1931-1932, those of W. C. Steere and Jason R. Swallen in 1932
in Yucatan, Quintana Roo and Campeche, and the collections made in 1938
by the Lundells, reported herewith from Yucatan and Quintana Roo. No
record is available for other collections made since 1938.

Although collecting began in northern Yucatan and Campeche early in
the nineteenth century and continued intermittently by various plant col-
lectors, the Flora of Yucatan by Standley is based primarily on the work of

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 105

Dr. George F. Gaumer, who started his studies in 1885-1886 on Cozumel
Island. Although not a botanist, Gaumer possessed a general knowledge of
plants. His botanical activities continued over a period of more than thirty
years from his headquarters in Izamal. As a practicing physician in Yucatan
he was interested in medicinal and other properties attributed to the plants
locally and recorded Maya plant names for most of the species.

Collaborating with Dr. Charles F. Millspaugh of the Field Museum, who
supported his work, Gaumer and Millspaugh were the two most responsible
for our knowledge of the plants of Yucatan as represented in Standley’s
Flora. Gaumer is commemorated for his pioneer efforts by the numerous
species which bear his name.

Regarding the state of our knowledge of the floraof the Yucatan Peninsula,
a statement made by Proctor (1982), regarding the flora of Jamaica, applies
equally well to the Peninsula, especially northern Yucatan.

The local distribution of native plants is so remarkably complex, and
often so narrowly localized, that until virtually every wooded hilltop,
cliff-face, mossy woodland, boggy wetland, dry thorn-shrub, or other
special habitat has been thoroughly examined at different seasons of
the year, our knowledge of the Jamaican flora will be incomplete.
Further, anyone who makes really thorough collections in any more or
less undisturbed or uncollected habitat, particularly at favorable
seasons, is likely to turn up new records and even species new to science.

With its history of continuous occupation by the Maya with shifting popu-
lations over at least two thousand years, with clearings for agriculture, re-
current bush fires sweeping the forests and countryside, and vegetation
ranging from xerophytic on the north coast to true Amazonian-type rain
forest in southern Peten and Belize, together with a high degree of local
endemism, our knowledge of the flora of the Yucatan Peninsula still remains
inadequate. Vast areas have not been explored.

With its rainfall ranging from less than 20 inches in the xerophytic zone
along the north coast to as much as 60 inches in its eastern and southern
sectors, the State of Yucatan offers few relic areas of natural vegetation,
but finding and exploring these will be rewarding. Every collection of sub-
stance turns up species not recorded previously as well as some which are
new to science.

In northern Yucatan, collecting was started at Progreso on May 27, 1938,
Lundell & Lundell 7305 (Eustoma exaltatum) being the first number. On
May 28 collecting was continued on the Merida to Chichen Itza road, and
on May 29 our work at Chichen Itza was initiated with number 7308, and
continued in that area through May 31 and number 7342. A one-day trip
was made to Progreso on June 2 where numbers 7388-7399 were collected,
On the return trip to Chichen Itza on June 3, collecting was resumed in that
area with number 7342, and including the June 2 work at Progreso, was
continued there through June 18 and number 7608.

The trip to Coba from Valladolid began on June 22 with number 7609 and

106 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Fig. 33. Making plant specimens in the advanced deciduous forest on the
Piste to Libre Union road near Chichen Itza. Note the Model A Ford Station
Wagon with Chichen Itza sign on top.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 107

Fig. 34. Older secondary forest near Chichen Itza.

108 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

continued through July 8 with the last collection number 7858 made at
Chulutan on the way back to Valladolid.

Collecting was resumed in the Chichen Itza area on July 10 with number
7859 and continued until July 14 and number 7936. Our headquarters were
transferred to Merida for the remainder of the 19388 trip.

Collecting was resumed on July 17 with number 7937 made at Progreso and
continued through July along the north coast, in the cienaga, and over the
plains to Merida through July 30. Side trips were made to Uxmal with col-
lections along the Merida to Uxmal road and at Muna and Uxmal.

Numbers for the 1938 expedition were 7305 thru 8220, including living
plants sent to the Botanical Garden of the University of Michigan.

A total of 915 collections of plants was made in 1938 of which 666 were from
the State of Yucatan, 249 from Quintana Roo. In addition a number of species
were observed and recorded but not collected, and these are included in the
lists without collection numbers.

Fig. 35. A wood-burning locomotive on the railroad from Merida to
Valladolid. The stop is at Dzitas, the local station nearest Chichen Itza. The
low second growth thorn thicket in background is representative of much of
the vegetation of Yucatan.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 109

Vegetation of Northern Yucatan

The dry coastal area, with rainfall of only 13.5 inches at Progreso in 1911,
extends as a belt across the northwestern edge of the Peninsula. Here there
are three distinct zones: (1) the reef of low sand dunes and flats between the
sea and the cienaga; (2) the shallow cienaga and salt flats; and (3) the flat
limestone plain extending south from the edge of the cienaga into the interior
across northern Yucatan, Campeche and Quintana Roo.

South of the cienaga, the northwest coastal area, to the southeast across
the northern plain, there is a marked increase in annual precipitation. The
total in 1911 reached 66.8 inches at Valladolid, as contrasted with that at
Progreso, and is heaviest to the east and south. The transition in the vege-
tation is pronounced but gradual and correlated with the rainfall. The soil
is everywhere shallow in the northern plain of Yucatan, Campeche and
Quintana Roo and the climate does not vary perceptibly, except for rainfall.

The coastal reef of low sand dunes and flats, between the cienaga and the
sea, support a xerophytic growth ranging up to 15 feet in height. Around
Progreso and other villages, cutting for wood, charcoal, and other needs keeps
the vegetation down so that it is scrubby and low.

The conspicuous shrubs and small trees of this narrow coastal zone include
the following: Coccoloba uvifera, Scaveola Plumierii, Crossopetalum Rhacoma,
Suriana maritima, Chrysobalanus Icaco, Ernodea littoralis, Batis maritima,
Tricerma phyllanthoides, Capparis incana, Caesalpinia vesicaria, Gossypium
sp., Agave spp., Bumelia neglecta, Lycium sp., Jacquinia aurantiaca,
Hemiangium excelsum, Cordia Sebestina, and several palms. Cacti are
locally abundant. Of particular interest is the occurrence on the sand dunes,
as shrubs or small gnarled trees, of such species as Achras Zapota, Krugi-
odendron ferreum, Thevetia Gaumeri, and Metopium Brownei, all of which
are large trees in the advanced forests of the interior.

Common herbaceous plants of the seashore habitat are Cakile edentula,
Tournefortia gnaphalodes, Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Eustoma exaltatum,
Atriplex pentandra, and among the vines, E'chites umbellata and Ipomoea
Pes-caprae.

The cienaga, a brackish and saltwater lagoon behind the dunes, has wide
areas of open water with islands and borders of mangrove. The mangrove of
the tidal area has typical swamp growth with Rhizophora Mangle, Cono-
carpus erecta, Anicennia nitida, and Laguncularia racemosa. Open areas
of the bordering flats are covered with Salicornia, Batis, and other
halophytes.

From the southern edge of the cienaga, flat limestone plains have a dis-
tinctive vegetation which originally must have covered the cleared henequen
plantation area south to Merida and beyond, and westward into Campeche.
Because of the high percentage of endemics and the predominance of cacti,
this xerophytic zone, where rainfall ranges from 30 to 40 inches annually,
mostly nearer 30 south of Progreso, is one of the most interesting areas

botanically of the peninsula.

Fig. 36. The henequen, Agave fourcroydes, is the Agave which was planted
in the vast plantations covering the northern xerophytic plains of Yucatan
and Campeche. Clean cultivation eliminated all traces of the native vegetation
except for scattered relic areas. The most important export, it was the source
of the great wealth of Yucatan in the 1920’s and earlier. As much as 280,000,000
pounds of henequen fiber was exported from Yucatan in 1923. It is used in
the manufacture of binder twine, the principal fiber for that purpose. Com-
petition from foreign sources of fiber together with the decay of the industry
under conditions existing in Yucatan ended this prosperity.

The small, very scattered relic areas of scrub forest of cacti, thorny shrubs
and small trees, inland from Telchac and other coastal localities, appear to
be representative of the original vegetation. It reaches a height up to 45 feet
but averages much less.

The large cacti, Nopalea Gaumeri, N. inaperta, Pachycereus Gaumeri,
Lemaireocereus griseus, and Cephalocereus Gaumeri, are abundant, forming
almost impenetrable thickets in places. Low cacti, Opuntia Dillenii, Acantho-
cereus pentagonus, and several other species not identified, are locally con-
spicuous. The interesting small species of Neomammillaria abound here
only. Species in the following genera are associates of the cacti: Coccoloba,
Acacia, Mimosa, Pedilanthus, Agave, Haematoxrylum, Euphorbia, Prosopis,
Zanthoxrylum, Pithecolobium, and Croton.

Inland from this xerophytie cacti-thorn scrub forest zone, the limestone
plain rises slightly, extending unbroken southward to the low sierras border-
ing Yucatan on the south and southwest. With increase of rainfall from the
coast inland, the xerophytic vegetation undergoes a marked transition,
although this transition is masked.

The greater part of the State of Yucatan, not planted in henequen or cleared
for milpas, is covered with low thickets from 10 to 25 feet in height. These are

LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 111

all second growth, the result of repeated clearings and bush fires. Two species
of legumes, Acacia Gaumeri and Mimosa hemiendyta, both native, are among
the principal dominants, with a host of shrubs and vines as associates. This
widespread assemblage, often considered to be the typical vegetation of
Yucatan, is nothing more than a successional phase. Chapman (1896) ob-
served that the scrubby character of the vegetation, even east of the henequen
belt, is largely artificial due to deforestation by man.

It is doubtful that there is any truly pristine vegetation to be found in the
State of Yucatan or elsewhere in the peninsula. That agriculture of the
ancient Maya was at one time more highly developed with soil conservation
and labor intensive methods of production, as pointed out by Lundell (1936,
1982), there is ample evidence; but we can assume that the milpa method of
slash and burn predominated over much of the peninsula for most of the two
thousand or more years of Maya history. The destruction of the original
vegetation resulted, for we know that they moved their milpas after two or
three years, and the tempo of clearing and revegetation has depended upon
population fluctuation. Where milpas could be planted, no part of the lime-
stone areas of the peninsula remained undisturbed.

Fig. 37. A henequen plantation stretching to the far horizon. Such plan-
tations covered the wide xerophytic zone across the northern top of the
Peninsula extending inland from the coastal cienaga. See H. T. Edwards
(1924) under references for an account of the henequen industry in Yucatan.

, t ' - Lees ee
it || OR fee +ot+ SPE)

inert reese" Tr

pee et
A
ear et si
ly Sel <3

Aad:
rer

Fig. 38. A mansion in Merida built with the wealth from the henequen
industry. This was converted into a guest house.

Fig. 39. The palatial interior of the mansion. For the v
along the north coast of Yucatan w
the basement for our workroom.

egetation survey
€ were guests in this home, using space in

alicia anacanenee A

Fig. 40. A mangrove island in the cienaga, the coastal brackish swamp
behind the beaches and low dunes of the dry north coast. The association in
this habitat is typically halophytic.

Abandonment of the higher rainfall country of northern Peten, most of
Campeche, Quintana Roo, and eastern and southern parts of the State of
Yucatan with gradual collapse over a century or so of the civilization of the
ancient Maya about 1000 A.D., resulted in reforestation with the sapodilla
tree, Achras Zapota, becoming dominant in most of the uplands formerly in
milpas. See Map 3.

Today, progressing eastward from Merida toward Valladolid and Chichen
Itza, stands of high forest are encountered which are not xerophytic. Here the
rainfall is twice that of Merida. This is old dry forest, mostly deciduous, and
quite distinctive. I have designated this as advanced deciduous forest. East-
ward toward the Caribbean and southward the forest becomes taller and
more luxuriant. This is advanced evergreen sapodilla (Achras Zapota) forest
which now characterizes, where not destroyed by milpa clearings and fires,
eastern and southern sections of the State of Yucatan, all of Quintana Roo,
and most of Campeche. Here the rainfall inland ranges up to 80 inches annual-
ly, and higher in Peten. See Map 1.

Bequaert (1933, pp. 513-514) described the dry forest of Yucatan, and I
quote extracts from him:

The spontaneous vegetation in the region of Chichen Itza is not xero-
phytic in the strict sense of the word. It combines a number of features
of tropical humid forests with others peculiar to xerophytic woodlands,

114

WRIGHTIA

and is perhaps best described as a dry forest. Nevertheless, it belongs
among the tropophytic types of plant formations, which are commonly
found between the tropics wherever the rainfall, though reaching a
fairly high annual amount, is mainly or wholly restricted to a few
months in the year. Under such conditions, the perennial parts of the
plants show decided xerophilous adaptations, enabling them to survive
the prolonged dry season. The herbs are either terrestrial species, with
deeply buried or well-protected rhizomes or bulbs, or else epiphytes
able to withstand desiccation or provided with water-storing devices.
There are very few or no annuals, since their seeds stand little chance
of escaping the bush-fires. Most shrubs, trees and woody creepers drop
their leaves after the rains and pass the winter in a dormant condition,
though some species bloom at that season. Many of the woody plants are
thorny. With the first moisture of spring, the well-protected buds ex-
pand and produce fresh leaves which show no xerophilous structures
and differ little from those of tropical rain forest trees.

Within a few weeks after the first rains, the landscape changes from
a picture of desolation to one of tropical luxuriance. The seasonal
changes in life are well described in the following extract from a letter
by the late Dr. George F. Gaumer, which I quote from Millspaugh
(1895, p. 4):

March is one of our dryest months, quite hot but very healthy; many of the
forest trees are then in bloom, though nearly leafless; for hunting wild animals
and birds it is, however, the best month in the year. January and February are
not so hot and have more flowers, while April and May are much hotter and the
flowers are fewer still. In October, November and December, flowers are very
abundant and the weather cool. June is by far the most delightful month of all
the year. Nature, clad in the splendor of her fresh green attire, is everywhere
bedecked with beautiful flowers, among which flit myriads of bright-hued
butterflies and brilliant plumaged birds; rains are frequent, however, and form
the only drawback to collecting. July, August and September are unsafe months

for foreigners to visit this region, although there is no danger if they come in
January and remain through this period.

The subxerophytic or tropophytic features of northern Yucatan
appear to be due to the combination of three factors. The foremost of
these is unquestionably the seasonal distribution and the low total
amount of the rainfall, as E. Huntington (1912, p. 810) has rightly
pointed out. This factor is made more potent by the dryness, rocky
nature and porosity of the limestone soil, or the so-called “karsted”
condition of the country. Finally, the continued and extensive destruc-
tion of the original vegetation, carried on for centuries as shown above,
and the repeated burning over of the surface soil, have heavily handi-
capped the return of the true tropical forest types, which at one time
may have covered most of the Peninsula. Before these depredations
started, the bedrock may well have carried everywhere a substantial
layer of humus and detrital soil, in which enough moisture could

Fig. 41. The dense low vegetation covering the low coastal dunes and
sandy flats of Progreso. In this vegetation Coccoloba uvifera, Achras Zapota,
Agave spp., Paurotis Wrightii, Cocothinax argentea, various cacti, and a host
of other species typify the habitat. Achras Zapota, with flowers not differing
in any aspect except for the longer pedicels, is here a low sand-binding shrub,

a marvel of the adaptation of this species!

accumulate to allow for a more hygrophilous flora, especially of

herbaceous plants.

The floristic composition and physiognomy of the advanced deciduous
forest stands out in marked contrast to that of the widespread secondary
thickets. The height usually exceeds 50 feet. Species rare in the thickets are
here abundant, whereas Acacia Gaumeri, Mimosa hemiendyta, and other
conspicuous elements of the low bush are comparatively rare.

Principal trees of the advanced deciduous forest include the following
species:

Liliaceae: Beaucarnea Ameliae Lundell

Moraceae: Brosimum Alicastrum Sw.

Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud.
Ficus cotinifolia H.B.K.

Ficus glaucescens (Liebm.) Miq.
Ficus yucatanensis Standl.
Ximenia americana L.

Olacaceae:
Coccoloba acapulcensis Standl.

Polygonaceae:

Fig. 42. The xerophytic cactus-thorn forest of Yucatan growing south
of the cienaga along the northern semi-desert plains across the top of the
Peninsula. This zone of great endemism was cleared for planting henequen,
and only relic areas remain. Here the giant endemic Cactaceae, as well as the
endemic Euphorbiaceae and Leguminosae, make the association one of the
most notable phytogeographic areas of Mexico.

The high degree of endemism in the flora indicates that the climate of the
Peninsula has been stable for untold millenia with little change during the
era man has occupied the region.

The photograph was taken of a relic stand of the xerophytic forest along
the road from Telchac to Motul. Our field assistant, Eugenio May, stands in
foreground. A naturalist and archaeologist, he worked with us at Chichen
Itza, Coba and in the vegetation survey along the north coast of Yucatan. A
Mayan, he was fluent also in Spanish and English, assisting in recording
Maya plant names and uses.

Coccoloba spicata Lundell
Gymnopodium antigonoides (Rob.) Blake
Neomillspaughia emarginata (Gross) Blake

Nyctaginaceae: Guapira linearibracteata (Heimerl) Lundell
Annonaceae: Malmea Gaumeri (Greenm.) Lundell
Sapranthus campechianus (H.B.K.) Stanal.
Lauraceae: Nectandra coriacea (Sw.) Griseb.
Hernandiaceae: Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq.
Capparidaceae: Capparis yucatanensis Lundell

Leguminosae: Acacia Gaumeri Blake

LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 117

Fig. 43. A giant cactus, common in the xerophytic forest of the north coast
of Yucatan.

118

Erythroxylaceae:

Rutaceae:
Burseraceae:

Meliaceae:

Simarubaceae:

Malpighiaceae:
Euphorbiaceae:

Anacardiaceae:
Celastraceae:
Sapindaceae:

Rhamnaceae:

Tiliaceae:
Malvaceae:
Bombacaceae:

Sterculiaceae:
Flacourtiaceae:

Myrtaceae:

Theophrastaceae:

Ebenaceae:

WRIGHTIA

Caesalpinia Gaumeri Greenm.
Caesalpinia platyloba Wats.

Caesalpinia yucatanensis Greenm.
Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jaeq.) Griseb.
Lonchocarpus Xuul Lundell
Lonchocarpus yucatanensis Pittier
Lysiloma bahamense Benth.

Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg.
Pithecolobium albicans (Kunth) Benth.
Swartzia cubensis (Britt. & Wils.) Standl.
Erythroxylon Bequaertii Stand).
E’senbeckia Yaaxhokob Lundell

Bursera Simaruba (L.) Sarg.

Protium Copal (Schlecht. & Cham.) Engler
Cedrela mexicana M. Roem.

Trichilia arborea C.DC.

Trichilia hirta L.

Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm.
Simaruba glauca DC.

Malpighia punicifolia L.

Croton Ameliae Lundell

Croton arboreus Millsp.

Drypetes lateriflora (Sw.) Krug & Urb.
Jatropha Gaumeri Greenm.

Metopium Brownei (Jacq.) Urban
Wimmeria obtusifolia Standl.

Sapindus Saponaria L.

Talisia olivaeformis (H.B.K.) Radlk.
Thouinia paucidentata Radlk.

Colubrina Greggii Wats. var. yucatanensis M. Johnst.

Colubrina reclinata (L’Her.) Brongn.
Krugiodendron ferreum (Vahl) Urban
Luehea speciosa Willd.

Hampea trilobata Standl.

Bombax ellipticum H.B.K.

Ceiba aesculifolia (H.B.K.) Britt. & Baker
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.

Ceiba Schottii Britt. & Baker

Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.

Casearia nitida (L.) Jacq.

Samyda yucatanensis Standl.

Zuelania Guidonia (Sw.) Britt. & Millsp.
Eugenia itzana Lundell

Psidium yucatanense Lundell

Jacquinia flammea Millsp.

Diospyros anisandra Blake

[Vol. 7, No. 3

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 119

Diospyros cuneata Standl.

Diospyros yucatanensis Lundell
Sapotaceae: Achras Zapota L.

Bumelia mayana Standl.

Chrysophyllum oliviforme L.

Mastichodendron Gaumeri (Pittier) Lundell
Apocynaceae: Thevetia Gaumeri Hemsl.
Boraginaceae: Bourreria pulchra (Millsp.) Millsp.

Cordia dodecandra DC.

Cordia Sebestina L.

Ehretia tinifolia L.
Verbenaceae: Cornutia latifolia (H.B.K.) Moldenke

Rehdera trinervis (Blake) Moldenke

Viter Gaumeri Greenm.
Bignoniaceae: Tabebuia chrysantha (Jaeq.) Nicholson
Rubiaceae: Alseis yucatanensis Standl.

Cosmocalyx spectabilis Standl.

Coutarea octomera Hemsl.

Guettarda Combsii Urban

Guettarda elliptica Sw.

Randia longiloba Hemsl.

The most extensive remnants of the advanced deciduous forest were found
in the vicinity of Yokdzonoot between the villages of Piste and Libre Union,
and along the road from Chichen Itza to Kaua. Scattered stands on the road
from Merida to Uxmal have much the same assemblage of species, but no
dominants such as the sapodilla which characterizes the wet forest to the east
and south in the State of Yucatan, in Quintana Roo, Campeche, and northern
Peten and northern Belize (Lundell, 1933, 1937).

The lists of trees, shrubs and other plants in the advanced deciduous forest
given by Bequaert (1933, pp. 516-522) are more comprehensive but out of
date as to nomenclature (in 1982!). Also, the Steere and Lundell collections
of 1932 and 1938, respectively, in the University of Michigan Herbarium,
add many additional species to the flora of this deciduous forest. Of course,
the earlier collections of Gaumer are the basis for most of our knowledge of

the flora of northern Yucatan.

Annotated List of the Species Collected
or Observed in the State of Yucatan

The flora of the Yucatan Peninsula including all of Peten, Belize, Tabasco
east of the Usumacinta River, Campeche, Quintana Roo and Yucatan, is
closer related to that of the West Indies, in particular Cuba and Jamaica,
than other Mexican and Central American areas. To clarify relationships,
a definitive flora of all of Mexico, Central America and the West Indies is

needed.

120 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Fig. 44. The xerophytic forest near Telchac on the north coast of Yucatan.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 121

The high endemism may well be reduced by a definitive flora of Cuba
especially. New elements of the West Indian flora are being found in each
large collection, as evidenced by the discovery in recent years of species of
Ottoschultzia and Reynosia in Peten. Yet, as in Jamaica, there is a high
degree of endemism in the Yucatan Peninsula, possibly as much as 15 per-
cent of the flora.

As already stated, the complete first set of the 1938 collection from northern
Yucatan and the Coba area of Quintana Roo is in the Herbarium of the Uni-
versity of Michigan. Duplicates, aside from those sent to collaborators for
identification, were distributed widely on exchange.

Collaborators in the identification of the 1938 collections were S. F. Blake
(Compositae), Agnes Chase and Jason R. Swallen (Gramineae), Elzada Clover
(Cactaceae), E. P. Killip (Passifloraceae, Smilacaceae), E. C. Leonard (Acan-
thaceae), W. R. Maxon (Pteridophyta), Harold N. Moldenke (Avicenniaceae
and Verbenaceae), Hugh T. O’Neill (Cyperaceae), F. W. Pennell (Schrophu-
lariaceae), C. V. Morton (Dioscoreaceae, Smilacaceae, Solanaceae), Charles
Schweinfurth (Orchidaceae), R. J. Seibert (Bignoniaceae), Lyman B. Smith
(Bromeliaceae), William Trelease and T. G. Yuncker (Piperaceae), L.C.
Wheeler (genus Euphorbia), Robert E. Woodson, Jr. (Apocynaceae).

Except for newly described and other species cited, the Annotated List
consists of species as named on the labels of specimens when distributed.
With the state of our knowledge of the flora, no attempt has been made to
make a general updating of the name changes since 1938.

In the Annotated List, data are presented on medicinal and other uses of
Yucatan plants. This information was recorded by Amelia A. Lundell in her
Journal, assisted by Eugenio May and Marty Dzib (both Mayans speaking
Maya, Spanish and English), and by Francisco Campos, working with
Bambino Yam, a local yerbatero (native medicine man) from the village of
Yaxche, near Chichen Itza.

Maya names of plants were recorded with their meaning so far as that was
obtainable from the yerbatero. So that the data recorded would be current in
1938, no attempt was made to coordinate the spelling of names or give re-
corded uses with published accounts by Gaumer and others as listed by
Standley (1930). Hence this provides some ethnobotanical information not
previously recorded.

It is noteworthy how important the naturalized lime tree has become in
native medicine. The use of lime juice in particular is widespread.

POLYPODIACEAE

Acrostichum daneaefolium L. & F. Abundant in mangrove swamp,
30 km. west of Progreso, Lundell & Lundell 8187, coarse fern, 10 ft.

Blechnum pyramidatum (Lam.) Urb. Along Merida to Progreso road,
km. 31, along railroad, Lundell & Lundell 8218.

iz WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Polypodium Palmeri Maxon. Chichen Itza, on tree at edge of Thompson’s
Cenote, Lundell & Lundell 7335, scandent.

TYPHACEAE

Typha angustifolia L. Flats south of Progreso, km. 32 of road to Merida,
coarse perennial herb.

GRAMINEAE

Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze. In roadside clearing, Progreso
road, km. 26, Lundell & Lundell 7980.

Cenchrus echinatus L. West of Progreso, in beach zone scrub, Lundell &
Lundell 7954, grass-bur.

Cenchrus pilosus H.B.K. Progreso road, along railroad, km. 31, Lundell &
Lundell 8018.

Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link. Progreso road, km. 31, in flats, Lundell &
Lundell 8019, 8026.

Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R. Br. In beach zone, 30 km. east of Progreso,
Lundell & Lundell 8105, annual.

Eragrostis domingensis (Pers.) Steud. Along Merida to Progreso road,
km. 30, cleared flats, Lundell & Lundell 8032, perennial grass in large clumps.

Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. Progreso road, km. 27, in cleared
flats, Lundell & Lundell 8036, coarse culms.

Panicum Chapmani Vasey. Progreso road, km. 31, in flats, Lundell &
Lundell 8008.

Panicum fasciculatum Swartz. Along railroad, Progreso road, km. 17,
Lundell & Lundell 7963, grass with smut.

Panicum geminatum Forsk. Progreso road, km. 31, in pools of flats,
Lundell & Lundell 8007.

Panicum Ghiesbreghtii Fourn. Chichen Itza, roadside, Lundell & Lundell
7427.

eed

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 123

Panicum maximum Jacq. Uxmal, in clearing, Lundell & Lundell 8166,
coarse culms.

Panicum variifolium Swallen. Chichen Itza, in advanced second growth,
Lundell & Lundell 7425.

Paspalum Blodgettii Chapm. Uxmal road, km. 36, roadside, Lundell &
Lundell 8096, perennial. Uxmal, in clearing, Lundell & Lundell 8164.

Paspalum Hartwegianum Fourn. Progreso road, km. 29, in pools of flats,
Lundell & Lundell 8126, perennial.

Paspalum malacophyllum Trin. Uxmal, in clearing, Lundell & Lundell
8168, coarse, glaucous, green.

Setaria magna Griseb. Flats south of Progreso, km. 32 of road, Lundell
& Lundell 8183, coarse perennial grass, growing with Typha.

Setariopsis auriculata (Fourn.) Scribn. Chichen Itza, roadside at Akab
Dzib, Lundell & Lundell 7920, annual.

Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth. In salt flats with Salicornia, bordering
Cienaga, west of Progreso, Lundell & Lundell 7940, perennial.

Trichachne insularis (L.) Nees. Progreso road, common in fields and
clearings, Lundell & Lundell 8191, coarse culms.

CYPERACEAE

Dichromena colorata (L.) A. S. Hitche. Progreso road, km. 33, in salt
marsh, Lundell & Lundell 8208, sedge.

Eleocharis cellulosa Torr. Progreso road, km. 32, in marsh, Lundell &
Lundell 8211.

Fimbristylis monostachya (L.) Hassk. In beach zone, 30 km. east of
Progreso, Lundell & Lundell 8098, perennial.

Fimbristylis spadicea (L.) Vahl. Progreso, km. 33 of road, in salt marsh,
Lundell & Lundell 8209, 8210.

Fuirena simplex Vahl. Flats south of Progreso, km. 32 of road, Lundell &
Lundell 8182, perennial herb, growing with Typha.

124 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3
PALMAE

Chamaedorea Seifrizii Burret. Chichen Itza, in garden, reported to be
native, Lundell & Lundell 7318, slender stems 1 in. diam., 8-12 ft. high,
branches of infructescence orange, erect, fruits globose. Yiat.

Chamaedorea sp. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest, Lundell & Lundell
7529, stems slender, clustered, 6-8 ft. high, perianth yellow. Xiat.

Sabal Japa Wright. Chichen Itza, in yard of Carnegie headquarters,
Lundell & Lundell 7368, diam. 1 ft., height 20 ft., leaf segments erect, fruits
globose, black, eaten by birds. Huano.

Additional species of palms for which identifications are not available are
_ represented by the following collections:

Palm. Progreso, in beach zone, Lundell & Lundell 7394, plants 5-8 ft. tall.
Palm. Progreso, abundant in beach zone, Lundell & Lundell 8178, 6 ft.,
fruits white.

Palm of beach zone, abundant, 25 km. west of Progreso, Lundell & Lundell
8180.

Palm of beach zone, abundant, 25 km. west of Progreso, Lundell & Lundell
8181.

ARACEAE

Monstera deliciosa Liebm. Chichen Itza, a large epiphytic vine with edible
fruiting spadices.

Philodendron sp. Near Yokdzonoot, in advanced forest, Lundell & Lundell
7503, scandent epiphyte, fruits red. Sacxtaabean (Sac = white, can = snake
[white roots resemble snake]).

Pistia Stratiotes L. Maxcanu, in water tanks, Gawmer 23275, water-lettuce,
a floating aquatic plant, with a rosette of broad spongy leaves; very different
in appearance from all other Araceae. Lechuguilla.

Syngonium podophyllum Schott. Izamal, Gawmer 1091, Greenman 375,

a large glabrous epiphytic vine; leaves pedately parted into 5 or more oblong
or oblanceolate segments. Ochil.

Syngonium sp. Chichen Itza, Lundell & Lundell 7506, scandent, spathe
dark red, spadix soft and pulpy. Xaaxtaabcan.

Xanthosoma yucatanense Engl. Piste, Lundell & Lundell 7894, vine with
large tuberous root, root boiled like potato and eaten with honey. Macal.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 125
BROMELIACEAE

Bromelia Karatas L. Near Libre Union, in thickets and advanced forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7576, acaulescent, leaves 5-8 ft. long, perianth orchid.
Pinuela.

Catopsis nutans (Sw.) Gris. Chichen Itza, in second growth around
Thompson’s Cenote, Lundell & Lundell 7322, epiphyte.

Tillandsia Balbisiana Schult. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7330, 7333, epiphyte. Chichen Itza, Lundell & Lundell 7442, epiphyte.
Chichen Itza, on Valladolid road, in advanced forest, Lundell & Lundell 7522,
epiphyte, bracts red, perianth purple. Chichen Itza, in old forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7923, epiphyte, perianth purplish. East of Progreso, in beach zone,
Lundell & Lundell 8116, epiphyte, inflorescence red. Xchu (a parasite).

Tillandsia brachycaulos Schlecht. Chichen Itza, on trees among ruins,
Lundell & Lundell 7578, epiphyte in colonies, perianth purple.

Tillandsia dasyliriifolia Baker. Progreso, in beach zone, common as
terrestrial, Lundell & Lundell 7391, plants 4 ft. tall.

Tillandsia fasciculata Sw. Chichen Itza, Lundell & Lundell 7443, 7559,
epiphyte, bracts reddish.

Tillandsia Schiedeana Steud. Chichen Itza, in second growth around
Thompson’s Cenote, Lundell & Lundell 7334, epiphyte.

Tillandsia streptophylla Scheidw. Near Yokdzonoot, in advanced forest,

Lundell & Lundell 7491, coarse epiphyte. Xmulixchu (Xmulix = curly,

chu = parasite).
If 2 woman who has just had a baby gets up and goes out too soon, she

develops a headache which is cured by grinding the entire plant, wetting it
with honey and patting the paste on the forehead.

Tillandsia subimbricata Bak. Chichen Itza, on tree among ruins, Lundell
& Lundell 7558, epiphyte, bracts yellow, perianth purple.

PONTEDERIACEAE

Heteranthera limosa (Sw.) Willd. Progreso road, km. 30, abundant in
pools of cleared flats, Lundell & Lundell 8202, aquatic, flowers blue.

126 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

LILIACEAE

Beaucarnea Ameliae Lundell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 66: 585, fig. 1. 1939.
Noh Itza, km. 104, from grove of trees, Lundell & Lundell 7566, tree, up to
10 in. diam., 25 ft. high, enlarged at base. Progreso road, km. 29, in cut-over
flats, Lundell & Lundell 8128 (isotype, LL), base enlarged, flowers nearly
white, panicles pyramidal, 30 in. high, lower bracts leafy, upper short. Dz7pil.

It is used as offering to the saints. Planted for ornament.

Nolina pliabilis (Baker) Lundell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 66: 587. 1939.
Dasylirion pliabile Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 240. 1880. In littoral
area near Sisal, Oct. 24, 1875, Arthur Schott 892 (isotype, F). Tzipi.

AMARYLLIDACEAE

Agave decipiens Baker, vel aff. Plants abundant in beach zone every-
where, collected 35 km. east of Progreso, Lundell & Lundell 8110, trunk up
to 2 ft. high.

Furcraea Cahum Trel. Near Noh Itza, in advanced forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7564, 7565, plants with short trunk, 8 in. diam., 2 ft. high, the leaves
5-8 ft. long, perianth greenish. Cahum.

Fiber from leaves is silk-like. Used for fine rope, soft twine and lariats.

Zephyranthes sp. Along Merida to Progreso road, km. 33, in cleared flats,
Lundell & Lundell 8066, bulbous perennial, perianth yellow.

SMILACACEAE

Smilax spinosa Mill. Chichen Itza, in thicket on Valladolid road, Lundell &
Lundell 7521, thorny vine, 15 ft. long, flowers greenish. Chichen Itza, vine
on fence, Lundell & Lundell 7523. Xcooceh (Xcoo = teeth, ceh = deer {thorns
on vine look like teeth of deer}).

Root is ground and boiled with sugar to make a liquid which is taken to
purify the blood. Color of wine when cooked.

DIOSCOREACEAE

Dioscorea Gaumeri Knuth. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7918, herbaceous vine, perianth dark purple. Uxmal road, km. 40,
in low forest, Lundell & Lundell 8092, herbaceous vine, flowers purple.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 127

Dioscorea macrostachya Benth. Uxmal, in clearing, Lundell & Lundell
8167, herbaceous vine, 12 ft. In thicket on hills south of Muna, Lundell &
Lundell 8173, herbaceous vine, perianth red-purple.

Dioscorea matagalpensis Uline. Near Xocenpich, in second growth,
Lundell & Lundell 7880, glabrous, herbaceous vine. Uxmal road, km. 18,
along fences and in thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8084, herbaceous vine, flowers
pale green.

Dioscorea pilosiuscula Bert. Along roadside, near Piste, Lundell &
Lundell 7870, vine. Near Xocenpich, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell
7881, pubescent, vine. Chichen Itza, Kaua road, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7902, 7913, 7914, vine. Near Piste, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7934, vine. Uxmal road, km. 40, in low forest, Lundell & Lundell 8093,
vine. Macalcuch (same name for all species of Dioscorea).

ORCHIDACEAE

Schomburgkia tibicinis Batem. Progreso, large terrestrial colonies in
beach zone, Lundell & Lundell 7397, scapes 3-5 ft. tall.

Stenorrhynchus orchioides (Sw.) L. C. Rich. Chichen Itza, in plaza, near
Castillo, Lundell & Lundell 7315, fleshy herb with cluster of tuberous roots,

flowers salmon-colored.

Triphora cubensis (Rchb.f.) Ames. Chichen Itza, in garden (said to be
native in Old Chichen Itza), Lundell & Lundell 7324, slender reddish herb

with tuberous root.

PIPERACEAE

Piper medium Jacq. Near Piste, in old thicket, Lundell & Lundell 7551,
shrub. Yaaxpehech.

Piper sempervirens (Trel.) Lundell. Chichen Itza, in second growth,
Lundell & Lundell 7406, shrub, 6 ft. high, spikes and flowers white. Chichen
Itza, in advanced forest, on Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7467, shrub,
10 ft. high. Chichen Itza, Kaua road, in old forest, Lundell & Lundell 7916,
shrub, 8 ft. Xaaxpeheche, Xbeheche (Xbehe = forked, che = tree).

Leaves cure splitting of hair; boil leaves and wash hair with liquid. Soak

leaves in water, drink one-half glass; a cure for malaria.

Piper yucatanense C.DC. Izamal, Gaumer in 1888. A shrub with in-
florescence similar to that of Piper sempervirens.

128 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3
ULMACEAE

Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. Chichen Itza, common in old thickets,
Lundell & Lundell 7591, woody, clambering, thorny. In thorn thicket,
Progreso road, km. 28, Lundell & Lundell 7993, shrub, 8 ft. (sterile). Sitzmeve.

Named this because the plant grows over trees binding them together.
Fruits are edible, yellow when ripe.

Trema floridana Britton. Chichen Itza, in second growth on Valladolid

road, Lundell & Lundell 7462, slender tree, 12 ft. high, berries red. Yaaxhol
(Yaax = green, hol = hole).

Leaves serve as forage for horses. Fruits eaten by wild birds.

MORACEAE

Brosimum Alicastrum Sw. In vicinity of Chichen Itza, usually a large
tree. Ramon, Ox.

Leaves and twigs harvested for forage.

Cecropia peltata L. Near Piste, common inold thickets, Lundell & Lundell

7548, tree, up to 6 in. diam., 25 ft. high. Xkochleh (Xkoch = castorbean,
leh = leaf).

Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud. In advanced deciduous forest, Chichen
Itza, a common tree. Mora.

Ficus cotinifolia H.B.K. Chichen Itza, in clearing, Lundell & Lundell 7317,
strangler fig, tree, 35 ft. high, fruits geminate.

Ficus glaucescens (Liebm.) Mig. Chichen Itza, around Xtoloc Cenote
Lundell & Lundell 7556, receptacles solitary. Sakahua.
Planted for shade. Deer eat fruit.

Ficus religiosa L. Planted along streets in Merida, Lundell & Lundell 8073,
tree, 10 in. diam., 35 ft. high. Alamo morado.

Ficus yucatanensis Standl. Along Piste to Libre Union road, km. 112, in
advanced forest, Lundell & Lundell 7572, strangler fig, 40 ft. high. Sakahua.

LORANTHACEAE

Phoradendron Gaumeri Trel. On Merida to Progreso road, km. 10, in
thorn thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8121, parasite on Gymnopodium,

mnt

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 129
OLACACEAE

Ximenia americana L. Chichen Itza, Valladolid road, in advanced de-
ciduous forest, Lundell & Lundell 7514, small tree, fruits yellow, plum-like,
edible.

POLYGONACEAE

Coccoloba acapulecensis Stand]. C. Browniana Standl. C. cardiophylla
Standl. Chichen Itza, along Kaua road in advanced deciduous forest, Lundell
& Lundell 7471, tree, 3 in. diam., 25 ft. high, perianth greenish. Chichen Itza,
Valladolid road, in advanced forest, Lundell & Lundell 7513, tree, 4in. diam.,
20 ft. high. Near Ebtun, in advanced deciduous forest, Lundell & Lundell
7534, slender tree, fruits globose. Totohiu (Toto = straight, hiu= hardwood),
Xtohyuche (Xtoh = straight, Yu= very, che = tree).

Blades of axe or machete are dulled by trying to cut this hard wood. Wood
used for beams in roofs of houses. A medicine is made to cure pellagra by
boiling leaves of this tree with equal number from pasmarwviu, cruzcheik
and botunak. Liquid is rubbed on infected parts and also for bathing.

Coccoloba spicata Lundell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 66: 594, f.4. 1939. In
thicket around Sacred Cenote, Chichen Itza, Lundell & Lundell 7325 (holo-

type, MICH). Bob.

Coccoloba uvifera (L.) Jacq. Progreso, abundant in beach zone, being
one of characteristic species, Lundell & Lundell 8060, shrub, flowers pale

green.

Gymnopodium antigonoides (Rob.) Blake. Piste, abundant in second
growth, Lundell & Lundell 7385, small tree, 15 ft. high, bark coarsely
shredded. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7410, 7459,
small tree, flowers pale green. Near Ebtun, in advanced forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7535, shrub. Along Piste to Libre Union road, abundant large shrub
in advanced forest 30 km. east and west of Chichen Itza, Lundell & Lundell
7571. Dzidzilche (Dzidzil = crumbles, che = wood [bark crumbles]).

Flowers used by bees to flavor their honey. Wood is used for making some

kinds of furniture.

Gymnopodium floribundum Rolfe. Uxmal road, km. 35, in thicket,
Lundell & Lundell 8089, treelet, 12 ft.

Neomillspaughia emarginata (Gross) Blake. Near Yokdzonoot, abundant
in second growth forest, Lundell & Lundell 7487, small tree, 15 ft. high,
perianth nearly white. Near Xocenpich, abundant in second growth, Lundell
& Lundell 7882, shrub, 8-20 ft. high. Sac Itza (Sac = white, Itza = name of

Maya tribe). ;
Cures rheumatism by rubbing leaves very hard on infected part.

130 WRIGHTIA {Vol. 7, No. 3
CHENOPODIACEAE

Atriplex pentandra (Jacq.) Standl. Progreso, rather common in beach
zone, Lundell & Lundell 8156, coarse herb.

Salicornia Bigelovii Torr. Progreso, in drainage ditch, beach zone, locally
abundant, Lundell & Lundell 8141, annual.

Salicornia perennis Mill. East of Progreso, abundant in wet sand, open
areas along cienaga, bordering mangrove, Lundell & Lundell 8112.

Suaeda mexicana Stand!. Progreso, on beach, Lundell & Lundell 8153,
herb.

AMARANTACEAE

Alternanthera ramosissima (Mart.) Chod. Progreso, common in beach
zone, Lundell & Lundell 8186, tall herb.

Amaranthus annectens Blake. Progreso, common on beach, Lundell &
Lundell 8061, annual herb.

Gomphrena dispersa Standl. Progreso road, km. 30, in cleared flats,
Lundell & Lundell 8204, herb.

Iresine Celosia L. Progreso, abundant in beach zone, Lundell & Lundell
8150, herb, 2-4 ft.

Philoxerus vermicularis (L.) R. Br. Progreso, in cleared flats, south of
cienaga, Lundell & Lundell 8021, herb.

NYCTAGINACEAE

Boerhaavia erecta L. In clearings, Progreso road, km. 26, Lundell &
Lundell 7989, annual.

Commicarpus scandens (L.) Standl. West of Progreso, along beach,
Lundell & Lundell 7953, slender herb with long branches, perianth white.

Guapira linearibracteata (Heimer!) Lundell, Wrightia 3: 22. 1962. Piste
in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7343, 7360, 7365, shrub or small tree,
3 in. diam., 15 ft. high, fruits subglobose, dark red. Xocenpich, in second
growth, Lundell & Lundell 7358, 7359, arborescent shrub, perianth green and
tan. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7429, tree, 30 ft. high.
Xtaadzth.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 131

Neea choriophylla Standl., vel aff. Chichen Itza, near the Castillo, in low
thicket, Lundell & Lundell 7422A, shrub. Uxmal, in clearing, Lundell &
Lundell 8163, erect slender shrub, 3 ft.

Neea hirtella Lundell, Bull. Torr. Bot Club 69: 388. 1942. Chichen Itza, in
low thicket near the Castillo, Lundell & Lundell 7422 (isotype, LL), shrub,
2-3 ft. high, fruits ellipsoid, dark red.

Neea sphaerantha Stand!. Common in beach zone, 35 km. east of Progreso,
Lundell & Lundell 8107, arborescent shrub.

Okenia hypogaea S. & C. On beach, 30 km. east of Progreso, Lundell &
Lundell 8101, viscid annual, corolla purple.

Oxybaphus violaceus (L.) Choisy. Chichen Itza, common in clearing,

Lundell & Lundell 7605, perennial herb, corolla purple.

BATIDACEAE

Batis maritima L. Progreso, abundant at edge of mangrove swamp, in
cienaga, Lundell & Lundell 8138, perennial herb.

AIZOACEAE

Trianthema Portulacastrum L. Progreso road, km. 31, abundant in
cleared flats, Lundell & Lundell 8207, fleshy herb, flowers pink.

PORTULACACEAE

Portulaca oleracea L. Progreso road, km. 31, abundant in cleared flats,
Lundell & Lundell 8206, fleshy herb, perianth yellow. Verdalago, Xucul.

Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. Progreso road, km. 27, roadside,
Lundell & Lundell 8200, erect herb.

Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd. Chichen Itza, around Thompson’s
Cenote, in thicket, Lundell & Lundell 7592, fleshy perennial herb, corolla
white. In thorn thicket, Progreso road, km. 28, Lundell & Lundell 7991,

fleshy herb with white petals.

132 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3
ANNONACEAE

Annona reticulata L. Chichen Itza, planted for its fruit, Lundell &
Lundell 7528, tree, 6 in. diam., 20 ft. high, flowers pale green. Oop.

Leaves are ground up, wet with honey or lime juice and patted on to cure
infection. Fruit edible.

Malmea Gaumeri (Greenm.) Lundell, Wrightia 5: 27. 1974. Guatteria
Gaumeri Greenm. Chichen Itza, common in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7432, evergreen tree, 3 in. diam., 20 ft. high, berries ellipsoid, blood-
red. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest, Lundell & Lundell 7516, slender tree,
2 in. diam., 15 ft. high. Flemuy (Ele = burn, muy = name of tree).

Liquid from boiled root taken for kidney cleansing. Wood is used in roofs
of houses.

Sapranthus campechianus (H.B.K.) Standl. Chichen Itza, in advanced
forest, Lundell & Lundell 7450, arborescent shrub, 4 ft. high, petals maroon.
Hasmaax (Has = banana, maar = monkey).

Grind leaves, make a poltice and put under the arm to cure kernels.

LAURACEAE

Cassytha filiformis L. West of Progreso, on plants in beach zone scrub,
Lundell & Lundell 7957, parasite. Progreso road, km. 33, on shrubs in man-
grove belt, Lundell & Lundell 8068, parasitic vine, orange and green stems.

Nectandra coriacea (Sw.) Griseb. Chichen Itza, in advanced second
growth on Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7435, 7484, evergreen tree,
20 ft. high, corolla white. Xhochob, Xochoc (Xoch = owl, oc = feet).

Inhabited by species of ant called Xhoch. Wood used in house construction.

HERNANDIACEAE

Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. Progreso road, km. 23, in thorn thicket,
Lundell & Lundell 7987, tree, 6 in. diam., 12 ft. high, said to grow large in

southern forest, infructescence borne below leaves, on enlarged stem area.
Ciste.

CRUCIFERAE

Brassica juncea (L.) Coss. Progreso road, km. 31, along railroad, Lundell
& Lundell 8020, erect annual.

Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. On beach, east of Progreso, Lundell &
Lundell 8051, herb, corolla white or lavender.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 133
CAPPARIDACEAE

Capparis flexuosa L. Progreso road, km. 25, in thorn thicket, Lundell &
Lundell 8041, woody vine.

Capparis incana H.B.K. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest on Valladolid
road, Lundell & Lundell 7586, arborescent, capsule reddish within, pulp
red surrounding seed. East of Progreso, abundant in beach zone, and present
in thorn thicket south of cienaga, Lundell & Lundell 8115, shrub or tree up
to 12 ft. high, 6 in. diam. Cocche (Coe = cough, che = tree).

Liquid from boiled leaves and roots given babies for whooping cough and
asthma.

Capparis yucatanensis Lundell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 69: 389. 1942.
Chichen Itza, in advanced forest on Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell
7452 (isotype, LL), arborescent shrub, 12 ft. high.

Crataeva glauca Lundell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 69: 389. 1942. Merida to
Progreso road, in thorn thicket, km. 20, Lundell & Lundell 8142, tree, 6 in.

diam., 15 ft. high. Kolokmaz.

ROSACEAE

Chrysobalanus Ieaco L. Along the reef in coastal thicket, Progreso, a
shrub.

LEGUMINOSAE

Acacia dolichostachya Blake. Piste, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell
7344, tree, 2 in. diam., 12 ft. high, stamens nearly white, flowers very

fragrant. Supte, Xaaz.

Acacia Gaumeri Blake. Near Piste, abundant in old thicket, Lundell &
Lundell 7550, shrub or small tree, flowers yellow-green. Progreso road,
abundant, one of dominants in thorn thicket everywhere, Lundell & Lundell
8192, shrub, 15 ft. Boxcatzim (Box = black, catzim = a family of trees [also a

family name among the Maya)]).

Acacia Milleriana Standl. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7418, thorny tree, 8 in. diam., 25 ft. high, flowers fragrant. Chimay.
Hard wood, very durable, used for door and window frames.

Acacia riparioides (B. & R.) Standl. Near Piste, Lundell & Lundell 7936,
shrub, 10 ft., stamens greenish-white. Progreso road, km. 23, in thorn thicket,
common, Lundell & Lundell 8195, shrub or small tree, 12 ft. Xtelsak.

134 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Aeschynomene fascicularis Schl. & Cham. Chichen Itza roadside,
Lundell & Lundell 7340, suffrutescent, corolla dark yellow.

Apoplanesia paniculata Presl. Progreso road, km. 22, in thorn thicket,
Lundell & Lundall 7986, treelet, 15 ft., bark white. Kukche.

Bauhinia spathacea DC. Piste, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7369,
arborescent shrub, 6 ft. high, petals white. In thorn thicket, Progreso road,
km. 18, Lundell & Lundell 7968, shrub or treelet, 6-8 ft., corolla white.
Dzurubtook, Tsulubtook, Tsulutok.

Flower used for curing cough, also, for a fever.

Caesalpinia Gaumeri Greenm. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest, on
Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7588, tree, 6 in. diam., 25 ft. high,
common in old second growth. Xkitamche (wild pig tree).

Plant smells like wild pig. Its wood used for corner posts and beams in
houses, and for charcoal and for burning lime.

Caesalpinia platyloba Wats. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest, a common
tree.

Caesalpinia vesicaria L. Progreso, one of characteristic plants of beach
zone, Lundell & Lundell 8177, thorny shrub.

Caesalpinia violacea (Mill.) Standl. Piste, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7346, tree, 3 in. diam., 18 ft. high, corolla yellow. Chichen Itza, in
second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7405, tree, 8 in. diam., 30 ft. high, wings
and keel of flower yellow, sepals fringed, reddish. Chacte (Chacte = red).

Red wood used for beams.

Caesalpinia yucatanensis Greenm. In advanced forest, vicinity of Chichen
Itza, a common small tree.

Calliandra yucatanensis (B. & R.) Standl., vel aff. Chichen Itza, Valladolid
road, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7411, arborescent shrub, 12 ft.
high, stamens white. Meexmuxib (Meex = mustache or beard, muxib = old
man [old man’s beard]).

Canavalia maritima (Aub].) Thou. In beach zone, 35 km. east of Progreso,
Lundell & Lundell 8106, coarse vine, petals lavender, growing over shrubs.

Cassia emarginata L. Uxmal road, in legume thickets, Lundell & Lundell
8076, tree or large shrub, 8-15 ft. Xtu’habin.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 135

Cassia itzana Lundell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 60:390. 1942. In beach zone
scrub, west of Progreso, Lundell & Lundell 7959 (holotype, LL), perennial
herb, prostrate, corolla yellow. Beach zone, east of Progreso, Lundell &
Lundell 8055, perennial herb, corolla yellow. Off Merida to Progreso road,
km. 29, in cut-over flats, Lundell & Lundell 8127, shrub, 2 ft.

Cassia Peralteana H.B.K. Chichen Itza, in second growth at Sacred
Cenote, Lundell & Lundell 7320, shrub. Near Yokdzonoot, in low second
growth, Lundell & Lundell 7490, shrub, 10 ft., corolla yellow. Uxmal road,
km. 40, in thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8088, shrub, 6 ft., corolla yellow.
Xaaxhabin (Xaax = green, habin = a kind of hard wood).

Cassia yucatana (B. & R.) Lundell, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 436: 313.
1934. Chichen Itza, in second growth on Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell
7444, shrub, 3 ft. high, petals yellow. Cabatzalam (Caba = low, tzalam =a
species of tree [means a low plant with leaves like the large tzalam tree],
Kambahtzalam; also called oroxiu because the flowers are bright and yellow).

Serves as forage for cattle.

Centrosema Plumierii Turp. Thicket on hills south of Muna, Lundell &
Lundell 8175, herbaceous vine, standard with large purple center.

Centrosema virginianum (L.) Benth. In thorn thicket, along Merida to
Progreso road, km. 26, Lundell & Lundell 7990, vine, corolla bluish.

Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd. Along roadside, km. 20, Progreso road,
Lundell & Lundell 8190, perennial.

Desmodium frutescens (Jacq.) Schindl. Chichen Itza, roadside, Lundell
& Lundell 7909, perennial.

Diphysa carthagenensis Jacq. Chichen Itza, in low thicket near the
Castillo, Lundell & Lundell 7423, shrub, 12 ft. high, corolla yellow. Near
Piste, in old thicket, Lundell & Lundell 7540, shrub. Uxmal road, km. 27,
in thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8081, shrub, 6 ft., corolla yellow. Dzudzuc
(Dzudzuc = peak).

Medicine is made by grinding the herb and wetting it with lime juice. This
paste is placed in small peak on a carbuncle or boil.

Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Vicinity of Chichen Itza, in
advanced deciduous forest, a large tree. Pich.

Erythrina Standleyana Krukoff. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7453, arborescent shrub, 10 ft. high. Merida to Progreso
road, km. 28, rather common in thorn thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8045,
spreading shrub, 10 ft. Chacmoolche (Chac = red, mool = jaguar, che = tree).

Root is roasted and when dry it is powdered. Used to cure ulcers and open

sores. Very poisonous.

136 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urban. Along roadside, near Piste, Lundell &
Lundell 7868, herbaceous vine, corolla purplish.

Haematoxylum campechianum L. Progreso road, km. 31, in thorn
thicket, in flats, Lundell & Lundell 8001, shrub, 8 ft. Ek.

Indigofera mucronata Spreng. Progreso road, km. 13, in thorn thicket,
Lundell & Lundell 7969, slender perennial with clambering branches, petals
salmon-red.

Leucaena glauca (L.) Benth. Progreso road, km. 23, in thorn thicket,
Lundell & Lundell 8193, treelet, 10 ft. Uaxim.

Lonchocarpus Xuul Lundell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 69: 391. 1942.
Xocenpich, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7353, 7356, shrub. Chichen
Itza, in advanced forest, on Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7475, 7481,
7482 (paratypes), tree, up to 8 in. diam., 30 ft. high, corolla purple and green.
On Piste to Yokdzonoot road, in old forest, Lundell & Lundell 7864 (holotype,
MICH; isotype, LL), tree, 3 in. diam., 20 ft. high. Kanruul (Kan = yellow,
xuul= end), Xuul.

Wood used in house construction. Leaves or bark are boiled with honey
added. The drink cures night sweat.

When cattle or chickens get sick and die, they are placed in a plot fenced
in by wood of this tree. The suspicion is that this kills the epidemic.

Lonchocarpus yucatanensis Pittier. Near Piste, in old thicket, Lundell
& Lundell 7552, small tree, corolla rose-pink. On Yokdzonoot road, in old
forest, Lundell & Lundell 7866, tree, 5 in. diam., 30 ft. high, flowers red-
purple. Yaarxruul (Yaax = green, xuul = end).

The hard wood used for part of wagon and for beams in houses.

Lysiloma bahamense Benth. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7436, tree, 6 in. diam., 30 ft. high, stamens white. Tzalam.

Mimosa hemiendyta Rose & Robinson. On Yokdzonoot road, in old forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7875, large spiny shrub, 12-20 ft., bark white (Sac),
stamens pinkish. On Merida to Progreso road, km. 23, abundant everywhere,
a dominant of thorn thicket over Yucatan, Lundell & Lundell 8196, shrub,
stamens pink. Saccatzim.

Mimosa sp. In thorn thicket, south of cienaga, along Motul road leaving
Telchac, Lundell & Lundell 8102, shrub, 4 ft., flowers tinged pink.

Phaseolus lathyroides L. Progreso road, km. 30, in cleared, swampy, rocky
flats, Lundell & Lundell 8016, herb, corolla purple. ;

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 137

Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg. Vicinity of Chichen Itza, in advanced de-
ciduous forest, a common tree. Habin.

Pithecolobium albicans (Kunth) Benth. Near Xocenpich, common in
second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7887, tree, 6 in. diam., 30 ft. high, stamens
white, bark used for tanning. Progreso road, km. 10, abundant in thorn
thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8119, tree, 12 ft., trunk and branches thorny.
Progreso road, km. 20, Lundell & Lundell 8189, thorny shrub, 20 ft. Chucuwm.

Pithecolobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Chichen Itza, in old thicket, Lundell
& Lundell 7601, thorny shrub, pods red. Progreso road, one of the charac-
teristic species of thorn-thicket, abundant, Lundell & Lundell 8131, shrub,
6-12 ft., spreading. Tsiuche, Xdzuiche.

Pithecolobium keyense Britton, vel aff. Progreso, locally abundant in
beach zone, Lundell & Lundell 8184, shrub, spreading.

Swartzia cubensis (Britt. & Wils.) Standl. Chichen Itza, in advanced
forest, on Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7445, tree, 14 in. diam., 50 ft.
high, fruits orange-yellow. Swartzia Lundellii Standl., described from
Peten, is considered a synonym. Katalox (Katal = blocked or something in
way, ox = name of the ramon, Brosimum Alicastrum Sw.).

Fruit eaten by deer and wild turkeys.

OXALIDACEAE

Oxalis yucatanensis (Rose) R. Knuth. Uxmal road, km. 40, roadside,
Lundell & Lundell 8091, erect perennial, corolla yellow.

ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Erythroxylon Bequaertii Standl. Near Kaua, in advanced forest, Lundell
& Lundell 7533, tree, 3 in. diam., 25 ft. high. Sacikiche (white wood).

Erythroxylon brevipes DC. Chichen Itza, in thicket around the Sacred
Cenote, Lundell & Lundell 7527, tree, 4 in. diam., 15 ft. high, petals yellow-
green. Near Kaua, in advanced forest, Lundell & Lundell 7531, small tree.
Libre Union road, Lundell & Lundell 7567, tree. Borikiche (black wood),

Xikilche.

138 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

Guaiacum sanctum L. Progreso road, km. 26, in thorn thicket, Lundell &
Lundell 8038, shrub, 9 ft., spreading, capsules orange, flesh surrounding
seed red.

Tribulus cistoides L. Progreso, abundant on beach, Lundell & Lundell
8149, prostrate herb, corolla yellow.

RUTACEAE

Esenbeckia Yaaxhokob Lundell, Lloydia 4: 50. 1941. Near Kaua off the
Chichen Itza to Kaua road, in advanced deciduous forest, Lundell & Lundell
7582 (paratype), a tree, 30 ft. high, 8 in. diam. In thorn thicket, off Merida

to Progreso road, km. 20, Lundell & Lundell 7983 (paratype), small tree.
Yaaxhokob.

Pilocarpus racemosus Vahl. Old forest, near Yokdzonoot, Lundell &
Lundell 7861, small tree with dry fruit.

BURSERACEAE

Bursera Schlechtendalii Engl. Progreso road, near cienaga, km. 32, in

thorn thicket, Lundell & Lundell 7975, shrub, 8 ft., wood lemon-odored, latex
white. Sacchacah.

Bursera Simaruba (L.) Sarg. Piste, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell
7366, small tree. Chacah.

Protium Copal (Schlecht. & Cham.) Engler. Chichen Itza, in advanced

deciduous forest, a common tree. Pom. Copal.
A principal source of incense.

MELIACEAE

Cedrela mexicana M. Roem. Chichen Itza, in clearing, Lundell & Lundell
7440, tree, 24 in. diam., 75 ft. high, flowers pale green. Cedro.

Trichilia arborea C.DC. Chichen Itza, in advanced deciduous forest, a
medium sized tree. Chobenche.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 139

Trichilia hirta L. Chichen Itza, second growth around plaza, near Castillo,
Lundell & Lundell 7216, tree, 4 in. diam., 12 ft. high. Chichen Itza, in old
thicket, Lundell & Lundell 7555, small tree, corolla greenish. In thorn thicket,
Merida to Progreso road, km. 13, Lundell & Lundell 7970, small tree, 12 ft.
Chobenche.

A laxative is made by taking 10 to 12 leaves, crumbling them into a pint
of water, straining the mix and then taking as drink. Also used to eliminate

bile.

SIMARUBACEAE

Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm. Chichen Itza, in advanced deciduous
forest, a common small tree.

Simaruba glauca DC. Chichen Itza, in advanced deciduous forest, a
large tree.

MALPIGHIACEAE

Bunchosia Swartziana Griseb. Piste, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7370, arborescent shrub, corolla yellow. Chichen Itza, on Valladolid
road, in advanced forest, Lundell & Lundell 7581, slender tree, 2 in. diam.,

12 ft. high, petals yellow, fruits red. Sipche. o
A ceremonial shrub used to sweep floor to chase away bad spirits.

Byrsonima bucidaefolia Stand]. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest, on
Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7448, tree, 8 in. diam., 35 ft. high, petals
white to rose-red. Near Yokdzonoot, in advanced forest, Lundell & Lundell
7492, tree, 6 in. diam., 35 ft. high, fruits white when ripe. Sacpah (Sac= white,

pah = sour). Je
Sour white fruit either eaten raw, made into preserves or pickled in vinegar

and served like olives.

Heteropteris Beecheyana A. Juss. In old forest near Yokdzonoot, Lundell
& Lundell 7922, woody vine.

Hiraea obovata (H.B.K.) Ndzu. Chichen itza, abundant in second growth,
Lundell & Lundell 7408, woody vine, petals bright yellow. Xyahak (Yah =
zapote [with an X before it means that the leaves are similar to leaf of zapote],

ak = vine).

Malpighia punicifolia L. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7409, tree, 20 ft. high, corolla rose-pink. Near Yokdzonoot, in ad-
vanced forest, Lundell & Lundell 7498, tree, 20 ft. high, fruits red, pulpy,
edible. Uayate, Xhuyabche (Xhuyab = dream, che = tree), or Xhuyate.

Fruit is edible. Sap of tree causes hands to itch.

140 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3
EUPHORBIACEAE

Acalypha Gaumeri Standl. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7417, shrub. Xmukuycoe (Xmukuy = turtle dove, coc = deaf [deaf
turtle dove}]).

Leaves are boiled and then rubbed over the body to prevent convulsions.

Acalypha unibracteata Muell. Arg. Piste, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7371, shrub, 6 ft. high. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7420, slender shrub, 5 ft. high. Chilibtus (Chilib= tiny piece of wood,
tux = turkey female, and also dimple in cheek).

Forage for cattle. Twigs used to make bird cages.

Acalypha villosa Jacq. Chichen Itza, in second growth, near Sacred
Cenote, Lundell & Lundell 7309, shrub, 3-7 ft. high. Chichen Itza, Thompson’s
Cenote, Lundell & Lundell 7337, arborescent shrub, 3-6 ft. high. Chichen
Itza, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7419, common shrub. Xhoybak
(Xhoy = to grow, bak = meat [fattens cattle]).

Leaves used as forage for cattle.

Astrocasia phyllanthoides Robins & Millsp. Piste, in second growth,
Lundell & Lundell 7345, shrub or small tree, flowers pale green.

Cnidoscolus Chaya Lundell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 72: 321. 1945. Merida
to Progreso road, km. 27, common in cactus thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8201
(holotype, LL), arborescent shrub, 8 ft. high. Chaya, Xtsaa.

Croton Ameliae Lundell, Phytologia 1: 401. 1940. In advanced deciduous
forest along Kaua road, east of Chichen Itza, Lundell & Lundell 7447 (isotype,
LL), arborescent shrub, 5 ft. high, flowers nearly white. Bolomtihui.

Liquid from boiled leaves used to wash infections. Cures pellagra.

Croton arboreus Millsp. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7339, shrub, 6 ft. high, flowers pale green. Piste, in second growth,
Lundell & Lundell 7402, shrub or small tree. Chichen Itza, in advanced second
growth, Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7458, tree, 8 in. diam., 40 ft. high.
Perescutz.

Cures infection of eyelid. A drop of the sap is applied to lid being very care-
ful not to get any in the eye for the sap is strong like iodine and the same color.

Croton chichenensis Lundell, Phytologia 1: 449. 1940. Chichen Itza, in
low second growth around the Sacred Cenote, Lundell & Lundell 7326 (holo-
type, MICH), shrub, 2-3 ft. high, flowers green. Progreso road, km. 29, in
thorn thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8029, shrub, 4 ft. high. Uxmal road, km. 18,
roadsides and thickets, common, Lundell & Lundell 8085, shrub, 3 ft. On
Merida to Progreso road, km. 10, edge of thorn thicket, Lundell & Lundell
8122, shrub, 3 ft. high.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 141

Croton Gaumeri Millsp. Chichen Itza, at Sacred Cenote, Lundell &
Lundell 7322, shrubby, 3 ft. high. Progreso road, km. 20, along railway,
Lundell & Lundell 8144, shrub.

Croton Gaumeri Millsp., vel aff. Along Merida to Chichen Itza road,
about km. 100, roadside, Lundell & Lundell 7307, low shrub.

Croton glandulosepalus Millsp. Chichen Itza, second growth at Sacred
Cenote, Lundell & Lundell 7328, shrub, 2 ft. high, flowers pale green. Piste,
in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7383, shrub, 6 ft. high. Xpasmarziu.

Used to cure pleurisy, also, bad wind.

Croton Ieche Lundell, Phytologia 1: 404. 1940. Near Piste, in old thicket,
Lundell & Lundell 7547 (paratype), shrub, 10 ft. high. Along Yokdzonoot
road, common in advanced forest, Lundell & Lundell 7871 (holotype, MICH),
treelet, 1-2 in. diam., 10-15 ft. high. Cocche (Coc = insect, che = tree), [cche.

Root is ground and patted on chest of baby with asthma.

Croton itzaeus Lundell, Phytologia 1: 405. 1940. Progreso, km. 29 of
Merida road, in cactus thicket bordering south edge of cienaga, Lundell &
Lundell 8046 (holotype, MICH), shrub. 3 ft.

Croton lobatus L. Piste, in village clearing, Lundell & Lundell 7536, herb.
Ocnom (Oc = feet, nom = partridge [leaves resemble feet of partridge]).

Croton Lundellii Stand]. Chichen Itza, in second growth on ruins, Lundell
& Lundell 7919, shrub (sterile). Common in thorn thicket along road to Motul,

south of Telchac, near cienaga, Lundell & Lundell 8104, shrub, 8 ft.

Croton malvavisciifolius Millsp. Along Merida to Progreso road, km. 11,
along railway, Lundell & Lundell 8133, shrub, 1-3 ft.

Croton Millspaughii Standl., vel aff. Uxmal road, km. 18, common along
roadside, Lundell & Lundell 8086, shrub, 2 ft.

Croton peraeruginosus Croizat. Chichen Itza, second growth at Sacred
Cenote, Lundell & Lundell 7327, shrub, 2 ft. high. Uxmal road, km. 18, road-
side, common, Lundell & Lundell 8082, shrub, 3 ft.

Croton punctatus Jacq. Progreso, abundant on beach, Lundell & Lundell
8069, herb.

Croton Sutup Lundell, Phytologia 1: 407. 1940. In low second growth near
Piste, Lundell & Lundell 7363 (holotype, MICH), shrub, 6 ft. high. Sutup.

142 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Croton yucatanensis Lundell, Phytologia 1: 408. 1940. In second growth,
km. 77, along Merida to Chichen Itza road, Lundell & Lundell 7400 (holotype,
MICH). In low second growth bordering Sacred Cenote at Chichen Itza,
Lundell & Lundell 7524 (paratype), arborescent shrub, up to 8 ft. high. Off
Merida to Progreso road, km. 23, in thorn thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8197,
shrub, 4-6 ft.

Dalechampia scandens L. Chichen Itza, in advanced second growth,
Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7480, herbaceous vine. Xmoolcoh
(Xmool = claw, coh = puma or mountain lion [leaves are shaped like the claws
of the puma)]).

Leaves are rubbed on forehead and temples to relieve a headache.

Dalechampia Schottii Greenm. Near Libre Union, along roadside,
Lundell & Lundell 7574, vine, bracts pale green. Xhauak.
Liquid from boiled leaves cures fever.

Ditaxis tinctoria (Millsp.) Pax & Hoffm. Chichen Itza, in second growth
near Sacred Cenote, Lundell & Lundell 7308, shrub, 3 ft. high, flowers pale
green.

Drypetes lateriflora (Sw.) Krug & Urb. Chichen Itza, in advaneed second
growth, Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7449, evergreen tree, 4 in. diam.,
25 ft. high, fruits orange-red. Dtiiche.

Hard wood used for beams in houses.

Euphorbia anychioides Boiss. West of Progreso, in beach zone scrub,
Lundell & Lundell 7958, perennial herb. Progreso road, km. 30, along road-
side, Lundell & Lundell 8006, prostrate annual.

Euphorbia aff. biformis Wats. Chichen Itza, roadside, Lundell & Lundell
7451, perennial herb. Viperolxiu (Viperol = antidote for snake bite, xiu= weed
or grass).

Viperol is combined with the two other ingredients, namely tamnekokob
and xchochelak. Plant ground up with other two ingredients, water added

and taken as drink with some of mixture also applied to wound caused by
snake.

Euphorbia buxifolia Lam. East of Progreso, on beach, Lundell & Lundell
8049, erect perennial herb.

Euphorbia cozumelensis Millsp., vel aff. Common in beach zone, 30 km.
east of Progreso, Lundell & Lundell 8100, prostrate herb.

Euphorbia dioica H.B.K. On rocks in clearing, off Merida to Progreso
road, km. 28, Lundell & Lundell 7997, prostrate herb, plants reddish.
Progreso road, km. 31, along roadside, Lundell & Lundell 8010, prostrate
annual.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 143

Euphorbia glomerifera (Millsp.) Wheeler. Chichen Itza, roadside,
Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7590, herb. On Merida to Progreso road,
km. 31, along railroad, Lundell & Lundell 8013, erect annual. Progreso road,
km. 29, in cleared flats, Lundell & Lundell 8048, erect annual. Progreso road,
km. 82, roadside, Lundell & Lundell 8212, erect herb. Buyriu (Buy = film,
riu = eye).

Sap is a milk-like liquid and a single drop is put in eye to remove white film
on eyeball.

Euphorbia heterophylla L. Progreso road, km. 31, along railroad, Lundell
& Lundell 8015, annual. In beach zone, east of Progreso, Lundell & Lundell
8050, annual, 18 in. Xhomkaak.

Euphorbia hirta L. var. procumbens (DC.) N.E.Br. Along Merida to

Progreso road, km. 30, among grasses along roadside, Lundell & Lundell
8002, erect annual. Progreso road, km. 27, in cleared flats, Lundell & Lundell

8035, erect annual. Uxmal, in clearing,Lundell & Lundell 8161, herb.
Progreso road, km. 28, along roadside, Lundell & Lundell 8217, annual.

Euphorbia Mendezii Boiss. Uxmal, in clearing, Lundell & Lundell 8169,
prostrate herb.

Euphorbia Schlechtendalii Boiss. Near Dzitas, insecond growth, Lundell
& Lundell 7891, shrub, 8 ft. high, latex white.

Euphorbia spp. Roadside, Progreso road, km. 25, Lundell & Lundell 7994,
prostrate annual. Progreso road, km. 30, among grasses along roadside,

Lundell & Lundell 8003, erect annual.

Gymnanthes lucida Sw. East of Progreso near Telchac, in beach zone,
km. 35, Lundell & Lundell 8117, shrub, 4 ft.

Jatropha Gaumeri Greenm. Near Yokdzonoot, in advanced second
growth, Lundell & Lundell 7502, small tree, 6 in. diam., 25 ft. high, abundant.

Pomolche. ; :
The sap is used to treat ulcers or open sores on body or in mouth. The sap is

dropped onto the sore. : :
Children use the light wood for making whistles. Leaves are substituted

for banana leaves for patting corn paste into tortillas.

Manihot carthaginensis (Jacq.) Muell. Arg. Chichen Itza, in advanced
second growth, Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7473, arborescent,
perianth green. Xacche (Xac = turtle, che = tree), Xbatulche.

Leaves are mixed with sap of sabi/a and boiled; the liquid is rubbed on with
lime juice to cure inflammation of swollen parts. Wood is used for making

whistles and toys.

144 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Pedilanthus itzaeus Millsp. Progreso, planted along fences, Lundell &
Lundell 8158, shrub, 4-6 ft., flowers pink.

Pedilanthus nodiflorus Millsp. In thorn thicket, along Merida to Progreso
road, km. 28, Lundell & Lundell 7978, shrub, stems green, 3 ft., leafless,
flowers reddish.

Pedilanthus sp. Merida, Lundell & Lundell 8170, shrub, planted for
ornament.

Phyllanthus antillanus (A. Juss.) Muell. Arg. Xocenpich, in second
growth, Lundell & Lundell 7352, tree, 4 in. diam., 15 ft. high, flowers green.
Chichen Itza, Lundell & Lundell 7463, tree. Iximche (vim = corn, che = tree).

Wood used in house construction and for charcoal.

Phyllanthus brasiliensis (Aubl.) Poir. Near Yokdzonoot, insecond growth,
Lundell & Lundell 7497, small arborescent shrub, flowers pale green.
Xpayhul (Xpay = catch, hul = draft).

For treatment of cold caused by draft, ground leaves are wet with lime
juice and applied to chest, also, to breasts when hard as a result of drafts.

Phyllanthus glaucescens H.B.K. Chichen Itza, in thicket, Lundell &
Lundell 7486, small tree, perianth rose-red.

Sebastiania adenophora Pax & Hoffm. Chichen Itza, in thicket around
Sacred Cenote, Lundell & Lundell 7526, tree, 4 in. diam., 20 ft. high, flowers
yellowish. Chechem blanco.

Sebastiania sp. (?). Common in thorn thicket, Motul road, south of Telchac,
Lundell & Lundell 8103, tree, 6 in. diam., 12 ft. high, latex white.

Tragia glanduligera Pax & K. Hoffm. Roadside, near Piste, Lundell &
Lundell 7935, herb, perennial vine.

Tragia yucatanensis Millsp. Roadside near Chichen Itza, Lundell &

Lundell 7438, perennial, flowers yellow-green. Ppoppor.
Leaves rubbed on sprain or sore part to relieve it (as a liniment).

ANACARDIACEAE

Metopium Brownei (Jacq.) Urban. Progreso, beach zone, abundant and
characteristic of area, Lundell & Lundell 8070, shrub, 4-6 ft. Chechem.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 145

CELASTRACEAE

Crossopetalum Gaumeri (Loes.) Lundell. Chichen Itza, second growth
at Sacred Cenote, Lundell & Lundell 7319, slender shrub, fruits obovoid,
brilliant red. Piste, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7349, 7376, slender
shrub, 3 ft. high, berries bright red. Chichen Itza, Lundell & Lundell 7441,
petals maroon. Xtaazih.

Red fruit eaten by chachalacas.

Crossopetalum Rhacoma Crantz. Progreso, very common in beach zone,
Lundell & Lundell 7388, shrub, 2 ft. high, petals rose-red, fruits globose,
brilliant red. Abundant in beach zone, 30 km. east of Progreso, Lundell &
Lundell 8097, shrub, 2-3 ft., crown spreading, berries globose, red, petals red.

Tricerma phyllanthoides (Benth.) Lundell, Wrightia 4: 158. 1971.
Progreso, in beach zone, Lundell & Lundell 7398, shrub, 2-4 ft. high, flowers
green. Progreso, abundant in beach zone, Lundell & Lundell 8151, shrub,
4 ft., aril dark red, capsule orange.

Wimmeria obtusifolia Stand]. In forest between Piste and Yokdzonoot,
at km. 113, Lundell & Lundell 7862, tree, 10 in. diam., 40 ft. high, bark
smooth, whitish, trunk asymmetrical, grooved, resembling Pimenta, said
to become larger. At Dzibiac, km. 113, Lundell & Lundell 7928, tree, 9 in.
diam., 45 ft. high, bark smooth, whitish. South of Piste, Lundell & Lundell
8216. Amche (Am= spider, che = tree [threads of broken leaf or bark suggest

spider web, hence the name]).

HIPPOCRATEACEAE

Hemiangium excelsum (H.B.K.) A. C. Smith. Chichen Itza, second growth
near Sacred Cenote, Lundell & Lundell 7313, erect tree, 4-8 in. diam., 12-20
ft. high, flowers pale green. Chichen Itza, abundant in advanced forest,
Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7477, tree. West of Progreso, common
in beach zone scrub, Lundell & Lundell 7937, shrub, 6 ft., flowers green.
Progreso road, km. 23, in thorn thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8194, tree, 12 ft.
Sacbob (Sac = white, bob = large [a large tree, the trunk and wood white]).

SAPINDACEAE

Paullinia Cururu L. Chichen Itza, in thicket around Thompson’s Cenote,
Lundell & Lundell 7593, woody vine. Chichen Itza, in old thicket, Lundell &
Lundell 7602, woody vine, corolla greenish. Uayumak.

Sapindus Saponaria L. Chichen Itza, in advanced deciduous forest, a

common tree.

146 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Serjania adiantoides Radlk. Near Piste, Lundell & Lundell 7874, woody
vine.

Talisia olivaeformis (H.B.K.) Radlk. Chichen Itza, in clearing, a tree
yielding edible fruits. Guayo.

Thouinia paucidentata Radlk. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest, Lundell
& Lundell 7457, tree, 3 in. diam., 30 ft. high, flowers pale green. Kanchunep
(Kan = yellow, chunep = tree with thick leaves [tree with yellow thick leaves}).

Wood used for beams in houses. Leaves are boiled, the liquid is taken and
used to bathe in to cure colic or some stomach ailment.

RHAMNACEAE

Colubrina Greggii Wats. var.yucatanensisM. C. Johnst., Wrightia 3: 95.
1964. Chichen Itza, second growth near Sacred Cenote, Lundell & Lundell
7310 (holotype, LL;isotype, US), weak shrub, 9 ft. high, branches long and
slender, flowers pale green. Thompson’s Cenote, in second growth, Lundell
& Lundell 7331, weak shrub, 6 ft. high, flowers pale green. Chichen Itza,
Lundell & Lundell 7454, small tree. Pimientache (Pimienta = pepper, che =
tree [leaves like those of pepper tree}).

Colubrina reclinata (L’Her.) Brongn. Near Yokdzonoot, in old forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7932, tree, 6 in. diam., 30 ft. high, corolla greenish.

Karwinskia Humboldtiana (R. & S.) Zuce. In thorn thicket, Progreso
road, km. 28, Lundell & Lundell 7992, shrub, 8 ft. (sterile).

Krugiodendron ferreum (Vahl) Urban. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest,
Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7472, tree, 16 in. diam., 30 ft. high. East
of Progreso, in beach zone, Lundell & Lundell 8118, shrub, 4 ft. Chintok
(Chin = drooping branches, tok = hard).

Wood is used for beams in roofs and framework of houses. Bark is boiled
and to this is added small pieces of bark of chicoza pote tree; the liquid is taken
internally to cure dysentery. Liquid is color of red wine.

Zizyphus yucatanensis Stand!. In thorn thicket, Progreso road, km. 23,
Lundell & Lundell 7984, tree, 25 ft.

VITACEAE

Ampelocissus Erdwendbergii Planch. Chichen Itza, in second growth,
Lundell & Lundell 7461, vine, 25 ft. long, fruits red. Buhumak, Uvasak
(Uvas = grape, ak = vine).

Fruits eaten by birds.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 147

Cissus trifoliata L. Progreso road, km. 30, in thorn thicket, Lundell &
Lundell 7974, perennial vine.

TILIACEAE

Corchorus orinocensis H.B.K. Along roadside, Merida to Progreso road,
km. 13, Lundell & Lundell 7971, annual, flowers yellow.

Luehea speciosa Willd. Chichen Itza, on Valladolid road, in advanced
forest, Lundell & Lundell 7582, tree, up to 10 in. diam., 35 ft. high. Xkascakat.

MALVACEAE

Abutilon Gaumeri Standl., ex char. Chichen Itza, in second growth,
Lundell & Lundell 7407, shrub, 4 ft. high, petals dark yellow. Near Yokdzonoot,
in old thicket, Lundell & Lundell 7500, arborescent shrub. Sachol (Sac =
white, hol = hole [white hole]), Yaaxrmisib (Yaar = green, misib = Indian
broom [branches are tied together to make a broom; the broom is called
chilibmisib]).

This plant is used when barbecuing. After large stones are placed on the
charcoals, this plant is placed on stones with the deer or other meat on top and
then covered by plant. This helps to preserve cooked meat.

Cienfugosia yucatanensis Millsp. Progreso, km. 31, in cleared flats,
Lundell & Lundell 8017, perennial, corolla yellow.

Gaya calyptrata (Cav.) H.B.K. Piste, in clearing, Lundell & Lundell 7537,
herb, corolla orange-yellow. Sacxiu (Sac= white, xiu=herb[leaves turn from

green to white when plant dies)]).

Gossypium hirsutum L. Progreso, abundant in beach zone, one of the
characteristic plants of area, Lundell & Lundell 8054, 8054A, shrub, corolla

white, turning reddish.

Hampea trilobata Standl. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest, Valladolid
road, Lundell & Lundell 7483, tree, 3 in. diam., 20 ft. high, petals white.
Merida to Progreso road, km. 30, common in cut-over flats, Lundell & Lundell
8129, shrub. Hool.

Strips of tree bark used for cordage, especially for tying together the poles
in house construction. Also, used for tourniquet to stop blood flow.

Hibiscus tubiflorus DC. Chichen Itza, insecond growth, Lundell & Lu ndell
7421, slender shrub, petals salmon-red. Progreso road, km. 25, in thorn
thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8043, perennial, slender, 3-4 ft., corolla bright
red. Uxmal road, km. 35, roadside, Lundell & Lundell 8075, slender erect

shrub, 2-4 ft., corolla red. Tulipan.

148 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Malvaviseus grandiflorus H.B.K. Progreso road, km. 30, in thorn
thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8005, shrub, 8 ft., corolla red. East of Progreso,
in beach zone, Lundell & Lundell 8053, shrub, 3 ft., corolla red.

Sida ciliaris L. Progreso road, km. 10, along railroad, Lundell & Lundell
8120, annual, corolla salmon.

BOMBACACEAE

Bombax ellipticum H.B.K. Piste, in village, a large deciduous tree.
Amapola,

Ceiba aesculifolia (H.B.K.) Britt. & Baker. Chichen Itza, in clearing, a
giant deciduous tree. Pochote.

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Chichen Itza, in old clearing, a giant de-
ciduous tree. Yaxrche, Ceiba.

Ceiba Schottii Britt. & Baker. Near Piste, in advanced forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7539, tree, 8 in. diam., 30 ft. high, trunk with cushioned thorns,
flowers with fragrance of vanilla. Pum (Pum = pimple [thorns on bark
resemble pimples]).

Used to cure a disease called pumkaak. Medicine made by taking the bark
and leaves, boiling them and using the liquid to wash in.

Root of young trees eaten raw. Cotton-like fiber of fruits used for stuffing
pillows.

STERCULIACEAE

Ayenia fasciculata Millsp. Near Piste, in old thicket, Lundell & Lundell
7543, shrub, 8 ft. high, flowers pale green. Xiupech (Xiu = herb, pech = tick).

This herb is brushed over clothes and persons to get rid of ticks. In village
of Uayma the stem of this plant is used for the rim of locally made hats.

Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Near Chichen Itza, in advanced deciduous
forest, a common tree. Pixoy.

Helicteres baruensis Jacq. Near Piste, in thickets, Lundell & Lundell
7545, shrub, up to 12 ft. high. Progreso road, km. 25, in thorn thicket, Lundell
& Lundell 8042, shrub, 8 ft. Sutut (fruit is serew-like and name is derived
from this).

Fruit is put in mouth of two-year-old to make child talk. Wood is used for the
small cross poles on roof to which the thatch is attached.

Waltheria americana L. Progreso, in beach zone, Lundell & Lundell 8185,
perennial herb.

a ae

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 149

COCHLOSPERMACEAE

Amoreuxia palmatifida Moc. & Sesse. Progreso road, km. 29, in cleared
flats, Lundell & Lundell 8033, perennial with tuberous root, corolla orange-
yellow, red in throat. Progreso road, km. 30, in cut-over flats, Lundell &
Lundell 8130, perennial herb, corolla orange.

VIOLACEAE

Hybanthus yucatanensis Millsp. Piste, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7373, shrub, 4-10 ft. high, corolla creamy-green, abundant.
Sacbakecan (Sac = white, bak = bone, ecan = snake [white bones of snake}).

Cures malaria.

FLACOURTIACEAE

Casearia nitida (L.) Jacq. Along Merida to Chichen Itza road, roadside,
about km. 100, Lundell & Lundell 7306, shrub, about 1 m. high, flowers pale
green, the plant is atypical]. Chichen Itza, second growth near Sacred Cenote,
Lundell & Lundell 7311, shrub, 6 ft. high, flowers pale green.

Casearia randioides Lundell, Contrib. Univ. Michigan Herb. 6: 48, fig. 3.
1941. Piste, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7380, shrub, corolla pale
green. In thorn thicket, along Merida to Progreso road, km. 20, Lundell &
Lundell 7982 (isotype, LL), shrub, or small tree with erect branches. Tehche
(Teh = to break apart, che = wood [wood hard but brittle]).

Laetia Thamnia L. Chichen Itza, common in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7430, tree, 2 in. diam., 15 ft. high, flowers white.

Samyda yucatanensis Stand]. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7328, arborescent shrub, 3-9 ft. high, corolla lobes white within, pale
green externally. Along Piste to Libre Union road, roadside thicket, Lundell
& Lundell 7570, shrub, 3 ft. high, fruits ellipsoid, dehiscent, pulp dark red,
aril orange. Uxmal road, km. 30, in legume thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8078,
shrub, 4 ft., perianth pale green. Jasmin Kaax, Xnichmaar (Xnich = gritting
teeth, maax = monkey [the corollas suggest gritting teeth of monkey]).

Xylosma anisophylla Standl. Near Piste, in old thicket, Lundell & Lundell
7541, spiny arborescent shrub, 8 ft. high. Xpudzmucuy (Xpudz = needle,

mucuy = turtle dove).
Cures infection from thorn prick with crushed leaves placed on wound.

Zuelania Guidonia (Sw.) Britt. & Millsp. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest
on Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7515, tree, 8 in. diam., 45 ft. high, fruits
up to 4 in. diam., subglobose, three- or four-lobed or grooved, dehiscent at
maturity. Tamaay (Tamaay = sticky waste littering forest floor).

Fruit not edible. Wood used in house construction.

150 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3
PASSIFLORACEAE

Passiflora coriacea Juss. Piste, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell
7375, herbaceous vine. Chichen Itza, Lundell & Lundell 7439, herbaceous
vine. Chichen Itza, Lundell & Lundell 7470, leaves thick.

Passiflora foetida L. var. ciliata (Dryand.) Mast. Progreso, common in
beach zone, Lundell & Lundell 8152, herbaceous vine, fruits red.

Passiflora foetida L. var. gossypifolia (Desv.) Mast. Among grasses along
roadside, Progreso road, km. 18, Lundell & Lundell 7965, herbaceous vine.

Passiflora foetida L. var. nicaraguensis Killip. Chichen Itza, roadside,
Lundell & Lundell 7917, herbaceous vine, fruits bright red. East of Progreso,
in beach zone, rather common, Lundell & Lundell 8114, herbaceous vine.

Passiflora foetida L. var. subpalmata Killip. Chichen Itza, in plaza, near
Castillo, Lundell & Lundell 7314, vine, petals nearly white, stamens purplish.

Along Merida to Progreso road, km. 10, roadside, Lundell & Lundell 8123,
herbaceous vine. Pochzil.

Passiflora pulchella H.B.K. In thorn thicket, Progreso road, km. 19,

Lundell & Lundell 7967, vine, 6 ft., petals lavender within, greenish outside,
stamens yellow.

Passiflora suberosa L. Piste, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7377,
herbaceous vine. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7437,
herbaceous vine, flowers pale green. Chichen Itza, in advanced second
growth, Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7446. Near Piste, in thicket,
Lundell & Lundell 7546. Progreso road, km. 29, in thorn thicket, Jundell &
Lundell 8030, perennial vine, flowers green. Corrimientoak (Corrimiento =
a local disease, ak = vine [leaves are soaked in alcohol and rubbed on infected
part]), Xcancelak.

A vine, the leaves of which are ground and applied to swollen parts of body.

The paste also cures headaches when patted on forehead with binding around
head.

CACTACEAE

Acanthocereus pentagonus (L.) B. & R. Piste, in thickets, Lundell &
Lundell 7505, stems 4-10 ft. long, three- or four-ribbed, branched. East of
Progreso, abundant in beach zone, Lundell & Lundell 8062, three- or five-
ribbed, stems unbranched, long, arcuate or prostrate, flowers cream, tinged
green, fruits red. Nuntzutzwy (Nun = lame, tzutzuy = name of bird that eats
the fruit).

When spines get into hand near a bone, it paralyzes the hand. The fruit is
eaten, as well as the tender shoots, either fried or boiled.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 151

Cephalocereus barbadensis B. & R. Piste, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7387, stems eight-ribbed, erect, branched at base, flowers greenish.
Off Merida to Progreso road, km. 17, inthorn thicket, Lundell & Lundell 7962,
stem 4 in. at base, plants 8 ft. high, branched, mature fruits red, pulp sur-
rounding the small black seed red, fruits wrinkled, glabrous, depressed-
globose,

Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) B. & R. Chichen Itza, in old thicket at
Thompson’s Cenote, Lundell & Lundell 7596, stems arcuately ascending,
4-8 ft. long. Pitahaya.

Fruits are edible. Stem is placed in water, hair is rinsed in the liquid to
make it grow.

Lemaireocereus Chende (Gosselin) B. & R. Chichen Itza, in old thicket at
Thompson’s Cenote, rare here, common northwestward in Yucatan, Lundell
& Lundell 7595, main stem 8 in. diam., ultimate branches about 4 in. diam.,
eight- or nine-ribbed, branches arising near base of plant, erect, plant 25 ft.
high, massive. Culub.

Inner part of plant ground up, put on a cloth and bound around infected

part of body to cure rheumatism.

Lemaireocereus Godinganus B. & R. Progreso road, km. 29, in cut-over
flats, common in undisturbed areas, being the conspicuous plant, Lundell &
Lundell 8135, the giant cactus of Yucatan, up to 30 ft. high, 8 in. diam., few-

branched, branches erect.

Mamiillaria spp. Off Merida to Progreso road, km. 25, roadside, Lundell &
Lundell 8214, 8215, short-spine and long-spine plants.

Neomammnillaria Gaumeri B. & R. Progreso road, km. 25, occasional on
sand dunes of beach zone, abundant in flats south of cienaga, Lundell &
Lundell 8136, plants globose or elongated, fruits red, clavate. Progreso, on
sand dune, occasional in zone, Lundell & Lundell 8155, depressed-globose,

fruits red.

Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm.-Dyck. Merida, planted for ornament,
Lundell & Lundell 8157, coarse, up to 10 ft., much-branched. Nopalitlo.

Nopalea GaumeriB. & R. Piste, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7367,
plants 8 ft. high, flowers salmon-red. In thorn thicket, off Merida to Progreso
road, km. 23, Lundell & Lundell 7985, much-branched, 4~10 ft., perianth red.
Progreso road, km. 26, abundant in thorn thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8040,
arborescent, trunk 6 in. diam., much-branched, 6-9 ft., narrow branches.

Nopal, Tsakam.

152 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Nopalea inaperta Schott. Progreso road, km. 27, abundant in flats,
Lundell & Lundell 8039, arborescent, trunk 8 in. diam., much-branched,
12 ft. Nopal.

Opuntia Dillenii (Ker.-Gawler) Haw. Piste, Lundell & Lundell 7504,
stands of plants 2-4 ft. high in village plaza, flowers vary from yellow to
salmon-pink. Pakan (prickly pear with edible fruit).

Selenicereus hondurensis (Schumann) B. & R. Progreso, occasional in
beach zone, Lundell & Lundell 7399, slender plants, 2-4 ft. long, flowers white.
Progreso, in beach zone, occasional, Lundell & Lundell 8063, slender cactus,
climbing on shrubs, fruits dark pink.

Selenicereus Kunthianus (Otto) B. & R. Progreso, rather common in
beach zone, Lundell & Lundell 8148, fruits ovoid, spiny, pink. Sacamak.

Other cacti collected but unidentified are at Michigan: Lundell & Lundell
7897 (living), 7898 (living), 7899 (living), 7988, 8134.

LYTHRACEAE

Ammannia coccinea Rottb. Progreso road, km. 29, in cleared flats,
Lundell & Lundell 8047, erect herb, flowers pink.

Ammannia Koehnei Britton. In mangrove swamp, 30 km. west of
Progreso, Lundell & Lundell 8188, erect herb.

Cuphea Gaumeri Koehne. Chichen Itza, roadside, Lundell & Lundell 7414,
perennial herb, petals pinkish-lavender. Chichen Itza, in thicket, Thompson’s

Cenote, Lundell & Lundell 7594, perennial herb, corolla rose-red. Progreso,
in lowlands, south of cienaga, Lundell & Lundell 7949, herb.

COMBRETACEAE

Conocarpus erecta L. Progreso, mangrove swamp, in cienaga, Lundell &
Lundell 8137, shrub, a dominant.

RHIZOPHORACEAE

Rhizophora Mangle L. Progreso, in swamp of cienaga, Lundell & Lundell
8139, shrub, a dominant.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 153

MYRTACEAE

Eugenia Gaumeri Stand]. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7416, small tree, 12 ft. high, trunk grooved, bark smooth, nearly
white, petals white. In old forest, near Yokdzonoot, Lundell & Lundell 7933,
treelet, 10 ft., fruits black, globose.

Eugenia itzana Lundell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 69: 395. 1942. Chichen Itza,
in advanced growth, on Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7589 (holotype,
MICH), arborescent, 1 in. diam., 9 ft. high, petals white. Chanich.

Fresh leaves are rubbed on gums to cure disease of gums.

Eugenia leptopa Lundell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 69: 396. 1942. Along Piste
to Yokdzonoot road, common in old forest, Lundell & Lundell 7869 (holotype,
MICH; isotype, LL), treelet, 12 ft., with white smooth bark, fruits about 1 em.
in diam., red, subglobose. In old forest, near Yokdzonoot, Lundell & Lundell
7927, treelet, 1% in. diam., 10 ft. high. In beach zone, 35 km. east of Progreso,
near Telchac, Lundell & Lundell 8111 (paratype, LL), treelet, 6 ft. Saclob.

Eugenia mayana Stand]. Near Libre Union, in advanced forest, Lundell
& Lundell 7560, arborescent, 10 ft. high. In second growth, near Dzitas,
Lundell & Lundell 7892, small tree, fruits globose, veins slightly impressed
on upper leaf surface. Saclob (Sac = white, /ob = tool for cutting grass).

Handle of the tool (corba) is made from wood of this tree.

Psidium yucatanense Lundell, Contr. Univ. Mich. Herb. 7: 35. 1942. Near
Yokdzonoot, in advanced forest, Lundell & Lundell 7494, tree, 8 in. diam.,
35 ft. high, bark smooth, nearly white. Yucatan, in forest, June 13, 1932,
W. C. Steere 1293, shrub. Pichiche (Pichi = guayabo fruit, che = tree).

Wood is used in construction. Fruit of this species seldom eaten by people.

UMBELLIFERAE

Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. Progreso, bordering pools, in flats south
of cienaga, Lundell & Lundell 8023, herb.

THEOPHRASTACEAE

Jacquinia aurantiaca Ait. Progreso, common in beach zone, Lundell &
Lundell 7395. shrub, 2-3 ft. high, fruits globose, orange-yellow. West of
Progreso, common in beach zone serub, Lundell & Lundell 7944, shrub, 1-3

ft., corolla orange-red.

Jacquinia flammea Millsp. Yokdzonoot road, in old forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7873, treelet, 2 in. diam., 15 ft. high, leaves three-nerved, the nerves
slightly impressed above.

154 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3
MYRSINACEAE

Ardisia escallonioides Schlecht. & Cham. Izamal, Gaumer s.n. Also
collected at Coba, Quintana Roo.

Parathesis cubana(A.DC) Mol. & G. Maza. Yucatan: 1840, J. J. Linden s.n.
The shrub is abundant in Belize and Peten, where it may be considered
weedy in cut-over areas.

EBENACEAE

Diospyros anisandra Blake. Near Yokdzonoot, in advanced forest, Lundell
& Lundell 7496, small slender tree, 25 ft. high, corolla yellow-green. Chichen
Itza, in advanced forest, Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7530, shrub,
corolla yellow-green, leaves shiny. Near Libre Union, common in forest
undergrowth, Lundell & Lundell 7563, arborescent shrub. Libre Union road,
Lundell & Lundell 7568. Abundant in old forest, near Yokdzonoot, Lundell
& Lundell 7925, shrub or treelet, 6-15 ft. In thorn thicket, Progreso road,
km. 23, Lundell & Lundell 7981, shrub, 8 ft. Uxmal in thicket, abundant all
over Yucatan, Lundell & Lundell 8165, shrub, 8 ft. Xkakalche (Xkakal =
bitter, che = tree).

Cures boils. Liquid from boiled leaves placed in bathing water to cure a
skin disease.

Diospyros cuneata Standl. Progreso, in beach zone, Lundell & Lundell
7393, shrub, 4 ft. high. Yokdzonoot, in advanced forest, Lundell & Lundell
7488, tree, 4 in. diam., 26 ft. high, corolla creamy-white. Chichen Itza, in old
thicket, Lundell & Lundell 7599, in old thicket. West of Progreso, common
in beach zone scrub, Lundell & Lundell 7943, shrub, 6 ft. Silil, Tzilil.

Leaves are boiled and entire body is washed with the liquid. This is to cure
a skin disease called “sarna,” a disease caused by a germ which covers entire
body with pinhole-sized infections, each one festered. The liquid discolors
the body.

The fruits, a wild persimmon, are eaten by some people and by the
chachalaca, a bird.

Diospyros yucatanensis Lundell var. longipedicellata Lundell, Contrib.
Univ. Michigan Herb. 7: 45. 1942. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell
& Lundell 7424 (paratype), arborescent shrub, 15 ft. high, corolla white.
Chichen Itza, in advanced forest, Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7509
(holotype, MICH: isotype, LL), arborescent, 1 in. diam., 10 ft. high. Xuchiche,
Xuchulche.

Wood used for beams in roofs of houses. When bark removed, the wood lasts
longer. Birds eat fruit of this wild persimmon.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 155

SAPOTACEAE

Achras Zapota L. Beach zone, 20 km. west of Progreso, Lundell & Lundell
8179, spreading shrub, 6 ft. Ya, Chicozapote.

Once a dominant tree in advanced forest of eastern and southern Yucatan,
southward through Quintana Roo, Campeche, northern Belize and northern
Peten. The source of chicle gum.

Bumelia mayana Standl. Piste, in thicket, Lundell & Lundell 7340A,
shrub. Near Yokdzonoot, in advanced forest, Lundell & Lundell 7501, small
tree, 20 ft. high, flowers fragrant, pale green. Kaua road, near Chichen Itza,
Lundell & Lundell 8220, shrub. Pakalche (Pakal = planted, che = tree).

Leaves resemble those of the pakal, the sweet orange. Fruit eaten by birds.

Bumelia neglecta (Cronquist) Lundell, Wrightia 5: 90. 1975. Bumelia
americana (Miller) Stearn subsp. neglecta (Cronquist) Stearn. Progreso,
in serub on low sand dunes, Lundell & Lundell 7392 (LL, flowers & fruits),
common spinescent shrub, 3-6 ft. high, ripe fruits globose, black.

Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. Near Libre Union, in advanced forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7561, tree, 6 in. diam., 30 ft. high. Chuceh (Chu = an edible

berry called nance, ceh = deer).
Deer eat fruits. A medicine is made by grinding leaves of tree together

with leaves of caimito tree, then applied to carbuncles to cure them.

Dipholis salicifolia (L.) A.DC. Chichen itza, relic tree growing beside
Temple of the High Priest, Lundell & Lundell 7557, trunk 12 in. diam.,

35 ft. high.

Mastichodendron Gaumeri (Pittier) Lundell, Wrightia 5: 92. 1975.
Sideroxylon Gaumeri Pittier. Near Yokdzonoot, in advanced forest, Lundell
& Lundell 7495, tree, 1 ft. diam., 45 ft. high, flowers foetid, corolla yellow.

Subul.
Evergreen tree, the fruits used as toys by children.

GENTIANACEAE

Eustoma exaltatum (L.) Griseb. Progreso, in sandy beach zone, Lundell
& Lundell 7305, herb with thick glaucous leaves. Progreso, mangrove area
roadside, Lundell & Lundell 7389, herb, corolla lavender.

APOCYNACEAE

Echites umbellata Jacq. Progreso, in beach zone scrub, Lundell & Lundell
7960, herbaceous vine, tube greenish, lobes white. East of Progreso, common
in beach zone, Lundell & Lundell 8056, herbaceous vine, corolla white.

156 WRIGHTIA {Vol. 7, No. 3

Echites yucatanensis Millsp. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7455, perennial vine, corolla lobes white, tube green. Near Piste,
in old thicket, Lundell & Lundell 7542, herbaceous vine, corolla tube green,
lobes white. Kanluum ak (Kan = yellow, luum = earth, ak = vine),
Sacxrtamnekokob (Sac = white, xtamne = liver, kokob = snake).

Leaves ground with three other ingredients, namely xigsotdz, tamnekokob
and chocheac, mixed with lime or lemon juice to make a paste which is applied
to kernels or carbuncles under arms.

Medicine is made by grinding the leaves and vine, mixed with another vine,
atuukisean, and lime seeds, wet with lime juice, applied to infected wounds.

Mandevilla subsagittata (R. & P.) Woodson. In old forest, near Piste,
Lundell & Lundell 7872, herbaceous vine, corolla yellow. Uxmal road,
km. 27, in thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8080, perennial vine, corolla yellow.

Plumeria obtusa L. Chichen Itza, second growth at Sacred Cenote, Lundell
& Lundell 7323, tree, 8 in. diam., 20 ft. high, corolla lobes white, pale orange-
yellow in throat. Nicte.

Prestonia amanuensis Woods. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7460, woody vine. Tzootzikim (Tzootz= hair, ik= pepper, im= breast).
Drop of sap put in eye to remove film from eyeball.

Rauwolfia hirsuta Jacq. Chichen Itza, in clearing, Lundell & Lundell
7464, shrub, 3 ft. high, corolla pale green. Kambamue.

Root is ground into powder which is applied to surface to heal beef worms
in cattle.

Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia Jacq. Chichen Itza, second growth
near Sacred Cenote, Lundell & Lundell 7312, shrub, 6 ft. high, corolla lobes
white, yellow at base.

Thevetia Gaumeri Hemsl. Chichen Itza, in advanced deciduous forest,
a frequent tree.

ASCLEPIADACEAE

Cynanchum Schlechtendalii (Decaisne in DC.) Stand]. & Steyerm. West
of Progreso, in beach zone scrub, Lundell & Lundell 7941, vine. East of
Progreso, on shrubs in beach zone, Lundell & Lundell 8113, perennial vine,
corolla white.

Gonolobus barbatus H.B.K. Near Muna, in thicket, Lundell & Lundell
8160, herbaceous vine, corolla variegated green and yellow with yellow
beard.

1983} LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 157

Gonolobus cteniophorus (Blake) Woods. Near Piste, in old thicket, Lundell
& Lundell 7577, vine, 15 ft. long, corolla red-black. Progreso road, km. 33,
on shrubs in cleared flats, Lundell & Lundell 8065, herbaceous vine.

Marsdenia Coulteri Hemsl. Piste, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell
7374, herbaceous vine, corolla greenish or creamy-white. Near Yokdzonoot,
in old thicket, Lundell & Lundell 7499, vine. Xboochkaak, Yaaxrahnal.

Leaves are boiled and liquid rubbed on skin to cure pimples.

Matelea crassifolia (Standl.) Woods. Piste, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7381, 7553, herbaceous vine, corolla green and tan variegated. Near
Xocenpich, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7889, herbaceous vine,
corolla greenish. Chichen Itza, Kaua road, in old forest, Lundell & Lundell
7904, herbaceous vine, corolla variegated tan and green. Puyak (Puy =
crumbles, ak = vine), Xtzoozikim.

Sap used for eye drops. Boil leaves and use liquid and leaves to rub on to
cure a mouth disease.

Matelea obovata (H.B.K.) Woods. Chichen Itza, Kaua road, in old forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7905, herbaceous vine, corolla dark green within, paler
outside. Sisal road, in thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8143, herbaceous vine,

corolla dark green.

Matelea velutina (Schlecht.) Woodson. Chichen Itza, Kaua road, in old
forest, Lundell & Lundell 7903, herbaceous vine, corolla green.

Matelea yucatanensis (Standl.) Woods. Near Xocenpich, in second
growth, Lundell & Lundell 7885, herbaceous vine, corolla variegated purple-
black. Progreso road, km. 31, in thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8012, herbaceous

vine, 5 ft., corolla pale green.

CONVOLVULACEAE

Evolvulus glaber Spreng. Progreso road, km. 31, common in cleared
flats, Lundell & Lundell 8014, prostrate perennial, corolla pale blue.

Exogonium Steerei Standl. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest, on Valladolid
road, Lundell & Lundell 7465, perennial vine, 35 ft. long, corolla rose.
Xtuuhxikin (Xtuuh = infected, xikin = ear [to treat infected ear}).

Ipomoea ornithopoda Robinson. Chichen Itza, in acahual (young growth
of abandoned milpa), Lundell & Lundell 7485, herbaceous vine, corolla white.
Chunkinsihil (Chunkin = midday or noon, sihil= open[flowers open at noon]).

Fruit of plant is warmed and lightly patted on the cut of the umbilical cord

of newborn babies—called ppitituch.

158 WARIGHTIA {[Vol. 7, No. 3

Ipomoea Pes-caprae (L.) Roth. Along seashore, Progreso, trailing, course
vine.

Ipomoea sagittata Cav. Progreso, in swampy cleared flats, bordering
cienaga, Lundell & Lundell 8057, herbaceous vine, corolla lavender.

Ipomoea Seleri Millsp. Chichen Itza, roadside thicket, Valladolid road,
Lundell & Lundell 7510, 7584, vine, corolla purple. Uxmal road, km. 30,
roadside, Lundell & Lundell 8074, herbaceous vine, corolla dark lavender.
Tuhxikin (Tuh = rotten, xikin = ear), Xtuxienil (Xtu = sore, xicnil = ear).

Leaves and stems of vine are pulverized and put on infected ear (or rotten
ear).

Ipomoea tuxtlensis House. Near Xocenpich, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7886, herbaceous vine, corolla rose-pink.

BORAGINACEAE

Bourreria pulchra (Millsp.) Millsp. Piste, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7384, tree, 2 in. diam., 30 ft. high. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest,
Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7468, tree, 6 in. diam., 25 ft. high. Uxmal
road, km. 20, in thicket, common, Lundell & Lundell 8079, small tree, corolla
white. Bacalche (Bacal = cob, che = tree), Vacche (Vac = bone, che = tree),
Xbacalche (Xbacal = corn cob, che = wood).

Wood is light in weight like corn cob. Leaves and stems ground into powder
which is applied to infected parts, such as ulcers, open sores or wounds.

Cordia dodecandra DC. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest, Valladolid
road, Lundell & Lundell 7585, tree, up to 10 in. diam., 45 ft. high, ripe fruits
yellow. Koopte, Siricote.

Fruit is boiled with honey to make preserves. Leaves are like sandpaper
and used for scrubbing dishes. Wood used for beams in roofs and for swivel

sticks to make chocolate. Fruit when ripe has color of ripe pear. When eaten
raw it blackens or stains teeth.

Cordia globosa (Jacq.) H.B.K. West of Progreso, in beach zone scrub,
Lundell & Lundell 7961, much-branched shrub, 3 ft., corolla white.

Cordia Sebestena L. Common in beach zone, 30 km. east of Progreso,
Lundell & Lundell 8099, shrub or small tree, corolla dark orange.

Ehretia tinifolia L. Chichen Itza, common in old second growth, Lundell
& Lundell 7386, tree, 6-12 in. diam., 15-35 ft. high, evergreen. Beec, Roble.

Heliotropium angiospermum Murr. Roadside, Progreso road, km. 28,
Lundell & Lundell 7999, annual, 2 ft., corolla white.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 159

Heliotropium curassavicum L. South of Progreso, along railroad through
mangrove swamp, Lundell & Lundell 7950, prostrate perennial, corolla white.

Heliotropium fruticosum L. Piste, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell
7364, Shrub, corolla white, yellow in throat. Progreso road, km. 28, in thorn
thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8044, spreading crown shrub, corolla white.

Sacsahun.
Leaves are boiled, and the liquid is used for bathing with the boiled leaves

rubbed over the infected skin areas of the disease called “sarna.”

Heliotropium phyllostachyum Torr. Along roadside, Progreso road,
km. 13, Lundell & Lundell 7973, erect annual. Uxmal, in clearing, Lundell &

Lundell 8162, herb, corolla white.
Tournefortia gnaphalodes (L.) R. Br. On seashore, Progreso, small shrub.

Tournefortia volubilis L. Xocenpich, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell
7351, woody vine of 6 ft. Yaaxrak (Yaax = green, ak = vine).

AVICENNIACEAE

Avicennia nitida Jacq. Progreso, in swamp of cienaga, Lundell & Lundell
8140, shrub, corolla nearly white, a dominant.

VERBENACEAE

Bouchea prismatica (L.) Kuntze. Piste, waste places, Lundell & Lundell
7876, annual, corolla lavender.

Callicarpa acuminata H.B.K. Chichen Itza, in thicket on Valladolid road,
Lundell & Lundell 7519, shrub, corolla white.

Citharexylum Schottii Greenm. Piste, in dooryard, Lundell & Lundell
7878, treelet, 2 in. diam., 15 ft. high, corolla pale green. Progreso road, km. 19,
in thorn thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8132, shrub or tree, 6-15 ft. Xchobenche.

Cornutia latifolia (H.B.K.) Moldenke. Xocenpich, in second growth,
Lundell & Lundell 7888, low tree, 6 in. diam., 50 ft. high, corolla bluish-
purple.

Duranta repens L. Chichen Itza, abundant in second growth, Lundell &

Lundell 7342, shrub, 6-12 ft. high, corolla lavender. Campo-koche.

Ghinia curassaviea (L.) Millsp. Thicket, on hills south of Muna, Lundell &
Lundell 8176, perennial herb, corolla blue.

160 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Lantana citrosa (Small) Moldenke. Abundant all along Uxmal road,
km. 40, Lundell & Lundell 8087, shrub, 4-6 ft., corolla white, yellow in throat.

Lantana involucrata L. West of Progreso, common in beach zone scrub,
Lundell & Lundell 7946, much-branched shrub, 2-3 ft. high, corolla tinged
lavender.

Lantana secorta Moldenke. Along Merida to Chichen Itza road, km. 60, in
second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7401, shrub, 4 ft. high, corolla either red
or orange. Progreso road, common in thorn thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8205,
shrub, corolla orange, 4-6 ft.

Lantana velutina Mart. & Gal. Piste, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell
7348, diffusely branched shrub, 3 ft. high, corolla white, yellow in throat.

Petrea volubilis L. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell
7329, woody vine, sepals pale bluish-purple, corolla purplish. Chichen Itza,
in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7413, woody vine, corolla purplish.
Piocha viejo, Yochobtzimin (Yoch = food, ob = crackling, tzimin = horse).

When the dry leaves are crushed they sound like a toasted tortilla.

Rehdera trinervis (Blake) Moldenke. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest,
on Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7587, tree, 10 in. diam., 35 ft. high.
Sacuisiche (Sac = white, wisi = straight, che = tree).

The durable wood is used for beams in houses.

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. In first village west of Progreso,
Lundell & Lundell 7942, herb, corolla bluish-purple.

Stachytarpheta Lundellae Moldenke, Phytologia 1: 435. 1940. Dzitas,
in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7355, shrub, 4 ft. high, corolla dark red.

Chichen Itza, roadside, Lundell & Lundell 7412 (holotype, NY), herb, corolla
cerise-red, purplish in throat.

Vitex Gaumeri Greenm. Chichen Itza, second growth at Sacred Cenote,
Lundell & Lundell 7321, tree, 10 in. diam., 30 ft. high, corolla bluish-purple.
Yarnie.

LABIATAE

Ocimum micranthum Willd. Progreso road, km. 27, in cleared flats,
Lundell & Lundell 8034, herb. Xcacaltun.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 161

Salvia Fernaldii Standl. Chichen Itza, roadside, Lundell & Lundell
7456, herb, corolla blue. Pasmarexiu.

Boil leaves and drink a small amount and bathe in remainder. To cure a
man when he works in field, gets hot and perspires; a rain comes and he cools
off too quickly which causes him to get pale, almost yellow (sunstroke?). This
is cured by liquid from plant.

SOLANACEAE

Capsicum frutescens L. In clearing, Progreso road, km. 28, Lundell &
Lundell 7998, perennial herb. Maz.

Lycium carolinianum Walt. Progreso, in beach zone, Lundell & Lundell
7396, whitish spinescent shrub, 4-5 ft. high. West of Progreso, common in
beach zone scrub, Lundell & Lundell 7955, thorny shrub, 3-6 ft., berries
orange-red. Progreso to Telchac road, abundant in beach zone, often in salt
spray of beach, Lundell & Lundell 8109, shrub, bushy and clambering, or

prostrate on sand.

Physalis mayana Standl. Piste to Libre Union road, roadside, Lundell &
Lundell 7569, herb, corolla lobes yellow, throat brownish. In clearing,
Progreso road, km. 28, Lundell & Lundell 7996, perennial, 18 in., corolla
yellow and brown. Uxmal road, km. 18, in thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8083,
shrub, 6 ft., slender, fruits or calyx dull reddish or maroon, fruits orange-

red. Xpahcanul.

Sehwenkia americana L. Along roadside, Progreso road, km. 18, Lundell
& Lundell 7966, herb, corolla purplish.

Solanum amazonium Ker. In thorn thicket, Progreso road, km. 25,
Lundell & Lundell 7995, perennial, 3 ft., corolla lavender.

Solanum hirtum Vahl. Chichen Itza, roadside, Lundell & Lundell 7476,
shrubby, petals white. Uxmal road, km. 40, common along roads and in
waste places, Lundell & Lundell 8090, thorny shrub, 3-5 ft. Xputbalam,
Xtompaap, (Xtom = kind of fruit, paap=a species of bird [this bird eats the

fruit]).
Juice of fruit is squeezed into water, gargled to cure sore throat.

Solanum ochraceo-ferrugineum (Dunal) Fernald. Chichen Itza, Valladolid
road, in clearing, Lundell & Lundell 7520, shrub, 4 ft. high, corolla white.
Bortomkux (Bor = black, tom = to step on, kux = thorn [a plant with black

thorns]).
Solanum Pavonii Dunal. Chichen Itza, near the Castillo, Lundell &
Lundell 7404, vine.

162 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Solanum variifolium Standl. Chichen Itza, Kaua road, in old forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7906, clambering shrub, 7 ft.

Solanum verbascifolium L. Progreso road, km. 31, abundant along rail-
road, Lundell & Lundell 8011, annual, fruits red.

Solanum yucatanum Stand]. Uxmal road, km. 40, roadside, Lundell €
Lundell 8094, thorny shrub, 3 ft., flowers pale green, fruit red.

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Angelonia sp. Progreso road, km. 31, in cleared flats, Lundell & Lundell
8028, erect herb, corolla purple. Progreso road, km. 29, in cleared flats,
Lundell & Lundell 8031, perennial herb, corolla purple.

Bacopa Monnieri (L. ) Wettst. Progreso, in cleared flats south of cienaga,
Lundell & Lundell 8022, prostrate herb.

Capraria biflora L. f. hirta Loes. West of Progreso, in beach zone scrub,
Lundell & Lundell 7956, perennial, 4 ft., corolla white. Progreso, abundant

along railroad through flats south of cienaga, Lundell & Lundell 7976,
perennial herb, corolla white.

Conobea pusilla (Benth.) Benth. & Hook. Progreso road, km. 30, among
grasses along roadside, Lundell & Lundell 8004, erect annual, corolla purple.

Gerardia maritima Raf. var. grandiflora Benth. Progreso, around pools
in flats south of cienaga, Lundell & Lundell 8024, perennial, corolla pink.

Pagesia sp. Progreso road, km. 27, in cleared flats, Lundell & Lundell
8037, annual, flowers yellow.

Pogostoma saxifragaefolia (C. & S.) Schrad. Piste, waste places, Lundell
& Lundell 7877, perennial, corolla pale lavender, darkest in throat.

Russelia flavoviridis Blake. Near Dzitas, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7354, 7890, perennial, 3-6 ft., corolla bright red. Chactziitz.

MARTYNIACEAE

Martynia annua L. Sisal road, roadside, Lundell & Lundell 8145, coarse
herb, 2-3 ft., viscid, tube pale lavender, lobes with purple spot within.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 163

BIGNONIACEAE

Amphilophium paniculatum (L.) H.B.K. Near Xocenpich, in second
growth, Lundell & Lundell 7884, woody vine, flowers purplish. Chichen Itza,
Kaua road, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7908, woody vine, 12 ft.,

. sterile.

Amphilophium paniculatum (L.) H.B.K. var. molle (S. & C.) Standl.
Chichen Itza, Kaua road, in old forest, Lundell & Lundell 7911, woody vine,

10 ft.

Arrabidaea floribunda (H.B.K.) Loes. Piste, in second growth, Lundell
& Lundell 7362, woody vine, corolla orchid with paler throat. Chichen Itza,
on Valladolid road, in low thicket, Lundell & Lundell 7583, woody vine, 8 ft.
long. Yokdzonoot road, common in second growth and old forest, Lundell &

Lundell 7867, woody vine, corolla purplish. Sacak (Sac = white, ak = vine).

Cydista diversifolia (H.B.K.) Miers. In Dzitas, Lundell & Lundell 7893,
woody vine, 15 ft., corolla purple. In thorn thicket, off Merida to Progreso
road, km. 25, Lundell & Lundell 8000, woody vine, corolla lavender-pink.
Uxmal road, km. 30, in legume thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8077, woody vine,

corolla purple. Sosciak.

Cydista heterophylla Seibert. Xocenpich, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7350 (holotype, MICH), woody vine of 15 ft., leaves simple, corolla

purple.

Cydista potosina (K. Schum. & Loes.) Loes. Piste, in second growth,
Lundell & Lundell 7347, woody vine. Chichen Itza, in old thicket, Lundell &
Lundell 7600, woody vine, 12 ft. long. Ekixil, Xekkixril.

Doxantha unguis-cati (L.) Rehder. Near Yokdzonoot, in advanced forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7489, woody vine, 25 ft. long, corolla orange-yellow.
Ichactoloc (Ichac = claw, toloc = a species of lizard [claw of the lizard vine}).

The vine has claw-like hooked tendrils. Used for curing the bite of the toloc
lizard, which has a comb on head. Leaves are powdered and then wet with
lime juice, which is applied to bite wound. Vine is used as cordage in house

construction.
Neomacfadya podopogon (DC.) H. Bu. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest,

Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7479, woody vine, corolla lavender.

Aksuuk (Ak = vine, suuk = bee’s nest).
A basket is made of the vine in the shape of a bee’s nest. These baskets are

used for harvesting corn.

164 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Onohualeoa Seleri (Loes.) Lundell, gen. nov., Contrib. Univ. Michigan
Herb. 7: 52. 1942. Off Piste to Yokdzonoot road, in hopche (acahual), Lundell
& Lundell 7865, woody vine.

Parmentiera aculeata (H.B.K.) Seem. Off Merida to Progreso road,
km. 27, common, in thorn thicket, Lundell & Lundell 8198, shrub, 5 ft.

Pithecoctenium echinatum (Jacq.) K. Schum. Chichen Itza, edge of
Thompson’s Cenote, Lundell & Lundell 7336, woody vine, corolla creamy-
yellow. Piste, in old thicket, Lundell & Lundell 7554. Peine de extabay,
xachemaax, xachextabay (xache = comb, maax= monkey, xtabay = women).

Stizophyllum perforatum (Cham.) Miers. Piste, in second growth,
Lundell & Lundell 7382, woody vine, corolla creamy-white. Chichen Itza,
Kaua road, in old forest, Lundell & Lundell 7910, woody vine, corolla creamy-
white. Akbach (Ak = vine, bach = chachalaca).

Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) Nicholson. Chichen Itza, small deciduous
tree in thicket.

ACANTHACEAE

Bravaisia tubiflora Hemsl. One of the dominant species of beach zone at
Progreso, Lundell & Lundell 8146, shrub, 4 ft.

Elytraria bromoides Oerst. Chichen Itza, in clearing, Lundell & Lundell
7604, perennial herb, corolla white. Acan.

Justicia carthaginensis Jacq. Near Libre Union, in advanced forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7575, herb, corolla rose-red. Near Xocenpich, in second
growth, Lundell & Lundell 7883, perennial, corolla rose-red. West of
Progreso, common in beach scrub zone, Lundell & Lundell 7938, perennial
up to 4 ft. high, corolla rose-red, an almost glabrous variety.

Justicia Lundellii Leonard, Carn. Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 226, fig. 16.

1936. Xocenpich, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7357, perennial.
Akab Xiu.

Ruellia nudiflora (Engelm. & Gray) Urb. var. yucatana Leonard. Near
Yokdzonoot, roadside, Lundell & Lundell 7493, herb with tubers, corolla
bluish-purple. Chichen Itza, in clearing near the Castillo, Lundell & Lundell
7525, perennial herb, corolla white. Chichen Itza, in clearings, Lundell &
Lundell 7597, perennial herb, corolla purplish. Chichen Itza, common around
the Castillo, Lundell & Lundell 7607, perennial herb, corolla pink. Cambaly-
axnic, Cabayaaxnik (Caba= low, yaaxnik = a species of tree[a low plant with
flowers that resemble those of the yaxnic tree, Vitex Gaumeri)).

~—

| ARERR AC emcee cree

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 165

The whole plant is combined with a small amount of akabixiu, asmall plant,
and cnachacche, a tree, boiled together, with the liquid used for bathing to
reduce fever. Flowers are used as an offering to the saints by placing them
on an altar.

Stenandrium subcordatum Stand]. Chichen Itza, in forest shade,
Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7511, perennial herb, corolla pink.
Ehpeedy (Hhpeedy = relapse).

When a person has a relapse of any illness, medicine is made from this
plant by boiling with the water used for bathing.

RUBIACEAE

Alseis yucatanensis Stand]. Near Kaua, on Valladolid road, in advanced
forest, Lundell & Lundell 7466, tree, 10 in. diam., 50 ft. high, flowers fragrant,
corolla pale green. Xchacalhaasche (Xchac= red, al= shoots, haas = banana,
che = tree).

Leaves resemble those of the mamey (Calocarpum mammosum).

Asemnanthe pubescens Hook.f. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest on
Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7478, shrub, 3 ft. high. In Peten inswamp
forest. Tehikaax (Teh = tea, ikaax = wild).

Drink boiled leaf liquid to cure diarrhea.

Borreria verticillata (L.) Mey. Chichen Itza, Kaua road, along roadside,
Lundell & Lundell 7915, perennial, corolla white.

Chiococea alba (L.) Hitche. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7424, woody vine, corolla pale yellow, flowers fragrant. Progreso,
in beach zone scrub, Lundell & Lundell 7939, woody, clambering, corolla
dark purplish. Progreso, in beach zone scrub, Lundell & Lundell 7939A,
corolla yellowish. Xkanchacche (Xkan = yellow, chac = red, che = wood).

Root is boiled and liquid used as a mouth wash to cure toothache.

Cosmoealyx spectabilis Stand]. Chichen Itza, in advanced growth on
Valladolid road, Lundell & Lundell 7517, tree, 10 in. diam., 35 ft. high, corolla
orange-yellow. Chichen Itza, Valladolid road, in old forest, Lundell & Lundell
7901, tree, 10 in. diam., 50 ft. high, corolla orange. Chactecoce (Chacte = a

species of tree, coc = a species of insect).
A durable wood used in house construction and for railroad ties.

Coutarea octomera Hemsl. Chichen Itza, in second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7469, small tree, flowers fragrant, corolla white. Chichen Itza,

Lundell & Lundell 7507. Xpayluch.
Wood is used in making hooks for bellybands for horses or mules.

166 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Ernodia littoralis Sw. Progreso, in beach zone, Lundell & Lundell 7390,
shrub. Progreso, abundant in beach zone, Lundell & Lundell 8154, shrub,
corolla red.

Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) R. & S. Uxmal road, km. 40, in low forest,
Lundell & Lundell 8095, treelet, corolla white, said to grow to 12 in. diam.
Baeczotz (Bac = bone).

Wood used to make combs, very hard.

Guettarda Combsii Urban. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest on Valladolid
road, Lundell & Lundell 7474, tree, 6 in. diam., 30 ft. high, corolla white.
Testab.

Wood is very hard when dry, does not decay nor do insects attack it. Wood
used in house construction.

Guettarda elliptica Sw. Chichen Itza, in advanced second growth, Lundell
& Lundell 7433, tree, 12 in. diam., 30 ft. high, corolla pale green. Near Piste,
in old thicket, Lundell & Lundell 7544, tree, corolla pale green. Yokdzonoot,
rather common in old forest, Lundell & Lundell 7924, tree, with smooth bark,
3 in. diam., 20 ft. high, corolla greenish-white. Yokdzonoot, in old forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7926, treelet, scaly bark, 3 in. diam., 20 ft. high, corolla
pale green. Cipche, Xkibche (Xkib = sleepwalker disease, che = tree).

The plant is used to whip sleepwalker and this is reputed to cure him. A
sleepwalker is called xchuculkib.

Hamelia patens Jacq. Uxmal, roadside, Lundell & Lundell 8159, shrub,
6 ft., corolla red. Chichen Itza, in thicket, Lundell & Lundell 7608, shrub.

Machaonia Lindeniana Baill. Near Piste, in old thicket, Lundell &
Lundell 7538, shrub, 10 ft. high, corolla almost white. Sacikiche, Pisteche.

Psychotria pubescens Sw. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest on Valladolid
road, Lundell & Lundell 7512, shrub, 3 ft. high, corolla greenish-yellow.
Chichen Itza, in old thicket, Lundell & Lundell 7598, shrub, 4 ft. high. corolla
yellowish. Cabalchactecoce (Cabal = low, chacte = a species of tree, coc =a
species of insect), Cambalchactecoc.

Wood and leaves resemble chacte tree. A disease carried by the insect coc
is cured by medicine made from this plant. Leaves warmed first and then
crushed and applied to body of baby to cure asthma.

Psychotria undata Jacq. Chichen Itza, in advanced forest on Valladolid
road, Lundell & Lundell 7518, shrub, 3 ft. high, corolla white.

Randia aculeata L. Piste, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7372,
shrub, 2-3 ft., corolla tube greenish, lobes white. Peech Citam (Citam = wild
boar).

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 167

Randia Gaumeri Greenm. & Thomps. Near Yokdzonoot, in old forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7930, treelet, 20 ft.

Randia longiloba Hems!]. Chichen Itza, in advanced second growth,
Lundell & Lundell 7431, tree, 6 in. diam., 30 ft. high, spiny, flowers fragrant,
corolla lobes white, tube green. Xkav.

Randia truncata Greenm. & Thomps. Piste, insecond growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7379, small tree, corolla tube pale green, lobes white. Chichen Itza,
in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7415, shrub, up to 6 ft., corolla lobes
white, tube pale green. Yokdzonoot road, in old forest, Lundell & Lundell
7863, treelet, 2 in. diam., 10 ft. high.

CUCURBITACEAE

Cayaponia alata Cogn., vel aff. Near Yokdzonoot, in old forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7931, herbaceous vine, corolla greenish. Karak.

Corallocarpus emetocatharticus (Grosourdy) Cogn. Chichen Itza, in
second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7341, fleshy vine, ripe fruits brilliant red,

variegated. Xtakan.

Cucumis Anguria L. Progreso road, km. 33, in cleared flat, Lundell &
Lundell 8067, prostrate herbaceous vine, corolla yellow.

Melothria guadalupensis (Spreng.) Cogn. Roadside, hills south of Muna,
Lundell & Lundell 8174, herbaceous vine.

GOODENIACEAE

Scaevola Plumieri (L.) Vahl. East of Progreso, on beach in spray, charac-
teristic plant of beach, Lundell & Lundell 8058, sandbinding shrub.

COMPOSITAE

Ageratum Lundellii King & Robinson, Wrightia 6: 23. 1978. Chichen Itza,
on wall, Lundell & Lundell 7859, herb, heads bluish. Roadside, hills south of
Muna, Lundell & Lundell 8172, herb, heads blue. Described from Bajo de
Santa Fe, Tikal, Guatemala, C. L. Lundell 15647 (holotype, US; isotype, LL).

Ambrosia hispida Pursh. Progreso, common in beach zone, Lundell &
Lundell 8059, perennial herb.

168 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Baccharis dioica Vahl. Progreso, abundant in beach zone, Lundell &
Lundell 8072, shrub, 3-6 ft.

Baltimora recta L. Progreso road, km. 10, common along railroad,
Lundell & Lundell 8124, erect annual, heads yellow.

Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata Sch. Bip. West of Progreso, in beach zone
scrub, Lundell & Lundell 7952, clambering herb, rays white. Progreso, on
sand dunes, beach zone, Lundell & Lundell 8147, prostrate herb with long
slender ascending branches, rays white.

Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC. South of Progreso, common along railroad
through mangrove swamp, Lundell & Lundell 7951, perennial in colonies,
leaves thick, pale, heads yellow.

Calea Peckii Robinson. Chichen Itza, in low thicket, Lundell & Lundell
76038, clambering perennial. Kintah.

Chromolaena Lundellii King & Robinson, Wrightia 6: 24. 1978. Progreso
along railroad through flats south of cienaga, Lundell & Lundell 7977, herb,
heads blue. Described from Peten.

Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Progreso road, km. 31, in cleared flats, Lundell &
Lundell 8027, herb, heads white.

Flaveria linearis Lag. East of Progreso, on beach, Lundell & Lundell 8064,
perennial herb, heads yellow.

Koanophyllon albicaulon (Sch. Bip. ex Klatt) K. & R. Eupatorium
albicaule Sch. Bip. Piste, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7378, arbor-
escent shrub, 6-10 ft. high. Sactah (Sac = white, tah = torch).

Lactuca intybacea Jacq. Progreso, in flats south of cienaga, Lundell &
Lundell 7979, herb.

Lagascea mollis Cav. Chichen Itza, in yard, Lundell & Lundell 7907,

annual. Progreso road, km. 30, along railroad, Lundell & Lundell 82038,
annual.

Melampodium divaricatum (Rich.) DC. Chichen Itza, in yard, Lundell &
Lundell 7860, herb, heads yellow.

Melampodium gracile Less. Abundant along roadside, Progreso road,
km. 13, Lundell & Lundell 7972, annual, heads yellow.

Melanthera nivea (L.) Small. East of Progreso, in beach zone, Lundell &
Lundell 8052, herb.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: YUCATAN 169

Mikania micrantha H.B.K. Progreso road, km. 32, in marsh, growing on
Typha, Lundell & Lundell 8213, vine.

Montanoa Schottii Rob. & Greenm. Chichen Itza, Valladolid road, in low
thicket, Lundell & Lundell 7580, clambering plant, 3-6 ft. high, rays white.
Xomax (Xom = foam, ax = vine [foams when dropped in water]).

Notoptera Gaumeri Greenm. Yokdzonoot road, in old forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7921, clambering perennial, 15 ft., flowers fragrant.

Parthenium Schottii Greenm. Progreso, in lowlands, south of cienaga,
Lundell & Lundell 7948, coarse herb, 4 ft.

Pectis elongata H.B.K. Progreso road, km. 31, along roadside, Lundell &
Lundell 8009, erect annual, strong scented.

Plagiolophus Millspaughii Greenm. Roadside, hills south of Muna,
Lundell & Lundell 8171, herb, heads white.

Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. Progreso, in cleared flats south of cienaga,
Lundell & Lundell 8025, herb, heads lavender.

Porophyllum punctatum (Mill.) Blake. Common in beach zone scrub,
west of Progreso, Lundell & Lundell 7945, shrubby, brittle, 2-3 ft., heads

greenish.

Sanvitalia procumbens Lam. Along roadside, Progreso road, km. 17,
Lundell & Lundell 7964, prostrate annual, rays orange.

Vernonia scorpioides (Lam.) Pers. Chichen Itza, Kaua road, in second
growth, Lundell & Lundell 7912, clambering perennial, heads tinged purple.

Wedelia parviceps Blake. Chichen Itza, along Valladolid road, Lundell &
Lundell 7508, herb, 3 ft. high, flowers yellow. Yaaxrsahun (Yaar = green,
sahun = name of another plant).

Used as forage for horses.

170 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3
COBA AREA OF QUINTANA ROO

Foreword

Quintana Roo has remained botanically little known, for the early explora-
tion of Cozumel Island and later the western area bordering the State of
Yucatan has provided only limited floristic records. These were mainly from
collections of Millspaugh and Gaumer.

In the hope that an expedition into the east coast forest with Coba as the
hub for an intensive study of the vegetation, the 1938 trip was planned.

From our Carnegie Institution headquarters at Chichen Itza we organized
the expedition. Camping equipment was borrowed from the Institution’s
storehouse, and this was supplemented by supplies such as canned foods,
kerosene, and other necessities purchased in Merida and Valladolid. Our
Merida agent, Francisco Campos, not only handled the purchases but helped
organize the cargo at both Chichen Itza and Valladolid for transportation to
Coba by packmule.

Our helpers accompanying us from Chichen Itza on the Coba trip were
Eugenio May, Marty Dzib, and Carlos Marrufo, the two former were fluent
in English and Spanish as well as Maya. This was important in our contacts
with the Maya in Quintana Roo and helped with plant names. In addition to

the packmule handlers (arrieros), three local Maya workers were hired in
Quintana Roo.

Excerpts from the Journal of Trip to Coba

June 20th, Monday. By noon everything was in readiness for our departure
tomorrow morning for Coba via Valladolid. During the afternoon we rested
a little and later did more photographic work. For a tree ring count Carlos
cut a cross section of the Cedrela tree felled by Steggerda in February 1938.

June 21st, Tuesday. Got up at 5:15 a.m. and soon had everything packed
and ready to go on the truck. Campos, Marty, Carlos, and Eugenio loaded
the truck while we ate breakfast. Met the Morleys and other staff members
at breakfast this morning and received best wishes as well as last minute
advice!

Soon the truck was loaded to carry our equipment to the railroad station at
Dzitas. The truck left Chichen Itza for Dzitas at 7 a.m. for it had to arrive
early enough to get the equipment labeled and ready for shipment. From
Dzitas, Campos and Marty took the train to Valladolid. C. L., Carlos, Eugenio
and I drove in the station wagon for the last few days without rain made the
road to Valladolid passable. We felt that it would be easier on us to go by road
rather than make a trip on the local train.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 171

Fig. 45. The fire-swept forest along the trail from Dzitnup to Coba. Such
devastation occurs in long dry seasons when miipa fires get out of control and
burn the dry uncut secondary forest. Note the barren limestone exposed by
the fire.

172 WRIGHTIA

We left Chichen Itza in the station wagon at 7:35 a.m. and reached
Valladolid at 9:30 a.m. We first went to the home of Isidro Mendoza, who
would serve as our agent at Valladolid. He drove us to a house adjoining the
stables where our mules were ready for the next day’s journey. Here the
men making the trip were to stay. Their room was very large and had a clean
tile floor. We were taken to the local hotel. Our room there did not compare
with that of our crew, but when one is weary any place where it is possible
to either hang a hammock or put up a cot is acceptable.

At 11 o’clock that morning we met the train from Dzitas that Marty and
Campos were due to arrive on. After seeing so many unfamiliar faces, it was
like greeting old friends when Marty and Campos turned up. A truck was
hired and our supplies and equipment were stored in the room where the crew
were to stay overnight.

Accompanied by Campos we returned to the hotel for lunch. This consisted
of chicken—covered with the hottest pepper I have ever had; also, rice pre-
pared with tomatoes and more hot pepper, tortillas, and a custard for dessert.
For our drinks we ordered Coca-Cola but they didn’t have any, and since we
couldn't drink their water we were forced to drink beer.

After lunch we shopped for more supplies, including four five-gallon tins
of kerosene for our plant-drying lanterns, a full load for a packmule.

June 22nd, Wednesday. We awoke before 4 a.m. so were up and dressed by
the time Campos came to call us. All the crew ate with us at the hotel since no
other eating place was open.

When we reached the place where our equipment was stored, we found that
the packmules were already loaded. There were 27 boxes and kyacks full of
supplies plus the equipment. The arrieros (mule skinners) said this was the
largest camp load ever taken to Coba. There were 20 packmules plus the
riding animals.

Campos bade us farewell as he was returning to Merida, and Pedro, Carlos,
Eugenio, Marty, C. L. and I all got on our mules and started out at 6 a.m. I
didn’t feel too secure at first, never having been on a mule before, but soon I
felt brave enough to try galloping. We looked like a young army going out
for the crew members each carried either a shotgun or rifle and machete.

Along the way we could hear shots and fireworks in the distance. When we
reached the village, we found it was the occasion of a religious holiday. When
they saw us arrive, the celebration was halted. I seemed to be the main object
of their curiosity, for seeing a white woman on mule back was something that
had never occurred there before.

The ride was awful and the occasions were few and far between when we
were able to even trot the mules. Narrow trails and sharp rocks made any
speed at all impossible. We were forced to take four rest periods, and each
time we would walk awhile because of our sore muscles. Our only remarks
were “How much farther and when will we reach the village where we will
spend the night.”

Fig. 46. The burned-over forest near Coba. Only a few large trees survive.

Since accumulated organic litter is burned and the soil is washed into very
shallow crevices, much of the forest floor is left exposed with a rocky limestone

surface.

At 3 p.m. we reached the Maya village of Dzitnup. Here we obtained per-
mission to sleep in the schoolhouse, which consisted of a stone floor, a gate
and half walls of poles with a thatch roof. We dismounted and staggered into
the school, and each of us stretched out on the benches. Marty finally went to
one of the houses to buy some coffee and toasted tortillas which he and C. L. ate,
but I couldn’t stir up any interest in either food or drink.

Very soon we had an audience standing outside the rail surrounding the
school hut, and every available space was taken by a brown figure. They just
watched us and conversed among themselves. Soon this proved to be a major
annoyance.

The 20-mule pack train didn’t arrive until 6 o’clock. This caused quite a stir
for the natives had never seen so much equipment, and they stood around with
eager faces to watch us unload each mule and unpack what was needed over-
night. Marty and I sat about to get something to eat. We rented a kitchen and
Marty boiled water for the dishes and warmed up some beans and soup. We
also had some salmon and bread. It was very disgusting not to be able to at
least eat in peace, but all around the wall the men and boys stood and watched
us. Occasionally they would say something to one another and laugh, and
several times when I looked up I saw the empty cans we had opened being

Fig. 47. Young second growth vegetation covering a year-old fire-swept
forest area near Coba. Species of Cecropia, Ipomoea, Croton and numerous
other fast growing plants soon cover the burned-over forest and begin the slow
process of rebuilding the soil. In a remarkably short period of years, the
accumulation of forest litter and humus makes possible the clearing again
for milpa plantings, and the cycle is repeated. The vigorous regeneration of

vegetation on the limestone of the Peninsula sustained Maya milpa agri-
culture.

passed from one to another and each one would smell them. The women and
girls were naturally absent, but we could see them peeking between the pole
walls of their huts.

Cots, hammocks and nets were hung. I was the only lady there and I had
some difficulty in finding any privacy at all. Finally at dusk I was able to
crawl under my net and prepare for bed. By now I was too exhausted to care

LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 175

Fig. 48. The advanced forest covering the ruins of Coba approaches in
relic areas the climax vegetation which originally covered much of northern
Quintana Roo. The large Achras Zapota tree in foreground, with its tapping
scars, was one of the dominant species of this forest.

176 WRIGHTIA

whether the natives were watching or not. C. L. and I slept in one end of the
schoolhouse and Carlos, Eugenio, Marty, and Pedro slept in the other end.
C. L. reported the appearance of big cockroaches, but I was lucky in being able
to sleep so sound that everything was forgotten. If you allow yourself to think
or listen, it is impossible to sleep for you visualize all the creeping and crawl-
ing things which you know exist around these villages.

June 23rd, Thursday. Marty got up about 3:30 a.m. and started boiling
water for the canteens. The rest of us got up about 4. By now there was much
activity for the mules were being loaded.

Led by Pedro, C.L., Marty, Carlos and I left the village at 6o’clock. Earlier
two natives locally hired left on foot to cut away trees and vines which had
fallen across the trail. Never had we seen such barren and desolate country.
Fires had burned the forest all the way to Coba, a distance said to be about
18 miles. Huge limestone rocks were exposed along the trail so the mules had
to walk very slow to keep from falling. Often my mule stumbled and I felt
sure the next moment would find both of us thrown down on one of the large
rocks, both of us with broken limbs. You could never take your eyes off the
trail but had to duck the vines and protruding limbs and jagged tree trunks.
Nearing Coba, toward the end of our journey, my mule refused to be guided
and no amount of pulling on his reins would prevent the accident which left
me with a lacerated hand. The mule pulled me intoa vine (Byttneria aculeata)
and I was suddenly faced with the choice of being thrown off the mule com-
pletely or suffering a badly torn hand. Feeling that a lacerated hand would
be less painful than broken ribs, I grabbed the vine and managed to balance
myself sufficiently to at least stay on the mule. My hand was badly torn and
the pain was terrific. My ribs were bruised as well. The only advantage was
that I was able to forget at least for a time the groaning muscles from the
hard trail ride. We were only a short distance from Coba so I wouldn’t stop
to have my hand bandaged. Soon we saw the lake and what a welcome sight
it was. By now we were riding through the extensive ruins of the site.

We had been told that the thatched shelters here were good, but on our
arrival we found only tick and flea infested huts left by a recent airfield
clearing crew. Because of this we were so glad we had brought along the extra
men so that new quarters could be erected. A large emergency airfield had
been cleared at Coba, and the quarters were between it and the lake.

The first thing C. L. did was to take out the emergency medical kit and clean
out the cuts on my hand with iodine. Then the entire hand was bandaged. By
now the pain and exhaustion overtook me so he and Marty had to fix a place
for me to lie down.

C.L. went in search of a good place to build a new shelter. He selected a
place beside the lake where the cool breeze could reach us. Soon work started
felling trees and clearing the site. After I felt better I went down to watch
them. It is fascinating to see the Maya work, using all that nature provides,
a people truly dependent on their environment for all needs. All building
materials came from the forest. Their only tools were machetes and axes.

ee ai tte a ee :

Fig. 49. Old second growth forest covering the ruins of Coba. Note mounds
in clearing of approach to airstrip.

The axes looked like the tomahawks the American Indians used except they
had longer handles. The frame of the house, also the walls, were made of
timbers and poles, varying in size for the purposes needed. Woody vines and
strips of bark were used to tie everything together, and then palm leaves from
the genus Sabal were used for the thatch.

Realizing that the new shelter could not be completed for at least three
days, three of the men set to work to clean up the old huts left by the airfield
workers. Marty cleared one to be used asa kitchen. Carlos, Pedro and Eugenio
fixed up one for themselves and they cleaned up one for C.L. and me. Ours
was then sprayed with flit to kill the fleas and ticks. A tarpaulin was spread
on the ground and our cots and nets set up.

After the evening meal, C.L. and I took a stroll down the airfield clearing
that lies amidst the ruins. Suddenly we both stood still and listened. Fantastic,
as we both agreed, we heard a constant tinkling of small bells coming from
the main plaza of the ruins. The sound is uncanny and wierd. On our return
to camp we told our Maya workers what we had heard, and here is the story
as they told it:

Many centuries ago the ancient Maya medicine men carved out figures
of men and placed them in the buildings. These stone images remain in the
nly at night on Thursdays and Fridays. At this time

ruins, coming to life o
they sometimes ring bells, sometimes they stroll around with their dogs and

178 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

the bark of the dogs can be heard. Other times they are heard in battle and
their cries ring out. These images are called alux. When they are around
they send ill winds and these ill winds cause babies to be ill but do not affect
adults. Only the medicine men can chase them away. This is done by his
prayers. Marty tells me that he has often heard the alux in the ruins.

I still wonder how these natives can retain such endurance and strength
on the diet they exist on. After working hard all day they merely made them-
selves some tortillas. When Carlos came out eating his supper we had quite
a laugh, for instead of making several thin tortillas, he made one which was
as large as a plate and over a half an inch thick. In fact, I believe he could
have killed a jaguar had he hurled the tortilla at it.

We sprayed our nets and retired. Pedro went hunting and soon a shot was
heard. We were anxiously awaiting his return hoping he might have a deer,
but when he returned he carried an animal and none of the natives knew
what it was. They brought it to our hut, and it was a little grey fox.

Fig. 50. An open savanna in the Coba area with scattered palms, a species
of Acrocomia, shrubby small trees such as the nance, Byrsonima crassifolia,

with a host of grasses and other herbaceous plants mostly not in flower at
time of our visit.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 179

Marty stayed up later than the rest of us to boil the water for tomorrow’s
canteens.

June 24th, Friday. Up at 5:30 for already the packmules are being readied
for the trip back to Valladolid.

Eugenio, Pedro and the two workers hired at Dzitnup went back to work
on our new shelter. C.L. and Carlos cut a wide path from the new house to
the edge of the lake. While cutting the path they killed a barber pole snake,
closely related to a coral snake and incidentally the first specimen we
collected at Coba. They then cleared a place on the lake where we could
swim. A platform was built with rocks out into the water with a palm leaf
blind on the exposed side.

After lunch C.L., Carlos and I explored the ruins. I didn’t stay with them
long for I was soon too exhausted. They climbed up to see some temples,
which we understand have not been reported.

Iam beginning to enjoy camp life and marvel at how quickly a person can
adjust to new conditions.

At 4 o0’clock I went down and enjoyed a most delightful swim. The water is
of the right temperature and after a hot day it is heavenly to sit down on the
rocks or splash in the water. I even shampooed my hair. The enjoyable part
of it is in knowing that there are no tourist cabins across the lake and you
are enjoying privacy which would not be possible in most places.

After the evening meal we again strolled through the ruins, this time in
the direction of Dzitnup. There were two mounds that we wanted to investi-
gate. As we neared the wide stairs leading to the main plaza, we again heard
what sounds so distinctly like the tinkling of the small bells—a most uncanny
sound to be coming from a place when you know no human being is around.
From a distance the ruins of a standing temple can be seen rising up almost
as high as a fifteen-story building. The architecture of these ancient ruins
is entirely different from that of the later sites such as Chichen Itza and
Uxmal. The stairs are so much wider which makes climbing much easier.
The limestone blocks used in the structure of the buildings were not cut
but were used in their crude state and were put together with mortar and
covered with plaster.

That night our crew went hunting and about an hour later we heard a shot.
We anxiously waited for their return to see what meat we would have to-
morrow. Carlos and Marty returned and very excitedly told us they had shot
a large deer and needed help to carry it back to camp.

Hunting is a relaxation and provides needed variety to their meals.

Their excitement didn’t die down until quite late. This together with toads
hopping on our nets prevented us from falling asleep for several hours. We
spent a restless night. It rained for a while and then we were awakened by
sounds which suggested that some small animal must be around. We were

unable to spot it with our flash lights.

Fig. 51. A section of the airstrip clearing in foreground, with thatched
shelters in campsite in the high forest on shore of lake at Coba.

Fig. 52. Our temporary quarters in the old campsite at Coba. Infested
with fleas and ticks and overrun with snakes, we sprayed the site, placed a
tarpaulin on the ground, and put up our cots under the mosquito nets. During
the cold tropic nights snakes crawled under the tarpaulin ground cover for
warmth, not over the surface.

“oe: rw ————

sie eed, See

LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 181

June 25th, Saturday. We awoke this morning feeling that a saloon keeper
of British Honduras was right when he said that if a man says he loves the
bush he is either a fool or a liar. Each morning you have to be so cautious so
that you do not pull on your boot with a scorpion in the toe or stretch out your
hand and find that some snake found your ground cloth a comfortable place
under which to keep warm during the night. Yesterday two snakes were
brought in, some were killed by the workers as they were in the bush cutting
the palm leaves for the roof of the house, and then they reported having seen
some which they didn’t have a chance to kill.

Marty and Pedro busied themselves with the task of butchering the deer
while the rest of the workers put the roof on our new shelter.

Fried deer liver for lunch and afterwards data were written up. I again
worked in the kitchen. I had Marty cut a roast from the saddle of the deer
and fixed it for dinner. The men took the remainder of the carcass and bar-
becued it for their own use. Marty put the skin out to dry for he said he could
get two and a half pesos for it.

A lizard and one snake were brought in today. By now it begins to look as
if there will be better zoological collecting here than botanical, which is very
disappointing for us. .

The men look very tired tonight and they should be for they work hard
from early morning until late in the afternoon. They always eat late for they
prepare their own meals and corn must first be ground and then patted into
tortillas to be cooked on a flat iron plate. Tonight they are having barbecued
leg of deer. : ;

Just before I went to sleep I saw Marty sitting by the campfire sewing—
probably putting still another patch on his trousers. Only a few pieces of the
original material are left from which they were made.

June 26th, Sunday. It is very warm and after breakfast C. L., Carlos and I
go out to collect. We take the path that leads to the main plaza of the ruins.
We climb up and down over the mounds, stopping occasionally to make
specimens of some plant we are taking for a record for so far we have found
very few unfamiliar species.

Collecting was not good. For me the mosquitos were so large in the high
forest that I was most uncomfortable. One press was filled and we returned
to camp. C.L. and Carlos again went out to collect along the lake shore. I
s in to write letters.

re be left at camp for there was washing for him to do. The other four

men again worked on the house, trying to at least complete the workroom
so that larger plant driers may be set up. The makeshift drier which we have
in our hut is too small to accommodate even a poor day’s collecting.

All afternoon C.L. worked on his plant specimens, and later supervised

the building of a work table in the laboratory.

June 27th, Monday. Up early since we were going out collecting on mule
back this morning. After breakfast the mules were saddled and C.L. and
I rode, but Carlos and Pedro were on foot. Marty is building a work table

182 WARIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Fig. 538. Our swimming hole in Lake Coba. With her nest behind us in the
forest, a large alligator was always nearby at a discreet distance watching us
with only her eyes and snout exposed above the surface.

for the kitchen and Eugenio and the laborer from the village will complete
the pole walls of our new shelter.

It is a bright and cool morning when we set out but after riding through
the thick growth of the bush for awhile we got hot. The insects were very
annoying and never have I seen mosquitos so large. At first we couldn’t find
anything of interest to collect, but as we rode on into the higher forest we
were able to spot some plants not taken earlier. Since the goal was to record
every species in the Coba area, anything collectible was taken but rarely
duplicated.

We returned to camp at 11:30 and since we were already very tired of the
hard bread we brought from Valladolid, I decided to try my luck at baking
corn bread in the dutch oven over an open fire. My first experience wasn’t
too successful. The corn bread rose up, had a good texture and taste, but was
burned on the bottom and not browned on top. Better luck next time. It seems
I must have hot coals placed evenly on the top and the few I had on were too
scattered. Our lunch today was very plain consisting of tomato soup, beans,
stewed tomatoes, coffee, corn bread and oranges.

After lunch C. L. took pictures of our camp for after tomorrow we shall be

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 183

home in our new quarters. I look forward to being able to unpack everything.
As it is, I usually have to go through eight kyacks before finding what I need.

The men return to work, four on the house, with C. L. writing up the plants
we collected this morning. I completed my daily journal notes.

The breeze is blowing very hard this afternoon. For this we are very thank-
ful for besides cooling us off, it also means fewer insects. As quickly as the
breeze came up, it has just as quickly disappeared, leaving the air heavy
and the humidity stifling. It is very grey and we are all wishing for rain.

We would not let Marty serve us any venison after the second day, although
I am sure the workers will be eating it until it is all gone. One of our Maya
laborers left to return to his village even though work on the house wasn’t
finished. We wondered about this, and finally decided he probably thought
it would be better to lose two days of work and carry home some of the deer
rather than stay on the job and earn a few more pesos. This, Marty admitted,
was true and that is the way they usually reason things out.

Lab work wasn’t completed until after 4 o’clock, after which C. L. went to
eatch fish for dinner. Marty went too but couldn’t catch a thing for as yet
he hasn’t learned how to fish. However, C. L. caught all we needed for dinner
and kept the smaller fish to take back to Michigan as specimens. I stayed at
camp to fix dinner.

After dinner we took Eugenio over to the new house to tell him what else
should be done. The tables, bench and driers have already been set up and
the bedroom will be completed so we can move in.

June 28th, Tuesday. We wake up early to face another clear and bright
day.
C.L. and Carlos left on muleback to collect on the trail to Dzitnup. There
are some plants in flower now that may have passed by the time we return.
I stayed in camp to help Marty. Eugenio, Pedro and the village laborer are
completing the house so we can move in tonight.

I went into the kitchen to start lunch. Just as I stepped in I saw a 6-foot
snake crawl from under the table. He disappeared before I could get a stick
with which to kill him. I felt none too comfortable after this and more than
once found myself glancing under the table but ever hopeful that I would
find myself alone.

C.L. and Carlos returned to camp about 11 o’clock with the presses full,
although C.L. again expresses his disappointment over the meager flora.

Now we are ready to move into the new quarters. Tarpaulins are stretched
across the bedroom floor extending up a little on the wall and tied securely
to keep out snakes. Boxes are placed on top of one another to form deep shelves
where groceries are kept. It is good to be able to unpack for the first time
since we reached Coba. Everything is sorted and placed in its proper place.

The kitchen is next placed in order. In one corner Marty has stones placed
for the fire. Just outside two large rocks form the base for his cedar-log wash
basin. Covered kerosene cans hold our water supply, and sharp pegs driven
in a tree nearby make a nice rack for hanging up pots and pans. The kitchen
cabinet consists of a table made of poles tied together to form the top, and

b es

5 pee abe! et Pe
> j “a Fs a ae o Lg
+ stl Pie A % : i al to Se AL ane

Fig. 54. Our “home” at Coba, erected in three days by two of our field men
helped by two Maya Indians from Dzitnup. Built entirely of materials from
the forest covering the ruins, this pole and log shelter, tied together with
stems of vines and strips of bark, was thatched with leaves of the botan palm,
a species of Sabal. The pole enclosed room of the house was our tarpaulin-
covered floor sleeping quarters. The open side contained kitchen facilities,
table, and workbench together with plant driers.

Fig. 55. Amelia sitting on a camp stool beside the kitchen fire in our Coba
“home.” This was her first jungle camping trip. Her Journal covers daily
experiences for the entire expedition to Yucatan and Quintana Roo.

Fig. 56. Marty Dzib, our assistant and helper with cooking chores, stand-
ing in the kitchen. Note hollowed out section of log used for washing utensils.
The cooking was done in an open fireplace consisting of three or four large
rocks, with spaces between them for logs to be fed into the fire as it burned,
typical of the Maya practice throughout the Peninsula.

Fig. 57. Plant driers with canvas skirts, the kerosene lanterns beneath
provided heat to dry the herbarium specimens. The work and dining table,
bench, and washstand are all made of poles firmly tied together with tough
stems of vines. Plant press is on the bench. Marty Dzib stands in kitchen in

background.

186 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

six tree trunks form the base. We havea bright and colorful oil cloth covering
it completely. Here again boxes are placed on top to form shelves, wherein
are kept the dishes, flatware and spices. A flap of oil cloth prevents dust or
insects from entering. It was so amusing to watch the natives as we prepared
our kitchen and bedroom. They had never thought of building tables or
benches and when we put on the oil cloth they stared even more. The natives
must be shown how to utilize to their own advantage those natural resources
which are within their reach. Our men have all said they were going back
home and build such tables in their own homes.

C.L. worked most of the afternoon on his plants. His numbers of today
reached the same total as of yesterday—that is 27 collections with up to ten
duplicates of each number.

Pedro and Eugenio dug a gutter out in front and across the side of the hut
so water could drain off after a rain. Carlos removed rocks and cleaned off
quite a large area just in front so that we could see an animal or a snake in
time to shoot it before it reached the house.

Lab work and our moving were completed shortly after 4 o’clock, so C.L.
and I went fishing. C.L. caught 16 fish and I caught 2. The larger ones were
prepared for dinner and smaller ones kept for specimens.

We celebrated tonight for it was the first night we have had a real table
to eat off of and a table cloth and napkins. For dinner we had soup, french
fried potatoes, fresh fish, cucumber pickles, coffee and canned sweetened
grapefruit for dessert. It was dark before we finished dinner so lamps were
lit and after the table was cleared, letters were written to go out on the mule
train in the morning. We retired at 8:30 for quite a large insect decided to
make life miserable for us. The large beetle-like insects had very long legs,
and as they would fly over they made a hum like an airplane motor, making
us duck. As I went to sleep I could still hear them as they flew against our nets.

June 29th, Wednesday. We were awakened early by hearing the mules as
they were being saddled for the weekly trip to Valladolid. By now Marty,
too, was busy, carrying water and boiling it for the coffee. C. L. had to make
a list of supplies to be brought in on the next trip of our mules from Valladolid.

The laborer from Dzitnup was paid off today for we no longer needed him.
He left with the mule train to return to his village.

After breakfast Pedro was sent out hunting for we would like to have some
doves or other game birds for lunch today. C.L., Eugenio and Carlos go
collecting on foot. I had to stay in camp for a lesion on my leg is infected and
I cannot wear boots. Marty and I cleaned up the house and then he cut and
gathered wood for our kitchen fires.

It is very cool today and again the sun is shining brightly. From our new
home we have a good view of the lake and even looking at the water makes
one feel cool.

C.L., Carlos and Eugenio return to camp about 11:30 having collected in
the Macanxac section of the Coba ruins. Again very few interesting plants
were found, which adds to the disappointed feeling we already have. C.L.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 187

tries to make at least thirty plant collections a day in the field with up to ten
duplicates of each number.

Pedro returned from the hunt about noon and instead of the birds we sent
him for he came in camp carrying two sprays of flowers which he thought
we might want, but the plants had already been collected.

In the afternoon C.L. and I did the lab work and this time we sent Marty
and Eugenio hunting. Our lab work was completed shortly after 4 o'clock.

Marty and Eugenio returned carrying two large partridges. Again we
enjoyed a most delicious dinner. I prepared the partridge as I would chicken.
The meat was a little tough but full of flavor.

Two chicleros arrived. They will leave again early in the morning for a
two-day trip to select a suitable place for a chicle camp. They will then return
and bring back more chicleros who will stay in the bush for months tapping
the chicozapote, Achras Zapota, for chicle. It was good information to have
that the old sapodilla forest was that close to Coba, but disappointing in that
we could not make a trip to collect in it.

After dinner C.L. and I took a walk to the savanna region adjoining the
airfield. Numbers of interesting plants were found.

June 380th, Thursday. Woke up real early this morning feeling cold enough
to wish for another blanket.

We left for the field about 7:15—C. L. and I on mule back and Carlos, Pedro
and Eugenio walked. Marty remained in camp.

We again collected on the Playa trail east of Coba, going out for a distance
of about 3 miles, mounting and unmounting whenever we spotted a species

to collect.
After two presses were filled we turned around and headed back to camp.

Our mules always go faster on the way back and very few times are we forced
to use a stick on them. Once my mule reared up and refused to go, and the
guide had to clear away a lot of brush before I could coax him to go forward.
He said the mule must have seen a snake, which is undoubtedly true, for after
the trail was cleared the mule allowed the guide to lead him across.

After lunch C.L. worked on the plant specimens while I recorded notes.
Marty and Eugenio provided Maya names for the plants.

C.L. completed the lab work at 3:30. With this work out of the way earlier
than usual we went down to seine for fish specimens and also to fish for “our
dinner.” Corn mush was used in the seine and bird meat was used on the
hooks. C.L. did the fishing and again caught a nice mess for dinner.

Soon we heard thunder and dark clouds began to gather. Before I could
return to camp it showered so heavily that I was wet before reaching the
house. C.L. didn’t let the shower disturb his fishing but stood under a tree
until it let up a little. It was good that I returned when I did for the roof was
leaking in five places and already the water was beginning to drop on the

packages of dried plants.

188 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Eugenio came down to get his gun saying he heard turkeys singing in the
trees at the other end of the runway. Marty got so excited, and since he is the
best hunter of them all, I told him I would finish up the kitchen work and
he could go with the crew. They were like children, and as they got ready
they went around whispering although they were at least a half mile from
the turkeys. Later we heard one shot, and after we had gone to bed we heard
them returning. Carlos came to our door and showed us a nice big turkey
hen. Pedro shot it. We suggested that they clean the bird at once and cut it
in half—one part for C.L., Marty and me and the other half for the crew.
As they worked you could still detect a note of excitement in their voices,
and they continued to tell each other how the bird was killed.

July Ist, Friday. It was cool again this morning and it was with effort
that we crawled from under our blankets at about 6:30. I rebelled against
eating another egg so instead fixed myself some French toast which C. L.
said was heavy enough to sink all the way to China.

C.L. left for the field with Pedro, Eugenio and Carlos. They collected in
the savanna, north of the main ruins here at Coba. Since he had the men with
him, I decided to help Marty prepare the turkey.

Marty reported a “near fatal accident” of last night. He finds the lake too
cold to bathe in so he warms a big can of water and takes his bath in this way.
Due to the hunting trip, it was quite dark before he got around to taking his
bath. He entered a small enclosure beside his house carrying his lantern
in one hand and water can in the other. There within 4 or 5 inches from his
face he glanced around just as a snake was ready to strike. He jumped back
and ran to get a stick but by now the snake was gone, but from his description
it undoubtedly was a coral snake. Such reports make me feel that leaving
here next Friday is weeks away rather than seven days.

The crew returned from the field trip with presses full. Many new additions
to the flora were recorded.

July 2nd, Saturday. After an early breakfast C. L., Eugenio, Pedro, Carlos
and I left at about 7 o’clock for the field. C. L. and I rode the mules and the
others walked. We collected on the Playa trail. It was a bright morning but
the trees and shrubs were quite wet and as we brushed past them, the water
dropped on us and very soon our clothes were damp as a result. Collecting
was much better. Several interesting vines were found as a result of felling
a tree.

At one time as a tree was falling C.L. ran to get out of the way and due to
the slippery rocks lost his balance and fell. He hit his head on a rock but
fortunately, the rock was flat and covered with leaves rather than sharp.
His narrow escape left me feeling shaky.

He tied up the mules and walked ahead for in this manner we can spot
things far more easily. Presses full, we returned to camp at a little after
11 o'clock.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 189

Marty called our attention to a snake between rocks beside our house. It
was poised there with its head held erect as it watched us. Marty got his rifle
and shot it. We thought he missed for we couldn't see the snake, but by using
a stick he fished under the rock and there found the snake with its head
badly shot to pieces.

Lab work was completed by 2:30 so C.L. went out collecting again. He
plans to return at 4 o'clock so he can pack the boxes of specimens which will
go out by mule train on Monday to Valladolid.

After dinner C.L. and I went down to the ruins to examine a sculptured
monument which had not been reported. It was quite large and had fallen
over. Part of the figure on its face was visible but the date was too weather-
worn to interpret.

July 3rd, Sunday. After breakfast C.L. left for the field taking Eugenio,
Carlos and Pedro with him. They left about 7:45. Fish specimens were taken
from Lake Coba. They used the seine and then fished some too. Enough fish
were caught for our lunch and Carlos returned to camp early so we could
clean them and have them ready. After getting the fish specimens they
collected plant specimens and didn’t return to camp until 1 o'clock.

Meanwhile Marty and I washed and baked. I baked cookies and corn
bread while Marty kept supplying me with hot coals. The cookies were
alright, although they would have been much better if we had had some
flavoring.

The mule train from Valladolid arrived with mail and food supplies. Good
mail! The most important letter contained our Mexican collecting permits
(at long last). This will make our work and contacts with officials much easier.
Campos also sent a set of pictures which had been developed in Merida.

Boxes were unpacked and food supplies were put away. It will be the last
time for this since we are leaving next Friday—that is, if we can get the mule
train back by then.

C.L. worked on the plants until about 2:30—at which time he went out to
take photographs of Coba. This takes time and another afternoon had to be

set aside for it. : : : P : :
C.L. returned quite late from his photographing trip. While exploring and

photographing one of the unreported temples bordering the airfield, he and
Eugenio found an altar, wherein was a jar. This interesting pottery discovery
was photographed but was left in place. The earlier discovered stela, in front
of mound on which temple stood, was photographed.

The two chicleros returned and will spend the night here before continuing
their journey home tomorrow evening. They brought some wild pig meat back
with them as they killed four peccaries while on the trip. This they shared
with our workers. Before dark one chiclero went and killed a Faisan, a large
game bird very much like a turkey. We offered to buy it and he sold it to us
for one and a half pesos which at the present rate of exchange means the bird

cost about 35 cents.
Quietness settles on the camp early for the chicleros and also the mule train

to Valladolid will leave early tomorrow.

190 WARIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

July 4th, Monday. C. L. was up early to take plants out of the driers so they
could be included in the cargo leaving today.

C.L. and I went collecting right after breakfast. Eugenio, Carlos and Pedro
went with us and Marty stayed at camp. Before leaving we had to remind the
crew to take quinine for we furnish them with capsules every day. They dis-
like taking them because it makes their ears ring and they get weak.

Again we collected on the Playa trail—C.L. and I on mule back and the
others walked. We had much better luck today, collecting several interesting
vines. We dismounted and walked on for some distance, trying to go a little
farther into the high bush each day. It was extremely hot and we were wet
from perspiration. When we returned to camp at about 11:30, we were a
weary bunch.

After lunch C.L. worked on the plant specimens, and I recorded notes
until about 2:30.

C. L. will spend the remainder of the afternoon injecting and preparing the
fish, snakes, toads and other zoological specimens he has on hand.

Carlos and Eugenio went out with C. L. to do photography, and Pedro had
to climb and cut leaves of the ramon, Brosimum Alicastrum, forage for our
mules.

After a most uninteresting meal, C.L. and I went down the airfield to look
for fossils in the limestone. We found many interesting ones which we col-
lected. While doing this we saw another long snake, and now C.L. frankly
admits he has never been in a region where there were so many snakes. Such
a remark carries a great deal of weight since this is his tenth trip into the
uninhabited wilds of the Yucatan Peninsula.

July 5th, Tuesday. C.L. and I go out collecting by mule back with Pedro,
Carlos and Eugenio on foot. Again we collect on the Playa trail but we go
much farther—about six miles out from Coba. We do not get many things but
several interesting plants were found. On our return Eugenio was sent on
ahead with the gun to try to shoot some birds for lunch. He returned soon
after we did carrying one dove for three people!

C.L. started working on his plants right after lunch. Plants were written
up and placed in the driers. This work completed, he again injected and
wrapped fish specimens in cheese cloth and placed them in the storage can
with formaldehyde.

The crew reported the presence of tigers and monkeys although I haven’t
as yet seen any. Deer tracks and tiger tracks were found in the bush this
afternoon. They tell me that a person can always tell where a tiger has been
because of the trail of destruction it leaves—small twigs are broken and
vines are torn away.

C.L. has put in a hard day. Collecting and writing up of the plants alone
is a full day’s work, but then to also prepare zoological specimens fills each
day to the limit. He sometimes calls himself a fool for doing this because it
is hard work without due credit or consideration by those to whom the speci-
mens are assigned. Such are the rewards of a field biologist.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 191

Lundell & Lundell 7760, Lonchocarpus yucatanensis Pittier, Yaarruul
(Yaar = green, xcuul = finish, end). The Mayas havea superstition regarding
this tree. When an epidemic kills chickens, one baby chick is killed and buried
against the root on the east side of this tree, and this they believe will stop the
disease. This tree was so named because it is believed to end and finish all
bad things.

July 6th, Wednesday. Up at 6:30 and Marty and I again tried fixing pan-
cakes—this time with much better results.

C. L. took Carlos with him and collected in the savanna. Eugenio and Pedro
were sent to clear around the new monument at the base of the mound of
what I have named the Temple of the Round Column. This made for better
photography.

C.L. returned about 11 o'clock to take more photographs of our Coba “home”
and the camp.

After the monument and Temple had been photographed again, plants
were written up, one drier was taken down and packing began.

July 7th, Thursday. This morning we were up and ready for breakfast by
7 o'clock. Eugenio and Pedro left earlier to hunt since we are all very tired
of beans and rice by now.

C. L. and Carlos packed boxes and kyacks. Marty and I sorted out food items

which will be needed on the trail back to Valladolid.
We soon heard six shots so we knew that today’s menu would be far more

interesting. Pictures were taken of the birds and hunters. Marty and I took
a bird and dressed it. We roasted part of it and fried the remainder. The crew
barbecued the other bird for themselves. This means meat sandwiches to-
morrow instead of egg.

There is a great deal of activity today for much work must be done before
the packing is completed.

We are anxiously awaiting the arrival of the arrieros for if they do not
arrive this afternoon we shall have to delay our trip by one day. This will not
inconvenience us too much insofar as collecting goes for we can collect all
day. However, having packed most of our things will make it necessary to
either unpack or try to live through one day without some useful supplies
or equipment.

We all spent the latter part of the afternoon in a nervous state for the
arrieros were so late. Carlos even offered to walk if C.L. and I would take
the two mules we had in camp and start out. However, at 6 o'clock we heard
the welcome sound of the packmules arriving. Dinner was eaten and last
minute packing finished before we retired, leaving an early morning call

of 3:30. A hard rain fel] during the night.

July 8th, Friday. Marty came down at 3 o'clock to make his fire and start
breakfast. C.L. and I were already awake for we had little or no sleep.

192 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

While I prepared our lunch for the trip, Marty finished fixing breakfast.
Carlos would carry out the boxes as quickly as C.L. packed them. Eugenio
helped take down the nets, cots and rolled up the tarpaulins while Pedro fed
and saddled the mules. Everyone had been assigned their duties so little
time was lost.

At 5:30 five of us left camp with Eugenio remaining to see that everything
was packed and loaded on the mules. It was just beginning to turn light as
we started out. The bush was very wet from the rain of the night before and
before traveling very far, our shirts and trousers were wet from the branches
hitting against us as we passed. Everyone was in good spirits—especially
Carlos. We soon passed out of the high bush and reached the desolate burned
over area. This part of our ride was most monotonous for all you see is fire
destruction. Here too, is the rocky part of our road and we have to constantly
watch so that our mules will not step in the deep holes between the rocks. It
will mean a broken leg for the animal and possibly serious injuries to the
rider. C.L. photographed this area for it proves again the extent of fire de-
struction to high forest. We also collected along the way for several things
were found here which were either not seen at Coba or some which were not
in flower on our earlier passage.

We reached Dzitnup at about 11 o’clock, but remembering our visit when
last we passed through, we pushed our mules through so fast the natives had
little chance to do more than get their heads out of the door before we were
gone.

Our destination for this day was Chulutan where we were planning to spend
the night, reaching there at 1 p.m. An old school shed was the only place for
us to use for shelter. This had been abandoned for the thatch roof was full of
wide holes and the place was really terrible. C.L. and I took one look and
debated whether or not we would stay. However, traveling constantly we
couldn’t have reached Valladolid before 10 p.m. The two villages between
Chulutan and Valladolid offered no dwelling place for the night so we decided
to rest pur mules, eat something, give ourselves a few hours of sleep and then
start out again at 12 o’clock (midnight). The packmules would not arrive for
hours so after we had eaten the sandwiches we brought with us, Carlos, C. L.
and I went out to collect. Marty was left at the schoolhouse to see if he could
do anything to make the place look anything but the pigsty that it was.

Walking down the Valladolid trail we found little of interest so we returned
to find that Marty had been successful in improving the place a little. When
we asked him if there were fleas, he said, “We shall see tonight.” We not only
saw but felt. When better biting fleas are made, they will make their homes
here in Yucatan.

By now the curious natives began to gather around. We ignored them com-
pletely. Eventually we all rested for the packmules would be late.

At 7 o'clock Eugenio rode in saying the mule train was following. Its arrival
really created a stir and as soon as the kyacks and boxes were unloaded
Indians stood all around the wall watching us and would whisper and laugh
with each other.

ren aera Neen

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 193

Marty and I fixed the meal while C. L., Carlos and Eugenio put up the nets
and cots. As I would empty a can and throw it away, I would soon see brown
hands reaching down into the grass to retrieve it and with it in hand would
hurriedly disappear. The weeds around the place were tall so they could hide
easily. I am still unable to supply myself with a satisfactory explanation as
to why they are so fascinated by the ownership of a discarded tin can. They
stood around as we ate, and even when we crawled under our nets we could
still hear them whispering and laughing so we knew they had withdrawn only
a very short distance.

Since we were leaving at midnight, we just removed our boots for neither
C.L. nor I felt that we cared to have our sleeping garments or bedclothes
contaminated but would just lie down on bare cots to rest for a few hours.

At 12:20 C.L., Carlos, Marty and I left on our mules with Pedro as our
guide, walking ahead. Each of us carried our flashlights for although the
moon was bright, we were able to make the most of it only in the few clearings.
Riding through dense growth the path was rocky so we had to light it for our
mules. At first I was tense for not being accustomed to night travel in the
bush I was afraid of being caught again by a spiny vine. For this reason I
tried to keep my mule directly behind C. L. so that I could have the benefit of
his flashlight as well as the miner’s headlamp worn by Pedro just ahead of
him. By 1:30 a.m. we all got very sleepy so we stopped and rested for a short
time. Our next rest came at 4:30 a.m. for by now we were very weary. Never
had I felt worse and C. L. agreed, so we put our panchos down on a flat rock
and rested. The natives did likewise. A short while later we again mounted
our mules. By now we could put away our flashlights for it was light enough
to see the road.

As we passed through the villages all we could hear were the barking dogs
and of course the ever-present and very noisy insects of Yucatan. After
leaving Chulutan the next village was Kanxoc. We soon reached the last
village before arriving in Valladolid. This was the village of Tixhualahtun,
two “leagues” from Valladolid. On our tired mules these two leagues seemed
to stretch out more and more and we began to wonder if we would ever get

to Valladolid.

July 9th, Saturday. We reached the bodega at 8:30 a.m. The last few blocks
were taken very fast by my mule for I felt sure he knew he was “home.”

C.L. and I immediately hired a car and went to the home of Mendoza, our
agent in Valladolid. He made many friendly inquiries regarding our trip.

We made inquiries about the Valladolid-Chichen road and found that it
wds passable which meant that we could leave right away rather than wait
until 12:30 to go by train to Dzitas and then by car. We hired arun-down Ford
and what aride. We took Carlos with us but left Marty to take care of shipping
our equipment after the packmules arrived. Pedro was left in Valladolid for

he had only been hired for the Coba trip.
Here again the road to Chichen seemed endless and C. L. and I were thrown

194 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

from one side of the car to the other during the rough trip. Sleep overcame
us several times, but we just dozed off and then suddenly were jerked up by
the rough riding or the blasting of the none-too-sweet-tone horn which the
driver thought it necessary to blow at least every five-minute interval. When
the horn wasn’t blown, Carlos was sending out a constant stream of senseless
conversation to the driver.

We reached Chichen Itza at 10:45 a.m. There was much activity for many
tourists were there.

Our room in the Carnegie enclave had been prepared and what a nice feel-
ing it was to see good clean beds waiting for us to rest our very weary bodies.
We sent Carlos to the hotel to arrange for our meals there since the Carnegie
hacienda at Chichen had closed for the season.

Clean clothes were unpacked and after a refreshing shower we dressed
and went to lunch. Campos was at the hotel with tourists so we were able to
make arrangements with him for our trip to Merida.

The hotel was filled with people—typical tourists. C. L. put on white duck
trousers and polo shirt and said he felt like a tourist. I told him I didn’t for
I had too many clothes on for them. Such costumes as the ladies were wearing.
What impressions of the women of the United States they must give these
people.

Back to the room to take a much needed rest. C. L. and I sigh with content-
ment as we lie down on the crisp clean sheets, a real luxury after our stay in
Coba. We slept soundly, and the hardships of the trip were far removed from
our minds when we awakened. Now we found ourselves thinking more of the
nicer things about Coba and soon forgot the discomforts.

Back again after dinner and we found Marty and Eugenio here with our
boxes and kyacks from Coba. They were delayed by atwo-hour rainin Dzitas.
We feel good to have everyone safely at home and our cargo in good condition.

Vegetation of the Coba Area

The collections at Coba revealed a close floristic relationship between the
evergreen east coast advanced forest and the similar but deciduous forest
of Yucatan as found around Chichen Itza. The second growth likewise had
most species in common, but in Yucatan it was predominantly thorn forest.

The sapodilla forest delimited by Lundell (1933) extended from the north-
east coast of the peninsula through Quintana Roo south to the Belize River
in British Honduras and Lake Peten Itza in Guatemala and westward
through the central Peninsula into southern Yucatan and Campeche to the
Gulf of Mexico. North of the Peten border, the sapodilla forest is dryer and
less luxuriant and differs from that in the quasi-rainforest of northern Peten.
The latter has distinctive palm associations such as the escobal dominated by
the escoba palm, Cryosophila argentea, and the botanal, where the botan
palm, Sabal Morrisiana, forms groves in the uplands. Palms are compara-
tively scarce in the upland forest north of Peten.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 195

From the northwest dry plains at Progreso to the southeast border of Peten
with its Amazonian forest, the flora changes as the rainfall increases from
north to south, and grows richer and more diverse in its nature. Absent in
the dry north, with only a few species in northern Peten, the Melastomataceae
predominate as undergrowth shrubs in the rain forest at the base of the
Peninsula, and other groups have a similar distribution pattern.

Although nearly all the forest of Quintana Roo from Valladolid to Coba,
along the route covered by the 1938 expedition, had been destroyed by fires
at one time or another with second growth vegetation covering the sectors
not recently denuded, relic forest areas covering the ruins of Coba were
similar to advanced sapodilla forest of the East coast.

Forest covering the main group of ruins at Coba, especially the Macanxoce
section, was quite high, up to 30 meters, and not severely damaged by fire.
It was typical ramonal dominated by the ramon tree, Brosimum Alicastrum.
The associated species of trees and shrubs included Achras Zapota, Cedrela
mexicana, Swietenia macrophylla, Talisia olivaeformis, Protium Copal,
Ficus, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Lysiloma bahamense, Caesalpinia,
Mastichodendron Gaumeri, Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Thevetia Gaumeri,
Krugiodendron ferreum, Metopium Brownei, Piscidia piscipula, Vitex
Gaumeri, Coccoloba hondurensis, Bursera Simaruba, Chlorophora tinctoria,
Malmea, Piper, Hybanthus yucatanensis, and Allophylus Cominia. The
ramonal association is found on al] Maya ruins in the sapodilla forest of the

Peninsula, north of Lake Peten Itza and the Belize River. :
The role of fire in the destruction of tropical forest is nowhere more evident

than in the part of Quintana Roo traversed in 1938. Beyond the village of
Dzitnup, along the trail to Coba, we rode for four hours through utterly
desolated country. For years the dry-season bush fires, chiefly from milpa
clearings, swept through the countryside. In some places a few scattered
large relic trees, such as Vitex Gaumert, Metopium Brownei, and Piscidia
piscipula, noted as being fire resistant, still stand as evidence that high
forest once covered the area, a fact attested to by the Maya in Dzitnup.

In some sections not a living plant remained from the former forest, only
fallen trees and standing skeletons. Not only had the forest been killed, but
the destruction of the humus and roots by fire had resulted in complete erosion
of the thin mantle of soil into crevices to leave barren stretches of white pitted
limestone. :

Approaching the ruins of Coba, a section along the trail had escaped the
fires for possibly several years. Here the rank second growth consisted mainly
of cecropias, acalyphas, Trema floridana, and morning glory vines. East of
Coba fire destruction had not been as severe. The area of fire-burned forest
was said by chicleros to extend from Coba almost to Tancah on the east coast.

Similar fire destruction, leaving only barren limestone, was observed in
1936 in the El] Cayo District of British Honduras on the limestone plateau
south of the Mountain Pine Ridge (Lundell, 1940), and at Uaxactun in Peten

(Lundell, 1962).

196 WARIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Fire destruction must be repeatedly emphasized as one of the primary
factors to be considered in the interpretation of the vegetation of the Yucatan
Peninsula. Failure to recognize its extent and importance is due probably
to confusion of rank second growth with old upland forest. The desolate area
between the village of Dzitnup and Coba was a convincing demonstration of
the widespread destructiveness of tropical forest fires.

Annotated List of the Species Collected or
Observed in the State of Quintana Roo

The annotated list which follows records species either collected or ob-
served on the trip to Coba. Collecting was very disappointing, with so much
nearly barren countryside due to the fires which had swept all the area tra-
versed except for forested sections of the Coba ruins. The limestone plain
from Valladolid to Coba was unbroken, but the surface was rocky and rough,
supporting low second growth. The lakes at Coba and a small savanna in the
ruins provided the only diversity of habitat.

Collecting started on June 22 at Kanxoc on the trail to Coba with No. 7609
and continued through July 8 with No. 7858 taken at Chulutan on the return
trip, a total of 249 numbers of plants. The Maya plant names were supplied
by Maya laborers and by Marty Dzib and Eugenio May, who accompanied
us from Chichen Itza.

Since all the collections and observations were made in a short period of
17 days under unfavorable environmental conditions, the representation
of the flora is meager. Only on the ruins at Coba was it possible to collect and
observe advanced evergreen forest as it prevailed in the area in times past.

POLY PODIACEAE

Cheilanthes notholaenoides (Desv.) Maxon. Coba, on wall of temple,
Structure T, Lundell & Lundell 7844.

ALISMACEAE

Sagittaria lancifolia L. Coba, edge of Lake Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7685,
aquatic herb, 2-4 ft. high, flowers white.

GRAMINEAE

Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B.S.P. Coba, common in savanna,
Lundell & Lundell 7835, perennial.

Andropogon saccharoides Swartz. Coba, north of main group of ruins,
common in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7729, perennial.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 197

Digitaria horizontalis Willd. Coba, large patch in airfield, Lundell &
Lundell 7834, annual.

Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Arn. North of Lake Coba, in savanna,
Lundell & Lundell 7788, perennial.

Ichnanthus lanceolatus Scribn. & Smith. East of Coba, in burned forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7660.

Leptochloa domingensis (Jacq.) Trin. North of Lake Coba, in savanna,
Lundell & Lundell 7786, perennial.

Olyra latifolia L. Coba ruins, in forest, Lundell & Lundell 7698, perennial.

Olyra yucatana Chase. Coba ruins, forest floor, Lundell & Lundell 7694,
perennial.

Panicum Bartlettii Swallen. Coba, in low second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7657.

Panicum fasciculatum Swartz. North of Lake Coba, in savanna, Lundell
& Lundell 7789, coarse grass.

Panicum Ghiesbreghtii Fourn. North of Lake Coba, in savanna, Lundell
& Lundell 7791, very common.

Panicum hirsutum Swartz. Coba, edge of Lake Coba, Lundell & Lundell
7622, perennial, growing in large clumps, hispid.

Panicum variifolium Swallen. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7662. Coba ruins, Lundell & Lundell 7692, rather common in forest.

Paspalum Blodgettii Chapm. Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7738,
perennial. North of Lake Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7790,

perennial.

Paspalum malacophyllum Trin. Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell
7838, coarse grass.

Setaria geniculata (Lam.) Beauv. Coba, common locally in savanna,
Lundell & Lundell 7730, perennial.

Trachypogon angustifolius (H.B.K.) Nees. Coba, in savanna, Lundell &
Lundell 7842, perennial.

198 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Trichachne insularis (L.) Nees. Coba, north of main ruins, on mound
bordering savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7833, coarse grass.

Unidentified species. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell & Lundell
7661.

CYPERACEAE
Cyperus esculentus L. Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7836.

Cyperus Mutisii (H.B.K.) Griseb. Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell
7837, coarse sedge.

Dichromena ciliata Vahl. Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7839.

Eleocharis cellulosa Torr. Abundant in Lake Coba, Lundell & Lundell
7796, aquatic sedge.

PALMAE
Chamaedorea sp. Coba, common in burned forest covering the ruins. X7at.
Sabal Japa Wright. Coba, around Lake Macanxoc, Lundell & Lundell

7727, palm 6-10 in. diam., up to 60 ft. high, fruits globose, black, infructes-
cence exceeding leaves in length. Xaan.

BROMELIACEAE

Aechmea Kienastii E. Morr. On trees, ruins of Coba, rather common,
Lundell & Lundell 7683, epiphyte.

Bromelia Karatas L. Coba, a common terrestrial plant.
Bromelia Pinguin L. Coba, a common terrestrial plant.

Tillandsia fasciculata Sw. Ruins of Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7704,
epiphyte.

Tillandsia valenzuelana A. Rich. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell
& Lundell 7767, epiphyte. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell & Lundell
7825, epiphyte.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL:, QUINTANA ROO 199

LILIACEAE

Beaucarnea Ameliae Lundell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 66: 585, fig. 1. 1939.
East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell & Lundell 7763, tree, 25 ft. high, with
enlarged base.

Echeandia paniculata Rose. Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7840,
perennial with a cluster of fleshy roots.

Schoenocaulon sp. Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7735, bulbous
perennial.

SMILACACEAE

Smilax mollis H. & B. Coba, in low second growth covering abandoned
milpa, east end of Lake Macanxoe, Lundell & Lundell 7647, perennial vine,
15 ft.

Smilax spinosa Mill. Coba ruins, in forest, bank of lake, Lundell & Lundell

7620, perennial, thorny vine, 12 ft. Coba, in low second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7655, perennial vine, 7 ft. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell &

Lundell 7770, perennial vine.

DIOSCOREACEAE

Dioscorea pilosiuscula Bert. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7816, herbaceous vine, 8 ft.

AMARYLLIDACEAE
Agave decipiens Baker, vel aff. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell &

Lundell 7817, stems or trunk 2-4 ft. high, about 6 in. diam., scape about 6 ft.
high, infructescence bearing bulblets, leaves enlarged and clasping at base.

Chelem.
Turcraea Cahum Trel. Coba, in the forest covering the ruins.

ORCHIDACEAE

Epidendrum difforme Jacq. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7723, epiphytic, flowers pale green.

200 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Epidendrum imatophyllum Lindl. Ruins of Coba, masses on trees,
Lundell & Lundell 7626, epiphytic, flowers purple.

Oncidium carthaginense Sw. Coba ruins, on tree at edge of lake, Lundell
& Lundell 7618, epiphytic, flowers variegated rose-red, yellow in center.

Oncidium pusillum (L.) Rehb.f. (sterile). Ruins of Coba, Lundell & Lundell
7623, small epiphyte. Coba, at camp, Lundell & Lundell 7847, epiphyte.

Notylia Huegelii Fenzl. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell & Lundell
7809, epiphytic, flowers pale green.

Schomburgkia tibicinis Batem. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7803, large epiphyte.

PIPERACEAE

Peperomia glutinosa Millsp. Ruins of Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7627,
fleshy perennial, terrestrial on rocks, common.

Peperomia petenensis Trel. Ruins of Coba, on rocks, Lundell & Lundell
7628, large-leaved fleshy perennial.

Piper medium Jacq. Coba, common among ruins, Lundell & Lundell 7634,
shrub, 12 ft.

ULMACEAE

Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. Coba, in second growth, a clambering shrub.
Muce.

Trema floridana Britton. In second growth on Dzitnup trail, arborescent
shrub or small tree.

MORACEAE

Brosimum Alicastrum Sw. Coba, dominant tree on ruins, Lundell &
Lundell 7699, tree, 12 in. diam., 75 ft. high. Ramon, Ow.

Its leaves are cut for forage for mules and horses in the forest of the Yucatan
Peninsula.

Cecropia peltata L. Abundant in second growth, Dzitnup trail, a tree,
the most conspicuous species in old burned forest. Ixcoch.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 201

Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud. Coba, in high forest covering the ruins,
a common tree. Mora.

Ficus cotinifolia H.B.K. Ruins of Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7629, giant fig,
4 ft. diam., 65 ft. high, receptacles geminate.

Ficus radula Willd. Coba, edge of Lake Macanxoc, Lundell & Lundell
7778, tree, 14 in. diam., 40 ft. high, receptacles solitary.

Ficus yucatanensis Stand!. Coba ruins, in forest, Lundell & Lundell 7701,
tree, 12 in. diam., 60 ft. high. Chulutan, edge of well, Lundell & Lundell 7855,
large tree, 60 ft. high, receptacles geminate.

Ficus sp. (sterile). East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell & Lundell 7720,
tree, 12 in. diam., 60 ft. high, Copo maaz.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

Aristolochia pentandra Jacq. Coba, in milpa, Lundell & Lundell 7753,
vine.

POLYGONACEAE

Cocecoloba acapulcensis Stand]. In burned forest, east of Coba, Lundell &
Lundell 7644, small tree, 3 in. diam., 20 ft. high, fruits globose.

Coccoloba cozumelensis Hemsl. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7804, tree, 3 in. diam., 20 ft. high. In burned forest about 6 miles
east of Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7830, tree, 2 in. diam., 25 ft. high.

Coccoloba hondurensis Lundell. Coba, in forest on the ruins, a common
tree. Bobche.

Coccoloba spicata Lundell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 66: 594, fig. 4. 1939. East
of Coba, common in burned forest, Lundell & Lundell 7813, tree, 8 in. diam.,

50 ft. high. Bob.

Gymnopodium antigonoides (Rob.) Blake. East of Coba, common in
burned forest, Lundell & Lundell 7761, shrub, up to 20 ft.

Neomillspaughia emarginata (Gross) Blake. East of Coba, in burned
forest, Lundell & Lundell 7814, large shrub, 15 ft., flowers white. Dzasdtza,

Dzaitza.

202 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3
AMARANTACEAE

Acnida cuspidata Bert. Coba, in wet soil at edge of Lake Macanxoc,
Lundell & Lundell 7777, coarse herb, 2 in. diam., & ft. high.

NYCTAGINACEAE

Neea choriophylla Standl. vel aff. Coba, in low second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7658, shrub, 3 ft. West of Lake Coba, in low second growth, Lundell
& Lundell 7680, arborescent shrub, 3 ft.

Guapira linearibracteata (Heimer!) Lundell, Wrightia 3: 22. 1962. East

of Coba along Playa trail, in burned forest, Lundell & Lundell 7706, tree, 6 in.
diam., 30 ft. high, berries dark red, very juicy.

ANNONACEAE

Annona glabra L. Coba ruins, edge of Lake Macanxoc, Lundell & Lundell
7617, tree, 6 in. diam., 20 ft. high.

Malmea depressa (Baill.) Fries. East of Coba, common in burned forest,

Lundell & Lundell 7640, small tree, 3 in. diam., 18 ft. high. Elemuy, Bor
elemuy (box variety has black bark).

LAURACEAE
Nectandra coriacea (Sw.) Griseb. East of Coba, in fire swept forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7707, small tree, 3 in. diam., 15 ft. high. Ocotea Lundellii
Standl. is a synonym.

CAPPARIDACEAE

Cleome aculeata L. Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7739, thorny
herb, petals white.

Crataeva glauca Lundell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 69: 389. 1942. Ruins of

Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7632, tree, 4 in. diam., 20 ft. high, fruits globose,
hard.

LEGUMINOSAE

(All the genera and species are alphabetized, not listed
under the separate subfamilies)

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 203

Bauhinia divaricata L. Low second growth in fire swept area west of Coba
near end of Lake Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7663, shrub, 12 ft. Bauhinia
spathacea DC. is considered a synonym.

Benthamantha mollis (H.B.K.) Alef. East of Coba, in burned forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7645, slender clambering shrub.

Caesalpinia Gaumeri Greenm. East of Coba, in burned forest, rather
common, Lundell & Lundell 7771, tree, 10 in. diam., 45 ft. high.

Caesalpinia violacea (Mill.) Stand]. East of Coba, in burned forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7757, tree, 4 in. diam., 30 ft. high. Chacte.

Calliandra Grisebachii (B. & R.) Standl., vel aff. (pubescent form).
Dzitnup trail, in fireswept area, Lundell & Lundell 7846, shrub, 6 ft., stamens

white.

Cassia yucatana (B. & R.) Lundell. West of Lake Coba, in low second
growth of fire swept area, Lundell & Lundell 7666, shrub, 5 ft., petals yellow.

Cassia aff. yucatanensis (B. & R.) Lundell. Chulutan, in second growth,
Lundell & Lundell 7858, shrub, 6 ft.

Centrosema unifoliatum (Rose) Lundell. Coba, in savanna, ‘Lundell &
Lundell 7746, herbaceous vine, petals lavender.

Dalbergia glabra (Mill.) Stand]. Coba ruins, in forest, Lundell & Lundell
7695, woody vine, 25 ft.

Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Coba, in high old forest
covering the ruins. Occasional giant trees.

Lonchocarpus yucatanensis Pittier. East of Coba, in burned forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7760, tree, 6 in. diam., 40 ft. high, corolla reddish-purple.

Yaarruul.

Lysiloma bahamense Benth. Coba, in high forest on ruins, upper tier, a
dominant tree. Tzalam.

Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg. Coba, in high forest on ruins, upper tier,
common tree. Habim.

Pithecolobium albicans (Kunth) Benth. East of Coba, in burned forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7769, tree, thorns on trunk, 8 in. diam., 35 ft. high, stamens

white, flowers fragrant.

204 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3
Pithecolobium albicans (Kunth.) Benth. East of Coba, in burned forest,

Lundell & Lundell 7769, tree, thorns on trunk, 8 in. diam., 35 ft. high, stamens
white, flowers fragrant.

Swartzia cubensis (Britt. & Wils.) Stand]. East of Coba, in burned forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7712, tree, 10 in. diam., 45 ft. high.

ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Erythroxylon areolatum L. Coba, in low second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7656, shrub.

Erythroxylon Bequaertii Standl. East of Coba, in burned forest, rather
common, Lundell & Lundell 7807, shrub or tree, up to 6 in. diam., 20 ft. high.

Erythroxylon brevipes DC. West end of Lake Coba, in second growth,
Lundell & Lundell 7688, treelet, 12 ft. Abundant in fire swept forest, east of
Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7808, treelet or tree, up to 6 in. diam., 35 ft. high.

RUTACEAE

Amyris sylvatica Jacg. Coba ruins, in forest, Lundell & Lundell 7697,
treelet, 10 ft. high, with strong lemon odor.

Esenbeckia Yaaxhokob Lundell, Lloydia 4: 50. 1941. In burned forest

about 6 miles east of Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7831, tree, 3 in. diam., 30 ft.
high, flowers pale green.

MELIACEAE

Cedrela mexicana Roem. Coba, in forest on the ruins, occasional large
tree.

Swietenia macrophylla King. Coba, in old forest on the ruins, rare here.
Punab.

Trichilia hirta L. Forest on ruins of Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7684, tree,
12 ft. high, corolla pale green.

SIMARUBACEAE

Picramnia antidesma Sw. Coba, in low second growth, Lundell & Lundell
7651, shrub, 4 ft., flowers pale green.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 205

BURSERACEAE

Bursera Simaruba (L.) Sarg. Coba, common in all forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7773, tree, up to 12 in. diam., 60 ft. high. Chacah.

Protium Copal (Schl. & Cham.) Engl. Ruins of Coba, abundant in forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7611, tree. Copal, Pom.

The source of incense, this tree has been reported as having been grown in
plantations by the Maya before the Conquest in 1642.

MALPIGHIACEAE

Byrsonima bucidaefolia Stand!. East of Coba, common in burned forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7772, tree, 8 in. diam., 25 ft. high, petals orange-yellow
to red.

Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) H.B.K. Coba, in savanna, growing with
Acrocomia, Lundell & Lundell 7736, tree, 6 in. diam., 15 ft. high, petals
orange-yellow to red. Chi, Nance.

Stigmaphyllon ellipticum (H.B.K.) A. Juss. In low second growth of fire
swept area, west end of Lake Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7668, woody vine,

petals yellow.

EUPHORBIACEAE

Acalypha Gaumeri Pax. East of Coba, in burned forest, common locally,
Lundell & Lundell 7764, shrub, 3-4 ft.

Acalypha persimilis Muell. Arg., vel aff. Coba, in clearing, Lundell &
Lundell 7776, herb.

Acalypha unibracteata Muell. Arg. Abundant with Cecropia in second
growth of fire swept forest between Dzitnup and Coba. A slender shrub.

Chilibtur.

Astrocasia phyllanthoides Robins. & Millsp. East of Coba, in burned
forest, rare here, Lundell & Lundell 7827, treelet.

Croton arboreus Millsp. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell & Lundell
7828, treelet.

Croton campechianus Standl., Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 66. 1935.
East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell & Lundell 7638, arborescent shrub,

4-6 ft.

206 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Croton glandulosepalus Millsp. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7636, arborescent shrub, 4-7 ft., hairs on fruits viscid.

Croton Ieche Lundell, Phytologia 1: 404. 1940. East of Coba, in burned
area, Lundell & Lundell 7719, treelet, 2 in. diam., 15 ft. high. Jeche (Ic = chile,
che = tree or wood [leaves and wood with strong odor like chile pepper}).

Croton lobatus L. Coba, in clearing, Lundell & Lundell 7775, herb.

Croton Lundellii Standl., Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 436: 314. 1934. In
second growth, Coba, a shrub, usually arborescent.

Croton malvavisciifolius Millsp. Collected near Chulutan, abundant in
area between Dzitnup and Kanxoc, Lundell & Lundell 7852, shrub, 5-8 ft.

Dalechampia Schottii Greenman. Near Dzitnup, in fire swept area,
Lundell & Lundell 7853, herbaceous vine.

Dalechampia scandens L. West of Lake Coba, in low second growth of fire
swept area, Lundell & Lundell 7669, herbaceous vine.

Drypetes lateriflora (Sw.) Krug & Urb. East of Coba, rather common in
all old or burned forest, Lundell & Lundell 7709, tree, 4 in. diam., 25 ft. high.
Xchauche.

Euphorbia glomerifera (Millsp.) Wh. Along road through low second
growth, end of Lake Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7665, perennial herb.

Euphorbia hirta L. var. typica. Coba, insavanna, Lundell & Lundell 7752,
herb with ascending branches, leaves white beneath.

Euphorbia hypericifolia L. Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7749,
erect herb, perianth white.

Euphorbia plicata S. Wats., vel aff. Abundant in second growth, near
Chulutan, Lundell & Lundell 7857, shrub, 4-12 ft.

Euphorbia spp. Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7745, perennial herb.
Coba, on rocks in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7750, prostrate herb.

Manihot carthaginensis (Jacq.) Muell. Arg. Coba, edge of savanna,
Lundell & Lundell 7737. Dzitnup trail, in fire swept area, Lundell & Lundell
7848, shrub. Chichput (Chich = bird, put = papaya [a wild papaya]).

Roots are dried, cooked in honey. Latex applied to snake bite.

att

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 207

Phyllanthus brasiliensis (Aubl.) Poir. Ruins of Coba, in forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7614, treelet with large leaves clustered at end of simple or few-
branched stem.

Phyllanthus glaucescens H.B.K. Coba ruins, in forest, Lundell & Lundell
7693, tree, 3 in. diam., 20 ft. high, perianth reddish.

Phyllanthus lathyroides H.B.K. Coba, along trail, Lundell & Lundell
7779, perennial.

Phyllanthus micrandrus Muell. Arg. Near Kanxoc, in second growth
along road, Lundell & Lundell 7609, shrub, 8 ft. high. East of Coba, in burned
forest, Lundell & Lundell 7797, shrub, 4 ft.

Tragia yucatanensis Millsp. Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7741,
perennial herb.

CELASTRACEAE

Crossopetalum Gaumeri (Loes.) Lundell, Wrightia 3: 8. 1961. East of
Coba, occasional in burned forest, Lundell & Lundell 7643, slender shrub,

fruits obovoid, bright red.

ANACARDIACEAE

Metopium Brownei (Jacq.) Urban. On Coba ruins, common tree in upper
tier of forest.

HIPPOCRATEACEAE

Hemiangium excelsum (H.B.K.) A. C. Smith. East of Coba, common in
burned forest, Lundell & Lundell 7759, tree, 6 in. diam., 35 ft. high, petals

green.

SAPINDACEAE
Allophylus Cominia (L.) Sw. Coba, in burned over forest, a shrub or small
tree.

Exothea diphylla (StandI.) Lundell. East of Coba, in burned forest, rather
common, Lundell & Lundell 7756, tree, 10 in. diam., 50 ft. high. Uayumeoe.

208 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Paullinia pinnata L. Coba, in low second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7649,
woody vine, 6 ft. West of Lake Coba, in low second growth, Lundell & Lundell
7678, woody vine, corolla pale green-white.

Talisia olivaeformis (H.B.K.) Radlk. Coba, in high forest on the ruins, a
common tree, the fruits plum-like and edible.

Thouinia paucidentata Radlk. East of Coba, common in burned forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7819, tree, 8 in. diam., 35 ft. high.

RHAMNACEAE

Krugiodendron ferreum (Vahl) Urb. Ruins of Coba, Lundell & Lundell
7633, tree, 8 in. diam., 40 ft. high. Chintok.

TILIACEAE

Corchorus orinocensis H.B.K. Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7732,
annual. Chichibe.

Heliocarpus horridus Lundell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 66: 597. 1939. East of
Coba, in burned forest, Lundell & Lundell 7821, small tree, 15 ft. Holol.

MALVACEAE

Hampea trilobata Stand]. East of Coba, in burned forest, rather common,
Lundell & Lundell 7766, treelet, 1-2 in. diam., 8-15 ft. high.

Hibiscus tubiflorus DC. Trail to Dzitnup, in low second growth of fire
swept area, Lundell & Lundell 7671, shrub, 4 ft.

Malachra capitata L. Clearing at edge of Lake Macanxoc in wet soil,
Lundell & Lundell 7705, coarse herb, 4 ft., corolla orange.

GUTTIFERAE

Rheedia edulis (Seem.) Triana & Planch. Abundant along shore of Lake
Macanxoc and Lake Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7815, small tree up to 25 ft.

STERCULIACEAE

Melochia tomentosa L. West of Lake Coba, bank of aguada, Lundell &
Lundell 7670, shrub, 5 ft.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 209

Byttneria aculeata Jacq. Along Coba trail in second growth. A scandent
shrub armed with stout sharp recurved prickles.

VIOLACEAE

Hybanthus yucatanensis Millsp. Coba ruins, Macanxoc group, rather
common in forest, Lundell & Lundell 7690, shrub, 4-8 ft., thorny. Sacbacelcan.

FLACOURTIACEAE

Casearia aculeata Jacq. Coba, edge of savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7751,
shrub, 12 ft.

Casearia nitida (L.) Jacq. Ruins of Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7624, small
tree, 3 in. diam., 15 ft. high. East of Coba, in burned forest, rather common,
Lundell & Lundell 7714, tree, 4 in. diam., 20 ft. high. X7imcehe.

Casearia subsessiliflora Lundell, Contrib. Univ. Michigan Herb. 6: 50.
1941. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell & Lundell 7824 (holotype,

MICH), treelet, 12 ft. high, flowers pale green.

Laetia Thamnia L. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell & Lundell 7721,
treelet, 2 in. diam., 15 ft. high.

-Prockia crucis L. Chulutan, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7856,
shrub.

Samyda yucatanensis Stand]. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7832, shrub, 12 ft., fruit dehiscent, three-valved, pulp red, aril or

flesh surrounding seed orange.

Zuelania Guidonia (Sw.) Britt. & Millsp. East of Coba, in burned forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7726, tree, 8 in. diam., 50 ft. high, with very straight bole.

Tamay.

PASSIFLORACEAE

Passiflora biflora Lam. Coba, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7774,
perennial vine. Xiczotz (Xic = wings, zotz = bat [leaves like bat wings]).

Passiflora foetida L. var. ciliata (Dryand.) Mast. East of Coba, in burned
forest, Lundell & Lundell 7823, herbaceous vine, fruit red.

Passiflora suberosa L. Coba, in low second growth, Lundell & Lundell
7658, herbaceous vine, fruits dark blue.

210 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3
LOASACEAE

Gronovia scandens L. Coba, in airfield clearing, Lundell & Lundell 7621,
herbaceous vine, corolla pale yellow-green, stamens orange, plant hispid with
stinging hairs. Coba, abundant in airfield, Lundell & Lundell 7843, herba-
ceous vine with stinging hairs. Laalmuch.

BEGONIACEAE

Begonia nicaraguensis Stand]. Coba, common on ruins, Lundell & Lundell
7691, fleshy herb with stem 10-30 em. high.

CACTACEAE

Deamia testudo (Karwinsky) B. & R. Dzitnup trail west of Lake Coba, in
fire swept area, Lundell & Lundell 7675, epiphytic cactus.

Epiphyllum strictum (Lem.) B. & R. Ruins of Coba, on trees in high forest,
very common, Lundell & Lundell 7615, epiphytic cactus, the stems as much as
10 ft. long, perianth pale green and white.

MYRTACEAE

Eugenia itzana Lundell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 69: 395. 1942. West end of
Lake Coba, in second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7687, treelet, 2 in. diam.,
12 ft. high. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell & Lundell 7818, small tree.

Eugenia mayana Standl. Coba, in low second growth, Lundell & Lundell
7654, small tree, 2in. diam., 12 ft. high. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell
& Lundell 7805, treelet, 2 in. diam., 12 ft. high.

Eugenia yucatanensis Stand]. Ruins of Coba, in forest, Lundell & Lundell
7613, small tree, 2 in. diam., 15 ft. high, fruits costate, purple-black at
maturity. Ruins of Coba, in high forest, Lundell & Lundell 7625, treelet, 12 ft.
high.

Psidium molle Bertol. North of Lake Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell
7785, arborescent shrub, petals white.

THEOPHRASTACEAE

Jacquinia aurantiaca Ait. Coba ruins, bank of Lake Macanxoc, Lundell &
Lundell 7616, shrub or tree up to 6 in. diam., corolla orange-red.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 211

MYRSINACEAE

Ardisia escallonioides Schl. & Cham. East of Coba, in burned forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7725, arborescent shrub.

SAPOTACEAE

Achras Zapota L. Ruins of Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7728, tree, 10 in.
diam., 40 ft. high. Chicozapote, Ya.

The source of chicle gum, the most important forest product of the Yucatan
Peninsula during most of the 20th century.

Bumelia mayana Standl. In forest east of Coba on Playa trail, Lundell &
Lundell 7635, spiny shrub, flowers pale green, fragrant. East of Coba, Lundell
& Lundell 7717, tree, 6 in. diam., 30 ft. high, flowers very fragrant, corolla
pale green.

Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. East of Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7639, tree,
6 in. diam., 25 ft. high, bark nearly black, flaky, trunk slightly grooved.

Mastichodendron Gaumeri (Pittier) Lundell, Wrightia 5: 92. 1975. Ruins
of Coba, in forest, Lundell & Lundell 7612, tree, 8 in. diam., 35 ft. high.

EBENACEAE

Diospyros cuneata Stand]. East of Coba, common in forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7637, tree, 10 in. diam., 45 ft. high. Near Dzitnup, in second growth,
Lundell & Lundell 7851, small tree.

Diospyros yucatanensis Lundell. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell
& Lundell 7711, shrub or small tree, 2 in. diam., 20 ft. high. Xuchuche.

APOCYNACEAE

Echites yucatanensis Millsp. East of Coba, in forest, Lundell & Lundell
7802, perennial vine, corolla lobes white, tube green.

Mandevilla subsagittata (R. & P.) Woods. In low second growth of fire
swept area, Dzitnup trail, Lundell & Lundell 7673, herbaceous vine, 4 ft.,
corolla yellow. North of Lake Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7784,
herbaceous vine, corolla yellow.

Plumeria alba L. Dzitnup, planted in the village, a spreading tree.
Zacnicte.

212 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Prestonia amanuensis Woods. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7768, perennial vine, 15 ft., corolla lobes greenish-yellow, throat
greenish.

Thevetia Gaumeri Hemsl. Coba, occasional in old forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7713, tree 3-16 in. diam., 15-45 ft. high. Acitz.

Urechites Andrieuxii Muell.-Arg. Ruins of Coba, bank of Lake Macanxoc,
Lundell & Lundell 7631, herbaceous vine, 15 ft., corolla yellow.

ASCLEPIADACEAE

Gonolobus stenanthus (Standl.) Woodson. Coba ruins, in forest, Lundell
& Lundell 7700, woody vine, 40 ft., petals red-black. East of Coba, in burned
forest, Lundell & Lundell 7765, perennial vine, 20 ft., corolla red-black.

Gonolobus yucatanensis (Woods.) Woods. East of Coba, in burned forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7801, perennial vine, rust on leaf.

Marsdenia macrophylla (H.B.K.) Fourn. Coba ruins, in forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7702, woody vine, 65 ft., perianth green, leaves whitish beneath,
strongly discolorous.

Marsdenia mayana Lundell. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7718, perennial vine, 10-40 ft., fruits oblong, fleshy, yellow and
indehiscent at maturity.

Matelea crassifolia (Standl.) Woods. East of Coba, in burned forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7806, perennial vine.

Matelea Gentlei (Lundell & Standl.) Woods. East of Coba, in burned forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7758, perennial vine, 25 ft., corolla green.

Matelea obovata (H.B.K.) Woods. West end of Lake Coba, in second
growth, Lundell & Lundell 7689, herbaceous vine, corolla green.

Matelea stenosepala Lundell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 69: 398. 1942. Coba,

in low second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7648 (holotype, MICH), herbaceous
vine, 6 ft., corolla dark red-black.

CONVOLVULACEAE

Evolvulus sericeus Sw. Coba, common in savanna, Lundell & Lundell
7733, perennial herb.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 2138

Ipomoea ornithopoda Robinson. Coba, on mounds in savanna, Lundell &
Lundell 7731, herbaceous vine, stems glabrous.

Ipomoea triloba L. Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7740, herbaceous
vine, corolla red-purple. Clearing at edge of Lake Coba, Lundell & Lundell
7794, herbaceous vine.

BORAGINACEAE

Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. Clearing at edge of Lake Coba,
Lundell & Lundell 7686, shrub, 10 ft.

Ehretia tinifolia L. Coba ruins, in forest, Lundell & Lundell 7696, tree,
8 in. diam., 35 ft. high, corolla white, fruits orange-yellow.

Tournefortia hirsutissima L. Coba, in low second growth, Lundell &
Lundell 7826, shrub, corolla white.

Tournefortia peruviana Poir. West of Lake Coba, in low second growth,
Lundell & Lundell 7667, clambering shrub, corolla pale green.

Tournefortia umbellata H.B.K. East of Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7798,
slender shrub, 2 ft.

VERBENACEAE

Callicarpa acuminata H.B.K. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7810, shrub, 15 ft., corolla white.

Citharexylum hexangulare Greenm. West of Lake Coba, in low second
growth, Lundell & Lundell 7679, shrub, 3-5 ft., corolla white.

Citharexylum Schottii Greenm. In second growth along shore of Lake
Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7781, arborescent shrub, corolla pale yellow-green.

Lantana scorta Moldenke. Dzitnup trail, in low second growth of fire
swept area, Lundell & Lundell 7672, shrub, 4 ft., corolla orange-red.

Phyla nodiflora Greene var. reptans (H.B.K.) Moldenke. Colonies in
saturated soil at edge of Lake Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7792, herb, rooting
at nodes, corolla white.

Rehdera trinervis (Blake) Moldenke. East of Coba, in forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7812, tree, 8 in. diam., 45 ft. high, corolla pale green, nearly white,

214 WARIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

flowers very fragrant. Sacuisilche (Sac = white, uisil = grooves or furrows,
che = tree [tree with white furrowed bark]).

Vitex Gaumeri Greenm. In high forest on the Coba ruins. Trees up to
65 ft. high are dominant in top tier of forest. Yarnic.

LABIATAE

Salvia Fernaldii Stand]. East of Coba, in trail, Lundell & Lundell 7708,
herb, corolla pale blue. East of Coba, along trail through burned forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7811, perennial herb, corolla blue.

Teucrium vesicarium Mill. In clearing on bank of Lake Macanxoc,
abundant in colonies, in wet soil, Lundell & Lundell 7703, stoloniferous herb,
corolla lavender.

SOLANACEAE

Cestrum nocturnum L. In low second growth at end of Lake Coba, Lundell
& Lundell 7664, shrub, 6 ft.

Solanum (Lycianthes) sideroxyloides Schlecht. East of Coba, in burned
forest, Lundell & Lundell 7800, clambering shrub, 15 ft.

Solanum (Lycianthes) sp. Ruins of Coba, bank of Lake Macanxoc, Lundell
& Lundell 7630, perennial vine, fruits red, calyx thick and stiff. Coba, in
forest, Lundell & Lundell 7780, clambering shrub, petals bluish.

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Buchnera pusilla H.B.K. Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7734, erect
perennial herb, corolla white or tinged lavender.

Capraria biflora L.f. var. hirta Loes. West of Lake Coba, in fire swept
area, Lundell & Lundell 7676, coarse herb, 4 ft. Chulutan, in waste places,
Lundell & Lundell 7854, shrub, 2-4 ft., corolla white.

Pagesia sp. Coba, in road through low second growth, Lundell & Lundell
7659, herb. North of Lake Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7783, herb,
corolla yellow.

Russelia campechiana Standl. Dzitnup area, in fire swept country,
Lundell & Lundell 7850, clambering perennial, 6 ft.

Russelia flavoviridis Blake. Insecond growth along Dzitnup road, Lundell
& Lundell 7610, perennial herb, corolla red. Coba, in savanna, Lundell &
Lundell 7744, perennial herb, corolla red. East of Coba, in burned forest,

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 215

Lundell & Lundell 7799, perennial herb, 5 ft., corolla red. Coba, on top of
Structure I, Lundell & Lundell 7845, clambering perennial, corolla bright
red. Dzitnup trail, in fire swept area, Lundell & Lundell 7849, clambering
perennial, 6 ft., corolla bright red.

BIGNONIACEAE

Neomacfadya podopogon (DC.) H. Bn. West end of Lake Coba, in second
growth, Lundell & Lundell 7681, woody vine, corolla pink. East of Coba, in
burned forest, Lundell & Lundell 7715, woody vine, 25 ft., corolla pink.

Stizophyllum perforatum (Cham.) Miers. East of Coba, in burned forest,
Lundell & Lundell 7716, woody vine, 10 ft. East of Coba, Lundell & Lundell
7829, woody vine.

ACANTHACEAE

Justicia cobensis Lundell, Contrib. Univ. Michigan Herb. 6:62. 1941. East
of Coba, common on floor of advanced forest in burned area, Lundell &
Lundell 7642, (holotype, MICH), perennial herb, corolla bluish-lavender.

Ruellia nudiflora (Engelm & Gray) Urb. var. yucatana Leonard. Coba,
in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7841, perennial herb, corolla bluish-purple.

RUBIACEAE

Asemnanthe pubescens Hook.f. East of Coba, in forest, Lundell & Lundell
7822, shrub, 6 ft.

Borreria verticillata (L.) Mey. Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7742,
perennial herb.

Guettarda Combsii Urban. East of Coba, common in forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7710, tree, 6 in. diam., 35 ft. high, flowers fragrant, corolla white.
Tastab (Tas = bring, tab = salt).

Guettarda elliptica Swartz. East of Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7820, tree,
2 in. diam., 15 ft. high, corolla pale green.

Machaonia Lindeniana Baill. East of Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7722,
treelet, 2 in. diam., 15 ft. high. AKuchel (Ku = nest, chel = a bird).

Morinda yucatanensis Greenm. Coba, in second growth, a subscandent
shrub. Xoyencab.

216 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Psychotria microdon (DC.) Urban. East of Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7646,
shrub, & ft.

Psychotria pubescens Sw. East of Coba, in burned forest, Lundell &
Lundell 7641, shrub, 5 ft., corolla yellowish.

Psychotria sessilifolia Mart. & Gal. West of Lake Coba, in low second
growth of fire swept area, Lundell & Lundell 7677, shrub, 4 ft., corolla yellow-

green.

Randia aculeata L. Coba, in low second growth, Lundell & Lundell 7650,
shrub, 3 ft.

Randia longiloba Hemsl. Coba, in forest on the ruins, thorny shrub.

Randia truneata Greenm. & Thomps. East of Coba, Lundell & Lundell
7724, thorny shrub. Xpetkitam.

CUCURBITACEAE

Sicydium tamnifolium (H.B.K.) Cogn. Ruins of Coba, in forest, Lundell
& Lundell 7682, herbaceous vine.

COMPOSITAE

Ageratum Lundellii King & H. Robinson. North of Lake Coba, in savanna,
Lundell & Lundell 7782, herb, heads blue.

Baltimora recta L. Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7747, herb, heads
yellow.

Calea Peckii Robinson. Coba, in savanna, Lundell & Lundell 7743,
perennial herb.

Koanophyllon albicaulon (Sch. Bip. ex Klatt) K. & R. Eupatorium
albicaule Sch. Bip. ex Klatt. Coba ruins, bank of lake, Lundell & Lundell
7619, shrub, 4 in. diam., 18 ft. high.

Melampodium divaricatum (Rich.) DC. Coba, in milpa, Lundell &
Lundell 7879, annual.

Melanthera nivea (L.) Small. Lake Coba, abundant around lakes, Lundell
& Lundell 7795, coarse herb.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 217

Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. Edge of Lake Coba, Lundell & Lundell
7793, coarse herb, heads lavender.

Seclerocarpus uniserialis (Hook.) Benth. & Hook. Coba, in savanna,
Lundell & Lundell 7748, herb, 3 ft., heads yellow.

Spilanthes filipes Greenm. East of Coba, along trail, Lundell & Lundell
7755, herb.

Tridax procumbens L. Coba, in savanna, herb.

Wedelia parviceps Blake. Abundant around aguada on Dzitnup trail
near Lake Coba, Lundell & Lundell 7674, herb, 3 ft.

Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitche. Coba, in clearing at edge of Lake Macanxoc,
Lundell & Lundell 7754, herb forming large colonies, heads yellow.

218 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3
ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON COBA RUINS

Temple of the Round Column

The clearing for the airstrip at Coba had uncovered several large mounds
on each side, as well as numerous small ones on the approach end of the field.
On one of these large mounds a small standing structure is of particular
interest. It has been designated as the Temple of the Round Column for the
central supporting column consists of drum-like sections with a large square
headstone. The round column is unique. The cornice is of architectural
significance.

Fig. 58. The cleared airstrip in Coba, bordered with high mounds. These
were swept by fire leaving the ruins exposed, including the Temple of the
Round Column with its large sculptured stela at base.

&’

LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 219

1983]
This small temple with its large substructure is located approximately

1200 feet east of Structure XXV (Thompson, 1932).
On the platform in front of the temple a small open altar near its edge con-
tained a pottery vessel of unusual form. The temple and the altar are shown

in Figures 58-61.

Fig. 59. Temple of the Round Column at Coba on top of high mound. Most
of second growth forest which covered it had been removed when airstrip

was cleared.

Fig. 60. Front of the small Temple of the Round Column. The central
supporting column of drum sections with square headstone is unique in being
round. The architecture of this structure together with the style of the sculp-
tured monument at the base of the mound indicate that it was erected in the
classic period of the ancient Maya.

LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 221

Fig. 61. On the wide platform of the Temple of the Round Column, near
its front, there was an altar which contained a pottery vessel. This clay vessel
probably served as an incense burner. Note the clay plug at left which fits

loosely into the orifice of the jar.

222 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

A New Sculptured Monument

In front of the large mound supporting the Temple of the Round Column,
a leaning sculptured stela stands inasmall rectangular low-walled enclosure.

The leaning base of the monument stands to a height of 6 feet 7 inches. The
fallen upper part, broken into four sections, measures 7 feet 10 inches in
length, giving the entire stela a height of 15 feet 5 inches. Its width in the
center is 4 feet 4.5 inches, which is narrowed to 4 feet just below the rounded
top. From the middle, where it measures 13.5 inches in thickness, the monu-
ment tapers to the edges and top to a thickness of only 8.5 inches.

The face is sculptured. The glyph-blocks, surrounding a large figure
suggestive of those on Macanxoc stelae, are badly weathered. An unsuccessful
attempt was made to lift the leaning base, for the sculpture on its protected
face appears to be better preserved.

This sculptured monument was designated as Stela 25 (Lundell, 1938).
It is shown in Figures 62 and 63.

os sae #*
ome: aes

Fig. 62. A large sculptured stela at base of mound in front of the Temple
of the Round Column. Note that the monument stood in a low square stone-
walled enclosure. The hieroglyphs were so badly worn by the elements and
cracked off by fire that no date was discernible.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 223

Fig. 63. The fallen upper part of the stela. It had been fractured into four
segments which were assembled for this photograph showing the weathered
glyphs and sculpture.

224 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

References

Bequaert, J.C.
1933. Botanical Notes from Yucatan. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 431:
505-524.

Casares, D.
1905-1906. Proc. Am. Antiquarian Soc. 17 (n.s.): 207-230.

Chapman, T.M.
1896. Notes on Birds Observed in Yucatan. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 8:
271-290.

Cole, L. J.
1910. Bull. Am. Geogr. Soe. XLII, p. 321.

Edwards, H.T.
1924. Production of Henequen Fiber in Yucatan and Campeche. U.S. Dept.
Agric., Bull. 1278, 20 pp.

Epling, Carl
1940. The Labiatae of the Yucatan Peninsula. Carnegie Inst. Washington
Publ. 522: 227-245.

Gleason, Henry Allan
1940. The Malastomaceae of the Yucatan Peninsula. Carnegie Inst.
Washington Publ. 522: 325-373.

Heilprin, A.
1891. Geological Researches in Yucatan. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
pp. 186-158.

Huntington, E.
1912. The Peninsula of Yucatan. Bull. Am. Geogr. Soc. XLIV: 801-822.

Killip, E. P.
1936. Passifloraceae of the Mayan Region. Carnegie Inst. Washington
Publ. 461: 301-328, 2 pls.

Killip, E. P. and Morton, C. V.
1936. A Revision of the Mexican and Central American Species of Smilax.
Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 461: 257-297, 11 pls.

Laws, W. Derby
1961. Investigations of Swamp Soils from the Tintal and Pinal Associations
of Peten, Guatemala. Wrightia 2: 127-132.
1962. An Investigation of Temple Plasters from Tikal, Guatemala, with
Evidence of the Use by the Ancient Mayaof Plant Extracts in Plaster
Making. Wrightia 2: 217-228.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 225
Leonard, E. C.
1936. The Acanthaceae of the Yucatan Peninsula. Carnegie Inst. Washington

Publ. 471: 193-238, 19 figs.

Lundell, Cyrus Longworth

1932.
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Exploring Nohoxna. Southwest Rev. 17: 395-406, 1 map.

The Agriculture of the Maya. Southwest Rev. 19: 65-77.
Archaeological Discoveries in the Maya Area. Proc. Am. Philos. Soe.
72: 147-179, 8 figs.

Chicle Exploitation in the Sapodilla Forest of the Yucatan Peninsula.
Field Lab. 2: 15-21, 2 figs.

Report on the 1933 Carnegie-Michigan Expedition to Guatemala.
Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearbook, 1932: 96-97, 108-109.

Flora of Campeche: in, Preliminary Sketch of the Phytogeography
of the Yucatan Peninsula. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 436:
253-355, 1 fig.

Over 450 species, either collected or observed in Campeche, are
listed. Of the 600 Lundell collections from Campeche in 1931-1932,
most were made at Tuxpefia.

Ruins of Polol and other Archaeological Discoveries in the Depart-
ment of Peten, Guatemala. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 436:
173-186, 9 pls., 4 figs.

The Vegetation of Peten. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 478:
viii + 243, 39 pls., 3 figs.

Studies of Mexican and Central American Plants—I. Carnegie Inst.
Washington Publ. 478: 208-221.

The Botanical Expedition to Yucatan and Quintana Roo, Mexico.
Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearbook No. 37: 7-11.

Plants Probably Utilized by the Old Empire Maya of Peten and
Adjacent Lowlands. Papers Mich. Acad. 24: 37-56.

Studies of Mexican and Central American Plants—VIII. Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club 66: 583-604.

The 1936 Michigan-Carnegie Botanical Expedition to British
Honduras. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 522: 1-57, 1 fig., 5 tables,
4 pls. Includes updated bibliography through 1940.

New Species of Croton from the Yucatan Peninsula. Phytologia 1:
401-409.

Noteworthy Spermatophytes from Mexico and Central America.
Phytologia 1: 449-452.

Flora: in Alfred M. Tozzer, Landa’s Relacion De Las Cosas De
Yucatan. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology
and Ethnology. Harvard Univ. 18: 245-247.

. Undescribed Plants from Tropical America. Lloydia 4: 44-56.

226 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

1941. Studies of American Spermatophytes—I. Contrib. Univ. of Michigan
Herb. 6: 1-66, 5 figs.

1942. The Vegetation and Natural Resources of British Honduras. Chron.
Bot. 7: 169-171.

1942. Flora of Eastern Tabasco and Adjacent Mexican Areas. Contr. Univ.
Mich. Herb. No. 8: 1-74, 4 pls., 8 figs., 1 map.

1945. The Genus Cnidoscolus in Mexico: New Species and Critical Notes.
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 72: 319-334.

1961. The Flora of Tikal. Expedition 3: 38-43.

1962. Plant Exploration of the Southern Lowlands of Peten, Guatemala.
Am. Philos. Soc. Yearbook: 308-311.

1967. Agricultural Research at Renner, 1944-1966. Publ. Texas Research
Foundation, Renner, Texas, x + 670 pp., illustrated.

1976. The 1931-1932 Odyssey in Campeche and Peten. Wrightia 5: 199-
220, figs. 16-32.

1982. Notes on Agriculture of the Ancient Maya, Exploration, and Sundry
Investigations in Peten, Guatemala. Wrightia: 7: 55-82.

Lundell, Cyrus Longworth and Collaborators
1936. Botany of the Maya Area. Miscellaneous Papers I-XIII. Carnegie
Inst. Washington Publ. 461: 328 pp., 56 pls., 19 figs.

1940. Botany of the Maya Area. Miscellaneous Papers XIV-X XI. Carnegie
Inst. Washington Publ. 522: 474 pp., 7 pls., 29 figs., 1 map.

Millspaugh, C. F.
1895. Contribution to the Flora of Yucatan. Field Columbian Mus.,
Chicago, Bot. Ser. 1: 1-50 + i-vii.
1896. Contribution II to the Coastal and Plain Flora of Yucatan. Field
Columbian Mus., Chicago, Bot. Ser. 1: 281-339, pls. VIII-X XI.
1898. Contribution III to the Coastal and Plain Flora of Yucatan. Field
Columbian Mus., Chicago, Bot. Ser. 1: 341-410.

1903. Plantae Yucatanae. Fasc. 1. Polypodiaceae and Schizaeaceae. Field
Columbian Mus., Chicago, Bot. Ser. 3: 1-14.

Millspaugh, C. F. and Chase, A.

1903. Plantae Yucatanae. Fasc. 1. Gramineae and Cyperaceae. Field
Columbian Mus., Chicago, Bot. Ser. 3: 15-84.

1904. Plantae Yucatanae. Fasc. 2. Compositae. Field Columbian Mus.,
Chicago, Bot. Ser. 3: 85-151.

Moldenke, Harold N.
1940. The Eriocaulaceae, Verbenaceae, and Avicenniaceae of the Yucatan
Peninsula. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 522: 139-223.

1983] LUNDELL AND LUNDELL: QUINTANA ROO 227

Morton, C. V.
1936. Enumeration of the Malpighiaceae of the Yucatan Peninsula.
Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 461: 127-140.
1936. Notes on Dioscorea, with Special Reference to the Species of the
Yucatan Peninsula. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 461: 241-253.

O’Neill, Hugh T.
1940. The Sedges of the Yucatan Peninsula. Carnegie Inst. Washington
Publ. 522: 249-322, 1 table, 3 figs.

Page, John L.
1933. The Climate of the Yucatan Peninsula. Carnegie Inst. Washington
Publ. 431: 409-422, tables 79-90, figs. 12-22.

Proctor, George R.
1982. More Additions to the Flora of Jamaica. Journ. Arnold Arboretum
63: 199.

Seibert, Russell J.
1940. The Bignoniaceae of the Maya Area. Carnegie Inst. Washington
Publ. 522: 377-434, 3 pls.

Shattuck, George C. and Collaborators
1933. The Peninsula of Yucatan. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 431:
i-xiv + 1-576, illustrated.

Smith, Lyman B. and Lundell, Cyrus Longworth
1940. The Bromeliaceae of the Yucatan Peninsula. Carnegie Inst.
Washington Publ. 522: 105-136, 2 tables, 20 figs.

Standley, Paul C.
1930. Flora of Yucatan. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Chicago, Bot. Ser. 3:
155-492. Includes a comprehensive bibliography through 1929.
1935. New Plants from the Yucatan Peninsula. Carnegie Inst. Washington
Publ. 461: 51-91.

Stephens, J. L.
1848. Incidents of Travel in Yucatan. 2 vols., illustrated.

Swallen, Jason R.
1934. The Grasses of the Yucatan Peninsula. Carnegie Inst. Washington
Publ. 436: 325-355.
1936. The Grasses of British Honduras and Peten, Guatemala. Carnegie
Inst. Washington Publ. 461: 143-187, pls. 4.

Thompson, J. Eric, Pollock, Harry E. D., and Charlot, Jean
1932. A Preliminary Study of the Ruins of Coba, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 424: i-vi + 1-213, illustrated.

228 WRIGHTIA

Whitaker, Thomas W.

1956. The Origin of the Cultivated Cucurbita. The American Naturalist,
Vol. XC, No. 852: 171-176, 1 fig.
1959. Madrofio 15: 4-13.

Woodson, Robert E., Jr.

1940. The Apocynaceous Flora of the Yucatan Peninsula. Carnegie Inst.
Washington Publ. 522: 61-102, 6 figs.

A NEW SPECIES OF VIGUIERA (ASTERACEAE:
HELIANTHEAE) FROM MEXICO

Neil A. Harriman! and Harold Robinson?

A new species of Viguiera from Mexico has been detected among collections
at Ohio State University and the U.S. National Herbarium. The type series,
collected in the State of Puebla by Hartman and Funk, was originally studied
by the latter collector, who was unable to identify it with any species in Blake’s
monograph of Viguiera (Blake, 1918). Subsequently, an earlier collection of
the species by John Beaman from Puebla was encountered by the present
authors. The new species is named Viguiera Funkiae after Dr. Vicki Funk
who made the initial study of the material.

Viguiera Funkiae Harriman & Robinson, sp. nov. Fig. 64. Frutex vel
arbuscula 3-4 m. alta. Caulis pallide brunnescens striatus glaber praeter
pedunculum tenuiter adpressum pilosum. Folia opposita, petiolis 2 cm. longis
circum nodis anguste connatis distaliter subabrupte breviter alatis; laminae
chartaceae ovatae plerumque 8-11 cm. longae et 5-6 em. latae supra basin
valde trinervatae breviter decurrentes margine multo serratae apice breviter
distincte acuminatae supra et subtus minute scabro-strumosae subtus
plerumque in nervis persistentiter pilosulae. Inflorescentiae cymosae vel
interdum unicapitatae, ramis ultimis 1.0-3.5 em. longis pilosulus. Capitula
2.0-2.3 em. alta et 2.0-2.5 cm. lata radii exclusi; squamae involucri 5-6
seriatae imbricatae fere glabrae basibus plusminusve induratae apice
herbaceae et leniter subcarnosae vel in squamis exterioribus omnino
herbaceae in apicibus omnibus in juventutibus squarrosae vel maturitatibus
laxe effusae. Paleae disci planae vel parum carinatae striatae acutae in
carinis et apicibus raro pilosulae. Flores radii ca. 16 flavae steriles, ligulis
usque 24 mm. longis, tubis 3.5-4.0 mm. longis. Flores disci plerumque 60-75;
corollae hermaphroditae flavae 8-10 mm. longae, tubis 2.5-3.0 mm. longis,
faucibus abrupte campanulatis superne cylindraceis 4-5 mm. longis, lobis
5 ca. 1.85-2.00 mm. longis et 1.0-1.2 mm. latis intus rubro-suffusis; thecae
antherarum nigrescentes 3-4 mm. longae; appendices antherarum flavae
ca. 0.8 mm. longae et 0.4 mm. latae abaxialiter dense glanduliferae; rami
stylorum in apicibus breviter appendiculati. Achaenia submatura 4.5-5.0
mm. longa nigrescentia striata sericeo-setulifera; pappus ubique squamel-
liformiter fimbriatus 1.0-1.5 mm. longae exaristatae. Grana pollinis in
diametro ca. 30 “m. Chromosomatum numerus ignotus.

\Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901
2Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C, 20560

229

230 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

a
MERSARIOM OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVRRAITY

PLANTS. OF M&xico
UNITED STATES

{ Asw
2858580 os ae
f hag TIPE
NATIONAL HERGARIUM

Fig. 64. Viguiera Funkiae Harriman & Robinson, holotype, Hartman &
Funk 4153.

1983] HARRIMAN AND ROBINSON: ASTERACEAE 231

Type: Mexico. Puebla: one mile S of Asuncion de Chila, 22 Aug. 1976,
Ronald L. Hartman & Vicki Funk 4153 (holotype: US; isotypes MEXU, OS,
OSH). Paratypes: Mexico. Puebla: ca. 9 kms. south of Izucar de Matamoros;
ca. 1150 m. altitude; in thorn-scrub desert; only one plant seen. 21 Aug. 1960.
John H. Beaman 4211 (MSC, US).

The most distinctive features of the new species are the large heads with
many series of spreading rather fleshy-tipped involucral bracts, the opposite
leaves with only partially winged petioles, and the pappus without awns. The
species belongs to the non-typical element of Viguiera that has only short
appendages on the tips of the style branches. The large-headed species of
Viguiera in Mexico are treated within the two series, Maculatae Blake and
Grammatoglossae Blake of the section Chioracra Blake in Blake’s somewhat
artificial breakdown of the genus (Blake, 1918). Inthe Maculatae, V. Funkiae
will key to V. adenophylla Blake which differs by its herbaceous habit, alter-
nate leaves, and two-seriate involucre. Within the Grammatoglossae, the
new species will key to either V. Pringlei Robins. & Greenm. or V. Seemannii
Sch.-Bip., both of which have much smaller, nearly entire leaves with very
short or no petioles, and much shorter rays. Viguiera Funkiae has some of
the aspect of such members of the Maculatae as V. sphaerocephala (DC.)
Hemsl. or V. oaxacana (Greenm.) Blake, both of which differ by the recurved
cusps on the palea and more abruptly cuneate bases on the leaf blades. The
new species differs from all the species mentioned by the lack of awns on the
pappus. The lack of awns is in particular contrast to the broad form of awns
found in such species as V. oaracana and the more recently described V.
Blakei MeVaugh (1972).

In the Hartman and Funk specimens of Viguiera Funkiae, the heads are
slightly less mature, and the involucral bracts are strikingly imbricated,
their free tips squarrose, reminiscent of certain species of Grindelia. The
Beaman collection is somewhat more mature and shows the tips of the bracts
as more elongate, free, and spreading, but not truly squarrose.

Literature Cited

Blake, S.F. 1918. A revision of the genus Viguiera. Contrib. Gray Herb.
n.s. 54: 1-205.

MecVaugh, R. 1972. Compositarum Mexicanarum Pugillus. Contrib. Univ.
Mich. Herb. 9 (4): 359-484.

232 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

A NEW SPECIES AND A NEW SUBGENUS IN
ENNEALOPHUS (IRIDACEAE)

Pierfelice Ravenna!

Ennealophus fimbriatus Ravenna, sp. nov. of the Iridaceae is described
from northern Argentina. The species is closely allied to E. euryandrus (Gris.)
Rav., both representing a new subgenus, namely Actine Rav., subgen. nov.

Ennealophus fimbriatus Ravenna, sp. nov. Fig. 65.
Planta ad 40-45 cm. alta. Bulbus ovato-oblongus ad 25 mm. longus cire. 9mm.
latus tunicis fusco ochraceis obtectus. Folia basalia dua vel unicum ensi-
formia flaccida viridi-glaucescentia sursum attentuata ad 25-35 cm. longa
circ. 16-20 mm. lata. Caulis floriferus flexuosus inferne folio basalibus simili
superne bractea unica instructus. Spathae saepe duae bivalvatae; valvae
inaequilongae membranaceae marcescentes ad anthesin divergentes circ.
12 et 16 mm. longae respective. Inflorescentia 6-12-flora. Alabastri extra
spatham longe producti. Pedicelli leviter complanati ad 16-30 mm. longi.
Ovarium clavatum ad 4.5 mm. longum cire. 2mm. latum. Perigonium pallide
violaceum ad 36-40 mm. latum. Tepala exteriora late obovata patentissima
ad 17-20 mm. longa circ. 16-18 mm. lata prope basin sparse glandulosa.
Tepala interiora imbricato-contigua geniculata in urceola oris subtriang-
ularis conniventia ad 11-15 mm. longa circ. 7.6-9 mm. lata; lamina reflexa
subovata acuta ad 8.5 mm. longa circ. 3.5-4 mm. lata. Columna staminum
elongata ad 4 mm. longa prope basin leviter ampliatam fusco-purpureo-tincta
vel striolata. Antherae subsagittatae circ. 2 mm. longae; pollen loculique
azurei. Stylus tenuiter filiformis ad 3.8-4 mm. longus. Styli rami latiusculi
conduplicati ad 3 mm. longi (lobum abaxialem inclusum) circ. 3 mm. lati:
cristae adaxiales fimbriato-plumosae ad 2 mm. longae; lobus abaxial patens
fimbriatus cire. 1.3-1.5 mm. longus; replicaturae stigmatosae parvae
patentes. Pedicelli fructiferi radiati. Capsula obovata ad 10-12 mm. longa
circ. 8 mm. lata modice trigibbata; cycatrix perigonii lata. Semina angulata
fusco-ochracea.

In rocky slopes, or rarely in grassy places, of the Argentine provinces of
Jujuy and Salta. It often grows near Dickia chaguar, Abromeitiella brevifolia,
Sedum jujuyense, and Barbaceniopsis humahuacensis between 1600 and
3000 m.

Argentina: Prov. Jujuy, Dept. Tumbaya, Volcan, abra de la laguna; Venturi
4959, 12-II-1927 (BA, LIL, LP, NY, SI). Idem ibid., F. Claren, 24-II-1901
(BAF 11760, S ?). Idem ibid., Cantera, 2100 m., Fabris 6293, 9-I-1966 (LP).
Dept. Tileara, Yala de Monte Carmelo, 2900 m., Fabris et al. 6433, 19/21-
11966 (LP). Dept. San Salvador de Jujuy, Quebrada de Yala, Cabrera &
Fabris 17495, 12-I-1966 (LP). Dept. El Carmen, Dique La Cienaga, Fabris &

‘Casilla 21128, Sucursal 21, Santiago, Chile.

1983] RAVENNA: GENUS ENNEALOPHUS (IRIDACEAE) 233

Fig. 65. Ennealophus fimbriatus Rav. A, flower, upper view; x 2. B, style
arms, upper view; x 9. Drawing by S. Magno.

Tello 3683, 8-X1I-1962 (LP). Dept. Valle Grande, Valle Colorado, Fabris et al.
3599, 23-XII-1962 (LP). Prov. Salta, Rosario de Lerma, Campo Quijano,
1600 m., en una quebrada, S. Venturi 8050, 1929 (SI, LIL). Pampa Grande,
C. Spegazzini s/n, L-1897 (LPS 18771 & 18772: LP). Culta in Bonaria ex
bulbis pr. Volean prov. Jujuy Argentinae collectis, Ravenna 78, XI-1960
(Herb. Ravenna, type).

Ennealophus fimbriatus is closely related to FE. euryandrus (Gris.) Rav.
(Ravenna 1973), differing in the larger perigone, the non-inflated staminal
column, narrower anthers, and larger, deeply snipped style-arms. Moreover,
the capsule is obovate and shorter instead of club-shaped.

The species was collected and cultivated by me several years ago. Its publi-
cation was postponed until the genus could be fully interpreted in its boun-
daries and number of entities.

234 WRIGHTIA

Key to the Species of Ennealophus

A. Pedicels scarcely exceeding the spathe, not radiately arranged.
Spathe valves subequal, not marcescent.
B. Claws of the inner tepals forming a triangular-mouthed
crater. Style-arms crests distinct. Capsule obovate

Sere a ios ee eae as E. foliosus (H.B.K.) Rav.

BB.: Claws of the inner tepals forming a round-mouthed
crater. Style-arms crests obsolete. Capsule

I a ee cae ees oe E. boliviensis (Bak.) Rav.

AA. Pedicels long, much exserted and radiately arranged.
Spathe valves unequal, marcescent.
B. Claws of the inner tepals forming a round-mouthed

container. Capsuleoblong............ E. euryandrus (Gris.) Rav.
BB. Claws of the inner tepals forming a triangular-
mouthed container. Capsule obovate ......... E. fimbriatus Rav.

Ennealophus N.E. Brown, subgen. Actine Ravenna, subgen. nov. A sub-
genere Ennealophus caulis fructiferi decumbentis, spathae valvae inaequales
marcescentes, alabastri ex spatha longe radiatimque crescentes, laminae
tepalorum interiorum brevis vel obsoletae differt. Typus subgeneris: F.
euryandrus (Gris.) Rav.

It differs from subgenus Ennealophus by virtue of the decumbent fruiting
stems, the unequal marcescent spathe-valves, the long, much exserted and
radiately disposed buds, and the short or nearly obsolete blade of the inner
tepals. Species included: E. euryandrus (Gris.) Rav. and E. fimbriatus Rav.

Reference

Ravenna, P., 1973, Tucma, genero neuvo de Iridaceas, de la Precordillera de
los Andes del North de Argentina; Anal. Mus. Hist. Nat. Valparaiso 6:
41-47.

CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A MONOGRAPH OF
CYBIANTHUS (MYRSINACEAE) IV.

NOTES ON SUBGENERA STAPFIA
AND MICROCONOMORPHA

John J. Pipoly II]

Abstract

Pipoly III, John J. (New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458). Con-
tributions toward a monograph of Cybianthus (Myrsinaceae) IV. Notes on
subgenera Stapfia and Microconomorpha. Wrightia 7(3). 1983. Emended
descriptions, keys, descriptions and synonymy for subgenera Stapfia and
Microconomorpha are provided. Conomorpha baruana Lundell is transferred
to Cybianthus subg. Stapfia, necessitating the new combination, Cybianthus
baruanus (Lundell) Pipoly. Conomorpha panamensis Lundell, transferred to
Cybianthus subg. Conomorpha by Agostini (1980), is found to be a variant of
the widespread polymorphic species, Cybianthus pastensis (Mez) Agostini.
Four binomials are lectotypified. Al] taxa in the present investigation were
found to have functionally staminate, bisexual, and functionally pistillate
flowers within the same plant or inflorescence. Although flowers of differing
sexuality are essentially monomorphic, field work in the Cordilleras Central
and Occidental of Colombia are needed to understand the breeding systems
and concomitant vegetative variation.

Discussion

This fourth paper in the present series originated primarily in continuing
collaboration between the author and Dr. C.L. Lundell. The systematic posi-
tion of several species described by Lundell was brought into question and
Agostini’s perceptive classification (1980) was critically reexamined. The
most striking observation reported here is that, in each of the three species
known from flowering material, Cybianthus pastensis (Mez) Agostini, C.
Stapfii (Mez) Agostini, and C. perseoides (Mez) Agostini, functionally stami-
nate, bisexual, and functionally pistillate flowers were found variously dis-.
tributed on the specimens, two or all of these states often occurring on the
same inflorescence. This sexual instability should not be surprising, however,
and in no way destroys the taxonomic unity of the genus. The same phenon-
enon has been noted toa lesser extent by Lundell (1971) in the genus Stylogyne.
Cybianthus subgenera Stapfia and Microconomorpha are Andean except
for populations of C. pastensis on the Panamanian-Costa Rican border and
the northeastern slopes of the Cordillera de Talamanca, and one population

235

236 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

of Conomorpha baruana, from Chiriqui. Although Agostini (1971, 1980) con-
sidered the two subgenera closely related based on pseudoverticillate leaves
and anther structure, it is now apparent that subg. Microconomorpha is more
closely related to subg. Jteoides, recently reviewed by the author (Pipoly,
1981). It should be noted, however, that many Cybianthus species are poly-
morphic, and definite statements concerning relationships can be made only
after appropriate field study. Intensive population studies are required before
variation in habit, sexuality and breeding systems is understood.

Cybianthus subgenus Stapfia Agostini emend. Pipoly
Cybianthus subgenus Stapfia Agostini, Acta Biol. Venez. 10(2): 147. 1980.
TYPE SPECIES: Cybianthus Stapfii (Mez in Engler) Agostini, based on
Conomorpha Stapfii Mez in Engler, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 236: 257. 1902.

Shrubs or small trees. Branchlets tomentose, with dendroid or stellate
ferrugineous trichomes or both, the stellate trichomes often appearing fur-
furaceous. Leaves subopposite to pseudoverticillate, the petioles tomentose,
glabrescent. [nflorescence an irregularly formed terminal group of racemes
which mimic a panicle or a poorly to well-developed panicle. Flowers (3-4)
5-merous, the number of parts sometimes variable in one inflorescence; calyx
lobes slightly to prominently imbricate, the margins densely glandular-
ciliate, the secretory glands not prominently raised; corolla cotyliform, the
lobes valvate or slightly imbricate, glandular-granulose only along the
margins without but over the entire surface within, the secretory glands not
prominently raised; stamens and staminodes with filaments one to three times
longer than the anthers, the filaments connate through half their length or
less into a conspicuous tube, the anthers elongate-triangular to ovate-
triangular, erect, dorsifixed ca 1/3 from base, dehiscent by narrow longi-
tudinal slits, the staminodes at times smaller but always producing copious
amounts of abortive pollen; pistil and pistillode obturbinate, the ovary densely
lepidote, the style elongate, truncate, the stigma punctiform. Fruit drupa-
drupaceous, 1-seeded.

Because so little is known about their ecology and micromorphological
characters, the relationship between subgenus Stapfia and the other sub-
genera of Cybianthus is uncertain. It resembles the vicariant subg. Laxiflorus
Agostini in corolla lobes glandular-granulose not only along the margins
without but over the entire inner surface, in anthers longer than wide and
dehiscent by longitudinal slits, in flat perianth glands and stellate and/or
dendroid tomentose branchlets, but differs as follows:

1. Calyx lobes valvate; filaments shorter than or as long as the distally
curved anthers; inflorescence always a simple axillary raceme, the
bracts linear-lanceolate; pistil obnapiform, the pistillode lageniform;
leaves always alternate, never subopposite or pseudoverticillate:

1983} PIPOLY: MYRSINACEAE 237

Guayana Highland and Amazonia ...... Cybianthus subg. Laxiflorus.

1. Calyx lobes imbricate; filaments (one to) three times longer than the erect
anthers; inflorescence a poorly to well-developed panicle or appearing
paniculate, the bracts ovate; pistil and pistillode obturbinate; leaves
subopposite to pseudoverticillate; Andes of northern Colombia and
meljacent Veneruele soil ein Gas ioee ik Cybianthus subg. Stapfia.

The construction of the key presented by Agostini (1980) implies a close

relationship between subgenera Stapfia and Microconomorpha, but the
characters uniting the two: pseudoverticillate leaves, glandular-ciliate calyx
lobes and anthers at once longer than wide and dehiscent by longitudinal slits,
may be due to parallelism. The two subgenera differ, however, by several
important characters, as enumerated below:

1. Perianth glands prominently raised; calyx lobes valvate, marginally
dentate; branchlets glandular-granulose; corolla glabrous along
margins without; anthers curved distally............

Ou eee: ei ee Cybianthus subg. Microconomorpha.

1. Perianth glands flat; calyx lobes imbricate, marginally entire to sub-
entire; branchlets stellate and/or dendroid ferrugineous-tomentose;
corolla glandular-granulose along margins without;
rte od ol g ae See ea Gang ie ar sa eerer ra aa Ra Cybianthus subg. Stapfia.

A species recently described from fruiting material as Conomorpha

baruana Lundell (1979) has the stellate-tomentose branchlets, subopposite

leaves, a terminal cluster of irregularly formed racemes and glandular-
ciliate sepals of Cybianthus subg. Stapfia, to which it is here transferred:

Cybianthus baruanus (Lundell) Pipoly, comb. nov.

Conomorpha baruana Lundell, Wrightia 6(4): 96. 1979. Panama: Chiriqui,
on W slope of El Baru, 6000-7000 ft., very common up to well over 11,000
ft., 27 Mar 1970 (fr), E. Tyson & H. Loftin 5956 (HOLOTYPE: MO)).

Cybianthus Stapfii (Mez) Agostini, an original element of Conomorpha

subg. Microconomorpha Mez (1902), was transferred to its own subgenus

(Agostini, 1980) because of its paniculate inflorescences, flat perianth glands

and imbricate calyx lobes. Native to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and

both the Colombian and Venezuelan slopes of the Sierra de Perija, C. Stapfii
is known from fewer than adozen gatherings. Because one of the two syntypes

(Purdie s.n., P, K) cited by Mez has not been located, lectotypification of the

species is postponed. The two species of subgenus Sta pfia (as here emended)

are distinguished by the following key:

1. Leaf blades ovate to obovate, 2.4-6.5 cm. wide, glabrous above and below,
the margins flat; calyx glabrous, 0.9-1.2 mm. long, the lobes ovate- to
broadly ovate-triangular, prominently rugose below, conspicuously
OFANTE-PUNCHALE <....- ene eee nee e rece cree een eeserecees C. Stapfir.

1. Leaf blades oblong, 1-2 cm. wide, glabrous above, glaucous and floccose-
tomentose below, the margins revolute; calyx glandular-puberulent
without, 1.3-1.7 mm. long, the lobes deltate, flat, epunctate............

Pe arr er a a ee ee EO ee ee
SBOE Ce bate a ee eee ee ee 68 ke Ee Se #8 ee Se ee

238 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Cybianthus subgenus microconomorpha (Mez in Engler) Agostini emend.
Pipoly. Conomorpha A.DC. subg. Microconomorpha Mez in Engler, Das
Pflanzenreich IV. 236: 251. 1902. Microconomorpha (Mez) Lundell,
Wrightia 5(9): 349. 1977. Cybianthus subg. Microconomorpha (Mez)
Agostini, Acta Biol. Venez. 10(2): 150. 1980. LECTOTYPE, (Lundell,
1977): Conomorpha verticillata A. Zahlbruckner, Ann. K. K. Naturhist. ©
Hofmus. 7: 3. 1892, non Mez (1902). = Cybianthus pastensis (Mez in
Engler) Agostini.

Shrubs or small trees. Branchlets glandular-granulose, the granules often
stipitate. Leaves pseudoverticillate. Inflorescence a simple raceme or bi-
pinnately paniculate, the peduncle 1-4 cm. long, densely glandular-granu-
lose; inflorescence and floral bracts, perianth and pistil bearing prominently
raised secretory glands; inflorescence bracts large, often foliaceous and per-
sistent; floral bracts linear-lanceolate, caducous. Flowers white to yellowish-
green, (4)-5-(6)-merous; calyx lobes valvate, the margins densely glandular-
ciliate; corolla rotate to cotyliform, the lobes imbricate, glabrous without,
glandular-granulose over the entire surface within; stamens and staminodes
connate by their filaments, forming a conspicuous tube, the filaments usually
one to three times longer than the anthers, the anthers elongate-triangular
or ovate, prominently curved distally, cordate to hastate basally, dorsifixed
ca. 1/3 to more than 1/2 length from base, dehiscent by narrow langitudinal
slits, the staminodes producing abortive or mostly abortive pollen grains;
pistil obturbinate, densely translucent-lepidote, the style thick, truncate,
the stigma punctiform, the placenta umbonate, bearing 3-4 uniseriate ovules
immersed in placental tissue, but exposed apically by placental pores;
pistillode similar to pistil, at times reduced in size, hollow or bearing at most
2 abortive ovules. F’ruit drupaceous, 1-seeded.

The systematic position of subg. Microconomorpha and specific delimita-
tion therein has been controversial since its original circumscription (Mez,
1902). Mez distinguished Microconomorpha primarily by pseudoverticillate
leaves, 5-merous flowers and prominently raised secretory glands on the
pistil. He included six species, which were separated by features of inflo-
rescence (paniculate vs. racemose), petals (margins ciliolate vs. eciliolate and
crenate vs. entire) and leaf margins (entire, crenate or crenate-sinuate).
Studies by Agostini (1980) and the present author have revealed that the
genus consists of only two polymorphic species, which vary in all the charac-
ters used, save the inflorescence type.

Lundell (1977) elevated the subgenus to generic rank and lectotypified it
with Conomorpha Jelskii Mez (1902). Agostini (1980), apparently unaware
of Lundell’s work, again lectotypified the subgenus with Conomorpha verti-
cillata A. Zahlbr. (1982) non Mez, and contradictorily stated that the type
species for the subgenus was Cybianthus pastensis (Mez) Agostini. Although
Lundell (1977) indicated “This [Conomorpha Jelskii Mez] is the first taxon
treated by Mez under his new subgenus Microconomorpha and is taken as

1983] PIPOLY: MYRSINACEAE 239

the type species of the genus Microconomorpha,” he clearly had an under-
standing of the group concerned, and the selection of Conomorpha Jelskii (a
superfluous name for Conomorpha verticillata A. Zahlbr.) is in agreement
with the protologue. Because Conomorpha Jelskii is homotypic with Cono-
morpha verticillata A. Zahlbr., the lectotypification by Lundell (1977) should
be retained, but the latter basionym cited by Agostini should be used. Al-
though Macbride (1934) demonstrated that the Mez name was superfluous,
his reduction of Conomorpha verticillata A. Zahlbr. to a variety (Macbride,
1959), Conomorpha Preslii Macbride var. Jelskii (Mez) Macbride, was done
correctly, as epithets have no priority outside their own rank. It is interesting
to note that Agostini (1980) was apparently unaware of Lundell’s (1977) lecto-
typification, but selected a name based on the same type.

Cybianthus subg. Microconomorpha, with very small flowers, distally
curved anthers, glandular-granulose branchlets, valvate calyx lobes and
corollas which are internally glandular-granulose throughout appears to be
closely related to subgenus /teoides Agostini (Pipoly, 1981). The two sub-
genera are tenuously separable by the following key:

1. Leaves alternate; inflorescence a simple raceme, the peduncle 0.1-0.5¢em.
long; filaments almost none toslightly shorter than the anthers ........

See ee ae iad eae as Cece eres Cybianthus subg. Iteoides.

1. Leaves pseudoverticillate; inflorescence a raceme or panicle, the peduncle
1-4 cm. long; filaments from one to three times longer than the anthers .
Cybianthus subg. Microconomorpha.

ole 58 6.5 6 6 + 26 ee oe ES 2 eee Se 6 8 See Ole 8

Key to the Species of Cybianthus subg. Microconomorpha

1. Inflorescence a simple raceme; filaments free for 0.4-0.6 (0.7) mm.;
anthers acute to rounded apically, not apiculate, hastate basally,
glandular-punctate ventrally and dorsally ......... 1. C. pastensis.

1. Inflorescence bipinnately paniculate, or rarely reduced to an irregularly
branched panicle; filaments free for 0.8-1.1 mm.; anthers minutely to

prominently apiculate, cordate basally, eglandular ventrally and
SN Ak ER a es Bees toe eb 2. C. perseoides.

1. Cybianthus pastensis (Mez in Engler) Agostini

Myrsine verticillata Presl, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 2: 64. 1835. Cono-
morpha verticillata (Pres) Mez in Engler, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 236:
252. 1902, non A. Zahlbr. (1892). Conomorpha Preslii Macbride,
Candollea 5: 398. 1934. Microconomorpha verticillata (Presl) Lundell,
Wrightia 5(9): 349. 1977. TYPE: Peru: Huanuco, “in montanibus
huanucocencibus Peruviae,” Haenke 98 (LECTOTYPE, here desig-
nated: PR !:; ISOLECTOTYPE: W !). Non Cybianthus verticillatus
(Vellozo) Agostini, Acta Biol. Venez. 10(2): 168. 1980.

Conomorpha verticillata A. Zahlbruckner, Ann. K. K. Naturhist.

240 WARIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Hofmus. 7: 3. 1892. Conomorpha Jelskii Mez in Engler, Das Pflanzen-
reich IV. 236: 252. 1902, nom. superfl. Conomorpha Preslii Macbride
var. Jelskii (Mez) Macbride, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. Ser. 13(5):
201. 1959. Microconomorpha Jelskii (Mez) Lundell, Wrightia 5(9):
349, 1977.XTYPE: Peru: Cajamarca, Cutervo, Apr. 1879, Jelski 11
(HOLOTYPE: W!; CLASTOTYPE: F !, and photo, neg. no. 31980).

Conomorpha pastensis Mez in Engler, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 236: 252.
1902. Microconomorpha pastensis (Mez) Lundell, Wrightia 5(9): 349.
1977. Cybianthus pastensis (Mez) Agostini, Acta Biol. Venez. 10(2):
151. 1980. TYPE: Colombia: Narifio, “Paramo de Puruguai, Prov.
de Pasto,” 2500 m., 1866, Triana 2585 (LECTOTYPE, here desig-
nated: W !; ISOLECTOTYPES: G !, C- as photo at F !).

Conomorpha dentata Mez in Engler, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 236: 252.
1902. Microconomorpha dentata (Mez) Lundell, Wrightia 5(9): 349.
1977. TYPE: Ecuador: in cordillera from Quito to Tungurahua,
2000-3000 m., 1857-9, R. Spruce 5175 (LECTOTYPE, here desig-
nated: K !; ISOQLECTOTYPES: LD !, C- as photo at F ! neg. no.
22956).

Conomorpha quercifolia Mez in Engler, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 236:
253. 1902. Microconomorpha quercifolia (Mez) Lundell, Wrightia
5(9): 349. 1977. TY PE: Peru: sine loc. Pavon s.n. (LECTOTYPE, here
designated: G !).

Conomorpha panamensis Lundell, Wrightia 5(8): 290. 1976. Micro-
conomorpha panamensis (Lundell) Lundell, Wrightia 5(9): 349. 1977.
Cybianthus Morii Agostini, Acta Biol. Venez. 10(2): 154. 1980.TYPE:
Panama: Chiriqui, Cerro Pando, on continental divide and Panama-
Costa Rica border, ca. 16 km. W of Hato del Volcan, 2000-2482 m.,
20 Jul. 1975, Mori & Bolten 7292 (HOLOTYPE: LL!; ISOTYPE: MO).

Shrub or tree to 6 m. tall, the branchlets and inflorescence densely fer-
rugineous glandular-granulose. Petioles marginate, (0.2) 0.5-2.0 (2.7) em.
long. Leaf blades membranaceous to coriaceous, narrowly oblanceolate to
oblong or obovate, (5.5) 6.5-14.5 x (1.2) 2.0-4.5 (5.5) em., apically attenuate,
acuminate or acute, basally cuneate, marginally undulate, lobate, crenate or
dentate, the secretory glands often raised above and below at least when
young, minutely ferrugineous-lepidote above and below, prominently reticu-
late. Inflorescence erect or lax, 1.8-5.5 cm. long, the rachis thin to thick; inflo-
rescence bracts obovate to elliptic, (4.3) 6.0-11.0 x 3.0-7.0 mm., apically acute
to acuminate, basally cuneate, densely punctate, with prominently raised
glands; floral bracts linear-lanceolate, (0.8) 1.4-2.2 (7.0) mm. long, caducous;
pedicels (1.3) 2.0-7.0 (7.5) mm. long. Flowers (4) 5-merous, white to yellowish-
green; calyx shallowly cotyliform, (0.6) 0.8-1.1 (1.5) mm. long, unequally
divided, the lobes united through 1/5-1/2 their length, widely ovate to ovate-
triangular, (0.4) 0.6-1.0 x (0.4) 0.6-1.0, rounded to acute apically, glabrous,
densely orange- or black-punctate, the margins subentire to erose-dentate,
densely glandular-ciliate; corolla cotyliform, 2.0-2.6 (3.6) mm. long, the tube

—$—$ =

1983] PIPOLY: MYRSINACEAE 241

ca. 0.2-0.3 mm., the lobes highly reflexed at anthesis, ovate to narrowly ovate,
1.7-2.3 (2.8) x 0.8-1.3 (1.5) mm., rounded to obtuse apically, prominently
orange- or black-punctate; stamens and staminodes 1.0~1.6 (2.5) mm. long,
free for 0.3-0.7 mm., the anthers elongate-triangular, 0.6-1.2 mm. long,
apically obtuse, basally hastate, the connective red-glandular-punctate
ventrally and dorsally at base of anther, dorsifixed ca. 1/3 toslightly less than
1/2 from base; pistil and pistillode 1.2-1.8 mm. long, the ovary (0.6) 0.8-1.0
x 1.0-1.3 (1.5) mm., prominently translucent-lepidote, the style thick, 0.5-0.8
mm. long, the stigma punctiform, the pistillode ovary hollow or containing
one abortive ovule. Fruit globose, green, turning red, then black, 3-4 mm. in
diam. when dried.

Cybianthus pastensis exhibits a high degree of polymorphism in leaf and
flower morphology throughout its range. Distributed from Costa Rica to
Peru, at elevations from 1500-3200 m., it consists of many populations dif-
ferentiated slightly in degree of leaf margin incision, texture of leaf blade,
and length of flowers, the diversity giving rise to overdescription.

Populations matching the type of Myrsine verticillata Presl, from Peru
and southern Ecuador, are notable only for their chartaceous to membrana-
ceous leaves with rather irregular margins. Although Mez (1902) claimed
that the corolla lobes of Conomorpha pastensis were entire, while those of
C. verticillata (Presl) Mez were crenulate, on several specimens I have found
both entire and crenulate petals on the same inflorescence.

Conomorpha verticillata A. Zahlbr., described from Peru, is notable only
for its slightly more coriaceous leaves with essentially entire margins and
acute apices. Conomorpha dentata Mez represents populations from Ecuador
with a more robust habit, slightly larger flowers, subcoriaceous leaves and
prominent teeth on the leaf margins, otherwise inseparable from the type
of Conomorpha pastensis Mez, described from Colombia. Conomorpha querei-
folia Mez is unusual only by its more rounded lobes on the leaf margins. The
type of Conomorpha panamensis Lundell and a collection of the same ecotype
from Cartago, Costa Rica (Lems 640909), NY), closely match the type of
Conomorpha verticillata A. Zahlbr., except that the glandular-granules of
the branchlets and inflorescence are more elongate and somewhat stipitate.
These disjunct populations are otherwise inseparable by quantitative or
qualitative characters. Because Agostini did not see the type of Conomorpha
panamensis, the stipitate glandular-granules described by Lundell as lepi-
dote probably provided the reason for Agostini’s (1980) placement of the
species in subgenus Conomorpha (A. DC.) Agostini, despite the fact that
Lundell (1977) had correctly placed it in subgenus Microconomorpha.

Representative specimens examined: Costa Rica: Cartago, beyond El
Empalme, km. 55, Pan American Hwy, 2400 m., 9 Sep. 1964 Lems 640909
(NY). Colombia: Antioquia, Quebrada La Fragua, W fork of headwaters of
Rio Pabon, 7 km. W of El Pateado, 33 km. S of URRAO, 3000 m., 6 Mar. 1944
Fosberg & Core 21570 (US); Vicinity of Medillin, 1 Feb. 1928 Toro 942 (NY),
30 Jun. 1928 Toro 1199 (NY); Bolivar, below Paramo de Chaquiro, Cordillera

242 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Occidental, 2800-3100 m., 24 Feb. 1918 Pennell 4362 (GH, NY, US); Cauca,
Cordillera Central, W slope, headwaters of Rio Palo, 3300-3350 m., 1-2 Dec.
1944 Cuatrecasas 18913 (A, F), Cordillera Central, E slope near Moscopan,
banks of Rio San Jose, 2280 m., 30-31 Jan. 1947 Cuatrecasas 23502 (COL, F),
Cordillera Occidental, 2700 m., Feb. 1938 Dryander 2078 (NY, US), Inza,
2000-3000 m., Nov.-Dee. 1896 Lehmann 8681 (F), Santa Ana, 2700-3000 m.,
29-30 Jun. 1922 Pennell 7460(GH, NY, US), Monte El Trueno, 2700-3000 m.,
20-30 Jun. 1922 Pennell 7548 (GH, NY, US); Cundinamarca, Cordillera
Oriental, ridge above upper San Antonio, Rio San Martin, 15 km. SE of
Gutierrez, 60 km. S of Bogota, 2775 m., 3 Aug. 1944 M. Grant 9828 (NY);
Huila, ridge between Quebrada la Caudela and Rio Naranjo, 18 km. SW of
San Augustin, 1900 m., 12 Feb. 1943 Fosberg 20134 (NY), La Plata, 2600 m.,
20 Mar. 1939 von Sneidern 2521 (F, US); Putumayo, Comisaria del Putumayo,
upper basin of Rio Putumayo, Valle de Sibunday, Cordillera La Cabana, 2800
m., 2 Jan. 1941 Cuatrecasas 11628 (F, US); Valle, Cordillera Occidental, Los
Farallones, Quebrada del Raton, Mina E] Diamante, 2950-3000 m., 30 Jul.
1946 Cuatrecasas 21762 (NY), Cordillera Occidental, La Cumbre, 2000-
2300 m., 11-18 Sep. 1922 Killip 11379 (GH, US), 1800-2000 m., Pennell 5145
(GH, NY, US); without specific locality, Mutis 5750 (US). Ecuador: Loja,
3500 m., 1 Dec. 1876 Andre 4551 (F, K, NY), divide between Quebrada Jipiru
and E fork of Rio Zamora, W slope of Cordillera de Zamora, E] Condor, 2700
m., 19 Feb. 1945 Fosberg & Giler 23119 (NY, US); Morona-Santiago, between
Campanas and Arenillas, along Rio Tintas, 10 leagues SE of El] Pan, 2195 m.,
13 Jul. 1943 Steyermark 53642 (F, NY), above Mirador, 2375 m., 9 Sep. 1943
Steyermark 54273 (NY), along Rio Valladolid, between Quebrada Honda and
Tambo Valladolid, 2000-3000 m., 12 Oct. 1943 Steyermark 53897 (F, NY);
Napo, E of Borja, Cerro Antisana, 28 Jul. 1960 Grubb et al. 1073 (NY), Be-
tween Cuyuja and Papallacta on road to Baeza, 78° 01’W, 0°21’S, 2800-2900
m., 5 Jun. 1973 Holm-Nielsen 6818 (AAU), Salcedo-Napo, 2390-2590 m.,
7 Feb. 1977 Boeke 930 (N Y); Zamora-Chinchipe, road to Loja-Zamora, km. 14,
79°09’W, 0°4' S, 2750-2770 m., 19-20 Apr. 1973 Holm-Nielsen et al. 3965
(AAU). Peru: Cajamarca, Cutervo, 10 km. NW of Socota, 3200 m., 10 Dec.
1938 Stork & Horton 10134 (F), Jaen, E side of Cordillera E of Huancabamba,
2400-2600 m., Apr. 1942 Weberbauer 6099 (US).

2. Cybianthus perseoides (Mez in Engler) Agostini
Conomorpha perseoides Mez in Engler, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 236:
252. 1902. Microconomorpha perseoides (Mez) Lundell, Wrightia 5(9):
349. 1977. Cybianthus perseoides (Mez) Agostini, Acta Biol. Venez.
10(2): 151. 1980.° TYPE: Colombia: “N. Granada,” Purdie s.n.
(LECTOTYPE, here designated: K !).

Shrub or tree to 8 m. tall, the branchlets and inflorescence densely ferrugi-
neous glandular-granulose, the branchlets glabrescent. Petioles thick, (1.0)
1.5-3.5 em. long, somewhat marginate, but with the costa raised above and
below, slightly glandular-granulose, glabrescent. Leaf blades chartaceous

1983] PIPOLY: MYRSINACEAE 243

to coriaceous, elliptic to obovate, often inequalateral, (7.0) 8.0-35.5 (37.5)
x (2.4) 3.0-12.0 cm., apically rounded, acute or subacuminate, basally acute
to cuneate, decurrent on the petiole, the margins flat, entire, prominently
glandular-punctate with a few scattered ferrugineous-lepidote scales above,
densely ferrugineous-lepidote below, with a few scattered glandular puncta-
tions. Inflorescence bipinnately paniculate, at times irregularly so, erect,
(2.5) 7.0-13.5 cm. long, the rachis opaque, red; inflorescence bracts obovate,
2.1-3.5 x 1.0-1.5 cm., densely glandular-punctate, at times persistent; floral
bracts linear-lanceolate, (0.4) 0.7-2.1 (3.0) mm. long, glandular-punctate,
glandular-ciliate marginally, caducous; pedicels 1.2-2.2 mm. long, densely
ferrugineous glandular-granulose. Flowers (4) 5-merous, white to cream,
1.8-2.9 mm. long; calyx shallowly cotyliform, 1.0-1.4 mm. long, often un-
equally divided, the tube ca. 0.2-0.4 mm. long, sparsely glandular-granulose
without, the lobes widely ovate, 0.6-1.2 x 0.8-1.0 mm., obtuse to rounded
apically, membranaceous, prominently orange- or red-punctate, the margins
densely glandular-ciliate; corolla cotyliform to rotate, the tube 0.1-0.2 mm.
long, the lobes highly reflexed at anthesis, ovate to obovate, 1.6-2.5 x 0.9-1.1
mm., apically rounded to obtuse, glandular-ciliate marginally; stamens and
staminodes 1.7-2.0 mm. long, the filaments connate into a tube 0.4-0.6 (0.7)
mm. long, free for 0.8-0.9 mm., the anthers ovate, 0.9-1.0 mm. long, minutely
to prominently apiculate, basally cordate, dorsifixed ca. 1/3-1/2 from base;
pistil and pistillode 1.3-1.7 mm. long, the ovary 0.5-0.8 x 0.7-1.0 mm., densely
translucent-lepidote and glandular-punctate, the style thick, 0.6-0.9 mm.
long, the stigma punctiform. Fru?t globose, green turning red, then purple,
3-6 mm. diam. when dried.

Cybianthus perseoides exhibits much variation in inflorescence and leaf
morphology between highland and lowland populations. Distributed from the
Sierra de Perija and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, to the province of Huila,
Colombia, populations found at elevations below 2400 m. have large, char-
taceous leaves and long inflorescences with a thin rachis, whereas those
found above 3000 m. have smaller, inequalateral coriaceous leaves and short
inflorescences with a thick rachis.

Representative specimens examined: Colombia: Huila, Cordillera Oriental,
Loma de Lavaderos, between Rio Granadillo and Quebrada Balseras, 15 km.
S of San Augustin, 16 Apr. 1944 E. Little 7673 (NY, US); Magdalena, Sierra
Nevada de Santa Marta, between San Pedro and headwaters of Rio Sevilla,
3330-3410 m., Barclay & Juajibioy 6726 (MO, US), 1 km. NW of Quebrada
of Laguna Rio Frio, near Jose Hilario 75° 53’W, 10° 55’N, 3400 m., 31 Jul.
1972 E. Forero & J. Kirkbride 626 (COL, NY), on trail to Finea Cecilia E of
Quebrada Indiana, 10° 59’N, 73° 59’W, 1700 m., 1 Sep. 1972 J. Kirkbride 2046
(COL, NY), Pie del Palmidal, divide between Rio Sevilla nd Rio Frio, W side
of Sierra Nevada, 1820 m., 28 Nov. 1944 Kernan 147 (US), Cordillera
Oriental, Sierra de Perija, 6 km. ENE of Manaure, 42 km. E of Valledupar,
7 km. from Venezuelan border, 2175 m., 2 Feb. 1945 M. Grant 10760 (NY,
US); Norte de Santander, Pamplona La Baja, 1846 Funck & Schlim 1374 (G,

244 WRIGHTIA

P); Santander, vicinity of Las Vegas, 2600-3000 m., 21-23 Dec. 1926 Killip
& A.C. Smith 18816 (NY, US). Venezuela: Zulia, Sierra de Perija, 9° 30'N,
73° 06’W, Campamento Frontera VI, between headwaters of Rio del Norte
and S branch of rio Aricauisa, 2400 m., 23-28 Jul. 1974 P. Berry 141 (NY,
VEN).

Acknowledgements

I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. C.L. Lundell, whose continued
collaboration made the study possible. Nomenclature discussions with Drs.
Arthur Cronquist and Rupert Barneby were most appreciated. Drs. Arthur
Cronquist and Jim Luteyn, Ms. Sue Keller and Mrs. Steve Clemants criti-
cally reviewed the manuscript and provided helpful suggestions. The
curators of the following herbaria are thanked for providing loans or gifts
for determination: A, AAU, COL, F, G, GH, K, LD, LL, MO, P, PR, US, VEN,
W. My work at NY is supported by a New York Botanical Garden Herbarium
Fellowship, which is gratefully acknowledged.

Literature Cited

Agostini, G. 1971. A revision of the genus Cybianthus section Conomorpha
(Myrsinaceae). Ph.D. thesis, the City University of New York. NY.

. 1980. Una nueva clasificacion del genero Cybianthus (Myrsinaceae).

Acta Biol. Venez. 10(2): 129-185.

Lundell, C. L. 1971. Flora of Panama: Myrsinaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.
58: 285-353.

. 1977. Studies of American Plants—XIV. Wrightia 5(9): 331-359.

. 1979. Neotropical Myrsinaceae—II. Wrightia 6(4): 60-100.

Macbride, J. 1934. New or renamed spermatophytes, mostly Peruvian.
Candollea 5: 346-402.

. 1959. Flora of Peru: Myrsinaceae. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. Ser.
13(5): 162-203.

Mez, C. 1902. Myrsinaceae. Jn: A. Engler, editor. Das Pflanzenreich lV. 236:
1-437.

Pipoly, J. 1981. Contributions toward a monograph of Cybianthus (Myrsina-
ceae): I. Subgenus /teoides and the identity of Conomorpha loretensis.
Brittonia 33(4): 493-497.

Contributions toward a monograph of Cybianthus (Myrsinaceae):

III. A revision of subgenus Laxiflorus. Brittonia 35(1).

Zahlbruckner, A. 1892. Novitiae peruvianae. Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus.
7(1): 1-10.

——

NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE — VIII

Cyrus Longworth Lundell

Auriculardisia Solomonii (Lundell) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia Solomonii
Lundell, Phytologia 48: 135. 1981.

Gentlea cuneifolia Lundell, sp. nov. — Frutex; ramuli e gracilioribus,
glabrati; folia petiolata, petiolis 4-7 mm. longis, marginatis, canaliculatis;
lamina membranacea, punctata, integra, obovata vel elliptica, 5-9 em. longa,
1.3-4 cm. lata, apice subabrupte acuminata, basi cuneata; inflorescentia
terminalis, minute rufo-glanduloso-puberula, paniculata, 3-4 cm. longa et
lata; flores subumbellati; pedicelli 3-6.5 mm. longi; sepala 5, anguste lance-
olata, 2-2.5 mm. longa, ad 0.45 mm. lata, acuminata, punctata, parce pu-
berula; fructus ad 4 mm. diam., subglobosus, costatus.

~Mexico: Veracruz, Mun. San Andres Tuxtla, Cerca del aguaje en el lado
S del Volcan San Martin Tuxtla, bosque Caducifolio primario, alt. 1250 m.,
Feb. 15, 1972, John H. Beaman & Carlos Alvarez del Castillo 5751 (holotype,
LL), arbusto, 2 m., fruto rosa-verde.

The minute gland-tipped hairs of the inflorescence, obovate thin leaves
cuneate and decurrent at base and short acuminate at apex, and the very
slender long thin sepals well-mark the taxon.

Gentlea tenuis Lundell, Wrightia 7: 24. 1981.

Mexico: Veracruz, region of Los Tuxtlas, 3 mi. NNW of Ocotal Chico, 4400
ft., March 29, 1965, Gary N. Ross 122 (US; fragment & xerox, LL), small tree
in elfin forest, green berries.

This taxon, so recently described from Chiapas, Municipio of Rayon, is a
splendid addition to the flora of Veracruz, the second species of this genus
recorded. It is related to G. Molinae Lundell of Honduras, known only from

fruiting material.

Heberdenia penduliflora (A.DC.) Mez, Pflanzenreich IV. 236: 175. 1902.

Mexico: Veracruz, Los Bejucos camino de Xometla a la Perla al NW de
Orizaba, alt. 2250 m., March 5, 1967, Marino Rosas R. 198 (LL), hierba 80 cm.,
flor blanca; municipio de Chiconquiaco, Guacamaya, bosque de encino, alt.
1900 m., Dec. 9, 1972, F. Ventura A. 7579 (LL), arbusto erecto de 1.5 m. de alto,
flores blancas, estambres blancos, fruto rojo; municipio de Chiconquiaco, La
Parra, bosque de encino en ladera de cerro, alt. 1750 m., Jan. 16, 1973, F.
Ventura A. 7730(LL), arbusto rastrero, flores blanquecinas, escasa; carretera
al sur de Huayacocotla, 17 km. del bordo con Hidalgo, Huacocotla, bosque de
encino, July 13, 1977, J. J. Fay & J. I. Calzada 861 (F), arbusto, 1.5 m.; 1 km.
beyond La Joya toward Perote on main Jalapa-Perote highway, lava flow,
April 14, 1978, S. Galen Smith 6205 (LL), arbusto, 1 m.

246 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

Mexico: Oaxaca, Sierra de Juarez, along highway 175 between Valle
Nacional and Oaxaca, 36 miles above (west of) Valle Nacional, primary forest
on very steep slopes, elev. 2400 m., June 30, 1977, Thomas B. Croat 39892
(MO; xerox copy, LL), shrub 1.5 m., fruits red.

A Sesse & Mocifio collection from Mexico, Negative 30749 of the Field
Museum of Natural History, shows the drawing of the DeCandolle type (G).
Presumably this collection came from Veracruz.

Ibarraea Wendtii Lundell, Wrightia 7: 46. 1982.

Mexico: Veracruz, Municipio Hidalgotitlan, N de La Laguna, junto al N
del viero de hule y al O del Rio Cuevas, elev. 125 m., Nov. 28, 1981, Tom Wendt
y A. Villalobos C. 3520 (LL), hasta 4 m. y mas.

Described from the State of Veracruz, other collections from Municipio
Hidalgotitlan appear to be referable here: Brigada Vazquez 425, 1249
(MEXU); J. Dorantes et al 3484 (MEXU). The specimens are only in bud or
fruit.

Ieacorea Capollina (DC.) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia Capollina DC.,
Trans. Linn. Soe. Bot. 17: 116. 1834.

Mexico: Plantae Novae Hispaniae, Sesse, Mocifio, Castillo et Maldonado
1398 (leaf, F), Capolin zimarron.

Parathesis Calzadae Lundell, sp. nov. — Arbor, 12 m.; ramulicrassiusculi;
folia longe petiolata, petiolis 1.5-1.8 em. longis, tenuis, canaliculatis; lamina
glabra, crenulata vel subintegra, oblanceolata vel anguste rhombiformia,
7-14 cm. longa, 2.3-4.5 cm. lata, basi cuneata, apice acuminata, minute punc-
tata; inflorescentia axillaris, paniculata, ad 10 cm. longa, glabra; flores sub-
corymbosi; pedicelli 3-4 mm. longi; sepala 5, parva, lineari-lanceolata, 0.6-
0.75 mm. longa, attenuato-acuminata, minute et parce puberula, aurantiaco-
punctata; alabastra anguste oblonga, ca. 3.2 mm. longa, minute puberula,
apice obtusa; petala 5, lineari-oblonga, ca. 3 mm. longa, 0.4 mm. lata, intus
minute villosa, aurantiaco-punctata; stamina ca. 3 mm. longa; filamenta ad
1.5 mm. longa, tenuis; antherae lineari-lanceolatae, ad 2 mm. longae, parce
punctatae vel epunctatae, basi subsagittatae; ovarium glabrum; ovula 4 vel
5, erecta, uniseriata.

Mexico: Veracruz, cima del volean de San Martin, Mun. San Andres Tuxtla,
selva baja perennifolia, primaria, 1970, Juan Ismael Calzada 65 (holotype,
LL), arbol, 12 m., flor blanca.

P. Calzadae is closely related to P. melanosticta (Schlecht.) Hemsl. but
differs notably in having a glabrous ovary and style among other features
which characterize the taxon. Both species have very small flowers, those of
P. Calzadae being the smallest in the genus. In leaf form, glabrous, densely
punctate leaf blades inconspicuously veined, shorter pedicels, slender acumi-
nate sepals, petals linear and only 0.4 mm. wide, 3mm. long, and with flowers
orange-punctate rather than black-punctate, P. Calzadae is amply distinct

1983] LUNDELL: NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE — VIII 247

from P. melanosticta. Both species have ovules uniseriate, erect, enclosed by
a membrane, and the anthers are longitudinally dehiscent.

Parathesis cubana (A.DC.) Mol. & G. Maza var. cuneifolia Lundell, var.
nov. — Planta 1.3 m. alta; folia longe petiolata, petiolis 1.2-2.5 em. longis,
canaliculatis; lamina chartacea, glabra, obovata, 6-12 em. longa, 3-5 em.
lata, apice rotundata vel late obtusa, basi cuneata, nigra, integra vel sub-
integra; inflorescentia terminalis, paniculata, ad 12 em. longa, minute et
dense adpresse puberula; flores corymbosi, minute et dense papillato-
puberuli; pedicelli ad 5 mm. longi; sepala 5, parvissima, ovata, 0.6-0.7 mm.
longa, acuta; petala 5, lineari-lanceolata, ad 6 mm. longa, 1 mm. lata, intus
dense villoso-tomentosa, aurantiaco-punctata; stamina ca. 4 mm. longa; fila-
menta ca. 1.5 mm. longa; antherae lineari-lanceolatae, ca. 3mm. longae, apice
birimosae, dorso aurantiaco-punctatae, basi subsagittatae; ovarium glabrum;
ovula parva, 12-16, pluriseriata.

Mexico: Veracruz, Playa Vicente, acahual, Dec. 10, 1969, G. Martinez
Calderon 2062Cholotype, LL), herbacea, 1.3 m., flor blanca.

The variety, which has been collected also in’Peten and Belize, is distinct
in having leaves cuneate at base with petioles up to 2.5 cm. long, smaller
sepals, and style entirely glabrous. In the type of the species from Cuba and
in typical collections, the petioles are short, usually about 1 cm. long, and the
base of the style is pubescent.

Parathesis macrocarpa Lundell, sp. nov. — Ramuli crassi, glabri, lenti-
cellati; folia longe petiolata, petiolo 2-2.3 cm. longo, basi canaliculato; lamina
subcoriacea, integra, oblanceolata, 4-4.5 cm. lata, 12.5-14 em. longa, apice
obtusa, basi attenuata, cuneata, glabra; inflorescentia terminalis, late
paniculata, ad 15 cm. longa et lata, parce et minute puberula vel papillosa;
flores corymbosi; pedicelli fructiferi 4-6 mm. longi, crassi; sepala 5, parva,
valvata, anguste triangularia, ca. 1 mm. longa, minute puberula; fructus
subglobosus, 1-1.2 em. diam.

Mexico: Chiapas, Cerro al E Ocote, Barranca Zarahuatos, 30 km. NO
Ocozocuautla, May 30, 1950, F. Miranda 6338 (holotype, MEXU; xerox, LL).

The specimen is very poor, and I have hesitated to name it every time it
turns up in my studies of the genus Parathesis. The obtuse long petiolate
oblanceolate leaves, the large spreading inflorescence with thick primary
branches, the very small narrowly triangular puberulent sepals, and the
unusually large fruits are combined features with which I cannot associate
any known taxon in the genus. The base of the style has a few short hairs.

Hopefully this region (evidently one of rain forest from the nature of the
specimen) will be visited again and the species collected in flower.

Parathesis Neei Lundell, sp. nov. — Frutex, 3-4 m.; ramuli crassi, rufo-
stellato-tomentosi; folia magna, petiolis crassis, 1.5-2 cm. longis; lamina
crenulata, subcoriacea, elliptica, 19-30 cm. longa, 8-12 cm. lata, apice sub-

248 WARIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

abrupte acuminata, basi subcuneata, supra glabra, subtus rufo-stellato-
pubescentia; inflorescentia terminalis, pyramidalis, rufo-stellato-tomentella,
paniculata, sessilia, ad 20 em. longa, basi 15 cm. lata; flores corymbasi;
paniculata, sessilia, ad 20 em. longa, basi 15 cm. lata; flores corymbosi;
pedicelli fructiferi crassi, ad 3 mm. longi; sepala 5, lanceolata, 1.7-2 mm.
diam.

Mexico: Veracruz, along dirt road 9 km. E of Tebanca (9 km. E of east side
of Lago Catemaco) and 0.6 km. W of Bastonal lumber camp, alt. 980 m.,
Jan. 15,1981, M. Nee & G. Schatz 19872 (holotype, F; xerox and fragment, LL),
shrub, 3 m. tall, fruits light red and greenish; along dirt road 7.2 km. E of
Tebanca (7.2 km. E of east side of Lago Catemaco), 2.6 km. W of Bastonal
lumber camp, alt. 910 m., Jan. 15, 1981, M. Nee & G. Schatz 19926 (paratype,
F; xerox and fragment, LL), shrub, 4 m. tall, fruit red.

Although only fruiting specimens are available, the Veracruz shrub
appears to be related to P. amplifolia Lundell of Panama. P. Neez has coarser
stellate and dendroid indument, much shorter and thicker petioles, and
pedicels usually less than 3 mm. long.

Parathesis pajapanensis Lundell, sp. nov. — Arbor; ramuli crassiusculi,
glabri; folia parva, glabra, petiolata, petiolo, ad 1.4 mm. longo, canaliculato;
lamina integra, subcoriacea, dense punctata, obovata, 7-10 cm. longa, 3.8-4.2
em. lata, apice subabrupte acuminata, basi cuneata; inflorescentia glabra,
terminalis, paniculata, ad 10 cm. longa; flores subcorymbosi; pedicelli fructi-
feri 3-6 mm. longi; sepala valvata, triangularia, ca. 1 mm. longa, apice acuta,
punctata, extus minute puberula; fructus costatus, punctatus, depresso-
globosus.

“Mexico: Veracruz, Mun. Pajapan, 5 km. NW of Pajapan, SE slopes of Cerro
San Martin Pajapan, forest on steep slopes, alt. 700 m., Nov. 3, 1981, M. Nee
& J. I. Calzada 22737 (LL), tree, fruit green and reddish.

The only collection available is unfortunately in fruit. In this stage, the plant
appears to be glabrous, although the sepals are minutely puberulent and
there appear to be a few short hairs at the base of the style of the fruits. The
glands are everywhere reddish, and those of the fruits are rounded, elevated
and conspicuous. The acumen of the leaves is short, and the base is decurrent
on the rather slender petioles. The venation of the leaf blades is evident but in
no way similar to that of P. lenticellata Lundell, to which the species may be
related.

Parathesis perpunctata Lundell, sp. nov. — Arbor parva, 4-7 m. alta;
ramuli graciles, glabrati; folia parva, membranacea, nigra, subtus novella
peradpresse pubescentia, glabrata, minute et dense perpunctata, petiolis
7-15 mm. longis, gracilis, canaliculatis; lamina lanceolato-elliptica vel
oblanceolata, 5-10 cm. longa, 1.8-3.4 cm. lata, basi cuneata, apice subacu-
minata vel obtusiuscula, integra; inflorescentia terminalis, glabrata, parva,
pauciflora, paniculata, ad 4.5 cm. longa; pedicelli fructiferi 6-10 mm. longi,

1983] LUNDELL: NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE — VIII 249

puberuli; sepala 5, anguste triangulata, acuminata, 1-1.3 mm. longa, extus
puberula; fructus subglobosus, ad 8 mm. diam., apice rufo-tomentosus.

Mexico: Veracruz, Municipio Hidalgotitlan, lomitas al SE de Poblado
6, elev. 210 m., Oct. 4, 1980, Tom Wendt, A. Villalobos, I. Navarrete y J.
Anguiana 3092 (holotype, LL), arbolito de 7 m., 14 cm. diam.; same locality
and date Wendt et al 2830 (paratype, LL).

In the absence of flowers, the relationship of P. perpunctata can only be
conjectured. The red tomentum persisting at the apex of the mature fruits
suggests P. Schultesii Lundell, described from Oaxaca, but it is known also
only from fruiting material and the two are very dissimilar in various vege-
tative features.

The leaves of P. perpunctata are very densely pellucid-punctate with
minute glands. :

Another collection in fruit, A. Gomez Pompa & L. Nevling 1478 (LL), from
Las Choapas, Mun. Las Choapas, appears to be referable to this species.

Parathesis tenuis Standl., Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1111. 1924. Lundell,
The Genus Parathesis of the Myrsinaceae, Contr. Texas Research Foundation
5: 166, fig. 62 & pl. 11. 1966.

Mexico: Veracruz, Cerro Cintepec al E de Zapoapan, Mun. Catemaco, alt.
ca. 900 m., selva alta perennifolia, primaria, Feb. 8, 1972, John H. Beaman
5607 (LL), arbusto, 3 m., fruto rojo; 700 m. al sur de la Estacion Biologica
Tropical “Los Tuxtlas,” ca. 20 km. N of Catemaco, Mun. San Andres Tuxtla,
selva alta perennifolia, April 3, 1973, Alberto Villegas Herrera 68 (LL), arbol,
25 m., tallo jugoso, flor blancusca; along dirt road 7.2 km. E of Tebanca (7.2
km. E of east side of Lago Catemaco), 2.6 km. W of Bastonal lumber camp, in
rich forest with Liguidambar macrophylla and tropical evergreen species,
alt. 910 m., Jan. 15, 1981, M. Nee & G. Schatz 19931 (F), shrub, fruit turning
bright red.

Mexico: Chiapas, shady forest, mountains near Fenia, April 1925, C. A.
Purpus 23 (LL).

Liebmann 14 (isotype, LL), 1841-43, probably was collected in this region.

Only fruiting material from Veracruz has been available, but the cited
collections agree very well with the isotype (LL), an excellent flowering speci-
men. The intricate reticulation and often dense punctation of the small lance-
olate leaves are very distinctive. The margin of the leaf blades is obscurely

crenulate but may be considered subentire.

Parathesis Villalobosii Lundell, sp. nov. — Arbor, 5 m.; ramuli crassi-
usculi, rufo-stellato-tomentosi; folia longissima, membranacea, supra glabra,
subtus rufo-stellato-pubescentia, petiolata, petiolo 1-2 em. longo, canalicu-
lato: lamina minute crenulato-denticulata, anguste oblanceolata, 15-30 cm.
longa, 3.5-6.5 em. lata, apice caudato-acuminata, basi attenuata, acuminata,
inflorescentia terminalis, supra folia, paniculata, 27-35 cm. longa, basi ad
25 em. lata, rufo-stellato-tomentosa, multiflora; pedicelli 9-12 mm. longi;

250 WRIGHTIA

flores corymbosi, stellato-pubescenti, ca. 7 mm. longi; sepala 5, anguste
lanceolata, 2-2.2 mm. longa, acuminata, stellato-puberula; petala lanceolata,
ad 6.5 mm. longa, lineato-punctata, extus stellato-puberula, intus villosa;
stamina ca. 4 mm. longa; filamenta crassa, ca. 1.2 mm. longa, punctata;
antherae lanceolatae, acuminatae, dorso dense aurantiaco- vel nigro-
aurantiaco-glandulosae; ovarium glabrum; placenta parva; ovula 6 vel 7,
uniseriata; fructus subglobosus, ca. 1 em. diam.

Mexico: Veracruz, Mun. Minatitlan, loma grande, al S de Poblado 11, ea.
27 km. al E de la Laguna, alt. ca. 900 m., June 4, 1981, Tom Wendt, A.
Villalobos, J. Garcia, I. Navarrete y Anguiano 3412"(holotype, LL), 3404
(paratype, LL), arbol de 5 m.; flores rosas, anteras amarillas con conectivo
negro, filamentos rosas; fruto maduro morado muy oscuro, la carne rojo
oscura, jugosa, de sabor agradable.

A very well-marked species with affinity to P. columnaris Lundell, P.
congesta Lundell and P. sessilifolia Donn. Sm. The narrow elongated petiolate
leaves, pubescence of fine red sessile stellate hairs, and the magnificent large
inflorescence are features by which the taxon may be immediately recog-
nized. The corymbs elongate after anthesis so that the fruits appear racemose
below the corymb with the pedicels up to 1.2 em. long in flower. Notable are
the wide filaments which appear in some flowers to be almost as wide as the
base of the anthers.

Zunilia hyalina (Lundell) Lundell, Phytologia 49: 354. 1981. Ardisia
hyalina Lundell, Wrightia 3: 99. 1964.

Mexico: Veracruz, Sierra de Chiconquiaco entre Chiconquiaco y Misantla,
en bosque de encino-liquidambar, alt. 1280 m., Nov. 19, 1963, A Gomez-Pom pa
1155 (A, GH, LL), fruto color morado, 0.5 em. de diam. en fresco.

Described from the vicinity of Xilitla on Cerro Miramar in San Luis Potosi,
it is known also from the Municipio de Tamazunchale in the same state. Only
the single collection has been recorded from Veracruz.

ay
REVISIONAL STUDIES IN THE GENUS URCEOLINA a"

(AMARYLLIDACEAE) IP:
Pierfelice Ravenna

I. On the status of Hucharis as a subgenus of Urceolina

In recent years (see Ravenna 1978, 1982) I described some new species of
Urceolina, of subgenera Urceolina and Eucharis. I therefore supported the
opinion of Traub (1971) that Hucharis must be considered a subgenus of
Urceolina. I expressed however doubts (loc. cit. 1982) about the inclusion of
Plagiolirion and Mathieua in Urceolina.

Although I accept now the placement of Plagiolirion Horsmannii in Urceo-
lina, I do maintain my reluctance concerning Mathieua galanthoides. The
already given reason deals with the fact that the latter lives ina quite dry area
on the Pacific coast, contrasting with the rest of the Urceolina species (in-
cluding Hucharis and Calliphruria as subgenera) that inhabit the rainy
forests of the east side of the Andes and the Amazonian lowlands. Traub, in
a footnote inserted in my article (loc. cit. 1982, p. 49), claims that “it should
be emphasized that difference in habit does not necessarily require changing
the generic status,” and he mentions as an instance the various habitats of
Amaryllis, I must say, however, that what is true in one genus does not neces-
sarily imply the same in another genus. Time will say if Mathieua should be
restored.

Recently it was claimed to me that the inclusion of Fucharis in Urceolina
is not well supported and that the former may well be maintained as separated
from the latter. In the past, hybrids between species of both groups (Urceo-
charis) were obtained; however, this sole fact is not sufficient to prove generic
identity. More important is the existence of coincident features in habit,
leaves, fruit, and seeds, and the variability of the androecium, which in
several Eucharis species approaches to the form in Urceolina. The urceolate,
constricted above perigone and its yellow color (instead of snow-white) appear
therefore as the only characters for the distinction of Urceolina and Eucharis.
U. Hartwegiana, formerly included in Calliphruria, has a campanulate
perigone that, if not exactly of the same type, resembles somewhat that in
Urceolina. The yellow color of the perigone, though being a distinctive feature
of Urceolina proper, cannot be taken as a basis for separating genera.

It seems, therefore, that the reduction of Eucharis as a subgenus of Urceo-

lina is fully justifiable.

1Part I of this work appeared as a section of my “Contributions to South American
Amaryllidaceae IX, in Plant Life 38: 48-54, 1982.

251

252 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 3

II. A new species from northern Peru

Urceolina oxyandra Rav., sp. nov. (subgeneris Hucharis) — Planta ad
26 em. alta. Bulbus non vidi. Folium in exemplare sicco unicum; petiolum
circ. 12-13 em. longum superne usque 25-28 mm. gradate ampliatum; lamina
oblique patentia ovato-lanceolata ad 18 cm. longa circ. 67-70 mm. lata sub-
acuta. Scapus teres ad 19 cm. longum circ. 3mm. latus. Spathae valvae lance-
olatae erecto-patentes membranaceae circ. 30-33 mm. longae; bracteae in-
teriores lanceolatae ad 25-29 mm. longae. Inflorescentia circ. 5-7-flora.
Pedicelli erecti ad 23-29 mm. longi. Flores pariter cernui albi (?). Ovarium
ovato-ellipticum ad 5-6 mm. longum 2.7-3 mm. latum. Perigonii tubus circ.
27 mm. longus apicem versus leviter curvatus. Perigonium cernuum ad
35-37 mm. latum. Tepala exteriora lanceolato-elliptica vel lanceolata ad
16-22 mm. longa circ. 7-8 mm. lata ad apicem apiculo inferne piloso circ.
0.8-1 mm. longo notata. Tepala interiora elliptica ad 19-22 mm. longa circ.
8.5-10 mm. lata obtusa vel subacuta. Filamenta rigide cultriformia acutaque,
sepalina ad 11.5-14.3 mm. longa, petalina circ. 10-11.2 mm. longa, utraque
series ad basin circ. 0.8-1.5 mm. connatas et edentatas. Antherae erectae
oblongo-lanceolatae in quarto inferiore ad filamenum affixeae circ. 2.5-2.9
mm. longae. Stylus filiformis albus ad 45-46 mm. longus. Stigma trilobatus,
lobis cire 1.3-1.5 mm. longis ad apicem obtusis.

Grown at University of California Botanical Garden, pressed 26 April 1967
by P. C. Hutchison from imported plants collected in Peru, dept. Huanuco,
prov. Huanuco, Rio Chinchao, below Carpish, on road to Tingo Maria, 1800 m.,
P. C. Hutchison et al. 5983, 19 July 1964 (USM, holotype).

The specific epithet was framed from the Greek and refers to the stiff,
dagger-shaped filaments which are only slightly joined at the base, bearing
no teeth. This form is unique in subgenus Eucharis and strengthening even
more the present status of this group within Urceolina. The erect anthers also
represent an unusual feature.

Omission in a previous note:

In a note on the first record of authentic Urceolina material from Bolivia (Ravenna
1982, p. 54), a phrase was omitted. This refers to the citation of “Urceolina peruviana”
in the Bolivian flora by Foster (1958), which actually corresponds to Stenomesson
miniatum (Herb.) Rav. (see Ravenna 1978, pp. 69-71).

Acknowledgments
I feel obliged to the Botany staff of the Museo de Historia Natural “Javier

Prado,” Universidad de San Marcos, Lima, Peru, for lending me several
specimens of Urceolina for study.

1983] ; RAVENNA: BROMELIACEAE 253

Literature Cited

Foster, R. C., 1958: A catalogue of the ferns and flowering plants of Bolivia;
Contr. Gray Herb. Harv. Univ. 184, 223 pp.

Ravenna, P., 1978: Contributions to South American Amaryllidaceae VII;
Pl. Life 34: 69-91.

1982: Contributions to South American Amaryllidaceae IX; PI. Life 38:
42-55.

Traub, H. P., 1971: Amaryllid notes 1971; Pl. Life 27: 57-59.

A NEW COMBINATION IN LINDMANIA (BROMELIACEAE)
Pierfelice Ravenna

The new combination Lindmania schidosperma (Bak.) Rav. (Bromeliaceae),
based on Chlorophytum schidospermum Baker, is established. The specific
epithet antedates Lindmania Weberbauerii Mez, which is therefore placed
in synonymy.

yee Lindmania schidosperma (Bak.) Ravenna, comb. nov. — Chlorophytum

4 \ schidospermum Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. London 15: 326, 1876. — Lindmania

,v¢% Weberbauerii Mez, Rep. Sp. Nov. 12: 417, 1913. — Cottendorfia Rusbyii

(Vv Baker, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 29: 697, 1902. — Schidospermum Sanseviera
Grisebach, Berb. Amer. Austr.: 56, 1857 (nomen nudum). — The plant was
first named, though not validly published, by Grisebach (1857) as Schidosper-
mum Sanseviera. Baker (1876) describes the species in Chlorophytum of the
Liliaceae as Ch. schidospermum. Macbride (1936), in Flora of Peru, follows
Baker.

Peru: Puno, San Govan (Sangaban), W. Lechler Plantae Peruvianae 2382,
July 1854 (ed. R. F. Hochenecht) (K, phototype seen).

A phototype received through the courtesy of Kew Botanic Gardens re-
vealed the actual identity of the species. Inquiries in the literature disclosed
that Mez redescribed it as L. Weberbaueri.

Literature Cited

Baker, J. G., 1876: Journ. Linn. Soc. London 15: 326 (Chlorophytum).
Grisebach, A., 1857: Berberides Americae Australis: 56.
Macbride, F., 1936: Liliaceae, in Flora of Peru; Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 13:

617-630.

NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE — VIII

(Continued from page 250)

Parathesis lenticellata Lundell, Wrightia 6: 99. 1979. Shrub or small
tree, the branchlets at first minutely appressed pubescent, glabrate;
leaves glabrous, the petioles rather slender, 2-5 mm. long; leaf blades
subcoriaceous, conspicuously reticulate-veined, perpunctate with small
pellucid glands, margin denticulate to subdentate, obovate or oblanceolate,
4.5-11.5 em. long, 2.5-6 em. wide, abruptly short acuminate at apex, with
acutish to obtuse acumen, base cuneate and decurrent on_ petiole;
inflorescence terminal, essentially sessile, paniculate, congested, up to 12cm.
long, mostly smaller, puberulent with minute ferruginous hairs; flowers
corymbose, puberulent, conspicuously punctate with black mostly linear
glands, 5-parted; pedicels up to 5 mm. long; sepals narrowly lanceolate,
1.3-1.7 mm. long, attenuate-acuminate; petals narrowly lanceolate, about 5
mm. long, puberulent, villous-pubescent on inner surface except medially;
stamens erect, about 3 mm. long; filaments thickish, about 1.8 mm. long,
sparsely punctate; anthers lanceolate, 2-2.2 mm. long, attached above
base, the dorsal area punctate with black glands; ovary glabrous but with
style rather sparsely puberulent at base; ovules 5 or 6, uniseriate, erect;
fruits subglobose, drying mature up to 1.3 cm. in diameter.

Mexico: Veracruz, Santiago Tuxtla, en el Cerro del Vigia de Santiago
Tuxtla, selva mediana subperennifolia, alt. 700 m., Sept. 13, 1978,
J. I. Calzada y V. Sosa 4771 (holotype, LL), arbusto, 4 m.; Estacion de
Biologica Los Tuxtlas, ca. 20 km. N of Catemaco, selva alta perennifolia,
primaria, 1970, Juan I. Calzada 238 (LL), arbol, 6 m., flor blanca; same
locality, Aug. 1971, Calzada 465 (LL); Mun. Catemaco, Coyame, cerca de
Catemaco, alt. 180 m., Jan. 21, 1972, R. Hernandez M. 1380 (LL), arbusto,
3-4 m., fruto rojo; Estacion de Biologica Los Tuxtlas, alt. 500 m., April 19,
1972, R. Cedillo T. 192 (MEXU), arbol, perenne, 4 m., escaso; Playa del
Jicacal, April 11, 1972, Juan Ismael Calzada 737 (LL), arbol, 6 m., flor
color rosada, fruto rojo oscuro; Playa Escondida, entre Sontecompan y
Montepis, alt. ca. 50 m., July 8, 1972, John H. Beaman & Carlos Alvarez
del Castillo 6346 (LL), arbol, 5 m.; Mun. Santiago Tuxtla, Cima del Cerro
Vigia de Santiago Tuxtla, alt. ca. 950 m., July 22, 1972, Beaman 6409 (LL),
arbolito, 4 m., fruto rojo; Cerro El Vigia, alt. 450 m., July 1975, H. Chazaro
420 (F), arbusto, 3 m., flor blanca y amarilla; Playa Escondida, seaside
cliffs, alt. 0-100 m., Mar. 30, 1979, J. I. Calzada, I. Cantu R., &G. Williams L.
1810 (F), shrub to 3 m., fruits red, drying deep purple; same locality and
date, Calzada et al 1813 (F), flowers pink; Playa Escondida, N of
Sontecomapan, alt. 50-60 m., wet tropical forest, Al Gentry & Emily Lott
32286 (LL), tree, 35 m., flowers light pink, fruits turning blackish.

254

Weng

LUNDELL: NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE — VIII 255

The species is related to P. membranacea Lundell, described from Belize
and P. lanceolata Brandeg. of Chiapas. It differs from both in its rather
congested inflorescences, obovate subcoriaceous leaves subabruptly long-
cuneate at base and decurrent on the short petioles, and with apex rounded
and abruptly subacuminate, the acumen triangular and usually obtusish.
Noteworthy are the fruits which dry up to 1.3 em. in diameter. The leaves
are densely punctate with minute pellucid glands.

WRIGHTIA

A Botanical Journal

VOLUME 7
Number 4

1984

PUBLISHED BY
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS
Box 830688, Richardson, Texas 75083-0688
U.S.A.

WRIGHTIA

A Botanical Journal

VOLUME 7, NUMBER 4

Issued December 15, 1984

CONTENTS

Characteristics of the Soil of Coit Meadow, a Relict
Area of Blackland Prairie in Collin County, Texas
Big Finis Freeware oss es Fae ca es oe oe 257

Neotropical Myrsinaceae — XIV
By Cyrus Longworth Lindell oc a es is aes 266

Printed in the U.S.A.
The University of Texas at Dallas
Richardson, Texas
wissour! BOTANICAL

DEC 2 2 1986

GARDEN LIBRARY

Fig. 66. Coit Meadow soil (Profile A of Fig. 67). Dr. C.L. Lundell, in May,
1971, standing in excavation where the sample was taken in Profile A. The
Houston black clay exceeded eight feet in depth at this site. Photograph by
Calvin Pigg.

WRIGHTIA

Volume 7 December 15, 1984 Number 4

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOIL OF COIT MEADOW, A
RELICT AREA OF BLACKLAND PRAIRIE IN
COLLIN COUNTY, TEXAS

Hans Brawand!

The Coit Meadow, located adjacent to Renner Road within the city limits
of Plano, Texas, was studied relative to specified chemical and physical
characteristics of the underlying Houston black clay.

The study was initiated as it is believed that the meadow has not been
cultivated or otherwise physically disturbed in recent history, as evidenced
by the prevalent little hill and mound or hog-wallow microtopography and
the currently encountered vegetation. The present soil characteristics thus
may show conditions which existed prior to the influence of agriculture.

MEASUREMENT SPECIFICATIONS

The Coit Meadow area exhibits prevailing southward and westward slopes,
but there is also a slight easterly slope from about profile Location C (Fig. 67)
toward the old farm road. A detailed soil map including the Coit Meadow
is also shown on Sheet No. 59 of the Collin County Soil Survey Report (5).
Technical information regarding the Houston black clay is obtainable in
publications by Godfrey (4), Hanson and Wheeler (5), Kunze and Templin (6),

and Templin, Mowery and Kunze (7).

\Editor’s note: Dr. Hans Brawand was Principal Soil Scientist of Texas Research
Foundation at Renner when this study of the soil of Coit Meadow was made. Texas
Research Foundation was dissolved in 1972.

Dr. Brawand extended to Dr. John R. Birchett, Leslie R. Mason and Carl J. Grimes
his appreciation for substantial technical support of this soil investigation.

A forthcoming report on the flora of the Coit Meadow and related investigations of
other relict areas of the blackland prairie in Dallas and Collin counties will complete
the editor’s and collaborators’ studies of the vegetation and soils.

Studies of the relict areas served as a guide at Renner in evaluating the progress
made in restoring the physical and chemical properties of the blackland soils under
cultivation. See Lundell, Cyrus Longworth. Agricultural Research at Renner,
1944-1966. Publication of Texas Research Foundation. X + 670 pp., illustrated. 1967.

257

258 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 4

Three soil sites were chosen at slope positions that could be considered
representative of the Coit Meadow area. Open soil pits of dimensions from
6 to 8 feet in depth, 4 to 6 feet in width and 10 to 12 feet in length were dug
to allow detailed examination and unobstructed sampling of each profile.
Samples were taken within undisturbed soil layers at depths of 0-2, 10-12,
20-22, 30-32, 40-42 inches at each site.

Duplicate undisturbed soil cores were obtained in three-ounce seamless
tin boxes at each depth at each location to measure bulk density, moisture
at sampling time, and soil moisture percentages at the stages of saturation,
field capacity and wilting point. Bulk soil samples were needed for deter-
minations of soil reaction, available calcium, potassium, phosphorus, total
nitrogen, soil organic matter, water stability of soil aggregates and mechan-
ical analysis.

The soil organic matter was determined by the Walkley-Black procedure
with slight modification. The method of Bremner and Keaney served to assess
total nitrogen. Available calcium, potassium and phosphorus are based on
the procedure established by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.
Additionally, phosphorus was also measured by the 0.5 N NaHCO3 extraction
of Olsen.

According to a modified aggregate stability testing method (1, 8), 25-gram
samples of 2 to 5 mm diameter soil aggregates were allowed to absorb water
by capillarity on the top screen of a wet-sieving assembly, followed by 15
minutes of soaking and 30 minutes of vertical sieve oscillation through a one-
inch distance at 14 strokes per minute. Aggregation percentages were not
determined.

Forty-gram soil samples were placed in 600-m]l beakers and allowed to
soak in dilute sodium hexametaphosphate overnight for subsequent me-
chanical analysis, according to a modified Bouyoucos (2) and Day (3) outline.
Following 30 minutes dispersion in a Waring blender, readings for sand,

silt and clay were obtained from temperature corrected standard hydrometer
readings at 4 and 120 minutes.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

No imposed treatments were involved in this research. According to the
nature of the study, available calcium, potassium and phosphorus rather
than total quantities, were determined. The prevailing level of plant nutrients
is likely to influence botanical association and plant composition on long-time
basis. Additionally, of course, physical soil characteristics and microclimatic
variables play a role in shaping the biological-ecological foundation.

Some profile differences were observed at the sampling sites appearing in
Fig. 67. Profile A exhibited uniformly black soil beyond the sampled depth.
Profile B, however, featured an abrupt change of Houston black clay to fairly
firm calcareous parent material at about 34 inches. The change from black
soil to calcareous subsoil was seen occurring gradually in the 20 to 40 inch
transition zone at Site C.

1984] BRAWAND: SoiL OF Coir MEADOW 259

The data in Table 1 suggest calcium levels in excess of plant growth re-
quirement, especially so in Profile C (Fig. 67). Potassium supplies are con-
sidered adequate. Mineralized phosphorus, however, proved well below
expectation on the basis of two different extraction approaches. If truly
factual, near absence of available phosphorus may have translated itself
into discernible biological consequences. Soil reaction or pH-values are in
Table 2.

The mineralized nitrogen was not determined. According to other research,
the mineralized nitrogen may be surmised constituting a dependent variable
of the soil organic matter or the total nitrogen. The independently measured
organic matter and total nitrogen for the Coit Meadow soil profiles (Table 2)
show a near maximum correlation of r= 0.992, with a corresponding regres-
sion coefficient of 0.0525 percent of additional nitrogen per percent increase
in organic matter. Near maximum water stability of the soil aggregates is
reported (Table 3).

Other computations revealed a highly significant negative correlation of
r = -0.848 between bulk density and soil organic matter. The bulk density
decrease per percent increase of organic matter averaged 0.0751 gram. A
rather high correlation of r = -0.974 points to another negative relationship
between bulk density and water content at soil saturation (Tables 3 and 4).
This means that the maximum quantity of water the soil can hold decreases
with increasing soil compaction or massiveness.

Gravitational water, the quantity of water between the designated stages
of soil saturation and field capacity (Table 4), amounts to a calculated profile
mean of 16.7 percent or 7.01 inches in the 0-42 inch soil depth. Similarly, the
so-called available water or the quantity of water between the reference
points of field capacity and wilting percentage shows 13.9 percent, repre-
senting 5.84 inches on the average in the 0-42 inch profile. Compared to
Profiles A and B, the cited soil moisture reference points for Profile C appear
quite low. However, actual gravitational and available water supplies vary
little between the three sites. a

The quantity of gravitational water is indicative of the non-capillary
porosity involving comparatively large soil pores. According to published
research (1) an ideal soil’s pore space should be nearly equally divided be-
tween non-capillary or large pores and the capillary or small pores. Poor tilth
was encountered when the non-capillary porosity amounted to less than 10
percent by volume of the total soil. This non-capillary porosity may thus be
a reliable index for soil structure in relation to plant growth.

The five measured depths of the Coit Meadow soil profiles show 26.8, 15.6,
14.0, 14.9, 12.1 percent non-capillary pore space, on the average (Table 4).
The data on field capacity, the amount of water held in the soil after drainage
of the gravitational water, are indicative of the capillary porosity. The soil
moisture data in this report were standardized on the soil volume at field
capacity at each soil depth, since Houston black clay is known to swell and
shrink on wetting and drying.

The mechanical analysis entries in Table 5, assessing soil textural con-
ditions, show but minor variation between individual profiles. Calculated

260 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 4

profile means of 17.4 percent sand, 22.6 percent silt and 60.0 percent clay
are reported. The sand content shows a gradual decrease with increasing
soil depth, while obtaining reversed information for silt percentages. Clay
values proved nearly alike at all depths.

To the extent that present information on the Coit Meadow soil may be
conclusive, available phosphorus is in very short supply. Other measured
chemical and physical conditions are considered favorable for plant growth.
Yet, should this meadow be subjected to sustained cotton production, it must
be realized that the high organic matter level in the top soil could be depleted
rapidly, to the detriment of currently ideal soil structural characteristics
and thus to efficient water infiltration, percolation, storage and to soil
productivity.

The tabulated physical characteristics indicate that the Coit Meadow soil
is quite comparable to conditions encountered in the Stults Meadow relict
area as described by W. Derby Laws et al: The Soils and Vegetation of a Relict
Area of Blackland Prairie: Part I: An Investigation of the Soils of the Stults
Meadow, a Relict Area of Blackland Prairie. Wrightia 2: 229-241. 1962.
The profile means of 2.51 and 4.13 percent of organic matter for the Coit
and Stults Meadow soils, respectively, point to a surprisingly wide un-
explained variation. Total nitrogen was a little lower also in the Coit profiles.
Comparisons of calcium, potassium and phosphorus contents in the soils of

the two locations are not in order, since the data were obtained by different
analytical approach.

1984] BRAWAND: Sol. of Corr MEADOW 261

(SOIL SURVEY SHEET NO. 59)

Profile

C 3
Profile x BS
B 1
Profile x j E
A | } =
x 2
| n Iw Ic rac"
LE Is IS
a
> =" Ion
IS Ibo =
1 l I
Le 10 vane op. 00 Yaris og 0 ards

Renner Road

Fig. 67: LOCATION OF THE COIT VIRGIN MEADOW
IN COLLIN COUNTY, TEXAS

[Vol. 7, No. 4

WRIGHTIA

262

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263

BRAWAND: SOIL OF Coit MEADOW

1984]

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[Vol. 7, No. 4

WARIGHTIA

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1984] BRAWAND: SoIL OF Coit MEADOW 265

References

. Baver, L.D. Soil Physics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y. 1956.
. Bouyoucos, G.J. Directions for Making Mechanical Analyses of Soil by the

Hydrometer Method. Soil Science 42: 225-228. 1936.

. Day, P. Particle Fractionation and Particle Size Analysis. Agronomy 9,

Part 1: 545-567. 1965.

. Godfrey, C.L. A Summary of the Soils of the Blackland Prairies of Texas.

Texas Agric. Exp. Sta., MP-698, Feb. 1964.

. Hanson, A. and Wheeler, F.F. Soil Survey of Collin County, Texas. USDA,

SGS and Texas Agric. Exp. Sta., June. 1969.

. Kunze, G.W. and Templin, E.H. Houston Black Clay, The Type Grumusol:

Mineralogical and Chemical Characterization. SSSA Proc. 20: 91-96.
1956.

. Templin, E.H., Mowery, I.C. and Kunze, G.W. Houston Black Clay, The

Type Grumusol: Field Morphology and Geography. SSSA Proc. 20:
88-90. 1956.

. Yoder, R.E. A Direct Method of Aggregate Analysis of Soils and a Study

of the Physical Nature of Erosion Losses. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 28:
337-355. 1936.

NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE — XIV
Cyrus Longworth Lundell!

In studying accumulated collections from the Neotropics, fourteen new
taxa have been recognized in Awriculardisia Lundell. These are described
and four other species are transferred to the genus. Additional taxa are
described in the genera Graphardisia (Mez) Lundell, Icacorea Aubl., and
Myrsine L.

Most of the Myrsinaceae reported on were received for identification from
the Missouri Botanical Garden (MO) and the Field Museum of Natural
History (F), where either holotypes or isotypes of most species are deposited.
The aggressive exploration program of these institutions in the Neotropics
is contributing immensely to our knowledge of such neglected families.

Auriculardisia Lundell, Phytologia 49: 341. 1981

Auriculardisia albisepala Lundell, sp. nov. — Arbor, 6-8 m.; ramuli
crassiusculi, dense lepidoti; folia petiolata, petiolo ad 1 cm. longo, canalicu-
lato, subtus lepidoto; lamina chartacea, lanceolata, 8.5-11 cm. longa, 3-4 em.
lata, apice subabrupte acuminata, basi rotundata, integra, supra glabra,
subtus minute peradpresse lepidota, utrinque nigropunctata; inflorescentia
terminalis, paniculata, ca. 12 cm. longa, furfuracea, trichoma stipitata; flores
5-meri, capitellati; pedicelli crassi, 1-1.5 mm. longi; sepala parva, asym-
metrica, late ovata, ad 1 mm. longa, margine hyalina, erosa, nigropunctata;
stylo 3 mm. longo.

Panama: Prov. Veraguas, trail on ridge tosummit of Cerro Tute, Cordillera
de Tute, 1 km. past Escuela Agricola Altos de Piedras, W of Santa Fe, lower
montane rain forest, elev. 950-1250 m., Dec. 15, 1981, S. Knapp & K. Sytsma
2548 (holotype, LL), tree, 6-8 m., calyx white, fruit dirty purple.

Without flowers the relationship of A. albisepala is uncertain. But a very
distinct taxon is represented by this collection.

A. albisepala is notable for several features: the leaves are rounded at base
and the blades are punctate with conspicuous elevated rounded glands
scattered over the surface, the open few-branched inflorescence is densely
furfuraceous with the trichomes mostly stipitate, the few flowers are borne
in small heads on short branches with the thick pedicels not over 1.5 mm.
long, and the small asymmetric ovate sepals are scarcely 1 mm. long and
auriculate.

Auriculardisia apoda (Standl. & Steyerm.) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia
apoda Standl. & Steyerm., Field Mus. Pub. Bot. 23: 219. 1947. Icacorea apoda
(Standl. & Steyerm.) Lundell, Phytologia 49: 347. 1981.

The small sepals are asymmetric with a distinct ciliolate hyaline auricle
Auriculardisia apoda has a resemblance to Auriculardisia megistophylla
(Lundell) Lundell of Panama. Both taxa are known from very poor specimens

\Director, Plant Sciences Laboratory, The University of Texas at Dall
Richardson, Texas 75083-0688 as, Box 830688,

266

1984] LUNDELL: NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE — XIV 267

Auriculardisia baruana Lundell, sp. nov. — Frutex, 2 m.; ramuli cras-
siusculi, peradpresse et minute lepidoti; folia petiolata, petiolo crasso, subtus
basi parce lepidoto, 2-4 mm. longo, marginato; lamina coriacea, glabra,
subtus reticulato-venosa, oblanceolata, 3.5-8.5 em. longa, 1.5-3.5 em. lata,
apice obtusiuscula, basi acuta, integra, minute punctata: inflorescentia
terminalis, paniculata, 5-7 cm. longa, parce et minute lepidota; flores 5-meri,
subcorymbosi; pedicelli clavati, 5-9 mm. longi; sepala asymmetrica, crassa,
auriculata, ovata, ad 2.4 mm. longa, basi ad 2.5 mm. lata, apice rotundata,
dense et minute punctata, margine hyalina; fructus punctatus; stylo ca.
4.5 mm. longo.

Panama: Chiriqui Province, Volcan Baru, east slope on road from Boquete,
8 km. W of Boquete (air distance), oak woodland, elev. 1900 m., January 8,
1983, Bruce A. Stein 1267 (holotype, LL), shrub ca. 2 m. tall, fruit pink.

The rigid rather slender long clavate pedicels, the broadly ovate asym-
metric rather thick sepals densely black punctate medially with small glands
and with hyaline auriculate margin, as well as the coriaceous oblanceolate
obtuse leaves are features of note. The short style indicates that the flowers

are about 5 mm. long.

Auriculardisia chiriquiana Lundell, sp. nov. — Frutex ca. 4 m.; ramuli
crassiusculi, dense adpresse lepidoti; folia petiolata, petiolo 1-1.6 em. longo,
anguste marginato, subtus dense lepidoto; lamina chartacea, lanceolata vel
oblongo-lanceolata, 12-20 cm. longa, 3-6 cm. lata, apice acuminata, basi
acuta, venosa, integra, punctata, supra glabra, subtus dense et adpresse
lepidota; inflorescentia terminalis, paniculata, pyramidalis, ad 18 cm. longa,
pauciramosa, dense et adpresse lepidota; flores 5-meri, subsessiles, capitati;
sepala coriacea, dense lepidota, asymmetrica, ovata, 4-5 mm. longa, 4-5.5
mm. lata, punctata, margine hyalina, ciliata et fimbriata; corolla glabra,
punctata; stamina subsessilis; antherae lanceolatae, acutae; ovula parva,
pluriseriata.

Panama: Chiriqui Province, trail up Cerro Pate Macho, premontane wet
forest, elev. 1500-1900 m., January 7, 1988, Bruce A. Stein, Bob Schmalzel,
& David W. Roubik 1223 (holotype, LL), shrub ca. 4 m. tall.

Although only flower buds are available for comparison, A. chiriquiana
appears to be related to A. cartagoana (Lundell) Lundell, a species with
smaller essentially glabrous sepals and much larger leaves with shorter

petioles. : :
The sepals of A. chiriquiana are punctate with scattered smal] blackish

glands.

Auriculardisia Cutteri (Standl.) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia Cutteri
Standl., Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 52. 1927.

Auriculardisia Dukei (Lundell) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia Dukei
Lundell, Wrightia 4: 45. 1968. Jcacorea Dukei (Lundell) Lundell, Phytologia

49: 348. 1981. : ; é pe
The small sepals are asymmetric with the hyaline auricle ciliolate.

268 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 4

Audiculardisia heterotricha Lundell, sp. nov. — Parva, ca. 1.2 m. alta,
heterotricha; ramuli crassiusculi; folia magna, supra glabra, subtus hetero-
tricha, basi marginata, petiolo ad 6 mm. longo, canaliculato; lamina char-
tacea, elliptica, ad 35 cm. longa, 13.5 cm. lata, apice acuminata, basi acu-
tiuscula, integra; inflorescentia terminalis, crassiuscula, pauciflora, anguste
paniculata, ca. 10 em. longa, lepidota et rufo-tomentosa, trichomata elongata
superne stellata; flores 5-meri; pedicelli crassi, rufo-tomentosi, 2.5-3.5 mm.
longi; sepala asymmetrica, ovato-lanceolata, ca. 3 mm. longa, acuta, hetero-
tricha, auricula hyalina, ciliolata; fructus subglobosus, ca. 8 mm. diam.,
punctatus.

Panama: Prov. Panama, on road near slopes of Cerro Jefe, elev. 2400 ft.,
Jan. 20, 1980, T.M. Antonio, H.E. Moore & F.E. Putz 3417 (holotype, MO;
xerox and fragment, LL), woody, about 1.2 m. tall, fruit green becoming
black.

Among all the Myrsinaceae of Mesoamerica, this is the only heterotrichous
taxon with closely appressed scales (lepidote) and slender elongated tri-
chomes mostly stellate at apex. On the undersurface of the leaves, these
trichomes are scattered, on the branchlets and petioles they form a dense
red-tomentose cover. The sepals are likewise lepidote but the associated
trichomes are sparser and shorter. The narrow panicle has a short peduncle
and four short remote branches.

The large leaves are essentially sessile with the blade decurrent on the
petiole almost to base.

Auriculardisia hugonensis Lundell, sp. nov. — Arbor, 10 m.; ramuli
crassi, adpresse lepidoti; folia petiolata, petiolo ad 5 mm. longo, crassiusculo,
late marginato, subtus minute lepidoto; lamina chartacea vel subcoriacea,
anguste oblongo-lanceolata, ad 15 cm. longa, 2.8-5 cm. lata, apice subabrupte
subacuminata, basi acuta, marginata, supra glabra, subtus minute et dense
lepidota; inflorescentia terminalis, sessilis, crassiuscula, paniculata, pau-
ciramosa, ad 13 cm. longa, minute lepidota; flores 5-meri, subcorymbosi;
pedicelli crassi, 2.5-2.8 mm. longi; sepala crassiuscula, reflexa, late ovata,
ad 2 mm. longa, 2.5 mm. lata, auricula hyalina, fimbriato-ciliata, parce
nigropunctata; fructus subglobosus, ca. 1 em. diam., punctatus.

Colombia: Dept. del Choco, Municipio de Quibdo, Corregimiento de
Guayabal, Rio Hugon, alt. ca. 8 m., Sept. 12, 1976, E. Forero & R. Jaramillo
2812 (holotype, NY; fragment and xerox, LL), arbol de 10 m., frutos vino
tinto oscuro.

The very thick pedicels, less than 2 mm. long, have the sepals under the
fruits pressed against them as if reflexed. The only other similar taxon now
known in the genus from Colombia is Auriculardisia unguiensis (Lundell)
Lundell, which has small leaves, but a zigzag smaller inflorescence with
slender pedicels and larger sepals. Both species are known only from fru‘ting
specimens.

A. hugonensis superficially resembles A. blepharodes (Lundell) Lundell
of Costa Rica which has much larger sepals and slender emarginate petioles.

1984] LUNDELL: NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE — XIV 269

Auriculardisia latisepala Lundell, sp. nov. — Arbor, ca. 10 m.: ramuli
crassi, dense lepidoti; folia petiolata, petiolo crassiusculo, marginato, ad
1.5 cm. longo; lamina supra glabra, subtus minute adpresse lepidota,
chartacea, anguste oblongo-elliptica vel lanceolata, 17-30 em. longa, 5.5-8.5
cm. lata, apice subabrupte acuminata, basi acuminata, revoluta, utrinque
reticulato-venosa, minute et dense nigropunctata, subintegra:; inflorescentia
terminalis, late paniculata, pyramidalis, sessilis vel brevi-pedunculata,
lepidota; flores 5-meri, subcapitati, aurantiaco-punctati: pedicelli crassi.
1.5-2 mm. longi; sepala crassa, pallida, aurantiaca, asymmetrica, late ovato-
rotundata, ad 3.5 mm. longa, 4.2 mm. lata, apice rotundata, retusa, auricula
hyalina et eroso-ciliata; corolla 8-9.5 mm. longa, aurantiaco-punctata:
petala basi connata ca. 2.5 mm., late lanceolato-elliptica, apice asymmetrica,
obtusa; stamina ca. 5 mm. longa; filamenta ca. 2 mm. longa; antherae crassae,
lanceolato-ellipticae, ca. 4 mm. longae, basi subsagittatae, apice apiculatae;
ovarium punctatum, stylo ca. 7.5 mm. longo; ovula ca. 18.

Costa Rica: Prov. Puntarenas, 6 km. south of San Vito de Java, forest and
forest edges on and around Wilson’s finca, ca. 4000 ft. elevation, Aug. 19,
1967, Peter H. Raven 21953A (holotype, F; xerox and fragment, LL): same
locality, Aug. 16, 1967, Raven 21827 (paratypes, F, NY), tree 30 ft. tall,
flowers pink, anthers yellow.

Auriculardisia cartagoana (Lundell) Lundell has similar but sessile pallid
orange flowers, with leaves sessile and larger.

Auriculardisia micrantha Lundell, sp. nov. — Arbor; ramuli crassiusculi,
adpresse furfuracei; folia ad apices ramorum subverticillatim congestis,
subeoriacea, supra glabra, subtus peradpresse lepidota, petiolata, petiolo
anguste marginato, 1-1.5 cm. longo; lamina anguste oblanceolata, 10-17 ¢m.
longa, 2.5-5 em. lata, integra, apice subabrupte acuminata, basi attenuata,
utrinque venosa; inflorescentia terminalis, late pyramidalis, laxa, ad 18 em.
longa, paniculata, parce et minute furfuracea, trichoma substipitata; flores
5- raro 4-meri, subcorymbosi, subcapitati; pedicelli crassiusculi, 2-4 mm.
longi; sepala parva, asymmetrica, auriculata, late ovata, I-1.4 mm. longa,
minute ciliatula, margine hyalina, rubro- vel nigropunctata, glandula parva;
corolla ca. 3.5 mm. longa: petala basi connata, anguste oblongo-elliptica,
apice asymmetrica, acutiuscula, minute punctata: stamina prope basin
corollae affixa, ad 2.8 mm. longa; filamenta ca. 1.3 mm. longa; antherae
lanceolatae, ca. 2 mm. longae, acutae; ovula parva, ca. 12, pluriseriata.

Costa Rica: Flora de Monteverde, Cordillera de Tilaran, al lado del camino
por Ja ventana (Divis. Continental), elev. 1560-1580 m., Aug. 15, 1976,
V.J. Dryer 577 (holotype, MO; isotype, F), arbor 2m.

A. micrantha is related to Auriculardisia crassiramea (Standl.) Lundell,
a very distinct species with coarse large scales densely covering the compact
inflorescence, and with smaller flowers and narrower sepals acuminate
apically. Both species have similar congested subverticillate leaves with long
slender petioles. They are not to be confused with Auriculardisia palmana
(Donn. Sm.) Lundell, which also has small congested flowers but with opposite

leaves and indument altogether different.

270 WARIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 4

Noteworthy in A. micrantha are the small dentate densely punctate foli-
aceous bracts of the inflorescence (holotype, MO). Like other species in this
small-flowered complex, the anthers are longitudinally dehiscent and sagit-
tate at base, with the filaments slender and subequalling the anthers. The
indument of the inflorescences of A. micrantha consists of scattered small
short-stipitate scales, as contrasted with the sordid large scales of A.
crassiramea.

A. micrantha is in the same complex with subverticillate leaves as Auricu-
lardisia Solomonii (Lundell) Lundell, both from the Monteverde area. The
open inflorescences and pedicels up to twice as long appear to separate A.
micrantha.

Auriculardisia microcalyx Lundell, sp. nov. — Arbor, 10 m.; ramuli
crassi, peradpresse furfuracei; folia magna, subsessilis, petiolo crasso, ad
1.3 em. longo, late marginato; lamina chartacea vel subcoriacea, supra
glabra, subtus peradpresse lepidoto-furfuracea, oblonga vel oblanceolata,
27-40 em. longa, 7.5-9 cm. lata, integra, apice acuminata, basi angustata,
revoluta, marginata; inflorescentia late paniculata, pyramidalis, ad 25 cm.
longa, 30 cm. lata, multiramosa, crassiuscula, lepidota; flores 4- vel 5-meri,
subeapitati; pedicelli subnulli, crassi, ca. 1 mm. longi; sepala hyalina,
asymmetrica, obovata vel rotundata, ad 2 mm. longa, 2.5 mm. lata, minute et
parce nigropunctata, auricula ciliolata; fructus ad 7 mm. diam.

Costa Rica: Prov. Alajuela, 15 km. by air NW of San Ramon, Cerro Azahar,
headwaters of Rio San Pedro, alt. 1400-1500 m., May 14, 1983, Ronald Liesner
et al. 15575 (holotype, LL), tree 10 m., fruit purple-black.

The small rounded sepals are unique in that they are thin and hyaline,
being transparent with small scattered glands. The crowded fruits with
thick short pedicels wider than long indicate that the flowers are subsessile
in heads. The small scales of the inflorescence are in part elevated, giving a
roughened appearance to the lepidote covering.

Auriculardisia nebulosa Lundell, sp. nov. — Arbor, 8-10 m.; ramuli
crassiusculi, adpresse lepidoti; folia coriacea, supra glabrata, subtus dense
et minute peradpresse lepidota, petiolata, petiolo canaliculato, 8-10 mm.
longo; lamina integra, lanceolata vel oblanceolata, 10-12 em. longa, 3-5 cm.
lata, apice subabrupte late acuminata, basi acuminata, revoluta; inflores-
centia terminalis, paniculata, crassiuscula, subsessilis, ad 13 em. longa, basi
ca. 12 cm. lata et bracteolata, dense lepidota; flores 5-meri, corymbosi;
pedicelli parce lepidoti, 3-7 mm. longi; sepala crassa, dense nigropunctata,
parce lepidota, asymmetrica, suborbicularia, ad 2.5 mm. longa, 3.5 mm.
lata, apice rotundata, emarginata, auricula hyalina, ciliolata; stylo ca. 3.8
mm. longo.

Panama: Prov. Panama, Cerro Jefe, cloud forest, 850-900 m., Oct. 29,
1980, Kenneth J. Sytsma 1980 (holotype, LL), tree, 8-10 m., greenish purple
fruits.

1984] LUNDELL: NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE — XIV 271

This small cloud forest tree belongs in the small assemblage of species
with the rachis and branches of the inflorescence zigzag. Its densely black
punctate thick sepals, strongly depressed-orbicular, are rounded and
emarginate with only the hyaline auricle ciliolate. The coriaceous leaves
and pedicels up to 7 mm. long further distinguish A. nebulosa.

Auriculardisia parviflora Lundell, sp. nov. — Frutex: ramuli graciles,
adpresse lepidoti; folia petiolata, petiolo canaliculato, 1-1.4 cm. longo: lamina
chartacea, integra, lanceolata vel anguste elliptica, 13.5-15 em. longa,
4.3-5.4 cm. lata, apice acuminata, basi subcuneata, supra glabra, subtus
adpresse et dense lepidota; inflorescentia terminalis, paniculata, ca. 9 em.
longa, minute lepidota; flores 5-meri, corymbosi; pedicelli 2-3 mm. longi:
sepala dense et minute nigropunctata, ciliolata, parce lepidota, subglabra,
late ovata, asymmetrica, ad 2 mm. longa, 3.3 mm. lata, auricula magna,
hyalina, ciliata; corolla dense nigropunctata; antherae lanceolatae, acuminatae.

Panama: Prov. Darien, Cerro Pirre, Aug. 4, 1967, Narciso Bristan 1236
(holotype, US), small shrub, hard wood, gray fruits.

In bud only, the description of the flowers was made from these.

The sepals (in bud) are distorted by the large ciliate hyaline auricle, half
as wide as the sepals. Notable are the dense smal] black glands of the flower
parts, excluding the auricle.

Auriculardisia parviflora does not appear to be related to A. tenis
(Lundell) Lundell, also from Cerro Pirre. The latter has minute flowers, much
smaller leaves, and a filiform-branched inflorescence.

Auriculardisia roseiflora Lundell, sp. nov. — Arbor, 4 m.; ramuli crassi-
usculi, adpresse lepidoto-furfuracei; folia chartacea, supra glabra, subtus
dense adpresse furfuracea, petiolata, petiolo crasso, marginato, ca. 1.5 cm.
longo; lamina lanceolata vel oblongo-elliptica, 22-25 cm. longa, 7-9 em. lata,
apice subabrupte acuminata, basi attenuata, marginata, integra; inflores-
centia terminalis, crassiuscula, paniculata, pauciramosa, dense furfuracea;
flores 5-meri, lepidoti; pedicelli 6-8 mm. longi, crassiusculi; sepala lepidota,
coriacea, suborbicularia, asymmetrica, ad 3 mm. longa, 5 mm. lata, rotun-
data, dense et minute nigropunctata, auricula hyalina, ciliato-fimbriata;
corolla roseola, coriacea, ca. 9 mm. longa; petala crassa, basi connata ca.
3 mm., lepidota, elliptica, ad 6 mm. longa, dense et minute nigropunctata,
apice asymmetrica; stamina ca. 5 mm. longa, subsessilis; filamenta ad 1.5
mm. longa; antherae crassae, lanceolatae, ca. 4 mm. longae, apiculatae,
apice birimosae; ovarium oblongum; ovula numerosa, Ca. 48, pluriseriata.

Panama: Prov. Cocle, trail from Continental Divide near the sawmill above
El Cope to Rio Blanco del Norte, premontane wet forest, alt. 350-700 m.,
Feb. 20, 1982, S. Knapp, J. Mallet & R. Dressler 3646 (holotype, MO; xerox
and fragment, LL), treelet 4 m., flowers pink, calyx white, anthers bright

ellow.
. A unique taxon in that the large thick anthers are subsessile and attached
at the apex of the corolla tube with the filaments scarcely 1 mm. long. Also,

the corolla tube and the base of the petals are lepidote on outer surface. The
elongated pedicels and thick lepidote calyx are other features of note.

272 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 4

Auriculardisia sessilifolia Lundell, sp. nov. — Frutex, ca. 1 m.; ramuli
crassi, furfuracei; sessilifolia, apice rotundata, basi angustata et lati-
marginata; lamina chartacea, spatulato-oblanceolata, ad 38 cm. longa, 10
em. lata, supra glabrata, subtus novella adpresse furfuracea, integra; in-
florescentia magna, terminalis, paniculata, 36 cm. longa, pyramidalis,
adpresse lepidoto-furfuracea, peduncula ca. 9 cm. longa; flores 5-meri, dense
corymbosi; pedicelli crassiusculi reflexi, ad 4 mm. longi; sepala asymmetrica,
subcoriacea, punctata, rotundata, ad 2.2 mm. longa, 3 mm. lata, apiculata,
auriculata, margine hyalina, ciliolata; fructus punctatus.

Costa Rica: Prov. Alajuela, Cordillera Central near San Juan de Laja about
15 km. north of Zarcero, remnant montane rain forest area, alt. ca. 1350 m.,
Feb. 7, 1965, Louis O. Williams, Antonio Molina R., Terua P. Williams, &
Dorothy N. Gibson 28998 (holotype, F; xerox, LL), shrubby, less than 1 m.
tall, fruits pale red; in forest.

A remarkably distinct low shrub which has very long spatulate sessile
leaves with the broadly marginate base rounded. The thick pedunculate
paniculate terminal inflorescence equals or exceeds the upper leaves. Its
floriferous branches are rather slender and short, terminated by crowded
corymbose flowers with pedicels mostly curved. The rounded thick sepals

are punctate medially with small dispersed blackish glands, with the hyaline
auricle ciliolate.

Auriculardisia sordida Lundell, sp. nov. — Frutex, ad 1 m.; ramuli
adpresse furfuracei, crassi; folia membranacea, supra glabra, subtus lepidota
vel furfuracea, nigropunctata, petiolata, petiolo late marginato; lamina
oblanceolata vel obovata, 15-25 cm. longa, 5-8.3 cm. lata, integra, apice sub-
abrupte acuminata vel acuminata, basi attentuata; inflorescentia terminalis,
anguste paniculata, ad 11 em. longa, bipinnata, furfuracea; flores 5-meri,
subcorymbosi, macro-nigropunctati, parce furfuracei; pedicelli furfuracei,
3-5 mm. longi; sepala 5, asymmetrica, furfuracea, late ovata, ad 1.5 mm.
longa, margine hyalina, auriculata; corolla ca. 5 mm. longa; petala basi
connata ca. 1.5 mm., ovato-elliptica, 3-4 mm. longa; stamina 5, ca. 2.5 mm.
longa; filamenta connata; antherae ovato-ellipticae, ad 2.2 mm. longae,
apiculatae; ovarium dense et minute nigropunctata; ovula 6-8.

Costa Rica: Prov. Alajuela, Finca Los Ensayos ca. 11 miles NW of Zarcero,
primary forest and perimeter, elev. ca. 850 m., Aug. 15, 1977, Thomas B.
Croat 43538 (holotype, LL), shrub to 1 m. tall, flowers reddish-violet, fruits
green.

Auriculardisia sordida is closely related to A. squamata Lundell, differing
notably in the nature of its inflorescence, which is a terminal panicle up to
11 cm. long. The flowers of the two taxa are much alike, but somewhat larger
in A. sordida. The leaves likewise are larger in A. sordida with the lateral
veins slender but rather conspicuous. In A. squamata the leaf venation is
obscure.

1984} LUNDELL: NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE — XIV 273

Auriculardisia tenuis (Lundell) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia tenuis
Lundell, Wrightia 4: 149. 1970. Icacorea tenuis (Lundell) Lundell, Phytologia
49: 352. 1981. Ardisia pirreana Lundell, Phytologia 48: 134. 1981. Auricu-
lardisia pirreana (Lundell) Lundell, Phytologia 49: 345. 1981.

Auriculardisia toroana Lundell, sp. nov. — Arbor, ca. 3 m.; ramulicrassi,
adpresse furfuracei; folia petiolata vel subsessilis, petiolo crasso, marginato,
ad 1 em. longo, subtus furfuraceo; lamina subcoriacea, oblanceolata, 12-23
em. longa, 3-7.5 em. lata, apice acuminata, basi acuminata, marginata, supra
glabra, subtus dense adpresse furfuracea, integra; inflorescentia terminalis,
pauciramosa, crassiuscula, furfuracea, ca. 17 cm. longa; flores 5-meri, sub-
capitati; pedicelli crassi, ca. 2 mm. longi; sepala crassa, late asymmetrica,
late auriculata, ca. 2.2 mm. longa, rotundata, ad 4 mm. lata, nigropunctata,
auricula hyalina et ciliata; corolla coriacea, ca. 8 mm. longa; petala basi
connata ca. 3 mm., lanceolata, opaca, punctata, apice acutiuscula; stamina
ca. 6 mm. longa; filamenta ca. 2 mm., supra basi affixa; antherae ca. 4 mm.
longae, lanceolatae, acutae; ovarium punctatum; stylo ca. 6 mm. longo; ovula
ca. 33, pluriseriata.

Panama: Prov. of Bocas del Toro, 15 km. up the Changuinola river to
I.R.H.E. dam site No. 1, near campsite on trail to ridge NE of campsite, alt.
800-900 ft., Dec. 12, 1979, T. Antonio 3079 (holotype, LL), tree ca. 3 m., flowers
light maroon, anthers yellow; at edge of forest.

The hyaline auricle, nearly half the size of the small thick lopsided sepal,
is the most conspicuously developed I have found in the genus. This alone
makes the taxon unique. The coriaceous opaque corolla with narrow petals
united into a tube 3 mm. long, with stamens attached above base, and the

numerous ovules further characterize A. torvana.
Graphardisia (Mez) Lundell, Phytologia 48: 139. 1981

Graphardisia hyalina Lundell, sp. nov. — Frutex, 1.3 m.; ramuli graciles,
glabri; folia petiolis, 1-2 cm. longis canaliculatis stipitata; lamina glabra,
pergamentacea, dense nigropunctata, lanceolata vel lanceolato-elliptica,
12-17 em. longa, 6-7 cm. lata, apice acuta, basi acuminata, marginata,
margine subintegra vel integra, utrinque punctis dense lineoliformibus picta:
inflorescentia subsessilis, terminalis, glabra, compacte pinnatim paniculata,
ca. 6 em. longa, dense bracteolata; flores 5-meri, corymbosi; pedicelli graciles,
ad 1.7 em. longi; sepala membranacea, hyalina, lanceolato-oblonga, ca.6mm.
longa, ad 2.4 mm. lata, apice anguste rotundata; dense lineato-nigropunctata;
petala hyalina, late elliptica ca. 7-9 mm. longa, 5-6 mm. lata, bi- vel tri-
lineata, et punctata, basi coalita ca. 2 mm., intus basi glandulosa; stamina
ca. 4.5 mm. longa; filamenta glabra, ca. 1.5 mm. longa; antherae ca. 3 mm.
longae; ovarium punctatum. :

Costa Rica: Prov. Alajuela, primary forest and perimeter, Finca Los
Ensayos, ca. 11 miles NW of Zarcero, elev. ca. 850 m., Aug. 15, 1977,
Thomas B. Croat 43565 (holotype, LL), shrub 1.3 m., flowers pale reddish-

violet in bud, whitest when open.

274 WRIGHTIA [Vol. 7, No. 4

The anthers have rounded lobes at base and taper to the narrow apex which
is dehiscent with two very small pores. The species is closely related to
Graphardisia zelayensis (Lundell) Lundell of Nicaragua. The latter has a
smaller pink corolla with petals more densely punctate, thicker leaves, and
an inflorescence not as compactly bracteate.

Another Nicaraguan taxon in this complex is Graphardisia bracteolata
(Lundell) Lundell, described from a fruiting collection.

Icacorea Aubl., Pl. Guian. 2: Suppl. 1. 1775

Icacorea parvipunctata Lundell, sp. nov. — Frutex, 1.5m.; ramuli minute
adpresse lepidoti; folia membranacea, subtus minute lepidota, supra glabra,
petiolata, petiolo canaliculato, 4-6 mm. longo; lamina parvipunctata, integra,
elliptica, 8-15 cm. longa, 4-6 cm. lata, apice subabrupte subacuminata, basi
acuta; inflorescentia terminalis vel axillaris, paniculata, laxa, pauciflora,
ca. 6 em. longa, gracilis, basi dense lepidota; flores 5-meri, corymbosi; pedi-
celli 3.5-4 mm. longi; sepala hyalina, ovato-elliptica, ad 1.5 mm. longa,
parvipunctata; fructus punctatus.

Mexico: Oaxaca, along Highway 175, in the vicinity of La Galera (ca. 500 m.
south) 2.1 miles north of turn-off to Pluma Hidalgo, 9.6 miles south of Puente
Jalatengo near village of Jalatengo, loose rocky slope along ravine above
spring on highway, elev. 1340 m., Jan. 20, 1979, Thomas B. Croat 46150
(holotype, MO; xerox, LL), shrub 1.5 m., peduncles and rachises reddish,
fruits green.

The very thin leaves, densely black punctate with minute black glands,
and the small few-flowered inflorescences appear to distinguish this taxon.
Referable to the complex of Icacorea compressa (H.B.K.) Standl., the species
appears to be distinctive.

Myrsine L., Linn. Syst. ed. I (1735);
Gen. ed. I. 54 (1737)

Myrsine vestita Lundell, sp. nov. — Arbor, 5 m.; ramuli crassiusculi, rufo-
villoso-tomentosi; folia supra puberula, subtus villoso-pilosa, petiolata, petiolo
ad 1.4 cm. longo, canaliculato, subtus tomentoso; lamina subcoriacea, ob-
lanceolata, 3-8 cm. longa, 1.2-2.7 em. lata, apice late obtusa, basi acuta,
revoluta, minute punctata, integra; inflorescentia axillaris; flores 5-meri,
fasciculati, subsessiles; pedicelli fructiferi crassi, ad 0.7 mm. longi; sepala
crassa, ovata, ca. 1 mm. longa, acuta, ciliolata, parce punctata vel epunctata;
fructus globosus, ca. 3.56 mm. diam.

Costa Rica: Prov. Puntarenas, Cordillera de Talamanca, slopes between
Cerro Echandi and Cerro Buru, forested ridge with Quercus, Clusia and
Clethra dominant, among mossy outcropping rocks, elev. 2600-2700 m.,
Aug. 24, 1983, G. Davidse et al. 24018 (holotype, LL), tree 5 m. tall, fruit
carmine purple.

1984] LUNDELL: NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE — XIV 275

The pubescent yellowish leaves are notable among the Mesoamerican
species, the upper surface being puberulent with many of the short hairs
incurved. The pubescence of the stems is bright red.

The small ciliolate sepals are sparsely punctate with small black glands,
or epunctate. The fruits, densely aggregated and subsessile, have thick
pedicels up to 0.7 mm. long.

Myrsine rufa (Lundell) Lundell, from the same Cordillera Talamanca in
Costa Rica, has similar pubescence on the branchlets but glabrous larger
leaf blades, and flowers differing in some aspects. It is a montane species
also, and appears closely related to M. vestita.

Another taxon, Myrsine panamensis (Lundell) Lundell, described from a
staminate plant, has similar mostly elliptic leaves drying yellowish, which
are puberulent above along the petiole but otherwise glabrous. Also, the
branchlets are puberulent, not villous-tomentose. M. vest/fta is a mountain
species from above 2600 meters, while the type of M. panamensis was
collected on an island in the Gulf of Panama.

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