Report of the exploring expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the year 1842, and to Oregon and North California in the years 1843?'44 /by J.C. Fre?mont.

4

‘ ~~ REPORT .

TH

ee ;

BY

oe BREVET CAPTAIN J. C. FREMONT,

ie

SEN. ENATE OF THE UNITED

ED STATES.

— Manen 9, 1845,

ny of War be requested to

communicate to the Senate, if it ‘i

‘ae

Se

NOTICE TO THE READER.

The Senate of the United States, and the House of Representatives
having each ordered ten thousand copies of the reports of the two ex-
ploring expeditions conducted by me, to be printed together, I have
deemed it regular and natural to place the report of 1842 first in the order ,
of publication, although heretofore printed; it being first in the order of
time, and first in the progress of actual exploration. The two reports
naturally go together, the second being a continuation of the first, and the
two constituting parts of a whole, which will require a third expedition,
now commencing, to complete. The first terminated at the Rocky moun-
tains, and at the two points of greatest interest in that ridge—namely, the
South Pass, and Frémont’s Peak; the former being the lowest depression
of the mountains, through which the road to Oregon now passes, and the
latter the highest elevation, from the base of which four great rivers take
their rise, and flow in opposite directions, toward the rising and the setting
sun. The second, after approaching the mountains by a different route,
connects with the first expedition at the South Pass, and thence finds the
great theatre of its labors west of the Rocky mountains, and between the
Oregon river and North California. The third expedition, now com-
mencing, will be directed to that section of the Rocky mountains which
gives rise to the Arkansas, the Rio Grande del Norte, and the Rio Colorado
of California; and will extend west and southwest of that section, so as
to examine the country towards the Pacific ocean, ascertain the lines of
communication between the mountains and the ocean in that latitude, and
complete the examination of the Great Salt lake and of the eens re-
gion which embosoms it.

The map which illustrated the report of 1842 is now tdeitica to illus-~
trate the entire expedition of 1843-44, so that a view of both expeditions
will be presented together. This map may have a meager and skeleton
appearance to the general eye, but is expected to be more valuable to
science on that account, being wholly founded upon positive data and ac-
tual operations in the field. About ten thousand miles of actual
ling and traversing in the wilderness which lies between the frontiers of

souri and the shores of the Pacific. almost Wes fey eing

4

the scene of astronomical or barometrical observations, furnish the mate-
rials out of which this map has been constructed. Nothing supposititious
has been admitted upon it; so that, connecting with Captain Wilkes’s sur-
vey of the mouth of the Columbia, and with the authentic surveys of the
State of Missouri, it fills up the vast geographical chasm between these
two remote points, and presents a connected and accurate view of our con-
tinent from the Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean.

To this geographical map, delineating the face of the country over
which we travelled, there is added another in profile, showing the eleva-
tions, or the rise and fall of the country from the Mississippi to the Pacific.
East of the Rocky mountains, two of these profile views are given—one
from St. Louis to the South Pass, the other from the mouth of the Great
Platte to the same point. The latter is the shortest; and following, as it
does, the regular descent of the river, and being seven hundred miles west
of the Mississippi, it may be that the eastern ¢erminus of this line may
furnish the point at which the steamboat and the steam car may hereafter
meet and exchange cargoes in their magic flight across this continent.
These profile views, following the travelling routes, of course follow. the
lowest and levellest lines, and pass the mountain at the point of its great-

est depression ; but to complete the view, and to show the highest points

as well as the lowest levels, many lofty peaks are sketched at their proper
elevations, towering many thousands of feet above the travelling line. It

may here be excusable to suggest that these profile maps here exhibited
are, perhaps, the most extended work of the kind ever constructed, being

from St. Louis (according to the route we travelled ) near sixteen hundred
miles to the South Pass; from the mouth of the Great Platte to the same
Pass, about one thousand more; and then another sixteen hundred from
that Pass to the tide water of the Oregon; in all, about four thousand
iles of profi Mapping, founded upon nearly four hundred barometrical
positions, with views sketched and facts noted in the field as we went.
In the departments of geological and botanical science, I have nat ven-
tured to advance any opinions on my own imperfect knowledge of those

branches, but have submitted all my specimens to the enlightened judg-

‘ment of Dr. Torrey, of New Jersey, and Dr. Hall, of New York, who have
kindly classi and arranged all that I was able to submit to them

| specimens furnished to him, will be found inan

¢ formation in the region west of the Rocky

eh

a observations of Dr. Torrey will be furnished in full here-
‘Deing time to complete them now. The remarks of Dr.

sd op : ts and to his palzontological skill I am indebted for

*

which explores it.

Sg illustrate dd will be

5

-mountains, which further examination may prove to assimilate the geo.ogy

of the New to that of the Old World in a rare particular, which had not

before been discovered in either of the two Americas, Unhappily, much
of what we had collected was lost by accidents of serious import to

ourselves, as well as to our animals and collections. In the gorges and
ridges of the Sierra Nevada, of the Alta California, we lost fourteen horses
and mules, falling from rocks or precipices into chasms or rivers, bottom-
less to us and to them, and one of them loaded with bales of plants col-
lected on a line of two thousand miles of travel; and, when almost home,
our camp on the banks of the Kansas was deluged by the great flood
which, lower down, spread terror and desolation on the borders of the
Missouri and Mississippi, and by which great damage was done to our
remaining perishable specimens, all wet and saturated with water, and
which we had no time to dry. Still, what is saved will be some respect-
able contribution to botanical science, thanks to the skill and care of Dr.

Torrey ; and both in geology and botany the maps will be of great value,

the profile view showing the elevations at which the specimens were
found, and the geographical map showing the localities from ie they

con)

* astronomical observations, taken with good ieinaaeina’s have been
tested, where they were most important, by a three-fold computation: one
by Professor Walker, of Philadelphia, whose astronomical reputation is so
great; another by Mr. Joseph C. Hubbard, a promising young mathema-
tician from Connecticut ; the third by myself; so that the correctness of
the longitudes and latitudes may well be relied upon. ‘

“In sketching the topographical features of the country, a ‘branch of

at clan

had been my assistant in both expeditic ons }to his ex

supported by the pleasure he felt in the execution of his F dities; I am in-
debted for the continuous topographical sketches of the regions through
which we passed, and —_- were never interrupted by any extremi
fatigue or privation.

~The barometrical and inetiarofonical observations were caret made

with good instruments, and admit of no material error beyond the minute
deviations inseparable from such operations. Ge
_ The third expedition, now commencing, is underta Ken
means than the two former ; and, being directed to a regi a
in itself, and so new to science, can ashe f fe to requite: oP;

The report, or narrative,

6

A REPORT
f ox
J os: ibe
. AN EXPLORATION OF THE COUNTRY

LYING BETWEEN THE

MISSOURI RIVER AND THE ROCKY ‘MOUNTAINS,

* ON THE LIne oF

THE KANSAS AND GREAT PLATTE RIVERS.

28th Coneress, ' [SENATE.] : [ a 5
2d Session.

REPORT.

Wasuineton, March 1, 1843.
To Colonel J. J. Asx
Chief of the Piece of Topographical Sagtuaird:

Sim: Agreeably to your orders to explore and report upon the eouniey
betwee? the frontiers of Missouri and the South Pass in the Rocky moun-
tains, and on the line of the Kansas and Great Platte rivers, I sat out from
Washington city on the 2d day of May, 1842, and arrived at St. Louis, by
way of New York, the 22d of May, where the necessary preparations were
completed, and the expedition commenced. I proceeded in a steamboat to
Chouteau’s landing, about four hundred miles -by water from St. Louis,

and near the mouth of the Kansas river, whence we proceeded twelve
miles to Mr. Cyprian Chouteau’s trading house, where we Pompleiod: our
final arrangements for the expedition.

weather, which interfered with astronomical observations, delayed

us several days in the early part of June at this post, which is on the nent
bank of the Kansas river, about ten miles above the mouth,

yond the western boundary of Missouri. The sky cleared off at iength,

and we were enabled to determine our position, in longitude 94° 25' 46”,
and latitude 39° 5'57".. The elevation above the sea is about, 700 feet.
Our camp, in the mean ‘time, presented an animated and bustling scene.
All were busily occupied in completing the necessary AERBDRIARC RR for
our cainpaign in the wilderness, and profiting by this short d
verge of civilization, to provide ourselves with all the little oveninits
comfort in the nomadic life we were to. lead for the ensuing s

y, however, -th leriel Pee teop.cen,
horses, and even miiles—ceettled & feito its place, ‘and by the 10th we were
ready to depart; but, before we mount our horses, I —_ give a short de-
seription of the party with which I performed this serv

I had collected in the mimes of St. Louis twenty-one men, ai.
cipally Creole and Canadian voyageurs, who had become familiar with
prairie life in the service of the fur ae in the Indian country. Mr.
Charles Preuss, a native of a my a ssistant ih the topographi-
cal part of the survey. L. Maxwell, of f Kas askia, had been engaged as
hunter, and Christopher ein (more familiarly known, for his exploits in
the mountains, as Kit Carson) was our ak tk The persons engaged in
St. Louis were :

Clément Lambert, J. B. L’Esperance, J. B. Lefevre, Benjamin Potra,
Louis Gouin, J. B. Dumés, Basil A Ta Francois Tessier, Benjamin
Cadotte, Joseph Clément, Daniel § Leonard Benoit, Michel Morly,

Bernier, Honoré Ayot, F ny is Bade:
Louis Ménard, pd Ruelle, Mien: oh
| Proue.

1

. * * 2 Mae pat Pee MENG

[ 174 ] rT £00

In addition to these, Henry Brant, son of Col. J. B. Brant, of St. Louis,
a young man of nineteen years of age, and Randolph, a lively boy of ,
twelve, son of the Hon. Thomas H. Benton, accompanied me, for the de-
velopment of mind and body which such an expedition would give. We
were all well-armed and mounted, with the exception of eight men, who
conducted as many carts, in which were packed our stores, with the bag-
gage and instruments, and which were each drawn by twomules. A few
loose horses, and four.oxen, which had been added to our stock of pro-
visions, completed the acres We sat out on the morning of the 10th,
which happened to be Friday—a circumstance which our men did not fail
to remember and recall during the hardships and vexations of the ensuing
journey. Mr. Cyprian Chouteau, to whose kindness, during our stay at
sen house, we were much indebted, accompanied us several miles on our
ie we met an Indian, whom she had engaged to conduct us on the
firs thirty or forty miles, where he was to consign us to the ®cean of
prairie, which, we were told, stretched without interruption almost to the
base of the Rocky mountains.
From the belt of wood which borders the Kansas, in which we had
several good-looking Indian farms, we suddenly emerged on the
prairies, which received us at the outset with some of their striking char-
acteristics ; for here and there rode an Indian, and but a few miles distant
heavy clouds of smoke were solline before the fire. In about ten miles’
we reached the Santa Fé road, along which we continued for a short time,
and encamped early on a small stream ; having travelled about eleven
miles. During our journey,.it was -_ customary practice to eye: an
hour or two before sunset, when the carts were disposed so as to form a
sort of ba e around a circle some eighty yards in Sea The
pot were pitehed, and the horses hobbled and turned loose to graze ;
and but a few minutes elapsed before the cooks of the messes, of which
there were four, were busily engaged in preparing the > eatiind ‘meal. At
nightfall, the horses, mules, and oxen, were driven in and picketed—
that is, secured by a halter, of which one end was to a small steel-
shod picket, and driven into the ground; the halter being twenty or thirty
feet long, which enabled them to obtain a little food during the night.
When we had reached a part of the country where such a precaution be-
came necessary, the carts being regularly arranged for defending’ the
camp, guard was mounted at eight o’clock, consisting of three men, who
were relieved every two hours; the morning watch being horse gnard for
the day. At daybreak, the camp was roused, dhe aniranlo-tnanies oose to
perc and breakfast oi over between six and seven o’clock, when
we | our march, making regularly a halt at noon for one or ae.
Such was usually tke: he of the oa except when accident
forced a variation; which, pr gua happened but. rarely. We
_ travelled the next day along the Santa Fé road, which ey left ses oat a af-
Seat re —aliaae late in the evening on a small creek, tae the

ii [ 174 J

rain; we were all well soaked, and glad when morning came. We hada
rainy march on the 12th, but the weather grew fine as the day advanced.
We encamped ina remarkably beautiful situation on the Kansas bluffs,
which commanded a fine view of the river valley, here from three to four
miles wide. The central portion Was occupied by a broad belt of heavy
timber, and nearer the hills the pratries were of the richest verdure. One
of the oxen was killed here for food.

We reac hed the ford of the Kansas late in the afternoon of the 14th,

one etinndred miles from the mouth of the Kansas river. severa anitiniag
men Jed the way into the stream, fi swim across. The animals were
driven in after them, and ina few minutes all had reached the opposite
bank in safety, with the exception of the oxen, which swam some dis-
tance down the river, and, returning to the right bank, were not got over
until the next morning. In the mean an time, the carts had been aded
and dismantled, and an India-rubber boat, which I had brought with me
for the survey of the Platte river, placed in the water. The boat was
twenty feet long and five broad, and on it were placed the body and
wheels of a cart, with the load belonging to it, and three men with paddles.
The velocity of the current, and the inconvenient i sesame it
difficult to be managed, Basil Lajeunesse, one of our best sw
in his teeth a line attached to the boat, and swam ahead in yale to reach
a footing as soon as possible, and assist in drawing herover. In this man-
ner, six passages had been successfully made, and as'many carts with their
contents, and a greater portion of the party, deposited on the left bank;
but night was dr rawing near, a and, in our anxiety to have all over before
the darkness closed in, I put upon the boat the remaining two carts, with
their anying load. The man at the helm was timid on water, and,
in is alarm, capsized the boat. Carts, barrels, boxes, and bales, were in
a moment floating down the current ; ‘but all the men who were on the
shore jumped into the water, without stopping to think if they could
swim, and almost every thing—even heavy articles, such as guns and ind]
Was recovered.
_ . Two of the men, who could not swim, came ‘nigh being Pe oon
all the sugar belonging to one of the messes wasted its sweets on the
muddy waters; but our heaviest loss was a bag of coffee, which con-
tained nearly all our provision. It was a loss which none but a traveller
in a strange and inhospitable country can appreciate ; and often afterward,
pe excessive toil and long marching, had overcome us with fone and:
Weariness, we remembered and mourned over our loss in the |
Carson and Maxwell had been much in the water yesterday, and both, in
consequence, were taken ill. The former continuing so, I remained in
camp. A number of Kansas Indians visited us to-day. Going up to one
of the groups: who were scattered among the trees, I found one one sitting on
_ the gr , ainong some of the mien, gravely and fluently s veaking Frene
with as much facility and as little embarrassment —— —
who were nearly all of: French origin. cae .

*

[174] 12

On all sides was heard the strange language of his own people, wild,
‘and harmonizing well with their appearance. [ listened to him for some
time with feelings of strange curiosity and interest. He was now a
‘rently thirty-five years of age; and, og Gary. Tlearned that he had heen

at St. Louis. when a boy, ‘and there had learned the French language.
from. one of the Indian women I obtdined a fine cow and calf in exchange
for a yoke of oxen. Several of them brought us vegetables, pumpkins,
-onions, beans, and lettuce. One of them brought butter, and from a half-

interfered with astronomical observations, and our wet and damaged
stores eurer exposure to the sun. Accordingly, the tents were struck
-early the next morning, and, leaving camp at six o’clock, we moved about
‘seven miles up the river, to a handsome, open prairie, some twenty feet
“above the water, where the fine grass afforded a inxurions repast to our

orses.

During the day we occupied ourselves in making astronomical observa-
tions, in order to lay down the country to this place; it being our custom
‘to keep up our map regularly in the field, which we found attended with
many advantages. The men were kept busy in drying the provisions,
painting the cart covers, and otherwise completing our equipage, until the
afternoon, when boy ae was distributed to them, and they spent some
pati in firing ata mark. We were now fairly in the Indian country, and

a be time ‘6 prepare for the chances of the wilderness.

Friday, June 17.—The weather yesterday had not permitted us to make
anseens Adib was desirous to obtain here, and I therefore did not
‘move to-day. The people continued their target firing. In the steep bank
of the river here, were nests of innumerable swallows, into one of which
a large prairie snake had got about half his body, and was occupied in
eating the young birds. The old ones were flying about in great distress,
darting at him, and vainly endeavoring to drive him off. A shot wound-
ed him, and, being killed, he was cut open, and eighteen young swallows

were found in his body. A sudden storm, that burst upon us in the after
noon, cleared away in a brilliant sunset, followed by a clear night, which
a oF sr determine our position in longitude 95° 38’ 05", and in lati-

emigrants to the Columbia river, under the charge

‘Whitpan aert of the Government in Oregon Territory, were | about th
_ weeks in advance of us. They consisted of men, women, and children.
“There were sixty-four men, and sixteen or seventeen fainilies. They had
‘considerable number of cattle, a were transporting their household
in large heavy wagons. I understood that there had been oe

among them, and that they had lost several children. One of the
© had lost his child, and whose wife was very ill, had left them
undred miles hence on th prairies; and asa nt er, who had
hem, visited our camp this evening, we availed ourselves: of

e States to write fo our friends.
e Isth was very unpleasant. ‘x a rain was ling,
er hills ors

rth, and mists denen se

13 [174 J

teen miles, on the banks of one of the many little tributaries to the Kan-
sas, which look like trenches in the prairie, and are usually well timbered.
After crossing this stream, I rode off some miles to the left, attracted by
the appearance of.a cluster of huts near the mouth of the Vermillion, It
was a large but deserted Kansas village, scattered in an open wood, along:
the margin of the stream, on a spot chosen with the eustoma Indian .
fondness for beauty of scenery. The Pawnees had attacked it in the early
spring. Some of the houses were burnt, and others blackened with smoke,
and wéeds were already getting possession of the cleared places. Riding
up the Vermillion river, I reached the ford. in time to meet the carts, and, -
crossing, encamped on its western side. The weather continued cool, the
thermometer being this evening as low as 49°; but the night was sufficiently :

clear for astronomical observations, which placed us in longitude 96° 04"

07", and latitude 39° 15'19'. At sunset, the barometer was at 28.845,
thermometer 64°. |

We breakfasted the next morning at half past five, and left our encamp-
ment early. The morning was cool, the thermometer being at 45°. Quit-

oY

of them four or five tons in weight, we along the hills; and-
many beautiful plants in flower, among which the amorpha. concenene
was a characteristic, enlivened the green of the prairie. At the heads of.
the ravines I remarked, occasionally, thickets of salix longifolia, the most>
common willow of the country. We travelled nineteen miles, and pitched
our tents at evening on the head waters of a small creek, now nearly dry,
but having in its bed several fine springs. The barometer indicated a
considerable rise in the country—here about fourteen hundred feet above
the sea—and the increased elevation appeared already to have some slight
influence upon the vegetation. The night was cold, with a heavy dew;
the thermometer at 10 p. m. standing at 46°, barometer 28.483, Our
position was in longitude 96° 14’ 49", and latitude 39° 30' 40" wae:

The morning of the 20th was fine, with a southerly breeze and a bright
sky; and at 7 o’clock we were on the march. . The cou y to-day was
rather more broken, rising still, and covered every where with fragments
of siliceous limestone, particularly on the summits, where they were small,
and thickly strewed as pebbles on the shore of the sea. In these exposed

is Occupied by timber. Making our usual halt at noon, after a day’s
march of twenty-four miles, we reached the Big Blue, and encamped on
the uplands of the western side, near a small creek, where was a fine
large spring of very cold water. This is a clear-and ‘handsome stream,
about one hundred and twenty feet wide, running, with a rapid current,
through a. well-timbered valley. To-day antelope were ‘seen r ing
over the hills, and at evening Carson brought 1 dk fini laa seamen
- of the camp 96° 32’ 35”, latitude 39° 45° 08". Therm
A pleasant southerly breeze and fine morning ha
with indications of bad weather; when, after a marc

a

[ 174) | 14

we halted to noon on a small creek, where the water stood in i pools.
In the bank of the creek limestone made its ng age in a stratum about
one foot thick. In the afternoon, the people seemed to suffer for want of
water. The road led along a high dry ridge; dark Rte of timber indicated
the heads of streams in the plains below; but there was no water near,
and the day was very oppressive, with a. hot wind, and the thermometer
at.90°. Along our route the amorpha has been in very abundant but va-
riabie bloom—in some places bending beneath the weight of purple clus-
ters; in others without a flower. It seems to love best the sunny slopes,
with a dark soil and southern exposure. Every where the fose is met
with, and reminds us of cultivated gardens and “civilizations It is seat-
tered. over the prairies in small bouquets, and, when glittering in the dews
and — in the pleasant breeze of the early morning, is the most wt
tiful of the prairie flowers. The artemisia, absinthe, or prairie sa
it is variously called, is increasing in size, and glitters like silversiie. ioe
southern breeze turns up its leaves to the sun. All these plants have
their insect inhabitants, variously colored; taking generally the hue of the
flower on which they live. The arlemisia has its small fly accompany -
ing it through every change of elevation and latitude; and wherever I
have seen the asclepias tuberosa,1 have always remarked , too, on the
flower a large butterfly, so nearly resembling it in color as to be distin-
guishable at a little distance only by the motion of its wings. Travelling
on the fresh traces of the Oregon emigrants relieves a little the loneliness.
of the road; and to-night, after a march of twenty-two miles, we halted
on a small creek, which had been one of their encampments. As we ad-
vance westward, the soil appears to be getting more sandy, and the sur-
face rock, an erratic deposite of sand and gravel, rests here on a bed of
coarse yellow and gray and very friable sandstone. Evening closed over
with rain and its usual attendant, hordes of tauastons, with which we
were annoyed for the first time

June 22.—We enjoyed at breakfast this morning a luxury, very unusual
in this country, in a cup of excellent coffee, with cream from our cow.
Being ogee at night, cream was thus had in the morning. Our mid-day
halt was at Wyeth’s creek, in the bed of which were numerous boulders
of dark ferugivous sandstone, mingled with others of the red sandstone,

y a. pack of cards, lying loose on the grass, mark-

of on Oregon pe 2 ae and. it is. wae atthe close of

v we: had: in sheseaegadinatie | scuben ‘seh tesa:
“eatige creek was curd dry, — ——

first time,

15 [irae]

nees, who were accustomed to infest this part of the country, stealing
horses from companies on their way to the mountains, and, when in suffi-

mals. We had travelled thirty-one miles. A heavy bank of black clouds

sergeant of the guard, to direct his attention to some imaginary alarm ;

ing up the valley, ob-

are subject. Proceed
jects were seen on the opposite hills, which disappeared before a glass

at our caravan as it passed pe |

sdbialc ovenine ening we pitched our tents at a Pawnee.

ACT

PtiCa fT

*

[ 174] ,

July. They had apparently killed buffalo here, as many bones. were
lying about, and the frames where the hides had been stretched were yet
standing, The road of the day had kept the valley, which is sometimes
rich and well timbered, though the country is generally sandy. Mingled
with ‘the usual plants, a thistle (carduus deucdgraphus) had for the last
day or two made its appearance ; and along the river bottom, tradescantiu
(virginica) and milk plant (asclepias syriaca*) in considerable quantities.

Our march to-day had been twenty-one miles, and the astronomical ob-
servations gave us a chronometric longitude of 98° 22' 12", and latitude
40° 26’ 50". We were moving forward at seven in the morning, and in
about five miles reached a fork of the Blue, where the road leaves that
river, and crosses over to the Platte. No water was to be found on the
dividing ridge, and the casks were filled, and the animals here allowed a
shert-repose. ‘The road led across a high and level prairie ridge, where
were but few plants, and those principally thistle (carduus leucographus,)
and a kind of dwarf artemisia. Antelope were seen frequently during
the morning, which was very storfay. Squalls of rain, with thunder and
lightning, were around us in every direction; and while we were envel-
oped in one of them, a flash, which seemed to scorch our eyes as it
passed, struck in the prairie within a few hundred feet, sending up a
column of dust. , ‘

Crossing on the way several Pawnee roads to the Arkansas, we reach-
ed, in about twenty-one miles from our halt on the Blue, what is called
the coast of the Nebraska, or Platte river. This had seemed in the dis
tance a range of high and broken hills; but on a nearer approach were

found to be elevations of, forty to sixty feet, into which the wind had
worked the sand. They were covered with the usual fine grasses of the
country, and bordered the eastern side of the ridge on a breadth of about

the amerpha, in full bloom,
purple clusters, From the foot of the coast, a distance of two miles across

miles; and the geological

m E sa sites.

“2

The French there eat, the tender shoots in the spring, as we do
of the 8, gatheri ain the morning when

riferous, and in Canada chatins the traveller, especially when in ; e

*

#

ore sti BaPadHDE W ich®
2 — ae eda? theif barges, mad

«

- June 27.—The animals” were somewhat fatigued by their march of yes- ~
rina, and, after a short journey of eighteen miles along the river bottom,
I encamped near the head of Grand island, in longitude, by observation,
99° 05' 24", latitude 40° 39’ 32”. The soil here w 3 light but rich, though
. the places rather sandy; and, with the exception ofa seattered fringe

the bank, the timber, consisting principally of poplar, ( populus mo-
fera,) elm, and hackberry, (celéis crassifolia,) is confined almost en-"
pees to the islands.

June 28.—We halted to noon at an open reach of the river, which: oc
cupies rather more than a fourth of the valley, here only about four miles

d.. The camp had been disposed with the usual precaution, the

es ‘grazing at alittle distance, attended by the guard, and we were all
sitting quietly at our dinner on the grass, when suddenly we heard the
- startling cry “du monde!’ In an instant, every man’s weapon was in

his hand, the horses were driven in, hobbled and picketed, and horsemen:
were galloping at full speed in the direction of the new coniers, screa aming
-and yelling with the wildest excitement. “Get ready, my lads!” said
the leader of the approaching party to his men, when our wild- looking
horsemen were discovered bearing down upon them ; “nous allons aliriper

des coups de baguette”? They proved to be a small party of fourteen, —

under the charge of a man named John Lee, and, with their baggage and
provisions strapped to their backs, were making ‘their way on foot to the
frontier. A brief account of their fortunes will give some idea of na

tion in the Nebraska. Sixty days since, they had left the mouth of. eye

amie’s fork, some three hundred miles above, in barges laden ‘with th
furs of the American Fur Company. They s ls Rain the annual flo
and, drawing but nine inches water, hoped & spéédy ‘and ‘
perous voyage to St. Louis; but, after a lapse of ny days;
ves only one-hundred and thirty se: from their “pont! 6
crt came down rapidly as far as Scott’s ‘biufis; where’ thei
~ Sometimes they came upon hae! where the ‘water. *

pay a a great extent, and here theytoiled” front tora g uiritifs
deavoring to drag their boat ae ge ney or it ca ‘only two’ or
sa cape Ar ‘Son neti mes | dist Gis ‘an .
| appeared a ‘chitnniel ‘a

i to return, 7 dragetee
and at others, es came nce

Spe lg ert ii ewrerag

Ap ara ttisin! aide fel oie
on hei ‘and or _petidhal Be

in trees on the bank, and, Pp

iy, Had Goinimn ctieed, hadi
“tidt io St. Tenis: %2)"=)
t 10°St.

17 tee

#

[ 174] 18

ment to others. Even their stock adionoetes that sine gua non of a voy-
ageur, without. which the night fire is gloomy, was entirely exhausted..

owever, we shortened their “homeward journey by a small supply from
our own provision. They gave us the welcome intelligence that the cae
falo were abundant some two days’ march in advance, and made usa.
present of some choice pieces, which were a. on acceptable change from
our salt pork. In the interchange of news, and the renewal of old ac-
quaintanceships, we found wherewithal to ‘fill a bus sy hour; then we
mounted our horses, and they shouldered their packs, and we shook hands
and parte . Among them, I had found an old companion on the northern
prairie, a hardened and hardly served veteran of the mountains, who
been as much hacked and scarred as an old moustache of Napoleon’s «olde
guard.’’ He flourished in the sobriquet of La Tulipe, and his real name.
i DAVEE @nteW. Finding that he was going to the States only. because.
his companf was bound in that direction, and. that.he was rather more

willing to. Ae wih me, I eek: him again into my service. . We trav-
elled this day but seventeen m

At our evening camp, 5 ea — three figures were discovered ap~
proaching, which our glasses made out to be Indians. They proved to
be. Cheyennes—two men, and a boy of thirteen. About a month since,
they had left their people on the south fork of the river, some three hun-
dred miles to the westward, and a party of only four in number had been
to the Pawnee villages on a horse-stealing excursion, from which “they

Wore returning sees tae They were miserably mounted on wild
horses fro:

ansas plains, and had no other weapons than bows

long spears; and had they been discovered by the Pawnees, could
eee by any possibility, havé®escaped. They were mortified by their ill
success, and said the Pawnees were cowards, who shut up their horses in

| their lodges at night. Linvited them to supper with me, and. Randolph

ard the young Cheyenne, who had been eyeing each other suspiciously

and curiously, soon became intimate friends. After supper, we sat down
on the grass, and I placed a sheet of paper between us, on which they

acl rudely, but with a certain degree of relative truth, the watercourses

of the country which lay between us and. their villages, and of which I

| to have some information. Their companions, they told us, had

; taken ened route over the hills; but they had mounted one of the sum-
ae

ry 0 e country, whence they had caught a glimpse of our party,
dent t of good treatment at the ha nds of t hes whites, haste ned to

—s join cotapahy: Latitude of the camp. P39 SE
We made the next morning sixteen jiles. _Iremarked that the ground

=

19 [1744

grass standing. Mr. Preuss, who wassketching ata little distance in the
_ rear, had at first noted them as large groves of timber.. In the. sight of
- Such’ a mass of life, the traveller feels a strange emotion of grandeur.

come up with him. Animals are frequently lost in this way; and_it is
necessary to keep close watch over them, in the vicinity of the baffle, in

the midst of which they scour off to the plains, and are rarely re

‘One of our mules took a sudden freak into his head, and joined aneigh-
boring band to-day.. As we were not ina condition to lose. prses, I seer:
Several men in pursuit, and remained in camp, in t of rec 2S
him; but lost the afternoon to. no purp #
Astronomical observations placed us i =
40° 49' 55". ; ‘<4

_July 1.—Along our road to-day the prairie bottom was more elevated
and dry, and the hills which border the right side of the river igher, and
more broken and picturesque in the outline. Phe country, too, was bet- .
ter timbered. As we were riding quietly along the bank, a grand herd of
buffalo, some seven or eight hundred in number, came crowding up from
the river, where they had been to.drink, and commenced crossing the

the distance across the prairie (two or

n a sudden agita

|
r pity 20

that we were discovered. We started together at a hand gallop, riding
steadily abreast of each other, and here the interest of the chase se became _
so engrossingly intense, that we were’sensible to nothing else. Wewere ~
now closing upon ‘them rapidly, and the front of the mass was
in‘rapid motion for the hills, and in a few — the movement had
communicated itself to the whole
“A crowd of bulls, as usual, bec up the rear, and every now and.
then some of them faced about, and then dashed on after the-band a short
distanéé, and turned and looked again, as if more than half inclined to
stand and’ fight. In afew moments, however, during which we had been
paces: our pace, the rout was universal, and we were going over the
ike a hurricane. When at about thirty yards, we gave the usual
Sabi; (the hunter’spas de thd and broke into the herd. We enter
ed on the ‘side, the mass givi way in every direction in their heedless
Ts . ‘Many of the bulls, fabs active and less fleet than the cows, pay-
ing no attention to the ground, and occupied solely with the hunter, were
_ precipitated to the earth with great“force, rolling over and ever with the
violence of the shock, and hardly distinguishable in the dust. We sepa-
rated on entering, each singling out his gam
horse was.a trained hunter, famous in : the west Seridiog the narae of
: Provean, and, with his eyes flashing, and the foam flying from his mouth,
= ang on after the cow like a tiger. Ina few moments he brought me
ongside of her, and, rising~in the’ stirrups, I fired at the distance of a
yard, the ball entering at the termination of the long hair, and passing
‘the heart. She fell headlong at the report of the gun, and, checking
my horse, I leoked around for my companions. Ata little distance, Kit _
bet onthe ground, engaged in tying his horse to the horns of a cow
1 he-was’preparing to cut up... Among the scattered bands, at some
ai ace below, I cauglit a glimpse of Maxweil; and while I w was looking,
a light wreath of white smoke curled away from his gun, from whichT was
too far'to hear the report. Nearer, and between me and the hills, towards
~ owhich nay cows directing their course, was the body of the herd, and,
_ giving my horse the rein, we dashed after them: A thick cloud of dust
& upon their rear, which filled my mouth and eyes, and nearly smoth-
‘ered me. In the midst of this I could see nothing, and the buflalo were
not distinguishable until within thirty feet. They crowded together San
‘densely still as ] came upon them, and rushed along in sucha’ comp
body, ‘that T could not obtain an entrance—the horse almost leapin;

ee
"i

f
:

4

tel; clattering with a noise heard above every thing else, and my horse darted
the opening. Five or six bulls charged on us as we dashed. along
1, but were left far ees and, singling out a cow, I gave her my

een hig She gave a tremendous leap, sin — on

: he wh

ear es in length. mnaane: cae saw wala one

yy of ee et the’ long dark line of “our eardvah

iT four m miles tec. “After ‘a’ mareh of twenty-fé

igntia x ——— ower er
ad bof shia ares ‘of the éight

21 [174]

‘dred and eighty yards, and the water nowhere two feet in depth. The
island bears the name of a man killed on this spot some years ago. His
party had encamped here, three in:company, and one of the number went
off to hunt, leawibe Brady and his companion together. These two had
frequently quarrelled, and on the hunter’s return he found Brady dead,
and was told that he had shot himself accidental ly.. He was buried. here
on the bank; but, as usual, the wolves-had se him out, and some human
“bones that were lying on the ground we supposed were his. Troops of
wolves, that were hanging on the skirts of the puffale, kept up an aed
rupted howling during the night, venturing almost into camp. In-

_—
3. -8*eH

morning, they were sitting at a short distance, barking, and fapateals z

‘waiting our departure, to fall upon the bones
'2.—The morning was cool*and smoky. Our road led closer to the
-hills; which here increased in elevation, tear bigs an outline of conical
‘peaks:three hundred to five-hundred feet high. Some timber, apparently
" pine, grows in the ravines, and streaks of clay or sand whiten their slopes.
We crossed during the morning a number of hollows, timbered princi-
‘pally with box elder, (acer negundo,) poplar, andelm. Brady’s island is
well wooded, and all the river along which our road led to- E eee may, in
‘general, be called tolerably well timbered. We passed near ncamp-
ment of the Oregon emigrants, where they appear to-have reposed sev:

ys. A variety of household articles were scattered about,and they had ~

da
Speabahly disburdened themselves here of many things not absolutely. ne-
eessary. T had left the usual road before the mid-day halt, andin the af-
‘ternoon, having sent several men in advance to reconnoitre, marched di-
rectly for the mouth of the Sonth fork. On our arrival, the horsemen were
‘sent in and scattered about the river to search the best. fording et aa
‘the carts followed immediately. The stream is here divided-by an
into: two. channels. The southern is four hundred. and fifty feet v

ption o of afew dry bars, the bed of the river is generally quicksands
‘in which the carts — to sink rapidly so soon as the mules halted,,s0
it was necessary to keep them constantly in motion. == |
northern channel, two thousand two hundred and fifty. feet -wide,
cwas somewhat deeper, having frequently: three feet.-water in the numer-
“ous small — with a bed of coarse gravel .The whole breadth of

ska, immediately below the junction, is five thousand three pap .

the Nebra

‘teed and fifty feet. All our equipage had reached theleft bank safely at

o’clock, having to-day made twenty miles, We encampted at the patat
of land immediately at the junction of the North and South :

tween the streams is a low rich prairie, extending from their ‘confluence
eighteen miles westwardly to the bordering hills, where i “is five and a
-half miles wide. It is covered with a luxuriant. peach of grass, and

-along the banks is a slight and seattered fringe of cottonwood and willow.

In the buffalo trails and wallows, I remarked saline efflorescences, to

‘which a rapid evaporation in the great heat of the sun probably -contrib-

utes, as the soil is entirely unprotected by timber. - In the vicinity of these

places ne wasa bluish grass, which the cattle refuse to eat, called by
the voy rs “herbe saiée,? (salt grass.) The. latitude of the junction i
ae oa 0447", rand longitude, by chronometer and lunar deans by 49'43'

s came in with a fat cow; and, as.we had labored h hard oe

Ste otal | 5

Pama a

well a supper of roasted ribs and doudins, the chef d’euvre: of a prairie
cook. Mosquitoes thronged about us this evenitig ; but, by 10 o’clock,
- when the thermometer had fallen to 47°, they had all disappeared. “wa
i July 3.—As this was to be a point in our homeward journey, I made a-
_ ¢ache (a term used in all this country for what is hidden in the ground) of
_ abarrel of pork. It was impossible to conceal such a preceeding from the
: sharp eyes of our Cheyenne companions, and I therefore told-them to go
and see what it was they were burying. ‘They would otherwise have
not failed to return and destroy our cache, in —— -of some. ric
booty ; but pork they dislike, and never eat. We left our camp at 9, con-
tinuing up the South fork, the prairie bottom affording us a fair road ; but
in the ‘long grass we roused myriads of mosquitoes. and. flies, from which
- our horses stfffered severely. ‘Phe day*was smoky, with a pleasant breeze
_. from the south, and the plains on the opposite side were covered with buf-
falo. Having ‘travelled twenty five miles, weencamped at 6 in the even-
ing; and the men were sent across the river for wood, as there is none
here on the left bank. Our fires were partially made of the dois de vache,
_ the dry excrement of the buffalo, which, like that of the camel in the Ara-
_. bian deserts, furnishes to the traveller a very good substitute for wood,
a burning like turf. Wolves in great numbers surrounded us during the
night, crossing seat recrossing from the opposite herds to our camp, and
howling and atic about in the river until morning.
Juli e morning was very smoky, the sun shining dimly-and red,
as in a thick fog- The camp was roused with a salute at daybreak, and
bona imetll oe i Se of what our Indian friends called the “red
vate ; ‘othe men. While we were at pe oa 7 buffalo
calf broke through ees mp, followed by a couple of wo In its”
“ftig , it had probably mistaken us for a band of buffalo. Se wolves.
obliged to make a circuit around the camp, so that the calf got a lit-
: at Pa start, and strained every nerve to reach a large herd at the foot of —
the hills, about two miles distant; but first one, and then another, and
another wolf joined in the chase, until-his pursuers amounted to twenty
eS eck and they ran him down before he could reach his friends.
: were a few bulls near the arias and one of them attacked the .
Ives, and tried to'rescue him; but was driven off immediately, and the
little animal fell an easy prey, half devoured before he was dead. We
watched 8 chase with the interest always felt for the weak; and had
been a saddled horse at hand, he would have fared better. Leaving
samp, our read soon approached the hills, in whieh strata shoonee ig Pasa
| oti Chimney rock, hereafter Sebotibed; make their appearance. :
_. probably of this rock that the hills on the ‘right bank ofthe Platte, a litle
_ below the junction, are composed, and which are worked the winds
ronan into — peaks and cones, giving them, in contrast to. the. sur- |
rounding level region, something of a picturesque appearance. We

z ming numerous beds of the small creeks — in the

pene rains and meling snow, pour down from the ridge, b ringing down

with them always great quantities of sand and gravel; which have gr

ally raised their eds four to ten feet above the level of the pub, which

they cross, goon seem of them a miniature Po. Raised in this. wey
; the Reagan any bank, the long yellew and
resembles a a from the hills to. the:

e ii rs

23 ir 2.

- As-we were 6 riding slowly along this afternoon, clouds of dust in the
ravines, among the hills to the right, suddenly attracted our attention, and
ina few minutes column after column of buffalo came galloping down,
making directly to the river. By the time the leading herds had reach
‘the water, the prairie was darkened with the dense masses. Inimediately
before us, when the bands first came down into the valley, stretched an
unbroken line, the head of which was lost among the river hills on the
opposite’side ; and still they poured down from the ridge on our right.
From hill to hill, the prairie bottom was certainly not less than two “miles
wide ; and, allowin ing the animals to be ten feet apart, and only ten ina
line, there were already eleven thousand in view. Some idea may thus
be formed of their number when they had occupied the whole plain. In
a short'time they surrounded us on every side ; extending for several miles.
in the rear, and forward as far as the eye could reach ; ieee ics ms,
as we advanced, an open space of only two or three hundre
movement of the buffalo indicated to us the presence of iain on. the
North fork.
I halted earlier than usual, about forty sities from the junction, and all
hands were soon busily. engaged i in preparing a feast to celebrate the day.
‘The a of our friends at St. Louis had provided us wit e€
ee saps ellent rs and rich fruit cake; and when these were
a Pimedrarce soup, and variously prepare ed dishes of the choicest
rec pie Setavet with a cap of coffee, and enjoyed with prairie
petite, we felt, as we satin barbaric luxury around our smoking” ‘sup
on the grass,a greater sensation of enjoyment than the Roman Rist o4 *
- his perfumed feast. But most of all it seemed to please our agence
who, in the unrestrained enjoyment of the moment, demand Leow
our “medicine days came often.”’ No restraint was exercised at the hos-
pitable board, and, to the great delight of his elders, our young Indian” lad
“made himself extreme ly drunk.
Our encampment was within a few nilled of the place where the'soud
crosses to the North fork, and various reasons led me to divide my Le &
at this point. ~ The North fork was the principal object of my surve ess

far as St. Viral s fort, estimate 16 bes some two handéed miles nat a
the river, and near to Long” s peak: ‘There I hoped to obtain some naees,
which I found would be necessary to relieve my horses. In a milit
point of view, I was desirous to form*some opinion of the coun :
to the establishment of posts on a line connecting the ‘senleninaniey’ with
the South pass of the Rocky mountains, by way of the Arkansas and the
South and Laramie forks of the Platte. Crossing the country northwest-
mets from St. Vrain’s fort; to the American company’s fort at the mouth
Laramie, would give me some acquaintance with the affluents which ~
head i Ht — mountains between the two; I therefore de! eninied to set out
_the next morning, accompanied by Mr. "Preuss and four men, Maxwe
“Seine; Ayot, and Basil Lajeunesse. Our Cheyennes, whose ore ly
up this river, also decided to accompany us. The party I left in cha
of Clemént Lambert, with orders to cross: to the North fork 5
convenient place, near to the Coulée des Frénes, make a ca
thing not-absolutely to the further progress of
Fiom this point; using sie vichansaineat precaution in | i

*~

*

-

{ 474. J 24

the conntry; he was to proceed to the American soil fort..at: the
mouth of Laramie’s fork, and await my arrival, which would be prior to
the 16th, as on that and the following night would occur some occultations
which I pane desirous to obtain at that plac
.—Before breakfast, all was ie Oa "We had one led horse in ad-
dition to ae we rode, and a pack mule, destined to carry our instruments,
provisions, and baggage ; the last two articles not being of very eam
weight. The instruments consisted of a sextant, artificial horizon, &c.,
Darnene!st, spy glass, and compass. The chronometer I of course kept “4
i had ordered the cook to put up for us some flour, coffee, and
sugar, at our rifles were to furnish the rest... One blanket, in addition to
his saddle and saddle blanket, furnished the materials for each mANeee bed,
ne Ww as provided with a.change of linen. All we e armed

Pies! rifles., rg datle barrelled guns; and, in addition to these, Semeat

re furnished with excellent pistols. Thus acqnntiart, we

took . paciha breakfast with our friends, and se

Our journey the first day afforded nothing of 3 jnterest.. “We shot
a. buffalo toward sunset, and, having obtained some meat for our evening
meal, en encamped where a little timber afforded us the means of making a
fire. Hetoe disposed our meat on roasting sticks, we proceeded to un-
pack our bales in search of coffee and sugar, and flour for bread. With _
the exception of a little parched coffee, unground, we found nothing. Our.
cook had neglected to put it up, or it had been somehow a ge Tired

- and hungry, with tough bull meat without-salt, (for -we-had not bee n able
to kill a. ee anda little bitter.coffee, we sat down in silence to our mis-

a very. disconsolate party ; for yesterday’s feast. was yet fresh

emories, an was our first as with misfortune. Each man

ee his blanket and laid himself down silently ; for the worst part of these
s, that ney. make people ill-humored. Today we had travelled
a 2 thirty x mil
Finding. that our present excursion “would be attended with

gute h) hardship, and unwilling to.expose more persons t

sary, [ determined to. send Mr. Preuss back to the. party. His horse, me
on in no-condition to support the journey; and accordingly, after
bre kfast, he took the road across the-hills, attended by one of m a

es miles from our resting place-we crosted the bed of a consid- ;
ow entirely dry—a bed of sand, a grove of w

» Were the remains. of a. a fort, ‘constructed. of
_. It.was apparently very old, and had probably been
0 ameestile encounter among the roving tribes. Its. soli-

ere ag oe

*x¥ Qce fo dialaucto We be mh td 4 pf. th, vr
om F+, dc daun h ah- we nah aa oy ~ Cul
ry % Ft, Se > as ae eae mf

bed d : a

et erous trunks of large trees were scattered about on the ground. In
“many similar places I had occasion to remark an apparent progressive de-
in the timber. Ten miles farther we reached the mouth of Lodge
% Pole creek, a clear and handsome stream, running through a broad valley.
In its course through the bottom it has a uniform breadth of twenty-two
feet, aud six inches in depth. A. few willows on the banks strike pleas-
antly on the eye, by their greenness, in the midst of the hot and barren

sands.

The amorpha was frequent among the ravines, but the sundowér (heli-
_anthus) was the characteristic ; and flowers of deep warmcolorsseem most ~
to love the sandy soil. The impression of the country travelled over to-
day was one of dry and-barren sands. We turned in towards the river at
noon, and gave our horses two hours for food and rest. I had no other
thermometer than the one attached to the barometer, which stood at 89°,
the height of the column in the barometer being 26.235 at’ meridian.
sky was clear, with a high wind from the south, At 2, we continued our’
journey ; the wind had moderated; and it beeame almost unendurably hot,
and our animals suffered severely. - In the course of the afternoon, the wind
rose suddenly, and blew hard from the southwest, with thunder and oe
ning, ot squalls of rain; these were blown against us with violence by
the wind ;.and, halting, we turned our backs to the storm until it blew.
over. haaiee were tolerably frequent, with ala arge gray hare; but the
former were shy, and the latter hardly worth the delay of stopping to shoot
them ; so, as the evening drew near, we again had recourse to an old bull,
and encamped.at sunset on an island in the Platte.

We ate our meat with a good relish this evening, for we were all in fiir
health, aud had ridden nearly all of a long summer’s day, with a burnitig
sun, reflected from the sands. My companions slept rolled up in- their
blankets, and the ae jay in the grass near the fire; but my sle: pd
place generally had an air of more pretension. Our rifles ‘were
gether near the muzzle, the butts resting on the ground, and a knife laid
on the.rope, to cut away in case of an alarm. Over this, which made a
kind of frame, was thrown a large. India rubber cloth, which. we used to —
cover our packs. This made a tent suficieptly large to receive about half
of my bed, and ‘was a place of shelter for Soa instruments; andas I was
careful .always.to put. this part against the wind, I could lie here witha
sensation of satisfied enjoyment, and hear the wind blow, and the rain
patter close to my head, and know that I:should be at least half dry» Cer-
tainly, I never slept more soundly. . The barometer at sunset was 26.010,
thermometer 81°, and cloudy; but a gale from the west sprang up with

- the setting sun, and in a few = saphedt swept away every cloud from the
sky. ie evening was very fine, and I remained up to take some astro-
Labeareacionss which made our position in latitude. 4¢ 40° 51' oe 4 ant
lon, stder 103°07’ .
ly 7.—At i this. morning, at 6-0’ raloelk, the. barometer wassait
26,183, thermometer.69°, and clear, with a light wind from the southwest.
The-past night had been easel with high winds, and occasionally a few
ip ah Our cooking ot om ipy much time, and we left camp
early. Nothing: of pao: -occurred during the morning, The same
paimentiee., except that a hard. marly clay had replaced- a pe
2 abapinie’y covered. the ‘plain on both sides the river,and =
scended the hills, scattered herds gave life to the view —

: .

‘ in every direction. A small drove of wild horses made their appearance on
; the low river bottoms, a mile or two to the left, and 1 sent off one of the In-
dians (who seemed very eager to catch one) on my led horse, a — and
fleet animal. The savage maneuvred a little to get the wind of the horses,
in which ia Pieper tS within a hundred yards without be-
ing discovered. e chase for a few minutes was animated and interest-
ing. My x unter easily overtook and passed the hindmost of the wild drove,
; which the Indian did not attempt to /asso; all his efforts being directed to
: the capture of the leader. But the strength of the horse, weakened by the
insufficient nourishment of grass, failed in a race, and all ‘the drove escaped.
We halted at noon on the bank of the river, the barometer at that time be-
ing 26.192, and the eee 103°, with a light air from the: eoath ead
clear weather:
In. flies course of the afternoon, dust rising among the hills at a particular
attracted our attention; and, riding up, we found a band of eighteen
or twenty buffalo bulls engaged in a desperate fight. ‘Though butting and
gori ng were bestowed liberally, and without distinction, yet their efforts
were evidently directed against one—a huge gaunt — bull, very lean,
while his adversaries were all fat and in good order. He appestred very
weak, and had already received some wounds, and, while we were look-
ing on, was several times knocked down and badly hurt, anda very few
moments would have put an end to him. Of course, we took the side of
the weaker party, and attacked the herd; but they were = —— with
rage, that they fought on, utterly rega ardless of our presence, although -on
oot and on horseback we were firing in open view within. ae yards
ofthem. But this did not last long. Ina very few seconds, we created
A ete among them. One or two, which were knocked over by the
umped up and ran off into the hills; and they began to retreat
shee along a broad ravine to the river, fighting furiously as they went.
By the time they had reached the bottom, we had pretty well dispersed
them, and the old bull hobbled off, to lie down somewhere. One of his en-
emies remained on the ground where we had first fired upon them, and we
stopped there for a short time to cut from him some meat for our supper.
We had neglected to secure our horses, thinking it an unnecessary precau-
tion in their fatigued condition; but our mule took it into his head to start,
ot shay he went, followed at full speed by the pack horse, with all the
gage and instruments on his back. They were recovered and pees
ic i aher = chase ofa mile. Fortunately, Shery thing was w well sec
s0 5 that nothing, not even the barometer, was in the least i
The sun was getting low, and some vatcne lines of sinter four: orfive
es distant promised us a pleasant camp, —— with plenty of ee
and comfortable shelter: and rich grass for our animals, we sho
cool springs, instead of the warm scisel of the Platte: He
re found the bed of a stream fifty to one hundred feet wide, sunk
feet below the level of the prairie, with perpendicular. banks,
ny of green cottonwood, but not a drop ae water. . There
Were sev 1 forks to the stream , all in the same condition. With
the exception of the Platte bottom, the country seemed to be of a clay form-
Pe ; of any moisture, and baked hard saa,

ee

:
es
ae
os
=
a
=
=

tree, with thiek foliage ;
At sunset, the barometer was at 25.950,

27 a [174]

thermometer 81°, with a strong wind from S, 20° E., and the sky partially
covered with heavy masses of. cloud, which settled a little towards the
horizon: by 10 0’clock, leaving it sufficiently clear for astronomieal ob-
SeFNSLONS whiel: placed us in 1 latitude 40° 33' 2 26", and longitude 103°
800 i nar
ly The morning was very pleasant. The breeze was fresla

S. 50° -E. with few clouds; the barometer at 6 o’clock standing at 25 done 5
and the thermometer at-70°. Since leaving the forks, our route had- 25070, :
over a country alternately clay and sand, each presenting the same naked ©
waste. On leaving camp this morning, we struck again a sandy region,
in which the vegetation appeared somewhat more vigorous than that
which we had observed for the last few days; and os the opposite side vf
the river were some tolerably large groves of tim

Journeying along, wecame suddenly upon a eee where the ground
was covered with horses’ tracks, which had been made since the rain,
indicated the immediate presence of Indians in our neighborhood. The
buffalo, too, which the day before had been so numerous, were nowhere in
sight—another sure indication that there were people near. Riding on, we
discovered the carcass of a buffalo recently killed—perhaps the day before.
We scanned the horizon carefully with the glass, but no living o was
ie be seen. For the next mile or two, the ground was dotted with buffalo

, which showed that the — had made a sutround here, and
Were in considerable force.. We we n quickly and cautiously, keeping
the river bottom, and carefully avidin the hills; but we met with no
interruption, and began to grow careless again. We had already lost one
of our horses, and here Basil’s mule showed symptoms of giving out, and
finally refused to advance, being what the Canadinns call res¢é. He there-
fore dismounted, and drove her along before him; but this was a very”
slow. way of travelling. We had inadvertently got about half a mile in
advance, but our Cheyennes, who were generally a mile or two in the
rear, remained with him. There were some dark-looking objects among
the. hills, about two miles to the left, here low and undulating, which we

d seen for a little time, and supposed to be buffalo coming in to water ;

2

but, happening to look behind, Maxwell saw the Cheyennes whipping up
furiously, and another glance at the dark objects showed them at atonce to |
be Indians coming up at spe

Had we been well siowetod, ane disencumbered of instruments, we >
might have. set them at defiance ; but as it was, we were fairly caught.
It was. too late to rejoin our friends, and-we endeavored to gain a clum
of timber about half a mile ahead; but the instruments and the tired state
of our horses did not allow us to go faster than a steady canter, and they
were gaining on us fast. At first, they did not appear to be more than
fifteen or twenty in number, but group after group darted into view at the
top of the hills, until-all the little eminences seemed in motion, and, ina

few minutes from the time they were first discovered, two or three ‘hun- Ss)

dred, naked to the breech cloth, were sweeping across the prairie. Ina
few hundred yards we discovered that the timber we were endeavoring”
to make was on the opposite side of be meer and before we could reach
- the bank, down came the Indians u .

:

Tam inclined to think that in a ta Faicela more the leading mat
a perhaps some-of his companions, would have ro in eee -
had jerked saree from our guns, and our f |

#

*

c 174 J 28
~~
S; men in such cases generally act from instinct, anda charge fro
ye oe hundred snaked Savages. is a circumstance not well alee >
promote a cool exercise of judgment. Just as he was about to-fire, Max-
well recognised the leading Indian, ahd shouted to him in the Indian
language, | “ You’re a fool, God damn you, don’t you know me?” The
sound of his own: language seemed to shock the savage, and, swerving
his horse a little, he passed us like an arrow. ~He wheeled, as L rode out
toward him, and gave me his hand, striking his breast and « pees
“Arapaho!”” They proved to be a village of that nation,among w
Maxwell had resided as a trader a year or two previously, and Peigtioe
him accordingly. We were soon in the midst of the band, answering as
well as we could a multitude of questions; of which the very first was, of
They se were our Indian companions who were coming in the rear?
disappointed to know that they were Cheyennes, for they
‘had. ‘tally a anticipated a grand dance around a Pawnee scalp that night.
The chief showed us his village at a grove on the river six failes ahead,
and pointed out a band of buffalo on the ape side of the Platte, imme-
diately opposite us, which he said they were going to surround. They
had seen the band early in the morning Git their village, and -had been
making a large circuit, to avoid giving them the wind, when they discov-
ered us. In a few minutes the women: came galloping up, astride on
their horses, and naked from their knees down, and the hips ae They
followed the men, to assist in cutting up and carrying off the m
The wind was blowing directly across the river, and the chief Pieces’
us to halt where we were for a while, in order to avoid. bie the herd.
par therefore unsaddled our horses, and sat down on the bank to view
e scene; and our new acquaintances rode a few hundred yards lower
down, and began crossing the river. Scores of wild-looking dogs followed,
ig like troops of wolves, and having, in fact, but very little of the
dog i in ‘their composition. Some of them remained with us, and I checked
one of the men, whom found aiming at one, which he was about to kill
fora wolf. The day had become very hot. The air was clear, with a
‘very slight breeze; and now, at 12 o’clock, while the barometer ned at
25.920, the attached thermometer was at 108°. Our Cheyennes. had
learned that with the Arapaho village were about twenty lodges of —
own, includi ee their own families; they therefore immedia
--menced - pS their toilette. After bathing in the river, they faveheed
erward learned

themselves in some ~handsome® calico shirts, which I aft

soe al all their soonerwreniniies} and all ‘the ‘ikke <i
‘which they had picked up among us, with some few presents I had given

The loss which they see med. to regret most were their spears and
shields, a and some Setasctad which they had received from me. However, ©
they itallw hilosophy of an Indian, and laughingly ‘con-

hell ze Appenred however, a little mortified at the

“in sueh a sorry plight. “Our people

I

- around, we comm nenced our dinner while he: eontinued to smo

29. [ 174]

will laugh at us,” said one of them, “returning to the village on foot, in-
stead of driving back a drove of. Pawnee horses.”? He demanded to know

_ if I loved my sorrel hunter very much; to which I replied, he was the

object of my most intense affection. Far from being able to give, I was
myself in want of horses ; and any suggestion of parting with the few I
had valuable, was met with a peremptory refusal. In the mean time, the
slaughter was about to commence on the other side. So soon as they
reach , the Indians separated into two bodies.. One party proce
directly across the prairie, toward the hills, in an extended line, while the:
other went up the river; and instantly as they had given the wind to the
herd, the chase commenced. The buffalo started for the hills, but were -
intercepted and driven back toward the river, broken and running in every
direction. .The clouds of dust soon covered the whole scene, preventing:
us from: having any but.an occasional view. It had a very singular ap-
pearance to us at a distance, especially when looks with the glass. We»
were too far to hear the report of the guns, or any sound; and at every”
— through the clouds of dust which the sun made luminous, we:
see for a moment two or three buffalo dashifig along, and close be-'
hind them an Indian with his long spear, or other weapon, and instantly —
again they disappeared. The apparent silence, and the dimly seen figures.
flitting by with such rapidity, gave it a kind of dreamy effeet, and seemed
more like a picture than a scene of real life. It had been a large herd.
when the cerne commenced, probably three or four hundred in number;
but, ap I watched them closely, I did: not see one emerge from the
ta ud where the work of destruction was going on. After remain-
ing hee about an hour, we resummed our journey in the aicethiide of the

"Ga are ually; as. we rode on, Indian after Indian came dropping onde
laden with meat; and by the time we bad neared the lodges, the back-
ward road was covered-with the returning horsemen. It was a -pleasant
eontrast with the desert road we had been travelling. Several had joined
company with us, and one of the chiefs invited us to his lodge. The vil-
lage consisted. of about ‘one hundred and. twenty-five lodges, of whieh
twenty were Cheyennes; the latter phoncira a little Prete: from the —
hoes. They were disposed in a scattering manner on sides of
broad irregular street, about one hundred ond fifty fe feet wide, and egresng
along the river. As we rode along, I remarked near some of the lodges a
_kind of tripod frame, formed of three slender poles of birch, scraped Fery..
‘elean, to which were affixed the shield and spear, with some git reap
ohs, of a chief. All were scrupulously clean, the spear head was b
ed bright, and. the shield white and stainless. It reminded ‘am ‘of the
days of feudal chivalry ; and when, as I rode by, I yielded to the passing
impulse, and touched one of the spotless shields with. the muzzle of my
gun, f almost expected a grim warrior to start from the lodge and resent
my challenge. | ‘The master of the lodge’ spread out a robe for me to sit

upon, and the sqtiaws set before us a ‘large wooden dish of buffalo meat.
He’ had Jit his pipe in the mean while, and awhen it-had see eae pans

“wally, five or’six other: chiefs came in, and took their seats in
eis it eine: our host asked’a number of questions .re
the object of our journey, of which I ae no ‘concealmel
at I had made a visit to see see the | COU ntry, y. opal

Sir

ea 174 J] 30

tof military posts on the way to the mountains. Although
this was i a hoe of the highest interest to them, and by no means.
calculated to please them, it excited no expression of iecraiiens and in no
way altered the grave courtesy of their demeanor. ‘The others posers
and smoked. I remarked, that in taking the pipe for the first time, each
had turned the stem upward, with a rapid glance, as in offering ‘o the
Great Spirit, before he put it in his mouth. A storm had been gathering
for the past hour, and some pattering drops-on the lodge warned us that
we had some miles to our: camp.. Some Indian had given xwell a
bundle of dried meat, which was very acceptable, as we had nothing; and,
Springing upon our horses, we rode off at dusk in the face of a co id
shower and driving wind. We found our companions under some densely
_ foliaged old trees, about three miles up the river. Under one of them lay
the trunk of a large cottonwood, to leeward of which the men had kin-
dled a fire, and we sat here and roasted our meat in tolerable shelter.
Nearly opposite was the mouth of one of the most considerable affluents
of the South fork, Za Sonera aux Castors, (Beaver' fork,) heading off in
the ridge to the southea
July 9.—This aioe we caught the first faint glimpse of the Rock:
mountains, about sixty miles distant. Though a tolerably bright: day,
there was a slight mist, and we were just able to discern the snowy sum-
mit of “ Long’s: peak, ” (“‘ les deux oreilles’’? of the Canadians,) showing
like a small cloud near the horizon. I found it easily distinguishable,
there being a perceptible difference in its eupeersn from the. white
clouds that were floating about the sky. I was pleased to find that
among the traders and ropuoens the name of “ Long’s peak” had. been
adopted and become familiar in the country. In the bee near this
pees light brown sandstone made its first appearan Abont 8, we
discerned several persons on horseback a mile or two shea on the eppo-
site side- of the river. They turned. in towards the river, and we rode
down to méet them. We found them to be two white men, and a mu-
latto named Jim Beckwith, who had left St. Louis when a boy, and gone
to live with the Crow Indians. He had distinguished himself among
them by some acts of daring bravery, and had risen to the rank of a chief,
but had now, for some years, left them. They were in-search of a band of
Boren th at had eons off from a camp some miles above, in charge of Mr.
nabons them continued down the river, in search of the

daexican turned back with us, and we rode on towards

ae 101 = “i AG! ae
for os About eight miles from our sleeping place we reached Bijou’s

fork, an affluent of the right bank. Wholp we crossed it, a short « distance
om the Platte, it has a sandy bed about four hundred )

x in various small streams, a few inches deep. Seven miles further

brought us to a camp of some four or five whites, (New Englanders, Tbe:
iy expo had accompanied papiaus Wyeth to ‘the Columbia river, and

¢ independent trappers. Ali had their squaws with them, and I was

’ surprised at the number rot hitile fat buffalo-fed pays that pice 2
e or four
* spo:

ae [ 174 J
*

nard was in the service of Bent and St. -Vrain’s company, and had left
their fort some forty or fifty miles above, in the spring, with boats laden
with the furs of the last year’s trade. He had met the same fortune as
the voyageurs on the North fork, and, finding it impossible to preceed, had

taken up his summer’s residence ‘on this island; which he had named St.

From the place at which we had encountered the Arapahoes, the Platte
had been tolerably well fringed with timber, and the island here had a.

were pitched, There was a large drove of horses in the Opposite prairie
bottom; smoke was rising from the scattered fires, and the encampment

vr

‘had quite a patriarchal air. Mr. C. received us hospitably. One of the —

of sugar, Were soon set before us. The people in his employ were gene-

rally Spaniards, and among them I saw a young Spanish woman from

peak. Jt is on the right bank, on the verge of the upland prairie, about

ceived us with much kindness and hospitality. Maxwell had spent the

They usually obtain about six dollars a month, generally paid to them in

goods. They are very useful in a camp, in taking care of horses and
mules; and I engaged one,
ant
‘her
was |
]

the d
pre 5

i

[ = I 32°

The pipirtéy region of the mountains to the south was enveloped in smoke,
and I was informed had been on fire for several months. Pike’s peak is
said to be visible from this place, about one hundred miles to the south-
ward; but the smoky state of the atmosphere prevented my seeing it.
The weather continued overcast during my stay here, so that I failed in
determining the latitude, but obtained good observations for time on the
mornings of the 11th and 12th. An assumed latitude of 40° 22' 30” from
the evening position of the 12th, enabled me ‘to obtain, for a ey cor-
rect longitude, 105° 12’ 12”.

July 12.—The kindness of Mr. St. Vrain had enabled me to obtain a
couple of horses and three good mules; and, with a further addition to our
party of the Spaniard whom I had ‘hired, and two others, who were
going to obtain service at Laramie’s fork, we resumed our journey at 10,
on the morning of the 12th. We had been able to procure nothing at the
post, in the way of provision. An expected supply from Taos had not yet
arrived, and a few pounds of coffee was all that could be spared to us. In
addition to this, we had dried meat enough for the first day ; on the next,
we expected to find buffalo, From this post, according to the estimate of
the country, the fort at the mouth of Laramie’s fork, which was our next
point of destination, was nearly due north, distant about one hundred and
twenty-five mile

or a short distance, our road: lay down the valley of the Platte, which
resembled a garden in the splendor of fields of varied flowers, which filled
the air with fragrance. — only timber I noticed consisted of poplar,
birch, cottonwood, and willow. In something less than three miles, we
crossed Thompson’s sea; one of the affluents to the left bank of the
South fork—a fine stream about sixty-five feet wide, and three feet deep.
Journeying on, the low dark line of the Black hills lying between us and
the mountains to the left, in about ten miles from the fort, we reached Cache
ala Po where we halted to noon. This isa very beautiful moun-
tai stream, about one hundred feet wide, flowing with a full swift eur-
rent over a rocky bed. We halted under the shade of some cottonwoods,

with which = siream is wooded scatteringly. In the upper part of its .

course, it runs amid the wildest mountain scenery, and, breaking through
the Black hills, falis into the Platte about ten miles below this place. In

_ the course of our late journey, I had managed to become the possessor of

a very untractable mule—a perfect vixen—and her I had turned over to
my Spaniard. It occupied us about half ‘an hour to-day to get the saddle
upon her; but, once on her back, J osé could not be dismounted, realizing
the accounts given of Mexican horses horsemanship ; and we contin-
ued our route in the afternoon.
Se AL evening, we encamped on Crow (?) creek, having travelled about
twenty-eight miles, None of the Party were well _ uainted with the
c ntry,and I had great difficulty in eit lacapes Ptetp at were the names
the streams we crossed between the North and South forks of the Platte.

pposed to be Crow creek. It is what is called a salt stream, an
ee ‘water stands in besls, having no continuous course. A fine-grained.

sandstone made its appearance in the banks. The observations of-thé
— —— us in aaa: 40° 42’, un 104° 57' 49". The Baton:

j leter at 66°. nt

ar;
ha Tou yar 8 2:

%,

ic ee
es

- vache; whichis very-plentifale At}
was at 25. 235. chats Geched a ermometer 60°

4

ur camp 4 this Spruit, the. barometer

through a deep. blne sky, with a light wind. from ee west. After a ride

of twelve miles, ina northerly direction, over a ‘plain covered with innu-
-merable « quantities of cacti, we reached rornall creek inewhich there was

water,and where several herds of buffalo were scattered about among the
tavines, which always afford geod pasturage. We'seem now to be pass-

ing along the base of a plateau of the Black hills, in which the formation
consists of marls, some of them white and laminated ; the country to _the

left eens suddenly, and falling off gradually and uniformly to the tight.

€or six miles of a northeasterly course, we siruck a high ridge
abieos into cenical peaks, on whose summits large boulders were gathere
in heaps. The magnetic direction of the ridge is northwest. and south-

east, the glittering white of its precipitous sides making it visible for many

miles to the south. Tt is Composed of a soft earthy limestone and mals

a
' Fesembling that, hereafter described, in the wily. Worke hy of the Chimasy

bes were falls, from the bench above. It mao 4 in-by high. perpen-
war banks, ins which: were” Strata_of white Jamies mari. Its. bed

erfec
of” feast bic aridity, and pertect freedom. aa Arent In abou
Six miles we crossed the bed of another dry creek ; and, ‘continuing our
ride over a high level prairie, a little before sundown w we came suddenly

“upon a beautiful ereek, which revived us with a feeling of delighted sur-

prise by the pleasant contrast of the deep verdure of its banks. with: the
pareher desert we had passed. We had suffered much to-day, both men
and horses, for want of w water; having met with it but once in our upin-
terrupied march of forty miles, . and an exclusive meat. diet treates. muagp
‘thirst.

i estias a Piuche dambr
aid 5 Ba

fa sag tambien,

ifn said the young g Spaniard ingir-
. ere.” > Ast

rend to increase constantly i in aicialea. ot to. the indica-
son if Ete be dpromeleta x we were at our. mehvincatagli mA. fect OROUee be

od

be

pm 34

zon.
the attached thermometer 61°. Our course this morning was directly
°

on ihe immediate view. _ On the peak of the ridge where I was standing,

the sandstone formed the broken banks of the creek, yet they- were cov-

ered with a thin grass; and the fifty or sixty feet which formed the bottom

&
ehi

* 35 F ne T:

ns... Along t
Be oS appear domes and slender minarets raetly or yg Feet high, giving
it every appearance of an old fortified t On the peo ‘White
tats, ex ran

river, where this formation exists in el oeivt “it a¥beedts
which excite the admiration of the solitary voyageur, and form a fr
theme of their conversation when speaking of the wonders of the country
Sometimes it offers the perfectly illusive appearance of a large city, With
aga streets and magnificent buildin Be among which the Canadians
ver fail to see their cabaret; and sometimes it takes the form of a soli-
tary house, with many large chambers, into which they drive their horses
at night, and sleep in these natural defences perfectly secure from any at~
_tack of prowling savages. Before reaching our camp at Goshen’s hole, in
crossing the immense detritus at the foot of the Castle rock, we were in-
volved ; amidst windin; Z passages cut by the waters of the hil; and where,
with a breadth scarcely large enough for the passage of a horse; the walls
rise thirty and forty feet perpendicularly. This formation sup lies the -
discoloration of the Platte. At sunset, the height of the rested uf column
* was 25,500, the attached thermometer 80°, and wind moderate from. S.
ee? Fi: “Clouds covered the sky with the rise of the moon, but I succee
in obtaining the usnal astronomical Heath ame which placed v us. in| titu
41° 40' 13" ° , and longitude 104° 24’ |
y 15.—At 6 this morning, the serorden was at 25.515, the thet
e day was finé, with some clouds looking dark on the: south,
. fr eeze from the same quarter. We found that in our ji ya
| ot ee base we had kept too much to the eastward. This morning ;

: mare hot and among = ills the w wind s t |
» from an oven. ~ Our hor: “much > sed, as we f wii at
a and it was with Sofie lifficult ty that Heys ‘rere al brought to the
; which we reached at 1 0’clock. In riding in kage ther
we fund the trail of our Carts; whieh appeared to hav y
_ two sinc
~ After having allowed our animals two hours ar ir tg
“resumed our our journey, and towards the close of the day came in Sit of
~ Laramie’s fork. Issuing from the river hills, we kd first in view of
Fort Platte, a post potato wate Sybille, Ad: aks » & Co, si ga
~ammediatel in the point of land at 1 retion of Tia th
Platte. + tie® the us tne Ct 2 eu e Son h fork. it as ho
1, and still unfinished, being. intend with ‘walls (or rather houses} on *

three of the sides, and to ts i on the fourth” ‘to the river. ei

=

p i174 —s 3

angles, gave it quite an imposing appearance in the cuncertain- light ‘of
_ evening.: A cluster of lodges, which the language told us belonged to
Sioux Indians, was pitched under. the walls, and, with the fine back
_ ground of the Black hills and the prominent peak of Laramie mountain,
strongly drawn in the clear light of the western sky, where the sun had
already set, the whole formed at. the moment a strikingly beautiful picture.
- From the company. at St, Louis, I had letters for Mr. Bot udeau, the gentle-
man in charge of the post, by whom Iwas ‘received with great hospitality
and an efficient kindness, which was invaluable to me during my stay in
the country... 1 found our people encamped on the bank, a short distance
_above the fort. All were well; and, in the enjoyment of a bountiful a
per, which coffee and bread made: luxurious to us, we soon forgot t
eo wee | est ten sab oa

-& ‘hear previous: havdship adn
fork. There was no sign that our py “aa “passe e rode,
né pine trees, unsaddled the horses, and aun: ea ienibs off ithe
we ing the. arrival of our company. After r remaining here two
yy companion beeame impatieut, mounted -his horse ¢ again, and
e off down the river to see if he could discover our people. I felt so
-marode yet, that it bere a horrible idea to me to bestride that saddle again;
sol lay: still. I knew they could not come any other way, and then my
~ eompanion, one of the best men of the company, would not abandon me.
_. The sun went down; he did not come. Uneasy I did not feel, but very
a Tha 2 provisions, but I could make a fire; and as I és

es it I tried to kill one; but it peeds a better marksman

: “to ila little bird witha rifle. made fire, ho
hted my | 2 friend of mine in in every et d
Jet my thoughts wander tothe far east. ©

Agekd the tramp of a horse, and my ai il compe was
ide. He had found the party, ae we se os oy aki

37 [i747

of the forks, and the face of the. country: no | longer presented. the refresh-
ing green which had hitherto: peeeeenne: it. The rich grass was now
_found only in dispers ts, on low grounds, and on the bottom land of.
the streams, Along drought foined to extreme heat, had so parched up
the upper prairies, that they were in parte places bald, or covered only’
witha thin growth of yellow and poor The nature of the soil ren-
ders it Saeed susceptible to the <iaaetunase of the climate. Between.
the forks, and from their junetion to the Black hills, the formation con-
sists of mar! and a soft earthy limestone, with granitic sandstone. Syeh . =
formation cannot give rise to a sterile soil; and, on our return in Septem-

the valley o;
the Platte looked like a garden; so rich was the verdure of the gr rasses,”
and so luxuriant the bloom of abundant flowers. The wild sage begins to
make its appearance, and timber is so scarce _that we generally made our *
fires of the bois de vache. With the exception of now and then an isolated -
tree or two, standing like a light-house on’ the river bank, there is none —
whatever to be seen
“July 8.—Our road ada wasa solitary one. No game made its aspen. ;
ance—not even a buffalo or a stray antelope ; and nothing occurred to break
the monotony until _—— 5 o’clock, when the caravan made a sudden halt.
There was a galloping in of scouts ‘and horsemen from every side—a hur-
rying to and fro in adsy confusion ; rifles were taken from their cover;.—
bullet pouches examined : in short, there was the ery of ‘ Indian: ? heard
again. I had. become so much accustomed to these alarms, that now they _
made but little i impression on me; and before I had time to become ex- —
cited, the new comers were neeene to be whites. ‘It was a large ty pA
of traders and trappers, conducted by Mr. Bridger, a man well known in
the history of the country. As the sun was low, and there was a fine grass.
patch not ad ahead, they turned back and encamped for the night with
us. Mr. Bridger was invited to supper; and, after the table cloth was —
removed, we listened with eager interest to an account of their adventures.
‘What thoy had met, we would be likely to nto oa Speen
a them, would probably “po ama apes we looked upon
their life as a pict ure. of: our own. He informed hat spat abe care sen of of

been badly ’ disposed, ‘had br preken oar into: cai s liey in ie pot 3
spliced his party had encountered them in a severe engagement, in —
which a number of lives had been lost on both sides. ae with the —
Cheyenne aud Gros Ventre Indians, they were scourin the up) :

in war parties of great force, and were at this time in the ni
the Red Buttes, a famous landmark, which was: direct!
They had declared war upon every. living thing which s :

westward of that point:; aera their main pe was to. attack a large =
Went toy hites ane. eee ie dians, 1 rendezvous in the Swank”

‘his peeeee Goh: athe head of the Sweet.
» absence of our Begeas ee was deep! ; tted by :

Caries 38

my great surprise, I found, on the contrary, that this news. had thrown
them all into the greatest consternation; and, on every side, I heard only
one exclamation, ‘ Z/ ny aura pas de vie pour nous. _ All the night, scat-
tered groups were assembled around the fires, smoking their pipes,and
listening with the greatest eagerness to exopgernee ceed Indian hos-
tilities ; “and in the morning. I found a Sheree %

of h ey, 3 nees, and; “some-

nee as ‘the G7 were ka oe and. we were
anxious to i by the freshness of the morning. The soft marly form-
ation, over which we were now journeying, frequently offers fo the trav-
err views of remarkable and ee beauty. ‘To several of these
ocalities, where the winds and the rain have worked the bluffs into
pins shapes, the voyageurs ey cine n names according to some fan-
ied resemblance. One of these, called the Court-Aouse, we passed about
x miles from our encampment of last night, and toward noon came in
sight of the celebrated Chimney rock. It looks, at this distance of about

the-carts ae ar ae
- tate beaten cas

2 va lay of of the ° North BEL. ao ariable brea
iles. Fifteen ‘miles from. the chimney
2 river strikes th

thirty miles, like what it is called—the long chimney of a steam gory es-
tablishment, or a shot tower in Baltimore. No thing occurred to rrupt —
the quiet of the day, and we encamped | on the river, after a ae cal tee :
ty- miles. Buffalo had become very scarce, and but one had been
killed, of which the meat had been cut into thin slices, es “hang around

43 [ 174]

taining an. observation of an Santini on, Which took place about midnignte-
The moon brought with her. heavy nks of clouds, through which she .
scarcely made her papenenre sate the night.
The morning of the 18th was cloudy and calm, the thermometer at 6
fe) ’clock at 64°. About “S a a moderate wind from the west, a storm of
rain came on, accompanied by sharp thunder and lightning, which lasted
about. an hour. During the, day the expected village arrived, consisting
d men, women, and children. They had a considerable
orses, and large troops of dogs. Their lodges were pitched
near the fort, and our camp was. constantly crowded with Indians of all
sizes, from morning until night; at which time some of the soldiers gen-_ ,
erally came to drive them all off to the village. My tent was the only
place which they respected. Here only came the chiefs and men of dis-
tinction, and generally one of coat remained to drive away the women
and children. The numerous-strange instruments, applied to still eS
uses, €X! xcited awe and admiration among them, and those whic
in talking: with the sun and stars they looked upon with especial pos F
ence, as mysterious things of * great medicine.’ Of the three barometers .
which I had brought with me thus far successfully, I found that two were
out of order, and spent the greater. part of the 19th in repairing them— ~
an operation of no small difficulty in_the midst of the incessant interrup- .
tions to which I was subjected. We had the misfortune to break here a _
large thermometer, graduated to show fifths of a degree, which I. et to.
ascertain the eres of oad water, and with which I bi sed

«

much € xaggeration, oo ther each es ok I Pa aie gt oak Sagas ea Ie ad ie
iife and to the country ; a and that Trae tet the sccasomed 1 every day —
occurrence, “and to be expected in ‘the ordinary course of their service. ©
had heard of the unsettled condition of the country before lea “s .
St. Louis, and therefore could not make it a reason for breaking their en- —
gagemenis. Still, I was unwilling to take with me, on a service ice of some me
certain danger, men on whom I could, not rely ; and as I had underste 4
that there were among them some \ who were disposed to cowardice, oe
anaes to return, they had but to come forward at once, once, and state their
des nd they so be discharged with norte amount due to them for
their honor be

permission. _ I asked bh e ques
the ridicule of the men, | wat let him go. The ete afeel our pair
engag sec eel to one of the forts, and set off with a party for the U ir 3

ots ot think that the situation of the country justifi ;

pan ions, ‘Messrs. Brant and. Beuton, along wi
vould have been thoughi, at th

[ 274] | 44

great imprudence ; and ucreioe. though reluctantly, [ determined to leave
them: Randolph had been the life of the camp, and the “petit gargon”
was much regretted by the men, to whom his buoyant spirits had afforded
gréat aniusement. They all, however, agreed in the propriety of leaving
him at the fort; because, as they said, he mye he ciieie lives-of some of the
men ina fight’ with the Indians.

July 21.—A portion of our baggage, with. our field:-notes and observa-
tions, and several iustrunifats, were left at the fort. One of = re
Mr. ‘Galpin; took charge’of a barometer, which he en: 2)
during my absence; and T intrusted to Randolph, by way of oseipation,
the regular winding up of two o of my chronometers, which were among th
instrements left. Our observations showed that the chronometer which r
retained ‘for the continuation of our voyage had preserved its rate in a most
=: ‘ctory manner, Asdeduced from it, the longitude of Fort Laramie is
‘Of’ 21", and from ‘lunar distance 7h. Ol! 29"; giving for the adopted
emetic 104° 47' 43". Comparing the parreacaee observations made

sure ourstay here, with those of Dr. G. Engelman at St. Louis, we find _
for rthe elevation of the fort above’ the Gul f of Mexico 4,470 feet. The
wifiter climate here is remarkably mild for the latitude; but rainy weather
is frequent, and the place is celebrated for winds, of which the prevailing
oné is west. An easi wind in summer, and a south wind in winter, are
said to be always accompanied with rain

We were ready to separ Se tents. were struck, the mules ea
a Hore saddled, and we walked up to the fort to take the sf

our s in an esielione home-brewed preparation.
leasantly engaged, seated in one of the little cool chambers at the

« Forr “Fp Juillet 1, 1842.

& Mie Bak own: Les ches. s’étant assemblés présentement me disent
de vous. avertir de ne point vous mettre en route, avant. que le parti de
peg gens, qui est en dehors, soient de retour. De plus, ils me disent

sont tré certains qu’ils feront feu a la premiére rencontre. Ils

~Serrpuremee 2 ae jours. Excusez si je vous fais cos.

il me mon devoir de ettir da
ae ;

= caine: les es ‘sont les : |
de. partir-avant le retour des:guerriers, ©" ~*~ = * Set aes
suis votre obeissant ‘Serviteur, # eee

: “JOS GSEPH BISSONETTE, fit

| ec re he B. CHART. A

t ie > Eav4 J

wout sh hal sale returned _ Furthermore, they tell.me that they.,are
ery sure ey will fire upon you as sopn.as they meet you. They are
pact For in seven or eight-days. Excuse me for making these ab-
servations, but it seems my duty to warn you of danger. — _ Moreover, the
chiefs who probibit your setting out before the return ah the warriors are
the sbeasers of this note
al lam your ‘obedient parvent,
s.J OSEPH BISSONETTE, 4
« By L, B. CHART RAIN.

“ Names 3 .of some of 3 the chiefs —The pei or Hat, the Breaker of Arrows
the Black Night): the Bull’s Tail.’’ ; -

‘After reading jhe, I mentioned its purport to my companions ; and, see-
ing that all were fully possessed of its*contents, one of the Indians rose
up, and, having first shaken hands with ae ee as follows:

“« You have come among us at a bad time.. Some of our people have
been killed, and our young men, who are gone to the mountains, are
eager to avenge the blood of their relations, which has been shed by the
whites. — Our crete yes oat wads and, if they meet you, they will belie

ha carry s and ammunition to. their . enemies, | and v

_ fire upon you. You have told us that this will ma War. We kno 1
our great father has many soldiers and big guns, . and we are.
=a our lives. We love the whites, and are desirous of. peace. -Think-
of all these things, we have. determined to keep you here until our
arriors’return. We are glad to pee: ae among us. Our father is rich,
and we expected that you would ha
guns, and blankets. But we are glad to see you.’ We

“

look upon your —
coming as the light which goes before the sun; for you will tell our great
and.

father that. you have seen us, and-that we are naked poor, a
ete to ba and. he will send us all eae. things.” He was flowed
by the others, to re same effect. cae

any us until we should meet their people
ee robes in my tent and eat at my table, and . our F
a give them presents in ve eee oftheir services. _
saying that there were no young men left in the villa ;
were too old to travel s so p< mii horscheet ane. ae e

4

- 14] © 46

- should we not go? , Before we — we heard that you had killed his
sable and ceased to be his children ; but we came among you peaceably,
~ holding out our hands.. Now we find that the stories we heard are not
~ ties, and that you are no longer his friends and children. We have thrown
away our bodies, and will not turn back. When you told us that your
young men would kill us, you did not know that our hearts were strong,
and you did not see the rifles which my youhg men carry in their hands.
. We are few, and you are many, and may kill us all; but there will be
mucli crying in your yee: for many of your young men will stay be-
hind, and forget to r our warriors from the mount as. Do
you think that our great éhief will let his soldiers die, and forget to cover
their eras 2 Before: fhe qnows melt again, his warriors will sweep away
- your villages as the fire does the prairie in the autumn. See! [ have
own my white houses, apd iny people are ready : when the sun is
ten paces higher, we shall be on the march. If you have any thi ing to tell
Us, you ae say it soon.” I broke up the conference, asIcould do noth-
th oo ase ge ; and, being resolved to” proceed, nothing was to be
ined by “Accompanied by our hospitable friends, we returned to
the ogee re “we had in ounted-our horses, and our parting salutations had
been exchanged, Shien one of the chiefs (the Buil’s Tail) arrived to tell
e that they had determined to send a young man with us; and if [I
roa point out the place 0 Se our evening aes he should join us there.
“The young man is poor,” said he; “he has n eee and | sepetts ie to
give: him one.”? J dese rbed 0 fo him the place | where I intended to
~ and, shaking hands, in a few minutes we were among the h
itation of whites shut out from our view. — ied
e road led over : an interesting plateau between the North f fore or ahe
Platte on the right, and Laramie river on the left. At the distance of ten
miles es from the | fort, w we entered the sandy bed of a creek, a kind of defile,
‘by precipitous rocks, down which-we wound our way for several

gushes with considerable pee id force out of the limestone rock. ‘It is
“Called: € ‘the: Warm — furnishes to the hitherto ee bed. oo the

-- erous S Hasmapar the Missouri river, 8 sly the westel
hat formation. ers this: point’ "Tmet rwith no oss is 0

F was desirous to visit the ‘Platte 4 near ‘the. point- staides at Seabee ithe
aeies shee — followed this stream, for two or three miles, to
rece se which brig et ae fass
= celine

aadred yaks; aes place where, on the left bank, a very large ‘Spring

bd

- 247 “Payydéy

~ part, so as to permit the breeze to pass freely, it is converted into a pleas-
“ant summer residence, with the extraordinary advantage of being entirely
free from mosquitoes, one of which I have never seen in an Indian lodge.
While w. we were engaged very unskilfully in een. this, the interpreter,
oMr para; arrived, accompanied by the Indian and his wife. She
ughed at our ‘awkwardness, and offered her assistance, of which we were
a ntly afterward obliged to avail ourselves, before the men acquired
: “suilicient expertness to pitch it without difficulty. — From this place we
da fine view of the gorge where the Platte issues from: the’ Black hills,
Spngiae its hpeauat abruptly froma mountain stream into a river of the
plains. Immediately around@us the valley*%f the stream was ‘tolerably
open; and at the distance of a few miles, where the river-had cut its” way
through the hills, was the narrow cleft, on one sile of which a lofty preci-
Piceof: ae red rock rose vertically. ‘above the low hills which lay be-

Se 53 2. in the: morning, while breakinst was being prepared, I visited
: “ihe pose with my favorite man, Basil Lajeuiesse. Entering’ ‘so far as -
es Ab feos for the inules, we dismounted, and, t ing our animals,
way-on on foot. eed ‘the Seat country,” the - Raa! of the
oS eee =. 2

are ae 7

¢ sere OecastOHATSy broken: by pil and Aas ‘water Ponouds ~¢lear. Oa
- either. side rose the red_ precipices, vertical, and sometimes overhébatog,
~ two and four hundred feet in height, crowned with green summits, o

~ which were ‘scattered a few pines. At the foot of the rocks was the link be

~ detritus, formed of masses fallen from-above. Among the piues that grew

ee here, and on the occasional glia were the cherry, (cerasus virginiana,)
= eur , and grains de beeuf (shepherdia argentea.) Viewed in the sun- «

= shine of a pleasant morning, the e-scenery B= of a-miost striking and ro-

mantic c be eawtys. a arose from the picturesque disposition of the objects,

vivid con st of ee Jd | thooght with auch pleasure of our

eresting places; a and, in
0 them a full Saaiioa

irable- ores the
’ . =

Fs ~ compact clay; which are occasionally seen imbed
- Below was a seat compact red See chan
3 es ery . = = % he re

ie

ihodintely” be
ould be a, roo ue = Aad

€ groves of cotton wood od on it
ee: a= * is: wets

tice ant piace, on ibe eft | in
military |
ite. The's

4 f iti es contem lation to esl — . ‘aris oe
is ,a show of afte military | ihe s wedeere cet ty

-

“E274 ] A8

a
. meighboring- Indians mainly depend for support. ..t.would. render any
posts on the Lower Platte unnecessary ; the ordinary communication _be-
tween it aud the Migout being sufficient to control the intermediate In-
dians. It would operate effectually to prevent any suclr coalitions as are
now formed among the Gros Ventres, Sioux, Cheyennes, and other Indians,
aa would keep the Oregon road through the valley, at the Sweet Water
and the South Pass of the mountdins constantly o A glance at the
map which accompanies. this repo ort will show har. fs lies at the foot of
a broken and mountainous. region, along, which, by the establishment of
small posts in the neighborhood of St. Vrain’s fort, on the South fork o
the Platte, and Bent’s fort,on the Arkansas, a line of communication would
be formed, by good wagon roads, with our age miiaLy posts, which
would entirely command the mountain pass 1old some of the most
troublesome tribes in check, and protect and facilitate our Spleuidufed with
the neighboring Aes settlements. The valleys of the rivers on whic
they would be situated are fertile; the country, which supports immense
herds of buffalo; is naaee by adapted to grazing 5 - apd. herds of catile might
be maintained. by the posts, or obtained from t Spanish. country, which
pres Ly: Sepp licn a. portion of their provisions to sR trading posts. mentioned
abo

ie as we were leaving the camp this morning, our Indian came up,
and stated his intention of not proceeding any further until he had seen
the horse which I intended to give him. . I felt arene ae to ate
him out of the camp; but. his. presence appeare: confidence to my
men, and the. interpreter thought it absolately ni a there-
fore obliged to'do what he requested, and pointed out the -aifthat with
which he.seemed satisfied, and we continued our journey.. I had ima-
pie that Mr. Bags long BRP had made him acquainted
with the country, and, according to. his advice, proceeded directly forward,
without attempting to regain the usual road. He. Cae ee oletnes me
that he had rarely ever lost sight of the fort; “but the e the
was to invelve us for a day or two among the hills, whee. althouptt we
lost no time, we encountered an exceedingly rough road.
ie ihe south, along our line of march to-day, the: main chain of the
ack or Laramie hills rises precipitously, Time did not permit me to -
ie. them; but, fram_comparative information, the. ridge is composed of
_ the coarse. ‘sandstone or coaglomerate. hereafter described, It appears to
enter the” tegion_of clouds, which are arrested in. their Sontee, aud lie in
masses along the summits. An inverted cone of black cloud (cumulus)
_rested during all the forenoon on the lofty peak of Larantie mountain,
. which lL estimated to be about two serine oni fet above the fort, or six
thousand five hundred above the sea. We halted to noon on the Fourche
Amire, so called. from being timbered femelle. with the iard umere,
(a. wa gi ponlss,). with which the valley of the little stream is tolerably
weil woodec ich, with large expansive sumunits, grows to the
OF, ani "feet.
the creek is sand and gravel, the water dispersed over the
br oad bed in shallow. streams. - We found here, on the right. bank,
_ in the shade of @ pie miyse ing? spring of very cold water. It will be re-
és panped ts nention, ion, in. this is portion of the j Jomeers —_ npera-
&c.—an pmneion: which . will be

a | [ 174 7

the course of the narrative. In my search for plants, I was well rewarded
With the change in the geological formation ‘on leaving Fort Laramie,

the whole face of the country has entirely altered its appearance. East-

ward of that meridian, the principal objects which strike the eye of a travel-

: der are the absence of timber, and the immense expanse of prairie, covered

_ with the verdure of rich grasses, and highly adapted for pasturage. “Wher-

__ ver they are not disturbed by the vicinity of man, large herds of buffalo
give animation to this country. Westward of Laramie river, the region is
sandy, and apparently sterile; and the place of the grass is usurped by the
artemisia and other odoriferous plants, to whose growth the sandy soil
and dry air of this elevated region seem highly favorable.

One of the prominent characteristics in the face of the country is the ex-
traordinary abundance of the artemisias. They grow every where—on
the hills, and over the river bottoms, in tough, twisted, wiry clumps ; and,
wherever the beaten track was left, they rendered the progress of the carts

ihroughont the country. the u ater had been almost dried u p. Byavailing
themselves of the annual rise, the traders had invariably succeeded in

search that

[ av4 ] 50 \

.

or two they began to.suffer very much. We found none to-day at noo)
and, in the course of our search on the Platte, came to a grove of cotton\
wood, where some Indian village had recently encamped. Boughs of the\
cottonwood yet green covered the ground, which the Indians had cut

own to feed their horses upon. It is only in the winter that recourse is
had to this means of sustaining them; and their resort to it at this time was
a striking evidence of the state of the country. We followed their example,
and turned our horses into a grove of young poplars. This began to pre-
sent itself as a very serious evil, for on our animals depended altogether
the further proser ation ge our journey. « sg

Shortly after we had left this place, the scouts came galloping in with

the alarm of Indians. e turned in immediately toward the river, which

»

information, We learned that they belonged to the party which had been
on the trail of the emigrants, whom they had overtaken at Rock Independ-

some small parties of Crow Indians. The remainder were returning down
the Platte, in scattered parties of ten and twenty ; and those whom we had
encountered belonged to those who had advocated au attack on the emi-
grants. Several of the men suggested shooting them on the spot; but

promptly discountenanced any such proceeding. They further informed
me that buffalo were very scarce, and little or no grass to be found. There
erable quantities of grasshoppers had destroy-

nued our march, and
the, Platte.
hills the psorulea esculenta,
root very extensively, an
t into’ thin slices and dried.

Indians, who told us that a lar
_ Astronomical observations place

as

397

4€

bl [174]

bank of the Platte, where a handsome meadow afforded tolerably good
grass. There were the remains of an old fort here, thrown up in some

sudden emeneeney and on the opposite side was a picturesque bluff of ©

ferruginous stone. There was a handsome grove a little above, and

- Scattered pete =i trees bordered the river. Buffalo. made their appear-

ance this afternoon, and the hunters came in, shortly after we had encamp-
ed, with three fine cows. The night was fine, and observations gave for

; the latitude of the camp, 42° 47’ 40'

july 25.—We made but thirteen miles this day, and encamped about
noon ina pleasant grove on the right bank. Low scaffolds were erected,
upon which the meat was laid, cut up into thin strips, and small fires

: kindled below. ‘Our object was to profit by the vicinity of the buffalo, to

lay in a stock of provisions for ten or fifteen days. Iu the course of the
afternoon the hunters brought in five or six cows, and all hands were
kept busily employed in preparing the meat, to the drying of which the
guard attended during the night. Our people had recovered their gayety,
ca the busy figures around the blazing fires gave a picturesque air to the

camp. <A very serious accident occurred. this morning, in the breaking of
one of the barometers. Thiese had been the object of my consiant solici-

_-tude, and, as I had intended them principally for mountain service, I ha
cused them as seldom as possible; taking them always down at night, and
- on the occurrence of storms, in order to lessen the chances of being broken.

I was reducé@d to one, a standard barometer of Troughton’s construction.
This I determined to preserve, if possible. .The latitude is 42° 51' 35",

“and by a mean of the results from chronometer and junar distances, the
45".

adepred longitude of this camp is 105° 50
uly 26.—Early this moruing we were. again in motion. We had a

_ stock of provisions for fifteen days carefully stored away in the carts, and
_ this I resolved should only be encroached upon yhen our rifles should fail

to procure ns present support. I determined io reach the mountains, if it

_ Were in any way possible. In the mean time, buffalo were pleuty. In six

miles from our encampment, (which, by way of distinction, we shall call
Drie eat camp,) we crossed a handsome stream, called La Fourche

i

It is well tot and among. ibe pavers in bios on its al

iF remarked several —— coe

3S the river, thickets of re. the grains de re boeuf of the country,
They were of two kinds—oue bearing a red berry, (the shepherdi a ee.
tia of Nuttall ;) the other a yellow berry, of which the Tartars are sa
make a kind of rob.

By a meridian observation, the latitude. of ey place was 42 50" 08" oF
It was my daily practice to take observations of the sun ’s meridian
and why they are not Eas will appear in the sequel. Eight miles fines

“we reached the mouth of Deer creek, where we encamped. Here was an

abundauce of rich grass, and o ur animals were compensated for past priva-
tions. This stream was at this time twenty. feet broad, and well timbered

. with cottonwood of an uncommon size. It is the largest tributary of the
_ Platte, between the mouth of the Sweet Water.and the Lara arise ‘Our as-
_ tronomical observations gave: for the mouth of the stream a.lon;

° 98' 24", and latitude 42° 52’ 24". Open 4
July 3 Noting worthy of meution occurred on t is d ys we
ae Ree : a o. dhtems Btnct {

cx

eo 174 . 52
; ‘elled later: chan usual, having spent some time in searching for grass,
crossing and recrossing the river before we could find a sufficient quantity
for our animals: Toward dusk, we pncaadibd among some artemisia
bushes, two and three’ feet in height, where some scattered patches of
short tough grass afforded a scanty supply. In crossing, we had oceasion

to observe that the river was frequently too deep to be forded, though we

always succeeded in finding a place where the water did not enter the
carts. ‘The stream continued very clear, with two or threeshundred feet
breadth of water, and the sa and banks were frequently covered
with large round pebbles. We had travelled this day twenty-seven miles.
The main chain of the Black hills was here only about ‘seven miles to
the south, on the tight bank of the river, rising abruptly to the height of
eight and. twelve hundred feet.» Patches of green grass in the ravines on
the steep sides marked the presence of springs, and the summits were clad
with pines.

July 28. —In two miles from our encampment, we reached the place
where the regular road crosses the. Platte.. There was two hundred feet
breadth of water at this time in the bed, which has a variable width of
eight to fifteen hundred feet. The channels were generally three feet deep,
and there were large angularrocks on the bottom, which made the ford in
some places a little difficult, Even at its low stages, this river cannot be
crossed at'random, and this has always been used as the best ford, The
_ low stage of the waters the present year had ~ it fordable i in almost any
“part of its course, where access could be had to ! Byer Dott

For the satisfaction os casera I will anion vo} to give ‘edehd "Weaditp-

» tion of the nature of the road from Laramie to this point. The nature of

>the soil may be safoersa Sete its geological formation. The rianeardlve’ ‘at

the eastérn limit of this'section is succeeded by limestone without ‘fossils,

‘a great variety of sandstone, consi sisting principally of red sandstone and

“fine conglomerates. The red sandstone is argillaceous, with compact white

‘gypsum or alabaster, very ret The other sandstones are gray y, yel-

iow, and ferrugitious, sometimes very coarse.’ The apparent sterility of

the country must therefore be ante for in other causes than the nature of ~
the soil. ‘The face of the country cannot with propriety be called hilly. It
isa suecession of long ridges, made by the numerous streams which come
down f the neighboring mountain- range. ‘The ridges have an undu-
Tat poi aca with some s ae appearance Lod s the ocean presents in an or-

=
“= agreed es “arhieh i is daw ipinorelly followed iheougt ei
fore a very good one, without any difficult ascents to ov

- obstructions are near the river, where the transient Waties ot
‘ains have made deep ravines ce std steep banks, which renders fre-
necessary. It will be remembered that wagons pass this
r twice a year, wate is by no means sufficient to break
n roots of the innumerable — la es A Spebttal
if these is neo the vers indication of the track ; and the ae
many places gives’ the hat the charaet

wooed country. | sis a consi
f the mountains ; and, as it passes 1

to the seer - valley, west of the _

suite hates

i

: *

' when other

53 [ 174 ]

Rocky mountains, there is no such thing as a mountain road on the line of
communication. 9, | Pe sod feed:
-We continued our way, and four miles beyond the ford Indians were
discovered again; and [halted while.a party were sent forward to ascertain
who they . In a short time they returned, accompanied by a.number
of-Indians‘of the Oglallah band of Sioux, .From.them we received some
interesting information. | They liad formed part of the great village, which
they informed us had broken up, and was on its way home... The greater
part of the village; including: the Arapahoes, Cheyennes, and Oglallahs,.
had crossed the Platte eight or ten miles below the mouth of the Sweet
Water, aod were now behind:the mountains, to the south of us, intendi

had finished the interpretation of these thin

sent’; butas the situation of the country gave me some reason to appre-..
hehd that it might be attended with an unfortunate-result to some of us,

the undertaking.

able spot for the object [had in view. ae of
The carts having been discharged, the covers and wheels weré taken,

and concealed- in the dense foliage ein such a manner that the glitter
iron work might not attract the observation of some strag 2 g a a
Inthe sand, which had been blown up into waves amor .

nthe sand, v : raves among the willows,a
ge hole was then dug, teu feet square, and six deep. In the mean time, . :

ighaors «

Seb oia?
ee «ee : a

x
2 8 54

all our effects:‘had been spread out upon the ground,and whatever was
designed to be carried along with us separated and laid aside, and the re-
maining part carried to the hole and carefully covered up. As much as
possible, all traces of our proceedings were obliterated, and it wanted but
a rain to render our cache safe beyond discovery. All the men were now
set at work to arrange the pack saddles and make up the packs.
The day was very warm and calm, and the sky entirely clear, except
where, as usual along the summits of the mountainous ridge opposite, the
clouds had congregated in masses. Our lodge had been planted, and, on
account of the heat, the ground pins had been taken out, and the lower
part slightly raised. Near to it was standing the barometer, which swung
in a tripod frame; and within the lodge, where a small fire had been built,
fr, Preuss was occupied in observing the temperature of boiling water.
At this instant, and without any warning until it was within fifty yards, |
a violent gust of wind dashed down the lodge, burying under it Mr. Preuss
and about a dozen men, who had attempted to keep it from being carried
away. I succeeded in saving the barometer, which the lodge was. carry-
ing off with itself, but the thermometer was broken. We had no others
of a high graduation; none of those which remained going higher than
135° Fahrenheit. Our astronomical observations gave to this place, which
we named Cuche camp, a longitude of 106° 38’ 26”, latitude 42° 50' 53".
July 29.—All our arrangements having been completed, we left the en-
campment at 7 o’clock this morning. In this vicinity the ordinary ro
leaves the Platte, and crosses over to the Sweet Water river, which it
strikes near Rock «Independence. Instead of followmg this road, I had
determined to keep the immediate valley of the Platte so far as the mouth
of the Sweet Water, in the expectation of finding better-grass. To this I
was further prompted by the nature of my instructions. To Mr. Carson —
was assigned the office of guide, as we had now reached a part of the
country with which, or a great part of which, long residence had made
him familiar. Ina few miles we reached the Red Buttes, a famous land- .
mark in this country, whose geological composition is red sandstone, lime-
_ stone, and calcareous sandstone and pudding stone.

lofty escarpments of red argillaceous sandstone, which are called |
is s the i ; ) compressed or

~ are the lofty
the Red Buttes. In this

ike their way up and down the
We halted to noon before we had

broadly, and high walls of the red
lis to the east. We crosse

ent themselves among the |i

fai

é
é
ms: awe.
, = a
~~ < as Beh
Seif ‘aE
BACT OE

HOT, SPRING) GATE

ms

Perna »-day consists principally. of the compact mig

od granite, at an inclination of 45°; the bef

59 f 1744

or rather scran , our Vv vay up the narrow valley for several hours.
and. abeiler were the character of this scenery. The river had

Wildness
been swollen by the late rains, and came rushing through with an impetuous

current, three or four feet deep, and generally twenty yards broad. The
valley was sometimes the breadth of the stream, and sometimes opened
into little green meadows, sixty yards wide, with open groves of aspen.
The stream was bordered throughout with aspen, beech, and willow; and
tall pines grew on the sides and summits of the crags. On both sides, the
granite rocks rose. precipitously to the height of three hundred and five
hundred feet, terminating in jagged: and broken pointed peaks ; and frag-
ments of fallen roe ke lay | piled up at the foot of the precipices. Gneiss,
mica slate, and a white granite, were among the varieties I noticed. Here

which were | ying trees, which they had cut down, one and two feet in
diameter. The hills entirely shut up the river’at the end of about five
miles, and we turned up a ravine that led toa high prairie, which seemed to
be the general level of the co untry.. Hence, ‘to the summit of the ridge,

there is a regular and very Sadoid ys Blocks of : Kgs were bata le
mica slate ;

at the heads of the ravines, and small bare knolls of

quartz protruded at frequent aaa “f T iife prairie, whieh was white

in occasional spots with small salt lakes, where the water had. evaporated,
and left the bed covered with a shining ‘incrustation of salt. The evening
was very cold, a northwest wind driving a fine rain in our faces ; and at
nightfall we descended to a little stream, on which we encamped, about
two miles from the Sweet Water. Here had recently been a very large
camp of Snake and Crow Indians; and some large poles lying about af-
forded the means of pitching a tent, and:‘making other places of shelter.
Our fires to-night were made principally of the dry branches of the arte-

misia, which covered the slopes. It burns quickly, ‘ot h a yey Po oily ae 7
and 1 : ‘

; The hills here are. coulpoted: ha ompaet mica
sate, with veins of quartz.

st 7.—We left our encampment with the rising sun. As we rose
feo the bed of the ereek, the snow line of the mountains stretched grandly
before us, the white peaks glittering in the stn. They bad been hidden

oe,

in the. dark weather of the last few days, and it had been snowing on them, —

while it rained in the plains. We crossed a ridge, and again struck the

Sweet Water—here a beautiful, swift stream, with a more open Vv valley,
timbered with beech and cottonwood. It now began to lose-itself in the
many small forks which make its head; and we continued up the main
str until near noon} when we left ita ‘few miles, to make our noon halt

ona ‘Srna creek among the hills, from which the stream issues by a small

ning. Within was a beautiful grassy spot, covered with an open grovg
pied scan among which i ound several plants that I hag,

reviously séen.
j Phaaiewecas was cloudy, with aioli of rain; but the
came fine at sunset, when we again encampe w

ina few miles of the Sovrn Pass. The country overs

on.all the ridges, making the uplands very roc
s which border the creeks, it is seen ay

from two or three feet to six or eight huadred.

[174 J 60

i has the appearance of irregular lumps of clay, hardened by ex-
A. variety of asters may now be numbered amoug the character-
istic laws and the artemisia continues: in. full glory; but cacti have be-
come rare, and mosses begin to dispute the hills with them. The evening
was damp and unpleasant; ss thermometer, at 10, 0 "clock, being at 36°,
and the grass wet with a heavy dew. Our astronomicalobservatio placed
this encamptmentin lonsitede 109°.21' $2", and latitude 42° 27' 15",
Early in the morning we eee our journey, the weather still cloudy,
with occasional rain. Our general course was west, as I had determine

‘to cross, the dividing ridge by a bridle path among ae broken country
more immediately at the foot of the mountains, and return by the wagon
toad, two and a half miles to the south of the point where the trail crosses.

About six miles from our encampment brought us to the sammit. The
asc had been so gradual, that, with all the intimate knowledge pos-
ssed by Carson, who had made this country ‘his home for seventeen

Fag we were obliged to watch very closely to find the place at which
we had reached the culminating point. This was between two low hills,
rising on either hand fifty or sixty feet. When I looked back at them,
from the foot of the immediate slope on the western plain, their summits
appeared to be about one hundred and twenty feet above. From the im-

_ pression on my mind at this time, and subsequently on our return, I should
compare the elevation which we surmounted immediately at the Pass, to
the ascent of the Capitol hill from the avenue, at Washington. It is diffi-.
cult for me to. fix. positively the breadth of this pass.. From the broken

where it commences; at the foot of the Wind river chain, the view
to the southeast is over. a champaign country, broken, at the distance of
nineteen mailes, by the Table rock; which, with the other ae, hills
insits vicinity, seems to ) stand ona ‘comparative plain. This I judged to
be its ing its rugged character with the Table
rock. It will be-seen that it in no manner resembles the places to which ©
the term is commonly applied—nothing of the gorge-like character and
winding ascents of the Allegheny passes in rice 2a nothing of the Great »
St.. Bernard and Simplon- passes in Eur Approaching it from: the
mouth of the Sweet Water, a sandy as one hundred and twenty miles
long, conduets, by a gradual and regular ascent, to the summit, about
seven thousat id feet abo e sea; and the traveller, without being re-:
minded of any change by to ascents, suddenly. finds + a the
waters which flow to the Pacific ocean, By the route we had

the distance from Fort Laramie is three ernoes and tw dary wiles eonine
hundred and fifty fois the mouth of the Kansas.

Continuing our march, we reached, = eight miles from the ‘Poss, Gre

Little Sandy, one of the ‘tributaries of th Colorado, or Green river of the

ulf of California. The weather had a te during the morning, and
emained here the rest of the day, to dry our baggage and take some
“nical observations. The stream was shone forty feet wide, and

deep, with clear water and a full swift current, over a sandy

abered with a growth of low bushy and dense willows,

~ little verdant spots, which gave our animals fine grass,

“\gumber of interesting plants. _ Among the neighbor-
“nents: of granite containing magnetic iron. Lane

99° 37' 59", and latitude 42° 27' 34 * ‘

your” ew halt to- day on Big. Sandy, anothe: ;

61 [174]
‘sitislannof Green river. The face of the country taveried was of a brown
sand of granite materials, the detritus of the neighboring’ mountains.

Strata of the milky quartz cropped out, and blocks of granite were: seat-

tered about, eescheaseape magnetic iron. On Sandy creek the formation was
“parti-ci nd,exhibited in escarpments fifty to eighty feet high. In
the afternoon we had a severe storm of hail, and eneamped at sunset on
the. first New Fork. Within the space of a few miles, the Wind mo
“tains supply a number of tributaries to Green river, which are all eaited the
New Forks. Near our camp were two remafkable isolated “hills, one of
them sufficiently large to merit the name-of mountain. They are Galle
the Two, Buttes, and will serve to identify or place of our encampment,
- which the observations of the eveuing placed in longitude 109° 58’ 11”,
and latitude 42° 42' 46"... On the right bank of the stream, opposite to the
large hill, the strata which are displayed consist of ‘decomposing granite,
which supplies the brow sand of which the face of the country is com-
posed to a considerable depth.
August 10.—The air at sunrise is clear and pure, and the morning ex-
“tremely cold, but beautiful, A lofty snow peak of the mountain is glitter-
ing in ‘the first’ rays of the sun, which has not yet reached us.
: itain wall to the: east, rising two thousand feet abruptly from the
’ plain, behind which we see the peaks, is still dark, and cuts clear against
the glowing sky. A fog, just risen from the river, lies along the ze)
the mountain. — A little before sunrise, the ihermometer was at 35°, and at
sunrise 33°. Water froze last night. and fires are very comfortable. The
scenery becomes hourly more interesting and grand, and the’ view here is
ae magnificent; but, indeed, it needs something to repay the long prai-
“rie rie journey of a a thousand miles. The sun has just shot above the wall,

makes a magical change. The whole valley is glowing and- bright,
ae | the mountain peaks are gleaming likesilver. Thongh these snow
mountains are not the Alps, they have their own character’ of grandeur

~

oe cence, and will doubtless find pens and pencils to do them —

ju the seen ne before us, we feel how much wood in:provesa view.
The pines on tlie mountain seemed to give it much. additional beanty. I
was agreeably earesees in the character of the streams on this side of
the ridge. Instead of the creeks, which deseription had led me to _ Sapeel,
I find bold, broad streams, with three or four fet water, and a rapid

- Tent. “The fork on which we are ‘encamped is upwards of a hundred feet
wide, timbered with groves or thickets of the low willow. We were

now!
approaching the loftiest part of the Wind river chain; ‘and I left the val-

ley a few miles from our encampment, intending to penetrate the moun-

tains as far as possible with the whole party. We were soon involved in ~

very broken ground, among long ridges covered with fragments of granite.

Winding our way up a long ravine, we came u unexpectedly in view of a |

most beautiful lake, set like a gem in the mountains. The sheet wa water =

lay transversely across the direction we had been pursuing; and,
“ing the steep, rocky ridge, where it was necessary to lead our h
“followed its banks io the southern extremity. Here a view of the u

magnificence and grandeur burst upon our eyes. With nothing oo =

us and se abbot feet to lessen the effect of the whole height, a gr:
ped mountains rose before us, pe aoe pile, glo

Temieaest hokage dos. lemininte

_ between two ridges, covered faa dark pines, whieh s¥ geen from =

f 174] | 62

the main chain to the spot where we stood. Here, where the lake glittered
in the open sunlight, its banks of yellow sand and the light foliage of aspen
groves contrasted well with the gloomy pines, “Never before,” said |
Mr. Preuss, “in this country or in Europe, have I seen such magnificent,
grand rocks.” I wasso much pleased ye the beauty of the place, that
I determined to make the main camp here, where our animals would find
good pasturage, and explore the mountains with a small party of men.
Proceeding a little further, we came suddenly upon the outlet of the lake,
where it found its way through a narrow passage between low hills. Dark
pines, which overhung the stream, and masses of rock, where the water
foamed along, gave it much romantic beauty. Where we crossed, which
was immediately at the outlet, it is two hundred and fifty feet .wide, and
so deep, that with difficulty we were able to ford it. Its bed was anh ac-
cumulation of rocks, boulders, and broad slabs, and large angular frag-
ments, among which the animals fell repeatedly. -,
The curreut was very swift, and the water celd, and of a crystal purity.

_ tributary to Green river, the Colorado of the west. On the map and in the
narrative, I have called it Mountain lake, T encamped on the north side,
bout three hundred and fifty yards from the outlet. This was the mos

astrononmiica

~ aad Cradly thick glass, some
ster as the cistern, and I spent the day in

. di al
ae

63 174... ,
: ! re

sa " * 2 ee
slowly working on these, endeavoring to cut them of the requisite length ;

if .

but, as my instrument was a very rough file, I invariably broke them. A
“groove was cut in one of the trees, where the barometer was placed during

fis night, to be out of the way of any possible danger, and in the morning
I commenced again. Among the powder horns in the camp, I found one
~ which was very transparent, so that its contents could be almost as plainly
seen as through glass. This I boiled and stretched on a piece of wood to

the requisite diameter, and scraped it very thin, im order to increase to the
utmost its transparency. I then secured it firmly in its place on the instru-
“ment, with strong glue made from a buffalo, and filled it with mercury,
properly heated. A piece of skin, which had covered one of the vials,
oe a good pocket, which was well secured with strong thread and
glue, and then the brass cover was screwed to its place. The instrument *
was left some time to dry; and when I reversed it, a few hours after, I had
the satisfaction to find it in perfect order; its indications being about the
same as on the other side of the lake before it had been broken. Our suc-
* cess in this little incideut diffused pleasure throughout the camp; and we
immediately set about our preparations for ascending the mountains.
As will be seen on reference to a map, on this short mountain chain
are the head waters of four great rivers of the continent; namely, the Col-
orado, Columbia, Missouri, and Platte rivers. It had been my design, af-
ter having ascended the mountains, to continue our route on the western
side of the range, and crossing through a pass at the north western eid of

~ yeluctantly, to abandon this

rs aaa

the course of the narative, (as I have avoided dwelling upon trifliug.inci-
dents not connected with the objects of the expedition,) the spirits of the
men had been much exhausted by the hardships and privations to which

they had been subjected. Our provisions had wellnigh all disappeared.

. Bread had been long out of the question; and of all our siock, we had re-
maining two or three pounds of coffee, and a small quantity of macea roni,

ich had been husbanded with great care for the mouirtain expedition

we were about to undertake. Our daily meal consisted of ‘dry buffalo
meat, cooked in tallow; and, as we had not dried this with Indian skill,

part of it was spoiled ; and what remained of good, was as hard as wood,
having much the taste and appearance of so many pieces of bark. Even

of this, our stock was rapidly diminishing in a camp which was capable

€

of consuming two buffaloes in every twenty-four hours, These animals
had entirely disappeared ; and it was not probable that we should fall in
_ with them again until we returned to the Sweet Water. ie
Our arrangements for the ascent were rapidly completed. We were in
~ a hostile country, which rendered the greatest vigilan d circumspec-
~~ ton n t the north end of the was g erally

tion necessary. The pass at north en f the mountain was gener
d by Blackfeet ; and immediately opposite was one of their forts, on

*

174 yj 64
_ the edge of alittle thicket, two or three hundred feet from our E-ancalits:
ment. e were posted in a grove cf beech, on the margin of the lake,
and a few hundred feet long, with a narrow prairilion on the inner side,
bordered by thé rocky ridge. In the upper end of this grove we cleared a
circular space about forty feet in diameter, faba: with the felled timber and
interwoven branches, surrounded it with a breast work five feet in height.
A gap was left for a gate on the inner side, by which the animals were
to be driven in and secured, while the men slept around the little work. |
It was half hidden. by the, foliage ; and, garrisoned y twelve resolute
men, would have set at defiance any band of savages which might chance
to discover they in the interval of our absence. Fifteen of the best
mules, with fourteen men, were selected for the mountain party. Our pro-
visions consisted of dried meat for two days, with our little stock of coffee
and some angers In addition to the barometer and a thermometer, I
took with me a sextant and spy glass, and we had of course our compasses.
In charge of ie camp I left Bernier, one ra my most trustworthy men,
bie possessed the most determined courag
August 12 eck d, in the morning we Tet the Picsy, fifteen in number,
well armed, of course, and mouited on our best mules. A pack animal
carried our provisions, with a coffee pot and-kettle, and three or four tin
cups. Every man had a blanket strapped over his saddle, to serve for his
bed, and the instruments were carrieq. by turns on their backs,
tered directly on rough and rocky ground ; and, just after ‘crossing the
"ridge, had the good fortune to shoot an antel ope. We heard the roar, and
had a glimpse of a waterfall as we rode along; and, crossing in our way
“two fine streams, tributary to the Colorado, in about: two hours’ ride we
‘reached the top of the first row or range of the monats Here, again,
a view of the most romantic beauty. met our eyes. It seemed as if, from
.. the vast expanse of uninteresting prairie we had passed ret, Nature had
collected all her beauties together in one chosen place. We were over-
looking a deep valley » which was entirely occupied by three lakes, and
from the brink the surrounding ridges rose precipitously five hundred and
a thousand feet, covered With the dark green of thalibeticen pine, relieved
of the border of the lake with.the light foliage of the aspen. They all
communicated with each other; and the green : of the waters, common to” ©
mountain lakes of great depth, showed that it would be im mpossible to
cross them, The surprise manifested by our.guides when these impassable \
barred progress proved that the isan she ~

margin to the southern extre: ae: ! lar frag-
of rock sometimes afforded ath way for our mules, but
Lb at sad serene uP, ata

‘odor of the pines; and
of breathing that mountain

i &

= . - = Me [174 J

liant bloom. We reached the outletvat'length, aad some freshly barked
willows that lay in the wa oe eect that_beaver had been recently at work.
Sees Eng yea

n squirrels jumping about in oo pines, and 2
larc aks swimming about‘4n the st
n end _were low, and the lake Vb kad hké a

ode i ittle inland; aed, passing through groves of aspen, soon
i bate aga among the pines. . Emerging orn these, we stragk
she edge: above the upper-end of the la
re had: / avery elevated point; and in tie alee below and
mong the ‘hills, were a numberof lakes at different levels; some two or
ditee hundred feet above others, with which they inuites nied by foam-
ing torrents. Even to our great height, the roar of the cataracis came up,
and we could seé them de* ine ‘down in lines of snowy fo oam. From this
este of ee Bo ne we turned abruptly into the? stillness of a forest,
where we rode mong the open bolls Of the pines, over a lawn of ¥ erdant.
pass, ing. ‘stikivaly the air of cultivated grounds. . This led us, after
me 1g masses of rock whielt had no vegetable ae but in hollows
and cribs: though still the pine forest continued. Toward e ing, we
Sechat 2 defile, or rather a hole in the mountains, dalirelt shut in by dark
pil ered rocks.
ti

with a denis Peidie, whe ree flowed through a
i of. perhaps eighty yards width, where the grass was saturated

ee é our biyonac in the pines. The ees
ae bers swpper- was being _ prepare’. I set o

sion ih the nei ee one y ove of my men.

vines until is. tichly repaid
or ou le ta. ae of them in fall bloom

ing ; we saw that the little

ae ihn w h e lay communicated rt be Soe en valley of some

: pe u ‘ eagle ie away to the south,

ookin 7
gradual slope, direc :
we approached

ange. Please
haart down
Our. table ‘sekv:
and clean r

which, from long consultation as

e the highest of the

fine a pecs ie the next day, we

to the camp, Where we a ieee just in time for supper.

ice was. rather. scant; pt we h el the meat in our h
The oe

ong
_-ourlong Journ
~ the camp. of this evenin
us; the little jle throug ich we
_ pines where we slept; ai the. rocks om a with: ‘the pres ‘of our fires,
ight picture of very wild. beauty
13.—The morning was bight and pleasant, j just cool enough
=e

eS *

es
coats
‘

[ 174 J * 66 7 s--*

o make exercise agreeable, and we’soon entered the defile I Had seen the
preceding day. It was smoothly carpeted with a soft grass, and scattered
over with groups of flowers, of which yellow was the predominant color.
Sometimes we were forced by an occasional difficult pass, to. ne our way
on a narrow ledge along the side of the defile, and the ‘m les were fre-
quently on their knees; but t these obstru tions ere €j
on in the sweet morning air,¢ delighted at our good
such a beautiful. entrance to the mountains. “This. r
three miles, when we suddenly reached its term
views which, at every turn, meet. the traveller 1

where, in a little lake, the stream had its source. —
There were some Ene asters in bloom, but allthe fi
ed to seek the shelter of the rocks, and tobe of lower or
as if they loyed the warmth of the soil, and kept oe of
winds, Immediately at our feet ay precipitous descent ke
of defiles, and si us rose thetagums: as we h
in the annexed view. It is not by‘t ndor.
have lent sucha wey to the Alps, tet these impr
gigantic disordet of enormous masses, anda savage
rocks, i in wonderful contrast. with innumerable green. spots of
beauty, ‘lie up in. their stern TeCeSSes.. a wildne ss seems
ry

age

charge ort
— and blankets. € took with us_ ee io
nents, and, a8 the “ae had become. warm, the e gre
Havine made an early dinner, we eo ted-ag: i
the

Pp
rising but little. The first ridge
great fatigue and diffieulty, we | h
to make an eqttal descent-on the
were filled with small deep lak ry dire
ak from one level to atiotler, sometimes ‘under bedeas fortted oe
“huge fragments of granite, se which was heard the roar-of the water.
These constantly obstructed our path, forcing us to make
: i obliged. to. noth ee our psy and, Senuentlye fal
oc Max ated ‘the face: re

was |
‘himself from going over 4 st
clambered on aay ie

aroimd ie lake, which had°in ie bee a

others was bound with roeks, over which the *
,a8 the water from innumerable springs

: we Hs Saal - ile ay
mi: a nati A

&. a

VIEW OF THE WIND RIVER MOUNTAINS.

‘
iS tony = Sa
at ara

m

r ae
seg ih
ba

= * 67 Um]

‘trunks of fallen pines afforded us bright fires, Néar by was a foamin gter-
— oa fethickty he little lake about one by was geoainaes

and which, by rh of die to we have Called Island lake.
We h ad teach per limit of the piney region ; “as, above this point,

mu

‘the
no tree was to be seen, afid patches of suow .lay every where around tis on

the’ cold sides of the rocks. The flora of the region we had traversed since
Jeaving our mules was extremely rich, and, among the characteristielplants,
the ‘scarlet flowers of the dodecatheon dentatum every where met the eye
‘in great abundance. A small green ravine, on the edge of which we were

*. en eae was filled with a profusion of alpine plants in brilliant bloom.

rom barometrical observations, made during our three days’ sojourn. at

‘this place, its elevation above the Gulf of Max y
the day, we had seen no sign of animal life;

as ‘supposed to be the bleat of a

heard what w
_ed for w ctivity, and found to.proceed from a small animal of a

ay pines goat, which we search-

ith hungry a
» JMOgray: soloe ah short ears and no tail—probably the Siberian squirrel. We

me ae

saw @ Considetable number of them, and, witht the exception of a small.bird

like a harrow it is.the only inhabitant of this elevated part of the moua-

‘tains. On our return, we saw, below this lake, large flocks of the mountain

goat. We had nothing to eat to- night. - Lajeunesse} with several others,
hei s, and Sallied. reh o

“fal. “At ‘sunset, the barometer stood at 20.522; “the attached thermometer
50°, Here we had the misfortune to break our thermometer, haying now
only that attached to the barometer. I was taker ill shortly after we had
encamped, and continued so until late in the night, with violent headache
and vomiting., This was probably caused by the excessive fatigue Lhad

under oe and want of food, and perhaps, also, in same measure, by the
ayia Eth vie The nt cht was cold, as a violent gale € from the north had
sprung up at stinset, hich entirely blew away the “heat of the fires. TH

cold, and our cece beds, had not been favorable to sleep, and we were .

glad to see ed of the’sun inthe morning. Not being delayed by any
pre breakfast, we set ou ut immediately.

ie e as. we adva need was h heard the roar of waters, abl ofa
we foll di

guide int ably to his advice, we left this little

s Galley, and took to the ridges again ; biol we found extremely broken,
and where we were agaim involved @mong precipices. Here were ice fields;
among which we were all dispersed, Seeking each the bes . to ascend
eak. . Mr.°Preuss attempted to walk along the upper edge of one of

these fiel@&, which sloped away at an angle of about twenty degrees; but his
feet slipped from under him, and he went plunging down the plane. _A few
ea feet below, at the bottom, were some fragments of sharp rock, su
landed; and.though he turned a couple of somersets, fortunately
wiived no injury beyond a 1 few bruises. Two of the men, Clement Lam-
bert and Dennen been. taken ill, and lay — on the rocks a skort
| nd at this point I hte day et

i nt

. : @ gap
iatae him to reach the peak, if pos-
He found himself unable.to proceed

oe

headache and giddi-
Finding myself t un-

ee

=

[ 174]. * 68 a

fame in that direction, and took an observation, where ‘the wicca
t 19.401; attached thermometer 50°, in the, gap. Carson, who had gone

avee to him, succeeded i in reaching one of the snowy summitS of the main

ridge, w whence he saw the peak towards which alkour efforts had been di-

rected, towering eight or ten hundred feet into the air above him. In-th
mean age finding myself grow rather-worse than better, and doubtful how
far trength would carry me, I sent posts Payeungees ans four men,
heck: to athe places where the mules had been left.

We were now betteracquainted with the topography oft: co ,and
I directed him to bring back with hiny if it were in any way eae =
or five mules, with Peewee and blankets. With me were Maxw
Ayer; ‘and aftee we had remained nearly an hour on the-roek, it selleise ab $0
unpleasantly cold, though the day was bright, that we set out on our return
to the camp, at whiclt we all arrived safely, straggling in one after the other.
I continued all during the afiernoon, but became better towards sundown,
when my recovery was completed by the appearance of Basil and four
men, all mounted. The men who had gone with him had been too maith
fatigued. to return, and were relieved by those in charge of the horses; ue
in his. powers of dritiranee Basil resembled more-a mountain goat tha

“man. They brought blankets and provisions, and we enjoyed well our dried

meat aud a cup of good-coffee. We rolled ourselves up in our blankets,
and, with our feet tamed toa mired fire, slept sonndly until morning
duegust 15 .—It had been supposed that we had finished with the moun-
3 and the évening Rotors: it had been arranged he Carson should set
“out at daylight, and return to breakfast at the Camp. of the Mules, taking
with him all but four or five men, who were to stay with me and bring ba back
the mules and“ustguments. Accordingly, at the break of day ets set out.
_ With Mr. Preuss and myself remained Basil Lajeunesse, Clément La
“Janisse, and Descoteaux. When we had secured strength’ for the day b
a hearty breakfast, wé covered what remained, which v was enou sh for
meal, with rocks; in order that it might be safe from any |
and, saddling our mules, turned our faces once more t eaks,
This time we-determined to proceed quietly and aed Aes
resolved to accomplish our object if it were within the compass of human

— s. We were of opi niont that a long defile which lay to the Jeft of yeés-

terday’s route would lead us te foot of the main peak. Our nitles had
‘beet refreshed by the fine cf in the li ttle Javine - the Island eamp, and
we intended to ridenp the defile as far as ,in order t o husband our
“strength. for the main ascent.” “Phongh this fine} ; .
a defile of the most rugged moi 1 A A a rough
and ner slippery place fo cross e Teaching 't the ond Ta lis place the .
rely shone ; snow lay aleng the Border of the small’stream which
floinet through ft, and occasional i icy passagesmade the footing of the Hiftes
pice words and the ¢ and ground ve moist withthe triekling
rs in. this

s Spring of ‘mighty rivers. We soon had the satisfaction ‘to

eles es riding’ along the huge wall whit fora the central sammits
n. ‘Phere at last it rose st pawige sae y Perpendicular w ‘all

a tit above our head: Ai

69 {174 J

diameter, and apparently very deep. These lay in a kind of © ‘chasm ; and, et

accorditig to the barometer, we had attained but a few hundred feet above
the Island ps Se The barometer-here Stood at 20. 450, attached thermome-
ter. 70°. :

_We e manay ab get our oa up to a little bench A a hundred feet
above the Pres: Where there was a patch of good grass, and turned them
loose to graze. During our rough ride to this place, they had exhibited a
wonder surelDotedness Parts of the defile were filled with angular,

arp fragments.of rock, three or four and eight or ten feetcube; and aniong-

‘ese they had asa their way, leaping from one narrow point to another,
rarely making a false step, and giving tis no occasion to dismount. Having
divested ourselves of every unnecessary encumbrance, we commenced the
ascent: » This | time, like experienced travellers, we did not press ours stlves,
but climbed leisurely, sitting down so soon as we found breath beginning:
to fail, _ At intervals we reached places where a number of springs gushed
from the rocks, arid about 1,800 feet aboye the lakes came to the snow line.
From this 3 point our progress was uninterrupted climbing. Hitherto I had
worn a L pair of thick moccasins, with soles of par fléche; abut here I put on

hin vhich I had brought for the purpose, as nowsthe use of

came n ary to a fyrther advance. Lavailed yself of a sort
the mountain, which stood against the wall like a buttress, and

com of |
whith, the wind and the solar radiation, joined to the steepness of the smooth

ae had kept almost entirely free from snow. Up this mademy w
rapi idly. Our cautious method of advancing in the outset had spared my
strength; and, with the exception of a slight disposition to headache, I felt
no remains of ‘yesterday’ s illness. Ina few minutes we reached a ‘point
the buttress was overhanging, and there was no other way of su
gene difficulty than by passing around*one side of it, which —
e of a vertical precipice c af saver, hundred feet.
t ~ hands and feet in es between the blocks, I sucegeded
ov er ep ands when I odes the top, found my companions ina
Descending to them, we copinnes climbing, and in
I sprang upon

ae the. 2 it, and another

uld have precipitated me inte an in now field five hundred

| o the edge’ ofthis field was or i precipice ; and then,

a a eet ‘ale he field lena off for about a wt Ba until it struck the

foot of another lower ridge. I stood on a narrow crest, about three feet in
width, with an inclination of about 20° N. 51° E. Assoon as I had grafi-
fied the first feelings of curiosity, I descended, and each man ascended in
his turn; for I would only allow one at a time to mount the unstable and
precarious slab, which it seemed a breath would hurl into the abyss below.
We mounted the barometer in the snow of the summit,and, fi xing a ramrod
in a faved belor ages the national as to wave pp ue breeze where nevet
g wave

; but while
bee (6romus, the humble dee) came
‘alley. and lit on the kr ee of one of the

=

.

ht

c i la , 70

* fhwss a strange place, the icy rock and the Hibhestibale of the Rocky -
mountains, for a Jover of warm sunshine and flowers ; and we pleased our-
a selves with the idea that he was the first of his species to cross the motintain
* barrier—a. Slitary pioneer to foretell thé advance of ‘civilization. I believe
that a moment’s thought wonld have made us let him continue his way un-
harmed; but we carried out the law of this ‘country, where all animated na-
ture seems at, war; and, seizing himeimmediately, put him-in at least a fit
place—in the leaves of a large book, among the flowers, we ollected
on our way. Thetbarometer stood at 18.293, the attached thert bee at
44°; giving for the elevation of this summit 13 3570 feet above | ‘the Gulf of ©
Mexico, which may be called the highest flight of the bee. — It is certainly
the highest known flight of that insect. From the description given by
- Mackenzie of the mountains where he crossed pon, with that of a French
Officer still farther to the north, and Colonel Long’s measurements to the
south, joined to the opinion of the oldést traders of the country, it is pre-
de, that this is the highest peakof the Rocky mountains. _The day was.

any and bright, i. a slight shining mist hung over the lower. ss.
which interfered with our view of the surrounding country. On ones
‘we ot eee lakes and streams, the spring of the Colas of
the Gulf of California ; and on the other was the Wind river valley, where °
were the heads of the Yellowstone branch.of the Missouri ; far to the north,
discover the snowy heads ° ‘the Trois Tetons, where were

s of the Missouri and Columbia rivers; and at the southern ex---
tremity of the. ridge, the peaks were plainly visible, among whi ch were

some of the springs of the Nebraska or Platte river. Around us,the whole
scene ‘had. one main striking feature, which was that of terrible convulsion.
Parallel to its length, the ridge was splitinto chasms and fissures; mee etween

Islan@lake. According to the barometer, the
we stood was three thousand five hundred ee seventy feet dbove that

and two thousand seven hundred and eighty above the little Takes at the:
~ bottom, immediately at our feet. Our camp at the Two Hills (an astro-
— op bore south 3° east, which, with a bearing afterward ob-
a fixed position, Ghabled us sy locate. the peak. The bearing
of the Trois Tetons was north 50° west, and the es we ae ee
ridge of the Wind river mountains. south ae a + 4 G as.

most astananeciige Having how made wit observations our ‘mea ans
mplished. an obje
tion, and beyond the ee gran ‘ ur inst Tu
athe loftiest peak of the. Rocky
a thousand feet below, tu; cleiding

“which rose the thin lefty walls » terminated with slender minarets s and
columns, which is correctly reptesented in in-t v fr :

°

en oe

CENTRAL

CHAIN

OF

THE

WIND

RI

"ER

MOUNTAINS

-

Pe
a

» e- % &
-. 155 [174

ect towegain our party as. soon as'possible, no wing what acc
he next hour et forth -° pe
We reached our deposite” of. ptovisions at nightfall» Here was not thet :
its the tired traveller on his return from Mont Blane, of the.
ith America, with their refreshing juicesand soft fra-.
ope our little cache of dried meat and coffee ee tindiss)
le was bright, the road was full of prac piot, and
Been great We therefore abandoned the idea ~
_and lay down on the Tock, and, in spite of the —

ug ust 1 16.—We left our ores th the dayl light. We saw on.
nu pies the

attempt any farts ri on
over which: we. travelled ne, mor was
ure ne AL

nificent s sie conatitute the fes atures of the rlagh.x impress them- _
tole eieaty on the mind of the traveller. It was not until i o’clock.that
we reached the place where our animals had been left, when we first at-
ountains ‘ foot.. Near one of the still burning fires: we

f meat, which our friends had thrown a which
irnis nouth: mp4 very scanty breakfast. We continued directly
, andre d our camp on the mountain lake at dusk. We found all
yell _ Nothing had occurred .to interrupt the quiet since our.departure;,

nd t nd good cool water had don 0 ta to Papome
remedy v: a signin cant Dr. Eas
gel rs at St. Louis,to which m re referred ; but it had
done ell, and my o shoes were mainly falfilled. ’

ug Ke left our eamp on Little Sandy river aba 7 in the

morning, and, traversed the same ewe undulating country. _ — aaa
filled with the turpentine scent of the various ei, i ai

in prick siieg numerous as they are, gies 9 ira gayety to Be apiweaps
hae t 10 o’clock, on the divide in the pass,

1e sly upon the Sweet
ae ‘The latitude was

p74]. 72

— of thé custom of early travellers and explorers i in our-country,
on this rock of the Far West a symbol of the Christian faith.
Among the thitkly inscribed names, I made on the hard granite the im-
pression of a large cross, which I covered with a black preparation of India
rubber, well calculated to resist the influence of wind and rain. It stands
‘amidst themames of many who have long since ee their way to the
_gtave, and for whom the huge rock is a giant gravest
One George Weymouthewas sent out to Maine ey the Earl of South-
rig Lord Arundel, and others ; and in the narrative of their diseoveries,
: “The next day, we ascended in our pinnace secs part of the
river which lies mee to the westward, carrying ‘with us a cross—a thin
itted by any Christian traveller—which we rete at the ultimate
end’of our rowite”’ This was in the year 1605; and in 1842 I obeyed ~
feghne of ke travellers, and left the impression of the cross deeply e
graved vast tock one thousand miles .beyond the sditsissippi,
to which Bio vas have given the national name of Rock Independence.
In obedience to my instructions to survey the river Platte, if possible, I
had determined to make an attempt at this place. The India-rubber boat
was filled with @ir, placed in the water, and loaded with what was neces-
sary for our operations; and I embarked» with Mr. Preuss anda party of
men. When we had dragged our boat foy a mile or two over the sands, I
abandoned the intiponeiti undertaking, and waited forthe arrival of the
party, when we packed up our oa and equipage, and at 9 o’clock were
ain moving along on our ‘land jo journey. We continued along the valley
on the right bank of the Sweet Water, where the formation, as already de-
scribed, consists of a grayish micaceous sandstone, and fine-grained con-
glomerate, and marl. We passed over a ridge which borders or constitutes
the river hills of the Platte, consisting of huge blocks, sixty or eighty feet
cube, of decomposing granite. The cement which united them was proba-
bly of easier decomposition, and has disappeared and left them isolate, Tet
ye aan ie small spaces. anerivl horns of the mountain goat were

po dogg Ae here aA along in a ang and srpareni esp

nd. 1 had directed the land party, in charge of Bernie, to Sprayed to
this place, where they were to remain, should they. *
them of our having passed. In the event of ree: this information,
they were.to continue their route, passing by certain places which had been
designated. Mr. Preuss accompanied me, and .with us were five of my.
best men, viz: C. Lambert, Basil Lajeunesse, Honor Ayot, Benoist,and:
— awe prot no scarcity.of water, and we took on board,
with various instruz sand baggage, provisions for ten or twelve days.
wi at et rapidly, for onr little eraft was light asa duck
‘ hadsbeensome time risen, when we heard before
= supposed to be that of a fall, of which we had
hose exact locality no ene had been able to de-
nagar —_—- which the river passes

pertbe tc us. We were appro

.- [174 J

ing a piece of artillery, the barrel of a gun, or any kin tube ; and
which, in this country, has been adopted to describesthe passage ofa river
between perpendicular rocks of great height, which frequently approach

dge was of the same decomposing —
“the water had worked the surface, in many places, into a wavy surface of
ridges and holes. We.ascended the rocks to reconnoitre the ground, and

lieved would conduct him safely to the Missouri, he came unex diy into
this cafion, where he was.wrecked, with the total loss of his furs. It would
have been a work of great time and laborto pack our baggage across the
_ridge, and I determined to run the cafion. We all again embarked, and at
first attempted to check the way of the boat ; but the water swept through
with so much violence that we narrowly escaped being swamped, and were
obliged:to let her go in the full force of the current, and-trust to the skill of

the boatmen. The dangerous places in this cafion. were where huge Tocks -

had fallen from above, and- hemmed in the already narrow pass of the
river to an open space.of three or four and five feet. _ These obstructions
raised the water considerably above, which wassometimes precipitated over
in a fall ; and at other places, where this dam was too high, rushed through
ahe contracted opening with tremendous violence. Had our boat been
made of wood, in passing the narrows she would have been staved; but

her elasticity preserved her fi y shock, and she seemed fairly

three cataracts in-succession, where, perhaps 100
+ and, finally, with a shout of pleasure at
yond. We were
confident in her

- In this way we 2d thre

-.feet of smooth water intervened

“our success, issued from our tunnel into the open day be
lighted with the performance of* our boat, and so

ie

' put the men with the rope on the succeeding wis PC

[ Wk J, ;

pomers, that we would not have hesitated to leap a fall of ten feet-with her.
We put to shore for breakfast, at.some willows on the right-bank, immedi-
ately below the mouth.of the cafion ; for it wasnow 8,o’elock, and we had
been working since laylight, and were all wet, fatigued, and —
While the men were preparing breakfast, I went out to reconnoitre.
view was very limited. The course of thet river, was smooth,-so far as T
could see; on both sides were broken hills; and but.a mile or two below
was another high ridge. The rock at the mouth of theeafon was still the
decomposing granite, with great..quantities of mica, which. made avery
glittering sand
We re-embarked at 9.0’clock, and in about twenty minutes soeblade the:
next cahon. Landing on a roc cky shore at its commencement, we ascended:
the ridge to reconnoiire. . Portage was out of the question. So far as we
could see, the jagged rocks pointed out the course of the cafion, ona wind-
ing line of seven or eight miles. . It was simply a narrow, dark chasm: in.
the rock ; and here the.perpendicular faces were much-higher than in the:
previous ‘pass, being at this end two to three hundred, and further eae
we afterwards ascertained, five hundred feet in vertical height.
vious success had made us bold, and we determined again to run the cafion..
Every thing was secured as firmly as possible ;.and havin fasosies as
selves of the greater part of our clothing, we pushed into i
save our chronometer from aceident, Mr. Preuss took it, and atidtopted es
pretest along the shore on the masses of, rock, which in places were piled
on.either side ; but, after he had walked about.five minutes, every thing
like shore disappeared, and the vertical wall came squarely down.into the:
water. He therefore waited until we came up. An ugly pass lay before us
We had made fast. tothe stern of the boat.a strong rope about fifty feet longs:
and three of the men clambered along among the rocks, and with this rope.
let her down slowly through the pass. Inseveral places high rocks lay scat-.
tered about in the channel; and in the narrows it required all our strength:
and skill.to avoid staving the boat onthe sharp points. In one of these, the
beat proved a little too broad, and stuck fast for an instant, while the water
flew over'us; fortunately, it was but for an instant, as our united strength.
found her immediately through. The water swept, overboard only a sextant:
a pair of saddlebags. I caught the nexiens 3 it passed by me; but the
ssediabems: became the. prey.of the whirlpools. We reached the place where
Mr. Preuss was standing, took him on board, Ems with they a of the boat,
ere We found gt is

passage much worse than the previous one,and our siti tion w : a bad,
one. “To go back; was impossible; before.ts, he cataract was a sheet of
sack >and shut up in the chasm by the roc cks, which, in some Eee seemed. |
st to meet overhead, the roar of the wate er was deafen pa

9 again ; b ats after making a little distance, the force of the a became.
athe men on shore, and two of them let go the rope: Lajeunesse,.
the third man, hung on, and was jerked headforemost inte the river from a»
rock about twelve feet high; and down the boat shot like an rapste Basil.
following us im the rapid eurrent, and exerting all his strength toskeep in)
mid channel his head ad only seen occasionally like a black spot in the white-
oam. How far Smanieksio. oi ¢ xactly know ; but we succeeded in turn-
ing the boat info ae — eddy below... ©’ Cré Dieu,’ said Basi. Lajeunesse, as:
he arrived immedi ean er : erois bien cuez’ si nagé un demi mile.”’ vs

He had.owed his life ‘his as @ swimmer, “an I determined t+ take
* ‘

"5 ria y
-
him andthe two others on board, and trust to skill and fortune to reach the
other end in safety. We placed ‘ourselves on our knees, with nat ay
paddles in our hands, te. most skilful boatman at the bo nd
again we commenced our rapid descent. We cleared rock after ik, and
shot past fall after fall, ¢ our little boat seeming to play* with the cataract.
We became flushed with success, and familiar with the danger; and, yield-
ing to the excitement of the occasion, broke forth together into a Canadian
boat song. Singing, or rather shouting, we dashed along; and ma
believe, in the midst of the chorus, when the boat struck a concealed rock
immediately at the foot of a fall, which whirled her over in an instant.
ree of my men could not swim, and my first feeling was to assist them,
and: save some of our effects; but a sharp coneussion or two convinced me
that I had not yet saved myself. A few strokes brought me into an eddy,
and I ona pileof rockson the left side. Looking around, I'saw that »
Mr, Preuss had gained the shore on the same side, about twenty yards
below ; and a little climbing and swimming soon brought him to my side.
On the opposite side, against the wall, lay the boat bottom up; and Lambert.
was in the act of saving. Descoteaux, whom he had grasped by the hair,
and who <—_ = swim ; “Lache pas,” said he, as I afterward learned,
“ lache pas, ch ere..”? * Crains Re. e was the reply, “Je m’en vais
mourir eiaeki ~ de te lacher.”’ Such was the reply of” ottaee ‘and

generosity in this danger. For a hundred yards below, the current was cov-
ered with floating books and boxes, bales of blankets, and scattered articles”
of clothing; and so strong and boiling was the stream, that even our heavy -
instruments, which were all in cases, “kept on the surfaces and the sextant,
circle, and the long black box of the telescope, were in view at once. For
a moment, I felt somewhat disheartened. All our books—almost every
_ record of the journey—our journals and registers of astfone ties! and bar-*
ometrieal observatio tions—had been lo lost ina moment. But it was no time to
m the wreck, Meany ourselves ‘understood as well as al ible by
could be heard in the roar of eorns 8.) commenced our
e-only article that had b

aii. las a short time, he was joined ‘by Lambert ; a bipme: cao
nti ae sous panties aut ¢ nio8y plang pire shops! s the agian»:

In addition to these, we atcen the circle; and these, with a few lances,
constituted every thing that had been resctied from the waters.

_ The day was running rapidly away, and it was necessary to reach Goat
iiiaha, whither the party had preceded us, before night. In this uncertain
country, the traveller is so much in the power of chance, that we became
somewhat uneasy in regard to them. Should any thing: ‘ha ave occurred, in
the brief, interval of our separation, to prevent our rejoining them, our sit
ation would be rather adesperateone. We had nota morsel of provisions—
our arms. and ammunition were gone—and we were entirely atthe mercy
of any straggling party of savages, and not a little in danger of starvation.
We therefore setout at once in two parties. Mr. Preuss and myself.on the
left, ax be. ceron the opposite side of the river. Climbing out of the.

on urselves in a very broken couatry, where we were not.

canon,’
yet abla’ta eas any locality. In the course of our descent through ~
the cafion, the rock, which at the upper end was of the decomposing granite,
changed | into a varied sandstone formation. The hills and points of the
were covered with fragments of a ‘yellow. sandstone, of which the. °
strata were sometimes displayed in the broken ravines which interrupted
our course, ind made our r walk extremely. fatiguing. At one point of the
cafion the red argillaceous sandstone rose in a wall of five hundred feet,
surmounted by a stratum of white sandstone ; and in an opposite ravine a
column of red sandstone rose, in form like a steeple, about one hundred and _
fifty feethigh. The scenery was extremely ue, ond, petmshstalde.
ing our forlorn. congsion, we were frequently chlcat a stop admire it.
Our pr w t very rapid. We had emerged oa ‘the water ater half
a and, on Sages at the top of the precipice, I found myself with h only.

ae?

one moccasin. The he frag gments of rock made walking painful, andI was fre-
quently abled 2 to stop oe pull out the thorns of the cactus, here the: _

vailing: plant, and with which a few minutes’ walk covered the bottom of

my feet. . oa this ridge the river emerged into a smiling prairie, and, de-—

scent ank for water, we were. joined ey Benoist.. The rest of.

| party ; oe afer of sight, having taken a more inland route. - We ——

the river repeatedly—sometimes able to ford it, and sometimes SW Laas

over the ridges of two more cafions, and towards evening rea

hich we here named the Hot Spring gate. On our Pression

not entered tie hander it our descent. in the

ing, Mr, Pre euss wasa Bes

ring gus eo m the rock, a
pein er, he threw hitisself aoa for raugh
ca mouthful of water nine boiling hot. He psy " ing: to Be-.

d himself dow to drink ; er the steam from the water aciuet

cae, t. . We had nothermometer

uture, but Teould hold-n my hand i in the water just jong, .
seconds. There are eight or ten of these springs, dis-
ms large enoggh to be calledrans. At

tock, d

17 | [ £749

had already arrived. A shout from | the mar i-who first reached ihéflog of
the ridge, resp ded to from belo nformed. us that our Friends, were all
on the island sand we were soon ‘aio ong t thei We found so ape
buffalo mu on around the fire for us,and managed to get some 5 les
among the people. A sudden storm of rain drove us into the best shelier
we could find, Where we slept soundly, after one of the most ‘fatig uing
days Ihave ever experienced.
August 25.—Early this morning Lajeanesse was sent to thie
the articles which had been saved, and about noon we left the island.
mare which we had left here in July had much improved in condition. and
she served us svell again for some Or wut s finally abandoned. at a
subsequent part of the journey. At 10 Prtiis of the 26th we
ah Cache camp, where we found ev a ling undisturbed. We disin-
rred our het ae arranged our ¢arts which had been left here on the
ete | travelling a few miles in nthe afternoon, encamped for the
nigh Ret ford of the Platie.*_ +
~ August 27,.—At ae he oak at the place where we ak iaken @
ner on the 27th of. oe which, when we passed up, nai
s if the hard winte | iad passed over jae now epiteseat a new
ess en to it by the late rains.
ex wily Tow aes 2 pene fof water among the ae
; ached. La fanioatort on the last day of August, after-an ¢
sence of f forty fateo days, and had the pleasure _ to find our friends all well.
Phe fortieth ng had been fixed for our return; and the quick eyes of oot
Indiaus, td Aas on the lookout for us, discovered our flag as we wound
a piel the hills. The fort saluted us with repeated discharges of its single
4 shich: we salen gan scattered volleys of our small arms, and felt

sil:

geiting back. to this remote Station,

ei, ide adieu. to our kind fiends

th ide. ied. ourselves in im-
is survey cf the river; eis atte weather was fine,
vations were generally made atnight and atnoon.
short time on the afternoon of the 5th with a village of ©

ndians, some of whose chiefs we had met at Laramie. The water
ie Platte” was as extremely low; in many laces, the | exp:

, With some oecasighal stunted —s on the
Se the bed y a

f dis 3 78

sonable.addition to Our stockof provisions, At this place I had deterniined
to make another attempt to descend the Platte by ‘Water, oe accordingly
spent two days in the construction:of a bull-boat. Men w t on
the evening of our arrival, the necessary number of baile | killed, and their
skins brought to the camp. Four of the best of them were strongly” sewed
together with buffalo sinew, and stretched over a basket frame of willow.
The seams were then covered. with ashes.and tallow, and the boat left éx-
posed to the-sun for the greater part of one«day, which was sufficient to
dry and contract the skin, and make the whole. work solid and strong. © It
-had a rounded bow, was eight feet long and five broad, and drew with
four men about four inches water. On the morning of ihe 1éth we em-
barked in our. hide hoat, Mr. Preuss.and myself, with two™

dra er over the sands for three or four miles, and then left heron a
bar, and abandoned entirely all further attempts to navigate this river. The

stream—* the Nebraska, or Shallow nae 2? Walkin ng stony the remain-
der of the day, a little before dark we overtook our people’at thei r even-
ing camp, about twenty-one miles below thé junction... The next morning
we crossed the Platte, and continued our way down the river bottom on
the left bank, where we found an excellent plainly beaten road.

Ou the 18th we reached Grand island, whiclris fifty-two miles long, with
ai average breadth of one mile and three-quarters. Ithas on it some ‘small

excellent soil, and recommends itself to notice as nag best: point for eli
tary. position on the Lower Platte. err:

On the 22d we arrived at the-village of-the Geand Pawnees, on the: Faget
bank of the river, about thirty miles above the mouth of the Loup fork.
They were gathering intheir €orn, and we obtained from them a ace a
come supply of: vegetables.

The morning.ef the 24th w% reached the aw fork of vie Platte. At
the place where we forded it, this stream was four hundred and thirty
-yards broad, with a swift current of clear water ; ; in this respect, differing
from the Platte, which has a yellow muddy» color, derived from the lime-

“stone and marl formation, of which we have previously spoken. The ford
“was difficult, as the water was so deep that it came into the body of the
carts, and we reached. the opposite bank after repeated attempts, ascending

_ and descending the bed of the river in order to avail ourselves.of at bars.

% doe eucamped on the left bank of the. fork,.in the point of I
“tion with the Platte. During the two days that we re

mical observations, the bad weather permitted us to sea
servation for the latitu de—a meridian altitude of ol Vie which

days peemetsy:| I had sent forward C. Pauibe with two men,
ith di ee from Mr.P, serpy the id oth in charge

79 aa J

trable. ee te. on the oe bank of be Bae in the point-of lava at its
confi lee with the e Miss —three e hun red Band. fifteen miles, according
Te ny i junctio

ie; .

1e. junction we had tid tiie ed Bf ay Platte *oceupied wah nu-
nds, many of them very darge, and all weil mbered ; spossess-
ll as-the, bottom lands of the river, a very excellent soil. Wi

without timber. A portion of aoe consist of low soul: covered
with a profusion of fine grasses,
the remaining part is high ni river
the floods, iy breadt th o )

readth, from shore to shore,
of the valley, with the various ac-
d whatever I = thought interest-

esta FPA died a wide, a
at at the wot auieats on the op-
we ibis ak Sarpy’s

3 in security and comfort .

re of bein® again within eo pale of civilizat
boat onthe stocks ; a few«days sufficed to ome
ternoon of the 4th, we embarked on the Missouri. All our ~anpeae >
horses, ree the materiel of the camp—had been sold at public aue-
i . Bellevue... The ante me my party enabled me to man the boat
ed every h 5 and we descefided rapidly. Early-on
halted to make-some astronomical observa-
'S, exacilSfoar- months since we had left
n Chouteau, on the same river, ten miles
spe, we hat em in s

issouri, maki

‘il with other re-
nd in the a pendices ‘which. aecetipany this report. At
et of our remaining effects was made; and, leaving that
en on the 18th; I had a honor ‘to: ce: 2h to. you at the city

y by st
or W sshington on the 29th of Octobe

forks, and five hundred and -

>

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS

BY LIEUTENANT FREMONT,

sed IN BIS

EXPEDITION TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

Bese

sats

BY JOHN TORREY,

PREFACE,

The collection of plants submitied to me for examination, setugha/sindosiatladiigglidtaadl
circumstances, is a very interesting contribution to North American botany. From thé mouth of
the Kansas river to the ‘* Red Buttes,” on the North fork of the Platte, the transportation was
effected in carts; but from:that place to and from the mountains, the explorations were made on
horseback, and by such rapid movements, (which were necessary, in order to accomplish the objeets
ee ae drying botanical speei-

Indians,

Hae oe To give some general idea of the sinlens explored by Lieutenant
Frémont, I recapitulate, from his repoit, a brief sketch of his route. Piseapediieg Et thadabutest
the Kansas on the 10th of June, 1842; and, proceeding up that river al
continued its course generally along the «* bottoms” of the Kansas tributaries, but
over the upper prairies. The soil of the river bottoms is always rich, and generally well timbered ;
though the whole region is what is called a prairie country. The upper prairies immense
deposite of sand and gravel, covered with a good, and, very generally, a rich soil. aint the road,
on reaching the little stream called Sandy creek, (a tributary of the Kansas,) the soil became more
sandy. ‘The rock formations of this region are limestone and sandstone. The amorpha canescens
was the characteristic plant ; it being in many places as abundant as the grass.

Cm, biltie

Crossing over from the waters of the Kansas, Lieutenant Frémont arrived at the Great Platte,
two hundred and ten miles from its junction with the ae: The valley of this river, from its
mouth to the great fork be dt dred and fifteen miles long. It

iar vidle; neti titebaeeds snk copmab-nishkbecddentintein: ‘Tegan Seirsesentiodazandedewedl
asters, were here conspicuous features of the vegetation. I was pleased to recognise, among the
specimens collected near the forks, the fine large-flowered asclepias, that I described many years
ago-in my account of James’s Rocky Mountain Plants, under the name of A. speciosa, and which
Mr. Geyer also found in Nicollet’s expedition. It seems to be the plant —— described and
figured by Sir W. Hooker, under the name of A. Douglasii. On. the Lower Platte; and-all the
-way to the Sweet Water, the showy cleome inéegrifolia oceurred in sie te From the Forks
to Laramie river, a distance of about two hundred. miles, the country may be called a sandy one.
The valley of the North fork is without timber ; but the grasses are fine, and the herbaceous plants
abundant. On the return of the expedition Lim mi Reptember, ideuienent Rpimnnt soys the whole
eountry resembled a vast garden ; but th
poe eng Dotuiam, the sani: Salles livia Platte, fom the junto, as hgh wp as Laramie
the formation consisted sandstone.

the
and then occurred: at intervals to the Sweet: Water river. ‘Following up the North fork, Lieutenant
Frémont.arrived at the mouth of the Sweet Water river, one of the head waters of the Platte.
aie” fi ck to tl pe the soil is generally y sandy, The rocks consist. of limestone,
andstones, i eeaeememans eater) vik eng shine

[ 174 J 84

The route ‘ious the North fork of the Platte afforded some of the best plants in the collection.
The senecio rapifolia, Nutt., samba in sesee pee. quite to the Pet Aca a ——
ifolia Torr. in James’s plants, Dr. J
_ vifolius, Nutt. ; eriegonum parse Sa and cespitosum, Nutt.; shepherd argentea, ‘Natt,
and geranium Fremontti, a new species, (near the Red Buttes, ) were found in this part of the
_joumey. In saline soils, on the Upper . Platte, near the mouth of the Sweet Water, were collected
"several Sage RR one of which was first discovered by Dr. James, in Long’s
m ; and although it was considered as a new genus, I did not describe it, owing to the want
of <i ripe fruit. It is “ plant doubtfully referred by Hooker, in his Flora Boreali Americana,
to Batis. He had seen the male flowers only. As it is certainly a new genus, I have dedicated it
~to the excellent commander of the pepe; as a well-merited compliment for the’ sian
rendered North American botany.

The Sweet Water valley is a sandy ‘plat, about one hundred and twenty miles ion ae ‘een
sual about five miles broad; bounded by ranges of granitic mountains, between which the valley
formation consists, near the Devil’s gate, of a grayish micaceous sandstone, with nee and white
_— At the encampment of August 5th-6th, there occurred a fine white argillaceous sandstone,

coarse sandstone or pudding-stone, and a white calcareous sandstone. A few miles to the west
- that position, Lieutenant Frémont reached a point where the sandstone rested immediately upon
the granite, which, thenceforward, along his line of route, alternated with a compact mica atin

Along the Sweet Water, many interesting plants were collected, as may be seen by an ex
‘tion of the catalogue ; [ would, however, mention the curious enothera Nuttullii, Torr. and Gr. 5
eurotia ieviatie: e- ; (Diotis lanata, Pursh:,) which seems to be distinct from EZ. ceratoides ;
ther mop G Natt; + gitia: pulchella, » Deals senatio apartoides, Tor. and Gr. a new
Spasien,-ened-Sour efivniip Tran » Dougl., &e.) Near the mouth
ohthe:Raecest Welet: ene Steal the landuge sriapilors, Tort, @ species firet described in my Dr.
James’s Rocky Mountain Plants. On the upper part, and near the dividing ridge, were collected
‘several species. of castilleja ; penistemon micrantha, Nutt, ; several gentians ; the pretty little
androsace occidentalis, Nutt. ; solidago ineana, Torr. and Gr. | ; and two species of ise ectig
one of which was new.

On the 8th of August, the exploring party crossed the. a snbedignibibes hail
of the plains at the foot of the diountsins, on the western side, to be sandy. From Laramie’s fork
to this point, different species of artemisia were the prevailing and characteristic plants ; occupying
‘the place of the grasses, and filling the air with the odor of camphor and turpentine. Along Little
Sandy, a tributary of the Colorade of the West, were collected a new species of phaca (Ps scot
tates and parnassia jimbriata.

On popepicsuionsig aga itieet Rages they entered the defiles of the Wind river eitiliaiiay a

ck , and i

= wie Dante meni onan pect ac sscrorage 9

85 [ 174]
eral species of “sa frasera speciosa, Hook. ; dodecatheon dentatum, Hook. ; phlox museoides,

Nutt. ; senecio Fremontii, n. sp., Torr. and Se: ; four or five asters, and vaccinium myrtilloides,
Mx. ; the last seven or Pgeaigan very near the snow line. Lower down the mountain were found

arnica angustifolia, Vahl. ; senecio triangularis, Hook. ; S. subnudus, DC. ; macrorhynchus _

troximoides, Torr. aay Gr. ; helianthella uniflora, Torr. and Gr. ; and linosyris viscidi flora,
Hook. ,

The expedition left the Wind river mountains about the 18th of August, returning by the same

route as that by which it ascended, except that it continued its course through the whole length of
the Lower Platte, arriving at its junction with the Missouri on the !st of October.

As the plants of Lieutenant Frémont were under examination while the last part of the Flora of
North America was in the press, nearly all the new matter aw to the Composite was inserted
Bicheno ee? ee new ——— er ro lea

oifid Sonrpeataciie. Pikes, however, will be iiiverted in the successive numbers ofthe wiht
which I have just alluded.

7 JOHN TORREY.

‘New Yors, March, 1843. Bc

s

dina

ae
Te ne oS

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.

a

Crass IL—EXOGENOUS PLANTS,

RANUNCULACE.
Clematis Virginiana, (Linn. Valley of the Platte. June, July.
Ranunculus sceleratus, (Linn.) Valley of the Sweet Water river. August 18-20.
R. eymbalaria, (Pursh.) Upper Platte. July 31, August.

coerulea, (Torr.) Wind river mountains. August 13-16.
Actea rubra, (Bigel. ) Upper Platte. August 26-31.
i latte.

Saiaerinns Canadense, (Linn.) Leaves only. “On the Platte.
“BERBERIDACEZ.
Berberis aquifolium, (Torr. and Gr.) Wind river mountains. August 13-16.
-PAPAVERACE.
Argemone Mexicana 6 albiflora, ati Forks of the Platte. July 2.
_ORUCIFERE.-

Nasturtium palustre, (De. Re ‘Black hills of the Platte. yr 26, August.
cheiranthoides, (Linn.) Black hills. July 23
July:

E. asperum, (Nutt.) South fork of the Platte A, z

P ( Endl Gen. p. 876,) integrifolium, (Nutt. ) High Seek Oe
Platte. September 4. Var. with longer pods. _-With the preceding. ageriioss -
rors See ook. ) ee North fork of the Platte, above the Red Buttes,
July 30

Braya, n.-sp- Wind river tains, the limits £ perpet ] August 15, t

Peles radeck, (Linn,) On the Platte. June 29. 2

CAPPARIDACE 2. ses sia

Cleome integrifolia, (Tort. and Gr.) From the Lower Platte nets to the mountains. Tone

July 2, August 21.
Polanisia trachysperma, 8 (Torr. and Gr.) Black hills of the Plate. , July 23.

POLYGALACE. ans 12

Polygala alba, (Nutt. ) P. Beyrichii, (Torr. and Gr-) ‘Forks of the Platte. “hy aja -
DROSERACEE. ‘so =
Parnassia fimbriata, (Banks.) LittleSandy creek, defiles of the Wind river mountains,..Augy. Ss.

CARYOPHYLLACES. a) a
Arenavia congesta, (Natt) Sige rote. Se md rir mornin ia ae
8. acaulis, (Lian.) ‘Wind sve mount, he ints of perpetual snow, sie

¥

i ia es i ii 4 oui, il

eo ee ones ee:

_Amorpha
A. canescens, (Nutt)

r 174) 88
PORTULACACE.
Talinum parviflorum, Gist ) Little Blue river of the Kansas. June 26
LINACE.

Linum rigidum, (Pah) ) North fork of the Platte. Toy 8.
L. perenne, (Linn.) Black hills to the Sweet Water of the Platte. Aogess 2-31,

GERANIACE.
Geranium Fremontii, n. sp. Black hills. August 26-31.
OXALIDACES. |
Oxalis stricta, eae On the Kansas.- June. ~ ~~ = oe
: . ~ ANACARDIACEA | s
Rhus trilobata, (Nutt. " Red Buttes. July 29,
MALVACEAE. a
Malva pedata, (Torr. and Gr. = Big Blue river of the Kansas. June 21. © ©) Sosy

mM. involucrata, (Torr. and Gr.) Little Blue river of the Kansas. 23. %
Sida coccinea (DC.) Little Blue river to the south fork of the Platte. June 22, July 4,

VITACE.®.
Vitis riparia, = a Grand island of the Platte. | September 19.
ACERACE®. :
iti aevottnn (Manth.) On the lower part of the Platte.
- CELASTRACEZ:. -
Oreophila myrtifolia, a Summit of the Wind river mountains. August 13-14,
7 " RHAMNACER.
Ceanothus velutinus, (Dougl.) With the preceding. -eren ‘
‘©. Americanus, var. sanguineus. C. sanguineus, (Parsh. ) On the Platte, A) saris

ee sp. eae eee: Fune 19. 5

LEGUMINOS 2.
Lathyrus linearis,: (Nutt.) On the Platte, from its confluence with the argent: Fort arate
September 2-30

Amphicarpeea monoica, (Torr. a oh ‘North fork: of the Platte. Saiaeis 4
Be floes, eoak) Fae a the Platte. September 13.

a floriburida, (Nutt) “Forks of the Platte. July 2. <>
; ae us variety. With the preceding. July 2.

P. fered far (Pan } (no flowers. ) Forks of the Platte. September 12. ~

Petalostemon vi a; (Michx.) Big Blue river of the Kansas, &c. June 21.

P. candidum, (Michx.) Red Buttes. July 29

Sruticosa, (inn. ) From the Lower Platt to the mountains. August 8, September 19,
and I : 19, Sei te aber 20. pe oy _.-

89 [ 174}

Astragalus gracilis, (Nutt.) Forks of the Platte. » July 2.

A. moll ssimus, (Torr.) Valley of the Platte. June 29. i —

A. hypoglotlis, (Linn. ) Sweet Water of the Platte. August 5. Bas so ta
or gen Lamberti, (Pursh.) Big Blue river of the the Kansas to the forks of the Platte. June

0, July 2.
Oo. “Plattenss, (Nutt. ?) (no flowers.) Goat island of the Upper Platte. July’ en 4
Phaca astragalina, (DC.) ae summits of the Wind river mountain. _ August -
P. elegans, (Hook.\ var.? Goat island of the Upper Platte. July 31. ~ =
P. (Orophaca) digitata, n. Sp. cael Sandy river. August 8.
P. longifolia, (Nutt. ) et only.) Windtiver mountains. August 12-17.
Kentrophyta moutana, (Nutt, Laramie river to the Sweet Water. July 14, August 5,
io lettcophyllus, (Lindl. ) Wind river Seccraenang and Sweet Water of the “Platte. “August

)

= aes (Dougl.) L. leucopsis, (Agardh. 1 2 With the preceding.
Baptisia leucantha, (Torr. and Gr.) Kansas ri
Thermopsis montana, (Nutt. )} Sweet Water river. August 5.

Cerahis i Wht (Torr. and Gr.) — Upper north fork of the Platte.” “Juty'30.
Cercocarpus parvifolius, (Nutt.) Bitter creek, north fork of the Platte. July 22.
Purshia tridentata, (DC.) Sweet Water river, &c. August 12, September.
Coum Virginianum, (Linn.) Kansas river. June 20.

procu inn.) Wind river mountains, near pape snow. August 13-14.
Potentilla. gracilis, (Dougl.) With the preceding.
P. diversifolia, (Lehm.) Sweet Water of the Platte to the mountains. Sue 4-15."
P. sericea, 8 glabrata, (Lehm.) With the preceding.
P. fruticosa, (Linn.) With the preceding.
P. ansering, (Linn.) Black hills of the Platte. July 26-31.
P. arguta, (Pursh.) Little. Blue river of the Kansas, and Black Ills of the Platte. Sune 23,

August 28.

Rubus strigze, son gi Defies of the Wind ¥ river mountains. August 1 12-17.

Rosa blanda, fr Lower - Platte
R. foliolosa, (Nutt.) var. acme With the cones
ONAGRACE.
Bibi coluratum, (Muhl.) - Black hills of the Platte to the Sweet Water river. Aig. 4-3).
E. spicatum, (Lam.) From the Red Buttes to the Wind river mountains, August 13-31.
Cwwthera albicaulis, (Nutt.) North fork of the Platte. July 14.
GE. Missouriensis, (Sims.) Big Blue river of the Kansas. June 19-20.

@. trichocalyx, (Nutt. ) North fork of the Platte. July 30. 2 * om
a. On the Kansas and Platte. = oe
Gi. rhombibetala, (Nutt.) .On the Platte. September 18-20 a
‘. biennis, — } ee to the adele’ Water river. ane 23, Aig 4. So eg

G. Drummondii, (Hook. 1) Black hills. rug 26. aos
mura eoecinea, (Nutt.) ae nn Sole oom cu of the Pl

Sie

[ 174 ] 90

LOASACES. %
Menizelia nuda, (Torr. and Gr.) North fork of the Platte. July 14,
; GROSSULACE.

Ribes cereum, (Lindl.) Sweet. Water of the Platte. August 2-4.

R. lacustre, (Poir.) bd Ae “8 leaves deeply lobed. _R. echinatum, (Dougl. ) Per-
haps a distinct

R. irriguum, dies. With the preceding.

-CACTACER.
Opuntia Missouriensis, (DC.) Forks of the Platte. July2. | aes

CRASSULACES. |
Sedum rhodiola, (DC.) Ona lake in Wind river mountains. August 12-17. 1

UMBELLIFERE. ee

Heracleum lanatum, (Michx.?) Leaves only. “The leaves are more glabrous than in the ordinary,
form of the plant. “Alpine region of the Wind river mountains.

Polytenia — (DC.) On the Kansas. June 20.

Sium ? incisum, n. sp. Stem sulcate; segments of the leaves distant, deeply incised or pinnatified;
hal itver'teatts or divisions often elongated and linear. . North fork of f the Platte. July 12,

Edosmia Gardineri, (Torr, and Gr.) eee fruit. ; eee

Cicuta maculata, (Linn. .) _Lower Platt

Musenium tenuifolium, (Nutt.) acs of the Wind river mountains. Ss

CORNACE.

Cornus stolonifera, (Michx.) Ona lake in the Wind river mountains. August 12-17.
©. circinata, “oes On the Platte.
‘CAPRIFOLIACE®.
Symphoricarpus occidentalis, (R. Brown.) ‘North fork of the Platte. a 10, Angus —
8. vulgaris, (Michx.) “Defiles of the Wind river mountains. August 13- 4
RUBIACEZE. =
Galium boreale, (Linn. ) Upper part of the North fork of the Platte. August 12-31,
COMPOSIT.&. Por tte 4
Vernonia fasciculata, (Michx.) On the Platte. Bf LTE) genes:
pees ecrriens (Willd. } Lower part of the Platte. » cas 27.
i illd.) North fork of the Platte. September 4. . enantio

a€

L. squarrosa, var. intermedia, (DC.) .A small form of the plant. On.the Platte.
LL. punctata, (Hook.) Black hills of the Platte. August 29.
Shes, O (Nutt.) North fork of the Platte.

Aster integrifolius, (Nutt.) Base of the Wind river mountai
A. adscendens, (Lindl.) Wind river mountains. Var. Prenont with the preceding. The

aineaenaaon, limits of perpetual snow. Augus'

A. levis, rapes eet ins of the Platte.

slit

.

91 Tt
A. oblongifolius, (Nutt.) Lower Platte, &c.

A. Novz-Angliz, (Linn.) Listwor' Platte 15 thoSWibasiar mniediadiin. Aug. 18-Sept. 24.
A. andinus, (Nutt.) © “Near the snow line of the Wind river mountains. ‘Aug. 16.

A. elegans, (Torr. and Gr.) Wind river mountains.
A. glaucus, (Torr. and Gr.) ‘With the preceding.

D. pulverulenia, (Nutt.) Near D. iin. With the preceding.
Canadense, (Linn. ) © On the Platte, from near its mouth to the Red Buttes. “Latter
part of September to July 30.
E. bellidiastrum, (Nutt.) ‘On the’ Platte.
E. macranthum, (Nutt.) “With the preceding.
E. glabellum, (Nutt.) With the preceding. <
E. strigosum, (Mubl.) With the preceding.
Gutierrezia euthamiz, (Torr. and Gr.) Laramie river, Upper North fork of the Platte. Sept 3.
py coms 08 (Linn.) North fork of the Platte.
S. Missouriensis, (Nutt-) as eee ere eee July 22, to the mountains. »
S. speciosa, (Natt). Upp Platte.
SS va. lei (ors. and Gr.) Wid ver onan, om the
ee a Tes be oxen «
S. incana, (Torr. and Gr.} Sweet wile river.
S. gigantea, Some ) var. 8. From the Platte to the mountains.
Linosyris graveolens, (Tort. and Gr.) “Sweet Water river. “Aug. 20.
L. viseidi flora, aia.) Upper Platte.
Aplopappus spinulosus, (DC.) Fort Laramie, North fork of the Platte. Sept. 3.
Grindelia squarrosa, (Dunal.) Upper North fork of the Platte, and on the Sweet Water. Sul

Chrys (Hook.) On the’Platte. °
C. mollis, cn With the preceding. Bo cae (Nutt.)

Lepachys columnaris, (Torr. and Gr.) Litde Blue ver of the Kansas June 26.
Balsamorrhiza sale (Nuitt.) Wind river mountains.
petiolaris, (Nutt.) Black hills of the Platte. July 26.
2 H. Mazimiliani, (Schrad.) “With the preceding.
= ame uniflora, (Torr. and Gr.) Wind river mountains.
is tinctoria, (Nutt.) On the Platte.
ocean gracile, (Torr. and Gr.) Upper Platte.
Bidens connata, (Muhl.) With the preeeding.
corimbosus, (Torr. and Gr.) With the preceding. :

oe 1 (Nutt) - eeepc Fidie July 28. "a OY
yeh Black hills to the mountains. wy ee ae

¥

[ 174} 92

A. Lewisit, (Torr.and Gr.?) No flowers. On the Platte.

Stephanomeria runcinata, (Nutt.) Upper Platte, . '

Graphalium uliginosum, (Linn.) Var. fois Poa itiats Sweet Water river.

G, palustre, (Nutt.) 6. (Torr. and Gr.) With the precedi

Arnica angustifolia, (Vahl.) A. fulgens, ( ) Defiles of the Wind river es from
7,000 feet and upwards. August 13-14.

Senecio triangularis, (Hook.) 8. (Torr. and Gr. ) With the. preceding.

S. subnudus, (DC.) With the preceding.

8, Fremontit, — and Gr.) n. sp. Highest parts of the mountains, to te eon of of ape 3
snow. Aug. 1

8. mip ifotons sae North fork of the Platte and Sweet Water. 3 os — cs

S. lanceolatus, (Torr. and Gr.) n. sp. With the preceding. . a yes ae

&. iydophil (Nutt.) On a lake in the Wind river mountains. Aug. 12-17. <

8, , (Torr. and Gr.) n. sp. Sweet Water river. Aug. 21. —

S. filifolius, (Nutt.) 8 Fremontii, (Torr. and Gr.) Lower Platte. a a -
acalia iuberosa, (Nutt.) Upper Platte. ia

Tetrady mia inermis, (Nutt.) Sweet Water river, from its ‘iieatiad to he high pat of the Wind
river mountains. ee

Cirsium-altissimum, (Spreng. ) Lower Platte.

Crepes gine, cn ) Upper vinagene

(stylopappus) ¢ » (Torr. and Gr.) _Defiles of the Wind river mountains.
Aug. ‘13-14,
Mulgedium pulchellum, (Torr. and Gr.) Black hills of the Platte: July 25 31.
Lygodesmia juncea, (Don.) Upper Platte. a
Troximon parviflorum, (Nutt.) Sweet Water river, near the mountains. :

LOBELIACES.
Lobelia spicata, (Lam.) “On the Lower Platte. June 28.

= viphilsies, (Linn.) North fork of the Platte. Sept. 4

CAMPANULACE®.
Campanula rotundifolia, (Linn.) Lower Platte.
ia amplexicaulus, (DC.) Little Blue river of the Kansas.
ERICACE&.
— empetriformis, (D. Don.) _ Defiles of the Wind river mountains. Aug. 13-16.
illvides, (Hook. tee fh ee ee

uva-ursi, (Spreng. ) On a lake in the mountains. Aug. 12-17,
PRIMULACE.

Dn dt (Hook.) Defiles of the Wind river mountains. —
: , (Nutt.) Sweet Water river. Aug. 5.

ja ciliates, (Linn.) Forks of the Platte. July 2.
Cle meting, i) Upper North fork of the Platte. July 31.
SCROPHULARIACEA.

Ont ae, Ce) Pesca Water siren. Aug: 5.
Mimulus (Benth.) Dele ofthe Wind river mountains. Aug: 13-16. _

Castilleja pallida, (Kunth.) ‘See Wet ser _ Aug. 2.

93 cma]

. miniata, (Benth.) Wind river mountains. August — isi. — ‘two or cited
species of this genus in the collection, which I have not been able to determine.

Veronica alpina 8, (Hook.) Alpine region of the Wind river mountains.

Pentstemowalbidum, (Nutt.) Forks of the Platte. July 2.

Pi ‘earruleom, (Natt.) South fork of the Platte. July 4. '

P. micranthum, (Nutt) Sources of the Sweet Water, near the mountains. August 7.

Pegi iasedurrecic, (Benth. ) Defiles of the Wind river mountains. August 13-16,

Gerardiu longifolia, (Nutt.) Lower Platte. July 22 '

*

an ' OROBANCHACE.
Orébiiowhs ‘fcinate, (Nutt. ) South fork of the Platte. July 4.
LABIAT 2,
mara tun, (Linn.) On the Platte.
eucrium » Chi

Stachys aspera, (Michx.).° Forks of the Platte. July 2.
Aasselorin s-taiculta (Linn.) North of the Platte. July 10.
é is, (Linn.) With the preceding. eg
Sl ar seshapi Kansas river and forks of the Platte. June 19-29, stil Bee
a ~ . VERBENACEZ.
pee sip, Zapania cuneifolia, (Torr., in Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, ii, page 934.)
North fork of the Platte. I
Verbena stricta, (Vent.) With the prediidiig.
V. hasteta, (Linn. ) With the preceding.
V. bracteata, (Michx.) With the preceding. 4
BORAGINACE. :
Pulmonaria ciliata, (James ; — in Ann. see: N. York, ii, page 224.) Defiles in the Wind
_. Fiver mountains. August 13
Onosmodium molle, (Michx.) e the Platte. June 29. ie 3
a ee Litto, Bite einer ofahaKsnese ee Zune
HY IYL ACES.
Entoca sericea, (Lehm.) Wiki geccscesaie ;
Phacelia rt n. sp. Whole plant strigosely canescent; leaves elliptical, petiolate entire;
“Yacemes numerous, scorpioid, densely flowered.—Goat island, upper North fork of the Platte.
~ July 3u. “Perennial —Stems branching from the base. Leaves about two inches long, and 6 to
8 lines wide; radical and Jower cauline ones on long petioles; the others nearly sessile. ‘Spikes
_ forming a ecteak crowded sort of panicle. Flowers sessile, about 3 lines long. Sepals
strongly Tee Corolla one-third longer than the calyx; the lobes short and entire. Stamens
much exserted; filaments glabr Style 2 parted to the middle, the lower part hairy. Ovary
hispid, iekdas 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each eell. Capsule, by abortion, one-seeded*
seed oblong, strongly eg: Nearly related to P. integrifolia, (Torr ;) but differs in the

: leaves being perfectly entire, more numerous spikes, one-seeded capsules, as well as in the:
wild dpi jabocancs of pce asl ee saat
5 _POLEMONIACES. ~ 3
Phise muscides, eve) Kemal he son of portal now, on he Wi ne
ok é

boven

lik ceseta ins July 8.
P. pla, (Sut) Big Bl river ofthe Kann June 20,

[ 174] 94

Polemonium caeruleum, (Linn., Hook.) Red Buttes on the Upper North fork of the Platte, hie
mile, (Hook.) Highest parts of the mountains, near perpetual snow, August 13-
Gilia (Cantua) longiflora, (Torr.). Sand hills of the Platte. September 16.
. pulchella, (Dougl.) Upper part of the Sweet Water, near the mountains. August 7-20.
inconspi Dougl.?) Goat island, Upper North fork of the Platte. July 30. This differs
—- the Oregon plant in its fleshy, simply pinnatified leaves, with ovate, obtuse segments.
CONVOLVULACE.
Cia sepium, a Br.) | Forks of the Platte. July 2.
Ipomes leptophyilla, n. sp. Stems branching from the base, prostrate, glabrous, angular; leaves
lanceolate-linear, very acute, entire, attenuate at the base into a petiole; peduncles ‘1 to 3-flow-
ered; sepals roundish-ovate, @btuse with a phous Hae —Forks at a ee to ——
river. July-4-September 3. i t
the Canadian, by Dr. James, in Long’s expeditions but | they ‘were ‘not described in my account
of his plants. The root, according to Dr. James, is annual, producing numerous thick pros-
trate, but not twining stems, which are two feet or more in length. The leaves are from two _
to four inches long, acute at each end, strongly veimed and somewhat ‘coriaceous. Peduncles
an inch or more in length; those towards the extremity of the branches only 1-flowered; the
lower ones bearing 2, 3, and sometimes 4 flowers; which are nearly the size of those of calys~
tegia sepium, and of a purplish color. Sepals appressed, about five lines long. Corolla cam-
panulate—funnel form, the tube much. longer than. the calyx. Stamens inserted near the base
of the corolla; filaments villous at the base; anthers oblong- ber large. Style as long as the
‘stamens; stignia 2-lobed; the lobes capitate. Ovary 2-celled, wi two dvules in each cell.
SOLANACE Zi. : oe
Nycterium luteum, (Donn cat.) South fork of the Platte. July 4.
Physalis pubescens, ( Willd.) Upper North fork of the Platte. July 23.
P. pumila, (Nutt.) With the preceding.

GENTIANACE.

Gentiana malephili # cated (Griseb.’ in Hook. Fi. Bor. Am. ii, page 61.) Sweet Water
of the Platte. August 4.
G. affinis, (Griseb.) North fork of the Platte. September 9.

G. pneumonanthe, (Linn.) Laramie‘ river to Little Sandy creek, in the mountains. July 12~
August 8

e Fremontii n. sp. Stem branched at the bee branches 1-flowered; leaves ovate, cuspidate,

on the margin, erect; corolla funnel-form; plicee small, slighty 2-toothed; cap-

“ale ovate, at length entirely exserted on its thick stipe.—Wind river Seletee eee
— : ai

ish” border, ' r than ternodes.
“S08G. priatrate: pe tametous: Calyx two-thirds the length of thi dolla the teeth about ¢
“ thitd the length of the tube.’ Plice of the corolla scarcely one-third as long 2s. the lanceolate

Gi Sie) tac, ite BIS ee In G. humilis, and in the allied
G. Ciel: So. 2 iene ponies

fe

95 a [ 174 J
, APOCYNACEE. :

Apoeynum camebinum, Ginn.) On the Platt. = ©
Fags ¢ ia ad - ASCLEPIADACES. got
Anipiadipeiet (Tr orr, in Ann. Lyc. te ii, p. 218.—A Douglasii, Hook. F}. Bor. Am™
_ ii, p. 53, t. 142.) Forks of the Platte. Jul Collected also by Mr. Nicollet in his North-
" western expedition. Hooker's plant*differs i in no | adhe a. from my am speciosa, col-
lected by Dr. James in Long’s first expedition. 4
A verticillata, (Linn.) Small variety. With the preceding:
A. tuberosa, (Linn. ) Kansas river. June 19.
Anantherix pi (Nutt.) Big Blue river of the Ki Kansas. June 20. ee
‘Acerates @, (Ell.) Polyotus longifolia. (Nutt.) wiht Pe
Polyotus angustifolius. (Nutt) With the preceding.

ah

a OLEACE. -_
y a pte, (Mich. ) Leaves only. Lower Platte.
PLANTAGINA\ EX

Pike rope neihore Be rly ti, p-287.) |
mae: | specter: ers
2 2osterifolium, (Hook,).. Platte. ? i —ee -

°C. ‘album, (Linn.) North fork of the Platte. July ie ,

Olione canescens, (Mocq. Chenop., p. 74. 2 Atriplex canescens. Nuit.) Upper North fork of
‘the Platte. July 26. E

aes ee (Moog, I. ro 4 2.

zs) Kochia debtate ee North fork of! the

wen scmiiiaa: ee c. p. isp With theese : .

ae Pe a, (Mocq., |. c. p. 81.) Diotis lanata, (Pursh-) Hd Hiuhina fo, she emg
August 18-25

Premontia, n. ge. erent aga age a ae

aments,
era dene tp eee ee thi
‘i t fi egor aaa ae seb the | hal PS he ovary

ot
ee

» ovate ; styles thi ky n Frui
: the indurated CaF %.0 z ompressed. Seed cataaih: integument double. Embryo flat-spiral,
inferior; albumen none.

ver 8 LE terdlcolir Hook.) Fl. Bor. sown? 128. Upper North fork of
the Pate “near the mouth of the ees ib Water.” Jub 30. A low glabrous, diffusely

ith only pin aed but at nena
" hat of Salsola. ea plant, w

‘now from + —=-

a

eee
it sree ea of abroni

pe diffused i in the barren regione towards the st a Mountains. It belongs t to the sian

NYCTAGIN, fe ny a mo
a4 _ Oxybaphus. nyctayinea, (Torr. on Ja at r aie
(Nutt.) Kansas river, June 2

ee

Plants.) -Calymenia nyctaginea,

seats

id and glandularly pubesent;Teaves a3 te 1 indul

Abronia mellifera, (Dougt )- Noah be ihig Piatto, or ae
ly) micranth ‘Visci

of the er plant ‘above afoot aes les
asthe lamina. Heads axillary. Involucre 5-leaved, 8 to 14-flowered;” iditonigchy

nate. Perianth es (purplish, ) 3'to. 4 lines Jong; lobes semi-ovate, sbiae Ebeeeonivedied
“in the middle of the unequal; anthers ovate; sagittate at the base. Ovary oblong, clothed
with the 3-winged si of the calyx; he pam — filiform clavate, incuceet- Mature

-‘achenium about 7 lines long a Gb broad, nearly equal, mem
wae ae reticulated. Seed oblong. Embryo eonduplicate, involving the deeply 2-partedimealy
albumen; radicle linear-terete; inner cotyledon abortive! outer one ehbong, foliaceous, concave,
as a as the radicle. This interesting plant differs from its
rianth, 3 to 4 androus flowe db . Sees « but I

onia. It ma may pose be a ditt gon
_* POLYGONA ACEA

ners in its funnel-form pe-~

‘eee

Persicarig, (Linn.) North fork of the Platte. a ee
P. avieulare, (Linn.)..¢ With the preceding. @ © ~~, =~ : “ :
P. amphibium, (Linn.) Sweet Water river. August ee: te
WP, viviparum, (Linn.) Black hills. July 26. Ps r & “Fs an ong
Rumezx salicifolius, (Weinn.) With the precedin; * a
Oxyria reniformis, ( Alpine tegion of the | river mountains. Aviat 13-16,
. Eriogonum ova

ovalifolium, (Nutt. Horse-shoe creek, Upper North fork of the Platte. July, 22,
E. cespitosum, (Nutt.} With the preceding.

E. umbellatum, | (Torr. “) in Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Yous ii, p Bale ‘so Water river, ‘Avg. 7.
EeFrement ne Sp With the preceding. ” ach = :

97 ie ae xs

sat | eas
Sie ete ay hott ly branched; leaves ae B essere obtuse, entire;
staminate flowers on n crowded ge and terminal Ty ANOTED JOT:
of the Platte. September 3—11.—About a foot high. eo, plant unknown. With:
insgple tallvene Forks of the Platte. Pe, 5 This seems to be the same as the plant of; Drum
mond’s Texan gate, a a 0. 266. .
» SALICIACEA. ot Js

P
x @

Salix longifolia, (Willd.) .On the Platte
‘S. Muhlenbergii, (Willd.) With the rs Sereda other species exist in the collection —
' some from the Platte, others from the mountains; sig T have had no time to dctermine them

_ Satisfactorily. sf ee et
Popul + trem: loides, (Michx. ) Lake in the Wind river ee,
P. angustifolia, - min Ann. Lye. N. i of New York, ii, p. ‘te Sweet Water river,
Bo Pa
S a ee ait) Lower Platte.
eee =
Ulmus fulva, (Michx.) © Lower Platte, * ei 4 = ,
Seltis crassifolia, (Nutt.) Sl dle e te EI C
or « eg te en
e +, BETULACE ALS a

* Betula alendilgh, (Michx.) On a lake in the Wind 3 mountains. Aug. 12-17.
B. occidentalis, (Hook. ) With =~ eat Sy de
s

: contrane. asad « Ais

: Ss.
%.
ePinus rigida, (Linn, d Lowe Platte. ee ut cones. Leaves i in threes, oe fong-
the Wind river et mountains. Aug. 13-14. Between P. strobus and.

Ry ae termined.
P. Lambertian; ork: in 5’s, 13 to 2 inches long, rigid.. No cones, «
2 ci alba, (Michx.) With the preceding. ? Regs ott
P. near balsamea. With the preceding. Leaves only, - i oa je 2
Juniperus Virginiana, (Linn.) Lower Platte ee : ey
= . é i ie, Sal 3 . + aaa Bites
. ego ; mo y ae ee Pera as Agendas a a *
_ «_ “ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.
— ee Sy as a SS
C4 “.. :*) ALISMACE A

Sai ii, tin) On the Kansas. _ a
th apt ie x = : !

diets > 4 ”
; ‘ x a* Py .
, ‘ o® % ie % e
L 174 ] ‘ 7 ‘ 98
: = LILIACEE.

Ya mg (Sims.) Laramie river. July 14.
, (Fras.) Defiles in the Wind river mountainss Aug. 12-27.
26-3

= stellata, a ) From the Laramie river to the _ Aug.
#
ae MELANTHACE) os -
. :
Zigadenus ~~ ee Sweet Water river. — Soa
‘ * Bb Dilige <. 2

“ guncacee. : eer ree |

rk-of the Platte. oo * =

Juncus echinatus, a ie
ae Ao oa cE ~ COMMELYNACE, .
Tradescantia Werginica, cme 4 sia a ninonlgutal variety. Kansas and Platte, a
“ sain rh ——
Carex festucacea, (Schk.) On the Kansas. J ‘ os
“os

C. aurea, (Nutt.) Little Blue river of the Se June

*
_ ©. panicea, (Linn.) Alpine region of the Wind river sess near perpetual snow. Aug: 15.
C. atrate, (Linn.) With the preceding: we eae ig
oa | GRAMINES, : nes : by.
| no “* > ‘pues Fy :
wee a ‘cwita. y Little lue en a Ee Sone aa :
da pallens, (Pursh -) On the Platte. June 2 . er tee
_ Little Blue river of Ju neh .
alpinu region of the Wind riv mae 13-14,
© Bromus ciliat m the Pl

atte. June-Aug- cis
estuca ovina, ( region of the Wind river mountains Aug. rer

Festuca nutans, (Willd. ) On the Kansas.

Pou laa, (Haenke.) With the preceding. ae ; .

P. crocata, (Michx.) With the peeling spina grea

P. nervata, (Willd.) On the Ka
Koeleria and on the Platte as ie

*

cristata, {Pers.) Big hes’ river of the Kansas, a

99 [1% J
oe
. " ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS,
“

“The maps which accompany this report are on Flamsteed’s modified pro-
jection, and the longitudes are referred to the meridian of Greenwich.
For the determination of astronomical positions, we were provided with
the nee instruments :
e telescope, magnifying power 120.
One circle, by Gambey, Paris.

me box chronometer, No. 7,810, a French.
ne Brockbank pocket chr

€ watch with - & ght ter balance, No. 4,632, by
& Dent.

~ Arno
The rate of the ‘Sdbaallicer 7,810, is stant in the following state-
ment
“New Yorx, May 5, 1842.
a Chronometer No. 7 ,810, by French, is _ 2. at noon— .
low of Greenwich mean time ix a
“ p= of New York mean i eae oe eee ion 4
. ~“ Loses perddy § - . €: ah,
=. é “~ ARTHUR STEWART,
— “74 Merchants’ Exchange. Zz

An accident among some rake ground i in the neighborhood of the <..
sas river Strained the balance of this chro onometer, (No. 7,810,) and ren-
it useless during the remainder of the campaign. From the 9th of
June to the 24th of August, inclusively, the longitudes depend upon the
Brockbank pocket chronometer; the rate of which, on leaving St. Louis,
was fourteen seconds. The rate obtained by observations at Fort Laramie,
14".05, has been used in calculation.

From the 24th of August until the termination of the j journey, No. 4,632
(of which the rate was 35'.79) was used for the same purposes. The rate.
sf this watch was irregular, and I place but little confidence in the few

itudes:which depend upon it, though, so far as we have any means rs

eg see ited correct.» Basi slay ys

=

; «

J 100

Fable of latitudes and longitudes, deduced from observations made

1842.
May 27
June

duly

8! Ch outeat’s lowed
16 — k of the K

ipo omty

North fork of Pals

uring the journey.

Station.

Longitude.

i

St. Louis, residence of ‘Colonel Bran -
tradin Fea Mace: river
Sai saver, ree miles aes sie
ford
Vermillion ‘eoske -
Cold Springs, near “the Fad to Lara is
Big Blue river
Little Blue river -

ht bank of Platte river
Right bank of Platte river
Right bank of Platte river -
Right bank of P
Junction of —

or Platte

- -~
- - -
- Fy

~-

x a at by erg

a “South ake, of the Nebraska

uth for kof Platte se left bank. y
South fork of Pla

ad

nk - 7
South fork of Platte river, St. mae s fort - “~
deere:

a stream, name anknieial
na creek, Goshen’s hole ?
Fort a near the month of Laramie fork

of Platte river

- -

> “=
er, Tho
re ke Cac

= “

North fork. of Platte river, Goat islan
Sweet Water river, one mile below "Rock Independ-

nee
W ‘or river - a3 a Se i

oo Poaeed nen tributary to the Coloriio of the

diew ia itsbutary to aie Colorado

oi

Scott’s bluffs
clas Spa right bank, six miles show’

river, ‘inet of eo creek

of .
Plate river, Clr Di

tees Ne oe ae ae ve
‘ Pi

"hee e tae

42

31
4226
42. 27
a8

ol
41 54
41
il it
41 14
4i 10°
40 54 fg
40 52
40 42

37 34

i

5

RS ‘
: SS
in See

i

Sees #8ksss

Deg, min. sec.

94 25

101 [ 174 J
Table of latitudes and longitudes—Continued.
Date. Station. Latitude. ‘Longitude.
1842. Deg. min. see. | Deg. min. sez-
Sept. 18 | Platte river, left bank - - - -| 40 40 21
19 | Platte river, left bank - - -| 40 39 44
20 | Platt e river, noon mi left bank - - -{ 40 48 19
20 | Platte gen left ba - - -| 40 54 02
21 | Platte river, left - - - 41 05 37
23 | Platte river, noon halt, left bank - - -| 41 20 20
23 | Platte river, left - - -{| 41 22 52
25 | Platte river, oobi of Loup fork - - -| 41 22 11
ae river, my outh of Binge mm river - - 41 09 34
29 river, left ban - 15:02 16
On. 2 Baler at the post of the American Fur Company,
; ht bank of the 41 08 24 | 95 20
4}. eft | bank of the Missouri, opposite tothe right bank
. abo armas 1.02.11
5 | Missouri river - * : ~ 34 08
6/1 B -| 40 27 08
6 | Missouri — ee 2 Nishnabiliona river -| 40 16 40 :
8 | Missouri ri = eh be = 36 |
10 | Missouri rive cet | of the Kanes river 39 06. 03
tages
‘. ¢
tl =

ae.
: ee :

tees
gers apo le

ud et.

attshd 2 es
oa a

: 7 oS
j NG: |
i ‘ | - “ > bi
$ = wR eR) Saal o “ Bis
See ee eet ae eo we, *
ied BE. RG" - - we IEP Sse a
pee * 2 if Bi piee ita Sh z

tee Ayr

Ce &.<

pe

corey

§ mee

0 ‘es
Eas io

ce ee

A REPORT
EXPLORING EXPEDITION

T9

ORE GON AND xoRtH CALIFORNIA, ;
IN THE YEARS i, a *

. * * :

j ie : ant

ON aca

a

REPORT.

W asuineton Crry, March 1, 1845,
Colonel J. J. Aber

Chief of the Corps of Topographical Engineers:

: In pursuance of your instructions, to connect the reconnoissance of
ir: which I had the honor to conduct, with the surveys of Commander
Wilkes on the coast of the Pacific ocean, so as to give a connected survey
of the interior of our continent, I proceeded to the Great West early in the
spring of 1843, and arrived, on the 17th of May, at the little town of Kan-
sas, on the Missouri frontier, near the junction of the Kansas river with
the Missouri river, where I was detained near two weeks in completing
the necessary i geet for the extended explorations which my instruc-
tions contempla

party sonal principally of Creole and diese ng French ly and
Americans, amounting in all to 39 men; among w ou will recognise
several of those who were with me in my first S ceaitom and who have
been favorably brought to your notice in a former report. Mr. Thomas
Fitzpatrick, whom many years of hardship and exposure in the western
territories had rendered familiar with a portion of the country it was de-
signed to explore, had been selected as our guide ; and Mr. Charles Preuss,

who had been my assistant in the previous journey, was again associat

with me in the same capacity on the present expedition. Agreeably to your —

in _Mr. Theodore Talbot, of —— city, had be sath
, with a view to advancement in in his profession ; and at Se
I thet been joined by Mr. Frederick Dwight, a sehen of Springtic 2d,
Massachusetts, who availed himself of our over: Sejouendyas visit the
Sandwich islands and China, by way of Fort Vasonirere:
‘The men engaged for the service were

i Alexis Ayot, Louis Ménard, —
Francois Badeau, Louis Menton, <
Oliver Beaulieu, : Samuel Neal,
Baptiste Bernier, Alexis Pera,
John A. Campbell, Francois Pera,
John G. Campbell, James Power, ©
Manuel Chapman, Raphael Prou :
Ransom Clark, _ Oscar Sarpy, .. * -
Philibert Courteau, SL , Baptiste ’ | ne
Miche! Crélis, Charles Taplin, ~~ « «./*
William. Creuss, Baptiste Tesson, ©». ™
Sc Deforest, Auguste Vasquez, #5. *
: Jose elrot, ce ity
as Patrick White, *
e Tiery Wi ht,
. Louis Zi

105 cg

¥

*

{ 4] 106

Jacob Dodson, a free young colored man of Washington city, who vol-
unteered to accompany the expedition, and performed his duty manfully
throughout the voyage. Two Delaware Indians—a fine-looking old man
and hisson—were engaged to accompany the expedition as hunters, through
the kindness of Major Cummins, the excellent Indian agent. L. Max well,
who had accompanied the expedition as one of the hunters in 1, being
on oa way to Taos, in New Mexico, also joined us at this place
arty was armed generally with Hall’s carbines, which, witha brass
12-lb. howities had been furnished to me from the United States arsenal at
St. Louis, agreeably to the orders of Colonel S. W. Kearney, paircaonand
the 3d military division. Three men were especially detailed for the m
agement of this piece, under ~~ eee _ Louis Zindel, a native of ina.
ny, who had been 19 years n-commissioned officer of artillery in the

russian army, and regularly poeaned i in the duties of his profession. The
camp equipage and provisions were transported in twelve carts, drawn each
by two mules; and a light covered wagon, mounted on good springs, had
hemmpromided for the safer carriage of the instruments. These

One refracting pode a by Frauenhofer.
One reflecting b

Two sextants, by Troughton.

One pocket chronometer, No. 837, by Goffe, Falmouth.
One pocket chronometer, No. 739, by Brockbank.
One syphon barometer, by Bunten, Paris.

One cistern barometer, by Frye & & Shaw, New York.
Six thermometers, and a number of small compasses.

1 +

To make the exploration as useful as possible, I determined, in confann-
ity to your general instructions, to vary the route to the Roc ocky mountains
from that followed in the yeaP1842. The route then was up the valley of
‘the Great Platte river to the South Pass, in north latitude 42°; the route
now determined on was up the vailey of ‘the Kansas river, and to the head
of the Arkansas, and to some pass in the mountains, if any could be found,

» at the sources of that river.

By making this deviation from the former > the problem of a new
road to Oregon and California, in aclima e genial, might be solved ;
and a better owledge obtained of an seatcaents river, and the country it
drained, while the f the expedition would find its point of
commencement at the LaPiNeiatioh f the former, which was at that great
gate in the ridge of the Rocky mountains called the South Pass, and on the
oa peak of the: mountain which overlooks it, deemed the highest peak in

» and from the opposite sides of which four great rivers take their

&

oe

ve

*

to oe Pacific or the Mississippi.
delayed our departure until the morning of the 29th,.
wach: our long voyage; and at the close of a day, rendered
A by i incessant rain, ——— about four miles beyond the
ge of io ee prairie
; e 3ist, ane the delay of aday to complete
h hiesclves” with some of the comforts of civilized
aga at Elm sage company with several
tuting a party which was proceeding to Upper Cal-
on of Mr. J. B. Childs, of Missouri. The € wagons
ed with ; ge and farming, utensiis, con-
=

107 [ 174 ]

taining among other things an entire set of machinery for a mill which Mr.
Childs designed erecting on the waters of the Sacramento river emptying
into the bay of San Francisco.

We were joined here by Mr. William cp of Missouri, who, intending
this year to visit the settlements in Oregon, had been invited to accompany
us, and proved a useful and agreeable addition to the party. From this en-
campment, our route until the 3d of June was nearly the same as that de-
scribed to you in 1842. Trains of wagons were almost constantly in sight;
giving tothe road a populous and animated appearance, although the great-
er portion of the emigrants were collected at the crossing, or already on
their march beyond the Kansas river.

Leaving at the ford the usua! emigrant road to the mountains, (which you
will find delineated with considerable detail on one of the accompanying

maps,) we continued our route along the southern side of the Kansas, where.

they charged into the camp, drove off a number of our best horses; but we

delay and trouble, and threatened danger and loss, and broke down some
good horses at the start, and actually endangered the expedition, Was a first

our observations, the junction of the streams is in latitude 39°

tude 96° 24' 56", and at an elevation of 926 feet above the gulf

For several days we continued to travel along the Republican, th
A es ee : be at m a)

eo

ifully watered with numerous streams, b

s j . 5 oe er peu es : ae :
‘nd rarelv an incident occurred to vary the monotonous resem ance which
_and rarely an i gre ay Shares *

one day on the prairies here bears to another, and
7 pee i

Ps

» ab ee

Sg
=

=

[ 174 J 108

a particular description. Now and then, we caught a glimpse of a small
herd of elk ; and occasionally a band of antelopes, whose curiosity some-
times brought them within rifle range, would circle round us, and then
scour off into the prairies. As we advanced on our road, these became
more frequent; but as we journeyed on the line usually followed by the
trapping and hunting parties of the Kansas and Delaware Indians, game
of every kind continued very shy and wild. The bottoms which form the
immediate valley of the main river were generally about three miles wide;
having a rich soil of black vegetable mould, and, for a prairie country, well
interspersed with wood. The country was every where covered with a
considerable variety of grasses—occasionally poor and thin, but far more
frequently luxuriant and rich. We had been gradually and regularly as-
cending in our progress westward, and on the evening of the 14th, when
we encamped on a little creek in the valley of the Republican, 265 miles

» by our travelling road from the mouth of the Kansas, we were at an eleva-
tion of 1,520 feet. That part of the river where we were now encamped is
called by the Indians the Big Timber. Hitherto our route had been laborious
and extremely slow, the unusually wet spring and constant rain having so
saturated the whole country that it was necessary to bridge every water-
course, and, for days together, our usual march averaged only five or six
miles. Finding that at such a rate of travel it would be.imposible to com-

* ply with your instructions, I determined at this place to divide the party,
and, leaving Mr. Fitzpatrick with 25 men in charge of the provisions and
heavier baggage of the camp, to proceed myself in advance, with a light

party of 16 men, taking with me the howitzer and the light wagon which
carried the instruments. :

_ Accordingly, on the morning of the 16th, the parties separated ; and, bear-
‘ing a little out from the river, with a view of heading some of the numerous
affluents, after a few hours’ travel over somewhat broken ground, we en-

_ tered upon an extensive and high level prairie, on which we encamped to-
_ wards evening ata little stream, where a single dry cottonwood afforded the
» _hecessary fuel for preparing supper. Among a variety of grasses which to-

day made their first appe »Inoticed bunch grass, ( festuca,) and buffalo
| Brass, (sesderta daciyloides.) Amorpha canescens (ead plant) continued
* be characteristic plant of the country, and a narrow-leaved lathyrus oc-

curred during the morning in beautiful patches. Sida coccinea occurred
frequently, with a psoralia near psoralia floribunda, and a number of
_ Plants not hitherto met, just verging into bloom. The water on whic h we
_ had encamped belonged to Solomon’s fork of the Smoky-hill river, along
lose tributaries we continued to travel for several days.
country afforded us an excellent road, the route being generally
very level prairies; and we met with no other delay than be-
bliged to bridge one of the numerous streams, which were
ith ash, elm, cottonwood, and a very large oak—the latter
lly, five and six feet in diameter, with a spreading summit.

lea, anda dwarf species of /upinus, are the

an

*
109 ' prey

On the 19th, in the afternoon, we crossed the Pawnee road to the Ar-
kansas, and, travelling a few miles onward, the monotony of the prairies
was suddenly dispelled by the appearance of five or six buffalo bulls, form-
ing a vanguard of immense herds, among which we were travelling a few
days afterwards. Prairie dogs were seen for the first’ time during the day;
and we had the good fortune to obtain an antelope for supper. Our eleva-
tion had now increased to 1,900 feet. Sida coccinea was a characteristic
on the creek ee? and buffalo grass is becoming abundant on the higher
parts - the ridge —

June 21. Daring the forenoon we travelled up a branch of the creek on®
whine we had encamped, in a broken country, where, however, the dividing
ridges always afforded a good rad. Plants were few; and with the
short sward of the buffalo grass, which now prevailed every where, giving
to the prairies a smooth and mossy appearance, were mingled frequent
patches of a beautiful red grass, Ae paliens,) which had made its ap-
gp: only within the last few days.

e halted to noon at a solitary bi beer ee in a hollow, near which was ~
Killed. the first buffalo, a large old bull.

Antelope appeared in bands during the day. Crossing here to the affluents
of the Republican, we encamped on a fork, about forty feet wide and one
foot deep, flowing with a swift current over a sandy bed, and well w oded
with ash-leaved maple, (negundo Srazxintfolium,) elm,’ sittan w olMRA a”
few white oaks. e were visited in the evening by a very violent storm,
accompanied by wind, lightning, and thunder; a cold rain falling in torrents,
According to the barometer, our elevation was 2,130 feet above the gulf.

At noon, on the 23d, we descended into the valley of a principal fork of |
the Republican, a beautiful stream with a dense border of wood ease
principally of varieties of ash, forty feet wide and four feet deep. Tt was mu-
sical with the notes of many ‘birds, which, from the vast expanse of silent
prairie acorn; seemed all to have collected here. We continued during
the afternoon our route along the river, which was populous with prairie —
dogs, (the bottoms being entirely occupied with their villages,) and late in.”
the evening encamped on its banks. The prevailing timber i isa ie ole 3
ash, (frazinus, near F. Americana,) ind ash-leaved maple. With these ~
were fravinus Americana, cottonwood, and long-leaved willow. We gave
to this stream the name of Prairie Dog river. Elevation 3,350 feet. Our
road on the 25th lay over high smooth ridges, 3,100 feet above the sea;
buffalo in great numbers, absolutely covering the face of the country, At
evening we encamped within a few miles of the main Republican, on a lit-
tle creek, where the air was fragrant with the perfume of artemisia filifolia
which we here saw for the first time, and which was now in bloom. Shortly
after leaving our encampment on the 26th, we found suddenly that the na-
ture of the country had entirely changed. Bare sand hills every where sur- _
rounded us in the undulating ground along bani ed ‘We were moving; and

the plants peculiar to a sandy “soil made thei ce in abundance. a.
few miles further we entered the valley of al ra sea Gilet watts known

to be the Republican fork of the Kansas, whose shallow waters, witha
depth of only a few inches, were spread out over a bed of yellowish white -
sand 600 yards wide. With the exception of one or two distant and -

groves, no timber of any kind was to be seen; and the feat

the country assumed a*desert character, with which the broad river, .
gling for existence among quicksands along the trecless pee werk.

*

&

€

te

Fie} 110 ae

ingly i in keeping. On the opposite side, the broken ridges assumed almost
a mountainous appearance; and, for he stream, we continued on our
course among these ridges, and encamped late in the evening at a little pond
of very bad water, from which we drove away a herd of buffalo that were
standing in and about it. Our encampment this evening was 2,500 feet
above the sea. We travelled now for several days through a broken and
dry sandy region, about 4,000 feet above'the sea, where there were norun-
ning streams; and some anxiety was constantly felt on account of the un-

. certainty of water, which was only to be found in small lakes that occur-

ged occasionally among the hills. The discovery of these always brought
pleasure to the camp, as around them were generally green flats, which af-
forded abundant pasturage for our animals; and here were usually collected
herds of the Neos which now were scattered over all the country in
el number
oil of ave ‘anid hot sands supported a varied and exuberant growth
of planis, which were much farther advanced than we had previously found
em, and whose showy bloom somewhat relieved the appearance of gene-

: ral sterility. Crossing the summit of an elevated and continuous range of

rolling hills, on the afternoon of the 30th of June we found ourselves over-
looking ‘a broad and misty valley, where, about ten miles distant, and 1,000
feet below us, the South fork of the Platte was rolling magnificently along,
swollen with the waters of the melting snows. It was in strong and re

_ freshing sentra with the parched country from which we had just isenede

and when, at night, the broad expanse of water grew indistinct, it almost
seemed ne we had pitched our tents on the shore of the sea.
Travelling along up the valley of the river, here 4,000 feet above the sea,

~ in the afterneon of July 1 we caught a far and uncertain view of a faint

blue mass in the west, as the sun sank behind it; and from our camp in the
morning, at the mouth of Bijou, Long’s peak and the neighboring moun-
tains stood out into the anys grand and luminously white, covered to their
bases with glittering sno
. On the evening of the 3d, as we were journeying along the partially over-
flowed bottoms of the Platie, where our passage stirred up swa
uitoes, we came unexpectedly upon an Indian, who was cereal ona
bluff, curiously. watching the movements of our caravan. He belonged to
a village of Oglallah Sioux, who had lost all their animals in the severity
of the preceding winter, and were now on their way up the Bijou fork to
horses from the oes, who were hunting buffalo at the head of
that river. Several came into our camp at noon; and, as they were hungry,
as usual, they were provided with buffalo meat, of which the hunters had
brought in an abundant supply.
_ About noon, on the 4th of July, we arrived at the fort, where Mr. Si.
: seeoived us les his sary! tindnem, poe, invited us to join him

e
Dtaining relief, as I found it ina very impoverished condition ; and

we were able to procure only a little unbolted Mexican flour, and some
salt, with a few pounds of powder and lead :
As regarded ‘isions, it did not much uch matter ina country where rarely .
the day passed with eing some kind of game, and where it was fre-.
3 quently abunda | as a rare thing to lie down hungry, and we hadal-

ee [ 174 ]

ready learned to think bread a luxury ; but we could not proceed without
animals, and our own were not capable of prosecuting the journey beyond

the mountains without relief. .

I had been informed that a large number of mules had recently arrived
at Taos, from Upper California; and as our friend, Mr. Maxwell, was
about to continue his journey to that place, where a portion of his family
resided, I engaged him to purchase for me 10 or 12 mules, with the un-
derstanding that he should pack them with provisions and other necessa--
ries, and meet me at the mouth of the Fontaine qui bouit, on the Arkan-
sas river, to which point I would be led in the course of the surve .

Agreeably to his own request. and in the conviction that his habits of
life and education had not qualified him to endure the hard life of a voy-
ageur, I discharged here one of my party, Mr. Oscar Sarpy, having furnished —
him with arms and means of transportation to Fort Laramie, where he
would be in the line of caravans returning to the States.

At daybreak, on the 6th of July, Maxwell was on his way to Taos; and
a few hours after we also had recommenced our journey up tlie Platte,
which was continuously timbered with cottonwood and willow, on a gen-
erally sandy soil. Passing on the way the remains of two abandoned
forts, (one of which, however, was still in good condition,) we reached, in
10 miles, Fort Lancaster, the trading establishment of Mr. Lupton. His post
was beginning to assume the appearance of a comfortable farm: stock, hogs, ~
and cattle, were ranging about on the prairie; there were different kinds
of poultry ; and there was the wreck of a promising garden, in which a
considerable variety of vegetables had been in a flourishing condition, but
it had been almost entirely ruined by the recent high waters. I remained
to spend with him an agreeable hour, and sat o in a cold storm of rain,
which was accompanied with violent thunder and lightning. We encamped
immediately on the river, 16 miles from St. Vrain’s. Several Arapahoes,
on their way to the village which was encamped a few miles above'us,

z

of the village, received tis (as probably strangers are always received to”
whom they desire to show respect or regard) by throwing their arms around
our necks and embracing us. 4 | ah eae

It required some skill in horsemanship to keep the saddle during the per- ~
_ formance of this ceremony, as our American horses exhibited for them the
same fear they have for a bear or any other wild animal. Having very few
goods with me, I was only able to make them a meager present, accounting
for the poverty of the gift by explaining that my goods had been left with
the wagons in charge of Mr. Fitzpatrick, who was well known to them as
the White Head, or the Broken Hand. I saw here, as I had remarked in-
an Arapaho village the preceding year, near the lodges of the chiefs, tall”
tripods of white poles supporting their spears and shields, which showed it
to beca regular custom. . Beek oS

ae

[vfs] 142

Though disappointed in obtaining the presents which had been evident-
ly expected, they behaved very courteously, and, after a little sioeidatet x
I left them, and, continuing on up the river, halted to noon ont luff,
as the bottoms are almost inundated; continuing in the SA ich our
route along the mountains, which were dark, misty, and shrouded—threat-
ening a storm ; the snow peaks sometimes glittering through the clouds be-
yond the first ridge.

We surprised a grizzly bear sc ghtorine along the river ; “which, raising
himself upon his hind legs, took a deliberate survey of us, that did not ap-

® pear very satisfactory” to him, and he scrambled into the rit
to the opposite side. We halted for the night a little above ¢ reek ;
the evening cloudy, with many mosquitoes. Some indifferent observations
ae the camp in latitude 39° 43' 53”, and chronometric longitude 105°
a

uly 8 We continued to-day to travel up the. Platte; the morning pleas-

— with ¢ a. a eiaapect of fairer weather. During the Ret: noon our wa
over a more broken country, with a gravelly and sandy surface ; although
the immediate bottom of the river was a good soil, of a dark sandy mould,
resting upon a stratum of large pebbles, or r rolled stones, as at Laramie fork.
On our right, and apparently very near, but probably 8 or 10 miles distant,
_and two or three thousand feet above us, ran the first range of the moun-
"tains, like a dark corniced line, in clear contrast with the great snowy chain
which, immediately beyond, rose glittering five thousand feet above them.
We caught this morning a view of Pike’s peak ; but it appeared for a mo-
ment only, as clouds rose early over the mountains, and chrondedhele : in
mist and rain eday. In the first range were visible, as at the Red
Buttes on the N Forth fork, very lofty escarpments of red rock. While trav-
elling thant this re egion, I remarked that always in the morning the lofty
peaks were visible and bright, but very soon small white clouds began to
settle around them—brewing thicker and darker as the day advanced, until
the afternoon, when the thunder began to roll ; and invariably at evening
we had more or less of a thunder storm. At llo *clock, and 21 miles from
St. V rain’s fort, we reached a point in this southern fork of the Platte, where
. the stream is divided into three forks; two of these (one of them being much
eee) ae directly from the mountains on the west, and forming,
ith the ranch, a river of the plains. The elevation of this

ir 500 feet ahove the sea ; this river falling 2,800 poet in a
Re nee of alesis, to its j junction with the North fork of the Platte. In

trical ob Pyations in wants: af

On the easternmost branch, up which we took our wenn e first cene
x the pines growing on the t top of av where w
on. ie noon ; quaking asp (populus tremetbides) wae mixed with
lionwood, an ‘there were excellent grass and Ss i for the animals.
Jury g the morning there occurred many beautiful flowers, which we
Had not hitherto met. Among emer common bine flowering flax made
its first appearance ; and a tall and handsome species of gilia, with slender
sae flowers, w which appeared yesterday for th

1e sarah time, was very fre-

an i a game since leaving the for rt, and provisions be-
-asantl eae had had no meat for several days; but
n, when made up our minds to sleep another

*
e

bee

on whi

~ -elayoum |
‘gone the death ee two fet the

. The 2 4 cd z
re ees
ae without : supper, Lajeunes rage t > good fortune to kill a fine deer
1ich he found feeding in a hollow n "ania ag rain began to fall,
i 22 = me § ta tte in —E

ulgeme, | determi ‘ary our route, and proceed several camps to the
eastward, in ihe ecg ie gin ihe the buffalo. This roittt — the
dividing grounds between 1e South fork of the Platte and the Arkansas,
would also afford some additional geographical information. This morning,

_ therefore, we turned to the ger oee along the upper waters of the stream
ard, g a country of rk, phe and: “pa

ingen wae into. y hills f singular shapes; little valle itt
‘crys Rene eeinc arity ane: Se audathore ht ciiben, the

flat veniaaes or three hu hire a a in citediatenmnbi erence, Pe Ae ie os
name of Poundcake, which it has been Pay to ain ngry
Lag pe seemed to think it a very agreeable com ‘the afte

a buffalo bull was killed, and we encamped on a small stream, near the
road which runs from St. Vrain’s fort tothe Arkansas.

July 10.—Snow fell heavily on the mountains ey sit ‘eight, and
Pike’s peak this morning is luminous and gran | m the summit,
as low down as we can see, with glittering white. opr the. nies F
ment at 6 o’clock, we coutinued our easterly course over a rolli country,
near to the high ridges, which are generally rough and rocky, witha eee
onglomerate ae asses, and covered with pines. This roc roc
e] sip Aiable, an Tris undoubtedly from its decomposition that the owe
ve and gravelly formation. . 6 miles we crossed a head

water of | he Kioway ries, n which we found a strong fort and cordithat <—
ha arin ering oi halted to noon « acipal branch of

the river orning, our rf led o ta

mixed erithi' sa 4 ante the characteristic vi ree

brychis pear a Eapesion of clover which is much Ttain

ny for pasturage of stock—principally hogs. It is sown on rocky
waste ground, which would otherwise be useless, and til very.
riantly, requiring only a renewal of the seed about once.in fifteen years.
Its abundance here greatly adds to the eons vale te scion.” .

sBecies of antennaria in flower was very Comm potas va dip > of ro

another direction for one. on n dept ot it age turned, aking _
an ce ite babiadiogs tot a nearest hole.° I have notdoubé that tah
EO communicate w eae other. Thesar r pai

x 2"

* ol
aie 2

&

e

™ . ie 2. " fe Yeas oa we
(174) 14's |
the people were ae to-day, and I was inclined to attribute their ndipe

Sition > 5 the meat of the bull which had been killed the eS:
Jul 1 There were no indications of buffalo having been recently i in

“the neighbghhood; and, unwilling to travel farther eastward, I turned this

morning to the southwa rd, up the valley “of Bijou. “£sparcette occurred
Criyrdigally, and among the plants o xe river-I noti een; ae first time
during this journey, a few small bu the absinthe of the voyageurs,

which iscommonly used for fire wood, (artemista srideniateal ~ Yesterday.
aind to-day the road has been ornamented with the showy bloom of a beau-
tiful lupinusya characteristic igen ny parts of the mountain | region, on
which were generally great nu rs of an insect with very bright colors,
— —— a.)

_As we were riding quietly plone, eagerly” soaring every hollow. in”
ch bof gaine, we discovered, a a little distance’ in the prairie, a large
grizz so. busily engaged in digging roots that he did not perceive us
sel bet galloping down a little hill fifty yards from him, when he-
charged upon us with such sudden energy, that several of us came near
losing our saddles. Being wounded, he commenced retreating to a rocky

iney ridge near by, from which we were not able tocuthim off, and we
entered the timber with him. The way was very much blocked up with
fallen timber ; and we kept up a running fight for some time, animated by
the bear charging among the horses. He did not fall until after he had
eeceived six rifle balls. He was miserably poor, and added nothing toour
stock of provisions. -

We follewed the, sireang to its head i in a broken ridge, whi ich,

met as.about 7,500 feet above the sea. Thisis a piney ele-
vation, i which the prairies are gathered, and from which the waters

Ww, inalmost every direction, to the Arkansas, Platte,and Kansas rivers;
the latter Stream having here its remotest sources. Although somewhat
rocky and broken, and covered with pines, in comparison with the nei; igh-
boring mountains, it scarcely forms an interruption to the great praitic

piains which sweep Up to their bases

The annexedviewof Pike’s peak from*this camp, at’ the distance of: 40

miles, represents very correctly the manner in which this mountain barrier
pr 2 esents itself to travellers on ‘the plains, which sweep almost directly to its
Bases ; an immense and comparatively smooth and grassy prairie, in very
Sor Se with the. black masses of timber, and the glittering “vated
his is the picture which has been left upon mam and
4 tee to you the same impression. With occasional
tively so very small as not to pe bee mi
here covered with a close and vi

1 . our operations smi us ten pec eS raegunne, s Toon
Crags rocks. The soil of all this country is ex-_
‘and pastoral population. A glance at the map accompa-
long our several lines ‘f trayel, will show eT this
nany streams., Througl the western of the
w, with va _deaeg becoming deeper as reach
the | ri river ; they generally have bottom

oe *..

_ fe

es

ait A aie

ay Nitaceen " yale : aig,
*

a
VIEW OF PIKE'S PEAK
4) miles distant from ca mp July ll PS

“115

ee it is of van growth, and a Si tn kinds ; and throu

scending a somewhat preci itous and rocky hill ‘side among the pines, whi
rarely appear elsewhere than on the ridge, we encamped at its foot, where —
there oP several springs, which you will find laid down upon the 7 E
one of the extreme sources of the Smoky Hill fork of the Kansas. From this _
place the view extended over the Arkansas valley, and the Spaninrene |
in the south beyond. As the greater part of ‘the. men continued .
encamped here for the day, and ascertained conclusively, om experin
on myself, that their illness was caused by the meat of the b 0 |
On the summit of the ridge, near the camp, were sascatt rock-built forts, a
which in front were very d ifficult of approach, and im the rear were pro-_ e
tected by a precipice entirely beyond the reach of a rifle ball Cte ‘
ing was tolerably pes with a temperature at sunset of 63° » Elevation of
the camp 7,300 fee
Turning the at day to the southwest, we reached, in the course of
the morning, the w agon road to the settlementson the Arkansas iy ds
~ encamped 1 in the afternoon on the Fontaine-qui-bouit (or ng
river, where it was 50 feet wide, with a swift current. I after
that the spring and river owe their names to the’ bubbling ort the efferves—_
cing gas in the former, and not to the temperature of the water, which is is:
cold. During the morning, a tall species of gidéa, with a slender whit
flower, was characteristic ; and, in the latter part of the day, another
8 of espareetie, (wild clover,) having the flower white, was ne ‘
had a fine sunset of golden brown; and, in the evening, a very bright — ;
pole with the near mountains, made a beautiful scene. Therm ee |
sunset, was 69°, and our elevation Ehotd the sea 5,800 feet. %
July 13 3.—The morning was clear, with a northwesterly breeze, and tl
_ thermometer at sunrise at 46°. There wereno clouds along the moun-_ ;
“tains, | the ps ese sun, gowns very clearly their rugged character. ns ‘

rese mbling ‘mirabilis jalapa, Yee handsome couvolnalaay af
. # sed 1 ‘4

ment
suit of buffalo las, a ninmber of which I saw

ia 4

‘ F< 174 } 116

tle near his te Shortly afterwards, a party of mountaineers galloped.
upto us—fine-lo ing and hardy men, dressed in skins and mounted on
= fat horses ; “alllbe them were several Connectient men, a portion of
‘yeth’s party, whom I had seen the year before, and ae were men
, contin down the river, we encasnped at noon ok ‘the. A4th at its
n the Arkansas river. A short distance above our en ment,
the ie bank of the Arkansas, is a pueblo, (as the Mexicans call their
‘civilize Indian villages,) where a number of mountaineers, who had mar-
nied Spanish women in the valley of Taos, had collected together, and oc-.
apied Chee in Parsinn, carrying on at the same time a desulto Tn-
trade. Dey were princ ally Americans, and Ptreated us with all the
‘hospi

| of excellent milk. I learned here that Maxwell, 4 in company with two.

re See tdbacs fi in Siapradeeii and cae I was faite
the been a popular tumult-among the eo wttegs or cred Jian,
: {yesidingmear Taos, against the “/foreigners’’ of that p it ch they

had plundered their houses and ill-treated their fais, A cmcdane,
= i, Fm whom had been destroyed, was Mr. Beaubien, father-in-law of
ny I,had expected to obit supplies and who had

ne lig. eae? his escape to Santa

~Byt his position of affairs, our expo on of obtaining supplies frog
Paos was cut off. I had tere the satisfaction to meet our good buffalo
unter of 1842, Christopher Carson, whose services I sonsiddred myself
unate to secure again; and asa reinforcement of mules was absolutely
ecessary, I despatched him immediately, with an account of our necessi-
ties to Mr. Charles Bent, whose principal post is on the Arkansas river,
Sed es por: below Fontaine-qui- gent. He was ee to Hon

tude 104° 5: "30"; and its elevation above Hitied 48604 ‘
% On the morning of the 16th, the time for Maxwell’s arrival iis eXx-
: » We resumed our journey, leaving for him a note, in which it was

.4 that id ‘wait for him at St. Vrain’s fort until the morning of the

26th, in rth event that-he sh ould succeed in his commission. Our direction

x ip the Boili Spring river, it being Soe intention to visit the celebrated .
from which the ee t takes its name, and which are on its

stream, there bei very where a great abundance of préle. eiag

= ng.ev:
ophylia, in bloom, was a characteristic plant along the river,
re ‘bunches,“with two to five flowers on each. B utiful ote:

Some

.

417 [ 174]

“ters of. the plant resembling. mirabilis jalapa were numerous, and g.
eyrrhiza lepidota was a characteristic of the bottoms: Currants nea
ripe were abundant, and among the shrubs which covered the bottom was
a very luxuriant growth of chenopodiaceous shrubs, four to six feet hi

n the afternoon of the 17th we entered among the ig ridges at the —
foot ‘of the mountains, where the river made several forks aeewies She
camp to follow slowly, I rode ahead in the afternoon in search of the springs.
In the mean time, the clouds, which had been gathered all the a

‘the mountains, began to roll down their sides; anda storm so violent burst
upon nes that it appeared I had entered the’ storehouse of the thund
storms. I continued, however, to ride along up the river until aboutsu is
and was beginning to be doubtful of finding the springs before the next
day, when I came suddenly upon a large smooth rock about Rae ale: ‘
in diameter, where the water from several springs was bubbling and boiling

. up in the midst of a white incrustation with which it had covered a et
of the rock. As this did not correspond with a description given me by the —
hunters, I did not stop to taste the water, but, Piemocmtings skies —

ay up the river, and, passing through a narrow thicke t of shru
dering the stream, st epped directly upon a hu ge tehile at the foot of
whieh the are ready become a torrent, foamed ie rocky tthe naib
A deer which had been drinking at the spring was startled by. i
~ it and, springing across the river, bounded off up the mountaim —
or. upper part of the rock, which had apparently been formed by fe

, Beet ee of glistening white. I had all day refrained from drink-
reserving myself for the spring; and as I could not well be more wet
than the rain “ies already made me, I lay down by the side of the basin,
‘and drank heartily of the delightful water. The annexed sketch i m4 ly
Tude one, but it will enable you to form some idea Ae ae

‘scenery and the beauty of this spot, immediately at
tains, beau utifully timber iw

3 which sweep | closely bard ee eed
; i ttle valley i in a kind of ¢ Asi dark oe

‘ own the river, on whic h I found the camp a few miles below. _
~ The morning of the 18th was beautiful and clear, and, all 8 P e
being anxious to drink of these famous waters, we pnohunp :
at the springs, and spent there a very pleasant day. ice di
of the river is another locality of springs, which are po of the same
nature. The water hasa very agreeable taste, which Mr. Preuss foundvery _
much to resemble that of the famous Selter springs in the d duchy of —
Nassau, a country famous for wine and mineral waters; and it is imost
quiirely. of the same character, though still more agreeable than that of the _
r springs, near Bear river of the Great Salt lake. The. jollow-
po ag an analysis of an incrustation with which the water had covered a

piece of wood lying on the rock : i é
Carbonate of lime ~ _ % _ ae.

Carbonate of magnesia ~ = a ~ a ee. on
Chloride of caleiam + i lw - . 7 ew GC
«Chloride of n 5 Se abe

33

[14] 118

Silica - - - “ ee
Vegetable : inaker’- - - - - - - .20
Moisture and Joss - - - - x 4,61

= 100.00

P om&t ll oclt, when the vscipatitetd of the air was 8°, that of the
‘water in this was 60.5°; and that of the upper sprigs which issued from
the flat rock, more exposed to the sun, was 69°. Atsunset, when the tem

| meee on the air was 66°, that of the lower springs was 58°, and that of

the up

Salons 19. et beautiful and clear morning, with a slibht breeze from the
goleens 7 xe temperature of air at sunrise being 57.5°. At this time
the temperature of the lower spring was 57.8°, and” that of the upper

% “The trees i in the neighborhood were birch, willow, pine, and an n oak re-
quercus alba. Inthe shrubbery along the river are currant bushes,
(ribes,) of which the fruit has a singular piney flavor ; and on the mountain
side, ina ted gravelly soil, is a remarkable coniferous tree, (perhaps an
abies,) having the leaves ss long, broad, and scattered, with bushes
Of spirea arizfolia By ou r observations, this place i A 6 350 feet above
_ the sea, in _— 38° 52' 10" and longitude 105° 22" 4
_ ~ Resuming our journey on this morning, we descended ae river, in order
to reach the Satre of the per fork, ro. L proposed to ascent. - dh

bar of the river here is very much broken. There is a andesulp
- bottom on the right, and both banks 3 are exceedingly picturesque—

J north to south. About three miles below the springs, on the ri
_ the river, isa nearly perpendicular limestone rock, presenting a nite y
- ~mbroken surface, twenty to forty feet high, containing very great numbers
ofa large univalve shell, which 7 Soa to ae to the genus inoceramus,
and i in the appendix is designated by th
In contact with this, to the hatin) was iabihies stratum of limestone,
- Containing fossil shells of a different character; -and still higher up on the
_ Stream were parallel strata, consisting of a compact somewhat crystalline
: . ,and argillaceous bituminous limestone in thin layers. During
a we travelled tp the’ eastern er of the Fontaine-qui-bouit
‘Tive ng roughened by freque p gullies timbered with
Samed halted to noon on a small rape of this s kawenan mbered prin-
ly with the narrow-leaved cottonwood, ( popilus ar stifolia,) called
u adians liard amére. Ona hill, near by, two remarkable
_ _ columns fF grayish-white conglomerate rock, one of which was abont

are

hous conglomerate, forming black oe and adding very
mnar effect at a distance. This rock is very destructible

ede est re bee a and the hill, of whidly: they formerly consti-

A ery of the gun gun carriage was broken in the afternoon; and we made
an early halt, the stream being from twelve to twenty feet wide, with clear
: . As usual, the clouds had gathered to a storm over the mountains,
: and we had a showery evening. At sunset the thermometer stood : at 62°,
-and our elevation above the sea was 6,530 fect.

"7

Strata of red rock, in nearly perpendicular walls, crossing the "does ‘hae :
t bat "

ite

119 [ 174]

July 20.—This morning (as we generally féeiitia the mornings under
these mountains) was very clear and beautiful, and the air cool and pleas-
ant, with the thermometer at 44°. We continued our march up the stream,
along a green sloping bottom, between pine hills on the one hand, and the
main Black hills on the other, towards the ridge which separates the waters
of the Platte from those of the Arkansas. As we approached the dividing
ridge, the whole valley was radiant with flowers; blue, yellow, pink, white,
searlet, and purple, vied with each other in splendo or. Esparcette was one
of the highly characteristic plants, and a bright-looking flower ( gaillardia
idehiee) was very frequent ; but the most abundant plant along our road’
to-day was geranium maculatum, which is the characteristic plant on this
portion of the dividing grounds. Crossing to the waters of the Platte, fields
of blue flax added to the magnificence of this mountain garden; this was
occasionally four feet in height, which was a Juxuriance of growth that F
rarely saw this almost universal plant attain throughout the journey. Con-
tinuing down a branch of the Platte, among high and very steep aetig
hills, covered with fragments of rock, towards evening we issued from
piney region, and made a late encampment near Poundeake rock, on ir
fork of the river which we had ascended on the 8th of July. Our me nor
enjoyed the abundant rushes this evening, as the flies were so bad a
the pines that they had been much harassed. A deer was killed néte a this»
evening; and again the evening was overcast, and a collection of brilliant
red clouds in the west was followed by the customary squall of rain. +

Achillea millefolium (milfoil) was among the characteristic plants of
the river bottoms to-day. This was oneof the most common plants during
the whole of our journey, occurring in almost every variety of situation.
I noticed it on the lowlands of the rivers, near the coast of the Pacific, and
near to the snow among the mountains of the Sierra Nevada

_ During this excursion, we had et to its head one of the two prin-
cipal branches of the upper Arkansas, 75 miles in length, and entirely”
completed our survey of the South fork of the Platte, to the extreme sources
of that portion of the river which belongs to the plains, and heads in the
broken hills of the Arkansas dividing ridge, at the foot of the mountains.
That portion of its waters which were collected among these mountains, it
was hoped to explore on our homeward voyage.

Reaching St. Vrain’s fort on the morning of the 23d, we found Mr. Fitz-
patrick and his party in good order and excellent health, and my true and
reliable friend, Kit Carson, who had brought with him ten good mu es, with
the necessary pack saddles. Mr. Fitzpatrick, who had often endured every
extremity of want during the course of his mountain and knew well.
the value of PSone ot in this country, ha d vie ge 3 over our stock with

— 174 J 120

-of finding some convenient point of passage for the road of emigration,
which would enable it to reach, on a more direct line, the usual ford o
the Great Colorado—a place considered as determined by the nature of the

~country beyond that river. It is singular that, immediately at the foot of
the mountains, I could find no one sufliciently acquainted with them to
guide us to the plains at their western base ; but the race of trappers, who
formerly lived in their recesses, has almost entirely disappeared—dwindled

perfectly well known, as he had grown gray among them.

Through this portion of the mountains, also, are the customary roads of
the war parties going out against the Utah and Shoshonee Indians; and
occasionally parties from the Crow nation make their way down to the
southward along this chain, in the expectation of surprising some strag-
ging lodges of their enemies. Shortly before our arrival, one of their par-
ties had attacked an Arapaho village in the vicinity, which they had found
unexpectedly strong ; and their assault was turned into a rapid flight and
a hot pursuit, in which they had been compelled to abandon the animals
they had rode, and escape on their war horses.

* Into this uncertain and dangerous region, small parties of three or four
trappers, who now could collect together, rarely ventured; and consequently
it was seldom visited and little known. Having determined to try the
passage by a pass through a spur of the mountains made by the Céche-a-
éa-Poudre river, which rises in the high bed of mountains around Long’s
peak, I thought it advisable to avoid any encumbrance which would. oc-
asion detention, and accordingly again separated the party into two. divi-
sions—one of which, under the command of Mr. Fitzpatrick, was directed
to cross the plains to the mouth of Laramie river, and, continuing thence
its route along the usual emigrant road, meet me at Fort Hall, a post be-
longing to the Hudson Bay Company, and situated on Snake river, as it is
commonly called in the Oregon Territory, although better known to us as
uewis’s fork of the Columbia. The latter name is there restricted to one
of the upper forks of the river. 3 :
_ Our Delaware Indians having determined to return to their ho

necessary to provide this party with a good hunter; and I ac

homes, it
accordingly

s EXD: ng the Indians. In courage and profes-
was 2 formidable rival to Carson, and constantly afterwards
est and most efficient of the party, and in difficult situa-
lculable value. Hiram Powers, one of the men belonging
tty, was discharged at this place, Fy

aiscna
n’s fort,

6.
=
¥
:
a

121 [ 174]

of old, to return to her people, requested and obtained permission to travel
with my party to the neighborhood of Bear river, where she expected to
meet with some of their villages. Happier than the Jewish widow, she
carried with her two children, pretty little half-breeds, who added much to
the liveliness of the camp. Her baggage was carried on five or six pack
horses; and I gave-her a small tent, for which I no longer had any use, as
I had procured a lodge at the fort.

For my own party I selected the following men, a number of whom old
associations rendered agreeable to me:

Charles Preuss, Christopher Carson, Basil Lajeunesse, Francois Badeau,
J. B. Bernier, Louis Menard, Raphael Proue, Jacob Dodson, Louis Zindel,
Henry Lee, J. B. Derosier, Francois Lajeunesse, and Auguste Vasquez.

By observation, the latitude of the post is 40° 16’ 33’, and its longitude
105° 12' 23", depending, with all the other longitudes along this portion of
the line, upon a subsequent occultation of September 13, 1843, to which
they are referred by the chronometer. Its distance from Kansas landing,
by the road we travelled, (which, it will be remembered, was very winding
along the lower. Kansas river,) was 750 miles. The rate of the chronometer,
determined by observations at this place for the interval of our absence,
during this month, was 33.72", which you will hereafter see did not sensibly
change during the ensuing month, and remained nearly constant during
the remainder of our journey across the continent. This was the rate used
in referring to St. Vrain’s fort, the longitude between that place and the
mouth of the Fontaine-qui-boutt.

Our various barometrical observations, which are better worthy of con-
fidence than the isolated determination of 1842, give, for the elevation of
the fort above the sea, 4,930 feet. The barometer here used was also a

repose, all the 01
the 26th we resumed our respective routes. Some little trouble was ex-
perienced in crossing the Platte, the waters of which were still kept up by
rains and melting snow; and having travelled only about four miles, we
encamped in the evening on Thompson’s creek, where we were very much
disturbed by. musquitoes. ee

- The following days we continued our march westward over comparative”
plains, and, fording the Cache-d-la-Poudre on the morning of the 28th, en-.
tered the Black hills, and nooned on this stream in the mountains beyond
them. Passing over a fine large bottom in the afternoon, we reachec
place where the river was shut up in the hills; and, ascending a ravine,
made a laborious and very difficult passage around by a gap, striking the
river again about dusk. A little labor, however, would remove this diffi-

culty, and render the road to. this point a very excellent one. . The evening,

closed in dark with rain, and the mountains looked gloomy. ’

| 1pment about 7 inthe morning, we travelled

the river, which, for this distance of about
of the main mountains. a

[ 174] 122

round about ; their sides sometimes dark with forests of pine, and sometimes
with lofty precipices, washed by the river; while below, as if they indem-
nified theinselves in luxuriance for the scanty space, the green river bot-
tom was covered with a wilderness of flowers, their tall spikes sotnetimes
rising above our heads as we rode among them. A profusion of blossoms
on a white flowering vine, (clematis lastanthi,) which was abundant along
the river, contrasted handsomely with the green foliage of the trees. The
mountain appeared to be composed of a greenish gray and red granite, which
in some places appeared to be ina state of decomposition, making a red soil.
The stream was wooded with cottonwood, box elder, and cherry, with
currant and serviceberry bushes. After a somewhat laborious day, during
which it had rained incessantly, we encamped near the end of the pass at
the mouth of a small creek, in sight of the great Laramie plains. It con-
tinued to rain heavily, and at evening the mountains were hid in mists;
but there was no lack of wood, and the large fires we made to dry our
clothes were hea comfortable ; and at night the hunters came in with a
fine deer. Rough and difficult as we found the pass to-day, an excellent:
road may be made with a little labor. Elevation of the camp 5,540 feet,
and nce from St. Vrain’s fort 56 miles.
0.—The day was bright again ; the thermometer at sunrise 52°;
and faving our eicampment at 8 o’clock, in about half a mile we crossed
the Cache-a-la-Poudre river for the last time; and, entering a smoother
country, we travelled along a kind of vallon , bounded on the right by red.
buttes and precipices, while to the left a high ‘rolling country extended toa
Tone ie the Black hills, beyond which rose the great mountains around

By th e great quantity of snow visible among them, it had probably snow-
ed heavily there the previous day, while it had rained on us in the valley.

We halted at noon on a small branch ; —— in the afternoon travelled
over a high country, gradually ase srending to towards a range of duties, or
high hills covered with pines, which forms ate dividing ridge between the
waters we had left and those of Laramie river.

Late in the evening weencamped at a spring of cold water, near the
summit of the ridge, paige increased our elevation to 7,520 feet. During’
the day we had travelled 24 miles. By some indifferent observations, our
latitude is 41° 02' 19’. A species of hedeome was characteristic along the
whole day’s route.

paiergig from the mountains, we entered a region = bright, fair

i In my experience in this country, I was mtn impressed with
the different character of the climate on opposite sides of the Rocky moun-

tain range. The vast prairie plain on the east is like the ocean; the rain
wads from the constantly evaporating snow of the mountains rushing:
ato heated air-of the plains, on which you will have occasion tor
an storms of rain we encountered during our journey.
—The morning was clear ; temperature 48°. A fine rolling road,
id grassy hills, brought us this morning into a large trail
ze had recently passed. The weather was pleasant:
urbed by neither musquitoes nor flies; and the
el) Deautifal. The slopes and broad ¥: ravines’

ere

123 | [ 174 ]

lustrous metallic blue color, mingled with compact fields of several bright-
colored varieties of astragalus, which were crowded together in splendid
profusion. This trail conducted us through a remarkable defile, to a little
timbered creek, up which we wound our way, passing by a singular and
massive wall of cies granite. The formation of the country is a red
feldspathic granite, overlying a decomposing mass of the same rock, form
ing the soil of all this region, which every where is red and gravelly, and
appears to be of a great floral fertility.

As we emerged on a small tributary of the Laramie river, coming in
sight of its principal stream, the flora became perfectly magnificent; and
_we congratulated ourselves, as we rode along our pleasant road, that we
had substituted this for the uninteresting country between Laramie hills
and the Sweet Water valley. We had no meat for supper last night or
breakfast this morning, and were glad to see Carson come in at noon with
a good antelope.

A meridian observation of the sun placed us in latitude 41°04'06". In
the evening, we encamped on the Laramie river, which is here very thinly
timbered with scattered groups of cottonwood ‘at considerable intervals.
From our camp, we are able to distinguish the gorges, in which are the
sources of Cache-a-la-Poudre and Laramie rivers ; and the Medicine Bow

mountain, toward the point of which we are directing our course this after- -

noon, has been in i the greater part of the day. y observation, the
latitude was 41° 15' 02", and longitude 106° 16’ 54”. The same beautiful
flora continued till Sa 4 in the afternoon, when it suddenly disappeared,
with the red soil, which became sandy and of a whitish-gray color. e

evening was tolerably clear; temperature at sunset 64°. The day’s jour-

ney was 30 mules.
August 1.—The morning was calm and clear, with sunrise temperature

at 42°. We travelled to-day over a plain, or open rolling country, at the -

foot of bcd an eae Bow mountain ; the soil in the morning being mpl

a
occurred during the morning, and esparcette in Sera ca we wasa
characteristic of the aoey ground inthe afternoon. The camp was rou: d
into a little excit -by a chase after a buffalo bull, and an enco
with a war party of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians about 30 strong. Hares
and antelope were seen during the day, and one of the latter was killed.
Th

e Laramie peak was in sight this afternoon. The evening was, -

clear, with scattered clouds: temperature 62°. The day’s journey was 26

ugust 2.—Temperature at sunrise 52°, and scenery and weather made
our road to-day delightful. The neighboring mountain is thickly studded
with are intermingled with the brighter foliage of aspens, and occasional
spots like lawns between the patches be snow among the -pines, and here
and vas on the heights. Our route velow lay « over a comparative plain,
covered with th he day was clear and pleas-
antly cool. Dr uring the t morning, we crossed many streams, clear and t rocky,
and broad grassy valleys, of a strong black soil, washed down :

mountains, and producin excellent pasturage. These were tin bere iy

the red willow and long-leaved cottonwood, mingled with phe » ap-
proached the mountain more nearly towards noon. Esparcette was was a char-

_

[ 174 ] 124

acteristic, and flax occurred frequently in bloom. We halted at noon on

most western fork of Laramie river—a handsome stream about sixty
feet wide and two feet deep, with clear water and a swift current, over a
bed composed entirely of boulders or roll stones. There was a large open
bottom here, on which were many lodge poles lying about; and in the
edge of the surrounding timber were three strong forts, that appeared to
have been recently occupied. At this place J became first acquainted with
the yampah, (anethum graveolens,) which I found our Snake woman en-
gaged in digging in the low timbered bottom of the creek. mgong: the In-
dians along the Rocky mountains, and more particularly among the Sho-
shonee or Snake Indians, in whose territory it is very abundant, this is
considered the best among the roots used for food. To us, it was an in-
teresting plant—a little link between the savage and civilized hfe. Here,
among the Indians, its root is a common article of food, which they take
pleasure i in offering to strangers; while with us, in a considerable portion
of America and Europe, the seeds are used to flavor sou p. it grows more

abundantly, and in greater luxuriance, on one of the neighboring tributa-

ries of the Colorado than in any other part of this region; and on. that

stream, to which the Snakes are accustomed to resort every year to procure

a supply of their favorite plant, they have bestowed the name of Yampah

river. Among the trappers, it is generally known as Little Snake river;

but in this and other instances, where it illustrated the history of the peo-

ple inhabiting the wpa sia, I have preferred to retain on the map the abo-
y 2 meridional observation, the latitude is 41° 45' 59".

‘ -Foin int of the mountain, where we. had several ridges to cross ; and, al-
*

ugh the road was not rendered bad by the nature of the ground, it was
made extremely rough by the stiff ea bushes of artemisia iridaniags,”
in this country commonly called sa

This shrub now began to make is appearance in compact fields; and
we were about to quit for a long time this country of excellent pasturage
and brilliant flowers. Ten or twelve buffalo bulls were on during the
afternoon; and we were surprised by the appearance of a large red ox.
We gathered around him as if he had been an old acquaintance, with all
ee govneatic feelings as much awakened as if we had come in sight of an
old farm ho He had probably made his escape. from some party of
ants on Sane river ; and, with a vivid | r

' some 0!
en field, he was pursu straightest course peti as ontier that the
country admitied. We eo him along with us as.a Abt

Oe
hicae)

and, w
it was found in the morning that he had wandered off, I would not let hip

be pursued, for I would rather have gone through a.starving time of three
enti! tire days, than Jet him be killed after he had. ly run the gaunt-
Tet so far among the Indians. I have bee een told by ‘Mr. Bent’s people of

ox born and raised 5 Fee Vrain’ sort which Roan from them
Q eros: near the frontier, having come int With thesmmaens,

x per 2 ‘way out,and saw occasionally Places where he bad

im for | about 700 miles, when
sie to the fort, goat

+

He # W265, [ 174]

We conn at evening on the princi ape fork of Medicine Bow river,
near to an isolated mountain called the Medicine Butte, which appeared to
be about 1,800 feet above the plain, from which it rises abruptly, and was
still white, nearly to its base, with a great quantity of snow. The streams
were timbered with the long-leaved cottonwood and red willow ; and dur-
ing the afternoon a species of onion was very abundant. TI obtained here
an immersion of the first satellite of Jupiter, which, corresponding very
nearly with the chronometer, placed us in longitude 106° 47" 25". The
latitude, by observation, was 41° 37' 16"; Mit above the sea, 7,800
feet ; and distance from St. Vrain’s fort, 147 m
Augus st 3.—There was a white frost last night : the morning is clear and
cool. We were early on the road, having breakfasted before sunrise, and
in a few miles travel entered the pass of the Medicine Bute, through which
led a broad trail, which had been recently travelled by a very large party.
Immediately in the pass, the road was broken by ravines, and we were
obliged to clear a way through groves of aspens, which generally made
their appearance when we reached elevated regions. According to the ba-
rometer, this was 8,300 feet; and while we w he atte in opening a
road, I obtained a ‘meridional observation of the sun, which gave 41° 35’
48" for the latitude of the pass. The Medicine Butte’ is isolated by a small
tributary of the North fork of the Platte, but the mountains approach each
other very nearly; the stream running at their feet. On the south t
are smooth, with occasional streaks of pine; but the butte itself is ra
with escarpments of red feldspathic granite, and dark with pines ; the: snow
reaching from the summit to within a few hundred feet of the trail. The
anite here was more compact and durable than that in the formation
which we had passed through a few days before to the eastward of Lara-
mie. Continuing our way over a plain on the west side of the pass, where
the road was Reap rough with errr e: we etn ey euug encamp>

yyage had already Pics | long, 5 yn lag Ric the first good

| ot jained. We travelled to-day 2

mn ¢ was clear and calm; and, earing ht creek, .
ards the North fork of the Platte, over a plain which was

rendered rough and broken by ravines. With the exception of some thin

grasses, the sandy soil here was occupied almost exclusively by ag *

with its usual turpentine odor. We had expected to meet with some di
culty in crossing the river, but happened to strike it where ther @ was a very
excellent ford, and halted to noon on the Jeft bank, 200 miles from St.

_ Vrain’s fort. The hunters brought in pack animals loaded with fine meat.

A ing to our imperfect knowledge of the er OE theré should have
been a small affluent to this stream a few we higher up; and in the aftet-
noon we continued our way among the river hills, in the expectation of en-
camping upon it in the’evening. The ground proved to beso exc
diffieult, broken up into hills, terminating in escarpments and broad ravines,
500 or 600 feet deep, with sides so precipitous that we could scarcely fi nd
a ined descend, that, towards stmset, I turped directly “in toware

"river, ner nightfall: entered a sort of ravine: We were apliget to feel

e

[ 174] 126

A successful day’s hunt had kept our hunters occupied until late, and

ified themselves for the scanty fare of the past night. It was quite a pretty
and pleasant place; a narrow strip of prairie about five hundred yards long
terminated at the ravine where we entered by high precipitous hills closing
in upon the river, and at the upper end by a ridge of low rolling hills. .
In the precipitous bluffs were displayed a succession of strata containing
fossil vegetable remains, and several beds of coal. In some of the beds the
coal did not appear to be perfectly mineralized ; and in some of the seams,
it was compact and remarkably lustrous. In these latter places there were
also thin layers of a very fine white salts, in powder. As we had a large
supply of meat in the camp, which it was necessary to. dry, and the sur-
rounding country appeared to be well stocked with buffalo, which it was

' was between them and our animals, had caught a glimpse of an Indian’s
* head, as he raised himself in his stirrups to look. ove the hill, a moment

ade the charge ; and succeeded in turning the band into the
- camp, as the Indians charged into the bottom with usual yell. Before
they reached us, the grove on the verge of the little bottom was occupied

' le t mistake only at the moment of ‘the atta

heir mi bh ck—an excuse which
juited us to receive aS true, though under the full conviction that
‘ay of our little howitzer,and our favora ion in the grove,

certair y 8a ed our horses, and probably ourselves, fron | their marauc
intentions. They had been on a war party, and had been defeated, and.
ea ; a eae: ee / —
_ 2 ee :" :

7" 2 ae a: = ery oh =

Xe

le

127 : [174]

were consequently in the state of mind which aggravates their innate
thirst for plunder and blood. Their excuse, however, was taken in.
part, and the usual evidences of friendship interchanged. . The pipe went
round, provisions were spread, and the tobacco and goods furnished the
customary presents, which they look for even from traders,and much more
from Government authorities.

the
atitude 41° 36' 00"; longitude 107° 22’ 27"
_ August 6.—At sunrise the thermometer was 46°, the morning being
clear and calm... We travelled to-day over an extremely rugged country,

Our road the next day was through a continued and dense field of arie-

through which we were travelling was a high plateau, cons tuting the di-
_ viding ridge yee the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and
extending to a considerable distance southward, from the neighborhood of
the Table rock, at the southern side of the South Pass. Though broken
up into rugged and rocky hills of a dry and barren nature, it has nothing
ofa mountainous character; the small streams which occasionally oceur
belonging neither to the Platte nor the Colorado, but losing themselves
either in the sand or in Small lakes. From aw eminence, in the afternoon, —
a mountainous range became visible in the north, in which were recog-
nised some rocky peaks belonging to the range of the Sweet Water valley;
and, determining to abandon any further attempt to struggle through this
-almost, impracticable country, we turned our course direetly north, towards
-& pass in the valley oftheSweet Water river. A shaft of the gun earriage
. Was broken during the afternoon, causing aconsiderable delay; and it was
_ date in an unpleasant evening before we succeeded in finding a very poor
» s€ncampment, where there was a little water in a deep trench of a ereek,
and some scanty grass amoung the shrubs. All the game here consisted in
~ & lew
ere

straggling buffalo bulls, and during the day there had been but very

wy

a P
3 es x :

cl &

a)

r 1744 128

little grass, except in some green spots where it had collected around springs
or shallow lakes. Within fifiy ie of the Sweet Water, the country
changed into a vast saline plain, in many places oe, level, occasion-
ally resembling the flat sandy beds of shallow Here the vegetation
nsisted of a shrubby growth, among which nen several varieties of
chenopodiaceous plants; but the characteristic shrub was Fremontia ver-
mia ris, with smaller saline shrubs gro ing with singular luxuriance,
and in pits places Pieri exclusive illiviite: of po
On the evening ee the Sth, we encamped on one of these fresh-water
lakes, which the traveller considers himself fortunate to find; and the next
day, in latitude by observation 42° 20’ 06", halted to noon immediately at
the foot of the southern side of the range which walls in the Sweet =
y; on the: stn of a small tributary to that river.
nuing e afternoon our course down the stream, which =
dts Sientinas aes the ridge, forming a very practicable pass, we entered

the valley ; and, after a march of about nine miles, encamped on our famil-

larriver, endeared to us by the acquaintance of the previous expedition ;
the night having already closed in with a cold rain storm. Our ear

about twenty miles above the Devil’s gate, which we had been able to see
in coming down the plain; and,in the course of the night, the clouds broke
away around Jupiter fora short time, during which we obtained an im-
mersion of the first satellite, the result of which agreed very nearly with
the chronometer, giving for the mean longitude 107° 50’ 07"'; elevation
above the sea 6,040 feet; and distance from St. Vrain’s fort, by the road
we had just travelled, 315 miles.

passes the ad to Oregon; and the broad smooth highway; where
the Humerous heavy wagons of the emigrants had entirely beaten and
crushed the the artemisia, was a happy exchange to our poor animals forthe
sharp rocks and tough shrubs among which they had been toiling so

long; —
_ and we moved up the valley rapidly and pleasa santly. With very little de-

viation from our route of the preceding year, we continued up the valley;
and on the evening of the 12th encamped on the Sweet Water, at a point
where the road turns off to cross to the plains of Green river. The increased
of the weather indicated that we had attained a great elevation,
which the ito here placed at 7,220 feet; and during the night water
froze in the |
‘The of the 13th was clear and cold, there being a white frost;
and the thermome ,a little before sunrise, standin at 26.5°. Leaving
this encampment, (our last on the waters which — towards the rising
-sun,) we took our way along the upland, towards the dividing ridge bred
_ Separates the Atlantic fromthe Pacific.waters, and crossed it by a road some
niles further south than the one we had followed on ‘our return in 1842.

is near twenty miles in width, and already traversed by
different toads. Selecting as well as I could, in the scarcely distin-
De serial what might be considered the dividing ridge i in this: re-

ossed near the table mountain, at the southern extremity of the
Pass, which i

0 bes for the elevation above we ‘eipes of, Mexico. You ;

oe

hice me now Cae. sie recision. x iportgal as ae ce

- Pp
“gate through which commerce and travellir ing may hereafter pass-bet tween

ae *

oe al

129 —

the valley of the Mississippi.and the north Pacific, justifies a precise notice-
of its locality and distance from/leading points, in addition to this statement
of its elevation. As stated in the report of 1842, its latitude’at the point’
where: we crossed is'42° 24' 32"; its longitude 109° 26' 00"; its distance
from the mouth of the Kansas, by the common travelling route, 962 miles;
from the mouth of the Great Platte, along the valley of that river, according
to.our survey of 1842, 882 miles ; and its distance from St. Louis about 400°
miles more by the Kansas, and about 700 by the Great Platte route 3; these
additions being steamboat conveyance in both instances. From this pass.
to the mouth of the Oregon is about 1,400 miles by the common travelling
route; so that, under a general point of view, itmay be assumed to be about
half way between the Mississippi and the Pacific ocean, on the common:
travelling: route. Following a hollow of slight and easy descent, in which:
was very soon formed a little tributary to the Gulf of California, (for the:
waters which flow west from the South Pass go to this gulf,) we made our. |

somely timbered with cottonwood. The refreshing appearance of the broad ©
river, With its timbered shores and green wooded islands, in contrast to its
dry, sandy plains, probably obtained for it the name of Green river, which
was bestowed on,it by the Spaniards who first came into this country to
trade some 25 years ago. It was then familiarly known as the Seeds-ke-
e-agie, or Prairie Hen (/etrao urophasianus) river; aname whieh it re-
ceived. from the Crows,to whom its upper waters belong, and of which this.

* bird is still-very ayundant. . By the Shoshonee and Utah Indians,to whom:
belongs, for a considerable. distance below, the country where we were now’
travelling, it was called the Bitter Root river, from the great abundance in
its valley of a plant which affords them one of their favorite'roots:.. Lower
down, from Brown’s‘hole to the southward, the river: runs through lofty
chasms; walled in: by precipices of red rock’; and even ‘among-the wilder
tribes who inhabit that portion of its course, I have heard itealled by Indian
refugees from the Californian settlements the Rio Colorado.’ We halted to
noon at the upper end of a large bottom, near’some old houses, which had”
beema:tradins: post, in latitude 41° 46° 54". “At this place the elevation of —
the tiver above the sea is 6,230 feet: That of Liewis’s fork of the Col ae

at Fort Hallis, according to our subsequent observations, 4,500 feet. "Fire

» descent of each stream is rapid; but that of the Colorado is but little known, -

and» that: little derived: from vague report. Three hundred milés* of tS”

¥ part, as it approaches'the gulf of California, is reported to be smooth
and*tranquil; but its upper part is manifestly broken into™many falls

9 J F

Bie
oo] $
aiiten”

130°

i mous on 120 feet wide, timbered principally With es ;
d here and there an occasional large tree. At 3 in the morning I
iano vation of an emersion of the fist satellite of Jupiter, with ~
observations. The heavy wagons have so completely. pulverized the:
hat clouds of fine light.dust are raised by the slightest wind; waking»
sometimes aeey disagreeable.
our encampment at 6 in the morning, we travelled

_ the roz
. August 17.—Leavin ng
m, which is about two miles. wide, bordered by low hills, in
and very distinct vegetable fossils. In®

. “al the bottoi
which iMtrata-c contained handsome
a short distance farther up the river, and underlying. ao pel a
ly limestone. Crossin gon thd

um of an impure or argillaceous
s fork, weiss itis qne fom deop and forty wide ; with : ar water

si see

ds inn
Ui Red in.aine no acpbavi sixty feet breadth, anda Cae
rowth of grass. The road here makes a traverse of twelv

| i tae Passing in the way iptenisletecbtehilte;
: dred feet. high, with frequent and nearly vertical escarp-
of a green stone, gpnsisting of an argillaceous carbonate of lime, al-

with strata of an iron-brown limestone, and worked into pietur-~
one Dy wind and rain, at 2 in the afternoon we reached. the river
e. to-day 21.miles. Since crossing the great; dividing.
very cee in ei en om :

ock y mountains, plants have
ered principally prihase temisia. 3

noon 0 on iba. river, a ‘short pete aba at
onee woman took leave of us here, e expecting to
t Bridger fort, which is only a mile or two. —
e encamped ‘aia salt creek; about

_In the evening we e
ing to-day oe elle seen ite
are t satellite under fave ~~ circumstance,

TE Ne ae ce ae

131, C Bin

for a small supply of provisions. A few se from our encampment ment, the -
(ac a high ridge, which the. trappers called the little mountain,”
e hillsnear

connecting the Utah with the Wind river chain; and-ir one of the

which we passed I remarked strata of a conglomerate formation, 1 age

meuts uf which were scattered over the surface. ..We crossed’a ri of.

this conglomerate, the road passing neara grove of jow cedar, and. de~.

once upon one of the heads of Ham’s fork, called Muddy, where we=—
our midday halt. In the river hills at this place, I discovered strata

- ossliero rock, having an oolitic structure, which, in connexion with —
sb ae ae authorize us to believe that here, on the west sid

» we find repeated the modern foxmations of G te
Britain’ and a te which have hitherto been wanting to complete the
system. of North American geology, tel
> Specimens. gy se ely are: e.desianstsd in the easyer bythe
ieee and.

most Spoon feonah fossil eet Lhad met in the country, and I deeply. re-
ee that time did not permit me to remain a. © or two.in the a

on the my ae streem, where we but very.
a fine cow, with rere which | te eh aen
were found several miles from the road,
she | Saee an abuhdance of alk we enjoyed tonight *

wyprie
yon the upper line of

ete with, beautiful eaoapr rags ging,

_ but where our animals fared badly; the stock of the emigrants having _

f 174] 132

out afoot in breadth and several inches deep, directly from the hill side.

noon we halted at the Jast main fork of the creek, at an elevation of 7,200
feet, and in latitude, by observation, 41° $9' 45"; and in the afternoon con-
tinued on the same excellent road, up the left or northern fork of the
Stream, towards its head, in a pass which the barometer placed at 8,230 feet
above the sea. This is a connecting ridge between the Utah or Bear river
mountains and the Wind river chain of the Rocky mountains, separating
the waters of the init of California on the east, and those on n the west be-
longing more directly to the Pacific, from a vast interior basin whose rivers
are collected into numerous lakes having no outlet tothe ecean. From the
summit of Sy pass, the highest which the road crasses between the Missis-

rugge “on appearance was greatly increased by the smoky weather,
eae which the broken ridges were dark and dimly seen. The ascent
the A summit of the gap was occasionally steeper me national road in
om a and the descent, by way ofa spur on the wc at side, is
er precipitous, but the pass may still be called a good one. Som
eee of willow in the hollows below deceived us into the expectation of
finding a camp ‘at our usual hour at the foot of fhe mountain ; but we foun

them without water, and cohtinued down a ravine, and encamped about .

dark at a place where the springs again began to make their appearance,

ay “razed ‘the grass as ¢ompletely as if we were again in the midst of the

wag 21.—An hour’s travel this morning brought us into the fertile
po cosa a valley of Bear river, the principal tributary to the Great
The stream is here 200 feet wide, fringed with willows and
nce i : of hawthorns. We were now entering a region which
for us posse and extraordinary interest. We were upon the
mab of the famous lake which forms a salient point among the remarka-
ble geographical features of the country, and around which the vague an
‘superstitious accounts of the trappers had thrown a delightful obscurity,
which we anticipated pleasure in dispelling, but ton in the mean time,
leftia crowded field for the exercise of our imaginati
Inmour occasional conversations with the few old ee who had visited
the région; it had:beep a subject of frequent speculation ; and the wonders
which: they related Were not the less agreeable because they were_ highly

graphy; its islands had never been visited; and none were to be found
yhad-entirely made the circuit of its shores ; and no instrumental ob-
‘or geographical survey, of any description, had ever been made
pasion in the neighboring region. It was generally supposed that. it
had no visible outlet; but among the peappars: including those in my own
camp, were man who believed that somewhere: on its surface was a ter-
rible whirlpool, through which its waters found their w u to the ocean:
some subterranean communication. All these things :

. = of prans in our desuitory conversations ‘the fires at

; and my own mind had become tolerably well filed “wit er in- |

nite preners and insensibly colored with their romantic descriptions,
ib

BS the pleasure of excitement, T was well disposed to _ and
d to realize.

exaggerated and impossible.
_ Hitherto this lake had been.seen only by trappers who were’ wandering '
thre ugh the country in search of new beaver streams, caring very little for

bie a frequent

'
Be
. .
it
“
‘
P eS:
*
a
ef mn
~
Lega

rs sie ll

TS cect oe é

oe,

OZ

sal
/ if
4A
ve
sing
Aie®
‘
4
*
%
Seale, 44 Miles to an Inch,
‘ 20-21 A |
é
‘ :
-
So ee Pi ee ae a

x

_ Wh _wé descended into this beautiful valley, it is three to bales
breadth, perfectly level, and bounded by mountainous ridges, one above
another, rising sudden enly fro from the plain.

_Annexed is a map of ie portion of the river ‘aliog which passes the
emigrant road. In its character of level bottoms,enclo between:a
mountains, it presents a type of the streams of thisregion.

We continued our rene down the, river, and at night encamped with a

family of ey ica men, women, and several children—who ap-
peared to be bringing up the rear of the great caravan. 1 was struck wit
the fine Ase hein of their cattle, some six or eight yoke of oxen, whie
died looke@ as well as if they had been all the summer at work on some
arm. It was strange to see one small family ylhoteg & along th

i! a country, so remote from civilization. Some nine years since, such
a security might have been a fatal one; but since thety disoatronk Heats
in the country alittle north, the Blackfeet have ceased to-V isit these waters.
Indians, however, are very uncertain in. their localities; and the: pare

. feelings, also, of those now inhabiting it may be change ed. ia

‘According 1 bp barometrical observation at noon, the elevation of the valley
was 6,400 fe feet above the sea; and our encampment at night in latitude
42° 03' 47", and longitude 11°10" 53'’, by observation—the day’s journey
having been 26" miles. This encampment was therefore within the territe
rial limit-of the United States; our travelling, from the time we entered 4
valley of the Green river, on ‘the 15th of August, having been to the south

of the 42d degree of north latitude, and consequently on Mexican seca
and this is the route all the emigrants now travel to Oregon.

The temperature at sunset was 65°; and at aeons there was a
thunder. storm, with a light breeze from the wee
Antelope and elk were seenWuring the anya re the opposite pris
there were ducks and geese in. the river. ?

Ther ext ing, i abput three miles from auseubant pment

ork, A of clear water, about,.50. feet in bre

ae ES
eae Me

timbered with cotontwood, willow, ne aspen, and makes a be
‘bouchement through a pass about 00. yentew Oy; between'n
mountain hills, rising abruptly on either side, and forming gigantic co :
the gate te by which it enters Bear rive rvalley, The bottoms, which below
ad : ae

500 mea wide; and during the greater part of the day we had “i ng
toute, the river making very he ge

and rocky and the valley occasionally so narrow as only to
: through.

our halt at as in a fertile bapa arte the common hee

et ae a few giles Do low the mouth of Thomas’s *
re ew Shine of the Titer. : aa 3
stnoo int of anarrow spur, we descended into

at di camps, where 1

le which a women ii one

d ae children playing in — and
bottom, had an air of quiet security,

| Fina 134
i d comfort, that made a rare sight for the traveller in gech a

emote wilderness
_ _ incomm with all the emigration, they bad been n reposing for Sean

_ days in in this delightfat valley, in order to recruit: their animals on its luxuri-
en pasturage afier their long journey, and + repare them
slong the Teepe eae sterile banks of the’
“lower end of this extensive bottom, the river passes through an open caiion,
en there were — serie rocks to the water’s edge, and the road here
4 an ight. It was alread ye near sunset ; on.
‘ “

aide he sks valley, finding the road. tolerably good, until w arrived at a point
re it. the ridge by an ascent of a mile in length, which was so
sep and difficult for - gun and carriage, that we did not reach the

r animals were gathered into camp, several of those which were very
ak being necessarily left to pass the night on the ridge; and we sat down
againto a midnight supper. The road, in the morning, preseuted an ani-
_-‘Mated appearance. We found that we had encamped near a large party of
- emigrants; anda few miles below @nother peek was meee in motion.
Here ‘the valley had ‘resumed its usual bread the river swept off
along Side, the road coat ning divectif-g on. ©
> ot about an ‘hour's travel ‘we met several Shoshonee Indians, who in-
. ae us that they belonged to. : Arse 3) village which had j just come into
iain to rd, where they. hunt-
_ ¥mg antelope 2 rabies rte mein Glad at the opportunity of
seeing one of eee villages, and ‘in the hope of purchasing from them a
few horses, I tarned immediately off into the plain wade their eheamp-
. “ment, whieh was situated on a small stream near the riv
- We had approached within something more than a mile of the village,
yen addenly: a single horseman emerged from it at full speed, followed
er, and another, in rapid succession; and then party after pe
into “the ge gaa when —~ foremost rider reac 2 all

ndians enti 5 and: Ww
on long red een ‘ofMhelt our bonnets
ill mingled tos

: 3 people, is vogiicaanad emb
e Sioux, and Fae ey Re

"bad i bxstsin; meet the river at about 100’clock. It was late ae,

Sg

a peculiar process, being baked in the ground for about two days. “tet :

ining the road, (on which, during all the day, were scattered the igrant
Wagons,) we continued on down the vdlley-of the river, bordered by high —

and mountainous hilis,on which fires are seen at the summit. soil &
appears generally good, aithough, with the grasses, many of the plantsare
dried up, probably on account of the great heat and want of rain. The
comimon biue flax of cultivation, now almost entirely in seed—only a seate
ed flower here and there remaining—is the most characteristic plant of _
ihe Bear river valley. When we encamped at night on the right b
the river, it was growing as in a sown field. We had travelled duri
‘day 22 miles, encamping in latitade {by observation) 42° 36” 56”,
_ Metric longitude 111° 42' 05". eee as

:

how becam

miles travel {rom our encampment, we
journey to which we had
famou: |

Beer springs.

mous
he

S t “ iss eee TESS ¥e
PR avound a cireular bend of river, here at its most north-
. bt, aud which from a northern, in the course of a few mil ires

‘ise

of clear water enters the upper part of the basin from an open valley in the
” - ni 4 | : a ; river. "

ty
ay

urs and trappers of the country, who, in the midst :

im] 136

and lives, are fond of finding some fancied resemblance to the luxu-
pies the ‘rarely have the fortune to enjo joy.

_ Although somewhat disappointed in t 1@ expectations which various de-
riptions had led me to form of unusual beauty of situation and scenery,
. IT found it altogether: a place of very great interest; and a traveller for the

Cae time in a voleanic fegion remains in a constant excitement, and at
parERY step is arrested by something remarkable and new. There i: ah a con-
1 of interesting objects gathered -together in a small-space. ©
‘the piace of.encampment the Beer springs were numerous; but, as “ as
we could ascertain, were entirely confined to that locality inthe bottom. | In
whe bed of the river, in. on for a space of several hundred yards, they
ing gasrising up and agitating the water
he Pasian bubbling mi se . Inthe vicinity round about were numerous
springs of an entirely digerent and equally marked mineral. character. Ina
_#ather picturesque spot,about 1,300 yards below our encampment, and im-.
_ mec ~~ on i river bank, is the most remarkable spring of the place
Anat g on the rock,a white column of scattered water is thrown: up,
in fori like a fet @eaustoa variable height of about three feet, and, though
at is maintained in a constant supply, its greatest height is attained only at
_ feguilar intervals, according to the action of the foree below. It is accom-
panied by a subterranean noise, which, faneoeiees with the motion of the
water, makes very much the impression of a steamboat in motion ; and,
> without knowing that it had been already pears so starters gave to
poke Apmne of the Steamboat spring. The roc cieceee which it is forced
ass in a convex manner, and gathered a tthe opening iuto an

. arn-mo ee and is evidently formed by continued
. the water, and colored bright red by oxide of iron. An analysis of ‘this
_ deposited rock, which I subjoin, will give you some idea ofthe properties
_ of the water, which, with the exception of the Beer springs, is the mineral
_ awater of the place.* It isa hot spring, and the water has a pungent and
“disagreeable metallic taste, leaving a burning effect on the tongue, Within
ps two yards of the ye¢-d’eaw isa small hole of about an inch in diam- °
eter, through which, at regular intervals, escapes a blast of hot air with a
eee wreath of smoke, accompanied by a regular noise. This hole had
o 1 hy Doctor Wislizenus, a gentleman who several years since
d by this place, and who remarked, with very nice pemnress that

g the gas which issued from the orifice produced a

Iedtes foaliyyned ovenickongs onbaalid goer
eewees: we were ———— a band of boys a

Lath by E Weber i Go

x

187 7 Cai

few eee ea eat the a whom he ‘seemed t‘conier ahs
genius loci. ‘The ceaseless motion and the: play of the fountain, the ‘red
rock, and the green trees near, make this a picturesque’ spot.

A ‘short distance above the spring, and near the footof the:sa
very remarkable yellow-colored rock, softand friable, consisting prine
of carbonate of lime and oxide of iron, of regular structure, whieh ie prob
ably a fossil coral. The rocky bank along theshore between the Steam-*
boat spging and our encampment, along which is dispersed the water from
the hills, is composed entirely of strata of a calcareous:tufa, with the:te-
mains of moss and reed-like grasses, which is probably ‘the formation of

springs. The Beer or Soda springs, which have given name to this locality,
are agreeable, but less highly flavored than ‘the “ie oiling springs at the foot
of Pike’s peak, which are of thesamecharacter. ‘They are very numerous,
ane half hidden by tufts of grass, which we amused ourselves in removing

searching about for more highly impregnated springs.’ They‘are'some —

of them deep, and of various sizes—sometimes several yards ‘in diameter,
and kept in constant motion by eolumns of escaping gas. By ae one
quart of the water contains as follows:

.
ms *

Sulphate of magnesia “ a ~ “ “ - 32,10
Sulphate of lime — - - . - % - $212
Carbonate of lime. - - - . . - - 386
Carbonate of magnesia - - - - . ie Lioded
Chloride of calcium - - - = - = 19333
Chloride of magnesium ——- - - e ; - dae
hloride of sodium. - : * ¥ - - odode
ca a extractive matter, ke, ; 3 a — ama g oe
“Phe catbonic acid, ,tained in the erkibeuibyiackyad

lly ape
before it ae subjected ppt ie and it was ‘not, — taken into
_ considerati

In the afternoon I wnndeved about among the. cedars, which occupy the
Saale ——— a dty

oe ek oi
torent pas entirel bare, and-composed principally of carbonate of lime,
ith ee of iron sce the same manner. Walking near one of

[m4] 138

- the bottom, and wom. the little stream which has been already men sista,
I visited several remarkable red and white hills, which had attracted my
4 om the: me in the morning. These are immediately upon the
- “stream, and, _ those already mentioned, are formed by the dendettion of
stra m the springs. On their summits, the orifices through
“which the arr had been discharged were so large that they resembled
miniature craters, being some of them several feet in diameter, circular, and
regular! asify art. Ata former time, when these : dried-up | foun-
tains were all in motion, they must have made a beautiful ear ron a

"Baio one ms oF these hills, or dake: on its side » near the Vel 1
these s limestone columns, about one foot in digatette at the’ ebaes ahd
' upwards toa height of three or four feet; and on the summit the

is boiling a bubbling over, constantly adding to the height of

4 ay 8 rae some, the water only boils up, ho longer overflowing,
ea he same taste as at the Steamboat spring. The observer will
remark a ceil subsidence in the water, which formerly supplied the

fountains, as on all the summits of the hills the springs are now dry, an

we, found only low down — rake sides, or on the surrounding plain.

_ A little higher up the creek rmed by strata of a very
‘heavy and hard scoriacgous exalt having a brifgit: metallic Justre when
Bes ‘ e mountains overlooking the plain are of an ane different
ar

it of on of
22
. .

sr skifts the Sin I found at the foot ofa is, et and is iss

froma — t rock of a dark-blue color, a great number of sprii s hav-
-ing the same» tand disagreeably metallic taste already mentiobed,
the water 3 which was _ into a very-remarkable basin, whose sin

-gularity, perhaps, made it appear to me very beautiful. “It is large—

perhaps fifty yards in circumference ; and in it the water is contained at
an elevation of several feet above the surrounding ground bya wall of cd
eareous /ufa, composed principally of the remains of mosses, three or four,
and. sometimes ten feet high. The water within is very clear and pure,
-and three or four feet deep, where it could be conveniently measured near
the wall; and, ata —— lower level, is another d or basin of
wie ga em ntly-of eonsiderable e ee

es

Ss ik unc 7 ovo a ocks bet
‘ ean ier omere ye
Me in the afternoon I sat out on my -return to

large field of a salt that was several pts dor, found. onmy
© emigrant friends, who had beene ped in company \ with
d their journey, and the road had ae sob its solitary
mperature of the largest of the “aa ber Be at our ét
seen that of the psa ner i

139 [ 174 J
sat_up for an observation of the first satellite of Jupiter,
Mek took place about midnight; but fell asleep at «the

2
foe? eee tt
;

0
2

ine norn iT 4 i \ rie
“smoky; and the temperature at sunrise 28.5°. At the same time, the tem-

; and that of the steam hole,

quits the valley of Bear river, and, crossing ’a ridge which divides the G

: river, in a distance of probably fifty miles, or two and a half days’ journey
sera the principal feature of geographical interest in the basin, was
one main objects contemplated in the general plan of our survey, and

bend, the river here passes between lar walls of basalt, which
#!ways fix the attention, from the m in which it occurs, and its
perfect distinctness from the st among which it has been
placed. The mouptain, which is : by our

laced. The mouptain, which is ragged and steep, and, by our measure-
‘ment, 1,400 feet above the river directly Opposite the place of our halt, is
called the Sheep rock—probably because a flock of the common mountain

vertical, and disposed | masoury ina very t gular
osed of a brown-colored scoriaceous lava, evidently

ae ee

the produetion: ofa ‘modern volcano, and having all the ‘appearance of ‘the
lighter scoriaceous ‘lavas of Mount Aitna, br Sent ‘and. other volcanoes.
of the

The faces of the walls were reddened ' and glazed by the fire, in which they
‘had been melted, and which had left them coutorted and twisted by its
-wiolent action. —

_ Our route during the afternoon was a little fie being (in the direction
owe had taken) over’ a voleanic plain, where our ‘progress was sometimes
-obstructed by fissures?and ‘black beds composed of fragments of the Be
On both weigh: the mountains ‘appeared very broken, but tolerably wel we
timber an

ayy ugust 26.—Crossitig a point of ridge which makes in to the ri
ell apo ere, San before sunset, and encamped on the right bank, + it
‘the encampment of three lodges of Snake Indians ey visit
during t sbvenidg, and ‘we obtained from them a ‘small quantity of rats
“of dit asda baxens tres for goods. Among them was a sweet root

of'very pleasant flavor, having somewhat the taste of preserved quince.
“My endeavors to become acquainted with the plants which furnish to the
‘Indians‘a portion of their support were only gradually successful, and af-
ter long and persevering attention; and even after obtaining, I did not sue-
ceed in preserving them wnti! they could be satisfactorily determined. Th
‘this portion of the journey, 1 found this particular root cut up into such
“small pieces, that it was only ‘to be identified by its taste, when the bulb
“was met with in perfect form among the Indians lower down ee the Co-
Aumbia, among whom it is the highly celebrated kamds. It was long “ai-
sterwards, on our return through Upper California, that 1 found the plant
‘itself in bloom, which I’supposed to furnish the kamis root, (camassia es-
-culenta.) The ‘root diet hada rather mournful effe tt atahe commence-
‘ment, and one of the calves was killed this rehing for food. The animals
‘fared well on rushes.

August 27.—The morning was cloudy, with appearance of rain, and
ahe thermometer at sunrise at 29°. Making an unusually early start, we
crossed the tiver‘at'a good ford ; and, following for about three hours a trail
“which led along the bottom, we ‘eritered a: labyrinth of hills below the mafh
‘Tidge,-an nd halted to'noon in theravine of a pretty little stream, timbered
with « of a large size, ash-leaved maple, with cherry and other
rabt of y weather, which had prevented any very extende

views since enter! Green ti river valley, began: now to disap peas “Thy
was a slight rai the eater part of the day, and at noon, when the ther

‘mometer had risen nee a 2 hada a ad sun, wa blue me ae at

141 fiery

ts, and dried-up grasses. Many. cranes. were. sage iening: the
1 Pa eg xy, shy and w
se night we had a thunder. storm, with moderate

dus a 1 road to the lake, w very:
in about an eae travelling, ‘aes ba te the river. We were now ek '
valley ay or six miles wide, between
miles below, appeared to close up and terminate.the nares leaving for the’
river only a very narrow pass, or canon, behind which we imagined that:
we should find the broad waters of the lake. .We made tk halt at.
the mouth of a small clear stream, having a slightly. mineral taste, (perhaps:
of salt,) 4,760 feet above the gulf, In the: afternoon. w we climbed.a very.
steep sandy hill; and, after a slow and. winding, day’s march-of 27 miles, .
amped at a slou, ugh on the river. There were ad quantities of geese:
and dueks, of whic only a few were shot;, the. Indians having probably |
it a ya Dh he oe ‘hich, killed i the aller
nomi A mephitis marten) w. was. in:

Ee made a supper for one of the The river.is bordered - oeca~
sonall? with fields of cane, with ore we if tebe 5 as an-indieation-of our”
approach to a lake country. We-had frequent showers of raitt during the
night, with thunder.

August 29.—The thermometer. at sunrise was 54°, with air from: the
NW., and dark, rainy, clouds movoe on, the: horizon ; rain squalls and
bright sunshine by intervals. J rode ahead with Basil,to explore the counm-
try, and, continuing about three miles along.the river, turned directly off on
a trail running towards, three. marked. SAPS in. the bordering range, where
tts swe gualy. Fu cut ly ‘o the pate
plain rose ually. ene on arsea,into.a gallo p.anisamanst tracks
which s ikea tor ry_ple et. we. came, suddenly upon a
small party of Shoshe ians, who had fallen, into, the: cotter: dl i

the ch ~~ et ‘al bei 8

oe? ; 3 a ne ny

ent oe
halted to» noon at
a eideot haa were:

; on.
ita hich, *stole a little pure water
with a margin just fie: large for our passage. From the river; the:
plain had gradually risen to an altitude.of. sy daar and, by meridian ob-
servation, the latitude of the entrance. ;
fn the. interval of our usual, halt, — “ us. wandered. along up the ©
stream to examine the Liane — at Paes a the gate, sie rocks ©
prone vail

sides of the rocky walls. These were
; pe mounta here ; et opening directly on the grassy bottom were sev

naar . 142

“The trail was an “excellent one for pack horses; ‘bat, as it sometime 3
crossed a shelving point, to avoid the shrubbery we were oblig ed in severa
is to open a road Yor the carria; through the wood. A squa w on horse-
panied by five or six dogs, entered the pass in the afternoon; ;

hs was too much terrified at sibiligat herself i in such crea Seierskoal

nian, every eavaetctl! that affords ; any "adic
: sarees vie animal thing, insect or worm, they eat. Nearly approach-
_ ing to the lower animal creation, their sole employment is to obtain food;
they are Soiimacely occupied in a struggle to support existence. =
_» Tn the annexed view will be found a sketch of the Standing rock—the
~~ most remarkable featureof the pass, where a huge rock, fallen from th®
above, and standing perpendicularly near the middle of the iat
sents itself like @ watch tower in the pass. Tt will give yon. tol

ractegof the scenery in this country, whi
mountains i “4 from com pram icahes sly un unbro
delighted pltce i | enti ly pean all ing the

‘in the re
‘on the way, made the atloroorrotate! sho d about
m the entrance we passed through another gate: and en-
tream at the junction of a “Titele fork from the southw var
mountains stooped more gen oly down, fo ling ;

ees re Basit and myselt i in
and Mr. Preuss other, set out to exy cote aula

.

| : ee og i eke gad;

Lith..by E Weber & ©. Balumare

_ Morning the clouds were sinking to the horizon, and the air was clez r

ee RT Gee ee yy SRY i Sula Se eee ae = ee

: a C4)
over a long. extent. of Beag: Tiver, with, ns a Fe — Cache valley
in. the directic r search, was only bed of apparently —
impractic cable le Eumsins og these, the trai we had been follo ls :

tur to the northward, and it began

not | eed te ay from the object of ourd par Ine

termined to keep it, in the belief that i vohlagieeanl big wei
rt llofr rain drove us out of the ae ain, and it ane ire w he “

reached the camp. ‘he evening closed in with frequesit shomeryd :

with some lightning and thunder “9
August 30.—We had constant thunder storms duting the night, batin

cold, with the thermometer at sunrise at 39°, Elevation by baromete
feet, We were in motion early, continuing up the little stream withnae en
comp teeing any ascent where a horse would not easily gallop, and, crossing
ht dividing ground at the summit, descended upon a. small stream, »
ng which we continued on the same -exeellent road. In riding through

AG) soe te for. secs inlatiee
But Nie Bet no game of any kind; and it was difficult to obtain any roots ~
as they were miserably | poor, and had but little, te a
their winter stock of provisions. Several of the Indians dre ae
blankets, shewing me their Jean and bony figures; and 1 sation not any
longi er ier teen. with a display of our merchandise to part wi a
etched subsistence, oo they gave as a reason that it would expose
them to oy lege Starvation. A great-portion of the region inhabi
is nation y abounded in game; the buffalo ranging aboutin herds, 4
chad found t re on the eastern waters, and the plains dotted with scat-
alten 8 antelope ; but so rapidly have they disappeared within a few.
years, th noW,as we journeyed along, an occasi@nal buffalo skull’and a
fom ia. Se were all that*remained of the whowiance which had
the coy with animal life. a
rdit

not appear oadreseedligsbes wel sceieainls the media
destruction is yearly carried on. With inconsiderable

[im] 144

interesting to throwa glance: backward through the last twenty years, and
give some-account of their former distribution through the country, and the

i vectors western range. —
F ion is. derived: — from Mr, Fitzpatrick, supported
bysmy own personal knowledge and acquaintance with the country, Our
knowle does not: go farther ——— the: ‘spring of 1924, at which time
the buffalo we the Green river and Bear
* “river valleys, and through: all: the country lying between the Colaratl, or
Green river of the gulf of a and Lewis’s fork of the or
river; the meridian of Fort Hall then forming the a of th

eee and

down) the valley of the Columbia, on sides of the’
Fishing falis.. Below this point they never r dedtondea®

About» the year 1834 or 1835 they began to diminish
very’ tapidly, and continued to decrease until 1838 or 1840, when, with the
country; we have: just. described; they entirely abandoned all the waters of

the Pacific north of Lewis’s fork of the Columbia. At that time,the Flat-

head Indians were inthe habit of finding their buffalo on the heads of Sal-

mon Tiver, and other streams of the Columbia; but now they never meet —

with them farther west than the three forks of the Missouri or the plains
of the ¥ellowstone: river.

| diate’ _- toni
beauty’ ofthat country, whieh bears marks of,having long ben ate oF ta aay

favorite: by the: fact that the white hunters have more frequent-
5 isin dial thie than’the s it being north of the South Pass.
that the hun trappers, and trad ¢, have had their rendezvous for many

past; and ‘fromthat section also the greater portion of the beaver and
favttes ‘were taken, although | always the most dangerous as well as the

In that region lying between the Green or ends river and the head”
waters of the Rio del Norte, over the Yampah, Kooyah, White, and Grand
rivers—all-of which are the waters of the Coleiadis ithe buffale never ex-
tended se far to the westward as they did on the waters of the Columbia;

__ andbonly:in one: ortwo-instances have they been known to descend ie far “
ugh untry west

west as the eS ee seg ‘through the co
“the Rocky mout servation rez ‘me to the impre:
er ae ssed that range to the wat
e pe ‘are col ering 5
m sustained by Mr. oe re and os p
all the Soiieg ee upon
ters,are found in the prec highways, continuous for hun-
a hes and sometimes several feet in depth,

have made in cfossing from one river to bape oe
iin ranges. The Snake seen ve more par r

+4 d5 ook. Yi

mountains, and their extraordinary diminution, will be made clearly evi-

dent from the following statement: At any time between the years 1824

and 1836, a traveller might start from any given point south or north in the

Rocky mountain range, journeying by the most direct route to the Missouri
river ; and, during the whole distance, his road would be always sare

large bands of buffalo, which would never be out of his oie? until

rived almost within sight of the abodes of civilization.

At thistime, the buffalo occupy but a very limited space, prigeipaliy along
the eastern base of the Rocky mountains, sometimes extending at their
southern extremity to a considerable distance into the plains between the
Platte and Arkansas rivers, and along the eastern frontier of New Mexico
as far south as Texas.

The following statement, which I owe to the kindness of Mr. Sanford,
a partner in the American Fur Company, will further illustrate this subject,
by extensive knowledge acquired during several years of travel wrong the
— inhabited by the buffalo:

“The total amount of robes annually traded by ourselves and others
will not be found to differ much from the following statement :

Robes.
American Fur Company a - of - 70,000
Hudson’s’ Bay Company - - nen te, AO
_ All other companies, prohably ee ee - 10,000
Making a total of +» - - 90,000

5
as an average annual return for the last eight or ten Pears.

“In the northwest, the Hudgon’s Bay Company purchase from the In-
dians but a very small number—their only market being Canada, to which
the cost of transportation nearly equals the produce of the furs; and it is only
within a very recent period that they have received buffalo robes in trade ;
and out of the great number of buffalo annually killed throughout the ex-
tensive regions ‘inhabited by the Camanches and other kindred tribes, no
tobes whatever are furnished for trade. During only four months o é

ably not more than one-third of the skins are taken from ies animals ki alles

even | when they are in good season, the labor of preparing and dressing ah
robes being very great; and it is seldom that a lodge trades more ‘than &
twenty skins ina year. It is during the summer months, andintheearly
part of autumn, that the greatest number of buffalo are killed, and Is! at

this time a skin i is never taken for the purpose of trade.

. ~ From. iene data, which-are certainly limited, and decidedly within
bo nds, the att is left to draw his own inference of the immense num-
exit

1842, | sales the Sioux Indians of the Upper Platte demontés, as their
French traders pores it, with the failure of the buffalo ; and in the fol-
lowing year, large villages fevstt the Upper Missouri came over to th :
tains at the heads of th of the Platte, in search of them. The rapidly p
failure of their principal and almost their only means of sub:
created great alarm among them ; and at this time there are onl,
thee to ede by which they see a good prospect for esea

ray 146

-tion : one of these is to rob the settlements along the frontier of the States ;
and the other is to'form a league between the various tribes of the Sioux
“nation, the Cheyennes, and Arapahoes, and make war against the Crow
‘nation, in order to take from them their country, which is now the best
-eountry in the west. This plan they now have in consideration ;
-and jt would probably be a war of extermination, as the Crows have long
been advised of this state of affairs, and say that they are perfectly prepared.
“These are the best warriors in the Rocky mountains, and are now allied
with the Snake Indians; and it is probable that their combination would
-extend itself to the Utahs, who have long been engaged in war against the
‘Sioux. It is in this section of country that my observation formerly led
me to recommend the establishment of a militar
The farther course of our narrative will give fuller and more detailed
— of the = disposition of the buffalo in the country we
visi

the roots we obtained bere, I could distinguish only five or six
different kinds; and the supply of the Indians whom we met consisted
lly o yampahy, (anethum, graveolens,) tobacco root, (valeriana, }
and a vad root of a species of thistle, ( circium Virginianum, ) which now
is occasionally abundant, and is a very agreeably flavored vegetable.

We had been detained so long at the village, that in the afternoon we
made only five miles, and encamped on the same river after a day’s jour-
ney of 19 miles. The Indians informed us that we should reach the big
salt water after having slept twice and travelling in a south direction. The
stream had here entered a nearly level plain or valley, of good soil, eight or
ten miles broad, to which no termination was to be seen, and lying between
ranges of mountains which, on the right, were grassy and smooth, unbro-
ken by rock, and lower than on the left, where they were rocky and bald,
increasing in height to the southward. On the creek were fringes of young

ws, older trees” being rarely found on the plains, where the Indians
burn the surface to produce better grass. Several magpies (pica Hudsonica)
were seen on the creek this afternoon ; and a rattlesnake was killed here,
_ the first which had been seen since leaving the eastern plains. Our camp
“to-night had such a hungry appearance, that I suffered the little cow to be
killed, and divided the roots and berries among the people. A number of
Indians from the village encamped near.
e weather the next morning was clear, the thermometer at sunrise at
4 Sead” rs and, continuing down the “valley, i in about five miles we followed
* the ittle creek 0 our encampment to its junction with a larger stream,
called Roseaua, or Reed river. Immediately opposite, on the right, the
range was gathered into its highest peak, sloping gradually low, and run-
» ning Off to a point apparently some forty or fifty miles below. Between
this. (now become the valley stream) and the foot of the mountains, we
~ journeyed along a handsome sloping level, which frequent springs from the
made occasionally miry, and halted to noon at a swampy spring, where
haps: were good grass and abundantrushes. Here theriver was forty feet
wide, with meeuereote current; and the valley a mile and a halfin
breadth oil being generally sood, of a dark color, and apparently well
Itiv tion. tape bad become bright and pleasant, with the
( ae. observation, our latitude was 41° 59’ 31", and the
Wve the sea 4, “an feet. On our left, this afternoon, the range
tervals { net ay Seger sppetrg, to emai) anots

ae

ae

147 [1%]

ly visible ; and we were disappointed when at every little rise we did not
see the lake. Towards evening, our way was somewhat obstructed by
fields of artemisia, which began to make their appearance here, and we
‘eneamped on the Roseaux, the water of which had acquired a decidedly
salt taste, nearly opposite to a canon Sap in the mountains, through which
‘the Bear river enters this valley. As we encamped, the night set in dark
and cold, with heavy rain; and the artemisia, which was here our only
Wood, was so wet that it would not burn. A poor, nearly starved dog,
with a wound in his side from a ball, came to the camp, and remained

valley below, of which the elevation here was about 4,500 feet above the
sea. The country before us plainly indicated that we were approaching
the lake, though, as the ground where we were travelling afforded no ele-
vated point, nothing of it as yet could be seen ; and at a great distance ahead
were several isolated mountains, resembling islands, which they were after-
werds found to be. On this upper plain the grass was every where dead;
and among the shrubs with which it was alinost exclusively occupied, (arte-
misia being the most abundant,) ©. equently occurred handsome clusters of
several species of dieteria in bloom. Purshia tridentata was among the
frequent shrubs. Descending to the bottoms of Bear river, we found good
grass for the animals, and encamped about 300 yards above the mouth of
Roseaux, which here makes its junction, without communicating any
of its salty taste to the main stream, of which the water remains perfeetly

a,)
bottoms the abundant plants are canes, solidago, and helianthi, and along

al
paddled down Bear river, intending at night to rejoin the party, which in
the mean time proceeded on its way. The river was from sixty to one

{Au J 148

hundred yards broad, and the water so deep, that even on the comparatively
shallow points we could not reach the bottom with 15 feet. On either side
-were alternately low bottoms and willow points, with an occasional high
prairie ; and for five or six hours we followed slowly the winding course of
the river, which crept along with a sluggish current among frequent détours

several miles around

2

nning fora rable distance directly
up the valley. As we were stealing quietly down the stream, trying in vain
‘to geta shot at a strange large bird that was numerous among the willows,
but very shy, we came unexpectedly upon several families of Root Diggers,
who were encamped among the rushes on the shore, and appeared very
busy about several weirs or nets which had been rudely made of canes and
rushes for the purpose of catching fish. They were very much startled at
our appearance, but we soon established an acquaintance ; and finding that
they had some roots, ] promised to send some iaen with goods to trade
with them. They had the usual very large heads, remarkable among the
‘Digger tribe, with matted hair, and were almost entirely naked; looking
very poor and miserable, as if their lives had been spent in the rushes where
“they were, beyond which they seemed to have very little knowledge of any
thing. From the few words we could comprehend, their language was
that of the Snake Indians,

Our boat moved so heavily, that we had made very little progress ; and,
finding that it would be impossible to overtake the camp, as soon as we were
sufficiently far below the Indians, we put to the shore near a high prairie
‘bank, hauled up the boat, and cached our effects in the willows. Ascendin
the bank, we found that our desultory labor had brought us only a few miles
in a direct line ; and, going out into the prairie, after asearch we found the
trail of the camp, which was now nowhere in sight, but had followed the

general course of the river ina large circular sweep which it makes at this
ce. The sun was about thiee hours high when we found the trail ; and

-as our people had passed early in the day, we had the prospect of a vigorous
walk before us. Immediately where we landed, the high arable plain on
which we had been travelling for several days past terminated in extensive
low flats, very generally occupied by salt marshes, or beds of shallow lakes,
whence the water had in most places evaporated, leaving their hard surface
*nerusted with a shining white residuum, and absolutely covered with very
small wnivalve shells. As we advanced, the whole country around us as-
imed this »ppearance ; and there was no other vegetation than the shrubby
diaceous and other’ apparently saline plants, which were confined

‘to the rising grounds. Here and there on the river bank, which w raised
like a levee above the flats through which it ran, was a narrow border of
Grass and short black-burnt willows; the stream being very deep and
gish, and sometimes 600 to 800 feet wide. After a rapid walk of about
Wwe caught sight of the camp fires among elumps of willows just
sun had sunk behind the mountains on the west side of the val-
ig the clear sky with a golden yellow. These last rays, to us so
muld not have revealed a more welcome sight. To the traveller

a oR

3 :

acamp fire in the lonely wilderness is always cheering ;

ee

urselves, in our present situation, after a hard march in a region
ing the debouches of a river,in a lake of almost fabulous

ioubly so. A plentiful supper of aquatic birds, and the

1 dissipated fatigue; and I obtained during the

~

Sais

149 pivt 7

night emersions of the second, pire and fourth satellites of Jupiter, with
observations for time and latitu

Septer —The morning was 48 clear, with a light air from the north,
and the thermometer at sunrise at 45°.5. At 3 in the morning, Basil
was sent back with several men and horses for the boat, which, in a direct
course aeross the flats, was not 10 miles distant ; and in the mean time there -
was a pretty spot’of grass here for the animals. The ground was so low
that we could not get high enough to see across the river, on account of the
willows ; but we were evidently i in the vicinity of the lake, and the water -
fowl made this morning a-noise like thunder. ° A pelican (pelecanus ono-.
crotalus ) was killed as rhe passed by, and many geese and ducks flew over:
the camp.- .On the dry salt marsh ‘here, i is scarce any yori plant than
salicornia herbacea.

In the afternoon the men returned with the boat, bringing with them a.
small quantity of roots, and some meat, which the ‘Indians had told them

ar meat.

Dantseding the river for about three miles in the afternoon, we found a-
bar to any further sy beebpade b in that direction—the stream being spread out
in several branches, and covering the low grounds with water, where
miry nature of the bottom did not permit any further advance. We were
evidently on the border of the lake, although the rushes and canes which.
covered the marshes prevented any view ; ‘and we accordingly encamped.
at the little deta which forms the mouth of Bear river; a long arm of the
lake stretching up to the north between us and the opposite mountains.
The river was bordered with a fringe of willows and canes, among which
were interspersed a few plants; and’scattered about on the marsh was a
species of uniola, closely allied to U. spiéata of our sea coast. The whole:
morass was animated with multitudes of water fowl, which appeared to be:
very Sete for the space of a mile round about At the sound of a gun,.
with a noise like distant thunder. Several of the people waded out into
the marshes, and we had to-night a delicious supper of ducks, geese,

over.
Although the moon was bright, the night was otherwise favorable ; iid
re obtained this evening an emersion of the first satellite, with the usual ob-.
rvations. A mean result, depending on various observations made during -
our aay in the neighborhood, places the mouth of the river in longitude:
112° 19’ 30” west from Greenwich; latitude 44° 30’ 99". and, according
to the barometer, in elevation 4, 200 feet above the gulf of Mexic o. The
night was clear, with considerable dew, which I had remarked every night
since the first of September. The next morning, while we were preparing
to start, Carson rode into the camp with flour and a few other articles of
light provision, sufficient for two or three days—a scanty but very accepta-
pe su ply. Mr. Fitzpatrick had not yet arrived, and provisions were very ©
é, and ditlicult to be had at Fort Hall, which had been n entirely ex-.
Neustee by the necessities of the emigrants. He brought me also a letter
from Mr. Dwight, who, in company with several emigrants, had ceaeleas 4
that place in advance of Mr. Fitzpatrick, and was about couleur is
journey to Vancouver.
_ Returning about five miles up the river, we were oceupied until
unset in crossing to the left bank—the stream, which in the ia Roe ak
miles of i ea —. is very much narrower than above, being very deep im-
ately e banks ; and we had great difficulty é in ee animals.

[ 174 ] 150

over. The people with. the baggage were easily crossed in the boat, and
we encamped on the leit bank where we crossed the river. At sunset the
thermometer was at 75°, and there was some rain during the night, with a
thunder storm at a distance. :

September 5,—Before us was evidently the bed of the lake, being a great
salt marsh, perfectly level and bare, whitened in places by saline efflo-
rescences, with here and there a pool of water, and having the appearance
ofa very level sea shore at low tide. Immediately along,the river was a
very narrow strip of vegetation, consisting. of willows, helianthi, roses,
flowering vines, and grass ; bordered on the verge of the great marsh by a
fringe of singular plants, which appear to bea shrubby salicornia, or a genus
allied to it. a

About 12 miles to the southward was one of those isolated mountains,
now, appearing to be akind of peninsula; and towards this we accordingly
directed our course, as it, probably afforded a good view. of the lake ; but
the deepening mud as we advanced forced us to return toward the river, and
gain the higher ground at the foot of the eastern mountains. Here we halt-
ed for a few. minutes at noon, on.a beautiful little stream of pure and re-
anatkably clear water, with a bed.of rock in sifu, on which was an abun-
dant. water plant with a white blossom. There was good grass in the bot-
toms; and, amidst a rather luxuriant growth, its banks were bordered with
a latge. showy. plant (eupatorium purpureum,) which |. here. saw. for. the
first time, We named the stream Clear creek. ; ‘

We. continued our, way along the mountain, having found here a. broad |
plainly, beaten trail, over what was apparently the shore of the lake.in the
Spring ; the ground being high and firm, and the soil excellent and covered

mentary rock ; the lines of deposition being very distinct. It is rocky and »
steep ; divided into several mountains ; and the rain in the valley appears
to be always snow on their summits at this season. Near.a remarkable
rocky point of the mountain, at a large spring of pure water, were several
hackberry trees, (celtis,) probably a new species, the berries still green ;
and a short distance farther, thickets of sumach (rhus. )

Springs, highly impregnated with salt. In one of these, the harrantnaiay. :

+ Tas

dacs ees ee

ae

Wai 8 Hi Gea
eee ee ae

151 Cie]

At this place the trail we had been following turned to the left, apparent-
ly withthe view of entering a gorge in the: mountain, from which issued’
tampres pa | fork of a large and comparatively well-timbered stream, vi ome

ork. Weaccordingly turned off towards the lake, and enea

on this river, which was 100 to 150 feet wide, with’ — banks; and very.

clear puré water, pubes the slightest indication of sa

tember 6.—Leaving the encampment early, we agai direetud dtu
course for the Ay ir butte across a low shrubby plain, crossing in the!

Hoe a slough-like creek with miry banks, and wooded with thickets of thorn’

crategus) which were loaded with berries. This time we reached ‘the
butte without any difficulty, and, ascending to the ao immediately at
our feet beheld the object of our anxious search—the waters of the Inland

Sea, stretching in still and solitary grandeur far resend the limit of-our’

vision. It was one of the great points of the exploration ; and as we looked’

eagerly over the lake in the first emotions of excited pleasure, lam doubtful
if the followers of Balboa felt more enthusiasm when, from the heights of:
the Andes, ted 8 saw for the first time the great Western oeean. It was?
certainly a. ni re ificent object, and a noble terminus to this part of our ex
pedition ; to travellers so long shut up among mountain ranges, a sud-
~ view over the expanse of silent waters had in it something sublime,
Several large islands raised their high rocky heads out of the waves ; but
whether or not they were timbered, was still left tour imagination, as the:
distance was too great to determine if the dark-hues upon them were wood:
land or naked rock. During the day the clouds had been gathering blaek:
over the mountains to the westward, and, while we were looking, a storm:
burst down with sudden fury upon ‘the lake, and entirely hid the islands
from our view. Sofar.aswe could see, along the shores there was’ nota!
solitary tree, and but little appearance of grass; and on Weber’s’ forkya'
few. mice! below our _siecarangay eure the timber was gathered into groves,’
and then edentirely. Asthis appeared to be the nearest point tov
the lake where a maton camp could be found, we directed ref course to
one of the > groves, where we found a handsome encampmen —
grass an male.) career pores the
mometer was at 55°; hee ev ening elear.and calm; with some eumuli:
tember 7.—The morning was calm and clear, with a te
at sunrise of 39°.5. The day was spent in active preparation for our: ins
tended voyage on the lake. On the edge of the stream a favorable’ spot
was selected in a grove, and, felling the timber, we made a strong coral, or
horse pen, for the animals, and a little fort for the people who were'to re+
main. We were now probably in the country of the Utah Indians, though:
none reside upon the lake. The India-rubber boat was repaired 'w rith: pre-

pared alosh and gum, and filled with air, in readiness for the next day. .

: which Carson had brought with him being nowex haustedy:
and our: seein reduced Np a Spm quantity of roots, I determined to retaia>
with me only a sufficient number of men for the execution of our design; __

and accordingly seven were sent back to Fort Hall, under the guidamte —

of of Breage Lajeunesse, who, having been for many yearsa trapperin the”

led wit ag mop and the road was a remarkably plain- "sabi
only four days’ journey for a horseman , they beeame bewildered, (as'we
ards | their way, wandered about the cg
parties of one or two, reaching the fort about a week eee

[174 J : 152

Frequently, during the day, clouds had rested on the summits of their lofty
mountains, and we believed that we should find clear streams and springs
of fresh water ; and we indulged in anticipations of the luxurious repasts
with which we were to indemnify ourselves for past privations. Neither,
in our discussions, were the whirlpool and other mysterious dangers forgot-
ten, which Indian and hunter’s stories attributed to this unexplored lake.
The men had discovered that, instead of being strongly sewed (like that of
the preceding year, which had so triumphantly rode the eafions of the Up-
per Great Platte, ) our present boat was only pasted together in a very inse-
cure manner, the maker having been allowed so little time in the construc-
tion, that he was obliged to crowd the labor of two months into several
days. The insecurity of the boat was sensibly felt by us; and, min
with the enthusiasm and excitement that we all felt at the prospect of an
undertaking which had never before been accomplished, was a certain im-
pression of danger, sufficient to give a serious character t ti
The momentary view which bad been had of the lake the day before, its
great extent and Tugeed islands, dimly seen amidst the dark waters in the
curity of the sudden storm, were well calculated to heighten the idea
ined danger with which the lake was generally associated. —

CPOaAtIvil.

September 8:—A calm, clear day, with a sunrise temperature of 41°.
In view of our present enterprise, a part of the equipment of the boat bad.
been made to consist in three air- tightbags, about three feet long, and ea-

_—~ipat le each of containing e. een filled with water
_ the night before, and were now placed in the boat, with our blankets and
t , consisting of a si it, telescope, spy glass, thermometer, and

.

at

153 f 174 J
_ We left the camp at sunrise, and had a very pleasant voyage down the
river, in which there was generally eight or ten feet of water, deepening as
we neared the mouth in the latter part of the day. In the course of the
morning we discovered that two of the cylinders leaked so much as to re-
quire one man constantly at the bellows, to keep them sufficiently full of
air to support the boat. Although we had made-a very early start, we
loitered so much on the way— stopping every now and then, and floating
silently along, to get a shot at a goose or a duck—that it was late in the day
when we reached the outlet. The river here divided into several branches,
filled with fluvials, and so very shallow that it was with difficulty we
could get the boat along, being obliged to get out and wade. Weencamped
on a low point among rushes and young willows, where there was a quan-
tity of drift wood, which served for our fires. The evening was mild and
clear ; we made a pleasant bed of the young willows ; and geese and ducks
enough had been killed for an abundant supper at night, and for breakfast
the next morning. The stillness of the night was enlivened by millions of
water fowl. Latitude (by observation) 41° 11’ 26''; and longitude 112°
if .

Sept 9, -*Bhe day was clear and calm; the thermometer at sunrise
at 49°. As is usual with the trappers on the eve of any enterprise, our peo-
ple had made dreams, and theirs happened to be a bad one—one which al-
ways preceded evil—and consequently they looked very gloomy this morn-
ing ; but we hurried through our breakfast, in order to make an early start,
and have all the day before us for our adventure. The channel in a short
distance became so shallow that our navigation was at an end, being merely
a sheet of soft mud, with a few inches of water, and sometimes none atall,
forming the low- water shore of the lake. All this place was absolutely
covered with flocks of screaming plover. We took off our clothes, and,
getting overboard, commenced dragging the boat—making, by this opera-
tion, a very curious trail, and a very disagreeable = cb * stirring up the

mud, as we sank above the knee at every step. The water here was still \
- fresh, with only an insipid and disagreeable taste, sbobabty, seal from the
bed of fetid mud. After proceeding in this way about a mile, we came to
a small black ridge on the bottom, beyond which the water became sud-
denly salt, beginning gradually to deepen, and the bottom was sandy and
firm. It was a remarkable division, separating the fresh water of the rivers
from the briny water of the lake, ‘which was entirely saturated with com-
mon salt. Pushing our little vessel across the narrow boundary, we _*
on board, and at length were afloat on the waters of the unknown sea

We did not steerer the mountainous islands, but directed our course to-
wards a lower one, which it had been, decided we should first visit, thee
summit of which was formed like the crater at the upper end of Bear river
bai, SE So ne as we could touch the bottom with our eee, we were

hi a ‘was (Tale iankcand over our 1 clothes, w ge con-

[4] 154.

verted into a crust of common salt, which covered also our hands and arms.
‘‘ Captain,” said Carson, who for some time bad been looking suspiciously
at some whitening appearances outside the nearest islands, ‘“‘ what are those
yonder ?—won’t you just take a look with the glass??? We ceased paddling
for a moment, and found them to be the caps of the waves that were begin-
ning to break under the force of a strong breeze that was coming up the.
lake. The form of the boat seemed tobe an admirable one, and it rode on
the waves like a water bird ; but, at the same time, it was extremely slow in
is progress. When we were a ‘Vittle more than balf way across the reach,
o of the divisions between the cylinders gave way, and it required the
ome use of the bellows to keep in a sufficient quantity of air. For a

%

into. which the ileal was gotlened rose somewhat seit and a point
of roek at. one end enclosed it ina sheltering we ; and as there was an
abundance * an wood along the shore, it offered us a pleasant encamp-
ment. We did.not:suffervour fragile bose to touch’ the sharp rocks ; but,
getting. saeenie discharged the baggage, and, lifting it geatly out of the:
water, carried it)to-the upper part of the’ beach, which was composed of

very: small fragments of rock.

Among the suecessive banks of the beach, formed by the action of the
waves, our attention, as.we approached the island, had been attracted by’
one 10 to 20 feet in\breadth, of a dark-brown color. Being more closely
examined, this. was found to be composed, to the depth of seven or eight
and twelve inches, entirely of the larve of inseets, or, in common language,
of the skins of worms, about the size of a grain of oats, which had been

: washed up by the waters of the lake.
: << Miatinese this subject some monthsafterwards, when travelling through
more southern portion of thisregion, in company with Mr. Joseph Walker,
an, ae hunter, | was informed by him, that, euilatiee with a Diet of men

in a mountain country east of the great Californian pos Hd urprised a-
party of se Uh ped near a smal V salt take; who aban-
doned their lodges at hi

| Be-
ing in a starving. condition, ae were delighted to fit i in the abandoned
sa number of skim bags, containing a quantity of what appeared to be
dried and pounded. On this they made a Fog Supper ; and ‘were

| ing aroun when Mr. Walker

: iscoveres that it was with these, ora similar 5 worm, that the bags bbibbsen
filled. Thestoma not proof ager their pre-
’ Usd
. judices, and the: Sapetetre food. was: suddenly resente Mr. Walker had-
: further opportunitiesof seeing these worms used as an article of food ; and

I ain inelined to thinkithey-are the same as. those we saw, and appear to be
os gal the salt lakes: It may be well to reeall to your mind that Mr.
alker was associated with Captain Bonneville in his expedition to the
os mereateine and has since that time remained in the country, gen-
y resi ‘Snake villages, when not engaged in one

LAKE.

The GREAT SALT

— [ 174 7

of his:numerous trapping expeditions, in which he is celebrated as one of.
the best and bravest snd ot who have ever been in the country.
The cliffs and masses 0

seale is nearly sixteen miles to an inch, is introduced only to show clearly.
the extent of our operations, which, it will be bered, were made when:
the waters were at their lowest stage. At the season of high waters.in the.
spring, it is probable that ail the marshes and low. grounds are overflowed,
and the surface of the lake considerably greater. Inseveral places whieh
will be indicated to you in the sketch, by the absence of the bordering moun-
tains ) the view was of unlimited extent—here and there a rocky islet ap-
aring above the. water at a great distance ; and beyond, every thing was..
vague and undefined. As we looked over the vast expanse of water spread
out beneath us, and strained our eyes along the. silent shores over which.
hung so much doubt and uncertainty, and which.were so full of interest to
us, I could hardly repress the almost irresistible desire to continue our ex-
ploration ; but the lengthening snow on the mountains was a plain indica-
tion of the advancing season, and our frail, linen boat appeared so insecure
that I was unwilling to trust our lives to the uncertainties of the lake. [
therefore unwillingly resolved to terminate our survey here, and remain sat-,
isfied for the present with what we had been able;to add to the unknown.
geography of the region. We felt pleasure also in remembering that we.
were the first ss 4 the traditionary annals of the country, bad visited the.
islands, and broken, with the cheerful sound of human voices, the dongs
itude of the place. From the point where we were standing, the grol
fell off on every side to the water, giving us a perfect view of thet
which is twelye or thirteen miles in circumference, being simply a

eo 2 156

hill, on which there is neither water nor trees. of any kind; although the
Fremontia vermicularis, which was in great abundance, might easily be
mistaken for timber at a distance. The plant seemed here to delight in a
congenial air, growing in extraordinary luxurian@e seven to eight feet high,
and was very abundant on the upper parts of the island, where it was ‘al
most the only plant. This is eminently a saline shrub ; its leaves have a
very salt taste ; and it luxuriates in saline soils, where it is usually a char-
acteristic. It is widely diffused over all this country. A chenopodiaceous
shrub, which is a new species of ontons, (QO. rigida, Torr. & Frem ,) was
equally characteristic of the lower parts of the island. These two are the
striking plants on the island, and belong to a class of plants which form a.
prominent feature in the vegetation of this country. On the lower parts of
the island, also, a prickly pear of very large size was frequent. On.the shore,
near the water, was a woolly species of f phaca ; and a new species of um-
belliferous plant (leptot@mia) was scattered about in very considerable
. <a These constituted all the vegetation that now appeared pee
e is

I sctidentally left on the summit the brass cover to the object end of my
glass ; and as it will probably remain there undisturbed by Indians, it
will furnish matter of speculation to some future traveller. In our excur-
sions about the island, we did not meet with any kind of animal; a mag-
pie, and another larger bird, probably attracted by the smoke of our fire,
paid us a visit from the shore, and were the only living things seen during
Bed stay. The rock constituting the cliffs along the = re where we were
encamped, is a talcous rock, or stealite, ashes brown sp:

At sunset, the temperature was 70°. We had artived just in time to ob-
tain a ineridian altitude of the sun, and other observations were obtained
this evening, which place our camp in latitude 41° 10’ 42", and longitude
112° 21' 05" from Greenwich. From a discussion of the barometrical ob-

servations made during our stay on the shores of the lake, we have adopted
4,200 feet for its elevation above the gulf of Mexico. ‘In the first disap-
pointment we felt from the dissipation of our dream of the fertile islands, I
called this Disappointment island

Out of the drift wood, we made ourselves pleasant little lodges, open to
the water, and, after having kindled large fires to excite the wonder of any
straggling savage on the lake shores, lay down, for the first time in a long
journey, in perfect security ; no one thinking about his arms. The even-
ing was extremely bright and pleasant ; but the wind rose during the Dight,
and the waves began to break heavily on the shore, makin
tremble. {had not expected in our inland journey to bear roar eae an
ocean surf; and the strangeness of our situation, and the excitement we
felt in the associated interests of the place, made this one of the most in-
ter nights | remember during our long expedition.

In the morning, the surf was breaking heavily on the shore, and we
were upearly. ‘The lake was dark and agitated, and we hurried throu
our r seanty ries, and embarked—having first filled one of the buckets

och boat’
xy from the ia and it sean ak the “effétte Of the’ ea 16 tak
sad against the wind and sea; the gale rising with the sun, and there’

ala? [ 174 ]

-was danger of being blown into one of the open reaches beyond the island.
At the distance of half a mile from the beach, the depth of water was 16
feet, with a clay bottom; but, as the working of the Aa was very severe
labor and during the operation of rounding it was necessary to cease pad-
dling, during which the boat lost considerable way, I was unwilling to dis-
courage the men, and reluctantly Ms up my intention of ascertaining the
dépth, and the character of the bed. There was a general shout in the
boat when we found ourselves in one fathom, and we soon after landed on

a low point of mud, immediately undér the butte of the peninsula, where
we unloaded the boat, and carried the baggage about a quarter of a mile to
firmer ground. We arrived just in time for meridian observation, and
carried the barometer to the summit of the butte, which is 500 feet above
the lake. Mr. Preuss set off on foot for the camp, which was about nine
gas distant; Basil accompanying him, to bring back horses for the boat

baggage
o The rude- ‘looking shelter we raised on the shore, our scattered baggage
and boat lying on the beach, made quite a picture ; and we called this the
erman’s cam asirts graveolens, and another new species of
oBIONE, (O. contertifolia—Torr Frem.,) were growing on the low
- grounds, with interspersed spots of an unwholesome salt grass, on a saline
clay soil, with a few other plants.

The horses arrived late in the afternoon, by which time the gale had
inereased to such a height that a man could searcely stand before it; and
we were obliged to pack our baggage hastily, as the rising water of the
lake had already reached the point where we were halted. “Looking back
as we rode off, we found the place of recent encampment entirely covered.
The low plain through which we rode to the camp was covered with a
compact growth of shrubs of extraordinary size and luxuriance. The soil
was sandy and saline; flat places, resembling the beds of ponds, that were
bare of vegetation, and covered with a powdery white salts, being inter-
d among the shrubs. Artemisia tridentata was very abundant, but

e plants were principally saline ; a large and vigorous chenopodiaceous
a five to eight feet high, being characteristic, with Fremontia vermicu-
laris, and a shrubby plant wiih seems to be a new salicornia. We reached
the camp in time to eseape a thunder storm which blackened the sky, and.
were received with a discharge of the howitzer by the people, who, having ©
been unable to see any thing of us on the lake, had begun to feel some
uneasiness.

September 11.—To-day we remained at this camp, in order to obtain
some further observations, and to boil down the water which had béen
brought from the lake, for a supply of salt. Roughly evaporated over the
fire, the five gallons of water yielded fourteen pints of very fine-grained
and very white salt, of which the whole lake may be regarded as a saturat-
ed solution. A portion of the salt thus obtained a ogy subjected to
analysis—giving, in 100 parts, the following proportio

Analysis of the salt.

Chloride of sodium, ae _) . -
Chloride of calci an * - ot
ide of magnesium ee eee : : * bog meee

£

[i] 158

Sulphate of soda - - - & ie “ - 0.93
‘Sulphate of lime - - - - - - - Ute
: see 100.00

oGlinding your eye along the map, ste will see a Stall stream entering
the Utah lake, south of the Spanish fork, and the first waters of that lake
which our road of 1844 crosses in coming up from the southward. When
i was on this stream with Mr. Walker in that year, he informed me that on
the upper part of the river are immense beds of rock salt of very great thick-
ness; which he had frequently visited. Farther to the southward, the rivers
which are affluent to the Colorado, such as the Rio Virgen, and ’Gila river,
near their mouths, are impregnated with salt by the eliffs of rock salt be-
tween which they pass. These mines occur in the same ridge in which,
about 120 miles to the northward, and subsequently in their more immediate
neighborhood, we discovered the fossils belonging to the oolitic period, and
they are probably connected with that formation, and are the deposite from
which the Great Lake obtains its salt. Had we remained pees we should
have found them in its bed, and in the mountains around its shores.

By observation, the latitude of this camp is 41° 15’ 50", aid longitude
192° 06’ 43".

The observations made during our stay give for the rate of the chro-
nometer 31.72, corresponding almost exactly with the rate obtained
at St. Vrain’s fort. Barometrical observations were made reopen during
the day. This morning we breakfasted on yampah, and ha kamas
for supper ; but a cup of good coffee still distinguished us fecen our Digger

acquaintances.

vot ember 12.—The morning was clear and calm, with a temperature
at sunrise of 32°. We resumed our journey late in the day, eee?
nearly the same route: whieh we had travelled in coming to the lake ; and,
avoiding the passage of Hawthorn creek, s ruck the hills a little Belov the
hot salt springs. ‘The flat plain we had H@re passed over consisted alter-
nately of tolerably ee sandy soil and of saline plats. We encamped
early on Clear creek, at the foot of the high Fags one of the peaks of
_ which we saeettsiets by measurement to be 4,210 feet above the lake, or
“about 8,400 feet above the sea. Behind these front peaks the ridge rises
towards the Bear river mountains, which are probably as high asthe Wind
river chain. This creek is here unusually well timbered with a variety of
trees. ore them were birch (betula,) the teatro teas rapa (populus
angustifolia,) several kinds of willow (sdlix,) hawthorn (crategus,) al-
der (alaus viridis, ) and cerasus, with an ae allied to nti alba, but
ery distinct from ‘that or any other species in the United St:

* read to-night a suppér of sea gulls, which Carson killed se ‘the lake.
jl, the thermometer standing at 47° ,musquitoes were auflicient-
ly numerous to be’ troublesome this evening.

tember 1 13. —Continuing up the river valley, we crossed several small
streams ; the mountains on the sight appearing to consist of the blue lime-
stone, which we had observed in the same ridge to the northward, alternat-
whi here with a granular quartz already mentioned. One of these streams,
ich forms a smaller lake near the river, was broken up into several chan-
_and the irrigated bottom of fertile soil was covered with innumerable
, among which were purple fields of itis a purpureum, with

re

Tee

159 [t%4

helianthi, a handsome .solidago (8. canadensis,):anda variety of other
plants in bloom. Continuing along the foot of the hills, in the afternoon
we found five or six hot springs gushing out together, beneath a conglome-
rate, consisting principally of fragments of a grayish-blue limestone, efflor-
-eseing a salt upon the surface. The temperature of these springs-was 134°,
and the rocks in the bed were colored with a red deposite, and there was
common salt crystallized on the margin. There was also a white inerust-
ation upon leaves and roots, consisting principally of carbonate of lime.
There were rushes seen along the road this afternoon, and the soil under
the hills was very black, and mpbaeen tly very good ; but at this time the
grassisentirely dried up. We mped on Bear river,immediately below
a cut-off, the canon by which thes river enters this valley bearing north by
compass. The night was mild, with a very clear sky 5 ; and I obtained a
very excellent observation of an ‘occultation of Tau.’ Arietis, with other ob-
peels Both immersion and emersion of the star were oyerred ; but,

ur observations have shown, the phase at the bright limb generally gives
Sneaeeael longitudes, and we have adopted the result obtained from t
emersion at the dark limb, without allowing any weight to the immersion.
According to these observations, the longitude is 112° 05' 12", and the lati-
tude 41° 42’ 43’. All the longitudes on the line of our outward journey,
between St. Vrain’s fort and the Dalles of the Columbia, which were not —
directly determined by satellites, have been chronometrieally referred to
this place.

The people to-day were rather low-spirited, hunger making them very
quiet and peaceable ; and there wasrarely an oath to be heard in the camp—
not even a solitary enfant de garce. It was time for the men with an ex-
pected supply of provisions from Fitzpatrick to be in the neighborhood ; and

e gun was fired at evening, to give them notice of our locality, but met -
with no response,

September 14.—About four miles from this encampment, the trail led us
down to the river, where we unexpectedly found an. excellent ford—the
stream being widened by an inlond and not yet disengaged from the hills
at the foot of the range. We encamped on a little ereek where we
made a noon hait in descending the river. The night was very clear and
pleasant, the sunset temperature being 67°.

The people this evening looked so forlorn, that | gavethem permission to
kill a fat young horse which I had purchased with goods from the Snake
Indians, and they were very soon restored to gayety andgood humor. Mr.
Preuss and myself could not yetovereome some remains of civilized preju-
dices, and preferred to starve a little longer ; feelingyas much saddened as
if a crime had been commuted.

The next day we continued up the valley, “ soil being sometimes very
black and good, occasionally gravelly, and occasionally a kind of naked
salt plains, We found on the way this moroing small encampment of
two families of Snake Indians, from whom we purchased a smal! quantity
of kooyah. They had piles of seeds, of three different kinds, spread out
upon pieces of buffalo robe ; and the squaws had just gathered about a
bushel of the roots ofa thistle, (eircium Virginianum. ) T hey were abane
the. ere size of ca arrots, and, as{ have previously mentioned, are’
and Well flavored, requiring only along preparation. They had a band of
twelve or fifteen horses, and appeared to be growing in the sunshine with

as little labor as the plants they were eating. Bae ie

[av J 160

We crossed the Roseaux, and encamped on the left bank ; halting early for

‘ nie a eg eas oak os ge ee a
on the same stream, near several lodges of Snake Indians, from whom we

; fully devel

a natural resting and recruiting station for travellers, now, and in all time
to come. The bottomsare extensive ; water excellent ; timber sufficient ;

great value here; and cattle and horses would do well where grass and salt
so much abound. The lake will furnish exhaustless supplies of salt. All

in the fall. The beasts of the Indians were fat upon it; our own found it

a good subsistence ; and its quantity will sustain any amount of cattle, and

nake this truly a bucolic region.

___ We met bere an Indian family on horseback,
and were returning loaded.

ended, by a steep slope, into a broad open valley—good soil; from

ind.
range of mountains of 1 either side
eky epg seg eel the u with a little timber,

: 7 hag y rock onthe right, < @ oD i art : : eh 5

161 cay
still higher peaks looking out above the range. The vatiey afforded a

levelroad ; but.it was late when it brought us to water, and we encainpés
at dark. . The northwest wind had blown up very ‘eold weather, and the’
artemisia, which was our fire wood to-night, did not happen to be very
abundant. This plantlovesa dry, sandy soil,and cannot grow in the gdoee
bottoms where it is.rich and moist, but on every little eminence, whi
water does not rest long, it majntains absolute possession. Blevation al
the sea about 5,100 feet. ~ «
\t night scattered fires glimmered along the mountains, pointing out’
camps of the Indians ; and we contrasted the comparative seeurity in which’
we travelled through this country, with the guarded vigilance we were com-_
pelled to exert among the Sioux and other Indians on the eastern sidé of
the Rocky mountains. ee
' At sunset the thermometer was at 50°, and at midnight at 30°, ail

r1%.—The morning sky was calm‘and clear, the temperature

<=

eS

at daylight being 25°, and at sunrise 20°. There is throughout this moun. ° *

tain country a remarkable difference between the morning and midday ©
temperatures, which at this season was very generally 40° or 50°, and oc-—
casionally greater ; and frequently, after a very frosty morning, the heat in’
a few hours would render the thinnest clothing agreeable. About noon we
reached the main fork. The Pannack river was before us; the valley be-
ing here 14 mile wide, fertile, and bordered by smooth hills, not over 500
feet high, partly covered with cedar; a high ridge, in which there isa
prominent peak, rising behind those on the left. We continued to descend ©
this stream, and found on it at night a warm and comfortable camp. Flax
occurred so frequently during the day as to be almost a characteristic, and
the soil appeared excellent. ‘he opposite hills on the right are broken here
into agreat variety of shapes. The evening was gusty, with a temperature
at sunset of 59°, I obtained, about midnight, an observation of an emer- ’

sion of the first satellite ; the night being calm and very clear, the stars re-

itkabdly bright, and the thermometer at 30°. Longitude, from re
satellite and chronometer, 112° 29' 52"; and latitude, by observation, 42°.
44' 40"... ee ave, EAS OEE © Je 5 gael
September 18.—The day clear and calm, with a temperature of 25° at
sunrise. After travelling seven or eight miles, we emerged on the plains of
the Columbia, in sight of the famous “ Three Buttes,” a well-known land- °
mark in the country, distant about 45 miles. The French word be
Which so often oecurs in this narrative, is retained from the familiar dan-—
guage of the country, and identifies the objects to which it refers. It-is
naturalized in the region of the Rocky mountains; and, even if desirable to
render it in English, | know of no word which would be its precise equiv-
alent. Itis applied to the detached hills and*ridges which rise abruptly,
and reach too high to be called: hills or ridges, and not high enough

to be éalled mountains. Knob, as applied in the western States, is théir
most descriptive term in English. Cerro is the Spanish term; but no

translation, or paraphrasis, would preserve the identity of these picturesque:

-

landmarks, familiar to the traveller, and often seen at a great distaneés

Covered as far as: could be seen with artemisia, the dark aud uly appearanee
of this plain obtained for it the name of the Sage Deseri ; and we were
agreeably surprised, dn geaching the Portneuf river, to see « beautiful gr

*

miles distant, wee glistening the white walls of the fort. ‘Phe J }
: ll | ies

valley: with seattered timber spread out beneath us, on wie

sire 8

oe

[ 174 ] 162

runs along the upland plain nearly to its mouth, and an abrupt descent of

pasheps 200 feet brought us down immediately upon the stream, which at
the ford is 100 yards wide. and 3 feet deep, with clear water, a swift cur-
rent, and gravelly bed; but alittle higher up the breadth was only about.

_ 35 yards, with apparently deep water.

In the bottom 1 remarked a very great number of springs and sloughs,
with remarkably clear water and gravel beds. «:! sunset we encamped with
Mr. Talbot and our friends, who came on “to Fort Hall when we went to
the lake, and whom we had the satisfaction to find all well, neither party
having met with any mischance in the interval of our separation. They,
too, had had ‘their share of fatigue and scanty provisions, as there had
been very little game left on the trail of the populous emigration ; and Mr.
Fitzpatrick had rigidly husbanded our stock of flour and light provisions,

in view of the approaching winter and the long journey before us.

* September 19.—This morning the sky was very dark and gloomy, and

-at daylight it began snowing thickly, and continued all day, with cold, dis-

agreeable weather. Atsunrise the temperature was 43°. Irode up to the
fort, and purchased from Mr. Grant (the officer in charge of the post) sev-
eral very indifferent horses, and five oxen in very fine order, which weré
received at the camp with great satisfaction ; and, one being killed at even-
ing, the usual gayety and good humor were at once restored. Night came
in stormy.

September 20.—We had a night of snow and rain, and the thermometer
at sunrise was at 34° ; the morning was dark, witha steady rain, and there
was still an inch of snow on the ground, with an abundance on the neigh-
boring hills and mountains. The sudden change in the weather was hard
for our animals, who trembled and shivered in the cold—sometimes taking
refuge in the timber, and now and then coming out and raking the snow
off the ground for a little grass, or eating the young willows.

tember 21.—Ice made tolerably thick during the night, and in the
morning the weather cleared up very bright, with a temperature at sunrise
of 29° ; and I obtained a meridian observation for latitude at the fort, with
observations for time. e sky was again covered in the afternoon, and

2 thermometer at sunset 48°.

iaemtember 22.—The morning was cloudy and unpleasant, and at sunrise
a cold rain commenced, with a temperature of 41°.

The early approach of winter, and the difficulty of supporting a large

party, determined me to send back a number of the men who had become

_ Satisfied that they were not fitted for the laborious service and frequent pri-

vation to which they were necessarily exposed, and which-there was reason
to believe would become more severe in the further extension of the voyage.
I aeeordingly called them together, and, informing them of my intention to
-continue our journey during the ensuing winter, in the course of which

hey would probably be exposed to considerable hardship, succeeded in
prevailing upon a number of them to return voluntarily. These were:
Charles De Forrest, Henry Lee, J. Campbell, Wm. Creuss, A. Vasquez, A.
Pera, Patrick White, B. Tesson, M. Creely, F rancois Lajeunesse, Basil
Lajeunesse. Among these, ! regretted very much to lose Basil Lajeunesse,
one of the best men in my party, who was obliged, by the condition of his
family, to be at home in the coming winter. Our preparations having been
eompleted in the interval of our stay here, both parties: were ready this

+

worming to resume

163 (eke

Except that there isa gener quantity of wood used in its construction, Fort
Hall very much resembles the other trading posts which have been already
described to you, and would be another excellent post of relief for the emi-
gration. It isin the low, rich bottom of a valley, apparently 20 miles long,
formed by the confluence of Portneuf river with Lewis’s fork of the Colum.
‘bia, which itenters about nine miles below the fort, and narrowing gradu-
ally to the mouth of the Pagnack river, where it hasa breadth of only two
or three miles. Allowing 50 miles for the road from the Beer springs of
Bear river to Fort Hall, its distance along the travelled road from the town
of Westport, on the frontier of Missouri, by way of Fort Laramie and the
great South Pass, is 1,323 miles. Beyond this place, on the line of road
along the barren valley of the Upper Columbia, there does not occur. for
a distance of nearly three hundred miles to the westward, a fertile spot of
ground sufficiently large to produce the necessary quantity of grain, or
pasturage enough to allow even a temporary repose to the emigrants.
their recent passage, they had been able to obtain, at very high prices and:
in insufficient quantity, only such assistance as could be afforded by a.
small and remote trading post—and that a foreign one—which, in the supply
of ats own wants, had necessarily drawn around it some of the resources
of civilization, but which obtained nearly all its supplies from the distant
depot of Vancouver, by a difficult water carriage of 250 miles up the Co-
lumbia river, and a land carriage by pack horses of 600 miles. An Ameri-
can military post sufficiently strong to give to their road a perfect security
against the Indian tribes, who are unsettled in locality and very uncertain
in their disposition, and which, with the necessary facilities for the repair
of their equipage, would be able to afford them relief in stock and grain
from the produce of the post, would be of extraordinary value to the emi-
gration. Such a post (and all others which may be established on the line
to Oregon) would naturally form the nucleus of a settlement, at ‘which
supplies and repose would be obtained by the emigrant, or trading eara-
vans, which may hereafter traverse these elevated, and, in many places,
desolate and inhospitable regions. sae

T subjoin an analysis of the soil in the river bottom near Fort Hall, which
will be of assistance in enabling you to form some correct idea of its gen-
eral character in the neighboring country. I characterize it as good land,
but the analysis will show its precise properties. .

Analysis of soil.

Sillea = - - - et Re gh es a - 68.55.

Alumina - - : - - - - 7.4h
Carbonate of lime - - a ON a - - 8.51
Carbonate of magnesia - - = a . “ 5.09.
Oxide of iron - . - - 5 - - 1.40

* Organic vegetable matter - - - . - 4.74
Water and loss - - - - . . : - 4.26

— : ‘ ——

Our observations place this post in longitude 112° 29’ 54” latitude 43°
01' 30", and in elevation above the sea 4,500 feet.

Taking leave of the homeward party, we resumed our journey down

Fe

C14] 64

-the valley, he weather being very cold, and the cago copies in hard. gusts,
whieh the wind blew directly in our faces. We forded the Portneuf i ina

storm of jt the water in the river being frequently u: D to the a: e8,.a
about 110 yards wide. After the gust, the weather imp roved. a little, and

e encamped about three miles below, at the. mouth o the Pannack river,
on rico fork, which here has a breadth of, about 120 y . The. tem+
perature ef sunset was 42°; .the sky pas cov. it dapkerainy
clouds.

September ag. —The temperature at sunrise was 32°; Lreennid dark,
and snow falling steadily and thickly, with a light air from, the southward,
Profited of being obliged to remain in camp, to take hourly’ barometrical
observations from sunrise to midnight. The wind at eleven,o’clock setin
from the northward in heavy gusts, and the snow changed into rain. In
- ~ the afternoon, when the sky brightened, the rain had washed all the snow
from the bottoms ; but the neighboring mountains, from summit to foot, were
dumi inously white——-an,j inauspicious commencement of the gk oy ick of which
this was Be first day.

. teat ineaapaoee its eer tect feature ie the w ae line to the

~ Dalles of the Lower Columbia, resembling a chasm which had been rent
through the country, and whieh the river had afterwards taken for its bed,
“The immediate valley of the river is a high plain, covered with black rocks _
and artemisias. In the south is a bordering range of mountains, which, |
although not very high, are broken and covered with Snow ; and at a great

distance to the north is seen the high, snowy line of the Salmon. var
ona i front of which stand out proibines 3 in the plain t a
isolated

-d-looking little mountains commonly known as the - ee-
es. tween the river and the distant Salmon river 1 the pl
resented by Mr. Fitzpatrick as so entirely broken. up and
ms as to be impracticable fora manevenon foot. Inthe sket

the o
country, with the buttes rising out above the*general Jine,
Nent, the river above is 870 feet wide, immediately contracted at

eee fs lock, by jutting piles of scoriaceous basalt, over which +
/presenta grand appearance at the time of high water.
pleasant, with dew ; andat sunset the tempera-
vation, the latitude is 42° 47 05", sa on longi-

v hundred yards below the falls, on the’ left .

t {rom which were tak

wes

lea. go 3

AMERICAN
of Lewis Fork

PAL tS

gatzdees ae
2 SGA

&

165 [ 174]

with a song gale from the south, which commenced at 11 ‘of the last
nig e road to-day led along the river, which is full of rapids and
small falls. Grass is very scanty; and along the rugged banks are scat-
tered cedars, with an abundance of rocks and sage. ‘We travelled 14 miles,
and eneamped in the afternoon near the river, on a rocky creek, the bed.
of which was entirely occupied with boulders of a very large size. .For
the last three or four miles the right bank of the river has a palisade

pearance. One of the oxen was killed here for food. — The thermometer

at evening was at 55°, the sky almost overcast, and the barometer indi-
eated an elevation of 4,400 feet.

» . + . 5 # fg *
September 26.—Rain during the night, and the temperature at sunrise —

42°. Travelling along the river, in about 4 miles we reached a picturesque
stream, to which we gave the name of Fall creek. It is remarkable for the
many falls which occur in a short distance ; and its bed is composed of a
calcareous tufa, or vegetable rock, composed principally of the remains of
reeds and mosses, resembling that at the Basin spring on Bear river.
The road along the river bluffs had been occasionally very bad 5 and
imagining that some rough obstacles rendered such a détour necessary, we
followed for several miles a plain wagon road leading up this stream, until.
we reached a point whence it could be seen making directly towards a low
place in the range on the south side of the valley, and we became imme-
diately aware’ that we were on a trail formed by a party of wagons, in com-

pany with whom we bad encamped at Elm grove, near the frontier of

Missouri, and which you will remember were proceeding to Upper Califor-
nia under the direction of Mr. Jos. Chiles. ‘At the time of their departure,
no practicable passes were known in the southern Rocky mountains with-
in the territory of the United States ; and the probable apprehension of dif-

ficulty in attempting to pass near the settled frontierof New Mexico, eer is
} } nf L ‘lh oe. Rape mY the: er :

with the desert character of the

i rf ~ , alin oe ee
to take a more northern and circuitous route by way of the Sweet Water pass.

and Fort Hall. They had still between them and the valley of the Sacramen-
to a great mass of mountains, forming the Sierra Nevada, here commonly
known asthe Great California mountain, and which were at this time
considered as presenting an impracticable barrier to wheeled ia
Various considerations had suggested to them a division of the pa 5 and
a greater portion of the camp, including the wagons, with the mail an other
stores, were now proceeding under the guidance of Mr. Joseph Walker, who
had engaged to eonduct them, by along sweep to the southward, around
what is called the point of the mountain ; and, crossing through a pass
known only to himself, gain the banks of the Sacramento by the valley of
the San Joaquin. It was alongand a hazardous journey for a party in hicks
there were women and children. Sixty days was the shortest period of
time in which they could reach the point of the mountain, and their route
posed Indians, and

lay through a country inhabited by wild and badly dis
very poor in game ; but the leader was a mati possessing grea intim
knowledge of the Indians; with an extraordinary firmness and decision of
character. fn the mean time, Mr. Chiles had passed down the Columbia’
with a party often or twelve men, with the intention of reaching the set-
tlements on the Sacramento by a more direct course, which indefinite tn-
formation from bunters had indicated in the direction of the head waters
of the Riviére aux Malheurs ; and having obtained there a reinforcement
of animals, afid a supply of provisions, meet the wagons before they .¥ should.

7

&.

[im] 166

have reached the point of the peeve, at a place which had been pre-
viously agreed upon. In the course of our narrative, we shail be able to
give you some information of the fortune which attended the movements
of these adventurots travellers.

Having discovered our error, we immediately regained the line along
the river, which the road quitted about noon, and encamped at 5 o’clock
on a’stream called Raft river, onanage aux Cajeux, ) having travelled only
13 miles, In the north, the Salmon river mountains are visible at a very
far distance ; and on the lett, ‘Ke ridge in which Raft river heads is about

— 20 miles distant, rocky, and tolerably high. Thermometer at sunset =a

with a partially "clouded sky, and a sharp wind from the

Sepiember 27.—\t was now no longer possible, as in our previous Sie.
to travel regularly every day, and find at any moment a conyenient place
for repose at noon or a camp at night; but the halting places were now
generally fixed along the road, by the nature of the country, at places where,
with wateg there was a little scanty grass. Since leaving the American
falls, ad frequently been very bad ; the many short, steep ascents,
exbalarting the strength of our worn-out animals, requiring always at such
places the assistance of the men to get up each cart, one by one ; and our
progress with twelve or fourteen wheeled carriages, though light and made
for the purpose, in such a rocky country, was extremely slow ; and I again
determined to. gain time by a division of the camp. Accordingly, to-day
the parties again separated, constituted very much as before—Mr-. Fitzpat-
rick remaining in charge of the Heavier ba

The ner hn, was pod and-clear, with a white frost, and the tempera-
ture at su 24°
o-day the country had a very forbidding appearance ; and, after travel-
ling 20 miles over a slightly undulating plain, we encamped ata consider-
able spring, called Swamp creek, rising in low grounds near the point of a
spur oe the mountain. Returning with as small party in a starving con-
dition from the westward 12 or 14 years since, Carson had met here three
or four buffalo bulls, two of which were killed. They were among the
pioneers which had made the experiment of colonizing in the valley of the
Columbia, aud which had failed, as heretofore stated. At sunset the ther-
mometer was at 46°, and the evening was overcast, with a cold wind from
the SB., and to- -night we had only sage for fire wood, Mingled with the
artemisia was a shrubby aud thorny chenopodiaceous plant.

Sepiember 28.—Thermometer at sunrise 40°. The wind rose early to
a gale from the west, with a very cold driving rain; and, after an uncom-.
fortable day’s ride of 25 miles, we were glad when at evening we found a
shelfered camp, where there was an abundance uf wood, at some elevated,
rocky islands covered with cedar, near the commencement of another long
canon of the river. With the exception of a short detention at a deep little

ream called Goose creek, and some occasional rocky places, we had to-
day a very good road ; but ‘the country has a barren appearance, sandy, and
densely covered with tie artemisias from the banks of the river to the foot:
of the mountains. Here | remarked, among the sage ie, yan hanphes,
of what is called the second growth of grass. The river to-day has

from rapids, with a low, sandy hill slope bt ars

smooth appeara ee
: SS bottoms, in which there is a little good soil. ‘Thermometer at sunset
45°, bl

15°, blowi ju a 5 Ore mcesy cold.
eptemo sunrise 36°, with s baight sun, and.

©
*

167 [ 174 ]
appearance of finer weather. The.road for several miles was extremely
rocky, and consequently bad; but, entering after this a sandy country, it
became very good, with no other interruption than the sage bushes, which
covered the river plain so far as the eye could reach, and, with their uni-
form tint of dark gray, gave to the country a gloomy. and sombre atte
ance. All the day the course of the river has been between tebe the
black volcanic rock, a dark line of the escarpment on the opposite
pointing out its course, and sweeping along in foam at places wtieee the
mountains which border the valley present always on the left two De
the lower one a spur of the higher ; and, on the opposite side, the Sa

river mountains are visible at a great distance. Having made 24 mi

_we encamped about 5 o’clock on Rock créek—a stream having considera:

ble water, a swift current, and wooded with willow.
September 30 —Thermometer at sunrise 28°. In its progress towards
the river, this creek soon enters a chasm of the voleanic rock, which in

“places along the wall presents a columnar appearance ; and the road be-

comes extremely rocky whenever it passes near its banks. It is only about
twenty feet wide where the road crosses it, with a deep bed, and steep banks,
covered with rocky fragments, with willows and a little grass on its narrow
bottom. The soil appears to be full of caleareous matter, with whi

rocks are incrusted. The fragments of ae which had been removed by ;

the emigrants in making a road where we ascended from the bed of this
creek were whitened with lime; and during the afternoon’s march [ Tre-
—: in the soil a considerable quantity of caleareous concretions. To-
wards evening the sages became more sparse, and the clear spaces were oc-
cupied by tufts of green grass. The river still continued its course th
a trough or open cajion ; and towards sunset we followed the trail of several
wagons which had turned in towards Snake river, and encamped, as they
had done, on the top of the escarpment. There was no grass here,
soil among the sage being entirely naked ; but there is occasionally a litde
bottom along the river, which a short ravine of rocks, at rare interval
leaves accessible ; and by oné of these we drove am animals down, an
found some tolerably good grass bordering the wat af
Immediately opposite to us, a subterranean river aa out directly from
the face of the escarpment, and falls in white foam to the river below. I
the views annexed, you will find, with a sketch of this remarkable fall, a
representation of the mural precipices which enclose the main river, ia
which form its characteristic feature along a great portion of its course
melancholy and strange-looking country—one of fracture, and violence, and
fire

We had brought with us, when we separated from the camp, a large

gaunt ox, in appearance very poor ; but, being killed to-night, to the great

Joy of the people, he was found to be remarkably fat. As usual at such oc-
rences, the evening was devoted to gayety and feasting ; abundant fare

sone made an epoch among us; and in this laborious life, in such a coun’

as this, our men had but little « else to enjoy. The temperature at sunset

was 65°, with a clear sky and a very high wind, By the observation of
‘the evening, the encampment was in longitude 114° 25° 04", and in”
38’ 44",

og
tober 1.—The morning clear, with wind from the west, snie these
mometer at 55°. We descended to the bottom, taking with. — i
the purpose of visiting the fall in the opposite cliffs ; and while it was

tude 42°
Oc

1

=

¥

{ 174

: 168

led with air, we occupied ourselves in measuring the river, which is
»#86 feet in breadth,with banks'200 feet high. We were surprised, on our

to find a beautiful basin of clear water, formed

rrival at the opposite side,
by. the falling river, around which the rocks were whitened by some saline
in lation... Here the Indians had constructed wicker dams, although I
was Informed that the salmon do not ascend the river so far ; and its char-

penn of shrubs and fields of cane; and there were frequent hidden erey-

tifuliy with the muddy stream of the river. Its outlet was covered with a
rank growth of canes, anda variety of unusual plants, and nettles, (urtica
canabina,) which, before they were noticed, bad set our hands and arms

was 51°

’

The temperature of the spring was 58°, while that of the river
. The perpendicularheight of the place at which this’stream issues

is, 5 feet above the river, and 152 feet below the summit of the precipice,
ing nearly 200 feet for the height of the wall: On the hill side here,

was obtained the specimen designated by the number 12 in the collection,

om isting principally of fragments of the shells of smalt crustacea, and
which was ese * i

probably formed by deposition from these springs proceeding
tre yaa b cask. |

ter a. march of 17.miles, encamped at sunset on the river, near several

es of Snake Indians.

the evening, we purchased, in exchange forsgoodg, dried salmon. At this -
‘diene

season. |

em the Grieg
immediately on the
: athe Sita at this pl ce is. open than for some distanee above ; and:

ey are not very fat,but we were easily pleased. ~The.

ling about in boats made of rushes, or. laughing
‘amp ight has quiie a lively appearanee.

—
J

169 [Tim]

for the time, the Diack panei ices have disappeared, and no mat
ter is visible inthe soil. Thethermometer at sunset 74°; clear and calm.
October 2.—The sunrise ‘temperature was 48°; the weather clear and
ealm. Shortly after leaving the encampment, we crossed a stream of clear
L. f . a | nd

on the river.
_ On the opposite side, the vertical fall is perhaps 18 feet high ; and nearer,

north, about 50 miles distant, were some high snowy peaks of the Salmon
river mountains ; and in the northeast, the last peak of the range was visible
at the distance of perhaps 100 miles or more. The river hills consist of
very broken masses of sand, covered every where withthe same interminabl

fields of sage, and oceasionally the road is very heavy. We now very fre-
quently saw Indians, who were strung along the river at every little rapid
where fish are to be caught, and the ery haggai, haggai, (fish,) was con-
stantly heard whenever-we passed near their huts, or met them in the road.
Very many of them were oddly and partially dressed in overcoat, shirt,

waistcoat, or pantaloons, or whatever article of clothing they!had been able
f to 5 a 4 7

Procure in trade from the emigrants; for we had now entirely quitted
he country where hawk’s bells, beads, and vermilion, were the'current coin,
and found that here only useful articles, and chiefly elothing, were in great
request. These, however, are eagerly sought after ; and fora few trifling
pieces of clothing, travellers may procure food sufficient to earry them to
the Columbia.

We made a long stretch across the upper plain, and encamped on the
bluff, where the grass was very green and good; the soil of the upper
plains containing a considerable proportion of calcareous matter. This
green freshness of the grass was very remarkable for the season of the year.
Again we heard the roar of a fall in the river below, where the water inan
unbroken volume goes over a descent of several feet. The night is clear,
and the weather continues very warm and pleasant, with a sunsej tempera-
ture of 70°.

“ 3

or breceiated conglomerate, consisting of flinty slate petioles am rag

[im] 170

miles, appearing smooth and rather low ; but at intervals higher peaks look
out from beyond, and indicate that the main ridge, which we are leaving
with the course of the river, and which forms the northern boundary of
_ the Great Basin, still maintains its elevation.. About 2 o’clock we ar-
rived at the ford where the road erosses to the right bank of Snake river.
An Indian was hired to conduct us through the ford, which proved imprac-
ticable for us, the water sweeping away the howitzer and nearly drowning
the mules, which we were obliged to extricate by cutting them out of the
harness. The-river here is expanded into a little bay, in which there are
two islands, across which is the road of the ford ; and the emigrants had
passed by placing two of their heavy wagons abreast of each other, so as
to oppose a considerable mass against the body of water. The Indians
informed us that one of the men, in attempting to turn some cattle which
Ahad taken a wrong direction, was carried off by the current and drowned.
Since their passage, the water had risen considerably ; but, fortunately, we
had a resource in a boat, which was filled with air and launched; and
at seven o’clock we were safely encamped on the Opposite bank, the animals
‘ Swimming across, and the carriage, howitzer, and baggage of the camp,

being carried over in the boat. At the place where we crossed, above the
islands, the river had narrowed to a breadth of 1,049 feet by measurement,
the greater portion of which was from six to eight feet deep. We were
obliged to make our camp where we landed, among the Indian lodges,
which are semicircular huts made of willow, thatched over with straw,
and open tothe sunny south. By observation, the latitude of our encamp-

ment on the right bank of the river was 42° 55’ 58": chronometric longi-
tude 115° 04’ 46", and the travelled distance from Fort Hall 208 miles,

October 4—Calm pleasant day, with the thermometer at sunrise at 47°.
Leaving the river at a considerable distance to the left, and following up
the bed of a rocky creek, with occasional holes of water, in about six miles
we ascended, by a long and rather steep hill, to a plain 600 feet above the
river, over which we continued to travel during the day, having a broken
ridge 2,000 or 3,000 feet high on the right. The plain terminates, where
we ascended, in an escarpment of vesicular trap rock, which supplies the
fragments of the creek below. The sky clouded over, with a strong wind
_ from the northwest, with a few drops of rain and occasional sunlight, threat-

ening a change.

Artemisia still coversthe plain, but Purshia tridentata makes its appear-
ance here on the hill sides and on bottoms of the creeks—quite a tree in
size, and larger than the artemisia. We crossed several hollows with a
‘ile water in them, and improved grass ; and, turning off from the road in

e afternoon in search of water, travelled about three miles up the bed of

a willow creek, towards the mountain, and found a good encampment, with
wood and grass, and little ponds of water in the bed of the creek ; which
must be qf more importance at other seasons, as we found there several
old fixtures for fishing. There were many holes on the creek prairie,
which had been made by the diggers in search of roots.

Wind increased to a violent gale from the NW., with a temperature at
sunset of 57, ° |.
- October 5.—The morning was calm and clear, and at sunrise the ther-
mometer was at 32°. The road to-day was occasionally extremely rocky,
with hard volcanic frag ments, and our travelling very slow. In about nine
mile s the road brought us to a group of smoking hot springs, with a tem-

171 [ 174°}
perature of 164°. There. were a few helianthi in bloom, with some other
low plant:

plants, and tie pines was green round about; the ground warm, and
the air pleasant, with asummer atmosphere that was very grateful in a day
of high and cold searching wind. The rocks'were covered with a white
and red incrustation ; and the water has on the tongue the same unpleas-
ant effect as that of the Basin spring on Bear river. T ey form several
branches, and bubble up with force enough to raise the small pebbles seve-
ral inches. -
The following is an analysis of the deposite with which the rocks are
incrusted : :

Analysis.
Silica . ; ‘ : 272.55 |
Carbonate oflime_ - - - a - 14.60.
Carbonate of magnesia - - ° - 1.20
Oxide of iron : - ° - - 4.65
i - - - - 0.70

Alumina” - -
Chloride of sodium, &c.
Sulphate of soda - - - 1.10
Sulphate of lime, &c.

- Organic vegetable matter ee ee
- Water and loss i ‘ =
&

100.00

These springs are near the foot of the ridge, (a dark and rugged looking
mountain, ) in which some of the nearer rocks have a reddish appearance,
and probably consist of a reddish-brown trap, fragments of which were
scattered along the road after leaving the spring. The road was now about
to cross the point of this mountain, which we judged to be a spur from the
Salmon river range. We crossed a small creek, and encamped about
sunset on a stream, which is probably Lake river. This isasmall stream,
some five or six feet broad, with a swift current, timbered principally with
willows and some few cottonwoods. Along the banks were canes, rose
bushes, and clematis, with Purshia tridentata and artemisias on the upper
bottom. The sombre appearance of the country is somewhat relieved in
coming unexpectedly from the dark rocks upon these green and wooded
watercourses, sunk in chasms; and, in the spring, the contrasted effect
must make them beautiful.

The thermometer at sunset 47°, and the night threatening snow.

October 6.—The morning warm, the thermometer 46° at sunrise, and sky
entirely clouded. After travellingaboutthree milesoveran extremely rocky
road, the volcanic fragn,ents began to disappear ; and, entering among the
hills at the point of the mountain, we found ourselves suddenly in a granite

the artemisia disap; ‘Ys §° ;
the close of the day, and was replaced by Purshia tridentata, with flowering
shrubs, and small fields of dieteria divaricata, which gave bloom and gayety.
to the hills.- These were every where covered with a fresh and green short
grass, like that of the early spring. This is the fall or second growth, th

dried grass having been burnt off by the Indians; and vheree

has passed, the bright-green color is universal. The soil among

country. Here, the character of the vegetation was very much changed;
Bch net cuthingie ehillat ly atintervals towards —

Si ie

f 174] 172
is altogether differént from that of the riyer plain, being in many places
black, in others sandy and gravelly, but of a firm and good character, ap-
pearing to result from the decomposition of the granite rocks, which is pro-
ceeding rapidly. <

In quitting for a time the artemisia (sage) through which we had been
so long voyaging, and the sombre appearance of which is so discouraging,
FT have to remark, that I have been informed that in Mexico wheat is grown
upon the ground which produces this shrub ; which, if true, relieves the soil
from the character of sterility imputed to it. Be this as it may, there isno
dispute about the grass, which is almost universal on the hills and moun-

‘tains, and always nutritious, even in its dry state. We passed on the way

4

I wooded with soniev

masses of granjte on the slope of a spur, which was very much weathered
and abraded. This is a white feldspathic granite, with small scales of
black micea ; smoky quartz and garnets appear to constitute this portion of
the mountain :

of 45° 3 and we breakfasted at sunrise, the birds singing in the trees as
rrily as if we were inthe midst of summer. On the upper edge of the

ed about 8 miles, we were nearly opposité to the highest portion of the

mountains on the left side of the Smoke river valley ; and, continuing on a

few miles beyond, we came suddenly in sight of the broad green line of
the valley of the Riviére Boisée, (wooded river,) black near the gorge

ere it debouches into the plains, with high precipices of basalt, between
walls of which it passes, on emerging from the mountains. Following
with the eye its upward course, it appears to be shut in among lofty moun-
er confining its valley ina very rugged country.

Sucha stream

ab {Mey

we were delighted this afternoon to make a pleasant camp under fine old

trees again. _ There were several Indian encampments scattered along the
river; and a number of their inhabitants, in the course of the evening,
came to the camp on horseback with dried and fresh fish to trade. The
evening was clear, and the temperature at sunset 57°. n PO ie ag

_At the time of the first occupation of this region by parties engaged ip
tRe fur trade, a small party of men under the command of ——— Reid,
constituting all the garrison of a little fort on this river, were surprised an
massacred by the Indians; and to this event the stream owes its occasional
name of Reid’s river.

On the 8th we travelled about 26 miles, the ridge on the right ey
scattered pines on the upper parts; and, continuing the next day our roa
along the river bottom, after a day’s travel of 24 miles we encamped in
the ‘evening on the right bank of the river, a mile above the mouth, and
early the next morning arrived at Fort Boisé. This is a simple dwelling-
house on the right bank of Snake river, about a mile below the mouth of
Riviere Boissée ; and on our arrival we were received with an agreeable
hospitality by Mr. Payette, an officer of the Hudson Bay Company, in
charge of the fort; all of whose garrison consisted in a Canadian engage.

Here the road recrosses the river, which is broad and deep; but, with
our good boat, aided by two canoes, which were found at the place, the
camp was very soon transferred to the left bank. Here we found ourselves
again surrounded by the sage ; artemisia tridentata, and the different shrubs
which during our voyage had always made their appearance abundantly
on saline soils, being here the prevailing and almost the only plants.
Among them the surface was covered with the usual saline efflorescences,
* which here consist almost entirely of carbonate of soda, with a small por-
tion of chloride of sodium. Mr. Payette had made but slight attempts at

well; and we ha a present of fresh butter, whic
was, however, by no means equal to that of Fort Hall—probably from
some accidental cause. Duri he day we remained here, there were

this great feature among the characteristics of the country will gradually
be forced upon your mind. Ee - 3 ¢

Pointing to a group of Indians. who had just arrived from the mountains
on the leit side of the valley, and who were regarding our usual appliances
of civilization with an air of bewildered curiosity, Mr, Payette informed |

4

[174] 174

that, every year since his arrival at this post, he had unsuccessfully en-

deavored to induce these people to lay up a store of salmon for their winter

provision. While the summer weather and the salmon lasted, they lived

contentedly and happily, scattered along the different streams where the
fish were to be found ; and as soon as the winter snows began to fall, little
smokes would be seen rising among the mountains, where they would be
found in miserable groups, starving out the winter; and sometimes, accord-
ing to the general belief, reduced to the horror of cannibalism—the strong,
of course, preying on the weak. Certain it is, they are driven to any ex-
tremity for food, and eat every insect, and every creeping thing, however
loathsome and repulsive. Snails, lizards, ants—all are devoured with the
readiness and greediness of mere animals. :

n common with all the other Indians we had encountered since reach-
ing the Pacific waters, these people use the Shoshonee or Snake language,

which you will have occasion to remark, in the course of the narrative, is

the universal language over a very extensive region.

On the evening of the 10th, I obtained, with the usual observations, a
very excellent emersion of the first satellite, agreeing very nearly with the
chronometer. rom these observations, the longitude of the fort is 116°
47’ 00” ; latitude 43° 49’ 22", and elevation above the sea 2,100 feet.

Sitting by the fire on the river bank, and waiting for the immersion of
the satellite, which did not take place until after midnight, we heard the
monotonous song of the Indians, with which they accompany a certain
game of which they are very fond. Of the poetry we could not judge,
but the music was miserable.

_ October 11.—The morning was clear, with a light breeze from the east,
and a temperature at sunrise of 33°. A part of a bullock purchased at the
fort, together with the boat to assist him in crossing, was left here for Mr.
Fitzpatrick, and at 11 o’clock we resumed our journey ; and directly leav-
ing the river, and crossing the artemisia plain, in several ascents we reached
the foot of a ridge, where the road entered a dry sandy hollow, up which
it continued to the head ; and, crossing a dividing ridge, entered a similar
one. We met here two poor emigrants, (rishmen, )who had lost their horses
two days since—probably stolen by the Indians; and were returning to the
fort, in hopes to hear something of them there. They had recently had noth-
ing to eat ; and [ halted to unpack an animal, and gave them meat for their
dinner. In this hollow, the artemisia is partially displaced on the hill sides
by grass; and descending it— miles, about sunset we reached the Riviére
aux Matheurs, (the unfortunate or unlucky river,) a considerable stream,
with an average breadth of 50 feet, and, at thistime, 18 inches depth of water.
_ The bottom lands were generally one and a half mile broad, covered

‘Principally with long dry grass; and we had difficulty to find sufficient

Ood grass for the camp. With the exception of a bad place’of a few hun-
red yards long, which occurred in rounding a point of hill to reach the
ford of the river, the road during the day had been very good.
clober 12.—The morning was clear and calm, and the thermometer at
sunrise 23°, My attention was attracted by a smoke on the right side of
the river, a little below the ford, where J found on the low bank, near the
water, a considerable number of hot springs, in which the temperature of

the water was 193°. The ground, which was too hot for the naked foot,
_ Balt, very white and good, and fine grained.

covered above and below the springs with an incrustation of common

ae
Rote. ne

175 [ 174 J

Leading for 5 miles up a broad dry branch of the Malheurs river, the
road entered a sandy hollow, where the surface was rendered firm by the
admixture of other rock ; being good and level until arriving near the head
of the ravine, where it became a little rocky, and we met with a number of

sight bringing with them the two animals. They belonged to a pa :
which had been on a buffalo hunt in the neighborhood of the Rocky moun-,
tains, and were hurrying home in advance. We presented them with
some tobacco, and other things, with which they appeared well satished,
and, moderating their pace, travelled in company with us.

e were now about to leave the valley of the great southern branch of
the Columbia river, to which the absence of timber, and the searcity of
water, give the appearance of a desert, to enter a mountainous region where
the soil is good, and in which the face of the country is covered with nutri-
tious grasses and dense forest—land embracing many varieties of trees pe-
culiar to the country, and on which the timber exhibits a luxuriance of
growth unknown to the eastern part of the continent and to Europe. This
mountainous region connects itself in the southward and westward with
the elevated country belonging to the Caseade or California range ; and,
as will be remarked in the course of the narrative, forms the eastern limit of
the fertile and timbered lands along the desert and mountainous region in-
cluded within the Great Basin—a term which I apply to the intermediate
region between the Rocky mountains and the next range, containing —
lakes, with their own system of rivers and ereeks, (of which the Great Salt-
is the principal, ) and which have no connexion with the ocean, or the great
rivers which flow into it. This Great Basin is yet to be adequately explored.
And here, on quitting the banks of a sterile river, to enter on arable moun-
tains, the remark may be made, that, on this western slope of our continent,

*

[ 174] “196

the usual order or distribution of good and bad soil is often reversed ; the
river and creek bottoms being often sterile, and darkened with the gloomy.
and: barren artemisia;.while the mountain is often fertile, and covered
with rich grass, pleasant to the eye, aud: good for flocks and herds.

Leaving entirely the Snake river, which is said henceforth to pursue its
course through carions, amidst rocky and impracticable mountains, where
there is no possibility of travelling with animals, we ghended a long and.
somewhat steep hill; and ee, ; the ‘dividing ridge, came down into the
valley ob rntiveds: which he ks like a hole date the hills. The

average breadth of the stream fae’ is 30 feet ; it is well fringed with the
usual small timber; and the soil in the bottoms is good, with better grass
than we had lately been accustomed to see ;
e now travelled through a very mountainous country ; the stream run-
ning rather in-a ravine than a valley, and the road is decidedly bad and
dangerous for single: wagons, frequently crossing the stream where the
water is sometimes deep; and all the day the animals were fatigued in
climbing up and descending a succession of steep ascents, to avoid the pre-
cipitous hill sides; and the common trail, which leads along the mountain
side at places where the river strikes the base, is sometimes bad even for
ahorseman. The mountains along this day’s journey were composed, near
the river, of a slaty calcareous rock in a metamorphic condition. It ap-
pears originally to have been a slaty sedimentary limestone, but its pres-
ent condition indicatés that it has been altered, and has become partially

fm erystalline—probably from the proximity of volcanic rocks. But though

¢

‘travelling was slow and fatiguing to the animals, we were delighted with
‘the appearance of the country, which was green and refreshing after our
pres. gid down the £ adage valley of Snike river. The mountains

was cold and pure; their bottoms were ha adapirel wooded with various

kinds of trees; and huge and lofty and picturesque precipices were dis-

played where’ the river cut through the mountains.

We found in the evening some good grass and rushes; and encamped
among large timber, principally birch, which had been recently burnt and
blackened, and almost destroyed by fire. The night was calm and tolera-
bly clear, with the thermometer at sunset at 59°. Qur journey to-day was’
about 20 miles.

October 14.—The day was clear and calm, with a temperature at sunrise .
of 46°. After travelling about three miles. ern the valley, we found the

tiver shut up by preeipices in a kind of eajion, and the road m a

cuit over the mountains. In the afternoon we rea gio Med in, |

another little ravine; and, after travelling alors r a few miles, left it
mong rude mountains; and, ascending a smaller branch, en-

ion it about 5 o’clock, very much elevated above the valley. The
view. was every where limited by mountains, on which were no longer seen
the black and barren aig but a fertile soil, with excellent grass, and
partly well covered with pine. I have never seen a wagon road equally
bad in the same’ space, as this of yesterday and to-day. I noticed where
one wagot’ had been overturned twice, in a very short distance; and it
was surprising to me that those wagons which were in the rear r, and eould
not have had much assistance, got through at all. Still, there is no mud ;

and. the pene in being perfectly fitm. <The day bad

bavarm and very p -and the night was perfectly clear.

: a a ee aed bag ae
# 4 +

oe [im
cotetisittin the at da ok want at sms 0
ze e Tithe dividing .

clouds, whieh rere: scbttorh wayertall
The trail did not

sun. Re e until
grounds between the Bru. (Burnt) and: d Powder rivers. The. rock
played on the mountains, as we a / was a com
it ecomposing on the angcagil surfaces, a apparent! a a are
ae sandstone, containing eieyecinee nod anolcime, ap~_
parently filling cavities or iginally exeting: From the summit here, the ~
whole horizon shows high mountains ; no high plain or level is tobé seen;
is on the left, frit south around b y the west'to north, papites o oey
black with pines; while, through the remaining space to ‘eer
they are bald with © dhe ct pines. Yor 1 re- :
mark that we are now entering a fegion-where all the elevated roe are’.
covered with dense and heavy forests, From the dividing grounds we
descended by a mountain road to Powder river, on af old bed of which we
encamped. Descending from the summit, we enjoyed a picturesque view ~
of high roeky mountains on the right, illumitiated by the-setting sun. .
eights we had looked in vain fora Pelldnawh landafaric-obh re
Powder river, whigh Hiabeen ‘described to me by. Mr. tte as 7a :
seu/, (the lone tree ;) and,-on arr iving at the river, we f
por an on the gtound, which had been felled by «
t axe. a had beena be acon on the road ‘for
Our C Fayutes had become impatient to reach their h
ahead to-day; and this afternoon we were visited by Brereh i tho»
belonged to the tribes on the Columbia. They were on Hoterber k, and.
were ont on a hunting excision, but had obtained 1 no better game than a * é
large gray hare, of which each had some,six or seven hanging to his te ‘
dle, were also visited by an Indian who had his lodge ang mil
the my teaihe to the left. He was in want of : Aina id.
him a beaver skin to exchan ey and. whic 1 he. valued at six c harge:
der and ball. I learned from him that't herears very, few « he ese.
7 8 naining in this part of he country. .
perature e at sunset was 61°, and the evening clear, aA
with pa observations, an immersion and ¢ emers ion of ‘hi
Haye 3, 100 feet
to hae 8 ‘several ee weaihét in ‘the daytime oa : een
es ae clear, and. warm; but the nights, in comparison, are Very
eed ‘During ‘the night there was ice a quarter of an ineh thick in the
Iga and at daylight the thermometer was at 16°, and the same at sun-
rise ; the weather alte and clear. The annual vegetation now is
nearly gone, Passe plants being out of bloom
Last night two of our horses had run off again, whic which dela ayed 1 us until
noon; and we made to- “day t but.a jonas | of 13 miles, the road being. .
very good, and encamped in a fine bottom et owder river. :
The thermometer at sunset was at. 61°, Pa ee, wind, and par- :
tially clear sky ; and the day has been quite ne. pleasa nt a d warm, though «=
more cloudy than YOstErgAy 6 3 and the st sun was frequently faint, but it grew :
finer and clearer towards evening. :
= “laa é
Withor

and the sky without clond ; but

iva). .* + 1998

during theday. There is snow yet visible in the neighboring mountains
¥ yrishalbepsteya ay extended along our route to the left, in a lofty and dark-
, range, having much the € appearance of the Wind river mountains.
It is phobable that they aa ghee their namne of the Blue mountains
from the dark-blue appea weno! them by the pines. We travelled
this morning across the < ine to Powder river, the road being good, firm,
and level; and the-country became constantly more pleasant and interest-
“ing. “The soil appeared: to | Ba! deep, and is black and extremely youd

a putts : ;* _* % 2
Soy say ning.” to

p . Sires *

mu

t

4

io bg y eee of oo river soil.
¢ is a

2% BS

7 Silica, - » Fibs - Senge 72.30
*Mamir . — . a 6.25

pa % ee a oh 6 oe le —— i
. apesits of. lime * Pa - ‘. wer. - 6.86
rbonate of. magnesia - - - . - - 4.62
a aE, ION Wyse LF bg - - » Dauaieo
¢ rt ss - i : = % =~ ms nl a ve 4.50
ee Set Se: ol a - sad - 4.27
x * % -* = ea ph * 3 + ee
sat : ot = 4 : my 100.00
r he a bas . * aes ie - —

ae 2 ender th ork . In this ae: the planes of
-

~~ ‘deposition are distinc y preserved, andt he metamorphism is evidently due
» bo the proximity of volcanic rocks. On either side, the mountains here are

ely covered with tall and handsome trees ; and, mingled with the green
of a variety of pines, is the yellow of the European larch (pinus lariz,)
which loses its leaves inthe fall, From its present color, we were enabled
to see that it pe a large proportion of the forests on the mountains, and
is here a ma, , attai sometimes the height of 200 f ic:
I believe ise Se irs unknown. About two in the afternoon n we
ahi igh I eg the dividing naey, from which we obtained a
the —a beautiful level basin, or mountain

ro “high
ptive off its fii the
It isa Discs color ord the tor’ we have seen in our journey so
: tee a farmer would delight to establish himself, if he were content
to seclusion which it imposes. es is about 20 miles in diameter;

d may ,form'a superbcouhty. Probably with the view of avoid-
gons had directl Sescdhied into the Rond by the face

and continuously steep as to be apparently imprac-
own on their trail, we ish a on one of 5

river, imn ately at the t of the hill, —

(ae Og - iva! yy

the bed of a ae salt lake, or marsh, very firm and bare, which was covered
thickly with a fine white powder, containing a large quantity of carbonate:
of soda, (thirty-three in one hundre

The old grass had been lately burnt off from the surrounding ills: —
wherever ihe fire had passed, there was a recent growth of
and vigorous grass ; and the soil of the level prairie, which sweeps “ireetly
up to the foot of the surrounding mountains, appears to be very om pro-
ducing flax spontaneously and luxuriantly in various places. ri

Analysis of the Grand Rond soil.
¥

— - er - ae See - - «, 90.8%
Alum - - - . - - 10.97
Lime £08. magnesia Be Pe - - - . 1.38
Oxide of ir “ - = +o RE.
Vegetable cadia thot, , partly decomposed - - - a2) BRO:
WwW loss - - - - 5.46
rook of lime “eee + % - - : - ee F
* . : é x5 100.00 ®s
: ———

The elevation of this encampment is 2,940 feet oveatin
October 18.—It began to rain an hour before sunrise, and continaed intl,
10 o’clock ; the sky entirely overcast, and the temperaturea ‘at su
We resumed our journey somewhat later than usual, ‘travelling pina
nearly north direction across this beautiful valley ; and about,noon re
a place on one of the principal streams, where I had determined to leave
the emigrant trail, in the expectation of finding a more direct and better
read across the Blue mountains. At this place the emigrants | appeared to
have held some consultation as to — route, and i—_— turned .
directly off to the left; reaching the foot of the about
miles, which they ascended by a hill as steep and 4if sale, ‘hate d
wediad: yesterday descended tothe Rond. Quitting, therefore, |
a very rough crossing, issues from the mountains ins byt
Umatilah oo we continued our northern course | the valley, .
ng an trail which had fos indicated to me “4 Mr. Payette,»
fsinped at thé northern extremity of the Grand Rond, ona slough-
like stream of very deep water, without any apparent current. , There are
some pines here on the low hills at the creek ; and in the northwest corner _
of the Rond isa very heavy body of timber, which descends into the plain.
The clouds, which had rested very low along the mountain sides during
the day, rose gradually up in the afternoon; ;-and in the evening the sky
was almost entirely clear, with a temperature at sunset of 47°- Some. in-
a. ~raghte oe bipced the camp in longitude 117° 28' 26" » latitudes.
45° 26 evation was 2,600 feet above the sea #1 :
Octbber 19, se The | ator the mountains were hidden by fog; therey
is avuheavy dew during the feo in which the exposed thermometer at
, an at sunrise iperat 5° 3

[wale 180
and: black. Passing through a point of pines, which bore evidences of
_ being mnech frequented by the Indians, and in which the trees were some-
times apparently 200 feet high and 3 to 7 feet in diameter, we halted
for a few apetiee in the afternoon at the foot of the Blue mountains, i
a. branch of the Grand Rond river, at an elevation of 2,700 feet. Resum
urney, we pn dona the ascent of the mountain . rough an ohn
pine forest of large and stately trees, among which the m pine made
its appearance ; the road being good, with the exception of one steep ascent,
with a corresponding descent, which might both have been easily avoided
by opening a way fora t distance through the timber. It would have
been well had we encamped on the stream where we had halted below, as
the night overtook. us on the mountain, and we were ohhewe to encamp
without water, and. tie up the animals to the trees for the n
ted on a seams alg place. of a narrow ridge, which conte very
ee y to a ravine or piney hollow, at a considerable distance below ; and
as quite a pretty spot, had there been water near. But the fires at
it look-v very cheerless after a day's march, when there is no preparation
Ir supper-going on; and, after sitting some time around the blazing logs,
* Mr... Preuss an r Cars on, with several’ others, volunteered to take the India
* rubber buckets and go down into the ravine in search of water. It wasa
very difficult way in the darkness down the slippery side of the steep moun-
tain, and harder still toclimb about half a mile up again; but they found
the water, and ihe cup of coffee (which it enabled us to apaaiee and botyd
* were only nine with greater pleasure.
: oe mperature was 46°; the evening remarkably clear; and.

obtained an pet am of the frst satellite which does not give a good re-.
ult; although the ob rvation was a very good one. The chronometric
Risch: was 117° 28’ "94"s latitude 45° 38' 07", and we had ascended to
e i 3,830 feet. It appeared to have snowed sencidey on the

‘mountains, their sum mits showing very white to-day.
‘2 ~ @dko: ber 20. —Theré'was a heavy white frost during the night, ohd at

sunrise the temperature Was 37°.
The animals had eaten nothing during the night ; and we made an early
start, continuing our route among the pines, whicti- were more dense than
Poa and still retained their magnificent size. The larches cluster
er & masses on the sides of the mountains, and their yellow foliage

mncicomelyss with the green of the balsam and other pines. After:
5) pee pines, and the timber Sonmniad of several .
balsam pine, which have a Eyer ‘conical .
mn ep cupitage st A ade ares

‘and. gentle rise
2e miles, we ea at an open place near the sient
yed a fine view over the mountainous coun

to take a barometrical obsérvation at the eight of

all through o open places in the fencatime soere:
1 a dense body of timber, from which we:

m 181 [ 174]
emerged on an open mountain side, where we found a number of small
‘springs, and os after a day’s journey of 10 miles. Our elevation
here was 5,000 fee!

October 21. D Phere was a very heavy white frost during the night, and
‘the ae sunrise was 30°

continued to travel through the forest, in which the road was ren-
decd difficult by fallen trunks, and obstructed by many small trees, which
it was necessary to cut down. But these are only accidental difficulties,
which could easily be removed, and a very excellent road may be had
through this pass, with no other than very moderate ascents or declivities.
A laborious day, which had advanced us only six miles on our road, brought
us in the afternoon to oy opening in the forest, in which there was a fine
mountain meadow, w ood grass, anda large clear-water stream—one
of the head branches 7 e Umatilah river. Durin Thi s day’s ourney,
the barometer was broken; and the elevations above the sea, hereafter given,
depend upon the temperature of boiling water. Some of the white spruces

hich I sured to-day were twelve feet in circumference, and one of the

larches ten; but eight feet was the average circumference of those measured
along the r oad. held in my hand a tape line asI walked along, in order
to form some correct idea of the size of the timber. Their height appeared
to be from 100 to 180, and perhaps 200 feet, and the trunks of the larches
were sometimes 100 feet without a limb; but the white spruces were gen-
erally covered with branches nearly to the root. All these trees have their
branches, particularly the lower ones, declining.

October 22.—The white frost this morning was like snow on the gro ound ;
the ice was a quarter of an inch thick on the cr , and the thermometer at
sunrise was at 20°. But, in a few hours, the day became warm and pleas-
ant, a our road over the mountains was delightful and full of enjoyment.

o* trail” assed sometimes through very thick young timber, i in which
Prides was mitch cutting to be done; but, after travelling |

tween em. On our right was a mountain plateau, covered with a dense
forest; and to the westward, aaa below us, was the great Nez
Percé (pierced nose) prairie, in which dark lines of timber’ indicated the
course of many affluents to a considerable stream that was seen pursuing

its way across the plain towards what a peared to be the Columbia river.
This I knew to be the Walahwal.h river, and occasional spots along its

banks, which resembled clearings, were pee to be the mission or In-

7

dian settlements; but the weather was smoky and unfavorable to far views

_ With the “ga The ie displayed here in the escarpments is a compact

“a which appears to constitute the mass of the Blue moun-
tains in this Nieide : ee all the region: of country through which we have
travelled since leaving the Snake river has been the seat of violentand
extensive igneous action. Along the Burnt river valley, the strata are evi-
dently sedimentary rocks, altered by the intrusion of volcanic” 1
which in some instances have penetrated and essentially »changed :
original condition. Along our line of route from this point.to the C: |
nia edisuantar, mee seems ten little essential change. All our specimens
of sedimentar ocks sho w them +? ia much altered, and Moxa a
he, whole intervening d

¥

=

e
—
ge

x

Py
a:

[amy . 182

The road now led along the mountain side, around heads of the precipi-
tous ravines ; and, keeping men ahead to cleara road, we passed alternately
through bodies of timber and small open prairies, and encamped in a large
meadow, in view of the great prairie below. .

At sunset the thermometer was at 40°, and the night was very clear and
oright. Water was only to be had here by descending a bad ravine, into
which we drove our animals, and had much trouble with them, in a very
‘lose growth of small pines. Mr. Preuss had walked ahead, and did not get

snto camp this evening. The trees here maintained their size, and one of the
black spruces measured 15 feet in circumference. In the neighborhood of
the camp, pines have reappeared here among the timber. $

October 23.—The morning was very clear; there had been a heavy

white frost during the night, and at sunrise the thermometer was at 31°
Sessich two thick bodies of timber, in which I noticed some
_ small trees of hemlock spruce, (perusse,) the forest became more open, and
we had no longerany trouble to clear a way. The pines here were 11 or 12
feet in circumference, andabout 110 feet high, and appeared to love the open
grounds. Thi trail now led along one of the long spurs of the mountain,
descending gradually towards the plain; and after a few miles travelling, we
emerged finally from the forest, in full view of the plain below, and saw
the snowy mass of Mount Hood, standing high out above the surrounding
“country, at the distance of 180 miles. The road along the ridge was ex-
lent, and the grass very green and good; the old grass having been burnt

off early in the autumn. About 4 o’clock in the afternoon we reached a

little bottom on the Walahwalah river, where we found Mr. Preuss, who

yesterday had reached this place, and found himself too far in advance of
the camp to return. The stream here has just issued from the narrow ra-
vines, which are walled with précipices, in which the rock has a brown

and more burnt appearance than above. | a

_ At sunset the thermometer was at 48°; and our position was in longitude

118° 09’ 39", and in latitude 45° 53’ 35".

The morning was clear, with a temperature at sunrise of 24° Crossing
_the river, we travelled over a hilly country with good bunch grass; the
iver bottom, which generally contains the best soil in other countries, being
here a sterile level of rock and pebbles. We had found the soil in the Blue
mountains to bevof excellent quality, and it appeared also to be good here
among the lower hills. Reaching a little eminence, over which the trail

i

bial

bad

ead over its bottom in’a net work, of » , receiving
es from the mountains. There was a band of several
_ ‘hundred horses grazing on the hills about two miles ahead; and as we
dv the road weet other bands, which Indians were driving out
also on the hills. True to its general character, the reverse of
tries, the hills and mountains here were rich in grass, the bottoms.”

six miles we crossed a principal fork, below which the scattered water
of the river was gathered into one channel; and, passing on the way sev-
eral unfinished houses, and some cleared patches, where corn and potatoes
were cultivated, we reached, in about eight miles farther, the missionary
establishment of Dr. W) ‘itman, which consisted, at this time, of one adobe
fouse—i. e. built of unburnt bricks, as in Mexico.

Dr. Whitman absent on a visit to the Dadies of the Columbia ;

m3 a a hRne-loo! ] :

aie d the pleasure to see Kins

: — .. —_
. Spi

women, and dani sokings health, all indemnifyin ceereghies for
pesyiow sopnty fare, in a hearty consumption of potatoes, which a re pro-
fa remarkably good quality. We were disappointed in our
eepetotion of obtaining corn meal or flour at this station, the mill belong-
ing to the mission having been lately burnt down; butan abundant supply
of excellent potatoes anger eey regrets, and furnished a grateft i substitute
for brea Nez Percé Indians gav
even a populous Gneseiaes to the station; and, after remaining about an
hour, we continued our route, and encamped on ove river about four _
below, passing on the way an emigrant eK “ene:
Fe at sunset, 49°, = ee
October 25.—The weather was pleasant, with a sunrise terhpenataie of
36°. out road ae had in it nothing of interest; and the country of-
ee be eye only a se eg plain, through which a scantily
if river takes its cou We halted about three miles above the
mouth, on account of grass ; shial the next morning arrived at the Nez Percé
fort, one of the trading establishments of the Hudson Bay Company, a
red yards above the junction of the Walahwalah with the Colum-
bs sree: Here we had the first view of this river, and found it about
e, and presenting the appearance ofa fine navigable stream.
neds! ourcamp in alittle grove of willows on the Walahwalah, ee
are 3 the only trees to be seen in the neighborhood; but were obliged“to send
the animals back to the encampment we had left, as there yr cee -*
blade of grass to be found. The post is on the bank of the Columbia a, on
a plain of bare sands, from which the air was literally filled with clouds of
sand, during one of the few days we remained here ; this place
being one the several points on the river which are distinguished for pre-
railing high winds, which come from the sea. The appearance of the aia
and cou was without interest, except that we here saw, for the time,
she great river on which the cottrse of events for the last half century has
attention and conferring historical fame. The river is, in-
deed, — sc nse and has here — is ding magnitude. Aboutnine ~
niles above, and in m t prep ap tah nm ght
— eat forks which constitute hes via rathedl ream—that on w
travelling from Fort Hall, and known by the names of se
fork, "sifbchones, and Snake river; and the North fork, which has retained
the name of Columbia, as being the main stream
‘We did not go up to the panetiot, being pressed for time ; but the union”
of two large streams, coming one from the southeast, and the other from the
northeast, and meeting in what may be treated as the geographieal centre of
the Oregon vee thence doubling the volume of water to oie ae while

- +

+
>

a rom the structure of e country, m mast forever remain so—one of them
Jeading to the South Pass, and to the valley of the Mississippi; the other

be Fs the waters Hudson’ Bay: The British fur companies now use
both lines; the heeticaés, in their emigration to Oregon, have begun t
follow the one which leads towards the United States.
water ascend to the junction, and thence high up the North fork, or (
Jumbia. Land ‘conveyance only is used upon the line of Lewis? $ + fork.

* a #
* - *

‘

@ «

-

of ap id pr of Mr. Applegate’s fleet of boats, which suddenly came.

C 16 2 oe 184

To. the emigrants to Oregon, the Nez Percé is a point of ve mu bei

to those who choose it, the termination of their overland j The

broad expanse of the river here invites them to embark on ita ease and.
trees of the forest furnish the means of doing so

* From the South. Pass to this place is about 1,000 Sled and as itis about
the, ees distance from that pass to the Missouri river at the mouth of the
Kansas, may be assumed that 2,000 miles is the necessary o. Som the in
crossing ofan the. United States to the Pacific ocean on this line
mouth. of the Great Platte it would be about 100 miles less.

Mr. McKinley, the commander of the post, received us with proat. civili-
ty; ; and both to myself, and the heads of the emigrants who were t
the time, extended the rites of hospitality in a comfortable dinner to which
he invited us.

By a Taciatceoetl altitude of the sun, the only observation that the weather
permitted us to obtain, the mouth of the Walahwalah river is in latitude
46° 08'.46"'; and, by the road we had travelled, 612 miles from Fort Hall.
At the.time of our arrival, a considerable bod
direction of Mr. Apple

Tat point over which the road led, we obtained another far: view of.
‘Hood, 150 miles distant. We obtained on the river bank an obser-.
tion,of the sun at noon, which gave for the latitude 45° 58'08".. The:
country to to-day was very unprepossessing, and our road bad; and as. we
toiled fen] plong through deep loose sands, and over fragments of blac
oleani¢ rock, our laborious travelling was ‘strongly contrasted with. th

if ly. down the broad river, which here chanced a be =e a

a purchased. to make 0 our fires ie
ion, our OD as in latitude Ag! 50' Og
a ad -— aes
is ad os

— -_

Lith. EWeber & @ Bait?

.F S
on the Columbia Biver

, 185 ay [ 174 ]

longitude 226° 22" 18 » The night’ has been cold, igind we have white «©
frost this morning, with’a temperature at daylight of 25°, and at sunrise of
24°. The early morning was very clear, aad the stars bri ht ; but, as
psa — we are on*the Columbia, clouds formed immediately with the
rising su day continued fine, the east being covered with scattered
clouds, uit the west remaining clear ; showing the remarkable cone-like
peak of Mount, Hood brightly drawn against the sky. This was in view
all day in the Southwest, but no other peaks of the range were visible.

F
*

Our road was a bad one, of very loose deep sand. We met on the a
party of Indians unusually well dressed, wearing Jaa 398 of civilized texture
and form. They appeared intelligent, and, in our slight intercourse, im-

= me with the belief that they possessed eiltas aptitude for aequiring
languages

tinned to travel along the river, the stream being interspersed
with many sand bars (it being the season of low water) and with many
islands, ‘and an apparently good navigation. Small willows were the only
wood; ; rock and sand the prominent geological feature. The rock of this
section is a very compact and tough basalt, occurringsin strata which have
the appearance of being broken into: fragments, assuming the form of co-
lumnar hills, and appearing always i pments, with the broken frag-
ments strewed at the base and over ihe adjoining country. =~
We made a Jate encampment on’ the river, and used to-night purshia
tridentata for fire wood. Among the rocks which formed the bank, was
very good green grass. Latitude 45° 44' 23", longitude 119°45"°09".
November | _—Mount Hood is glowing in the sunlight this morning, and
the air is pleasant, with a temperature of 38°. We continued down the
river, and, passing through a pretty green valley, bounded by high —
» tous rocks, encampe 2 —— end. ‘ :
On the right shore, the banks of the Columbia are very high and steep; »
= ‘river i 690 feet broad, and dark bluffs of rock give ita que re

Ni deenhet 2.—The river here nae left at took batts; esving no no | is
room for a road; and we accordingly left it

among the river. hills ; chi whichl eiglagili so ay than we:
a 2 arey improvement in try. "The ape had disapgaianel as as =
soil was good, and covered with excellent grass, although the surface was
broken into high hills, with uncommonly deep valleys. Atnoon we c
John Day’s river, a clear and beautiful stream, with a swift current and'a —
bed of rolled stones. It is sunk in a deep valley, which is. characteristic
of all the streams in this region; and the hill we descended to reach it well
deserves the name of mountain. Some of the emigrants had encamped
on the river, and others at the summit of the farther hill, the Beant: of
which-had probably cost their wagons a day’s labor ; and others again had
halted for the night a few miles begat; where they had slept without .
water, We also encamped in a grassy hollow without water; but as: we -
had. been forewarned of this privatiot:: by: the guide, the animals had alk —
been watered at the river, and we had brought with us sufficient quancitp j

*

*

be

Ai ae 3 Afar two hours’ ridé through a fertile, hilly countrys
ed as all the upland here appears to be with good gree n we de-
Jed again into the-river bottom, along whi ich we resumed aii ‘sterile
and in about four miles ree ‘the ford of the Fall seis (Riviere

ea
a al ed
ty ‘ *

es ears

-~

bad

Hey

+

5

_ ner acquainted with the real value of goods, and to understand the eo a
Jents of trade

[ 174 ] 186

t

‘aux Chules,)a considerable tributary to the Columbia. We had heard, on

reaching the Nez Percé fort, a repetition of the account in regard to ‘the
unseitled character of the Columbia Indians at the present time; and to
our little party they had at various points manifested a not very ‘friendly
position, in several attempts to steal Aad horses. At this place I expected
to find a badly disposed band, who had plundered a party of 14 heared
men a few days before, and taken away their horses ; and accordingly w
made ‘a necessary preparations for our security, but happily met with oH
difficult
The river was high, divided into several arms, ‘with a rocky island atite
outlet into the Columbia, which at this place. it rivalled in size, and ap-
ently deserved its highly characteristic name, which is received from
one of its many falls some forty miles up the river. It entered the Colum-
bia with a roar of falls and rapids, and is probably a favorite fishing station
the Indians, with whom both banks of the river were populous;
ba they scarcely paid any attention to us, The ford was very difficult at
this time, and, had they entertained any bad intentions, they were offered a
good opportunity to carry them out, as I drove directly into the river, and
during the crossing the howitzer was occasionally several feet under water,
and a number of the men appeared to be more often below than above.
Our guide was well acquainted with the ford, and we succeeded in getting
every thing safe over to the left bank. We delayed here only a short time
to put the gun in order, and, ascending a long —* hill, left both
rivers, and resumed our route again among the interior hi
seThe roar of the Falls of the Columbia is heard from the: heights, where
we halted a few moments to enjoy a fine view of the river below. In the
season of high water it would be a very interesting object to visit, in order
to witness what is related of the annual submerging of the fall under the —
, eee which back up from the basin below, constituting a great natural
at-this place. But time had become an object of serious consideration ;
and the Falls, in their present state, had been seen and described by many.
After a day’ S journey of 17 miles, we encamped among the hills on a
little clear stream, where, aS usual, the Indians immediately gathered round
us. Among them was a very old man, almost blind from age, with long
and very white per I happened of my own accord to give this old man
a present of to , and was struck with the impression which my un-
propitiated notice aa on the Indians, who so Pree in a remarkable man-

At evening, one of them spoke « ‘few words to his

el no uneasiness in regard to our ani-
as none of them would be disturbed, they went all quiet! A = In
te aig, when they again came to the camp, I expressed to them the

tion we felt at their reasonable conduct, making them a present of
: ze es and a few smaller.articles

ember The road continue among the hills, and, reaching an
, We saw before us in a little green valley, watere d by a clear
stream, a tol large valley, through which the trail passed.
ison with the Indians of the Rocky mountains and the great
hese mae yen ahtcpanttcl ale ch in their habits. 7 huts were
a ed w

scanty dress rate

os

187 aay

man, W cofttion with the a rushed out of the huts on our
“titra, ‘ad co in default of other covering, used a child for a fig | leaf.
oad in about half an hour agoant near an elevated ed point, fon
med we overlooked the valley of the Columbia for many miles, a
‘in the distance several houses surrounded by fields, which a chief, who had
accompanied us from the village, pointed out to us as the ethodist 4
Sta

‘sionary station. a

In a few miles we descended to the river, which ‘ reached atiahe Bt
its remarkably interesting features, known as the Dalles of the Columb
The whole volume of the river at this place passed between the walls of . a
chasm, which has the appearance of having been rent through the basaltic
strata which form the valley rock of the region. At the narrowest place
we found the breadth, by measurement, 58 yards, and the average height
of the walls above the water 25 feet ; forming a trough between the
rocks—whence the name, probably applied by a Canadian voyageur. The
mass of water, in the present low state of the river, passed swiftly between,
deep and black, and curled into many small whirlpools and counter cur-
rents, but unbroken sie pacts and so still that scarcely the sound of a ripple
was heard. The siderable distance from the river,
worn over a fess itor ‘of i its surface into circular holes and well-like
cavities, by the abrasion of the river, which, at the season of high watchs

is spread out over the adjoining bottoms.

- In the recent passage through this chasm, an unfortunate event had oc-
curred to Mr. Applegate’s party, in the loss of one of their boats, which had
been carried under water in the mr of the ty sep and two of Mr. A

plegate’s children and one man drow ortune was attributed
be a to want of shill in the stersman, as at this se season there is.no impedi-

round cavities.
We passed ees ie three or four iifles down cbse lever vatteg: ie en-
camped near the ni The character of the forest growth here
changed, and we fiend “oeulves,. with pleasure, again among oaks and
other forest trees of the east, to which we had long been rg ae and the
hospitable and kind'reception with which we were welcomed among our
country people at the mission aided the momentary illusion of home.
. Two good-looking wooden dwelling houses, and a large school house,
with et barn, and garden, and large cleared fields between the houses
and the riv er bank, on which were scattered the wooden huts of an Indian
village, gave to the valley the cheerful and busy air of civilization, and had
in our eyes an appearance of ab and enviable re
Ou poets y found here its western termination.

x toa ond m WE hich th 1ey a
ait: to Mr. ed are
missionary station, a1

and 00 3h

ea <%

eS .

+ ee

>

7 oe 188

‘be, made, which his party required, meet me at the Dalles, from which point

I proposed to commence our homeward journey. The day after our ar-

rival being Sunday, no business could be done at the mission; but on

Monday. Mr. Perkins assisted me in procuring from the Indians a large ca-

noe, in which I designed to complete our journey to Vancouver, where I

expected to obtain the necessary supply of provisions and stores for our —

winter journey. Three Indians, from the family to whom the canoe be-

longed, were engaged ‘to assist in working her during the voyage, and, with

hem, ou water party consisted of Mr. Preuss and myself, with | Bernier and
Dodson. In charge of the party which was to remain at the Dalles

I left Carson, with i instructions to occupy the people in making pack saddles

and refitting whey equipage. The village from which we were to take the

canoe was on the right bank of the river, about ten miles below, at the

mouth of the Tinanens creek; and while Mr. Preuss: proceeded down the
-, iver with the instruments, in a little canoe paddled by two Indians, Mr.
Perkins accompanied me with the remainder of the party by land. The
last of the emigrants had j just left the Dalles at the time of our arrival, trav-
elling some by water and others by land, making ark-like rafts, on which
they had embarked their families and household, with their large wagons
and other furniture, while their stock were driven along the shore,

. For about five miles below the Dalles, the river is narrow, and probably
very deep ; but during this distance it is somewhat open, with rassy bot- |
toms ~ the left. Entering, then, among the lower mountains e Cas-
d umes a general character, and high and maw rocky hills
au ‘eo on Mange’ side, rising fees in places to thevheight of 4,500
feet above the water, and gradually acquiring a more mountainous char-
_. acter as the river approaches the Cascades.. #

After an hour’s travel, when the sun was near ly down, we penrehed along
the Shore for a pleasant place, east halted to prepare supper. We had been
_ well supplied by our friends a mission with delicions salted salmon,
‘which had been taken at the ee season ; also, with potatoes, bread, cof-
‘fee, and sugar. We were delighted at a change in our mode of trav elling
and living. The canoe sailed smoothly down the river: at night we en-
camped upon the shore, and a plentiful supply of comfortable provisions
supplied the first of wants.. We enjoyed the contrast which it presented.to
our late toilsome marchings, our night watchings, and our frequent priva-
tion of food.. We were a motley group, but all happy: three unknown. In-
dians; Jacob, a colored man; Mr. Preuss, a German ; nier, creole
French ; and myself. ; wera we
g now upon the gro ound explore py the South Sea expedi
Wilkes, and having accomplished the object of uniting my survey
and thus presenting a connected exploration from the Mississippi
cific, and the winter being at hand, I pesemee it necessary to econ-
rt ise ih in the re is custom ihe to anid. the

-

was very EN and the wind was fair, and the
; the waves breaking into Sapa, ongside;
ad bo apidly along betwee nm the dark
10 a ight, we putsto the shore

look nape, — We built

e

— = ‘ an eo -

189 “Pray
up large fires'am | the rocks, which were in la varge masses round about ;

and, arranging ankets on the most sheltere saci | we could find,
passed a delightful night.

After an early open at daylight we resumed our journey, the eather
being clear and beautiful, and the river smooth and still. On od

= are all pine-timbered, rocky, and highe We 1
P. ing one of the marked features of the lower Columbia, whine
river forms a great cascade, with a series of rapids, in: : breaking through

range of mountains to which the lofty peaks of Mount Hood and St. eéigey?

belong, and which rise as great pillars of.snow on either side of the passage.
The main branch of the Sacramento river, and the Tlamath, issue in cas-
cades from this range; and the Columbia, ora through it in a “pita
sion of cascades, gives the idea of cascades to the whole range;
the name of the ‘CASCADE Ranex, which it Searls and distinguishes it heen
the Coast Range lower down. In making a short turn to the south, the river
‘the cascades in breaking overa point of agglomerated masses of rock,
teeaing: a handsome bay to the right, with several rocky pine-eovered
islands, and the mountains sweep at a distance around a cove te several
small streams enter the bay. In an an hour we halted on the left
bank, about five minutes’ walk above the cascades, where there renee
Indian huts, and where our guides signified it was customary to hire Indians
to assist in making the porfage. When travelling with a boat as light as
a canoe, which may easily be carried on the shoulders of the Indians, this
is much the better side of the river*for the portage, as the ground here is
very good and Jevel, being a handsome bottom, which I temarke
covered (as was now always the case along the river) with a growth of

oe

green and fresh-looking grass. It was long before vo couldcome toan un- —

derstanding with the Indians ; but at length, when they had first received
the price of their assistance in goods, they went vigorously to work; and,
in a shorter time than had been occupiéd in making our “arrangements,
— instruments, and baggage; were carried through (a distance of

into a thousand whirlpools. ‘The boat passed with great rapidity

and recrossing in the — obtiag current.

mile broken water, w wild-looking rapids, which are called
the Lower Rapids, being the. last on : the river, which below is tranquil and
smooth—a broad, magnificent stream. On a low-broad point on the right’
bank of the river, at the lower end of these rapids, were pitched man

tents of the emigrants, wlao were waiting here for their friends from abiee,:
or for boats a d provisions which were expeeted from Vancouver. In our

alf a mile) to the bank ragagend the main cascade, where we again em-*
rerkede the’ water being white with foam among’ ugly rocks, an ‘boiling

fa de” | 190

verdure of the spring. Toa professional farmer, however, it does not offer
any places of sufficient extent to be valuable for agriculture ; and after
assing a few miles below the Dalles, I had scarcely seen a place on the
south shore where wagons could get to the river. “The beauty of the
scenery was heightened by the continuance of very delightful weather, re-
sembling the Indian summer of the Atlantic. A few miles below the. cas-
‘cades we passed a singular isolated hill; and in the course of the next six
miles occurred five very pretty falls from the heights on the left bank, one
of them being of a very picturesque character; and towards sunset we
reached a remarkable point of rocks, distinguished, on account of prevailing
high winds, and the delay it frequently occasions to the canoe navigation,
y the name of Cape Horn. It borders the river in a high wall of rock,
rhich comes boldly down into deep water ; and in violent gales down the

appears to form a serious obstacle to canoe travelling ; and I was informed

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darkness. Heavy clouds covered the sky this evening, and the win
to sweep in gusts among the trees, as if bad weather were coming. As we
advanced, the hills on both sides grew constantly lower; on the right, re-

.

tiver, the highlands on the left declined to the plains, and three or four miles
elow disappeared entirely on both sides,-and the river entered the low

ted, pa
ye fe PO

s, the opposite shores were so distant as to het ne indistinct in

confer about the course ; and, after a li sitation, pulled directly across
open expansion of the river, where es were somewhat rough for
wind blowing very fresh. Much to our surprise ,a few min-

nd. Backing off our boat, we made repeated

ep, thr e wound along after him, and in a few
entered down >

j and,
1

;+ [ 174 7
pis in the’ aia humid season, Which, in the narrow region”
lying between th cand the Cascade mountains, and for a considerable
distance along the st supplies the place of winter.

‘In the morning, the first object that attracted my attention was the barque
Columbia, lying at anchor near the landing. She was about to start on her
ares to England, and was now ready for sea re detained only in

ing the arrival of the express batteaus, hight escend the Columbia
and its north fork with the overland mail from Canada and Hudson’s bay,
which had been delayed beyond their ustial time. 1 immediately waited
upon Dr. McLaughlin, the executive officer of the Hudson Bay Company
in the territory west of the Rocky mountains, who received me wi the
courtesy and hospitality for which he has been eminently distinguished,
and which makes a forcible and delightful impression on a traveller from
the long wilderness from which. we had issued. I was immediately sup-
plied by him with the Patra, stores and provisions to refit and support
my Say in our contemplated winter journey to the States; and also Sith
a Mackinaw boat and canoes, manned with Canadian and Iro udis Voya-
geurs and Indians, for their transportation to the Dalles of the Columbia.
In addition to this efficient kindness in furnis me with these necessary
supplies, I received from him a warm and fratitbing sympathy i in the suf-
fering which his great experience led him to anticipate for us in our home-
ward journey, and a letter of recommendation and credit for any officers
of the Hudson Bay Company into. Whose ie we might be driven by
unexpected misfortune.

Of course, the future supplies for my party were paid for, bills on the
Government of the United States being readily taken; but every bee
attention was extended to me, and I aecepted an invitation to take a
in the fort, “and to. mike myself at home while J staid.”

J found many American emigrants at the fort; others had already cro
the river into their land of Meats tis alahmette valley. Others re»
daily eM and all of them had been furnished with gree so far as”

stabil it.

ais.

it could y the buildings connected with
Necessary | clothing ad poisons (the latter: to be after ee
a from the pr were also fur _ :
lance va ue to ec emigrat ose famil
othefWvise expos | the winter ding, whith fol tow —_
commenced ; e in want of all the oe mon ~ *

tains were
had ayes

arations had been compte, and we =
return. on apg ratifying

E174 J 192

object of my me eapesions had been oa a fales in having connected

our Inoissanc h the surveys of Captain Wilkes; and although it

would have teen alas and Ye tathetaty to terminate here also our
ruder astronornical observations, 1 was not, for such a reason, justified to

_ make a delay in waiting for favorable weather.

» Near sunset of the 10th, the boats left the fort, and encamped after
making only a few miles. Our flotilla consisted of a kinaw barge and
three canoes—one of them that in which we had desce ded abe river; and
a party in all of 20 men. One of the emigrants, Mr. Burnet, of Missouri,
who had left his family and property at the Dalles, availed ahi self of pe
peciotr he by the return of our boats to bring them do v

This gentleman, as well as the Messrs. Applegate, and othe
the emigrants ‘whom I saw, possessed intelligence and ede wi ;
mora] and intellectual stamina, as well as the ScD which give
i ty and respectability to the foundation of colon

November 11.—The morning was rainy and pect We did not move
- with the practised celerity of my own camp; and it was near 9 o’clock
when our motley crew had finished their breakfast and were ready to start.
Once afloat, however, they worked steadily and well, and we advanced at
a good rate up the river; and in the afternoon a breeze sprung up, which
». enabled us to adda sail to the oars. At evening we encamped on a warm-
looking beach, on the right bank, at the foot of the high river hill, immedi-
_ ately at the lower end of Cape Horn. On the opposite shore is said to.
~ © a singular hole in the mountain, from which the Indians believe comes the
apd producing these gales. It is called the Devil’s hole; and the teas.
i afag told, ave been resolving to send down one of their slaves to explore
below. At dark, the wind sl fted into its eats panier, 9 radu-
ae iicreaion toa gale from the southwest; and ye ok becomir
I obtained a good observation o of an emersion of the rst asleliite: the result
of which, being an absolute observation, I have adopted for the longitude
“of the place.

November 12. —_The wind during the night had increased to so much
violence, that the broad river this morning was angry and white; the
a breaking with considerable force against this en wall of the cape,

Fold: add oth was: a iting to risk pe boat round the point,
iw: aazard the Patan ey the delay of
obt ditein i

af oon n to appr 30 ;

ba ish timbered island fab ‘eft itioe: below wh est aiding,
marked in a bluff on the river a Fated.» TERED of tr trees

fing to be imbedded in the peek app here this afternoon, I

! nt a stratum of coal and forest

193 [a4]

coal precisely resemble:i iD, aspects the cae coal of England, ped: with the
fossil e tertiary formatio

- These strata ‘appear to rest” upon a mass e%, salaebek lat rock, eile but
a few feet above the water of the river; and over them is the escarpment
of pérhaps. eighty feet, rising gradually i in the rear towards the mountains.
The wet and cold evening, and near approach of night, prevented me from
making any other than a very slight examinatio

The current was now very swift,.and we ita “obliged to ‘cordelle the,
boat along the left shore, where the bank was covered with large masses of
rocks. Night ov overtookwus at the upper end of the island, a short distance
below the cascades, and we H&lted on the open point. In the mean time,
the lighter canoes, ‘paddled altogether by Indians, had passed ahead, and
were ‘out of sight. With them was -the lodge, which was the only shelter
ba reheds ‘with most of the bedding and provisions. We shouted, and fired

uns ;- ‘but all ta ne purpose, as it was impossible for them to hear above

eho of the river; and we remained ail night without shelter, the rain
pouring down all the time. The old voyageurs did not appear to mind it
much, but covered themselves sup ell as Lee could, and lay down on
the sand beach, awhere_ they _ be until morning. The rest of
us spent a rather miserable. hight; cand, sto ada to our discomfort, the i inces-
sant rain extinguished our fires ; and. we were glad when at Tast daylight
appeared, and we again emb arke d.:

Crossing to the right bank, we cordelied the boat alone the shore, there.
being no longer any use for thefpaddles, and put into a little bay below the
upper rapids. Here we found the lodge pitched, and about. twenty Indians

sitting around a blazing fire within, making a luxurious breakfast with °

ing
salmon, bread, butter, sugar, coffee, and other. provisions. In the forest, on
the edge of the high bhai overlooking the river, is an Indian grave yard,
consisting < of a collection of tombs, in each of which were the scattered
bon

me with. many figures of menand animals of ie natural size—
their appear: ituting the armorial device by. which, ainong

f rock di ng th ores of the ravine ‘in the
neigh f the cascades are clearly voleani products. n this
cove, whid ‘I called Grave-yard bay, and Siather spot of § tooth water
above, on the right, called Liiders bay, sheltered by a jutting point of huge
rocky masses at the foot of the cascades, the shore aloug the eee
rapids is lined with precipices of distinct strata of red and wariousty colore
lavas, in ee positions.
The e masses of rock Lae: the point cat gdiive ba consist of a porous

‘ ieee the river. Here they

; ms the impressive and pro

: tic, Ww, is probably the character of the r, age
t thi ‘ke ofthe panto owy cones, Mount Regnier. and § Helen
me imation. On the: esd of the preceding November, St. Heleus had

‘ many skeletons. — The tombs. were. made of boards, which were,

Fis bed of the river, wearing» ,
minent

the. rocks of these mountains, we

a

raw 194

scattered its ashes, like a light fall of snow, over the Dalles of the Colum-
bia, 50 miles distant.. A specimen of these ashes was given to me by Mr,
Brewer, one of the clergymen at the Dalles. ;

The lofty range of the. Cascade mountains forms a distinct boundary be-
tween the opposite climates of the regions along its western and eastern
bases. On the west, they present a barrier to the clouds of fog and rain
which roll up from the Pacifie ocean and beat against their rugged sides,
forming the rainy season of the winter in the country along the coast.

Into the brighter skies of the region along their eastern base, this rainy
winter never penetrates;.and at. the Dalles of thé*Columbia the rainy
season is unknown, the brief winter being limfted to a period of about two
months, during which the earth is covered with the slight snows of a —
climate remarkably mild for so high a latitude. The Cascade range has
an average distance of about 130 miles from the sea coast. It extends far
both north and south of the Columbia, and. is indicated to the distant ob-
server, both in course and position, by the lofiy voleanic peaks which rise
out of it, and which are visible to an immense distance.

During several days of constant raip, it kept our whole force laboriously
employed in getting our barge and canoes to the upper end of the cascades.
The portage ground was occupied by emigrant families; their thin and in-
sufficient clothing, bare-headed.and. bare-footed. children, attesting the
length of their journey, and showing that they had, in many instances, set
out without a due preparation of what was ipdispensable. . nee

A gentleman named Liiders, a botanist from the city of Hamburg, ar-
rived at the bay I have called by hisname while we were occupied in bring-
ing’up the boats. . I was delighted to meet at such a place a man of kindred
pursuits; but we had only the pleasure of a brief conversation, as his canoe,
under the guidance of two Indians, was about to run the rapids; and I
could not enjoy the satisfaction of regaling him with a breakfast, which,
after his recent journey, would have been an extraordinary luxury. All
of his few instruments and baggage were in the canoe, and he hurried
around by land to meet it at the Grave-yard bay; but he was scarcely out
of sight, when, by the carelessness of the Indians, the boat was drawn into -
the midst of the rapids, and glanced down the river, bottom up, with the
loss of every thing it contained. In the natugal concern I felt fon, his mis-
fortune, I gave'to the little cove the name of Liiders bay. i, Mae
. November 15.—We continued to-day our work at the portage. ..

About noon, the two barges of the express from Montreal arrived at the
upper portage landing, which, for large boats, is on the right bank of ,the
river. They were afine-looking crew, and among them I remarked a fresh-\*
looking woman and her daughter, emigrants. from Canada. dt was satis-

etory to see the order and speed with which these experienced watermen
effected the portage, and passed their boats over the cascades. They had -
arrived at noon, and in the evening they expected to.reach Vancouver.
These batteaus carry the expresgof the Hudson Bay Company to the high-
est navigable point of the north fork of the Columbia, whence it is carried
by an overland party to lake Winipec, where. it is divided—part going to”
Montreal, and part to. Hudson bay: Thus a regular communication is -
kept up between three very.remote points. cay | :

_. The Canadian emigrant was much .chagrined at the change of climate, -
and informed me that, only a few miles above, they had left @ country of
bright blue sky and a shining stin.. The next morning the upper parts of

i =e *-: #

195 [ 174]
the mountains which directly overlook the cascades were tet with the
freshly fallen snow, while’ it venice to pete beloy |

Late in the afternoon we finished the por id, ethbarkig’ again,®”
moved a little distance up the right bank, in o: er x clear the smaller ler rap-
ids of the cascades, and have a smooth river for the. next ‘mornin
Though we made but a few miles, the weather impro roved immediately ;
and though the rainy country and the cloudy mountains were cl
before us was the bright sky ; 3; So distinctly | is climate here marked bys a.
mountain boundary. .

November 17. —We had to. day an wate Oe to complete the Seateh
of that portion of the river down which we had co me by night, and of which
I will not give a particular description, which the small scale of our ‘Tap a
would not illustrate. Many places occur along the river, where the stumps,
or rather portions of the trunks of pine trees, are standing along the shore,
and in the water, where they may be seen at a conside rable depth below
the surface, in at swine clear water. ‘These collections of dead trees
are called on the Colum ia the submerged forest, and are supposed to have
- been’ ae ey. the ‘effects of some net othe which forthe the cascades,

and which, by dam ming up the river, placed these trees under r water and

sstroyed t it I venture to presume that the cascades are older
shkdesieteed Pend as these submerged forests occur at five or six placesalong
the river, I had an opportunity to satisfy myself that they have been
by immense land slides from the mountains, which here closely shut in the
river, and which brought down with them into the river the pines of the
mountain. At one place, on the right bank, I rematked a place where a
portion of one of these slides seemed to have planted itself, with all the
evergreen foliage, and the vegetation of the neighboring “hill, directly
amidst the falling and yellow leaves of the river trees. It occurred to me ©
that this would have . been a beautiful: illustration to the eye of a bota ist.
- Follov ing the course of a slide, which was very plainly marked along ©
: I found that in the interior Laat the trees were in their usual

ut é extre : ey > rocked: 1

‘ d : ae ae
arin | ‘day we ne Saran B, sail, anid a at bight bi had a again a aelifhe
Fo ten ground, and a dry place to sleep upon.
- “November 18.—The day again was pleasant ar bright. “At 10 otclock
we passed a rock island, on the zight shore of the river, Sonat & 4
use as a burial ground; ‘and, halting for a short abo
beh at set village of 0 ur Indian “tri riends,

Tim] 196

The camp Was now oecupled it at the necessary ‘preparations for
our homeward journey, which, though homeward, contemplated a new
rontesand a great circuit to the ‘south and southeast, and the exploration
of the Great Basin between the Rocky mountains andthe Sierra Nevada.
Three principal objects were indicated, by report or by maps, as being on

- this route; the character or existence of which I wished to ascertain, “and
which IF assumed as landmarks, or leading points, on the projected line of:
return. The first of these points was the Tlamath lake, on the table
land between the head of Fall river; which comes to ‘the Columbia, and
the Sacramento, which goes to the bay of San Fran¢iseo ; and from.

lake a river of the same name makes its way westwardly direct bg ,
Scan This lake and river are often called K/amet, but I hav: d

Oy

its name aecording to the Indian pronunciation. _The positic of —
This (ieee on the line of inlal nde and Pali.
fornia ; its proximity to the demarcation boundary ‘of aut ye its im-
puted» “double. character of lake, or meadow, accordin: the season of

the. year; and the hostile and warlike character Dacitieesd to the Indians
abege ‘it—all made it a desirable object to Visit andexamine. From this
lake our course was intended to be about southeast, to a reported lak
called Mary’s, at some days’ journey in the Great Basin; and thence, still

on.southeast, to the reputed Buenaventura river, Se A has had a place
in so. ade natal and the “Rocky tanta the belief of of existence of a hoa

of Shel a region, and witha party consisting Joly of veredinc hue persons,
and. they of many nations—American, French, German, Canadian ,Indian,,
and colored —and most of them young,’ ‘several being” ‘under twenty-one
pha * of ee aa All knew that a strange country was to be explored, and
dane

hardships to be encountered ; but no one blenched at the ee
"On the contrary, ry, courage and co confidence at im: ated the w ole party. —

a: ae

margin, three ri . ctions—one west, to the ;
. north, to the Columbia; the third south, to California. see
eo ‘is =

, teme7 pare j
i 2S apa “te fae Patty Fhad periceds at Vancouver a ss of
18} eé mon consisting prine

rov of flour
eae lt jatter uot belly used in paar and, in sks to this,

_ Thad hased at the mission some California cattle, ‘which were to be

* driven onthe hoof. We had 104 mules and horses—part of the latter pro-
‘cured from the Indians about the mission ; and for the sustenance of which,

* ourreliance was upon the grass which we should find, and the soft kd
wood, which was to be its substitute when there was none,

Mr. Fitzpatrick, with Mr. Talbot and the remainder of our plksoyl: ‘arriv-
ed on the 2ist; and the camp was now closely Sicemel: in the labor of
Bas oe 3 Mr. Perkins succeeded in obtaining as a guide to the Tlamath

: ians—one of whom had been there, and ‘bore the marks of
‘wounds he had received from some of the Indians in the neighbor-
md; and the other went along for company. In order to enable us to
fain horses, he despatched ‘messengers to the various Indian villages in
» the neighborhood, informing them that we were desirous to awe and
app saitaee a day for them to bring them in.
ne Wee seed in the mean time, several Secasjone in the vicinity. Mr.
Pe ralked with Mr- Preuss and myself to nine miles
1 th pecans side ¢ of the: river, whence, i in fine weather, an exten

ay be : g seven great peaks of the

Cascade ran but el his occasion, d

icipated pleas-.
ure,and we = obaiisied ones ade to three that sberae tails ‘Mount Reg-

hier, St. Helens,and Mount Hood. On the ‘heights, about one mile south

-of the-mission, a very fine view may be had of Mount Hood and St. Helens. .

In order to determine their positions with as much mecuneree as es
! fren xed po distances of the Sm were measured with the sex
h they

CiPaetsitearos saan eruey Tone

haere are valuable for hardihood and great endurance.
November 24.—At this place one of the men was discharged : cand’ Hoche
Mveucst of Mr. Perkins, a Chinook Indian, a lad of nineteen, who was’ex-
tremely desirous to “see the whites,” and make some acquaintance with
" our institutions, was paca into the pores e, with
the semana that I would again return him to to his friends. He had
ved for irene ime Perkias, sed spoke afew wards

| avai early; in’ the oles, of turningto-

25a-We were

4.

nthe

liant eae the morning - valde ,

Ss

[ 174 ] 198

lamps, and one of the front panels, which had been kicked out by an un-
truly Indian horse. The howitzer was the only wheeled carriage now re-

; and the little creek, its borders lined with ice, had a chilly and

taries of the Tinanens, and being, so far, very good. We turned to the
right at the fork of the trail, ascending by a steep ascent along a spur to the
the ie 5

mn had a nd v:
appeared of a conical form, and very lofty, leading the eye

_ the opposite side were kindling for us on the bank: ‘Thisisa large branch
a broad band of thick ice some fifteen feet
C if ond: bold: Fhe nit

oh be

—. £h
is

L oO i .* < R,
the river bottom, which is sandy, to a
‘

199 [oes J

volcanic plain, around which lofty hills.sweep in a regular form. It i ia cut
up, by gu ies of f basaltic r ock, escarpments of w appear every W in
hills. This plain is called the Taih prairies and is sprinkled with Brine
eaeet pines. The country is now far more interesting 0. a. traveller
@ than the route along the Snake and Columbia rivers. To our right we
had always the mountains, from the midst of whose dark pine ay the
i tenia emo owy peaks were looking out like giants. They : served us for
-.grand beacons +e show the rate at which we advanced in ourjourney. Mount
ood was already becoming an old acquaintance, and, when we ascend
the prairie, we obtained a bearing to Mount Jefferson, ’S. 23° W. a n
_ dian superstition has peopled these lofty peaks with evil spirits, and they
_ have never yet known the tread of a human foot. _Sternly drawn against
the sky, they look so high and steep, so snowy and rocky, that it would
_ appear almost impossible to climb them; but still a trial would have its
attractions | for the adv€nturous traveller.. A small trail takes off through
__the prairie, towards a low point in the feuges and perhaps there is here a
~ pass into the Walahmette valley. Crossing the plain, we descended, the a
rocky hill into the bed of a tributary of Fall river, and made an early en
campmenta . The water was in holes, and frozen over, and we were obli
_ to igh the ice for the animals to drink. An ox, which was 1a
_ trou meine e to drive, was killed’here for food.
~The evening was fine, the sky Rene very clear, and I obtained an im-
" mersion of the third satellite, with a good observation of an emersion of
the first; the latter of which gives for the longitude, 121° 02' 43"; the
latitude, by observation, being 45° 06'45"'. The night was cold—the ther-
mometer aap the observations fs StADOS at 9°,
_... November 28.—The sky was clear in the morning, but suigealy clouded
over, and at ate se began to ae with the thermometer at |
' e traversed a broken high country, partly timbered ith pine, and »
_ about noon cots a. mountainous ridge, in which, from the —occa-
iona vy ey the formation consists of compact lava.
kw ere visible i ani e snow. ; our right, in the a
ally with Pine, extended ¢ abe

eee
ening oar we encamped in a basin narro wly sarroncded. mae, hills,
ra Se s "journ ey of 21 1 miles. “The Siroinding rocks are either vol-
i ee products, or highly altered ‘by volcanic action, consisting of quartz
and reddish-colored siliceous m :
November 29.—We emerged fi from. ‘ie basin, by a narrow bag sae a
mya ERA ES mh of Fall river, running to the eastward thr tgh a
row re fA trail, someon ak i is brought us to a eality 0 af
on either “Those on the left, which were
ie nee “been delightful baths, if

a oe...
ing, ‘seas greater distance to.the southward, were three other

pare] 200

lower polls; clustering together-in a branch ridge. These, like the great.
re-snowy masses, secondary only to them; and, from the’best éx-

simtabtion our time permitted, we are inclined to believe that the range to

which. they belong is a branch from the great chain which here nee

the westward. The trail during the remainder of the day followed n

to the large stream on the left, which was continuously walled in between

high rocky banks. We halted for the night on a oe by-streafh.

November 30.—Our journey to-day was shor Passing over a high
plain, ei which were scattered cedars, with feaqent beds of voleanic rock
in fragments interspersed among the grassy grounds, we arrived suddenly
on the verge of the steep and rocky descent to the valley of the Pacbisore we
had been following, and which here ran directly across ou t path, emerging
from the mountains on the right. You will remark that the country. is.
abundantly watered with large streams, which pour down from the neigh-
boring TANBes.-e-:

‘streams are characterized by the narrow and chasm-like valleys
in which they run, generally sunk a thousand feet below the plains At
tie wae of this plain, they frequently commence in vertical precipices of

basaltic rock, and which leave only casual places at which. they can be
: aveead by horses. The road across the country, which would otherwise be
very good, is rendered impracticable for wagons by these streams. ‘There
is another trail among the mountains, u wide followed in the summer,
which the snows now compelled us to avoid; and I have reason to believe
that this, aa nearer the poaae - xs ee etree eae a sone
better road. > :
pl

on ey, 7 oF a =

lage
aie miles up the epee of chee Fae we. we es
ed € ottom among t the p pines, a short distance below a
lodge of :-alore | the bluffs present escarpments
“seven or omaha halidred feet i in height, eotitaining strataof a very fine porce- —
- lain clay, overlaid, at the height of about five hundred feet, by a massive
stratum of compact basalt one hundred feet in thickness, which again is suc-*
ceeded above by other strata of volcanic rocks. The clay strata are oe et ese
colored, some of them very nearly as white as chalk, and very fine grained.
Specimens brought from these have been subjected to iifeeeeig ea exami-
“nation b y Professor Bailey, of West Point, and are considered by him’ ~
constitute one of tlie most remarkable deposites of fluviatile infusoria ‘o
roa “While they abound in Bendis: and species which are common in
fresh water, but which rarely thrive where the water is even
one ¢ dly marine form is to. er fort: among © gorerc< aia
__ Water origin is therefore beyond a doubt. At is ee that ae,
red ‘sick age An t the situation whee sit vere found, as th carce-

ge

cies ens diftored so pena creas
: es heen was = ae infer that they might belong to.
ns ered them also as affording proof of an em.
OM. V bick: they an obtained, of fresh a Salt.

, urope, had not saastiss ion
" "Coming Perron: from a locality entitelys

201 f 174 y

different, our specimens* show very fe Ww species in common with those
brought by Minwatte, but bear a much Lahde resemblance to those inhab-
iting the northeastern States. It is possible that they are from a more re-
e deposite; but the presence of a few remarkable forms which are com-

to the two localities renders it more probableyehet i is no'great
difference in their age.

I obtained here a “good observation of an emersion of the seisond satellite ;
but clouds, which rapidly overspread the sky, prevented the usual nu os
of observations. ‘Those: which we succeeded in obtaining are,
good; and give for the latitude of the place 44° a 23”, and for the longi.
tude from the satellite 121° 10' 25"

ber 1.—A short distance above our enedinip tient: we crossed this

river, which was thickly lined along its banks with ice. In common with
all these mountain rim the water was very clear, and the current swift.
It was not every where Sale and the water was three or four feet deep
at our crossing, and perhaps a hundred feet wide. As was frequently the
case at such places, one of the mules got his pack, consisting of sugar,
thoroughly wet, and turned into molasses. One of the guides informed
me that this was a “salmon ater,” and pointed out several ingeniowsly ~
contrived places to catch the fish ; among the pines in the bottom I sawan
immense one, ahout twelve feet in diameter. A ste eep ascent from the op-
posite bank delayed us again; and as, by the information of our guides,

' grass would soon become very scarce, we encamped on the height of land,
in a marshy place among the pines, where there was an abundance of
grass. We found here a single Nez Percé family, who had a very hand-
some horse in their drove, which we endeavored to obtain in exchange for
a good cow; but the man “had two hearts,”*or, rather, he had one and his
wife had another: she wanted the cow, but he loved the horse too much to
‘part with it. These wie attach Steat value to'eattle, with, which they 2 are A
“endeavoring to supply themselves. ae

December 2. —In the first rays of the sun, the mountain stephen os

a e grad ondi mes toa arhiore Beveed
region, which would have sh indlieated iy the: Lapis increasing quanti-
ties of snow and ice, had we hot known it by other means. A mule which
was packed with our cooking utensils wandered off among the pines unper-
ceived, and several men were seit back to search for it. — —

December 3.—Leaving Mr. Fitzpatgick with the party, ‘I went ahead
with the howitzer and a few men, in ofder to gain time, as our progress
‘with the gun was necessarily slower.. The country continued the same—
stony; with cedar and pine; and we rode on until ‘dark, when we en-
ged on a hill side berets with snox , which” we used to-night for -

: ls nd ; e _ineback track; although a great s gent
: oe Eee de ayed
hed. loft t is encamprent, the mountain trail from'th

yey 202

Dalles joined that on which we mere travelling. After passing for several
_ Miles over an artemisia plain, t

eg eR 5 To-day. the country was all pine foes and beautiful
weather made our journey delightful. It was too warm at noon ‘for winter
_ clothes ; and the snow, which lay every where in patches enous hates,
was melting rapidly, After a few hours’ ride, we came upon
in the ed of, a forest, which proved to me principal tien of of Fall
river. It was occasionally 200 feet wide—son?times narrowed to 50 feet ;
epeaters very clear, and frequently deep. We ascended along the river,
sometimes presented sheets of foaming cascades; its banks occa-
sionally blackened with masses of scoriated rock, and found a good en-
-campment on the verge of an open bottom, which had been an old camp- .
_ Ing ground of the Cayuse Indians; A great number of deer horns were
_ dying about, indicating game in the neighborhood. The timber was uni-
mly large ; some of the pines measuring 22 feet in spipcumforance at the
ae and 12 to 13 feet at six fast above.

* a 2 river, is heard the roaring of falls. The rock. ame the beak of the
stream, and the ledge over which it falls, isa scoriated basalt, with a br ight
‘metallic fracture. The stream goes over in one clear pitch, succeeded by
a foaming cataract of several hundred yards. In the little. bottom owe
the falls, a entonnoir, s below.

We had made an early encampment, and in the course of the evening
_ Mr. Fitzpatrick joined us here with the lost mule. Our lodge poles were
nearly worn out, and we found here a handsome set, leaning against one
- the trees, very ie and ore py wes Had ane owners been. ae we
purchased

"Gnesi their pla

y, upward A
with fi

Teoodle Te .velling ground ; thé frail i lending
ils, in the pine foe aad. sometimes over

203 | [174]

meadow landalong the stream. The great beauty of Re country in summer

constantly suggested itself to cage imaginations; and even now we found it

beautiful, as we rode along these meadows, from half a mile to two miles

bree The rich soil and excellent water, surrounded: by noble rests,

make a picture vey would delight the eye of a Te

_ the very small scale of the map would not allow 1 s to give s some repre-
sentation of these scanieea of the country.

TL observed to-night an occultation of » Geminorum ; which , although at
the bright limb of ‘the moon, appears to give a very good result, that has
been adopted for the longitude. The occultation, observations of satel
and our position deduced from daily surveys with the compass, agree re-
markably well together, and mutually support and strengthen each other.
The latitude of the camp is 43° 30' oh and tongituiie, deduced from the
pest she 121°. 33:50".

mber 8. —To-day- we crossed "the last branch of the Fall river, issu-
ing, like all thé others we had crossed, in a southwesterly direction from the
mountains. Our direction was a little east of south, the trail leading con-
stantly through pine forests. ‘The soil was generally bare, consisting, in
greater Part; of a yellowish white: pumice stone, producing varieties \
nt pines, bat not a blade of grass; and to-night our horses were
obliged to to do without food, and use snow for’ eae These pines are re-
markable for the red color of the bolls; and among them occurs a species,
_of which the Indians had informed me when leaving the Dalles. The un-
- usual size of the cone (16 or 18 inches long) had attracted their attention;
and they pointed it out to me among the curiosities of the country. They
are more remarkable-for their large diameter than their height, rch
usually averages only about 120 feet. The leaflets are short—only tw
three inches pest a — in a sheath ; the barkef a red color. ;
December 9.— ail leads always: through splendid pine forests.
ossing dividing aie by a very fine road, we a ee patie
‘ 4 " ae es ; J ] / te ‘ 5

ror by tithbered mountains. moat
a pict ue and beautiful spot, and rendered more attrac

abundant and excellent grass, which our — afte! Reval, through

pine forests, so much newlees but —_ broad eet of water which consti-

Eetaaee “me Belo point in covered with i st pines made out into the ©
lake, which aff forded us a good place for an marerapent snd for the secu-

w on the ead
and ‘hostility attributed to thesIndians of this quarter
nd, seeing smokes rising! from the

f 174 J “204

‘like the second fire. of the gun, amazed and bewildered them ae delight.
. ae them with triumphant feelings; but on the camps at a distance
{ ect was different, for the smokes in the lake and on the shores im-
; ns al pdr oe
The point on wh
shore, a narrow n

oe were encamped f s, with the opposite: eastern

‘of which. the water beets rather~ mor 8 was at tis time: Aispeeed in in atilibw
pools. Among the grass, and scattered over the prairie lake, appeared to
be similar’marshes. It is simply a shallow basin, which, for a short period
at the time of melting snows, is covered with water from the neighboring
- Mountains; but this probably soon runs off, and ‘leaves for the remainder
of the year a green savannah, through the ‘midst of which the tiver Tla-
math, ches flows-to the ocean, wands its way to the outlet on the south-
Western s
Decider’ “es =No Indians made their appearance, and I determined to
‘them a visit. Accordi ngly, the people were gathered together, and we
bt out wioaids the village in the middle of the lake, which one of our
guides had previously visited. It could not be directly approached, as a
. large part of the lake appeared a marsh ; and there were sheets of ice among
the grass, on which our horses could not keep their footing. We therefore
followed the guide for a considerable distance along the forest ; and then
turned off towards the village, which we soon began to see was a few large
‘huts, on the ore i whieh were guumoree om Indians.» When ‘we had ar-

ple ranged
2 ine nila prio while they = Hoped * sigsened to meet the

arpris a. on tiding up, to find one bf on a woman, Having
ni ore kk a squaw to take any part in the business of war.
They were the i chief and his ‘wife, who, in excitement and alarm at
the unusual event and appearance, had come out to meet their fate together.
The chief was a very prepossessing Indian, with very handsome features,
_and a singularly soft and agreeable voice—so remarkable as to attract gen-
“eral notice

“The huts were ‘grouped. together on the bank of the oer iolats from
‘be =i out ile the inant at _ —— end of — terete col-

yw tinder our blankets, and to use for table c
nbers of sng Seine dogs, leenbline wolves, were sitting 0 on

ii

¥
205° - .¢ 2 ie

the tops of the huts ; and of these we purchased-a young one, which, atime: 9
its birthplace, was named: oe. The language spoken. by these I
dians is different, from that. Shoshonee and, Colaba river ts
and: otherwise. than by signs stoi cannot understand each o
comprehend that they were at war with | sai fe Oe 10»
the southward and to the eastward; but I could obta her them no. cer-
tain information, The river on which they live enters he-Caseade moun-
tains.on the western side of the lake, and breaks through them by a pas-
sage-impracticable for travellers; but
are:passes which present no other obstacle than in the almost impenetrable
forests. Unlike any Indians we had previously seen, these, wore shells in
their noses. We returned to our camp, after remaining here an hour or
two, accompanied by a number of Indians. ©
la order to recruit a little the strength of our animale, and obtain, some
acqualnbanne with the locality, we remained here for the remainder of the
ay. By observation, the latitude of the camp was 42°56’ 51"; and the
diameter of the lake, or meadow, as has been intimated, about 20 miles.
It is a picturesque and beautiful Hwee ue under the hand of eultivation,
might become alittle paradise. Game ind in the forest; timbered and. _
fertilit rizes it. ‘Situated near t 1

heads of. three rivers, and on. the line of inland communication. wi :
fornia, and/near to Indians noted for treachery, it will sete the. pro
= * the verte of hikes become a point for a oon

seeds
0 pe ints: on which T relied to vreerui

the Cetunt man

alleged the»want of ween and the snow-on mo 1s
our course would carry us, and. the Speer pr family as.
refusing to go wi ae ee

which. they ted exactly in the course we were ab

aie

=
[ 174] : 206

“pursue. We struck our tents at 10 0 clock, and crossed the lake in a nearly
east direction, where it has the least exte ion—the breadth of the arm
being here only about a mile and a pty "Phere were ponds of ice, with
but little grass, for the greater part of the way; aod 5 it was difficult to get
ithe pack animals across, which fell frequently, ‘and could not get up with
their loads, finwesloteme The. morning was very unpleasant, snow falling at. °
intervals in large: flakes, and the sky dark. In about two ho we suc-
ceeded in getting the animals over; and, after travelling another hour along
the eastern shore of the lake, we turned up into a cove where there was a
sheltered Plast among the timber, with good grass, and encamped. The
Indians, who had accompanied us so far, returned to their village on the
ean tana shore. _Among the pines.here, I noticed some five or six
feet in ek

Dece: 13. —The night has been cold ; the peaks ‘oretin the lake
gleam out brighily in the morning sun, and. the thermometer is at zero.

Mat continued up the hollow formed by a_small affluent to thedake, and

ately entered.an open pine forest on the mountain. The way here

was sometinits obstructed by fallen trees, and the snow: was four to twelve
inches deep... The mules at the gun pulled eavity, and walking was a
little laborious. In the midst of the wood, we heard the sound of galloping
hotses, and were agreeably surprised by the unexpected arrival of our

Tlamath chief, with several Indians. He seemed to have found his con-

duct inhospitable i in letting the strangers depart without a tes sprouts the.

snow, and had come, with a few others, to pilot us a day or two on the way.

After travelling in an easterly direction through the, forest ks about four
bare Ww Teached a considerable stream, with a border of good grass ; and

ere, by the advice of our guides, we encamped. It is about chintetfetts

a “and two to it feet deep; the water clear, with some current; an

according t he information of our Indians; i . the principal affluent to the
lake, and the yater of = Tlamath riv :
very. ible e to obtain eas ‘to-night good observatiehe,

clear
including an a shy of the first satellite of J upiter, which give for the lon-*
itude 121° 20’ 42", and for the latitude 42° 51' 26". This emersion coin-
cides a well with the :result bbilined from an occultation at the
en of December 7th to Sih, 1843; from which place, the line of our
thi : | mniles.

sonia ae
| fe pine > forests, wh

g they told me the i
5 énduee them: to go
‘the mountain i in an

| 207 2 [ 174 ie
Columbia, and near the head of fngeriinaiii iv r, Which noes to the ocean”
north of 42°, and within the the United States.» reat Y

i... a. cs

faction to our guides ; Ne showing them the aoe ots <] lained thal
it was a symbol of our nation; and they engaged alw receive it in x
fciagadlbe manner. The chief pointed out a course, by fe wing which we
would arrive at the big water, where no more snow nae "be found. aT.
elling ina tion N. 60° E. by compass, which the Indians informed me ”
would avoida bad mountain té'the right, we crossed the Sacramento wheres?
turned to the southward, and entered a grassy level plain—a smaller Grand ~
Rond ; from the lower end of whieh the river issued into an inviting count
of low rolling hills. Crossing a hard-frozen ‘swamp on the farther side of
the Rond, we entered again the pine forest, in which very deep snow made ~
our travelling slow and laborious. We were slowly but gradually ascend-
ing & mountain ; and, after a hard journey of saa hours, we came to some —
naked places among the timber, where a few f grass showed above
the’snow, on the side of a hollow ; and here: wees mped. Our cow, which :
every day got poorer; Ww s killed here » but the meat Tas rather pices
December 16,— this morni nghisnow

mountain still grade ually ros
quaking asp; otherwise it wae sal pine forest. The. air was ‘dene with iat
at which every where weighed down the trees. The depths of the forest
rofoundly still ; and below, we scarce felt a breath of the wind which
whirled the snow through their branches. I found that it required some —
a of constancy to y adhere steadily to one course through the woods,
were uncertain how far the forest extended, or what lay epee
nin, account of our animals, it would be bad to spend a bn he on
untain. Towards noon the forest looked clear ahead, uring sud-

}, Was spread along the fe foot
green grass. Just then the sun ‘out
ted the country below, while soar a the
se “Not a seer of ice-was to be s seen on ya €, or

he stopped to enjoy the unexpected scene. ‘Shivering a on ©
p, and: stiffening i in a cold north wind, we exclaimed at
@ uaities of Summer Lake and Winter Ridge should be applied ©
ro proximate ws Seaton such sudden and viole ie
immediately on the v

as each ¢ came
snow

por ays; and, looking for
iewed. rbhcaceelcvitien: aed hai of the county
s, and presented a Seem — | the arte-

‘hunger and nakedness. Broadly
wall, and immediately below us,

— *

[ ava J 208

first waters of that Great Interior Basin which has the Wahsatch and Bear
river mountains for its eastern, and the Sierra Nevada for its western rim;
and the edge of which we had entered upwards. of three months before, at
the Great Salt lake.

en we had sufficiently sttnued the scene below, we began to think

‘about saa 2 which here was impossible, and we turned ‘towards the

north, travelling always. along the rocky wall. We continued. on for four

ve miles, making ineffectual attempts at several places; and at length
succeeded in ‘getting down at one which was extremely difficult of descent.
Night had closed in before the foremost reached the bottom, and it was dark
before we all found ourselves together in. the valley. There were three or
four half dead dry cedar trees on the shore, and those who first arrived

‘kindled bright fires to light on the others. One of the mules rolled over

and over two or three hundred feet into a ravine, but recovered himself,
without any. other injury than to his pack; and the howitzer was left mid-
way the mountain until morning. By observation, the latitude of this en-
camipment is 42° 57' 22". It delayed us until near noon the next day to
recover ourselves and put every thing in order; and we made only a short.
camp along the western shore of the lake, which, ifthe summer Hil
ture we enjoyed to-day, justified the name we had given it. Our
would have taken us to the other shore, and over the highlands boy one
but I distrusted the appearance of the country, and decided to salow a
plainly beaten Indian trail leading along this side of the lake. Wew
now in a country where the scarcity of water and of. Brass, makes travel-
ling arsne rd and great caution was necessary.

r-18,—We continued on the trail along the narrow strip of-latid
berene! the lake anid the high rocky wall,from which.we had looked down
two days before. Almost évery half mile we. crossed a. litile spring, or
stream of pure cold water; and the grass was certainly as fresh and green
as in the early spring. From the white efflorescence along the shore of
the lake,-we were enabled to judge that the waterewas impure, like that
of lakes we subsequently found ; but the mud prevented. us from approach-
ing it. We encamped near the eastern point of the lake, where there ap-
peared between the hills a broad and. low connecting hollew with the |
country beyond. From a rocky hill in the rear, Lcould see, marked out
by a line of yellow dried grass, the bed of a a ieee which probably con-

the lake ‘with other waters in the sprin nase
‘The observed latitude of this encampment is 42° 42" 97" a
“December 19.—After two hours’ ride in an easterly ceed, through a
low country, the high ridge with pine forest still to ou it
and bald but lower one on the left, we reached a eS aisslerel ale ean eater
stream, ahiclst issues from the piney mountains. So fargas
able to judge, between this strearh and the lake we had crossed dividing
‘grounds ; and there did not appear to be any connexion, as might be in-
ferred. from the i impure condition of the lake water.
“The rapid stream of pute water, roaring along between oaks overhitig
with aspens and willows, was a refreshing and unexpecte ; and we
followed down the course of the stream, which Pach os "soon into a
wae aoe dry lake, formed by the expanding waters of the stream. It was
Teeds

with high r -and Bea and large patches of ground aad been
maa up by the vs in digging for roots, as if a fatmer.had been pre-.__
paring the land forgra ‘ent eh aneneed in finding theplant for which |

209 [ 174 ]

they had been digging. There were frequent trails, and fresh tracks of
Indians ; and, from the abundant signs visible, the black-tailed hare appears
to be numero s here. It was evident that, in other seasons, this place was
a sheet of water. Crossing this marsh towards the eastern hills, and pass-
ing over a borderise plain of heavy sands, covered with artemisia, we en-

camped before sundown on the creek, which here was very small, paving
lost its water in the marshy grounds. We found here tolerably good
The wind to-night was high, and we had no longer our huge pine a
but were driven to our old resource of small dried willows and artemisia.
About twelve miles ahead, the valley: appears to be closed in by a high,
dark-looking ridge

December 20. Tia yéiteg for a few hours down the stream this morn-
ing, we turned a point of the hill on our left, and came suddenly in sight of
another and much larger lake, which, along its eastern shore, was closely
bordered by the high black ridge which walled it in by a precipitous face on
this side. Throughout this region the face of the country is characterized
by these precipices of black voleanic rock , generally enclosing the valleys of
streams, and frequently terminating the hills. Often in the course of our
journey we would be tempted to continue our road up the genie ascent of a
sloping hill, which, at the summit, would terminate abruptly in a black preci-
a Spread out over a length ‘of 20 miles, the lake, when we first came

n view, presented a handsome sheet of water; and I gave to it the name
of Lake Abert, in honor of the chief of the corps to which I belonged. The
fresh-water stream we had followed emptied into the lake by a little fall; and
I was doubtful for a moment whether to go on, or encamp at this place. The
miry ground in the neighborhood of the lake did not allow us to examine
the water conveniently, and, being now on the borders of a desert country,
we Were moving cautiously. It was, however, still early in the day, and I
continued on, trusting either that the water would be drinkable, or that we
should find some little spring from the hill side. We were following an
Indian trail which led along the steep rocky precipice ; a black aii? along
the western shore holding out no prospect whatever. The white efflores-
cences which lined the shore like a bank of snow, and the preceute
ordor which filled the air as soon as we came near, infornied us too plain
that the water belonged to one of those fetid salt lakes which are = led
in this region. We continued until late in the evening to work along the
rocky shore, but, as often afterwards, the dry énhospitable rock deceived
us; and, halting on the lake, we kindled up fires to guide those who were
straggling along behind. We tried the water, but it was impossible to
drink it, and most of the people to-night lay ‘down without eating ; but
some of us, who had always a great reluctance to close the day without
supper, dug holes along the shore, and obtained water, which, being filtered,
ve eertiendy palatable to be used, but still retained much of its nauseat-

ing taste. ere was Very little grass for the animals, the shore being

tibe®: w a luxuriant ap of repens ceous shrubs, which burned .

4 yuntains made a bay, leav ring at thei
e lake. Here. we found numerous hill
in the wast of which were deep holes, or S|
. was covered with grass, which, al of
iy: dat ‘mixed with caline’e efflorese 3, wa

=

towards which a broad trail led along the ridge; and this appearing to
_ afford the most practicable route, I determined to continue our journey in

ae ey 210

still abundant, and made a good halting place to recruit our animals ; and
we accordingly encamped here for the remainder of the day. I rode ahead

several miles to ascertain if there was any appearance of a watercourse en-

tering the lake; but found none, the hills preserving their dry character,
and the shore of the lake sprinkled with the same white powdery substance,
and covered with the same shrubs. There were flocks of ducks on the
lake, and frequent tracks of Indians along the shore, where the grass had
been recently burnt by their fires.

We ascended the bordering mountain, in order to obtain a more perfect
view of the lake in sketching its figure ; hills sweep entirely around its
basin, from which the waters have no outlet. ers

December 22.—To-day we left this forbidding lake. Impassable rocky
ridges barred our progress to the eastward, and I accordingly bore off to-
wards the south, over an extensive sage plain. Ata considerable distance
‘ahead, and a little on our left, was a range of snowy mountains, and the
country declined gradually towards the foot of a high and nearer ridge im-
mediately before us, which presented the feature of black precipices, now
becoming common to the country. Onthe summit of the ridge, snow was
visible ; and there being every indication of a stream at its base, we rode
on until after dark, but were unable to reach it, and halted among the sage
bushes on the open plain, without either grass or water. _ The two India-
rubber bags had been filled with water in the morning, which afforded suf-
ficient for the camp ; and rain in the night formed pools, which relieved the
thrist of the animals. Where we encamped on the bleak sandy plain, the
Indians had made huts or circular enclosures, about four feet high and twelve
feet broad, of artemisia bushes. Whether these had been forts or houses,
or what they had been doing in such a desert place, we could not ascertain.

December 23.—The weather is mild ; the thermometer at daylight 38° ;
the wind having been from the southward for several days. The country
has a very forbidding appearance, presenting to the eye nothing but sage
and barren ridges. We rode up towards the mountain, along the foot of
which we found a lake, which we could not approach on account of the
mud ; and, passing around its southern end, ascended the slope at the foot
of the ridge, where in some hollows we had discovered bushes and small
trees—in such situations, a sure sign of water. We found here several
springs, and the hill side was well sprinkled with a species of festuca—
a better grass than we had found for many days. Our elevated position
gave us a good view over the country, but we discovered nothing very en-
couraging. Southward, about ten miles distant, was another small lake,

.

that direction. . es
December 24.—We found the water of the lake tolerably pure, and en-
camped at the farther end. There were some good grass and canes along
the shore, and the vegetation at this place consisted principally of chenopo-
diaceous shrubs. a
ecember 25.—We were roused, on Christmas morning, by a discharg
from the small arms and howitzer, with which our people saluted the day ;
and the name of which we bestowed on the lake. _ It was the first time, per-
haps, in this remote and desolate region, in which it had been so commem-
crated. Always, on days of religious or national commemoration, our voy-

i

aAAmMm m pee ae Bl
Le aes

encamped amo

211 [ 174 ]

them each a little brandy, (which was carefully guarded, as one of the most
useful articles a traveller can carry,) with some coffee and sugar, which
here, where every eatable was a luxury, was sufficient to make them a feast.

The day was sunny and warm; and, resuming our journey, we crossed -

some slight dividing grounds into a similar basin, walled in on the right by
a lofty mountain ridge. The plainly beaten trail still continued, and occa-
sionally we passed camping grounds of the Indians, which indieated to me
that we were on one of the great thoroughfares of the country. In the
afternoon I attempted to travel in a more eastern direction ; but, after a few
laborious miles, was beaten back into the basin by an impassable country.
There were fresh Indian tracks about the valley, and last night a horse was
stolen. We encamped on the valley bottom, where there was some cream-
like water in ponds, colored by a clay soil and frozen over. Chenopodiaceous
shrubs constituted the growth, and made again our fire wood. The animals
were driven to the hill, where there was tolerably good grass.
December 26.—Our general course was again south. The country con-
sists of larger or smaller basins, into which the mountain waters’ run down,
forming small lakes; they present a perfect level, from which the moun-
tains rise immediately and abruptly. Between the successive basins, the
dividing grounds are usually very slight ; and it is probable that, in the sea-

sons of high water, many of these basins are ia communication. At such

times there is evidently an abundance of water, though now we find searee-
ly more than the dry beds. On either side, the mountains, though not very
high, appear to be rocky and sterile. The basin in which we were travel-
ling declined towards the southwest corner, where the mountains indicated
a narrow outlet; and, turning round a rocky point or cape, we continued
up a lateral branch valley, in which we encamped at night on a rapid, pretty
little stream of fresh water, which we found unexpectedly among the sage
near the ridge, on the right side of the valley. It was bordered with grassy
bottoms and clumps of willows, the water partially frozen. This stream
belongs to the basin we had left. By a partial observation eh ce our
rse-

_ camp was found to be directly on the 42d parallel. To night a horse be
longing to Carson, one of the best we had in the camp, was stolen by the

ians.
December 27.—We continued up the valley of the stream, the principal

branch of ‘which here issues from a bed of high mountains. We turned .

up a branch to the left, and fell into an Indian trail, which conducted us by
a good road over open bottoms along the creek, where the snow was five or
six inches deep. Gradually ascending, the trail led through a good broad
pass in the mountain, where we found the snow about one foot deep. There
were some remarkably large cedars in the pass, which were covered with an
unusual quantity of frost, which we supposed might possibly indicate the
neig| ood of water; and as, in the arbitrary position of Mary’s lake,
we were already beginning to look for it, this circumstance contributed to
our hope of finding it near. Descending from the mountain, we reached
another basin, on the flat lake bed of which we found no water, and
the sage on the bordering plain, where the snow was
deep. Among this the grass was remarkably green, and
‘to-night the animals fared tolerably well. oe

_ December 28.—The ‘snow being deep, I had determined, if any more
horses were stolen, to follow the tracks of the Indians into the mountains,

[ 174] 212

hill, where there was. ion bunch grass, having made a day’s journey of 24
miles. The night closed in, threatening snow ; but the large sage bushes

vage character; .

213 [ 174 J
grassy hollow, I determined to follow it, in the hope that it would Wintlaet
us to'astream. We followed a winding descent for several miles, the hol-
low gradually broadening into little meadows, and becoming the bed of a
stream aS we advanced; and towards night we were agreeably surprised
by the appearance of a willow grove, where we found a sheltered camp,
with wWater‘and excellent ‘and abundant grass. The grass, which was cov-
ered by the snow on the bottom, was long and green, and the face of the
mouwiitain had a more favorable character in its vegetation, being smoother,

and covered with good bunch grass. The snow was deep, and the night ;
very cold. A broad trail had entered the valley from the right, and a short —

distance below the camp were the tracks where a considerable party of
Indians had passed on horseback, who had turned out to the left, appa-
rently with the view of crossing the motintains to the eastward.

December 30.—After following the stream for a few hours in a south-
easterly direction, it entered a canon where we could not follow; but de-
terminéd not to leave the stream, we searched a passage below, where we
could regain it, and entered a regular narrow valley. The water had now
more the appearance of a flowing creek ; several times we passed groves
of willows, and we began to feel ourselves out of all difficulty. From our
position, it was reasonable to conclude that this stream would find its outlet
in Mary’s lake, and conduet us into a better country. We,had descended
rapidly, and here we found very little snow. On both sides, the mountains
showed often stupendous and curious-looking rocks, which at several places
so narrowed the valley, that scarcely a pass “was left for the camp. It was
a singular place to travel through—shut up in the earth, a sort of chasm,
the little strip of grass under our feet, the rough walls of bare rock on
either hand, and the narrow strip of sky above. The grass to- base was
abundant, and we encamped in high spicits

December

ore us again lay one +

whieh brought us in a few miles, a by a descent of several hundred
into’ ndther “pin broad basin, in whieh we found the bed of a stream, a
obtained sufficient water by cutting the ice. The grass on the bottoms
was salt and unpalatable.

Here we eoncluded the year 1843, and our new year’s eve was rather

a gloomy one. The result of our journey began to be very uncertain; the

country was singularly unfavorable to travel; the grasses being frequently
of a very unwholesome character, and the hoofs of our animals were so
worn and cut by the rocks, that many of them were lame, and could

New Year's day, 1844 844.—We continued down the valley, between a dry-
i black ridge on the left and a more snowy and high one on the
r road was bad along the bottom, =r, broken by gullies and

31 2 tell an hour’s ride this a Wok our hopes were once

mc

right.
impeded by sage, and sandy on the hills, where there is not a blade of ©

ass, nor does any a r on the mountains. The soil in man places”
Sonllintw Of of a fine potdery sand, covered with a saline siateiccdied and
the general charaeter of the country is desert. During the day we di-
our course towards a black cape, at the foot of which a column of
smoke indicated hot springs.
—wWe were on the road early, the face of the country

&

by fallbap now: We travelled along the bed of the stream, in ity Figen os

[ 174] 214

=
dry, in others covered with ice; the travelling being very bad, through
deep fine sand, rendered tenacious by a mixture of clay. e weather
cleared up a little at noon, and we reached the hot springs of which we
had seen the vapor the day before. There was a large field of the usual
salt grass here, peculiar to such places. The country otherwise is a per-
fect barren, without a blade of grass, the only plants being some dwarf
Fremontias. We passed the rocky cape, a jagged broken point, bare and
torn. The rocks are volcanic, and the hills here have a burnt appear-
» ance—cinders and coal occasionally appearing as at a blacksmith’s forge.
We crossed the large dry bed of a muddy lake in a southeasterly direction,
and encamped at night without water and without grass, among sage bushes
covered with snow. The heavy road made several mules give out to-day;
and a horse, which had made the journey from the States successfully thus

far, was left on the trail.

January 3.—A fog, so dense that we could not see a hundred yards,
covered the country, and the men that were sent out after the horses were
bewildered and lost; and we were consequently detained at camp until
late in the day. Our situation had now become a serious one. We had
reached and run over the position where, according to the best maps in
my possession, we should have found Mary’s lake, or river. We were
evidently on the verge of the desert which had been reported to us; and
the appearance of the country. was so forbidding, that I was afraid to enter
it, and determined to bear away to the southward, keeping close along the
mountains, in the full expectation of reaching the Buenaventura river.
This morning I put every mam in the camp on foot—myself, of course,
among the rest—and in this manner lightened by distribution the loads of |
the animals. We travelled seven or eight miles along the ridge border- _
ing the valley, and encamped where there were a few bunches of grass on
the bed of a hill torrent, without water. There were some large artemi-
sias; but the principal plants are chenopodiaceous shrubs. The rock com-

sing the mountains is here changed suddenly into white granite. The
fog showed the tops of the hills at sunset, and stars enough for observations
in the early evening, and then closed over us as before. Latitude by ob-

”

servation, 40° 48’ 15”.
Janua

water. Our animals now were in a very alarming state, and there was in-

these, that animals which are about to die leave the band, and, coming
into the camp, lie down about the fires. We moved toa place where
there was a little better grass, about two miles distant. Taplin, one of our
best men, who had gone out on a scouting excursion, ascended a mountain -
near by, and to his great surprise emerged into a region of bright sunshine,
in which the upper parts of the mountain were glowing, while below all.

s a obscured in the darkest fog... :

. —The fog continued the same, and, with Mr. Preuss and Car- =
mountain, to sketch the leading features of the country,

of our future route, while Mr. Fitzpatrick explored the

Short distance we had ascended above the mist, _

215 [ 174 J

but the view obtained was not verggeratil ing. The fog. had partially
cleared off from below when we reached the summit; and in the south-
west corner of a basin communicating with that in which we had encamp-
ed, we saw a lofty column of smoke, 16 miles distant, indicating the presence
of hot springs. .There, also, appeared to be the outlet of those draining
channels of the country ; and, as such places afforded always more or less
grass, I determined to steer in thatdirection, The ridge we hafascendad

a

appeared to be composed of fragments of white granite. We saw here

traces of sheep and antelope.

Entering the neighboring valley, and crossing the bed of another lake,
after a hard day’s travel over ground of yielding mud and sand, we reached
the springs, where we found an abundance of grass, which, though only
tolerably good, made this place, with reference to the past, a refreshing and
agreeable spot.

This is the most extraordinary locality of hot springs we had met durin ng
the journey. The basin of the largest one has a circumference of seve
hundred feet ; but there is at one extremity a circular space of about fifteen

feet in diameter, entirely occupied by the boiling water. It boils at ir- y

regular intervals, and with much noise. The water is clear, and the

deep; a pole about uxtete feet long was easily immersed in the centre,
but we had no means of forming a good idea of the depth. It wap ourround:
ed on the margin with a border of green grass, and near the shore the tem-
perature of the water was 206°. We had no means of ascertaining that

‘of the centre, where the heat was greatest; but, b ispersing the ‘water

with a pole, the temperature at the margin was increased to 208°, and in
the centre it was doubtless higher. By driving the pole towards the bot-
tom, the water was made to boil up with increased force and noise. There
are several other interesting places, where water and smoke or gas escape,
but as ba e¥hi ds a ng description. The water is Re ee with ©
co but notso much soas to render it unfit for general cooki

ahead, having the line of route explored some fifteen or twenty mi
in n advance, and only to leave a present encampment when the succeeding
. was know

tion of the neighboring valleys, and d found in a ravine in the bordering _

mountains a wed camping place, where was water in springs, and a

— quantity tity of grass for a night. Overshading the springs were some
rees of the sweet cottonwood, which, after a long interval of sheen

aa again w th pleasure regarding them as harbingers of a better country-
To us, they wer oe r oad
broad and plainly marked

we.

bas am si de it pleasant to drin .
In the immedi e neighborhood, the valley bottom is et alist ex-
ia ¢

n.
ing with me Godey and Carson, I made to-day a thorough explora- a

od 216.

watering places of the country.. On the western mountains of the valley, .
' with which this of the boiling spring communicates, we remarked scat-
tered cedars—probably an indication that we were on the borders of the
timbered region extending to the Pacific. We reached the camp at sunset,
after a day’s ride of about forty miles. The horses we rode were in good
order, being of some that were kept for emergencies, and rarely used.
Mr. Preuss had ascended one of the mountains, and occupied the day in
sketching the country ; and Mr. Fitzpatrick had found, afew miles distant,,

piew
myself pian the road in advance, and found another good eneamp-
ment for t e

Jan 10.—We continued our reconnoisance ahead, pursuing a south

Take
ee

hin
AOR Deke’

feaes Inet va
» VIR AM | Bee

Kae
an

ae

217 [ 174 J

also.covered with this. substance, which was in too great quantity on the
mountains, along the Shore of the lake to have been deposited by water,
and has the appearance of having been spread over the rocks in mass.*

Where we had halted, appeared to be a favorite camping place for In-
dians. : ,

January 13.—We followed againa broad Indian trail along the shore of
the lake to the southward. For a short space we had room enough in the
bottom ; but, after travelling a short distance, the water{swept the foot of
precipitous mountains, the peaks of which are about 3,000 feet above the
lake. The trail wound along the base of these precipices, against which
the water dashed below, by a way nearly impracticable for the howitzer.
During a greater part of the morning the lake was nearly hid by a snow
storm, and the waves broke on the narrow beach in a long line of foaming
surf, five or six feet high. The day was unpleasantly cold, the wind driv-
ing the snow sharp against our faces ; and, having advanced only about 12
miles, we encamped in a bottom formed by a ravine, covered with good
grass, which was fresh and green. . re

We did not get the howitzer into camp, but were obliged to leave it om
the rocks until morning, We saw several flocks of sheep, but did not suc-
ceed in killing any. Ducks were riding on the waves, and several large
fish were seen. The mountain sides were crusted with the calcareous
cement preyiously mentioned. There were chenopodiaceous and other
shrubs along the beach; and, at the foot of the rocks, an abundance of
ephedra occidentalis, Whose dark-green col kes th g g
the shrubby growth of the lake. Towards evening the snow began to fall
heavily, and the country had a wintry appearance.

The next morning the snow was rapidly melting under a warm sun.
Part of the morning Was occupied in bringing up the gun; and, mak
only nine miles, we encamped on the shore, opposite a very remar b

-

cording to our estimate, 600 feet above the water ; and, from the poi
viewed it, presented 4 pretty exact outline of the great pyramid of C.
The accompanying drawing presents it as we sawiit. Like oth
along the shore, it se¢med to be incrusted with calcareous

striking feature suggested a name for the lake; and I cal
lake ; and though, it may be deemed by some a fanciful resembla
undertake to say that the future traveller will find a much more striking

name. :
he elevation of this jake above the sea is 4,890 feet, being nearly 700.
from which it lies nearly west, and

Ee

lerock —
in the lake, which had attracted our attention for many miles. It rose » a=

*

'

al

_ ence of these people,

[ 174] 218
lake make it an object of geographical interest. It is the nearest lake to
the western rim, as the Great Salt lake is to the eastern rim, of the Great
Basin which lies between the base of the Rocky mountains and the Sierra
Nevada ; and the extent and character of which, its whole circumference
and contents, it is so desirable,to know.

The last of the cattle which had been driven from the Dalles was killed
here for food, and was still in good condition.

January

river at the end of the lake, but that he lived in the rocks near by. From
the few words our people could understand, he spoke a dialect of the Snake
language ; but we were not able to understand enough to know whether »
the river ran in or out, or what was its, course é consequently, there still

river, indicated that it was a stream of considerable size ; and, at all events,
we had the pleasure to know that now we were ina country where human
beings could live. . Accompanied by the Indian, we resumed our road, pass-
ing on the way several caves in the rock where there were baskets and
seeds ;-but the people had disappeared. We saw also horse tracks along
the shore, a

Eeey in the afternoon, when we were approaching the groves at the
mout’ il

Reaching the groves, we found the inlet of a large fresh-water stream,
and all at once were satisfied that it was neither Mary’s river nor the

waters of the Sacramento, but that we haddiscovered a large interior lake,

which the Indians informed us had no outlet. It is about 35 miles long ;
and, bythe mark of the water line along the shores, the spring level is about —

issued from the thickets. We selected a strong place for our ereamp-
grassy bottom, nearly enclosed by the river, and furnished with
dant fire ox. village, a collection of straw huts, was a few
hundred yards higher up. An Indian brought in a large fish to trade,
which we had the inexpressible satisfaction to find was a salmon trout; we
gathered round him eagerly. The Indians were amused with our deli it
‘immediately brought in numbers ; so that the camp was soon stocked. ©
Their fi. vor was excellent—superior, in fact, to that of any fish I have ever
They were of extraordinary size—about as large as the Columbia
i—generally from two to four feetinlength. From the infor-

re

when cleaned and the head taken off ; which corresponds very well with

the size of those obtained at this place. They doubtless formed the subsist-
2 ople, who hold the fishery in exclusive possession. — ‘

Tremarked that one of them gave a fish to the Indian we had first seen,

lich he carried off to his family. To them it was probably a feast ; being

: of the Digger tribe, and having no share in the fishery, living generally on

*

iil

219 c1v4 7

seeds and roots. Although this wasa time of the year when the fish have:
not yet become fat, they were excellent, and we could only imagine what
they are at the proper season. ese Indians were very fat, and appeared
to live an easy and happy life. They crowded into the camp more than
was consistent with our safety, retaining always their arms; and, as they
made some unsatisfactory demonstrations, they were given to understand ;
that they would not be permitted to come armed into the camp ; and strong
guards were kept with the horses. Strict vigilance was maintained among
the people, and one-third at a time were kept on guard during the night.
There is no reason to doubt that these dispositions, uniformly preserved,
conducted our party securely through Indians famed for treachery.

In ane mean time, such a salmon-trout feast as is seldom seen was going
on in our camp; and every variety of manner in which fish could be pre-
Ms age iried, and roasted in the ashes—was put into requisition ;
and every few minutes an Indian would be seen running off to spear a
fresh one. Whether these Indians had seen whites before, we could not
be certain; but they were evidently in communication with others who
had, as one of them had some brass buttons, and we noticed several other
articles of civilized manufacture. We could obtain from them but little
information respecting the country. Th ey made on the ground a drawin
of the river, which they represented as issuing from another lake in the
mountains three or four days distant, in a direction a little west of south;
beyond which, they drew a mountain ; and further still, two rivers ; on one
of which they told us that people like ourselves travelled. Whether they

alluded to the settlements on the Sacramento, or to a party from the Unit-
ed States which had crossed the Sierra about three degrees to the south-
ward, a few years since, I am unable te determine.
tried unsuccessfully to prevail on some of them to guide us for a eine
days on the road, but they only looked at each other and laughe

The latitude of our encampment, which may be considered the mouth

of the inlet, is 39° 51' 13” by our observations.

tifat stream, which we naturally called the Salmon Trout river. Lar,

trails led up on either side ; the stream was handsomely timbered with large

cottonwoods ; and the waters were very clear and pure. We were travelling
er

number of dams which the Indians had constructed to catch fish. After,
having made about 18 miles, we encamped under some large cottonwoods
on the river bottom, where there was tolerabl ass.

January 17.—This morning we left the river, which here issues from the
mountains on the west. With every stream I now expected to see the great

uenaventura; and Carson hurried eagerly to search, on every one we

reached, for beaver cuttings, which he always maintained we should find
only on waters that ran to the Pacifie ; and the absence of such signs was”
to him a sure indication that the water had no outlet from the great basin. —
We followed the Indian trail through atolerably level country, with small —
sage bushes, which brought us, after 20 miles journey, to anothe er oa;
stream, Embesnd with cottonwood, and flowing also out of the mountains,
but runni ireetly to the eastward.
On the way we surprised a family of Indians in the hills; but: dein
vis op Wet ental eobeueplaity ; and the woman ‘was so "terrified, and

aad
eke 220

kept up such a continued screaming, that.we could, do nothing with her,

and.were obliged to let her go.

>» Jan 18.—There were Indian lodges and fish dams on the stream.
There were no beaver cuttings on the-river; but below, it turned round
to the right ; and, hoping that it would prove a branch of the Buenaventura,

we followed it down for about three hours, and encamped.

I rode out. with Mr. Fitzpatrick and Carson:to reconnoitre the eountry,
which had.evidently been alarmed by the news of our appearance. This
stream joined with the open valley of another to the eastward ; but which
way the main water ran, it was impossible to tell. Columns of- rose
over the country at seattered intervals—signals by which the Indians here,
as elsewhere, communicate to each other that enemies are in the country.

try to the Rocky mountains.. Every piece of iron that could be used:forthe
purpose had been converted into nails, and we could make-no further use

v -19.—A great number of smokes.are still visible this morning,
attesting at once the alarm which our. appearance had spread among these
people, and their ignorance of us. If they knew the whites, they would
understand that their only object incoming g them was to trade, which
required peace and. friendship; but they have nothing to trade—conse-
quently, nothing to attract,the. white man ; Henee their fear and flight.

At daybreak we hada heavy sees that sat out, and, returning up the
stream, went out of our way in a circuit over a-little mountain > and e
__ camped on the same stream, few miles aboye, in latitude 39° 19’ 21bye

_ obse: rvation.

ie
7
%

ye

tracks of Indians, who had descended from the upper waters, probably

up the stream for about 14 miles to the foot
rom 1-one branch issued in the southwest, the
#. along their base.. Leaving the camp below,

221 pirat]

we ascended the range through which the first stream passed, in a cafion ;
on the western. side was a circular. valley, about 15 miles long, through
whieh. the Tage, wound its way, issuing from a in the main moun-
_ tain, which rose abruptly beyond. The valley looked yellow with faded
grass,; atid the trail we had followed was visible, making towards the gorge,
and this was evidently a pass ; but again, while all was bright sunshine on
the ridge and on the valley where'we were, the snow was falling heavily
in the mountains. I determined to go still to the southward, and encamp-
ed on the stream near the forks; the animals being fatigued and the
grass tolerably good.
The rock of the ridge we had ascended is a compact lava, assuming a
granitic appearance and structure, and containing, in some places, small
nodules of obsidian. So far as composition and aspect are concerned, the
ae in other parts of the ridge appears to be eel ; but it is probable
that this is aaky a compact form of lava of recent o
by observation, a elevation of the ‘encampment was 5,020 feet and
the latitude 38° 49’ 5
January 23.—We sone along the course of the other branch towards
the southeast, the country affording a fine road ; and, passing some slight
dividing grounds, descended towards the valley of another stream. There
was a somewhat rough-looking mountain ahead, which it appeared to issue
from, or to enter—we could not tell which ; eand as the course of the valley
and the inclination of the ground had a favorable direction, we te
sanguine to find here a branch of thé Buenaventura ; but were again d
appointed, finding it an inland water, on which we encamped after a day's s
journey of 24 miles. It was evident ‘that, from the time we descended into
the, plain at Summer lake, we had been flanking the great range of moun-
tains which divided the Great Basin from the waters of the Pacific ; and
that the continued succession, and almost connexion, of lakes and rivers
which we encountered, were the drainings of thatrange. Itsrains, Springs,
and snows, would sufficiently account for these lakes and ire numer

were.
January 24.—A man was discovered the camp as we
ie about to start this morning, who tahoe to be an mets of rather ad-
vanced age—a sort of forlorn hope, who seemed to have been worked u

into the peantition of visiting the strangérs who were passing through the
country. He seized the hand of the first man he met as he came up, out
of breath, and held on, as if to assure himself of protection. He brought
with him.in a little skin bag a few pounds of the seeds of a pine tree, which
to-day we saw for the first time, and which Dr. Torrey has deseribed asa
new species, under the name of pinus monophyllus ; in popular language,
it might be called the nut pine. We purchased them all from him he

nut is oily, of eth samba flavor, and ere be very nutritious, as it

ich we were now
ral

ie] 222

The road led us upthe creek, which here becomes a rather rapid moun-
tain stream, filty feet wide, between dark-looking hills without snow ; but
immediately beyond them rose snowy mountains on either side, timbered

principally with the nut pine. On the lower grounds, the general height”

of this tree is twelve to twenty feet, and eight inches the greatest diameter ;

it is rather branching, an@ has a peculiar and singular but pleasant odor. °

We followed the river for only a short distance along a rocky trail, and
crossed it at a dam which the Indians made us comprehend had been built
to catch salmon trout. The snow and ice were heaped up against it three
or four feet déep entirely across the stream. ene
Leaving here the stream, which runs through impassable caiions, we con-
‘tinued our road over a very broken country, passing through a low gap be-
tween the snowy mountains. The rock which occurs immediately in the
pass has the appearance of impure sandstone, containing scales of black
mica. This may be only a stratified lava; on issuing from the gap, the
compact lava, and other voleanic products usual in the country, again oc-
curred. We descended from the gap into a wide valley, or rather basin, and
encamped on a small tributary to the last stream, on which there was very

good grass. It was covered with such thick ice, that it required some labor . ;

with pickaxes to make holes for the animals to drink. The banks are

_ lightly wooded with willow, and on the upper bottoms are sage and Fre-

montia with ephedra occidentalis, which begins to occur more frequently.

» The day has been asummer one, warm and pleasant ; no snow on the trail,

. Which, as we are all on foot, makes travelling more agreeable. The hunt-

_ ers went into the neighboring mountains, but found no game. We have
~ five Indians in camp to-night. _

ee 25.—The morning was cold and bright, and as the sun rose the

day became beautiful. A party of twelve Indians eame down from the

dian, his friendly salutation consisted in offering a few nuts to eat and to

trade ; their only arms were bows and flint-pointed arrows. It appeared _

were gradually entering the heart of the mountains. Accompanied by all
the Indians, we ascended a long ridge, and reached a pure spring at the

__and where the greater part of them left us. Our pacific conduct had quieted
._ their alarms ; and though at war among each other, yet all confided in us.
Thanks to the combined effects of power and kindness—for our arms in-
red respect, and our little presents and good treatment conciliated their
dence. Here we suddenly entered snow six inches deep, and the

| ittle rocky with volcanic fragments, the mountain appearing
is be osed of such rock. The timber consists principally of nut pines,
NUS. 7, { 1 es

us,) which here are of larger size—1I2 to 15 inch
of cones lying on the ground, where the ‘Indians have

om

RE RV [ 174 ]

sight of an Indian who could not ride. He could not even guide the ani-
mal, and appeared to have no knowledge of horses. The snow was three
or four feet deep in the summit of the pass; and from this point the guide
pointed out our future road, declining to go any further. Below us was a
little valley ; and"beyond this, the mountains rose higher still, one ridge
above another, presenting a rude and rocky outline. We descended rap-
idly to the valley ; the snow impeded us but little; yet it was dark when —
we reached the foot of the mountain.

The day had been so warm, that our moccasins were wet with meltin
snow ; but here, as soon as the sun begins to decline, the air gets suddenly
cold, and we had great difficulty to keep our feet from freezing—our moc-
casins being frozen perfectly stiff. After a hard day’s march of 27 miles,
we reached the river some time after dark, and found the snow about a foot
deep on the bottom—the river being entirely frozen over. We found
a.comfortable camp, where there were dry willows abundant, and we soon
had blazing fires. A little brandy, which I husbanded with great care,
remained, and I do not know any medicine more salutary, or any drink
{except coffee ) more agreeable, than this in a cold night alter a hard day’s
march. Mr. Preuss questioned whether the famed nectar even possessed
so exquisite a flavor. All felt it to be a reviving cordial. .

The next morning, when the sun had not yet risen over the mountains,
the thermometer was 2° below zero; but the sky was bright and pure, and
the weather changed rapidly into a pleasant day of summer. I remained
encamped, in order ta examine the country, and allow the animals a day
‘of rest, the grass being good and abundant under the snow.

The river is fifty to eighty feet wide, with a lively current, and very
clear water. It forked a little above our camp, one of its branches com-
ing directly from the south. At its head appeared to be a handsome

ass; and from the neighboring heights we could see, beyond, a compara-
tively low and open couniry, which was supposed to form the valley of the
Buenaventura. The other branch issued from a nearer pass, in a direction
8. 75° W., forking at the foot of the mountain, and receiving part of its
waters from a little lake. I was in advance of the camp when our last

uides had left us; but, so far as could be understood, this was the pass
which they had indicated, and, in company with Carson, to-day I set out
to explore it. Entering the range, we continued in a northwesterly direc-
tion up the valley, which here bent to the right. It was a pretty, open bot-
tom, locked between lofty mountains, which supplied frequent streams as
we advanced. On the lower part they were covered with nut-pine trees,
and above with masses of pine, which we easily recognised, from the darker
color of the foliage. From the fresh trails which occurred frequently during
the morning, deer appeared to be remarkably numerous in the mountain.

We had now entirely left the desert country, and were on the verge of
aregion which, extending westward to the shores of the Pacific, abounds :
in large game, and is covered with a singular luxuriance ate life.

The little stream grew rapidly smaller, and in about twelve miles we
had reached its head, the last water coming immediately out of the moun-
tain on the right; and this spot was selected for our next encampment.
The grass showed well in sunny places; but in colder situations the snow
was deep, and began to occur in banks, through which the horses found

some difficulty in breaking a way. eis Ded

To the left, the open valley co

oe i
+ a ah bo with
ae 3 : ie

the:camnpe eee |
anuary 28.—To-day we went through the pass with all the camp,and
_after a hard day’s journey of twelve miles, encamped on a high mand rh re

_ the snow had been blown off, and the ex afforded a se

[174] 224

a searcely perceptible ascent, forming a beautiful pass; the exploration of
which we deferréd until the next day, and returned to the camp.

To-day an Indian passed through the valley, on his way into the moun-
tains, where he showed us was his lodge. We comprehended nothing of
his language; and, though he appeared to have no fear, passing along in
full view of the camp, he was indisposed to hold any communication with
us, but showed the way he was going, and pointed for us to go on our road.

By observation, the latitude of this encampment was 38° 18' 01”, and
the elevation above the sea 6,310 feet. —

January 27.—Leaving the camp to follow slowly, with directions to
Carson to encamp at the place agreed on, Mr. Fitzpatrick and myself con-—
tinued the reconncissance. Arriving at the head of the stream, we began
to enter the pass—passing occasionally through open groves of large pine
trees. on the-warm side of the defile, where the snow had melted away,
occasionally exposing a large Indian trail. Continuing along a narrow
meadow, we reached in a few miles the gate of the pass, where there was
a narrow strip of prairie, about fifty yards wide, between walls of grauite
rock. On either side rose the mountains, forming on the left a rugged
mass, or nucleus, wholly covered with deep snow, presenting a glittering
and icy surface. At the time, we supposed this to be the point into which

- they were gathered between the two great rivers, and from which the

waters flowed off to the bay. This was the icy and cold side of the pass,

gathered itself rapidly, and descended quick; and the valley did not pre-
serve the open character of the other side, appearing below to form a
canon. We therefore climbed one of the peaks on the right, leaving our
horses below; but we were so much shut up, that we did not obtain an
extensive view, and what we saw was not very satisfactory, and awakened
considerable doubt. The valley of the stream pursued a northwesterly
direction, appearing below to turn sharply to the right, beyond which fur-

_ ther view was cut off.» It was, nevertheless, resolved to continue our road
_ the next day down this valley, which we trusted still would prove that of
the middle stream between the two great rivers. Towards the summit of

peak, the fields of snow were four or five feet deep on the nort
de; and we saw several large hares, which had on their winter color,
ng white as the snow around them. %
The wii s short in the mountains, the sun having but a small
of sky tg travel over in the visible part above our horizon; and the
5 the air is keenly cold. The interest of our
g, and it was after nightfall when we reathed

ere

: together made our travel-

%

x

+ [174 7
ling difficult : we were often compelled to make large cireuits, and ascend

the highest and most exposed ridges, in order to avoid snow, which in
other places was banked up toa great depth. ©

During the day a few Indians were seen circling around us on snow
shoes, and skimming along like birds ; but we could not bring them with-
in speaking distance. Godey, who was alittle distance from the camp, had
sat down to tie his moccasins, when he heard a low whistle near, and, look-
ing up, saw two Indians half hiding behind a rock about forty yards distant “4
they would not allow him to approach, but, breaking into a laugh, skimmed
off over the snow, seeming to have no idea of the power of fire arms, and
thinking themselves perfectly safe when beyond arm’s length.

To-night we did not succeed in getting the howitzer into camp. This.
was the most laborious day we had yet passed through ; the steep ascents
and deep snow exhausting both men and animals. Our single chronometer
had stopped during the day, and its error in time occasioned the loss of an.
eclipse of a satellite this evening. It had not preserved the rate with.
which we started from the Dalles, and this will account for the absence.
of longitudes along this interval of our journey.

Jan

being required to bring up the gun, I went ahead with Mr. Fitzpatrick and
a few men, leaving\the camp to follow, in charge of Mr. Preuss. We fol-
lowed a trail down a hollow where the Indians had descended, the snow
being so deep that we never came near the ground ; but this only made our
descent the easier, and, when we reached alittle affluentto the river at the
bottom, we suddenly found ourselves in presence of eight or ten Indians.
They seemed to be watching our motions, and, like the others, at first were.

indisposed to let us approach, ranging themselves like birds on a fallen,

Seat

E 174 J 226

would give preamms of scarlet cloth, and other articles, which were shown
to them. They looked atthe reward we offered, and conferred with each
other, but pointed to the snow on the mountain, and drew their hands
across their necks, and raised them above their heads, to show the depth ;
and signified that it was impossible for us to get through. They made
signs that we must go to the southward, over a pass through a lower range,
which they pointed out ; there, they said, at the end of one day’s travel, we
would find people who lived near a pass in the great mountain ; and to that
point they engaged to furnish us a guide. They appeared to have a con-
fused idea, from report, of whites who lived on the other side of the moun-
tain ; and once, they told us, about two years ago, a party of twelve men
like ourselves had ascended their ‘river, and crossed to the other waters.
They pointed out to us where they had crossed ; but then, they said, it
was summer tine ; but now it would be impossible. I believe that this
was a party led by Mr. Chiles, one of the only two men whom | know to
ve passed through the California mountains from the interior of the Ba-
in—Walker being the other ; and both were engaged upwards of twenty
days, in the summer time, in gettingover. Chiles’s destination was the bay
of San Francisco, to which he descended by the Stanislausriver ; and Walk-
er subsequently informed me that, like myself, descending to the southward
ona more eastern line, day after day he was searching for the Buenaven-
-tura, thinking that he had found it with every new stream, until, like me,
ie abandoned ail idea of its existence, and, turning abruptly to the right,
crossed the great chain. eThese were both western men, animated with
the spirit of exploratory enterprise which characterizes that people. ~
The Indians brought in during the evening an abundant supply of pine

nuts, which we traded from them. When roasted, their pleasant flavor
made them an agreeable addition to our now seanty store of provisions,
which were reduced to a very low ebb. Our.grincipal stock was in peas,
which it is not necessary to say contain ariel any nutriment. We had
still a little flour left, some coffee, and a quantity of sugar, which I re-
served as a defence against starvation. :

The Indians informed us that at certain seasons they have fish in their

ch it would subject us, I reluctantly
time. It was of the kind invente

é termined to leave it
‘by the French for the

+a

_, 9 [ 174]

ing ; and, leaving ont late inv the day, we deséended the river,
whieh nsaicdherely: hice out into a broad eons furnishing good travel-
ling ground. In/a short distance we passed th village, a collection of
straw huts; anda few miles below, the guide pointed out the place ba
the whites had been encamped before they entered the mountain.
our late start we made but. ten miles, and encamped 6n the low rch ae
tom, where there was no snow, but a great deal of ice ; and we cut piles of
long grass to lay under our blankets, and fires were made of farge dry wil-
lows, groves of which wooded the stream. The river took here a north-
easterly direction, and through a spur from the mountains on the left was
the gap where we were to pass the next day. ‘
January 31.—We took our way over a gently rising ground, the dividing
ridge being tolerably low; and travelling easily along a broad trail, in
twelve or fourteen miles reached the upper part of the pass, when it began
to snow thickly, with very cold weather. The Indians had only the
usual seanty covering, and appeared to suffer greatly from the cold. All
left us, exceptourguide. Half hidden by-the storm, the mountains looked
dreary ; and as night began to approach, the guide showed great reluctance
to go forward. I placed him between two-rifles, for the way began tobe
difficult. Travelling a little farther, we struck a ravine, which the Indian
said would conduct us to the river; and as the poor fellow suffered greatly,
shivering in the snow which fell upon his naked skin, | would not detain
» him any longer ; and he ran off to the mountain, wheree Said there was
a hut near by. He had kept the blue and scartet cloth I had given him
tighly rolled up, preferring rather to endure the cold than to get ‘them wet.
In the course of the afternoon, one of the meén had his foot frost bitten ;
and about dark we had the satisfaction to reach the bottoms of a stream
timbered with large trees, among which we found a sheltered camp, with an
abundance of such grass as thie season afforded for the animals. _ We saw
before us, in descending from the pass
stretched the valley of the river ; the iower parts steep, and dark yh pines,
while above it was hidden in clouds of s snow. a oT owe

and.
We had match lighted o our = frei when the deity was ef owded
’ nearly naked Indians; some of them were furnished with long nets in ad-
dition to bows, and appeared to have been out on the sage hills to hunt
rabbits. These nets were perhaps 30 to 40 feet logy kept 9 gi in the

ground by slight sticks at intervals, and were wild

hemp, much resembling in manufacture those common among the

—e the Sacramento valley. They came among us without any
— themselves about ~ er nae ngs in grat

wivggere ol together few of the inbat aiellagent ol of the ndians dia ae DA
an interesting council. I explained to them my in

[174] 228

tions. I told them that we had come from a very far country, having been.
travelling now nearly a year, and that we were desirous simply to go across
the mountain into the country of the other whites. There were two who
appeared particularly intelligent—one, asomewhatold man. He toldme
that, before the snows fell, it was six sleeps to the place where the whites
lived, but that now it was impossible to cross the mountain on account of
e deep snow ; and showing us, as the others had done, that it was over
our heads, he urged us strongly to follow the course of the river, which he
said would conduct us toa — in which there were many, large fish.
There, he said, were many people ; there was no snow on the ground ;
and we might remain there until the spring. From their descriptions, we
were pag a to judge that we had encamped on the upper water of the
n Trout river. . It is hardly necessary to say that our communication
was as by signs, as we understood nothing of their language ; but they
Ori Says aga pi rapidly and vehemently, explaining what they con-
d the folly of our intentions, and urging us to go down to the lake.
, a word signifying snow, we very soon learned to know, from its
freqdlent repetition. I told him that the men ant the horses were strong,
that we would break a road through the snow; and spreading be-
fore him our bales of scarlet cloth, and seleein: showed him what we
would givefor a guide. It was necessary to obtain one, if possible ; for -
had determined here to attempt the passage of the mountain. Pallin
bunch of grass from the ground, after a short discussion among ‘pam ten,
the oldman made us comprehend, that if we could break through the snow,
at the end of three days we would come down upon grass, which he
showed us would be about six inches high, and where the ground was en-
tirely free. So far,he said, he had been in hunting for elk ; but beyond that,
(and he closed his eyes) he had seen nothing; but there was one amon
them who had been to the whites, and, going out of the lodge, he returned
with a young man of very intelligent appearance. Here, said he, is a
ung man who has seen the whites with his own eyes ; ine he swore,
first by the sky, and then by the ground, that what he said was true. With
a large present of goods, we prevailed upon this young man to be our
guide, and he acquired among us the name Mélo—a word signifying friend,
which they used very frequently. He was thinly clad, and nearly barefoot ;
his moccasins bet about worn 1 out. We gave him ‘skins to make a new

interm ited inthe end th eat 6 ling again in the : of the °
hight, and it snowed steadily all day. in te morning I acquainted the

with my decision, and explained to them that necessity required us to
great effortto clear the mountains. I rem \inded them of the beau-

ul valle e Sacramento, with which they were familiar from the de-
riptions. ‘of Carson, who had been there some fifteen years 12805 and who,

r late prin , had delighted us in speaking of its rich pastures and
abounding ga me, and drew a vivid contrast between its summer climate,
less than a miles distant, and the falling snow around us. — I in-

experience had given them confidence in my ob-
ments) that almost directly west, and only about
farming establishment. nt of Captain Sutter—a

229. - [ 174]

gentleman who had formerly lived in Missouri, and, emigrating to this
country, had become the possessor of a princip ality. T assured them that,
from the heights of the mountain before us, we should doubtless see the
valley of the Sacramento river, and with one effort place ourselves again
in the midst of plenty. The people received this decision with the cheer-
ful obedience which had always characterized them ; and the day was im-
mediately devoted to the preparations necessary to enable us to carry it into
effect. Leggings, moccasins, clothing—all were put into the best stateto ~
resist the cold. Our guide was not neglected. Extremity of sufferi g
might make him desert ; we therefore did the best we could for him
gings, moccasins, some articles of clothing, and a large green blanket, In
addition to the blue and scarlet cloth, were lavished upon him, and to his
great and evident contentment. He arrayed himself in all his colors ; and,
clad in green, blue, and scarlet, he made a gay-looking Indian ; and, wi
his various presents, was probably richer and better clothed than any of
his tribe had ever been before.

I have already said that our provisions were very low; we had neither
tallow nor grease of any kind remaining, and the wan t of salt became one
of our greatest privations. The poor dog which had. been found in the
Bear river valley, and which had been a compagnon de voyage ever since,
had now become fat, and the mess to which it belonged requested permis-
sion to kill it. Leave was granted. Spread out on the snow, the meat
looked very good ; and it made a strengthening meal for the greater part
of the camp. Indians brought in two or three rabbits during the day,
which were purchased from them

he river was 40 to 70 feet wide, and now entirely frozen over. It was
wooded with large cottonwood, willow, and grain de boeuf. By observa~
tion, the latitude of this encampment was 38° 37’ 18".

February 2.—It had ceased snowing, and this morning the iva - *
was clear and frosty; and six or seven thousand feet above, the peaks of
the Sierra now and then appeared among the rolling clouds, which were —
rapidly dispersing before the sun. Our Indian shook his head as he pointed ~

to the i pinta shooting high up into the sky, and seeming ose im-
ceabiately above us. Crossing the river on the ice, and isting it imme-
diately, we commenced the ascent of the mountain along the valley of a
tributary stream. The people were unusually silent; for every man knew
that our enterprise was sera ti and the i issue doubtful.

The snow deepened rapidly, and i
For this service, a party of Hen was formed, mounted on. ihe strongest
horses ; each man in succession opening the road on foot, or on ho
until himself and his horse became fatigued, when he stepped aside ; and,
the remaining number passing ahead, he took his station in the rear. Leay-
ing oe and pene a very direct course, we passed over an inter-

vening to the river we had left. On the way we passed two low —
huts entirely ‘eovered ith. snow, which might very easily have es a
observation. A family was living in each ; and the only trail I saw int ie

ep

plied _ with food and fuel. We found twos

where we next arrived ; and, travelling a little hi,
banks i in aecnat four feet d of snow. Carsop fou
side, where the wind and the sun had melted t

sufficient bunch grass for the sdishdts to-night.

oe 230

_ ‘The nut pines were now giving way to heavy timber, and there were
ome immense pines on the bottom, around the roots of which the sun had
‘melted away the snow; and here we made our camps and built huge fires.
To-day we had travelled sixteen miles, and our elevation above the sea
was 6,760 feet. . j :
February Som te jb faces directly towards the main chain, we as-

De. oO
the steep hill
aces lessened the’

of the animals the next morning. During the day several Indians joined
1S On snow shoes. ' ‘oot i

tance of dividing grennd between the two ridges, and beyond.an open ba-
sin, some ten miles across, whose bottom presented a field of snow. At
the further or western side rose the middle crest of the mountain, a dark-

| of naked peaks, apparently destitute
of the whole

‘occupied in endeavoring to ascend the.
seeeded. The animals, generally, not.

231 [ 174}
having sufficient strength to bring themselves up without the packs; and
all the line of road between this and the springs was strewed with camp
stores and equipage, and horses floundering in snow. I therefore imme-
diately encamped on the ground with my own mess, which was in ad-
vance, and directed Mr. Fitzpatrick to encamp at the springs, and send all
the animals, in charge of Tabeau, with a strong guard, back to the place
where they had been pastured the night before. Here was a small spot
of level ground, protected on one side by the mountain, and on the other
sheltered by a little ridge of rock. It was an open grove of pines, which
assimilated in size to the grandeur of the mountain, being frequently six
feet in diameter. ,

To-night we had no shelter, but we made a large fire around the trunk
-of one of the huge pines ; and covering the snow with small boughs, on
which we spread our blankets, soon made ourselyes comfortable. The
night was very bright and clear, though the thermometer was only at 10°.
A strong wind, which sprang up at sundown, made it intensely cold ; and

this was one of the bitterest nights during the journe

thiad biltseh ad. and believed our situation hopele |
bis blanket, and began to weep and lament. “I wanted to see the whites,”
t ear # | nd into
the cold night and gloomy forest, and, drawing his blanket over his head,

Seated around the tree, the fire illuminating the rocks and the tall bolls .
of the pines round about, and the old Indian Tinigigiten, we presented a
group of very serious faces,

Februdiry 5.—The night had been too cold to sleep, and we were up
very early. Our guide was standing by the fire with all his finery on;
and seeing him shiver in the cold, I threw on his shoulders one of my

ankets. We missed him a few minutes afterwards, and never saw him
again. He had deserted. His bad faith and treachery were in perfeet
keeping with the estimate of Indian character, which a long intercourse
with this people had gradually forced upon my mind. he

While a portion of the camp were occupied in bringing up the
to this point, the remainder were busied in making sledges and
I had determined to explore the mountain ahead, and the s

ad de to explore the mountain ahead, and
be used in transporting the baggage. |
The mountains here consisted wholly of a white micaceou

oo > 232

The day was perfectly clear, and, while the sun was in the sky, warm
‘and pleasant. . Cj
* By observation, our latitude was 38° 42’ 26”; and elevation, by the
‘boiling point, 7,400 feet.
uary 6.—Accompanied by Mr. Fitzpatrick, | sat out to-day with a
‘reconnoitring party, on snowshoes. We marched all in single file, tramp-
fing the snow as heavily as we could. Crossing the open basin, in a march
of about ten miles we reached the top of one of the peaks, to the left of
the pass indicated by our guide. Far below us, dimmed by the distance,
was a large snowless valley, bounded on the western side, at the distance
of about a hundred miles, by a low range of mountains, which Carson
recognised with delight as the mountains bordering the coast. ** There,”
said he, “is the little mountain—it is 15 years ago since I saw it; but I
am just as sure as if I had seen it yesterday.” Between us, then, and this
low coast range, was the valley of the Sacramento ; and no one who had
not accompanied us through the incidents of our life for the last few months
could realize the delight with which at last we looked down upon it: At
the distance of apparently 30 miles beyond us were distinguished spots of
prairie; and a dark line, which could be traced with the glass, was im-
agined to be the course of the river; but we were. evidently at a great
“height above the valley, and between us and the plains extended miles
of snowy fields and broken ridges of pine-covered mountains,
It was late in the day when we turned towards the camp ; and it grew
_ gapidly cold as it drew towards night. One of the men became fatigued,
and his feet began to freeze, and, building a fire in the trunk of a dry old

pone

dar, Mr. Fitzpatrick remained with him until his clothes could be dried,
and he was in a condition to come on. After a day’s march of 20 miles,
we straggled into camp, one after another, at night fall; the greater num-
ber excessively fatigued, only two of the party having ever travelled on

| aS = are

th one party drawing sleighs loaded with baggage vanced to-day
miles along the trail, and encamped at the first grassy spot, where

i 7; bring our horses. Mr. Fitzpatrick, with another party, re-

The Pe. has been extremely cold; but perfectly still,
elear. Before the sun appeared this morning, the ther-
selow zero; 1° higher, when his rays struck the lofty
y reached our camp. ;

* 238 [1%]

we would be delighted here ; but our provisions are getting fearfully scant.
Sleighs arrived with baggage about 10 o’elock ; and leaving a portion of it
here, we continued on for a mile and a half, and encamped at the foot of
a long hill on this side of the open bottom.

Bernier and Godey, who yesterday morning had been sent to ascend a
higher peak, got in, hungry and fatigued. They confirmed what we had
already seen. Two other sleighs arrived in the afternoon; and the mer
being fatigued, I gave them all tea and sugar. Snow clouds began to rise
in the SSW.; and, apprehensive of a storm, which would destroy our
road, I sent the people back to Mr. Fitzpatrick, with directions to send
for the animals in the morning. With me remained Mr. Preuss, Mr. Tal-

n dia 0 und; but, in asce ;
tapers rapidly to less than one foot at the height of 80 feet. [ have not

(pinus colorado of the Mexicans,) which constitutes the beautiful forest
along the flanks of the Sierra Nevada to the northward, is here the prin-
cipal tree, not attaining a greater height than 140 feet, though with some-

a columnar struc-_
ous trap. The hills

[ W744] 234 °

February 11.—High wind continued, and our tral this morning was
nearly invisible—here and there indicated by alittle ridge of snow. Our
situation became — and dreary, requiring catny exercise of pa-
tience and resolutio

‘In the evening I cing eda message from Mr. Fitzpatrick, acquainting
me with the utter failure of his attempt to get our mules and horses over
the snow—the half-hidden trail had proved 7 tbo sight to support
them, and they had broken through, and were plun it or lying half
buried in snow. He was occupied in endeavoring to get them back to

his camp; and in the mean time sent to me for further a elo g I
wrote to him to send the animals immediately back to their old tures ;
and, after having made mauls and shovels; turn in all the strength of his
party. to open and beat a road wey g the snow, strengthening: it with

anches and boughs of the pines
A Febru e made mauls, and worked hard at our end of the
road all the day s:! The wind was high, but the sun bright, and the snow
thawing, We worked down the face of the hill, to meet the people at
the other end. Towards sundown it oo to grow cold, and we shoul-
ma our — and trudged back to

3.—We continued to Lebioe on the road; and in the course
ofthe day bad the satisfaction to see the people working down the face of
ihe opposite hill, about three miles distant. During the morning we had
the pleasure of a visit from Mr. Fitzpatrick, with the information nat all

was: ing on well. A party of Indians’ had passed on. show shoes, who
said th ey were going to the western side of the mountain ~~ fish. This
$ an indication that the salmon were e coming up the streams; and we

nid | restrain our impatience as we thought of them, and worked
with increased vigor.

‘The meat train did not arrive this evening, and I gave Godey leave to
kill our little dog, (Tlamath, ) which he prepared in Indian fashion ; scorch-
; ing off the hair, and washing the skin with soap and snow, and then: cut-

ie it up into pieces, which were laid on the snow. Shortly afterwards,
the sleigh arrived with a supply of horse ee and we had to-night an

2 acaetpae std dinner—pea soup, mule, and
“cil hartg 14:—Annexed is a view of the dividing ridge of the Sinem
taken from this encampment. With Mr. Preuss, I ascended to-day the

nig es rt ipeait to the right ; — which we had a beautiful y

n miles s in length and so €

oO taiae MAOSUUT OL

we enj syed an extende

PASS IN THE SHFERAA NEVADA O F7CALCIFORATA

fh Weber 8 Baltimore

235 f 174]
Bere i ee
pade during our stay, gives for the latitude 35’ ' 57", longitude 120°

25' 57'', and rate of the chronometer 25''.82. oy
February 16.—We had succeeded in getting our animals safely to the
first grassy hill ; and this morning | started with Jacob on a reconnoitring

e

n began to hear the rushing of the water
below the ice surface, over which we travelled to avoid the snow; a few
F piles below we broke through, where the water was several feet deep, and
ted to make a fire and dry our clothes. We continued a few miles

farther, walking being very laborious without snow shoes. %
I was now perfectly satisfied that we had struck the stream on. which:

disgoneneguneseoriet 1 large cake of very white fine-grained salt, which
, the India un-
tain ; they used it to eat with their pine nuts, and readily sold it for goods.
On the 19th, the people were occupied in making a road and bringing up
the baggage ; and, on the afternoon of the next day, February 20, 1544, we.
encamped with the animals and all the materiel of the camp, on thesummit
» of the Pass in the dividing ridge, 1,000 niles by our travelled road from
the Dalles of the Columbia.
The people, who had not yet been to this point, climbed the neighboring
peak to enjoy a look at the valley. . * :
The temperature of boiling water gave for the elevation of the eneamp-
ment 9,338 feet above the sea. =
This was.2,000 feet higher than the South Pass inthe Rocky mountains,
and several peaks in view rose several ousand feet still higher. at
the extremity of the continent, and near the coast, the phenomenon was
“seen of a range of mountai still higher than the great Rocky mountains
themselves. This extraordinary fact aceountsfor the Great Basin, and
‘shows that there must be a system of small lakes and rivers here scattered
over a flat country, and which the extended and lofty range of the Sierra
Neyada prevents from escaping to the Pacifie ocean. Latitude 38° 44's
longitude 120° 28%: . . age OP
‘Thus this Pass. in, the Sierra Nevada, which so well deserves its name
of Snowy mountain, is eleven degrees west and about four-degrees south
of the South Pagge« <7 t Lie ee

f iva y 236

wareey 21.—We now considered ourselves victorious over the moun-

; having only the descent before us, and the valley under our eyes, we

felt strong hope that we should force our way down. But this was a case
in which the descent was not facile. Still deep fields of snow lay between,
and there was a large ae space of rough-looking mountains through

which we had yet to wind ourway. Carson roused me this morning withe

an early fire, and we were all up long before ion in order to pass the snow
fields before the sun should render the crust soft. We enjoyed this morn-

ing a scene, at sunrise, which even here was unusually glorious a and beauti-—

ful.. Immediately above the eastern mountains ud-forme

VERE

mass of purple ranges, bordered with bright yellow ‘gold ; the: peaks shot

up into a narrow: line of crimson cloud, above which the air was filled with
a greenish oranges ated over all was the singular beauty of the blue sky.
Passing along a ridge which commanded the lake on our right, of which

we began to discover an outlet through a chasm on the west, we passed .

over alternating open ground and hard-crusted snow fields which support-

2 animals, and encamped on the ridge after a journey of 6 miles. The

ass was better than we had yet seen, and we were encamped in a clump

of trees twenty or thirty feet high, resembling white pine. With the excep-

tion of these small clumps gs — were bare; and, where the snow found

the support of the trees, d had blown it up into banks ten or fifteen

feet high. It required ake care to hunt out.a practicable way, as the
most open places frequently led to impassable ban

We ha and doubtful labor yet before us, as the snow appeared to

be heavier where the timber began further down, with few open spots.

ding a height; we traced out the best line we could discover for the -

next day’s ma at least the consolation to see that the mountain
descended rapidly. The any had been one of April ; gusty, witha few oc-
easional flakes of snow; which; in the afternoon, enveloped the upper
mountain in clouds. We watched them anxiously, as now we dreaded a

snow storm. Shortly afterwards we heard the roll of thunder, and, looking
towards the valley, found it all enveloped in a thunder storm. For us, as
connected with the idea of summer, it hada singular charm; and we watch-
ed its progress with excited fegunee until nearly sunset, when the sky clear-
ed off brightly, and we saw a shining line of water directing its course to-
wi

) another, a broader and larger sheet. _ We knew that these could be.
. than the Sacramento and the bay of San Francisco ; but, after our
wandering i in rugged mountains, where so frequently we had met with.

appointments, and where the crossing of every ridge displayed some un-
known lake or river, we were yet almost afraid to believe that we were at
last to. escape into the genial country of which we'had heard so many
Zlow Sear: and dreaded again to find some vast interior lake,
bitter waters would bring us disappointment. On the southern shore
ed to be the bay could be traced the gleaming line where
large stream ; and again the Buenaventura rose up in our

;

e
*
‘

+ to have crossed the mouth of a very large stream,
: eee: they h had been. ob to raft ; but the prenirc then was so entirely
od ater water from snow and rain, that he had been able to form no

BRCM tic ac least there were euple below.

Sr a hadegtinee the valley along the southern side of the bay, and re- :

+

237 [may

Fires were lit up in the valley just at night, sepesting inte in answer to
ours ; and these signs of life renewed, in some measure, the gayety of the
camp. They appeared so near, that we judged them to ‘be among the tim-
ber of some of the neighboring ridges ; but, having them constantly in view
day after day, and night after night, we afterwards found them to be fires
that had been kindled by the Indians among the tulares, on the shore of
the bay, 80 miles distant.

Among the very few plants that appeared here, was the common blue
flax. To-night, a mule was killed for fo

February 22.—Our breakfast was over long before day. We took ad-
vantage of the coolness of the early morning to get over the snow, which
to-day occurred in very deep banks among the timber ; but we searched
out the coldest places, and the animals passed successfully with their loads
the hard crust. Now and then, the delay of making a road occasioned
much labor and loss of time. In the after part of the day, we saw before
us a handsome grassy ridge point; and, making a desperate push over a
snow field 10 to 15 feet deep, we happily succeeded in getting the camp
across ; and encamped on the ridge, after a march of three miles. We had.
again the prospect of a thunder storm below ; and to-night we killed another
mule—now our only resource from starvation

We satisfied ourselves during the day'that the lake had an outlet be-
tween two ranges 6n the right; and with tBis, the creek on which I had
ee probably effected a junction below. Between these, we were
descen

We copied to enjoy the same delightful weather ; the sky of the same
beautiful blue, and such a sunset and sunrise as on our Atlantic coast we
could scartely imagine. And here among the mountains, 9,000 feet above
the sea, we have the deep-blue sky and sunny climate of Smyrna and
ime, which a little map before me shows are in the same latitude.

vation above the sea, by the boiling point, is 8,565

‘ February 23 .—This was our most difficult day: we were forced off the

ridges by the quantity of snow among the timber and obliged to take to’
the mountain sides, where, occasionally, rocks and a. ! —— af-
forded us a chance to scramble along. But these — per

i i f

our way, tore our skins, and exhausted our patience. Some of us had the
misfortune to wear moccasins with parfléche soles, so slippery that we could
not keep our feet, and generally crawled across the snow beds. Axes and
mauls were necessary to-day, to make a road through the snow. Going
ahead with Carson to reconnoitre the road, we reached in the afternoon the
river which made the outlet of the lake. e. Carson sprang over, clear across
a place where the stream was compressed among rocks, but the parfléche
sole of my moccasin glanced from the icy rock, and precipitated me into the
river. It was some few seconds before I could recover myself in the cur-
pa: and Carson, thinking me hurt, jumped in after me, and we both had
y bath. We tried to search a while for oe gun, which had been lost
in ie fall, but the cold drove us out ; and making a large fire on the bank,
after we had partial dried ourselves we went i eack to meet the camp-
.We afterwards spe | oa the gun had been slung under the ice which
lined the banks of the er
Using our old plan of in the oad with Pears: horadaage reached
the ereek in the evening, and encamped on a dry -_ n place in the ravine.

Emmy ; 238

but the opposite ridge is enti
among the pines, the hill side produces but little: grass—barely sufficient
to keep lile in the animals. We had the pleasure to be rained upon this

_ Rearly intoxicated.us-with delight ; and we hurried on, filled with exeite-
. : z “Fes é ow. ‘re em oT a = B]

oak and om, through which ran rivulets closely borde

s,,on which our half-starved horses fell with°avidity ; and here we
i eneampment. Here the rparing torrent has already become a
we had descended to an elevation of 3,864 feet.

ong our road to-day the rock was a white granite, which appears to
it upper part of the mountains on both the eastern and west

ween, the central is a voleaniec rock. ; :

as killed to-night, for food. 3 ; pee

elieving that the difficulties of the road were passed,.
. follow slowly, as the condition of the ani-

is morning with a party of eight, consist.
and Mr. Falbot, Carson, Derosier, Towns

?-

—_ [174]

Proue, and Jacob. We took with us some of the best animals, and my in-
tention was to proceed as rapidly as possible to the house of _Mr. Sutter,
and return to meet the party with a supply of provisions and fresh animals.
_ Continuing down the river, which pursueda very direct westerly course
through a narrow yalley, with only a very slight and narrow bottom land,
we made twelve miles, and encamped at some old Indian huts, apparently
a fishing place on the river. The bottom was covered with trees of de-
ciduous foliage, and overgrown with vinesand rushes. Qn a bench of the
hill near by, wasa field of fresh green grass, six inches long in some of the
tufts which I had the curiosity to measure. The animals were driven
here ; and [I spent part of the: afternoon sitting on a large rock among
them, enjoying the pauseless rapidity with which they luxuriated in the
unaccustomed food. aK shay

The forest was imposing to-day in the magnificenee of the trees : some
of the pines, bearing large cones, were 10 feet in diameter ; cedars also
abounded, and we measured one.283 feet in eireumference four feet from
the ground. This noble:tree seemed here to be in its proper soil and cli-
mate. We found it on both sides of ghe Sierra, but most abundant on the
west... =r ae :

bruary 26.—We continued to follow the stream, the.

_ ~ February : mountains on
either hand increasing in height as we descended, and. shutting up the

river narrowly in precipiees, along which we had great difficulty to get
our horses. “

It rained heavily during the afternoon, and we were forced off the river

. to the heights above ; whence we descended, at night-fall, the point of a

# of

_ Spur between the river and a fork of nearly equal size, coming in from the

right. Here we saw, on the lower hills, the first flowers in bloom, which
occurred suddenly, and in*considerable quantity ; one of them a speciesof ©
gilia. yi

The current in both streams (rather torrents than rivers) was broken by —

large ulders. It was late, and the,animals fatigued ; and not suee
to find a ford immedi ely, we encamped, although the hill side affordec
but a few stray bunches of grass, and the horses, standing about in th

February 27.—We succeeded in fording the stream, and made a trail by
which we crossed the point of the opposite hill, which, on the southern.
exposure, Was prettily covered with green grass, and we halted a mile from
our last encampment. The river was only about sixty feet wide, but rapid,
and occasionally deep, foaming among boulders, and the water beautifully
clear, We encamped on the hill slope, as there was no bottom level, and
the opposite ridge is continuous, affording no-streams...

_We had with us a large kettle; and a mule being killed here, his head
was boiled in it for several hours, and made.a passable soup for famished

elow, precipices on the river forced us to the heights, which we as
cended by a ste spur 2,000 feet high. My favorite horse, Proveau, had.
become very weak and wasscarcely able to bring himself to the top. Trav=
elling here was good, except in crossing the ravines, which were narrow,
Steep, and frequent. We caught a glimpse of a deer, the first.animal we
had seen ; but did not succeed in approaching him. Proveaw eould not
keep up, and I left Jacob to bring him-on, being obliged to press forward.
with the party, as there was.nograssin the forest. We grew very anxious
“as the day advanced and no grass appeared, for the lives of our animals
‘ .

[14 J | 240

depended on finding it to-night. They were in just such a condition that
grass and repose for the night enabled them to get on the next day. Every
hour we had been pen out before usthe valley, which, from.
the mountain above, seemed slentae atour feet. A new and singular shrub,

which had made its appearance since crossing the mountain, was very fre-
quent to-day. It branched out near the ground, forming a elump eight to
ten feet high, with pale-green leaves of an oval form , and the body and
branches had a naked appearance, as if stripped of the bark, which is very
smooth and thin, of a chocolate color, contrasting well with ‘the pale green
of the leaves. The day was nearly gone ; we had made a hard day’s march,

and-found no grass. Towns became light-headed, wandering off into the
woods without knowing where he was going, and Jacob brought him back.

Near night-fall we descended into the steep ravine of'a handsome creek ,
thirty feet wide, and I was engaged in getting the horses up the opposite
hill, when I heard ashout from Carson, who had gone ahead a few hun-,
dred yards—“ Life yet,” said he, as he came up, “ life yet ; I have founda
hill side sprinkled with grass enough for the night.” We drove along our
horses, and encamped at the place about dark, and there was just room
enough to make a place for shelter on the edge of the stream. Three
horses were lost to-day—Proveau ; a fine young horse from the Columbia,
belonging to Charles Towns; and another Indian horse which carried our

cooking utensils ; the two former gave out, and the latter strayed off into

the woods as we reached the camp.

’ February 29.—We lay shut up in the narrow ravine, and gave the ani-
mals a necessary day ; and men were sent back after the others. Derosier
volunteered to bring up Proveau, to whom he knew I was greatly attach-
ed, as he been my favorite horse on both expeditions. Carson and I
climbed one of the nearest mountains ; the forest land still extended ahead,
and the valley appeared as far as ~ The pack horse was found near
the camp, but Derosier did not get in.

March 1.—Derosier did not get in wdatiay the night, and leaving him to
follow, as no grass remained gine we mecerortt on over the u range ov
ing many small streams, and camped again on the river, having made
miles. Here we found the hill side covered (although lightly) with fresh
green pats and from this time forward we found it Sha improving
and abunda

We sates a , pleasant eamp on the river hill, where were some beautiful
specimens of the chocolate-colored shrub, which shee a ost? ¥ diameter

near the ground, and fifteen to twenty feet hi idge runs
Teatinnonely along, unbroken by streams. cota [y descending into
ee spring; — we are leaving our; snowy a ; every thing is

rous bugs are creeping out,
2st flowers are coming into

eg a n to be uneasy at 2 tthe cnier’ s absence, fearing he might have
ered inthe woods. Charles Towns, who had not yet recovered
his mind, went to swim in the river, as if it were summer, and the stream
placid, when it was a cold mountain torrent foaming among rocks. We
were happy to see Derosier appear in the evening. He came in, and, sitting
down by the fire, began to tell us where he had been. He imagine

ae een. gone several — and gee we were still at the camp whewe ,

4 >

ee eg Oe —
7 a

@241- . ees

he had left us ; and we were pained to see that hisymind was deranged. It

appeared that he had been lost in the mountain, and hunger and fatigue,

joined to weakness of body, and fear of perishing in the mountains, had

erazedhim. The times were severe when stout men lost their minds from ,
extremit suffering—when horses died—and when mules and horses,

ready to die of starvation, were killed for food. Yet there was no mur-

muring or hesitation. , Kea

A short distance below our encampment, the river mountains terminated
in precipices, and, after a fatiguing march of only a few miles, we encampe
on a bench where there were springs and an abundance of the freshest »
grass. In the mean time, Mr. Preuss continued on down the river, and,
unaware that we had encamped so early in the day, was lost. When night
arrived, and he did not come in, we began to understand what had hap-
pened to him; but it was too late to make any search. .

March 3.—We followed Mr. Preuss’s trail for a considerable distance
along the river, until we reached a place where he had descended to the
stream below and encamped. Here we shouted and fired guns, but ived
no answer; and we concluded that he had pushed on down the stream. I

*/? z

.

determined to keep out from the river, along which it was nearly impracti- J

cable to travel with animals, until it should form a valley. At every step
the country improved in beauty ; the pines were rapidly disappearing, and
oaks became the principal trees of the forest. Among these, the prevailing
tree was the evergreen oak, (which, by way of distinction, we shall call the
live oak ;) and with these, occurred frequently a new species of oak bearing
a long slender acorn, from an inch to an inch and a half in length, which
we now began to see formed the principal vegetable food of the inhabitants
of this region. In a short distance we crossed a little rivulet, where were

two old huts, and near by were heaps of acorn hulls. The ground round ~

about was very rich, covered with an exuberant sward of grass; and we
sat down for a while in the shade of the oaks, to let the animals feed. We
repeated our shouts for Mr. Preuss; and this time we were See vith
ananswer. The voice grew rapidly nearer, ascending from the river; but
when we expected to see him emerge, it ceased entirely. We had called up
some straggling Indian—the first we had met, although for two days back
we had seen tracks—who, mistaking us for his fellows, had been only un-
deceived on getting close up. It would have been pleasant to witness his
astonishment ; he would not have been more frightened had some of the
old mountain spirits they are so much afraid of suddenly appeared in his
path. Ignorant of the character of these people, we had now an additional

#

4

*
* »

¥

[ 174] 212

necessary time for hunting. At one of these orchard grounds, we /e encamped
about noon to make an effort for Mr. Preuss. One man took his way along
a spur leadin ng into the river, in hope to cross his trail; and another took
-ourown back. Both were volunteers ; and to the successful man w
~ ised a pair of pistols-——not asa reward, but as a token of gratitude for a
service which would free us all from much anxiety.
We had among our few animals a horse which was so much reduced,
_ that,.with eet | even the good grass could mot save him; and , having
nothing to eat, he was killed this afternoon. He was a good animal, and
had made the j je rney round from Fort Halil. o>
Dodecatheon dentatum continued the characteristic plant i in Lowée and
the naked-looking shrub already mentioned ot characteristic, begin-
ning to put forth a 2 small white blossom. At ev ening the men eS at —
ing seen or heard nothing of Mr. Preuss; and f determine: ma
hard push down'the river the next morning, and get ahead of him
March 4.—We continued rapidly along on a broad lainly- beaten trail,
the mere travelling and breathing the delightful air being a positive enjoy-
ment. Our road led along a ridge inclining to the river, and the air and
= the open grounds were fragrant with flowering shrubs; and in the course
of the morning we issued on an open spur, by which we descended directly
to the stteam. Here the river issues suddenly from the mountains, whic
hitherto had hemmed it closely in; these now become softer, and change
sensibly their character ; and at this point commences the most beautiful
valley in which we had ever travelled. We hurried to the river, on which
we noticed a small sand beach, to which Mr. Preuss would naturally have
gone. We found no trace of bim, but, instead, were recent tracks of bare-
footed Indians, and little piles of muscle shells, and old fires where they
had roasted the fish. We travelled on over the river grounds, which were
undulating, and covered with grass to the river briftk. We halted to noon
few miles beyond, always under the shade of the evergreen oaks, which
itmed open groves on the bottoms. ~
Continuing our road in the afternoon, we: aecbiaded to the uplands, where
“the river passes round a point of great ‘beauty , and goes thtough very re-
-markable dalles, in character resembling those of the umbia river, and
‘which you will find mentioned on the map annexed. Beyond, we again
‘descended to the bottoms, where we found an [Indian vans consisting of
two-or three huts; we had come upon them suddenly, and the people had
evidently just ran off. The huts were low and slight, ol like beehives
_ ima picture, five or six feet high, and near each was a erate, formed of in-
_terlaced branches and grass, in size and shape like a very large e ho

a

ch of these contained from six to nine bushels. Th ese were filled with —
ie gong acorns already mentioned, and in the buts were several a
ets, containing quantities of the acorns roasted. They were sweet
seably flavored, and we supplied ourselves with about half a bushel,
ne of our shirts, a handkerehief, and some smaller articles, in ex-
‘he river again entered for aspace among hills, and we followed

x across a bend through a handsome hollow behind. Ber
en; in trying f circumvent a deer, we diseovered some
on a hill hundred yards ahead, and gave them a shout, eaetich
they responde by loud and rapid talking and vehement gestirulation, be
_ made no stop, hurryin, up the mountain as fast as their legs soe —
them. We passed on, and again encamped in oe. grove.

» S 3 %

i . -

od

243 pas}

. > 4 =
The absence of Mr..Preuss gave me great concern ; and, for a large re-
ward, Derosier volunteered to go back on the trail. I directed him to
search along the river, travelling upward for the space of aday and ahalf,
_ at which time I expected he would meet Mr. Fitzpattiek, om I requested
to aid in the search; at all events, he was to go no farther, but return to
this camp, where a cache of provisions was made for him. be
Continuing the next day down the river, we discovered three squaws in
a little bottom, and surrounded them before they could make their eseape.
They had large conical baskets, which they were engaged in filling with a
small leafy plant (erodium cicularium) just now beginning to bloom, and
covering the ground like a sward of grass. These did not make any
lamentations, but appeared very much impressed with our appearance,
‘speaking to us only in a whisper, and offering us smaller baskets of the
plant, which they signified to us was good to eat, making signs also that it
was to be cooked by the fire. We drew out a little cold horse meat, and -
the squaws made signs to us that the men had gone out after deer, and that
we could have some by waiting till they came in. We observed that the
horses ate with great avidity-the herb which they had been gathering ; and
here also,.for the first time, we saw Indians eat the common grass—one of

€ ~

the squaws pulling several tufts, and eating it with apparent relish. See-

ing our surprise, she.pointed to the horses ; but we could not well under-
stand what she meant, except, perhaps, that what was good for the one was
good for the other.

; ‘e encamped in the evening on the shore of the river, at a place where

lying among the trees. We had seen several of the acorn caches uring the &

nothing of Derosier. pp 3
mined to keep the river as muc

was his only hope, always in expectation of reaching it soon. His prin- ©

cipal means of subsistence were a few roots, which the hunters call,

onions, having very little taste, but a good deal of nutriment, rowing gen-
erally in rocky ground, and fequiring a good deal of labor to —- as he had
only a pocket knife. Searching for these, he found a nest . f big ants,

had an agreeable acid taste. One of his greatest privations 1 ast

_Whieh he let ran on his hand, and stripped them off in his

a= .
ae “id ae

Jive oak, knowing that those of other oa

fp .174 J 244

of tobacco; and a pleasant smoke at evening would have been a relief
which only a voyageur could appreciate. He tried the dried leaves of the
: ks were sometimes used as a sub-
stitute ; but these were too thick, and would not do. On the 4th he made
seven or eight miles, walking slowly along the river, avoiding as much as
~ possible to climb the hills. In little pools he caught some of the smallest
“kind of frogs, which he swallowed, not so much in the gratification of hun-
ger, as in the hope of obtaining some strength. Seattered along the river
were old fire-places, where the Indians had roasted muscles and acorns ;
but though he searched diligently, he did not there sueceed in i
either. He had collected fire wood for the night, when he heard at some
distance from the river the barking of what he thought were two dogs, and
walked in that direction as quickly as he was able, hoping to find there
- gome Indian but, but met only two wolves ; and, in his disappointment, the
gloom of the forest was doubled. ‘
‘Travelling the next day feebly down the river, he found five or six In-
dians at the huts of which we have spoken; ‘some were painting them-
- selves black, and others roasting acorns. Being only one man, they did
not run off, but received him kindly, and gave him a weleome supply of
roasted acorns. He gave them his pocket knife in return, and stretched
out his hand to one of the Indians, who did not appear to comprehend the
motion, but jumped back, as if he thought he was about to lay hold of him.
They seemed afraid of him, not certain as to what he was.
Travelling on, he came to the place where we had found the squaws,
h

swhieh we momentarily expected to discover, to halt for any other thana pass-
: 5 a few hours we reached a large fork, the northern branch of

ght bank of the river, travelling for a while over

2. : “+ , &

= *

wo 25 (ray

— te
We made an acorn éal at*noon, an dherted: on; the valley being ga 4
with flowers, and som: sfihe banks being whactatste- ti : 2 segrie om 4
_fornian poppy, (eschscholtzia crocea.) Here the ss was s cna
green, and the hag very open; the large oaks throwing a fey shade ;
mong sunny spots. ‘Shortly afterwards we gave a shout at the appearance

ms a little butt of a néatly built adobe house with glass windows. Wee

¢.up, but, to our disa ppointment, found only Indians. There wasnoap- ~
puirenee of calti¥ation,® d we eould see no cattle, and we tz .

place had been abandon + 2 We now pressed on more eagerly than ever; ©
the river swept round in a large bend to the right; the hills lowered down
entirely ; and, «gradually entering a broad valle , We came unexpectedly
into a large Indian village, where the people looked clean, and wore cotton
shirts and various other articles of dress. .They immediately crowded
around us, and we had the inexpressible delight to find one who spoke a
little indifferent Spanish, but who at first confoundedws b ysiyi ngthere'were
no whites in the country ; but just then a well-dressed Ind neamé up, and=
made his salutations*in very well coe Spanish. In answerto ourin- —
quiries, he iain us that we were upon _ de los Ameriéanos, (the
river of the Americans,) and that it joined the Sacramento evi about 10
*: laa lo am did a name sound more sweetly! We felt ourselves
our countrymen; for the name of pees 2 in these distant parts,
js applied to the citizens of the United States. To our eager inquirieshe
"answered, “1 am awaguero,( cow herd) iff the service of Capt. Sutter, and

_the people of this rancheria work for him.”? Our evident satisfaction made™~
_him communicative; and he went on to say that Capt. Sutter was a very »
ehoman, and alway glad to see his countrypeople. We asked for his —

He answere és that it was Just. over the hill before us; and off .
e would’wait a moment, to — his horse and eonduct us to it. We* 4
real Ae tina sane offer. .In a short distance we came in sight ofthe
, passing on the way the house ofa settler on the opposite side,” —
(a Mr. cag ah ' “a @river} and in a few miles were meta short
m the fort a Sutter _— He gave us a most frank

and aerdisd rece pts mmediately to his residence—a af
under his hospitable abhi en it of rest, i Bae aie =
a which none ‘but odrsebvgg V apprecia the eft in. ~

hem. On the second rs we met, a few miles below the forks of the Rio
de los Americanos; anda more forlorn and'pitiable sight than they present-
ed:cannot well be imagined. They were all on foot—each man, weak and ~
enfaciated, leading a horse or mule as weak and emaciated as 2 wageaaacne
They had ‘experienced great difficulty in descending the mountains, m
; by rains and melting snows, and many! horses fell over preeipicesy=

and were killed; and with some were lost the packs they carried. Among
these, was a mule with the plants which we had collected since leaving” —
Fort inevof 2,000 miles travel, Out of 67 horses and mules: i
with whi we eaegea crossing the Sierra, only 33 reached the v: ’

tty; tyavellidi more slowly had been able to “make some some
se be unting, and had killed a few deer = = eee
wasia erent 1 to them ; for several ye been made oils many ={
and unwhole dogs yest. the p vation of life
" M2 Ss a e

oe

pm] ee Fe ion

mse. We cine oa fh sopceped as soon aswe met; and a os of good
beef, and delicious ‘align, are vale along,

*

ae
2s nid forbearance to prevent tthe Bea from » Becoming as uc 0 us now, as

~ The next day, March 8th, we fe Se at ‘the juveticg of - = riv-

ers.

®

the beautiful valley of the Sacrament 6. Itwasa Senvewigiyiaes for the
camp; and, among other things, was ‘within reach of the

, the Saéramento and Aibrieanoa: and thus’ found 1 the whole party in-

ary
to make the pack saddles, which we should need on ounatoals journey

_ home, from which we were farther distant now than we were four months
, before, when from the Dalles of the Columbia we so cheerfully took up
the homeward line of march
> Cagfisin Sutter, igrated to this —e from the western part of Mis-
, and formed the first ee Cae in the valley, ona =i
~~ grant of Jand which he obtained from the M n Government.
at first, some.trouble with the Indians ; ‘but, ike occasional enereis of
well-timed authorit ty he has succeeded in converting them into a peaceable
_ andindustrious people. The. ditches around his extensive wheat fields ;
~ the making of the sun-dried bricks, of which his fort is constructed; the
_ Pleaghing, | harrowing, and otheragricultural operations, are enti ively :
work of these Indians, for which they receive avery m écom
-tion— ineipally i in shirts, blankets, and other articles of elothi ng. Inthe»
* Pi rls on Seaiion to the chief of a vil age, he readily obtains as _
# and girls as he has any use for..~There were at this time a~

i lh
ae
Leonel
-y

‘ they were now all busily engaged in constantly watering, the ane

» which the on AE eas sone the soungrendered pAcoutry. y ee

€asional dryness of some seasons, I un nderstood to bé the only Y fisis of
aguorns in this fertile policy, as it Sometimes renders the crops uncer-

ain. utter was about making arrangements to irrigate his land by
ans of the —_ de los Americanos. “He nnd agphiovese sown, and alto-

munitions of war ; for thse a nati yearly payment is i :
structure, mounting 12 pieces of ae
(two “a them brass, ) and capable of ad ni i i ‘

e ‘ a at present, consists of 40 Indians, in erent
; ys found on a “ the gate. As
ces are not in V r BO ood*order. The whites in the ped

ieanos, Shieh enters the Saeramento about two
noble river, about three hundred yards
fathoms of water in the channel,»and

a.

Celene

*,

irls at the fort, in training for a future woollen factor in but .

pend like stream, at titnet@inaine creek couple _
merica

- prc et eg

. Fort Vancouver for a cargo of goods. “
ince his arrival, several other persons, aacipally poh aes es-
tablished themselves in thé valley. Mr. Sinclair, Jrgpwh om I ex xperienced .
much kindness during my ah is settled a.few miles distant, on the Rio _
de los Americanos. “Mr. Coudrois, #gentleman from Germany, has estab- |
‘lished himSelf on Feather river. and is associated with Captain Sutter in
agcicultural pursuits. Among other improvements, they are about toin-
troduce the cultivation of rape seed, (brassica rapus, ) which there is every”
reason to belie¥Ve is admirably adapted t to the climate and soil.. The lowest ~ :
average Brpauce of wheat, as far as we canat present know, is 35 fanegas
_ for one ut, as an tratanke of its fertility, it may be mentioned a :
Seftor V. Fa & obtained, on a piece of ground where sheep ha ad been p
tured, 800 fanegas for eight sown. The produce being acer in various ;
places, a very correcteidea cannot be formed. =

2 pi ti.

n impetus was ‘given to the active little population by. our

Wwe were in want of every thing. Mules, horses, and cattle, were to beeel-* *.

lected ; the horse milf was at work day and night, to make Seat bal flour ;

the blacksmith’s shop was pu t in requisition for horse. sh os
aék saddles, ropes, and bridles, and all the he offfar Pe 3

ments;of the camp, were again to be provided. re a “te. «.
The delay thus occasioned was one of repose tee ich our

situation required, and, anxious as we were to resum mesour homeward jour- _

ney, was regretted by no one. In the mean time, I had the Sais to meet ~

with Mr. Chiles, who was residing at a farm on the other side of the river

Ppa cto, while engaged in the selection of a place for a settlement, for

which he had received the necessary grant of land from the page

BA os

It will be remembered that we had parted near thikdeoudias of the state

d that he ha d subsequently descended the valley of Lewis’s fork with

& party of 10 or 12 men, with the intention of crossin Sn flaca tinic™ moun-

_ tains to the waters of the bay of San Fran rancisco. @xecution n of this .

_ design, and aided by subsequent ormation, he left the Colum c?s
mouth of Malheur river ; and, making his way to the .head waters
Sacramento with a part of his eompany, travelled down that river to he x
settlements of Nueva Helvetia. The other party, to whom he had com-

*mitted his wagons,and mill irons and saws, took a senate further=to the
south, and the wayons and their contents were lost. “i
On the 22d we made a preparatory move, and Sa se near see :
ment of Mr. Binet, on the left bank of t eee ee fae ¥
ischarged five of the party :_Néal, the blacksmith, fan excellent wor man, «
an unmarried ng Be a ad déne his duty faithfully, and had mee
ery great service to me,) desired to S rediale: as stro iegemtniey
offer d here to mechanics. Although at snanideenble > mm
is good oe induced me to oa with his request ; an
ned for him, fi Captain S utter, a esent enti off Fe
and a half ae with a promise og it should beiner to fi

Fiore d as good a workinan eae been represented He wa

h aif ¢

: fit

4 er mem were dis¢ha
ee - *
Phd i ae a

. i= as # *

. = x —_— “i

= a

‘ - “While we alt at this place, Defeser; one of our ieebinen’ whose
steady good conduct had won my regard, wandered off from the-camp, and
ver returned to it again; ‘nor has he since been heard of.

March 24.—We resumed our journey with an sete stock of provisions —
“and a large cavalcade of animals, consisting of 130 horses and mules, an
about thirty head of cattle, five of which were milch cows. Mr. Sutter
a furnished us also with an Indian boy, who had been trained as a vaquero,
~ and who would be seryiceable in mapaging 0 our cavaleade, great part of

which were nearly as wild as buffalo and who was, Dewaie very anxious.
‘to go along with_us. {Our direct course*home was ; but the Sierra _
-_would force us south,’above five hundred miles of crag ite toa pass at

diseovered by Mre Joseph Walker, of whom I have alrea
e name it might therefore appropriately bear. To reach it, our course
ae the valley of the San Joaquin—the river on our right, and the lofty
ssable Sierra on the left. From that pass we were to move
tbanhes rdly, having the Sierra then on the right, and reach the “Spanish
il,” deviously freee rom one watering place to another, which constitut-

he Pacific, to Santa Fé of New Mexico. From the pass to this trail was 1

miles. seolowip eet trail through a desert, relieved by some fertile plains

ated. by the recurrence of the term vegas, until it. turned to the right

‘ jo rose ne 4 mera’ our course would be northeast until we regained the
]

f at the head of the Arkansas. This conrse of travelling, forced -
Age us by the Structure of the country, would occupy a computed distance »

+ fewen be seen upon it; and the names of places along it, all ‘being
“Spe pish or Indian, “indicated that it had been but little trod by "American

feet. Though long, and not free from hardships, this route presented some

*: © points of attraction, in tracing the Sierra Nevada—turning the Great Basin,
perhaps crossing its rif on the south—completely solving the problem of

- any river, except the Colorade, from the Rocky mountains on that part of
_our continent—and s€eipg the southern extremity of the Great Salt lake,
of which the nope part bed been examined ae year before.

Y am ntlemen,

=, a

mountains, continued delightful for travellers, but unfavorable
turists, whose crops of wheat began to wear a yellow tinge

— Ne travelled for 28 miles over the. yu ae Pai
y, and halted in a beautiful bottom at the of the

its name from another Indian tribe’ livin =

: oo%

vee wind a Lie
to “re feet. in eight aod with

e ¢ na eee ee i <a
ya Mitel, ™ “9248. 20. 32

_the head of the San Joaquin river. This pass, reported tebe good, was”
y

the route of the caravans from Puebla delos Angeles, near the coast of —

ost in arriving at the Eutah lake, and thence to the Rocky —

two thousand =e before a reached the head of the Arkansas; nota ~

“ive in its alley. ‘Our ce oo nee trough a sieve co sty, admirabl iY sulted” ae

ae gt nged-
summer heat of the vaiey to ibe Paks mornings a ae days

th ht oe crass Sgt i sein! fertile ;.

#

Sy 32S De Se eee re r — = ee
Rs “Ss < - es .

Ss eed Ps 174 1 4

-

&

spikes in bloom, foot thebanks of the river, and piled the air with a
light and grateful or a
On the 26th we halted at the Arroyo de tis Calaveras, (Skull creek,) a, ~
“tributary to the San Joaquin—the previous two streams entering the bay | ;
between the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers. This place’is beautiful,
with open groves of oak, and a grassy sward beneath, with many ntsin
* ploom ; some varieties of which seem to love the shade of. the trees, eee
_ grow there ‘in close small fields. Near the river, and replacing the grass,
+ are great quantities of ammo/e, (soap Patt, 2 the Sapeves of which.aré used _
'-in California for making, among other th Ak for saddle clothsy A
vine with a small white ‘flower, (melothria Dy cal dhere l@ yerba bwena,
and which, from its abundance, gives name to_an island and town in the <a
bay, was to-day very fr — on our, road—sometimes runnipg g on the —
> Gae. o climbing the tree
~M i 22 To o-day we fawidiea steadilyvand rapidly up the ean z for;

Eiaailes an hour. Durin ng the earlier part ofthe-day, our ride had been =
over a very level prairie, or rather a. succession of long stretches x! praiti es

*

7

‘Over m of this ‘extent. the ve etation w the
aie sons. 0 p : mye sre aie
the. Joaquin spreads over the valley. About lo Pick se
among innumerable flowers ; and a few miles further, fields oft the cameagain.
blue-flowering lupine, which seems to rove ae Nrignnasbood of water, indi-
eated that we were approaching a strea e here found this beautiful
shrub in thickets, some of them being 12 ae car Geessionally three
_ or four plants were clustered pag tl forming a grand bouquet, about 90
feet in circumference, and 10 fee t high; the whole summit covered with —
spikes of flowers, the perfume of which i is very sweet and grateful. A lover
of -natural,beauty can imagine. with what pleasure we rode among these
flowering grovesy which filled.the air with a light and delicate .
We continued our road for about half a mile 2 Anloneperset through
_ grove of live oaks, which, in form, were the most symmetrical and beat
_~ we had yet seen in this country. The ends of their branches rested on
ground, forming somewhat more than a halfsphere of very fall and regular
ners with leaves apparently smaller than usual.
i e Californian poppy, of a rich orange ai, was numerous to- -day.
Elk and several bands of antelope made their appearanee.

r road was now one continued enjoyment ; and it was pleasant, ‘riding
fe this assemblage of green pastures with varied flowers and scattered —
groves, and out of the warm green spring, to look at the rocky and snowy

~ peaks where lately we had suffered so much... o> perl m the timber,
We came suddenly upon, the Stanislaus river, wh@ge we hoped to find a...
ford, but the stream» was flowing by, dark and d ssi, a len by the moun-
tain. APO 5 its general breadth was about 50 y
ave sed. bout five miles up the river, sd tfbanped withowsiuliit
Here. we eed a large eee in order to be siete
sth ssufisient num ck at our wild animals #5 relieve those previously -
pac

_ Under the shite of Wii oak’, along the | river} I noticed d erodium cicuta-
rien in bloom, eight ~ ches high. ae.

oe pS See

oa

j cm — ~~ 50 | ~

; seen the squaws gathering on the Rio de los Americanos. By t the inhabit-

ants of the valley, it is highly esteemed for fattening cattle, which appear

nsiderable extent the “want of grass.
e eSirous, as far as possible, without delay, to inelude in our examination
2 an San Joaquin river, I returned this morning down the Stanislaus for 17
J es, and ‘again encamped without having found a fording place. After
4 followigngit for 8 miles further the next morning and finding ourselves in
_~ the vicinity of the San Joaquin, encamped in a handsome oak grove, and,
ra cattle beingkilled, we ferried over our baggage in their skins. Here
as her who probably had not much idea of where he was going,
4 and began to be alarmed at the ma a eg which we were eae ane

ri nich doubtless saves the crops below.
Ist of April, we made 10 miles across a prairie . without tinnbeae
3 when we were stopped a ain by another large river, which is called the
Rio a Merced, (Fiver of our Lady of Mercy.) Here the country had
* lost its chatlicter of extreme fertilityythe soil having become more sandy
and light 5 but, for several days past, its beauty had been iner essed by the
eiaeait animation of animal life ; and now, it is crowded th bands of
elk and wild horses ; and along the rivers are frequent fresh oacks of griz-
zly beat, which are unusually numerous in this country.
ur route had been along the timber Gp the San Joaquio, generally about
_8 miles distant, over a high prairie.
In one of the bands se an seen to- -day, there were sic 200 ; but the
__ larger bands, both of th

_~ side of the river, which, for that reason, I avoided crossing. Thad been
: - + Taicngs below, that the droves of wild horses'were almost invariably found
. on the western bank of the river; ; and the danger of losing our animals-
_' among them, together with the wish of adding to our reconnoissance the
© pte cs streams which run down from the Sierra, decided me to travel

eastern bank.
—The day was occupied in building a boat, and ferrying our

age across the river ; and we encamped on the bank. A large fishing.
white head and tail, was slowly sailing along, looking ghee sa
and there were some pretty birds in the timber, with partridges,
§, a »se-innumerable in the neighbor e r
_— is of the latter bird at Helvetia ,*seattered about in floc!

be

Bo &

8
t elecbaee. them
ose touched several times the ‘San Joaquin river—here
tes ream, with a slight current, apd dg deep.
e sa

«Jtre ed the Missourssin eat with occasional points of w om
_ aly its banks ie si eep were a kind of sandy clay ; a hi width |
_ appeared to be ae y*yards. “In the bott6ms are frequent posts,

wace. our approach dis : 4 multitudes of . weildeigy, principally

geese
timb “< | fre uently Started elk ; and large bands were
the day, with ante ~ Wad pita Id horses. The low ae and»

bk + c « os

4 = he very fond of it. Here, where the soil begins tu be sandy, it supplies -
en

and wild horses, are generally found on the other —

#

grass on the a a — Car ride by

Se

Sie rim y

the timber readereid it a keep the: main line ‘of the rivér; and this
evening. we enca mped-o a tributary stream, about five iniles. from its
mouth. On the gratia Grdering the San Joaquin yggenet ——
during the day but little grass, and in its place- wa asa se and devact
growth of a the soil being sandy, with small bare hed ai hillocks,
me much of the Platte bottoms; but, on approaching the timber, _
a found a more bo ee vegetation ; and at our camp Was an ablidance:
of grass and pea vin
The foliage of the aki is getting darker ; and every thing, except thatthe
weather is a little cool, shows that spring is rapidly wivaticings and to-day
we had quite a summer rain. >
April 4.— Commenced to rain at daylight, but cleared off brightly at sun- |
rise. We ferried the river without any difficulty, and continued up the San —
Joaquin. . Elk were running in bands over the prairie and in the skirt of
-the timber. _ We reached the river again at the mouth of a large slough,
which we were unable to ford, and made a cireuit of several miles aroun
Here the country appears very flat; oak trees have entirely disappeared,
and are replaced by a large willow, nearly equal to itin size. The riv
about a hundred yards in breadth, branching into sloughs, and a
with isla At this time it appears sufficiently deep for a small steamer,
but its navigation would be broken by shallows at low water... Bearifig in
towards the river, we were again forced off by another slough ; and, pass- © —
ing around, steered towards a clump of trees on the river, and , finding |
there good grass, encamped. The prairies Joie the left bank are alive
with immense droves of wild horses; and they had been seen pets the
~ day at every opening through the woods which afforded us a view a
the river. Latitude, by observation, 37° 08' 00"; longitude 120° 45' 22. 2."
April 5 —During the earlier part of the"day’s ride, the country presented
. lacustrine appearance ; the river was deep, and nearly on a level with the
pal ng —— i - banks raised like a Jaedis and fringed with wil-
oa ng plain were interspersed spots of ede
fields of rll (bulrtshes = Shih i in this | a are ca sails led tulares,

*

tle ponds. he opposite side, a line of timber was visible, “gr iS.
cording to informations points out the course of the slough, wwhinh at
of high water, ects with the San Joaquin river—a large body vicar! in

the upper part of the valley, called the Tule lakes. The river — > its
sloughs are very full, and it is probable that the lake is now discharging.
Here elk were irequently started, and one was shot out of a band w ich ran
around us. On our left, the Sierra maintains its snowy heig
of snow appear to descend very low towards the plains ; probably th late
rains in the valley were snow on the mountains. We travelled 37 mi
and encamped on the river. Longitude of the camp, 120° 28’ 34", ande
de 36° 49’ 12".

__ April 6.—After having travelled 15 miles along the'river, we made an __
early halt, under the shade of sycamore trees. Here we found the San
Joaquin coming down from the Sierga with a westerly course, and c ne
ing our way, as all its tributaries had previously done. We ba e
to raft the river; but found agood ford, and encamped on the opposite b
where droves of wild horses were raising clouds of dust on the pr
Columns of smoke were visible in the direction of the Tulé lakes to
southward—probably | — in the tulares by the “i as. < pnals:

were strangers in — # i

# co

Anak

.

[174] ee 25a

We made, on the 7th, a hard amareh i in a cold chilly rain from morning
until night —the weather so thick that we travelled by compass. This was
a traverse from the San Joaquin to the waters of the Tulé lakes, and our
road was.over a very level prairie country. We saw wolves frequently
during the day, prowling about after the young antelope, which cannot run
HR ast. These were ndmerous: during the day, and two were caught by
the people.

Late in the ‘afternoon wé discovered timber, which was found to be
groves of oak trees on a dry arroyo. The rain, which had fallen in fre-
quent showers, poured.down ina storm at sunset, with a strong wind,

, swept off the clouds, and left a clear sky. Riding on through the
mnbars beak dark we found abundant water in small ponds, 20 to 30 yards

Sengiats pee clear deep water and sandy beds, bordered with bo

us,) and_a tall rush (scirpus lacustris) 12 feet high,
cand sino ay near the margin with willow trees in bloom ; among them
which reSembled salix myricoides. The oak of the groves was the
Senaliniands mentioned, with small leaves, in form like those.of the white
oak, and forming, with the evergreen oak, the characteristic trees of _
valley

April 8,—After a ride of two miles through brush and open groves, we
reached a large stream, called one River of the Lake, resembling in size the

» San Joaquin, and being about 100 yards broad. This is the principal trib-
utary tothe Tulé lakes, which saicer all the waters in the upper part of

___ the valley. . While we — searching fora ford, some Indians appeared on

» _By obseryatio
ne
Pe sent

" the opposite bank, and, having diseovered that we it = Spanish ail
di owed us the way to a good ford several miles ab
The bahent era Sierra make arent Besneuts upon sth settlements

Coast. ao but never enter the Sierra.

e opposite side we found some forty or fifty ies who had come
to meet us from the village below. We made them some small presents, —
and eviee oda to accompany us to our encampment, which, after about

hrough fine oak groves, we made on the river. We made a
rt, princi ly on account.of our animals. The Indians brought otter
skins, and several kinds of fish, and bread made of acorns, to trade. ees
them were. mesa ° —— eto live —— these I eee

Latte . ma y be visited on them. They are dark- skioninedi but Picndaice and. .
gent Indians, and live —, on acorns and the roots of the tulé,

of which alo, their huts are made.
; the latitude of the encampment is 36° 24' 50% and lon-

~for ectecal Rieke we had very bad travelling over" what is

called r ound, in which the horses were aiordatasay up to their knees.
aking towardsa line of a S2t auree anainten fond»
c| heed roved, Ag ie ieee —

~~ se Ts =
253 [174 ]

: “
a number of dry and timbered arroyos, we travelled until late through open
oak groves, and encamped among a collection of streams. ese were
running among rushes and willows; and, as usual; flocks of blackbirds
announced our approach to water. We have here approached considerably
nearer to the eastern Sierra, which shows very plainly, still covered with
masses of snow, which yesterday and to-day has also appeared abundant

on the Coast Raftge. cel ce he
‘April 10.—To-day we made another long journey of about fort miles,
ds sandy

evening the» face of the country became hilly; and, turning a few

up towards the mountains, we found a good encampment on a pretty stream
hidden among the hills, and handsomely timbered, principally with large ~
cottonwoods, (populus, differing from any in Michaux’s Sylva.) The
seed vessels of this tree were now just about bursting.

Several Indians came down the river to see usin the evening: we gave
them supper, and cautioned them against stealing our horses ; which they
promised not to attempt. :

April 11.—A broad trail along the river here takes out among the hills.
“‘ Buen camino,” (good road, ) said one of the Indians, of whom we had
“inquired about the pass; and, following it accordingly, it conductedwus beau-
tifully through a very broken country, by an excellent way, which, other-
wise, we should have found extremely bad. Taken separately, the hills
“present smooth and graceful outlines, but, together, ike bad travelling .
ground. Instead of grass, the whole face of the country is closely covered
with erodium cicutarium, here only two or three inches high. Its height
and beauty varied ina remarkable manner with the locality, being, in many
low places which we passed during the day, around streams and springs,
two and three feet in height. The country had now assumed a character
of aridity ; and the luxuriant green of these little streams, wooded with —
willow, oak, or sycamore, looked very refreshing among the sandy hills.

n the evening we encamped on a large creek, with abundant water. I

noticed here in bloom, for the first time since leaving the Arkansas waters,
i tli. o 2 i : 4 + at

the mt ;
“April 12.—Along our road to-day the country was altogether sandy, and
vegetation meager. dra ocei lisywhich we had first seen in the.

_ -several miles, we made a late encampment on a little bottom, with scanty
os In greater part, the vegetation along our road consisted now of
Ww ia

a m

—_

~
esd

*

[.474.] 254

April 13.—The water was low, and afew miles above we forded the
river at a rapid, and marched ina southeasterly direction over a less broken
country. Thé mountains were now very near, occasionally looming out
through fog. In a few hours we reached the bottom of a creek without
water, over which the sandy beds were dispersed in many branches. Im-
mediately where we struck it, the timber terminated ; and below, to the
right, it was a broad bed of dry and bare sands. Theré-were many tracks
of Indians and horses imprinted in the sand, which, with other indications,
informed us was the creek issuing from the pass, and which on the map

.: = a ae suddenly found a stream of water five feet widerunning with
' *a lively current, but losing itself almost immediately. . This little stream

‘In sand at the eastern foot of the Sierra, leaving only a parched desert and
arid plains beyond. The stream enlarged rapidly, and the timber became

abundant as we ascended. A new species of pine made its appearance,

ing its appearance suddenly and entirely, we found ourselves again travel-
en-

us. Ife appeared familiarly acquainted with the country, and gave me
definite and clear information in regard to the desert region east of the
mountains. I had entered.ti pass with a strong disposition to vary my
route, and to travel directly across towards the Great Salt lake, in the view
of obtaining some acquaintance with the interior of the Great Basin, while
pursuing a direct course for the frorftier; but his representation, which de-
‘seribed it as an arid and barren desert, that had repulsed by its sterility all
the attempts of the Indians to penetrate it, determined me for the present
to relinquish the plan; and, agreeably to hi advice, after crossing the
Sierra, continue our intended roate along its eastern base to the Spani

Sy

in the eastern part of the desert to trade with his people, had just

Started on their return. He would himself return the next day to San

g, Which had somewhat interfered with views in the valley, had en- ~.
assed off, and left a clear sky. That which had enveloped us in
v0rhood of the pass proceeded evidently from fires kindled among

: "es by Indians living near the lakes, and which were intene ed to
warn those in the mountains that there were strangers in the valley. Our

position was in latitude 35° 17’ 12”, and longitude 118° $5’ 03”. ae
April 14.—t e joined us this morning on ‘the trail; and, arriving:

=

= %

0 ee ne
‘ 255 ie [.174-} ~

up the right-hand branch, which was enriched by a profusion of flowers,
and handsomely wooded with sycamore, oaks, cottonwood, and willow, with.
other trees, and some shrubby plantse dn its long strings of balls, this
—. differs from that of the United States, and is the platanus occi-+
entalis of Hooker—a new'species, recently described among the plants
collected in the voyage of the Sulphur. The cottonwood varied j folia
with white tufts, and the feathery seeds were flying plentifully througt tte
air. Gooseberries, nearly ripe, were very abundant on the mountain; and
as we passed the dividing grounds, which were not very easy to ascertain

4

a

Sierra Nevada, we found this pass an excellent one forborses ; and with

distant. The elevation was not taken—our half-wild cavaleade making it
‘ E

e here left the waters of the bay of San Francisco, and, though force
upon them contrary to my intentions, I cannot regret the necessity which —
ell acquainted with the great
range of the Sierra “Nevada of the Alta California, and showed that this

broad and elevated snowy ridge was a continuation of the Cascade Range
of Oregon, between which and the ocean there is still another and a lower
range, parallel to the former and to the coast, and which may be called the
Coa t also made me well acquainted with the basin of the San
Francisco bay, and with the two pretty rivers and their valleys, (the Sacra-

ie

Nevada, it

of the San Joaquin, and of the valley below it, which collects the waters

of the San Francisco bay, show that this neither is nor can be the case. ~
tr : the Si

river, it is, in fact, 2 smalt stream of no egnse :
ierra Nevada, but detually below the Coast
eee sae ag OS EE Sa rT :

Pe oy

: L 174 ] 256

half a degree of the ocean, running parallel to it for about two degrees,
~ and then falling into the Pacific near Monterey. . There is no opening from
the bay of San Francisco into’the interior of the continent. The two
“rivers which flow into it are comparatively short, and not perpendicular
to the eoast, but lateral to it, and having their heads towards Oregon and
‘southern California. They open lines of communication north and south,
and not eastwardly ; and thus this want of interior communication from
the San Franciséo bay, now fully ascertained, gives great additional yalue
to the Columbia, which stands alone as the only great river on the Pacific
slope of our continent which leads from the ocean to the ocky mountains,
and opens a line of communication from the sea to the valley of the Mis-
sissippi. : eS
: Four compavieros joined our guide at the pass; and two going back at
© noon, the othérs continued onin company. De ding from the hills, we
reached 4 country of fine grass, where the erodium cicutarium finally dis-
appeared, giving place to an excellent quality of bunch grass. Passing by
some springs where there was a rich sward of grass among groves of large
‘black oak, we rode over a plain on which the guide pointed out a spot
where a refugee Christian Indian had been killed by a party of soldiers
which had unexpectedly penetrated into the mountains. Crossing a low
sierra,.and descending a hollow where a spring gushed out, we were struck
_byethe sudden appearance of yucca trees, which gave a strange and south-
ern character to the country, and suited well with the dry and desert re-
gion we were’approaching. Associated with the idea of barren sands, their
‘stiff and ungraceful form makes them to the traveller the most repulsive
tree in the vegetable kingdom. Following the hollow, we shortly came
upon a creek timbered with large black oak, which yet had not put fortha
‘leaf. There was a small rivulet of running water, with good grass.
April 15.—The Indians who had accompanied the guide returned this
morning, and I purchased from them a Spanish saddle and long spurs, as
reminiscences of the time ; and for a few yards of scarlet cloth they gave
me a horse, which afterwards became food for other Indians.
We continued a short distance down the creek, in which our guide in-

which it had a white and glistening appearance ; here and there a few dry-

king butfes and isolated black ridges rose suddenly up at. “There,”
id our guide, stretching out his hand towards it, “there are the great
(plain
of thing ; every animal that goes out upon them, dies.”

traveller turned away in despair. :
some distance to the southward, and running
from the mountains, stretched a sierra, having

. +.

- [a |

-

oes peaks, on which,

solitude. _Within two degrees of the Pac cific bcean; already far south of the
* latitude of Monterey; and still forced on south by a desert on one hand, and
a mountain range on the other; guided by a civilized Indian, attend
two wild ones from the Sierra;'a Chinook from the Columbia; and ¢ our own
mixture of American, French, German—all armed; four or five lan, anguages
heard at once: above a hundred horses and mules, half wild; American,
Spanish, and Indian’ dresses and equipments intermingled—such was our
composition. Our maych was a sort of procession. Scouts ahead, ng a
the’ flanks ; a front and’ rear division: the pack animals, bagga
horned cattle, in th centre; and the whole stretching a quarter o a ite
' along our dreary et In this form we journeyed; ene more like we
belonged to Asia thak to the United States of Ambric
_ We continued in a southerly direction across the plitin, to which, as well
as to “es the Soar so far as we could’ see, the yucca trees gave a strange

hy ous. shrub (zyzop yllum Californieum Torr. & Frem.)
: 1 fee in pdt in form, and in the per fai its gegen. it
era

« rec t Ane roian pappee s

ac ein the’ of the sf which Se, oeila eat B Bie" aicrerase ;
and where the hills were verperen , our guide saint to a small hollow
ieeintaeats before us, saying, “éeste piedra hay agua.” He appeared
to know every nook in the country. We continued our beautiful road, and
reached a spring in the slope , at the foot of the ridge, running in a green
ravine; among granite ulders; here nightshade, and borders of buck-
_ wheat, with. their white blossoms around the granite rocks, attracted our
notice as familiar plants. “Several antelopes were seen among the = and
some large hates. Men w were sent back this evening in search of a wild
mule with a valuable ack, which had managed.(as they frequently do) to
hide its itself f along the oad.
ee é. rvation, thee latitude of the camp. is 34° 41' i. gi ae
118? 20° 0 i The next a the men teturned with the m

PP ad Bee ig the’ .
eral idee TC ke oe Eh of the ¢
Buenaventura dee The lake i
nded on the margin by a'white s

ee wasn oe

*

od

e

[ 174 J 258
tirely unfit for drinking, Here we turned directly to the eastward, alo
the trail, which, from being seldom. used, is almost imperceptible ; ant és
after travellin a few miles, our guide eee oes binsng: to the hardly
visible trail, “aqui es camino,” said he, jempre.’? He
pointed out a black bué/e on the plain at the pot « of the mountain, where
we would find water to encamp at igs an and, eg him a present of knives ©
and scarlet cloth, we shook hands He bore off south, and in a
day’s ride would arrive at San Fomiendo one of coveral Ay wibtes in this
Patt of be ee where the onntey is so bea tifu

traveller to Se no farther. Riding soa centr: the p
after entered a defile overgrown with the ominous ariaini isia < ape r :
which conducted us into a sandy plain govered more or less Fe aa
forests of yucca.

Having now the snowy ridge on our right, we continued our way towards
a dark butte belonging to a jo sierra in the plain, and which our guide
had pointed out for a landm Late is day the familiar growth of.
by oat a line of which ae visible ahead, indicated. our gee: ut to.

yards above, we found the creek a fine stream, 16 cate
current. A dark night overtook us when we
of the ridge, and we were obliged to encamp without crass; ‘tying up what
animals we could secure in the darkness, the greater part of the wild ones
having free range for the night. Here the stream was two feet ay swift
and clear, issuing from a:neighboring snow peak. A few m es before |
reaching this creek, we had crossed a broad dry river bed, ics nearer
the billy oe hunters bad found a bold and handsome stream

April 18.—Some parties were engaged ; in hunting up the mantel horses, ‘
and neg in searching ioe pass aboye; both were sunpossial and late ein _

the Pra we encamped am ring heads of the river,
was covered with onle: inlaraby 3 grasses, th
g entirely ee with ited bunches of | the coarse stiff :
le abt 8.)
ar lane, by observation, was 34°27'0 03!" and rartads 1? 13" 00",
se along the mountain, we followed up, in the afternoon
e 19th sieitber stream, in hopes to find a grass patch like that of the
V vi is ree were deceived; except some scattered bunch grass, t there |
thing but rock and sand; and even the fertility of the mountain
ere wed the air of the desert. Amine the few trees ——
n llus. .

o.
g

was Sti in an easterly Secs alon g the idge,
oun "gerbe confounded sh come
ifficult of.18 miles, a general shout

259 | ray

yunced that we ha idiot the wens object of our ieee Sebi
1L— ahs h here was ru y north. mip st galt and i its’
<< ceil

lly h py di et wenies bbe Since

we had « ly been forced south by mountains and SP dieehas end
now Paco ave to make six degrees of northing, to regain the latitude on
which.we wished to cross the Rocky mountains. The course of the road, —
therefore, was what we wanted; and, once more, we felt li hike going home--
wards, A roud ni lee on, and the ‘right course to g0, were joyful con-’
solations to ur animals enjoyed the beaten track like ourselves. ’
Relieved from athe 3 ries and brush, our wild mules started off at a rapid rate,
and in 15 miles we reached a considerable river, timbered with cottonwood ’
and willow, where we found a bottom.of tolerable grass. AS the anithals:

had suffered a great ahs in ene last few days, I’remained here all next day, ult

to ate them the necessary repose; and it was now necessary, at every
favorable place, to make a sie halt. Between us and the Colorado river we
were aware that the country was extremely poor in grass, and scarce for’
water, there being many Jornadas, (days’ journey,) or long stretches of 40 to-
60 miles, without water, where the road was marked by bones of animals.
Although i in California we had met with people who had passed over this
trail, we Rees trewabls to obtain no correct information about it; and the
oe gs hat we had heard was found to be only a tissue ‘of false-
Sheri pes that we joan on it were never mentioned, and others,
mo ott described in name and locality, were subsequently seen in an-
other part of the country. It was described asa tolerably good sandy road,
with so little rock as scarcely to require the animals to be shod; and we
found it the roughest and rockiest road we had ever seen in the country,
_ which nearly destroyed our band of fine mules and horses. Many an-
mals are ‘destroyed on it every year by a disease called the foot evil; and
a wz Heeler a meres ae pes onit without having his animals well shod,
“ae ) carr
tnt | 94° 64" 11"; jaa longvide 117° 13' 00"
od ete of the 22d was clear and bright, and a snowy beets to the’
ward ame oe high and sharply defined. As has been ustial since
sed the mountains and Geseeniisd into the hot plains, we had a gale
of wiki. Ye travelled down the right i. of the stream, over sands
which are somewhat loose, and have no verdure, but are occupied by va-
rious ‘stiurbs. A clear bold stream, 60-feet wide, and several feet deep, nil
a strange appearance, running betweeiPperfectly naked banks of sand.
eye, however, is somewhat relieved by willows, nad the beautifal green of”
the sweet cottonwoods with which it is well wooded. As we followed along
its course, the river, instead of growing constantly larger, gradually dwin-
dled away, as it was absorbed by the sand. We-were now careful totake |
the old. camping places of the annual Santa Fé caravans, which, luckily for
ve of several thousand”

us, ha | made their yearly passage. A

»

[ 174] 260

some low places, well timbered with cottonwood and willow, where was.
another. of the customary camping grounds. . Here a party of six Indians,
came into camp, poor and hungry, and quite in keeping with the character
of the country. Their arms were bows of unusnal length, and each had
a large gourd, strengthened with meshes of cord, in which he carried water.
They. proved to be the Mohahve Indians mentioned by our recent guide ;
and from one of them, who spoke Spanish fluently, I obtained some inter-
esting information, which I would be glad to introduce here. An account

“eb

of the people inhak iting this region. would undoubtedly possess interest for

the civilized world. Our journey homeward was fruitful in incident; and
the country through which we travelled, although a desert, afforded much
to.excite the curiosity of the botanist; but limited time, and the rapidly ad-.

-vaneing Season for,active operations, oblige me to: omit all extended: de-
scriptions, and hurry briefly to the conclusion of this report. _ abies
The Indian who spoke Spanish had been educated for a number of years
at one of the Spatiish missions, and, at the breaking up of those establish-
ments, had returned to the mountains, where he had been found by a party
of Mohahve (sometimes called Amuchada) Indians, among whom he had

the Sierra, at the head of the Rio Virgen, (river of the Virgin.)
He informed us that, a short ‘distance below, this river finally disappear-

the priests two. different names; and subsequently I heard it called by the
Spaniards the Rio de las Animas, but on the map we have called it the
- Mohahve river. . od
April 24.—We continued down the stream (or rather its bed) for about
eight miles, where) still in several holes, and encamped.
: fo w, to the end of the river, from which
aps sixty miles, without; wa

rards the ground. It.after wards. occurred of smaller size, frequently in
s, and is very.fragrant. It has been called by Dr. Torrey spirolobium

2... The,zygophyllaceous shrub had been constantly characteristic

‘the. river; and here, among many new plants, a new

kable species of eriogonum (eriogonum inflatum, T r. &

ecome so tired and poor by this fatiguing travelling, ing, that
satroatba seal drs. The Indians had now

Indians bh
d were occupied:the re ander of the day

& .
261 [ 174 ]
and all the night in cooking wii? eating. There was no part of the animal
‘for which they did not ‘find some use, except the bones. In the afternoon
we were surprised by the sudden appearance in the*camp of two Mexi-
vans—+a man anda boy. The name of the man was Andreas Amines
and. that of the boy, (a handsome lad, 11 years old,) Pablo Hernan
They belonged ‘to a party consisting of six persons, the remaining four
-being the wife of Fuentes, the father and mother of Pablo, and Santiago
Giacome, a resident of New Mexico. With a cavaléade of about thirty
horses, they had come out! from Puebla de los Angeles, near the coast,
_under the guidance of Giacome, in advance of the great caravan, in order
to: travel more at nee and thin better grass. “Having advanced as

their camp, y, shovititig as pee ailenneed, aida pro eerah flights of arrows.
Pablo and Fuentes were on horse ouard at the time,and mounted, accord-
ing to the'custom of the country. One of the principal objects of the In-
dians was to get possession of the horses, and part of them immediately
surrounded the band; but, in obedience to the shouts of Giacome, Fuentes

drove the animals over and through the’assailants, in spite of their arrows ;
and, rege the rest’to their fate, carried them off at speed across

plain. Knowing | that they would be ‘pursued by the” Indians, without

Gieatoaciaspiian,: and this morning left them ata watering place on
pret ,called Agua de Tomaso. Without giving themselves any time for
rest, they hurried on, hoping to meet the Spanish caravan, when they discov-

- ered my camp. ° I received them kindly, taking them i into my own mess, and
oahee them such aid as'cireumstances might put itin my power to give.
25.—We left the river abruptly, and, turning to the north, regained
in a few miles the main trail, (which had left the river sooner than our-
_selves;) and ‘continued our way across a lower ridge of the mountain,
Broweh a niiserable tract of sand and gravel. We'crossed at intervals the
beds of dry gullies, where in the season of rains and melting snows
there ‘would be brooks or tah ner set at one of these, where there was
nolindication of water, were several freshly-dug’ ~sttie in which there was
water at the ne om twe fst These holes had been dug by the wolves,
rhose keen se: had scented the water mint the dry sand.
Thayswane nice ti woe wells, narrow, and dug straight down, and we “got
pleasant water outof them: ‘eed d
‘The cou country had now a: sumed the character of an elevated and mot
tainous desert; its general features: ence black, rocky ridges, bald, an
= destitute of timber, with sandy basins between
Bs are: by ‘gullies, the plains tleee are weed with beds of
© pebbles or rolled stones, destructive to our soft ote 3,

e

*

[ aw "262

tomed to the grassy plains of the Sacramento valley. Through these
sandy basins sometimes struggled a scanty stream, or occurred a hole o
water, which furnished camping pte ve a travellers. Frequently in our
journey across, snow was visible on the surrounding mountains ; me their
‘waters rarely reached the sandy plain below, where we toiled. along, op-
pressed with thirst and a burning sun. But, throughout this nakedness
of san ravel, were many beautiful plants and flowering shrubs,
which occurred in many new species, and with greater. variety than we
had been accustomed to see in the most luxuriant prairie countries ; this
was a peculiarity of this desert... Even where no grass would take
the naked sand would bloom with some rich and rare. flower, which found

its appropriate home in the arid and barren spot.
~—~Scattered over the plain, and tolerably abundant, was a handsome legu-
Minous shrub, three or four feet high, with fine bright. -purple flowers. It
isa new psoralea, and occurred frequently henceforward along o

Beyond the first ridge, our road bore a little to the east of north, to-
‘wards a gap in a higher line of mountains; and, afier travelling a
twenty- -five miles, we arrived at the 2gua de Tomaso—the spring where
the horses had been left ; but, as we expected, they were gone. A brief
examination of the sround convinced us that they had been driven oe by
the Indians. Carson and Godey volunteered with the Mexican to pursue
them ; and, well mounted, the three set off on the trail. At this stopping
pes ‘there were a few bushes and very littlegrass. Its water v wasa 7

‘moon, which gives for the ee of the sc 116° 23' 28"; the lati--
tude, by observation, is 35° 13’ 08". From Helvetia to this place, the po-
sitions along the intervening line are laid down with the longitudes ob-
tained from the chronometer, which appears to have retained its rate re-
markably well; but henceforward, to the end of the journey, the few lon-
gitudes given are absolute, depending upon a subsequent occultation and
eclipses of the satellites.
In the afternoon of the next day, a war-whoop was heard, s such as In-
ate make when returning from a victorious enterprise ; and soon Carson
and Godey appeared, driving before them a band of horses, erramniean by
NS to be part of those they had lost. Two bloody scalps, danglit
from the end of Godey’s gun, announced that they had overtaken the In-
dians as wellas the horses. They informed us, that after Fuentes left them,
from. the failure of his horse, they continued the pursuit alone, and coaeiis
nightfall entered the mountains, into which the trailled. After sunset the
moon gave light, and they followed the trail by moonshine until in in the
‘when it entered a narrow defile, and was%difficult to follow. Afra
of losing it in | the darkness of the defile, they tied up their horses, pbs no
fire, and od yd down to sleep in silence and in darkness. Here they lay from

p d the encampment of four lodges close by
‘got within thirty or forty decane f their pf

263 | f 174 J

ject, when a movement among the horses discovered them to the Indians;
giving the war shout, they instantiy charged into the camp, regardless of the
-number which the Pur lodges would imply. The Indians received them
Ssuee flight of arrows shot from their long bows, one of which
ci e bake s shirt ner Phone mis oe the neck; our men fired their
odes eady aim ushed in, Two Indians were
the pebeind; atally plorcod ith bullets: ; " the rest fled, except a lad that was
captured. The scalps of the falier were instantly stripped off; but in the
process, one of them, who had two balls through his body, sprung to his
feet, the blood streaming from his skinned head, and uttering a hideous
owl. An old squaw, possibly his mother, stopped and looked back from
the mountain side she was climbing, threatening and lamenting. The
. frightful spectacle appalled the stout hearts of our men; but they did what
humanity required, and quickly terminated the agonies ‘of the gory savage.
They were now masters of the camp, which was a pretty little recess in the:
"mountain, with a fine spring, and apparently safe from all invasion. Great
‘preparations had been made to feast a large party, for it was a very proper
place for a rendezvous, and for the celebration of such oggiesas robbe
the desert would delight in. Several of the best horses had been riled,
skinned, and cut up; for the Indians living in mountains, and only coming
into the plains to rob and murder, make no other use of horses than to eat
them. Large earthen vessels were on the fire, boiling and stewing the
horse beef; and a mete containing fifty or sixty oe of moccasins,
indicated the p sen le party. They released
the boy, who had piven strong evidence of the stoicism, 03 ‘something else,
_ of the savage character, in commencing his breakfast upon a horse’s head.
* “as soon as he found he was not to be killed, but only tied as a prisoner.
Their object accomplished, our mien gathered up all the surviving horses,
fifteen in number, returned upon their trail, and rejoined us at our camp in
_ the afternoon of the sameday. They had rode about one hundred miles in
pots al and return, — all in thirty hours. The time, place, object,
“and umbers, tion of Carson and Godey ma may be con-
sidbeail sation thie woh esv unit Pacer disinterested which the annals of western
adventure, so full of daring deeds, can present. Two men, in a savage des-
eos pursue day and night an unknown body of Indians into the defiles of
an unknown mountain—attack them on sight, without counting nambers—
and defeat them in an instant—and for what? To punish the robbers of the
desert, and to avenge the wrongs of Mexicans whom they did not know.
repeat: it was Carson and Godey who did this—the former an American,
born 'i in the Boonslick county of Missouri; the lattera Frenchman, born in
St. Louis—and both trained to western enterprise from early life.
ee a, the information of Fuentes, we had now to make a long ooh of
or fifty aad across a plain which lay between us and the next possi-
camp; e resumed our journey late in the afternoon, with the in-
“tention of sagaitie through the night,and avoiding the excessive heat of —

ana hehe a high plaim, passing, at the opposite side, through a cel ef
the bed of a creek running nor. wardly into a smal| lake aioe ind
of them being dry. We hada ruses moonshiny night; and, :
-reetly towards the north star, we journeyed now across am opel plain be

tween mountain ri ges; that on the left being broken, roeky, and bald, ac-
‘eording to the-information of Carson and Godey, who- sia Entered here in

y, Which was oppressive to our animals. For several hours ‘we trav- $ ‘

" ,
[ a4] 264
pursuitof the horses. The plain appeared covered. we ig te with the zygo-
ph ysaacaloranteasns, already mentioned ; and: the line of our road was
phe sa by the skeletons of horses, which were strewed to a considerable
breadth over the plain. We were afterwards.always warned, on entering one
_of these long stretches, by the bones of these cet which had perished -
before they. could reach the water. About midnight we reached a. consider-
able stream bed, now dry, the discharge of the waters of this basin, (when.
it collected any,) down which we descended ina northoetety dition.
The. creek bed was. overgrown with shrubbery, and several hours before
ie it brought us to, the entrance of a cajion, where. we ee water, and
camped This word canton is used by the Spaniards to signify a defile
: gorge ina creek or river, where high rocks press in close, and make a
narrow way, usually. difficult, and often impossible to be passed.

In. the foo THINg, we found that we had a very. poor camping ground: a?
swamp) ‘spot, with a little long, unwholesome grass ; and the water,.
whieh rose springs, being useful only to wet the gi but eutunly too
salt to drink. All aro ound was sand and rocks, and s

which had not been able to find support for their ‘lives. as we sds
to start, we found, at the distance of a few hundred yards, among the hills.
to the southward, a spring of tolerably. good water, which was a relief to
ourselves; but the place was too poor to.remain long, and therefore we
continued on: this morning, On the creek were thickets. of apir oldbeaite
odoratum (acacia) in bloom, and very fragrant. = aed

<o RaSHINE, through the cafion, we entered. another suede. basin, through

the. dry. sean pel © continued it jnonthuneatenly one, an: veteat

recta pear nice:

"WS anne through a ae Na os Ph where a heavy gale) was blowir 7
about the loose sand, and, ; after a ride ofeight miles, reached a. creek
of salt and bitter water, running in a westerly direction, to receive the stream.
bed, we had left, It is called by the Spaniards Amargosa—the bitter water
of the desert. Where we struck it, the stream bends; and we continued in
‘a northerly course up the ravine of its ‘valley, passing on the way.a fork
from the right, near which occurred a bed of plants, consisting of arenas
able new genus of crucifere,

Gradually ascending, the ravine opened into a green valley, whececat:
the foot of the mountain, were springs of excellent water. Weencan
gist groves of the new acacia, and there erties ahupdapee: of good

ae the anipals * ene eae a
This was the best camping. ground we hz Poste stru i
8s nish trail. The day’s journey was: about 12 miles. — ore

ae 29.—To-day we had to reach the oie distant seven miles,
here the Mexican party had been attacked; and, leaving our encamp-
a we traversed a part of the desert, the most sterile and repulsive.

1 et seen. Its prominent faainres were. dark sierras, naked and

ins a, few straggling shrubs—among. them, cactus of several.

tes p) tone called by sha Spassinnls bes nada, which

ightly a and is eaten by the traveller to allay thirst.
rally north;

ce in the ¢ apa lle " Te, dead dlance Of.
ace was ominous; n orate ast up, we found only the

*
[ 174 J
' They were naked,

had. been. carried off captive. re:
abo, which had iain to Pablo’s mother, remained with the dead~
and was frantic with joy at seeing Pablo: he, poor child, was frantic
wane ey and filled the air with lamentations for his father and mother.
Mi padre! Mi madre !—was his incessant cry. When. we beheld: this
pitiable sight, and pictured to pipreives the fate:of the two, women, carried*
off by savages so bruta! and so loathsome, all:compuncetion for the scalped-
alive Indian ceased ; and we rejied th pel Carson and Godey had beenable
to give so usefula lesson to these’ American Arabs, who lie in wait to
murder and plunder the innocent fapaliatee
We were all too. smucteadianted BY: -the. sad. feelings which the. placeiin-
spiced etomen ay unnecesary moment. The night we.were obliged to
ere. I i Bie ai we left it, having first written a brief
‘of what a happened, om put it in the cleft of.a pole plantedat the
spring, , that the approaching caravan might learn the fate of their friends.
In commemoration. of the event, we.called the:place vom Pee oes
Hernandersa.a SADENE. By observation, i its latitude was. 35° 5
f° continued our journey, over a district esi to that of
le From ne sandy basin, in which was the spring, we entered
another | of.the same. character, surrounded every where by moun=
tains. cn us. Receabes a high range, rising still higher to the left, and

illow, and aca

terminating in. eanoryn mountain
. After a.day’s march of 24 miles, we, reached. at eve . the bed of a
r from ‘ahaha water digei disappeared; a. little on re remained in
bere , Which we i by.d ing; and about a bove, th
et entirel papkes max : water
for the ihe animal The stream came out of the mountains ont n the > left, very

GAdQ»s

‘as scarce. as water. i r yellow

Beemer Santa “ee, occurred abundantly at. intervals. for the

last ae ys, and erdggon uminflatum was among the characteristic plants,

: L-The air is rough, and.overcoats pleasant. .Thesky is blue, and

thed he day ssaseriy Our road was over a plain, towards the foot of the mounr
coe >, Down bloom

m a Ceivor
ot he, country ;. and. cacti. were very abundant, and in
2S. = A which wonderfully ornaments this poor country. We
mpéd at a spring in the pase, which had-boenshe site of an old vill

excellent

2
: 7

$ [074 J _ 266

feet, the greater part of those left being im excellent order, and searcely a
Gay passes without some loss; and, one by one, Fuentes’s horses are con-
stantly dropping behind. Whenever they give out, he dismounts and cuts
_. of their tails and manes, to make saddle: irths #the last advantage one can
“gain fromthem. =~ ‘iit: Gane ak a rsa ea "i
The next day, ina short but rough ride of 12 ‘miles, we crossed the
mountain; and, descending to a small valley plain, encamped at the foot
of the ridge, on the bed of a creek, where we found good grass in sufficient
quantity, and abundance of water in holes. The ridge is extremely tugge
and broken, presenting on this side a continued precipice, and probably
affords very few passes. Many digger tracks are seen around us, but no
Indians were visible. AFR ee
' May 3.—After a day’s journey of 18 miles, in a northeasterly direction,
‘we encamped in the midst of another very large basin, at a camping ground
called das Vegas—a term which the Spaniards use to signify fertile or
marshy plains, in contradistinction to Janos, which they apply to dry and
sterile plains. Two narrow streams of clear water, four or five feet deep,
gush suddenly, with a quick current, from two singularly large springs;
these, and other waters of the basin, pass out in a gap to the eastward.
The taste of the water is good, but rather too warm to be agreeable ; the
temperature being 71° in the one, and 73° in the other. They, however,
afforded a delightful bathing place. Raise ae
May 4.—We started thi ing earlier than usual, travelling in a north-
easterly direction across the plain. The new acacia (spirolobium odoratum)
's now become the characteristic tree of the country; it is in bloom, and
its blossoms are very fragrant. The day was still, and the heat, which
soon became very oppressive, appeared to bring out strongly the refreshing
scent of the zygophyllaceous shrubs and the sweet perfume of the acacia.
The snowy ridge we had just crossed looked out conspicuously in the
northwest. In about five hours’ ride, we crossed a gap in the surrounding,
ridge, and the appearance of skeletons of horses very soon warned us that we
were engaged in another dry jornada, which proved the longest we had
made in all our journey—between fifty and sixty miles without a drop of

ter.

Travellers through countries affording water and timber can have no
conception of our intolerable thirst while journeying over the hot yellow
sands of this elevated country, where e heated air seems to be entirely
deprived of moisture. We ate occasionally the disnad and moistened

8.) y ex-

; ne ¢ mi ight,

when, after a hard and uninterrupted march of 16 hour: our wild mules

began running ahead; and in a mile or two we came to a bold running

stream—so keen is the sense of that animal, in these
eating at a distance thi ! ig ASR Samp digi, Rare :

According to the information we had received, Sevier river was a tribu-

the Colorado; and this, accordingly, should, have been one of its

r

.- 267 cams]

e ¢ rding a little sera theriver, These were
immediately driven i kept close to the cam
Inthe darkness of the esata we had made a wae bad ‘eneampment,. eur
fires bei mmanded by arocky bluff within 50 yards ; but, notwithstand-
-ing, w we had the river and small thickets of willows on the other side. Several
times during the day the camp was insulted by the Indians; but, eae :
‘being our object, I kept simply on the defensive. Some of the India
-on the bottoms, and others harafiguing us frem the bluffs; and ae ure
Scattered in every direction over the hills, Their language being probably
a dialect of the Usah, with the aid of sigus some of our people could com-
_prehend them very well. They were the same people who had murdered
the Mexicans; and towards us their disposition was evidently hostile, nor
were we well sed towards them. They were barefooted, and nearly
nal ‘their hair gathered up into a knot behind; and with his bow, each
-man carried a quiver with thirty or forty arrows partially drawn out.
Besides these, each held in his hand two or three arrows for instant service.
Their arrows are barbed with a very clear translucent stone, a species of
apa nearly as hard as the diamond; ; and, shot from their long bow, are al-
most as effective asa gunshot. In these Indians, I was forcibly struck by an
expression 0 of countenance resembling that in a beast of prey ; and all their
actions are those of wild animals. Joined to the restless motion of the e
‘there is a want of mind—an absence of thought—and an action wholly by
‘impulse, strongly expressed, and which constantly recalls the similarity.
*A man who appeared to bea chief, with two or three others, forced him-
Self into camp, bringing with him his eer in spite of my orders to the
per i bigs When shown our r weapons, h e bored his ear with his fingers, and
said he could not hear. “ Why,” said he, “there are none of you.” C
ing the aia around the camp, and ineluding in the number a mule
m ing shod, he made out 22. «So many,” said he, showing the
phe ed we—we are a great many;’ and he pointed to — hills and
‘mount: eseoad Weise “If you have your arms,” said he, twanging his
bow, “ we have these.” I had some difficulty in. restrai oan
articularly Carson, who felt an insult -of this riba as much as if it
been given by a more responsible — _“ Don’tsay pe toe fata
he; “don’t you say that—your life’s
lish; and probably the old man was i tovhis end ian he wo be'be-
fore he meets it.
_ Several animals had been enemy left behind near the camp last
hight; and early in the morning, before the Indians made their appearance,
several men were sent to bring them in. When was beginning to be un-
a. at their La ag they returned with information that they had been
the trail by Indians ; a having followed the tracks in a

short ; >, they found the animals cut up and spread out upon bushes.

* trang I a a mie me ecm to some of the Indians for a feast;

: =a } pial sar nee of the partial distribution. Many of
ndi : Shed 7 + Aiialet hooked at the end, which they used in haul-

other small animals, from their holes. During the day
y Spatmt-andiate lizards rae our on Di belong to the
der the name o SSers >
ho are generally c nae Linea TP RSENE 33 ata

7 speaking
sole oseapation is to procure food sufficient to support ex- ©

- % e:
i formation here consists of fine yellow sandstone, —
ing wien a coarse conglomerate, in which’the: stones are from the s e of

inary gravel to)six or eight inches in diameter, | This is the formation

which tenders the surface of the and gi
alternately of loose heavy sands: — rolled: stones, which cripple the au

mals in,a most extraordinary man

On the following morning we left. shie Rio de los ngeléggend ‘continued
our way through the same desolate: and “revolting country, where lizards
were the only: animal, and the tracks of the lizard eaters the cers =

human, beings, After twenty miles’? march through a wit oe
heavy sands, we reached the most dreary river I have ever online beep
rapid’ stream, almost a torrent; passing swiftly by, and roaring against ob-
‘structions, The banks were wooded: with willow, acacia, and’ a frequent
plant of I proses: already mentioned, ( Save elliptica,) growing "
thickets, ng willow, and bearing a small pink flower. Crossing’

n Pole os ‘the left bank, where we found a very: little: grass. he
three. remaining steers, being entirely: given out, were killed here: ‘By the
boiling point, the elevation of the river here is 4,060 feet; and latitude, by
observation, 36°.41' 33’. The stream was running towards the southwest,
and appeared to come from a snowy mountain in the north. It proved: to
bethe Rio. Virgen—a-tributary to the Colorado. Indians appeared in bands
on the hills, but did not-come into camp. For several days w e continued
oo” jourmey up the river, the bottoms of which were ‘thickly o

various:kinds of brush; and the sandy soil was absolutely covered
mith; the tracks: of Diggers, who followed us’ stealthily, like a band of
volves; and we had no opportunity to leave behind, even for a few hours,
he tired animals, in: node that ‘they might be brought into camp after-a
repose. A horse or mule, left behind, was taken off in a moment.
nthe evening of the ia, having travelled 28 miles: up the river from ‘our
irst eneampment on it, we care av atia little grass plat, where a spring
of cool water issued from the bluff.. On the opposite side wasa grove of
cottonwoods at the mouth of a) which here enters the river. On
either side the valley is bounded’ by ranges of tains, every where high,
rocky, and broken. The caravan road was lost and scattered in the’ sandy
country, and we had:been following an: en trail up the river. The
s the next day were sent out to reconnoitre, and in t an time

we moved about a mile farther up, where we foun, a good little pateh ‘of
grass.. There being re sufficient: grass for the night, the horses were

é *
heya A

ig melas,

in arranging p and, fatigued with the besiset
iia bhve: coat di vee ak until. sundown?
that Tab in the

| struc, aod tl them 10 be 00
e ¥

269 ea

}. Carson, with rakmen> well ated instantly sent

_ r, but returned in the night without: tidings of the missing
The “ab! Sioadhae ten we had left, but neither he ner the mule

arching’ down the sages they rem the tracks of ‘the mule,

rive] along by Indians, whose t ereon ea side of those
made by the animal. After iieitie - several ails ey Game to the mule it-
selfsianding in some bushes, mortally w d in the side-by an arrow,

left to diey that it might be apes apeer ve for food. nis
found, in another place, as,they were hunting,about on the ground for Taw
beau’s tracks, something that iol ‘tke a little puddleiof blood, but whieh
the darkness prevented them from verifyieg. With these: details they re-
turned = our camp,-and their report saddened all our ‘hearts. _

May 10.—This morning; as soon as there was light enough: to follow
‘tracks, 1 set out myself, with Mr. Fitzpatrick and several men, in search.of
Tabeau. We went to the spot where the: ee of puddled- blood had
been. seen ; and this, we saw at once, had been lace where he fell and
died. Blood upon the leaves, and beaten down bu es, showed that he had

his wound about twenty paces from where he fell, and that he had strug-

gled for his life. ‘He had probably been ‘shot : through the lungs with an

arrow. baberenbhs noe where he lay and bled, it could be‘seen thathe had

to the river bank, and: ease into it. No series of what

had belonged to him sate be found, except a fragment of his horseequip-

- ment. ‘Horse, gun, clothes—all became the p prey of these Arabs of the New
World.

Tabeau had been ‘one of our best men, and his unhappy.death spread a
gloom over our’ party. Men, who have gone through such dangers and
sufferings as:we had seen, become like brothers, and feel each vd s loss.
To defend and avenge each other, is the deep feeling of all. wished
toavenge his death; but the condition of our horses, languishing’ for grass
waite hort forbade an expedition’ into unknown mountains. We knew the

tribe who had Loy ree eegmapenerant same which had been‘insulting our

Pe licen stwnnsatn -obe ‘whoveven:be-

Gta Miveu

ne ee was in a basin below a deep caiion—a: gap ‘of two thousand
‘feet: serned inthe 1 moun caine teseyes sien _ Rio pega sre sand

“Sir ae 270

by: finding ing atevoing a halting place of — Sond pea on the cleat wateES
of the San. lara fork o Rio Virgen

May 1}.—The morning was cloudy and ‘Quite @ol; with a iavevesie of:
rain—the first we have had since entering the: desert, a period of twenty-:

seven-days; and we seem to ha the usual .
weather of the: Rocky mountains. Our | march to- to-day was” very laborious,
over very broken ground, | the Santa Clara river ; but then the coun-
try isno longer so. distressingly desolate. The str is . wood

with sweet cottonwood trees some of them of large siti ; and on the hills,
where the nut pine is often seen, a good and wholesome siete fre-
quently This cottonwood, whieh is now in fruit, is of a d ies

from any in Michaux’s Sylva. Heavy dark clouds covered ect ies: in thé.
evening, anda cold wind sprang up, making fires cine overcoats comforta-
* ble.

May 12,—A little above our encampment, the river forked ; and we con-
tit up the right-hand branch, gradually ascending towards the summit
F the 1 mountain. As we rose veneers the head of the creek, jase mony

rim of the basin; and, entering it at this pont we found wise ‘an exten-
ba monnidin meadow, rich in bunch and fresh with” ‘numerous

it fas Pegas de Santa Clara, which had beehea'tong présdntedaer
us as the term inating point of the desert, and where the annual caravan
from, California to New Mexico halted and recruited for some weeks. It
was a very suitable place to recover from the fatigue and exhaustion of a
month’s suffering inthe hot and sterile desert. The meadow was about a-

down to the level of the vegas. Its elevation above the sea was 5,280 feet;
ee by observation, 37° 28'.28"" ; and its distance from where we first
« the Spanish trail about four hundred miles. © Fie the time’

hed the desert, and aa to skirt, at our descent » Walker's
Pass | in the Sierra Nevada, travelled 5
ty-seven days, in that. inh is :

we. [ 174 J,
nidosatges San manifestly a ousattasion shd eat colcolatian going Pato florida,

f the desert, and soi severity

relaRanoDen nd relaxation only—for camp guards, horse guards, and scouts,

re indispensable from the Ameget leaving the frontiene of Missouri until
Bi one

fier we left the Vegas, we had.the gr ratification to be joined by the the f-.
mous hunter and trapper, Mr. Joseph Walker, whom I have before men-
tioned, and who now became our guide. He had left tale wih ;
great caravan; and perceiving, from the ygns along the trail, that the
was a party of whites ahead, which he judged to be mine, he detached hime,
self from the caravan, with eight men, (Americans,) and ran the gauntlet of
the desert robbers, killing two, and getting some of the horses wounded,
and eded in overtaking us, Nothin ng but his great knowledge of the
count ry, great courage and presence of mind and good rifles, could
brought him safe from such a perilous enterprise: —

ay 13.—We remained one day at this noted. place. of rest and refresh
ment; and, resuming our progress in a. northeastwardly direction, we ee:
scended into a broad valley, the water of which is tributary to Sewier
The next day we came in sight of the Wah-satch range of mountains on
the. right, white with snow, and here forming the southeast part of the Great

asin. Sevier lake, ‘upon the waters of which we now were, belonged to

the system of lakes in the eastern part of the Basin—of which, the Great
Salt lake, and its southern limb, the Utah lake, were the principal—to-
wards the region of which we were now approaching. We travelled for
several days 1 in this direction, within the rim of the Great Basin, crossing
little streams which bore to the left for Sevier lake; and plainly seeing, by
the cfisngad aspect of the country, that we were entirely clear of the
Genes oa approaching the regions which appertained to the system of the
Rog ; mountains. We met, in this traverse,a few mounted Utah Indians,

dvance of | eee main: body, watching the approach of the great caravans

— ne We te iched ult. lake, about,seven. miles long and one
ae at the nortl pinextremity.¢ ‘which we encamped for th€night. This _
li lake, which we merits its characteristic name, lies immediately at

nearly op ea
of mountains tui which the Spani ial: trail passes; and w “ again

road, we again y of

through the wilderness. “The g Spanish trail bad borne « the

crossing the Wah-satch range. Our course led to the nor east, a

foot of that range, and leaving it Ae he Sha ot Sp The mountain present-

itself tous under - ea tig ob Sgragie rising igor e the other,
) late of the

ered with SO Mi

%

cia] ~ op

far’ into pi thie’ Great Basin. ‘Mr. Joseph Walker, our guide, and who-has
more kiow leave of these parts than any man I- know; informed me that all
the country to the left was unknown to him, and that even the Di
tribes, which frequented Lake Sevier, could tell: him nothing about it.

Spieh he is quoted and well known. They were.all mounted, armed with
s, and use their rifles well. The chief hada fusee, which he had car-
ried slung, in addition to his rifle.” ~ They ‘were pau slowly toward s
the Spanishi trail, to levy their

. Van. They were robbers of agigher order etd those of the desett. ‘They

conducted their depredations with form, and under the color of trade and
toll for passing through their country. Instead of attacking” and killing, they
affect to putchase—taking'thé horses-they like, and giving something nomi-
nal in return. The chief was quite civil tome. He was personally ac-

gna with his namesake, our guide, who made my name known to him.

of my expedition of 1842; and, as tokons of friendship, and
proof that wehad met, proposed an interchange of presents. We had no
great storé to choose out of; so he gave me a ain ON He and I gave
him: ‘a very fine 6ne which I had obtained at Vanicouv
May 23.—_We' reached Sevier river—the main Bilary of the lake of
the’same name—which, deflecting from its northern course, here breaks
from'the mountains'to'enter the lake. It was really a fine river, from eight
to twelve feet deep; and, after searching in’vain for a fordable’ place, we
ferried across.

made little’ boats (or, rather, rafts) out of bulrtishes, and ad
! These rafts ue readily made, dnd give a good conveyance across a river.
‘tuishes ate bound in bundles, and tied hard. he bundlesare tied down ©
as close as _ can be pressed, and fashione a boat, in being

Siuader | in tthe middle and poms at the ends. "The rushes, being tubular
and jointed, aré light and'strong. The raft swims well, and is shoved along
by poles, or paddied, or pushed and pulled by or drawn by ropes.
On this occasion, we used ropes—one at each end—and rapidly drew our
tate float bagkwards and forwards, fron#shore to shore. The horses swam.
_ At our place of crossing, which was the most northern point of its bend, the
- ‘Tatitude was’ 39°22’ 9", The banks ‘sustained the character for fertility
and oes which we liad'seen for some ‘days. The name of this river
one an indication’ of our approach to regions of which our people
Fapbesn —— Tt was probably named after some American trap-
per or hunter, and a first- American — we had met with since
leaving the Columbia From the Dalles to the point where we turn-

aie across: the Sierra: werd: feat 1,000" miles, we heard Indian nates,

“part of the distance none ;- fro! By eh a tia (Sacra-

273 [ 174}
Crossing the next day a slight ridge along the aye we entered a. a

some mountain valley covered with fine grass, and directed our course to-. :

wards a high snowy peak, at the foot of which lay the Utah lake. On
our right was a bed of high mountains, their summits covered with snow,.
constituting the dividing ridge between the Basin waters and those of the
Colorado. At noon we fell in with a party of Utah Indians coming out
of the mountain, and in the afternoon encamped on a tributary to a
which is separated from the waters of the Sevier by very slight dividing
grounds. ? %
Barly the next day we came in sight of the lake; and, as we descended
to the broad bottoms of the Spanish fork, three horsemen were seen gallop-
ing towards us, who proved to be’ Utah Indians—scouts from a village,
which was encamped near the mouth of the river. They were aimed
with rifles, and their horses were in good condition. We encamped near-
them, on the Spanish fork, which is one of the principal tributaries to the
lake. Finding the Indians troublesome, and desirous to remain here a da y>

‘we obtained some fish—among them a few salmon trout, which were very
much inferior in size to those along the Californian mountains. The sea-
son for taking them had not yet arrived; but the Indians were daily ex-

pecting them to come up out of the lake. £ tls Gh
We had now accomplished an object we had in view when leaving the
had reached the Utah lake;

resort to it for fish. Its greatest breadth is about 15 miles, stretching far

.

This is the report, and which I believe to be coments but it is fresh water,

tains, has obtained for it from the Indians. In the Utah language, og-waA-
be, the term for river, when coupled with other words in common conver-
sation, is usually abbreviated to ago ; tim: ignifyi k. Itis pr

that this river furnished the name witich on the older maps has been gene-
rally applied to the Great Salt lake; but for this I have preferred a name
which will be reg; BSG AO IE i ara ctOr tit, restricting to the river the
script iy impan-ogo, and leaving for the lake into. which it flows

its scenery, remarkable even in this country of rugged moun=

a

{its 274

‘the. name of the people who reside on its shores, and by which itis known
throughout the countr

The volume of wath afforded by the Timpan-ogo is probably equal to
that of the Sevier river; and, at the time of our visit, there was only one
place in the lake valley at which the Spanish Pe was fordable. In the

delta of prettily timbered streams. This would be ie sate cay
for stock farms ; it is senerely sabeaeed with good bunch grass, and wo
abundantly produce the ordinary grain

In arriving at the Utah lake, we had completed an immense circuit of
twelve degrees diameter north and ue and ten degrees east and west;
and found ourselves, in May, 1844, on the same sheet of water which we
had left in September, 1843. The Utah i is the southern limb of the Great
Salt lake ; and thus we had seen that remarkable sheet of water both at its
northern and southern extremity, and were able to fix its position at these
two points. The circuit which we had made, and which had cost us eight
months of time, and 3,500 miles of travelling, had given us a view of
Oregon and of North California from the Rocky mountains to the Pacific
ocean, and of the two principal streams which form bays or harbors on the
coast of that sea. Having completed this circuit, and eat now about to
turn the back upon the Pacific slope of our continent, and ta, recross the
Rocky mountains, it is natural to look back apo our footsteps, and take
ope brief view of the leading features and general structure of the coun-
try wehad traversed. These are peculiar and: Steg? and differ essentially
fait the Atlantic side of our country. The mountains all are higher, more
numerous, and more distinctly defined in their ranges and directions; and,
what is so contrary to the natural order of such formations, one o ‘these
ranges, which is near the coast, (the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range,)
presents higher elevations and peaks than any which are to be found in the
‘Rocky mountains themselves. “In our eight months’ circuit, we were never
out of sight of snow; and the Sierra Nevada, where we crossed it, was
near 2 000 feet higher than the South Pass in the Rocky mountains. In
height, these mountains greatly exceed those of the Atlantic side, con-
stantly presenting peaks which enter the region of eternal snow ; and some

~of them voleanic, and i in a frequent state of oF sot png are seen at
eee te gui ae traveller in his cou

‘The course and elevation of these ranges give direction tothe rivers and

ter to er coast. No great river does, or can, take its rise below the
and Sierra Nevada range ; the distance: is too

aintorts
great river by 2 sine 7 otintiel te the sea, while its
ee forks lead each to a pass in the mountains, which opens the way inte

&

275 { 174]

the Sate, Se the continent. This fact in relation to the rivers of this
mevaa fe value to the Columbia. — a mouth is the only

at Pare fy

Pacific and the interior of North America ; wid all iperations of war or
commerce, of national or social intercourse, must be conducted upon it.
This gives it a value beyond estimation, and would involve irreparable
injury if lost. In this unity and concentration of its waters, the Pacific
side of our continent differs entirely from the Atlantic side, where the
waters of the Allegany mountains are dispersed into many rivers, having
their different gee into the sea, and opening many lines of communi-
cation with the in
The Pacific Biren is equally different from that of the Atlantic, The
coast of the Atlantic is low and open, indented with numerons bays,
sounds, and river estuaries, accessible every where, and opening by many
channels into the’ Heart of the country. The Pacific coast, on the con-
trary, is high and compact, with few bays, and but one that opens into
the heart of the country. The immediate coast is what the seamen call
iron bound. <A little within, it is skirted by two successive ranges of moun-
tains, standing as ramparts between the sea and the interior country; and
to get through which, there is but one gate, and that narrow and easily de,
fended. This structure of the coast, backed by these two ranges of moun-
tains, with its concentration and unity of waters, gives to the country am
immense military mie te and will probably render Oregon the most im-
pregnable country in t orld
Differing so much Beit ‘he Atlantic side of our continent, in coast,
mountains, and rivers, the Pacific side differs from it in another most rare
and singular feature—that of the Great interior Basin, of phe’. I have so
ften epolkers, and the whole form and character of which I was so anxious

those parts, informed me that, soa the Great Salt axe west, sili y
succession of lakes and rivers which have no outlet to the sea,
connexion with the pe or with the Colorado of the Gulf «
fornia. He deseribed some of these lakes as being large, with numerous
streams, and even dieaiaoribte rivers, falling into them, In fact, all concur
in the general report of these interior rivers and lakes; and, sed want of
understanding the force and power of ev aporntions y which so soon estab-
lishes an ote steeds the loss an eRe waters, the fable of
whirlpools and subterra

s outlets has gained belief, as the only imagi-
off the waters which 1 have no visible discharge.

rail rah nt ei able to cross this forr
the Columbia or the € : ged

nation of: fthis k kind, and quite a large one
many streams fe considerable river, four or five hundred :
falling i into it, it. This lake and river I saw and examined myself; and

[ 174 ] 276

at that point, and have travelled in it ever since, having its southeastern
tim (the Wah-satch mountain) on the right, and crossing the streams which
“flow down into it. The existence of the Basin is therefore. an established
fact in my mind; its extent and contents are yet to be better ascertained.
At cannot be less than four or five hundred miles each way, and must lie
wey in the Alta California; the demarcation latitude of 42° proba-

Trout river, and some other streams, the same remark may be made.
: be examined. That it is

but miserably and sparsely. From all that I
manity here ap
tsed in

QT [174]
The whole idea of such a desert, and such a people, is a novelty in our
country, and excites Asiatic, not American ideas. Interior basins, with
their own systems of lakes and rivers, and often sterile, are common enough
in Asia; people still in the elementary state of families, living in deserts,
with no other occupation than the mere animal search for food, may still
be seen in that ancient quarter of the globe; but in America such things
are new and strange, unknown and unsuspected, and discredited when
related. But I flatter myself that what is discovered, though not enou
to satisfy curiosity, is sufficient to excite it, and that subsequent exploratio
will complete what has been commenced.
his account of the Great Basin, it’ will be remembered, belongs to the
Alta California, and has no application to Oregon, whose capabilities may
justify a separate remark. Referring to my journal for particular descrip-
tions, and for sectional boundaries between good and bad districts, I can
only say, in general and comparative terms, that, in that branch of agri-
culture which implies the cultivation of grains and staple crops, it would
be inferior to the Atlantic States, though many parts.are superior for wheat;
while in the rearing of flocks and herds it would claim a high place. Its
grazing capabilities are great; and even in the indigenous grass now the’

frontier, and extend to the Pacific ocean. East of the Rocky mountains,
it is the short curly grass,on which the buffalo delight to feed, (whence its
name of buffalo,} and which is still good when dry and apparently dead.
West of those mountains it is a larger growth, in clusters, and hence called

h grass,and which has a second or fall growth. Plains and mountains
both exhibit them; and I have seen good pasturage at an elevation of ten
thousand feet. In this spontaneous product, the trading or travelling cara-
vans can find subsistence for their animals; and in military operations any
number of cavalry may be moved, and any number of cattle may be driven;
and thus men and horses be supported on long expeditions, and even in
winter in the sheltered situations. ee Be

Commercially, the value of the Oregon country must be great, washed

as it is by the north Pacific ocean—fronting Asia—producing many of the
elements of commerce—mild and healthy in its climate—and as
it naturally will,a thoroughfare for the Hast India and China trade.

Turning our faces once more eastward, on the morning of the 27th we
left the Utah lake, and continued for two days to ascend the Spanish fork,

them

; r. é eae
At our encampment on the evening of the 28th, near the head of one
of the branches we had ascended, strata of bituminous limestone were
displayed in an escarpment on the river bluffs, in which were contained a
variety of fossil shells of new ies. nes ts Sea
It wil be remembered, that iat contin this ridge about 120 miles to the
northward in August last, strata of fossiliferous rock were discovered, which

[ 174 J 278°
have bese petearost to the oolitic period; it is probable that these rocks also
me formation.

kg salen fcuk this encampment we reached the head of the stream;

crossing, by an open and easy pass, the dividing ridge which separates

the. waters of the Great Basin from those of the Colorado, we reached the

anches of one of its larger tributaries, which, from the decided color

of its waters, has received the name of White river. The snows of the

were now beginning to melt, and all the little rivulets were

running by in sibeidgic rapidly becoming diffieult to ford. Continuing a

few miles up a branch of White zreate we crossed a dividing ridge between

its waters and those of the Uint The approach to the pass, which is
the :

aie. ~— trail along the steep hill sides cee the passage of oe
one animal atatime. From the summit we had a fine view of the showy
Bear River range; and there were still remaining beds of snow on the cold
sides of the hills near the pass. We descerided by a narrow ravine, in
which ieee rapidly gathered a little branch of the Uintah, and halted to
noon about 1,500 feet below the pass, at an elevation, by the boiling point,
of 6,900 feet above the sea.
next day we descended along the river, and about noon reached a
point where three forks come together. Fording one of these with some
difficulty, we continued. up the middle branch, which, from the color of its
waters, is named the Red river. The few passes, and extremely rugged
bie of the country, give to it great strength, and seeure the Utahs from
n of their enemies. Crossing in the afternoon a somewhat
oken highland, covered in places with fine grasses, and with cedar on
= hill sides, we encamped at evening on another tributary to the Uintah,
called the Tuaheons, fork. The water was very clear, the stream not being
yet swollen by the melting snows; and we forded it without any difficulty.
It is a considerable branch, being spread out by islands, the largest arm
being about a hundred feet wide; and the name it bears is probably that
of some old French trapper.
The next day we continued down the ee which we were twice obliged
to cross; and, the water having risen during the e night, it was almost every

7 =r too deep to be forded. After tm nella about sixteen miles, we en-

again on the left ban
E obtained here an occultation. of 8 F 8 Scot at he bate cla, f the moon,
which Sree for the longitade of the place: ee “the la
vane 1. WE: Jotiso-day ihe Durheonal fork, carpe ing a broken
country. for about sixteen miles, arrived at noon at Seaienicesridorble
ranch, a river of great velocity, to which the — pers ha e improperly
an. the > hame fork. The name applied to it by sty Indians sig-

ifies. swiftness, and i is the same which they use to express the speed
of a race ‘horse. It is spread out in various channels over several hundred

<Q ; 18 SS sans L
the higher parts pcos haley fiesbarea aun and the | arn

279 [ 174}

covered with good grass, we reached, on the afternoon of the 3d, the
Uintah fort, a trading post belonging to "Mr. A. Ro ubideau, on the principal
fork of the Uintah river. We found the stream nearly as rapid and

cult as the Lake fork, divided into several channels, which were too broad
to be bridg ot With the aid of guides from the fort, we succeéded, wit
very great difficulty, in fording it; and encamped near the fort, which is
situated a short distance above the junction of Wee branches which make
the river.

By an immersion of the 1st satellite, (agreeing , with the result of the
occultation observed at the Duchesne fork,) the longitude of the post is 109°
56' 42", the latitude 40° 9 ae? Sp

It has a motley garrison of Canadian and Spanish engagés and hunters,
with the usual number of Indian women. We obtained a small supply of
sugar and coffee, with some dried meat and a cow, which was a very ac-
ceptable change from the pinoli on which we had subsisted for some weeks
past. I-strengthened my party at this place by the addition of Auguste
Archambeau, an excellent voyageur and hunter, helongang to the class of
Carson and Godey.

On the morning of the 5th we left the fort™ Ee the Uintah river, and
continued our road over a broken country, which afforded, peabeleh a rich
addition to our botanical collection; and, after a march of 2 miles, were
again checked by another stream, called ‘Ashley? s fork, here we were de-
tained until noon of the next day.

mersion of the 2d satellite gave for this place a longitude of 109°
27° 07" , the latitude by i Soghbatils being 40° 28' 0
n the afternoon of the next day we succeeded in finding a ford; and,
after travelling fifteen ales, Uhiartoad high up on the mountain side, where
we found excellent and abundant Brass, which we had not hitherto seen.
A new species of elymus, which had a purgative and weakening effect
upon the animals, had oceurred abundantly since leaving the fort. From
this point, by observation 7,300 feet above the sea, we hada view of the
Colorado below, shut up amongst rugged mountains, and which is the re-
aplent of all the streams we had been crossing since we ney the rim of
e Great Basin at the head of the Spanish fork.

0 the 7th we had a pleasant but long day’s ; journe, through beautiful
little valleys dnd a high mountain country, arriving out evening at the
verge of a steep and rocky ravine, by which we descended to * Brown’s
hole.” This is a-place well known to trappers in the country, wer the
cafions through which the Colorado runs expand into a narrow but pe
valley, about sixteen miles in length, The river was seyetnt hundred

most eastern part of the Colorado ; and the latitude of our encampment,
which was opposite to the remains of an old fort on the left bank of
river, Was hae 46' betdot and, Py observation, the elevation above the sea

* This fort was attacked and ey s bend of oF Utah Indians since we. ees 6.
mien of the garrison killed, the women carried off. Mr. Roubideau, a trader of . Lowis, '
sent, and so escaped the fate of the rest. Hee aS

— =

:
s
"
q
%
a

{. {74} 280

5,150 feet. The bearing to the entrance of the cafion below was south 20°

ere the river enters between lofty precipices of red rock, and the
country below is said to assume a very rugged character the river and
its affluen aeesing | hrough cafions which forbid all access to the water.
This sheltéred little valley was formerly a favorite wintering ground for
the trappers, as it afforded them sufficient pasturage for their animals, and
the surrounding mountains are well stocked with game.

We surprised a flock of mountain sheep as we descended to the river,
and our hunters winted several. The bottoms of a small stream called the
Vermillion creek, which enters the left bank of the river a short distance
below our encampment, were covered abundantly with F. vermicularis,
and other chenopodiaceous shrubs. From the lower end of Brown’s hole
we issued by a remarkably dry caijion, fifty or sixty yards wide, and rising,
as we advanced, to the height of six or eight hundred feet. Issuing from
this, and crossing a small green valley, we entered another rent of the same
nature, still narrower than the other, the rocks on either side rising in pensty,
vertical precipices perhaps 1,500 feet in height. These places are men
tioned, to give some idee of the country lower down on the Colorado, to
which the trappers ea apply the name of a cafion country. The cafion
opened upon a pond of water, where we halted to noon. Several flocks of
mountain sect were fais among the rocks, which rung with volleys of

In the afternoon we entered upon an ugly, barren, and broken
country, Pe canbidint well with that we had traversed a few degrees
north, on the same side of the Colorado. The Vermillion creek afforded
us brackish ah alt and indifferent grass for the night.

A few scattered cedar trees were the only improvement of the country
on the Helio wing oer and at a little spring of bad water, where we halted .
to noon, we had n en the shelter of these from the a rays of the sun.
At night we atcainti in a fine grove of cottonwood trees, on the banks of
the Ells Head river, the principal fork of the Warapak river, commonly
called by the trappers the Bear river. We made here a a angi coral
and fort, and formed the camp into vigilant guards. The country we were
now entering is constantly infested by war parties of the Sioux and other
Indians, and is considered among the most dangerous war grounds in the

arr mountains; parties of whites having been repeatedly defeated on
this r

th The characte :
Hie along the river is F. vermicularis, which asceeatly covers the bot-
ofgiia when with this, are ine shrubs and artemisia. The new variety
a8 -seen on leaving the Uintah fort had now disap-
d. The country on either side was sandy and poor, scantily wooded
irs, but the river bottoms afforded good pasture. Three ante-
killed in the afternoon, and we encamped a little below a branch
ed St. Vrain’s fork. A few miles above, was. ee fort at

281 p14]

Yesterday and to-day we have had before our eyes the high mountains
which divide the Pacific from the Mississippi waters; and entering here

safe to encamp in the bottoms, which were wooded only with willow thick-
ets, we ascended to the spurs above, and forted strongly in a small aspen
grove, hear to which was a spring of cold water. The hunters killed two
fine cows near the camp. A band of elk broke out of a neighboring grove;
antelopes were running over the hills; and on the opposite river plains,
herds of buffalo were raising clouds of dust. The country here appearéd
more variously stocked with game than any part of the Rocky mountains
we had visited; and its abundance is owing to the excellent pasturage;
and its dangerous character as a war ground.

June 13.—There was snow here near our mountain camp, and the morn-
ing was beautiful and cool. Leaving St. Vrain’s fork, we took our way di-
rectly towards the summit of the dividing ridge. The bottoms of the streams
and level places were wooded with aspens; and as we neared the summit,
we entered again the piney region. We had a delightful morning’s ride,
the ground affording us an excellent bridle path, and reached the summit
towards midday, at an elevation of 8,000 feet. With joy and exultation we
Saw ourselves once more on the top of the Rocky mountains, and beheld a ~
little stream taking its course towards the rising sun. It was an affluent of 5
the Platte, called Pudlam’s fork, and we descended to noon upon it. It is
a pretty stream, twenty yards broad, and bears the name of a trapper who,
some years since, was killed here by the Gros Ventre Indi

Issuing from the pines in the afternoon, we saw spread out before us the
valley of the Platte, with the pass of the Medicine Butte beyond, and some
of the Sweet Water mountains; but a smoky haziness in the air entirely
obscured the Wind River chain.

We were now about two degrees south of the South Pass, and our course
home would have been eastwardly ; but that would have taken us over
ground already examined, and therefore without the interest which w
excite curiosity. Southwardly there were objects worthy to be explored, to
Wit: the approximation of the head waters of three different rivers—the
Platte, the Arkansas, and the Grand River fork of the Rio Colorado of the
gulf of California ; the Passes at the heads of these rivers; and the three»
remarkable mountain coves, called Parks, in which they took their rise.
One of these Parks was, of course, on the western side of the dividing ridge;
and a visit to it would require us once more to cross the summit of the

tocky mountains to the west, and then to re-cross to the east ; making, in
all, with the transit we had just aplished, three crossings of that moun-
tain in this section of its course. But, no matter. The coves, the heads of
the rivers, the approximation of their waters, the practicability of the moun-
tain passes, and the locality of the rorer Parxs, were all objects.

of inter-

— est, and, although well known to hunters and trappers, were unknown to

[ 174] 282
speseened to history. We therefore changed our course, and turned tip

_ We crossed several small affluents, and again made a fortified camp in
a grove, The country had now become very beautiful—rich in water,
grass, and game; and to these were added the charm of scenery and pleas-
ant Weather. ~ “tiga che

June 14.—Our route this morning lay along the foot of the mountain,
over the long low ois which sloped gradually down te the river, forming
the broad valley of the Platte. Ty i ifully watered. In al-
most every hollow ran a clear,coo! mountain stream; and in the course of
the morning we crossed seventéen, several of them being large creeks, forty
to fifty feet wide, with a swift current, and tolerably deep. These were
variously wooded with groves of aspen and cottonwood, with willow,
cherry, and other shrubby trees. Buffalo, antelope, and elk, were frequent
during the day ;#and, in their abundance, the latter sometimes reminded
us slightly of the Sacramento valley.

We halted atnoon on Potter’s fork—a clear and swift stream, forty yards
wide, and in many places deep enough to swim our animals; and in the
evening encamped on a pretty stream, where there were several beaver
dams, and many trees recently cut down by the beaver. We gave to this
the name of Beaver Dam creek, as now they are becoming sufficiently rare
to distinguish by their name the streams on which they are found. In this
mountain they occurred mofe abundantly than elsewhere in all our journey,
in which their vestiges had been scarcely seen.

_ The next day we continued our journey up the valley, the*country pre-
Senting much the same appearance, except that the grass was more scanty
on the ridges, over which was spread a serubby growth of sage ; but still
the bottoms of the creeks were broad, and afforded good pasture grounds,

. gorge, through which the river passed as through a We entered it,
and found o ves in the New Park—a beautiful circular valley of thirty
niles diameter, walled in all round with snowy mountains, rich with water
and with grass, fringed with pine on the mountain sides the snow

line, and a paradise to all grazing animals. The Indian name for it signi-
_ Bes “ cow lodge,” of whi be idered a translation ; the
lo roaming over it,

mountains, and some lakes within their bosoms, that the Great Platte river
collects its first waters, and assumes its first form; and certainly no river

~~ dune 16.—In the en our way through the Park, follow-
Ol &: ASS bee Sto: a 2

283, [ 174]

ing @ principal branch of the Platte, and hore among many smaller

ones, a bold stream, scarcely fordable, ca ne Drees hae SK, and which is-
sues from a lake in the mountains on the right, ten mileslong. In the even-
ing we encamped on ei stream, near the upper end of é Park. Lati-
tude of the camp 40° 33’ 2

June 17.—We Cotte our way among the waters of the Park, over the
foot hills of the bordering mountains, where we ‘pasturage, and
surprised and killed some buffalo. We fell into a broad and excellent trail,
made by buffalo, wherea wagon would pass with ease; and, in the course
of the morning, we crossed the summit of the Rocky mountains, through

a pass which was one of the most beautiful we had ever seen. The trail
led among the aspens, through open grounds, richly covered with grass, and
carried us over an elevation of about 9,000 feet above the level of the sea.

The country appeared to great advantage in the delightful summer
weather of the mountains, which we still continued to enjoy. Descending
from the pass, we found ourselves again on the western waters; and halted
to noon on the edge of another mountain valley, called the Old Park, in
which is formed Grand river, one of the principal branches of the Colorado
of California. We were now moving with some caution, as, from the Prt
we found the Arapahoe village had also passed this way. As we :

out of their enemy’s country, and this was a war ground, we iete

desirous to avoid them. After along afternoon’s march, we halted at night
ona small creek, tributary to a main fork of Grand river,; which ran
through this portion of the valley. The appearance of the country in the
Old Park is interesting, though of a different character from the New ; in-
stead of being a erat plain, it is more or less broken into hills, and_
surrounded by the high mountains, timbered on the lower parts with
quaking asp and pines.

June 18.—Our scouts, who were as usual ahead, made from a butée this
morning the signal of Indians, and we rode up in time to meet a party of
peek 30 Arapahoes. They were men and women going into the hil

or game, the women for roots—and informed us that the village was
pore a faiw miles above, on the main fork of Grand river, which passes

through the midst of the valley. I made them the usual presents; but
they appeared disposed to be oe and galloped back at to the
village. Knowing that we had trouble to expect, I descended tancdiaesly

nee the bottoms of Grand river. whieh were overflowed in te gee the sabre!
ng up, and made the best encampment the ground afforded. We had no

ay to build a fort, but found an open place among the willows, Shick was
defended by the river on one side and the overflowed bottoms on the other.
We had scarcely made our few preparations, when about 200 9 them ap-
ey on the verge of the bottom, mounted, painted, and < ‘for war.
e planted the American flag between us; ‘and a short parley ended in a
truce, with something more than the usual ‘amount of presents. About 20
Sioux were with them—one of them an old chief, who had always been
page to the whites. He informed me that, before coming down, a coun-
held at the village, in which the greater part had declared for
stieictaaeanine had come from their enemies, to whom we had doubtless
been carrying assistance in arms — en buthis own party, with
some few of the , jwho h us the previous year in the
Plains, opposed i it. Tt will be moore wae sh it is customary for his peo-

whe +t,

[ 174] 284

all whom they meet on the western side of the mountains to be their ene-

ies. They deceived me into the belief that I should find a ford at their
village, and I could not avoid accompanying them ; but put several sloughs
between us and their village, and forted strongly on the. banks of the river,
which was every where rapid and deep, and over a hundred yards in breadth.

The next morning we descended the river for about eight miles, and

.

its elevation at this point 6,700 feet. A. frame for the boat being very soon
made, our baggage was ferried across ; the horses, in the mean time, swim-
ming over. A southern fork of Grand river here makes its junction, nearly
opposite to the branch by which we had entered the valley, and up this we
continued for about eight miles in the afternoon, and encamped in a bottom
on the left bank, which afforded good grass. At our encampment it was
70 to 90 yards in breadth, sometimes widened by islands, and separated into

from the Park. Here it was smooth and deep, 150 yards in breadth, and

crossed many foaming torrents with-rocky beds, rushing down to the river ;

mou
de act

prairie (tetrao.europhasianus was occasionally seen among the sage.

and it being probable that they would visit our camp with the desire to re-
turn on horseback, we

_Here the river diminished to 35 yards, and, notwithstanding the number
of affluents we had crossed, was still a large stream, dashing swiftly by,

shi
was literally alive with buffalo; and the continued echo o

into camp with the meat of seven fat cows. eeccnel
During the earlier part of the day’s ride, the river had been merely a
latrow ravine b i i ins, backed on both sides, but
zes ; but, after several hours’
t bottoms. In the
broad buffalo

descending from the mountain by the main head of the Arkansas, I was
irou to follow,) there was no sign of a buffolo trace. Apprehend-
is reason, and the character of the mountains, which are known

.

285 [ 174]

to be extremely r , that the right-hand branch led to no pass, I pro-

vate of flowers, on at this place I noticed, among p< abby Seeclipess
montana, whose bright yellow color makes it a showy plant This has
been a characteristic in many parts of the country since reaching the Uintah
waters. With fields of iris were uquilegia cerulea, ap esparcette, and
straw berries.

-. At dark, we perceived a fire in the ‘edge of the pines, on the opposite
side of the valley. We had evidently not been discovered, and, at the re-
port of a gun, and the blaze of fresh fuel which was heaped on our fires,
those of the strangers were instantly extaguished. In the morning, they
were found to be a party of six trappers, who had ventured out among the
mountains after beaver. They informed us that two of the number with
which they started had been already killed by the Indians—one of them
but a few days agente the Arapahoes we had lately seen, who had found
him alone at a camp on this river, and carried off his traps and animals.
As they were doitiows to join us, the enue returned with them to their

ncampment, and we continued up the valley, in which the stream rapidly
diminished, breaking into small tributaries—every hollow affording water.
At our noon halt, the hunters joined us with the trappers. While preparing
to start from their encampment, they found themselves suddenly surround-
ed by a party of Arapahoes, who informed them that their scouts had dis-
covered a large Utah village in the Bayou Salade, (South Park,) and that a
large war party, consisting of — every man in the village, except those
who were too old to go to —— e going over to attack them. The main —
body had ascended the left fork of the river, which afforded a ‘better pass
than the branch we were on and this party had followed our trail, in order
that we might add our force to theirs. Carson informed them that we were
too far ahead to turn back, but would join them in the bayou; and the In-
dians went off apparently satisfied. By the temperature of boiling water,
our apg here was 1,430 feet; and still the pine forest continued, and
grass was goo

In the: aperntitel we continued our wiaricucscaioeelii ‘through open
pines, with : very gradual ascent. We surprised a herd of igs cnios ing
the shade at a small lake among the pines; ‘and they made the dry ccmies
erack, as a broke through the woods. In rideoteout three-quarters.
of an hour, and having ascended perhaps a08 feet, we reached the sum-
MIT OF THE DIVIDING RIDGE, Which would thus have an estimated height
of. 11,200 f feet. Here the river spreads itself into small branches and springs,
nearly in the summit of the ridge, which is very narrow. -Imme-
diately below us wasa green valley, through which ran a stream; and a short
di oppssite rose snowy mountains, whose summits were formed into
ae of naked rock. We soon afterwards satisfied ourselves that imme-

diately. beyond these mountains was the main branch of the Arkansas

river—most. probably heading teas with the little — below us,
which gathered its waters in the sn pisses sy near 2
of the rugged character of the ceunthion around sie hen of the Arkan-
sas, which their appearance amply justified, detextatl me from making any

2

fim) 286

attempt to retich | it, which would have involved & uperee length of time
than no eens at my disposal

Ina er of an hour, ed Jed from th it of the Pass
into the foe below, our road having been — much controlled and inter-
rupted by the pines and springs on the mountain side. Turning up the

Siem, we da ager na bottom of good grass near its head, which al

poms of which, eneretore, i is the Food of the iixannes river. The aemecien
on which we had enca mped is the head of either the Fontaine-qui- bouit,
a branch of the Arkansas, or the remotest head of the south fork of the
Platte; as which, you will find it laid down on the map. But descending
it only’ through a “aera of its course, we have not been able to settle this
point satisfactoril:
Inthe evening band of buffalo furnished a little excitement, by charging
through the cam
On the following day, we descended the stream by an excellent buffalo
trail, along the open grassy bottom of the river. On our right, the bayou
was ‘bordered by a mountainous a crested with rocky and naked peaks;
and below, it had a beautiful park-like character of pretty level prairies, in-
terspersed among low spurs, ae openly with pine and quaking:asp,
_ contrasting well with the denser pines which swept around on the moun-
tain. ing always the valley of the stream; towards noon we
descried a mounted party descending the point of a spur, and, judging them
to be Arapahoes—who, defeated or Victorious, were equally dangerous to

Ww vider they arrived, proving to be a party of Utah women,
who edi us s that’ on the other side of the ridge their village was fighting
with the Arapahoes. As soon as they had given us this information, they

ed the air with criés and lamentations, which made us understand that
some of their chiefs had been killed.
Extending along the river, directly ahead of us, was a low piney a
leaving between ‘it and the stream a small open Speed on which the
ad very i ly placed their paren 8 Ai ich, according to the
sonnen tabard _ cen warriors in the Sovew te

pines,

5a mi
reviowsly fo
ttacked th:

‘hee ies, which we

Ba

“287 2 174 J

ee us saa semen and keeping Lhe seonits ber Wielaeni itr ive
us notice of the approach of Indians. As we passed by the eel ich
was: immediately below us, horsemen were galloping to eae eee oups
of people were gathered around those who were wounded'and dead, and
who were being brought in from the field. -We conitinieid eS press on, and,
crossing another fork, which came in from the right, after having —
fifteen miles from.the —— fortified ourselves strongly in the pines,
short distance from the rive

During the afternoon, Pike? s Peak had heen plainly in view before a
and, from our | encampment, bore N. 87° E. by compass. This was
familiar object, and it had for us the face of an old friend. At its foot
were the spri’ where we had spent a pleasant day in coming out, Near
it were the habitations of civilized mem; and it overlooked the broad
smooth plains, which promised us an easy journey to our home.

next day we left the river, which continued its course wipaitle

Pike’s Peak; and salehig a southeasterly direction, in es ten miles we
crossed a gentle ridge, and, issuing from the , found ourselves
involved emnong: broken spurs of the mountains whiel border the great
prairie plains. Although broken and extremely rugged, the country was
very interesting, being well watered by numerous affiluents to the Arkansas
river, and covered with grass and a variety of trees. The streams, which,
in the upper part of their course, ran through grassy and open hollows,
after a few miles all descended into deep and impracticable cafions, through
which they found their way to the Arkansas valley. Here the buffalo
trails we had followed were cspered — the hills, or crossed over into
the more open valleys of other strea

During the day our road was fatiguing and difficult, foutinlnny us much,
by its steep and rocky character, of our travelling the year before~
‘the: Wind river ‘mountains ; but always at night we found some grassy

] timber ;
on the creeks, oak was Raga’; but the aneucledvel Cio (pop-
ulus angustifolia,) of unusually large size, and seven or eight feet in
circumference, was the prineipal tree. With these were mingléd a variety of
shrubby trees, which aided to make the ravines almost Di in Genie

After several days’ laborious travelling, we sueceeded eating
ourselves from the mountains, and on the morning of the sth’ iaicliee
immediately at their foot,on a handsome tributary to the Arkansas river.
In the afternoon we descended the stream, winding our way along the
bottoms, which were densely wooded with oak, and in the evening en-
camped near the main river. ence ne next day our road along the
Arkansas, and meeting on the way a war y of Arapahoe Indians 2 ae
had recently: been committing some Somipse Gi Bent’s fort, killing stoe stock
and driving ' off harses,) we arrived before sunset at the Pueblo, near ‘the
mouth of the’ Fontaine-qui-bowit river, where we had the pleasure to find
‘a number of. our old acquaintances. The little settlement appeared in @
thriving condition; and i in the interval of our absen another had been
established on comes river, some thirty miles above.

‘June 30.—Our moved rapidly down ees eae, along the

[174] 288

broad road which follows the river, and on the Ist of J uly we arrived at
Bent’s fort, about 70 miles below the mouth of the Fontaine-gui-bouit.

family groups of women and children, with dog trains carrying baggage, and
long lines of pack horses, their appearance was picturesque and imposing

TPRa river, c e 1dg1ng
grounds which separate that river from the waters of the Platte. On the
7th we crossed a large stream, about forty yards wide, and one or-two feet
deep, flowing with a lively current on a sandy bed. The discolored and
muddy appearance of the water indicated that it proceeded from recent
tains ; and we are inclined to consider this a branch of the Smoky Hill
river, although, possibly, it may be the Pawnee fork of the Arkansas. Be-
elled over high and level prairies, halting at small
ponds and holes of water, and using for our fires the do
country being without timber. On the evening of the 8th we encamped

rapidly in the sandy
e a hand-

289 [ 474 ]

animals so abundant on our outward journey, and halted for a day.
numerous herds, in order to make a provision of meat. sufficient to carry
us to the frontier. j at

A few days afterwards, we encamped, in a pleasant evening, on a high

iver prairie, the stream being less than a hundred yards broad. Duri

the night we had a succession of thunder storms, with heavy and continu-
ous rain, and towards morning the water suddenly burst over the banks,
flooding the bottoms, and becoming a large river, five or six hundred
in breadth. The darkness of the night and incessaut rain had ona
from the guard the rise of the water; and the river broke into the cam
so suddenly, that the baggage was instantly covered, and all our perishable
coliections almost entirely ruined, and the hard labor of many months
destroyed in a moment,

h we discovered a large village of Indians encamped at the
mouth of a handsomely wooded stream on the right bank of the river.
Readily inferring, from the nature of the encampment, that they were
Pawnee Indians, and confidently expecting good treatment from

from the village, and encamped on the river about fifteen miles below.*

straggling trees and occasional groves of cottonwood; but here the country
began perceptibly to change its character, becoming a more fertile, wooded,
and beautiful region, coves with a profusion of grasses, and watered wi

innumerable little streams, which were wooded with oak, large elms, and
the usual vilianies of timber common to the lower course oF ths Kansas

AS we advanced, the country steadily improved, gradually assimilating
itself in appearance to the northwestern part of the State of Missouri. ” The

_ try luxuriantly. “The difference in the rey of the grasses became
“ suddenly evident in the weakened condition our animals, which began
sensibly to fail as soon as we quitted the buffalo grass. : :

€ river preserved a uniform breadth of eighty ora hundred yards,
with broad! bottoms ‘continuously timbered with large cottonwood trees,
among which were interspersed a few other varieties.

* In a recent report to the department, from Major Wharton, who visited the Pawnee villages:
with a military force some months it is stated that the Indians had intended attack:
our party during the night we remained at this encampment, but were prevented by the interposition.
of the Pawnee Loups. %

19

p17 j 290

- While engaged in crossing one of the numerous creeks which frequently
impeded and checked our way, sometimes obliging us to ascend them for
several miles, one of the people (Alexis Ayot) was shot through the leg b
the accidental discharge of a rifle—a mortifying and painful mischance,
to be crippled for life by an accident, after having nearly accomplished in
safety a long and eventful journey. He was a young man of remarkabl
good and cheerful temper, and had been among the useful and efficient
men of the party. ~~

After having travelled directly along its banks for two hundred and
ninety miles, we left the river, where it bore suddenly off in a northwesterly
diréction, towards its junction with the Republican fork of the Kansas, dis-
tant about sixty miles; and, continuing our easterly course, in about twenty
miles we entered the wagon road from Santa Fé to Independence, and on
the last day of July encamped again at the little town of Kansas, on the
banks of the Missouri river.

During our protracted absence of fourteen months, in the course of which
we had necessarily been exposed to great varieties of weather and of climate,
no one case of sickness had ever occurred among us

Here ended our land journey; and the day following our arrival, we
found ourselves on board a steamboat rapidly gliding down the broad
Missouri. Our travel-worn animals had not been sold and dispersed over
the country to renewed labor, but were placed at good pasturage.on the
frontier, and are now ready to do their part in the coming expedition.

On the 6th of August we arrived at St. Louis, where the party was
finally disbanded; a great number of the men having their-homes in the
neighborhood.

_ Andreas Fuentes also remained here, having readily found employment
for the winter, and is one of the men engaged to accompany me the present

ear. .
. Pablo Hernandez remains in the family of Senator Benton, where he is
well taken care of, and conciliates good will by his docility, intelligence, and
amiability. General Almonte, the Mexican minister at Washington, to
whom he was of course made known, kindly offered to take charge of
him, and to carry him back to Mexico; but the boy preferred to remain
where he was until he got an education, for which he shows equal ardor
- and aptitude. SS

Our Chinook Indian had his wish to see the whites fully gratified. He
accompanied me to Washington, and, after remaining several months at
‘the Columbia college, was sent by the Indian department to PI \iladelphia,.
oe. song other things, he learned to read and write well, and speak

ees Fi

English language with some fluency. Sas
He will accompany me in a few days to the frontier of Missouri, whence
he will be sent with some one of the emigrant companies to the village at

= Dalles of the Columbia. oe
_._. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, _

ee

| | J.-C. FREMONT,
= 3 _ Bt. Capt. Topl. Engineers.

(fet ~ "Bee ~%
+ [ 174-7
TABLE OF DISTANCES ~
ee ALONG

THE ROAD TRAVELLED BY THE EXPEDITION IN 1843 AND 1844.

»
o

OUTWARD JOURNEY. 2
- >
From Kansas landing .to Fort Vancouver.
tele Eu £2
ee 23 £2) 28
Date. | og | $= Localities. Date. | 83 | 8 a Localities.
Be | 32 gs | a3
au ile ayies
AT | Ae | a* [ag
1843. | Miles. | Miles. | - 1843. | Miles. | Miles.
May 29| 7 FF July 29 [ 6 | 807 :
80 | 22 29 30 | 24 831
31| 26 55 | 31 | 30 | 961
June 1] 23 78 Aug. 1 | 26 | 88
22 100 4 31 ; 918] Medicine Bow rivex:
Fi | ie Bee 944
4 18 141 4 18 962 | North fork.
5| 19 | 160 6| 19 981 |
S): | a 7 |---| 1,0r1} ‘
71 "es oe 8| 29 | 1,040 |
8} .5 187 | Junction of Smoky 9 | 26 | 1,066 Sweet Water.
Hill and Repub- 10 | 23 | 1,089.
° os | Tiean forks. - 11} 29 | 1,118] ,
GS ee aie 12 | 25 | 1,143 |
TPT ae =) ia} a 1,152 South Pass,
I 28 240 : * Ss ee
13] 18 | 958 ~ =~ dh} 96 1 roe | s
1 1. 2% 15 | 29 | 1,221 Green river, or Rio
16 | 2h of 8 | Golorado.
4 1g 10 16) 26 | 1,247:
23 333 17] 21°) 1,268
19| 18 # 351 18 | 32 | 1,300)
20 7 19 | 28 | 1,328.
21 20 | 30 | 1,358 :
231-3 430 21 | 26 | 1,384) 3
~23)26 | 456 22 }o37 | 1,491 f =
24; 34 | 490 23} 12 | 1,433]
25 | 26 | 516 | Crossing of the Re- 22 | 1,455
publican. 25 | 8 | 1,463 | Beer Springs. _
a Se 540 | * 96 | S1 | 1,484
ae) 7 | 66 : 27.| 21 | 1,505 rH, F
28} 30 28 | 27 | 1,582 ing
29 21 29 1. 17 1,549
30}. 86: 30 | 19 | 1,568
July 1| & 31 | 26 | 1,594
2| 29 Sept. 1 | 22 | 1,616 ee
31, oe Te ies | cee
eat dF 3| 3 | 1,636 Mouth of Bear river.
26) 4 Ai 6. 11,@68| ¢° cr ae
27| 26 5| 27 | 1,669: ste
28 | 20 6 | 25 | 1694 |

€

[ 174] ~ 292

Table of distances—Continued.

t . 1 -
ee| ge ec e-B
ES fa ae ag
Date. 33 E Localities Date. | 3g a6 Localities
oe
ilk dad
1843. | Miles. | Miles. 1843. | Miles. | Miles
pt. 8 1,714 | Shore of the Salt || Oct. 9 |. 24 | 2,254 .
ce. 10 2 | 2,256) Fort Boisé.
9 8 | 1,722} Island in the Salt 11 |. 20°.| 2,276
lake. 12 | 27 | 2,303
io | 28 | 1,750 13} 20 12,333
12| 13 | 1,763 14| 22 | 2,345
13 | 27 | 1,790 15 | 26 | 2,371
-44| 24 | 1,814 16.| 313 | 2,384
s 17} 21 | 2,405
16 | 26 | 1,859 18 | 20 | 2,425
17 | 24 | 1,883 19 | 21 | 2,446
is | 23 | 1,906} Fort Hall. 20 | 12} 2,458
22] 12 | 1,918 21 5 | 2,463
10 | 1,928} American falls on 22 16 | 2,479
. Lewis’s fork. 24 | 18 | 2,497
25| 13 | 1,941" 25 | 18 | 2,515
26| 17 | 1,958 26 3 | 2,518| Fort Nez Pereé, at
27 | 20 | 1,978 the mouth of Wa-
28 | 25 | 2,003 | Jahwalah river.
<> 29] 24. 12, OR7 23 1 2,537
80 | 26° |} 2,053 | 29 | 19
“Oct. 1} 16 | 2,069 30 | 21 | 2,577
2 098 31 | 26 /2,
3}. 16 | 2,014) Nov. 1 23. |.2,626
4/19 133 2 | 19 |2,645
5 | 26 | 2,159 $e 17> | 2662 im
6 | 22 | 2,181) "4 } “14 | 2,676 Dalles.
a {00 » 204 | 6&7) 90 | 2,766) Fort Vancouver.
Si 26 | 2,230)
-| ‘
HOMEWARD JOURNEY. e*
: : From the Dalles to the Missouri river. 3
a
‘ >a
- Bs ié
13. "1843. | Miles.
Mov. 25 | Dec. 4 9
26) &i i
27 i 6 19
28 7b 26
23 8} 49
30 9| 14
Be. tt 10) 15
ae 2 12/| 5
= 2 ~ 13} 12

; ee
sa

293

| Table of distances—Continued.

[gs | és Be |&2
Date. 33 eS Localities. Date. ~ 33 2s Localities. ‘s
eae reaRE
Soe to Q a> fan)
1843. | Miles. | Miles. 1844. | Miles. | Miles. .
Dees 14}. 21 288 Feb. 20 1,001 | Summit of the Sierra
15 pet 309 Nevada.
16 9 318 | Summer lake. 21 5 1,006
bY § 6 32451 22 3 1,009
18 | 20 | 344) 23+}. 5 | 1,014
19| 21 365 j 12 | 1,026
20 26 391 | Lake Abert. 25 14 1,040
91| 6 | 307 26 | 14 | 1,054
22 | 29 | 426°) 27 | 1 | 1,055
23| 7 | 438 . 28 | 10 | 1,065
24 13 446 | Christmas lake? Mar. 1 6 | 1,071
25 14° 460 2 3 10 1,081
26 21 481. 4 ¢ 1,088
27| 24 | 505: 5 |-20-41,108}
28 16 521 6 34 1,142 | Nueva Helvetia.
291-15 | 636 241 16 | 1,158
30 be 17 553 25 | 18 | 1,176
31 18 571 26 21 1,197
27 | 42 | 1,239
1844. 28 | 17 | 1,256
Jan. “1/ 20 591, 29| 8 | 1,264
2| 25 | 616 April 1 | 10 | 1,274
Bi. to4. Gaps 3} 22 | 1,296
4| 7 | 630: 4| 18 | 1,314
6 Se ae ce 5 |. 37 | 1,351
6} 15 | 647°! Great Boiling ’spring. 6| 15 | 1,366 *
=@ {At 1. esperic IG 7| 50 | 1,416 ‘
10| 10 | 668°) >. SB) - 8 45422 "
ii | 10 | 678ckc- 9| 314 1,453
12| 6 | 684°} Pyramid lake. 10| 40 /1,
13| 12 | 696 a “4Ab} 24 | 1,517
144 <9 Fabs es 12} 15 | 1,532) ;
15 12 W17 13 27 1,5594 Pass in the Sierrn
16; 18 7350 Neva
17 22 757 14 32 1,591
18} 8 | 765° 15 |. 32) } 1,623
19| 18 | 783 17 | 39 | 1,662
20; 5 | 788 18} .3-°) 1,665:
21 24 812° 19 15 1,680 :
22) 14 | 826 20 | 33 | 1,713} Spanish trail at Mo-
23 | 25 851 hahve river,
24; 20 | 871 22 | 20 |1,733| °
25 | 25 896 23 33 766
SS Aas 80s a) 8 ia
ee 920 Qe |. 35-1 4,798
29| 7 | 9e7 27 | 43 | 1,842
30| 11 | 938} 28} 12 | 1,854
31 | 26 964 29 7 | 1,861
Feb. 2/| 16 | 980. 30} 24 | 1,885
S| 3oF See May 1| 15 — 1,900
41.3 | 260. 2| 12 | 1,912
oo 3| 18 | 1,930
8 : 995 4| 57 | 1,987
10; 3 | 998 6| 18 | 2,005| Rio Virgen-

{. 1% J, 294
Table of distunces—Continued.
es 8 sie
cacti eee af Es
Date. 83 85 (Localities. Date. Q 5 re Localities.
* 5 3 | es g g| Bef.
gal Rona . a =.
1844. | Miles. | Miles.. 1844. | Miles. | Miles.
Mays 7 | 10 | 2,015) % June21 | 19 | 2,898} ©
criss] 1B 2,033 15 | 2,913 | Bayou Salade, (South
9 - | 2,034 Park.) ©
10 | 24 | 2,058 23.| 36 | 2,949 ;
ll 12 | 2,070) © *24 21 | 2,970
12 | 14 | 2,084) Vegas de Santa Clara. 25 | 21 | 2,991
“18 | 15 | 2,099} 26} 11 | 3,002
ib | 21 | 2,120 27 | 10 } 3,012
16 | 17 | 2,187 28 | 21 | 3,033
PRE 17 154 29 | 30 | 3,063) Pueblo, on the Ar-
19 |. 27 —-} 2,181 = kansas.
20 | 22 | 2,203 30 3,100
21 31 | 2,2 July 1 33 | 3,133 | Bent’s fort.
22-| 23 | 2,25 5 | 20 {3,153
23 | 12 | 2,269} Sevier river. 6 | 81 | 3,184
2H} BB | 2,292 “| SY | 3s
25 | 32 | 2,324 8 | 28 | 3,243) Head water of Smoky
26 9 | 2,333 Utah lake. - Hill fork of the
» 28 | 2 | 2,380 : 2) 27 ;
“99 | 25 | 2,405 10} 28
30| 31 | 2,436)°. 12 | 24
31 | 16 | 246s). 13 | 30
June 1| 16 | 2,468}>. ; . 16.) 10
$5. {349s 16| 33
3 21 | 2,497} Uintah fort. 37) gs
5| 26 | 2,623/% ; 18 | 24
6| 15 | 2,538 2 19 | 29
7 30 2; 568 Green river, (Brown’s 20 29
hole. ) 21 | 23
9 22.417
0 23 | 36
i 24 | 22
25 |. .19
26 | 24
27 18
28 | 22
29) 12.
30; 18
Sif. 8
Aug. 1 ¥

APPENDIX. Seats 9

A.
GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS.

Nature of the geological formations occupying the portion of Oregon

California included in a geographical survey under the

direction of Captain Frémont: by James Hall, paleontologist to the
State of New York.

varies in latitude through seve# degrees, viz: 38° to 45° north; and speci-
mens are presented in nearly every alf degree of latitude. Such a collee-

ons. : foe eR ges
Longitude 964°, latitude 382°; Otter creek.—The single specimen from.

this locality isa yellowish, impure limestone, apparently containing organic _

structure is obliterated by crystallization. From us posi~

[174] 296

tion relatively to so formations farther east, I am inclined to refer it to the
cretaceous formatio

Longitude 98°, lasieiidde 39°; Smoky Hill river.—The specimens from this.
locality are numbered 26, 29, 31, 33, and 88. They all bear a similar char-
acter, and the fossils are alike in each. The rock is an impure limestone,
pretty compact, varying in color pars dull yellowish to ashy brown, and
abounding in shells of a species of Inoceramus. (See description.) -

This rock probably belongs,to the cretaceous formation; the lower part
of which has been — by Dr. Morton as extending into Louisiana,
Arkansas, and Missou

Although the apechitbas from this locality beara more close resemblance:
to the upper part of the formation, I do not feel justified in referring them
to any other period. This formation evidently underlies large tracts of
country, and extends far towards the base of the Rocky mountains.

- Longitude 105°, latitude 39°.—The Aygo sin from this locality are a
somewhat porous, light-colored limestone, tough and fine grained. ~
or two fragments of fossils from this locality still indicate the cretaceous
period; but the absence of any perfect specimens must deter a positive
opinion upon the precise age of the formation. One specimen, however,
from its form, markings, and fibrous structure, I have referred to the genus
inoceramus.

It is'evident, from the facts presented, that little of important geological ©
change i is observed in travelling over this distance of 7 degrees of longi-
tude. But at what depths beneath the surface the country is underlaid by -
this formation, I have no data for deciding. Its impurtance, however, must
not-be over! ~ A calcareous formation of this extent is of the greatest
advantage to a country; and the eco oe eee hence afforded in
a nd the uses of a life, cannot be overstated.

- The whole formation of this region is phdbatty, ites some variations,
an extetsion of that which prevails through Louisiana, Arkansas, and

jor

‘The: puta at the locality last mentioned are represented as being verti-
eal, #standing against the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains, immediately
below: Pike’s Peak.

Longitude 106°, ane 41°.—At this point, although oy one degree
_ ‘west of the last-named specimens, we find a total change in the geology
: the region. The epeounsas are of : “ Sete Sieg erate; showing a
tendency to decomposition; and, from the inform sae me ying the
' same,this rock overlies a mass of naan air ath i mote af vanced stages
. oF positi specimens present nothing peculiar in their ap-
2 pearance; and the e only apparent difference Berwenial Y these and the ordinary
Ps d feldspathic granites of more eastern localities, is their finer grain and

ong Neds: 107°, latitude 413°—The specimens from this locality are of
ystalline canevst thie granite, of a -flesh-red color, apparently not acted on
3 the: ‘weather, and presenting the common appearance of this kind of
granite in other localities.
» No. 95, “above: the third bed of coal, in the lower eo — fork of the -
Platte river,” is a siliceous clay slate, having : a saline
_ me aia wee latitude 413°; Nos. 99 and fone: 99 is-a fine-
grained, soft reillacesasli limestone, of a light ash’ eolor, evidently a modern:
q cams Sait i froabidiiiibaenee ot fossils, it would be unsatisfactory to -

a [ 174]

assign it any place in the seale of formations. The other specimen, No,
104, is a compact serpentine, having the aspect of a greenstone trap; and,
from the account given, is probably interstratified with the limestone. ;
limestone is more friable and chalky than any specimen previous! iced.

Longitude 1103°, latitude 414°—The specimens from this re
very peculiar and remarkable. The first is a friable or pulverulent green
calcareous sand, unctuous to the touch, but remaining unaltered on exposure.
to the atmosphere. Its character is very similar to the green sands of New
Jersey; but it is of a brighter color, and less charged with iron. The

green limestone. The singularity of the specimen, and that which first
attracted my attention, was the efflorescence of a salt upon its surface,
which appears to be, in part, chloride of sodium. Supposing this to be ac-
cidental, 1 broke a specimen, and, after a day or two,a similar efflorescence
appeared from the fresh fracture; leaving no doubt but the salts arise from
decomposition of substances within the stone itself.

ngitude 111°, latitude 413°; Muddy river.—These specimens are of a
yellowish-gray oolitie limestone, containing turbo, cerithium, &c. The
rock is a perfect oolite; and, both in color and texture, can scarcely be dis-

A few miles up this stream, Captain Frémont has collected a beautiful
series of specimens of fossil ferns. The rock is an indurated clay, wholly”
destitute of carbonate of lime, and would be termed a “fire clay.” These
are probably, geologically as well as geographically, higher than the oolite
specimens, as the rocks at this place were observed to dip in the direction
of N. 65° W. at an angle of 20 degrees. This would show, conclusively,
that the vegetable remains occupy a higher position than the oolite. As-
sociated with these vegetable remains, were found several beds of coal, dif-
feringin thickness. The section of strata at this place is as follows:

ft. in.

Sandstone - - = - : n - ae Be

Coa! - - - - « ‘ = es BAS;

oa : . r = rE - ® ae ae

Indurated clay, with vegetable remains - ~~ - . +. 20 0

Clay. : 2 : . r - : a. 5, 0
Clay - < = Ke pa i : x 5 0 3

Coal - = . * - 7 : Z

Clay E ic = 2 : . 2 * 5 z oO.

Coal - = - = “ — fe a ees
The stratum containing the fossil ferns is about 20 feet thick; and above

it are two beds of coal, each about 15 inches. These are succeeded by a

tS

fit) 298

bed-of sandstone. Below: ote bed containing the ferns, there are three dis-
tinct. beds of coal, each separated by about 5 ; feet of clay. Before examin-
ing the ee Ss ata just ee I compared these fossil ferns with
vat rom the coal measures of Pennsylvania and Ohies and it
rn that this formation could not be of the same a here
a several specimens which I can ane refer to the Glossopteris Phillipsii,
(see description,) an oolitic fossil; and this alone, with the general een
ter of the other species, and the absence of the large stems so com in
the coal period, had led me to refer them to the oolitic period.. 1 conce aes
however, that we have scarcely sufficient evidence to justify this reference;
and. though among the fossil shells there are none decidedly typical of. the
oolite, yet neuners' are they so of any other formation; and the lithological
character of the mass is not reliable evidence. Still, viewed in whatever
light we please, these fossil ferns must, I conceive, be regarded as mostly
of new species, and in this respect form a het important addition to the
flora of the more modern geological periods
In passing from this locality westward to the Bear river,Captain Frémont _
crossed a high mountain chain, which is the dividing ridge between the
waters of Muddy river poset eastward, and those of Muddy creek flow-
ing into Bear river on the west. The gap where the ridge was crossed is
stated to be 8,200 feet a the level of the sea. In this ridge, 115 miles
to the southward of the locality of the fossils last mentioned, were collected
the specimens next to be named. These were obtained near the summit
of the ndge, and probably higher than the point where Captain Frémont’s
party cross
The collection from this locality (longitude 1119, latitude — rein
everal specimens of an argillaceous, highly bituminous, and somewhat
slaty limestone, loaded with fossils. It is very brittle, and easily se
nto small fragments by a blow of the hammer. _ Its natural color isa tight |
me but it bleaches on exposure to the atmosphere. In structure, it is not -
unlike some of the limestones of the lias or oolite formations. The fossils
are chiefly one species of Cerithium and one of Mya; and besides these,
another species of Cerithium and a Nucula can be identified. So faras I
am able to ascertain, these fossils are undescribed, and will therefore be
regarded as new species,

t may be considered premature to decide upon the geological position of
this mass. It may belong to the same period, though far “a in the
series than those in the same longitude, which have just been
In the locality of the fossil plants, the strata dip W. by N.; but, from the
structure of the country, it is evident that there is 4 change i in the
of the dip before reaching the high ridge from which the specimens under
_ consideration oo — examination, I have no doubt, will set
hn ton at r

scribes the occurrence of an immense stratum of” ‘fa ssil salt ; and the same
Ange is represented as bounding the Great Salt lake. There would there-
fore seem no doubt that the salt in qu potion Serre ted with the strata of
‘this period, and probably coeval with the

= tinay remark, in the same connexion, ae th surfaces of iigiictinstis

a

aie [ 174]

containing the fossil ferns also effloresce a salt, which is apparently ve

ium. This fact seems to indicate the presence of fossil salt
this distance north of the known locality, and is a circumstance. which vs
naturally Se ma as part of the evidence of identity in the age of the
formations

This region is unquestionably one of the highest interest, both as regards
its economical resources, and equally so in the contributions which it will
yield to geological science. In the specimens from the vegetable locality,
Ihave been able to indicate seven or eight species of fossil ferns, most o
which are new. Further researches will doubtless greatly multiply this
number. Besides these, as hew species probably peculiar to our continent,
they have a higher interest, inasmuch as they show to us the wide extent
and the nature of the vegetation of this settee coal period. In the broad
fields of the west, we shall have an opportunity of tracing it over large and
unbroken areas, and many highly intetestihig results may follow its com-
parison with the vegetation of the true carboniferous period.

Again: since these deposites have evidently been guide over large tracts
of country, it is not unreasonable to suppose that the quantity of material
accumulated will be very great, and that we may expect to find profitable
coal beds in the rocks of this age. This subject, besides being of high
interest to science; is of Some prospective economical importance, though
perhaps too segs? to dwell upon, while the country remains so little ex-
plored as at pre

Longitude 112°, ‘latitude 42°.—The specimen No, 72 is a grayish-blue
limestone, efflorescing a salt upon the surface, “from the Hot Salt Springs
of September 13, 1843.” No. 108 is a siliceous limestone of a brownish-
gray color; where exposed, the surface becomes porous, from the solution
and removal of the lime, while the siliceous particles remain. From the
general lithological characters of the specimen, it is probably a modern
rock, but its precise age cannot be decided.

Longitude 112°, latitude 413°.—The single specimen from this losality
is, eet present state, ‘ ‘granula r quartz.” Si Tt is, Newerers very evidently,

preserved. This rock proba ably comes out frosti pr the siliceous lime-
stone last described, both having been -altered by modern igneous action.
The character of the specimens from the next locality—three-quarters of

a degree, farther west—may perhaps throw some light upon the present
Gotdition of those last name

Longitude 1122°, latitude 429°; at the American Falls of Snake river.—
The collection from this point presents the following, in a descending order.
These specimens are numbered 94, 96, 97, 101, 102, 106, and 107:

1. A botryoidal or ‘coneretionary lava, No. 94.

2. Obsidian, No. 1
3. Vitrified Ey eat No. 1
4, A whitish ash-colored chalk. or pie le No. 107.
e: A light ashy volcanic sand, No.
6. Brown sand, volcanic. (?)

These are all apparently volcanic products, with, probably, the excep-
tion of Nos. 106 and 107, which may be sedimentary products ; presel
altered by heat. The two lower abodes are evidently volcani¢ sanc ‘oF.
“ashes;” the upper of these, or No. 5, has all the characters. of, pulverized.
pumice stone, and is doubtless of similar origin. |

[174 ] 300

Ne. Y67 fs ak” impure limestone, but little harder than common chalk;

and, but for its associations, would be regarded as of similar origin.
- 106 is apparently a vitrified sandstone, the grains all rounded, and

No. 94 is a mammillary or botryoidal lava ; the concretions having a ra-
diated structure, the mass is easily frangible, and readily separates into small

The whole of this series, with the exception of No. 107, may be regard-
ed as of voleanic origin ; for the apparently vitrified sandstone may. be, in.
its composition, not very distinct from trap or basalt, though it is more vit-

Re SP
mens appear as if from some regular formation, broken up and thinly coat-
ed by calcareous matter from springs. From the fact observed by Captain

water origin. ere are also some vertebre and ribs of fishes. The
whole is so unchanged, and of such recent appearance, as to induce a belief
that the deposite is of fresh-water origin, and due to the desiccation of some

to’an agricultural community will be an important consideration. But, as
before remarked, there is evidently a preponderance of calcareous matter
rsed

of much older date, and worn very round and smooth, while the limestone
bears little evidence of attrition.

he gray siliceous limestone. specimens contain aspecies of Turritella,
and a small bivalve shell. (See descriptions and figures.) _ ;

Longitude 1154°, latitude 433°.—The two i nip aed ar loeality are
of voleanic origin. No. 46 is a reddish compact trap or lava, with small
nodules or cavities filled with analcime and stilbite. No. 52 is a coarse
and Porous trap, or ancient lava. +

Longitude 116°, latitude 433°.—The Single specimen from this place is

ae 2

ho finds it highly charged with <‘ calcareous polythalamia” in excellent pr /

tion. He remarks, that ‘*the forms are, many of them, such as are common in chalk and cretaceous

marls; but as these forms are still living i t i ce not afford con-

clusive evidence as to the age of | deposite in which they occur. I have, however, invariably

era peculiar to the tertiary, — ow, as these are entirely wanting in the specimen from Captain

_ Frémont, the evidence, as far as it ‘coves, is in favor of the view that the specimen came from a
n oF

301 [ 174 J
a a ge ospathic.. praniies wih a small proportion of quartz, and sm
mica in small sc e specimen contains a single e garnet.

ture is T abuew Lak sin, pi from appearances it Is tapidly destruetibte
from atmospheric a c

Longitude 117°, latitude 444°.—These specimens from Brulé river are
numbered 4, 19, 41, and 48.

No. 4 is a slaty limestone, partially altered, probably from the proximity
i igneous rocks.

No. 41 is of ditaitar character, very CARTE laminated, and ofa dark
color

No. 19 is of similar character, but more altered, and paitially crystalline.
The lines of deposition are, however, phot ved.

No. 48 has the appearance of a compact gray feldspathic lava ; but there
are some apparent lines of deposition still visible, which incline’ me to the
opinion that it is an altered sedimentary roc

Longitude 1173°, latitude 45°.—The spécimen i is a compact, dark-colored
basalt, showing a tendency -to et argenie Bpor the exposed surfaces.
This rock forms the mowntains of Brulé r

Longitude 1173°, latitude 453°.—The s écimen No. 110isa fine-grained
basalt or trap, with a few small-cells filled with analcime. This is of the
rock forming the Blue mountain

Longitude 118°, latitude 45°. —The single ae (No. te ores this
locality is apparent an, altered siliceous slat markec ap
a to be lines of deposition, the thin eehiie being separated BP sm of

ne aba sit salpnds 384°.—The specimens Nos. 14, 23, 45, and 51,
are all from this

No. 14 appears we be a decomposed feldspar, paving a slightly porous
structure ; it is very cea and adheres eine o the

No. 23. A friable, mewhat poro S upon the ex-
posed surfaces.

No. 45. A see es of a sieniie i poo containing © obstifen.
This specimen ar much like som us ot gy of. trap dikes
which cut through. the sienitic rocks of N ew Engl

No. 51. Feldspar, wie a. little black mica he specimen i is probably
from a granite rock, though its structure is. that of compact fe dspar.

Longitude 120°, latitude 453°.—The single specimen (No. Er foun this
locality i isa = fine-grained trap, or basalt, with a few round cavities
of the size of
neers 12045, latitude 383°.—The -speciiaens are numbered 91, 109,
nd 1

an

No. ao has the appearance ofa porous trap, or basalt, though possibly
the production of a modern voleano. It is thickly spotted with crystals of
cime, ane apparently segregated from the mass, and others filling ve-
sieuler cavitie

oO. 117isa canal basalt, the specimen exhibiting the character of the
basalt _ — Hudson and Connecticut river valleys.

No. 109 is a fine-grained granite, consisting of white quartz and. feldspar,
with black mica. Captain Frémont remarks that this rock forms the east-
era a Past of the main California mountain. From its Sih eon.

ose structure, it is to be ote rred that it would undergo rapid decompos!-
tion in a climate like ours.

iy

[174 | 302

‘Longitude 121°, latitude 444°. —The specimens from this locality are
euuabered 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59,60, and 61. These are .characteristic
ens of the strata ee a blast 700 icel, high, and are numbered

in the Piemending « rder.

e specimens 59, 60, and 61, are three specimanrt of what appear to be
very fine clay, wi oe oe from megs of t heaeane néarly as white as
ordinary chalk. These three specim h are understood to be from

three distinct Bop hs ae but slightly, 3 it bes chatteiare ad. 61 being of
the lightest co
No. 58 isa ps of grayish volcanic breccia, the larger portion con-
sisting of volcanic sand or ashes.
Nos. 55, 56, and 5i,aK8 of the same cHaracter, being, however, nearly
© free from fragments or pepiies, and composed of light volcanic sand, or
scoria, with an apparently large admixture of clay from the strata below.
The whole is not acted on byacids, and, so far as can be judged, is of
voleanic origin
No. 58 is of f simi character to the preceding, three Pee ans con-
tains more fragments, and has a generally coarser aspec
ais ges 121°, latitude 45°.—These specimens are dambcted 2 35, 40,
47, an
No. 7 is a siliceous sinter, coated externally with ae of iron.

? The speci imens Nos. 59, 60, and 61, which are from three different but contiguous
have since been examined by Profeaso: or J. W. Bailey; of. Week Pesach finds them charged
with fluviatile infusoria of remarkable f

are descriptions masta mpanied rg late) of some of the most interesting forms,

which

were sketched by him with a camera-lucida giluchett to his microscope. It has not bee con a
necessary to distinguish, seem, to which of the strata the individuals figured be

_one, which are rag yracges raat seer They are evidently Rag of the
fer very slightly in
‘igs. 1, 2, ar Side be cst of aeons brite of Ehrenberg —The species is figured
described by Ehrenberg, who received it from Real del Monte, ‘ilexon. It resembles Donotia
Fea sre (Ehr.,) but differs in its granulations. The three figures are from individuals of

“Bie oo 4 Psat 5. Eunolia gibba, (Bhr.)—Identical with acommon fresh-water species now living
_ Fig. 6. Pinta Pi tc ? (Ebr. ne figure of P. pachyptera from Labrador
is very egon species here represented

Figs. 7, 8 ‘and § 9. fo eymbi forme 2e(Ehr. )—These_ are probably goes reclame of
_the same species. Fig. 8 is rather larger than C. cymbiforme usually grows at West

species. |
ionella (new species, a. is eviden Gottene ieeeee t
ed asa eee Ree eee (See Silliman’s Journal for Spa

: Bi ad 15, , Gallionella, new species? § (a—edge view ¢ b—eide view.)—This_ species

are marked on aH premes bases with radian

a undant in Nos. 59 and 61.
nella: this vans ?_This very a mass of No. 60,
es fos 59 and 61.

arse 2
ote T have seer _ sevens fragments ater

fg _ Spicul eof raha sponges. —Spongilla, oa
Pig 35. deck = WSR or Gonies Eccnihsd co NS the drawings. ©

a" me " oe - = a at ae

at oe

es é

FOSSIL FRESH WATER INFUSORIA FROM OREGON.

HUAN LN
Aca
TA ag

maT NH, i]
Lian nn fi

,
| : ub < \\ )

if, | i yy

)

303 [ 174 J

No. 35. A reddish, rather compact laya. The color is owing to the
pres. of iron, which hastens its decomposition on exposure.
No. reddish brecciated — lava, embracing fragments of
eee colored iiicous sandstone o
. Compact trap, or basalt, with a few rounded cavities. This
Petes. is precisely like No. 20, longitude 120°; and, from the descrip-
tion given, appears to bea prevailing rock along the valley 0: 4 Colum-
bia ri
49. An imperfect striped agate, with the centre of siliceous sinter.
This, with Nos. 7 and 40, is doubtless associated with the basalt, No, 47,
which is the prevailing ro
Longitude 122°, ‘aikiade 454°; Cascades of the Columbia river.—From
this place are the specimens numbered 9, 10, 13, 17, 18, 22, 24, 25, 27, 30,
36, 37, 38, and 44.
Of these specimens, Nos. 13 ae m are indurated clay, with impres-
sions of pate of dicotyledonous p
s a fine araiinceans iciars with stems and leaves, which still
retain their fibrous structu
0. 30 is a specimen of disotyiedonous wood , partially replaced by stony
matter, and a portion still retaining the fibrous structure and consistency
of partially carbonized wood.
Nos. 10, 25, 27, and 38, are specimens of coal fiom the same locality.
(For further information of these, see analysis of specimens’appended. )
No. 22. Carbonaceous earth, with pebbles, evidently a part of the forma-
tion to which the bbls specimens are referred.
No. 18 is a compact trap, apparently having a stratified structure.
ots - oe oe basaltic ed with crystals of analcime, &c.
is—one a porous or rather scoriaceous lava of a
wadich setae vand: the other a compact gray lava, with a few small cavities.
No. 44. A brown scoriaceo
No. 44a. A small specitien 0 of bine lava.

- Miscellaneous specimens.

No. 62. A coral in soft limestone ; the structure too much obliterated to
decide its character. (From the dividing ridge between Bear creek and
Bear river, at a point 8,200 feetgabove tide water.)

_— o. 71. Caleareous tufa, containing the remains of grasses, twigs, moss,

gi 81, — tufa stained with iro

No. 98. Ferruginous calcareous tufa, coniainiets remains of twigs, &c.

These t ess last-named specimens are evidently the calcareous deposites
from springs holding carbonate of lime in solution,

et ¢

f avd J 304

ORGANIC REMAINS,

escespt bling of organic remains collected by Captain J. C. pene in
the geographical survey of Oregon and ae veers by James
Hull, palzontologist to the State of New Fe

*

‘Priates I anp DIL
Fossil ferns, etc.

The eter here described are all from one locality, in longitude 111°,
‘latitude 414°. ‘They occur in a light-gray indurated clay, which isentirely
free from calcareous matter, very brittle, and having a very imperfect slaty
structure. “Nearly all the species differ from any described in Brongniart’s

Hist. Veg. Foss.,’ in Goppert’s “Systema Filicum Fossilium,” or in Phil-
lips’s “ Geology of Yorkshire.’’

i SPHENOPTERIS FRreMonri. Pi. Ss figs. 3, 3.a. (No. 118 of collection.)
Compare rong. Hist. Ves. Foss. i, ps 187,t. 56, f. 3.
Description. —Frond Sy aati (or tripinnate ?) stron
striated ;, pinnze oblique to the rachis, rigid, moderately approximate, alter-
nate ; pinnules subovate, somewhat decufrent. at. the base, about three or
four lobed ; fructification very distinct in saad: so (capsules) of carbona-
mc matter upon the margins.of the pinnules. 3.4, a partion twice mag-

I have named. this beautiful and unique monies in honor of Captain Fré-
mont, and asa testimony of the benefits that science has derived from his
valuable explorations on the west of the Reeky. mountains.

2. SpHenopTerts TrtLopa. Pl. 1, fig. 8. (Nos, 65, 79, and 80, of collec-
tion.

Deseription.—Frond bipinnate, or tripinnate ; rachis slender, flexuous;
pinne long, flexuous, distant, opposite, perpendicular to the rachis; pin-
nules.oblong, sub-trilobate, opposite or ‘alternate, narrow at base, distant,

ieular.
~The distant, long, and flexuous: peter the small oe SS
distinguish this species. In ene Ss features, it approaches so the
es A one (Brong.,) but differs essen ntiidiyein thexinallerpiowales,
: nearly opposite, and in never —_ more than sub-trilo-
iaaes in a iphilt they are often deeply 5-lobed.

3. Seeewonrsais (?) pauciroxia PI. 2, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 6, 1 ¢c, 1d. (No.
118 of coll een -)

De:
siral ht b

a, opposite or eealtern ‘ arate or aitinoae at eames acre oly
aire af digitate b not apparent.

_ ies waa evidently a beautiful fern of large size, with aendels
sles fe ge, giving ita peculiarly delicate eee nce. In some of i

_ ‘Varieties, te pie 1 8,) it yp as digitata; Phillips’s Geol.

FOSSIL FERNS PLA.

COLLECTION OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF
s OREGON AND NORTH CALIFORNIA

Lith by E Weber &.Co Balt?

—_

Yorkshire, p. 147, pl. 8, figs. 6 9 7; Sphen. Williamsoni, Brong. Hi
Veg. Foss. , i i, p. 177, t. 4 fies. 6 7,a and 8. The fossil Dic rconaderanians:
however, is quite a different species, 9 the figure i nee branches and
pinnules are more lax; figure 1 dis an agnified.port

In its general aspect, toi. fossil suaables the - ~ Pachypteris, to.
which I had been inclined to refer it, but for the ae cone, of Sih
pins manifested by some specimens

4. Spuenopreris (?) TRIFOLIATA, Pl. 2, figs.2,2a. (No. 86 of collection. be
Description,—Frond piplnnsig 3 pine irifoliate } pinnules elliptic, nar

rowing at the base; rachis s raceme-
aa mean the Mage Se coanlin eon nels and fructiferous.
rt of the fructiferous portion enlarged, showing the capsules,

Be oe ‘aero in the thickened paiiiile: This is a most beautiful
ion oak species, Buren 3 in some respects to the 8. cag just

Guiossorreris Puitiipsiz? Pl. 2, figs. 5, 5a, £3, 5c. (Nos. 69, 82,

os

ae: 86, of Hameo llentiow, ) Compare Glossopteris PhillipsityBrong. Hist.
Veg. Foss., p. 225, t. ibe fig. 25 Pee epignis paucifolia, Phillips’s Geol.
Yorkshire, p. 119, .. iii, fig, 8.

Description.— eave linear-lanceolate, narrow, narrowing towards
the base and apex; nervules SPliaue, dichotomous, lax, scarcely distinct,
-subimmersed in the thick parenchym Brong. ut sup., p. 225

The specimen fig. 5 corresponds acs with the figure of Brongniart,
pl. 61 bis, fig. 5, both in form of the leaf and arrangement of the nervules,
so as 1 to leave little doubt of their identity. Figure 5 is a nearly perfect leaf

_ of this species; fig. 5a is the base of another specimen, hav ving a long foot-
lk; fig. 5dis the base of another leaf with faietification (?); fig. “2 c nee
meet

wna
age

to thesfract af

same e may be be some pers ic body, or the © opm of of an insect which are teen
pee tet ano 0 the af. Whatever this may have been, it does not appear
o have been n calcareous; and the total absence of calcareous matter in the

vie is an objection to referring the same to flusira, or any of the para- &
ae

sitic corals. The ferns are abupdate in the poe = this aa a ot an ey
of them unbroken, and evidently not far or lon

=e 5
; = @
er * Lim}

gl been, would have given support to the fires Pree 5th OF this vod bain »

ats ies referred this species to the Glossopteris Phillipsii, as being the
only description and figure accessible to me, to which this fossil bears any
near “tobe hee The geological position of that fossil ee att wel
tained t a of the upper part o eae oolitic 46 that, relying
offered by a single fe it as a stron=
all the « other specimens to ye same geological period.
cies, or. varieties of the same species, have been,
genus oes but a close examination sho ‘ss

but the same feature may be observed in some oy 7” Brongniart him-
self.

6. Pecorreris UNDULATA. Pi. ‘1, figs. 1,1 a. (Nos. 83 and 118 of col-

lection.) -
Description. Pee bipinnate; oe slender; pinne: long, slightly La
lique to the rachis, opposite and alternate; pinnules oblique, oval-ovat

broad at the base, and the lower saed ‘sometime s lobed, »gradually Decoaiitis

e pinne. oe.
- The pinnules have often an apparently continuous smooth outline; but,
“on closer inati appear undulated, or indented eg margin;
and many of them are. Spricullg so.

: ag 7- Pacorrznis UNDULATA ; var. Pl. 1, figs. 2, 2a, 25, (No. 78 of dele.

: a

cserstion. —Frond bi ipinnate ; rachis slender ; ; pinne numerous, long,
and gradually tapering, oblique to the rachis; pinnules oval-ovate, broad
at base; midrib evanescent; nervules strong bifurcating towards the apex;
“margins lobed or indented, particularly i in those near the base of the pinne.
his species may be regarded as a variety of the last, though the pin-_

nules are longer and less broad. proportionally ; — the general aspect is

similar, and the habit ae ee plant precisely the sam

The specimen fig. 2 only be regarded as an suiting variety of the

* ieee which is "appressed | in betee of the enlarged pinnuled, a as

bc PTERIS @) nox torrenoiDEs Pl. 1, ‘ies. 3 and 4. (Nos. 78 and
11 Sof realéetions)

cae -aiccaitaeae iu Pied long si ener secondary.
ules.

The arrangement of the eaanales and nl in bie Bas dm re-

minds one of the Odontopteris Schlotheimii, Brong. Hist. . a
Sic cies t. 78, fig. 5—a fossil fern of the Pennsylvania coal measures ; but this
: tia

The aspect of the thites last-named plants is more e like that of the true
sl-measure ferns than any of the others; but the whole association, a
— demand that they poe be sais toa 2 lenuia

New a
—Frond slender, flexuous, in jofts or pes branching. or
s long, very slender.

s equalis, Brong. Hist. Vex. teas P. 58 vt figs. Sands
pond pinnate or bipinnate; rachis nd almost equal.
; branches n |

ie. eee oe ae ae

le [174 J

a magnifier.. This fossil is very similar to the Fucoides equa aidat Brong.,

(from the lower chalk,) except that the branches are longer and undivided.
10. Tricnopreris Gractus. Pl. 1, fig. 5. (No. 84 of collection.)

Description.—Slender, stems numerou s, flexueus, in a tuft, b 3

branches numerous, slender, oblique, Serhinge than in the last species.

is species is more robust than the first described, but evidently
to the same genus. I had first supposed that this might be a collection of
fern stems, stripped of their foliage; but their slender structure, long
branches, and peculiar arrangement, with the appropriate proportion of all

the parts, forbid its reference to any thing of this kind ; it is therefore placed

in a new genus,

11. Stems or rerns. PI. 1, fig. 7

The stems of ferns, denuded of leaves, and portions only of the branches” ‘

remaining. Great numbers of these stems occur, mingled with fragments
of leaves and other portions of ferns still perfect.
12. Lear oF A DyYCoTYLEDONOUS PLANT. (?) Pl. 2, fig. 4. (Fr. Aug.
_ 17, and No. 201 of collection.
aes yn.—Leaf ovate- lanceolate, lobed, lobes acute, mucro

hee distinct, dichotomous; principal divisions going to the ) el

nate poi

This leaf has the aspect of the leaf of a gap ght ag and a
proaches remotely only to the character of species of the genu
ris of Brongniart, which are regarded as such by Phillips, #7 by Lindley
and Hutton. The e specimen was not observed soon enough to make a sat-
isfactory comparison.

ocality, in the neighborhood of the specimens saa i oe.

fossils, and regarded by Captain Frémont as belonging to
tion. The rock pee | them is a soft or very agte pe indurated lay ay
verpagilike Bile haw! austih rittle mass containing the o coe § 2

+
- = amt 4 : Prats Ud, 4. *

: ee Pica ‘Fossil shells, &e. i :
Figures 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, and 7, are from longitude 111°, latitude 40°.
ee Sine se saniag some eo latitude 41 “s
Figures 8, 9, and 1 from longitude it latitude r 3! edegee
Figures 14 and 15, Lies from longitude 12 °, latitude 455°. a

13. nha TELLINOIDES.* PI. 3, figs. 1 and 2. Compare unio peregri-
nus; ted’ s Geol. Yorkshire, pl. 7, fig. 12. (Nos. 8, 325; and 32, of col-
lection.

Description Oran, potas side extended, sl fake g

ide regularly rounded ; surf

pete at
mooth, or

mated only by lines ‘of growth; beaks slightly Ww: hes nea Y secpesalle

1 fig. 1 is an entire shell; fig. = Re of the two valves Z

of'a stastict Socata, retaining a a small portion of the she *
~ cimen, larger than either of these, presents the inside of both valet wi vil

\ X"# The species, where no authority is given, are regarded as new, a
\ * = ce x

pia 308

14, Nvetta Impressa (?) G. Pl. 3, fig. 3. (No. 32 of collection.)
tion.—Sub-elliptical; posterior extremity somewhat expanded 5
surface smooth. A few of the teeth are still visible on the anterior hinge
margin, but the greater part of the hinge line is obscured. .

' Locality in longitude 111°, latitude 40°, in slaty bituminous limestone.

15, Cyrnerea parvuLa. Pl. 3 Sshtes 10 and 10a. (No. 21 of collec-
~ Compare foxecons angulata ? rie s Geol. Yorkshire, pl. 9,

Description —Oeate trigonal ; umbones elevated beaks incurved ; sur-
face mar by regular concentric lines of growth; umbones and beaks —
with a ae eeage wrinkles, The umbones of this shell are searcely di-
verging or involute enough to place it in the genus Jsocardia, where it

‘ Would otherwise very naturally belong.

Locality in longitude 115°, latitude 43°, in sray argillaceous limestone.

Two other specimens of the same shell were n

6. PLEUROTOMARIA UNIANGULATA. PI. 3, Sei, 4and 5. (Nos. 8 and
32 “a collection.
_.. Description.—Turbinate ; whorls, about six, gradually enlarging ; con-
ie vex below, and angular above ; suture plain; surface marked by fine lines
of ted pbs Aperture round- oval; shell thin, age.
pecimens are all imperfect, and more or less crushed ; the figures,
iis are good representations of the fossil. It is readily distinguished
se lines of growth, resembling a species of Helix, and by the an-
c Sharacter af the ic mepertert of each whorl.
fy in | de 111°, latitude 40°, i in a dark slaty bituminous

mm

nvm. Pl. 3, figs. 6,6 a. (Nos. 8, 32, ‘and 34, of

Se. Poe subuilate ; whorls, about ten, mar wed with
- gtrong ridges, which are again crossed by finer lines i in the direction of the 4
-whor s. The strong vertical ridges are often obsolete on the last whorl, as
in fig. 6 a, and the spiral lines much stronger
This shell is very strongly marked, and its external aspect is sufficient to
4 distinguish it: it is easily fractured, ‘and, from the nature of the matr ag :
has been poaese to obtain a -spomaman exhibiting te in ee perfectly.
. _ Loca lity, same as the:p ;

‘1s, Seca Pee Pl. 3, figs. 7, 7a. as 28 of collect n.)
aS? z.—Shell t ) about ine, convex

2 : Sonica, or sub-globose 5 3; Spire short, ae
comprisi the greater part of the shell ;
at-bo ities ; umbilicns moa Surface-

Pe

FOSSIL SHELLS, PLUM

COLLECTION OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SUAVEY OF
OREGON AND NORTH CALIFORNIA.

EF Weber 2 Go Balt?

IE ee Ce Ae ee Re ae

: 309 [m4]

There isa sina perfect specimen and several casts of this delicate little
— The mouth is not entire, but enough remains to show that:the li
little expanded ; but } whether the columella covered a partofthe
umbil sus is uncertain 4 *
Locality in longitude 1182, latitude 43°, In a.gray Minna, limestone.

20. TuRRITELLA BILINEATA. Pl. 3, fig. 9. (No. 21 of collection.) 2S
Description.—Elongate ed,subulate,spire rapidly ascending; whorls mark-

_ ed by a double, elevated, spiral line, which is notched in the lower whorls.
The specimen figured i is imperiect only the upper part of the shell remain >

ing. Several casts of the same species occur a the specimens. :
oe same as the preceding.

CrRiTruium noputosum. PI. 3, figs. 11 and 12. (Nos. 64, 68, and 74 49 5,
of election. )
ion.—Elongated, subulate ; spire rapidly ascending; whorls
b ce of whorls

about seven; the sutures: marked a spiral band ; sur
marked by curved strie, or elevated fei 3 in the direction of | _ lines of
growth. Whorls carinated with a row of protuberances alo: e centre.

The arched lines of growth are more distinct upon the last ech bi
ity marked beneath by a few gee’ lines
ig. 11 is a perfect specimen. Fig /12. The left-hand figure is a cast ~
of the same species; the a ta figure retains the shell upen the upper
part, while it is removed from the lower part.
mete in longitude 111°, latitude “414%, in yellowish-gray oolitic lime- —

gar a PALUDIN/FORMIS. Pl. 3, fig. 13. (No. 64 “ collection.)
Description.—Whorls, about four, ‘rapidly e enlarging, convex,smooth; —
mouth round-oval; columella yp sagt ph volutions marked t by fine
arched strie in the direction of the lines of growth. . a z
A small portion only of the shell remains saplin the spsauet .
but it is retained in the matrix. This fossil occurs in gray or yell
oolite, associated with Cerithium nodulosum, and other i It re-
sembles Pa/udina in form
» Locality, same as the preceding.
23. LEAVES or DIcoTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. PI. 3, figs. 14 and 15 4
The specimens have not been prec re identified, but doubtless be-
long to a very modern tertiary deposit
Locality, Cascades of the Coline: river.

PLaTE IV.

we

* at Tage en antes 2 Pl. 4, figs. 1 and 14a. (Nos. 26, 29, 31, 33,
ee n.) Compare | Inoceramus mytiloides, Sow. Min n. Con., Ne
b. ae ‘

lida ines ived , de pressed, and elongated ; surface u—— %

Ee th ze old s specim
ae while in e younger specimens it is more convex, ‘and par-

- : a é

[174] 310
This fossil sipiarendly exists in gteat n numbers, as in the specimens ex-
amined there were individuals in all stages of growth, though mostly
broken or separated valves. The sam e species was collected byt the late
Mr. Nicollet, near the Great Bend of the Missour
Local ity, Sm moky Hill river, longitude 98°, laid 38°, i in yellowish and
- gray limestone of the aS EP rmation
25. Inocrramus 4, fig. 2. (D
Inoceramus involutus, Sow n. Con de
Descripti in Sarajelretita : ania: "flat, vith the margin deflected;
marked by strong, regular concentric ridges, which become attenuated on
either side, and are nearly obsolet bagel the beak; beak of one valve
small, not elevated ; “hinge e li aapessalnge:
3 The str strong concentric caves distinguish this fossil from any oter species.
“The specimen —- is probably the flat valve, as a fragment of a large
-andmuch more convex valve accompanies this one, from the same locality.
The shell, ssieeseinidaly towards the margin, is very thick and fibrous.
rthe eastern slope of the Rocky mountains, in longitude
105°, tperette 3os 39°, i in light yellowish-gray limestone, probably of the creta-
ceous formation. .

a‘

0. 42 of collection. ) Compare

© .. Norz.—The specimens figured on plate III, Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, have
appearance of fluviatile shells, and would have been so rega ed but
the ovemampnce of fig. 3, which appears to be a Nucula, and:

“known to me. ‘< not improbable, however, that this may prove a fresh-_
water hye 2 of vast interest, as it appears to be of great extent, : and oc-

evation. The researches of Capt. Frémont, in his future
doubtless set this question at rest, by a larger one
of Fossils fi sag a same region.

¥

FOSSIL SHELLS PL_IV.
COLLECTION OF THE GEOGRAPHIGAL SURVEY OF
REGON AND NORTH CALIFORNIA

* NOTE CONCERNING THE ely COLLECTED IN THE SECOND EXPE
TION OF CAPTAIN FREMONT. a
When Captain Frémont set out on his second expedition, he was well provided with wera &
other means for making extensive botanical collections; and it was understood that,
we should, conjointly, prepare a full account of his ‘plants, to be appended to his’ pra About
1,400 species were collected, many of them in regions not before explored by any botanist. In
consequence, however, of the great length of the journey, and the numerous accidents to which
the = exposed, but especially owing to the dreadful flood of the Kansas, which deluged the
borders of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, more than half of his specimens were | i
he reached the borders of civilization. Even the portion saved was greatly ged.
many instances, it has been extremely difficult to determine the plants. As Ww
cient time before the publication of Captain Frémont’s report for the proper st
his collection, it has been deemed advisable to reserve the greater part of them to incorporate with
Bie p ants whi lege he will bring with him on returning from his thard ser <r
which he has just set
The loss sustained Ee pees Frémont, and, I may say, by the botanical ile. will, we trust,
be partly made up the present and next seasons, as much of the same country will be passed over
again, and some new regions explored. Gea have also been made, by which the |
Enicicne will be preserved, at least from the destructive effects of water; and a person a
nies the expedition, who is to make — of all the most interesting plants. Particular atten- ;
tion will be given to the forest trees and the vegetable productions that are useful in the arts, or
are employed for food or medicine. = a

Description of some new genera and species of planis, collected in Cap-
J. C. Frémont’s exploring expedition to Oregon and North Caii- ..
ge in the years 1843-44: By John nahi and J: Frémont. . 2

. CreoMELLa (?) OBTUSIFOLIA. Torr. and J
- Branching from the base, and diffuse ; leaflets cum

style filiform.

Annual, stem smooth, the branches §

the axils, Leaves, or petioles, an in
4—6 lines long, A hegee e

ly strigose undernea

, hai
h; the Tainind of -
ecidui aie. nearly smooth V4
Pedicels $ solitary and axillary, in =
Be ‘than the petioles. Calyx much sh

ae aid
z ‘ ake @ bd =
ot lid | ?. = dix ‘ i
’ ; * & i i 3 ‘ee, :
Meconevia Carrrornics. Torr. and Frém. ~
Foti obovate-spatulate ; stamens 1112. .
3 n the American fork o (‘the Sacramento ae
This species is Aiubanediate between Meconelll and Platystigma, I

lso are much large ‘The torus, which islike that of tee oe is very
inct.

. :. _Ancrosxcox. Torr. and Frém.—n. * og

acente. © Sheds oOlOnE: sooth phrmtissit pe-
root. Leaves numerous, mostly crowded

t the root, flabelliform-cuneate, densely clothed with long gray up-
wardly barbellate hairs, 3—5 lo bed at the summit; the lobes with 2--3
th, which are tipped with a rigid pungent upwardly scabrous” bristle.
em scape-like, about a foot high, furnished about the middle with fed or
o'small bract-like leaves, smooth above, rough towards the base

a umbellate, simple or soméwhat compound panicle :
gated, erect. Petals about an inch long, yellow.

sein stcoes;'
=

es. Catirosnicon. Torr. and Frém.
e Whi z ep.

Wen mountains, on the banks of a creek; flowering early in May. ‘The
soil was sterile and gravelly. Although very near Papaver, it differs so
much in habit and in the strophiolate seeds, as well as in other chdracters,
must be a distinct genus.

KRAMERIA.
A .. iF apecs of xii genus was found on the Virgen river, in Califor.
be K. :

es. a me i. a
“i Soe = * a % é.

tas
a slender annual, 3—4 inches high, with the radical a:yatal in rosulate clus- .
ters, and more dilated at the extremity than in M4 Orega The flowers

a of bear described i in fos Voyage of
r, Was only in : while our specimens —

4

lant was found in only a single station in the Galitacs =

Beh

a
ae

BOTANY Plate IT.

. ; —
DO) ied : Ay

My arg “ye { ' 5 : see
ae we, ; ;

te r - f See A

a a a ee ee ee

:

S hate coriaceous, "rather obtuse; spikes elongated, on short pe:

“@ 313 a

=
the ovary. Silicle didymous: the carpels sieeaia, globose, one-seeded,
(or rarely two- -seeded,) indehiscent, separating from the base of the persis-
tent § subulate spinescent style: pericarp crustaceo-coriaceo Seed ovate,
ewhat compressed ; testa membranaceous, the lining ‘much is
and fle: y- Cotyledons incumbent, linear-oblong; radi¢le posite the
lacent A smooth annual herb, Leaves ternately par am Tag
petioles; the leaflets ovate or oblong, entire petiolu
numerous axillary crowded short capitate racemes, small and ela -

Oxystytis tuTEA. Torr. and Frém.

On the Margoza river, at the foot of a sandy hill; only seen in one lacs, ;
but abundant there. The specimens were collected on the 28th of April,
and were in both flower and fruit.

A rather stout plant; the stem erect, a foot or 15 inches high, simple or
a little branching below, leafy. Leaflets 1—14 inch long, obtuse. a
of flowers about half an inch in diameter, not elongating in fruit. Caly.
shorter than the corolla; the sepals acute, yellowish, tipped with — -
Petals about two lines long. Fruit consisting of two roundish in nt %
carpels, which at maturity separate by a small base, leaving the "mdeeasad
pointed style. The epicarp is thin nd slightly corrugated.

This remarkable plant seems to connect Craeiforen with Ca paridacez.
The clusters of old flower stalks, with their numerous crowded ou *,
styles, present a singular PMPRREABES:

THAMNOSMA. Tee: and Frém.—n. gen.

Flowers hermaphrodite, (or polygamous?) Calyx 4-cleft. Corolla” e e
petalled, much longer than the calyx ; the xstivation valvate. Stamens 8,

in a double series, all fertile. Ovaries 2, sessile and connate at the summit

of a stipe, each with 5 or 6 ovules in 2 series; styles united into one;

= E stigma capitate. Capsules 2, sessile at the summit of the stipe, subglobose,
A oe below, (one of them sometimes woah coriaceous, i -seeded. 9
See é

al

curved, with a short beak, black an od
inferior. Embryo curved ; cotyledons cane linear, incumbent

THAMNOSMA MONTANA. . Torr and Frém. *
A shrub of the height of one or two feet, branching from the pasiwvith

3 Sapte, very small linear wedge-shaped leaves. The flowers are apparently

rk purple, in loose terminal clusters. The whole plant hasa ipa aro-
ots.

“4 F Shatic odor, and every part of it is covered with little glandulat Al-

though nearly allied to Xanthoxylum, we regard it as a peculit as Ft
grows in the passes of the mountains, and on the Virgen river in Northern
= The tee of it was already in fruit in the month of May.
5 ODORATA. Torr. and Frém. : *

Branches ee leaves ccnauatis spines stout, mostly i in pairs, straight; pin oe
pair; leaflets 6—S pairs, oblong-linear, slightly ie: ol
3 60

5.

Jone. a8, be calyx; stamens exserted ; legume § ir

es aan cen

nto | )
a 20 a high, with a very broad full head, and the lower
g to the ground; the thorns sometimes more than an inch

z + x
#% ¢

p17 J = thy. oO, .

*

long. Leaves smooth; the common petiole — indies long, and terminated
by a spinescent point ; leaflets from half an inch to an inch long, and 1—2
lines broad, somewhat coricaceous, sparingly but prominently veined under-.
neath. Spikes. 2—4 inches long, and about one-third of an inch in diameter.
Flowers yellow, very fragrant, arly sessile on the rachis. yx cam-
fpside. te ay s-toothed, smooth. Peta Is ovate-obl ng, hairy

of septum, which divides the pulp into two parts. Seeds ovate Saiaertien,
c Feamiesde! 2 smooth and hard. aye yellowish, surrounded witha
“thiralbum
; A characteristic tree in the mountainous part of Northern California, par-
a —e along the Mohahve and Virgen rivers, flowering the latter part of
A

his nA belongs to the section strombocarpa of Mr. Bentham,*
ck es the Acacia strombulifera of Wildenow. In the structure

fed. a is so remarkable that we at one time regarded it as a distinct

." “genus, to which we gave the name of Spirolobium.

ere are numerous other Leguminoste in the collection, including, as
be gia Sees species of Lupinus, Astragalus, Oxytropis, and

AL e new; also, Thermopsis rhombifolia and mon-
shrubby Psoralea (or ene allied genus) covered with.

a beautiful

‘ bight miata
Cowanta pricata. D. Don. (7°

a Specimens of this plant, without a ticket, were in tk the collection; denbe-

on 2 themapper waters of the
d perhaps be regarded as

Re a)

| a cLAvzrormis. Torr.and Frém.

or oblong, tee or postion merce at By dg
3 sca ith several sma Ul le: —
clava

oN BOTANY Plate I.

coe, ee eae cle i “4
F #315 * [ 174 ]
Pe new species a to the section Chylismia of Nutt. (Torr. a nd © é
r. Fl. N. Nin Lap 506.) ™_ : ati

entree DELTOIDES. Torr. and Fré

hantnins canescently strigose ; stem low and stout; leaves iecliembieorste,
repandly denticulate, acute ; flowers (large) clustered at the summit of the
short stem; tube of the calyx nearly twice the length of the segments ;
tals entire, one-third longer than the slightly declined stamens ; anthers a

long, fix ed by the middle; style exserted ; capsules prismatic-cylindrical. j

Allied to Gi. Jamesii, Torr. and Gr 5 and si like that species, to ;

the section Ev@noruera and siibealitiond Onagra j
(Enornera canescens. Torr.and Frém.* ~

Strigosely canescent ; leaves narrowly re rather obtuse, remotely |

denticulate ; flowers in a leafy raceme; tube of the calyx rather slender,
three times as long as the ovary, and one-third ede than the segments;
petals broadly ovate, entire

« This species was collected (we believe) on the upper waters of the _
It belongs to the section Eucenothera, and to a sub-section which may be
called Gavropsts, and characterized as follows: Perennial diffuse a or
tube of the calyx linear; capsule obovate, sessile, with 4-winged
and no intermediate ribs, ‘tardily opening; seeds numerous, horizontal the
testa membranaceous ; leaves ue.

Besides these new species, ! other (notherawere collected ; er
which may be mentioned @. albicaulis, alyssoides, montana, and
souriensis. Also, Gayophytum diffusum, (from the Snake coUuDtrfygtOW-
ing about 2 feet high,) Stenosiphon virgatum, and Gaura coccinea.

ComposirTz.

The plants of this family were — in the hands of Dr. Gray forex-
amination; and he has described some of them (including four new gen-
era) in the Boston Journal of Natural History for January, 1845. He has

since ascertained another new genus among the specimens; and w
concur with him in the propriety of dedicating it to the ate |
I. N. Nicollet, Esq., who spent several years in exploring eolMoys 4
tered by the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, and who was e oyed rik the” :
United States Government in a survey of the region lying between the
sources of those rivers. This gentleman exerted himself to make known
the botany of the country which he explored, and brought home with him
an interesting collection of tem made under his direction, by Mr. Charles __
Geyer, of which an account is given in the report of Mr. N. The follow-
ing is the description of this genus by Dr. Gray: .

Niconnerra. Gray.

“ Heads het ith fev y flowered. Invol ic oa
ulate, consisting of about 8 oval memb esina single series;
base two smalle Yeah Receptacle convex, al re0-
qually 5-toothed. Branches of the sty

ae) # 316 |

te chaffy scales, which are entire, or 2-toothed at the summit, and
fase ed with a str 2 central nerve, which is produced into a short sca-
umble, branching (and a oeiiiiy annual) herb. Leaves

alterna, Pin pinnatified a a fleshy, (destitute of glandsg); the lobes
and rachis linear. ds terminal, solitary, nearly sessile, large, (about an
inch long,) with one rs a involucrate [ieee atthe base. Corolla yellow.’”

as * NIcoLLETIA OCCIDENTALIS. Gray.

On the banks of the Mohahve river, growing in naked sands; flowering
in e plant has a powerful and rather agreeable odor. This in-
teresting genus (which is described from imperfect materials) belongs to the
tribe SENECIPNIDER, and the sub-tribe Tagirinem. It has the habit of
Dissodia, and exhibits ‘both the chatty: pappus of the division Tazetex, and

* the pappus pilosus of Porophy dagns’ — Gray.
PAiNeeALA 1} pumosa. Gray.

« Shrubby, much branched ; leaves pinnatified, canescent on both sides, as
e the branchlets; the divisions 3—7, oval, entire, and somewhat lobed ;
ds rather loosely spiked; involucre ef the sterile flowers 5—7-cleft,

‘strigosely canescent; of the fertile, ovoid, 2-celled, 2-flowered.
A shrub, 1—2ufeet high, with divaricate rigid branches. Leavessearcely

an inch long. Fertile (immature) involucre clothed with mainte soft lan-

ceolate- subtilate ns which are sho d seale-like.
the sandy uplands of the Mohali river, and very common in all
t region of North ¢ valifornia. Flowering i in April.
* : Ansdrs TOMENTOSA. Torr.and Fréim.
” Suftra tescent ; clothed with a dense whitish pubescence ; leaves lanceo-
late and ovate-lanceblate, acute af each end; segments of the calyx lanceo-
late-subulate ; corolla slightly hairy ee lly.

Stems numerous, erect, 12 to 18 inches high, woody, below simple or
zbeanching: Leaves alternate; the lowest small and spatulate, or reduced to
geass tae other

oS OE Mage See Fates
_o iis
4

ek

s about 2 inches long, and varying from 4 to 8 lines in

ie ae scuinat at the base. Flowers in rather dense, some-
terminal clusters, nearly three-fourths of an inch long. Ca-

ve length of the corolla, 5-parted to the base; the seg-

w and ee Reralls with the tube ventricose above; the seg-
neluded; filaments short; anthers ovate-

= “The s specimens of this plant were 7
ly collected west of the Rocky moun ‘h
ie AscLErias speciosa. Zorr. in nn. int New Work, ii, p. ais,
: This ( prenetated i in care Ssh zepert) is 2. Douglasii of Hooker, well
ora Boreali megninene, 2 ,t.142, It hasa wide range, be-

ountains, and. fr ofn: She: Semacame -
Boe The fruit w

‘Lith by E.Weber & Co, Baltimore.

re
tis

317 *. . f 174)
ACERATES | LATIFOLIA. ait: ditt Frém.

Stem simple, erect, smooth ; jeaves roundish-ovate, nearly sessile, obtuse,
with a small mucr 0, smooth on both sides; umbel solitary, on a terminal
peduncle, Tip iwered : pedicels slender; segments of the corolla ovate-
lanceolate; lobes of the crown semilunar- -ovate, as long as the column,
rather | tuse, cucullat ;

On Green river, a cributatye the Colorado of the West; June. About a
span high. “Leaves about an inch and a half long, and more than an inch
wide. Flowers few, very large, apparently yellowish. Fruit not seen.

%

' Erroconum inriatum. Torr. and Frém.

Smooth, bi-trichotomous; the lower part, and sometimes the two primary
wa of the st em, much inflated and clavate; peduncles divaricately
ed, the ultimate divisions gibi and solitary; involucre few-flow-
? ie ‘smooth ; the teeth equal, ere
, he specimens of this plant are , imperfect, being destitute of lees,
which are probably wholly radical. It is a foot or more te h. The
joint of the stem, or rather scape, is Sa ay. pee Aistalar a
ard. ‘This divides into three or more branches, the two cal
" bhi are sometimes inflated like the first; the subdivisions are Aichoto-
with a pedicellate involucre in each fork. The involucres are about *
a hae in diameter, smooth, 5—6-flowered; and, in all the specimens that I —
exdiitined: only 5-toothed. The giant was found on barren hills in the
lower past of North California.
‘Extoconum renirorme. Torr. and Freme
2.) nnual ; leaves radical, on long petioles, reniform, clothed witha dense
hoary tomentum; stem scape-like, naked, 3 -forked ed from the base, glaucous,
and nearly smooth ; the divisions divaricately 2—3-forked ; involueres 2—4
together, slender peduncles, smooth, campanulate, s-toothed, the fore
nearly eq obtuse; perigonium smooth.
ep Sacramento seek March. Allied to EZ. es vetiine
A small species, with very minute flowers, — rye

Extoconum corpatum. Torr. ear pyéhh:

Annual; leaves all radical, on long petio, 28, roundish-ovate, cordate

very obtuse, slightly pubescent above, r underneath; |

slender;smooth and glaneous, divaricately branched, ihe Sivies divisions ae der:

Detect solitary, oa filiform peduncles, Na hag om a " 5-toot 53 oe *
e teeth nearly equal, rather obtuse; perigonium hairy.

e

With the preceding, from which it is easily distinguished by the. tis of é
its leaves ane of the pubescence.
Many « of this amp sre dollectédt in California and re i

- aus one Torr. in Frim. Ast report, 2 4
* This curious plant is always found in saline soils, or where’ the atmo- -,
i - spluge ingvalel. Its greates height is eight feet» It is a cha i
a? ture of the vegetation th th
2 ria. _ About Bro wh’s ‘ole, on Greenriver hat us

# ofthe neighboring streams. « Iti is a me also on the shores

vi

ighout a great a of ee =a Jo1

Se aries ed ae ey : aS

ee + a= i
[ita J + ~~ 318 aie"

of a salt lake in lat. 38° and long, 113°; and constantly occurs in the desert
region south of the Columbia, and belileen the Cascade range and the
Rocky mountains, as far south as lat. 34°. The branches, when old, be-
come spiny, as in many other plants of this family.
Since the description of this genus was published in the first report,
’ (March, 1843,) Nees has given it the name of Sarcopatus; and Dr. Seu-—
__ bert has published an account of it, with = figore; in the Botanische Zei-
tung for 1844. This we have not vet seen; but, from the remarks of Dr.
Lindley, who has given a note on the genus in Hooker’s Journal of Botany
for January, 1845, it would seem that some doubt existed among European
botanists as to its affinities, as they had not seen the ripe seeds. These we
have long possessed, and unhesitatingly referred it to Chenopodiacie. We
regret that our sketches of the staminate flowers were mislaid when the
' artist was engraving the figure. ss ‘
¥
OBIONE CONFERTIFOLIA. Torr. and Frém.
Stem pubescent, much branched, erect; leaves alternate, ovate, rather
; obtuse, petiolate, much crowded, entire, somewhat coriaceous, white with |
‘ a mealy crust; bracts broadly ovate, obtuse, entire, and the sides without
‘appendages or tubercles,
_~ Asmali shrub, with rigid crooked and somewhat spinescent branches,
_ © and of a whitish aspect. Leaves varying from one-third to half an inch in
' _ length, abruptly narrowed at the base into a petiole, thickly clothed witha
» white mealy substance.. ~
“i Flowers apparently diecious. Sterile not seen. » Bracts of the fruit 3—4
lines long, walle Sheet half way up, distinct above, indurated at the base.
3 Styles distinct. “Pericarp very thin. Seed roundish-ovate, rostellate up-
a ard; the testa coriaceous. Embryo two-thirds of a circle. i
| * On the borders of the Great Salt lake. From the description of O. cori-
“ acea, Moq-, our plant seems to be a near ally of that species. .
Prerocuiron. Torr. and Frim.—n. gen.
Flowers diwcious. Staminate SS" Propirs age. Perigonium
, ovoid-tubular, 4-winged, 2-toothed at the summit. Ovary roundish ; style
short; stigmas 2, linear. Ovule solitary, ascending from the base of the
ig ovary, campulitropous. se utuerous perianth indurated, broadly 4-wi
ime

d, minutely 2-toothed at the summit; the wings veined and irregularly
| oe 7 4 Diliels very ee Spee _ Seed ofate, some-

ee

nbranaceous, free. $
vteral and ver tinct, rostra’

¢

: nches,
mooth bark. Leaves Siietae
vered

mit.

BOTANY Plate IV.

=

: ee yo oe
‘- ‘eS 319. [ 174]

tho eonspiouons Ccdezperat passing along its side; the beak pointing ob-
“hgne ly upward
= nis ace of. the
“family fifinttg@netiude: a large part of the vegetation in’
the’west. The precise locality of this plant we cannot indicate, as the label
was illegible ; but it was probably from the borders of the Great Salt lake.
It is allied to ‘Grayia of Hooker and Arnott, a shrub of the same fam ei
was found in several places on both sides of the Rocky mountains,
. often in great abundance.

*

Pinus MoNOoPHYLLUS.. Torr. and Frbin, (The nut pine.)

~ Leaves solitary, or very rarely i in pairs, with scarcely any sheaths, stout
and rigid, somewhat pungent; cones ovoid; the scales with a thick obtusely
®, ramidal and protuberant summit, unarmed; seeds large, without a wing.
_.- A tree with verticillate branches and ‘cylindriealelitvate buds, which are
about three-fourths of an inch in length. The leaves are from an inch to
two and a haif inches long: often more or less curved, scattered, rely stout,
terete, (except in the very rare case of their being in pairs, when they are
somicyl indrical, ») ending in a ‘spiny tip. Cones about 24 inches long, and
me din the widest part. The scales are of a light-brown ots
bik the esti obtusely pyramidal and somewhat recurved, but wi
. oe any point. The seeds are oblong, about half an inch long; *wittiout a
wing ; or rather the wing is indissolubly adherent ‘to the se The er-
nel is of a, very pleasant flavor, resembling that of Pinus Peinben
This tree, which is remarkable among the true pines fic ge bolitary
leaves, is extensively diffused over the mountains of Northern California,
from long. 111° to 120°, and through a considerable range of latitude. It
is ag t repeatedly, i in the course of the narrative, as the nué pine. —
ag of the collection were numerous, and suffered less than —
a a the other plants. Some of them do not appear . have been Pade
described. There was also an Ephedra, which does tially

=

nuinerous darabby" ‘plants of the eee .
sali il f *

oa

ea

from BE. occidentalis, found in great soe on the sandy up! antl ‘of tht

eae river.
: Description of the plates. ?
hic lL. AxcromEton pire sie Fig. 1, a stamen, magnified;

Jig. 23 an ovule, mag.; fig. 3, capsule, nat. size; fig. 3, (a,) Stigma, mag.; _

fig. 4, the same cut horizontally, showing the sutures; Sigs. 5,a seed, mag.;

. 6, portion of a hair from the leaf, mag.; fig. 7, bristle lp Soe the Siem: :

ity ‘ofa leaf lobe, mag ; figs. 8 and 9, leaves, nat. size.

- “Plate 2. Prosopis oporaTa. Fig. lla flower, mag.; Jig. 2, pistil, ©

mag; Jig. 3, tise of ripe legumes, nat, size.

3.© Fremonria VERMICULARIS. Fig: 1, a very young fertile
-* Ph aber ! ——

re advanced,
broad-winged border
#”. 6, the same cut

seéd, mags.; Jig. 8, embryo, ma
"i > Pointe ee uoxorsyn.08 Fig. 1,a bud, nae. size; Jigs. 2518, 4,
~ and 5, leaves nat. sizes fe 2, (a,) section ‘of a single leafs Jig. 5; (a,) sec-,
es ,acone, nat. size; fig. 7,a scale, as seen.
tie view of the e same. =

F

oe
~
&
S
LS
o
5
&

SG”
o
3
4
5

the same cnt verti

ie 3

net
iis

ss

AT SEERY PAO POI NGS sit Gees), osawivol « sPErel bawy tol io héve* ;
ae 4 | re a
ps ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. sit
a , Se, bl ae | bat
% 4 3 Sa efecae Rg aBaatt

The map which accompanies this repent is constructed upon “ge modified projection,
on a scale of 1 a ,000, and based upon the
paigns of 1842 and 1943-'44. The longitudes es are referred to the meridian of Greenwich, hd de-
pend upon eighteen es gee stations ; ; four of which are determined b by oc occultations of fixed
stars; and ‘the’ - €clipses of ‘the satellites of Jupiter: _All the longitudes on

ae

the map wile bet chon trically | rted to, these positions.
* In the Coute of the last fin $0 it ‘became evident that the longitudes establ during
the campaign @f 1842 were collectively thrown’ thrown’ too far to the westward, b tgs 3
Arietis, to which tt hey had been referred by the. chro; mometer. This oswitstion took place af the
bright Timb"c of the ‘noon, which e experience has recently own to be i of little com-
ce nee. | This position has therefore ‘been abandoned, and the longitudes depending

upon it have been referred chronometrically to those establishéd in 1843 and. 1814. The course
of the ensuing “expedition en tersect the line ‘established by our jprevious operations, at various
points, which it is proposed to. correct in longitude by lunar culminations, and such: other‘absolute
_ observations as may be canvehteciy obtained. Such a position at the mouth of the Fontaine-qui- 3

uit, on the Arkitigas tivér, will be-a good point of reference for the longitudes ‘along the foot of
the mountains. In: ‘passing by the Utah, to thé southern portion of the Great Salt lake, we shall

have an oppi to: verify our longitudes in that quarter; and as in the c urse of our exploration. : ie
we shall tou upon several points previously determined along ‘the west limit of our recent “
journey, ai shall probably ‘be able to form a reasonably correct frame on: which to base the con-
straction of ai general: map of the- country. In that now presented, we have carefully avoided to Jay”
own as certain which may not be found in the pas hooks. of ps sorvents hich were ;
sta try in: which we wei ‘
ilkes Iam indebted for the long Fort Vancouver and
to me before the publication of his mop Our recon-

cordin to the survey of Vancouyet pnd the bay of
San Pao mt fhe aye Possession

matt wep of dete) ware, in
of Mr. Sutter. Gi}
< tg tS
diive egiigod bac asttgd x gitiexey ¢ Pepe ner & FREMONT.
toa . . ae ¥
aberdeen Senet! ah ti bas i
whet ¢
Ca reg :, cad
+ ® . bs re j -= ! . } i
3 i & &
ee oa) $2 ar 8 ares 3 *
eee = 4 :
rey si - . a
oy i i 7 g tests
. + fen bibs os a
fee . eee cs
' X: : oe ear: 4, i
@ ea : Ree ue
* 3 4
3 ru
: t
f
t
i

‘ es
Es hk tie ed se
; ; anes on f SB, 3 Hits bang leg £4 mV 4 8
e +... , pe age
ine a rae, a i

Ei@ 41

Table of latitudes and longitudes deduced from the annexed observations

Date. Latitudes. Longitudes. _ Localities.
1843. “- a e
May® 30 | 38° 49’ 41” | 94° 25/31” _ gore.
June 1 | 39 OL. 16 95 11 09 Small tributary to the Kansas. <
4} 39 a “95 56. 30 Buck creek, tributary of, thedanbes., ;
Fi . +s
P 5 | 39° 08 24 96 06 02 - Elk creek, tibtary ofthe Rana. al:
is ; pct is ge we
10|-39 03 38 | 96, 24 56 Encampment thn dhe Sun cli EU) Sock, half a mile
te ahaa: from its junction with the Republican.
12} 39 22 12 97 05 32 Rd materi Republican for >
is qi F ges at % :
18} 39 .82)1 545/198 Pl.) 41 Tributary tosthe Republicansfork. Pa
€ 17} °39 37 38 98 46 50 | Tributary to Solomon’s fork of the Felpebitga
19 |} 39 42 35 99 22 03 | Tributary to Solomon’s fork of the Republican.
.
22| 39 53 59 ak 30. | Tributary to Republican fork.
é ,- 93} 39 49-28 | 100 52° 00 «| Prairie Dog river, Republican fork.
j ae: < “ :
a 25 40 05 08 | 101 39 23 - Small tributary to the Republican. bd ;
1 a8} 40 e904 | 102 44 47 mig arena tal lake in the sandy plain
@ tg ina lo & * the Republican and South fork of the
ee = : : eae
=" g0 | 40 31 02 | 103 23 29 | South fork “the Platte river.
% :
July 1} 40 17 21. | 404 02 00 | South fork; 9 miles above mouth of Beaver fork,
: 7| 39 43 *53 | 105 24 34 | South fork, near Cherry creek.
1 }88 15 23 | 104 58 30 | Junction of Arkansas and Boiling Spring rivers.
18} 38 52 10 105 22 45 Boiling Springs.
te ‘
ah 89° 41-45 | 105 25 38 me coed
pity ORS ef ee :
23 | “40 +16 52 | 105 12 23 | St. Vrain’s fort.
: a | “ht 02 “19 | 105 35 17 High prairie, broken by buttes and
between Laramie and
31 41 04 06 a- Near the preceding. *
31} 41 15 02 | 106 16 54 | Laramie river.
August 1} 41 23 08 - Pig RES
2} 41 45 59 a Fork of Laramie tiver. :
. “41 37 16 | 106 47 25 | Medicine Bow river.
41 35° 3 s ‘Tributary to the North fork. =”
41 35 59 107 22 27 | Nort ak of he Pato trey .
— ee fee ier

[ay |

Table of latitudes and dongitudes—Continued.

Date. Latitudes, . Longitudes. Localities. 5
. a a andes rn.
1843. °
= 42° 02’ 03” - High plateau between ee pe melee of the Atlantic
- and the gulf of Cali
| 42° 20. 06 ~ Gap in the Sweet eee snountaing.
9 - 107° 50’ 07’ | Sweet Water river. .
10) iad aa Sweet Water river. e
13 | 42 19 53 - | Near South , pat © ona sil alent the Sandy
13} 42 18 08 | 109 25 55 Gidall seek fuibutsry to the Little Sandy river.
a4; 42 15 11 - Little Sandy river. :
15 | 41 53 54 | 110 05 05 | Green river, left bank.
16 41 46 54 ws teste near old trading post, at Age where -
ae . e road to the —e
16) 41 37 38} 110 10 28 Black's fork bf Green
17| 41.29 53 | 110 25 06 .| Black’s fork.
18 | 41, 26 08 .| 110 45. 58. | Small stream, tributary to Ham’s fork.
19 41 34 24 © has Muddy river of Ham's fork.
“20/| 41 39 45 - Muddy eo
21} 41 53 55 ~ Bear river. 7
Bl). 03 47 # ALL. 10 53 Hoke sdaet bd ee lee 2
22] a2 10 27 _* ee a
24} 42 29 05 a _ | Tullick’s fork of Bear river. -- ot
24 | 42 36 56 | 111 42408 | Bear river. . :
25| 42 39 67 | 111 46 00 ‘ Beer springs.
29 |. 42 07 18 ~ Entrance of the beautiful pe a
30| 42 14 22 4 Bleck wae Reed river.
31 | 41 59 31 = rpg Bem sete diatace fom! Fercuas
21 gl 30. 21 112 15 46. Bear river, near the mouth.
$| 41 90 22 | 112 19 90. | Mouth of Bear river.
“7 32) Al 915 50 | 112. 06 43. | Weber's fork. z
S| Silt ss... ine 11 30 Weber's fork, very near the mouth,
3 a Ald. ua, #488 09 ‘sland in the Great Salt lake... caer)
cool bth te aT 1 =| Halt in the Mua 5
< * * >

3

Table of latitudes and longitudes—Continuede
2 - Bese, ;

at:

Latitudés.

Longitudes.

12 29 52°

Z ee 1 eee eee
ie oe ave ia!
iS ee mt station. ~~

Paid
‘ee

‘Roseaux of Reed river. nO
ee

42 44 40 Pannack river. :
43 ol 30 | 11% 29 ‘54 °|' Fort Hall. Pon Tesee Pee
vice®: roo aap ay’ 05 ae = 13°} Snake rivet, above the American fille :
“42-2957 an Sb | Snake river. ” ae
Pore
42 26 21 | Li4 06°04 | Rock creek, of Snake rivér. © ad
42 38 44 | 114 25 04 | Snake river, opposite to the River spring. vig
" ¥ Re “B® IP} 114 "85 12 "| Snake river,2 miles below abe falls.
2| 42 53 ‘40 | 114 33 ofl Snake’ river. fi earet
3] 42 55 58 | 115 04°46") Pord Where toad etosses the Snake river.”
7 | 248 a5 Let opis’ 64 = Wood river, or Rividre Bisse” _
a ne . 5
8; 43 40 “S53 "| 116 “22 40° | Big Wood tiver, —" Boisée.
¥ 10} 43 49 92 | 116 47 03-'| Port Boisée. ee
3 12} 44 17 36 | 116 56°45 “}'Snake river, below died aes
14]. 44 37 44 | 117 09 49 "| Head — of Burnt river, (Rive a
15 | 44 250 “92 117° 9408L 1 Old bed ofPowder aver
as 44 59 -29 eT 25°: QS Powder river.
18/145 96 47 | 117 28°96 “Grand Réid.
a9 | 45 38 07 | 117 28°84 *} Blue bine bed ofthe lial =
droga $0 ag 63° 96°" Fis Bap Whee, et bg
“26 | 465008 bad? fo 25° SS “O91 Bon Nez Parcé. PE eiesiots
oe “aoongg fous opps cles ae 0 “Noon halt—left bank of the Binadbin. %
cm +0 45 35 55 "Misioiy Wain ee Dalle e Célain
5 45°95 ot» 1 iain hte fete dno indn. | &
| 45 9300 “lhe “6” 15 +) Right bank ‘of te Cotuniia, 15 sles Bétow the
i - an te os De! haye P< : a i >
e a ; He
Es

4 oS
Table of latitudes and longitudes—Continued.
Nov. 27 | 45° 06’ 45” | 1219.02’ 43’. | South end of Taih prairie.) ©.¢ «< ginal
30| 44 35 23 121, 10 25..| Main branchvof Fall rivero =, oe
Dec. 65 | 43 55 20 3 ‘Fall river, (Union Falls.)
6| 48 44°15 | ¢. > Fall river, (Union Falls.) |
-. %| 43 80 36. | 121, 33 50 .| Fall river, (Union Falls )« :
s 8 43 av ede ee ee Camp ina pine forest.
a0| 42 56-51 |. -, Tlamath lake.
13] 42 51 26. | 121, 20. 42. oThma Sia ths the lake ant bed water ¥ e
witb Ms hastens cosa rome hat ar es
‘ 94) 42 93.25 - lsipitne labo ; “
26 | 42 00. 09 Sena ‘Deset valley among black rocky hills
29| 41 27 50 - «| Camp of the 29th to.30th.
7 . 31 |. 41 19 55 - ugeto

=, ap near the Mud lake.

kact ob Camp near Great Boling spring bee : a
(= | Pyramid lake, south of Salmon Trout river
wae Kh te eS | Camp on a river of the Sierra Sierma Nevada. *
ai Yost 19 ‘99° «19 a ie a eS: Camp on river ofthe Sierra Neva,
21| 39 01°53 | ~ Camp ona river ofthe Siem Nera .
a2| 38° 49 54 apse: Camp on 2 fiver, ihear & gap. |
23 | 38 36 19 = Camp on » southern branch of theain of encamp-
f 22d to 23d... "
24) 38 24 28 ~ * of a stream
s “
26 |}*38 18 Ol - oe
pas se tes see
» -| _apon on the sight he tho 10 any *.
Sov ge tales celelanaree
‘| The Léhg camp. =
er ET
‘ Ride ir Arras, igh nb menisn
foi : oe
Nvurva Hecyerra.

vis hoo oti
tb tant) onal 6 Hid dho¥adtte yells y |
#aistavoer

(akt) aut» 2 Yi erltGo be! i

fed MIND. Fk Ai oe:
ro aban bi I | Atalenppaig, oh t
: b>) denil sewele'aze |
nat CD. PTY: Gas ‘ *
idlaeiwgltteiaicis .

[ 174] 330 :
*
ENCAMPMENT AT THE KANSAS LANDING.
Determination of time, May 18, 1843-+~altitudes of the sun.
& OBSERVATIONS. *

— rT ny
FIRST SERIES. | _ SECOND SERIES.
+ . a. ee
Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
sun’s lower limb. 7 : ss sun’s lower limb.
Deg. min. sec. he min. see. eg. min. sec. h. min. see.
58 2 0 4 20.0 56 45 4
57 - 64 10 46 07.5 56.27 50 49 49.0
Be Se 4g 47 04.0 6. Is 50 =. 27.0 *
57 17 40. 47 42.0 55 00 — St. Che. 2
BT 03 45 woe ee 55 46 30 61 387.0
a ae
a ~-~<Index error == a
. e RESULT OF CALCULATION.

eT Ff > iy sy: - 2 ¥

SPY OLPAVAEUR AO | LIADIMNOVOSTBA
“© OMem time LAOIMO gabe to A.

h. min, see. ‘ h. min. — see.
4 29 60 s i 0 318 49.3

PAA Tiaw

: ——
Determination of time, May 19, 1843—altitudes of the sun.

‘2? ae ee ee Ee
4¥ | “EH
4 ch Ueia t

FIRST SERIES. y SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. |! Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer,
sun’s lower limb. = sun’s lower limb.

|

Deg. see, h. min. see. + min. sec. h. min. see.
-Ol 44 30 7. 3 age ue 30_ 7 33 05.0
52 50 = 28 58.3 00 +34 36.8
52 35 30 10.5 54 57 «50 35 40.0
53. . ..06. Sl 24.2 55 36.. 36 37s «16.3
: i = an) 38 25.0

Index error = -++ 20 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.» —
Mean time. Advance.
“tee see. sec.
t ae L3 e. Is -
& :
« he ose in these t given in civil time, ‘

SoS31

fers sun sia ee May 9,1 1843

OB SE RVATIONS.

Yah *

ange

T AT THE Sea LANDING.
Uitudes Fie out?

FIRST SERIES.

- eed
[174]

ga58 ree it
SECOND SERIES.

2" ter

fii)

wea

sun’s lower limb.

Ritadcs of Mid

Double altitudes of fhe

sun’s lower limb,

Time'o
*

» Deg. min. _ sec.
5943 01 08 5
“ze 4 40
G R “st 55
» 42> chl “20

x
rir = Tors Tent
” Index r= + 15 sec.
MOlraAdyoy AD TO Pavers
es "RESULT. oF CALCULATION. ee see
: 3
goravba ncn,
rs Mean time. e Advance. = al
he mins see. it he min. see.
& 09 52 0 18 21.6

ate of time, May 21 al, Eid -altedes of es sun.
“ODsRRVATION.

= - erie
W exchaa seods+ 2 = Saat
RST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.

ine 4 ry
“eee ge A

5 wohetiie ait

Time of

+S

wet

fs

oe

0
‘8 6
7 40 15 oa e89 0
emis io | 20 15 F ro 0
at 45 16 20 0
Andes, error = a + L ni 30 sec.
p's fie be. i 5
RESULT OF CALCULATION. baw
Qo Ters H i oF,
Mean time. i Advance.

4
[) 4745] 1gB32

ENCAMPMENT AT THE KANSAS die
_ Determination of time, May 22 22 »1843—altitudes of the sun.
‘> _ OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES. | SECOND SERIES.
a

~ Double altitudes of the Time of chronometer. Double sliced of the _ Time of chronometer.
~ ‘sun's lower limb. — fe a oneiiite obit er limb, is sidtodl

Deg. min. sec. min. sec. h. min. * see.
66.08 40 20 8. 05 46.3
66 50 02 «10 ‘06 © 28.0
66 52 30 ‘I7 00 07 + 05.0
67 «05 40 ‘41 . 00 08 + 08.0
67 (29 «50 15 20 * (09 =38.0

Index error a= 1 min. 12 sec.
Patel eo CALCULATION.

s
Mean time. @ | Advance.
ts h. min. sec. : h. min. aes
as OB # oie 17.9
|

= atom sR aw lime, May 22, 1843—allitudes of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS. .

FIRST SERIES. + SECOND SERIES. .

“Dowhie altitudes of the Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
Sun's lower. limb. sun’s' lower limb. f pol
~ Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec Deg. min. see. h. min. sec.
63 42 30 4.007 63.5 62 (919 .20 5 Ob $924.5
0 63 29 30 (ah (6 126.7 52 05 40 02 «(02.6
&.288 <0 10 04 69 415.5 51 i652 ao 2 (39.2
‘52 49 50 OS @O 0.2 | 51 40 50 03 (06.7 ,
}3O2. cF4 fo : 5° 900 49.0 Sl @s 65 3 129.3 °
go: cs a ¢ Aj HI ‘ : ae ia
aaa Index error = ++ 10 sec.
‘RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Advance. :
h. min. — sec.
Oe. ie Se
igh oS

sieeineene poi “May 98, 1sissattitudes othe sun

J

pyeeys e

FIRST SERIES.

Double altitudes of the
sun’s lower limb.

a

fit vayro! t

cso eee |

_ stin’s lower limb,

hiv. min.

Fuk 410° 313

1 seh

— min see.
2 26

Index error == —+ 1 min. 10: sec.

RESULT OF. CALCULATION. |

min. pute
2225510 %

64.0515 °° 20

f

t
h. Samin.. “see. 6 hy mines se
» 782428 GF21 0 [116 f 52. 27
s
‘ , *
.
Determination of time, May 24, 1843—altitudes of the sun. .
: OBSERVATIONS.)
SES ES, ri
FIRST ‘SERIES! 5 : SECOND ‘SERIES: |:
eS Ses a8 : _*
+. ee a Pa. ae Rice ri 2 £ = sig +7 =a de as eee! oe ai -hro i ofS.
sun’s lower limb 4 dit spwol e' gus i sun’s lower limb. - wu owe!
= tieatioe : = -
De * ;

ét

Ass 2
% 551 vob: }
545°

88 16 55
©150.7 >

Index‘error <= '-} I-min. 17sec.
__RESULT! oF ¢

comand
.

Tes mee

“
[ 174], * 334
ENCAMPMENT AT THE KANSAS LANDING.
Determination of time, May 25, 1843—altitudes of the sun.

* & OBSERVATIONS. ’
FIRST SERIES« Fe | “SECOND SERIES.
me ie: ss _ /s. i | p41 ry. rk res
Double altitudes of the | _of chronometer. || Dou the e one
sun’s lowerlimb. dent 13 ©. || sun’s lower limb. =
>
,
——=
Dee. min. see: he. min. — sec. © Deg min... sec h. min. sec.
43 22.5 42 0 oc: STE SS
} 43... 42 40 All 42 22 25 8 3.5
4300 26. 10. 7 2) 252. 46.3 42 30 29 11.0
43.12 00 : 26<1 22.0 41 54 15 29 «47.0
43° 00 00 + S6es 540 41 39 15 30. 26.0
oe 2
Index error == — 4 see. , *
9 RESULT OF CALCULATION. ‘ rd
#
‘ . Mean time. Advance.
=
hen min. sec ° h. . min
5 il 1lL 0 16 14.8
* i .
———s .
Determination of time, May 26, 1843—altitudes of the sun.
OBSERVATIONS:
FIRST SERFEs. SECOND SERIES.
: | .
uble altitudes of the} Time of chronometer. |) Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
" sun’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb.
- :
a gery sec, hi mine Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec.
01 20» 7 53, 135 30 7 57 36.3
64 » 25 - 30 54 2-15.06 Ol 00 58. 22.0
64 4:57 => 50 ¢ 56ee 4h6 66 14 060 58 564°
65.12 40 56. 17.3 66. 24. 40 59 24.0
‘ 65 (33 7A20 257 09.5 66. 10 59 56.7
ee
see RESULT. OF CALCULATION. _
‘ie Advanee,..
‘ h. im. ses
Bh: 0 16 148 —
3

a

¥ AT. THE KANSAS Li:
dude, May.26, Issel Polaris

* OBSERVATIONS. 7
Ps y.
Double altitudes of Polaris. i chronometer
“+ - *
gomoncd: Dege:itiin. ste: , : G
L Ce Ges
75 34 40
we 75 34 20
7h 35 00
. 7 35 35
0. P mee
ee
, * é
¢ RESULT OF eco eci ake
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
Pe ie ; Z
rs ae _
leg. see. h. min. sec. PS: min. see. -
37. 40 45 10° 36; 43 3} Gf 25
Sa

ENCAMPMENT AT ELM GROVE.

Determination id fone May 30, 1843—altitudes 2. the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES.

SECOND SERIES.
oe

Double altitudes of the! “Time of chronome-
- sun’s lower limb. ‘ ter.

Deg. min. see. h. min. see. Deg. min. see. h. min. sec.
41 05 15 3 12.0 39 48 20 &° 37 33.0
40 48 00 34 56.3 39 37 8 5& 38 01.0
40 55 35.0 24 05 38% 36.7
40 17 30 36 «15.5 38 . Fh. 6h 39 10.0
40 03 30 36 52.2 39 O01 _ 50i 39 36.6

: ‘Index error = — - 10 sec.

spot
nhsvur 0 oF cane ULATION. ‘
ee a niall
fine Dee 4 Beek Wesel 04 25 4 8t
Sa y 3 eee aaa bike y
comes ‘ : -. - de * nile nnememaraen trate

.. s | : *
[ 174] [= ”
one “ENCAMPMENT AT ELM GROVE”
poe Pee longitude, May 30, 1843—altitudes of « Lyre.
it .

OBSERVATIONS,

.¥ a
= Ueteacctar Wile _ helsteowp-berres. |

a

be oil

Double altitudes.of a .Time of chronometer. |} Double altitudes of a } Fime: of chronometer.
Lyre. oy gees Bert GL : Lyre. He ad

&

= oe ‘
} o a Les y
é ay *
Deg. min. ‘see. > he min. sée.

na &
Index error — — 10 — PY GRRE ' 2
teigls aged sige ,
peat OES = -RESULT. OF CALCULATION: a 7 ;
Mean time. Advance f
i) : oe
kh. min. sec. h. min. see
9 1 34 0 15 41.2
ae SVOSD Mis Us Thawte ee :
sae gah esaistsyh ah
Determination iad me as 30,1 1843—altitudes of oS ay
= ee “OBSERVATIONS. ere
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. ae
x c ESOT SEO =
Deg. min. see. he mun. _ -8ée, ue
41 10 Ge 87 cao sesgeli
43, 10 30 12
‘ " 4t r 392. seseet J 3l ere oad
G88... S848 GO Bh. Re Bie 1 Be) ee eS
U.i0> 98 43° | TMS 28 oe Sats 3 37 ee ap
oe. WER 43 OGD 28a ai RPS. 28 38s 48 Aa
pi 4a ™ Bone © te ech Oe. 20 4B er cae
: 3.88 43 | 4008' 16 Be : ro 8) OM em ow
: 44 | 30 oe
Bet 45 10 anaes JA ae ee 2
Tndex — =_—— 10 seo Ra .
: an Pes
. a
Make oe RESULT | oF ? CALCULATION. Pa son,
RT eed
; .
em TT ae :
Deg. “min.” see. ¢ pee
St. 90 1
3

f 4 ¥
ON’ A TO O.THE KANSAS RiVER:
Determination of ssaitait rn June 1; 1843—allitudes af Polaris.

fs

OBSERVATIONS,
Doublealtitudes ‘of Polaris, = | Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec he mbine see.
7bo O%e 40 9 40 5&
75, 0B. 10 . 42 39
ii 09s 10 4 52
Thx O09 20 ot. a 3B
75 10 Ov a a ae Meee ae
ies error = — ey sec.
RESULT. OF “CALCULATION. ck oes
aaa ee Se 3 ——- a
True altitu Je. "Mean time. Latitude.
= iain : ra ing j
‘Deg. “min. see. hi min. see. Dg. min. see.
S73) SS 83 en ee. ee 29-° O11
*
=

Pe by

Beidimination. of long gilude, 0 June 1, 1843—allitudes ae a a YT.

BBE ak Se OLSERVATIONS. Sa tk Ripa —
aaa ee ee nn rae
iecioaotl Se : ST Sarees :
Double altitudes of a alyre. sf Tit of citonometer. $$
igs oa See
— Bs Ss
Deg: mint see. he ins
a6) Ob 50 | 3° 1 »
76 36 50 5 ple S ee 5 Saas eres
— 17 00-40" ‘ or 87 69.5

me acnnsiinciciatcheall an

f 174] 333
ENCAMPMENT ON BLACK CREEK, A TRIBUTARY TO THE KANSAS.
Determination of latitude, June 4, 1813—allitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS,

Double altitudes of Polaris. , : Time of chronometer.

a et me ge ee
Fe MIN SC. Ay min. sec. ;
= im 4 9 32 ov :
-. 2& 00 : 35 13
% 00 37 0
vis) 30 00 38 56
Index error == — 15 sec, =

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

True altitude. | Mean time. : Latitude.
IS i i er au Ts ee es eee ee ee

h. min. see. h. min. sec. D g. min. see.

Lae | ee b eae | SS 88 db 2 P

.

3
Determination of longitude, June 4, 1843—altitudes of a Lyre,

_ OBSERVATIONS.
aa tei ac rear genoa eae ae ee

a Double altitudes of « Lyre. Time of chronometer.

“339

cm

ENCAMPMENT ON ELK CREEK, A TRIBUTARY TO THE KANSAS.
Determinition of longilude, June 5, 1SA3—uallitudes of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES

SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
sun’s lower Limb. sun’s lower limb.

Deg. min. sec. h. min eC. Dg. min. sé. h. win. see.
4: 23 oO 3 33 14.0 42 As 30 5 7 37.0
43.58 25 St 19 5 42 27 50 38 19.4
4343 00 35 00 42.3123 39 02.5 _
43 32 30 3) “7.5 41 3 40 é 51.6
43 21 50 33 57.5 41 42 10 40 2146

Index error = — 15 sec. |
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Advance. . Longitude.
min, 8 C. he. min. see. Deg. min. ste.
5 17 0 0 19 «61.7

’ 96 «06 02

Determination of latitude, June 5, 1813—alltitudes ef Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double atitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer—_____—_-
Dg. min. sec. be aR, —--800. =
75 55 40 a Ze
75 86 5) 58 «63
7 #57 «2 nN Rh =
75. 68 55 02 «52
75 «59 ~—(«OO. BB
- “6 “Se 06 «652
| le cee ( os 42 ‘s
96-61... 45 E 10 04
Index error = — 15 sec.
setuur oF CALCULATION.
Dog. mia ert. A. min. ag. mins ae:
sy) 68S ‘ tee 1S! 56° : 3 24

W442 340

Tipe: - scales June 9, 1843xsaltitucdes of Polaris.
gc ae aaa OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of : chronometer.
= so be min. i) oe ee ; <—s fs adic 3 min.
4 Lid 31 3 40 MESSI Ba 2 AF pels poe 4 es =
35. ~ 50 g og Fg Bee eas z
ek oo 2 a
: 75. 3s 00 29
we ~ B 40 . 32
ae |

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

e True ohitadee ~~ Mean time. . Latitude.

i * :
ees min. set. h. min. see. Deg. min. “see.
ad 47 23 10. 68 25 35 US
sig oe eth a ie od is vit ok
= te oS ‘ cae ee 8 eo af. 2

4 conto me, ae Ss = ‘ S dhae t ha tt a ee eT
porebitt lion of longitude, June 9: Sense Gated of the°stn.
ne cen AR OBSERVATIONS.
Doutle altitudesof the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer. Se

ie i - ee
th ia
20 cc

a : 15 —

“ - si ~ oF

7
Index.error. sien 13. sec.

apeoue OF CALCULATION,
OTT? 1 4a ko FO ———

341

[174]

ENCAMPMENT ON THE SMOKY HILT. FORK, HALF A- MILE FROM ITS JUNG-
ION WITH THE. REPUBLICAN,

Determination of longitude, June 10, 1843—altitudes of the sun.-

OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES.

|

SECOND SERIES. :

Double altitudes of the | ‘ime of chronometer.

Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer,

sun’s lower limb sun’s lower limb f
Deg. min. see. h. min. sec. eg. min. see. hey min. — see.
54 47 «40 5 21.0 62 39 <40 > 12 6
54 03 55 14.4 52 23 00 13 37.5
———§3.—.- 3856 40 -—-26:5 ot 39-45 r to imeem
53 19 10 11 12,5. Slyo) 24 16 10.6
52 59 15 12 04.4 50 59 16 17 17.0
‘Index error = — 10 sec. _ i
re RESULT OF. CALCULATION. lM
~ ‘Mean time. ~ Advance. Longitude.
h. min, sce h. min. sec. Deg. min, =
4 53 0 04.5 96 24 56

Determination of latitude, Jane: 10, 1843—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
~ Double altitudes of Polaris. ‘Time of chr
=3t erin te acl i to enbatitie aidualh
ee “main. “yer. ai i ee ee Foe em
96. Mie IOS 4. He 29.
76, Sy, 3 ee:
16,, 2%, 40° 46 oe
~, %., “O 47 6.
7, 4. 60 oo oe
%6,,, %4;,,. 45 50, 28.
Sa, 26.; 00 i
767, 26 30 ‘ 63, 18.
7: ww a =
— $6-——-23 15 57 7 :

Index error — — 10 sec.

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

D min. —_ fie: minv= see. . min, bere
Dp mi ee cs , os

E174] 342
EIEN ON oaP SMOKE HILL FORK, HALF A ‘MIDE FROM ITS JUNC
WITH THE REPUBLIVAN
Determination of cae June 10, iencdithedek of « Cygni.

OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitudes of a Cygni. Time of chronometer.

Deg. min. sec. he min. 3...
71 47 50 10 485
_ 72 36. 00 13 134. at
73 05 20 14 450
3 73 40 60 i 16 32.0
a. ci ge 1p O86 18 20.0
3.01 2 ‘ Index e érror = —10'sec. |
- — RESULT OF CALCULATION. : cegeaeetmoneatd
Mean time. Advance. Longitude.

*

wp
cy ‘

: ENCAMPMENT ON A TRIBUTARY TO REPUBLICAN FORK.
Determination of latitude, June 12, 1843—altitudes of Polen:

a - OBSERVATIONS. a
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. ms
min. sé. h.~ mine see.
76 09 00 10 OL 42
_ a 49
7 2 2 07 19°
‘spe - cage §5->
7s ! we Tik= sagt
7 we ne a
= te 60 14° 48"
ee = Index error = — 12 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time: Latitude, ..
Dey. min. sec. he. min... 8¢; Deg. min, sees
04 8 %.- Sh 3 22 12

. : ,

343 [ 174 J
-) -ENCAMPMENT ON A TRIBUTARY TO REPUBLICAN FORK.

Determination of longitude, June 12; 1813—altiludes of « Aquilz.

— = : OBSERVATIONS. > >
Double altitudes of a Aquile. Time of chronometer. a
Deg. min. séc. h. sec.
54 9 00 10 33 64.5
55 30 30 36 34 4
56 35 =20 35.0
fe t o%
? ‘ Index error = — 12 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATIONS oe
~ Mean time. ee ee Longitude.
<= oC. —— i . min. see. ae
. 59. 15. 29 0 20 , 52.6 97 .05 82

SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON THE TRIBUTARY TO REPUBLICAN FORK.

Determination of longitude, June 15, 1843—altitudes of the + dil

OBSERVATIONS.
_ _FIRST SERIES. “ Z : | sa SECOND SERIES. Be alee ibe
sata 26 omit . Ti. a. ab tase |
Time of chronometer. | Double altitydes of the | Time of chronometer.
. a ~~ sun’s lower limb.
< ee | ue
3 = Gi ; . ie 2 cee ;
. "gee. h. “Min. sec. Deg. min. “sec. “| h.* min. see.
52° 48 625 29:5 51 06 30 - 69 680
52 33 ©35 56 806.0 50 53 30 &- O00 29.6
Bi bY 685 57 440 || 80 40 0% “4 <F°O1 “O40
51 3 32. #20 58 48.0 | 50 30 S46 a ae Ol 32.3
51 20 466 59 18.0 | 50 19 9Ho & 02 02.6
| :
Index error = — 18 sec.
Si / RESULT) OF CALCULATION.
- Mean time Advance. Longitude. —
— h. min, 8°e, he min. — see. eg. min: see. ~~
4 ae - < 0 59 44.6 98 31 _ Ad
Bs BAS bo es =

f 474 J 344
SECOND ENCAMPMENT: ON THE TRIBUTARY ‘TO REPUBLICAN FORK.

Determination of lutitude, June 15, 1843—altitudes of pinatas
OBSERVATIONS.

een ee
Double altitudes of Polaris, Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. see. he. = min. — sec.
76 «ai 8630 20 10% ~ 00
hs 22 00 os 1
7 mm 25 69 «6S
76 20 tl 15
76 33 <49 12. = 145 S
. 76 23 30 13 17
76 24 00 14 44
76 25 00 17 37
Sc ee ee ‘4 : 19 19
7 own e ; —_— ae.
Index error = — 12 sec, ,
el _
gare RESULT OF CALCULATION.
= ’ r ee
“True altitude. Mean time. i Latitude.
yeaa Sea
Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. sec.
nad? ilSufbens ob vara alte vo ceainarthese aia

saad St

ENGAMPMENT. oN A TRIBUTARY TO SOLOMON’S F FORK OF THE REPUBLICAN.
Determination of latitude, June 17, '1843—altitudes of Polaris. _

.

OBSERVATIONS. ;
Double altitudes ce Polaris. - Time of chronometer. e
: Pets se ae! : : SxagiIOns
Deg. min. sec. he = min.
Cae Se eT Be 38 oe
3 76 20 4
9 23 76 38-80 20 225
3 eo 76-89 so 23 293 < 6
o.24 76 39 9150 4 § Fi 23-40 La
¢ 5 46 40 210 4 2 27> 086 se 1a
ose 76 40 40 26 260 iz
— oes» |
—- ol 30 = «50
etter renetscneee eee.
_- (Index error = — 14sec,
pees ae RESULT OF CALCULATION. < e
= True altitude. _ Mean time. Latitude, -
Deg. min. see. he min. sec. Dg. min. see.
ee ee tg ae

B45 (a7
ENCAMPMENT ON A TRIBUTARY TO SOLOMON’S FORK OF THE REPUBLICAN.
Determination of time, June 17, 1843—allitudes.of « Aquiles

OESSRV-ATIONS.
Double altitudes of a Aquile. Time of chronometer..«)
Deg. min. bec. kh. min, :
61 10 50 -h Ww SS
61 io 00 WM (07.5
6s «br «(80 17 35.5
$3 19 «20 18 35.0
B51 50 20
64 00 21 34.0
“Index error = — 14 see.
RESULT OF CALCULATION. ,
.Mean time. Advantey) >
ch. -ommiin. sec. he miny see.
10 16 36 1 00. 504

SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON THE TRIBUTARY” TO SOLOMON’S ‘FORK.
Determinution of time; duneA19,. 1843—ali itudes.of the-sun..
OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST: SERLES+ | SECOND SERTES.
altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. | Double altitindes of ii Time-of ‘chronometer.
sun’s lower limb. estiup | sun’s lower limb. Bias :

Dig. min, see. hv min: ste. Deg. min. see. he min: sees
42.2% «608 6 2% 515 41 05° 10 CS 6M 5
03 * 10 2% = 365 40 52 40 y 30 «59.0
4b 54 50 28 = 13.0 40 40 45 SF 95
4t 42 30 28 46.3, 40 14 50 32 40.0
41st 15 2915.0 40° 04 10 3308.5
RESULT OF CALCULATION. :

h.. min: sre. he =min. see,

Bri Me, 4 &

[ 174] BIG
SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON THE TRIBUTARY TO SOLOMON’S FORK. , -—
Determination of latitude, June 19, 1843—allitudes of Poluris,

OBSERVATIONS,
. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of Bihisaetve:
Deg. min. — see. h. min. — gece.
SS #..m- 10 O01 BO
76 46 40 08 48
76 48 40 14 36
76 00 19 as
76 5t 20 22 14
inte ig Index error = — 10 sec.
Ks RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. »| Latitude.
Deg. min, sets ' h. min. sec. Deg. min, sec.
38 .323:3 42 9 il 13 3139 “42 35

~ =" "ENCAMPMENT ON A TRIBUTARY TO REPUBLICAN FORK. >
Determinution of time, June 22,;1843—cltitudes of « Aguile.
OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of a | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of a | ‘Time of chronometer.”
Aquile. : : Aquile. res ‘nie
Deg. min. 5 Ah. min, sec. || Deg. min. see. h.. min, ste.
~ 49. 10 .° 26: 37.0 i Te 10 4639. 58:0
‘ 56 18 50. 28 48.0 55 «(18 20 * 4 O20
BL 4L 00° 32 24.0 56 1S 44 (34.5
: Index error = 4- 1 min. 25 sec. -
RESULT OF CALCULATION,
=
g 300—C la 4 aes §5 O15

347 : [114 y

ENCAMPMENT CN A TRIBUTARY TO REPUBLICAN FORK.

Rileutial te of latitude, June 22, 1813—allitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS. oe
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. .
Deg. “min. — See. h. = =min, see.
77. 2°30 2200 10 14
77 See 226 52. 05
17 223t - 630s Mt
+7 52 30 54 27
77 253 "Se 56
Index error = + 1 min. 25 sec. %
= RESULT OF CALCULATION. oe
True altitude. “O°T* Nfegn time.” " Latitude.
Deg.” min. see. he “min. sec. Deg. ‘min: see.
38 “ee 15 a :

<=

ENCAMPMENT ON PRAIRIE DOG RIVER, TRIBUTARY TO REPUBLICAN FORK:

Rib dds oko ao Leanid June 23, 1843—allitudes of 0 a ee

FO is get §
Jey 6 Xs sbutale- OBSERVATIONS, a notbontieratss
i Double altitudes of a Cygni. Time of chronometer. .
Deg. min. — sec. he min. +
64 20 09 10. |. 08 0
48 50 ‘41 125
65 20 50 12 49.7
65 51 30) 14 25.0
66 24 40 16 10.0

Index error = — 10 sec.

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

= te

he ming sée. he > mine — set.
_9 OF) U2 &

=

[14]

e

348

ENCAMPMENT’ OWN PRAIRIE’ DOG RIVER, TRIBUTARY TO REPUBLICAN FORK.

Determination of latitude, June 23,.1843—allitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. _ “Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. — sec. h. min. see.
ca 21° 20 10 | a4 33
ae, oe 45 45
° t “Se 45 46 59
: s 40 48 | 55
77 6 40 pt * 05
—_ =. “63 "59
Bs hee 55 = 80
asi a: See | Sees | 5749. -

—. a = 59 ~=—s«6S
7 82 7“. 601 ae

“Tndex error = — 10 sec. °

RESULT OF CALCULATION. =
True altitude. _.Mean time. . .. Latitude.
25 £2 ies F ; pay o: ee oy ‘es
H
Deg. min. —-see. : Te min. — sees Beg “sees
ee ee a. Ss 39 49° = 38
ey cs 8 wee . il S20 72 ~ aan ~ — oe —— aa + - cs - —~- — ae

ENCAMPMENT ON A SMALL TRIBUTARY TO THE REPUBLICAN FORK.
Determination of time, June 25; ¥843—altiludes of « Cygni.

Se OBSERVATIONS.
— - Double altitudes-of a Cygni. Time of chronometer. <a
tc. ee
45 1Q,, 36, 265
00 - oan
= Index error = — 10 sec,
3 RESULT OF CALCULATION,
be min; ~ sees he reine: — sée.
G05 Was 09. x ow 8.8

349 Civ y
NE saree on. A SMALE TREO ES TO THE: sp lacigpentsetcl ‘FORK: *
Determination ‘of latitude, Tait 25, 1843 —wititudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS,

~ Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chroncmeter.

Deg. min (6 he. min, 3
3 10 Oe il lY 03

78 40 12 0%

978 1 50 14 ee

73 14 20 16 )

78 15 30 is 86

e . Index error = — 10sec. 62

RESULT OF CALCULATION,

eS it S iu oy PER
aoe | eee Latitude,
Deg min. see. h. min. see. Dg. min. e+
39 04 «57 MWOLNe Wes cues -40 05 08

ENCAMPMENT | ON, A SMALE LAKE IN. THE SANDY PLAIN. BETWEEN THE
.RERUBLIGAN AND SOU CH FORKS OF THE PLATTE: RIVER. ©©

~ Determination of Bigs June 28, 1843—alliludes of « <

= OBSERVATIONS. ‘ —
4 rn 1 Pera aes yf nies 2 tas Ge Rte RS is BG brie
Ries : 5 aie ba ba as Eg oe
ea SoU esse Time of chronomte
Start tb €2 t Sf ae errr ; contig: Ess - ~- _ a
<a Dew ses ae. Sta eke
59 35 00 a 10 35 (08.0 eintt
2% CO 58S bu, ‘SM Se -g 36° 4f Sir
2S 6% Obs 10) peg ecole | ea
62 06 10> 43 OL. a liaiions
= =. a. 40 aie
: “i Index ercor — — 20 sec.
. RESULT OF CALCULATION.
* = sie
Mean time. Ad vance. epee
hk. min. see. he mn. sec.
3 — ee i tt

{ 174]

350

ENCAMPMENT ON A SMALI. LAKE IN THE SANDY PLAIN BETWEEN THE
REPUBLICAN AND SOUIH FORKS OF THE PLATTE RiVER

Determination of latitude, June

28, 1848—allitudes of Polaris.
: OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitudes of Polaris. . _ Time of chronometer. .
Deg. min. see. min, — sre.
7s Az Ov 10 50 44
73 53 40 53 06
a 55 29 54 49
78 £6 60 Su 3%
‘i 73 56 30 63 56
78 57 30 11 ol ‘7
78 59 0 02 26
73 59 20% 04° iL
79 OL 10 06 24
= 7 OL 25 07 33

Index error — — 20 sec. «4
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
Deg. min. see. “fe min. see Dg. min. sec.
39.) 37s 29-49 04 40 04

Determination of latitude, June 28, 1843—meridian altitude of a Aquilie.

Double altitude of a Aquile. True altitude. Latitude.
Peneraeer 2 ’
Deg. sre. Deg. min. sec. Dez. min ae.
116 Ol 50 58 30 40 27 24
Sih AS a :
* 5 et rs iG

351 [ 174]
ENCAMPMENT ON THE SourH FORK OF PLATTE RIVER.
| Determination of lime, June 30, 18 3—altitude of the sun JV.

OBSERVATION.
Doub’e alt:tude of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer.
i 2S Se ean

Dex, ming see, he mini gre.
25 25 . 6 18 34, 0

Index error = + 1 min. 27 sec. «

RESULT OF CALCULATION. .
Pp
Mean time. Z Advance.

Determination of latitude—meridian altitude of « Aquilz.

OBSERVATION.
rr SEO gg
Double altitude of a Aquilz. | True altitude. Latitude, _.

Seeenaneiien nit eas ee i

Dez, min. sec. Dg. min. sr, De. min. see,

1156 = Gt CB a. a eS a 3 @
rene tnlieeienenenipesunning ——$—$__—.

sha; ses CHT
a ye * -™ —

[ 174] B52

ENCAMPMENT oe THE SOUTH FORK OF THE PF. ‘gr: ‘aad ER, NINE MILES
BOVE THE Mt UTH OF BEAVER FO

. agree of tinte, July 1, 18 aD) Res pe Quid.

: OBSERVATIONS.
oe Double altitudes of a Aquile. ‘ Time of chronometer.
mah Deg. min. — ser, = he. min, : ae
Gd2 Miia: OF lo” oe See
5 1 38 . :
Gt... 2 25 40 33.6 et
" 64 Ge. yu 41
65 4] 45 4t 30.5
: ‘ _y Andexvertor =)—4 54 see.)
5 ae a RESULT OF CALCULATION. ae oe,
epee Mean-time: Advance. spe!
z : ~~
he min. are. h. min see
“= 26. y & r 14 UGS zi
2ns See 5 y ke $ 3
Leleretiailion griinitutte: a 1,.1843—allitudes of Pcturis.
; OBSERVATIONS, a ee
alwititecd SpEple ons © as HapA nil 6 siiie skivott
Dotibie altitudes of Polaris. Time of chrono:neter.
ee mie See. Se a ee ee
is 78 ee NT at 1 52 2
era ee , 53 as" a
78 36 25 55 30
73 33 50 57 52
78 “9 30 a 4
78 42 0 il 53
78 42 ou 05 34
78 10 V7
73 4t 30 56
7646 tié«é ii Se :
‘

‘Index error = — 34 sec.

. RESULT OF CALCULATION. \

Mean time. Latitude.

h. min. sec. “ » Be. mie ee
o- 2. ee

8

ST. VRAIN'S FORT.

Determination of long gilude, July 4, 1843—altitudes of the sun.

z OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES. SECOND SEETIES.

prem altitudes svt the | Time of chronometer. |} Double altitudes of the Time of chronometer.
un’s lower lim sun’s lower limb. z
Deg. min. see h. min, see | Deg. min, see. h. min. see.
20 0 14 45.0 | BL 42 50 6 19 OL.7
53 02 20 1S 2395 | §1 29 00 19 (390
52 49 50 16 08 5 0 37 30 21 56.0
52 26 55 17 04.0 50 09 00 12.0
62 a. 00 ti 441.0 49 56 40 23 45.0
Index error = — 47 sec. “
2 F :
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time Advance. ; Longitude.
h. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. sec,
4 57 50 1 17 05.9 105 12 23

ENCAMPMENT ON THE SOUTH FORK OF PLATTE RIVER, NEAR CHERRY
5 CREEK, —

Determination of latitude, July 7, 1843—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS. te ee
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec hk. min, — see.
. 77 414 go 10 «(07:56
77 +18 = oe 09" 52

Index error = — 2 min. 13 sec,

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. 2?
: { evypreeis 2 _s sili
sai = . mii 1 gee. Bs nit get. Dee, min, oe
= 36 «86009 S 62 S44 i 39. 43. 68

a eee ee Sc ie a 2 ee Oe ee, ee a ee ee ee eo a ee
{ 174 e 354
. ENCAMPMENT ON THE SOUTH FORK OF PLATTE RIVER.
Determination of longitude, July 8,1843—altiludes of the sun..
ee OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES,

Double ska . the |.Time of chronometer. |; Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
a's lower li ; sun’s lower limb.
| : M
pe. Min. seco, | it. min. se. Deg. min. sec. h. min. — Bee.
/ 4a... 68 : “6 560 - :44.0 y. 746 ~ RE 6 <6T -48:3
By. #65 10 52 34.5 20 00 00 58 26.0
FS £45 10. 64. <66.5 20 }2 50 59 01.3
o2k0. 05 46 | 55 251.0 30. ~492 ~ 2 . bbs 959 229.0
19 30 15 i | ig! 02.5 20 ot 20 7 00 11.0
Index error = — 29 sec. -
RESULT OF CALCULATION
= : *~ a
|
Mean time. + | Advance. | Longitude.
ne | =
cht. min, Bee. | i. min, ‘see. |
5 36° 05 | oa 18 B58 |
: ares & }
wy ve “ = : :
Determination of longitude, July 11, 1843—altitudes of the sun.
ESO SASH SAVER ST TA OBSERRATIONS o> ;
FIRST SERIES. : _., , SECOND SERIES. :
‘Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. “eet mc id the | Time of chronometer,
~~ suin’s lower limb. un’s low :
| <0
. min, sec, h. min, see. Deg. min, sec. he min. sec.~
BSiaxe Sicctun |: £02490. 23.01 a. ee ae 6 38 18.6
i4ga 50- $0 |. Of 2:31 17.6! dk 1654 90°; 39, 100
44 00¢2 40° ey 31 55.0_ 41 00... 45 - 39 49.2
43 48 20 G2 BL: 40. 44 20 40 33.5
~mcnenry sete ~So- . a Bt fae 30 - ‘a ree
- U St tig = aite xabinf
segues * aot ams . rene
———_ RESULT OF CALCULATION: — orem —
cist
Advance, he —s
<a me =e ear tr
<6 8 Bo ~ Sh. BE
ee se! ee : fe

[ 174°}

Deterniination of meee July 18, ier tide ud Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS,
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. — see. CL ee ee ey
74 «44 10 48° 5 B4y ae
? a ; : 50) 45 .
Index errer = ——.30 sec. t -
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. _ Mean time. Latitude. nm
Determination of longitude, July 13, 1843—altitudes of « Cygni.
OBSERVATIONS. -
Double altitudes of a Cygni. | Time of chronometer.
= aaa ome SRT es Sse
Deg. PEGS min, —8€e.
84 22 40 s 54 65.0.
— . 18 = ote
oo ee ppg Bg «(17.5
os 6S Ye ee ae
Sa sess 87 19 50 03. -_ 13.0. —
Index error — — 30 sec. et -
RESULT OF CALCULATION: © 62 |
Mean time. Advance. ~ Longitude. ~~ <=

*

CITAIVOI“

‘ *
peeks od eS ges at ‘sees © Led. a cag
ne cclaeilia oa 1 ements ae ee ie ~
os ~ HM m. - &
Pe setae 26 i 3% ot ee a
4 . ‘ =a . er
ah. St ae ee ee ot”
; 4 ~ i a.
“aed ees a J eee :
ss sae Pte 3 =

{174 J

2356

JUNCTION OF ARKANSAS AND BOILING SPRING RIVERS.
Determination of longitude, July 15, 1843—altitudes of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES.

SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes id the
sun’s s lower lim

Time of chronometer.

Double altitudes of 7
sun’s lower limb.

Time of chronometer.

Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min, sec. h. min. sec. —
41 651 15 58 03.0 43 18 40 ats © 50.2
42 14 00 59 ~=s 01.0 43 33 40 0 284
42 28 00 59. . 37.6 O43. =B0 03 07.2
42 43 20 S00 18.0 44 05 35 03 50.5
42 56 30 00- 52.0 44-20-40 v4 30.3 —

é Index error = -+ 2 min. 9 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
&. min, see. h. min. see. | Deg. min. sec.
SBE MSO 634 f.0 f-96u% Bhs iA \o epgee egg 19 130

-ENCGAMPMENT AT BOILING SPRINGS.
Determination - longitude, July 18, 1843—altitudes of the sun.~

—

i - OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer.
ss ~ Deg. — min. _sec.__— Ao -gees ee
an 0 t= 10 32 125
1 21 oOo mt oe 32 59.3
102 05 «BS 34 «56.2
102 20 WITS Aa 35 35.0
eee 102 we ee a
eee SUvipao. i‘ i aaa
ses . co Index error = xy 1 min. 50 sec. ;
Longitude.
Deg. min. 88.
106... 89 AB

357

[ 174 9

ENCAMPMENT -_ BOILING SPRINGS.

Determination of — July 18, a atte the moon’s

econd limb to the su

OBSERVATIONS.

Time of chronometer. Apparent distance ——— rik

hk. min. see. Deg. min. 8ee.

x6 49 «10° 99 45 50

50 44 99 45 30

52! 9 44 %0

53 10 99 44 00

e: 54 29 99 438 25
. 5555 99 42 «45 =

57 03 99 42 15

58 31 99 42 10

59 33 : ae ae

11 00 4z 99 40 55
tia = 99 asicctsiiaiito

; 03 16 99 40 00 .
042-39 991 39 gg 2%

~ 06 05- ss 93 28... =

07 45 99 38 10

“08 = 50 37-5

10 05 99 37 05-
ee 10.59 ‘ 99! 37-20 si

11 58 99 36 35

13 17 99 35 40

Index error = + 1 min. 30 sec
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True distance. Mean time at Greenwich. Longitude.
99 26 33 is oe Sf

[ 174 | 358
ENCAMPMENT AT BOILING SPRINGS.
Determination of longitude, July 18, 1843—altitudes of the sun.’

OBSERVATIONS.

“~~ Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer.
: Deg. min. sec. h. + min. see.
is. 4s 0 .- te wo
136 28 50 ll 49.5
we 6UCdltCtiéiw 1259.0
135 58 50 13 51.0
135 48 25 14 33.0
: Index error — ++ 1 min. 30 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Advance: Longitude.
h. min. kh min. sec. min, sec.
1 02 49 1 55.3 105° 82 4

359

ENCAMPMENT AT BOILING SPRINGS.
__Petermination of latitude, July 18, 1843—altitudes a Polaris.

[ 174 ]

OBSERVATIONS, *
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
sd Deg. min. sec. min. sec.
76 39 10 » Il 01 04 x
; 40 00. ee ee
76 41 50 04 59
76 40 10 06 20
76 45 20 - 12 04
76 47 30 14 32
76 51 50 18 53
76 51 50 20 31
76 53 20 22 14
Index error = — 30 sec.
« RESULT OF CALCULATION. Shia
True altitude. Mean time. ‘Yatitnde.
Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min.

38 21 22 10 01 43 38 52 10
Determination of longitude, July 18, 1843—altitudes of Arcturus.
OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES. | SECOND SERIES. 9"
Double altitudes of .| Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of |. Timeof chronometer.
Arcturus. ~ = &)

Deg. min. sec. h, min. sec. || Deg. min. ‘sec. hi min. sec,
89 14 30 10° 45 57.0 | : sds Se os
88 29 10 47 48.5 | 73 5600100 4 68F 25 «636.0
Sy 40 45 49 57.0 || 73 18 9640 = 26 6540
GT, OG “70 51 22.0 || 7 440915 28 23.0
86 41 ‘30 52 330.0

oe : Index error = — saat Sec. oor
RESULT = : CALCULATION.
Mean time. Advance. Longi =
Stariir,. uo ; ics ee 8
a h. min. : sec. a h. min. = ae se
qt - 08 Wee Es 09" m 45.8 ee eS.
rs ue ei ai ee
—.......... <

cr 174 J 3 360
ENCAMPMENT AT BOILING SPRINGS.

Riseinahes of longitude, July 19 a from the moon's
second limb to Jupile

OBSERVATIONS. ~
Time of chronometer. Apparent dist *

he min. sec. . Deg. min. see
5 9 03 59 41 30
42 27 59 43 “40

26 + 59 44
48 59 45 30
07 59 86 46 10
51 41 59 45 50

Index error — — 30 sec. : oe

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Trae distance. Mean time at Greenwich. Longitude. _ °

ENCAMPMENT ON SOUTH FORK OF PLATTE RIVER.
“Determination of latitude, July 21, 1843—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitndes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg: ~ min. sees h. tiiin. ~ see.
78 18 10 10 . 48 27
om ie! ee 10 «50siG .
Ts 20 10 52 22 =)
73 21 ..40 10, BF 27:
nan s—= 1g, 6) (38
ee | a ee 10 «5Y «48
i : We 6 ard i060 (CU sC«CsCAL
A ns : 78 27 00 + Ol ‘59 Re
= Dw & in. ©
78 30 40 Il 06 06
Index error = — 30 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION. =
M a a af
des min. ¢ : sec. Deg. n in ie
2 i & 38 4l =

361 [ 174]
ENCAMPMENT ON SOUTH FORK OF: PLATTE RIVER.
Determination of long ea July 21, 1843—altitudes of /rcturus.

OBSERVATIONS.

—_ —
FIRST SERIES. = SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of hime of chronometer. Bre acu of | Time of chronometer,
Arcturus.

Deg. min sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. min. sec.

74° 41 40 09 8352.0 71 53 1l tv «= OF-.8

73 651 -00 12 00.2 Yl 35° 45 it SF

73 = 26 15 13 - 0F.6 71 ee ae 18 55.5

73 «6004 0 14 05.3 7.405 50 . 19 S68

72 40 = 50 15 70 28 20 8653.0

RESULT OF CALCULATION.
_Mean time. | Advance. ; Longitude.
he min. sée. hi min. sec. Deg. min. “see.

ee a | 1 08 17.7 { ie we
TE

[ 174]. 362
& ST, VRAIN’S FORT.

Determination of latitude, July 23, 1843—altiludes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
sail
Deg. min. see... min. sec.
20 Il 04
73 49 50 06 3t
= 7 49 00 07 44 a
79 51 30 10
79 52 30 - 12 pal
a ee . 16 67
cae ee OD. Sp SE. SS 18 ‘06
es 80 00 00 oe 20 4°40
ae 80 Ol 50 mene 22 39
80 02 25 24 00
Index error = — 37 see,

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

‘Prue altitude. ~ Mean time. i Latitude,

~ Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. see. =
“35 66 09 10. 07. 44 40°17 WB

~ |

Determination of latitude, July 23, 1843—meridian altitude of« Aquilz,

OBSERVATION.
Double altitudes of a Aquile. True altitude. : - Latitude. —
- a. 9c. Deg. min. sec. - min. sec.
a 22 = =35 im TW 0 rs 16 33

7

363.

ST. VRAIN’S FORT.

[ 174 ]

Determination of time, July 23, 1843—altitudes of Arcturus. -

OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES. |
|

SECOND SERIES.

_ Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
Arcturus. | | Arcturus.
_ Deg. min. sec. kh. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. min, sec.
63 4&9 30 il 27 59... 60 18 20 ll 37. 4640
6Sise.° BIH455:20. 20x 84 59 654. 00 39
62 E 10 3¥ 16 569° 31 30 39. 37)
GRELOVEL 20 - se 8606 59 12 * 25 40 27
61 24° 40 34 :
~” Index error — ++ 1 min. 30 sec.
: RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Advance:
h. _ min. . sec. h. min. . sec.
10 28 40 1 06 32.5
_
Determination of time, July 24, 1843—altitudes of the sun.
Site og seoy 2 oe tran PS yIas $: . OBSERVATIONS, Teeter iegyf oie att ra
” FIRST SERIES. | é SECOND SERIES.
j
altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. |! Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
sun’s lower lim | sun’s lower limb. :
min. see. h. min. see. | Deg. min. sec. h, min. see.
“ar 29 50 8 28 16.4 | 54 42 50 8 31 26.0
58 44 50 28 54.0 | oi OE Be 32 082
54 00 20 2° 36.5 4° 86 OF. & 3234.0
54 Bi 50 30 05.0 55 16 50 32 56.8
64:29 26 30. 51.6 | 55-28 15 33. - 26.5
.
Index error = ++ 1 min. 30 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time A Advance.
= ee h. min. — sec. ;
Te eet l @. i686

[ 14 J 364
ST. VRAIN’S FORT.*

Determination of lime, July 25, 1843—allitudes of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS. a
FIRST SERIES. | SECOND SERIES. _

Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
© sun’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb. ery
ge a sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. sec. heomin.© sec.

6 3a 45. @: O22 022 44 34 50 8°) 046° 45.9

43° 48. 30 02 42.0 44 45 40 2 05.5 14s
44 Ol 00 03 16.0 -4& 58% 10 s 05 se. 47,

44 10 50 03 42.0 45 ll 50 06 22.0
<a OU 04° — 08.0 45° 22° — 165 oo-"a.0°—
Index error — -++ 1 min. 30° sec.

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

~ “Mean time: = -“AdVattice.
h. min. sec. he min. “sec.
6 68 67 1 05 81.8
£335 SOLS hee 23% +s 2s es

_* The daily losing rate of ry eS ter, ok pel ine P hy « + ah? pl , 1833.72,

ae
*
"
thc
— 4 ‘
ae #2
™ po
— —-
oad = —"
é
rf
" . *
—~ i
ws | oSk SNE
2 G a 3
- *
Sethiieleiccreemenr erect ae <a tae hn #

1865 [im

— AMPMENT ON A HIGH PRAIRIE, BROKEN BY BUTTES AND BOULDERS,
TH pale nae ige CEDARS, FORMING THE DIVIDING GROUNDS BE [WEEN
AMIE A ND CACHE-A LA-POUDRE RIVERS.
Determination of tongitude, July 30, 1843—allitudes of Arcturus.

OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
Arcturus. Arcturus. atl

Deg. min. Sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. min
47 50 00 11 40 39.5 45 46 30 il 46 07.0
46 56 40 , 43 00.5 45 05 40 a7 6 85.5
46 27 40 44 ¥6:5 44 45 20 48 60.0
Index error — + 1 min. 30 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
he min. see. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec.
10 41 18 : 1 03 53.2 105 35 17
Determination of latitude, July 30, 1843—allitudes of Polaris.
x OBSERVATIONS. —
% . z s
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
. . min. see. , h. min. see.
82 20 00 ll 55 14
88 Sk 80 57 39
Index error = ++ 1 min. 30 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
mn. 800. kh ; sec. Deg. min. 8€t-
4l te 00 10 52 33 4l 02 i9
= <
crac iss Esa

[ 4] 366
TIE SHOH ENCAMPMENT NEAR THE PREURELSE.

Determination decors: July 31 PPS49 sedetdtiin allitude ofthe SUNS

OBSERVATION. at
Double altitude of the sun’s True central altitude. Latitude. —
lower limb. =
Deg. min. — see. DoS ‘Deg. “=min. see, Deg. min. sec.
spton 133" 56 S0i0. lee EGE 14 QBELS - 4} ---"04 Bos ee
ie , ENCAMPMENT ON LARAMIE RIVER. :

"Determination of latitude, July 31, 1849—alfitudes of Slats. sx

OBSERVATIONS Ss.
FIRST SERIES, = | = _ SERIES. e.
= yee f - , fae .
Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Seats altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
ste. Polegis. og ‘S38 iz 531 ees
ve as A shy ; ak &3 Ps
: : zs i SL ae
‘Deg. min. bec. =| = hh. “min. see = Deg. min sec, h. min. sec.
St ae. a 0-13 25 2-0 10 238 51
81 30 960 15 38 S41 45 29 43
SI .32.° 05 17 57 81 42 ~=00 « 30 32
81\-. 32° 50... ‘ 19 OTs: 43.00, 31 0
= OL: oOe> Ue 21 04 8l 46 40 34 35
vagal Index error = — 30 sec. “i

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

367 [ 174 J

t ENCAMPMENT ON LARAMIE RIVER.
Determination of longitude, July 31, 1843—altitudes of Arcturus.
“ =.

OBSERVATIONS, «

FIRST SERIES. BECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
Arcturus. | us. ol

Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. || Deg. min. sec. h. in. see.
69 35. .40 10° 40 16.5 67 38 40 10 45 27.3
69 pS eer) Al 18.0 66 49 50 47 36 3
68 49 50 : 42 16.0 66 28 20 48 5 0
68 20 50 43 39.5 65 46 10 50. 27:0

00 00 Z *- Ad 30.4 (65-21 30 §1 30.5

a 9 255: ~~ Index error '=+ 30sec, -

-
RESULT OF CALCULATION >
Meary time. Advance. Longitude. 7
eas ee
kh. mins see. h. min. see. " Deg. min. see.
40 26 ] 05 07.7 LOG. 16 54

NOON HALT ON A STREAM DISCHARGING tes (A LAKE,

‘Determindtion of latitude, August | 1, 1849—meridian altituilef the sun.

BS ss OBSERVATION. Se ei ns
aa sik
Double altitude of the sun’s| . . True central altitude. Latitude.
lo imb.
- min. see. D: min. eg. ‘min. sec.
= oe ee : - a 3 ---. 2
ei i = ow ri i wp rs -
wa os cs
“
es a
eae

{ 14] 368
NOON, HALT..ON.A FORK OF. LARAMIE. RIVER, a

Determination of latitude, August 2, 1843—meridian altitude of thesun. —

: OBSERVATION.
Double altitude of the sun’s True central altitude. : Latitude.
lower limb, ’
Deg. min. 3ee. Deg. min. see. Se ak Deg. min. sec.
131 33 20 : 66 02 50 41 45 -- 59
= Index error = -+- 1 min. 30 sec.
cae “is ENCAMPMENT ON MEDICINE BOW RIVER.

Determination of latitude, August 2, 1843—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer,”
Min. set. min. see.
a 4 53 40 12 14 40
= 56 30 7 =
, 83 50 18 34
83 57 20 19 50
83 58 40 Q1
00 00, OH
84 00 20 23 24
84 01 15 24 15
30 25 15 ‘
84 03 30 29 18

Index error — — 30 sec.
an iia

_ RESULT OF CALCULATION,

= True altitude. Mean time. ‘ Latitude.
Deg. - h. min. sec. _ + min, sec,
4t 58 12 i ua Se a1...) 15

onseavarions: fae binds ils Mili,

fi nieat
wie

FIRST SERIES.

“a

* i

Doutlftitades of Arc-
turus. :

Dol se of of

if
4

a
Time of chronom-—
oe eter a

_ Deg. so
Az
42 a1

portiniho H es:
27

‘m,

ucvgemhe
yk GER ag
50 cat

Se SES ht
AY.

= : E ge x

ORES

She gw ALS RPT Le era Fu ft

Ch
piper ta ty, Tae.
GED EE

*

‘RESULT oF. ALCULATION.

PSRE TEES

h. with
~. 10.84

SEC.

4 69;

vo ives sia dee MORO RIG ts' ~

ae

duis tae cost -

4
Hl ase ad

*

370

NOON HALT on “A TRIBUTARY vO tehe NORTH FORK OF PLATTE inf

7 ination of Tatitude, choad 3; 1843—suen’P meric altitude:

Double sittnde of the sun’s True caida altitude. Latitude.
er limb. : ;
— . . |
min. see. Deg. min. sec. Dee. min. sec.
i3f 23 00 65 40 § Bete Baath,
. ; ae es —s % —. > ; Fecri
oe Index error — +- 1 min. 30 sec. Basi.
* =. pape
a 4
< ENCAMPMENT ON THE NORTH FORK OF PLATTE RIVER.

‘Millstiination of longlivde, August 5, 1843—altitudes of the sun.

SE
OBSERVATIONS.
*

+ FIRST SERIES, SECOND SERIES. *
Double altitudes of the Time of chronomeige Desble alitades of the | Time of «chronometer,
= “sun’s lower limb. ru sun’s lower limb. d

‘hi min. ‘sre. Deg. min. sec. 5 he imine ! sre.
8.30 _* $9.0 Si. 2 OO 8 33 © 06.3
ot . - 128 51 39 10 ve. 8.5
31 40.3 51 Bi 20 34 05.0
, 2.5 52 Ol 20 34 32.0
19 32 41.0 52° Io 50 34 56.0
_— ay Pn ‘gs . iat
: =. > Index error ==+-.1 min. 47 sec,
2 a:
. : : RESULT OF CALCULATION. ° x rey
*.
h. min. sec. , 5. See. Deg. min. sec.
2 ae Bt - 08 01.3 107...* 32 «27

Double altitude of the sun’s

SS
45

_ Determination of latitude—meridian altitude of the sun.
fe *

_ True central altitude.

a
oe

Cac

oy

o

amon aes ee August 8, 1849 sbrididnateitude Of theun.

_ Double altitude of the sun’s True central altitude. ~ ____ Latitude. :
~~ lower limb. . ae

= :

| e _ —- : :
Deg. ane 4 Dag, min. sec. Deg. min. sec.
127? 47 1G Fo ms 64 09 88 42-02 07)
ee a ar

wpe eat

ise ie if 2 ees j } . e er’

“NOON I HALT aah THE GAP IN THE SWEET WATER MOUNTAINS, .

.

- Determination of latitude; August 9, 1640-<-mtnidian altitude of the sur :

Double altitude of the sun’s True tential altitude. “Battadé.
lower limb. . ‘

Fee Sesediessetisnctenieeer ne res aon eae Sieg Peon ahaa MRR or scr 2 ————$ . #
he ee : mee
Fe rar ae | acer e <enge t on rag
ates °h ee. See re «4 aa eas So
oe it Set scplanae Fergresramioasnimeeiestesttasienarmine tienda Esme aan e - Z aa —"
sic tia a 2 : 2
3. iS ik. 4 a ross aa a aah *,
Saw ~ = - fs “= x aver wate te be,
a z= Biers Pe ie tam oh
. s: ‘

t

‘SECOND “suntas. ae

Psidsaltitddes of “t isnt Ee caioter,
Tapiter.

“rs =" Saver
iS cate « 3 . ng
x, ere ise ay

ae

EN]
ENT

et gS Mite ge EST EO eG
ermination of longitude, August 9,

BINS Seis / OBSERVATIONS. “9 2° Me ou!

Double altitudes of « Aquile. Time of chronometer.
eee tint yee ee a oo oe ws PG os EE OP
™ — ¥ is esi wevgent

- min. see. h. mi
<x iti 93-46; ; H+ -68-
Se «0

> ts
ee ig

Inlet — ee ee

= RESULT OF CALCULATION.

et a x. =e Loli ss . pineoae! i . a oe Sie ai * :
Ragusa’, Lp ¥ hile Fe! OE Vewgets sholiesol le eolinnion

@ i
Peyes -S2ISS2 Sls

~

seen” > NOON*HALT-ON THE SWEET’WATER RIVER.) © 2"
nation

Se 8

gdzgesest

|
é

3 : ste ech Meelis

‘— 3 aes ee -
Index error = ++ 1 min. 40 sec.
PY iL al a i i ET 2c Ne St Bi

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

}

ee. Fe
NOON HALT NEAR THE SOUTH PASS, ON Sutee Reve DENT oe
ere

_ SANDY FORK OF ‘oRBEN

<

| Degrminaton of latitude, Aug 19, 1843—meridian altitude of the
e % i un, : +

Say one

- roe = " = 4 ESTs eerste oe ad pay, —“—
® | Déuble altitudd ofthe out | True Sheahan . Latitude. * ~ap

lower limb. “a a -

23 25 42 19

oer

ENCAMPMENT Ox A SMALL STREAM TRIBUTARY TO THE, naire SANDY

j Determination of longitude, oe 15, 1949 altitudes of Vivetires:

q = ' OBSERVATIONS.

Index error = — 30 sec. aii 6 “ei

RESULT OF CALCULATION. a
» £S ee

ae é

=

a

‘a

SERVATIONS. oe sy
onsenvarioxs. ©
i

ete

Rs nF Bit

ty >
ee

ot
ou ten

PSSSSRaRS

es &
«

Jegeggeserets é

eo: ee
i RRS Ley ns

= Pe 2
ig:

*
Ls ad

e

*

é

a

7
:
+
f
1
4
1

a sa <a “

Teer Eo ey -_

*

o>

3

oat
“eer

te

te:

Deg. mine ee

Pe

aug”

hiss ae

BIS
oy

2.
25.

hy we

*
aw

sak

q

ce 2 eel, AbRxk er
sg@ersvascce = *
gies aide,

eh oak

boas F ‘ ~
Sy Ed pea?” . 4

'

63°. ee 45

2
|
;
a. F
anw ¥ tet tet

= fy
4
=
.
a
a:
Se
3
*
e

BRABAPRWWH SEIS

x ‘és “
ap “ ae .
he =
j> pe x
o. 4

rgszz

* 5 Fi
Shetite sue’T

timo ite sue pak ae

*

= ™
ae SERIES.
pom

Double siti altitudes of | Time of all ¢ Z ;

‘Mean time.

h. min. sec.
9 12 18

ej a4] 378
— ON THE LEFT BANK OF GREEN RIVER.
Bernina olin te ssp 16, 1843-<allitudes of the sun: ,

<
|
long p Hearn t 8 48—diotncen from the second
Fimb of the moon ‘tOthesun f
ig _ OBSERVATIONS WITH THE CIRC re =
An ant
2 .* Se
a
+? 4
S 6 263
-— ‘
: w o ©

RESULT OF CALC

“eee

“ es Jf 174 ]

NOON HALE OV GhteR Rivet aveAR E
ROAD TO THE CO! |

Determination of latitude, , Aug. 16 Rea te pre thes sun.

pee eae
Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer,
‘ =
| ¢
mm. “see. he. min
= Cee! eee Zo... .
123 20 34
4 123 24 10
123 26 00 12
¢ 128-36 50 13
198 87 5246 14
ee 198 87 2:85 : 17
ee 198 «26 «915 M s% 2 19
123 24 45 21
: 128 23-36 : 22
138. | 8h Oo 24
ie ie : Index error = -+ 1 min. 42 sec. +
ashivtiggrot RESULT OF CALCULATION. © agai
True altitude. Apparent time of transit. Latitude.
; ui si
—... Degs__ min. _ sec. h. min. _ sec. Deg. min. see.
62 00 8 28 i Se 41 46 54
es 3 ENGAMPMENT-ON: BLACKS. FORI-OF GRBEN. RIVER.
Determination “ latitude, August 17, 1843—altitudes of J Polaris.
OBSERVATIONS.
36h Aor te ef? ES ipa | | : Et isats : 3 feta } gt Tes aepbapitt ©
4 h min, $0. oye!
5 30 45 a. m.
36 Lt a
< ly “ sige lata. at
” Index error — — 30 sec. = e
0.32 * _ RESULT OF aia Rt
+ ts , ya wo £
52) Troealtitude. ~~ Mean time. °° Latitude. ‘:
- min. sec. a ee rae min “e Deg. min.
- 06 15 4 9 re aie = 7 «1
Determination F longitude Augiat 17 i: 1819—Emersion Abeses, %
a ale ee ae
ae i Sait j ti : | I —? :
h. min. ‘ | RP mine wg?
ee Me | a 50 36 ee
at . steal - ? ry

=" at + eee ‘
eoes vy So BNCAMPMED LACK’S FORK.OF GREEN RIVER.

Pee of tng! / ive ni td a of the sun.
OBSERVATIONS. «

-
- FIRST SERIES. = a =. SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. | 1 scabies ennudes of = Seagal “¢ chronometer.”
sun’s lower limbs | ~ | sun’s lower-limb.

. min. we 8! Ok. smin. see. Deg. mine sec, 2 ze Y
a a 38 55 7 03.7 af 20-2650 oc ga 96
20 22 40 s 24 09.0 21° 83 8435 i ie
2 34 35 24 42.0 21 45 4260, %% Ce: 47 «66.8
48 05 | . 25. 17.4 22. 02 8835. ve ss 2 466
oe oC 25 52.2 22° 15 i820. 3% ie
we; 4 i a i
ee re: : od x rt
— @ Index error = — 30 sec... § es!

aeag shi 2 tae) Qocamgly inerege +. cd iit oe
: t oa =

ae min. set. . sec.
ie 1388 a ae ee
SS

os SS 26 —— m4 oe eka a eee
* se E : i #8

Ae Aes a

SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON BLACK’S FORK OF GREEN RIVER.

, Det a ation of longit: le, August 17; — the sun.

—s te NS GER debt aon” | 4, >
2 ge Re 4 st I

FIRST SERIES. | _. SECOND SERIES. ——
fay BE

‘Double altitudes of the Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of the | "Time of chronom eter:
: sun’s lc ae

ogy ot 00 :
43. OF} 00

when ue
ae | Se Fa
i v se

Fine rawasbee.

: = ae
Double altitudes of the | Ti Nas chronometer. ~
sun’s lower limb. : , j

- i
Deg. min. sec : min. see.
59. 43 A 7 20. OS
bo : 21 070.
58: 34° 16 21 47.6 4
58 «(08 15 22 49.
5 41 10 23. 48.2
ee 4 Index es Si wpe 7 =
Sotigca3 sideeh s i? tea Ml
<A ie eas Sine a 1 _RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean ‘time. « Be rg . Longitude. _
hi min. et. Ah. min. sec. Deg, MIB. BC £5
o 3 05 1 13 13 110 25 COG

“pleerinaiion ah wore August 17, 1843—alliiudes es Polaris.
attorenids Yo OBSERVATIONS. sutothgeeils ils sidaats

On N BL ACK’S FORK OF GREEN RIVER.

nation af lng, itd dg , sagerullitudes of a Aquile. -

‘ . RVATIONS.
ot. ow = & i a r
ve 29 ee 44 : Soe aa Lise
Seen oe 57-30 ae
oe * 1% 22 40 cd 46 51
is st 7 54 : 30 . 18 ; ns
g! ge ores = x! i sat
~. gan ot ¢ 3 Index enor = — 30 sex : é
Le Ee > : ie?
# “RESULT OF CALCULATION. | 7
bd 2
ba oy :

Mean time. ' “i avsince. : Longitude. :

3 tal {55

ion of latitude, Au gust 18, 1843—altitudes of Polaris.

ties oc ama _ OBSERVATIONS. ’ at!

ohitie <oeP

OBSERVATIONS.

fi scsllighipesteand 2 Pijashie, 1849 —alitudesof Jupiter.

+

Ss re ; rye Wrath
Time of chronometer.

—

Index error = — 32 sec.

RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Sat TEES Saige se) ws Pee ot

Determination _ saga: panpuet 18, 1843—altitudes of « Andomeds.

Sera

ee 3

~ OBSERVATIONS. |

rel a ee ee

ere a.

Res hat ligase 4

$29eaF

i |,
= |

a
;
=

a

tegeeeh
) BBEEe

bed

; e * = *
Lah. = 334 aor

ENCAMPMENT ON A SMALL STREAM TRIBULARY TO HAM’S FORK.
Determination of latitude, August 18, 1843—allitudes of Polaris.

| OBSERVATIONS.
= ee
=
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer ——
rae & be ove . ' 4 ® ‘ stiatic c
Deg. min. — ste. h. eC.
st ... a Yo
84 «(06 04 «10
o4 08 10 ¥ 07. \
84 lL 00 2 : 25.
: fo. %
| 13 40 i4
ae 15 80 i... ie
: oe AS 0 19 05 -
4-20 «#410 é 92 49
64-21. a 24 sb
Index error = — 32 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION. “fa
True altitude. Meat time. Latitude.
Pre | :
E + a : : ” ; 7 «
: ae a h. min. se. Deg. min. ‘sec.
a ee ee 10 58 59 ar 68
aT Pili s ‘e cae Rea LF Si Sees’ she ‘es : - ea
Determination of longitude, August 19, 1843—altitudes of the sun.
we 2 OBSERVATIONS. oe Weg

Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer.”

: ‘

‘*2 4 “385 . Tia e
< . -
_NOON HALT ON THE MUDDY RIVER OF HAM’S FORK.
Determination of latitude, Jug. 19, 1843—meridian altitudes of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS,
. +
Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. : Time of chronometer.
Deg min. see h. min. sec.
112i: 10 1 12 Ol
2) ee. = WO tt - eae
‘i dee 57 50 13 33
12] 15 14
12 58 00 ” ow
Zl 53 05 1. ae
121 57 50 18 43
121 56 0 * 21 34
121 54° 45 22 44
Index error = -+ 1 min. 20 sec.
RESULT, OF CALCULATION.
True alt.tude. Apparent time of transit. Latitude,
Deg.. min, see. hi min. see. Deg. min. sec.
61. “TS. “19 1, i. OO 41 5

a

NOON HALT ON MUDDY RIVER.
Determination of latilude, Jus g. 22,184 3—meridiun altitudes Pris sun.

OBSERVATIONS,
~ | Double altitudes of dale limb. > Time of chronometer.
Degs min. ste. s et
121 06 «10 FEE a9 cH wee pituert
121 i 5A: . 13 OS: =
121 07 30 15 ube i
= i121 00 E 14° 53 -
1z 10 é 15 48
It os 30 16 52
121 08 40 $ 17
03 Tie oo , 1 8
0% 121 07 40. 19
0.12
neato

ee

a

* Pal .7 rT
pa ak ; = Eimee ” e*
(wey - 386 :
a : —
eee | OR Peale cot ON BEAR RIVER. OO4,,
teed ke Vee =" Fe ” tides Ye eee a
B of 21, 1843—meridian o cs of the sun>
onMKPA HOMES : :
ee » i z =e NSE 3
Double altitudes of ‘the sari’s lower limb. coer yuie oldwott
’ ; 10
: 3o 45
00 45°
bg 35
0 20
‘930 ; ‘
68 OO
Se
Index error — ~}- 1 min. 20 sec. :
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Trae ‘altitude. aces time of transit. Latitude. ~
3 = a
ah ta 7 J see. | e; - . Bec.
‘ ete 15 c= 7 ae v3 55 :
ee "ayia vaCuit :
ee E oo ENT ON BEAR RIVER.
: ; ary aa
ye Ba long ritude, » Aug. 21, 1843 —allitudes of Arcturus. >
; ee _ORSERVATIONS. :
— oot i : ntlte oieba<td
FIRST SERIES. * ih SECOND SERIES.
ag es. ativades of | Time of scare
. a ; *
a

.

eEty
we

‘i
¥

Yess

openeah | 7

: :
je SRie [ Wd},

”. yaes ee: ae ON BEAR RIVER. ry
0 Apatian af latitude, August 2h, 1843—altidndeg of Relates
OBSERVATIONS.
4 Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Be 3 Deg. min. sec. he min. © see.
84 0 20 10 19
84 10 30 2Z
, She 1&5. 20 ? ae.
a at. 86,
84. 14, +10 pM Fy
84 14. 040 26 13
84 16 10 27 46.
00 54
84 17 20 29 54
s4. 18 20 Si, 4%
oi gies Aadgsvercat, =“ 20 see:
g rt : RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. om es time. : Latitude,
: ei
® : =
Deg. min. sec. Ae. mine. sec. Deg. min. set.»
42 05 & S fh, 4! ms US 6FE,

Determination of latitude, August 21, 1843—meridian alliludes of a
HAVE 222 30 Sas Wigt LOE

2A Xp a Mes ee “OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of a ‘Aquile.
= z ze :
ee ae Se he mine sre.
Tra el 10 : 10 53 18
112 53 40 55 5t
a) 10 Sy 2
, 112 54 59 9 @5
112 bl 55 1 ee 47
1t2. , &1 00 : 04 55
112 47 20 07 21
cnn
te oe Be % Index exror = — 30 sec. 7 ease
wf ‘ r

aEsurt 0 oF F catcutat 1.

; ee 4 .

388 : +

ener ‘OBSERVATIONS. | ae

: Sips
7

“Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. | Time of chronometer.

Deg. min, sec. : he min, seo :
igs 4g5 ae oS ee “

, eS age 30 18 31 ;
fae 35 1 rf
. Jt a=" 06 f= SF
}ige a0 25 20° 5!
118° 44 40 ol
118° «4380 age: gPe
Index error — -+- 1 min. 25 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION., -
True altitude —— time of transit. - Latitude. ~
nin. ~ sec. h. im pe 7 ea. mitt. eee.
5, ie 39 38 : : & 6 : Az 10 97
We eo" ooh =

a

Determination . idtbende, august 24, 1B Rniiserdilian ie alle 12 the

Rae . OBSERVATIONS.

.

cn ie —.
Vouble altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. ae Tine " chronometer. ;

i es ae tile re ; ee
- ie ere ie si i. eg rape
“oe i g 44 %
ee j

Ines ear =} Fin 92 ae

389 [14]
- ENCAMPMENT ON BEAR RIVER. — 2

Determination of longitude, 4ugust 24, 1843—oltitudes of Arcturus.
OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES.

| SECOND SERIES.
|

Double altitudes of | 'Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of . | Time of chronometer.
Arcturus. ; Arcturus. ‘ Bete a

kh. min. sec. | Deg. min. sec. h.
48 .

min. min. sec.
52 57 .-50 9 oe * 61 ~ 08 .°40 10 «04 ~~ «56.5
25 11. 40 10 Ot 51 50 40 00 - 06 00.0
BL 95,00). ws 80 || O19 10 2 06 58.0
> . whe +

Index error’ — 30 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Mean time. Advance. 7

h. min. sec h. min. sec. ‘Deg. min. sec.”

&. 38 1 14... 21.9 itl 42 05

.

Determination of latitude, August 24, 1843—altitudes of chan AE

OBSERVATIONS. es
4
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Shes tise i 7 ad oe ee =
by ae 3 By rSiee: ae: Oo &2
Deg. min| see. -@ h. min. — see. «
“3 85 17 dN 2 oa 10 bE
85 18 50 i 6 hl
. oe To : 54
85 20 00 13 45
85 19 20 14 35
85 wa: FO 16 51
8 2 20° . 1g 19
85 24 30 20 83=—(«O7
85 25 20 20 58
85 26 22 05
Index error — — 30 sec.
&
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
* : *
Pe min. see. h. min Sec.
390s 9 Ol 50
i el

ENCAMPMENT AT BEER SPRINGS.
Determination | of latitude, Hit sf 85, 18439 BAO) Wop y ainltes of
e sun. > 3

% Kee ag nee 2EINRS Tew

wy is

na it a alee tina | "Tino ern skivert

SI f. FUNG:

o eae
wo ae oe, 7 ” hap Shee

t i pe =
a s net St 20 sec. a
~

RESULT 0 F CALCULATION.
aie y easton. EPS ry Weare t, po are: © eo wos} roacinenateel

3 i Bite wut las rott t
h. min. see. . Min, sec.
: j 2 “a0. i
‘ 1 6 42 39 57
no6 * <
Na
SP ccm pee}
’ Beds Ps 3 2 : as
rc | . 3 we Ea
Sb. $s £43 1s, ae
i ae me Oi 28 «de .
Mteg, 21 . i Se ee 7
cae | i
. Be. ng Os: ak ee
<p <? 2 ay ae fe
is “-

SavER.t q sae BN

Caw]

MENT AT BERR SPRINGS...
a Reseerination:af spay gtd 25, 1813—altitudes afte SUN

- . OBSERVATIONS. .

~- FIRST SERIES.

i _of the | Time of chronometer. e | Time of chronometer.
‘sun’s lower limb. & sun’s lower limb. = ‘
Ps ou ooh bs i
Deg. min. sée. he min Deg. min. sec. \y fh. min. sec.
33 2 6 24 23.0

Ce parle’ Haas _ ‘Index error == a eee Sed ate. eid
albutite : dened te cat 4 aba z
. (RESET OF caneriatios. :
ae. sae ae it es os
-« Mean time.» > Advance. _ >
i Win. ate. min. —-8Pe. Deg. min. are.
5.- 09 44 ‘ee Sa in. a.”
BUARSOR MOR LB. edit ge Ee. ‘ Estab Es
i bb #

BLE ROCK

» ak

NOON HALT AT THE ENTRANCE OF THE . eis PASS WITH —
REMARKA

ats,

oer earner i sense tee

- onsenvamions.

=~ pareaneaneeie ee

a eres of latitude, Aug 29, 1843. Se ae ndash

Pe ik ba

Doste alte of en's owe fi

4 eg. a ak :
bg “or 50 4
4 502 20 :
Senet dubia semadiia min 28 ie —_
webez ” :

ee OS * gig I See zee. SOT

RESULT ocd eg LATION.

ks it

Lie
i 174] 392
.NOON HALT ON A BRANCH OF ROSEAUX, OR REED RIVER.
Determination of latitude, August 30, 1813—meridiun altitudes of
: the s :

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of the sun's lower limb. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec. . h. min. — see.
HZ. 06-36 1 12
is: se 12 «41
13.2905 ~~ 20 sy. = =
113. 05 <=20 13-53
< , Index error = + 1! min. 22 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Apparent time of transit. *~ ‘Etitade.
Deg sec h. min. see min. see.
56 48 46 1 ll 42 eat”. 22.
e a ee
vc oS a bit 29 B E ‘ : om
NOON HALT AT A oe A la —— FROM ROSEAUX
enn of latitude, ean * 1843—meridian altitudes of the
t 8 i . hia 3 y # ra ae B 3 LF Piste _ OBSERVATIONS. ! ts . ‘ zs ibe 2
~~ Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer.
‘ee :
“= Deg. min. ~ sec: h. min. see.
ee 52 ae Se
112 6L 15 13 07
51 : : .
112 50 50 : 15 2
tT "tt “to te 291
im. 49 3% 7
48 10 18 34
=~ 112 46 50 19 - 64
fe,
ple ire ‘ -~ oe

Index eror =} 1 min 20 sec.

. ce "RESULT oF — :
"Apparent ie of tt ~~ Latitude.
* ; with i
Deg, min. $C. ;

BITE , BNGAMPMENT ON THE. ROSEAUX. »

rm ination of longitude, Sept. 1, 1843—altitudes of the sun.

OBSE RVAT IONS.

FIRST SERIES. “| | SECOND SERIES. 5
ria ¥ j ; =
Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
sun’s lower limb. . sun’s lower lim
ee 8 Ok
min. set. © h. min. see. Deg. mins sec h. min. sec.
39° 95; 5 48 08.5 ; 2
4. 15 48 45.4 40 31 10 5 eu
- “i-—--T?---60 49°" ~~ 23:0 29°06 28" 01.0
41-00 #50 40> 0663-7c|lboris soba
.48 66. 24.5
; Mi Ae aN ee. eae .
Paetin. Index error = + 1 min. 25 sec.

ge gceth sho tiik oe ae
‘RESULT OF CALCULATION. _ ‘

Advance.

min. 8ee.

|
|
|
min. sec. ‘| h. - see
| 1 ll 56.1

n of latitude, Sept 2, 1843—altitudes ieaeameal

.BUrhae 279723 ss SALSEO TESTE ‘i
OBSERVATION. a al ee x
“ peers Ohi he E fi — > as ae 4

ee ae De Pee 7 i oa 4 z i es ee
- = ees ee <a ie oa as Re ie soe Ne
Revert ye 2 eee ure heos 2
;

ibe B. Se de eee ~
qs aad "8. "16. at i - gl og) 0
is ¥ ee Pe i CS. > eet /
: ee baie _ . Ca
Se Se ay ‘ a SOSA eee
a

pay: 394
ENCAMPMENT ON BEAR RIVER, NEAR TTS MOUTH.
“Determination of latitude, Sept. 2, V843-Laltitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitudes of Polaris.

|
ass perl elt
ae 5aF . ¥
10° 4
; *

y F -—
Index error = —'30 see. 0 ip
a ‘ a 4G

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

True altitude. Mean time. = Latitude.

; h. min. sec. * Deg. min, sec.
EES 133 8°52 24 “8 30°27

“earners

+ : .

“Determination of longitude, Sept. 2, 1813—altitudes of « Andromedz.

OBSERVATIONS.

_ » e

FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.

~~Double-altitudes-of « | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes. of a Time of chronometer.
eaprormeds ty conf cone : 1 ne ‘ © nga, Mbt

4

53.5 81 31 91g ti | ae

see. : eee Deg. h. min. SEC.
a ee CSE Bl 08 R20) Sho «28 (06.0
a 25° 29
40 27 03.0 || 81 48 20 29

“Index enor = +1 min 95 eis.
zt = ene

a RESULT oF. CALOULATION, ____. a

—_:

‘ 395 . pay
‘BNCAMPMENT ON BEAR RIVER, NEAR ITS MOUTH.
inition of te latitude, Sept. -2,1843—meridian allitudes of «2. quite,

OBSERVATIONS. .

pene" Deg.” ‘min. ° “see: he min’ “see.
mm lggyeel eu oo om ae

—ra me —
eh st. “Index error == —'30 sec. e:

RESULT OF ee als

True altitude. | Apparent tne ofan Latitude.

Degi'min. sec. . hh. ~ min.’ sec. welt cant
57 00s 88 oe ho

Determination of sciceuas Bal 1843—emersion ce Iisa’.
third: satellite.

Obscrvediad’ 2494 %0 AT Mes n time. Te TEP MOTL9 Pdngitade.

&, Ae eee x hee 530 te uke Nc grand ti men tat %

mee ach Yn oe Yous bs
i a

h. min. sec. ae ae 3
A SS, «sn e:. "3. = eA es ee
Maen: Wy Sore : Seth: Set ate Tie aa “SS Sa ci aad

* _— j iad
~ “\Emersion of Jupiter's fourth weil. Cad
Observed time. * Meantime.
“sec. - h. min
ll 93 —29 9 51 AT

4 44, 3396
{aud
ENCAMPMENT ON BEAR RIVER, NEAR ITS MOUTH.
_Determinution of longitude, September 3, 1843—altitudes of the sun.

ee

OBSERVATIONS.
FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.
Double altitudes of the | ‘Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
sun’s lower limb. |. sun’s lower limb. . yi
Deg. min. sec. — h. min. see. 4 Deg. min
46 40535 |” 8 50 05.0 7 54
46 55 50 50 46.7 03
BGR Bis. cece ae 51° 22:0 48 15
ae. 16 13.5 48 24
42 40 52 =54.6 48 37
Index error — + 1 min. 25 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. » Advance. . Longitude.
h. min. sec. 2 h. min. see. ‘ min. ee.
mS 8 41 27 ES S| 28.6 112, wee 46
w <S4 1a =e s9 ra : seve ? :

—e

_ ENCAMPMENT AT THE MOUTH OF BEAR RIVER.
| Seton of latitude, Sept. 3, 1843—meridian altitudes of the sun.

we ; OBSERVATIONS.
~~ Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. "Time of chronometer. To
a ERIE R SO Rear: Sma ee ere fot ms
Deg. min. see. h. min. sée.
111 35 ee “fee
jE, | a TT a 1) ‘
Ill, 41 35 = 10.5: Obeoast
lil 41. 35 10. 57
= 111 40 40 12 wa ses’
111 40 40 ‘ 1S
lll 40 2% 43 60
111 30 =
. h. min. see. Deg. min. “.
4 ane ieee + “oe Pad Sine

- a EH a yet Te See Nae ae ae he
| * 307 = free
ENCAMPMENT: AT THE MOUTH OF BEAR RIVER. +
| Deteomiiation of tatirude, Septeniber 9 4, 1843—meridian altitudes of o
“gui

s

; OBSERVATIONS. “cd

; * Double altitude: of « Aquile. ‘ Time of chronometer. al

Deg. Min. min. set.

114.- 00. 40 10. 06 00

114. 00. 20 : ov. 15 ‘
* 1f8 jo 59 08 50

Pe ak 67, 15 ; 10 57

7s. 66 CN‘ if «64 >
%

Index error = + 1 min. 25 sec.

RESULT OF CALEULATION.
Apparent time of transit.
oe 4%
Dig. min. s°e. 7 h. min. sre.
. ST. 00 4 10° OF 3
.

Determination ff latitude, Seplember 3,1848—allitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS. + mgr,
aa 2: ha cr eet ee a ae se oe
ke ; : ioe oe
"Dookie attitudes of Polaris. T we of chronometer. _ *
* Deg. min, sft. séc.
° 9 40 10 * 53
| mea | sees 17
a a. 1849
a: 4 = (08 20,7. 00
ee if 2 ee
: im
Index error = -+ | mir. 25 sec.
‘s
RESULT OF CALCULATIONS
- ‘True altitude. * Meantime + | Latitude.
—_ : :

hb. min. see.
9 v7 2

Deg. min. set.
at 22

y

on of longitude, Srptember alk 4

OU $a Rh AS

Soran enter ean

i

j

i .

?

nS

S +

f

i
a a ae

Index ror — 4 T min, 25 soo.

Pas core ean vie bili Zh $a

RESULT An ‘CALCULATION.

h, min see

ie

—

oe longitude 112° 19/ SS

t
#

: id ia : [ 274 }
ON. WERERS FORK

Releomingtimationtint Sept. 7, 1843—altituden of the sum

OBSERVATIONS.
. FIRST SERIES. | SECOND SERIES. *
Double altitudes. of the | Time, of chronometer. Double altitudes of the | - Time of chronometer,
sun’s lower limb. ; i sun’s lower limb. dail al flee
Deg. min. see. ‘ i min. see: Deg. min. sre h. min. s€t«
39: 2% 29 S od 0 10 1 8 St 34 +
39 00 31. 59.2 49 40 2 34. 43.0
a: a 99) 32 34.5 40 51 40 33. 12.4
00 38, 16,0 41. 08. 26 35. 44.3
40, “19 00 33 ay 41 13 50 36 «14.5

Index error = gs 1 min. 40 sec.

RESULT OF CALCULATION:
: aor

Mean'time: | —— Adanees_ Longitude)
;
h. min. see. | he min. - see. Deg. ming. see.
22 1 0s 324 112. 06s 43

Determination of lutitude, Sept. 7, \843—-meridian allitudes of the sun.

pene ae OBSERVATIONS. 3g 2
= Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. : Time of chronometer. a

109 09 10. r 92 5a
109 09’ 35 93 °~ 63 Hae
109 69. . 30 05 Ls ale ieee
109 09 56 .
109 0d 30 08 93 :
109 o 25 08 4
109 ae 55 ¢@ 09 28
109 «08S 20 ia ty
109 07 Se *11 02

56

3 [183 '

ee ek ee lila,

400°

SS
JIN

ae ——— aces
We Sade aste tO f UPS

«. Detirtination (Of longitude, Sept. 7, 1843-allitudes of the aah ‘

*

RESULT oF CALCULA TON.

Par ecto et
> FIRST SERIES. — | $ SECOND SERIES, :
co t 6S Ad ETy = _ ,
eater reat pl “the ‘Time of ch ronom: eters! |) DauBle antiniads ths Tin poy mcter
sun’s lower limb, SEL PMS sun’s lower limb. hig it v9 ;
Pee. min. sée. AS mins sec, Deg. min, ‘see. he min, see.
‘roe 16 & 3 56:6 40 37 50 53. 3% 3T7
‘41 18 (30 “35° 46.0 40 27 45 ; Set 08m
07 «10 oh > 388 36h 40 19 10 38-282
‘40 56 40 - 3 46%: 40 08 35 33 «56I8
"40 «446 ©=«30 37 «136 || @40° 00. 50 39: 1705
ee Dread 4 Peat ‘82 fee. .
RESULT OF CALCULATION,
Mean time. Advance, Longitude.
hee mins. see. he ming see’ de ven 4,
4: 29° 6 1°08" 14.4 = Ze
fas. siahadeinaive ON WEBERS FORK, VERY NEAR: THE MOUTH).
| Determinatign of longitude, Sept. 8, 1843—altiiudes of the sun.
OBSERVATIONS. mage
wee ¥ 7 —
“ws FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES, cert
Double altitudes of the E Time of chronometer. |! Double altitudes of the. Time of chronometer.
’ . sun's lower limb. . - un’s lower limb. ae
ill. i rete
- E ae
min, ‘ in ie min. 8é€t.
26 14.02 os rea fos 28. 41.5
-26 49.5 [em4a. 02 cay 29 10:0
27 «21.7 a (58 ga 22 380
27 49:0 Ge. a2 43 go; 30 02.8
2313.3 42 29 oO (42.5
Index eri ax iat 1 min. wT sec.,

401

camey |

ENC ON. ‘WEBER'S FORK, VERY NEAR THE MOUTH.

f latitude, September 8, 1843—allitudes of Polaris. ©

: = OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer,
"ee Deg. min. . sec. h. min. ~ sec,
ee S19 10 04 02
83 14 20 . 06 37 x
83 15... 30 08 24
83 17 00 10. 41
83 18 20 12 4%
Index error = -+ 1 min. 40 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude,
ce ADEs Mitte: CC ae Deg. MIN. BEC.
| By peers 5. te” 3 41 iL 36%

ON THE ISLAND IN THE GREAT SALT LAKE.
_ Determination of latitude, Sept. 9, 1843—meridian altitudes of the sun.
OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer.

Deg. min See. he min. sec.

5 ae 107-246 10 ‘0 59. ae ee
107 ME 36 S Be 23% ee
107-4820 PRLS! Sag > rap ere > i

“ MOG 40-530 08 SEB ie
i 4 5 a yes . 39
10%: 46=; 3b | Ofice Bb
107; 40° 80 08: 0s
107, 49 10 06 §=©00
107. ‘4900 06° . 56
107: 48> 45 «g, OTE BE
107 : 45 06:5 432
igg-; 37 «30 09° «28 :
10m: av (oe 10° 42
107: 46: 49 ‘ TKS ae

‘
Pp 7 : Se TE ta ca re:

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

-— aS

3 r
ee 402
* ON THE ISLAND IN THE GREAT SALT LAKE.
ination of longitude, September 9, 1843—altitudes of reer.
OBSERVATIONS. ?

FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.

i
|
; Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
Arcturus. Arcturus. :

Deg. min. sec. min. sec. _ Deg. min. sec. h. -min
58 58 50 8 33- 53.0 54 5350 44 47.0
oR 0 16 36... 18.5 54-22. 50 46 04.6.
57 29 40 37. 50.5 53... 59. 00 47 09.2
56 53 40 39. 29.6 53 28 ~— (00 48 33.0
56 20 . 20 40 54.0 52 49 50 50 =-:13.0

Index error = -+ 1 min. 40 sec.

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

: Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
h. min. see. h. min. see. _ Deg. min. see.
7 $4.55:29 5" 1 O08 - 02.6 112 ©“ 21.: 05
* es NOON HALT IN THE MUD.

Determination of Kc latitude, Sept. 10, 1843—meridian altitudes of th thesun.

e 7
OBSERVATIONS.

Pod
» Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer.
=
|
Deg. min. sec. hk. min. set.
* 106 56 50 ] 01
4 106. 57%. 20 L 02 55
| 106; . 87, 15 04. «14,
- $ 106 56° 05 24.
. 106 «56 06. 31
“10Gse. 552, 55 40
106. 54 10 10 O04,
106. 53: ; -20 * 10 42,
2 as Index error —-1 mini 40 sec. *

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Appt ie ot tana

403 , Time7

| ENCAMP} OF SEPTEMBER 7 é
of time, Repieber 11, 1843—altitudes of the sun.
OBSERVATIONS,

FIRST SERIES, SECOND SERIES,
°

Deuble poor — the | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. _-
‘stih’s low sun’s lower limb. - .

Deg. min. see. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec h. min

39. 19 “1p 5 32 05.6 38 «17 5 | 34

39 05 2 3241.5 03 «50 35 = - 26.7

38 53 20 33. 12.7 37. 58 28 35 «55.0

38 40 50 33 45.5 37. 4310 36 =
38 29° 10 oa ane 37° 29S 20 Ps 37

Index error — + 1 min. 40 sec..

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Mean time. | Advance. si 2

min. sec.

|
h. min. - see.
35 05 59.4 -:

n>

Determination of time, September 12, 1843—altitudes of the sun. ’

OBSERVATIONS. Fe

__FIRST SERIES.

]
Double altitudes dthis Time of chronometer: "Double alte ofthe ee i citcciinai”
sun’s lower limb. a ’s lower limb. —~
i
Deg. min. sec. hk. min 8 « mins sec. - gee.
48 50 40 8 59 39.5 49 42 00 9 ol 59.4.
49 03 45 9 00 140 |. 49 00 eo
49-14-20 00 43.2 49 67 50 02 44.6
49 23 00 01 06.4 50 00 03 (12.4
49 32 40 ol 34.5 50 17 35 03 40.3. =
| E

Index error = -+ 1 min. 40 sec. af
RESULT oF CALCULATION. ee

Bes; t ee

Best Sigs at :
h. min. sec. A
, a 1

The daily losing rate of the chronometer, obtained from the observations at this place, is 32.72:

rf ete SP

penne ON BEAR RIVER, SOUTH = THE aera MAIN SATO.

a of longitude, Sept 13, 1843—altitudes ofa Aguile. — :

Laer OBSERVATIONS. | x
= Ey > ae - 3 “ana
oo Double altitudes of a Aquile. Time of chronometer.
: =e ; : P ‘ “ i= pee = 22 thee .
Deg. min, sec. h. min. see.
ee tet 13s" i gS cas | 40
. 87 50 StIeT 42 ae.
‘ 3230 ; 42
aa On Ue : 45 07
“26 49 66 46 08
_ - : “= a , = > .
— = Index error = + 1 min. 40 sec.
a RESULT OF CALCULATION. :
:
Mean time. Advance. | Longitude.
he : ;
Sine
= -s
Pe hk. min. sec. h. min. see.
ees ine ted 30 43 < 31 16.5
a nner eT vt Rere-rse eee gE S|
i m3 ae a5 : ee rca 7 =
RO Longitnde. 90, oe
1 RNG ieee a a8 28 «= 20.8 a

ined by the emersion_ fa chronometrie
7 an ttt te Das of the Gaui aaron a Y.

Se ee RO a ee Sate ere Lee

i a Sie iat aa aca

4 — 405 Teva 2
ENCAMPMENT ON BEAR RIVER, SOUTH OF THE GAP—A MAIN STATION.

*,
RS
fa

| Determination of longitude, September 13, 1843—altitudes of o Lyre.

OBSERVATIONS,
Double altitudes of a Lyre. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. see. A min. 8€C. ‘
80 49 00 12... oat
zy 80 20 33 51.5
79 12 00 36 0
. at
sont Index error = + 1 min. 40 sec.
ee a ’ *
; RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. - Advance: ~ ~ Longitude.
#
~ Determination of longitude, September 14, 1843—altitudes of the sun.
OBSERVATIONS. Sees
FIRST SERIES. : * SECOND SERIES.
ochiorsninilas’GFUse| 155s et ctnonoencter. | Dende cidicled Mlb | Boas OF chronometer
sun’s lower li sun’s lower limb. or
in. see. h. min. 8 Deg. min. sec. “he -min. _ see.
42 12 00 5&6 16 18.5 40 24 15 6-421» 213
17 aT 40 10 20 21 59.7
41 18... 05 18 50.3 39.. 69 246 22 «29.2
41 00 19 28.0 39. a6. 74 23 «00.4
40 48 25 20 «12.4 39 37 = «630 23 «30.4
Index error = +- 1 min. 39 sec.
. RESULT OF CALCULATION. =

— ;
pag =<
— ml r __—
$=
ewe Pathe ae bait %

Se Sr a 2

406

ENCAMPMENT ON ROSEAUX, OR REEDIRIVER.

—
* ca

—* of longitude, September 15, 1848—cltitudes of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.
e FIRST SERIES. | SECOND SEEIES.
“Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the} Time of chronometer.
sun’s lowerlimb. |. sun’s lower’ limb.
Deg. min. sec. ~ h. min, sec. | Deg. min. sec. h. min. see
| 58 54.5 || 46 05 10 56.0
47 15 00 59 392 || 45 50 30 03 38.3
‘47 02 30 5 00 20st 45. °" se - 26 09.8
46 48 00* 00 55.0 45 18 10 05 10.0
4G 3-36. 109 ol 5 45 05 56.0
Index error = ++ 1 min. 38 sec.
2 : RESULT OF CALCULATION. -
peieenic eter i a ah te
Mean time Advance. Longitude.
h. min. sec. h, min. see. Deg. min. sec.
: 3 58 00 1 04 21.8 112 18 5.

: Determination of latitude, Sept. 15,1843—meridian altitude ofa Aquile.

Double altitudes of « Aquile.

OBSERVATIONS.

Time of chronometer.

|
:

A... Mine gee.
ol 20: *
03 1
05 ©? 61
0s 45
10 OL 5
11 4° 07:
13.43 2655
14 52
i6 0s
i 17 31
Tndex error — 4 1 mitt. 84 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
| Apparent time of transit. Latitude. —
he min. see. Deg. min. sets
5 eee a hee

a

ee ENCAMPMENT ON ROSEAUX, OR REED RIVER. |
€ Ee aT ES ck ae ; :
Determination of latitude, September 15, 1843—altitudes of Polaris.

eo ; » OBSERVATIONS. é z.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min, sec. * h. min, sec
03 50 2 al ~
85 05 20 ? 22 09
$5 464» (06 30 = 23 17 cs
07 00 48
85 ‘09 26 12
Index error = + 1 min. 34 sec.
: RESULT OF CALCULATION. :
True altitude. ae eae Latitude.
Deg. ‘win. sec. h. “min. sec. | Deg. mine sec.
42 32 «OBL e619 10 oc en ee
) ENCAMPMENT ON PANNACK RIVER. ”
Determination of longitude, September 17, 1843—altiludes of the sun.
' OBSERVATIONS. © ae
. * FS
~ a - = = - | ; ‘cage aac ae
sep PATAE BSc i Hl SECOND SERIES». <T
Double alflindes. of the | Time of chronometer. || Double alti of the | Time of chronometer,
sun’s lower limb. —j sun’s lower limb. <4 ee
Deg. min. . sec. h. min. sec Deg. min see.
47 20 40 i 22.0 46 93 DO. 4 57 07.4
47 07 60 : 54 58.3 46 1% ,80 24d 24s; 67 98.4
46 56 .20 55 32.5 45 59 plO » 58 15.6
46 46 - 60 55 «58.2 45 48 00 . 68 48.0
46 38 45 56 22.0
Index error = 4 1 min. 35 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
~~" Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
ee sbitie.s Fig elt fois cami
o ae
ast h. min. see. h. min. see. . min, sec.
se b. 4 141 M2 129 52
a tS eee ah Ge

—pm] ve

ENCAMPMENT ON PANNACK RIVER. | *
Searrenination of latitude, Sept. 17, 1843—altitudes of Polaris. ©
ges ;

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris, : Time of chronometer. Dog
Deg. min. see. h. min. ‘see.
7 +30 8 3 5d
a 85 20 36 (Ol
85 38 40 $ 37 28
+85. 2-39 30 38 3
$8645 41 > 10 39 53
a? 85 Al 00 41 29
85 43 10 42 57
eros a 85 44 15 43 55 i
85 45 20 44 54 :
& Fe 85 46 00 46 31
+ I RRS Si an a ee ae ee - - 2

Index error = +- 1 min. 36 sec.

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

_ True altitude. Mean time. Latitude...

Ey ; &
a es min. sec. “Sh. min. * see. : Deg. min. ste.
e 50-30 % 36 Sg 42 44 25

=

G Qetermination of _ See Sept. 17,1843—meridian altitudes ofa Aquila.
* OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitudes of a Aquile. Time of chronometer. _
' zs é
: min. sec h. min. sec.
~eill Js." to 8 49 ~ 41
i Ui 12... Bo SS 4t a
ir 21 20 5418
: i “HY $2 240: $5 seg <a
= ra lil 23 | 50 57 10 aie
HEE lit is Cap 9 00 (08
sg ar sat MAY 26 ( 02 3a
. eS i we Oss 04 © 06
: ii. #6 0 06 © 84 :
eee, SEE BA 00 i ee e
2 EEE 21 55 08 69
. hoe as os Py : Z a ie) ye
we : Index error — + 1 min. 36 sec.
, ieee RESULT OF CALCULATION. a
Latitude. oa
44 45

i AL meta, ad :
7. * 409 ‘ ier 3
. ENCAMPMENT ON PANNACK RIVER. ©

Determination of longitude, September 18, 1843—altitudes of « Lyre.

OBSERVATIONS.
~~ "Double altitudes of a Lyre. Time of chronometer. -
* *
— te : *
Deg. min. sec. mh. min. omy 2
55-/'t | 6E: io 80 L831.) 44.00) more
56-23 £20 : 33 ab Swe eo ay
53, 20 34 40.0 S
. 54> 26 30 36 00.4
ae ae E30 i 37 64.0
ee ee 8S BOS 5 80 39 —- 22.0
Pea ae *%
. Index error = ++ 1 min. 39 sec.
ee RESULT OF CALCULATION. ome
Mean time. _ _ Advance. ,
ee - » : 5 peer
hh. min, sec. h. min. sec.
Oh PRs 0 6 . 1 Shex3s.8
‘ , SS
eer Emersion of Jupiter’s first satellite. ‘
. = z +
i - =
"Ie min. see. h. min. see. Deg. min. see.
1 20 21 0 16 08 1 32 ae
*
a ee ti =
|
= ‘ : ~
* wie 4 -

pia]

s

410

AT FORT HALL.

a
€,

Determination of longitude, September 21, 1843—altitudes of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.
5
FIRST SERIES. i SECOND SERIES. ie
de ao : -|
ble altitudes of the} ‘Time, of chronometer. Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
ebb tic. sun’s lower limb.
Deg. min. ste. h. min. sec. Deg. min, ‘see. “h. min. see.
56 . 29 ».900 d 9 34 22.0 57 §=16 4500 tS 36... $7.2
gh <5 0. 00 34 55.5 57 24 00 Sta 11.0-
“Se ot bu 35” S14 SS eS 37
or. Ul 35 a PRs 3 bz .@9, 10 ¢ 37 69.4
G7 Of. (16 “36 “21.4 S747 10 38 24.3
Index error — +- 1 min. 37 sec.
“7 RESULT OF CALCULATION. rs
. “te se San 23 ae
Mean time. > Advance. Longitude. m
sd bss
* h. min. sec. - min. sec. Deg. min. sec.
8 34 20 eee peek BEG 112 639 C64
ee - a
oe — ae
a
4 + ‘e
*
ees ‘

: ef
sth
*» Sail *

ns ea ‘aT ‘FORT HALL.

en. :
[ 174]

. jae Fae

y ‘
' Determination — latitude, wa gg 21,. 1843-—meridian valtitudes.of

. OBSERVATIONS. =
=
Double altitudes of’ the sun’s lower limb. te Time of chronométer. <j. —
oe min. . ec. A, min, see.
ie 45 00 Oo YuS S@E
994 «45 — (55 44 6004
* oe ey 4 20 “AL £52
oh “47 50 04 £237
94 0°48 20 146 5208
94 049 30 46 6851
‘ “94 '50 00 47 6025
: 894 S61 00 ¥ 0048 <202
94 61 20 48 6040
Re és * 994 652 00 49 §°33
: 594 263 40 } Cc5L.. S026
= (94.. chs 30 61 «806s
994 263 40 é 82 Seg
194 ‘SA 20 1253 2
194 “54 00 Be53. 2050
994 064 10 a4 045
94 53 55 55 21
3 94 63 55 ‘66 12
94 54 00 56 43
94 53 40 57 21
94 53 00 58 52
a 59 1 o
= BT ia i 00 29 Hs
~~ & 94 61 —_—-— ~~ 6k —09-—_—__-
«ee ~~. 50 59 ai} ae”: See
* supe ee 49 40 “O92 ing we Bre Be
oe ‘ a: Garner Sekvces <i Saul 2 a Se
at me 4 13
i = ;
e Index error = =} 1-min. 37 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Ie
True altitude. Apparent time of transit. » Latitude.
. \
Deg. min. see. he. min. see. Deg. min, sec.
47 "3 » 08 0 55 ii 43 ol 30
*

& z : >. : : * bay.

w [ 174 a 2 412 4 %
_ ENCAMPMENT ON SNAKE RIVER, ABOVE THE AMERICAN FALLS.

Determination of latitude, September 24, 1843—meridian altitudes of —
the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.
. — :
Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer. ~
Deg. min, sec h. min. ~ see.
92 57 05 0 46 i840 F
92 57 50 46
92 58 25 47
. 92 59 15 48 24
93 00 10 49 28.
ats 10 21
9 00 15 51 12
93 00 50 52 14
93 00 35 53 ="
93 00 30 53 268 > oF
92 59 40 55 "
93 00 05 55 51
40 ; 36
92 59 20 57 121
30 58 ¥ :
92 67 50 59 02
s Index error —= ++ 1 min. 47 sec.
‘ RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True central altitude. Apparent time of transit. Latitude.
Deg. min. sec h. min. sec Deg. min. set.
46 46 0 53 42 48 ated
a
. . :
i sane: ono
»

*

‘ “aia

[ames

ENCAMPMENT ON ‘SNAKE RIVER, ABOVE THE AMERICAN FALLS.. %

\ Determination of a tong September 2 24, 1843—altitudes Of the sun.

ae

OBSERVATIONS.

#

FIRST SERIES.

he
|

>).

SECOND SERIES.

altitudes Of the | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
sun’s lower limb. - sun’s lower limb ; E
Deg. min. see. hh. min. sec. Deg. min. sec h. min. © sec.
35 07 8650 5 -* 3e 22.8 334 0 FS aeeie 13.4
34. 52 00 13 06.4 3 20 17. 08.0. --
34... 39 ae. 13... 44.5 33° 6:10.) 40 17. 56.5
34. 9 ae” 14 24.0 33 00 50 18 26.0
34° UR. 2 ¢ 15. 36.0 {i 32. 47. ~00 19 . 04.2
Index error = -+ 1 min. 47 sec. —
RESULT OF ee
"Advance. * Longitude.
h. min. _ see. h. = min. SEC. Deg. - min. sec.
rr $0 ee ee H2 4640 13

. * :
Determination of latitude, seed sis 1843—meridian altitudes’ of
* a Aguile ¥/ ‘ *

£ OBSERVATIONS. =
ys RES ee Se ee ee,
ies Double: altivodes ihe Xai Time or chronometer, _ fe
Deg: min. set. he ming ee
i=: 8 . 8 Pa :
11t8e 4986 3 36 = 50
ill 20 25 bad ‘ ¢ 28. 28
lll 20 50 30 14
111 20 20 32 03°
lil 20 20 34 05°
111c> 18?) 262 3s eee ,
lil 17 50 36 -* 37
lll 16 00 38 ome
Index error wait nee aen
RESULT OF CALCULATION. |
of — | ees
Apparent a transite: Latitude,
he min. -
8..30-

ENCAMPMENT ON SNAKE RIVER, ABOVE THE AMERICAN FALLS)
Determination of latitude, September 24, 1843—altitudes of Polaris...

tee, OBSERVATIONS. c .

Double altitudes of . Polaris. Time of chronometer.

16 00 8 46 21

86 17 20 48 22
8 26 49

86 19 40 51 49

86 24 40 54 il

Index’ error == + 1 min. 45 see.

*
a ; RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec, Deg. min. seé.
43 09 7 19 42
4 nog HALT ON SNAKE RIVER, -
Determination of jatétende, Sept. 28, 1843—meridian altitudes of the sun.
OBSERVATIONS.
” ‘Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer.

Deg. min. sec. h.. min. ~ see. a

89. 42 50 0 55 0s

: 80% 49: 15 @ 55. 56

43 00 56 40

89 cc 42.4: 4 ° 57. 15

9. 42-10 57... 56

89 <4 41-2550 58: 32

89.2 41s 10 59. 17

& 89 40 00 1 00 I
14 80-<: 37 ac 45
. 89 35... 2v 03, 41
RESULT OF CALCULATION. oe
ers Wk os et 6” Bo ete ee

: i ae eer r S s ae

ee en MS ore i Es 4 oe MES. es tg ca Se ia
o + 415 :. (ie
___ ENCAMPMENT, ON. ROCK CREEK. OF ‘SNAKE RIVER, -
Determination a. latitude, Seplantee 29, 1843—altitudes of Flare c

celia maibeun
é
Doublevaltitudes.of Polaris. ~ . Time of chronometer.
. ‘= % “ti
Deg,...min,. sec. @ h." min. see.
86: 05 40 9 09
86 07 10 2 EERE
6. 08 00 TS! 25 >
86, 08 . 50 13%) 22
86. 10 | 40 14. 42
g 86 10 40 16 «44 *

86 11 25 16 50

1 50 18 48

1 50 19, 62

86 15 10 21 31

oo. Index error = ++ 1 min. 45 sec.
** ite “@ . —*
ee RESULT OF CALCULATION. . ae
4
True altitude. “Mean time. Latitude.
J > ae < ee
Deg. min. see. h. min. see. ei min. sec. 4
43 05 06. Wee ee ee 26: 2i
i

" OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of #Andromede.
i . a
_. ¥
Deg. ‘min... sec. dees: kh. min. 4
100° 16° 10 oO 26 33. -
100: 45 40 26 «63° ‘
101 vs Wf # 60 3 @ 31° 9% *
a = .

Index error = + Vinin. 45 sec.

a ine. Se aK * z ad SR Sp ht a a eee eT
ey Be ee SRE A ute

cama] _* | 416 en

ENCAMPMENT ON Suite RIVER, OPPOSITE TO THE RIVER SPRINGS.

rs

Determination of longitude, Se eptember 30, 1843—altitudes of the sun.
*

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. _ “eae Time of chronometer.
: eS ;
=
Deg. min. sé. _ he. min. ~~ sees
ai, 00 8 SM o6gs.% :
25-< STage 50 16 | 16.0
$ 26.. 15°; 40 7 S007.
2 30° ° 39.0
27>. 46-. 00 21 © 24.5
* * =
Index error = + 1 min. 45 sec. a
r ‘ »
ee A : RESULT OF CALCULATION. b
* Meantime. Advance. - Longitude. *
h. min. sec. he min. ae Deg. min. “sec.
itil cee 1. 03. sas 114. 25 04
2 +
=<
¥ -
i
OBSERVATIONS. :
* Double altitudes of Polaris, Time of chronometer, 5
y . oP = ok Basins
is Deg. min. sec. “ h. min. sec. }
: S& 58 | 40 9 48
ae Se. 00. 5 49 55
6 Fes: BO, >, 50 hi 01
* 87 OL 50 ; 52 33
- 02 20: | 5342
“ a ** 55. 02
04. 00 ¢ 56 >: 02
05. 25 : 57 6 93
ih 58 2 27
SF of 3 (1 0, 57
ieee error = - 41 1 min. 40 « Sec: . 4

RESULT or CALCULATI

fer rmination we longitude Sept. 30, 1943altieudes be oh a a}

= ~ OBSERVATIONS,
Sed cad ¥ * & ie
. Double altitudes of a Lyre. ~ Time of chronometer. :
piece 6 Trai 27 : e _ ea rahe conte * ere omg,
aes ee a Ae ae
a Deg. min. sec. RN Oo a ae
00 10°97. - 566 Bo
20 31.6
10 oo ae 2
3 as Index error = -- 1 min. I sec. ee ia
“ee = ®& “REsUtT ér CALCULATION.
3 Mean time. e% = Advance, Longitude.
y *4 He. 2 Se eae ad tos
: iS ‘f A % e - z - x *
“ste. hin, Be. eat
52 104. 30.8 sae
Le ne
: ae
<5 > bsg ee ig

~~ ENCAMPMENT ON SNAKE RIVER, TWO MILES BELOW FISHING FALLS.~
_ Determination of latitudes October 1, 18a3—allitudeBof 2 meerden

OBSE BVATIONS.

x 174 7 <a 418.
ENCAMPMENT oN SNAKE RIVER, TWO ‘MILES BELOW FISHING FALLS,
Determination of longitude, | October 1, 1843—aléitudes of a Lyre.
OBSERVATIONS.
|

aL : o>
FIRST SERIES. 7 SECOND SERIES.

F .
~ciaaiiiaepe : Es Bice i
| Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. ox altitudes | of Time of chronometer.
: iy a Lyre. ag 4 a Lyre. ah
E es : : ' — bade |
a
Deg. min. sec. ~~ = hh.” ‘min. see. Deg. min sec. min. set.
ee 10 30 24.0 ll - 10 35
98 56 00 36.0. 97% -.06 30 36 - 6
98 35 20 32 33.0 96 43 50 37
9s is 10 0 27 Pm 38 31, C)
oe ) 34 «215.4 95 50 50 40 14.0
mee: : Index error = + 1 min. 30 sec,
Se * “RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Advance. Longitude. |
* = -_— saa
h. min. sec. } h. min. sec. Deg. min. see.
ee SS @ Lo Se 114. 86 12
wea ~ ENCAMPMENT.ON SNAKE RIVER.
Determination of latitude, October 2 3 leo —aliitudes of Polaris.
— —— er ; OBSERVATIONS.

- Double altitudes of Polaris. “e Time of chronometer. . =

cam
MENT ON SNAKE

- ENCAMP RIVER.
Determination of longitude, October 2, 1843—altitudes of « a ig
OBSERVATIONS.

alten

FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. _

Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of _ | Time of chronometer.
a Lyre. a Lyre. ae

“ | as
Deg. min.” sec. hh. min. — sec. || Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec.
92 55 15 a 10 45 28.4 90 53 40 10 51 09.5

92 26 20 . 46 49.0 90 29 40 oe 38.0.
91 59 40 48 07.0 90 06 20 53. RAT
91 36 30 49. 10,0 || 99 46 15 22.0
oe 26. 50 50 =: 05,3 | 89 22 00 55 =31,0

Thermometer 48°.5.
Index error = ++ 1 min. 30 sec.

: RESULT. OF ‘CALCULATION.
: Mean time. ; Advance. ; Longitude.
: ill = a a [ek
h. min. sec h.” Min. sec. 4 Deg. min. — see.
1 05 15.3 = 114 53 04

ENCAMPMENT AT THE FORD WHERE THE ROAD CROSSES SNAKE RIVER,
Determination of latitude, October 3, 1843—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS. _ ig meres
a ak eres a *
_ fa Ene = —
D min. sée. é
50 10 kg
87 51 50 Mine

ev. 57 30 '

87 58 ;

87 659 | 2
.- 1 min. 30 sec.

f his

RESULT OF CALCULATION.
a

oe

3, 1843 —allitudes ¢ of: ~

Index error = +- 1 min. 30'sec.

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

421
_ENCAMPMENT. ‘ON BIG WOOD RIVER, OR RIVIERE BOISEE.
_ Determination of longitude, October 7, 1843—altitudes-of the sun.

[174 4

OBSERVATIONS. Se
, FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES- __
Double altitudes ae the | Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of ge Time of chronometer. —
lower limb of thes lower limb of the su
é
Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. sée. h. min. see.
. 36 22 55 4 46 24.0 35 28 650 oe ER eee
36 10 007 47 = 03.6 35 20 35 49 36.8
36 «Ol 05 47 31.0 35 «(02— 00 50 =. 35.3
35 48q 20 48 08.7 34° 53 30 51 5
35 39 25 Z 48 37.8 34 4520 51 eid
Index error = + 1 min. 30 sec.
= _ “RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. © Advance. Longitude. s
h. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. sec.
eS 8 i eee "Feeders 115. 54 46

ase ors A es Cerna fl Ape -atitndeg of Polaris, (with
nt.)

oe cipee 2

ss cel crags teem: neni
zs : ilies
Double altitudes of Polaris.
$s
Deg. min. sec.
88 Zi. 40
oe” as
88 24 20
88 25 25
88. 26.. 40
= Index enor =} 1 min 90 c is
RESULT. OF ‘CALCULATION.
* : a Pe eRe oe Be : *
T r : 1 it i : ” C Mean ti me. : Latitude. are —

p i747 Ae
ENCAMPMENT ON BIG WOOD RIVER, OR RIVIERE BOISEE. _
Determination of latitude, October 7, 1843—altitudes of Polaris, (with

the cire

7 OBSERVATIONS.
Circle readings. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec. min. sec
664 38 20 8 57 19
ae -h-_e 02 33
104 03 30 07 35
a ee eae 10 58
“981° «48~—Cf«40 13 «51
wae 33 00 19 26
mT * a
* 22 4 =
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. ~~ "Mean time. Latitude.
Deg. min. — sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. sec.
44 21. 45 — 43. 35. 08

x Mean latitude 43 deg. 56 min. 21 sec.

oe > SECOND ENCAMPMENT oN BIG WOOD RIVER.
Determination of latitude, October 8, 1843—altitudes of Polaris, (with

‘ _ the sextant.) :

Saeve! = OBSERVATIONS. -

Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.

?

setsaresse
38

h.
8

eegsessster
ms

SeESzg 22825
Sss8cceuegs

.

Seidiie'vctior on 1k St oe:

RESULT OF CALCULATION. —

423 . — aes
SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON BIG WOOD RIVER.

Altitudes of Polaris, (with the cirele,) October 8, 1843.

Circle readings. | Time of chronometer. ~
Deg. min. see. h. min. — see. ao
9 04 25
177 49 50 : 09 28 a
12 oe
355. 52 20 - 14 038.
15 29 :
geese t50! ag 2 = 17 05
a : 19 12
712 06 20 38
23 45
170 17 30 26 44
" «RESULT OF CALCULATION. *
Deg. min. see. . h. min. see. Deg. min, —-86e. ———
Ag P:) 53 8 08 26 43 40 42
Mean latitude 43 deg. 40 min. 53 sec. S :
ees : : _
2 .< my
.
rc

[ 174] 424
= SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON BIG WOOD RIVER. ‘,
Determination of longitude, October 8, 1843—altitude of o Lyre.

‘ OBSERVATIONS.
¥
3 il
‘ Double altitude of | Time of chronometer. || Double altitude of | Time of chronometer, 3
: a Lyre. - @ Lyre: a we
Deg. min. sec. he min. sev. Deg. min. sec. h. min. see.
lll » 14.60 ; G34 06. 95 54 00 10° 17 «(09.6
: “© ; ; interrupted by jclouds. __,
e I e
% Ee — Thermometer 47°.5.
pe AR . =
_ Determination of longitude—altitudes of « Aquilz.

OBSERVATIONS.

s —
- = ~ 7 es
: s = h min. s€c.
eS 1G Be 05.0 a
<— 25 04.4
ete OE les Fert ieee 09.0

ul

sai

Index error = -+ 1 min. 30 sec.

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

425 [174 }

AT FORT BOISEE. —

Determination of latitude, Oecd 10, 1843—altitudes of Polaris, (with
tant.)

OBSERVATIONS. —

on eae
: a
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. : a
Deg. min. ‘see. h.° min. © 8ée. <
89 17 40 9 10 55
89 18 30 12 07
89 19 50 13 55 . ae
“20 15
+ - 89 22 20 17 22
as - 23 10 18 28
naa ~ 89 24 20 19 56
89 25 30 22 14
89 27 00 23 57
89 27 50 25 15
Index error = -++ 1 min. 30 sec.
a : RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. ©
Deg. min. sete. kh. min. see. Deg. min. sec.
44 41 “09 8 ae 43 48 54
Altitudes of dakota Spaces the circle,) October 10, 1843.
> sf
ae “ ee. ay or ie Re ee
Deg. min. secs Se h. ‘min, set.
a a 9 “he ee a
179 - a7 40- eee. ag°) 42°
s Bs 44 «BS
, 36 OL ge 45 55 a
. 4780
538 28 00 49 13
* 51 50
713. 00-50 56... 05
8 58 Fs “92 = =
oe 177... 39... 20 Mae
E | :
Deg. i Bee. Shao
4451 59
Bs nde 9 eg, 19 a 19 we

L 174 ] 426
AT FORT BOISEE.
Determination of longitude, October 10, 1843—altitudes of « Lyre.
OBSERVATIONS.
- | FIRST. SERIES,

SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of.chronometer.
a Lyre. “+ , a Lyre. 4

Deg. min. see he min. sec. Deg. min. see. min, sec.
94 32 20 10 3 44.0 92 34 00 10 2,1 21.0
94 02 60 07.5 92 15 60 20 12.7
93 44 40 16 .0 cL 86587. ae 21 «605.0
93 24 410 16 58.0 Sl. . 37 «40 . 22 02.0
92 56 00 18 «16.6 Si. 19) ap 22 852.7

— Index error = + 1 min. 30 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean. time. . Advance. Longitude.
oe min. set he. min. sec. Deg. min. sec.
9. 10. 17 1 08 16.8 6 + 4700.

s ‘Relieeien of Jupiter's Jirst satellite.
somone Bele ®t — night very clear; the planet a little yellow, with a mist of

Observed time. Mean time. Longitude.
- = :
Ie min. min. ‘
t 22. i2e.m, 0 14 59.64, m. % —
fe : “A ee =
eg ENCAMPMENT ON SNAKE RIVER, BELOW “BIRCH CREEK.

oT oceteersnerernnsenemeerenen

n Of longitude, October 12, 1843°-emahsion of the Ite
satellite of Ju upiter.

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

4

ie
427 as [1m] -
ENCAMPMENT ON SNAKE RIVER, BELOW BIRCH CREEK.
Determination of latitude, October 12, 1843—altiludes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS. ‘ —"
~~ y
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
eB
Deg. min. set. — h. min. see.
90 il 40 8 56 58
90 1%. 10 5819)
90 13 50 59 53
90 14 ~~ 00 9 Ol 06
90 15 15 02
90 16 03 41
_— we 05 28
90 17 06 54
90 19 20 08 35
90 20 10 31

Index error — -++-1 min. 28 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.

go ah ae
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. -
Deg. min. see. _ Deg, min. sec. Deg. “min. set.
45 07 “42 7 55 25 44 17 36

earner

Determination of longitude, October 12, 1843—altitudes of a Lyra.

= OBSERVATIONS. _ Se
_—$$ $$ $$

Index ertor =—+ 1 ‘min. 28 sec.
aS RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Pre er fe min, see.
9 of ES rT -@ 661
ec ire eel wi a ST aa ; a ee a
ae

* c 174 ) i 428
ENCAMPMENT AT THE HEAD WATERS OF BURNT RIVER.
z Determination of latitude, October 14, 1843—altitudes of Polaris.

: OBSERVATIONS.
_ 3 a as —
~ Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec. h. min. ske. ~
91 07 10 oe ee fd
91 45 15 x
. 9I- oF 50 ya 03
ee A i
Oe is See 19 13
9 iz 8645 20 17
“a. ta, 10 21 47
* 13-30 22 44
91° 40 23 «(4d

Eu | :
a8 Index érror == +- 1 min: 28 sec. : 2

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

True altitude. Mean time. _ Latitude. ..

as
Determination of longitude, October 14, 1843—altitudes of a Aquile.
a = OBSERVATIONS. | ae

FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.

ble altitudes of _| Time of chronometer. Do le altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
een | en a

Index etntr =+ :% inin, 28 sec.
RESULT oF CALCULATION,

gitu se eliibex” ss yuaeSidbien of Tad :
salellite of daspitcr ig

eee : Mean time. _ a eae Ege

—— - ~ Llane th Mere na
wd i i,
as
z. 2

yi

1 RE et eee 2 min fae ae ee Ps
, wa ees oe Beta
+ ee a - : —t- — s; a -

ae Emersion of the third satellite of Jupiter. weer oe

ape RESULT OF CALCULATION. Pin ee

= Observed time. Mean time. J Longitude.

OBSERVATIONS. *

= : :
Double altitudes of Polaris. sas Time of chronometer.

Ti] aeatet

—

~~

il

ENCAMPMENT ON. THE: OLD BED OF POWDER. RIVER,

sablegmoction of longitude, October 15, 1843—altitudes of « Lyrz,

OBSERVATIONS. .
‘FIRST SERIES, | SECOND SERIES,
Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of | ‘Time of chronometer.
a Lyre. ‘a a Lyre. fea
|
“5 1 . } :
Deg. min. sec. hy min. sec. || Deg. min. sec
2. 18 “0-5 10 01 573 || 90° 28 20 01.0
91. 50-30 @ 03 =(00.0 || 990 06 10 04.5
= of 30. 45 03. 57.6 i 89 46 45 00.7
Pia 200 of 47.0 || 89 26 40 00.
St Be 50-4" 35 05 546 | 89 04 00 05.0
— “oF ||
— Index error — -+- 1 min. 26 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
: Mean time. : Advance. Longitude, ©
he Min. sec. h. Deg. min. see.
oe me 33 1 68 06.0 7 81
<s * *

Determination of longitude, October 16, 1843—allitudes of the sun.

ae

2

ENCAMPMENT on POWDER RIVER.

OBSERVATIONS.

SW

“) we Double altitiides of the sun’s lower limb.
2 :

+ % Time of chronometer.

Sd a i
.
. Soh. min. ,
é 29 45.5
" 30 = -:28.0
a 31 =:14.0 $
=. 31 «52.5
ae ; 32 20.4 bs
. . ©: ij Soin oe
"Index error = + 1 min. 25 see, a
RESULT OF CALCULATION = i.
ie

SS SES ee en

f latitude, October 16, 1843— altitudes of Polaris.

: OBSERVATIONS. +
‘ ea 4
_- Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
‘ ss Ps ¥ .
. = ete
ie. cin. oe. h. min. see.
9] » 09 20 © 8 05 05 il
2 00 40°C 06 33 .
se a 00 : 07
a1 50 wo. sa % ?
. 91 S 10 - DD 28 ie *
= ¥ eal
poder ror rate | Joiy 36'pee- . *
& -
2a & Og:S. CALCULATION.
iil. == cn
Deg. min. © sec. he. min. sec. Deg. min. . “Be, “
fy 6» 59 <38 44 59 29 Z
i s : :
% = Te ~
a

os ee nae Sg eat '
ination of verigges Sere £0

Es

ah on _*

es altitude. i x p Latitude.

Bund e+

Pe "_FIRST SERIES.
=< eg 95

ea

—— = 3
Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
a Lyre. a g

:

i ee “oo we
‘ [ "7 “4 ‘i as 434 3 "eS

! ENCAMPMENT ON THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, EAST OF THE SUMMIT.
» Determination of latitude, October 19, 1343—allitudes of Polaris.

*

. "* OBSERVATIONS. ‘
“Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. +
Z sec.

Q4— 13 20 li 1 53

94 20 48

Ye " S 0

94 ae a * - il 15

- a _ » 26 43

94° 715 00
ne e041 16° 30 30.24
+ me 1S 5° og.) 8 32° 00
ee oot 15 = bo 33-20
gee . 94 15 50 34 59

%. _»» Index error = + | min. 26 ec.
3 o- eg ’
= aie
; RESULT OF CALCULATION.
* : : r é
= w
: _ True altitude. Mean time. ~~ Latitude, é
= =
* . min. sec. “kh. - eecag es er. min. sec.
: = 4 07 07 10° t 138° : 45 38 07
BS ae

= * , i
- ENCAMPMENT ON ‘WALAHWALAH RIVER, at THE FOOT OF THE MOUN- ©
TAINS. . Rugs

Were misietion of latitiide, October 23, is45—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS. “6
® Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. ‘
see. h. min. see.
f 30 8 34. §2.
20 é a ;
* ae 37
i 10 "ie ad ‘ 38 39
20 39 37

Index error = + 1 min. 22 sec.)
RESULT OF CALCULATION. Pig
je

435 Sr a94 3
ENCAMPMENT ON WwALAnWanan nv AT ba FOOT | OF THE MOUN-

Determination of longitude, October 23, 1343—altitudes of o Lyre.

VePeeYADer s.
a Double altitudes of « Lyre. Time of chronometer!
Deg. min. — sec h. = ming, sec
108 09 30 8 43 9
07 47 5 % eu 36
107 3 30 | 45
106 “33 00 . ¥ id ° 48 09
106 10° 50 me i
ca
Index error = + 1 min. 22 sec. BAe.
RESULT OF CALCULATION. a Be é
Mean time. _ ; Advatice. Pongitade. oe
| ae Sains
** ae
kh. mins © vec. he in See. z Deg. mins sec.
4 eS 68. | 1 08 06.3 7 118. BO * 99

T FORT NEZ PERCE.
Determination of latitude, a. 26, 1843—meridian altitudes of a SUN.
OBSERVATIONS.

Se
Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time Gigchronomater.
SN LAS. Sagi papeaerac iis a
Deg. min. see. h. min. sec.
62 -20—S—s« 20 ‘ 0 37 43
62 21 50 : 38 35
62 23 30. 39~=—s«38
62 $24 45 . 40. 49
35: -30 41. 35 -
oe 895 45 i a Ee
i. 6226; 40. a cus
| os aT” 3% ag 16
62 . 28... 30 el
: 62 38 «35 ~~ 1
* 62 29 10 49 44 =
62 29 15 50 39
62 28 55 ee)
; os “S 3% 528
62 23 30 53 10
62 28 35 * 5400
= > 6
62 27 20 56 14
62 26 . 30 56 59
62 26 00 . 57 56
index error = -++ | min. 24 sec. Pn
te : RESULT OF CALCULATION.

oe oes, _ 436

N GOON HALT ON THE

EFT BANK OF THE COLUMBIA.

Dtermination of latitude, Oct. 28, 1843 —meridian altitudes of the sun.

i ' OBSERVATIONS.

i |
* a
Double altitudes of the sun’s lower lim Time of chronometer. ba
Deg. Gn. S00. man. —8€e
i 18. # 20 12 47 «@L
Gl. -1Re™ 00 48m 00
: 6 ae * 4 ._ = at 41
61 te. 26 5 )
61 ig 20. 51 8
é. a 52-09
pe ; a % Index — == + 1 min 24 sec.
= 2° ae * RESULT oF CALCULATION. sents
= * — a"
True altitude. pparent a of tranisit. Latitude.
ma :
ee 5a) -
» ,
2 "ENCAMPMENT ON THE LEFT BANK OF om 4
ee ‘
Pe
Determination of latitude, October 30, 1843-—altitudes of Polaris. ee
: OBSERVATIONS. ‘
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. a
cee min. - s8€C. h. min. gee.
= os = 00 9 .14 246
a os 50 16. 09 3
10 30 |
al 20 % ‘ Ps 20 0 1 e
p Pee . — ae oe
12 30 - - o
13 «15 ‘ .. ae
13 40 ogee
; ee

437 , city

ENCAMPMENT ON THE LEFT BANK OF COLUMBIA. RIVER. >
Deters 8 of longitude, October 30, 1843—altitudes ofo L, YrZz.

OBSE RVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES. | SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of | Pine of chronometer,
a Lyre. Se gn a
oF *

|
Deg. min. see. kh. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. | h. min. sec
- 68 Bi <a 9 29... 33.0. || ee ee ee ¢° 3 8
50 30 42.3 8i 30 20 35. 37
82 46 00 31 By al BA A BO 36 «30
82. 25 10 32 <0 SO 54 10 37 25
82 05 30 33 OB 1.0 80 36 50 38 iS
2 At
ED
Index error — -+- 1 min. 23 sec. _
ao ee RESULT OF CALCULATION.
: :
Mean time. Advance. | Longitude.
*
min. sec. A. amt. gee Deg. min. sec:
S26 39 1 07 39.1 a19- 2 18
24. 2
=

SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON COLUMBIA RIVER.

Determination of latitude, October 31, ceca: ee of i —-

i aiscocears donk ete OBSERVATIONS. eee
Double altitudes of Polaris. "
es "he
Deg. min. sec
94 09 10
94 10 10
94 10 49
94 il 30
ll 40
*
i Index error = + 1 min. 22sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
ia
‘True altitude. Mean time. Latitude;
pletisiaine me) sf
a ¥

f.tv4J 433°
i

Betcoliation of longitude, Qetober 31,'1843—altitude of o Lyre.

oa
SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON COLUMBIA RIVER.

OBSERVATION.
Double altitude of a Lyre. Time of chronometer.
> ;
> e 2S a arena er ceeeer
Deg. min. * sec. ' h. min. sec.
: 80 07.) «40 — sa
ae
Index error = +- 1 min. 22 sec.
: = RESULT OF CALCULATION.
- Seti Cael ES EN
Mean time. Advance. .- Longitude.
a le
h. min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec.
Sar oy i 08. 437.3 119. 45° 09

a ee nega mastitis cee

i
MISSIONARY STATION AT THE DALLES OF THE COLUMBIA. age

Determination of longitude, November 5, 1843—altitudes of the sun.
*
OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES. | SECOND SERIES.

|

__ Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
- _ sun’s lower limb. | sun’s lower limb. z
Deg. min. see. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec.

: 13. 40 “2 “44 $2.6 30 56 50 e477: 4L3
30-2510 36.8 31 04 20 48 10.6
30 33 ag 46 11.0 oF 38 6 48 45.0
30 42 50 46 45.0 31. 1 @ 49 18.5
30 49 30 11.0 31 28 00 49 45.7
Index error = + 1 min. 23 sec.
ie ad

= — RESULT OF CALCULATION. a

439 [474
STATION ON THE HILLS IN THE REAROF THE MISSION.

&

F . *
Determination of longitude, November 5, 1843—altitudes of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of the sun's lower limb. Time of chronometer.
* .
Deg. min. sec h. min

25 40 1 17 20.5

49 42 30 19 14.0

49 47 30 1g 45.5

49 52 0 20 20.0

49 00 20 55.0

Index error = -++ | min. 22 sec.

* RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
he min. see. h. min. — see. Deg. min. sec.
10 O09 43 t 10 07.4 120 53. 51

(, Se Oa

; : «*

| (4d 440 7

STATION ON THE HEILLS:IN THE REAR OF THE MISSION. .

Determination of latiewiles geen: 5, 1843—meridian allitudes of the

OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer.
a
mS
Deg. ie ee. 4 kh. min. see.
: 56 «44 «(00 ‘2
‘66 44 - 35 38 25
40 39 29
565° «49 25 4! 22
= 56 51 05 42 59
aot 51 50 a4 07
56 53 15 45 13
56 45 45
56. 55 30 47 40
56 56 00 48 49 .
56 6 20 51 04
56 56 25 52 29
56 56 35 53 59
56 56 15 54 0
56 55 50 .* 57 07
56 55 40 57 49
56 55 20 58
56 54 59 19
56 10 1 00 ee
56 53 40 000 49
Index error = + 1 min. 22 sec.
*
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True central altitude. Apparent time of transit. Latitude.
. h Deg. ;
3 - Min. see. . men. gC. min. sec. :
oi 43 33 0 53 49 45 35 21

Determination of latitude, November 5, 1843—altitudes of Polaris.

a

&

[ 174}

MISSIONARY STATION AT THE DALLES OF THE COLUMBIA.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. |
~
Dez. min. sec. ° kh. min. sec.
93 53 00 9 26 3L
93 54 20 @ 28 08
93 54 15 29 3l
93 54 20 30 33
93 55 20 31 43
93 55 20 32 37
93 56 10 33 50
93 56 25 34 51
93 57 20 35 45
93 57 30 36 5a“
ya Index error = —- 1 min. 22 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION..
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
Deg. min. sec. he. min. — see Deg. min: see.
46 57 29 8 22 2 45 S- 3g

Emersion of Jupiter’s second satellite.

Observed time.

x

Longitude.

h. = min. sec.
10 43 32

‘op iene ie ha a i Rn ie kee | See nlae Sao Mp Hig RE wn
“Hi, at rhs ns Bis 2

[ 174] 442
MISSION ARY STATION AT THE DALLES OF THE COLUMBIA.
Determination of longitude, November 5, 1843—altitudes of « Lyra.

OBSERVATIONS,

r

FIRST SERIES. : | : SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronwaneten.
: a 3 = a Lyray

Deg. min. sec. h. min . Deg. min. sec h. min. see.
1% = 6-38. 40 9 40 35.5 wi 10a Ge 45
m2 19 00 41 324 70 450 (20 46 058
oO. 42 27.0 70 22 45 47 28h
71 643 ©=©«650 43 =. 21.0 70 40
wh Ree AO 44 10.0 69 45 40 49 2h.

u
Index error = ++ | min. 22 sec. is

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
*

he min. sec. hem sec.

8 34 59 1 09 53.3

‘ me or
= 2 :

ast
2
- :

443 [va yp

ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIGHT BANK OF THE COLUMBIA, 15 Tr BELOW
THE CASCADES.

Determination of longitude, November 11, 1843—altitudes of Jupiter.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Jupiter. Time’ of chronometer.
es’
Deg. min. sec. o wh. ming see.
os 4 he 16. 14. o86
32 08 = 40 1529.5
3l 30 40 18 01.0

Index error = ++ 2 min. 6 sec. s

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Mean time. _ Advance. Longitude.

he. min. sec.
9 04 41

Emersion of Jupiter’s first satellite.

Observed time. Mean time. Longitude.
kh. min. . sec. h. eae abil Deg. min. s€e.
9 45 19 8 34 50.2 122 06 15

x

Determination of latitude, November 11, 1845—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
' Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec. he min. ste.
el ee, 10 «638 ~—COO8
94 08 10 41 13
94 09 10 42 43

Pee RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Sf
zi
es
ret
ae
be
ss

( 174 }, Aad
ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIGHT BANK OF THE COLUMBIA, 15 MILES BELOW
ty AR ea THE CASCADES..

Determination of longitude, November 12, 1843—ailtitudes of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.
2 - e
Double altitudes of the suii’s lower limb. _ Time of ometer.
= eg
Deg. min. sec. * : A. min. set.
33° 23 «©6400 10 13 08.0
33 46 20 14 28.0 :
34° = 00-30 15 . 325
li 10 16 24.0
. 34 24 00 17 18.0
Index error = -+- 2 min. 6 sec.
is evi RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
Ah. . mm... pee: MM. ae
9 05 10 1 1 12.3

; = i esielen ne : | he
Determination of latitude, Nov. 12, 1843—meridian allitudes of the sun.

: ; OBSERVATIONS. =
Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min, sec. hh. ‘mine ~ se.
52 58 00 0 51 40
F 52 57 40 52 53
62 58 10 53 56
ee ee a. ae
2. ee 03
& &. 4. i
52 52S 05
E aay 5 : 5
a Index error = +- 2 min. 6 sec. : : 2
°
een RESULT OF CALCULATION.
ees nee eee eee .
transit. Latitude. +

eS see : : ee i ne
5: aug ee — a, *
“445 [ tay
“MISSION ARY STATION AT THE DALLES OF THE COLUMBIA.
De een of time, November 20, 1843—altitudes of the sun.
= OBSERVATIONS.
ean} » ] ae "
FIRST SERIES. ! SECOND SERIES. bs
a ee ‘
Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
sun’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb. ag oo :
Dee. min. sec. hk. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. h. min. “See.
35 BE 90-410 35) 52.0 36. = 32:90 10; 26. <SK4
362: = 20 36 26.5 36 28 10 38... 64.7
36 05° 25 36 54.7 36 33 #10 39 22.3
S601" 16 37. 25:0 36 1 39 449.4
36 L710 37 56.2 36 43 40 40 20.0
Index. error = —- 2 min. 6 sec. ee ok
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
z : .
Mean time. Advance.
2 : ee : s —— E |
he min. See. e é h. min. sec. @ eae
9 36 11 Z rr oe 57.9
a

a
Determination of time, November 20, 1843—altitudes of « Aquile.

OBSERVATIONS.
*
a Double altitudes of a Aquile. Time of chronometer.
re) a 3
ie. .
= % -
Deg. min.” sec. h.
a ee ag .
; 60 19 00
: “89 G5 8640
38 331 0
“26 @2f ~ 66
Index error = aS 2 min. 6 sec. se
ad - RESULT OF CALCULATION | # . - ‘ad
= = = . :
Mean time. Advance.
he. Sr” gre. h. “min. see. e
: 3 47 24 8 secant i yt 34.3 5

{174 ]

MISSIONARY STATION AT THE DALLES OF THE COLUMBIA.*

446

Se Care

Determination of latitude, Nov. 21, 1843—meridian aliitudes of ike sun.

‘ OBSERVATIONS. ~

*

. /

Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb.

Time of chronometer.

Deg. min. sec. he” min. — see.
48 25 40 0 46 56
48 26 si ae 47 56
inc 5 48 45
43 25 50 50 13
48 25 40 50 54
48 25 25 51 42
a 52-30
438 24 40 : 53 32
Index error = + 2 min. 6 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True central altitude. Apparent time of transit. Latitude.

Deg. min. sec.
24 29 23

hk. Deg. min. sec.
By 47-28 45 35 55
See

_ Determination of time,

November 24, 1843—altitudes of a Lyrez.

a
OBSERVATIONS. ‘ ae
Double altitudes of a Lyre. Time of chronometer. 2
i )
A
min. see. h. min. see.
32 30 ef 48 23.0
07 30 49 40.5
¥

sec.

min.
69 20.7

447 [ 174]

ENCAMPMENT ON A LARGE BRANCH OF FALL RIVER, (RIVIERE AUX
: CHUTES) =

Betermination of longitude, November 26, 1843—ailtitudes of a Lyre.

OBSERVATIONS.

@ Tl
FIRST SERIES. | SECOND SERIES.

Woke altitudes of | Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
« Lyre. a Lyre.

- IBin. see. h. min. . see. Deg. min. sec. h. min. see
15 (00 fata tet are 80 49 «9 3 47.4
Si 10 37 = 3395 80 33 «6000 40 35.5
a 6070640 38 53.5 || BO 2.48 220 41 21.2
i

Index error — + 2 min. 4 sec,

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Mean time. Advance.

Longitude.
: , ¢
in. see.

he m
® 41 53 0 57 06.0

ra

Determination of latitude, November 26, 1843—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. | Time of chronometer.
5 * - : { ame
‘Zl “Deg. min. sec. ie: h. min. see
- 93 07 50 ee 1 Oe
08 20 46. 32
93). 08 ..40 478
3 09 ~=s«10 6° 34
93 09 10 4910 ~~ .
93 09 50 = 99 ¥
2 ae 529 é
93 10 25 . 5223
mM on 5315
at .. ss 5415
. Index error — +- 2 min. 4 sec.
ah RESULT OF CALCULATION.
_ Mean time. Latitude. :

oe

oP
Bb

&8

rig): 418
- ENCAMPMENT AT THE SOUTH END OF TAIH PRAIRIE.
_ Determiniation of longitude, November 27, 1$43—altitudes of « Lyre.

OBSERVATIONS.
ay *
_ FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.
Fe
| =
_ Dest fae of oa Time of chronometer. |. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
| e Lyre. :
-/ =
"Dee. min. ser. - h. min. — ste. : Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec.
69 04° 10 j 8 10 3=648.0 | ORs -y Qipetes- 1 10 8 16 05.0 i
ee eee db | fay OS 30 16 59.0
68 18 300 3 07.6. | 86 46 -40 17 50.0
30 fc eG ee ee a 18 45.0
— ert a I Oe a I
y Index error = ++ 2 min. 4 sec.
= = RESULT OF CALCULATION.
a Mean time. Advance. Lengitude.
* ee, SSS
he. min. sec. ‘

- Determination of latitude, Neher aT; (1843—allitudes of Polaris.
OBSE RVATIONS.

see oS FRE : ¥

le

Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. ~

* sec. h. min. “BCC. ny
20 6 St = 251. a
AT ’
— sf

gegssssssen
gsegesaser?
esegegsse |

Determination of longitude, Novemoe 27, 1843—immersion of Fiviter’s

449

ENCAMPMENT AT THE SOUTH END OF TAIH PRAIRIE.

hird sa tellife.

ite ritiee is th aah aw

ey

Cimq

Observed time.

Mean time.

h. min. sec.
6 53 12

h. min. sec.
5 56 20

| Longitude.
|
|

Emersion of Jupiter's first satellite.

Observed time.

Mean time. Longitude.
h. min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min, ‘sec.
7 66.16 6 59 24.5 12i 02 43
* - , Ps $
=
ENCAMPMENT ON THE MAIN PRANGH. /OF FABL« a -
re

Determination of latitude, November 30; 1843—allitudes of xP olaris.

OBSERVATIONS.

; Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
= Deg. min. see. “h. min. ~ sec.
91-86 80 eee eer et
Qi. | By 48 49 23
91 58 20 5109

Index error = ++ 2 min. 5 iii
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
- True altitude. Mean time. Latitude
6 53 35—

[174] = 450

= ENCAMPMENT ON THE MAIN BRANCH OF FALL RIVER.
Determination of longitude, November 30, 1843—altiiudes of Capelia.
-

OBSERVATIONS.
_ Double altitudes of Capella. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. see. h. min. see.
69 30 30 y 3 54 28.0
69 55 15 A5 50.5

Index error — -++ 2 min.

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Mean time. Advance. Longitude,
= h. min. sec. : h. min. see.
6 59 . 21 0 aS 48.3

£mersion of Jupiier’s second satellite.

Observed time. : Mean time, Longitude.
. ‘ bing h. min. see. Deg. min. sec.
=a -6 40, 226 121 10 25

ENCAMPMENT ‘ON “PALL RIVER, (UNION FALLS.)

ey Desrisnanon of longitude, December 5, 1843—altitudes of « tigen:

OBSERVATIONS.
FIRST SERIES. ; = SECOND SERIES.
igs |
Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
Lyre. a Lyre. ‘ ps
— | —$_——
h. min. sec. || Deg. min. sec. h. min. see.
7 21 185 ed aoe eet 7 25 37.0
WS 08S 2 FESS OE 46 * > 26 00.6
23 (00.5 70 #45 =«610 *. 27 43.4
23° «53.7 70 29 «00 98:8
24 «40.6 | 70 07 «630 : 29 «37.0
Index error = + 1 min. 32 sec. ‘

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Advance. gees 2 Longitude.

ba A451 c 174 }

ENCAMPMENT ON FALL RIVER, (UNION FALLS.)

Determination of latitude, December 5, 1843—altitudes of Polaris. 4
OBSERVATIONS. . se es
e Double altitades of Polaris. Time of chronometer. of “6
igf 24,
et oe er ————$$_$—_—_—_—-
Deg. min. sec. h. min sec. :
90 34 «40 7 09 } "
90 34 40 10 59 ”
90 36 10 11 56
. 90 36 10 13 00
A 14 00
"36 50 15 00 —
90 37 15 15 °'49 ak
90 38 00 16 42 m
38 40 17... 45
90 ~=6.38 20 18 42
Index error = ++ 1 min. 32 sec. : ee
RESULT OF CALCULATION. %
True altitude. | Mean time. * Latitud de.
Deg. min. see. | h. min, sec. ' «Deg. min, sec.
45 16 | ‘3 oe. 43 55 20

SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON FALL RIVER.

Determination of longitude, December 6, 1843—altitudes of a Lyre.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of a Lyre. Time of chronometer.
min. sée. he min
3 14 8 13
53 38 1S * 15
53 06 30 17

i
Index error = ++ 1 min. 30 sec.

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

catamlinnaianeniuiiaitiniig
h. min. hk. min. sec.
7 22 48 70 52 46.9

2
re 1 452
4%
SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON FALL RIVER.
| % Determination of latitude, Decemder 6, 1843 —altitudes of Polaris.,
on “a OBSERVATIONS.
- ery =. altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
<— yz ;
ua. SNS Deg.” min.” see. hh. min. see.
* 99 29 00 8 20° S$
3 “g 90, -29° -15 2 OF
% & | lO ee 1S 24 00
50 29 10 26 00
. s 90 29 65 28 00
* Index error = + 1 min. 30 sec.
em. wo z
: RE
ay - . - = SULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. ‘ Latitude.
& eS
Deg. min. see. h. min. sec. Deg. min. see:
45 14 22 , waa 3 25 43 44 15

THIRD ENCAMPMENT ON FALL RIVER.

Sy Rs ;
Determination of longitude, Dec. 8, 1843—immersion of ,» Geminorum.
4 :

Reo Observed time | Longitude.
oat ee ES : ‘
a tw pe. h. min. sec. mine Bee:
al 1 08 a. m i 33 50
———
_ Determination . longitude, December 8, 1843—altitudes of Rigel.
. OBSERVATIONS.
“Double altitudes of Rigel Time of chronometer.
ts — fm = } a et aa he = min. sy meme
Ba mat = 16. “Sas. mw.
56 30 3 14 30.0
43 8600 : . 16 = 00.0
Bs . 1736.5
1 00 19. - 36.5:

ee
Parzatainechrie es

THIRD ENCAMPMENT. ON FALL RIVER.
Determination of latitude, December 8, 1843—altitudes of Polaris.

453

OBSERVATIONS.

¥

|

Double altitudes of Polaris. |
}

|

|

. Time of chronometer.

é ‘ c. ae :
87 49 10 1 47 44 a. m. ae
87 47 30 49 49 i ie
87 46 40 ; 50 52 ‘a
87 45 30 { 51 51
87 44 40 53 08
a a) 54. 00 .
87 43 00 55 03 ,
87 42 25 56 20
om ee = 57-26 +.
87 40 45 58 13 i
Index error = + 1 min. 32 sec.
. é
RESULT OF ete ae |
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
~e

Deg. min, «sec.

43 52 OL 1 00 3 43 —.
CAMP IN A PINE FOREST. 2
Determination of latitude, December 8, 1843—altitudes of Polaris.
OBSERVATIONS. hy
} cubis
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. =~
Deg. min. sec hh. sec.
89 10 00 6
ee . we
oo 2 4
a. %
..- %.. ©
So 8 Ww
Bh
s9 13 48 :
oe. 4. =
99 14 20
Index error = -_ Lk min, 32 see,
RESULT oF CALCULATION.
Deg. min. — see. a. A ate.
“u 6 sos OR

ry
z=?

Ye

454

CAMP IN A PINE FOREST,

oe :
Determination of longitude, December 8,1843—allitudes, ofa Lyre.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of a Lyre. Time of chronometer.
min. sec. h. min. sec.
55 10 6 53 09.0
: 31-60 5417.0
# 14 30 55 (04.5
pan 55 = 00 56 03.4
’ 38 15 56 52.5
A = Index error = + 1 min. 32 sec.
Se RESULT OF CALCULATION.
oe
oe Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
> h. min. sec. " he min. 500.
“8 6 O08. 19 0. 62°~ 46.3
es

nation of longitude, December 8, 1843—altitudes of Capella.

: OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Capella. Time of chronometer.

sec. h. min Sec.

10 7 Ol 00.0

10 02 = «12.7

10 03 06.0

10 04 10.6

20 06 27.5

_ Index error = + 1 min. 32 sec. -

te «RESULT OF CALCULATION. ©

455

[174]

:
_ENCAMPMENT AT TLAMATH LAKE. |

Determiziation of latitude, December 10, 1843—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitudes of Polaris.

x »
Time of chronometer.

Deg. min. sec h. = min, see.
88 56 10 8 25 07 én
83 56 id 26 27
55 27 17
Index error = + | min. 30 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. - Latitude
Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min.
es 27 46 7 35 27 42 56 61

é x
Determination of longitude, December 10, 1843—altitudes of Capella.

- e
OBSERVATIONS. 2
Double altitudes of Capella. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. see. h. sc OR
92 56 30 8 30 05.5 ~
93 17 30 31 11.0
93 38 40 32 16,0
Index error = -+ | min. 30 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
h. min. sec. h. mt sec.
22 362 S--51 4855
¥. 3
*

456 |

ENCAMPMENT AT TLAMATH LAKE.

Determination of latitude, Decem i Hoe 1843—meridian altitudes of the

OBSERVATIONS, e
. Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer.
F -

Deg. min. — sec. he. -min. sec.

> 4 & 7 ee ee

* 47 25 15 33 09

a we 5 34-30

AT 28 40 36 52

4a 29 38 00

7 we 10% 29
47 30 35% 4l 24.

47 30 43 05

47 31 15 43 57

sae y 31 40° 44

a ae. St 16 46 11
47 3! 05 . 46 56

47 30 20 47 49

47 29 40 48 55

any. 49 56

47 28. 10 52 08

"47 27 53 20, 2
47 25. 45 54 36
Index error = +- 1 min. 32 sec. =
_ RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Apparent time of transit. Latitude.

457 [174]

ENCAMPMENT AT TLAMATH LAKE,

*

Determination of latitude, December 11, 1843—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec. h. min, sec,
88 41 30 7 Zz
8s 41 20 oe ee
88 41 30 02 59
88 2 4] 53 469 04 22
88 42 10 05 «42
Index error = +- 1 min, 32 sec.
ae
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.

Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min, sec.
44 20 35 ae Rae | 42 56 47

oe
Determination of longitude, December 11, 1843—altitudes of « Lyre. ?

OBSERVATIONS.
FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.
‘ = : x a ¥ 3 pd ; : re,
Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
a Lyre. Lyre.
2 aa
Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec Deg. min. sec. h.
67, 34° 7-09 055 66°. 58: 45 7 238 8E3
06 10 10. 2&7 65°. -S 56.6
47 40 It. 23.0 65.-- 18 Se: 15. 44.8.
66 382 40 12 07.5 65 03 20 16 34.5
66 15 50 12 56.5 64... 42 : 26 a4; 36.8
Index error = ++ 1 min. 32 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
h. min. see. * = ee.
6 22 44 a 0 50 43.5

C174 J 458

ENCAMPMENT ON A TRIBUTARY TO THE LAKE AND HEAD WATER OF

THE TLAMATH RIVER

Determination of longitude, December 13, 1843—allitudes of a Lyre.

OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES.

SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of
a Lyre. a Lyre.

Time of chronometer.

Deg. min. sec. h. min be. Deg. min. sec. kh. min.” see
63 40 10 7 10 36.5 6L- 67° 00 7 15 49.8
So te. 10 11 56.5 Gis. 38. BO © 16 444
62 50 40 13. 04.0 61... 19. . 36 17 = 40.5
62 13 61 OL 40 18 36.0
62-114 --45 15 =03.7 60 . 44 00 19 30.0
Index error = +- 1 min. 32 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Advance Longitude.
=>
he. min. sec. h. = min
6 26 37 0 48 41.0
Bint Emersion of Jupiter’s first satellite.
Observed time. Mean time. Longitude.
h. min . sec. he : min. 8éc. Deg. . min. Bec.
6 5 18 21.6 12] 20. «42
*

459 [ 174 ]

ENCAMPMENT ON A TRIBUTARY TO THE LAKE AND HEAD WATER OF THE
TLAMATH RIVER.

Determination-of latitude, December 13, 1843—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS,
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. ;
Deg. min. see. h. min. see.
8 38 20 7 2 09
88 39 30 41
39 10 26 53
88 39 25 28 18 >
88 46 20 \ ‘29 34
88 40 50 30 37
88 40 20 31 46
88 40 30 32 45
88 41 10 33 57
88 40 35 34 54
Index error = +- 1 min. 32 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
\
Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. sec. .
44 19 46 6 41 10 42 51 26

ENCAMPMENT ON SUMMER LAKE.
Determination of latitude, December 16, 1843—altitudes of Polaris. —
OBSERVATIONS. ete

Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. .

t
i
|
}
|

Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec.
88 46 30 6 48

88 46 20 50 28

46 40 51 53

88 47 00 52 59
Index error — -++ 1 min. 35 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.

True altitude. Mean time. Latitude

[374 ] 460
ENCAMPMENT. ON SUMMER: LAKE.

eee ection of longitude, December 16, 1843—altitudes of o Lyrzx.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of a Lyre. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec. h. min. see.
67 50. 20 6 08.5
67 08 50 44 11.0
66 27 35 46 13
¥
Index error — -+ 1 min. 35 sec.
* RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Z Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
}
h. min. see h. min. sec.
5 59 59 0 44 11:2

_ Determination of longitude, December 16, 1843—altitudes of Capella.
zi

ses OBSERVATIONS. #
Double altitudes of Capella. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. see. h. min sec.
E 73 29 45 6 58 46.0
74 16 20 Ol | ay og

Index error — + 1 min. 35 sec.

Saul? OF CALCULATION.

Advance. Longitude.

os ee [174 4]
SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON SUMMER LAKE.

Determination of longitude, December 18, 1843—altitudes of Capella.

OBSERVATIONS.
: |
Double altitudes of Capella. : Time of chronometer.
|
Deg. min. — see. he mit. ~~ 860.
94 18 50 7 54 24.0
44 10 56 07.0
95 10 00 57 24.0
S65: = 8t: od bas 585° 208"
96° 51% 10 5927.0
*
Index error = +1 min, 37 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Advance. - Longitude.
kh. min. -seer h. min. sec.
7 14 30 Q:: 42 399

Determination of longitude, December 18, 1843—altiludes of « Cygne.

ee fe at, SF OBSERVATIONS. orga
Double altitudes of a Cygni. |
fo |
Deg. min. 3
79 08
78 2 40
78 2k
78° 04
17 =< 45
- Pes te

[.a73. —

SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON SUMMER LAK
Determination of latitude, December 18, a iene es of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. — sec. h. min. sec
88 27 00 8 02 20
88 27 40 03 50
27 35 05
27 40 05 iS
88 27 30 07 38
Ps 68 27 10 08 55
"ss. 27-50 28 eee
88 27 45 | 17
. 88 27 25 12 25
88 40 13 43
: Index error = ++ 1 min. 37 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
Deg. . min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. — sec.
44 13 34 s 25 32 42 42 37

ENCAMPMENT ON CHRISTMAS LAKE.
| Determinition of latitude, December 24, 1843—altitudes of Pelarse
OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.

=

h.
6

$
S
.

Seeeegebes
BLSAESSSESE
Steeasetess

Index error — + 1 min. 37 sec.

af
- RESULT OF CALCULATION. ~~ as

463 [ 174 49
ENCAMPMENT ON CHRISTMAS LAKE.
Determination of longitude, December 24, Se Ti eid of « Lyre,

OBSERVATIONS.

|
|
FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of Time of chronometer,
a Lyre. a Lyre.

|
Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. || Deg. min. sec. h. min. see.
56 30 6 50.5 | 3 630 6 40 54.0
56.218. 36 03.3 54 24 00 41 54.4
55 56 20 37 — (08.3 | 54 05-15 42 52.4
55 37 800 E 38 09.5 53 43 (25 44 00.0
55 17 00 3910.0 =| 53. 25 30 54.0
bd

Index error = +- 1 min. 37 sec.

te RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
Rees.
h min. see h. min. sec
6 0 36 15.7

ENCAMPMENT IN DESERT VALLEY, AMONG BLACK ROCKY <

°
Determination of longitude, December 26, 1843—altitude fe a Lyre. .

- OBSE RVATION.
Double altitude of a Lyre. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec. o. ho mim. .
46 49 00 6 55

Index error = + 1 min. 40 see.

* one :
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
h. min. sec. he. min. — see.
@ “SI 13 0 34 §=—-05.5
oi See

” “ +

Py , coe
ey Se 464 7
“ENCAMPMENT IN DESERT VALLEY, AMONG BLACK ROCKY HILLS.
=e Determination of latitude, December 26, 1843—alfi tude of Polaris.

OBSERVATION. Z

' Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer.

Deg. min. sc.
87-281 50

‘ Index error = ++ 1 min. 40 sec.

See) ce . 2 RESULT: OF CALCULATION. :
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
Deg. min. sec. h. mhin. see. Deg. min. see.
oe 43. 30.. 44 6 25 Bz. 4 00 09

“CAMP. OF. DECEMBER 29-00
€
Determination of ee Deceenter wi 1843—altitudes of Polaris.

2 ‘J ESS

i
Deuble altitudes of Polaris.

CAMP OF DECEMBER 29-30.
Determination of longitude, Decem/er 29, 1843—altitudes of « Cygni.-

« OBSERVATIONS.
‘Double altitudes of a Cygni. Time of chronometer.
‘

Deg. min. seer re ee

50 BO hen 12.
79 27 00 21 25.0
79 07 40 22 21.0
78 33 20 24 08.0
Mio ET 10 | 25 16.0

Index error == ++ 1 min. 40 sec,

RESULT OF CALCULATION. *

Mean time. Advance. } Longitude.

NEW YEAR’S EVE CAMP. ,

Determination of latitude, December 31, 1843—altitudes of Polaris:

OBSERVATIONS.
i ao es
Double altitudes of Polaris. L Time of chronometer 8 8
Deg. min, sec. : Ih. min. see. ;
85 39. 0 rs r
8 39 ov a 46
8 50 44
: 85 38 25: 45
8 38 40 at ee
85 30 39 2¢
85 38 20 40 29
85 37 50 41 41
85 37 10 43
85 37 30 44 34
ti
Index error = -}+ 1 min. 40 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION. es
Pie “48 7 09 34
ee ee - *

NEW YEAR’S EVE CAMP.
Determination of longitude; December 31, 1843—altitudes of a Cygni.
oe

OBSERVATIONS. .

FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.

~ ———

Double altitudes of - Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
a Cygni. : a

© . Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec Deg. min. sec h. min. sec
76. 32 “46 7 19 318 74 U4 60 Te Siz
ig od 22 01.0 St 38 27. 38.0
a 7 19 00 23. 16.5 73, 36 40 28
74 59 40 24 17.0 8-18. 36 29 30.5
74°97 85 * 25° 24,5 18°230RS 35 30 21.6
4 Index error ==4}-'1-inin. 40 sec.
————— RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
: h.- min. sec. _ hh. min. see.
. 37 ©. O90 08.8
ai eK S
& CAMP NEAR THE MUD LAKE.
Determination of lonigitude, January 3, 1844—altitudes ofa Be a ;
Ed OBSERVATIONS.
: Time of chronometer.
oe ae
S08 bax
5 10 07.0
"ae 11 29.0
12 34.0 és
ais 13 43.0

Index error = 4 1 min 45 sec
RESULT OF CALCULATION.

467 pita
CAMP NBAR THE MUD LAKE.
Determination of latitude, January 3, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. .

: OBSERVATIONS.
4
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
‘ ‘
| Deg. min. see. h. min. © set
84 30 7 18 18
84 35 15 20 06
s4° 35 50 ~ 92
35 15 24 40
e4 35 10 25 25
Index error = ++ 1 min. 45 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
a :
ce: True altitude. Mean time. : Latitude.
Deg. min: see. hs —-rins—~-80¢: Deg. min. see. —
42 17 39 6 55 31 40 48 15

CAMP NEAR THE GREAT BOILING SPRING.

Determination of longitude, January 6, 1844—altitudes of: a oS Si

| OBSERVATIONS. * Caos
Double altitudes of « ae, & ie "Time of chronometer, F
go mete He hk. + min. __ see. eS
70 1 40 7. 10 06s
ee ee 10 56.0
- 47° 30 11 45.6
66 «38S 20 12 %° ‘
oe .. 6° 46 13 7.3
Index error = ++ 1 min. 48 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Advance. . . Loagitude.
min. .
66 44 23 Oa 334
a pe .
is oa a

x

=wltitudelitef-Polaritc

’

‘é

is ; Re : = ae E ps = ;
- Wie eiora: + 1 min. 48 sec.
- RESULT OF GALCULATION. =
: Latitude. S

Deg. min. sec.
40 39 44

e

bp

same station)—meridian
Psa, ie tee Soe ‘

Latitude.

*
Pee hy { 174-7,
: Si .
ENCAMPMENT ON PYRAMID LAKE.
Determination of longitude, January 12, 1844—altitudes of « Cygni.

OBSERVATIONS.

=

FIRST SERIES. | ¥ SECOND SERIES.

: *Dovble altitudes-of PTithe-of ‘chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
: a Cygni. a Cygni. |

Deg. min. see. h. min. set. Deg. min. se h. min Cc.
3 59 .,00 6 45 14.45 62 3 . 25 C2. ol 08.5
63 34 060 46 31.0 61 52 05.5
15 50 4724.0 6 28 45 52 53.0
6 39 49 14.5 Gl. OF BU 53 59.0
G2 -20= 25 50 =—-14.0 60°. 43°... 16 54 59.0
= Index error int + 43 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Mean time. Advance. | ~ Longitude.
|
|

- Determination of latitude, January 12, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.
*

OBSERVATIONS,

: r } os
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
we min. $€C. h min. sec.
8 22 650 oe a
83 22 40 ‘ 01 39
83 22. 30 «2: SS
oe aS es | 19
; a t: < #0 eo
21 15 | 42
oe ws 60 07 46
oo 21 00 | 0s 46
83 .20 0 Oo. + sd
83 2 25 i. st
: Index error = + 43 sec. ® ee
a sce __. RESULT OF CALCULATION. —

True altitude. * Mean time?

a

ee:

&
nat
ENCAMPMENT ON SALMON _TROUT RIVER.

Pt
_ Determination of latitude, January 16, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.

sd OBSERVATIONS. = ;
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
a: sane =
: a “
Deg. min. © sec. h. min. See. :
77 21 to. 3 Il 29 a.m
77 20... 40 13 13
77 19 20. 14 32 *
77 18 50 15 43
77 18 50 16 45
77 18 25 17 59
4 77 18 00 19 12
: Aes Skeet 20 87
se 77 16 30 at
fee 77 15 23 ol
Index error = + 44 sec.
* RESULT OF CALCULATION.
: - True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
5 ee ee he min, see. Deg. min. sec. E
. o, 3 ee 2 85 “04 4 mi. 39° SI I3~
Determination of longitude, January 16, 1844—altitudes of Arcturus.
‘OBSERVATIONS.
+
we ce } se
Double altitudes of Arcturus.
:
eos
: = 2 eS
3h. «50
i, 4. . 35
9 «Lis = 50
—— Index error = +- 44 sec.
i RESULT OF CALCULATION.

471

ENCAMPMENT ON SALMON TROUT RIVER.
Determination of longitude, January 16, 1844—altitudes of Procyon.

OBSERVATIONS.

C474.

FIRST SERIES.

=
SECOND SERIES.

5 oe ,

—Pouble altitudes of | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of | Tinse ef chronometer.
Procyon. Procyon.

Deg. min, see. h. min eg. min, sec, h. min. sec.
69 45 00 3 31.2a.m.| 67 23 50 a tes

69 16 20 2 a OL we 34 15.0

68 45 25 29 5 66 39 10 35 = 22.0

68 16 40 30 44.0 66 13 50 36 31.5

67 49 55 32 02.0 65 4 00° 37 42.0
: ‘Index error = -++ 44 sec. 3 ae
RESULT OF CALCULATION. ine

h. min. sec.
3

10 02 a.m. 0 Z2 20.0

CAMP ON A RIVER OF THE SIERRA NEVADA.
Determination of latitude, January 18, 1844 —altitudes of P Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS. et ena
be ieee ei
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg: min. sec. he min. see.
75 51 50 6 39 a. m
75 Sl 45 22 25. a
or) ee 24. 07
75 53 00 25 639
75 52 50 ge 2T 10
75 53 00 23 «3
“ ~~ me * —-
- = Index error — + 44 sec
; RESULT OF CALCULATION. end
nlp a —
Deg. min. sec. hs min. sec.
37° 38> 32 6 08 17am.

ee Ne ee ns Se eee ee : * aga a Oe
{ 174 ] - AT2
~ CAMP ON A RIVER OF HE SIERRA NEVADA.

Determination of longitude, January 18, 1844—altitudes of « Leonis. » »

OBSERVATIONS. .
. ~
Double altitudes of a Leonis. Time of ae
Deg. min. sec. hi Win. 8G ree
12 30 6 32 13.0 a. m.
if 61 31°00 34 05.0
60 28 30 . 36 48.5
3 . _ Index error — +- 44 sec.
e. :
ne A * RESULT.OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. - Advance. Longitude.
RES SER |
. hh. min. see he min. see
6 13 59 a. m. 9 0 3.0 x
: “a = ~

nai = o lnsituae aes * 18, 1844—altitudes ofa tee

aoe + Se OBSERVATIONS. .
Double altitudes of a Lyre. Time of chronometer.

ATB

[ A%4~}.
SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON A’RIVER OF THE SIERRA NEVADA.

Determination of longitude, January 19, 1844—altitudes of a Cygni.

OBSERVATIONS. 4
Double - gad of a Cygni. Time of chronometer. ®
Deg. min. see. h. min. — see.
60 54 50 6 35 59.0
60 27 25 37 23.5
60 10 20 38 18.0
59 oF 35 39 15.0
59 32 30 40 18.0
Index error = ++ 45 sec. z
. %
; RESULT OF CALCULATION,
Mean time. : Advance. Longitude.
Se &
h. «min... see. he min. see.
6 18

é

ball
*

“Determination of longitude, January 19, 1844—altitudes of «

Xa eee
OBSERVATIONS.
@ Double altitudes of a Orionis. Time of chrononitter. ;
- min sec h. mn sec.
ae 24 «00 7 6
73° 52 50 i 02
14 i25e 50 47.0
i 74 i248 ~ 90 04 «58.0

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

he min. see. ee
PAS. 36.8

[174]

SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON A RIVER OF THE SIERRA NEVADA.
Determination of latitude, January 19, 1844—altiludes of Polaris.
“-

474

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time ot chronometer.
¥ Deg. min. sec. h. min, sec.
81 32. 10 6 43 20
sl. 32 00 45
81 31 20 46 06
81 31 25 47 26
sl 30 45 48 36
“Bl <S0 - 20 50 = «13
81 29 45 5b 4
“81 29 | 25 63 10
oe % 45 54 «56 :
$1 29 00 56 10
* Index error — -++ 45 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude Mean time. ; Latitude.
Deg. min. see. h. twin, ieee. Deg. min. ‘sec.
44 3a 6 30 14 39 19 pat

THIRD ENCAMPMENT ON A RIVER OF THE SIERRA NEVADA.
els es | latitude, January 21, 1844—altitudes “ Polaris.

a

$

: OBSERVATIONS.
visi altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Tyg. min. sec. h. “min, see.
3B 32 00 ia °
80 29 45 45 03
80 30 00 as | alae
80 OL 2% oo 18
20° eh 20 338 729
os pm a. - 20 ie 03
7 59 50 ‘ 41 29
79 59 10 30

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

ae : : : : Cm
475 [ 174]
THIRD ENCAMPMENT ON A RIVER OF THE SIERRA NEVADA.
Determination of longitude, January 21, 1844—altitudes of Procyon.

id OBSERVATIONS.
: Double altitudes of Procyon. Time of chronometer.
ba
Deg. min. 3€c. h. min. see. ;

5558 : 7 84 16.0

74 20 50 8 45 10.0

74 49 50 46 32.6

Index error — -+ 50 sec.
* RESULT OF CALCULATION.

"Mean time. Advance. Longitude.

4 FOURTH ENCAMPMENT, NEAR A GAP.
Determination of latitude, January 22, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.
«

OBSERVATIONS.
annie Si ny
= . = Ee a
[=> ~~~ Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. = —™S
a ee Deg.” min. ~ sec. goes —
a 1: : 5
‘ 90. 10 45 $1. 241
a0. 10 15
10 «15 33
80 09. 40 35 OL
09 20 suas
80 «=. «08 40 37 30
80 0s 00 38 59
a. GF 10 40 40
Index error — -+ 50 sec. =e

RESULT OF CALCULATION.
a nn a

[174 ] 476
| FOURTH ENCAMPMENT, NEAR A GAP.

Determination of longitude, January 22, 1844—altitudes of Procyon.

OBSERVATIONS.
‘ Double altitudes of Procyon. Time of chronometer.
Deg.. min. sec h. man. — see.
56. 87 90 . 7
57 34 20 53 51
58 13 25 55 39

Index error = +150 sec.

4 RESULT OF CALCULATI ON.
: ‘Mean time. Advance. Longitude.”
he. min. sec kh. min sec
7 36 Ol 0 a7 52.8
ae

CAMP ON A — BRANES THE STREAM OF ENCAMPMENT OF

ao of latitude, — 28; 1844—altitudes me Polaris.

“e “ a * OBSERVATIONS.
cc gee
=e Ll —
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. — sec. h. min. — see.
79 44 50 r a yf 2S 58
44-40, 25 (kT
43 45 ee, OCae
79 42 45 28 04
40 gg 29 OL.
79 42 40 30 07
79 41 at: 3
79 41 10 3% SB: :
79 30 Se ae
7m 25 4

Index error = ++ 50 sec.-
RESULT OF CALCULATION.

| Aut pip

CAMP ON A SOUTHERN inusie 1 OF ue STREAM OF ENCAMPMENT OF

Deter mauation wf longitude, fa es 23, dad alivedes of Procyon.

5: OBSERVATIONS.
FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.
; 2 om:
Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
Procyon. Procyon.
-
Deg. min. sec he min. see. Deg. min, sec. he min. — sees
§ 57 20 7 33 4).5- 55 4 10 < f 43 6.0
64." 2é: 3 53.4 55 ns - - 66 44. 02.2
54 45 20 40 49.0 56 20 00 4 59.5
5D. Ue = we 41 36.4 56 = 41 10 45 56.4
55. 20 30 3° Sis: 56 57 20 46 38.0
Index error = + 50 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time.

Advance. — | Longitude.
|
|

h. min. sec. | h: ming sec.
2.20: 12 | 0. 16 = 37.0

| re

‘ENCAMPMENT ON THE HEAD WATERS OF A STREAM.
aie = nent January 24, 1844—altitudes of —,

59 ; ‘OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Procyon. Time of chronometer. i
Deg. min, sec. A. any 2 ee
5 20 7 37.7 =
53 36°. «15 32 «51.0.
53 45 33 §3.4
54 16 40 34 40 5
. 64 50 so 42.7
e. 55 (00S 20 36 36.0
d aie d x error =+ 43. sec. tigen was

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

he min, see. oe
Os 16-5 967.8 de ge

raimey

A478

ENCAMPMENT ON THE HEAD WATERS OF A STREAM.
Determination of latitude, January 24, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
De min. Set. h. min, sec
7 11 00 | Pe
79 Ae: 08 | 42° - 1h,
79 +1 00 43 36
79 «#08 «25 | 45 03
2 79 07 35 | 47 13
79 07 20 48 2z ’
79 #406 40 49 55
79 05 45) j 51 18
79 05 00 ; / 52 36
79 04 30 53 56
# ;
Index error — ++ 48 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. ‘ Latitude.
Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec.
39 33 T 3l 29 38° 24° 28

CAMP ON A LARGE STREAM.
Determination of longitude, January 26, 1844—allitudes “f the sun.
OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES.

SECOND SERIES.

od #e
Double altitudes of the
sun’s lower limb.

Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
’s low :

52 00
29.05... 50

15 30

. 25 AO
29 39 00

h. min.
9
35
35
36

Deg.
39
40
40
40

er limb.
min. see.
50 «= «88
58 05
07 10
16° 85
25°. 46

23.7
37 «453.0
38 =. 28.3
39 —«O1.5
3936.

=. -> (eer

4
PONA E STREAM.
Determination of isciesen 26, 1844—meridian altitudes of the sun.
OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. i Time of chronometer. *
-
Deg. min. sec. he min. sec. &
65 18 50 0 23 44
65 19 00 25 00
65 15 27 10
65 2. 36 28 19
65 20 00 29 54
65 19 50 31 04
65 19 30 32 31
65 18 15 34 03
65 17 05 35 07
65 16 15 36 21
Index error — + 50 sec.
=
Bs RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True central altitude. pane time = transit. Latitude. #.
Deg. min. — sec: ’ he mins ~ see: 4
32 55 *20 0 28 BS I] . oe, aa

Determination of longitude, January 26, se atu ateip Srom the moon’s
Jirst limb to Ven

OBSERVATIONS ote CIRCLE.

_ © Time of chronometer. Circle reading, aie
he min. see. * Deg. min. sec. | is
. o" ee US : en ee Gag 2
59° «57 ; ee - a :
Fe. OL Oy. 5 scl
Ofe. 27
03. 54
04: 58 5
06. 15 igo.
07 06
- aa
09 4619
10. 18 ‘
1 25 S
: 13. (QF
See 13 "3p eee 35" 40 eae

ea ee RESULT OF CALCULATION.

True distance. Mean time at Greenwich. ~ Longitude. e
z 2g. =min. ‘SEC. min. — 8 Deg. min. st.
a 3 4 57 488 oS
eae ees fs
sos a Es

coins on A TARGE STREAM.

.
_ Determination Kf latitude, January 26, 1S44—allitudes of Polaris

s : =. ee sabe * sai “ae

or ¥ 3 ; ~ ; 9 *
x & nae : :
= 480°

: eas ee onelivarions
2 ees si
ae } :
z + Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
ie - Deg. min. see h. ig. see:
. 7 53 30 T 3b oF
a 78 63 5 42-02
= 4 ie | ee Bee 43 08
ae 18s SI 980°, 44-42
aS 1" ST 15 2? 46 «19
£ ‘; <a , = pw “Index error = * ee.
; ones RESULT OF Licconscres.
_ True altitude. . Meat’ — Latitude.
Deg. min. sec. ; eA te SeC. Deg, min. sec.
= 25 29 oT 87 420 a Ww OR
~ me i ceo sas ‘ ‘
ib,

a é
Ptisii on pee eee ies cs a
Ed

a a. ¥ <

littl Bis

CAMP ON, THE @AME ‘sfktau is ON | fe NIGHT OF ea Pi 18-19,

oe <
ad

y altitudes 4
Petes tnat moh. longitude January 30, 1844—altit of ‘Procyon.
> ‘ > . DEDESTAGPDES- ae

. i Pa, 3 : oo *> ® ‘
_FIMST SERIES. ~ le SEQOND SERING. we *
pees — oem oe v7
Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of+chronometer.
t Procyon. Procyon. |. ‘ » ,
oe See Pee ; : =
“i *
Deg. min.” sec. h. min. sec. || Deg. min. see. he min. dee.
6 00... 7 08 oO 4) 63° 0b «0G Peeves = 2G
61 44. 20 4 09 * 33.0 ih 63. 2&0 é 14 03.4 .
62 08; 15 « *. 173970 | 63 ag OR 14% 56.5 .
62 26 40 p Mg 262 64 .07 00 eS. 2 6Le ‘
62 45.- 40 2° 183 |; 64 Se 16 | 52.0" *
e “
Index error = 4-52 sec. Jee *,
pee ie: RESULT OF CALCULATION. ‘
peti = is a
- : ae See a 4 3 ss
Mean time. be _ Retard. t « ‘Longitude.
Dai A 3 ‘a
Ces 4 . Ree
h. min. — see. he. min. sec. at oe
7 -—. o 0 (85 Se xe | es
{ ; ' * Pe *
SS = “Tr a

Determination s latitude, Jainary 30, 1844—allitudes of Fiolaris.

OBSE RV ATEONS.

[ 174 + 382. a
e is wk ¢ or” a

+. - Finer cAMP IN THE PASS OF THE SIERRA NEVADA.
pa. a of latitude, Fed. 5, 1e44—Smeridian altitudes Ue the sun.
‘ ere %
fo _ OBSERVATIONS. a, Ms
a *; . ”
Double altitudes of the sun’s lower — Time of chronometer.
;
, Deg. min. sec hk. min, sec ‘
- 70 O2 - 35 6 4 «
. 7 03 es | ol 52
- 70 $4... 28 * 04 #834
4 70 404 «40 bie 05 19
70" 982 15 a 06 808
* 5 20° Ot. 45 ‘ A ; . 06 59
A * 70 O04 40 f 07. 44
‘ P 70. «04" «20 ‘ 08 25
* zs : 70 04» 0925
. 7 04 #400 10 57
‘ . 76 * 08 . 35 ‘ 12 03
° 70° 02 50 is: SR
poms rs - . bd
~ Index error = ++ 52 sec.
c » RESULT OF CALCULATION.
= ™ ;
True central altitude. _Apparent time of transit Latitude
-" a
ae Deg. min. — sec. h. min. _ sec. = min. see.
* kas & 49 0 06 49° 42 26

7

Determination of longitude, February 5, 1844—altitudes of the sun.
“OBSERVATIONS.

a a
FIRST pare.

SECOND SERIES.

! altitudes of the | Time of chronometer, | _ altitudes of the| Time of chronometer.
sun’s lower limb, s lower limb.

+ a ake may

+e ¢
: THE LONG CAMP.
pe sca ap tongitel,’ February 14, 1844—altitudes of Procyon
ee tte sss * i
J i ‘ ed
* Double altitudes of Procyon. Time of chronometer.
%
= *” é
‘ - Deg. min. sec. h. min sec. : ;
‘ ot : 6 02. o
77 «=638—Ss(O0 ' 49 82.0 iz ~
ee ee 50 28.0 .
78: Bas: AO tm 51 zs p
_ a a ee 52
a 2 x . “or
Sn
' Index error = + 52 sec. *
RESULT OF CALCULATION. :
a
Mean time Retard. Longitude. © |
he. min. see. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. *
7 oO. eS . 12 6.1 120 57
si 4 =~ »
Determination of latitude, February 14, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. *
OBSERVATIONS. . 2
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. ve
a ; rn
: 06 20 = ow ig: 6 is 6s yice pe ‘
79 05 «30 .
79 #03 #50 =
a 79 03. 20
* 79 02 - 00 Ks
79 OL 35 ="
79 00 50
oe ee 10
« 00 00
78 58 35
“ - ‘é Index error = -+ 52sec.
‘a Foe
_- RESULT OF CALCULATION. _
aie ae :
—-
é True altitude. ~ + * Mean time. f
= - ae * .
Deg. min. q hk. min. “see.
39 804 fs imo.”
= baie #
Ae — =
eee * ‘ ad

ans iis titudes of the a ;

Se "OBSERVATIONS... oe

?

re

oo ee

: - ah Sag
RESULT OF mines, <0

<= ’ ~ a - ty
483 - eo
Pa THE : Lond gh 5 a

. Determination. a iatiggute, February 19, 13M—-meridian altitudes of

: .
. ¥
OBSERVATIONS. - "
s a
: — ; e«
Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer.
i ee be
Pig min. sec , hh. =omin. see
- Ine 20 a “
i) 17 51 54
79 #419 ~#«10 ) 5244 ?
79 1g 65 i 53 27
ms 9 0:45 5410
79 20 63. 55 21
So 79 ot 20. 56 15
79 21 20 57 32
21 50 58 25
79 21 55 ; 59 15
; 79 05 gr ‘6 eee
aa = 6 ae ol ww 7
79 21 45 02 09
1 35 02 f
79 21 20° s 03 55
79 20 605 05 14
* 7 00. 06 09
79° aa 30 07 39.
3 : Index error — ++ 50 sec.
obeel s&h Xe st RESULT OF CALCULATION, te wi celia
+ . pry % a ae ee
ome True ec tr 1 tit de A ; he ent th ae of tran it. 4
+.
; 39 66°-~ 36 11 59 30
x iy z
7 ee ; 2
2 * a . *€ A :
. =f |S
2 me a
ol * " we
* bi — Leg
2 ‘fens?
® vs
* £ ge: * sal
= a =
+ Pre Suen a %
Pe e * * d
4
ae x Be + . “a .

% “~ " *
* —_ ; .

( ¥ os
i lis 1 86
, ol '
4 : CAMP ON THE RIO DE Los AMERICANOS, (HIGH IN THE MOUNTAIN.)

; ‘ie
& Bet nction of longitwa e, Febuary 24, 1844—altitudes of o 5 doa

onewev Prion
;
of Double altitudes of a Lyre. . _» Time of chronometer.
ee “4 = -
Deg. min. sec. h.. min. 8ee.
“ 81 00 3 42 52.4 a. m.
81 wa oé 44 30.0
7 Ss 45 45 40.6
82 50 ; 46 46.3
: -— @& 3 ‘ 48 18.6
*
Index error = + 50 sec.
j . RESULT OF CALCULATION,
secant hot “= wipe et alle eM
Mean time. Retard Longitude.
h. min. see. i sec. Deg. min. +
4 00 55am. G16: W738 190 «St 20
Determination of latitude, February 24,1844—altitudes of Polaris.
ae
F . OBSERVATIONS. 3 os

Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.

Pd

PU. Bee,
74 20 3 08 a. m.
74 45 10 56 00
74 46 00 58 04
: - se SO. 34 te m
7” 46. 30 . ee ee oa
a, a"
eS it. rg
: * ee sae . *
_ _- Index errer — + 50 sec.
s ie * :
# RESULT OF CALCULATION. | ‘
* » .
Latitude.
sa
-
a min, sec.
" 46, 58 oy

*

Se *
ow
487 — [ Wi. yo
P
NUEVA HELVETIA. ar
. Determination of time, March 10, 1844—altitudes of the sun. :
% . j OBSERVATIONS.
° ts.
FImaT SERIES. SECOND SERIES. bd
‘ |
Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of the Time of chronometer.
_sun’s lower limb. | sun’s lower limb,
if ; * + :
Deg. min. see. h. min. sec | Deg. min. sec. h. min. see.
37 2240 15 45 $3.0..} 38 58 0 7 49 06.7
38 00 50 46 080°} 39.5: 46 49 59.0
38 14 50 47 08.0 | . 27 50 30.5
38 2-33 10 47 59.5 40 00 51 04.4
* 38 45 45 48 33.6 | 53 51 43.0
* RESULT OF CALCULATION. w
4‘ =
ue. ep Mean time Retard.
% he min sec. ‘ Ah. = min. sec.
. 8 06 (88 0 "17 «38.9
ys SI
Determination of latitude, March 14, 1844—meridian altitudesof the sun.
OBSERVATIONS.
*. sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer.
« * ‘ pa
P sec. he min, ste.
40 rr 2 -
05 : ; 25 = (22
50 ww &
* 00 33 28
00 35 56
40 | 37 33
30 3835
50 | 46 58
30 | , 47 58
15 5200
» —
, Index error = — 6 sec. ie
RESULT OF CALCULATION. +
= ——— . a scans EB eo ap ee
* J & ee.
: ‘ Be :
Cs
: a ‘ *
at + ae * .* | Ro % . ca
- ; bane _ ~ - _ 2) e: = = ee
ae o
oS CS SOL . ee —— ee. a

le eae ; 2 *

* a S
; &
; »%" vet
a i
“tan at ‘ ag
“ae NUEVA HELVETIA
. “Determination of latitude, March 14, V844enailitedes oh Polaris. .
SS " OBSERVATIONS. § Pye
= —
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. w
= | a =
8 Deg. min. sec kh. min. sec. eS
” os 40 16) weber oti
5 Vay’ 07 . 38 1% 5m: : é
. ae — 2 oe vege &
< aa * ae 15 49
aq7 05 00 16 56
vea7 00 8 16
72h ey ar | 02 560 19 27
af i f ol 50 20 31 *
b 20 77 Ol 40 21 5h
8.28 77 00 23 33 * #
S oe a Index error =~. eee. ‘
a. — RESULT OF CALCULATION. 4
—_ 3
wae .
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
be min. sec. * h. | min. sec. Deg.. min. _ sec. 3 ;
3l 01 Z 37 ¢2 38 34 45
t
Determination or latitude, Merck 15, 1844—meridian altitudes of thesun.
- ee
"3 ~ Double slits of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer. . _ Ps a ‘
7 ay <*
id * ‘el | ;
De. min. sé. kh. mim. see. +
‘ ’ mg 35 30 Il 42
37 : 43. 41
: 9% «38 ie ' 45 09 “
28 36 20 46 02
Ss 2% 10 2.
98 39 20 4831
98 39 20 ..
Ft = 50 38 "4
a ee Bl 24
9 38 40 Fe *
98 38 . 30 S 2 a -
06-34 -. 15 54.98. 5 *
‘ 6 232 - 15 |

sss RESULT OF CALCULATION.
~ , Sibi Fo ect Fee ti A
Care 4 — 2 —

q * Pani = ’
: 489 ’ [odie d &
= + = a «
a ‘
NUEVA HELVETIA. ”
Determination of time, Murch 16, 1844—altitudes ic the sun.
“
: OBSERVATIONS.
; nae
FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.
oe ro
*. altitaide es of the Pag of chronometer. | Dou ble altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
son 's tower limb. ; sun’s lower limb. :
é 2
- min. see. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. h. min. see.
tas a . ee ~ 40 7 48 23.2 44° 2 10 7 72550. +509
40 00 “48 58.5 44 31 35 51 20.4
= 50 = «00 49 27.4 44>" 42 00 51 53.0
#4 «00 10 49 54.0 44 56 30 52 30.4
A 443 12 40 50 28.6 45 O07 60 53 00.5
”
Index error = — 5 sec.
ey iat > @
® RESULT OF CALCULATION. :
ag ge
Mean time Retard.
# : -
he min sec. A, in. set.
8 10 39 om 0 19 52.0

Index error — + 8 sec.

RESULT OF CALCULATION. ae
True central altitude Apparent time of transit. Latitude. -
* ro . min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec.
=, S28. Il 46 55 36. $5 15
- a ae s + ee

hand 22d of March = 33° 34’ 42”.

¥

[47% J | 490
NUEVA HELVETIA.*

Determination of time, March 22, 1844—allitudes of the sun.
OBSERVATIONS.

.

FIRST SERIES. SECORD SERIES,

Time of chronometer. |; Double eines of the | Time ef chronometer.

Double altitudes of the
sun's lower limb. sun’s lower limb.
=

min, set. h. min, see. Deg. min, sec. kh. min: me
46 31 10 7. 43. 32.5 47 21 . 50 7 45. 528
46.41 35 44. 00.0 4% 329 . 20 46 234
46 50 00 44. 22.5 47. 38. 10 46. 36.
47 04 20 45 04.0 47.45 . 50 46. 56.4
4% 014. 45 A5 32.0 4% ae55 210 AY. 20.6

Index. error = + 8 sec.

™ RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Retard. 7
; : 3 :
A. ait. sec. . he min. sec.
i 8 08 23 ae 0 22» 50.2

. ‘ &

ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIO DE LOS MUKELEMNES.
| Determination a longitutle, March 25, 1844—altitudes of the sun-
OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES. j SECOND SERIES. ‘

-

Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
fed sun’s lower limb. sun s lower limb.

Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. sec h. ‘min. sec.

25 3 80. .49.6 51 19 10 3 [8 «(214

& 06 15 Si. 20.5 sn =e $3 «42.5

. 5 2 10 31 54 st 606 34. COLL

St at 6 32 26.0 52 66 84 x]

- 51 oe 51.0 50 44 8 “34 56.8
Index error = + 10 sec. *

* RESULT OF CALCULATION.

a 2.)
. 491 'e [174 J
$ - os
ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIO DE LOS MUKELEMNES.
Determination of latitude, March 25, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
e on x
Beg. min. sec. h. min. — ste.
75 32 30 7 22 23 .
75 31 25 23 28 $
75 29 50 25 10
75 29 25 26 07
75 28 40 27 22
75 27 40 28 21
75 26 00 29 51
75 26 40 31 14
75 24 45 32 21
vis 23 45 33 10
Index error = + 10 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
Deg. min. see. h. main. see. Deg. min. see.
37 42 52 7 53 21 38 08 23

ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIO DE LAS CALAVERAS.
Determination of longitude, March 26, 1844—altitudes of the sun.
OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES. | SECOND SERIES.

7
Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
sun’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb. }

Dez. min. sée. h. min Deg. min. see min. s€c.
06 00 3 53° 06 3 ao 603.5
5 51 -@& 26 §2 58. 70 29 «© 22.5
52. 37 50 52 ¢ 36 29 48.7
i 28 2 10 30 14.0
53 15 10 28 6&2 26 10 30 49.4
Index error = - 12 sec. is
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
.
Mean time, Retard. Longitude. —
Ramee , ‘ a
he min. | see. he min. S€e.
‘ $ SO 168 137
3 ae a 16.
i ee «

i ae ee

[4744 ape 492,
: Eeciabeitirr ON THE RIO DE LAS CALAV BRAS.
Determination of latitude, March 26, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERV! ATI ONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec. h.. min. — sé
75 14 35 7 2 33
75 14 10 24

ss mM 1% 16 26 «OT

7 i 40 | 27° 30

= if 00 29° (07

a ee | E 30 32

7 08 3220

7% of 40 a3* a

75 05 30 ae
* 75 35 37 23 in
: ?
slag =:

Index error = -+- 12 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
Deg. min. sec. hk. min, sec. Deg... min.....see..

37. 3 OS : 562 | 38 02 48

ee ee ee aes ON STANISLAUS RIVER.
Determination of latitude, March 28, saints of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
ris Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. -
Deg. min. sec h. min, — sec.
74 07 090 7 55 32
es ee! 56 = 52
“4 « “3 ee
74 06 0 boi 5 16
= = = : &.
ooggo- 8 20 01 37
cs oo ww 03 «22
as ec. OS 05 03
. 73 59 50 * 06 22
73 58 a0 Ss 08 38

Index error == + 12 sec. ™

RESULT oF. CALCULATION.

“Mean time. -

jars eA a Sete as bs eae Sh ees). ee f:
+ : : — : 6 a i
ee een : ; eee ee
4 493 a 5 y
Se: $5 ~ tak, DE ET FON Tet he ¢* Rae
i *s
Eg ENCAMPMENT ON. STANISLAUS RIVER.
Determination of ee March 28, 1844—altitudes of Capella.
: OBSERVATIONS. .
! *
| - ;
FIRST SENIES. SECOND SERIES.
Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
apella. z Capella.
Deg. min., sec. h. min. — see. Deg. min. sec. he. min. — s€e.
Ba 91 ~ 02 245 8 1} 31.5 ss 48 50 8 18 €5.0
© =g0 34 20 12 54.0 $8. 27. 50 19. 06.3
30-01 | :40 14 30.0 gs ‘Hl 00 19 7.5
89 59 20 15. 35.5 87 47 10 21 08.0
¥ 15. 30 16 46.0 86 39 40 24° 36 ee
. Index error’ — 4-12 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Retard. Longitude.
h nis 80x he min Sc. Deg... min... see.
8 41 27 69 8 121 07
“ ee
i
"SECOND ENCAMPMET ON STANISLAUS RIVER.
Determination of longitude, Murch 31, 1844—altitudes of the sun. |
Gee : —— OBSERVATIONS. BE sg =
a 7 ‘ ene psn inane ,
Double — of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer
Deg Shin Sec. h. thin. — see. é
Se a 34 30.0 |
as 15 56 35 005
52 00Ss«10 35 42.6 |
i sw 36 05.4
St .40 50 3633.4

a m4 7 ,

oe

coed

_ SECOND ENCAMPMENT oN STANISLAUS RIVER.
Determination of latitude, March 31, 1844—altiludes of Polaris. :

OBSERVATIONS.

<

Double altitudes of Polaris.

S

Time of chronometer.

Deg. min. sec. hk. min. sec.
73 46 00 8 04 57
73 44 50 06 2
73 44 25 * 638 00
73 43 25 09 15
73 43 10 Il 23
73 Al 15 12 23
73 40 15°45
vo ee 40 15 16
73 on 16 18
73 38 10 17 37
; Index error = + 10 sec. *
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
ae
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
3 min. see. hs tin. see. Deg. min. sec.
49 46 s 42 20 37 15 43

>

ENCAMPMENT oN A LARGE TRIBUTARY TO SAN JOAQUIN RIVER.
Determination ea latilude, April 3, see Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec. h. min. © sec.
43 35 30 7 09 69
73 34 «20 or. 4
I it 37
73 32 00 ie be §5
73 00 14 07
ae te | 31 16 3
73 30 «15 Me. 7 2,
73 «429 ~=—(30 7 at
73 28 25 19 14
73...27 20 ) 20. 23
nee a
Index “a =f 18 we sec. ‘

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Mean time.” «

mee “ae ” sec.

y * Pig ei +

"s J & 495 A -.' c 14],

» ENCAMPMENT ON aan TRIBUTARY TO SAN JOAQUIN RIVER.
Determination of longitude, April 3, Wh dis qlee 4 of Arcturus,
+ OBSERVATIONS. * a
-_ t *,
# FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.
be EERE 2 2
Double altitudes of Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
Arcturus. Arcturus.
| : . ” 7
Deg. min. sec h. min. — sec. Deg. min. see. h. min. — sec.
S@ 43° -.50 8 90 48.5 -54 00 | 8 05 §2.5 %
53 12 25 | 2 02.0 55 682 06 64.0
5 38 00 03 06.0 55 34 15 ae 07 58.6
' 54 01 00 04 04.4 55,:.56...30. gee 08 58.0
Ba 04 ~~. «58.4 56 26 30 10 10.5
bal ‘
RP PE I Be a ae eT e+
* . = _ 15 sec. ‘ a
: *
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
% t
_ Mean time. Retard. | Longitude.
¥ * |
2 | 3 \
min. see | he min. sec. | Deg. min. see.
e:<36 4% 0 “8 3 120 58
‘ | ‘
ENCAMPMENT ON SAN JOAQUIN. RIVER, © a
Deter mination of latitudes April 4, Lt ltudeah Polar re
= OBSERVATIONS. . A a
eee eT tie it Re ‘ pitas
~» Double altitudes of Bolaris. 4 Time of chronometer.
« . :
; eae be = =
Deg. min. © sec. a in dee.
1% ie 53 i 20 ‘ 7 ‘i 26 28 +
ot een). eds
St” BO —p0 29
72 50 pO “ 31 57
72 650 00 133 9 84 ;
= 4 45 ¢ “2885 O16
vs 4 47 10 “36 52
. ; 72 467 16 a” 33
; : ee 393
2 44 20 27
S aie "RESULT OF CALCULATION.
aa * ee 2 = | Pe
aa Deg. min. sec. «5. san ee. ‘i
36 23 4 8 06 27 .
———

ed Se
ee s ae

wh, *
<2
-exGhuewent ON SAN JOAQUIN RIVER. — ‘+ =
pecan of longtlude, vapri 4, 184 1—altitudes of Arcturus.

SS ; OBSERVATIONS. a &
+ * ED

Double altitudes of Arcturus.

| :
- Mo anePE Ky BAR
|

owe oa esters.

Index error =+ 20 sec.

Ae + RESULT OF CALCULATION. ae ee
a : ones ote Ee * ET AP ROU ESIC es SS ee a
#6 Fj * & Ty :

Mean time. ; Ot ORetéird.< 05S: Longitude.

“he min. see. he min. seey Deg. min. set. 5
06 “ae Gen a ee 120 _ 45
a

ica of,

ike $4 es tte ge Fae a =

ae of chronometer. - a

s
SERees

el
ee

Soe
Po
*

.

pe on Te
ct +

not ates ta

tis

SE ETS COO, OES ae aS ee oe
+ < ee sg Pee “|
; . : . ; ' 2s rh [ iT# I ‘

- “SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON SAN | N RIVER.
Determination Of longitude, April 5, 1844—altitudes of etierriis. ;

: er _ OBSERVATIONS. ; ‘
FIRST SERIES. ” SECOND SEEIES.
—-- — = Cans
Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of} Time of ehtonometer.
© Arcturus. Arcturus. ele
ae ¢
in
Deg. min. see. h. min, sec. || Deg. min. sec. ~ de min. sec.
57 46 | - 3 060 | 62 26 YO Se Mid 496
58 38 05 15.5 | 62 52 15 50.0
eat a € 06 319 63 Je 10 Me: 16 498
oo a0 45 CO 07 27.0 63 47 20 ws 1 6.4
12. -35 | 09) 10.6 00 : 19 48.4
| ' ¥ *
~ Index error = ++ 20 sec. 4 »
= RESULT OF CALCULATION. — e* rs
al -2hetBa, | Gt aad
= Mean time. ae Retard. i 4
Te oe ' z ' i, ais --Rgeaeememeet
Fa : a ee
he > min. — see. | h. min: see. Deg. min. ~ .
9x5 460.036 0 33 55,1 120. -38.*' O
TS Ba Z —
_. ENCAMPMENT ON THE. LAKE FORK, (OF THE TULARE oe
* Determination of longitude, «ipril- 8, a a i ihe
* OBSERVATIONS. ee,
+ : 4 es eee
eee ® ee : maaan ‘
i Sa a ee ee

et . ; V_atgitiot £ Gy aghee tile elitr fT

‘Peay - 498 ;
ENCAMPMENT ON THE LAKE FORK, (OF THE TULARES.)

~ Determination of latitude, April 8, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. ,
+ 4

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
;
%
Deg. h. min. © sec
ya 15 15 21 2
*% “ge 3 : 25 ©*07
mm Wo aio 26 639
ee :
aan mA 7 . ee en
-_-_Index error = +4- 35 sec.
Bs +
* RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
wong ee 5 sais | ~
Dez. min. 82. h. min. — see. Deg. min. see.
35. 35 > 8 02 36 36: . 24... 60
= tion of longitude, April 8, 1844—altitudes of Arcturus.
~ Shee ; Ske *
: Fe OBSERVATIONS.
: *
. * = ty £
: Double altitudes of Arcturus. Time of chronometer.
. . 4 . Z ai
——————— eo; ...
gee nets < "7 “et + i
. min. - see. A. min.” sec.
: ‘e 03 15 7 ww We
: - 30 34 (89.5 2
* Ris 53 : 20 * . 36 08.0 ;
ae 37. 49.0.
* cf 28 Sy oe 38 «57.0
. sal © . ee a sailice
Pape é a et ee ee >
g Index error = + 35 sec. é
" ‘ . RESULT OF CALCULATION.
; ce. :
——
* 2 P a e 3

: 499 [ 174]
ote
mess ON A SMALL STREAM, AFFLUENT TO THE LAKE TULARES.

Pettiominadion of latitude, April 9, 1844—altitudes of 5, 6
4

‘ an OBSERVATIONS. — F
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
* .
—— ee
Deg. min. sec. h. min. see.
70 20 00 7 50 44
19 20 x 52 11
70 18 40 53 414
-— 7 ‘30 55.2
~ wey 70 17 00 57 16
Index error — + 30. sec. ‘
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
2 *
== Sean S eee T ong
~ True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
+ eer eee
Deg. min. sec. | h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec.
| 8 33 39 36 08 38

” Determination of longitude, April 9, 1844—altitudes of Arcturus.

+

oe OBSERVATIONS.
PES A eae »
& Double altitudes of Arcturus. Time of chronometer.
Deg "min. get. h. min. see.
. ae eee) 8 03 04.5 me te
7 67 07 ~=—«10 04 ~=—«40.
» oS 2.7 06 06:7
‘ Wz: 463.4 07 (18.6
pga SF CROO 005, ae 08 =: 30.0
eee id %
eens “Index error = ++ 30 sec.
ee ie
i RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Nery ee
~~ "‘Miéan time. Retard. <. Longitude.
ie : f ‘i
k: * « * te
a see. h. min. sec mit. 800»
sa 0 40. 005 wm &
¢ = — te
s e saben ng etn
ae oS .
a .

secon BNCIEMENT ON A SMALL STREAM, AFFLUENT TO eae

TULARES.
: _Balegagincti ion n of latitude, April 10, _ of Polaris.
ail es OBSERY. ATIONS. “
ce Double altitudes o is. | ie
. : anal

ae - rs
= "

; as 2
=.
——— 5
69° a
69

aE &
30 «00 |
2- 30 *
769 26 50
; 69s. 26- 10 ‘
’ . 69- 25 40
: 69 25
7 es SS 86
: 69 23 10
=
Index error — + 30 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION. ; ee
NS ns eee . a
Tr rue wshitade. | as time. | Latitude.
5 | ,
‘ = Se ; = a A ¥} eh,
- a* ag ee a A. sec. | Deg. min. sec. =
“ 8. ‘50. 50 Sa 3 4910

Mie ican’ of Di gil ude, an Z 10, 1844 altiludes of tras

i caenis 3 gain Ss.

wR ee

Fi | bi -s
- . FIRST SERIES. = SECOND SERIES.

Time of chroaometer. . “Tine af cian, ase
Arcturus.

oe — ; ? : 4
' . 501 C174 j
ENCAMPMENT NEAR PASS CREEK, IN THE SIBRRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS. +
Determination of latitude, April V3, 1844—altitudes of ite
by OBSERVATIONS.

een — a Tt
dee OPP laze. ' Time of chronometer.
see = hs min. ‘see.
~~ =e 14
15 3 25 40
25 « a -)
00 6 2 48
15 30 03
50 ; 3°
00 3 33 30
00 35 21 t =
00 : 26
eh
RESULT oF CALCULATION.
_ True‘altitude. | Mean time. Latitude:
: | —
| :
» Deg. min. sec. t h. min. see. De. min. sec.
- 34° «17 12 oF 15°" 53 . 17 12 ‘

cieceitins, em pas

3

Determination of longitude, April 13, 1844—altitudes of Arcturus.

OBS ERVATIONS.

: aie
f 174] 502 .
ENCAMPMENT ON A SMALL STREAM, EAST OF THE SIERRA NEV. ADA.|
Determination of latitude, April 14, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
—
Double altitudes of Polatis.
©
min. sec. S*
16 30
Ss a
68 13 50 ‘y
68 13 a
68 13 10
68 = «12 10 :
> @ w- Le *
ae 68 10 40 3 ;
68 09 25
. 68 oR 25
|
2 Index error = +- 30 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
Deg. min. sec. h.- mi see. mg = *
34 05 00 8 Ps oe :
% nf a

Determination of lanaiiude, “Aprit 14, 1844—altitudes of Bolires
-P opsERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES.

*
SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
Arcturus. Arcturus.

h. min. 38 Deg. min. sec. h. min, see.
7 26 59.0 } @h. 4%, 40- : & Ba
‘ 65 26 30 34 42.0
29 41.0 65 48 00 35 = 33.5
66 09 4 36 = 26.0
31 0 32-30 37 22.0 |
ss ane } Bite :
Index error — +- 30 sec. ‘ core
. ‘ RESULT OF CALCULATION. 7
r *. 2 ;
i ene
E Ay... Mim, ste. Deg. min. — sec-
0 46. 24.9 118 «18 (09
ied i in

“ 503 . [ 174]

ENCAMPMENT AT ROCK SPRING.

" Determiiation of latitude, April 15,1844—altitudes of Polaris,

OBSERVATIONS.
Do tudes of Polaris ; Time of chronometer

Deg. min. sec h. min. see.

67 30 25 7 12 54

67 30 14 26

67 28 25 16 21

67 27 30 18 07

67 26 00 q 2 51 °

a
Index error = + 20 sec.

x
RESULT OF CALCULATION.

True altitude. Mean time.

Determination of longitude, April 15, 1844—allitudes of Arcturus.

OBSERVATIONS.
no Si,
Double altitudes of Arcturus. Time of chronometer. i
i ~ * : PP he
-— min. see. h. min. sec.
~ , 7° 25° «(66.5
oe ww 8 ‘ 2? oe
65 0 29 0
65 3126.5
66 14 20 32 28.0
#2 $$ $$
Index error = +- 20 see.
RESULT OF CALCULATION. .
rd
¢ : %y : a
Mean time Rated. » Longitude,

r 5
h. min. sec hice MNE = BCC. P Deg. min. . -ser.
Cm, 07 ' BB 2e 118 20 = 00 7

*
we at

&

{ 174 ] B04
ENCAMPMENT AT ROCK SPRING

’ Determination of longitude, April 16, 1844—altitudes Ce the sun.
OBSERVATIONS.

nBiiicsiiien

FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.

Double atisades of the | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes . de" : of chronometer.
“~sun’s lower sun’s lower lim
Deg. min. sec. h. min. see Deg. min. © sec h. min

69 59. 40 3. 27. 70 10. #5 3 57.2

69 23 = 40 35 1.0 70 20 35 37 33.2

* 69 36:200 & 35 33.2 70 31 15 37 50.5

a 69 47 50 36 6 B G45 10 38 24.6

x 69 45 i a: ape 05 38 OTE
Index error — — 2 sec. 4

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Mean time. Retard. Longitude.
as min. pe h. min. sec.
Fo" ae BGS

Delerminaies of pete April 16, 1844—meridian aPahates td the 4 sun.

OBSERVATIONS.
e
Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. | Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec
130 00 ‘ II 06 03
130 47 50 07 34
50 30. é 10

130. 50. 45 Yio
130 50. 45 13
130 50 30 it 8

Pome se i 50 00 15 al
1 49 20 16 06

<5 190° 40 5 16 50
130° 47 40 17 36
130 45 30 18 53

ie 1 45 20 06

mere ese Bs . Index error = — 2 sec.

* he as ies Shee - * ry
: RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True central altitude. || Apparent time of transit. Latitude.
ees ate : Se 4 i
am min. see.
41 56

ees ; [174]
PRING inh Epa OF A) a AM AMO

OF aie ed |STRE NG THE
pieehsany of lo ngitude, April 18, welsh dinate’ sun.

OBSERVATIONS.

abies TH

: as i. ‘
FIRST SERIES. frcoxp SERIES,

Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. || Double —a = the | Time of Chronwenebece
sun’s lower limb.

sun’s low:
Deg min. sec. h. min : Deg. min. sec. h. min. — sec.
06 40 3 16 44.0 56 36 25 3 20 23.0
By 46 55 17 A . 16 50 a se
31 50 18 09.0 56 04 55 se
57 19 00 = To waa Dm i § $2 11.3
DY. Us, <0 19 14.3 55 50 43.0
Reo error = — 18 | sec.
(ses
RESULT OF CALCULATION. adi
Mean time. bace. Longitude. *
h. min. sec. he min. — sec. Deg. min. see.
4 10 14 0 50. —- 23.0 : 117 43 21 =
%
gree et of! latitude, April 18, 4S44—altigndeg of Polaris.
OBSERVATIONS.
~~ Double altitudes of Polaris. Time ees fax
——<=*
Deg, min. ..sec. A. 5 Min, 80 ge
66. 58 50 4.48. =@ ‘—*
66 58 lv 03 59
66 58 10 05 03
66 56 - 45 06 8636
Gi -
‘ Latitude.
ob pats ‘ ae,
. win see §- min.
e 27 3 a oF 03
eae et
" aes * ;

{ 174 ] eo
ENCAMPMENT ON THE MOHAHVE RIVER, ON THE oa TRAIL FROM
PUEBLO DE LOS ANGELES TO SANTA F
Determination of longitude, April 21, <i of the sun.
sang

OBSERVATIONS.

+
FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.
« ;

Double — — the | Time of chronometer. ||Double altitudes of the| Time of chronometer.
’ .

sun’s lower : sun’s lower limb
Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec Deg. min. sec h. min
41 55 60 3 47.5 40 40 45 eee Fy
a 6ST. 5D 55 =~ 31.0 46 28 16 58 19.8
41 24 20 56 01.4 40 14 10 58
41 12 00 56 0 36 10 59 37.2
40 00 a¢)6| 04.3 39: 29 «= *20 = 00 83.5
Index error — — 15 sec. -
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Retard. Longitude.
h. min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec:
4 51 25 0 53 50.3 117 tT ie

Determination of longitude, April 21, 1844—altitudes of Arcturus.
OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.

= Double: aldiedes of | Time of chronometer. || Double alitudes of | Tine of cheonvmneter.
Arcturus. . Arcturus.
a Deg. min. min . Deg. min. sec h. min. sec.
65 23 10 6 59 49.0 67 27. 00 04 49.0
66 00 Ol 15.7 67 49 25 05 «42.4
66 21 25 02 08.0 68 09 25 06 30.0
<“. s 02 57.4 ° 68 28 45 07 «16.7
a. 03 55.0 || 68 51 55 0g 15.0
ss Index error — — 15 sec.

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

507

174 J

ENCAMPMENT ON THE MOHAHVE RIVER, ON THE SPANISH TRAIL FROM
FE.

PUEBLO DE LOS ANGELES TO SANTA

Determination of latitude, April 21, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
: Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.

Deg. min. see. h. min. sec.

66 59 00 7 Il 13

66 58 50 12 46

66 57 50 14 43

57 0S .20 16 2

66 56 00 17 16

66 55 10 19 02

66 54 30 20 32

66 54 00 22 ol

66 52 45 23 35

66 52 30 25 06

Index error = — 10 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude

Deg. min. sec. he. min. sec. Deg. min. sec.
33 26 21 8 11 59 34 34° COL

Determination of longitude, April 21, 1844—distance from moon’s first
: limb to Regulus. 3

vege.

OBSERVATIONS WITH THE CIRCLE.

*

Time of chronometér. ‘. Circle reading. roe
h. min. — see. Deg. min. sec.
q 57 15 .
01 22 135 34 50

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

True distance. Moan time:st- Gremwick: Longitude.
Deg. ‘min. sec. h. min. sec.
66 48 651 16 2b 35.5 a
- =
, :

rim

508

ENCAMPMENT ON SAME RIVER AS ON THE 2st.

Determination of latitude, Ipril 24, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.
OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitudes of Polaris.

- Deg min. — sec.
32 945

67
67 32

15 07
16 40
18 99
19 41
21 08
22 [2
Ee org
24 Al
7 2}
28 «46

True altitude.

Index error = — 10 sec.

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

= 78% 43 i

fs 0 of longitude, April 24, 1844—altitudes of. theres:

OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES.

- SECOND SERIES.
a
2 My,
Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer, —
‘ Arcturus.
MEO cea lh
~ Deg. min. sec. he min. see. | Deg. min. sec. hi. min. see
8 15 30 7. 32 08.0 87 «#06 «#45 73% 429.0
8 46 45 33. 24.0 e 6. a7) 68
SS os a Bp @ 25 38 19.6
86 27 40 35 (04.0 | 88 18 60 39 5
—— ee ao 496. 5 88 33 45 40 12:0 —
o> as sig ake =
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
__ Retard. ; Longit itud Ce
—_— =
a oT 58.8 116 2 eas

si Ail a ia 8

SCALP CAMP, ON ‘THE SPANISH TRAIL,
Dederepoation. of: longitude, April 25, 1844—altitudes of ircturus.

ae OBSERVATIONS.
; _ FIRST SERIES. SECOND axnree. :
= +
Double altitudes of || Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of Time of chronometer.
Arcturus, ; Arcturus. }
3 -|
‘ Deg. min. be. © h. min. 8 Deg. min. sec. h. min.
78 43 ©50 T° 43 80 47 35 7 38 14. 7
7 TW HO if 344 Si ‘tl Feo 17 | AS65
79 41 ‘45 _ # 13 33.7 81 42 45 18 30.0
80 03 236 3 te 28:0 82 10 © 30 19 40.0
80 24 15 a 15 19.0 82 30 50 20 26:7
. © ? ‘Index error = an 7 sec. $
A ie
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
© SS ie
Mean _ time. Ps _ Retard. + Longitude. ™ :
- R Wan. “Ste. ha ee ‘
ae mt 0... 59 06,0 es
‘é =.
Ronse pe Rare Rea Eee ee eee: et ae a
= : a baal
he min. see. Deg. min. sec. .
7 ewe a A * 116, 23° 928
* =
\
é ‘ ?
P See me Gage +
histo aoe res
~ rata por ae : etal settee el
* a es 7 Be. po
= ye a : ee
rere rere dh wy & cies
é 2 : ie

(ms 510
SCALP CAMP, ON THE SPANISH TRAIL.
Determination of latitude, April 25, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.

ee

Deg. min. sec. h. = min. sec.
68 00 00 7 24 35.

67 59 30 26 rai

‘ oo ae 28

fj 20 29 ig

67 57 10 30 <4

56 40 32 +

67 55 38. 051

67 55 ;40 * _ 09

bd 67 54 5 € 45

% we 67 54 00 38
Index error = — 7 sec. : aa
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
3 ,
True altitude. . Mean time. — Latitude.
: 4 - ¢
+ syge ss i ail
= ~ min, sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec.
a0 Se 8 30. 86 35 13 +08
ee : _

— =

online - ye
Determination of longitude, April 25, 1844—altitudes of « Lyre.

28 OBSERVATIONS.
o Sas
as Double altitudes of « Lyre. Time of chronometer.
=
Deg. min. __ see. “ h ~
“a B * i es ene
te 85 62° 35 Re. 1 3 20. 0
ie hs ie Dw Sake 31.2
. * @5 655, 40 - aS, 15, 42.0
86 54 °° 20 18; ¥, 14.0
— , © 24 . rate simian:
a : pe ae.
Index error = — 7 sec. ¥
. re | RESULT OF CALCULATION. .
Me on ti ; i I = “a
. * :
Ae Rh.
0 59. 144

%.

511

hae ‘
ENCAMPMENT AT HERNANDEZ SPRING.

a

[ 174 J

_ Determination of longitude, April 29, 1844—altitudes of Arcturus.

OBSERVATIONS.
= FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.
ig é
Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of Time of chronometer.
“Arcturus. Arcturus.
Deg. min. *. h. min e. Deg. min. sec. h. min. see.
95 10 0 7 33 24.5 97 14 25 7 38 35.7
95 ae 30.6 97 37 30 39 33.5
96 05 30 5 35 8444.5 98 02 00 40 35.2
96 40 ‘f 36 46.5 98 29 40 41 46.0
96 . 56 15 7 37 = 48.0 98 56 30 42 61.6
or
“i _ Index error = + 10 sec.
“RESULT OF CALCULATION. é
£
Mean time '». Retard P Longitude.
*
hen min. sec. z h. min. see.
8 40 12 ete | 02.0
=

ee of latitude, Aprit 29, 1844—altitudes ¥ Polaris. seh. §
ss OBSERVATIONS. 9 ag MT 3s "# te
eh ee
a. , . é = %, cia
38 Double altitudes of Polaris. . Time of chronometer. Rae
et ae : $ h isi:
. min. see. : wi? see E ‘
ie 58 45 . 7 49 14 si 7
Ce . 50 «25 5129 a"
68 57 —40 i ae “a t.
: see 57° 680 54. 38
: 68 56 <hO M og 56 =—s«BS ‘ :
a x 4s af ‘
¥ Index error — “—- es sec. 0: :
fig Pee
li ION.
é RELULT. OF ones ; : ee
. min. gaa ‘ he min. _ 800. & os" 7 in ~~
= ST. 8B xt S: Sie; 04 e 31
; ‘ ee BS

a *

(2 _ 812

ENCAMPMENT AT. DEEP SPRING’ HOLE, ON A RIVER WHICH LOSES ITSELF
IN SANDS.
~ Determination of latitude, May 1, 1844—altitudes of Polari $.
; OBSERVATIONS. __

Double altitudes of Polaris.

Time of chronometer.

Peleg.
idk 2
* Octo
30 10*
50
15
BE 40
8 30
$40 Ye 7
ee ao ead
ml =
% ‘Index ery = =+ 10 sec, =
eto Ocrelace} OF CALCULATION. i
ph es
True altitude, © - fe Mean time. Latitude.
a * : : 3 ; id
5 i 5 : == ae =
oO ee eae eee] ee sacar — min. sec.
: ih. 8... 8 Ba Ohm 58x * | 38... 58... 19 ;
oe ee ee i an
ne ee
© Determination of “oni, May 1, 1844—altitudes of ecraras
a OF i = ee SE al
hfe SPT Ne hain OBSERVATIONS. —
Ee. we ia ab
‘a ta er. ‘
as. . FIRST SERIES. if SECOND SERIES.
Ghee <a gr OS gk 4
bo

Sean “eae A ad fee:
0 i f | Limesof chronometer. || Double altitudes of |. Time of chronometér, Bs
Avctorus,@ ¢<4.< - Axcturus. ‘ ee

818
a. ENCAMPMENT AT LAS VEGAS, @ ‘HE MARS
Determination of longitude, May 3, 1844— altitudes of the sun.

4 OBSERVATIONS. »

FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.

(Doati altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
lim

. || Double ra a the Time of chronometer.
n’s lower | sun’slower limb. a
Rides ae : -
Deg. min. set he min. _ sec. Deg. min. see. h. min. see.
56, 56° 45 oF des 04S 55 «34 0 13 31.0
12 6.2 55.17... °80 16. 12,6
56. 17 = 60 13 41.0 55 04 45 16 42.6
56 03 «(00 14 18.5 54 49 40 17 21.0
Go 48° 95 14 54.0 54... 33. 40 18 01.0
wei Index error — +- 10 sec. : is
' : 6 ad
" . RESULT OF CALCULATION. 4
Mean time. | Retard.
h.. min. - see. MA: * min
22 «58 fk — 07

Determination of latitude, May 3, 19d "auld of Polaris. - :

OBSERVATIONS." He.

” # .
oe tS ' 514
ENCAMPMENT ON A BRANCH OF THE RIO VIRGEN.
Determination of latitude, May 5, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.

. OBSERVATIONS. . Z
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min, : h. min. — see.
70, 44 Pin 9 6 49 33
" 0 43° 45 ¢ tt. SS
= 70 42 40 6 53 26
mw: ABs 40 & CO
70 42 00 - € 56 21
70 40 6 58
7 39 40 7 O«, 30
a 0 1° Gs &
70 8638 , Gee 4
70: 98 (20 : C. 2
io & on SS 2S ee at Sel
te e Index error — +- 10sec.
7 “
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. — * “«.. Mean time. Latitude.
aes 2 ad
» Deg. min. sec. “Esk h. © min. sec! Pig Deg. min. see. .
ee. Pees ee f. 08: = 36 38 56
~ aa ~ s ~
>. 5 ey % : : » ? ae op ops to
a ee: es hae re = =v r
ee wears = ~ a * : ~ pike
> | Determination’ of longtesates May 5, a of « Virginis, ©
zy # -
=: cat . ©” oBsERVATIONS. é
a . ote
Double altitudes of « Virginis. i Time of chronometer. m
ee : es ae a es x. :
* er ae
‘ Deg. min. sec. oe
» ; = - . % 2
et ae 5 : *
; 7S, 20 |
{= ©;
woe eS * s rf
.. Index error = + 10 sec. a
Spe .

nnsti.t oF a = é

a
. | 615 | {'1747j
| ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIO VIRGEN.

Determination of longitude, May 6, 1844—altitudes of Arcturus.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Arcturus. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec. 2. h. min. — ec.
oa: 2 6 6 : 23.0
86 41 00 , 34 50.0
87 10 = 00 ei BS 01.5
< , ;
: Index error — ++ 10 sec.
*, RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. i Retard Longitude.
sina ill a *
h min. sec. h. min. sec.
15 1 12 30.5 \ opan®

~~ Determination of latitude, May 6, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.

: ; OBSERVATIONS.
a —* “ Z ~
”
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
a - min, sec. ek ee
ef 41°90 - 6 °s4°* "so
“oJ 15 * 56 12
mos - 57s
a ie | 59 4603
i 70 39 10 & ta ee
“70 380s («40 48 ba
nom ts ak.
= fF , mM
10 -@ 10 0s 03
70 35 55 oo 21

u 174 ¥] = 2 O16 *
ENCAMPMENT: ON THE Ro ‘VIRGEN.
Deana deaiion of longitude, May 7, \844—allitudes of t the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.

a

& if ends heb his age
FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.

i
|
| Double altitudes of oe Time of chronometer.
*

Double a ‘the | Time of chronometer.
low ‘ sun’s lower

sun’s

» Deg. hth. see. ¥ he. min. — see.
0 0! 5

oo
on
oy
Y me
ps
ao
CJ
Qe

43 34 50 0 0 AT 66:4
43 50 00 24.3.
10 60 450. 2Be 15 49 02,9
44 24 10 | 345 ae. YO 49 31,
- 41 45 | 46 a 35 50 00.0
i
‘ 6 Index error =-+- 10 sec.
ss RESULT OF CALCULATION.
GR RO pee RD Be armen co mers ie
- = ‘ :
Mean time. Retard. Longitude.
a oe: 3
h. min. ~ see. h. © min. — see
6 59 58 I 12 15.5 2: ol
Pe =
=

SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIO VIRGEN.
Determination of longitude, May 8, 1844—altitude of Arcturus.
i = *

»

OBSERVATION.

we

' bt

*

SECOND. ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIO- VIRGEN.,

t
_ Determination of latitude, May 8, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.

»
OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitudes of Polaris.

1? min. set. © h. min. — see.
58. 50 : ll 36
* 70 #8258 8640 19
70 ~3=s«B8 50 1457" -37
70 57 00 ~ 16°“ 58
7 css 10 * 11)
. RES pe ag emp ary eran “ — ve Se
a « Index error — +- 10 sec.
5 ;
emer : RESULT OF CALCULATION.
, a “
True altitude. Mean time. * Latitude.
Deg. min... sec. “The mins. see: Deg. min. see.
ss 2 & 2B BW oe ee

Determination of longitude, May 9, 1844—altitudes of the sun.

woh

OBSERVATIONS,
“FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. ae ag”
. Fj r * ;
itudes of the | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
sun’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb. pine
bs si e *
min. see. h. min. see. Deg. min. sec. | he “min. — sec.
54 4410 6 08 27.4 55 OB 9 4 Gita 19.8
59 8 09 04.0 56 0 ¥. ie 42.0
io: ae 09: 37:6 56 1) 366 04.4
56°. 27>. 335 1017.0 56 «21 oat, 12 29.4
55 39 8640 10 = 47.0 56 29 ° 40 2 6813
Index error — — 2 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Retard. Longitude.
=o. eae oo 3 e068 #

[ 174 J:

tive J

THIRD ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIO VIRGEN.
Determination of latitude, May 9, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.

518 |

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
%
Deg. min. sec. h. = min. see.
70 55 10 7 25 42
70 aS 5 26 56.
70 55 50 os ‘
70. 56. 00 2 8643
70 54 30 30 54
70 54. 30 ¥ 58
70 54 30 17
70 54 10 * 34 37 :
i ~~ 2 a *
70 53 20 : 37 20. ae
Index error — — 2 sec. Ee,
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. :
[=
- min. Sec. h. -min. _ see. Deg. min. sec.
25 . 68 8 45 59 5340
ENCAMPMENT ON SANTA CLARA FORK OF THE RIO VIRGEN.
Determination of latitude, May 10, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.
OBSERVATIONS,
; | *
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg: min. sec. % hk. .min. sec. oe
i: Zip 30 gas * a S. 316 364 #
= 7 as 20 17 38 aan
me a ae ee % 19 49 &
71 “98 uh0 & to Op &
7l 38 = 30 24 «39
<emee. <aeimem 25 «49
= 71 27 30 es 27 08
ai 27 30 4 28 25.
71 26 50 ‘ 30 44
< wt - 7
;
RESULT OF CALCULATION. a

a Sees

|

519 | [ 174]
ENCAMPMENT AT SANTA CLARA FORK OF THE RIO -V IRGEN.
Nag ee :
Determination of longitude, May 11, 1844—altitudes of the sun.

OBSE RVATIONS.

Double altitudes of the sun’s lower limb. Time of chronometer. —

Dez. mim. stc. * h. min. see.
+ Mm (15 3 08 24.5
56 240 10 12.2
= 8 55 1m” ~=—-02.0
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
ioe z e
Mean time. ~*) Retard. Longitude.
¥
ca .

ad ENCAMPMENT AT VEGAS DE SANTA CLARA.
Determination of longitude, May 12, 1844—altitudes of the sun.

y

OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.
. a 3

sun’s lower limb. a : prose Fawr ,
Deg. min. sec. h. min. — see Deg. min. see h. min
55 20 45 2. 38... 1.0 * 09 Bee 16: LBB
= 05 10 | 3. 50. | 53 58 16 39.3
i Si =«-26 14. 24.8 63 49 16 V2 02.2
38 20 14.. 644° || -wh8 79e a6 17> 27:6
54 24 50 15... 204 | 53 27 40 iq 6 .
* F :
Index error — -+ 15 sec. f
ee i
Bi RESULT OF CALCULATION. -
Mi ‘. ti x R t 1 I it i *
Se a
Raa Bomar ae a “ = ‘
&. min. sec. © h. min. sec. ? ‘
4. 2 | ee PP 1G 36.0 “yz . 2
Me if f

E 174 | 520

ENCAMPMENT AT VEGAS DE. SANTA CLARA...

Determiinali ton of latitude, May 12, 1844—altitudes ft Polaris.

OBSE RVATIONS.

Double altitudes of Polaris. ~

Time of chronometer.

Deg. min. sec & min. - sec.

72 05 10 13

72 05 00 s il 42

72 05. 20 13 05

72 04 = (00 26

72. 4 30 5 40

a 72 03 30 18 09

ae ee | 19 —-47

72 02 45 20 57

+ 72 02 35 ‘22 00
72 02 «80 23 10 ie
coe = este

Index error = ++ 15 sec.

RESULT OF CALCULATION,

True altitude. Mean time.
. min. sec. i kh. min. ae see.
’ oe oo. “6 e = 33

Determination of longitude, May 14, 1844—altitudes of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES.

SECOND SERIES,

Double altitudes as the Time of chronometer. Double fe man “8 the | Time of chronometer.
sun’s lower limi
2 Tr 4 ‘a we
_ fh min. see Deg. min. sec. h.
4 43 0 aGs 93:3. * 5
44 «10.5 48 45° :
44 43.2 48 56 ;
45 13.7 °|| 49° OF. 00
45 44.5 49 19 20 ~
Index error = + 7
: ex error == ++ 7 sec. ue
: : 4 ae
e RESULT OF CALCULATION.
— rn
Longitude.

‘pe ie

ENCAMPMENT ON A FINE ROLLING PRAIRIE, AT a SPRING. HEAD OF

521

A TRIBUTARY TO SEVIER LAK
Determination of latitude, May 19, adwtis of Polaris.

[174]

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. i
» si 7
Deg. min. — sec: k. min. see. y
a... < 1. Si. oy
73, 36 00 44 26
ie ay 50 46 44 P
; , 20 48 03
: 7, :35, 50 bi, Abe
73, 36. .30 52. 55
73 36 50 55 09
73. 36.86 57 45
73 386 2:40 69 =. 27
98. 2: BT; 30 Sm. 263
Index error = + 10 sec.
i : ie
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude Mean time. Latitude.
Deg. min. sec. h. min. .sec | Deg. min. sec.

36 00 s Bw | Ss Se
Determination of longitude, May 19, 1844—altitudes of a Lyre.
OBSERVATIONS.

rs x
FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.
ral : a
Double altitudes of | Time of ehronometer. || Double altitades of | Time of chronometer.
a Lyre. a Lyre. oe
| 2
h. mint sec Deg. min. sec. | h. min, sec.
8 59.0 64-33 2. i ae oe
- 08 05.0 64 53 30 | 13 27.
09 «09.6 05° 12° 3 4 14
10 21.0 65... 33.36 | 36 WG
ae SS 65 51 fi * 11.8
“re | :
— Index error — +- 10 sec. S =
. RESULT OF CALCULATION. *. "
a Vet anes a
* ——— : Retard. eae
‘ “ae ee ES eee
ff. =e F . = cr2 -
hk. min. sec. “kh. mit see. *
= v a So ge 44.3 + oe
ae Sins :

[ 174)

522

_ ENCAMPMENT ON SEVIER RIVER,
=

Determination of latitude, May 23, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.

min. sec. h. min. see.

% 45 10 a

_ “95* 46> 20 48 20
gi 45° 2 07
7 44 5132

75 44 «20 13

=

Index error = ++ 7 sec.

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
h. min, see. min.
_ 51 eee eet |) 39 22 19

— Determination of longitude, May 23, 1844—altitudes ohn tae

Index error — + 7 sec.

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

OBSERVATIONS.
si. as
FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. |
Diggers of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
a Lyre. a Lyre. aie

eg. min. sec h. min. sec, S. min. sec. de. tie sec.
ae 25 7. 58. I%0 “eS Te 10 8 OL 08.5
ar 37-20 69 17.5 68 36 15 02 05.
' OZ. 56. 20 8 00 11.0 68 55 10 02 58.

a
ii aise sic cicoaaniilll
h. min. fs
+" “Y9.3 ;
eee ae: e 5 aS zeae ie.
e Fie CR = BE eae
oe
. Se

gee r 174
‘ © tie.
ENCAMPMENT ON THE FIRST STREAM OF UTAH LAKE.

Determination of latitude, May 24,1844—Spica Virginis in the me-
ridian.

OBSERVATIONS. 3
Double altitudes of Spica Virginis. Time of chronometer. .
bd
Dege _ mine sec. h. min. sec ' ‘
34-10 7 38
2 79 37 00 21 51 *
79 39 10 54
79 42 05 24 14
79 44 10 25 23
79 45 50 26 26
79 47 15 27 29
77 49 30 29 12
79 50 50 30 22
79 52 30 3207” .
79 53 30 33 ,
=. & 16 3436
79° 30 35 49
79 25 36 59
79 10 38 12
79 55 05 39 Al +
79 54 40 40 54
79 54 10 42 OL
79 53 15 43 15
79 52 05 44 29
79 51 00 46 01
* Index error = + 5 sec.
‘ BMOULT OF CALOORATION, 28
> * a
True altitude. Apparent time of transit. Latitude.
eZ. min. séc. on. sec Deg. ming tte
56 21 ; ae oR eg
‘ *
ae

[14]

‘ 524 :

ENCAMPMENT ON THE FIRST STREAM OF UTAH LAKE.

Determination of latitude, May 24, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris, Time of chronometer.
: 2 4 : ne ~ hati
Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec,
i 76 24 40 7 ou ar
768 25 00 52 07 2
5 76 2 *36 531
76 00 54 59
‘ 76 25 15 57 03
& .
%
Index error = + 5 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
ae
Deg. mi h. min. sec. - min. sec.
38 1l 14 S20; --64 41 52
id

Mean latitude 39 deg. 42 min. 15 sec.

Determination of longitude, May 24, 1844—altitudes ake Lyre.

OBSERVATI ONS.

FIRST SERIES.

SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. .
a Lyre. a Lyre. oe
ee
2 .% .
Deg. min. sec. . h. min. — sec. Deg. min. sec. he - 28-6002 ——
70 08 25 8 00 544 71 1 00 8 03
10. 3 16° 01 59.0 71-90) 85 a
70 49° 50 02 50.7 71 #49 45 2
= = e - a
Thermometer 40°, ¢
"ie
Index error = +- 5 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
ae, ee Re Ber a .
h. min. sec.
1

: ° ages | < os
. ©... "B25 ae [ i74 ,

wo Cin nu
aNT ON IGHT-HAND BRA HOF § SPANISH FORK.

OBSERVATIONS.
FIRST SERIES. : SECOND SERIES. \
Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
a Lyre.
‘ | :
Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec Deg. min. . sec h. min. see.
57 04 ~ 50 | 7 OF 47.5 58 39 45 fd 26.5
= es eee BO \* 08 50.0 59...--00. 00 1327.4
57 47 20 09 60 59 16 40 14 14.6
58 03 50 10. 40.0 59....32 00 15 00.0
58 19 «445 i ae Oe 30. 18 15 55.0
mas Index error = + 5 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION. ~ *
Mean time. | Retard. ~ Longitude.
|
|
kh. min. see. he. min. see.
41 40 | eee

Determination of. latitude, — 27, ee Virginisin themeridians

ake ieet:
Double altitudes of Spica Virginis. | Time of chronometer.
Di : pa sec. hk. min. see:
"8 40 10° —
3) oh - 105 22 05
a a | 2. 20
2. <<“. 35 24 «649
79- 09 50 26 4648
, @ MM. 2 28 4804
x grep + 5 ce
* RESULT OF. CALCULATION, —
; ee cies = lige _ sia anemtii
4 ae ie acyl
ss citines aise a teneli. ; Latitude. ‘
hk min. se. a a
24 8606 ~~ 4 5

: &
C V74- ; t 526 *
ENCAMPMENT ON A RIGHT-HAND BRANCH OF SPANISH FORK.

Delermination of ‘ili May 27, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
i h. min. — see.
77 «6 09—s‘'15 7 3 2a
77 08 40 36 58
77 08 50 38 06
09 10 39 20
77 09 20 40 25
Thermometer 40°.
Index error — ++ 5 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. | Mean time. Latitude.
Deg. min. sec. | h. min. sec. Deg. min. see.
38.5333. 7 2t | 9 07 47 40 04 03

eeeen latitude 40 deg. 4 min. 27 sec.

EN RCAMeOnE® AT THE HEAD OF SPANISH FORK.
“Determination of latitude, Muy 28, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.

Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.

Deg. min. see. h. min. see. ‘
a Sacama6.. >: 60 10 7 08 . 30
76 50 00 09 40
76. 50 10 10 51
: ee ee 12 (27
3s: 2 @ os RB (45
Ss .6 66helClU 15 10
76 49 50 77) 66
3% se 2 a9 «01
= UW 20 ,
i. ee | ‘ a
Bs ete ae
Index error — + 8 sec.
‘RESULT OF CALCULATION. €

a he nin. sec.
+ "2 33

a
e*

an AT THE. HEAD p SPANISH baa

” Delermination of longitude, May 28, hecaeeds oor ofa

-

S

. - :

~

OBSERVATIONS.

: [ 174°]
a.

=

FIRST SERIES.

é i. *
SECOND SERIES. . 5 a

pa

Double altitudes of
” a Lyre.

Time of chronometer.

lg

Double altitudes of

eS | i Dad =
Deg. min. sec. | min. sec. eg. min. sec. h. min. see.
64 > 80 a “424° 65 39°30" 7 "2 "ty
64° 58% 30 26 19.4 65 69.20 29 13.0
65 20 00 i 27 18.5 66 1g 45 30 b
Thermometer 42°.
’ Index error — + 8 sec. oe
——— RESULT OF CALCULATION. = é
Mean time ‘ Retard. \*& _. Jengitade.
é = : 4 “ = ~ se. ‘i
a. | ~~ * et a
. h. in. h. min. see.
8 58 E24 % 1 30 44.4 * .
= * o *

ENCAMPMENT AT THE HEAD OF UINTAH RIVER.

Determination of latitude, May 29, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.
¥

OBSERVATIONS. :
ee _ ~~
* Double aijinden of Polaris. * | Time of chronometer. — :

a mais : bite Lane ee x st Aw
: ~~ es ¢ A +:
Cw" bes am et alas see.
iT: 0@-.. W 7 08 56
77 00 00 sd 12 17
sail aT ee rar yit ay
77. 00" 00 ’ 15 16
77 = 00 * 35 Seg
77 = 00 Ya is 51 :
oe Be 6 iy
i ie ss =
7 8.8% 230 «40
1?) | ° OO 36 25 «15
Index error = eos 5 Bees *
i RESULT OF CALCULATION. #.
Mean time. Latitude. |
h. min. ste.
= eee gare}

ais. |
Time of chronometer.

o>
<

piv]

b
_ ENCAMPMENT AT THE HBAD oF re RIVER.

Determination va longitude, Mas 20, 29, 1844—alittudes of o i. #

a. w 528

ae

‘. ia» % OBSERVATIONS.
—— + ~
2 # . as
2 = ’ FIRST SERIES. | : SECOND SERIES. *
* te ¥ | * Z - Nia
He * | :
_ Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer, Double altitudes of
ie a: a Lyre. ” i. Sh ; : a Lyre.
nail = es. in a ail spins =
ie ra , a — >= : 3 Qs
# Deg. min. sec. a min. sec « Deg. min. sec A
4 82 15 6 58 44. 59 (04 «(15
oo oe 59 (54.5 59 44 «(10
— aoe £8 10 7 12.0 ‘60 05 15
‘ “* : ‘Index error = +- 5 sec.
ay . + a = a apts”
: —_—_> —_ ; i >
ae 3 : at RESULT OF CALCULATION. a
> Mean time. Retard. 4. © 7 pongitade
. : CS ea " : at a See
i ; - _ —
ge ie : * & 3 £7
# hk. min. sec. » ¢ a aA. os sec.
8 = b- 92 2g +
Fs he r .
. gee ve
io caren tga is a : - : aa H
gigs 4 oe ag ee a
m = -s sx diereinlcal tions FORK. *s
Determination of latitude, — 30, 1st allilude of Spica Virginis,
a the meridiai Me
a
“ . OBSERVATIONS. “
1 ie wee : 4 : a : sa
Double altitudes of Spica Virginis. . Time of chronometer
it 5
| a. eT to a
a ae * i Th:
: me :-
& a et = 2 2 :

* egy i ee e ) "
Determination of longitude, h 7 30, 184s apesiaee ofa 0 Tare.

=i ;
>a *
aoe wtih * ‘ossnavarions - we
Be yp *. —— . a
a FIRST SERIES. Pd SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of 4 Time of chronometer..| Double altitudes of
fe. 3 tis: a Lyre. %

* e ee Lal - '
i _k*= - . ? ?
ay » *, 8 oe &
= — + < :

~ ENCAMPMENT. ON DUCHESNE FORK.
Datrmivaion of latitude, May 30, 1844—altitudes of Polaris. ~*

ioe ta
ellllecd ‘ee - #. a
= al = . ‘Double altitudes sep Polaris. # ‘ Sie of chronometer.
mn " ~ * S ilies: &
¥ ai ape # it *
te, ty Deg. min. — see. oe ae ‘
; a re 7 36
ee —- * 7 40 50 ask 37 58
40 25 ‘ 39 Rigg ©
ae" 77 = 4 Bee = des 52 20 i i
os. - i¥ ra . - ‘*
7 Wise 30) y
Pew a wer | elon see : 45 2 30 *
‘=e . TH 4 4aet 8 ? 3
‘ dl T° 48 * 7
ss . a 4 20 = é 49 Obs Bae
Vg , 3 ¥ is + ie ~ >
te , _. Thermometer 48°. ~~
eh . he -Index error = ++ 5 sec. o A
. o RESULT OF apt Fe 2 '
= A # sa
wis rs ¥ > B ie
ei True altitu Mean time ~ Lat :
ee = < ae « & : | aro nati
Ld ee P nen £. .
Deg. Eee. A. “min. set: . min. sec.
a” Sa one Ge ieee ee Pe Pee ‘ | 40. 18. 58
a ky aa
= mee eae a 52 sec.
» —
. T UINTAH FOR .
Determination Situs June bi Bsa erucies dae a
i a OBSERVATIONS.
, _ Ke
: ( . #
r = FIRST SERIES. ; SECOND SERIES. ge?
, 6A. os.
Double peraieg: of | Time of chronometer. || Double altitudes of ape of chronometer.
TS :
= a Lyre. * A ae a Lyre... &% : . *
z 7 : ~ Ss
- . min. see. h. min, sec. Deg. min. te. ® h. min. see.
30 6 57 55.0 67 31 40 ‘2 me 4
66. 20 30 59 =: 00.0 67 49 00 03 «14.0
66 41 10 59 59.6 07 04 08.2
+. OR $4.5 * 68 24 04 56.4
G7. 6 -10 Ol...37.6 52 820 06 183.0
€ 4
© © Index error = + 6 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION. #
h. in. —-9ee.. *
oe. 06S =a
Be 2 oS

Se

ps Ae uINTAH FORT.

c 174 J

ai ‘ *

Determination of latitude, June 3, 1844—altétudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS. —-
= = eee ae
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer. |
gS Deg. min. sec. h. min. “see.
S60 7 08 7s
77 «©6555 —Ss«é800 ; aie Ss
- s&s @ if ost 74
se: 666. & 1S 45 a
77 46555 45 a" 14 46 >
v7 20 , 15 49
i 77 Gee 2% 6 58
W. -Bee sk 17 =87
7 BEE 10 igs 54
77 56 3 19 47
~ + = ve ae ee
2 * Thermometer 58°. : .
ee Index error = +. 6 see.
RESULT OF CALCULATION. :
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. +

Deg. min. see.
38 56 44

BY min. see.
8 52 14 27 45 :
= © te. z
= : “ *
. 7
4
’
a A * c
‘ ‘
\
e:

: a =
174 J 532
: “AT UINTAH FORT. +

Tp Ne ete S:

Determination of longitude, June 4, 1844—altitudes of the sun.
us + se ee

OBSERVATIONS. ©

eS cele a
- FIRST SERIES. | E SECOND SERIES. _
Double altitudes of the Time of chronometer. ciao oe oh the | Time of chronometer.
_ sun’s lower‘limb. er lim es
ed : # i | oe
—— i ;
» Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. | Deg. min. sec. - h. min. sec.
| 52 . BB 5 25 390 | 53 30 00 5 2 48.5
52 £236 26 3 20.3 | 53 : at = 29 30.4
52 46 00 26 = 53.5 53 7 5 30 . 01.0
62 59 35 27. 27.0 54 16>) 508 30. «48.
538 «1600 45 28 2SE ES | 54 29° 30 : 31 =-25.3
- Index error = + 5 sec +
| RESULT OF CALCULATION. -
ts
Mean time Retard. — Longitude.
=. Sie ee. -
05 48 La Ate
a Immersion of Jupiler’s first satellite. s
| : Ls
Se bi
Observed time. Mean time. Longitude.
; &
*
h. min. ; - WR. — ste. min. —8€t.
0 57 ~=605.5 a. m. 2 34 =4.2a,m 109 =. 42
ae :
i 2
= .

533 [ 174 i=
ENCAMPMENT ON ASHLEY'S. FORK. :
Determination of longitude, June 5, 1844—altitudes of « Lyre.

OBSERVATIONS.

4
FIRST SERIES. — SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of | Time “of chronometer. | Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
a Lyre. a Lyre.

Deg. min sec. h. min. sec Deg. min. see. h. min, — see.
67: 09 6. 6 “ob 16:6 69. "40: 70 6 56. «SRT
67 «31 (0 5221.6 70 09 30 Wes 4
67 «648.~—=CO«4D. 53 «15.7 wa 7 00 48.4
68 10 ‘35 54 70 46 45 “OL 644.7
68 29 15 55 09.0 71. Om 05 02 42.0
Index error = + 5 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
*
Mean time. Longitude.
Ah. min. sec. h. min. — sec. e
Sue TE ok ee be
‘
Determination of latitude, June 5, 1841—altitudes of Polaris. '
_ OBSERVATIONS. :
4 ae * me 8
oe :
‘Deg. min. sec. he mine os | tee. :
xi 58 40 7 07 00
7 * 50 : te ne eee
phy | 0 oo 09 35 .
aw 59 48=—- 30 ‘ li 26
77% .59 50 13 10 3
785 00° ~00 14 34 :
78 00 15 16 03
5 wa 00 1b 17 08 :
= 78 00 30 18 59 Be
73 00 10 i9 56
Index error = ++ 5 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time.

Deg. min. see. Ah. min. sec.
3 68 me € 88 oF

[E174 j

534

= : =
ENCAMPMENT ON ASHLEY'S FORK.

Determination of longitude, June 6, 1844-—altitudes of Arcturus.
OBSERVATIONS. ; .
Double altitudes of Arcturus. Time of chronometer. _
Deg. min. sec. h. min sec.
‘ 51 31 ‘60 0 37.04 m
, 51°. +09 50 21 34.5
= 50 50s 40 22 25.0
8 ¢ 50 34 00 2308.5
- 50 1515 23 87.7
: i
—
= Thermometer 46°.
Index error = + 8 sec.
5 *
RESULT OF. ¢ ULATION.
* é
Mean time. ‘Retard. . Longitude.
ie h. min, “ pe es
: = —_———— >
— s wie : rs r
E Immersion of Jupiter’s second satellite. =
; bed bd
: : atm Ser ee
: -* o5 i
= Observed time. Mean time. © Longitude. —

““

‘ *

’ a [174]

ENCAMPMENT AT BROWN’S HOLE, ON GREEN RIVER, » f°
Determination of longitude, June 7, 1e44-—altivuideo/ a Lyre. ~

P “OBSERVATIONS.

es
PIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.

sR aac
Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
Lyre. | a Lyre. ,

Deg. min. | h. min. sec Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec.
70 & 20 6 50 21.0 76 15 7 05 + 42.5
wn * 20 CO 51 23.0 76 4 35 5
7 36° 30 (| 5214.0 76 59 00
7 55 10 CF 53. «10 77 16 40 08 25.0
m2 #17 40 | BH 140 «|| * ree Bt 00 09 27.0
Ae Jed,
§ Index error = + 8 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
|
min. see | h. min. see
¢ WR. 37 P49" 97.1
|

4
Determination of latitude, June 7, 1844—allitudes of Polaris.
, & OBSERVATIONS. .

+ BMBORE oF SATEREATION,

of

oa a 0 | F
yf So

: 4 ‘Thermometer 61°. &
* Index eqzor = + 8 re

*

i

#

pty ae Oe

7) <

ENCAMPMENT AT BROWN’S HOLE, oN GREEN RIVER.

Determination = longitude, June 8, 1844—altitudes of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS. 5

»

Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer. | Double altitudes of the | Time of chronometer.
san’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb.
~~ min. sec, h. min. see. Deg. min, sec. A. min. see.
3 50 25 5 39 34.0 61. Ob 35 | 95 “42 43.4
6O 06 00 40 16.5 6l- 18. 55 Mis 43.4 2.3
GO 19 45 40. 523 61 33 00 4 05.6
60 33 20 oe. 45 27.0 61 46 10 44 41.2
60 48 40 42 07.3 61 56 55 45 09.4
Thermometer 89°. eee =o .
Index error = ++ 8 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Retard “id . Longitude.
kh. min. — sec. h min.
7 24 58 1 42 32.3

FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.

T.ON

-ENCAMPMENT Re RIVER.
DAB ation a of longitude, Jun = of « Lyre.
ERVATIO

= &.
pe ” SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of Time of c
a * a.Lyre.

» Deg. min. see. 5
. 6 Ss OF :
* 77 se pe

Index error — +4 ae.

RESULT OF aoe <

a

\ . 2
. 4 *
‘ 537 2. 74 H
* adie ii ON. ELK HEAD RIVER. °
; : ‘
Dettinintgan of tatiqude, June 10, 1844 ah cd of diner .
Mt. OBS) VATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
= — ‘: ait
Deg. min. sec ; h. min. sée
79° 0% 30 a * - oT
7° OR 4 594
19° eaee” 40 7 of 3
79. 03%" 00 oo. 2
q. 04° «10 03 46 |
79 04 §20. ot 58
: 04 30 06 34
9 04 50 08 05
' OF ~ 96 09 is i
79 05 10 35
w >
* Se Thermometer 57°.
ae Index error — ++ 4 sec. >*
>. * RESULT OF CALCULATION. ~
- “True altitude. | Mean time. _ Latitude.
“Deg. min. sec. he ~min. - sec. Deg. min. see.
oe * ee 50. . 59 i> &
oP Correct this latitude on map.
re
~ SECOND. CAMPMENT ON ELK HEAD RIVER. :
Determihiation of | latitude, June 11, ceria Polaris.
Po
’ Index error = 6 sec. cs
a ad OF CALCULATION. : xe
———- ae
Pale Latiude. = ¢ «
i

Ree =e
pte

#

. Double altitudes of a Cygni

538

“SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON ELK HEAD RIVER.

OBSERY AMES.

;

Sc easel of longitude, June 11, , 1844 altitudes of e Cygni.

ae 3 ren
ge
— Time of chronometer.
. ie ; rc

Deg. min. see. id h. sec.

“vy hh. Y oe 7 31.0
57. 5k 40 ‘ 3408.0
58 13 00 35 z 17.5

‘ Bad observations. 1 ie
ea ‘Thermo: 53°. ie ety
bl Index error — + 6 sec. e > a
“ ait

RESULT OF CALCULATION
ss
Mean time Retard. Longitude. =»
~
* | = ‘ »
. kh. min. — sec. | he. min. — see. - a
, 9 23 46 | 1 49 47.1
\ ft ad

FOOT

ENCAMPMENT a THE VALLEY OF THE NORTH oak ‘or THE PLATTE,
WAT THE F OF

Determination — latitude, June 13, is14altitude of Polaris.

F THE MOUNTAIN

OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitiéides. of Polaris.

=
Time of hninisanltes
aR

*

F
‘Determinagjn of longitude, Sin une 13, 1S44—altitudes r; a Aguile.

*

539

FOOT OF THE 5 pidmens

fimay

ENCAMPMENT IN THE E VALLEY OF THE NORTH FORK OF THE PLATTE, AT

OBSERVATIONS® .
. > . ie a
; : we
Double altitadeg.of a Aquile. Time of chronometer.”
7 a
: ee
Deg. min sec. : hk. min. see.
ir: 7 47 56.0
44 08 ee 4933.6 ©
Le om v7 ole 49.5
= .
*
Index error = -+- 10 sec.
+
¥ RESULT OF CALCULATION.
= 7 :
i. min. 4et. h. min sec.
— we © oo ee ¥

| % ;
Determination of longitude, June 13, 1844—altitudes of « Cygni.

ae + OBSERVATIONS.
Double onitigs of a Cygni. Time of chronometer.
. mifked sec Ac mii 3
% 40 7 55 22.0
Se" 26: 00 56 = - 33.0
68 47 46 57 40.7

Thermometer 54°.

— 4 ei
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
h. min. see. h. min. sec. -
9 a7 53 y 51 21.1 oe

* +

[ 174] 540 “f me

“ENCAMPMENT IN THE SAME VALLEY AS ON THE 13th, BUT HIGHER. . -

t

Determination of latitude, Fine 14, 1844—allitudes of Polaris.

—.
2 OBSERVATIONS. ’
* Be A,
Double altitudes of Polaris. b ¥ Time of chronometer.
&. ; : mona Na
: “2 e
Deg. min. sec. ’ oe h. min. see.
7 3... % : : ee
Tha. 37-26 ; i. oy
“7 38 00 + n30, 212%
37 30 3
79 - 20 2
‘ 1-99-90 39% as -
P 2 : , =
Index error = +4 7 sec. ¥
. %
RESULT OF CALCULATION. :
« © | Trve altitude. Mean time. : Latitude.. Ww
Deg. min. _ sec. hk. min. see. Deg. min. see.
3s @ 49 . Se 2 = @. w
* ination of longitude, June 14, 1844—altitudes of a Cygni.
OBSERVATIONS. ®
. Double altitudes of a Cygni. Time of chronometer.
& — ead, ‘
. win. see. Rin Oe
m3 “a 30-50 t« 05.0 |
* 63.51 = 3%. 166
“A 63 08 40 38. 07.0
‘ 63 50 39
63 30 39
| = 65 §«~0t Oo 40 51.0
“+ <* oa
ie
Thermometer 56°.
: pee Index =e! a a 7 sec. ite ie
RESULT OF CALCULATION.

ee ee

By a ‘ : : .
= eos >
* |. +: pam]
- ENCAMPMENT AT NEW PARK.
Determination of latitude, June 15, 1844—aliitudes of Polaris.
OBSERVATIONS.
¥ ae ee bite er gs
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of snag
i
Deg. min. B€t. 4 : &. in. st. ~
79 “03 10 as 7 a7
79 03 30 » 16 16
79 | 04 00 17 34
79 03 50 ig 42
79 §05 00 20 20
79 05 30 21 35
7 205 8646 2
719 06 00 24 05
79 O06 40 25 18
79 7007 26 26 87
“ Index error — -++ 7 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
%
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
Deg. min. sec. he. i MAIN s._8eC. De: min. Sec.
39 $1 25 | % .9 15 18 52, 44

Determination of longitude, June 15, 1844—allifudes of « Cygni.

OBSERVATIONS. -~
= i . 4
Double altitudes of a Cygni. Time of cl : ;
? IRs - BEC. A. Ss “
e 7 25.0
2 pee ° 31 42.0
63 50 1 36.0
64 05 10 33 24.2 P
eo 15.0 i
Thermometer 44°. Poy
" Index error = + 7 sec. ‘ ,
, 4
RESULT OF CALCULATION. ‘
~ Mean time. Retard. Leasiiede. :
oe a atta ee

* : a is : a

* +2
: . . _*
Dia] 542 ,
4“ cl
SECOND ENCAMPMENT: AT NEW PARK. be
Determination of latitude, June 16, 1844—allitudes of Polaris. :
OBSERVATIONS.
—#
Double altitudes of Polaris. © Time of chronometer.
i — - sien
Deg. min. sec ‘ h min. sec.
23 27 24
2... 10 28 28
7”: 2.30 =.50 29% 51
78 31 30 30 53
a 4 31 65
= 2 20 ‘ 33
7. 2 10 83.368
78 33 30 51
78 «8633 ~—(30 ee 3604
78 34 20 37 35
Z
Index error = + 10 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitade. Mean time. Latitude.
| “. min. sec. h. min. — sec. . min, sec.
Gx 14 56 $3096 < 19 « é “= ans}

ee
Determination of longitude, June 16, 1844—altitudes of « Cygni.

a OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitudes of a Cygni. : Time of chronometer.
| : :
. _ Deg. min. sec. h. min.
* 69 . 34 40 3 48 20.0
eae 69 ==. 53 26 : 49 17.5
Mar 3 16 25. 50. 29.3
+ 70 30 51 24.6
70 57 35.0
: Si Re on eee
: RESULT OF CALCULATION.
a - 7 gh Bo Ra

643

ca

>

=

| feted
ens ile oneecas AT NEW PARK.

Determination of longitude, June 16, 1844—altitude of « Lyre.

. OBSERVATION. i
Double altitude of a Lyre. Time of chronometer.
. ¥ .
Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec.
fit 10 . 10 7 55 11.5 :
Thermometer 38°.
Index error = + 5 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
%
Mean time Retard. Longitude. ©
. oe * a ae
min. min, sec.
9 49. 07 53° 85.2

ENCAMPMENT ad sg PARK, AT THE FORK OF GRAND RIVER.

Determination of lutitude, cone 19, 1844—aliifudes of Polaris.

» OBSERVATIONS. .
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
- F ie E4 a"

Deg. sec. kh. min. © sec.

oy Bae oe oe

nn. ww. 34950

7 27 00 8 35: 54
77 28 00 36° i ae

77 28 40 38 28

V7 29 20 39 383

77 29 10 “40 38

7 30 25 41 47

7 30 20 43 06

yg i 31 20 14

oy
Index error = + 5 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Zz.
oS MEE:
— a te Be * i a ae
ee * «

i

Fal 7 : : * ; j
‘ 2 . ‘ - *
a le
ENCAMPMENT ON®OLD PARK, AT THE]FORK’OF {GRAND RIVER.
Determination of longitude, June 19; 1844—altttudes of a Aquile.
OBSERVATIONS. 4

—

“ FiRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of Pine of chronometer.
a Aquile. a i

|

.
“ Deg. min. sec. h. min, sec Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec.
54 (07 20 4" 38.5 LEX: 35 TOF UT:5
: 54 36 30 *48 55.6 56 38 45 54 = 22.0
55 6-00 49 58.5 257 00 20 55 = -20
55 27) «50 + Se 1g aT. 3F.-@ { 57 = 01.0
55 48 = 50 52. 09.0 Me A? 30 | 5754.0
¥ 2 re |
re, ee: Thermometer 48°.
Index error — + 5 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Retard. Longitude.
g
= |
h. min. sec. h. min. sec.
O-.. 42545 Lo 54) 68.8).
~ # . - zn

emit,

ENCAMPMENT AT THE ENTRANOD OF BAYOU SALADE, EAD OF FON-
TAINE-QUI-BOUIT ?, SOUTH BORK OF TH

Detoominaiion of intitle June 22, ape of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
De. min, sec. _ . hk. min. sec.
" wes 15 {eS To 355° 08
Oo 1B Wn. “oe eee .
7Bice 16. 90 a7 ee
76 16 45 ; a
te a 239 ~—O#-B8
ye ee —. Site
76 18 10 05
ee eae 33 12
~~ 34 Ol
7 19 §=SOx 3 ot 47
| Index error == + 10 sec. *
ee RESULT oF CALCULATION. a. =
ry aes

a oe ix i Hepes =o

oa ey

ae aivoaes of Tee of cts
Aquile. ye oF si ot

a4
¥

: be mine sec, h, mein.” sec. . oS alee
® 375 TRAE P “86 “MME! 4 > Retr Lome
ENCAMPMENT :

et Ow Maw AFFLUENT TO THEA

#

‘Sehssseteak.

Double altitudes of a Geek

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

j
i
f
|

i

|
|
i

eee ser eet ON A Lane AFFLUENT TO THE ARKANSAS,

Double altitudes of Palais:

yatta lt a)

‘geeees

© >

&

: A LARGER AFFLUENT TO THE ARKANSAS.
Daermination of aga a dune 28, 1844—altitudes of a gute.

OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES.

~Boubdle altitudes of | Time of chronometer. - Double altitudes of [ Time of chronometer

« Aguile. a Aquile.
h. min. sec.* Dez. min. sec h. min. see.
7 24 39.5 64 49 10 . 7 30 60.0
26 04.3 65°28 ~ 32° 366
27 «01.0. 66 00 10 33-55 8.0
| 26.6 66 23 35 35 01.0
29 41.4 | 66 53 00 21.8
|

RESULT OF » CALCULATION.

Mean time. : | : Retard. :
h. min. — sec. ~ he min... sec.
9 33 15 2 02 = 46.9

ENCAMPMENT AT THE TaD OF THE SREARSAS: AND FONTAINE-QUI-

RIVERS.
Determination of latitude, June 29, . 1844—altitudes of Polaris.
. OBSERVATIONS.
Deadniesteeiaalae Walkie Time of chronometer.
- : a ————
7° 09 00 6 5922 OBEY
7 15 o> = 20°
7 10 «35 B1i® 23:
é 16 = 20° 62a 30s;
74 1F 40 6ase. 5
it 50 64° 55
14° 33! 00 66 (08
7&-= 12% 50 6E5 00:
765° 187° 5 6s (06
74 14 00 69 22

ENCAMPMENT. AT’ THE TONOTION < OF THE ARKANSAS AND FONTAINE -QUY-

BS
Determination of en aes = Gh von 7m of Altair.
OBSERVATIONS.

“eet - FIRST SERIES. ° SECOND SERIES.

Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronofneter.
ar Altair. —— = oe : Altair. +.

Ries min. 3€C. — = min. sec, Deg. min, sec. h. min 8
¥i- 38. 50 43 14.0 7 12 ~ 30 oe
Ge: 05 10 ere. “22.7. 74 38245 > hh 000
7. 98. 90° 46 2h 74 52 «10 i SY a6.be

7 13 ae
—9S ie 66 47 34.5. 75.37. 45 Ne eee ee

Inde¥ érror. = oF 10 see. :

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Retard. ee Longitude. —

cf = 04 33-7

° ENA

ination of Jatitude, Fuly25 Is4—altitudes af Polaris.
CAMOET RS HEE

\

Time of chronometer.

ec, MMs SeCE hh... min. a
os SS 405: 7 ‘6 38
73) E z>. 09,
2 30

“549 [ 1” 3

ENCAMPMENT NEAR BENT'S FORT, ON’ THE ARKANSAS RIVER.

~ Determination of longitude, July 2, 1$44—altitudes of Altair.”

OBSERVATIONS.

’ FIRST

SERIES. - SecoND SERTES.

———_

Double altitudes of
Altair.

| Time of chronometer. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer.
* Altair.

Dig. min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec
ae iz -20 eels 3 470 74.11 10 07.4
7 30. 30 22 5.0 74. 35 26 134...
ta OO OO 23 . 27.7 yc: Seamer 6b) 29... 10.0.
73> AR «30 24 27.6 75 Seat 30.
73 4) 270 “25° 45.0 75 37 += 40 31°
Ps! - . — MA - epee eager —_
Index error = + 7 sec. - eee
- x RESULT OF CALCULATION. a
Mean time. 4 Retard. Longitude.
h. min. s€c. h. m. S€C. ,
9 41 40 $0 tae 4 J
Z om “he a os Tp
B gore \ OBSERVATIONS. os aes
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
. se eng:
Deg. min. sec. h. min. ~ sec.
% -39 Se. ee
- 76. 38 Be = > aoe Te aoe
SEE RESULT OF CALCULATION: saa
‘True altitude Mean time. | Latitude.
— co =
i
- Deg. min. sec. Ah. min. _sec. |. Deg. min. sec.
37 283-5 9 16 0 | 38 51 15
i 4. .

{174} 550 -
~ ENCAMPMENT ON SMOKY HILL’ RIVER.

Determination of longitude, July 9,1844—altitudes of o Aguilz.

;: OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of a Aquila. - Time of chronometer. ~
: reer h, min. rs
a ae. : : sO 0. :
2a ee ae 06 36.0
: RESULT OF CALCULATION.
sep Meantime. Retard. = Longitude.
. J
h. min. sec. hy. min... sece.
9 13 40 5 08 30.3 ; a

tin acatubeacias ENCAMPMENT. ON SMOKY HILL, RIVER.

= qunmiadtion of latitude, July ss Lets aisleaes of Polaris. ;
f OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. ‘3 Time of chronometer.
g- min. ec. h see
7 952 00 4 55
7% 66 ae
ee 59
75 56 10 58
— —— a Sn
20. oe 56: oe
“95 = *Sge% 299 ; ae ThE 8 Sige
“ * s = de
~ RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Se: min. De oe nie von Deg. min. Sec, That renee
: 7 = 88 528

SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON/SMOKY HILL RIVER.
Determination of longitude, July 10, 1844—altitudes of « Aquile.

OBSERVATIONS.

_<_ Deuble altitudes of Aquile. - Time of chronometer.

20
81 02 40 : 21 17

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

h. min h. ~ min
9 29 34 * Ss ws - oh .
hee A sii! , a 4H ERAS Fd

THIRD ENCAMPMENT ON SMOKY HILL RIVER.

Determination of latitude, —— 13, +1844—altitudes of Polaris. —

ant onshuravrental . » beeebatiogidett

ig 72 ES

oy: gee: Sie

——$_———_—

RESULT, OF CALCULATION-

a =

[1%] 852
THIRD ENCAMPMENT ON SMOKY HILL RIVER?
Determination of longitude, July 13, 1844—altitude of « Aquilz.

OBSERVATION.

Double altitude of ¢ Aquile. - ‘Time of ¢hronometer.

Deg. min. — sec. o h. mins see.
77° «© 86T 6 20 3 55 51.5

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Mean time. etic ete 2 Rates sete Longitude. ~

~~ ENCAMPMENT ON SMOKY HILL RIVER, BELOW THE PAWNEE VILLAGE.
Determination of longitude, July 17, 1844—altitudes of « Aguile.
WSyTh TH VRORe. 2h VFO VIN? OS Gain

OBSERVATIONS. _

~~ eaa VES E x

”
Double altitudes of a Aquile. TE Wester Time of chronometer.

rE min. sec. - Je. mince we
eae 13 10, J 20>. Cae
ati. é

ae 33 15 ~~ 0 :
We. 46 ae

7 18 0

Andee, 16 ee °

: = 3r «18.6

RESULT OF CALCULATION. “
: Retard. bBisigiede.
oh. twin, See — cn
[08 #89 eae 7 a

ENCAMPMENT£ON SMOKY HILL RIVER; BELOW ‘THE PAWNEE VILLAGE.

PalemEgse of latitude, July 17, 1844—altitus

en of Palarts.

OBSERVATIONS.
a Double altitudes of se Time of chronometer... ___
pro m7 Se a) 7
x Deg. min. _ sec. kh. min. _ sec. haa
76 -399—Cs 3 8@ 9
765! MQ S16 36 86
75 40 10 36-30
ve §45 *- 30 38 _ 01
46> “2 00 : 39 17
45 42—~C«A » Oy. cae
Ro RESULT OF CALCULATION. Si
= True altitude.« Mean time: ~ Latitude.
— 7G Dege mein: see: feo mine see: ~ Deg. mine secs
ae sgn ght o. 3. % 3 aa! <a
aes FIFTH ENCAMPMENT ON SMOKY HILL RIVER.
Determination of longitude, July 19, 1844—altitudes of « /tquile.
OBSERVATIONS, shy
~~. Double oaidsane a Aquile. » Time of chronometer. .
Deg. sec. vi h. mine
ne ORS 35 3 09 43.6 _—
73 42 # 45 ee oe ee
Isiggees yg te as tt shirpes 3s. ais 52.0 £5
wire ee =< fs ee scting
“a6 mS CUS 13” "46-5
15 0% 14. 48.0
: RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time Retard. Longitude.
= he min, see. h. min. see. oi
'8.shwBTol 04 5 2h 45.5
Immersion of Jupiter's first satellite. = >
aa = os
*~ Observed time. Mean time: = Longitude.”
A. in. sec. kh. " min. see. Deg. min. see.
10. 15° 36 15 40 29 _ we 247° = 31

14 J 554 a
, . .. ‘RIPTH ENCAMPMENT; ON SMOKY HILL RIVER...
“Determination of latitude, July 19, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.

~Double altitudes of -Polaris. ~-Time of chronometer. —

o * *
Sree es
=

___—_. Frne altitude. : _Mean time. - Latitude.

Deg. thin. ~ sec. h. min, séc. Deg. min. sec.
37 48 25 ; a 18 38 43 32°

: ENCAMPMENT THREE MILES ‘SOUTH OF SMOKY HILL FORK.
Determination of longitude, July 21, 1844—altitudes of o Aquilz.
OBSERVATIONS. Z
Double altitudes of a Aquile. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec. h. min. see.
2 AG 18 3 = 2-8
=< 49 1s = a , 14 st s Eee
eo oe ae she a 16 5

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

= :
Sas SES raw
‘ a
a Ge. 9
at 2 fy
gs “hth ee bt es « aoe

as 555 [amy
| ENGAMPMENT THREE MILES SOUTH OF SMOKY ‘HILL FORK.
Determination of lutitude, July 21, 1844—altitudes of Polaris:

OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitudes of Pelaris.

3
or
a
>
a
or

won
&

- RESULT OF CALCT! LATION.

Ecatast ——
m . * = wert,
__."Frue-altitude. —_-Mean-time. ____Latitude. ™
iia meal = i -™

ERCAMEMENT BETWEEN SMOKY HILL FORK AND at SANTA, FE ROAD.

Determination of puttin, July 3) 1844—altitudes of Polaris.

- = - OBSERVATIONS. _ Nios be ies Lee eee
ease Ce oP LS lige ds ado spbaiisie yloot
~~ outlets of Polaris m :
er nin. —8eC. ch. min. see.
75: T5t 40 3 SS BT
+3175 263 40 A mm 86180
75° = 66 00 ’ 4 3 +99
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
—— = Mera SSS
eerste Momn sae- Apiitnde

/ =a a a eg. min. se.

ENCAMPMENT BETWEEN SMOKY HILL FORK AND THE SANTA FE ROAD
Determination of longitude, July 22, 1844—altitudes of « Aguile.

OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitudes of a Aquile.

eesy
eee
2
Ww =~
:
3
g

ee Retard. Longitude.
ei — oe a

‘
pep Ms cna ae sit
SEE pe blag Sag ace ona ee ts at

Pe

tion of tonite, daly 23, 1s44—altitudes of guile Z.

“OBSERVATIONS. .

—

Double altitudes of « Aquile.

Time of chronometer.

utes ‘ a 2 x + ~ a i ated : te +
7 ‘ es ge! v2 1 f ‘ wg eres eth bei sce
MS, EE. ‘min. sec. h. min. ~ sec.

= 2 25 or 3 s

“RESULT OF CALCULATION.
: ; sg

: = a
ae z Y 3 = — ore iM is -
weg ihr mat a - _— 2 rise coe a‘ = pas sae ne . a
Se OSe age sat
ng = see. : ; a rs i Ri pees
5 Ss. *
= : i * -
_— ~ SS
Be Pa oo

‘

_—

20° ENCAMPMENT ON THE SANTA FE ROAD. >)

“Determination of latitude, July 23, 1844—altitudes on Polaris.

a OBSERVATIONS.
. Double altitudes of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
wiEO i re a
Deg. min. see. h. min. see. ed.
75. Bios 3 be 43
75 32 10 1s™ 14
76.33 30 20 09
76, =3&" 86 22 02
os. 36 ag 23 09
‘ 75 36 50 24 .39
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Z “min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. see.
a7 = ot § Te bwee 46 38.2 3Beo. BF
-“ENCAMPMENT AT “*BLACK JACK,” ON THE SANTA FE ROAD.
aeailer mination of latitude, July 28, 1844—altitudes of Polaris.
OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitudes of Polaris. Time ef chronometer. ~
4 eee ‘ 4 eee
. min, sec. ih. — we.
7 a) eee 3 cae © J
“ 39..: & .
~~ oS ws es,
76... 28. °. 46 340s «47
7% 38% 00 - ae
ee ae |
= ae 49 «Ol 7
76. ~ 36 o -.
fe Be = 42 97
= 16°38 t 43 ---20—

—- ; aeeuir OF p CALCULATION. oe
Rie ; vie hate ea eee s Mee
: 7 * See ss DP i ‘
a es =

9 18 30

‘i. 2 558 -
ENCAMPMENT? AT “BLACK JACK,” ON THE SANTA FE ROAD.
Determination of longitude, July 28, 1844—altitudes. of rcturus.

OBSERVATIONS.
i| :
FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.
Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. |. Double altitudes of | Time of chronometer. —
Arcturus. Areturus.- Teatt
2. t
Deg. min. sec. — he min. sec. | - min, see. h. min, sec.
76. > 8 7 46-936. | 7 856 30 3°51 52.0
75 32 40 AT 41.0 | 7a -38-- 57.5:
75.09 30 - 48 40.5 | 73 03 «410 5407.0
age 48 = $0. 49 33.0 :: oe. 55 21.0
4 23° <- 38 * 40.0 72. 03 . 20 66. 39.7
. =
eo _ RESULT OF CALCULATION. :
= Mean time. Retard. | Longitude.
hs min, sec. h. min, see. |
9 33 02 | 5 41° 37.6
z

Determination of longitude, Fuly 28, bearalsituden deat aeiter-

s OBSERVATIONS... ges Yeve
: _ i. Si Z =
<< Double altitudes of Filfiier. P Time of Sacmeur.
5 wuses ir ee ‘as
Deg. min, sec. h. min, see -
pees a ae 6 50 20.5
61 59 40 51 13.0
=. 62. «17.0
62 40 40 53 12.0
r 15 09.6 ~
© | RESULT OF CALCULATION. _
Mean time. Retard. Longitude,

=

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

‘THE EXPEDITION OF 1843-'44, —

?
‘METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE DURING THE JOURNEY.

Comparison of barometers.

According to three observations made at the observatory of Paris, Lieutenant Frémont’s barom-
eter, constructed by Bunten, is 0.23 millimetres higher than the standard of the o' observatory. ‘

The result of forty-three comparative observations of both a of Mr. Frémont with both
my mmr. ag the following :

nglish) — E (French) — 0.051 inch = Fr. (N. Y.) — 0.034 inch — Fr.

(Bunten) — 0.091 inch.

“Barometer y (French) = E (English) a 0.051 inch = Fr. (N. Y. ) + 0.017 inch = Fr.
(Bunten) — 0 inch.

Barometer (Bunten) — Fr. (NLY. ) + 0.057 inch.

Observations ‘Hon May. to May 11, 1843.

Range of barometer during the time, — 0/’.4.

Range of thermometer, — 60° to 80° Fahrenheit.
G. ENGELMANN.

St. Louts, May 13, 1843. ¢

: 562 . Na
= _ Table of meteorological observations.
: ermometer. |”
"Date Tim B = | Remark
| 7 | Attached| Free. | tdes- seus.
1843. Millim.| Cent. | Fahr.| Feet.
June 10 | Sunri 733.74 5.0 | 39.3 900 ag fog; wind N.
| Uh, 41m. p.m. } 735.43 22.0 | 69. 938 | NE. wind , and fine cumuli.
Sunset — 733.95 14.8 | 55.4 | 933 Sight bea beeeee hee NW; clear.
11 | Sunrise g 8.8 | 48.6 | 933 ol cumuli; slight breeze from
12 | Sunrise © -| 728.95 12.9 | 55.0 | 1,036 | Wind S.; clear; clouds in E. ho-
om
| Noon -| 726.02 49 5.4 jis 1,331 | Wind S.; clear; few cumuli.
18 | Sunrise = = - |_ 726.15 15.6 | 59.5 | 1,267 | Wind N

_ TE a PAM eto 726.19 -1 |} 76.0 | 1,329 Wind N.; clear; cummuli:

: _) Sunset. -| 724.96 | 22.0 | 67.0 | 1,406 Sky covered with seutered clouds
oe ec at ise - | 723.79 16.3 | 60.0 | 1,406 ‘thunder and rain; rainbow in
=< 15} 6h. 55m. a.m. | 721.67 | 17:8 | 61.6 | 1,486 | At sunset last night a very vio-

ent and continuous rain.
wind N W., with thu:
der and lightning, for half’an
- hour, and contin
all the night. i
te calm and cloudy.
Sunset -| 724.34 24.0 | 74.0 | 1,555 | Gentle breeze from NW..; clear,
Tee ge and ecumuli.
16 | Sunset -| 724.72°| 19.1 | 64.0 | 1,401 | Wind N. 60° E.; heavy rains du-
* ting the fore part of the day;
; clouds and sun in the afternoon;
TA <a clouds, with the appearance of
= - fair weat
17 | 4h. 47m. a. m. | 725.45 16.5 60.0 | 1,347) Sky pag a misty ram; wind
5 0
Noon -| 723.42 | 21.1 | 71.0 | 1,464 Heavy ponte of rain during the
morning; wind shifting from
SE. toN., tad settled SE. with
clouds and
69.0 | 1,535 —_ ar, and some a elnak. slight
ze from
61.2 | 1,535 Cle some clouds in W- hori-
| zon; wind slight from SE.
78.2 | 1,911 Wind NE.; sky nearly overcast
ith cloulds.
69.0 | 1,911 | Clear; breeze moderate from NE-
86.0 | 1,868 | Clear; breeze SE.
.3 | 1,903 | Clear; br
69.0 | 1,903 | Clear sky; wind SE
88.0 | 1,93 ; few c¢ ; wind 8.
7.0 | 2,135 Clear; clouds in NW.; wind S.
67.0 | 2,135} Clear and cloudy; wind
3.8 | 2,386 poe and clouds; wind =f
61.0 | 3,262 and fe Nw clouds; slight
47.4 | 2,262 ercast; wind N.
; clear in
70.8 | 2,316 Clear; vind W: 70° W. s
| 65.4 | 2,354 Clear and
49.0 | 2,354 a light breeze from S. 60°
| 59.5. | 2,822 Clear, wind 8. 20° W.

563 [ 174}

Table of meteorological observations—Continued.

Thermometer. Alti-
te. Ti . . .
Da ime Barom fAttached.| Free. tudes —>
1843. || Millim. | Cent. | Fahr. | Feet.
June 25 | Noon -| 686.60 | 30.1 90.5 | 3,087 | Clear; wind 8. 35° E.
Sunset -| 685.00 | 21.1 70.0 | 3,037 | Clear; slight breeze from S ; a
F few clo uds.
26 | Sunrise -| 684.08 | 15.8 59.5 | 3,037 | Calm Sper clear,
Noon (?) -| 681.02 31.9 88,3 | 3,322 | Clear; wind S.
27 | Sunrise - | 672.98" |= 12-20 53.5 | 3,4 Clear, yirar from NW. to
$ Peas sae breeze from E.
Noon -| 670.97 | 29.4 | 83:0 | 3,732 reeze from N. 20° E.
Sunset -| 667.20 22.9 73.0 | 3,757 Cell aa cumuli; breeze N.
28. Sunrise -| 667.75 TR? 52.0 | 3,757 peroas sight ror 9 W.; a
Sunset -| 661.63 | 25.8 | 77.0 | 4,070 Cha. comet from SE.
_ 29 | Sunrise -| 669.73 16.8 68.4 | 4,070 ‘ie ; breeze moderate from N.

* ow,
lb. 26m. p.m.-| 653.94 | 30.0 | 85.2 | 4,532 Chul ergy moderate from =.

--VSunset =| :«650.92 | 23.9 | 74.5 | 4,590 Chases some clouds.

<a 650.29 | 19.3 | 66.7 | 4,562 | Clear; light air from E.
30 | Sunrise -| 647.75 14.8 | 58.0 |4,621 | Clear; slight breeze from SW.
3h. 48m. p.m.-| 655.76 26.5 76.0 | 4,402 | Clear and clouds in the horizon;

strong wind from NE.
Sunset -| 657.39 20.6 69.4 | 4,089 | Heavy clouds arising since an
hour; ially

ce i

of wind from SE., ond light-

ning from the same q 5

54.0 | 4,089 | Clear; some clouds; moderate
wind from N.

70.0 | 4,015
0 | 3,976
3,976|S

4,33
4,419 } Clear

4,771
4,760}

0
0
0 | 4,419 oan
5
0

Sunrise -| 646.19 | 106 | 51.5 | 4,760} Ai
Th. 53m. p.m.-| 643.55 | 33.3 | 85.5 | 5,068) M

"E 3h. 53m. p.m.-| 642.69 | 34.2 | 92.2 | 5,143 | Moderate’ breeze from

Sunset - |, 641. “4 22,1 74,0 | 4,947 | ¢ lear;
5 | Sunrise 642.85 | 14.0 | 53.0 | 4,947 Calm and
“Th. 53m. a. m. - “GAd5t 23.7 | 84.4 - | Ca
Noon (| 646.41.) . 29.4.
645.14 31.6

4) Sh 67m. p. m.- | 643.96 | 31.3

®

[14]

%

_ 564

Table of meteorological observalions—Continued.

. Thermometer. Alti-
Date. Time. Barom. re: Fr a: tudes. Remarks.
rr . z
Ss a = t,o Sma
1843. Millim. | Cent. | Faker.
July 2 6 | 6h, 58m,a.m.-| 647.91 82.4 | 4, 5 Clear and cloudy aight b breezé or
s air from
7 | Noon -| 639.55 | . 22.0 73.0 5,108 me eed’ in horizon; moder-
eeze from N..
lh. 13m.p.m.-| 688.84 | 23.5 | 78.5 5,192 Clear ag in horizon; moder-
. te breeze from N
| 5h. 43m. p. m.-| 635.13; 21.7 | 69.2 | 5,305 posta t with "ae a littie
rain; air from N.
* Sunset . -| 635.93 18.0 (| °64.0 | 5,203 | Clear over head; cloudy horizon;
Bee a rere ~ gti dark
. igi’ clouds
-| 635.61 Si 55.5 | 6,203 | Air S.; clear; pase
-| 631.43 | 21.8 2.0 | 5,497 | Overeas; serif, Sd
‘ Th. 29m. p-m.-/| 630.89 | 22.3 | 73.5 | 5,531 Over rain; earance; sgt
bs Rete mete ge
9 | Sunrise -| 623.05 | 18.7 |°55.0 | 5,756 the antes air from
Oh. 45m.p.m.-| 60464} 24.2 | 701 | 6,759 | Clear andl Clonal bison
from N.
2h. 45m. p.m.-| 603.49 20.0 66.5 | 6,770 st moderate ‘breeze from
“aon
+ * | Someet: -| 601.96 14.1 57.0 | 6,750 oe et calms moderate breeze
SESE Sic from N. 2
; 2 w ‘Sunrise -|} 600.59 | 10.2 | 49.0 | 6,750 ee ait ei lopli wind
as ie ‘Noon “ -| 609.20 20.4 68.0 | 6,517 Over ae eae ‘tthe 1 sigs,
| Oh. 45m, m.-| 608.90 | 20.2 | 66.2 | 6,520 Over, —y ss mm sky;
sal se * oak wind moderate fro:
5h, 30m. p.m.-| 615.86 | 20.1 | 74.0 | 6,238, Clear some’ soa in slight
Bunsst © -| 615.85} 17.1 | 63.0] - ‘lat me clouds; wind slight
Sunset” —-- | 615.85 | 17.1 | 63.0 | 6,135, Clear; soir eg
=
-| 614.65 | 10.9 | 51.0 | 6,135 jiWWind SE se
p-m. -| 589.80} 21.1 70.0 | - Overcast tind SE.
589.4 65.0 7 30 bem and I
44.0 | 7,3 fen
' S768 | 6, ay a wind from NEL
89.5 | 6,577 | Clear; ca a ing Fon from
69.5 | 5,797 | Clouds, 3
calm. ae
46.0 | 5,797 | Clear; breeze from NW.
87.0 | 5,518 | Clear, and some clouds; wind
85.0 | 5,533 ; wind
58.2 | 5,086 | ©
90.0 | 4,885 | Cle ; calm, .
88.5 | 5,030 | Fresh from E.
5,038 | ‘i thunder storm approach-

i & 565 . ; . ‘+ 174 q @
Table of meteorological i
‘ iy . “Thermometer. Ai.
Date. Time. Barom. tudes. ~ Remarks.
7

Attached.) Free.
i pe ae

; =
1843, Millim.| Cent. | Fahr.| Feet.

July 15 | 2h. 20m. p. m. | 647.49 | 33.9" * 4,929 | Clear and cloud flaws from

SW.

4h. 20m. p. m. | 646.69 | 28.7 83.5 4,890 | Overcast; BP ll Son
Sunset - 646.70" 24.0 | 74.8 | 4,774 |

sw.
es calm; dark ‘dle in

646.36 | 13.3 | 57@ | 4,774 \c clear; few cumuli.
637.37 | 28.2 | 82.0 | 5,324 ara howe from N, 20° E.; ~
| sq rain just passing over;

s of ¢
637.37 | 29.2 | 84.5 | 5,456 | Weather growi

634.19} “15.6 | 58.2 | 5,292 Cloudy; some ela . calm.
625.37 | 26.5 | 77.0 | 5,851 | Wind E ; omits
aS - =. ae bgt “the moun-

: ns.
625.37 27.1 78.5 | 5,863 Wind E clear; some cumuli;
a we be rap clouds above th the moun- ©

ike t AGB 1 doc | 6080 ' cee slight breese from W.
617.35 12.4 54.0 | 6,020 | Clear; slight breeze from W.
615.17 | 27.8 | 73.0 | 6,318 | Clear and calm;

615.25 29.2 78.6 | 6,351 Clear; some cumuli; darker
| ins:

slight breeze SE.
613.90 | 20.3 | 66.0 | 6,260 Cloudy; wind NW., but chang-
ing every i t; temperature
ing = pe -

sping = eno Fa hr.

- | 613.04 | 13.6- | 57.5 | 6,260
re a : Me :
614.08) 29.7 | 96.0 | 6,337 |.

. | 618.26 26.0 | 77.5 | 6,391)

606.80 19.6 | 62.5 | 6,527

Sunrise 604.94 7.6 44.2 | 6,527
lh. 22m. p.m. | 608.56"; 26:9 | 77.2 | 6,633

2h. 52m. p. m.| 608.16 | 28.2 | 78.5 | 6,647
_ | Sunset - | 615.34 | 206 22 |
21 | Sunrise - | 614.60 7.4
Ih. 4m. p. m. | 633.30 | 28.5

2h. 32m. p.m. | 632.57 | 24.3

pwG . ies
7 Table of. meteorological observations—Continued.
‘+B? &

Thermometer. | 4145. >
Date. Time. Barom. “Atearioaall deed tudes. Remarks.
z & ata ="
1843. Millim.| Cent. . 7
23 | Sunrise - | 639.62 7.4 4,974 ; E
Noon | - | 645.29 29.8 | 85.0 | 4,959 | Clear; slight breeze from
2hup.m. = .09 6 0 | 5,026 | Cle: tb E.
4h. p.m. -| 644.49 30.4 88.3 | 5,080 | Clear; slight breeze from E
: 35 21.8 | 74.0 | 4,940

: 21.8 | 74.0
24 | 5h. 54m. a. m. |. 642.95 13.0 | 55.0 | 4,940 | Clear; air from
2h. 4m. p. m.| 641.70} 32.8 | 89.0 | 5,143 Char air from we clouds in,
» | horizon.

| 4h. 4m. Pay 640.95 | 33.4 | 88.5 | 5,179 | Clear; wind from E.
)

25 | Sunrise 641.39 13.4 | 55.0 | 4,965 | Clear and clouds; wind N
10h. Sm. a. m. | 618.74 Vi | 86 i* 9 Clear and loads i
. 2h: 5m. :p. m. 643.00 28.6 | 82:0 | 5,032. Clear and clouds; wind N
es ‘4h. Sm. p.m. | 642.48 , 27.8 5 | 5,048 | Clear and clouds; wi
= _ | Sunset -| 643.50 20.8 | 69 ; Clear and clouds; breeze from S
26 | Sunrise -| 644.35 14.4 | 58.0 | 4,857 Overcast; air from N.
1 17.8 ar and.
31.4
33.7

Ems
87.0 | 5,128 | Clear andelouds; breeze from N.
872 5,170 rea dey clouds; th under storm
ming up
70.0 | 5,184 Clear —_ clouds; Wieexe from aie
58.8 | 5,184 | Over
71.0 | 5,210 Caan. ‘sano 25° W

5,201 Beginning to rain. % &’
53.0 | 5,336 | Fine rain; calm. '
55.5 | 5,557 Rainy. | a
11.6 | 52.5 | 5,530 | Misty; railly appearance; calm.
20:0 | 64.5 | 6,339 | Clear and ey oot

from
20.6 | 65.3 | 6,359 Chir and ———- —— breeze
om SE

SR ak
Pe te ee fe ot
oonNnro,

fox)

@

»~

12.3 | 54.0 | 7,521 Clear: moderate breeze from S.
10.8 | 48.0 | 7,521 we niet aillin Eeetboat breeze

22.6 | 69.0 7,844 Clear: and clouds; wind N.2:
F came aoads; wi ind N. Dae.
fast

17.7 | 64.0 | 7 oudiy.in noid! wind E.
6.2 | 42. (3. and calm. —
24.0 | 72.0 4 tern: eee ; alittle clears»

'| Clearand clouds; m NE.
94 Cher a ine eS

95 | Clear; clouds; strong wind from
w 3

6.2 | 38.5 | 7,143
26.3, 79.5 | 6,951

Clear,

C
Eb 80.0 6,963 | Cloudy; st breeze from 8.
~ Cc a

Ci is

Cc

Table of met soralogical

567

we [14g

| Therma —— Alti- .
Time. A ;_.._ | tudes,
OP Bro | Attached. Free. . det Z
Miltim. |. Cent. | Fahrs| Feet. ‘
604.65 | 24.4 | 75.0 | 6,825 | Clear; calm; cloudy. ~~ .
Oh. 50m. p. m.| 604.45 | 25.5 | 79.5 | 6,881 | Clear; calm; cloudy. poh
Ih. 50m. p. m.| 604.45 | 25:8 | 78.2 | 6,875 ; calm; cloudy.
2h. 50m. p. m. L. 26.0 .5 | 6,871 | Clear; calm; cloudy.
3h. 50m. p. m.| 603.85 | 26.5» | 75.2 | 6,888 | Clear; W. wind in.
4h. 50m, p. m. 603.44 | 25.8 95.0 = thermometer in.
Sut - 3.09 0.8 | 70.0 | 6,743 hens come ae W. wind in,
2. : squa
Sunrise - | 602 70 7.5 | 46.0 | 6,743 | Clear and calm
‘Sunset -| 598.40 | 19.3 | 63.5 | 7,490 | Cloudy; thunder
a ‘air from E.; temperature
of spring, 46° Fahr.
Sunrise -| 587.19 8.0 43.0 | 6,040 | Air fro: .; Clear.
Th. 50m. p.m.| 597.59 | 27.0 | 79.5 | 7,196 | Clear and clouds; breeze from W..
Sunset -| 596.70 | 21.4 | 69.8 | 7,0 tee and cloudy; slight breeze
or om W. ‘
Sunrise 596.40 | 12.6 | 52.0 | 7,000 | C ca aie mB.
2h. 28m. p. m. -81 | 25.5 | 78.0 | 6,784 Glow va
pyre -| 603.84 11.2 51.0 | 6,594 | ¢ f a last . night wind
Noor -| 611.16 | 24.8 6,483 Ciseis sid clest: wind Nw.
as 7m. p. m.| 610.77 26.5 Cc
Sunri 614.05 6.8 Cc
Noon -| 61080 26.6 Cc
Sunset 7.77,|. 22.0 M
Sunrise - | 605.56 12.8 Cc
2h. 8m. p. m. | 600.30 | 22.6 H
Sunset -| 599.39 | 16.8
Sunrise 600.14| 1.6
} th. 20m. p.m. | 587.45 | 17.5
Sunset -| ‘587.76 | 11.6
unris -| 687.74 |— 1.5
10h. 2m. a. m. SB7.08 17:9
Noon 592.92 | 21.6
Oh. 40m. p.m. | 592.65 | 22.1
Sun -| 595.20} 19.8
Sunrise -}| 595.27 is
| 10h. 50m. a.m. | 602.45 24.8
Noon — 602.44} 29:2
Sunset e 2.52.) 23s
Sunrise -| 604.45) 2.4
2h. p. m -| 611.50 | 29.2
gh. p.m -| 611.28 |. 29.8
Sunset -| 610.94 | 19.0
Sunrise 10,36} 3.2
| Noon =+°619.94,|. 30-1
-seaale =| 613.31 | 23.6
=e
une . “| 614.24 3.9

“

T2683. .

g 568
Table of ompediee ceed obgervations—Continued.
| Thermometer. Alti- Fa
Date. Time. Barom. aaa Free tudes. | * Remarks.
1843, lim. | Cent. | Fahr. | Feet.
Aug. 17 | 2h. 3m. p, m.| 610.45} 29.1 | 84.0 | 6,558 | Clear; foggy horizon; calm.
uns 8 10.68 ; 18.1 64.0 16,234 lear ; horizon more pure; calm.
18 -| 611.83 6.3 1 6,234 Clear air from N. 80° W.; ; hazy
. 4 horizon.
3 {2h. p.m. -| 607.04 | 31.5 4 82.6 | 6,735 ; slig tecaltrom W.
}3h. p.m, -| 607.04 | 31-9 | 82.0 | 6,732 | Clear; slight Bragg trom
+ 19 |Sunrise -| 606. 4.6 38.6 | 6,361 | Smoky horizon; and clone.
Noon | -| 608.85 32.9 88.0 | 6,640; Clear; few cumuli; breeze in.
aes ? S
€ : Squalls from SW.
Oh. 46m. p-m. | 608.54 nh Te 89.0 | 6,719 | Clear; few cumuli; breeze in
squalls from SW.
; ‘Sunset. <| 602.75.|. 26.0 72.2 | 6,661 | Clear and calm; horizon not pure.
--- 20 | Sunrise -_ - | 602.05 4, 37.0 | 6,661 | Clear, and dirty horizon; breeze
a Se from N
iia | Néjx -| 596.33 27.7 80.5 | 7,227 oe wind N, 60° W.; hazy
Th. pom. —- | 596.83 | 30.0 | 82.5 | 7,257 | Moderate wind NY 60° W.; hazy
i sun
575.87 27.2 79.2 | 8,234 Dividing ridge; eekys sun faint;
scattered cu muli; th storm.
some Goons in eA ; high wind
# N. 60° W.
607.06 6.6 43.8 | 6,558 Bincky, sun faint; Feoiehlis ‘air |
: E.
614.45 | 31.6 | 89:0 | 6,416 | Smoky; sun faint; calm.
613.93; 31.0 | 87.0 | 6,425 | Smoky; sun faint; ‘wind in squalls
om 8.4-%
612.41 | 18.8 | 65.0 | 6,185 | Cumuli; thunder storm at a dis-
tance; slight breeze from N.
612.29 4.¢ 36.5 | 6,185 | Smoky; scattered cumuli; calm.
616.50 | 28.7 | 84.8 | 6,281] Very smoky; sun faint; cumuli;
baled?
th. 30m. p.m. | 616.02 | 27.2 | 79.0 | 6,264 ~~ —-) ae wind from N.
°wW.; a
8.6 | 47.2 | 5,989 | Sm afd id breeze from 8.
25.2 5.2 | 6,290 | Wind in ictiatla fous Nw.
25.7 | 74.5 | 6,288 | Clear; very smoky.
14.2 | 56.4 | 5,843 | Clear and calm; very smoky
7.7 | 45.4 | 5,843| Clear; hazy: cold ind fi _ 0 SE.
26.0 72.2 | 5,841 | Clear; Yi
from
16.8 | 62.5 | 5,738 — hazy; shale
0. | 2815 | 5,738! Clear c
ae S Bi og.
| | Of 2 Steam holes 81°.5
be ' Ss
31.4 83.3 | fe 2958 Clear; Pas ox, te breeze
_ from 8.
xe | oes | 5018 | Clear; emoky; ealm
0. Clear; smoky; some cumuli;
| 24.7 | 77.0 | 320° Posies: rainy appearance; not
: smoky; breeze S. 70°

- 26.1

79.5 5,327 Pari cloied ty,
—-.

Ae
a a,

*

>

9

: as .* re “a =
569 ee
: >
he 5 *. 4, 5 e a hy ‘ 7
Table of meteorological observations—Continued.
; Thermomeger. f Ve
Time Barom S| Alt ae
= " |Attached.| Free. tudes. "
ra P53 KE ae
Millim. | Cent. | Fahr.\ Feet. . 2 (,
Sunset -| 636.25 | 20.8 | 69.2 | 5,142 | Dark clouds, very little blue;
: ; slight breeze s.
Sunrise -| 638.33; 14.6 |. 55.0 | 5,142 ee erp a N.; Met
clouds all hate thun
Mae ‘<i storm last night, ith mod-
e erate rn gt, ea ie the
; air leee..
2h. p. -| 648.50}. 28.3 | 78.0 | 4,764 Fresh breeze S. 20° E.; clear
over — clouds; rain in the
unset -| 647.77 | 20.3 | 65.0 | 4,681 Calm; swt cumuli
Sunrise -| 64670 |. 14.1 54.0 | 4,681 | Air from NW.; dark rainy clouds
rite ~~ the “Sey over
* head not so msidera-
ca bie ran last gtr and
Noon -| 629.32 | 21.8 | 71.0 | 5,561 Ghest nod clouds; wind from E.
1h. p. m -| 629. 25.1° | 76.0 | 5,595 and clouds; wind from E
Sunrise -| 623.40 4.2° | 39.0 | 5,570 | Clear; clouds in horizon; con-
stant er storms, with rain
last night; calm.
nm 37.29 19.8 67.0 | 5,169 | Wind SW.; cloudsand blue sky.
lh. 30m, p. m.} 636.95 | 22.7 | 73.0 | 5,228 | Strong wind SW.; clouds and
9 blue sky.
Sunset | -| 644.49 | 19.8 | 64.0 | 4,723 Calm; almost overcast with heavy
a clouds.
Sunrise -—S-_—-- |,-:«6 46.04 8.2 | 44.5 | 4,723 ees slight breeze from S. 70%
Noon -| 649.63 | 26.6 | 71.0 | 4,666 ‘ae, clouds; “ehguuiaedcaee
: a
4h. 48m. p. m.| 659.55 | 20.2 | 65.0 | 4,189 Cher 8 1 clouds; fresh breeze
eS ; s. :
Sunset -| 658.91*} 12.8
Sunrise -| 659. 6.2
5h. 30m. a. m. | 658.3 8.5
8h. 5(m. a. m. | 660.14 22.6
9h. 50m. a. m. | 660.04 22.0
10h. 50m. a.m. | 660.15 | 23.2
Noon -| 660.27 | 25.2
2h. p.m -| 659.28 23.7
é 56.83 16.2
5h. 33m. a. m. | 655.78 7.5 ,
-| 653.10 | 22.8 | 75.5 | 4,526 Calm lear, and clouds in the
Sunrise -| 652.39 | 18.0 | 64.5 | 4,526) Wind brisk from SE.; clouds;
‘Sunset -| 650.11 |. 18.8 | 65.0
i ao
Sunrise _ -| 652.03 | 8.6 | 45.5
Sunset. _—_- |. 656.25 15.7 | 55.0
‘Sunsie” | -| 659.21 | 5.3 | 39.5
= Tey ee

570

Table of meteorological observations—Continued.

‘Date. Time.

Thermometer.

4 Asinched.

Free.

Alti-

Remarks.

53.0 |

152
4,172
4,218
4,235
4,258
4,271
4,270
4,276
4,181
4,181
4,320
4,226

4,226

4,276
5, 159
4,336
4,336
4,508
5,020

4,360 | The

4,363

4,354|

4,324

4,313 |
4,293 |

Clear — _

Clear an

Clear and aes

Clear and calm.

Clear snd gente breeze from N.

25° E.
ie oem wind in - squalls from
Chea and. wi in squalls from
S. 25°

Clear, and wind in squalls from
Ss. 25° W.

i and wililik"aqidls from

25° W.

Clear, and some clouds in the ho-
rizon.

Clear, and some clouds in the ho-
rizon.

nnd over head; light clouds in

m; calm. *
eae clouds in the Horizon;
calm
Ceara over head; élouds in efts' ids ‘
air from S' sw.
Clear 0 over he 1; clouds in the ho
i om SW.; calm.

Clear oi sas clouds in hori-
“zon; ‘al

On oo idle of Crater island; ait

ed the shore of the lake; air from

Clears scattered cumuli; a gale of

be

At the foot of the a
violent

‘At the:top of the paaineula; blue
sky, with scattered fleecy

clouds; heavy near the hori-
zon; wind S. —

ro
71 [ 174 ]
P i ae Se 8 ¢ a a i
Table of 1g ervatlions. Con ued “4
Thermometer. | 4 145_ *
seiaathe Time. ‘Barom. A | vee.’ tudes. Remarks.
# a
%
B 1843. Millim.| Cent. | Fahe.| Feet. ‘a
Sept. 11..8h. p.m. 655.88-| 22.7 | 64.0 | 4,289 | Clear; clouds scattered; meder-
mm ry ste wind from N. la -
4h. p.m: -| 656.65} 21.8 | 63.0 | 4,247 | Clear
2 a0. me wind from N. ‘5° E.
5h. p.m. -- | 656.76 20.6 | 60.2 | 4,222; Clear;
: ; = ate wind from N. "950 E.
Sunset =| 7 9.8 | 52.2 | 4,080) Clea
12 | Sunrise —- |. 657.56 2.3 | 33.0 | 4,080) Cl dc
Sunset 655.48 2 | 47.2 | 4,119 | Clear and clouds;
413. | Sunrise 654.88 3.0 | 35.5 | 4,119) Clear p68 srw
4h. 50m. p.m. | 657.51 27.2 | 82.0 | 4,283 | Clear; tered Boats, sun;
% cal
Sunset -| 656.76 18.8 | 66.5 | 4,179 | Clear; ‘weed clouds; sun;
4 Sunrise ~| 655.12 8:2 | 46.4 | 4,179} Clear; fow snatterediélouds; slight
‘ breeze from NW.
3h. 50m. p.m. | 651.38 | 30.0 | 80-0 | 4,564 | Clear and clouds; sun; moder-
breeze SE.
Sunset 650.25 20.6 | 67.5 | 4,444 | Clear; moderate breeze from SE.
.15 | Sunrise 648.28 3.5 | 37.5 | 4,444 | Clear; hori
with cumuli; air from NW.
3h. 43m. p. m. | 640.15 30.3 | 83.0 | 5,081 vor and — clouds; sun;
esh
Sunset ~ | 638.80 22.6 | 74.0 | 5,028 a and scattered clouds; sun;
fresh wind from:8.
16 | Sunrise -|. 637.07 11.1 | 52.0 | 5,028) Ca tar.
3h. 56m. p. m. 3 14 58.0 | 6,280 | Dividing ridge, 10 feet below the
summit; violent gale from N
» ‘ wi in q ir-
<5 6h. 20m. p..m. | 630.79 11-1 | 50-5 | 5,144 | In a valley below the divide; sky
47 | 6h. 9m. a. m.-| 631.37 | —5.5 | 21.5 | 5,144 | Sky clear and
3h. 56m. p, m. | 642.85 20.0 | 65.2 | 4,849 | Sky clear; wind fi
Sunset ~| 642.35 15.0 | 58:6 | 4,667 | Sky sre —
18 | Sunrise” -| 643.43 | —2.9 | 25.1 | 4,667) Clear; ca of fog in N.
Sunset -.|. 643. 16:4 | 605 | 4,779 | Fort a he and calm.
19 | Sunset -| 645.12 6.3. | 43.0 | 4,764 Sky covered with rainy dark
ms gn strong wind from 8.
20 | Sunrise - |, 645.81 3:7 | 34.0 | 4,764 Rain - —
2 night; wind N.
Oh. 13m. p. m. | 649.12 8.6 | 44:8 4,434 sen id Ns 3 sky ‘covered with
21 | Sunrise -| 651.48 | —0.2 |, 29.5 | 4,239} acme calm; rain last night.
‘ , 12.0 | 50.2 | 4,342} Clear and calm; cloudsin
59 17.2 | 55.6 | 4,387} Almost cloudy all over; air SE.
9:5 8.0 | 4,504
56 | 41.0 | 4,504 Wind S.; overcast with rainy
__ clouds; “beatae: to rain.

6.0 | 42.5 | 4,519 | Moderate wind fron =
ly clear; partly pop with
rainy oe for the

* of the day.
0.8 | 32.0 | 4,519) baer falling
: % “> gio stick.
6.1 | 32.0 4,487| Calm; overcast; snow failing

[174 y 512
. S R P
"Table of meteorological observations—Continued.
Fa Thermometer. Alti- =
i fa. ...| tudes. | :
Date Time. ee ey ee es, Remarks
‘
, io
7843. . Millim, | Cent. Feet.
Sept, 23 | 8h. a. m. -| 649.12 12.8 32.0 4,463 | Calm; overcast; snow falling
, ice thick
9h. a.m =| 648.90 10.2 ‘bs, 0 | 4,380} Calm; overeast; snow falling |
** thick.
10h. a. m.!) -+| 648.31 8.8 | 40.0 | 4,511 | Air front Ne 20° W.; snow fall-
llh. a.m. =| 649.29 | 18.3 | 43.0 | 4,531 | Heavy wi wind from Ni ; snow turn-
Noon - |, 649.16 17.8 | 43.0 | 4,534 | os ‘an rain; “somadivhat clearer
ie in the N. —_— . horizon.
(b Pp. m. -| 648.95 20.2 | 47.0 | 4,566 ore cl in that corner;
2h. p.m. -| 648.65 16.4 | 47.5 | 4,567 | 06: rain; more
ear sky i
3h. p. m. -| 649.44 | 18.6 | 49.5 | 4,554! More moderate; no rain; more
* clear sky in N.
4h. p. m -| 649.43 | 17.8 | 49.5 | 4,550) More moderate; no fain: more
clear sky in N.
5h. p. m -| 649.50 18.2 | 49.5 | 4,550) Wind N.; sky i inproving from
s NW. to NE.» ;
Sunset -| 649.99 19.8 | 45.5 | 4,520/ Nearly calm; clear over head;
clouds scattered.

* 7h. p. m. -| 649.80 19.0 | 45.0 | 4,521 | Moderate wind from N.; sky
bs 5 cloudy; clear spots between.
8h. p. m. _ =| 649.80 17,0 | 42.5 | 4,499) Air —_ N.; 5 ky cloudy; some

LS ‘oh. p- m. -| 651.14 |" 14 41.0 | 4,428 Mote —_
| 10by p.m. =| 650.88 12.9 | 40.0 | 4,422 oo stars peeping
11h. an. -| 650.94 12.7 | 37.0 406) Ai from NE. ; sky bright, ‘ae
: iit in in E. :
Midnight -} 650.51 8.6 | 37.0 | 4,403 Air from NE.; southern sky
nearly overcast; northern sky
partly bright, ES covered
with E
24 | Sunrise -| 651.55 15.6 | 35.0 | 4,388 Calm; overcast; ada in the W.
ae orizon. 2
Noon 13.0 | 53.2 | 4,357 | Breeze from S.; sky clear; some
10.5 54.0 | 4,240! Clear; breeze from S
15.7-| 46.8 | 4,240 Clear; gale fr
17. 0 | 4,297 | Clear and clouds; sun; wind S
16.5 | 61.5 | 4,305 “ements wind 8. 72°E.
15. 60.0 | 4,324 More
7. ‘9 | More tes dark i in the W.
2) vercast.

* itl

= * ' <3
: s73—<Cti(CN c 174 J
Table ssc gig observations—Contiuued.
| — ie
Bre 36 ——_—__—_~— Alti- P
: ae om |Attached.| Free. | tudes. pewerks
*
1843. | | Millim,| Cent. | Fuhr.) Feet. +
Sept. 29 Sunrise © -)| 660.54 4.2 | 36.4 | 3,990 bene and cleat ae d
Z «| wt
30 | Sunrise 663.35 | 12.07 28.5 | 3,727 pet kad
Sunset » - | 682.21 18.6 | 65.5 | 3,173 ee pee! cloataagind equally
Oct. unrise - | 677.10; 19.5 | 55.5 | 3,173 Clear, wind from W.
ee Sunset - - | 688.21 21.8 | 74.0 , 2,761 | Clear calm.
2 |Sunrise © - | 689.56 16.0 | 48.0 | 2,761 Cle i
684.90 20.5 | 70.0 | 2,902 | Clear and calm
3 | Sunrise - | 684.81 20.2 | 42.0 2,902 — bet #2 65° a clouds
4\8 - | 689.87 | 14.2 | 47.0 | 2,649 Calm ¢ uli; clear
Su -| 673.04 | 13.0 | 57.5 | 3,172 Cloudy; gre from NW.
5 | Sunrise - | 677.65 | —0.2 | 320 | 3,1 d clear.
Sunset - | 672.65, 9.2 | 47.0 | 3,226 | Overcast; wind NW.
6 - | 675.99 7.7 | 46.0 | 3, ; Tainy appearance
| ind from NW.
Sunset - | 678.41 10.7 | 50.8 3; 061 | Clear; some scattered cumuli; :
; wind NW. | *
7 | Sunrise - | 679.09 7.9 | 45. a 3,061 | Clear; wind NW. :
Sunset - | 698.91 14.8 | 57.0 | 2,30 wi breeze from NW
8 | Sunrise 697.85 4.8 | 38.2 | 2,302 | Calm and clear
Sunset - | 702.65 16.9 | 62.0 | 2,197 Calis cles but cloudy in the
9 . -| 699.76| 2.3 | 36.0 | 2,197 Cua copeates
Sunset =| “702.26 20.6 | 68.5 | 2,192 | Clear re scattered cumuli; calm. :
10 | Sunrise -} 704.11 8.3 | 43.0 | 2,192} Clear over head; cumuli in the
fae ii calm.
Sunset 706. 17.3 | 62.5 | 1,998 | Clear and ‘calm. #
11 | Sunri -| 706. 8 = Le —_ air from BE.
: -| 706.85 19.2 4.0 2,000 r and calm; few scattered
} li. =
12 |Sunrise -| 704.78 | —4.3 | 2,000 | Clear and calm,
Sunset -| 709.43 | 17.2 es ; / 1,879 | Clear and calm.
13 | Sunrise -| 709.08 0.8 few
Sunset 703.46 15.5
14 | Sunrise -| 705.46 9.0
Sunset 684.68 10.8
15 | Sunrise - | 635.25 5.0
Sunset -| 678.00 16.2
16 | Sun -| 674.73 | —6.6
Sunset 676.85 | 16.0
17 | Sunrise -| 677.66 | —2.3 : ear and clou
Sunset -| 682.34 17.0 | 62.5 | 2,940 ‘Cloudy; wind NSE.
18 | Sunrise _-| 684.65 18.6 4 48.0 2, 940 —— en tegen an hour be-
OT aie -|"690.40 | 10.0 | 47.0 2,607 Clow an in the moming air
|
19 | Sunrise -| 688.72 3.5 | 35.0 | 2,607 | Misty; dew point = 32°. 5 Petes;
Pe calm.
|0h.44m.p.m. | 688.72 12.4 | 52.0 | 2,700 At the foot of of Blue mountains ‘
eae -| 657.20 7.6 | 46.5 3,831 Blue moun .
20 | Sunrise = 9.61 4.3 | 37.5 | 3,831 Po eargee a bank of clouds
Sh. 26m. a, m.| 636.82 | 10.6 | 47.6 | 4,766 | Blue mountains, , +
Sunset -- - |. 28.54 | 2.8 | 36.3 bf Blue mountains, cess snd calm
21 | Sunrise é 65| 0.8 | 30.0 9 | Blue mountains; clear and calm,
ne ee : , oe ; a

174 J — a

Tuble of observations with the thermometer. ; ¢

7 a
1843. Deg. Fahr. ;
Oct. 27 | Sunrise - = Fort Walahwalah.
- Sunset - .
*
&. )
*
-
‘*
*
+

’ pee
bd
-
Ne oi
é
%
: >
Cee =

a

: - " ? ra
# are, "s 575 C174 J
“Table of observations with the thermometer—Continued.

= =

Mina Thermometer. Rawedice.
"* Der: Fahr
Sunset - 39.5
Sunrise - 0:0 «
t = 26.0
Sunrise = 10.0 .
ind bd 32.0 #
Sunrise - 25.0
Sunset ae 36.0 »
Sunrise at £ 32:0
Sunrise - 39.0
Sunset - 52.0
Sunrise - 34.0 *
t - 48.0 7
Sunrise - 29.0 * . i
set - 46.0
Sunrise - 36.0
t - 39.0 . P
=" 33.0
Sunset - 43.0 ao —_—: wine ail de .
‘Daylight -| 39.0 ~ he 3 a : .
Daylight . 38.0 .
Sunset - 39.0 Cloudy; little rain. . € ae ‘e a=
Daylight - - 31.0 : hres
Sunset - 37.0 Pair — bitige fom 3. *: es
< 32.0 + es
unset - 33.0 | WindS., fair. .
Daylight . 22.0 Clouds rising around = hidiadn, Pash .
Striset - 30.0 rates AE. ane on i
Daylight - 20.0 Clear
‘Sunset ‘ 23.0 fae ee sun
Daylight - 18.0 Calm; reddish clouds
mset - 34.0 Gentle SE. breeze.
Daylight =~ Light snow >
— = 19.0. Clear; wind WSW
‘Dayli - 14.0
‘Sau 4% 19:0 | Fair; wind S. g0° W.
Daylight - 17.0
Sunset : 27.0 | Pair; moderate SW. winds
Daylight - 24.0 Fair; light cloudsin E. i
t . 28.0 a
Daylight - 26.0 Thick snow falling.
Daylight ode be 20.0 Heavy mist. "
- 23.0 Still misty. & nae a
7h. 12m. a. m 20.0 si
- 24.0 Dense mist al! day.
6h. 25m. a. m- 12.0
Sunset - 22.0 Wind NE.; dense —_ as on the two previous days.
Sunrise - 8.0 Mist br reaking 4 away; clear bright sunshine.
Sunset -| _- Clear; nearly calm.
7h. 12m. a. m. 6.0 Slight mist.
oon - 31.0
Evening - 24.0 Clear
7h. 45m. a. m. 20.0 Brisk NE. aie bright Souds ; in We
Noon - 35.0
a 20.0 Giese Wind trout SW.—Temperature Ofithe main
spring at its si 206°; -the Cntr is doubles at
og tie boiling point
Who 25m. a. m | 23.0
Sunset -| 2 330 A little snow falling, =~
7h. 15m: a. m. =» 22.0 es

< +
sii * “ ‘ tet»
c 174 re | * 596 . *% "
" j
Table ‘of observations in the dermensteeigresondle
Date. Time. Thermometer. Remarks. |” =
84 Deg. Fahr ‘
_ Jan. 11 | Sunrise = 15. *
Sunset om _ 20.0 Da sacle bri t suns
12 | Sunrise - 33.0 - viah oo
28.0 Partially overcast; wid SWhg 3 rem
13/8 . 29.0 «| Creercatite wind S. 20° E. | pale a
Sunset - 31.0 age pie thick; _— = aN
14 | Sunrise . 26.0 Near ar; wind N
28.0 pow Shale iin ater 30 Oe 4; wind N 6° W.
Sunset s 26.0 | Cloudy; snow falling; win
15 | Sunrise - 31.0
Sunset -| , 340 . | Clear; fair.
16'| Sunrise ae ae i. i
Sunset 350 Fair; light wind N. 50° W. all day.
, ¥%| Sumrise® * - 17.0 ws :
=. \Sumet-> . - 42-0 | Calm; sun bright.
'-_» “18 | Sunrise - 28.0 Reddish clouds in
tea 3h, 14m. pm. ma Temperature + toiling water 303°.7; wind S. 20° W.
= unset # ; § .
* -19:] Sunrise - $7.0... 1 Snow falling from 9h. till 11h. a. m.; sun faint.
2") Sanset* - 35.0
* * 20 |sSunrise * 14.0
| Oh..55m.° p. m. . 41.0 zvepireyure of ie water 204°.3; wind W.
.;Sunset- .' +] . 932.0. | Overcast
at ee Pe ee vn falling» feadin SW.: snow ceased at 10h. @
Sod ere S| a ed Samet saath cholie-onst
é “Sunset ee ae 29.0 : Calm: y-
22 | Sunrise _ » 30,0 Wind | 8. atl ~*~ rata — inp horizon; tight
ah bm pm -| - 33.0c2 - Temperature on ing wae er 208. 2; wind pied high from
Sunset - cy a Sicy <leer; high, wind ae
23 | Sunrise * - 40.0 Moderate W. wind; dark clouds in N. ~
: 42.0 | Calm; sky newly’ ‘clear. ‘
24 Sunrise - 45.0
| Sunset - 36.0 se _ sun bright. . .
25 Sunrise - 2.0 day; nearly — =
26,5 2.0 Perfectly clear; ca
1th. 15m. a. m. 30.0 Temperature of oiling water 2629.2; calm.
: Sunset es “ahs i £EO
‘Sunrise - 12.0

33.0 Sky unclouded all the day.
34.0 eee of boiling na 202°; light breeze from.
NW

40.0 __ | Clear; sun bright; mode:
34.0 Reddish cloodedat horizon to B. nd Ns wind SE
if

: Fenpiedure earn 201°.5; calm,
oma a ’

me

£28

Table of observations with the thermometer—Continued.
sia ite , _ ae 3 ‘ at. ai a2 Ey

fs

c 174 7

Date. _ Time.
1844. 2|8a. — se
Feb. 5 | Sunrise, —- 10.0. | Pe 4
> : Noon 2 ies 48/0 Clear; moderate Ss. wind. ae
Sunset - 24.0 *<
6 | Sunrise . =f 960 Sky ‘unclouded; light breeze sw.
Noon ~ jos. 37.) Sky unclouded; cal
ns a ce ,
Oh. 25m, p,m. = | 37.5 Temperature of boiling water 200°.5; calm.
7 |Sunrise 9.5 | ae

Sunset ey 28.0 Sky perfectly lear the ce y; light variabl afin

& |Sonrise, —— - =: 9,5 ae .
ae 3 OQ | Site thining fal'on high p caks. sie a
0.6 | Shining full on valleys ; sky Sradlastiatite:

3h. 40m. p.m 38.0 Temperature o, of boili ng waiter water 199°.7; light easterly

i \ ; reeze; nearly clear

Sunset : 36.0 | Wind east; whitish clouds rising in the horizon.

(I ie a
| Sunr : 29.0 . | Strong SW. wind; light scud, dri ;
. [Noon =~}, 44.0 | Moderate WSW. wind; nearly cle
* \ganset == = |S. ~——«| Wind variable; nearly lear; a few
_ 10 a eee a 30m. before sunrise.
45 Sunrise = - *_ 35.0 Nearly calm; cloudy in SW. :

Noon - , 42.0 Wind SE.; white clouds in W.

Oh. 55m. p. m. - 425 Temperature of boiling water 199°.5, “moderate

ae - win ‘ nearly clear.

Sunse -|} 37.0 Moderate Si. “wind; sky partially Gvercie

Sh. p. - 39,0
11 | Sunrise - - 33.0 Entirely overcast; wind shifting.

| Noon 7 35.0 Clouds breaking away; be, th gh wind from ee:
Soret, <. - 33.5 Clearing off; moderate wind N. 80° W
12 | Sunrise ae 82:5" Calm; sky nearly clear.

Guna * S 35.0 Sky clear; gentle W. breeze. ate *
ae 3h p. m. =f 3.0 re
a = a wore

Suntise §-| 630 Calm; oe

Sunset Ss - | 8b. 0- Ove:

14 | Sunrise - 21.0 Sky

Sunset - - 32.5 Cc
15 | Sunrise 31.0 Calm; clouds in SW.; sun faint.

| Noor ~ 41.0 Calm; sind clouds nove from SW. to NE.

: 31.5 Calm; sk ky nearly clear
16 | Sunrise. ie 30.0 Wind SW.; rain clouds in E.
unset - 33.0 Ch oderate 8. wind.
17 | Sunrise - 23.0 Entirely clear; calm.
Sunset « 32.0 Entirely clear; calm.
18 | Sunrise “ 23.5 very clear; nearly calm
‘ Sunset ‘ 31.0. | Calm; rain clouds in W
19 | Sunrise 90. +e sky; calm.
‘Sunset 32.0 Cloudless says gentle breeze 8. 60° BE.
20 | Sunrise ‘ 22.0 Epes
| Banset 37.0. chi, biel
: th Alm. p.m : 47.0 Tengorature a ‘oiling asi "197°.5; moderate
. 21 ie 32.0 Pies 7. ai scattered watery clouds.
~ 46.0 Cumali all over the heavens; netrly calm; snow
|...» |. falling on the mountains behind; rain on the edge
3 ee, eee a he valley beyond.
Cio Sky still cloudy; 5 aa 65° E.
Li

e
OF m4 7 ‘ sts
Table of observations with the thermometer Continued ;
inte. Time. “Thermometer. ae Ae Bemis. : we ss
_« Feb. 22 | Sunrise aie 29.0. Sun ins moderate wind N. 55 5° B.
; | Neon -| 7 8°400 Light watery cl rife aa wind N. aE ate es
Th. 15m. p. m. - 37.5 Tem npertareaf builing r 198°.7 ‘clouc
‘Sunset 13 a +) Sky ‘asly calm; wind N
23 Sunrise ye umuli around the einai
+ ee lear; nm a ‘ a
iy pers lear; Ww . x
e ibis q boiling water 206° “akg th leer: light
reeze from
M i “4 ie uds in S.; moderate SE. wind..
ees gra p wind SW. = calm.
G ee
Z ‘ ans st ies 63.0 Clear sky; brisk SW W. wind:
_» ©) 13} Sunrise ae 35.0. No clouds able, calm —
| Noon “ih gage Strong et TeCZ
Ta: panies sae ea 60 Light w: ie a A hor wii fom NW.
#4 | Sunrise = f - 45,0 © | Modera eS N. as eed uncloaded. 2
| Sunset ae ce a Cher: per a ~
Sky 1 unc! ouded; no wind. . ee
Few scattering ‘Clouds j in W.
ome unclouded. *
In shade; ight breeae clouds in ~ n Meee
a . 23 §
* 25 E
+"
26 |S
ORE

Sc

a = - . Fs
% 87! ee gy. Moe
= 979 , ee ged |
Table of observations with the thermometer—Continued.
Thermometer. | Wet bulb. | : Remarks.
Deg. Fahr. |. Deg. i ; ~
68.0 = Clearing off; wind SW... ‘
= 52.0 om Sky ly ;calm. ;
- 60 0 - Dark clouds coming up in W~; calm.
- 48.0 - Cloudy; light easterly wind.
- , 62.0 = in m SW.; 0 er.
- 54.0. “ tisk wind S. 15° E. - ed off.
- 43.0 s Sky copith aoe wind
. 56.0 = Few clou louds in’ SE.; witihig ‘breeze N.
: 6u
. 41.0 & Slight rain in falling; wind S. 60° ish
™ 60.0 z Raining; ee from SW. .
- 37.0 = Sky clear, ca’
- 68.0 we Sky cléiney'oa
- 35.0 é Sky cous no ve
- 90.0 Sore i. as ade.
: 98.0 In. sun; sky nearly clear; light SE.
reeze.
we ame =) - Wind S. 40° E.; cloudy in NE.
laa 49.0. “a Raining: overclouded. ....
-|o 4850 -— Wind N. 60° W_; sky nearly clear.
$2.0 i ee oe in W.; ; moderate wind S.
~ |i 88.0 - Skye lear and calm. -
Land 52.0 ~ Dark cummuli 1 in W.; ; light breeze N, 55°
: | 36.0 - Perfectly ales no air stirring.
56.0 = '| Nearly clear; ee
ij 37.0 ae Sky overcast;
57.0 oe th in Hora ‘high wind in N. 45°
=, 32-0 = Denes sun faint; calm.
= “=< 62:0 2 ee } ise smoke; sun obscured. 4 -
eee - moky appearance continues; sun faint. ,
es ee) he RES Sy Nos Att clear; calm.
ed oe and calm.
Sais Oe.
-| 920
=| or B60
é 480
shied | See 54.0
se 40.0:
<5 eke

Ww;
| Moderate wind S. ~ W.; sky sieely

aa a.

‘Shy overcast; clouds in NW.; wind S.
"Dark rk. eumall in E.; moderate wind S.
Pa mist geal gee of the rane cold
Hays son = faint; strong wind N. 80° W.

aes kya ear; wind N. 80° W.
oe pleats brisk wind N. 80° W.
— + gentle w

Eirai) ° 3 580
~ 3
- : , i
Table of observations with the thermometer—Continued.
Date. Time. Thermometer | Wet bulb. Remarks.
. 1844, Deg. Fahr Deg.
» Apnl 24 | Sunrise 48.0 45.0 Jouds in E.; moderate W. wind.
tie: Sa ey 76.0 69.0 ; brisk wind 8. 80° W.
66 0 58.5 ouds’ breaking away after a sprinkling |
rain.
25 | Sunrise - 51.5 48.0 Nearly clear; calm.
Sunset = 62.0 S10 Clouds in N. calm
* 286 | Suni _ 42.0 43.0 Perfectly clear; cal
Noon 3 90.0° 85.0 Sky clear; shifting breeze.
Sunset - 80.5 71.0 Dark non in the N., calm.
— 2 ee . 44.0 45 0 lear; c
Noon s 90.5 78.0 | Thin ‘white, aks in horizon; southerly
a ee : | breeze at interval
2s | Sunrise as at 66.0 69.5 Nearly clear; calm
| Sunset eae 52.0 48.5 sc clouds in’ NE.s strong wind 8.
39 | Sunrise “ 46.0 47.5 wed clouds; calms, ‘temperature of
eee spring used 66°
Noon * 69.0 58.0 Clouds; wind brisk fe
Sunset - 57.0 54.5 udy; moderate wind S. 20° W
30 | Sunrise 44.5 43.0 Cloudy in E.; cold wind S. 80° E.
8 60.5 54.0 set; calm; cumuli on near
mountains.
405 42.0 Very clear; calm.
56:0. - 48.0 Calm; brilliant sunset.
32.0 355 Clear; calm. e
55.5 “ 50.0 Clear; calm. ‘ :
30.0 a 34.0 Clear; calm. ‘ Pe
67.0 ~. 63.0 | Clear;
ep 88-0 | 41.5 | Clear; ial bescen HO
a | Large 73°,
52.0 - Ben of 5 Sm Lome 271°,
42.0 41.6 calm.
104 0 85.0 Cle; ear; hice at intervals
56.0 50.0 wel ey g¢ bre
41.0 40.0
70.0 ~ Famperation of boiling water 205°.7.
70.5 69 0 sth?
42.0 40.0 | Light white clouds in E.; calm.
76.0 67.0 | Clear; calm. nates eS
42.5 42.0 | Calm; slight h aro
76-0 » 69.0 Clear: _ age Png S. 40°
= * 56.5 Tempera E.; cab
9.0 ae ‘emperature of spri 76°.
94.0 $6.5. erature of Hib

Pe = XE

581 [ 174 ]
Table of observations with the ihermometer—Continued.
Date Time. Thermometer.| Wet bulb. Remarks.
As of me ane Deg.
May 14} Sunri F 41.5 | Clear; moderate wind S. 30° W.
2 Noon i Tie 68 White bank of clouds i in N.; strong wind 8.
‘ OW;
unset 4 55.0 50.0 | Sky nearly clear; ers high, S. 30° W.
15 | Sunrise - 41.5 41.0 | Scattered clouds; ‘
‘Sunset = 61.0 58.0 | Clotdy in horizon pt td S. wind
16 | Sunrise as 32.0 32.5 edtly clear; wind S.
: ‘Sunset _ ~ 52.0 48.0 Meise ro wha see drops of rain; high N.
i7/S z 33.0 36.0 Cloudy i in horizon; calm.
Sunset 52.0 48.0 eee oe We appearance of rain; wind 8.
18 | Sunrise * 45.0 42.5 Ovaed t; heavy rain; wind 8. 65° W.
oon <4 48.0 52.0 | Heavy ‘and j incessant non wind S. 65° W.
Sunset 63.0 50.5 | Clearing off; wind N. 3 Shee
19'| Sunrise ‘ 29.5. 32.0 | Nearly clear; wind N. 2
Su : 50.0 48.0 | Cloudy in horizo ny eam
20 | Sunri “= de 39.0 39.0 Perfectly — !
4 ..| Neon We AOS = gts Tegees we tiling. water 208°; sky
Sunset 2 48.5 47. Remap eit: a
21)8 : 45.5 46.5 ba calm.
Sunset 70.0 61.0 | Very clow udy; mild S. w
22) Sunrise i 56.0 52.0 | Reddish clouds i in E.; bers S. wind.
Sunset a 55.0 50.0 Cloudy; w: ind 8,
Sunrise ‘ 44.0 43.5 | Cloudy in wiew +295 S. wind.
Sunset 45.0 41.0 ;
Pbeiah z 41.5 42.5
Me Sunset - 47.5 48.0
Fi Miligiien .« 30.5 36.0
_| Sunset 65.0 62.0
P| Sinrise 44 0 45.
Suns. .-|. 64.0. | 60.0
Sie cy oC end, <n elon
Sunrise = »B5.0° | +39. Clear; calm. es
Sunset . -| « 46.0 | 46.5 | Sky very clear; calm
Sunrise ‘ 29.5 33.0 | Clear and
Oh. 15m. p. m. 66.0 ~ Station on Uintah waters, 1,600 feet tnlow

he _— in the — ag Tslge between the

of Whi ‘Uintah rivers; tem-

perature failing — 2019.3; sky
very ¢

a

piv] 582
Table of observations with the thermometer—Continued.
Date. Time. Thermometer. | Wet bulb. s Remarks. . :
184 Deg. Fahr.-\ Deg.
* June 6/ 7h. 45m. p.m 71.0 - Tempera, b pa water 200°.7; ‘aly
clear; moderate 1 N. 45° E.
7 | Sunrise s 52.0 50.0 | Sky clear; modera Sots N, 45°
a 750 72.0 oan x bing water 204°; very
15.0 48.0 Vay ae
80.0" 75.0 | Sky nearly binds oderate “iad 8. 80° W.
70.0 68.0 |D oa on ns clouds over the sk.
44.5 44, Cle
72.0. 68.0 Dark touts = by western horizon; light
33.0 — 38.0 Sky Se eis m.
65.0 59.0 | Clouds in horizon; moderate: ee N, 40°
32.0 37.5 | Sky neatly clear; calm.
60.0 57.0 | Sky ee with clouds; moderate wind 8.
65°
40.0 42. Sky clear;
60.0 57.0 =e loads 4 in aw. modetate wind S. 40°
36.0 38.0 Sky clear; @
76.5 - —_ ure regf ‘ring pao 199°. 5; calm;
44.0 43.0 Sly veep aan
Lh Rs 66. Age ea
| 42.0 “42.5 | Sky clear; ca
54.5 53.0 Te vigisehbire of boiling sae 3 200°; sky .
girs ae a: lace ag westerly
B40 °S SRBORL
« 54.0 - 620°: tah on siiaall cali:
29.0: 36.0 erfectly ¢ ap calm.
42.0 425 | Sky clear; ca
63.0 - Temperature ek gtd water + 201°. 6; clear;
. slight weste
68.0 64.0. | Sky nearly ler ae.
30.0 36.0 | Clear; calm.
49.5 48.5 | Bright suns caliti
40.0 39.0 | Slight mist; soho breeze.
60.5, = Sky mottled w ; shifting breeze
76.0 - Fork of Sars Son 1,600 feet “ag Some “the
le divide; temperature of boiling water
—— ae ' 1959.8; clear southerly
Do ee 49.0 | Masses of white clouds; wind variable.
33.0, ‘34.0 | Sky perfectly clear; calm. :
46.0 500 .| Clear; calm. — -
38.0 — 40. Clear; calm.
62.0 57.5 | Bright sunset; calm. :
po BRO 44.0 | Cloudiess sky; calm. &
74.0 71.6. Ree se clear; calm. ‘s
44.0 | 46.0 ‘| Sky clear
74.5 72.5 | Clear; siting boc.
56. 5

0 | Clear
en moto wit 8 60°.
; Sty cla, sute

ee

583 | [ 174 J

Table of observations mith the thermometer—Continued.

Date. Time Leitermenibber. Tivet bulb. ; Remarks.
+ Deg. Fahr. Deg.
June 3 | Sunset . 80.0 | : 76.5 | Sky clouded; ag and lightning.
4 {Sunrise * - 70.5 70.5 | Clouds in E.; : é
Sunset - 82.0 77.0 | Few — of of rin fii . .
5 | Sunrise < 66.0 66.0 | Clear.
Sunset - - Ay vy pte wind.
6 | Sunrise - 62.0 63.0 ed overcast; calm.
Sunset ~ 75.0 to. louds in Rete calm. =
7 | Sunrise - 65.5 65.5 | Very cloudy;
Sunset - 80.0 73.0 tires ye elouniods calm.
8 Sunrise » - 64.5. 64.5 m.
~ | Noon — 91.0 9.0 sky ier and ca’ es
Sunset - 81.0 80.0 i: partially rn calm; “thunder and
es g, with heavy rain “betwaaih 10h.
11h. p.m
9 | Sunrise -|" 68.0 66.5 Neatly clear; calm.
Sunset + Se -< |’. -79.6 76.0 | Clear; no air stirring.
10 | Sunrise; ~| 63.0 61.0 | Few clouds; calm
| Sunset - i 82.5 80.0 Clotids pateing off after a thunder shower. ;
11 | Sunrise 12 880 oF We See ears calm.
‘Sunset * -|. 79.0. |. 76.5 | Storm coming up from
12 | Sunrise “ 70.0 70.0 | Thin watery clouds moving from SW. to
. ee . .; breeze es.
unset = 88.0 86.0 | Cumuli in W.; w 10° EF.
13 | Sunrise Peg ea | 72.0 | Sky nearly — moderate wind 8S. 30° E.
Sunset - 86.0 79.5 | Scattered-clouds; calm.
14 | Sunset = 82.0 80.0 | Clouded every her — ‘in the zenith;
slight breeze ;
15 | Sunrise - 72.0 %
Noon . 79.0
Sunset - 76.0
16 | Sunrise -| @ 70.5
| Sunset é 73.5
18 ;|Suntise .-| 68:5 |: 68.
Sea 3 72.0 5 Cloud sing in nirad high wind 8. 40°
19 } Sunrise . -| 60.0 | 61.5 Sun faint partially overcast, cold Wad s.
* 4 . + "t :
Se Poss clears calm.
Sky. clear, except in horiz« i ads
me nel cea; slight b breeze 8. 35° E.
Se = od
Cloudy, Hee, in the zenith; cal
ae cloudsin W.; ; moderate rca 30° E.
and calm.
Yaw dik ld clouds in N.; ; high wind 6. 45° E.
Few oui ae ibdersts wind 8.
3 shifting breeze.
Very clouded; calm.
Clear; slight breeze.
Very much overcast; calm.
Clear; no breeze.
Clear; calm.

re

Ate
a

mae as

[ 174 j ; 486
; _ ST. LOUIS—RESIDENCE OF COLONEL J. B. BRANT. °
“Determination of time, May 24, 1842—altitude of the sun.

‘ OBSERVATIONS.

,

_ Double altitude of the lower limb of the sun. Time of chronometer. (Rockbank.) ~

S|

min. . see.
54

©
oe
7
—
i!
ANH

eo
ty

*

55
54 ©

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Advance. ‘ Longitude.

h. min. sec.
1 22 35.

of longitude, May 27, 1842—altitude of Vega.

ae ee hh, Se Cen cae Bae ae
o% oi
— ar anne a eee — ical:
:

=< hep + nee i ang = .

FIRST SERIES. ‘SECOND SERIES.
Tt pi A -

rt cnc é

eee bs i

ble altitude of Vega. | Time of chronometer Double altitude of | Time of chronometer.
gi Vega. No. 7,810.

Pe

No. 7,810.

&
3

hoe

587 [ 174 J
&
AS sty LOUIS—RESIDENCE OF COLONEL A 4 B. BRANT. ere
Determination of latitude, May 27, 1842—altitude of Piliesis™

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg... min. ~ sec h. min. sec.
74 38 20 4 30 27
74 39 10 4 32 Al
74 40 10 4 35 26
Index error = — 20 sec. ae ee
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
* = z Pee ae | we <
~ Deg. min. see. : - min. sec. - Deg. min. sec.
3S7 18 12 iG as 8; ~ 38 S87 24

ENCAMPMENT AT CHOUTEAU’S LOWER TRADING HOUSE, RIGHT BANK OF
“THE KANZAS RIVER, 700 FEET ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE GULF OF
MEXICO.

[From this date, up to the 24th of August, the Brockbank pocket chronometer was used in not-
ing time.]

Determination of longitude, June 9, $5a=-cHiede a the sun.

ise t. OBSERVATIONS.
Se : ’ —
FIRST SERIES. | SECOND SERIES.
ai SUuEEEEEEEEEEEEITE
Double altitude of the Time of icone Double altitude of the
: sun’s lower limb. (Brockbank. )} sun’s lower limb.
- min. see. | h. min. sec Deg. min. sec.
ng 19 200gn%| 6 99 4 fk 91490.
520654 =460+-| 6 30 360 51 02 20
52 39 35 Gis 15.6 50 445) «650
52 ; C2 the “50 ~~ 24 ~=«00
52 02 50 | 6 32 51.0 50 10 00
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
h. min. see. h. min. sec. _ Deg.
4 57 2 i wn z 9% 39 31

(174 J 588
*
es HOUTEAU’S LOWER TRADING HOUSE, RIGHT nota OF
THE KANZAS RIVER, 700 TEE. ABOVE THE LEVEL _ OF THE GULF OF

Determination of latitude, June 9, 1842—altitude of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
min. set. h. min. sec.
75 24 50 3 29 59
75 25. «06 3 31 50
75 26 00. 3 33 35
75 26 20 3 35 22
75 27 00 3 37 00
7% 2 40 eS
75 50 3 40 42
75 zo. 40 3 42 05
i) 30 40 3 44 14
75 30 50 3 46 07
Thermometer 55°.
= . RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. _ Mean time. Latitude.
— min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec.
42° 26 9 31 43 39 0553

-

* Jet 9, 1842—altitude of Antares in im meridian.

| Double altitude of Antares True altitude. Latitude:
mins see Day ie aa capdiee Sale:
eee = Sets oh 2s:

589 [174]
- BNCAMPMENT ON THE LEFT BANK OF THE KANZAS RIVER.
Determination of longitude, June 16, 1842—altitude of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.
FIRST SERIES- | SECOND SERIES.
3 ae
Double altitude ope the | Time of chronometer. | uble altitude of the | Time of chronometer:
lower limb of the lower limb of the sun. \.
rs min. sec h. min c | Deg. min. sec h. min ‘
«36 6 31.6 53 S3= 6e 6 St 360
56 is . 56 ie SR AS 53 «621 6° «C45 6 35 MY
5 S86 6 28 340 | 53. 08 6 35 47.0
55 35 § 20 6 29 22.0 52 49 55 6 36 32.7
55 16 55 6 30 10.0 52 30 6 37%: 2S.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
7 eee ee eT

pectic olen

seca

igtsbinitien, of latitude, June 16, '1842—altitude of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
es ee
Double altitude of Polaris. Teun of carmel:
a a h. — min. sec. =
Lh ct Pe Soe ie eh, AO, oa
1 of 60 ie ee 7
75 #34 20 i088 ee
ie eae 11 00 39 ai!
ys Hh 8S 1. ous
a 6 6St Se 1 i- os
75 39 40 i> 1 «(6
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. UES Geen tim? So Latitude. 2
Eater j : r 3
~*~ ‘min. sec. h. min. sec. - pe ag

fr i74 J 590

ENCAMPMENT ON THE LEFT BANK OF THE KANZAS RIVER. —

Determination of latitude, June 16, 1842—altitude of « Aquile.

OBSERVATIONS.

“i FIRST SERIES.

4
—————

SECOND SERIES.

Double altitude of a | Time of chronometer. || Double altitude of a | Time of chronometer.
Aquile. Aquile.
ae min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. . min. sec. he min. sec.
50 «14 «00 It 26 08 52 43 40 34 4%
51 it 20 i 3 42 53 29 «(00 li 84 42
Bl 52 20 't 30 See Lee. ae Fr: 36. 49
sea RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. | Advance Longitude.
: h. min. sec. h min. sec. Deg. min. sec.
9 50 4? 1 40 48 96 10 06

ENCAMPMENT ON LITTLE VERMILLION CREEK.
Deteniansie of longitude, June 18, 1842—altitude of the sun.

2 OBSERVATIONS.

i.

FIRST SERIES.

SECOND SERIES.

Time of chronometer. er altitude of the} Time of chronometer.
lower limb of the sun 3

t set. h.. min... set.

00 7... 4 508

50) T 15 52.5

10 T 16 . 208

50 Tif Ma

— 1° Tf oe

Brees eae.
: ENCAMPMENT ON LITTLE a CREEK.

# Fi é
Determination of latitude, June 18, 1842—altitude of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS. -
Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec. h. min. secw
75 49 00 10 44 04
75 50 20 10 oR
75 61 40 = 10 51 48
20 10 53 | 34
75 53 20 10 55 09
: RESULT OF CALCULATION. ‘
True altitude. _ Mean time., Latitude.
Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min.
9 0s 46 ’ a

ENCAMPMENT ON A TRIBUTARY OF THE BIG VERMILLION CREEK, 1,356
EET ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE GULF OF MEXICO.

Determination of longitude, June 19, 1842—altitude of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.
fIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.
Double altitude of the| Time of chronometer. Double altitude ns EN ee
lower limb of the sun. lower limb of the sun. igh
¥
Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec, Deg. min. see. h. min. see.
38 (16 «640 7 18 16.0 ce.
37 59 30 7 19 02.4 36 16 40 7 = 99.0
37 43 «45 7 19 450 35 46 50 ¢ mM 8S
24 35 7 720° 36: 35 27 «640 7 2% 506
36 45 «20 7°22 22.0 ||
Index error — — 42 sec
RESULT OF CALCULATION. |
2 ‘
h. min. see. . h. min. sec. | + ~—-Deg. min. sec.
5 we FP i #2 “ 3. 9% 48 05
sate ast

: -”

T174q 592

ENCAMPMENT ON A ARY OF THE BIG VERMILLION aap 1,350
FEET ABOVE ESTEE 1 LEVEL OF THE GULF OF MEXICO

‘Determination of latitude, June 19, 1842—allitude sa Polaris.

ty OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitude of Polaris. ‘Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec. kh. = min. see.
7° 419 10 40 62
76 21 60 10 44 51
76 23 06 10 48 353 og
76 24 40 10 53 06
¥ 76 24 20° 10 55 47
a ies 10... $8 eee
oe 37 20 il 00. 25
=e 27 50 * 11 01 49
: 76 28 50 11 04 36
: 76 29 50 11 06 52
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
= 2
Ag 5 . a o% : ee i a : : 4 . 4 ‘a ad ne
h. min. see ae. an sec.
} Revd FP oat 39 30 40
.
‘ &
a. —_ :
me a ° i
7
‘
; Bes ‘ a
<
oe #

ENC SMPMENT ON THE LITTLE BLUE RIVE

LEVEL OF THE GULF OF

[1743

wie. FEET ABOVE THE

Determination of latitude, June 25, oat altitude of Polaris.
#

Time of chronometer.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitude of Polaris.
Deg. min. sec. h.
ae 20 10
78 16 45 10
“36 «6<17 «260 10
78 19 25 10
78 20 15 10
78 20 20 10
78 20 50 10
78 21 25 10
78 22 15 10
78 10 10

SSRBaRTRSSas

Shoes

RESULT OF CALCULATION. .

True altitude Mean time. Latitiide.
Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. séc.
39 «09 -~—(0 ces 2. 8 BB

Determinatian of longitude, June 25, 1842—altitude of » Aquilz.

OBSERVATIONS. f
FIRST SERIES * SECOND SERIES-
Double altitude of a Time of chronometer. Double altitude of a | Time of chronometer.
Aquile. Aquile.
min. h. = omin. see. Deg. min. see. hk. min. sec.
34 40 ll ol 45.0 53 06 20 1l os 34.0
51 19 10 Bi 03 47.3 53 40 07 11 10 05.5
52 Il 15 11 06 07.0 54 st 2 1l 12 11.0
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time | , Advance. Longitude.
«
h. — min. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec.
> aT I 49 39 98 54 07

“p14 } 594 oC

ENCAMPMENT ON THE LITTLE BLUE RIVER.

‘

Determination of latitude, June 25, 1842—altitude of Antares near the
awe : ~ meridian. ee

OBSERVATIONS.

* 2

Double altitude of Antares. Time of chronometer.

Daa
gseegt
“Begess

= RESULT OF CALCULATION. =

True altitude. |

Mean time. Latitude.

sn lite ‘aeove nye RI,
itv etest age : ee
are Smee os 2 24 “m

5 : '

sie ioe
fe ; f se 1 ae ore

? ey bgt er eS re
% Ve “aha * sah et eo

. ig es ea
. § : Ss :

. a Ge

“ar oa

595 [174 J
FIRST ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIGHT BANK OF PLATTE RIVER, 1,970 FEET
BOVE THE LEVEL OF THE GULF OF MEXICO.

Determination of latitude, June 26, 1842—altitude of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer.

Deg. min. see. h. = min. see.

79 06 15 11 20 50

79 07 10 11 23 29

79 09 20 11 25 51

79 09 35 ill 27 28

79 10 45. ll 09

79 ll 30 ll 32 00

79 12 30 Tt 84 00

79 14 20 11 35 52

79 14 35 11 37

o 79 15 00 11 38 54

*- Tmdex error — ++ 25 sec. .

RESULT OF CALCULATION.
4

True altitude. Mean time. Latitude. .
Deg. min. sec. h. min. _ see.
39 34 31 9 39 34 40 41 10

Determination of latitude, June 26, 1842—altitude of Antares near the
meridian. ; —

é

OBSERVATIONS.

Double ‘altitude of Antares. Time of chronomeler:
Deg. min. sec. h. min. see.
46 ~ 31 20 li $468 = oe
46 32 20 il St. eS

_ RESULT OF CALCULATION. _

on 2 .
a: a oS | - oe eS

[ 174]

FIRST begs 1 ak pe a ON

Determination of longitude, June 26, 1842—altitude of « Aquilz.

FIRST SERIES.

THE pagar BANK OF PLATTE RIVER, 1,970 FEET
GULF 0 F MEXICO.

, -

10-23.
Racy oat
so

597 [ 174 ]
‘SECOND ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIGHT BANK OF PLATTE RIVER.
Determination of longitude, June 27, 1842—altitude of « Aquilz.

OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES. _

SECOND SERIES.

“Double altitude of a | Time of chronometer. || Double altitude of a | Time of chronometer.
Aquile. quile.
MERI

Deg. min. see. h. min. — see Deg. min. see h, min. sec.
ys ee Siete 5 Il 54 42.0 73 26 20 It 69 38
_ 88 50 ll” 5F~ 20.0 73 5&2 40 12° 00 62
73 O07 00 11 68 41.5 74 56 00 i 6 OS 38 ,
Index error — + 10 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Advance. Longitude,
ca ‘he ‘min. sec. h. min. sec. | Deg. min. sec.
10. 07 03 Le (6% 05 99. 37. 45

Determination of latitude, June 27, 1842—altitude of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer

ex. min. 3€¢ A. min. see. ”

3 59 45 * sat 13 03

0 01 = 30 i. 6 « Ba
79 04 00 ll 20 40

73° 6 8 i See

79. 87 60 tPF 26. 06

RESULT OF CALCULATION,

ene altirade. ae Mesn time. Ls Latitude.
. 30° 50 9 2% 36 3932

vagone Seared Mig
RESULT OF CALCULATION.

‘599 [14]
FIFTH ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIGHT BANK OF PLATTE RIVER.

Determination of latitude, June 30, 1842—altitude of Antares near
the meridian.

OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitude of Antares. Time of chronometer.
ae a
ie Deg . gee. h min. sec.
15 50 11 36
: =" 46 50 11 40 59
<7. ee I HO 1; “ie Coe
‘ a eet
Index error — — 20 sec.
RESUDT OF CALCULATION. i
' ie
. # Z
= ; 7 sm - : en
True altitude. » Be Mean time. | Latitude.

Determination of longitude, June 30, 1842—altilude of « Aquile.

OBSERVATIONS. |

Double altitude of « Aquile

Deg. min. sec. iis

3.

61 48 30 re

62 22 20

«63 10 50 :

63 59 50°

Mean time. - Advance. ; Longitude.
— 4
h. min, sec. h. min. sec. _ Deg. min. sec.
iS Tae OY ae Bee te
Be $$
i

tim] —
FIFTH ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIGHT BANK OF PLATTE RIVER.

Determination of latitude, June 30, 1842—altitude of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
z
* sec. he min. — sec.
a 40 if. 27 Qi
f 25 10 59 13
00 ae Saas
35 11 02 &6"
it a ee
: 10 HH ->-06 09
50 ; a TR OF
: 40 ll 19
79 23 00 11 59
24 40 ’ 11 12 56

RESULT OF CALCULATION. —

= <a : - ;
sec. Deg. min. — see.
51 40.49 56

:
Fi
st
= . i
ae
* .

*
, 601 : [1747

ENCAMPMENT AT THE JUNCTION OF THE NORTH AND are FORKS OP
THE PLA ‘TLE “RIVER, 2,700 ‘FEET ABOVE THE op ie F THE GULF OF

EXE 50.
" Determination af longitude, July 2, 1842—sun’s e altitude.
Wiis thon!
FIRST SERIES. F SECOND SERIES. , ;
Double altitude of the Time of chronometer. || Double altitude of the | ‘Time of chronometer
sun’s lower limb. | sun’s lower limb. een
ae
- a
Deg. min. see. h. min. sec. | Deg. min. see. kh. min. - see.
35 91 * 30° Tipe 57.0 FZ... 20 7... $3 . 39:0
4 5! 0 48 Ths 32 «600° «(00 7 54 14.5
34 24 «#65 7 41. 3a St S640 7 49.0
33 $465.16 1. . 49-° 38 31% 39° OG r 7 40.0
33. Ol 7. pl 256 31 614 = «10 7: 86° 23.5
; ee aes
5 ‘a = ie cere.
‘ : Index error = — 18 sec. e?
. . ©. RESULT OF CALCULATION. |
Meantime. Advance. : ~ Longitude.

5 6 1 eg? 50

hk. .min. see, “he min. sees Deg. “sin. sec.

+

Cia] Sty 602

“ENCAMPWERT AT THE JUNCTION OF THE NORTH AND SOUTH FOPKS
THRE ILAITTE RIVER, 2,710 FEET ABOVE ‘THE LEVEL OF THE GULF OF

4

Determination of latitude, Sly 2 e. 1842—allitude of vIntares in the ,

eridian.
Double altitude of the star. True altitude. Latitude.
. Deg. min. st.) Deg. min. 5ee. Dg. min. vee.
45 447 15 225 49 «(© 65 ar Ue Re
-

Determination of long gitude, July 3, 1842—allilude of the sun.

” OBSERVATIONS.
‘ FINST SERIES. wie SECOND SERIES. "
%
Double altitude of the | Time of chronometer. |\Double altitude of the | Time of chronometer.
sun’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb
m Deg. min. rec. kh. min. secy . min. see. h. min. sec.
ee ee 9 08 22.0. |. 57 06 25 9 17. 055
54 08 30 9 09 04.5 67 43 . tee 4B 44,5 i
—§ 05 FO % tts 58 15 40 oe 327
x ee 0 ee 58 40 Ss =
66. so | 9 4 35.3 69 “HT * 25 = as 218
Gees
eS
= RESULT OF CALCULATION.
=; Sane * Mean time. | Advance. PS Longitude.
he. min, see. eos Ri) mim see,
_ 3 si il tt ot” at

Time did not permit us to wait at some of the most important
cal positions for favorable weather, and-[ have occasionally re

—— the observations taken at less marked localities. By the ehateianetric dif
ference,

the lunar distance of ut a 16, observed _— forty miles
_ below, is referred —_ place.

4

- = wes (wt }

x [ENT ON THE LEFT BANK OF THE SOUTH FORK OF PLATTE RIVER.
* .
Determination of longitude, July 4, 1842—altitude of the sun.

t -™
OBSERVATIONS. wf
FIRST SERIES. || SECOND SERIES,
i. | bic’
Double altitude of the | Timevof chronometer. || Double altitude of the | ‘Time of chnoaometer,
s lower limb. ee . sun’s lower limb,

Deg. min. see. h. min. sec. Deg. min. see. h. min. sec.

49 40 6 62 22 ee 6 05
6 24 lo G6 5% 65 : 34. 00 G» 57 6&9
f4 57 10 6 17 53 2) 40 6 58 35
54 3) 50 6 63° WS 53 02 Ss 6 633
St 59 6 56 10 44390 7 00 It

x 2 ; iM ‘Ta - . , z os _ =
"le a RESULT OF CALCULATION. : >
Mean time. Advance. | | Long'tude.
— a as
* oe :
" 4 sh ra
base See ce. wie * 5 ?_ %
z Sg : ; sik a4 ee i
a?
-
axe = aoe Ein i
he o
ee Re - :
oS
$

[14] 604 és
_ENOAMPMENT OW AN ISLAND IN THE SOUTH FORK'OF ‘THE PLATTE RIVER.
<‘Délermination of lutitude, July 6, 1842—allitude nf Polaris.

- i 2 Index error = 4 15 noes a
2 623 es ae
> fat ees | ee

“True altitude. Meantime. === | Latitude.

Deg. min. see. hh. min. 3ee. Deg. min. — gee.
39 57 21 9 42 30. 4u 61 iq

5 ‘Determination of longitude, July 6, 1842—altitude of a Aquilz.

i : _ OBSERVATIONS. _ ao

~ © “66s: [ 174. }>
_ ENCAMPMENT ON ‘THE ape FORK OF FRATIE ih

hs ao Sept of longitude, Ted" i 1842—altitude od a > eed

OBSERVATIONS.
ome a

i
Double altitude of a Aquile.

eeeege
a
(SSs5R8
ies
2
ES

i

Index error — + 15 ses.

he # =
‘RESULT OF CALCULATION. - sf

Longitude.

kh. min. see. h

. min. sec. De. min. see. :
10 02 42 ey 08. 13 *
- :

Determination of latitude, July 7, 1842—altitude of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.

y124.) | 606 ;

ENC: AMPMENT AT ST. VRAIN’S FORT, SOUTH F F PLATTE RIVER, 5,440
FEET ABOVE THE LEVEL.OF THE GULF OF MEXICO.

Determination of longitude, July 11, 1842—altitude of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS. —

FIRST SERIES. — ; SECOND SERIES.
Double altitude of the | ‘Time of chronometer. || Double altitude of the | Time of chronometer.
sun’s lower limb. , : * gun’s lower limb. .
» min. see. Be 2inin. see. Deg. min. see. “he min %
OL. 9 18 = 23 5: oo 00 oS 2 17.0
50 34 —_— =: 53 36 65 9 53.5
Sl 01. os >. SE. oar ee Fe 20 9 40.0
3 eee << ieee 5 9/22 13 54 48 #15 o St O20:
02 55 9. 23-45 55. - 2h» 30 9 32 30.0
Index ertor = + 15 sec.
_ RESULT OF CALCULATION.
* a :
Mean time. | Advance. . Longitude. |
“he min. see. | hk. min. * se Deg. min. sec.
. Bigs ee : 2 138-0 23 105 45 #13

Determination of longitude, July 12, 1842—altitude of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS,

sun’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb.
Deg. min. see. h. min. see. | Deg. min. see. he min.
62 33 10 Sm wt 66 09 30 i. 0

27 =—-20 > oO 67 09 30 10 6040 55 5
63 OF otis. t 9 55 32 hte

48 00 9 57 45

es Ne a
: a ee ae

os ze, tk sie
GOR is. [Atha
“i a
ENCAMPMENT ON CROW CREEK. ‘ ra
Determination of latitude, July 12, 1842—allitude of Balarts,
OBSERVATIONS.
A
Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. . st. *- hk. min. see.
79 39 30 il 31 28
79 41 40 i 35 29
45 40 il 41 24
Index error = + 7 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude
Deg Z. MIN, see. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec.
50 #13 9: 326, 3t 40 00

Determination of longitude, July 12, 1842—altitude of « Aquilz.

OBSERVATIONS.

+ ae *

3 | SECOND SERIES.

ye ae

Double altitude of a | Time of chronometer. | Double site of « | Tine of chronometer.
Aquile’ : a : ek ee ri a

Dez. min. sec. min Deg. min, see. BPC.
63 «16: 30 a ae (47 8. 36030 ol
84 38 30 11 62 58 86 26 10 c 36

RESULT OF CALCULATION. ©
Mean time. Advance. | ___. Longitude.
| : Ngee . ;
kh. min. sec. h. min. sec. . Deg. min. sec.
9 42 53 2 12 2 af 105 «3387

f 472). 608

ENCAMPMENT ON A FORK OF LODGE POLE CREEK, 5,450 FEET ABOVE THE
GULF OF MEXIC

ee alien of latitude, July 13, 1842—altitude of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
be Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec. - h. min
80%.» 37 iP , 2 16
S 39 50 Il 38 10
43 1k 4L-
Index error = + 15 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time: Latitude.
Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec, Deg. min. sec.
40~- 190 12 9 28 50° 41 0s 34

* Determination om longitude, July 13, 1842—altitude of a Penile.

OBSERVATIONS.

Time of chronometer.

Deg. min. sec h. min. — sec.
83>: - 36-15-90 ti 80-46
— “ 20 1b. A. OB
‘8 "06 40 i 7 Te

8 41 «10 = ee Be a 18

* ao eae Pe ey
oz. 10 a te OS

rere ante ut sips
- Mean tithe: ~ a
As wales ae, | Dew. tin. sec.
>-4)--47- 160°" 13° 38

609 oy

ENCAMPMENT ON HORSE CREE

m*

r 174 i

Determination of lovigitude, July 14, 1842—altitude of a Aquilz.

OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES.” *® SECOND SERIES: .

Double ‘altitade of # | Time of chronometer: || Double altitude of «| | Time of chronometer. -

Aquils. Aquile.

Degs min: sec. he min: see. Deg. min. see. | he min. seee
TE*> 33 ** 00 | Se OH wiht Be we z2zwrin’n Yn
72-~ 27 30 © ll oo 39° 74 16 50 ll 15 ol

Index error = -++ 15 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION. *
Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
hk. min. — see. hh. min. © sec. . min. — see.
| a) ee 2 we i. me” 59 23 ”
Determination of lutitude, July 14,1842—a/titude of Polaris.
ae x ee et
—_ OBSERVATIONS. =
= é “= 7 roa ea Rieke: *
. = we
Deg. min. sec. h. min. see.
05 30 12 06 09
e237 -09' . 20° 12 CS] og 2
. eee 1 3-8
82 15 30 i gy 16
RESULT OF CALCULATION:
Tree altitud Mean time Latitude.
rid ow “33° os & CS Re Mee
hie

[ize] GLU

ENCAMPMENT AT F ORT aa 4,470 FEET ALOVE THE LEVEL OF THE
GULF OF M MEXICO

“pedieabietin of longitude, July 16, 1842—allilucle of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.
i FIRST SERIES, e | SECOND SERIES.
Double altitude of the | Time of chronometer. Double pltiuae of the | Time of chronometer. _
sun’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb. K
Deg. min. sec. he. min. see: Deg. min. sec. | he min. _ sec.
58, 31 .. 20 9. 40. 21.0 6. 12 B® 9... 44. 52.5
58 40 9. @h- 33.6 60 37 50 9 46. O10
59 18 30 9 42 29.0 60 49 50 9 46 34.0
59 28 10 9 42 54.0 20 9 §9.90--—
59 45 00 9. 43 40 4 61 It 00 9 47 $2.5
“ Thermometer 81°. 3.
Index error = + 25 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
he min. — see. he min. see. Deg. min. sec.
4° “36 17 2 10 35 1 20. 13

_ Determination of longitude, July 18, 1842—ualtitude of o Aquilz.

OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES.

SECOND SERIES.

a
Double alti of a | Time of chronometer. || Double altitude of a | Time of chronometer.
Aquile ie : / Aquila. re Seay
Deg. mn. sec. eens Deg. min ae
79 3l 10 il 17 4.5 80 55 40 i 21 29
2.87 Il 18° 25.5. OUTS SS go | 23 @
80 32 * 20 toy «(18.6 oe vi ee ee
RESULT OF CALCULATION. | —_—

GIL [ 1749.

ENCAMPMENT AT FORT LARAMIE, 4,470 FEET ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE
e GULF OF MEXIvO.

Determination of latitude, July 18, 1842—allitude of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec. h. min, set. “
82 59 10 71" "se 24
83 50 ll 00
83 02 30 ll 41 34 7
83 04 50 ll 43 45
83 06 00 Bt 45 31
Thermometer 63°.
Index error == ++ 25 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
min. sec. kh. min. ste. Deg. min.
41 30 38 9 ol 14 42 12 10

Determination of longitude, July 20, 1842—allitude Le the sue og Z

ro OBSERVATIONS. i
Pe tS Tees “Grids BAT perrees Pont, atieieye erik Ser sgiggei! ;
FIRST SERIES. -. (= . SECOND SERIES- _
Double altitude of the | Time of chronometer. Double altitude of the} Time of chronometer.

sun’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb.
Deg. min. h. min. — 3ec. Deg. min. s€c. h. min. sec.
“a «413 20 8 62 08.0 41 656 40 8 6 61.0
41 8S 83 ° 23.5 42 30 oe ST 28
at. 02 6&5 8 250. 42: 20.20 8 57 560
4l 23 30 8 6 . 3186 42 33 40 8 68 33.0
41 40 50 8 66 08.0 43: 32-30 8 569 25.0

Thermometer 65°.

[174] 612

ENCAMPMENT AT FORT ARAM 4,470 FEET ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE -
GULF. OP MEXICO.

Determination of longitude, July 21, 1842—altitude of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.

Z ay a en iz
SECOND SERIES.

‘FIRST SERIES.
a i i :
Double altitude of the | Time of chronometer. | Double altitude of’ the Time of chronometer.
‘Tower limb of the sun. ? | lower limb ot the sun
5 : -—-_-_ : =~
Deg, min. sec. | hz Deg. min. ° sec. _ hh. min. see.
3: -oF 4 ys 4t 24 506 $ 57.0
~hO—-23--- 59-3 8 41 42 10 8 56 44.0
40 36 20 8 41 64 20 8 6T “Y64
40 54 10 8 42° 07 30 8-57 62,3
41. 05 00 8 42 22 40 8 58 34.3
Thermometer 66°
Index error = ++ 25 sec.
€ RESULT OF CALCULATION,
he min. ~ see h. min. sec:
6 46 O* = ~ 09 25

= the chronometric iin the lunar distance bern at Dritd-
Meat tamp i is this place.

AN. TYR

a “Tae?

=

Dedeptaination of yonsttdes: July 2 5,1842-—altt

ah

eee Stsetere Fe see

| NORTH

K OF PLATTE, RIVER.
J of o Aquile.

OBSERVATIONS.

&

‘FIRST SERIES, , SECOND SERIES. '
Double altitude dhe | Time of chronometer. || Double altitude of a | Time of chronometer,
jAquile. ; Aquile. Z
ye 1s : i: é
Deg. min. sec. | thi min. — +e. Deg. min. see. A, min. gee.
73 #403 ‘30: 10 65 545 e 35 «40 a Tee
“S44 | at) OOD a. i. @ Jl 08 =: 2.0
"¢ © oe | % Ot “3s ac” SO SP he
0. i we a 6 «8. aS AS Of 7m, il 11 57.0
eo 693) 68) ] a 08 tp GE :
: Index error = + 25 sec. =
WEES Sasso: ‘e ee <
‘RESULT OF CALCULATION. -

Advance. Longitude.

prs 614
ENCAMPMENT ON THE NORTH FORK OF PLATTE RIVER.

Determination of latitude, July 23, 1812—-altitude of Poluris.
e

OBSERVATIONS.
¥
Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. . kh. min
84 ou 10 © 29 8
= 84 OL 20 it 3k 34
84 02 20 Ht a2 45
84 03 15 lb 2+ 67
st 15 5 20
gt 05 LS 3 bs ‘AO
a4 OT 20 MM 33 57
/ st O7 25 ra} 40 oz
BL 10 00 1 43
oo ww ik | 46° @

RESULT OF CALCULATION-

True altitude. Mean time. | Latitude.
wa
Deg. min. sec. h. min. see. Deg. min. src.
= ag Of 54 y oe tas eg
id sil h! : - ¥ as

Determination of longitude, July 23, 1812—altitude of Arcturus.

OBSE RVATIONS.
Double altitude of Arcturus. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. set. h. min. see.
GB 4) 12 OL 08.0
74 51 10 12 02 30
74 O4 20 12 04 29.5

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Mean tire. | Advance. Longituce,

he min, tte. - bwin. te.
jee $.. Al Ri

»

615

(‘174 7

ENCAMPMENT ON THE N. FORK OF PLATTE RIVER—DRIED MEAT CAMP.

Determination of longitude, July 25, 1842—altitude of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES.

|

SECOND SERIES

‘Pouble altitude of the | Time of chronometer | Double altitude of the | Time of chronometer.
sun’s lower Jimb. | sun’s lower limb.
Dez. min. sec. h. min. see. eg. min. see. h. min. see.
48 «4 (0 7 16 260 46 42 40 7 a 01.4
48 10 4) 7 17 ole 46 Zt. AD 7 | 45.5
47 49 50 7 17 458 5 46 Ft 5) ¥ 2 21.0
47 24 40 7 19 070 45 55 40 y 3 23 116
47 62 00 7 20 09.0 45 37 45 7 &@ 2.
e
Thermometer 87°.
RESULT OF C \LCULATION.
Mean time. ~ Advance. Longitude.
h. min. see. h. min. sée. Dg. min. se,
5 07 44 z 12 35 106 "28-09
A ; : *
_ Determination of latitude, July 25, 1812—allitude of Polar.
OBSERVATIONS.
ae : ee ‘ ioe
Double altitude of Po!aris. Pog of chronometer. __ ys
-— t :
: Deg. min, — see. h. min. see.
oo 16°" fe Doe By lima
R4 19 25 ips 15 16
Bt 20 It’ ~» 16 3l
os 1 hs se aan
Se tw se (O53
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
tg 9° * 03 “i pe | = if wt

a
oce 616
_ ENCAMPMENT. GN THE N. FORK.OF PLATTE RAVER—DRIED MEAT CAMP.
Delscinalicn of longitude, July 25, 1842—~allitude.of Arcturus.

OBSERVATIONS.

, .. FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.

Double altitude of Arc- | Time of chronometer. |} Double altitude of Are-| ‘Time of chronometer.
turus. » turus. : oe Fae
4
| AE
Deg. min. sec. he” min. 87. Deg. min. . sec. he min... see.
86 16 15 LE 23. 43/ Il, Ba 30 | 11. 27. 46
85 “41 25 i 95, 51 84 13 40 Il 29 2
85 16 40 PES SB. St 83.26 50 11... 31... 37
7; Thermometer 72°.5.:
RESULT OF CALCULATION,
Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
h. min. sec. kh. min. 37e.
9 14 48 2 2 —

\ Determination Se Longshade, July 25, 184 ol eraasl oan ae secona
limb of the moon to —

OBSERVATIONS,
Time of chronometer. Apparent distance.
y eee

min, sec. * Deg. min. see.
: i808 58 -83—=«d
i 47. 20 aay 58: OF OO
11, 49 32 ye 58. 36. 30
oayhe TE ae 88g; 873. 40
Y il Pe. 18 ip 58 Be 38 ig 25

se aS. 28

ey “i

Troe distance. _ Mean time at Gremich.

w
Py

THE PLATTE RIVER, MOUTH OF

\. eee Ce
ENCAMPMENT ONE NORTHE FORK oF

DEER CREEK.
; : ‘
Debernt ation of latitude, July 26, 1842—altitude of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitude of Polaris.

2 € £o¥ be : <n ae error = pac Ste

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

.
min.

ee oe
16 Oe ke

see.
02

CSSeS

a “ -
Sea aeie oe: 4 “
se Fer mnemessggety ore
2 4 cy
a
ay ~
" 4 Seca
® cs e+ r
me —
ety 44
: 3
x . %
.
ra * F Ste 3
wb tag ato . #
pe # =
bode ie
, Stee =
‘
.
ee ee ease Scien cng

*

[174 én

=

*
ENCAMPMENT ON THE NORTH FORK te THE PLATTE RIVER, MOUTH OF =
au DEER Bas!

Determination of longitude, July 26, 1842—altitude of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitude of the lower limb of the sun Time of chronometer.

see. ail “eh min. — 8ét.
416" af 45 721 . 03.0
46° 31 40 21 45.5
Interrupted by clouds. Interrupted by clouds.
46". SEs: 38 7 14s
a6% 2S 1 7 5. tn BEG
< OF? 16 7 % 640
44 37 30 P 7 27 00.0
bs Se
Thermometer 83°.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
S Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
lhe Ns PR h. min. sec. ‘ ~ Deg. min. sec.
5 2 13 33 10648
S|

“Determination. of iehamneode, Judy 26, 1812 —altilude of

Sa a Sa a onseavarions.

FIRST SERIES.- SECOND SERIES.

xX : F
, Double altitude of | Time of chronometer. | Double altitude of | Time of chronometer.

Deg. min. sec. | ih. min. s€c. = min. sec. |. kh. min. see.
80 239 50 To Seen eee ee ee ee
79 «660 )~— 10 eee « 7%. Gh. jel 41. 180
7 a ae it 39. 20 78 82 30 li 2

Thermometer 71°. s

RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Longitude.
CS
3 ?

619 > [ 174 )
ENCAMPMENT ON THE NORTH. Tome oe ‘PLATTE RIVER, UPPER CACHE

Determination oe lonpiteah, July 28, 1842—altitude of the sun.
OBSERVATIONS,

FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES.

Double altitude of the _ of chronometer. se altitude bet tng Time of chronometer

lower limb of the sun. lower limb of th
ge eae es eee
min. s€e. he =min sec. Deg. min. — see. hi . min. see,
12 7 2 43 20 i 9 17.7
44 56 10 7 26 05.0 43 35 26 ‘i 29 48.0
44 45 vi 26 36.2 43 17 15 ba 30 37.0
44 30 20 7 27 17.5 43 05 05 ij 31 11.0
44 15 20 ‘3 27 58.6 42 51 40 7 31 41.7
i, “o GS Ie Sears nearer cee
¢ _ Thermometer 80°. 5. én
Index error = + 12 sec. <i
RESULT OF CAL€ULATION.
; :
Mean time. Advance. i Longitude.
;
kh. min. @ sec. hk. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. -
* 5 19 4 2a 2 15 09 | 107 ee a eae Z

of latitude, Tuly 2 26, 1842—allitudegf
bi OBSERVATIONS.

Peeereregey
sessegeege?
HREARSRSSHSE

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

True altitude. Mean time. Letitieds:

vias

_ min. sec. Deg. min.
6 Mot 42 50

ty
¢

gs
om

_ - : : ae
S ce ‘ 2
fuMgy * 620 7
ns ais : .
SE Ce a SS Se eS SS a aa . 4
: si . NE. L UN iF iN miro : ae Ji ; RIV EA fre & SS

Determination of lati‘ude, idk 29, 1842—altitude of. Pelesis. S

OBSERVATI ons.

Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer.

ne
x
;

ep

ess.
4
lel
—

&
ee eee

|

SEESELITE
8

‘j

‘

3

er
~
_

Cy toa

x wl

Lat

Ree

33Se6
feds
~

|
at
#8

a8

ip: ii Yo r: a I; one aa | ne eee eS:
! =
621 [ 174 ]
BNCAMEMENT ON THE NORTH FORK OF PLATTE RIVER. *
Determination of longitude July 29, sis eee * Agquilz.
OBSERVATIONS.
‘Double altitude of a Aquile. ‘Time of chronometer.
3 Deg: min: see. h. min. - sec.
e st 2 0 10, at
“8204 50 10 49 11.0
ciate, aces ae. ee a
RESULT OF CALCULATION,
Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
2 "1 She
h. min. sec. a he min. sees _ Deg. min. sec
S <i Lie

Determination of longitude, July 29, 1842—altitude of Arcturus. °

OBSERVATIONS.
: Double altitude of Arcturus.
1 M a 20 “ae eee mets ££ oo
“4 : eae tr E

Mean time. Advance. Longitude.
kh. gman. 8€C: h. min. see.
8 4l 30 2 15 °° 57
a
ee

pws] 622

GOAT ISLAND, &c.

Favorable weather enabled us to observe here an occultation of « Arietis,
which occurred at the moon’s bright limb, at OA. 05' 40" of the 31st of
July, (civil time.) In order that it might be calculated with the advantage

f correspondent observations, and the correction of the errors of th tables
the observation was sent to Mr. S. C. Walker, at Philadelphia. The fol-
lowing is the result from Mr. Walker’s computation, without any correc-

tion for errors of the tables.

ae

‘ a es
July 30, 1842—astronomical time.
aie hes é — es #8 * ¢

im. « Arietis 12h. 5' 40" — 7A. 10' 32.01 + 1.896 + 1.611 + 2.488.

By the estimated difference of longitude, sons i ne (32",) the
~ lunar distance observed at the mouth of the Sw ater on the 23d of
ust, is referred to this place, for the siiend of which we have
adopted the mean a from ee lunar distance, and occultation, re-
Sulting as follows

h. min. see.
Baar — island, by Vining diane - s,45:.10 07.91
: island, by — eee ee |
Eaasinde of Bos islam, by oceuljation eT TO SO}
Men longitude of Goat island ~ - =a «10 «30.55

Some of the the observations made at this place were lost in the accident in
he Platte river on the 24th of August.

é

¥

623 [174]

ENCAMPMENT ON GOAT ISLAND, N. FORK OF THE PLATTE RIVER.
iy

iar, +3

Determination of Iititude, July 30, 1842—altitude of the sun in the
. meridia a

; ‘ pS
Double altitude of the sun’s | * True central altitude. Latitude.
- lower limb.
min. See. Deg. min, sec. Deg. min. sec.
22 «30 65 «662 | as 28337
. Index error = + 12sec. © é ot
_ Determination of longitude, July 31, 1842—altitude of « quile.
.
e .OBSERVATIONS.
—
= did 7a
Double altitude of a Aquila. Time of chronometer. —
yi
Deg. min. sec. h. min. see.
=98 51 50 3 ol .
99 09 30 3 04 02
= 98 45 50 3 06 42
LT poo
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Je en eee ee ae ae a a li

Advance.

git, Tuly Sts}

. OBSERVATIONS. ee
Double altitude of « Aurige. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. see. 98 h. min. _ sec.
48 «38 ——_ * 118 2 40
% ‘ oes
* RESULT OF CALCULATION.
; ae = x . ¢ i at =
a : : sae ‘
Moon, imme, ee Longitude.
= h. sec. h. min.
= or 09 > fe at .
reper nearer semen a a eaten eran = sarin aie ‘

= 624
ENCAMPMENT ON.THE. SWEET WATER. RIVER, ONE MILE. BELOW- ROCK
INDEPENDENCE.

“ae of latitude, August 1, 1842—altitude of Sabian

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
* Deg. min. © sec h. min. see
04 20 11 2 33
“i 84 05 11 31 12
00 il 32 15
ee ke eo ae ae
00 a a a
@ 84 10 00 ll 36 37
84 ll 40 jl 38 18
é 00 ll 39 38
84 13 10 i. oe
84 14 00 ‘ Z Ik 42 4
$s : Thermometer 47°. -

RESULT OF CALCULATION,

SECOND SERIES.

altitude of Arc- | Time of chronometer.
turus.

a

i h. min. 8éc.

00 12 O02 10.0
a
’ 30 05 ef
: 10. | 12 06 57.0
: 50° | 12 08 06.0.

: 3 ae oF ce tt |

: =

i *

a

625 [ 174]

MAN S42 OW Eee Wa ton ‘RIVER. 2 .

Determination of latitude, ideas 5, 1842—altitude. Prosarts +

% OBSERVATIONS. ied
va

Double altitude: of Polaris. ~ Time of chronometer.

min, — sec, h. in. “a
es to 30 6 508 *.65~
88 20 5 222 886
“88 O 00 5
88 - 02 5

ww Us 30 5

fos Thermometer 57°.
q Index error = +- 25 sec. ssa
. *
* RESULT OF CALCULATION. :

Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec.
44 00 35 3 02 49 / 42 32 31

est

| = : -—
Determination of longitude, August 5, 1842—altitude ofa Lyre.
OBSERVATIONS. » Z ee :

D uble Ititude of « Lyre. e | i CE: ‘i of ae | ometer. eedeiememeree?

ae e - ae ae
- - m Ries — ys os =
<etneniR ts t elas Vaeeae
oe = i tite <
oe 2 90 63
oe < et *

p74 J 626

ENCAMPMENT ON THE SWEET WATER RIVER.
“se , , &. i ;
a. BoteeMtyation of longitude, 4ugust 7, 1842—allitude of Arcturus.

OBSERVATIONS. #
Double altitude of Arcturus. Time of chronometer.
:
- min. — sec. h min. sec.
51° 46 »20 2 18
50 42 30 12 20 56
r 49°. x 30 12 23 aap4
Index error = + 25 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
® Mean time Advance. : Longitude.
h. . min. sec "he min. sec. Deg... min... sec.
er Gl : 23 «39 109 61 29
: Ee Pa 7
oe Teenie! latitude, Fe. ay 1s4d—-altitude of Polaris
Bee a. 5 OBSERVATIONS. Soe
— Pods a4 P pair
Double altitude of rade - - Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. — see. : h. min. see.
= 84 59 25 ise
85 00 IG BB ud
OF “90 e12 eB3 25
- 30 AD’ B43 57
85 038 205 12 736 {a2l
8 05 00 se ay Fe,
— se a ar ie ~S- =
5 Thermometer 36°,
% :
RESULT OF CALCULATION. :
Mean time.
ll 25

“: _ ENCAMPMENT oN LITTLE SANDY. CREEK.

ee pra gs of longitude, egies 8, 1842—altitude af the sun.

OBSERVATIONS. ‘

cS 4

° FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. '
Double altitude uD the c | Tine of chronometer. || Double altitude of the | Time of chronometer, -s
sun’s lower iia » sun’s lower limb. Ss
ae a ee
Deg. ‘mide we | hi min sec. Deg min. see. h. min. , set.
44 6 60% | 7 45.5 43 30 7 28 26.5
a4 33°C 7 25 34.0 | 43 16 50 ir 29 02.0
44 ie, 660) Hi WG, 186 43 30 T 2. 29.4
44 OH, O08 | 7H 26" OS s: See eo” ot
43 50 50 7 27 29.0 42 10 T 30 47.0
. Thermometer 63°
= # Index error = + 25 sec.
: RESULT OF CALCULATION.
. i Ps es &
a ; # : z, : t
Th. min. sec. he min. ‘see. | aie “min. 3ec.
# 5 03 23 2 24 “30 Il ng 46
en

Determination of Reapitde, August 8, 1$42—altitude of Arcturus. —

RESULT OF CALCULATION. ~

h. min. sec. i ws hb. = min. cate. : :
es. 6S UO 2 = a
a 4 se 4 a

a -, Be : he m
/_ Se

'
4 : weerer shee
eam ° ee

- iz Be se es “ear

Determination BF latitude, August 8, vee at

i, ‘. _OnsERVatTONS.
= si = Se

mi

BSSESSEEE

RESULT OF CALCULATION. es )
Z. 2 af Si i — : — ‘ —_

2

~* [1747
jegen: of latitude, east 9, '1842—altitude of Polaris.
we : “OBSERVATIONS.. ? we
» Double altitude of Polaris. 3 Time of chronometer.
¥ —- r Ee ea
Deg. min ae =
4 98 30 i 346. “ms
* 84 34° 40 IP WS E
. s45° 35°'. 30: 1S 19" 45
84385 s«*i 1b +IGe GF
84° 375 30 IFS 16 “Be :
00 in’.
84 39 10 mt is 36. “00 “a
84 40 00 : sil, “. “% ™
84 40. 60 Lig i a :
84 42 30 11, 23. 39 a
e Index error — + 25 sec.
4.2 ine oe ind habe :
RESULT OF CALCULATION. -
: aoe MeN =e ra
‘t2 , F r b3 RE
True ae - Mean time. ‘Latitude.
4 La min. 8€C. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec.
, _ is a8 . 2° =e — 42 “46
re &

— of lon itude, August 9, 1842—altitude uv .

a tas te OBSERVATIONS. *
— . -
FIRST SERIES.
Deg. min. sec. he min. see.
68 33 40 St 26 37
68 02 25 11 98 04 .
67 27 00 11 29 41 :
¢ . Thermometer 44°. :
r. RESULT OF CALCULATION.
eg i ys. ee De. om
: es Ss 2 10029 «17
; a a

[14] | 630

ENCAMPMENT ee ta THE GUL 00 ee,

at: of latitude, August 10, 1842—altitude of Polaris.

OnSERVATIONS.:

oe

Double altitude of Polaris.

a
g
i

j : oe es ;
: : — mate. > sees = mine” sets”
4 986 90, a it 66
84 55 «50 11 17.00
84 57.80 11 18 38
“© 45 Index error = — 12 sec. aa
. . RESULT OF CALCULATION.

True altitude. : Mean time.
*,

Sas
ie
.
ee Be
tiga
ag

ry
i rd
che poe one 0 ee ts

ss
: Ps . : = a
; & i?
== Las
as x rg
fees ro
oe

-" | oer* 5, | Heri
cg rey i ae As ae
ENCAMPMENT AT MOUNTAIN a #,200' Wo PEED AB ABOVE THE LEVEL OF
B GULF OF M
Entenindngtion of latitude, August Fi, ee of Polaris.

Ghaxny ae: a .
EJ

ae _ a 3
, a aoe poe

Double altitude of Polaris. "Time of chronometer.
rs 3 : ’

5)

re
ce ci
5s.

hee pet

ee

S58e8
eéssrscseae.

4
Ce
ZF

Yie*

Pegs ssst
*
~
a
onl
—

|. S8esee

84
84
84
84 *

~-—«x RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Mean time.

a
:
i *
* ‘ rs
~.
e F
oF
"

[14]

ENCAMPMENT AT’ MO
28 Ea

! KE, FEET FEET ABOVE THE LEVEL | +
rl THE Gt te GULF ‘OF ‘axe. ;
. >
. Determination wf tia August T fh 1842—allilude ov the stn.
%

omRRWrIONS. .

er i
hts —*
: % ss a
Me Sd
2 *
*:
ee ae i
Weed hot Fs
A = “
: *
we eee ”
‘
e
Pr

633

[174]

ENCAMPMENT AT MOUNTAIN LAKE, 7,200 FEET ABOVE THE on OF

THE GULF OF MEXICO.

OBSERVATIONS.

Delrnination of longitude, dugust 17, 1842 ald | the sun.

FIRST SERIES.

SECOND SERIES.

ae 3 of w% os ,
Double altitude ‘of the | ‘Time of chronometer. Double altitude of the |. Time of chronometer.
sun’s lower linn. Ps | sun’s lower limb.
min. ~ sec. h,’ min. sec. || Deg. min. h. see.
02 15 5 54 48.0 Al 5 31.4
20 5 36.3 42 ol 6 12.0
35 15 5 17.0 42 18 6 r Be
48 35 5 54.0 || 42 38 6 53.0
17 20 5 106.5 {| 42 50 6 3
Thermometer, 62°.”
Index error = — 32 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. oy , Retard. : Longitude.
aust = 7) 1842—aliitude of the sun in the meridian.
di
sh to teadT lott too a | OMSERVATIONS.. bt beh to ul a
Double altitude ¢ ‘the sun’s True. central altitude. 4 Latitude. a
6 £0 eT ; 6! i g.£0 i i‘ a! 38.
ee ? is ee Pid f = Las ‘on
i. Cae Toe a ¥ 6 +)
Deg min. see. Deg min. ' see, Deg.
120. 38 15 34 22 42
FXILD 2O PiveaL ag
rion Srna i,
Fugtio ru | a oh j metti nel
- ree ae Se ms
#2 of t ' & .)
. ee ss: :

634

Ed

id
wo Tsvas “yy UE NCAMPMENT ON, THE EET, MATE RIVER. + ARMS?

A ete 7;
Ce 2 Oo By J 0d

erection ie latitude, 0 rust 19,1 1842 —allitude ode Polaris,

Bie 8S No Su gts oh \ps
OBSERVATIONS.
& Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
‘eileen: casei Merrett
Re Dex. min. — see. ho min.
“ 8 en eee 30 R24 ots etic six MBF af; s oidgetl
ew ee oe 6 6°" 56 Trae
ta 6 58
wale gt 00 00. i Eames 09
’ ee oz P I¢ aK ~e et a FY 02 3 28 8% soph
= es i OS Se ae a a Be 02
oe RS es Bae Se : ... 1 ee Hf
os: . 66 é ue Sex or — 96 aa . | a ae .
FS i -2 si a6 G & t Go Ob
oek mS a . es eee
me £ a8 £4 2 RESULT oF CALCULATION. Pe ae i
True altitude. Mean time. ° Latitude.
——| — a SE se Sr Xabi!
Deg. min. see. ene Se ee eee | Deg. min. sec.
4 68 07 oN ee ee ae 42 22
es
_DeteFiiintition of time, August | io, 1812—allitude of sire returus.
ee : i
OBSERVATIONS. |
disiNtesa ice es 5 ge ee . a e SECOND. tire hie
Double altitude of Arc- | Time of chronometer. ||\Doublealtitude of Arc- | Time of chronometer,
turus. turus.
Pcie weet on : i
: Soiiiie.! ar Yo sbotitie sk Aro,
Deg. min. sec. A. see. at 5 i ae
66 i a 10 7 19 603.0
: at : , 41.0
os She if ce | * - | Tote thee
‘a “ as r ii ier

635

17h 3

ENCAMPMENT ON THE SWEET WATER RIVER.

Determination of time; August 20,1842 —ultilude of Arcturus.
OBSERVATIONS,
FIRST SERIES. 5 SECOND SERIES.

————

Double altitude of Are-
a? turus. i . jis

Time of chronometer.

Double altitude of Arc.
accom NSU pref P|

Time of chronometer.

: Dee. min. see. hs min. — ee. Deg. min. “see. Sar Be.
53. 58. 00 wae AGO 48 .69 20 wat ght a0
62. 19. 920 ae fo “13.0 g AS @3 ~60 | et: 88.5
51, 17. 40 a 47 59.0 47 47 00 of 57% 84.0
60. 36. 30 7. 4D 61.5 47 d7 ©30 a 52.6
AS. 53. 40 4 fl pi.0 || 46 vid 40 j 8 02 2.0

> ] ‘ € 7 : Oe @ c
Index error = — 40 sec. i
ago Sh = tor ¥ tefyry7
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time. 3 | Retard. ee Longitude
. 7 : sa Sor
he omingcosee. h. min. sre. ant
o--- 00 ~-02 14°26 88
Delitminidtion 7, lutitude, Sue gust 20, J 1sd2—saltituie df Polaris.
* OBSERVATIONS.
: Tag NS ANT Time of 3 poser
et ‘ tak Ait lt P rat tM eB eS es
Si. * as Se4 IN 1) + VIF 22 35- a ER Ev ES = ——" re ~—
Deg. min. see. ADIs h. min. see.
85 26 00 = ee
8 26 30 Rg GRE 8 18 62
85 27 65 Lae ‘A 8 20 47
86 3l 40. ; ao
3: at oe avi i t i t ev $ if 8 anges aiff yf ie
1 if dj oy
$8 3 40 ¢ -_ se
peek Same a Aaah Grea é
8 37 30) ; 4 32 44
oe |= See BEBO 2 Hie -.290) 4 agi *
af ae Ga @} 23 : éo 64
as : > Se
‘ "RESULT OP- ouetaniedy.
True altitude. Mean time. « Latitude.
“ min. s€¢. ms min. ec. Deg. min. sec.
s 4 05 43 «602 43° 31 46
,.

[ 174]

636 _

_ENCAMPMENT ON THE BIG BLUE RIVER. _

Determination of longitude, June 21, 1842—altitude of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS,

FIRST SERIES.

| .

SECOND SERIES-

Weuble altitude of the | Time of chronometer. Double altitude of Bo Time of chronometer.
fewer limb of the sun. | lower limb of the s
: 5 | Se aa SY i
Beg. min. sec. h. min. sec. | Deg, min. sec. h. min. see.
“42 #09 40 6S @ 14.0 43 44 30 S 24 29:6
42 36 40 6 Rt v7.0 438 58 00 8 25 03.3
42 51 #10 8 22 04.5 44 12 45 8 25 44.3
43 08 #40 8 22 54.0 44 29 10 S 2 270
s 3 oe S°. 23° 40:6 44 46 8. Wo in
Index error — — 42 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
Mean time * Advance, Longitude.
ke min, see, kh. min. sec. Deg. min. > see.
BS Ao cee + tle . ae Hct yee : 06. 58..

_ NOON HALT ON THE SWEET WATER RIVER,

Determination of latitude, August 22, 1842—altitude of the sun in the
: meridian. 5

‘ - 4.
TF Py H é hy f4 4
- OBSERVATIONS. Sy
vs { a $ as
+2 : — : 2
a ge T alti 60 ee:
Double the sin’s | rue central altitude, sn eo Latitude.
‘ 1 ; ee t i Ob 2G ag
gai ex > #f P
Dy: © f 4 ie 4 +4 a!
Deg. minx, set, be sfc. 0 Deg. min. sec.
1i8 08 05 19 10 42 26 16
«Index error == — 40 seen 6)
; * cad a5 ME t hye the be] ih r
oe i
te i ae & me oe ps Sata lg
eee ee a ae : oe —.
i $0... Gh-. 9 38 ab
see —
oa : COS Se Gi eeMeGee es. Tose nee ee ae

637

[174 J

EREAREIW” Oak lise We ABE VR OH IE ia

Determination of latitude, August 22, 1842—altilude of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitude of Pélaris.

eBuNRrenesd

o=

ITAA AAAMARWAAH

—
2 Ie AS CITT? Zaais
i é

BRET PE LAP PATIOS:

io H is
BHOLTA VASERO
~
MELE SE
wsierronort + 9 ct
ar i :
3 4 *
6.3 f 1G i 6.
68 a Bi $ ‘2 bo ks
/. we we a i % ft
és ¥ - Ob ; tsb es
§. 82 F a w5di £% H 0 93 ue
83 £ ae Bf oem is Gf

Lo sostmarteregtoG

Be EG
ae — se
oi ORE
) coral
f

t pat

i}

z

f 174 J 638

3 OG |

ENCAMPMENT. ON THE SWEET, WATER RIVER, AT ROCK INDEPENDENCE,
Determination of time, August 22, 1842—allitude of Arclurus.

° OBSERVATIONS. «+
epee

(EERSTE SERIES, /°P (SECOND) SERIES< <0.)

|

Double altitude. of Are-'|..'Time of chronometer. || Double altitude of.) Time of chronometer.
turus.;, 3 Arcturus: = gps
é] {4 Bex ae Oe ra
‘ Té a 3 JE WAN es
Deg. min.gesec. ©} ha min. see. Deg. min. see. hse min sec.
61 32 9350 86 .& 07 42:0 58 06 ©(10 is 00.0
60 58 8625 ab > O98 14.6 57 = 22 «G00 7g 18 59.5
60 @220 Fh Dm 10 35.0 56 48 4150 f Te .20 30.0
59 45 8150 of h% -12 30.5 65 47 90 4 Tg 23 15.0
69 17.3900 ob % 13 49.5 65 18 9180 de Taq 28
i} » ‘ i i :
Index error = — 22 sec. ~
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
abrysite.! : ait geal ” ‘ abywitis out
Mean time. : _ Retard. : Longitude.
255. Shes sft. Sa eR hk y et Brie
oh. min, sees Se ae eee Y re es
8 37 06 ee

Determination of time, Jugust 23, 1842—altitude of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES. |

SECOND amen es

Double altitude of the} Time of chronometer. || Double altitude of the| ‘Time of chronometer.
lower limb of the sun. : lower limb of the sun.
Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. h. min. see.
32 18) 35 5 28 06.0 33° 350 5 3t 36.0
32 «434 «#410 5 28 48.7 33 4835 5 32 10.0
32 40 «630 5 29 32.0. 33 58 25 5 32 37.0
33 00 = 30 5 30 000 34 08 30 5 33 050
33 15 20 5 30 40.0 34 35=—s 380 5 34 18.5

an TE
ENCAMPMENT ON TH NorTH: PORE OF i, Pte KivER, MOUTH 8 SWEET

bros — sahil ~ time; August 23, Sieh stants tee wn the sun.
S opseRVATTONS.\O°"

FIRST SERIES-

SECOND SERIES.

Double altitade6t"the PHASE chronometer. Double altitude’ 6 ‘the’? Time of chronometer.

sun’s lower limb. sun’ er limb. .

= son god ms a * x
bee | \ "

Deg. min. sec h. min. — sec Deg. min. sec. h- min. sec.
44 21 3 43.0 43 Ol 30 3. 23 17.4
43 55 650 a. 20.51.56 42% 62 ~¥0 ‘ 3 23 43.4
43 3 21 «(23.3 42 39 “55 | 3 24 17.5
43 30 50 eo St. £6 ee ee eee ee | ae
43 17 30 3 22 35.0 42 13 50 ; 3, 25 27.4

Aa: oy
Index error = — 22 sec. sé BS “
OL oe i x es ¢
RESULT OF CALCULATION : a
Mean time. .WOtPATO REAL TO TAUCeat Longitude.
h. ; +, B&C- den: min... 6p BEE og ME weetemib suoiT
Fs ies V1 | +, ee

Digerati of latitude, ‘August 23): 1842 altitude o Polaris.

‘a 2 OBSERVATIONS.

Double REE Ti
PF 3 @ id ; Te iO
: ie min. see. sos Weaate 8° kan oe
84 20 00 6. 55
84 21 30 ZROLTAV AReaH 6 52 20
34 22 15 6 53 04
beaienntit 84 24 20 ‘= ACARI. : 6; 56 ae
dettuniae shaiiitis, leviaaoontT rs of of 32, shatitis skdre
a 3. 10 | “se ae
a4. 38 -26 | 769 S9.
84 30 20 | F 7 02 32. fe
oon Shite SEES TO | ee a 7 4 ie
bE bs th. 4 ta Be 8G ae af Cy
-~ ! nope tment apenas totic ee a ne
pte. _ RESULT OF CALCULATION.
pag tr =: otto xabat
True altitude. Mean time. Latitude.
Deg. min. sec. : min. see. Dez. min.
Ss 8 8 22 408 42 27 #618

a~— = + wo

ENCAMP. NT ON ‘THE NORTH FORK OF PLATTE, RIVER, MQUTH. OF. EET
/ TESWe eat, ‘WATE RRIVER, ma ie

Determination of longitude, August 23, 1842—distance from the second
mb of the moon to, A upitens (With the cirele.)

OBSERVATIONS.

a %
00 20 00 GARR. ORmg.n2 ot FF
=
RRSE
a>
33
SS Gs

ptigeod RESULT OF CALCULATION. oonit anoM

i ? ‘ . 2 ‘ A
Tee See. ie i nwich. Longitude. :

Ee ony “1884 moe es cpa rigs =. tin wi sheh a

TEHeF a ar Pes

incceiga — ON HORSESHOE a
5 to OL T t Bid’. I to >

Determination of latitude, — 30, 1842—altitude of the sun ~ the
uae

fone

gtiite aldgoG

ae een a ae tase ma
ae es i ‘Oo ay 28
as 23 i OBSERVATIONS. OF: ig hi
rm et ce co 7 eS
‘ Sea Oa, (8) o2..... 8¢.. be
hig, < e Y a * ' Fs
Double altitude of the Sun’s 5 True central altitude. ag 9 Latitude.
nb, & a Hi #e b8
on rs ae ie as es $8
ie ae $e : 08 of bs
Deg. ‘min. see. , (|< Deg. ‘min. see. ier alee oy
; 112°" 38 35 56 57 : ’ 24 24 ;
a nat P iit ped tee ~ —" sian Sat ee —-
MATALIOIAS 10 Tigeas
=n aes a Index. error = — 1 min. 30 sec.
; j i
abetted : fait asoll absiisie oy
i } : Hy
ni eee i
am aged on ape A = ee ol
TS. & : a 8 os # ge
; i i “a
Z. —

G41

rim)”

SENGAMPMEN? ON ERE LAPT BANK OF THE NURORROF PLATTE RIVER,
pein are ‘4 latitude September 4, eee of « Aquile tn
e meridia

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitude of « Aquile. |" True altitude. idiot io shes Jjatitadel
Z Deg. min. sees Deg. min. sec pe Deg. min. sec.
130 CUE a ee o “41 4 8638
*2 eae 4 {3 ih £2

; Index errer — — 1 min. 30 sec.

ee bag

Gi

IGHT BANK OF THE Ne
MILES ABOVE CHIMNEY

a RK OF _— RIVER,

Determination o ner Septeinber 5; es of Polaris. ~~

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg, min. _ s€c. h. min. sec.
84 00 a ek ee
sh@fci 14 50 if om 11 10 -chg§iic ooiT
_- f- & Soe a
‘ie. Same © it 16 3
os: |6f 62h OO fs s iL 20.3, SOnin oof
€ Bi fh 4z i e Ts «76s fh
i Index error = — 1 min. 30 sec.
; sansa aif,
Sptuniee 5, 1842—altitude a a quia in se peietiniads
EPS
OBSERVATIONS.
Sie eioied ote tat 7 the Pes BD te Sprint BO
Double altitude of a Aquile True central altitude. Latitude. i
ss ae) |S mam ee “3H a : Sd
6 On dd 2 “4 e... 2 ae ee

{ 174 ] 642

ENCAMPMENT ON THE: tr BANK OF THEN. FORK OF PLATTE: sii
wiaiee OF a ee
ie anh

pestiation of latitude, Sibtcniles 8, 1842 altitude of Polaris

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer: !\s © 00!
88, Deg. min. sec, e3, sie atl h. min. SEC. Poe %:
ae sas 362 00 re . } il 16: 29) efi
83 4l 10 . t+ ee 18 59
e 98-44-46 MS SRR é
83 45 30 2a oe tere walks al 23
83 46 § p98 88 nim f= ore robo, §=6gg og
= = 10 li 26 56
- Il 28 30
= ee arp wal ww ‘ reer YS l “iY 30. } Lhe yy | vr
STVIa of a ng =f ater +O . ee TY
= ne ee
Ao TO Ss “ths ==§ 9 te yyitint Ao 3 a
. eee: 7? a
Index error = — 1 ‘mip. 32 sec.

aosonenis yo onni't eitaio'l to sbutiits sidnol

= acern: Pc e RESULT OF CALC ATION-
‘ * -
eee S56 cathe gost
£8 be M BO ai $
True altitude. 4. : Mean time. ps >| Latitade.
a ae | eS x
ee 86ff. Ct ra Be
Deg. minove secj2 [1 h. min. — sec. * Dég. mi see.
41 50° Tee ee a Ae
s 02 {ain 13 yabal

*
September 8, 1842—altitude "8 a eeigetin ® in the meridian.
~ sengbreaet G83 ob clips op shirtitln. Bl .& ssdensige?.
paki aviabe:
CHOMP LY RAeAG
#
Double altitude of @ Aquilz. | True central altitude. e. ee
siuslte.¥ [ Dunia festa oust slip! » to sbutitis ofdvo®
Be sean, Ee | a a, we min.” 9c.
114. Be A p - Shy Ue Ma BG
er aes | oO ab Be : = e666
| s t

643 [my

ENCAM PT ON THE NORTH ee CAM OF; PAT yeas Bom cn CACHE

Deke iach of t frthive. Sen FEAR 9, 1842 alu of Polaris...

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
Deg. min. sec. min, ec.
83 36 55 1 13 52 “
83 86.38 10 5 | a1 6-36 “
4 83 8640 20 : 11 01
83 43 20 il 13
83 46 25 il 27 33
- :
Ns Awe SA Sky Vy Index-error = — Lmin. 32 sec., tal Yo storson severe toh
4% £1 , yy wit 5 a)
RESULT OF CALCULATION,
sivectifen ! sbuitis drt rt wert aft te fury itfe
True altitude. Mean time. i Latitude.
. min. set. ee secs Degy, min. seci\
ae 48° 40 a. yy & die 14 44S

September 9, 1842—altitudeof the sun in the meridian.

= OBSERVATIONS.
Dede siilade: of the oov’e | Traseutiel agin Latitude.
ao aan ie wt
Thermometer 94°
2

[174] 644

ENCAMPMENT: AT THE JUNCTION OF THE NORTH AND SOUTH FORKS OF
PLATTE, 2,700 FEET ABOVE THE GULF OF MEXICO.

Determination of latitude, ge oe 12, 1849—allitude of Aguile i in

ridi tan
OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitude of «a Aquile. - True central altitude. - Latitude.
as 2 Lf FF r
Deg. min. ofc. 1: Deg. min. see. di Deg. min. sec.
114 48 0 ; 57 23 09 As. 041 (04 26
= é ce £ £8

Index error = “1 min. 20 sec.

Determination of latitude; eee 135 ‘¥S#2—altitude of the sun in
he meridian.

Double altitude of the sun’s || True central altitude. Latitude. ..
1 as r? oars pen ui

we DS ‘en & * % F

. 3 ie od .) a
ceemiwens SAL Gh 352 Bideenigalers WA -—— o>! ;
ee .
awe f
=
" batitle sitet
giant
Eee Ds
*
4% 0 yh 3% at, eh
¥i $i ib : ¥ bg Gi
;
‘ *
Tosa RIDE
¥
“

645 [ 174]
CAMs AT TH aR JUNCTION OF THE NORTH .AND SOUTH FORKS OF
PLATTE, 2,700 FEET ABOVE THE GULF OF MEXICO.

\DelePmination of latitude, September 13, 1842—altitude of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitude of the lower limb of the sun. Time of chronometer.

“ in. see, kh. min. see.
104 42 20 1 46 17

a 104 45 1 48 16

ct 104 49 00 1 5b 13

104 5010 1 So

1¢ 50 1 54 40

104 51 25 1 56 37

10 51 10 1 58 49 d

104!) 50! LEAS BEM ! gy

104 49 45 se Gt og

gor) MOK, (48, 20 2 03 9 85

14 47 28 2 03 17

104 45 00 2 05 16

1 43 50 i 2 06 02

104 43 (05 ac" 50

1 41 45 2 07 29

“Determination of time, Seplember 14, 1842—altitude of the sun.
éudaneh exons.

2
|

tude of the | ‘Time of chronometer. Draenei ine of conte
| sun’s lower lizhb.

SECOND SERIES. a

f vita

"at>

J

‘GAG

NOON HALT ON THE LEFT DANK oF THE PLATTE.) 0° !°""

Determination of lulilude, Seplember 16, 1842—allitude of the suninthe
oer he ee snereman +3

FOTTA YH ASHO
OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitude of the sun’s | ‘True central altitude, Latitude é
: lower limb. -
Deg.. ‘min. see. Deg. min. sec. 4 Deg. min. sec.
102 54. 15 51 Al 44 i °40 64 31
& f H } ¢ 8g hey
or aa ROI
és 5 Index érror = — 1 min. 17 cot ' 0

X

ENCAMEMENT ON THE LERT BANK OF PL ATE RIVER.

BOE

£0
Determination o latitude, September 16, 1942—altitude iy Polaris.

Te

OBSERVATIONS.

EF yo :
Double altitude of Polaris.

es, BAAS S¥es'! same QE BE srs hase Sees a Gros Sees EST ITS
Deg. min. sec. } he = mine sec.
83 os 10 : : 16} 04 35
a3 10 40 Fe S 2 FY PL t kt % 41
83 12 25 X Il et 44
— 83 a. oo ares © 50 =
83... 15,., 40 Th eed v2Al
83 17 15 1k 16 21
“ 83 17 30 11 18 04
ee ee es, RO a) eee | Bee Bre ee
oe te BR BR i
83 23 35 ll 26 38 shi
Oo tn | 8 ; Dktena —1 mit. 17 see: * a pte - <p
& Gs GR B ; iS $i a : rE ret TE
a.81 ee @ ra 3 oF! Bet by 4
Sa4 56S | RESULT ‘OF CALCULATION, 4 oe oa
# fh a: 8b
abual> 94 i qi : a ri ' ia oe
el +3 “y he Wy
Deg. min. sec. h. in. see. > min. sec.
41 36 23 HOLT fa 16 %Og§2 9 as 52 34

shutigaod

om KR

ere? anol

8

wee. he
Gh :

617 [ 174 }
{ : :
— rerrm ¥ wwe Mm ca AAT DY AYO YPTwWmrp.
sINC D a OF k i
Ziatnateant, Peas foe PE ee eee ee ee, ee ee ee eee, Oe ee ee, Pee
' o . e Sa tat ak eee Se ee val tf lee
AGG OF MORE SAL Vo Aceves
OBSERVATIONS.
ae TOL aa
FIRST SERIES. f fs ls daw } SECOND SERIES.
Tite 1624.25 A So oe ‘ ; SNe, & | ei chcl Te +
PASSES SS OATS Pe earn ae He € 2 pet
turus. a turus. Leperriray jet 7? Gimia
“ m ‘
a
sad

40

2e°
—
-

@> oda % 35 0
25 26.5 ww 6g 8h eR SIS
oe ig } ¢
od i ae
Si, 34 GE
¥% Of Of
RESULT OF C ALCULATION. sf tee
& ai Gi
$ . ig ii
Mean time. Advance. cs ۩ Longt
i ae of
aF< Gt a
h. min. sec. h. min. — see. a eh aI :
7 27 4 1 58 4l ib a Gt &
H Sa be gi
i ve Sh OF
OC és Tes i i ai G

oxn 2
°6..°GS wisr

MOITALIIILD FO Tes

-

%
«a F4
Pe ae
hy
2
%
eer
.
a

f 174] 643
ENCAMPMENT ON THE LEFT BANK OF! PLATTE RIVER:

Determination of ae September 16, 1842—distance from the sirst
limb of the moon to "Jupiler.

OBSERVATIONS.

" (With the circle. )

Time of chronometer. ; Apparent distance.
h.. =. Deg. min. 3€t.
—

9 42%
9 46
9 52 19
9 68 61
10 03 40
10 , 44
10 10 2t
10 14 28

10 56 ‘i
, 10 45 :
10 37 54
oe 10 25
19 42
10 45 1 ' 837 45 50
Thermometer 55°. 5.
Ps
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
/ i it.
True distance. | Mean time at Greenwich. Longitude.
Deg. min, see. he. min, sec. min.
42 07 42 ‘ 14 56 30 100 45
-

6419 Teite]
_ ENCAMPMENT ON THE LEFT BANK OF PLATTE RIVER.
Determination of time, Snleinbty 17, 1842—altitude of Arcturus.

OBSERVATIONS,

FIRST SERIES.
e i

SECOND SERIES.

Double altitude of Arc- Time of chronometer. Double altitude of Arc-
turus. ;

Time of chronometer.
a | turus. . :
Deg: min. seee h. min. © sec min. see. he mins! see.
37 10 40 9 48 56 0 02 15 57 23.7
» 35 28 45 9 53 30.5 33 0s 50 9 59 460
48 45 9 55 15.07 32 25 20 10 Ol 44.0

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

“\ ‘Meat time.” - | “Advance. | | “Longitude.
h. min. — see. kh. min. + dee.
7 «658 41 1 57 20

Determination of tapered; September 17, , 184+2—altitude % Rithes

OBSE RVATIONS.

“ai Do ou! ine of. dain
i i
it ; 3
Dig tie baa
82 14 OO. - had mee gee Sg Sheet
82 16 10
82 17 : :
oY mS ‘
21 45
ANVIR HT rade sos: Goss airs pe
2 30- 00
82 39 50
™ “alae — ii os Tin. 18 sec.
Wetted ° s me eat © idisek]
RESULT OF ‘cALcULATION. ie
~-- eaten es oe + ee : —~ any
ge. min. oy j Deg. min. —— see.
10) = 36 e 40 42 38
“aa

yp 1745) 50
NOON HALT OF SEPTEMBER If, ON "HE LUPT BANK OF PLATTE RIVER.

Determinazion of latitude, Sepia 18 1812 altitude of the sun in
the Be.

OBSERVATIONS.
a rae aeecmnerey cee: =) Eee ‘
. a stereo
Double altitude of the sun’s True central alt-tude. Latitude.
: tower limb. P = a
eis eoeanersn ie wae Om ©
Der. nen. Bre. Dg. ong =. Der. wit. RE
10k. 49 *. 50,+ % Bi ae ay

ics cxcor bipiches a | min 1 82 Secs

F F Phentaacter 90°,

NOON HALT OF SEPTEMBER 19, ON THE LEFT BANK OF PLATTE RIVER.

~ Delermination of tatiiude, —— 19, 1812—altitude Be the sun in:
he. meridian.

OBSE RVATIONS.

Tre ca tiie : Latitmde.

ewe iar. 3

* Thermometer 80°. : -
oo N THE LEFT BANK OF PLATTE RIVER.
* i . Ge fH
Determination "af latte, Septemier 20, 1ea2—witsteate of the sun in
he meridian. ©

-onseni ations.

pact Seat -
etre “ear a i ry

Double altitude of the sun's | ‘Troe cenrl ited. i sen

£ & 2 x
T > Ag

Sa. " pws)
¥ BSCAMPMENT Ones, DRT BANK GF PLATTE RIVER.

ea

Retest % times. Seplember 20, 1542—allilude of Arelurus.

OBSERVATIONS. ‘ :
Double altitude of Arc‘urus. “* Time of chronometer.
pe De min So tees 0 ae ae he min. set. | ott
‘ 48 29 50, 9.1 ae
es "Index error = — | min. 32 sec. . .
pittaintion of latitude, Septer mber 20; 1842—allitude wp Polaris.
i
ee
s ———
eee eee eee see eS Oe Eee es a8, Pim
Doyble altitude of Polaris. — _ Time of chronometer. -
— shutinsiat ip ‘ i raeezageis i eee
- mine sec. \—— Ae tain. - Se. —
88 05 (10 a. oe a ee
/ = 8s 08 | 20 , ‘| 9 Mee arp
et 27 1651-45 -« AY is S°Peet 276i?
<0 17.) Be : e338
’ 82 *20 40 . ‘ 7 ) FF
pba a : “G3 wt cree tskS

"Thermometer _s

’ RESULT oF CALCULATION. —

wivett ins amma sort
chat ot = ver me foam = ee oe
fy i ae sata pal en Sia wi is ay oe

F174 J —

ENCAMPMENT ON THE LEFT BANK OF PARTE RIVER, TEN MILES BELOW
GRAND ISLAND.

sani % time, September 21, 1842—allilude of vircturus.

OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES. | i SECOND SERIES.

ee

Double altitude of Are- | Time of chronometer. : Double altitude of Arc- | . Fime of chronometer.
turus. ,

Deg. min. see. h. min, sec. |) Deg. min. see. h. min. see.
08 6b 6 265. 8 ON. FORE Ob 0s 887
6993 1B SOBER ER BC SF 16:7 ‘16 5By | 9 05. °415.0
48 ol 50 9 00 34.0 45 36 50 9 01.0
~ ‘RESULT OF CALCULATION. :
Advance. Longitude.

min. see.

1 | 5329
i a Bal oak aed a

Determination of latitude, September 21, 1s42—allitude Of 3 Polaris.

he . “OBSERVATIONS. ‘ *
ere & x
Fe M > a Bn a SS oa . “2 2 : : see oad
ne - + Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer. 5
a ee as ae
— .t
= Deg. min. see, | ee), ee
: a ee ee 9 10 56
: ee gg 27 | 46 aft ais 9 m2 (cool
GS gg} ee 6 me ECR TY 9. 35 M3
~. J aa bi 8 FOF
ioe eS * a 80 cee 3
0s i oa ee
82 37 A5 9 24 15
A 82 370s 40 9 25 47
82 40 00 ce ‘ 9 28 13
eo ee | 00 9 30
: ° : Thermometer 51°, o
. ;

RESULT OF CALCULATION,

653° [ 174 J
NOON ‘HALT AT THE’ mourn oF ‘A on oT ON THE LEFT BANK OF
THE PLATTE R

Determination-of latitude, September 23, its satin dog the sun in
the }

meridian.
OBSERVATIONS.
Packie altitude of the sun’s _| True central altitude. Latitude. S
ya limb. : ‘ ‘
Deg. __min._ tee. c Deg. min. see, _min. sec 5 aie
96 ae 48 33 04 ‘Al 20 20
Indexerror — — 1 min, 32 sec. Bg

ENCAMPMENT ON THE LEFT BANK OF THR PLATTE RIVER, NEAR THE
LOUP FO.

Determination of latitude, September 23, 1842—altitude of « Aquile in

OBSERVATIONS. aS |
Double altitide of « Aquile. True altitude. ; . Simla *
me -ee d 5 Poe

, a a an ce . ce, —— .
114 12 10 i 04 43 A 22 52

: Index error — — 1 min. 32 sec.
*
.
*
é
*
*
.

[ten - 654

ENCAMPMENT ON THE LEFT: BANK OF. Tui PLATTE RIVER, AT THE
MOUTH OF THE ‘LOUP FOR

st Pasitiin bhianal time, September 26, 1842—allilude of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.
a | ; 2
~ * FIRST SERIES. i SECOND SERIES.
Double altitude of the Time of chronometer. | Double altitude of the | Time of chronometer x
*sun’s lower limb. sun’s lower limb. a
Pee 2 ae SS st i. ; 4 f
GF e: : ee t ;
Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec Deg. min. s€c. h. min. sec.
6 19 oof 24:6°--||~ 42-0 45 9-43 39.7
40 27 2 4 9 39 08.0" — 42 12 50 9 44 10.0
40 38 35 » 9 39* 4033 *)-~ aS S410 9 44 49.0,
40. 52 25. S 49°° 195 ~ ao “36 55 9 45 20.0
41 04 00 9 40 52:89 od BeiF49 = =—25 S 45 § S640
q Index error = — 1 min. 32 sec
Haet VIO
Ot tion indifferent.
‘ ObBt 22 3 e os

Ys tree ees euat be Say
RESULT OF CALCULATION.

= .
Ny * REG
evigrP avs Teaeo oe
ss Longitude. :
oe Se me ‘ae e
h. min: see.
a 1 5
a ey
j *
e * Mi P
“ .
: 4
ee “, roma f -— —. yor reheat .
° a
; :
. atid }
* “a
=
: *
.
«
%
, s
Pa
>
“
i coe
any
* oe
oe Si

655, [ 14 J

CNCAMPMENT, ON.-THE LEFT. BANK OF THE PLATTE RIVER, AT THE
MOUTH OF THE LOUP FORK.

Dida of latitude, September 26, 1842—allitude of the sun
near the merihen.

OBSERVATIONS.

.
Double altitude of the sun’s lower limb. : Time of chronometer.
: Deg. mine see . he min. 800.
= 58. . 45 . be ww «€ a
94 00, 30 i 2
94 OL 45. i, 30, 43
9ixz Oe 16: i Ste’
94. OL 00 — 8.
E Interrupted...
94°- Qs +30 bk. 38; 58
94 10. 00 , t, 18
94. IL 56 lL. °39 34
* @lgr 129, .36; hb, 40, 49,
. ed i In - " ;
94 09 25 od a 38
' 94 06 25 1 51 39
94 ~©=05~—t«S +; -68--28
‘Thermometer 81°.
Index error = — 1 min. 32 sec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION.
eben = = i ee Fee iss ogy
: 3 é re
Deg: min. set. h. min. see. é min. sec.
4 20. 48 1 mM, i 4l 22 03
:
"s ‘ Ps >
* a *

3
[ 174 ] 656
NOON HALT ON ‘THE LEFT BANK OF THE PLATTE’ RIVER.

Determination of latitude, September 28, 1842—allitude of the sun in.
the méridian. |

s

OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitude of the lower limb of the sun.

afi.

=
SGRBSESESSE
tet tae
$8
ae

J
eo
a
—
eh
a SS
_
:

o* EET

xsbak

_ RESULT OF , CALCULATION .

* ) + ,WOITAIUOIES So Tavers
True altitude. Mean time. » Latitude, - ”
aveetita | x i angegy he a putitis ays”
f _
i
a Ae ol « er eel
ad eas © 7 i . a ee
4
*
- ec :
Be]
* :
‘ “S
. a
4 2 x
4
‘ *

e
: te,

. fi *
Pe

°

657 pie)

‘coe ete NK OF THE PLATTE RIVER, AT THE
— ETUC oF Bie HORN KivER

perso e isvtrade September os ead One WP Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.

Double altitude of Polaris.

.

sh

Eee

32
REVSaSSSSRs
} abel |
BBSBBRRASSR

ee ee

PRRRERSEL ES

: «€
.
*
a <
*
/
Pa
. *
. a
{ FS
. .
*
e
: *
a
. ty
+ fe a
eat
. ee *
fe
“ ae
& fs j

. ses
Bit Mera

[,174,], 658
ENCAMPMENT, ON Tore OF ea

: sae RIVER, AT THE
_ Deter ermination of lime, pens 28, 1943-—alttud of a Lyre. .

fF

OBSERVATIONS.

oss
.
»
ee
3
Ed =

see pee
EER
og) 88883)
eee

s $6
a

Index error —- 40 sec.

RESULT. OF CALCULATION.

ymin ei £

roe
MOTEYWOIEDY 6 Tiaveape
h. = min.

sind . ™ : t
1 49 - ae wnerecanaed eerste Soman A ee ener
: : * ee
x sacks sant + Se ee, |
5 2. ~
ites Bcitens a 4 ~ _ a I
eS me
ee OK sie. gall
ce a] . { Bit a}
4
msi CRT a ea a
a we
a - %
4 .
2 Bs. ;
a
* *
a * :
; “
Hee ic ‘
. >
‘ « 0 “
° ad
= bal
: ;
. . fn, ss
* ‘ “ r ed *
~" .
@ ai *
. ¥
* ‘i *
* at
.

‘

CAM iPMENT ON gam LEFT BANK OF THE PLATTE eis

Determination of latitude, BERET, 20, 1842 —alitude of Polaris. 4

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitude of Polaris. ; Time of chronometer.
eS . n ae >
Deg. min. 8ée. A min, se€e
83 40 30 10 21 37
~ 83 A2 35..." * 10 24 20
83 44 10 10 26 37
83 45 05 10 28 46
— es 46 00 10 30 61
; 83 48 20 10 33 19
83 50 40 10 35 24
83 52 45 10 39 41
83 53 50 10 41 22
Se iw = © 10° 43 8
Thermometer 40°.

Index error = — 1 min. 38 sec.

. RESULT OF CALCULATION.
: “gf? ef
True altitude Mean time Latitude.
. : é b
a min. set. hi min. — see. Deg. min. see.
. 52+ 06 8 43 56 41 a - 18
non po ia wr ?
Bas x s Marek! —€ BAL gn ¥ A! Ss" ' 4 ee
. -
* 3
* £ 2 } ;
= - e ts
rs Je g g
ce 38
: a Sh : a
se. & * . &
. SS 3 Of e
ee e 2

[ 174 ] 2 660

ENCAMPMENT AT BELLEVUE, OV THE T BANK OF THE MISSOURI
RIVER, AT THE TRADI\G Pore OF THE “AMERICAN FUR COMPANY.
Delerminaiion of longitude, ore ee 2, 1842—altitude of the sun.

OBSERVATIONS.

FIRST SERIES. * : SECOND SERIES. -*
* ' 5 °

i
|
|
Double altitude of the | Time of chronometer. ly ~~ — of the| Time of chronometer.

Bar's lower limb. [sm Db. -

Deg. . 8, "| he min. see. | : | Dg . min. tee + h. . min. , sec.
48 29 Gi | 105-07 «(07.5 42 25 |. 10, 10 498
48 48 20 10 08 04.0 52 oO «, Wz, 11 186
49 09 10 - 10. 09 06.6 05 «600 10. 12 004

20 50 09. 42.8 | 15 05 10. 12 304
=. Ww. 10° 10 10.5 | 5 24 ° 55 ‘10 1300.0
i Es

Index error — — 1 min. 38 sec. .

RESULT OF CALCULATION. °

Advance. z ngitui a
eas cies cnmiits oui'T
ho min: ite * ke a: Poe aS = min. sec.
ts ie 4 Aa ss pe Inss ee 41.6 I AF 460°

Determination of satiate Octaber 2, 1842—altitude of the sun in the
meridian. :

+. : . OBSERVATIONS.
>
Double altitude of the lower limb of the sun. Time of chronometer.
89 58 10 1 32 56
89 58 55 = 33 35
89 59 20 1 34 20
90 00 05 . -I 36 07
o 6) .% : a
89 6590—l 45 ae ee
89 659 40 ae 39 = «32
89 59 10 ee oe 27
s,s 4 : 8 —
oo Ff a 2
. Fa 4 1 45 52

661 [174]

ING P IN THE IGHT BANK OF THE MISSOURI
iE Y OF TE ) AMERICAN FUR COMPANY.

Pees evn of longitude, October 3, 1842—allilude of the sun.

R a...
FIRST SERIES. oy “SECOND SERIES.
j *
Double ae 5 the Time of 7 i a “hosracsan altitude of fas Time of chronometer.
: sun's lower Rag n’s lower lim é
“~~ Deg. min. sec. h. min. sec | eg. min. sec he min. — sre.
39 49, 00 ~ ss 136 38 Bf 55 5 53 0
39. -29j2° 40 0: 75 12 38°. 23-28 BST. BS
39 07 20 6 35.16. 33 10 00 5 38 03.8
38 56. 30». 5 43.3 37 bt 35 5 38 40.0
38, 4559 50 =; & 36 19.0 37 «46 10 5 13.7
ae i*
A xa error = — 1 min. 38 sec.
: o 21 RESULT OF CALCULATION.
+ "Meantime. * -Abtvanee, op ~ Longitude.
i mins ete. h.- min see cs
3 46 52 1 49 38.5 ;
od ie

Determination of Maeitute, Dilber 4, 1s42—altitude a the sun.

CRSAB TATIONS.
FIRST SERII ‘ : |. SECOND SERIES.
el tt : ; ge Si ara ce
Double altitude of + of chronometer. ] Time of chronometer.
sun’s lower limb.
Poe Saetmeaner: *
Deg. min. sec: hk. min min.
4g tt 10 | eee 20.0 10.38 . 42
48 28 30 aes 14.0 16. 4 044
48 42 60 10 ll = 57.3 10.14 22.6
49 10 10 12 8651.0 0 14 46.0
49 09 05 10 13 19.0 iS {Lo
Seas Index error = — 1 min. 35 sec.
RESULT oF CALCULATION.
‘ion tn | Advanee. Longitude.
issn
h. min. . he min. set.
8 23 17.6 : ‘ 49 53.2 95 47 46

ee, nV kee Pee es

gets ae 38 that 55 eae ete Fate Py 3 ovat \S notte Bente 5% A
Diterminaiion of latitude, October 4, \Si2—sun?s altituile in the me-
; on Beas ridian. BEES TARE ER

J 2 $88! 13 TH i ; FH Merc) ? SRE
- Double altitude of the sun’s lowerlimb, =| * * Time of chroncmeter.

OBSERVATIONS. & anne Sopa

: . $ ? Qe sore
> pk x a3 roe

ee oe

a 2.
oN ei, Soe SE A SS Tasee fo eRe nae
A Get at; rs 3 a iS x > ro =e r : pat
Aras Deg. min, Os ew a”
Ret Ye = tee Doge ee ee :
P ? F 3 ‘
. 8.6 HE Seg 7°" a ‘ee i eH 3 é
Sree 3 geo 5 _ F ¥ Ss
Gd - Be. Sigg hs c 2 ae ae
(RE PR Regt tae |
: ee >
= : Sti : = _
“ss = ‘
¢ ee ep tees } : coe s Bibs shri :

o-

o
S2ege
Sask SeEee a

*
;
ee ee eae ae

ter ity
ie Saale

ip anne RIVER.

: . OBSERVATIONS. :
geben tecneten Bs hes ce FF i
- et j =Sits = rrr rh ng ees 71 G
Double altitude of Polaris. f ‘Pinkabdbitenianten:
u s
a .
! ed
fades ecror = — Vitha 21 gee.
Se ae : Oi as ‘ s
a RESULT OF CALCULATION.
True altitude. Mean time. :
B oyie TG wigg, Vila Sraton Tae
: h. « min,
Sas 29 Sy iw Boo seane? a 4
——

ee

rf 174] 664
_ ENCAMPMENT ON THE RIGHT. BANK OF, THE. MISSOURL RIVER:
Liglermination of lutitude, October 5, 181% —allilude of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
% Double altitude of Polaris. = Time of chronometer.
meer « Deg. min. . sec. h. min.
a gee ae : a7 2
82.30 ~;00— 9° 40 55
+ oe 40 9 '43 © 65
76 88 on 88 110 ee ee
a ee | o (et 3s
Index error == — | min. 21 gee.
os ih * RESULT OF CALCULATION. .
Mean time. Latitude.
h. min, sec. _ Deg. min, sec
TT. - 40 34 468
: ome ees tt segie, eete't..

| Determination lof latitude, October ee of the sun in the

Double altitude of the sun’s | “True central altitude. : Latitude.
lower limb. %
Deg. . mi: sec. ms & min. set. - min. s€C.
88 16 55 ah. 38 : “a 27 2 s«O8

>
a eS

, Index error — — 1 min. 35 sec.

2

A ri 1E LEFT BANK OF THE MISSOUR
| ‘THE NISHNABATONA RIVER.

_ Determination of time, October 6, 1842—a : —a Ititude of « 2 : ite

OBSERVATIONS.

~. ®

Double chide of a} ‘Time of chronometer.
Aquilee’ > 24 01

ke min © sec. | hi’ min. sec.”
207 © 10 10° 55 04.3

- i
G 4 5
Fi &
’

RESULT OF CALCULATION.

Advance.

. he min, — see. ot ee
mo 1 7.60, % «

7) ae 666

‘ENCAMPMENT ‘ON THE) LEFT BANK OF THE MISSOURE (QUARTER OF A MILE
BELOW THE’MOUTH OF NISHNABATONA RIVER.

Deters Nination of latitude, October 6, 1842—allitude of Polaris.

OBSERVATIONS.
Double altitude-of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
: *
> iy sa
Dez. min. ste: he min. Fd
oo 10 «(12 so
t2 23 20 Se eee |
8% 2t ONS ee: a
: 28. 25 lo 18... 55
8s 3% 1@ +
27. 40 10; - BS ce O38. ;.,
: — 53 10, Bt. 69
6%. St), 9S 6, RY: 73
oy OF 93 ,. 30 é 10. 29. 42
82 33° «640 10 «63t)—oB9
Tliermometer 47°.
Index error — — } min. 35 sec.
= RESULT OF CALCULATION
a ;
=, ‘ = : .
Re: mis. ME, h. mn. bee. , P min. 8¢¢.
4i 12 03 8 31 33 40 16 40
“isis 6

667 ee pm]

a
Pa
7
=
:
aig
ey

| ‘ON THE LEFT BANK OF THE MissOURF RIVER
.
Determination of latitude, Oetyber 8, aerate i Polaris, |
OBSERVATIONS. ig 5 i
: 2 a - ;
+ + ~
Double altitude of Polaris. Time of chronometer.
: , b..
*
3 min. tec. A. in. sre.
+ Pg 48 9 * “ga .
A 80 «49 ~—(t0 * 9 49 0
ee 60-45 9 ea 6
69 St 25 ; o Gt: 3
Ms so 52 AO oe e 63-91 é
. > so. 86 8 ” 9» 58 3
“4 go 57 30 1 .00 36
f0 «6740 4 10 02 34 :
vo we US - 1 Ob SR
OF Ww I 09 3
to : muteigiiickenee
¢ Index error. = —: ymin. 2hgec.
RESULT OF CALCULATION. gr
7 me ¥
True altitude, Mean time. ~ Latitude.
¥ bal ‘
ee: = *
Deg. mir sre. h. mia. see. “4 Deg. min, . sec.
40° 2% 29 8 07 , 39 «36 © «| (02" .
‘* :
om
*
+ e
7
7

ae 474 ] u _ 668
HALT 4 UE: meme 3 THE te ‘
ee ae oft situde, “October 10, isi Lateitiide of thé sun.

‘ > - OBSERVATIONS. :
* * % #
> "FIRST SERIES. 4 | "SECOND SERIES.
: — : = v7
Double altitude of te Time of «
lo wer limbof the s <li
| ——
sec Deg. min. : aes “| he” min. see.
= 35.017,’ 406 @f. 35) $2 48 96.0
39 31.0, 40 3. SO | 9" 38.0
39 75 40° 4 02.3
39 0 40 sy | oo ie BED
40 31.0 a. OF if) 8° 40° 88S
+

Index error == — 1 min. 7 sec.

"RESULT OF CALCULATION.

HALT AT THE MOUTH OF TE

669 |.

LEVEL OF THE GULF

. ° toe

cory ept 700 FEET vapid THE

‘Determination of latitude, October 10, 1842—sun’ s altitude i in the me-
ridian. $

_#

OBSERVATIONS." ° *

Double altitude of the lower limb of the sun. Time of eee:
* : =,
o ; a :

Deg. min. set. h. min. — sec.
s 2 , beat: B

eo . & Gb ; bt 32
87 46 ‘ a 2
‘ 87 49 : Be
sy 0 Sl 20 oe ae
56 «16 1 36
55 1 34 05
87 40654. 80 a 1 30
~~: he O (a
se Mw 4
87 0s 49 t @ &
sy 46 15 ee ee
sy) 43 ey, eee
‘ a fae 1 om I

* e
. & ‘ ?
RESULT or CALCULATION.
willie 3
True altitude. Time of transit by chronometer. Latitude.
*
“ & se 4 cs af 39 06 = 03

The foregoing observations are given in civil time.

4

aie}

#

Selec aiiesiebaaeenanmnatoe

]
é
£
¥
5 a
*
av .
I
*
*
*
oe
* e +
>

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. —

we
*
w =
‘ é y
ee eg
er
¥
*
*
%
iii
S
&
€ ¥
. : ¢ “4
é
ee * .! 5 ;
> 4 te

‘
rie
es Oe

“imme we ype rie mugen pa diirsomee =e ad adi
Sa theiican cease SS acne SOM ile ora Re sd

iy

i [a4

__ REMARKS.
2

Pa = Scattered (T.) — 0.136 — Fremont’s Carey - )—- 07.178.

Fie garg the differences :, e

= wien: Troughton = a = ap 196 = _ Peis © ,) ae 178.

~~ ell do 167.
Maximum = do ie 160 a ao o" 190.
Range ae do = 0”.034 — do do 0.023.

In the annexed observation Ms, ‘the Repomneiers> Troughton and Carey, are
deotetanted | rongpalively by the letters T. and C. In calculation, the obser-
vations at the upper stations were Aioea to the single corresponding
tHe ape ie: oe relative period of time at the lower station. It would.
perhaps, have been better to refer to the mean of the observations for the
month at the iat station. In calculation, the tables used were those
Bessel and of Oltmauns, as given in Humboldt.

oe
¥,

: § # &
2S it a
or 7 ps . va fee sak *
ae * aad Fr * al 4 ?
* & p : G Me @
i: e ; KS ae

*-

Bet ,.1°3
CI Sighs

On the road from the mouth of the Kanzas to Fort Laramie.
T. Attached mor ac Temperature Remarks.
thermometer. ermio of the air. ” S
5 he .
29.172 en.3.° 29.160 | 64.0 59.0
29.154 63.5 29.140 | 67.5 60.7 cloudy.
%9.220 69.0 29.205 — 75.4 * G9 .2 ia ns te
29.150 77.7 29.150 | 83.5 76.0
29.141 74.0 29. 130 17.8 72.4
29.154 68.0 29.154 72.0 66.2
29.182 57.5 29.155 60.5 56.0
7 29.25: 72.5 29.20; 79.25 73.0
1 P.M. | 29.283 | 81.7 29.294 88.0 ~ 78.0
4 30 29,240 83.0 29.287 89.0 85.0 ee, sae clear; very fresh breeze from 8. 60° W.
6 30 29.201 75.7 29.210 80.7 75.0 rlec ; pleasant t breeze from SW.
7 A.M. |" 29.272 55.0 29.260 | 68.5 57.0 Clear.
6 30 P. M. oe 75.0 s - 72.0
“10 nat BO! 57.0 - - 54.0 Night clear and calm.
: r | 5 A.M. | 29.063 55.0 % - 64.0 ye
i a 6 . 29.052 54.7 * ~, 55.7 pa a ENE.
Noon halt + 12 M._ 28.983 76.0 oe Se 2 - ;- sight b ith occasional thunder and lightaing.
Gane ofseae = 7 Pm. 4 - 28.805. +. 11.7 .
eo 28.792 69.0 28.767 | 72.3 71.4 Pick and clear; wind tolerably strong from SE.
10 ~ | 28.814 64.7 28.765 67.0 - Calm; stars overhead, and clouds in the haces
. = we ith occasional thunder and
| 7» AM. | 89.008 58.7 , | 28.867 | 62.4 61.0 Entirely clouded; wi: d-
Camp of June 12-18 | 8 P. M. | .29,000 62.0 ee ince 64.7 Clear; few clouds in N.
110 29.032 56.2 ~ - 54.5 Clear; fresh from NW
i * 6 A:M | 29.044 55.0 ~ - 58.3 Light wind from NW.
Noon halt - a P.M. ; 29,000 13.0 Sige f - - Bright sun; slight breeze at intervals fiom W.
Camp of June 13-14 | 7 010 72.0 pa Calm and cloudy, ~~ :
. 6 A.M. | 28:962 56.4 = - 57.3
Camp of June 14—16 | 9 A.M. | 29.034 66.0 29.005 70.4
os 10 30 29.1122 70.0 0 76.5 71.5
4 30 P.M. | 28.974 76.0 = - 75.0 *
7 80 28.920 70.5 - 92.0

Cr

FLO

Camp of
4 POG PR: Of

Sine en

Iae
SSawsa

56.7

$4242 443

0.5 | Calm, el tervals.”
8.4 | Clear. A‘ ahile ips a in the horizon:
80.0. Chae Mine with white cl clouds. Wind W,

=. An y ored with thin a clouds. Wind. W.
3.0 oo especially near
fe: the hotizon. Wind 8. it

78.2 Sun and shape: tone Path from 8. 20° E.

79. y Mio with. ore clouds.

qo, age nf the NW. Clouds.

_ 85. d dark. Wind moderate from
64.6 Nea early caiet ; Taining steadily. Sky of a pc
| leaden ince. Thunder be og —_ long

slight. ; psy
56.5 Cold wind from the N. o

~}
S aecannSereeeeee Ot «@

Lta]

On the road from the mouth of the Kanzas to Fort Laramie—Continued.

sea

Hour. Attached

thermometer.

-|7P M. - 28.845 64.5
a 10 P. M. - 28.891 51.0
a iat 6307 A.M. - 28.982 46.5
Noon halt of June 19 - -| 2P. M. -| 28.864 70.0
Gan of ane ne 19-—-20 - 630’'P.M. - 28.502 65.0
1030’ P.M. - 28.483 49.0
6 pet A. M. i= sae —
Noon halt of June 20 - -| 330 P.M. - 8.544 76.0
‘tcp June 20—21 - oi TP. Ms - 28.711 77.0
1a 10 P. M. - 28,694 60.0
635 A.M. - 28.613 63.0
Cie 1 3 ?. M. be 28. 531 84.5
pe i “f - 28.371 78.5
730 P.M. - 28.362 75.0
10 30 eK « 28 363 69.5
6 30’ A. M. bid 28.3 66.6
- 6 30". . M. * 28.362 68.5
halt of June 22 - ~( 1390 P.M. - 28.513 83.5
a June 22 23 - -|630°A.M. - 28.471 62.7
Been halt of June 23 = « | SP a - 28.000 94.2
oP. M. - | 28.280 68.5
“| Sunrise. - 28.191 63.7
oe : wv P 6 Ae M. bar 28. 180 64.6
Camp of. June 24—25 - , — - | Sunset - 27.875 83.0
ie ; - | 28.004 63.5
- | 28.012 65.2
Noon halt of June 26 - - . ee ti
=e’ . |” 97.970 73.5
. 8 61.0

Temperature Remarks.
of the air.
64.0
49.0 |
45.0 Perfectly clear. Light breeze from NW.
77.0
46.5
54.3 L’t breeze fromS. Sun bright. Few ag in zenith and N.
- Clear and bright. Wind fresh from 5, 10° E.
75.0
60.0 ni Thin “ cg pent about the eky.
63.7 Sun and cloudy. ind 8.
- ind strong from we Sun ‘right
77.0
- d quite fresh from 8. 8° W. Appearanice of 1 rain.
70.8 wah Wind from 8. Cloudy.
* 69.0 High wind from E. Sieh a »?
* Bright sun at interva
- Cloudy, with appearance of. Tain. Leal NW.
- Blowing a gale from S$ Ee
84,3
69.5 d ESE.., rag seers A few stars visible.
65.0 Wind strong fro "from
66.5 Winds clouded.
82.7 mig: 8. oy ta E., fresh. Sky clear in aenith. Heavy clouds
* eV
63.5 Clear. Pleasant breeze from N. 10° E.
67.3
70.2 Clear. Wind light from we 10° E.
~ Clear. moderate from NE.
81.0 Clear, with, Teh wind Hoan NE.

Clear and calm. Sun set, in a bank of clouds.

Suniand clouds. Wind strong from N.

[wag

99

SoU
é of June pettnags

ee
» of June 27—28

CyeeTs 4; 5. Himmandt

Noo halt- - -

Camp of June 30 and July 1
hos a) .

‘Camp of July 1~2 -
Noon halt of July 2

10 30’ P. M.
5 30’ A.M.

Pe Need ie ee aes We ke

r)

o Oc. ir & an Om
SSSSSe=8 S888 z

Paes of re heavy thunder ar, lightning.
dc

Clear. aes air from 8.
Cloudy. Light air from N.

Cloudy. Light wind from 8. .

Calm

Rain ceased, se Same and sky partially clear. Wind
moderate fi

rg right sunset; banks of clouds in W.
Cloudy in ov a9 izon; lightning in N.; light bios — E
Many light clouds on a blue sky; sun bright; c
Light breeze rit N,

Clear, except in the hor
ed in ie Seas, neat in N.; clouds on the whole
horizo: ind
Clondy: hind light from N. 30° W.
33 oe blue sky and cumuli.
Wind fresh from E.
geen a wind increasing; now violent gale ffom'N. 20° Ww,

Cloudy, « exetpe in W.
eastern ye clouded.
° 8.

Wind strong, N. 50° W.; sun and clouds.

Wind strong, N. 50° W.; fat frd.clo clouds,

Clear; wind fresh from N.

Light wind from N. hake ttn a few clouds over the

Sun; sky mottled — ee wind fresh, 8..55° W,
Same wind, more clou
Calm; sun; aky not wie
Calm and clear.

Salm» foggy.
Foggy; sun shining as through a mist, and ryt air fom N.
Wind tolerably strong from NW.; sun and s

a

hei am

On the road from the mouth of the Ka
eS ie Os it ed

— hae |

Tr seria
~ Hour. Temperature Remarks.
ie of the air.
nih © alo oe sini
-|7P. M- 8.0 | Wind light from N.
Sunset = 63.4 Calm; dirty peer! Bas clear.
iy pas 2 M. 47.0
55.8 Sun and little parks Oy es very smoky; wind light from 8,
- Smoky; wind moderate from
= i's nets se pion aft right from
64.5 /W 73° W.; sun MD ig red, ag through a
. 64.5
76.0 Sed i entirely covered; wind tolerably strong from
» . 7 .
26.831 69.0 69.0
26,824 67.3 67.2 Same smokv sky; wind moderate from N.
26.8 1 §3 3 52.6 Saine sky; wind light from N,
Comk @ ye te : 26.804 52.5 62,0 Sun from between clouds; has been raining; wind E. 15° 8.
by “

8219

foo cnnalache sitte 2 opay ecient bebe

Le
Remarks.

uly §.28 . - | Sunset - -| 262485 65.0 ?
Camp 7 fehiond a 6 x. . : 7 pot Sky clear; wind S$. 67° E.
n halt of July 6 2” -| 12M, - * 238 89. Sky clea wind from S,
Comp of Sul en1 et - | Sunset - - 26.610 81.6 ‘Gloadys a i
6A M. - - 26.183 69.0 "| Clear wind h' Nahin 8 SW. Squa'ly, and ~— wind, with rain.
Noon hat of ve -| 1ee - - |) SAs92 103.4 | | Nearly eal: light #r fromm 8.2% W. Clea
Camp Gh 0 - - | Sunset - . 25 950 81.4 W ind. strong from'S 2° E : masses of si
6 A. M. - - 25 970 70.0 pa ig fresh qs ade ; suffand a few c! foils. :
- | 1% : - 2.920 108.0 Sun; c Ima
- | 1930 P.M. & oe 25 373 915 Sun a Hittle f re wm ‘ines obseured hy long white clouds. »
- | 6 307A: M. - 25, 100 775 Cal n; sun and elou
0A. M..- : 25.08 19.7 alm; sun and eo - ceil
mM, - - 25 (042 81.0 alm; sun ant clouds.”
49 P.M. - 25.014 Tae | Sun and clouds; wind maderate from : &. 65° BR,
ay : 4 30" P.M. ~ 82H O14 an.9 Cloudy; wind ont rite from + bag E.
Vrain’ July 12 « -{6A.M. - “nt > 25 263 76.9 Sun and clouds; wind moc m F.
sic hcaa Gite wy 8A M.- ~}o=, 263 5 17.0 Sun and clouds; Wind Ee eli from E. *
Noon halt of July 12 . -|2P. M.- - 86. 17 bb 0 Sun and ck
Camp of July 1e~19 ‘. - | Sunset - : 25.231 66.0 Clear e EB: wind light fro
: 6 A. M. - - 25.235 59.8 Sun; blue «a and ‘elonds igs shat from W.
Campoof July 13—14—- - | Sunset - -| 24 862 67 7 Clear; fresh wind from S. 50° B.
6A.M- - 24,+30 60.6 Sun; a few clouds in the horizon a -_ frets fiom 8. 50° E.
Noon halt of July 14 . -|2P: M. - - 5 050 103 6 Sun and clouds; wind moderate fro
a ohm tie—15 * - | Sunset - * 25 500 80. Light a. ie over hyn es and shag dark ones in the W. Wind
re moderate fro
6 A. M. ~ - 25.515 | 716) | Sun and clou ls; wi int fresh from 8, 10° W.
Canp of Sly 16.6 ° + | 6 30’ A. M. - 25,882 ! 71.3 | Ciear; a few clouds in the W. horizon. Wind W.
* “
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Remarks. -

C per J

Cloudy; oak west wind.
Sun and cl ouds; light wind, W. 10° 8.
Entirely conde moderate wind, . om Ww.

os
2
28
a
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oS
es
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| Entire o WwW:
elaeay, it wind light NW.; gale from ne. during night.
Cloudy; wind light t NW.; ssi from 8. during night.

id

BBexcceso | Fl.

Wind N. 60°
Wand N. se ey rain in W.; thunder and ae
>

Se wank. x Aa
ocdotats wind W.; Sdignare, with thunder a4 lightning.

25,826 66,3 . “
25.833 71.3 - - "Light sisfrom Sv “Helondy: ee)
25.851 78.5 73. | 66 | Wind tight from’s. , ae : od
25.805 82.3 * 99 «=| @ f Wind modefate, $.33°°E. .
: 25.806 go. 665 |W ate.
78.6 25,795 82.7 78.3 ao “
25.840 5 ~ - 73.4 * Calm. |. AM .
862 64.2 25.810 64 188 563 = | | Light wind from E. . wit
25.860 64.5 25.803 69 68.5 | =" | Calm and cleary
25. 73.2 25 8 80 4 ‘7-2 - ;
26.913 ae 25 877 90.2 -" - E, wind fresh; sun and clouds.
! 82.3 25.846 86.3 81 65.5 | Wind light, B.; sun and clouds
25.812 76.8 25.775 78.7 + 76 65 ain in squalls; wind very fresh, E. |
25.813). 716 | 25,765 73.8 8 64 Wind moderate, S._ 70° E.; cloudy.
25850) . 65 25 805 68.5 - - High wind fro 2
25.811 61.3 25.760 64.6 —} 60 - Light E. win c
25.842 82.6. 25.803 88.7 he. pega - 69 Wind fresh from, i nae udy. .
25.791" 85.4 | 26.070 94 96 70 Wind very fresh from E. ; appearance of rain
"96.753 | 70.2 | 26.105 Wa 2 75 64 Wind SE-, very — insqualls sities three; sharp_
» 25.724 | B17 26,096 | 988.6 — - = Calm. {thunder and lightning.
- - m

’ te

ens date. : | Hour. | TO Thermometer. Vong ie «
. sland Take of Ai t13 _ -| 5h. 80m. p.m. -| 20.682 58 | Winds
* Do 4 . . nset 20.522 » 50 8.5, yy C ‘a from n NW ee till late in the acai
Island lake, of August Pag’ Betveeen daylight | 20.673 39 Winds. a reg
sunrise, ‘
In a Aug the central chain, of Nogh 19,401 50 Wind 8, 40° shi 5 bright, with ve “ .
Ta uy Cea Se
Camp at Island lake, of frie ne 5 p. > = 20.643 55.5 - Winaighe’ tfrom S.; blue aky. gr ‘covered with ery ei masses of cumuli.
cr . 0 Sunse 20.641 50 Wind Ae nbtt the cumul li ete ountains froma
eg at Island lake, of Aug. 15 Between dy daylight 662 40.2 *, clea ny oul -
6 a. m. -| 20.672 3 hy ee a
oad pf Au-) 93'a. m. ° +45 5 Wika ecg hie mnt. M4 yi ae ‘2
: hie . . ’ ‘Wy
ee of the Wind River Tp 5 48 18.320 45.3 | Wind 8. 35° W.,; — clouds. : a tt
ger Angu st 15. TF - ¥ . tea yan ts f ' ‘=
ie at, | ee “e Do Ss . “e a.
Ona * lake, of pe 15 20.642 5 Wink: N.; ult ar ¢ Bg ; ee
Camp at Island lake, of Aug. 16 Soten de daylight | mgs 41.5 is e
greater << ite Ey vs . Pe hg 4 » ~ e
ee Riad: aM ‘i * e “ a
oe ¥ a4 et 3 * : . a ; m
~ . rics PRE eer © ie , * ~ ot
. . . : r *, a ri 4 ; en 4 %* * @,
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ie, % “ . a - ie *
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2 ee =. i Fin ‘
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, Pricimans,o a Po 7 routs, Mog: a,

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Memoranda m " °
e - Hy w Fe i
vo coe $ ne
a." ’ ys oe
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g to rain; thunder. oie ie me
Vike ~..* :
-\ - ,
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* if =é ae
? ho me oes wet
Heavy storm, ~ a, sarap Kes, 40 rite SE.
‘Thar storm ga
pein a *
ae
comm ng inal v oe
. j r ~~? *
U 4 - » *
early cl ; bd “isd
3 5 fe * ie :
1N amy little any. ‘ R
ee Ge ae! a ee |
: - Near fee den light clouds. ae
- pic a thunder storm and rain at 11 o'clock. ;
a Ri | Overe i, VP ie! Pa
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" *%. saa faint. 4 ;
1* 3 e php aa ‘Ss 7 .

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Clear; windy. . .

C HA) < ey se

‘Clear; windyf? *° *®

Nearly élear” 2". e.
4 a JO. s
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4 8: _ vt

. levine nes ee aloe, ? a

Y=» | Clea ay
My oil bl * e >
_— 0, a * &
eo eee Do, é Pig *
- Clear; few clouds. ‘ a” ” es
ay peed clear. ae ay ;
om ¢ rv _ : ms .
2.2 Ne clr clits,» a : ‘ : ie
7 Clear. , ee |
- * Neatly cal. vee ‘ ‘ xe
ve Pan at: Bess
0.05. m 5 435% %4¢"
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~ ‘4 pig eg pir “4, +.
: Clear : ™ . bs oa =
+. lear; “eit clouds. ~~» ae “2 .
ee te i
Clear. + be 2, ; lene!
ey ey fiery ‘ 2 . &
Bait rg . Se Ry a
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ouds; moo
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Some rain; nme thunder. .
eae ‘i

Nearly clear.
— drops of rain at sinst.

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ft i: : we - a { lear. P al :
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83) “<i =| Overclouded; rain at 8 c’cl ock: > ye
Sw. : 0.10 Clouds; heavy rain at 1} o relock. *
ba ao | 0.42 | Cloudy; sunshine. '
0.14 geet: some sunshine; thunder storm at ss o inca
0.99 | Cloudy; soon after, heavy rain for four hou
NW. - ~ > aa od.
NW. sd 0. 10 i 3S.
Me... - ~ Clearing ups hot. ' . P be
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4 Th Dien words fen 7 to.
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and rain from at

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Oral wc at 2o Yolook,

Overelo
Very dark; myn § for a few minutge } .
hn dark.

Overcast. vo:

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lear ; windy. Bw . "se
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Memoranda.

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74 |

* i - 69 E. * Raining. ¢

a 73 73 «| EK. 1h Ca are

a 76 78.5 | EL &® - 0.08 Some rain

ee 75 72 * 45. - 0.4 Raining.

. 73 10% %| BE, - 0.04 | Rain at night

- - * eee L Bey «6 fy Overe: :
i 75 a | SE. - 0.10 Rain and su tp 8: ; m
vi | 78 * _ o® f . en ae agai vercast,. Gp ate
i 79 80 SE. -J Sprinklng of af ‘rain ; vine of. sma a3 "
- 78 76 - 0.23 sultry.

P 76 ma aeeW. ja e.
e 77 "AT SSW. - Overclouded; sultry. oe ‘
- 78 80 ssw. - 0.13 30% erclouded ; some rain. ae

. 77 74 Ww. - Do do. ; *
3 76 71 - Clear... '

- ~ 61 Sw. - ~ | Do. *
-, 7 P4 Sw. - - - Do. :
- 75 77.5 | SW. - - Light clouds.

. 77 79 W. - - Windy ; some clouds.

ee 72 71 Sw. - - eo oe ed.

a 72 67 Sw. : - Ove

mn «| i 70 SW. - Mahe «

. 73 74 wew. - Ove shlgptied sun fain ‘ -
. 7 73 WaW. - 0.05 Overclouded ; cool ; aos rain between 4 and 5 o’clock.
. 67 Wwsw. - - Clear i
=f - * 63 : - - Ha any; 8 aint.

- ic. 72 : - ~ Nearly eee ait esa

- 74 i. WNW. = - 0

” a7 86. | WNW. .- - Clear. :

- 75 69 WNW. - - Do.

4 . 60 | SW. . “ Do.

at - vg 73 SW. - - Clear ; — hazy.
fi Ww. : 74 77 sw... - ~ Hazy ; cloudy.
3 ° 81 A ERS - - Hazy ; suns sltine.
94 - 74 66 SW.» - ~ Clear.

£69

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