Zoe?a biological journal.

LOE

A BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL.

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.

Vor. IV. ~MARCH, 18094. No. 4.

CASEY PEsIt fo,

PAGE
A Collection of Mammals from the Sierra Nevada: W.W. PRICE. ..... 215
Distribution of Southern California Trees: S. B. PARISH........ Sue Bae
Notes on Lepidopterous Larvee: C. H. aes plas SLE eres 353
some New and Some Old Aige: C. lL. ANDERSON..... 2... 22..4--++-- 359
Nyctinomus Mohavensis in Satta Clara Sea . M. STOWELL... ... . 302
‘or and Peathers: Ac W. ANTHONY 020060202 0 a ae res :
ontributions to Western Botan ee : MARcuS E. PONE oe Bt eas 66
Dates of Botany Beechey, —e oreali-Americana and Torrey &
~ Gray’s Flora of North A Ok So5 Pee ee ee 369
of Dr. Poco eGS Bot ae Pe ee eee here ee eee c< 59m
syetematic Botany: MARCUS FE. JONES... . cee Sec cceras esse ae re

otes from the Gray cea. M. < FERNAL Prien kn tip Cs es ceepage
Sa oan its Characters and tieetbstiou “WILLIAM RUSSEL

ee ee ee ee ee ee ie

cos “Califor Grasses: F. aaa ice KS Sc pee eee 385

¢ Botany of North America.............20.. keer eet ise, 379

Anew ieee of Bulimutus: nae MPH eee ke eae ae 395
pe Rnbieees Fetsbertts }. J. RIVERS. 2.6. ooo 2 ve net | ee i 3 be
Two undesctibed plants from the Coast Range: T. S. BRANDEGEE. .... 397 ae
Additions to Flora of the Cape Region. II: T. S. BRANDEGEE......... 3 ae

JIEWS.—Letters of Dr. Gray, 408. Die Parasitischen Exoasceen,
9. Maize, 410. Minnesota Botanical Studies, 410. Botany of the
“Death Valley Expedition, 412. Manual of the Bay Region Botany, 417.

ePMOROR A INOW oe eth ac Eten ces be ba ee wee a eee 421

San FRANCISCO:
ZOE PUBLISHING gas eee
Po Oc heaps 2154.

ee Cee Dp, ars ce = =

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ZOEK

T S. BRANDEGEE. WALTER E. BRYANT. DOUGLAS H. ‘CAMPBELL.
ALICE EASTWOOD. CHARLES A. KEELER. FRANK H. VASLIT.

VOLUME LV.

1893-A4.

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA.

PAGE

DIRG AHL KBR LOG: esc viecud ok rene Cassese eee Uv nb aay 6 Oc oe oe eae
Notes on Some Colorado Plants: ce BASTWOODj5)505> pvesoe ae eee ae
A new Trypetid from Mexico: C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND ............++- 13
Additions to the Flora of Colorado—II: ALICE EASTWOOD..... ...... 16
Restricted oo of Oligochzta: GusTav HISEN. 0.6.0 6056.0...- 20
Contributions to Western Botany—No. 4: MARCUS E. JONES.......... 22
Notes on ibe at of Birds—I: “WALTER. B. BRYANT. 500.5 ass 0G .

The Hopkins Seaside Laboratory: O. P. JENKINS.........
The Botanical Writings of Edward L. Greene: KATHARINE BRANDEGEE $3
A New Subspecies of Ceroplastes from Mexico: T. D. A. COCKERELL.. 104

Plants of Southeastern Utah: ALICH EASTWOOD .:. 2... cece eens wee 113
A Luminous Larva from Arizona: C. H. TYLER-TOWNSEND... . ..... 128
Notes on the Flora of Guadalupe Island: F. FRANCESCHI..........+.. 130
Termopsis angusticollis: C. H. TyLER-TOWNSEND.... 2.2.20 ceeseeees 139
Native Habits of Sequoia gigantea: GUSTAV EISEN..........+-2++ e+e I4I
Field Notes at steg Emidio: sea BASTWOGD 220340 Fy os ee a was ee 144
eau PW COE SS. B PARISH, ooo ee sie 147
ew Localities eae California rite ToS. BRANDEGHE ooy.hs i655 is 148
aren to the Flora of Southern California: S. B. Parish... ........ 160
Sierra Nevada Plants in the Coast Range: KATHARINE BR ANDEGEE... 168
endow Bird Notes: W. OTTO EMERSON. 2.126 fcc cee eee seen eae ee 176
Botanical Nomenclature: secbleioamads BRANDEGEE 6 54 54 oe as oe ste 182
ee ie hs Fe a a ea ie ics seed ges tee 184
A New Station for Asplenium SLBA RSE DOC. HATON icy bee 185
Sou xtension of California Flora: T. S Sey ianaaee Me OP 199
Perityle rotundifolia Ae au S. BRANDEGEE <i 6i-4. 0c Ni ay 210
F ldin ee a Os oe He ee ped 211
The Species of Amblychila Ji De MRIVRRS oS oe ce eed Oe pace ae 218
Roerral Bird NOLES oe ee eee Ceci bone kc chek bess e ueeeee sees 223

econte’s ra sher; Vaux’s Swift; Nesting of Samuel’s Song
w; Mongolian Pheasants of te Bonaparte’s Gull;

A. Mesquit Tineid: R-To MND pisces eee ces 226
Birds of San Pedro Martir: A. W No ia a 228
Tetcarctia Rickseckeri: Hi. A. BEAR oi. 4) cise tel cn Pe eso oak Se cee 247
California Earth-Worms: GuSTAV Hoe eekeie ae. eqs
tributions to Western Botany ame Maes ‘kK. Jone ERIE Fel 25
Fungi Additions to the Flora of cobrado T, DOA, Soccer: eins 282
Botanical Notes: ALIcn HAST WOOD) 25.0 iis) uses eee cee eek 286
L. Greene versus Asa G - re POUT Asa URe GSA eee ek ca cee 287
Bo tanic al Meetings at the A. A. A.S CEN aa Se ts cr ra aed 291

IV Contents. [Z0E

A Collection of Mammals from the Sierra Nevada: be = PRICE.

ere 215
Distribution of Southern California Trees: S. B. PARISH.............- 239
Notes on-Lepidopterous Larve: YLER- podaak: ae ge A ASS
Some New and Some Old Alge: C. i ANDERSON (25 o> ee 358
Nyctinomus wee in — Clara Valiey: J. M. STOWELL.. ..... 362
‘Per ane benathera: A.W, ANTHONY 2200 25) oy eee 364
orga yee to Weiteth inh —VI: MARCUS ‘EH. JONES... 2: ys. c.: 2667"
Dates of Botany Beechey, Flora Boreali-Americana Hi Torrey &

Gray’s ts of North America. pede oie eG ee ees 369
Test Letter of Dr Grayu. cca sen ees 372
Systematic Botany: aver S°E, JONES: 20,2 ots a as
Notes from the Gray Herbarium: M. L. FERNALD :......cc.0. 18s. es 79
Je beeen its Characters and pinaunee: WILLIAM RUSSEL

DUDE ae) or ns bu kee see Bae fe lee eee ee ee he eee Cae Sr
Lower pert Grasses: F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER . ou) sesed cree = oees 385
Systematic Botany of North Amefica:. 052). eese ve eevee 379

new species Liighisee! Hex FINMPRIGE. Hos. ec sie ed agieeces oe 395
Chariessa Lem 1: J. Js RIVERS ii ee ne se ee eee ee 96

Two agian pen from oes Coast Range: T. S. BRANDEGEE
Additions to Flora of the Cape Region. II: T. S. BRANDEGEE

VOL. IV. ] Contents, Vv

REVIEWS.
Strasburger: Ueber das pane. ig Pollens und die befruchtungs, 106.
Miller: A Jumping Mouse ne nited States, 186. Miller: New

Mammals collected in the San Juan Region, 186. H. Allen: North Ameri-
can Bats, 186. Merriam: Mexica n Kangaroo Rat, 186. Clark: Index of

and Jacksonia, 187. Holzinger: Range of Amorpha Fratiease: 188. Trelease:
Fourth Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 189. state

of the Pacific Slope, 191. er 191. A Dictionary of Botanical
Terms, 195. Allen: Mammals of San Pedro Martir, 297. Rhoads: Four
New Rodents from California, § 297. Bailey: Ground Squirrels'of the Missis-
sippi Valley, 297. Rep. of Ornith. and Mammalog. for 1892, 297. The
Nidiologist, 297. Pflanzenfamilien, 298. Silva of North America, 298.
Campbell: Development of Azolla, 299. Index Kewensis, 299. ‘Transac-
tions San Francisco Microscopical Society, 300. Erythea, 300. Revisio

Exoasceen, 409. MHarshberger: Maize, 410. Minnesota Botanical Studies,
410. Coville: Botany of the Death Valley Expedition, 412. Greene:
Manual of the Bay Lie, doe Botany, 417.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Crore A Caney OF Scien Ces. oi es ei. ce eee teow eee es IIO, 195
Pe mOLuIn BOMNDICAUCIND 200 ice ee eaieik we eee kee ce IIT, 195
RR Se OMAORE Cay Je isd ed aie wk kee sesh ian veeess
MOEA OCI) DEG WO is civ cap hese ck eve neck ohees 196 310, 420
CONTRIBUTORS

eISBN We iis eee cowed i end Sess cheer dapeGnuarie errs
PEON SPW os eile aa ile yok pies eee ees 224, 228, .
PR Pa es e's a os oe a ee eas Ge ie eae es
TASS We ere ee ees EG Es wea eek ee
Bratdevec, Atvarine 22. ee as t; ie 168, 182, 211, 287, 291, te a
Hratigevee T.G.556. en os eee. ee 148, 199, 210, 397, it
Bretherton, Bernard Fie ey eae ce we ee aes ee 225
Bryant, Walter Bie eco Oe eG ee ee a aes cote 54, 223
Chatter [i Roca a ie Oe ee eee eae eee 8 225
Cocterell TD. Aso he ee Ce Breage s ene ewes s 104 282

Dudley, William Russel.. Se Oe ee eee ea cu bee 381

VI Contents. [ZOE
cron tare RO Opn rota or eure cereredy 2, 16, 113, 144, 286, i
Metot Wa g i ors pee ease eee coh oO ee Ee eer
Eisen, Sap paki: cum Lathes Cee Go acto kar) FRR CO OE eae RI 20, 141, =
merson, WONG es oi es reece a oe pele Sun eae eater nee AS 176
Fernald, Mi dyes os oo eee a a ees 379
Hrancescnt, U5 os ca ha es hoes aes Ake es eee ee ee 130,
Pa@npnill; Beary. i oboe ei es ees ee ee es 395
Jenkins, Oliver Pigs asi Go oa eee bo eee 58.
Jones, Marcus Bio oor coves oes Ses eee 22, 254, 366, 0
LAttlejolin, Goo. can civsgacawnds ss. seuh Soeees oe as ete ee
Parioh, Gy B sy cices co cccs se cee toes esa sess 3s ee ee 147, oak a
PRICE Wo Woes oa ele be yee ek cease Wales ps cs cate eaten 315
MAS FeO) pepe tw Nites co 0d ee os gai eas ie ce 218, 396
pcripner, W. Lamson... se 08) ise eee eee ee ibe
POWELL OM el acu piers dye cose s cNS ON, ORNS U Da aie es So een ene
Lownsend CiPh DP 9ler i go edietds aac be ek s oes ae eee 13, 128, 226, nik

LIST OF PLATES.
Cymopterus & Eremocrinum.
Hopkins Seaside Laboratory.
Ceesalpinia repens
Gilia superba.
pgeilanee iar formis.

A. ni & A. Picolominii.
westasodla pon
Faxonia pusilla.

Page

EFRRATA.

49, fourteenth line from top, for ‘“‘tomentosa”’ read ‘‘ tomentella.’’
6, thirteenth and fourteenth lines from bottom, for ‘‘stricta’’ read
‘‘arvensis.”’

99, fourth line from top, for ‘‘tomentulosa”’ read “ leucophylla.”’

154, eighth line from bottom, for “ Jimosa’”’ read ‘“‘ aquatilis.”’
215, kwelith line from bottom, le pegs * read: ‘ he nee
335 and 335, for ‘‘ Pinus contorta ”’ read ‘ urrayana.,’”’

333, twenty-third line, for tO fs ica read ‘“‘N. Cali-
for

338, es ae dele Negundo Californicum.

Seen a ee

by ee ae a

A BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL

VOL. IV. JANUARY, 1894. No. 4.

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF MAMMAIS FROM
THE SIERRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS.
BY WILLIAM W. PRICE.

In the summer of 1892 the writer made a trip into the higher
Sierra Nevada Mountains, during which he secured for the
Leland Stanford Jr. University the small collection of mammals
on which the following notes are based. The collecting was
done chiefly in three different localities; namely, at Red Point
and at Summit Station, in Placer County, and on Mount Tallac,
in El Dorado County.

The topography of the country, hastily sketched, is as follows:
Red Point is at an altitude of about 4500 feet, on the Forest Hill
Divide—a tongue of land lying between the North and Middle
Forks of the American River. Heavy forests of sugar and
yellow pines, fir, spruce, and cedar clothe the ridges; the under-
growth is composed chiefly of several species of Ceanothus,
manzanita, and scrub oak.

The open, brushy tracts on the top of the ridge are the favorite
haunts of the long-eared chipmunk, 7Zamias macrorhabdotes.
_ The California ground squirrel, Spermophilus grammurus beecheyt,
which has here about reached its vertical limit, is common on
rocky hillsides. Two other squirrels, the California gray
squirrel, Sciurus fossor, and the California chickaree, Scurus
hudsonius californicus, are found everywhere in the timber
though preferring deep hillside forests.

Summit Station, the highest point on the Central Pacific
Railroad, is about 7ooo feet above the sea. On the east
the mountains descend abruptly toward Donner Lake,
but westward the slope is much more gradual. A broad,
grassy valley, the head waters of the Yuba etn takes its rise

189

ecember 21,

316 Notes on a Collection of Mammals. {ZOE

at the summit. The chief timber is the tamarack pine, nus
contorta, which still forms heavy forests along the sides of the
valley though much of it has been cut away since the coming of
the railroad. On the high ridges, a thousand feet above the
valley, are found scattering groves of a beautiful fir, 7sugo
Williamsoniz. Along the stream which wanders through the
valley grow thickets of a dwarf alpine willow and alders; often
about these in the grass were runways of meadow mice or voles.
It was in this valley that I first found the curious alpine spermo-
phile, Spermophilus beldingi. ‘The gilded chipmunk Spermo-_
philus chrysodetrus was also abundant in the rock ledges.

Mt. Tallac, about which the greater part of the collection was
made, is nearly 10,000 feet in altitude and lies a few miles south-
west of Lake Tahoe. The western slope is not precipitous like
the eastern side, and is well timbered in places, chiefly with
tamarack pine, a few grovesof Williamson’s fir and P:nus flexiilis,
the latter a dwarf snow-crushed pine, bearing five leaves and
small purple cones, and found only on the highest peaks and

dges. There are many boggy springs along the mountain
slope, about which flourish alder and willow thickets. It was
in these places that I found the only traces of the weasel,
Putorius arizonensts (?). Several mammals, including the gray-
headed pika, Lagomys schisticeps, the yellow-bellied marmot,
Arctomys flaviventer, and two or three — of 7Zamias, were
found commonly high up among the roc

From Mt. Tallac I made a hasty three pea trip into the Carson
Valley, Nevada, obtaining there specimens of Arvico/a and 7amias.
A large hare, Lepus texianus, and the antelope squirrel, Spermo- |
philus leucurus, were common on the sage plain east of the valley;
along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada I saw several speci-
mens of a large bushy-tailed spermophile which was probably
Spermophilus grammurus.

I failed to obtain specimens of many common species, either
through lack of time or accident; these species with others com-
monly known to the trappers will be enumerated at the close of
the list. I have taken advantage of the identification by Dr. J.
A. Allen of some of this material submitted to him by the
Museum, and Iam also greatly indebted to Prof. C. H. Gilbert and

vot. Iv.] Motes on a Collection of Mammals. 317

Mr. W. E. Bryant for aid of various kinds in the preparation of
this paper. The numbers used throughout the paper are the
serial numbers of the mammal collection in the University
Museum.

1. Zamias quadrimaculatus Gray.

This species, of which six specimens were taken, was found
only at two localities, Summit Station and on Mt. Tallac. They
are all in worn pelage, having not yet attained their fall coat, but
all show on the flanks, patches of rich ferruginous that cannot be
mistaken. The series varies somewhat in intensity of color,
although they were all collected within a period of three weeks,
Two specimens, No. 51, a male, taken July 31, and No. 97, a
female, taken August 12, on Mt. Tallac at about 8500 feet eleva-
tion show the highest coloration. In one specimen, No. 66, a
male, nearly all the outer coat has been shed, leaving the soft
black under pelage, through which the new hairs of the stripes
are beginning to show.

Little is known of either the horizontal or vertical distribution
of this species. It is considered by Dr. Allen a Sacramento Valley
form, and is recorded from the following localities: Nevada City,
Nevada County; Fort Crook, Shasta County; Baird, Shasta
County; Mt. Shasta, Lassen County; and from Fort Klamath,
Oregon. Asis readily seen, none of these localities are in the
Sacramento Valley. They are all in the lower portion of the
pine belt which covers the western slope of the Sierras down to
an altitude of about 1500 feet in the Mt. Shasta region and to
about 2500 feet in Central California. The discovery by
the writer that Zamdas quadrimaculatus inhabits the upper slopes
of Mt. Tallac was unexpected, and goes to show that from
Nevada City northward this species probably inhabits the entire
western slope of the Sierra down to the limit of evergreen forests.
Its extension southward is still unknown.

Gray’s type of Zamias quadrimaculatus came from Michigan
Bluff, which stands at an elevation of 3500 feet, some fifteen
miles in a direct line due south of Blue Cafion, and about half
that distance from Red Point. The three localities present simi-
lar conditions, standing at approximately the same elevation,
and all included in the great belt of yellow and sugar pine.

318 Notes on a Collection of Mammals. [ZOE

When it is recalled that at Red Point and Blue Cafion, 7am-
tas macrorhabdotes only, seems to occur, it appears probable that
this is the only species, or at least the most abundant one to be
found at Michigan Bluff also. In connection with this we have
the fact that neither in the original description of 7. guadrimacu-
Jatus, nor in ‘Thomas’s later notes to Dr. Allen concerning the
type specimen, is there anything characteristic. It is thus seen
that Dr. Allen’s first impression that Gray’s species should be .
identified with 7: macrorhabdotes has the probabilities greatly in
its favor. Until the original type is more critically re-examined,
or until Michigan Bluff is explored, it may be as well to follow
Dr. Allen in identifying 7. guadrimaculatus with the species
here so designated.

2. Tamias macrorhabdotes Merr. Long-eared Chipmunk.

Eleven specimens taken in the neighborhood of Red Point
are all distinctly referable to this species, and show but little
variation. All were taken in late June or early July and are in
breeding pelage. Several of the females were nursing and one
or two contained small embryos.

The long-eared chipmunk is pretty well distributed on the
Forest Hill Divide, and chipmunks supposed to be of this species
were seen at altitudes varying from 3000 to 5500 feet. On top
of the Divide a mile or two from Red Point is a fire-swept
stretch of woods, with charred bushes and logs and trees both
living and dead. The soil is a rich sandy loam supporting many
species of flowering plants. In this locality the long-eared
chipmunk is especially abundant. Sometimes a dozen could be
seen at once playing on the logs and charred trees or scratching
in the dust. My observations confirm those of Mr. C. A. Allen,
who says that this animal is almost exclusively terrestrial, and
that if it is surprised while on trees it will try in every way to
reach the ground unseen and hide in holes or rubbish heaps. I
have often seen it high up on trees, where it very skillfully
reached the ground without being seen by descending the op-
posite side. It has the usual shrill note of alarm, somewhat
louder than those of other species I have met.

3- Tamias senex Allen. Gray Chipmunk.

Three specimens of this chipmunk captured on Mt. Tallac

VoL. Iv.] Motes on a Collection of Mammats. 319

were the only ones secured. They were taken at a little over
7500 feet elevation, among bushes and granite boulders along
the western slope of Mt. Tallac. I donot remember seeing any
at Summit Station, the type locality of the species, but several
large gray chipmunks were seen at the foot of Donner Pass,
along the western end of Donner Lake. Their size was notice-
ably greater than that of the smaller chipmunks, amenus and
Frater, which I had been collecting on the summit.

Of three specimens two are adult females collected August 4
and 12, apparently just beginning to moult. The other, taken
August 12, is a young male, nearly full grown and somewhat
richer in coloration.

4. Tamias amenus Allen. Klamath Chipmunk.

Of the seven specimens of Zamzas referable to this species,
three were taken at Summit Station and four on Mt. Tallac.
They are mostly in ragged pelage, and some seem to approach
Tamias frater, though in all the specimens the pale buff base of
the hairs on the upper surface of the tail is enough to distinguish
them easily.

This is the smallest species of Zamzas collected in the Sierra
Nevada; two specimens, No. 58¢, and No. 629, were collected
on bare rocks on Mt. Tallac, at g500 feet elevation. It was
found on trees, on the ground, and among rocks. Numerous
small chipmunks were seen on a rocky, scantily-wooded hillside
some miles west of Summit Station and at about 1000
feet lower altitude, but as no specimens were taken, they might
have been either amwnus or frater.

5. Zamias frater Allen. Sierra Nevada Chipmunk.

Seven specimens of this form were taken, five at Summit
Station and two on Mt. Tallac. These, like most of the other
chipmunks collected in the Sierra Nevada, are in ici aan

e and consequently very difficult to determ Some
approach exceedingly close to Zamias OMS OI) in color-
ation. The habits of this species appeared similar to those of
7. amenus.

6. Tamias minimus pictus Allen. Desert Chipmunk.

This species was found only in the Carson Valley, Nevada.
It was common in the sage brush, sometimes a long distance away

320 Notes on a Collection of Mammals. [ZOE

from trees, but it was particularly abundant in brush heaps, old
lumber piles, and was common on fences. The two specimens
taken on August 9 were caught in a cavity between a fence-
board and post. They were male and female, adults, and in
excellent breeding pelage. .

7. Spermophilus chrysodetrus Merr. Gilded Chipmunk.

Animals of this species seemed abundant above 6000
feet on the west slope of the Sierra and at a lower altitude on the
eastern slope. They were first seen on a rocky hillside near
Cisco, a station on the Central Pacific Railroad below Summit
Station. Afterwards they were found commonly at Summit
Station, along=the Truckee River, on Mt. Tallac, and on a spur
of the Sierra, skirting the east shore of Lake Tahoe and sloping
down to the Carson Valley. They prefer open hillsides thinly
grown with pines and most frequently make their burrows
beneath rock piles and ledges. They seem to be entirely terrestrial.
I did not see one on trees and bushes. They feed on various
grasses and flower-seeds and probably also on the seeds of the
fir and pine.

Twenty specimens show a large amount of seasonal and
individual variation. No one feature appears to be constant.
The dorsal stripes vary in length, breadth, and intensity of color.
In six specimens only can the white stripes be traced as far as
the base of the tail; they also extend forward and blend into the
golden yellow of the shoulders and post-auricular patches. In
one specimen, No. 72, a female, the post-auricular patches are
nearly white, and others show a complete gradation to the rich
golden brown of the most highly colored specimens. The shoulders
vary in color from a tawny iron-gray to the deepest orange. The
color of the central area of the under side of the tail varies from
pale orange to deep chestnut, and the tips of the fringing hairs
from silvery gray to ochreous. A young specimen about two-
thirds grown, taken August 6 on Mt. Tallac, is not so bright as
the adults. In it a leaden gray suffuses the lower parts and
extends well up on the sides, while the crown-patch, shoulders,
and post-auricular regions are only softly tinged with ochreous.

8. Spermophilus beldingi Merr. Belding’s Spermophile.

This short-tailed spermophile is one of the most conspicuous

vot. Iv.] Motes on a Collection of Mammats. 327

mammals of the high Sierras, sharing that distinction with the
marmot, Arctomys flaviventer, and the gilded chipmunk already
mentioned. It was especially abundant in colonies of half a
hundred or more in the grassy valley at Summit Station. Other
colonies were seen about Mt. Tallac and Pyramid Peak, always
on grassy flats and gentle hillslopes.

They are short, thick-set little rodents and have a peculiar
loping gait. They have the habit of sitting up on their haunches
when alarmed, shared by other members of the genus. This habit
has given them the local names of ‘‘ picket-pins,’’ ‘‘ prairie dogs,”
and ‘‘ woodchucks,” though the latter name is more generally
applied to the marmot. They often wander some distance away
from their burrows. I have seen a grassy meadow covered with
them feeding on grass seeds; when alarmed the whole company
would rush loping to their homes. Several shot at Summit Valley
had their cheek-pouches distended with the green seeds.

A series of fifteen skins shows little color variation, and that
confined to the dorsal stripe and the fulvous wash of the under-
parts. Some young specimens, a week or two old, taken July 21

Mt. Tallac, is paler in color, the crown patch and dorsal stripe
are faint, and the under parts are bluish gray, the color extending
up on the sides.

9. Spermophilus grammurus beecheyi (Rich.) California
Ground Squirrel.

A single specimen was taken near Red Point. Ground squir-
rels are common in the Sierra Nevada up to nearly 6000 feet.
Higher than that they give place to the marmot, and the smaller
spermophiles, Spermophilus belding?. ‘They frequent rocky hill-
sides, and though common they are shy and not nearly so con-
spicuous as in the valleys of California.

10. Sciurus hudsonius californicus Allen. California Chick-
aree.

Only three specimens were taken, two at Red Point on July
6 and one at Summit Station July 30. Several others were seen;
one along a road beside Lake Tahoe, appeared to be in the black
stage. My companion remarked: ‘‘ That’s the first d/ack squir-

322 Notes on a Collection of Mammals. [ZOE

rel I’ve seen in California.” At another time a pair came close
into camp high up on Mt. Tallac and fearlessly picked up some |
bits of bread. This species ranges higher in the mountains than
Sciurus fossor, appearing to inhabit the Sierra from about 2500
feet up to 9500, or as faras timber extends. ,It delights in heavily
wooded slopes filled with dense undergrowth. Its loud chatter-
ing call notes were commonly heard about Red Point, though
always in almost impenetrable places.

The three specimens present no marked variation. The black
lateral stripe separating the gray of the dorsal region from the
white of the under parts is conspicuous in each, and the bright
orange on the upper surface of the feet is also present. They are
each in transition pelage, patches of new hair lying side by side
with the old

11. Sciuropterus volucella hudsonica (Gmelin). Northern
Flying Squirrel.

A single caged specimen was given to me at Red Point.
This was the only one seen though I was told they had been
very numerous there the winter previous. They frequented a
feed stable and barn, and became very troublesome, gnawing
into sacks and destroying the grain. Many were caught in box
traps but they continued to increase until some cats were placed
in the barn, which routed them. Some time after, when sweep-
ing out the place, two dozen squirrels’ tails were picked up.
The winter was a severe one, and plenty of food at the barn had
called them from a long distance. I was told by woodcutters
that sometimes in felling a tree, especially if the top was
broken and bushy, some of these little animals would soar down
from the top just before it fell and alight on another tree, run-
ning up quickly to the higher branches. During forest fires,
which often sweep over the mountains, the flying squirrel with
other animals as rare are sometimes seen. In traveling through
the mountains I have asked many people about this interesting
little rodent, but only a very few had ever seen it and many ha
never heard of it at all. Its nocturnal habits, of course, make
it seem rare, but judging from the numbers found in the barn at
Red Point it surely must be much more common than it is
supposed to be.

voL. 1v.] Motes on a Collection of Mammals. 323

12. <Arvicolasp.? Meadow Mouse.

Three Arvicolas, which I am at present unable to identify,
owing to the unsettled condition of the genus, were taken in a
hay field in the Carson Valley, Nevada, on August 9th. They
are extremely abundant in fields in some parts of the Valley, and
at times are very injurious to crops.

An Arvicola, probably a different species, was noticed in
boggy meadows about Summit Station, on Mt. Tallac, and near
Pyramid Peak. ‘These animals had well-beaten runways and
numerous holes, showing that a colony of several hundred lived
together. Once in a bog at the base of Pyramid Peak one of these
little animals stopped for a moment at the mouth of its burrow,
thus giving me time to notice its dark coloration and small size.

13. Sztomys americanus gambelit? (Baird). Gambels’ White-
footed Mouse.

White-footed mice were observed at ae Point, Summit
Station, and on Mt. Tallac. A single specimen, No. 3, a male,
taken at Red Point on June 27, is darker in Se Hla than any
of the adults from Mt. Tallac. A Sitomys, probably referable to
this species, was captured at Summit Station, but the specimen
was unfortunately lost. The series of eight specimens from Mt.
Tallac show great individual variation. They range from bluish
in the young to deep brown with a vinaceous tinge in the adults.
One specimen, No. 472, is pale yellowish, resembling in color
Sitomys americanus sonortensis.

This species was noticed generally in dry pine woods and
specimens were caught in traps baited with bits of bread and
dried fruit; a single specimen was secured while turning over a
log in search of beetles.

There is some doubt whether this species may not be the
Sitomys boylit of Baird, which was described from a single speci-
men taken by Dr. C. C. Boyle in El Dorado County, on the Mid-
dle Fork of the American River in 1852. The description of
Sitomys boylit is imperfect and the type specimen is faded and
mutilated, so that it is impossible to find exactly what the char-
acters of that species are, as noted by Dr. Allen in his recent
review of some Californian Sitomys. My specimens, with one
exception, were all taken at a high altitude. It is not known

324 Notes on a Collection of Mammats. [ZOE

whether the animal taken by Dr. Boyle, was high up on the
mountains or down in the foothills close to the Sacramento
plain; if the former, my specimens were from the neighborhood ©
of the type locality. :

The specimens here referred to were ‘first identified by Dr.
Allen as Sitomys boylit, but were later referred to S. a. gambeltt
and his identification is here followed.

14. Neotoma cinerea (Ord.) Bushy-tailed Wood Rat.

Found only at the Glen Alpine Sulphur Springs, on Mt. Tallac,
where six specimens were secured. The species was said to be for-
merly abundant about the feed-stable and buildings of the resort,
but had been nearly exterminated by cats about the place; when I
arrived there appeared to be only one pair, with its young. On
August 3 I trapped an adult male, and the same day one of the
workmen brought me three young only a few days old. Later,
August 12, I secured the female and another young one.

This species seems to have habits in common with /Veotoma
Suscipes of the interior valleys of California, especially the habit
of carrying food away from cabins. An old miner told me that
during the preceding winter these rats had taken possession of
his cabin when he was away, and in a few nights had completely
removed a sack of potatoes. Later he had found the greater
part of the stolen goods in a hollow stump near his dwelling.
I have also been told that these animals frequently bring back
articles to replace the things stolen, and have from this habit
been called “‘ trading rats,”’ but I have no proof of this assertion.

The six specimens vary in color. The adult male is dark
gray above with faint shadings of brownish yellow along the
sides, extending to the rump'and for a short distance along the
upper surface of the tail. The latter is dark gray for the most
part, but is tipped with grayish white. The female of this spe-
cies is a brownish yellow, richer along sides and on rump and
shoulders. Below from nose to tip of the tail it is similar to the
coloration of the male. The three young, collected August 3,
are dark gray above, the color intensifying posteriorly until the
lower back and rump are almost black. The brownish wash has
begun to appear along the sides and about the shoulders.

low, along the median line, the pelage is pure white, but

vot. Iv.] Motes on a Collection of Mammals. 325

blends into the gray of the sides. The young, collected August
12, is not so dark as the specimens taken on August 3, the gray
having become clearer. There are also more pronounced traces
of yellowish brown. Unfortunately I took no measurements
and am unable to give comparative size.

15. Zhomomys monticola* Allen. Sierra Nevada Gopher.

Four specimens of this gopher, which proved to be new,
were taken on Mount Tallac, at altitudes varying from 6500
feet, close to Lake Tahoe, up to 9500 feet near the summit of
the mountain. The work of gophers was observed all over the
high — be stad in damp patches of vegetable mould
about Summit Station, along the Truckee River, and on the
grassy ita and slopes of Mount Tallac. On this mountain
they were often noticed throwing up earth in the daytime and
were especially abundant well toward the summit, often close to
snow fields.

This gopher is characterized by a long and narrow skull, an
exceptionally broad interparietal bone and very long and soft
pelage. Above it is pale reddish brown, tinged with gray, and
below, ashy white.

16. Lagomys schtsticeps Merr. Gray-headed Pika.

Only two specimens of this curious little alpine rodent were
secured; these were taken on July 28 among broken rocks on the
very summit of Mt. Tallac. No more were seen in that locality,
but on Pyramid Peak and on a rocky ridge near it they were
abundant on August 5. It was late in the afternoon and the
snow banks and tiny streams of water were freezing in shady
places, but the little animals did not seem at all to mind the cold. °
They ran about over the rocks and snow beds and some had
ventured a distance away from their homes and were feeding on
‘a bright red alpine flower. Their sharp, squeaking cries were
continually heard even after the sun had set. Several of their
nests had little heaps of flower-stems and grass before the open-
ings, and it may have been that even at this early date they
were laying in their winter stores.

* Descriptions of Four New Species of Thomomys, with Remarks on other Species
of the Genus. By J. A. Allen, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., v, p.48, April 28,
1893.

326 Notes on a Collection of Mammals. [ZOE

The only adult specimen, No. 42¢, isin worn pelage. The
ends of the hairs are worn off along the back, leaving it dark
brown in places. The young, No. 443, has long silky pelage
of a grayish tawny color with interspersed black hairs.

17. Scapanus townsendit (Bach). Townsend’s Mole.

A single specimen was taken at Red Pointinacellar. The
marks of moles were seen all over the high Sierras especially about
snow fields on Mt. Tallac, but no specimens were taken.

18. Putorius arizonensts Mearns. Arizona Weasel (?)

A Putorius, provisionally referred to this species, was taken
high up on Mt. Tallac July 29. It was seen in a boggy piece of
meadowland searching among dwarf willows. A few days later
another specimen was seen in a similar place, but it was not
secured.

The following is a list of the mammals seen or known to
inhabit the Sierra Nevada, but no specimens were taken.

19. Cariacus Columbianus (Rich.) Black-tailed Deer.

This deer is common all through the mountains, in summer,
up to 9500 feet. In the fall it migrates from the higher altitudes
down to about 4500 feet and lower, but usually it is not foie
above that altitude in winter.

20. <Antilocapra americana Ord. Antelope.

The antelope has been seen along the eastern base of the
Sierra Nevada in the Carson Valley, but its range does not
reach up into the mountains.

_ 21, Arctomys flaviventer Aud. and Bach. Yellow-bellied
Marmot.

Marmots were first seen near the Central Pacific Railroad at
about 6000 feet. They were common about Summit Station and
on the mountain sides along Donner Lake, frequenting granite
ledges and rock piles. But on Mt. Tallac they seemed the most
abundant, frequenting the slopes of the mountain from near Lake
Tahoe to the very summit. About the summer resort at the
Glen Alpine Springs, near the base of the mountain, they were
abundant, and when everything was quiet about the they
often approached close to the kitchen in search of bits of vegetables

voL. Iv.] Motes on a Collection of Mammals. 327

and refuse. Higher up on the mountain they were exceedingly
abundant. On bright days a dozen or more could often be seen
at once playing about logs and rock piles. ‘They feed largely on
grass and seeds; and down to certain meadows they had well-
beaten trails leading from their homes in rock-ledges. I fre-
quently found their burrows under stumps and the roots of trees.
Judging from the number of entrances and the amount of
excrement, several individuals occupied each den, and from
appearances the dens had been inhabited many years.

The flesh of the marmot furnishes food to a large number of
Nevada Indians who come up into the mountains for the sum-
mer months. They usually hunt with shotguns loaded with
heavy shot, and catch the animals away from their dens by
lying quietly closeto them. During August the reports of guns
on the higher parts of the mountain were continually heard,
and an Indian has been known to secure two dozen in the course
of the day. The flesh is said to be excellent eating and forms a
delicacy at some of the resorts about Lake Tahoe.

22. Spermophilus leucurus Merr. Antelope Squirrel.
This animal was seen only in the sandy, sage-covered plains
east of the Carson Valley, Nevada.

23. Spermophilus grammurus Say. Ground Squirrel.

Three or four individuals supposed to be of this species were
seen along the base of the mountains west of the Carson Valley.
They had burrows in the rocky hillside and allowed me to
approach on horseback quite close to them.

24. Scturus fossor Peale. California Gray Squirrel.

This species is common in the sugar and yellow pine belt
along the west slope of the Sierras. It was seen on the Forest
Hill Divide from about 2500 feet up to 5500. North of the
North Fork of the American River, in the neighborhood of Blue
Cafion, a few were noticed, but none were above the altitude of
the sugar pine belt. In the neighborhood of Red Point they
were generally distributed through the timber; their barking
was frejuently heard. Their chief food is the seeds of the
sugar pine, Pinus Lambertiana, the largest and most beautiful
pine in the Sierra Nevada. Under almost every tree are chips

328 Notes on a Collection of Mammals. [ZOE

which the squirrel has gnawed from the cones. He does not
wait until the cone is ripe, but often gnaws the scales from the
young cone while it is yet hanging on the tree. I have some.
times seen this squirrel hanging head downwards a hundred and
fifty feet from the ground feeding on acone. The gray squirrel
does not hibernate, but usually descends lower in the mountains
during the heavy snows. In the winter of 1891-92 I saw them
frequently in the neighborhood of Blue Cafion running about
over snow four feet deep. When chased they would not take to
trees at once, but continued to run over the snow until closely
cornered. Dogs are often used in winter to hunt them.

25. <Aplodontia major Merr. California Sewellel.

This striking rodent was observed in the neighborhood of
Red Point, and about a grove of big trees, Seguoza gigantea,
about twenty miles southeast of Red Point, in Southern Placer
County. Near Red Point two small colonies were seen in boggy
land about springs. Both places were densely overgrown with
brush and weeds. No specimens were taken here, but their
presence was noted by freshly gnawed stems about their burrows.
At the big tree grove a much larger colony was found. Their
burrows were in the bottom of a ravine among dense beds of
moss, thickly shaded with tangled bushes. A delicate mountain
cranberry, Vaccinium occidentale, grew abundantly about the place,
and little heaps of the stems, some with the berries still attached,
lay scattered about the entrances to the dens. Large quantities
of stems of Ceanothus and Rhododendron were found gnawed
into lengths of about six inches. Some were over half an inch
in diameter and freshly gnawed, others seemed several years old.
I heard its shrill cry several times when near this colony, but
saw only one.

The name ‘‘mountain beaver,’’ by which this animal is
known to the miners, has been given to it on account of its
habit of gnawing sticks like the beaver. The Indian name is
‘‘sewellel.” This particular species is 4. rufus, and is found
throughout Washington and Oregon and south in Western Cali-
fornia to Humboldt Bay. There is a specimen in the University
Museum taken by Mr. Chas. Fiebig at Eureka.

26. Fiber zibethicus (Linne). Muskrat.

voL. Iv.]| Votes on a Collection of Mammals. 329

Muskrats were abundant in the sloughs and marshes in the
Carson Valley,

27. Neotoma fuscipes Cooper. Dusky-footed Wood-Rat.

A wood-rat supposed to be of this species comes up to at
least 3000 feet on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada. Their
large nests were seen in the vicinity of Forest Hill.

28. Thomomys botte Tess

’ A gopher is found from tte Sacramento plains up to at least
4000 feet.

29. Zapus hudsonicus (Zimm.) Jumping Mouse.

This mouse is included in the list of mammals found in the
Sierra Nevada, on the authority of a trapper, a Mr. Dent, who
informed me that he had often taken it with poison placed out
for foxes and wild cats.

30. Lrethizon epixanthus Brandt. Western Porcupine.

The presence of this species was noticed in numerous places
in the high Sierra. Many pine trees about Mt. Tallac and
Pyramid Peak had patches of gnawed bark, and the animal’s
quills were frequently found. A single dead specimen was found
in a meadow near Pyramid Peak on August Io.

31. Lepus sylvaticus audubont (Baird.) Cottontail Rabbit.

A few specimens of this rabbit were seen on the Forest Hill
Divide, at about 3000 feet. They are abundant from the Sacra-
mento plains up to that altitude or a little less.

32. Lepus americanus washingtont Baird. Western Vary-
ing Hare.

Some of this species were seen about Dutch Flat, in Placer
County, in the winter of 1891-92. In the high Sierra I am told
that they are nearly white in midwinter.

33. Lepus textianus Waterhouse. Texan Jack Rabbit.

‘A few specimens were seen along the base of the mountains
west of the Carson Valley.

34. Lepus californicus Gray. California Jackass Rabbit.

This species is very abundant in the Sacramento Valley and
in the mountains to at least 2500 feet. Some were seen on the
lower end of the Forest Hill Divide.

330 Notes on a Collection of Mammals. [ZOE

35. Sorexsp.? Shrew.

No doubt several species of shrews inhabit the Sierra
- Nevada Mountains. ‘Tracks of a large species was seen about a
marshy lake on Mount Tallac on August 3.

36. Ursus americanus Pallas. Black Bear.

Bears are common in places in the mountains from the Sac-
ramento plains to the timber line. About the Sequoia grove, in
southern Placer County, several individuals must have had their
dens, for there were numerous fresh tracks and torn bark on the
t:ee trunks. This bear has the local names of ‘‘ brown bear”
and ‘‘cinnamon bear” among hunters and miners.

37- Ursus horribilis Ord. Grizzly Bear.

At one time this was the most conspicuous bear in the moun.
tains, and many wild tales are told of it by the early miners.
Now, however, very few remain, and these have retreated into
the wildest and most inaccessible places. From the reports of
trappers there is reason to believe a few still exist on the
‘western slopes of Pyramid Peak.

38. Procyon lotor (Linne). Raccoon.

This animal is abundant from the Sacramento up to at least
4500 feet. Its tracks were seen about a spring near Red Point,
in June.

39: Bassariscus astuta (Lich.) Ring-tailed Cat.

This animal is common in the mountains up to 4000 feet or
higher. The miners frequently tame them for pets.

40. Lutra canadensis (Turton). American Otter.

A single specimen was captured by Mr. Dent during the
winter of 1891-92 on the South Fork of the American River, in
El DoradoCounty. This animal is exceedingly rare; during ten
years’ trapping he had seen only five specimens.

41. Mephitis mephitica (Shaw). Common Skunk.

Skunks are common in the lower altitudes of the Sierra
Nevada Mountains.

42. Spelogale phenax Merr. Little Stupid Skunk.

A single specimen was killed by a rancher on the lower
Forest Hill Divide.

43- Taxidea americana (Bod’t). Badger.

VoL. 1V.] Votes on a Collection of Mammals. 331

Badgers are common along the eastern base of the Sierra
Nevada bordering the Carson Valley, and also in the lower
western slope to at least 2000 feet.

44. Gudlo luscus (Linne). Wolverine.

Mr. Dent informed me that he was sometimes troubled in his
trapping by the depredations of wolverines. They made the
rounds of his traps, eating such animals as the martin and
fisher. He said they were found mostly above 5000 feet in the
densest fir and pine timber.

45. Lutorius vison (Schr.) American Mink.

A single specimen was seen in a pond in the Carson Valley,
Nevada. A poultry yard near by was frequently visited by these
animals and the owner had succeeded in trapping several.

46. Afustela pennanti Erxleben. Pennant’s Martin; Fisher.

One individual was seen near the resort on Mt. Tallac shortly
before my arrival. Mr. Dent informed me they were the most
valuable animals to trappers, and that he frequently secured
several dozen during the winter. They prefer the high wooded
ridges of the west slope of the Sierras above 4000 feet.

47. Mustela americanus (Turton). Martin.

I learned from Mr. Dent that this species is common in the
higher forests and is associated with the fisher.

48. Urocyon virginianus virgintanus (Schr.) Gray Fox.

Foxes were noticed from the Sacramento plains up to about
4000 feet, and they no doubt go much higher.

49. Vulpes fulvus argentatus (Shaw). Silver Fox.

This fox is found only in the higher.forests. Mr. Dent has
frequently trapped it, and in the black stage of the pelage is one
of the most valuable fur-bearing mammals, the skins often
bringing thirty-five dollars apiece.

50. Cans lupus griseo albus (Linne). Gray Wolf.

This species has been seen several times by Mr. Dent in the
dense forests above 6000 feet.

51. Canis latrans Say. Coyote.

The coyote is common on both sides of the Sierra Nevada
Mountains, and in summer frequently follows flocks of sheep to

$30 Trees of Southern California. [ZOE

the highest meadows. This animal and the ‘‘ California Lion”’
are the sheep-herders’ greatest enemies.

52. Felis concolor Linne. California Lion; Panther.

This beast is common in places on both sides of the moun-
tains and extending to high altitudes. It is very destructive to
sheep and colts. Some horse ranches have had to be abandoned
on account of its ravages.

53. Lynx rufus (Giild.) Wild Cat.

Apparently this species has about the same range as the
mountain lion. None were seen about Red Point, but it is said
to occur in the neighborhood and is destructive to poultry yards.

DISTRIBUTION OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TREES.
BY S. B. PARISH.

The distinguishing feature of the natural vegetation of the
five southern counties of California is the prevalence of shrubs.
Over probably three-fourths of the surface this was the principal
growth. Scattered in open order over desert and plain and
valley affording clear space or sheltered covert for a multitude
of humbler plants, or massed on hillsides in close and often
impenetrable chaparral, it was seldom that shrubs gave place
to meadows or forests. The aridity of the climate is doubtless
the cause of this peculiar condition, woody plants being better
able to endure a deficiency of moisture than those of a more
succulent nature, while from the same deficiency the former are
unable to develop into arboreal forms. From the same cause
many species are here stunted shrubs or barely arborescent,
which in cooler and moister climates attain to the dimensions of
considerable trees.

Hence, too, at lower altitudes the arboreal vegetation is
mostly riparian. The streams are scantily fringed with cotton-
wood, sycamore, alder, and a few species of willow, which do not
extend beyond the irrigating influence of the water. In other
cases the close proximity of a moist subsoil enables a grove of
trees to be sustained, of which the cottonwood groves which
formerly existed in the San Bernardino and the San Jacinto

February 6, 1894.

Ee eee aM SS er ee meee aan een EP rc, |

VOL. IV. | Trees of Southern Calzfornia. 333
Valleys, and the palm and mesquite groves of the deserts are
examples. The belt of Blue Oak (Quercus Enge/manni) which
stretches across the hill country of San Diego County, and the
park like growth of Quercus agrifolia which covers the slopes in
the neighborhood of Pasadena, are perhaps to be attributed to
the moisture supplied by the ocean fogs which roll in and con-
dense upon the seaward exposures which they occupy. The
exception to the rule is found in that peculiar forest of yucca
and juniper which fringes the northern base of the San Bernar-
dino Range from its eastern extremity to the upper end of
Antelope Valley, and whose existence or limitation seems to
have no perceptible connection with hydrographic conditions.
Its constituent trees are the only ones that have solved the
problem of arboreal sow without a continuous supply of
moisture.

At higher altitudes the cooler air and greater humidity afford
more favorable conditions for tree growth; the chaparral itself
becomes denser and larger, and at an altitude of between 4000
and 5000 feet a coniferous forest begins which reaches nearly
to the summit of the highest mountains.* This belt, which
occupies the higher parts of the San Bernardino Range and its
continuation, the San Jacinto and Cuyamaca Mountains, is by
no means a continuous one. It rather consists of a series of
forested tracts limited in area in accordance with their altitude
and slope-exposure; some mere patches measured by acres, while
the largest extends from near the Cajon Pass to Grayback
Mountain. West of this main forest there are small bodies of
coniferous trees in the Cucomonga and San Antonio Mountains,
in the so-called Sierra Madre, and in the Liebre Mountains, and
to the south larger and more valuable forests occupy the San
Jacinto and Cuyamaca Mountains. No accurate measurements
of these forest areas have ever been made, and, indeed, could not
be made without great expense and difficulty, so rugged and

* There are but two bald-topped mountains in the whole region; San
Antonio, 9630 feet high, and Grayback, 11,725 feet high. The latter is
pine-clad to within 200 feet of the summit, and covered with the standing
trunks of dead pines to the very top, so that there cannot be said to be any
point above tree line. '

334 Trees of Southern California. [ZOE

broken are the mountains in many parts, and so invaded and
intersected are the wooded tracts by chaparral. Compared with
the great forests at the north these are not only insignificant in
extent, but are equally unable to sustain the comparison in the
size of the trees, or the density of their growth. Scattered in
loose array over the hillsides, it is only on the moister soil of the
flats, or in the shelter of cafions that the trees cast a dense
_ shade, or attain to lofty proportions; yet they do not lack the
extent and magnitude to excite those feelings of admiration and
exaltation which forests ever raise in the mind, while their park-
like disposition and the variety of species free them from gloom
and monotony.
THE SAN BERNARDINO FOREST.

The outline of the area occupied by the largest, or the San
Bernardino forest is that of a wedge, the point near the Cajon
Pass, broadening eastward to Grayback Mountain; the length
being about forty miles, and the greatest breadth twenty miles,
the district included being in part forest, and in part chaparral or
barren rock. On the south from a valley base of about 1200 feet
above sea level the mountains rise with great abruptness to a
crest of from 4000 to 8000 feet altitude, which runs in a generally
east and west direction. The northern slope of this ridge, less
abrupt than the southern, constitutes the water shed of the Mojave
River, and on it is located the largest and best, as well as the
most accessible body of timber. This is nearly twenty miles in
length, and from one to three miles in breadth, South and east
of this axis, and separated from it by the gorge of the Santa Ana
River, which receives their drainage, rise the twin peaks of San
Bernardino and Grayback. is region is of an exceedingly
rugged character, and the forests which it nourishes are broken
and difficult of access.

Commencing now at the southern foot of the range, a few
small spruce (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa) are found on sheltered
western or northern exposures, along the cafions, at about
2500 feet altitude;* these increase in size and in abundance
until at between 3000 and 4o00 feet altitude both sides of the

* On East Twin Creek, below the Arrowhead Hot Springs, a few grow as
low as 1700 feet altitude.

VOL. Iv.] Trees of Southern California. 335

cafions are usually clothed with them. At about 3000 feet a
thin strip of dwarf pine (Pinus tuberculata) stretches for some
miles along the face of the range, bounded above and below by
the dense chaparral of Ceanothus and manzanita, which at this
altitude has replaced the Adenostoma of the lower slopes, and
is otherwise unbroken for another thousand feet. At 4000 feet
the spruce is displaced by the other coniferous trees which consti-
tute the main forest. Below 5000 feet this is mostly confined to
the northern slope of the range, but above that over-
flows to the southern side, and, indeed, below it on sheltered
slope-exposures. It is essentially a yellow pine (7. ponderosa)
belt, that being the prevailing species nearly to the tree limit;
with it are commingled, without any apparent vertical disposition,
many firs (Ades concolor) and Post Cedars, smaller numbers
Black and Big-cone Pines (P. /effrey¢ and P. Coulterz), and still

ugar Pines, together with an abundance of Kellogg’s
Oak, especially at the lower levels. This forest continues without
appreciable difference to about 11,000 feet on the sides of Gray-
back Mountain, where it begins to be intermixed with Pinus
contorta, which in small isolated groups occurs in Bear Valley,
as low as 6000 feet. This in turn gives way at about 11,500
feet to Pinus albicaulis, which alone, forming the topmost belt,
reaches nearly to the summit, 11,725 feet above sea level.* On
the northern side of the range, which, it must be remembered,
is the one facing the desert and affected by its aridity, the spruce
Te-appears at about 7000 feet altitude, but very sparingly, and
in small groups in sheltered and moist situations. At 6000 feet
Juniperus occidenialis is mingled with the pines, and in one
place, mixed with Cercocarpus /edifolius, forms a belt between
6000 and 7000 feet altitude. Beneath this, and separated from
it by an interval of chaparral, is a similar belt of Pifion Pines
(P. monophj lia) between 4000 and 5000 feet, and connecting in
places with the upper edge of the Yucca belt. The Juniper and
the Pifion belts are about twelve miles long, their failure to
extend the whole length of the range being due to other causes
than elevation.

* For most of my information concerning the Grayback forest I ain
indebted to Mr. W. G. Wright, who has repeatedly explored that mountain.

336 Trees of Southern California. [ ZOE

We have then in these mountains a great Yellow Pine helt of
mixed coniferous trees;* at its upper edge a belt of Pinus contorta
is indicated, capped by a well-defined belt of Pinus albicau/is; on
the seaward side it is based on a zone of Pseudotsuga, and on
the desert side by a belt of Juniper superimposed on one of
Pifion. The smaller forests to the west and south, so far as
known, include only the spruce and yellow pine belts.

ECONOMIC ASPECTS.
In the San Jacinto cottonwoods a small mill was for a time

employed in turning out material for orange boxes, but with
this exception the trees of the lower altitudes have been utilized

only as a source of fuel supply, and a most important one for a

region so distant from good coal measures.

e San Bernardino forest was at once drawn upon for lum-
ber by the first American settlers in the subjacent valleys, and
has been continuously worked up tothe present day. Opera-
tions have been confined to the watershed of the Mojave, the
only part of the forest sufficiently accessible to be worked with
profit under present market conditions. Of the original forest
of this watershed less than one-third now remains. In it are
now located eight steam saw mills, capable of a total output of
ten million feet B. M. in a summer run of six months. From
various causes, dullness of business, exhaustion of the timber
supply, and the competition of northern lumber, only two or
three of these mills have been operated during the last two

product is drawn by horse teams to San Bernardino, where it
has sold within late years at from twenty to sixteen dollars per
thousand B. M., nine to seven dollars of the price being charge-
able to freight. Most of the lumber is, of course, yellow pine.

Mill men claim that of this there are two kinds; one, recognized :

by the broad plates of the bark, has a thin sap-wood, and the

wood is soft, straight-grained and durable, and yields a ches
* As already stated, — species c composing this belt are n

segregated in separate zo closer observation will probably show soak

Pinus Jeffreyi and Lier ain have an upper limit somewhere
between 7000 and 8090 fee

a i aia eel

VOL. Iv. ] Trees of Southern California. 337

percentage of clear lumber; the other, marked by a closer-
checked bark, has more sap-wood, is cross-grained, readily
decays, and is fit only for rough lumber. The difference of
quality is said to be one of variety in the trees, and not to be
due to age or place of growth. I have not been able to detect
any botanical differences, except in the character of the bark,
as above indicated. Black and Big-cone Pine, when sawn, is
put in with the lower grade of yellow pine. The lumber from
the sugar pine is most esteemed of all, most of it being clear.
Post Cedar is sawn into dimension stuff, and is highly valued
for its durability. It is rendered unfit for finer uses by the
ravages of a dry-rot (Dedalia vorax Harkness) by which it is
infested. The fir furnishes a light and strong lumber, but one
difficult to season without warping; it is used to a small extent
for scantling and bridge-flooring. None of the other trees are
sawn. ew posts are made, but the destructive industry of
the shingle and shake maker is a thing of the past, the market
being supplied with redwood. In the San Jacinto forest there
are two saw mills, their product, the amount of which I am
not able to state, finding a market in the San Jacinto Valley.
The real economic value of these forests is as conservators
and regulators of the water supply, a matter of most vital impor-
tance in a region dependent upon irrigation for its fertility. Fuel
and lumber may be brought. from afar, but water must be
obtained near at hand. Fortunately public attention has been
awakened to the importance of forests from this point of view,
and in pursuance of the wise forestry policy of the Harrison
administration, three forest reserves were set apart in Southern
California, the San Bernardino Reserve of 737,280 acres, the San
Gabriel Reserve, 555,520 acres, and the ‘Trabuco Cafion Reserve,
in Orange County, containing 49,920 acres. A proper supervision
of these reservations will not only preserve them, but will also
greatly restrict the destruction by fire and by the ravages of
sheep in those portions of the forest that have passed into private
ownership. Where the original forest has been removed an
abundant growth of seedlings springs up, including all the
species of the former growth in about their original proportions;
so that if the destruction of them is prevented nature herself will
in time reforest the denuded mountains.

338 Trees of Southern California. [ZOE ©

PHYTOGRAPHIC RELATIONS.

The region here under consideration presents three distinct
floras; that of the mountains, that of the desert, and that of the
district between the main range and the sea coast, which may be
called the intramontane. Adopting Dr. Merriam’s phytographic
areas, the mountain flora belongs to the Nevadan subzone, the
desert to the Sonoran proper, and the intramontane to the Cali-
fornian, or in a more general view the whole territory may be
regarded as a part of the great Sonoran life area, into which pro-
jects, along the axis of mountains, a narrow arm of the Boreal.
These relations become evident from a tabulation of the trees,
and would be further enforced by an examination of the distribu-
tion of the shrubs and herbs.

MOUNTAIN AREA,

Acer glabrum Pinus albicaulis
Prunus emarginata mollis Pinus ponderosa
Cornus Nuttallit Pinus Jeffreyi

Salix flavescens Pinus Coultert
Quercus Kelloggii Pinus Murrayana
Castanopsis chrysophylla Abies concolor

Pinus Lambertiana Libocedrus decurrens

This zone is connected with the intramontane flora by a belt
of Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, and with the desert flora by a belt of
Cercocarpus ledifolius and Juniperus occidentalis. Negundo Calt-

Sornica and Pinus tuberculata also occur on the edge of this zone-

INTRAMONTANE AREA.

Rhamnus Californica Juglans rupestris

R. Californica tomentella _ Quercus chrysolepis

Acer macrophyllum Quercus agrifolia

Negundo Californicum Quercus lobata

Prunus ilicifolia Alnus rhombtfolia
Prunus demissa Populus Fremonti Wislizent
Cercocarpus parvifolius Salix laevigata

Heteromeles beg Salix lasiolepis

Sambucus glau Salix lasiandra lancifolia

Umbellularia Ca, lifornica Platanus racemosa

VOL. Iv. | Trees of Southern California. 339

-Lyonothamnus floribundus, Quercus Engelmanni, and Pinus
Torreyana may be regarded as endemic. The bare projection
into this area of the Coast flora is indicated by isolated groups of
Myrica Californica and Arbutus Menziesit. isculus Californica,
Quercus Douglastt, O. Weslizent frutescens, and Pinus Sabiniana,
belonging to this flora barely enter our territory from the San
Joaquin region, and hence are forced into a narrow belt between
the desert and the mountains, over which they have been unable
to pass into a region better suited to them.

DESERT AREA.

Fremontia Californica* Chilopsis saligna*
Dalea spinosa , Yucca baccata

Olneya Tesota Yucca brevifolia
Prosopts julifiora* Pinus monophylla
Prosopts pubescens Juniperus Californica*

Acacia Greggit*

The close connection between this and the intramontane flora
is shown by the fact that six of the above eleven species, desig-
nated by an *, pass to a greater or less extent into the intra-
montane district, while Populus Fremonti Wislizenz, of the former,
passes into this desert. Pus Parryana, which barely enters this
area, and perhaps IVashingtonia filifera, are prolongations of the
Lower Californian subarea.

In the following table is shown the distribution in the differ- —
ent areas of the trees, separated according to their sizes: shrubs,
and trees that barely enter the district being omitted. It will be
seen that development is in accordance with the relative moisture
of the different areas. The paucity of arboreal growth in the
desert region is especially remarkable, when it is remembered
that it is geographically the most extensive of the three.

i ee ed ae ieee: __ [Mountain \Intramontane. |Desert.| Total
Asicesuman up to 20 ue. Puss oa 4 5 a: bee,
Small trees; up to 4 eee 3 9 oe 16
Medium trees; under 100 feet..... 4 6 Eon © Ge 6 Oe
Large trees; over 100 feet........ 6 fe) pot

tAR ee a oe 17 20 | 8 1-45_

340 Trees of Southern California. [ZOE

The following list includes all species which have been reported
as trees, or which are so elsewhere, although here reduced to
shrubs. The dimensions given are those of full-grown, but not
exceptionally large specimens. ‘The dimensions as well as the
altitudes are estimated; it is regretted that actual measurements
cannot’be given. The ranges are assigned from personal obset-
vation and reliable information; further knowledge is more likely
to extend than to restrict them.

LIST OF TREES.

Fremontia Californica Torr. Fremontodendron Caltfornicum
Coville Death Val. Rep. 74. Arborescent shrub, 12 feet high,
the stems 4 inches in diameter. On dry hillsides often forming
extensive thickets which are conspicuous from a long distance
when in bloom, from the abundance of the showy yellow flowers.
The dense hairs which clothe the capsules are stinging to the
flesh. Fis. May; Fr. August. Abundant along the northern, or
desert, base of the San Bernardino Range from Cushenberry
Cafion to Antelope Valley. Rare on the southern side of the
Range; Lytle Creek. Also near San Diego, Ganong.

Rhamnus Californica Esch. Shrub, 12 feet high, with
slender stems. Fis. April-June; Fr. Sept. Throughout the
mountain region at from 2500 to 5000 feet altitude on the
southern slope of the San Bernardino Range to the Coast.

Rhamnus Californica var. tomentella Brew. & Wats. A&.
tomentella Benth. Greene Fl. Fr. 80. Coville, l.c. 78. Like the
species in habit and size, and of the same range, but less
abundant.

sculus Californica Nutt. Small tree, or arborescent shrub, .
15 feet high, trunk 6 inches in diameter, usually forming groves
on hillsides; when solitary with rounded compact head. Fis.
June. A single tree, edge of Antelope Valley, but abundant in
the Cafiada de las Uvas, at Ft. Tejon, a few miles over the Los
Angeles County line. The reference to its occurrence in the
San Bernardino Mountains, in the Forestry Report of the roth
U.S. Census (ix. 44) is unsupported by any data.

Acer slabrum Torr. Shrub, 5 feet high. Rare. Head-

OL. IV. ] Trees of Southern California. 341

waters of Mill Creek, San Bernardino Mountains, at 6000 feet

Acer macrophyllum Pursh. Small tree, 20 feet high, with
slender trunk; often in small clumps from a common root. FIs.
March; Fr. May. Common but not abundant in cafions
on the southern slope of the San Bernardino Range, from San
Gorgonio Pass to Los Angeles, at about 2500 feet altitude.

Negundo Californicum T & G., Fl. i, 250. MN. aceroides
Meench., var. Californicum Sargent, Gard. & For. ii, 364.
Acer Californicum Greene Fl. Fr. 76. A. Negundo, 1,., Coville,
l, c. 81. Tree 30 feet high, the trunk a foot in diameter. Leaves
pinnately 3-5 foliate. Fils. March. Rare. San Bernardino

ountain, on a wet, rocky flat in a cafion above Yucaipe, at
3500 feet altitude.

Dalea arborescens Torr. The type is a fragment in the Torrey
Herbarium at Columbia College, ticketed, ‘‘ Fremont’s 2d Exped.,
April 15, 1844. Mountains of San Fernando, a Southern continua-
tion of the Sierra Nevada. A smalltree.’’ According to Fremont’s
Journal he was at that date in or near what is now known as
Antelope Valley. It has not been met with since, although the
region passed over by Fremont has been carefully examined with
a view to its rediscovery by Mr. Pringle and by the writer.
A low shrub, 3-4 feet high (645 Parish, May, 1882, distributed
as D. Californica,) growing in ravines of the Mojave Desert
at Fishponds, about 80 miles further east, agrees with the
description of the species except as to size and the numerous
deciduous yellow glands of the young shoots. The original
character given is ‘‘/ere cglandulosa,” but the deciduous glands
might easily have been absent in the insufficient type specimen.
Prof. Sargent indicates in the Sylva that this is probably identi-
cal with the Fremontian plant.

Dalea spinosa Gray. Small tree 25 feet high, with intricate,
bushy top;. nearly leafless; the trunk, 10 inches in diameter,
of an ash-gray color, as are the branches and slender twigs.
Fls. June. Common in the dry washes of the Colorado Desert.

gua Caliente, (Palm Springs;) Indio; Vallecito; Carriso; etc.

Oineya Tesota Gray. Rough, spreading tree, 20 feet high, the

342 Trees of Southern California. [zor

trunk hardly a foot in diameter. Flowers often 8-10; pod viscid,
rough hirsute, and with some tack-shaped glands. Dry washes
of the Colorado Desert from Indio to the Colorado River. Mesquite
Canon, etc. Larger and more abundant in Arizona.

Parkinsonia aculeatal, ‘* Hills of the Colorado, near Ft.
Yuma, Schott.” Torrey, Mex. Bound. 59.

Parkinsonia microphylla Torr. ‘‘ Colorado River, near Ft.
Yuma,” Torrey, 1.c. These two species of Southern Arizona
have not been observed by recent collectors at the above station.

Parkinsonia Torreyana Wats. Nigro tree, 15 feet high,
trunk 10 inches in diameter. Fls. April. requent in d
washes of the Colorado Desert pte per to the Colorado
River; Indian Wells,

Prosopis juliflora DC. Straggling tree 20 feet high, usually
several stemmed from the base, or arborescent. In various kinds
of soil, but indicating a damp subsoil, and attaining its greatest
development in the desert. Fls. (at San Bernardino) May; Fr.
September. Throughout the entire desert region, scattered,
or rarely, as at Indio, forming groves. As a shrub extending
as far west as San Bernardino, Temecula, aud San Diego.

Prosopis pubescens Benth. Arborescent shrub, 15 feet high,
with slender stem. Common, but less abundant than the last,
through the desert region, usually growing in ravines or the
borders of dry washes. Whitewater; Warm Springs, etc.

Acacia Greggit Gray. Armed shrub 2-10 feet high, form-
ing dense thickets of small extent, usually on dry hillsides.
Western border of the Colorado desert at 2000-3000 feet altitude;
San Gorgonio Pass; San Felipe. Also at Warner’s Hot Springs,
within the intramontane district.

Prunus emarginata Walp., var. moll’s Brewer. Arborescent,
the slender stems 10-15 feet high, usually several clustered.
Leaves and stipules glandular toothed, lower surface of leaves
sparsely hirsute, peduncles and petioles tomentose with long, soft
hairs. Fils. June. Rare. Border of streams in ravines, Bear
Valley, 6ooo feet altitude, San Bernardino Mountains. :

Prunus demissa Walp. Cerasus demissa Greene, Fl. Fr.

1. Shrub 2-6 ft. high, on hillsides, often in open patches.

VOL. IV. | Trees of Southern California. 343

Fls. May-June; Fr. August. Not uncommon in the Cuyamaca
and San Bernardino Mountains at about 4000 feet altitude.
Waterman Cafion; Mill Creek; etc.

Prunus ilictfolia Walp. Cerasus ilicijolia Nutt. Greene, 1.
c. 50. Shrubby, or arborescent and 15 feet high, with trunk 6
inches in diameter. Fls. April to June, according to altitude.
Fr. red, pulpless, and astringent, October. Common on gravelly
benches and hills from 4000 feet altitude on the southern slope
of the San Bernardino range to the Coast. A more tree-like
form of Santa Catalina Island, first collected by Lyon, is P.
occidentalis, Lyon, Bot., Gaz. xi, 2 333; Greene Bull. Calif.
Acad. ii, 395. P. t/ictfolia, var. sepa Brandegee, Proc. Calif.
Acad. 2d. Ser. i, 209; Zoe, i, iii. P. ilicifolia var. integrifolia
Sudworth, Gard & For. iv, 51.

Cercocarpus parvifolius Nutt. Arborescent, 12 feet high, the
slender stems 4 inches in diameter. Fils. March; Fr. August.
Southern slope of the San Bernardino range as high as 3000 feet
altitude, passing along washes far out into the plains; thence
throughout the Coast mountains.

Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. Small tree, 20 feet high, trunk
10 inches in diameter. Abundant on dry ridges on the northern
side of the San Bernardino Mountains, at 6000 to 8000 feet alti-
tude. Bear Valley; Holcomb Valley.

fleteromeles arbutifolia Nutt. Compact shrub, 12 feet high.
Fls. June; Fr. December. Common on hillsides from 2500 feet
altitude on the southern slope of the San Bernardino Range to
the Coast, and on the adjacent islands.

Lyonothamnus flortbundus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx, 291,
Lyon, Bot. Gaz. xi, 333. Brandegee, Zoe i, iii, t. 5. Small
tree, growing in groves on the sides of cafions on Santa Catalina
Island; endemic, and first collected by Lyoz in July, 1884, in
flower.

Cereus giganteus Engelm. Said to occur along the Colo-
rado River, (Engelmann, Bot. Calif. ii, 450), but there seems to
be no evidence of its presence in the State.

Cornus Nuttallii Audubon. Slender tree, 25 feet high, the
trunk 10 inches in diameter, or often arborescent. Banks of

344 Trees of Southern California. [ZOE

streams in the San Bernardino Mountains, at from 4000 to 5000
feet altitude.

Sambucus glauca Nutt. Small tree, 15 feet high, trunk a
foot in diameter, and hollow, or reduced to a shrub. At lower
altitudes the leaves are mostly deciduous in summer, starting
again with early rains in December or January. Fils. April,
May. Fruit blue or white, and with a white bloom, agreeable,
July, August. Common on dry soil from about 4000 feet alti-
tude on the southern slope of the San Bernardino range to the
Coast, and on the island of Santa Catalina.

Sambucus Mexicana Presl. Accredited to Southern California
in the Synoptical Flora, but I have been unable to verify its
occurrence within the limits of the five southern counties.

Arbutus Menziesii Pursh. Small tree 15-25 feet high, the
trunk 4-8 inches in diameter. A single small group among
oaks, on the Mount Wilson trail, south side of the San Bernar-
dino range, at 2300 feet altitude. Davidson, McClatchte.

Fraxinus Oregana Nutt. Small tree 25 feet high, trunk a
foot in diameter, or more frequently arborescent, 8-15 feet high,
and growing inthickets. Fl. April; Fr. September. Dry slopes,
northern base of the San Bernardino Mountains, at 4000 feet
altitude, Burcham’s Ranch. On the southern slope from 3000
feet altitude (Lytle Creek; City Creek;) to the San Bernardino
Valley, goo feet altitude. Also in the San Jacinto Mountains,
and at Warner’s Hot Springs.

Chilopsis saligna Don. C. linearis DC., Coville, Death Val-
ley Rep. 174. Small tree, 20 feet high; trunk 8 inches in
diameter, or arborescent. Fls. June. Dry washes of the Colo-
rado and Mojave Deserts, common; also as a shrub at Brookside,
near Redlands, and in the San Jacinto Valley.

Umbellularia Californica Nutt. Arborescent, 20 feet high,
growing in groups, seldom, if ever, a tree. Fls. March. Codm-
mon along the bottoms of cafions, southern slope of the San
Bernardino Range at 2000 to 2500 feet altitude.

Platanus racemosa Nutt. Spreading tree 75 feet high, the
trunk 4 feetin diameter; in the mountains sometimes arborescent,
Fis. April; Fr. September. Common near watercourses, from

VOL. IV. | Trees of Southern California. 3

3000 feet altitude, on the southern slope of the San Bernardino
Range to the Coast. A tree growing in sandy loam at San
Bernardino measures 9% feet in circumferance at 3% feet from
the ground; height about 60 feet. Another similarly situated is
13 feet 3 inches in circumference; broken off about 25 feet from
the ground.

Juglans rupestris Engelm. in Torr., Sitgs. Rep. 171 t. 15;
siete roth Census ix, 131. /. Californica Wats., Bot.
Calif. ii, 93; Greene, Fl. Fr. 74. Arborescent shrub 15 feet
high, noises in clumps, or rarely a tree 30 feet high, the trunk
a foot in diameter. In cafions on the southern slope of the San
Bernardino Range up to 3000 feet altitude, and occasionally along
washes at some distance from the foot of the mountains.

Myrica Californica, Cham. Arborescent, in clumps, 12 feet
high. Collected only in Rustic Cafion near Santa Monica,
where, according to Dr. Hasse, it is scarce, and grows in shady,
springy places.

Quercus lobata Née. Fort Tejon, a few miles over the Los
Angeles boundary, in Kern County, is situated in a grove of
magnificent oaks of this species, some of them 7 and 8 feet in
diameter. Within our limits it has been reported from La
Liebre Rancho in Antelope .Valley.* A single tree has been
observed by Dr. Hasse at Santa Monica. It may be expected in
the intervening mountains.

Quercus Douglasii H & A. This species barely reaches Los
Angeles County on the desert side of the Liebre Mountains
(Covzlle).

Quercus Engelmanni Greene, W. Am. Oak. ie eee Pe
oblongifolia Engelm., Bot. Calif. ii. 96. Rather sei tree, 40
feet high, the trunk 3 feet in diameter. Coast motintains of San
Diego County, 15-20 miles from the sea, where it covers the hills
in open groves; Pala; Fallbrook; etc. Rare on the interior
slope of the same mountains; Marietta. Reported in the Bot-

*Merriam, N. A. Fauna vii, 333. Sargent’s reference to the ‘‘ San
Bernardino Mountains” (1oth Census ix, 138), probably applies to the
same region, as no other station is known.

346 Trees of Southern California. [ZOE

any of California at San Gabriel, but nct met with there by
recent collectors.

Quercus Macdonald, var. elegantula Greene, 1. c. 26, 86, t. 29.
The type of this oak was a tree 20 feet high, with a trunk a
foot in diameter, discovered by Prof. Greene in 1885, in Temecula
Cafion near Fallbrook. Asa shrub from 4 to 12 feet high, and
exhibiting great variation in shape and size of leaf and fruit, it
is not uncommon from Fallbrook to McGee’s store, near Teme-
cula. Apparently it is confined to the region jointly occupied
by QO. Engelmanni and Q. dumosa, between which species it is
probably a cross, as was suggested by its proposer.

Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. Spreading but compact tree 40
feet high, the trunk 2 feet in diameter, or sometimes reduced to a
shrub. Wood hard and brittle. Cafions of the San Bernardino
Range, from 1000-5000 feet altitude on the southern slope, and
from 5000-6000 feet on the northern.

Quercus Wislizent A.DC., var. frutescens Engelm. Small
tree, 20 feet high. Dry hills on the desert slope of the Sierra

iebre Mountains, between Elizabeth Lake and Tejon Pass.

Quercus agrifolia Née. Occasionally a large, spreading tree,
7° feet high, the trunk 4 feet in diameter, (Edgar Cafion, San
Gorgonio Pass, altitude 2800 feet;) oftener of smaller size, 30
feet high and the trunk 18 inches in diameter. Widely dis-
tributed, but usually not very abundant, especially throughout
the coast mountains, Fallbrook; Temecula; Marietta. Santa
Monica Range, /Yasse. Also about Pasadena, where it covers
the hills with open groves.

Quercus Kelloggti Newberry. Q. Californica Cooper, Smith.
Rep. 1858, 261; Sudworth, Gard. & For. v, 98; Coville, 1. c.
196. Tree of spreading, open habit, 7o feet high, the trunk 4
feet in diameter, or at high altitudes reduced to a shrub.
Fils. May-June. Common throughout the coniferous belt of
the San Bernardino Range and the San Jacinto Mountains, at
from 4000 to 8000 feet altitude.

Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. DC. Low shrub, 1 to 4 feet high,
covering the slopes of the higher mountains, at from 7ooo to
gooo feet altitude, with a dense and impenetrable chaparral.

“=

VOL. 1v.] Trees of Southern California. 347

Fls. June. Bear Valley; San Jacinto Mountains; San Antonio
Mountain.

Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. Parry, Bull. Cal. Acad. ii, 351.
4. oblongifolia Torr. Slender tree, 50 feet high, the trunk 2 feet
in diameter. Fils. January. Abundant along streams from 3000
feet altitude on the southern slope of the San Bernardino Range
to the Coast. San Jacinto Mountains; Cuyamaca Mountains.
Santa Monica, asse.

Salix nigral. Fort Mojave, the station noted for this willow
in the Botany of California, is in Arizona, but it may be expected
on the Californian side of the Colorado. Mr. Bebb informs me
that there is in his herbarium.a specimen of the subvar. venu/osa
Anders., a pubescent form of the var. /omgzpes, Anders., collected
by Dr. J. T. Rothrock at Elizabeth Lake, No. 187, Survey of
the tooth Meridian. I have been able to find no other evidence
of the existence of this tree within our limits.

Salix levigata Bebb. ‘‘ Black Willow.’’ The largest of the
Southern California willows, 25 feet high, the trunk 18 inches in
diameter, or infrequently shrubby. Fls. April. By streams or
in meadows; common from 2000 feet altitude on the southern
slope of the San Bernardino Range to the Coast, and on Santa
Catalina Island.

Salix lasiandra Benth., var. /ancifolia Bebb. Rarely a small
tree, 20 feet high, the trunk to inches in diameter; usually
reduced toashrub. Fis. May. Situation and continental range
of the last species.

Salix longifolia Muhl. Reduced toa shrub. Sandy banksof
streams, away from the water. Borders of the Colorado Desert,
at Agua Caliente (Palm Springs), also at Lytle Creek near San
Bernardino. This wide-spread species probably has a more
extended range in this region than here indicated, but material
and records are wanting for its definition. It is with difficulty
distinguished from some forms of S. sessz/ifolia Nutt., a very

‘common and very variable willow of the region.

Salix flavescens Nutt. Reduced to an arborescent shrub,
12 feet high. Fils. June. Stream banks in the San Bernardino
Mountains at from 7000 to 8000 feet altitude.

348 Trees of Southern California. [ZOE

Salix lasiolepis Benth. ‘‘ White Willow.’ Arborescent, or
sometimes a small tree, 20 feet high, the trunk 10 inches in
diameter. Fis. December and January, many of the leaves
persisting later. Common by streams and in meadows, from
3000 feet altitude on the southern slope of the San Bernardino
Mountains to the Coast.

Populus trichocarpa T. & G. “Black Cottonwood.” Small
tree, 40 feet high, the trunk 18 inches in diameter. Fs. March.
Along mountain streams from 3000 feet altitude on the southern
slope of the San Bernardino Range to the Coast; also on Santa
Catalina Island.

Populus Fremonti var. Wislizent Wats. ‘Spreading tree 80 feet
high, the trunk 4 feet in diameter; or in the desert region often
reduced to a straggling, misshapen tree 25 feet high, with trunk
not exceeding 18 inches in diameter. Fis. February, March.
Three trees on sandy loam at San Bernardino measure respec-
tively 12 feet 4 inches, 11 feet ro inches, and 8 feet 5 inches in
circumference, each being about 70 feet in height. Prevalent
throughout the entire region, mostly in the neighborhood of
water. It ascends the southern slope of the San Bernardino
Range to 2000 feet altitude, and the northern slope to 3500 feet.
In the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Valleys there were
formerly extensive groves of large trees now nearly destroyed.
There is also a narrow fringe of large trees along the Mojave ~
River from opposite Hesperia to Camp Cady. Elsewhere in the
desert region the tree is sparsely present along water courses in the
cafions, or, where the water is permanent, fringing its borders, as
at Morongo Creek.

The species is reported in the roth Census Report (ix, 175)
as collected at ‘‘Colton, Parry,” but I have been unable to
detect it, and the late Dr. Parry was not aware of its existence at
that station.*

Yucca baccata Torr. Occasionally 15 feet high, with trunk
less than a foot in diameter, or acaulescent, branches short, stiff ©

* Populus monilifera Ait. Trees referred to this species by Prof. Sargent,
are in cultivation at Colton as street shade trees, Their origin is uncertain,
and the species has never been found in a wild state in this region.

VOL, Iv.] Trees of Southern California. 349

and irregular. Fils. March. Attaining its greatest development
in the desert region, throughout which it is scattered, either
solitary, or rarely in small groups, on dry hillsides or in washes,
up to 4000 feet altitude. In similar places, but less frequent and
smaller, from 1500 feet altitude along the southern base of the
San Bernardino Range to the coast. In the Death Valley Report,
page 202, Mr. Coville restricts the name Y. daccata to the acau-
lescent forms, separating those with trunks as Y. macrocarpa
Coville, zon Engelm. on the ground of their arborescence, smaller
flowers and yellowish-green leaves.

Yucca brevifolia questing Bot. King Exp. 496; Trelease, 4th
Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 193. Y. arborescens Trelease 3d Rep. 163;
Merriam, N. A. Fauna vii, 353; Coville, Death Vall. Rep. 2o1.
Uncouth tree, angularly branched, 30 feet high, trunk 18 inches
in diameter. Fls. April; Fr. August. On dry benches and hills
along the northern base of the San Bernardino Range, from
Cushenberry Springs to Gorman’s Ranch, at the upper end of
Antelope Valley, occupying a belt between 2500 and 4000 feet alti-
tude and forming an open forest, interrupted in places, and vary-
ing in width, the greatest said to be opposite the Cajon Pass, 12
miles (Merriam), where a few trees are also found a short distance
south of the summit. At Cactus Station, at the head of Cushen-
berry Cafion, there is a considerable grove at 5000 feet altitude
at the Upper edge of the pifion belt. An interrupted belt is also
found between Daggett and Pilot Knob (Merriam).

Washingtonia filifera Wendl. W. robusta Wendl. Handsome
tree 60 feet high, the trunk 3 feet in diameter. A cultivated tree
at Los Angeles, 42 years old, measures 60 feet in height and
10 feet 7 inches in circumference. One at San Bernardino in
adobe soil, 22 years old, is 32 feet high and 9 feet 2 inches in
circumference. Flowers on the desert in June, and fruit ripens
in September; cultivated trees at San Bernardino flower in
August, fruit ripening in February. This palm grows, often in
extensive groves, in wet and usually alkaline soil at the bases of
the mountains along the eastern borders of the depression in the
Colorado desert once occupied by an inland sea; a few scattered
trees mark the channel by which it was connected with the Gulf
of California (Ovcutt.) ‘The groves extend for several miles up

350 Trees of Southern California. [ZoE

some of the cafions of these mountains; smaller groves are found,
in the cafions of the San Jacinto Mountain, near Agua Caliente
(Palm Springs), and a few trees in the Whitewater Cafion on the
eastern side of the San Bernardino Mountain mark the western
limit of the species.

Washingtonia robusta is an obscure species, described from
young cultivated plants, and has never been identified with any
uncultivated trees. Its identity with W. filifera can hardly be
doubted. See Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxv, 136; Parish, Gard.
& For. iii, 51, 542; Orcutt, W. Am. Sci. i, 63, 76.

Pinus Lambertiana Dougl. ‘Tree of large size, 200 feet high,
trunk 8 feet in diameter. Scattered throughout the higher moun-
tains at from 5000 to 7000 feet altitude, usually in the richer and
moister sort of flats and cafions. San Bernardino and San
Jacinto Mountains,

Pinus albicaulis Engelm., Trans.- St. Louis Acad. ii, 209;
Bot. Gaz. vii, 4; Coll. Wks. 329, 383. P. flexi/is James var.
albicaulis Engelm., Bot. Calif. ii, 124. Tree 4o feet high, the trunk
2 feet in diameter, or at its upper limit gnarled and prostrate
and but a few feet in height. On Grayback Mountain, constitut-
ing the upper edge of the timber belt, and extending from 1000
feet below the summit (11,725 ft.) to within 100 feet of it. Dead
trees, probably of this species, are scattered up to the summit.
(W. G. Wright.) This is the Southern known limit of this
pine.

Pinus Parryana Engelm. Symetrical tree, 20 feet high, trunk
a foot in diameter. Forms extensive forests on dry mountains in
Lower California, a few trees probably straggling across the
boundary; a single one observed near Larken’s Station June,
1890, in flower.

Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frem. Irregular tree, 30 feet high,
the trunk 18 inches in diameter. Fis. June; Fr. Sept. Rocky
cafions and ridges on the north side of the San Bernardino Moun-
tains, from Cushenberry Springs to Cox’s Ranch. Reported by
Bigelow (Pac. R. R. Rept. iv, 15), from Cajon Pass, but not now —
found there.

Pinus Torreyana Party. Sea coast hills at Del Mar, San

VOL. Iv. ] Trees of Southern California. gee

Diego County; until recently the only known locality for this
species, hes a second small grove has been siete on Santa
Rosa Isla

Pinus sine Dougl. ‘‘ Yellow Pine.’’? Noble tree 200
feet high, with a trunk diameter of six feet. Fls. June. Ridges
and slopes, or of a larger size on flats, at from 4000 to 11,000 feet
altitude, throughout the San Bernardino Range, the San Jacinto
and Cuyamaca Mountains, forming the greater part of the con-
iferous forest.

Pinus Jeffreyi Balf. ‘‘ Biack Pine.’? Denser-headed tree, 75
feet high, the trunk 3 feet in diameter. Range of the last,
usually on flats or near streams; scattered and not abundant, and
probably absent above 8000 feet altitude.

Pinus Murrayana Balf. Spreading tree 50 feet high, trunk-
diameter, 2 feet. Grayback Mountain, scattered through the
upper part of the yellow pine belt, between 10,000 and 11,000
feet altitude. (Wright.) A few small groups on low gravelly
points at the lower end of Bear Valley, in the San Bernardino
Mountains, at 6000 feet altitude.

Pinus Sabiniana Dougl. ‘‘Sierra La Liebre, descending
nearly to Antelope Valley.’”’ J/erriam,N. A. Fauna vii, 336.
This is the only authentic locality in the Southern counties. It
has been reported (Orcutt, rst Calif. For. Rept., 50) from San
Diego County, but apparently erroneously.

Pinus Coulteri Don. ‘‘ Big-cone Pine, Bull Pine.” Some-
what spreading tree, 50 feet high, trunk-diameter 2% feet.
Usually on dry ridges, less frequently on gravelly benches (Mill
Creek), at from 5000 to 6000 feet altitude, in the San Bernardino
and San Jacinto Mountains.

Pinus tuberculata Gordon. P. attenuata Lemmon, Min. & Sci.
Press, Jan. 16, 1892; Gard. & For. v. 65; N. Am. Conebearers
10; Erythea.i, 229. Sudworth U. S. For. Rept. 1892, 329.
Coville Death V. Rept. 221. Regular and handsome tree,
branched from the ground, 15 feet high, trunk, 8 inches
in diameter. An interrupted belt, 5 miles long and one-
half mile wide along the southern slope of the San Bernardino
Mountains, at about 3000 feet altitude, from Hast Twin Creek to

352 Trees of Southern California. [ZOE

City Creek. Reported by Sargent (roth Census ix, 194), from
‘the San Jacinto Mountains, but this needs confirmation.
Pseudotiuga macrocarpa, Lemmon, 34 Calif. For. Rep. 134;
W. Am. Coneb. 12; Sudworth, U. S. For. Rep. 1892, 330. Co-
ville, Death Val. Rep. 223. P.Douglastz, Carr. var macrocarpa
‘Engelm. Rather irregular tree 150 feet high, 4 feet in trunk-
diameter. Bears light crops of cones, the reported fecundity
perhaps exceptional. Throughout the San Bernardino Range
from the Sierra Liebre east to Grayback Mountain, most abun-
dant on the south slope, where it is usually scattered on the
sides of cafions, between 2500 and 5000 feet altitude, but on
Mount Wilson said to form ‘“‘extensive forests’? (J/cClatchie;)
On the northern slope rare, and at higher altitudes; Gold Moun-
tain, 7000 feet altitude. Also on San Jacinto Mountain, and in
San Felipe cafion (type) between Banner and Julian. The
technical characters of the species are weak, but it may

perhaps be maintained for the sake of the difference in appear-—

ance and character of wood between it and its northern relative.

Abies concolor Parry, Am. Nat. ix, 304. Sudworth, Torr.
Bull. xx, 42; A.Lowiana Lemmon,W. Am. Coneb. 14. Stately
tree 150 feet high, 4 feet trunk-diameter. In cafions, on flats, or
on ridges, scattered or in small groups, throughout the conifer-
ous belt in the San Bernardino Range and the San Jacinto Moun-
tains, at from 4000 to 8000 feet altitude.

Sequoia sempervirens, Endl. In the First Calif. For. Rep. 27;
reprinted in 2d U. S. For. Bull. 201, a small grove of redwood is
reported as growing in a remote part of the ‘‘Sierra Madre’”’
Mountains of Los Angeles County. Mr. Abbot Kinney informs
me that after a careful examination of the supposed location of the
grove he has proved this report to be unfounded.

Libocedrus decurrens Torr.

Handsome tree, 150 feet high,
trunk 5 feet in diameter.

Usually in cafions or on flats, scat-
tered, at from 4000 to 7000 feet altitude, throughout the San
Bernardino Range and the San Jacinto Mountains.

Cupressus Guadalupensis Watson.

ie *‘Ravines near the Old
Mission, San Diego, not abundant,”

(C. R. Orcutt, in lit.)
Juniperus Californica Carr. Small tree, 20 feet high, trunk

by
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VOL. IV. ] Notes on Lepidopterous Larve. 353

diameter 8 inches. Fls. February; Fr. September. Dry plains
or hills, scattered, or occasionally in groves, at from 1000 to
3000 feet altitude, from the southern slope of the San Bernardino
Range to the Coast Mountains (San Bernardino; Temecula).

the northern slope abundant and sometimes larger, scattered
through the upper part of the Yucca brevifolia belt, between 3000
and 4000 feet altitude, extending from Cushenberry Cafion to the
upper end of Antelope Valley.

Juniperus occidentalis Hook. ‘Tree, 40 feet high, the trunk 2
feet in diameter. Northern side of the San Bernardino Moun-
tains, at 6000 to 7000 feet altitude. Bear Valley; between Hal-
comb Valley and Green Lead, forming a considerable forest,
unmixed with other coniferous trees.

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTEROUS LARV.

BY C. H- TYLER TOWNSEND.

I. LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVA! WHICH BORE THE FLOWER-STALKS
OF DASYLIRION.

Several lepidopterous larvee were found May 18, 1892, in a
dead flower stalk of Dasylirion wheeleri, on Tortuga Mountain,
which is on the Mesa about five miles to the southeast of Las
Cruces, New Mexico. The stalk containing these larve was an
aborted one, which for some reason had died when it reached the
length of a foot and a half, but had still become hard and woody.
Probably the death of the stalk was caused by the larvz, which
were found boring in tunnels inside its base, like coleopterous
larvae.

Description of Larva.—Vength, 30 to 42 mm.; width of meso-
thoracic segment, 6% to nearly 7 mm. Whitish, nearly naked,
elongate, widest anteriorly (on mesothoracic segment), with three
pairs of quite well-developed thoracic legs, and five pairs of distinct
but aborted and approximated prolegs. Head and dorsum of pro-
thoracic segment corneous, ofa tawny brownish tinge; rest oflarva
fleshy. Head about one-half width of mesothoracic segment,
base retracted within prothoracic segment, sparsely hairy on

Feb i

7,1

354 Notes on Lepidopterous Larve. [ZOE

anterior portions. Antennz three-jointed, first two joints cylindri-
cal and of same length, basal joint about twice the diameter of
second, third joint very small and short, second joint with a
terminal bristle and an additional short one arising beside the
third joint. Mandibles strong, faintly notched on apical edge,
showing three distinct teeth. Maxillary palpi four-jointed, basal
joint short and stout, second joint about same diameter but three
times as long; third joint nearly as long as second, about one-half
the diameter of latter, cylindrical; third joint minute. Labial
palpi two-jointed, slender and elongate, basal joint tubercle-like
and short; second joint elongate, not as thick, subcylindrical.
Spinneret elongate and tapering te a point, longer than labial
palpi. Prothoracic and metathoracic segments about equal in
width, a little narrower than the mesothoracic. Abdominal
segments a little narrower still, and about equal in width from
segments 5 to 11; 12 and 13 gradually and successively narrowed,
13 with a transverse dorsal crease midway making it appear as
2 segments. Segments 2 to 4 (thoracic) about equal in length;
5 and 6 much shorter, nearly equal; 7 to 11 longer than thoracic,
about equal, or 9 and 10 somewhat the longest; 12 and 13 shorter
and nearly equalinlength. A few hairs on dorsum of prothoracic _
Segment, and on anal segment, very few on other segments.
escribed from three specimens.

In the same stalk with the above there was also found a live
lepidopterous pupa, which can hardly belong to the same species
as the larvee since it is so much smaller in size. It may be briefly
described as follows:

Pupa.—Length, 16 mm.; width on thorax, 4% mm. Elongate,
pale flavous brownish in color; terminated anteriorly with a

Stout and short process, which ends in a point on a level with
the ventral surface.

segment; antennal sheaths consisting of many short joints,
gradually growing slightly longer and narrower toward end of
sheath. Dorsal portion of each abdominal segment with an
anterior transverse row of short, stout, sharp-pointed spines,
their tips brown; and a posterior row of much smaller, more

closely approximated and even spines. Anal segment is appar-

VOL, IVv.] Notes on Lepidopterous Larve. 355

ently without this posterior row, but has instead a terminal
circlet of spines of different sizes, a lateral one on each side much
the largest and rather claw-shaped, with the point directed
inferiorly. The other spines are much smaller.

Described from one specimen.

II, LYCAINID ON. MESQUIT.

Four specimens of a beautiful light green lycaenid larva were
beaten, May 16, 1891, from Prosopis juliflora south of Mesilla,
New Mexico. At the time of capture, they measured from 5 to 7
mm. long, and were of the exact shade of green of the mesquit
leaves. They feed on the underside, thus escaping observation-
The head, in these and other lyczenid larve, appears to the

aked eye as a small black tubercle on the ventral aspect of
the cephalic end of the body, which with their other characters
gives them much the appearance of certain dipterous larve.

Description of Larva.—Length (strongly curved), 4 to 7 mm.;
greatest width, 2 to 3 mm.; greatest thickness, 2 mm. Quite
similar in general outline and appearance to the lyceenid on
Atriplex described by the writer, from Arizona (Am. Nat. 1893).
Differs only as follows: Light green in color, with a thick
clothing of minute and more spinous tubercles, from each one
of which springs a minute hair. With or without the median
and lateral rows of reddish spots on segments 3 to 10 (two with
and two without). One of the specimens, with the red

the median row of spots. The dorsa of segments strongly or
hardly at all produced into the raised transverse ridges (one
strongly, two moderately, and one very faintly). Anterior
segments gradually increasing in width, to segment 6, seg-
ments 6 to 10 about equal in width, posterior ones narrow-
ing to anus. Some or none of the-minute black spinous
tubercles interspersed among the whitish ones (more in two
cases—same two specimens referred to above as having the
rows of red spots; and a considerable number along dorsal
region in the other two). All four differ in having none
of the short and stout black spines on anterior portion of dorsum

356 Notes on Lepidopterous Larve, [ZOE

of prothorax, which instead is longer hairy especially on borders;.
moreover all the segments (except head) present a pubescent
appearance, being covered with the short hairs arising from the
spinous tubercles, these hairs usually (in three specimens—not
in the faintly humped one) becoming longer on the dorsum along
the median row of hump-like transverse ridges. The pubescence
in these three specimens (above mentioned) also becomes some-
what longer along the sides of the larva. Head not so glabrous,
black, but not so polished. Eyes apparently nearly the same.
Mandibles apparently nearly the same. Legs and prolegs same;
spiracles same, consisting of g pairs, on sides of segments 2, and
5 to 12, those on 11 and 12 situated more on dorsum of seg-
ments. .

Described from four specimens. Southern N. Mex. General
colors noted in life. It had occurred to me that possibly there
were two species represented in the above larve, but their
uniform pubescence and the connecting variations between them
_ lead one to consider them as belonging to the same species.
Their pubescence seems to point them out at once as distinct
from the species on AZriplex.

Mr. W. H. Edwards has treated in a most interesting manuer
of the special organs of segments 11 and 12 in the larva of
Lycaena pseudargiolus (Butt. N. Am. vol. ii. Lycaena ii, iii,
pp. 10-16). A figure is; given of the last segments (p. 14),
showing these organs. All of the four larve above described from
mesquit show the organs very;plainly ; the median transverse open-
ing on 11, and the two tubes on 12 wholly withdrawn inside and
showing as a rounded stigma-like organ with many wrinkles.
radiating from the centre.

UI. LARVA OF OIKETICUS TOWNSENDI (RILEY MSS).

This species is our common bag-worm in Southern New Mex-

Some detailed notes have been published on this species in
the Caz, Ent., 1892, p. 199, under the name‘ 7. hyridopteryx sp.”’
Specimens hadgbeen sent to Dr. Riley, who wrote me too late for
insertion in the above-mentioned notes that the insect proved to
be a new species of Oiketicus, which he would describe at some
future time under the above name. ‘The present seems an ap-

ico.

vot. Iv.] Motes on Lepidopterous Larve. 357

propriate time to publish the following description of the larva,
which was drawn up some time ago.

Larva.—Length (after being much contracted in alcohol), 20
to 32 mm.; greatest width (7th and 8th segments), 7% to 10%
mm. Black, naked except a few hairs on head and thoracic feet,
head and thoracic segments corneous dorsally and variegated
with whitish, rest of body fleshy. Three pairs of strong 3-jointed
thoracic legs, each armed with a stout terminal claw; five pairs
of prolegs, on segments 7 to 10 and 13. ‘The lateral plates of
dorsa of segments are hardly whitish, or faintly so anteriorly in
continuation of the whitish lateral line of thoracic segments.

ere is also an inner lateral line on each side on each of
the thoracic segments, and a median line on the prothoracic and
mesothoracic only. The prolegs, with lateral portions of ventral
surface, are also more or less whitish. Head is considerably nar-
rowed, about half retracted within prothoracic segment. Anten-
nz 3-jointed, first joint very stout and subconic with a truncate
apex, about as long as basal diameter; second joint very short
and retracted within the basal joint so that it is not conspicuous;
third joint slender and subcylindrical, nearly as long as basal
joint but not more than one-third its mean diameter, terminated
by a bristle nearly three times its own length. Maxillary palpi
4-jointed, basal 2 joints subequal, stout; third joint hardly as
long and about one-half the diameter of second; fourth joint
minute. Labial palpi slender, consisting of a basal elongate sub-
cylindric joint terminated by a stout, pointed, bristle-like style
about its own length, with a minute joint at its base. Spinneret
elongate, slender, pointed. Labium with a deep notch on ante-
rior margin, bristly. Mandibles very strong, strongly 4-toothed
apically. Head is in younger specimens mostly whitish, only
finely marked or speckled with blackish or brown. Prothoracic
segment a little wider than head, fully or more than one-half as
long as wide; mesothoracic segment wider than prothoracic but
only one-half as long; metathoracic slightly wider than meso-
thoracic, and about same length, as is also the fifth segment (first
abdominal), which latter is a little wider than metathoracic.
Segments 6 to 11 very gradually increasing in length, 11 being
the longest; 12 a little shorter and narrower; 13 a little long

358 Some New and Some Old Alge. [ZOE

and still more narrowed, with a transverse dorsal crease on
anterlor two-thirds, making it appear as two segments. In con-
tracted alcoholic specimens the seventh and eighth segments are
the widest; but in a fresher specimen the mesothoracic to eighth
segments are about same width, 9 and 10 hardly narrower.
Anal prolegs more developed than others.

Described from six alcoholic specimens, five, including the
largest, collected March 15, 1891. Color noted in life.

SOME NEW AND SOME OLD ALG BUT RECENTLY
RECOGNIZED ON THE CALIFORNIA COAST.
BY C. IL, ANDERSON.
PUNCTARIA WINSTONII 0. sp.

(Class MELANOPHYCE; Order DICTYOTACEZ. )

Fronds tufted; arising from a small naked disk, with very
slender filamentous stipes, which gradually widen into tough,
leathery, areolated lamina, thin, membranaceous, 4-1 inch wide
and 2-10 inches high, of a dark olive green color. Cells cuboidal
or roundish. Oogonia and fetraspores in the same sori, the
former spherical or pear-shaped. Hairs and paraphyses absent.
Adheres well to paper, and in drying has a distinct odor of new
leather. In the older plants there are perforations, erosions, and
lacerations of the leaf.

For a long time I have wondered why species of Punctaria
had not been discovered on our Coast. Last summer Mr. Harry
B. Winston, a young and zealous collector of Algze, found this
species at Carmel Bay, growing on the old stems of Egregia. It
seems closely allied to P. plantaginea, Roth., of the Atlantic
Coasts in shape and color. It has probably been mistaken
when young by collectors for Phyllitis fascia, which it slightly
resembles and which is very common. It differs from P-
plantaginea in having spherical or pear-shaped oogonia in$tead
of cuboidal, and in the absence of hairs and paraphyses.
Probably it grows on the rocks and on other alge than Egregia,
but so far has only been found on that one plant. It grows in
a sheltered cove near Chinese fishing huts on the north side

February 7, 1594.

‘

VOL, Iv.] Some New and Some Old Alge. 359

of Carmel Bay where Mr. Winston and his parents have col
lected many novelties, and some of the most beautiful Alge
ever found on our Coast.

Prof. Farlow, who has examined specimens of this alga, is
inclined to the opinion that it is the same as Cotlodesma Califor-
nica of Ruprecht and Kjellman., Coclodesma is the old genus
Adenocystis of Hooker and Harvey, Flora Antarctica. This
may be so. But our plant seems to agree so well with the Dic-
tyotaceze and the genus Punctaria that I am inclined, notwith-

‘standing differences in structure of frond and fruiting, to regard

it as belonging properly as above indicated until Coilodesma is
proven to stand in place of Punctaria,

DESMARESTIA ACULEATA, Lmx.
(Class, MELANOPHYCE4:; Order, ECTOCARPACE#. )

This alga was collected at Moss Beach, near Pacific Grove,
by Bradley M. Davis, in June, 1892. The long cord-like
branches and even the main stems were covered with a fine growth
of branching filaments. It does not seem to be abundant, as this
‘*find’’ is the only one I know of. It iscommon on the Atlantic
Coasts and has also been collected at Kamtschatka, on the north-
west Coast.

‘

DESMARESTIA VIRIDIS, Lmx.
(Fucus viripis, /7.Dan.; DICHLORIA VIRIDIS, Grev.)

This is a long known European alga, and was found on
the Alaskan Coast, but was not discovered on the Californian
Coasts so far as I know, until: the summer of 1892, when Mrs.
B. C. Winston collected it in Carmel Bay, adding this pretty
alga to many other unexpected trophies found in the line of
natural history on that beautiful bay.

NEMALION LUBRICUM, Duby.
(Class, RHODOPHYCEA; Order, HELMINTHOCLADIACE2. )
This long known alga, found in the Mediterranean and Adri-
atic Seas and on some Atlantic Coasts, has recently been dis-
covered in Monterey and Carmel Bays. ‘‘Worms”’ is the
common name in these localities, and very appropriately, for the

360 Some New and Some Old Alga. [ZOE

frond is so lubricous that it seems to creep until thoroughly dried.
Our plant does not materially differ from the European except in
being more robust. The fronds are mostly simple, occasionally
branching dichotomously. I have only examined the cystocarpic
plants, finding the fruit abundant, borne in the fan-shaped filaments
near the surface of the frond.,

CALLITHAMNION RUPICOLUM, 2. sp.

(Class RHODOPHYCEH. Order CERAMIACE.)

Fronds densely tufted, twisted, and matted at the base;
alternately pinnate, pinnz rather long and slender, distichous,
emerging near middle of articulation; angles of axis obtuse.
Tetraspores tripartite, oblong or obovate, borne almost always on
upper side of ramuli, and near middle of articulation. ‘The whole

Callithamni g 1

p i. Sp.

A. Tuft of branches, natural size,

B. nified branch (about soo diameters) showing the tripartite tetraspores.
The fine hairs are probably a parasite, but nearly all the older plants are thickly beset
mot only with thin hairs, but many forms of diato

vot. Iv.| Some New and Some Old Alge. 361

plant is at times beset with very small radiating articulated
threads (parasites ?). Color reddish brown. A small alga ¥/-1
inch high, forming in patches on rocks and sides of cliffs at high
water mark.

It is with reluctance that I add another name to the long list
of Callithamnions, now already numbering more than two hundred.
But this little plant, so small, so abundant, is not like any in my
herbarium; and finding no description of it, I venture to enlist it
as new, having but little doubt.

It grows abundantly about Monterey Bay, and I have
received a specimen from Mrs. Bingham, of Santa Barbara. It
may readily be distinguished by the following characters: The
tetraspores and ramuli emerge near the middle of the articulation;
its small size; its perennial growth; its reddish brown color;
and growing on rocks and sides of cliffs at high-water mark.

BONNEMAISONIA HAMIFERA, Hariot.

(Class, RHODOPHYCEA; Order, LAURENCIACE%. )

This unique and very pretty alga has but recently been
‘described by Mons. Hariot coming from Japan. Professor
Farlow of Harvard, has had specimens from Santa Barbara but
for a time considered them the same as BZ. asparagotdes, Woodw.,
of the Irish Coasts.

In 1892 Mrs. Winston, Bradley M. Davis, M. A. Howe, and
others collected specimens near Pacific Grove. Plants having
been sent to Professor Farlow he has kindly determined them.

In the March number of Frythea for 1893, Mr. Howe pub-
lishes this alga in a list of his collections on Monterey Bay. As
he truly says, ‘‘it is beautiful and noteworthy.’’ One of its
striking features is remarkably well-formed imitations of /is/-
hooks at and near the tips of the branchlets, much like those of
Hypnea musciformis but more graceful.

DasyaA coccinea, Huds.
(Class, RHODOPHYCE; Order, RHODOMELACE4}. )
This beautiful alga has been collected in Monterey and Car-
mel Bays for some years; but until the summer of 1892 was not
recognized as the old world Dasya, first described by Hudson in

362 Nyctinomus Mohavensis. [ZOE

Flora Anglica about the beginning of this century and named
Conferva coccinea. Afterwards C. Agardh placed it in the genus
Dasya.

I am indebted to Mrs. B. C. Winston of Pacific Grove for
calling my attention to it, and for a specimen. It is by no means
abundant, but serves as an example of the curious fact that
many European Algze which do not appear on our Atlantic
Coast are found on our Pacific Coast.

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF NYCTINOMUS MOHAVEN-
SIS IN THE SANTA CLARA VALLEY.
BY J. M. STOWELL.

In the early 8 of last February the writer was informed
by Mr. Edward M. Ebrhorn, Horticultural Commissioner of
Santa Clara Codatys that the Court-house in San Jose was in-.
fested by large numbers of bats, which were taking refuge
behind the iron window-shutters and disturbing the course of
Justice by their constant chattering. A visit to the Court-house

February 27 showed that the state of affairs had not been
exaggerated. On opening the leaves of one of the shutters, the
bats were found thickly clustered in the darker recesses: ‘They
seemed extraordinarily clumsy and made little attempt to escape,
only a few fluttering away after having fallen from their perch.
About seventy specimens were procured and prove to be repre-
sentatives of Nyctinomus mohavensis, with Merriam’s rather
meagre description of which (N. A. Fauna, 2, p. 25) they en-
tirely agree. This species was described apparently from a
single specimen procured at Fort Mohave, Arizona, March 8,

' 1889, since which no additional specimens seem to have been
recorded. The present discovery of the species in the Santa
Clara Valley gives a notable extension to its range.

We have been unable to compare NV. mohavensis with the
closely-allied WV. brasiliensis, and Dr: Merriam neglects to point
out the characters distinguishing the two species. Dr. Harrison
Allen informs us that he considers both WV. mohavensis and JN.
Jemorosaccus as at best geographical races of NV. brasiliensis.

February 7, 1894.

VOL. IV. | Nyctinomus Mohavensis. 363

As the first two, however, are described from essentially the
same region, it would seem impossible to treat them as sub-
species; and as our specimens without exception agree with
mohavensis in the characters by which it is said to differ from
Jemorosaccus, it seems best to recognize the two as valid species
until further comparison is possible.

The specimens taken February 27 were all procured from
the shutters of one window on the western side of the building,
and consisted of males and females in about equal numbers. A
second visit to the Court-house on March 3 resulted in the cap-
ture of sixty-seven additional specimens. Of these, thirty-two
were taken from behind one shutter again on the west side of
the building, and consisted, as before, of both sexes about
equally represented. The rest of the second catch, thirty-five in
number, were taken from behind four different shutters on the
east side of the Court-house, and proved on examination to con-
sist of females exclusively. This furnishes additional evidence
that under certain circumstances the sexes congregate separately.

Several specimens of this bat have since been taken on the
University Campus, and at the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory at
Pacific Grove. We have also had the privilege of examining a
specimen collected at San Diego, Cal., by Mr. C. H. Marsh. In
this the lower incisors were 3-3, distinctly bilobate, and in gen-
eral proportions, and shape of ear, it agreed with our specimens.

Le Conte has already called attention to the variation in the
number of lower incisors in Vyctinomus brasiliensis (‘‘Rhinopoma
carolinense’’), as out of fifteen individuals examined by him
‘* ore had no incisors on the lower jaw; two had five; three had
four, and the rest six.’’* ‘The same variation obtains in o-
havensis. Merriam describes the lower incisors as 2-2, not dis-
tinctly bifid. But the normal arrangement appears to be 3-3,
all distinctly bilobate. Thus in forty-five specimens examined
as to this character, 24 specimens have 6 lower incisors; 9 have
5, and 12 individuals have 4. The outer incisor when present is
very small, and so crowded forward as to occupy a precarious
position in front of the canine, a fact which may account for its

* Observations on the North American Species of Bats, John Le Conte
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1859, page 43i.

*

364 Tar and Feathers. [zor |

absence in so many specimens. In by far the majority, the incis-
ors are distinctly bilobate and the lobes have well-rounded tips;
but in some specimens the tips have become more or less worn,
and in a few individuals this process has proceeded so far that
the upper edges of the teeth are truncate, with scarcely a trace
of the median notch. In the specimens examined we have
noticed that most of those with perfectly truncate incisors have
the latter also reduced in number. This probably indicates that
both conditions are dependent upon age.

The upper lips are pendulous, and are crimped into seven or
eight perpendicular folds; and the lower lips are heavy but not —
crimped. The color is sooty on upper surface, with the base of
the hairs whitish. . The ventral surface is lighter.

I give below measurements in millimeters of eleven of these
specimens. It will be seen that they agree very closely with
Merriam’s type of the species.

|
j
|

=}

;|sy | % Sig. |S. |88| va leg|sqlsal 38 | sk |sg
PeviEte ay | 23 oe ied| ta | 28 [2b | sl 28] 23 [28 lee
(89 | g35| 28) .22| 2 Seas | Ro | Be] Be) Be) a | BS ee

ao fg jo Ba? pe és ak} Sa 4e{ 38 Ae og ah
4/91 | 59 |21 | 17 113 | 3 |33 | 22 |a6 [41 1493) 16 |15 [413
3 94 | 59 183/133) 3 |34 | 22 127 |433143 64/42
s {898 574/21 | 17 | 124) 3 | 303! 17 j24 [44 [43 | 174117 (434
Q |89H 58 }21 | 17 114 | 3/32 | 22 125 142 |44 | 163/15
Q |94 | 594) 21H 18 |13 | 3 |32 | 193126 |44 1443) 17 1164/44
9 |92H ST |214).18 |123) 3 | 343) 22 [24 [43 1443) 17 1163143
é {8941 HT | 193) 173/12 | 8 }33 | 184]241142 [424] 16 115 142
é |934| 58820 | 1721121] 8 133 25 |4241433) 17 44
$ |93H 59 |20 | 174/14 | 3 134 42 143 | 163/16 |44
@ {89 | 59 | 203 17 112 | 3 1384] 18 [26 |422/44 | 16 115 143
2 {93 } 59 1193 16 | 134) 3 134} 21 lo4alan |43 | 16 115 1498

|

Zoological Laboratory, Leland Stanford Junior University, Jau. | 12, 1894.
TAR AND FEATHERS.
BY A. W. ANTHONY.

Anyone who has collected sea birds along the Coast of
Southern California has doubtless noticed a peculiar soiled
condition of many of his specimens, consisting of a sticky, black
substance or black stain of greater or less extent, on the breast
and sides, which is frequently of such extent as to render the
specimens unfit for the cabinet. Loons, grebes, and fulmars

February 21, 1894. *

VOL. IV. ] - Lar and Feathers. ' 365

seem to be the birds most effected in the region of San Diego,
but all of the common species are apt to show black blotches at
times. For a long time after the condition was first noticed I
was at a loss to account to my own satisfaction for the origin.
The theory that the birds had been feeding about the carcass of
a whale or seal and gotten their plumage greasy from that or other
Sources was anything but satisfactory in view of the appearance
of the stain and the species affected. Western grebes and Pacific
fulmars—white phase—were sometimes seen with the entire
lower plumage matted into a solid black mass, and not infre-
quently such birds were found dead on the beach. Whether their
déath was caused by the condition of their plumage I am unable
to say, but from the appearance of some of the worst cases I
should say that it probably had something to do with it.
_ As such specimens were so obviously worthless I have carefully
avoided them, and until the present season my observations were
limited chiefly to the living birds and those but little affected.

On July 11 of the present year, however, a Puffinus griseus
was shot off San Diego and while the feathers of the left side
and flank were glued together in a solid sheet it was by far too
desirable to discard on that account, and an effort was made to
Save it, and after a liberal application of gasoline it was admitted
to the cabinet minus a part of its plumage that was uncleanable.

This specimen—the first that had fallen into my hands in a
condition suitable for examination—explained very clearly the
mystery of the many stained plumages; it was due solely toa
sticky, soft mass of asphalt.

I have frequently found small blotches of this substance
varying from the size of a postage stamp to several inches or a
foot in diameter floating about on the surface of the sea, evidently
coming from some submarine source to the north, where the
oil shales reach the Coast in the region of Santa Barbara.

This substance when it first comes to the surface contains
enough volatile matter to render it about the consistency of
molasses, and cause it to stick to anything with which it comes
in contact. As the volatile gases escape it becomes hard and
tough, encasing the bird that is so unfortunate as to swim into
a floating mass in a coat more suitable for a turtle or armadillo
than a member of the feathered kingdom.

*

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY VI.

BY MARCUS E. JONES.
I. THE NAVAJO BASIN.

I propose this name for that region, both botanically and zoo-
logically interesting, which occupies Southeastern Utah, South-
western Colorado, Northwestern New Mexico, and Northeastern
Arizona, whose limits are fairly well defined by the Colorado
River and its tributaries north of the entrance of the Grand
Cafion (the junction of the Little Colorado and the Colorado) as
far as the Book Cliffs on the north with a northern and narrow
extension along the Green River at least as far as the base of the
Uinta Mountains. Its western boundary is the base of the Coal
Range (Wasatch Plateau of Powell) in Utah, the Henry
Mountains, and the Buckskin. Mountains on the southwest. Its
eastern boundary is the high country east of Grand Junction,
Colorado, extending thence east of south past the base of Mt.
Sneffles and thence along the edge of the mesa country through
Southern Colorado and south as far as Coolidge, New Mexico,
thence following the base of the northern slope of the Mogollons
and including the valley of the Little Colorado to the base of the
San Francisco swell near Cafion Diablo and thence north to the
Colorado River. This large and isolated region belongs almost
wholly to the Upper Sonoran of Merriam, and is to be considered
as a subdivision of that region with a fringe of the Transition
group on its edges. It has been isolated since the Miocene
Tertiary, or at least since the Pliocene with its present drainage,
and has been surrounded on all sides by lofty and cold mountain
barriers from 7000 to 10,000 feet in average height above the
sea with the exception of a very narrow stretch of country only
a few miles wide and about 5000 feet above the sea from
Johnson, Ariz., and Kanab, Utah, to the Colorado River, which
connects with the narrow belts along the rivers belonging to the
Upper Sonoran. This narrow plateau belt below Kanab has
very few plants that might be classed as Upper Sonoran, but is
the lowest possible ingress to the basin except the precarious one
along the dark gorge of the river itself where there is very little

February 21, 1894.

VOL. Iv.] Contributions to Western Botany. 367

vegetation as whole, and no possible means of distribution of
seeds except that of the wind and birds, the former quite strong
and the latter very scarce. The elevation of the region is at its
lowest along the river at or near Lee’s Ferry, about 3000 feet
above the sea, and is warm enough for figs, almonds, and possibly
oranges; the upper end is at Green River, Utah (not Wyo),
and Grand Junction, Colorado, a little over 4000 feet above the
sea, and a most admirable place for grapes, peaches, etc. The
rainfall will not average over ten inches and for the most part
will not exceed six inches. The soil is a tenacious and very
barren clay for the most part, though it is gravelly and sandy on
the mesas bordering the region. ‘The species of plants found
peculiar to it so far are about sixty, possibly not so many; the
species of mammals and reptiles, etc., so far found are about a
dozen. ‘There are a number of new insects, but I do not know
just how many. ‘The number of species that are identical with
the Upper Sonoran of S. Utah and N. Arizona is not very great,
but the general character of the life is Sonoran. The climate is
very hot and dry; water is scarce except on the rivers which
simply pass through the region. The region is almost unin-
habited and never can support much life; game is scarce,
and it is a veritable desert. The country is simply a great
trough with branches, and is bordered with lofty cliffs of
crumbling sandstones of Triassic age which make it a very
difficult thing to traverse it except by long detours. At some
other time I will try to give a list of the flora and fauna of the
region, and show its relation to the surrounding ones.
II, SOME NEW SPECIES.

PHLOX ALBOMARGINATA n. sp. Allied to P. cespitosa,
‘densely matted flowering stems mostly simple, 1 to 3 inches
high or none, erect or ascending, 1 to 3 flowered, usually 1-flow-
ered; leaves 2 to 3 lines long, 1 to 134 wide, rigid, spreading,
acerose, ovate to lanceolate, usually the latter; general appear-
ance light green, mid-rib narrow and not prominent, margins
cartilaginous, thick, white, glabrous except the coarsely hispid
iliate base, inner surface (that inside the cartilaginous edge) dark
green, rather loosely pubescent, with short, coarse, white hairs
on both sides; internodes longer than the leaves, ar gular, white

368 Contributions to Western Botany. [zor

pubescent, with the same kind of hairs; the leaves are in pairs,
with fascicles of smaller ones in the axils; upper part of stems,
peduncles, leaves, and calyx very glandular as well as pubescent
with coarse hairs; pedicels stout, 2 to 4 lines long; calyx
narrow, 4 lines long, tube with teeth 214 lines long, the
. former 5-nerved prominently and the nerves with narrow
green margins; calyx lobes very narrowly subulate, acerose,
1 to 1% lines long, not spreading much; corolla purple or
lighter, purple spotted at the throat, tube % a line wide

t base and a line wide at apex, 1 to 2 lines longer than
oe ae and teeth, lobes oval, entire, 2 lines long; flower

-5 lines wide; stamens very unequally inserted, small, oblong,

yellow; capsule 114 lines long, exactly oval, obtuse, apiculate
with the sharp vestige of the long (4 lines) style, the point
of insertion of the capsule is very weak, and the capsule
readily breaks away and falls off leaving an empty calyx; lobes
-of the style about % a line long; placental axis is triquetrous,
with one large oblong seed attached by its inner face in each cell
above the middle of the concave placental wall.

This unique Phlox in its foliage resembles Galium Mathewsit
or s/ellatum. The glandular pubescence at once separates it
from any other ofits class. Sometimes the stems are absent and the
single flowers arise from a rosette of very short (1 to 114 a line)
leaves, on pedicels 4 lines long and with a calyx only 2 to 3
lines long; corolla not reduced. This form I call var. mznor.

ast face of Mt. Helena, Montana, May, 1891. Rev. F. D.
Kelsey.

ASTRAGALUS Eastwoopa Jones. A. Preussii var. sulcatus
Jones “‘Zoe’’ iv, 37; as A. Sulcatus is preoccupied.

ASTRAGALUS HayDENIANUS Gray. This rather pretty and
very odoriferous plant is of late receiving fully as many synonyms
as A. lentiginosus. In fact, every time it has been collected but
twice it has received a new name. As I have shown in ‘‘ Zoe
ii, 241, there is nothing to separate it from 4. disulcatus except its
more slender habit and white flowers. For convenience I there
separated two western forms of it as var. major (from Johnson, S.
Utah) and var. Nevadensts (from Palisade, Nevada). ately Mr.

Greene visits my type locality and probably the very field

VOL. Iv. | Dates of Botanical Works. 369

where I gathered the latter variety7and describes it as, 4. demzs-
sus, then Mr. Sheldon, by the aid of the Index Kewensis, gives
Mr. Greene’s species a new name, 4. /epsoni, and my first var.
another, A. scobinatulus. _ An examination of Mr. Greene’s

locality of the var. Nevadenszs, are pubescent and have unequal
calyx teeth. As it is the fashion now to name everything in
sight, I would suggest that the var. Mevadensis is fully as dis-
tinct as any of the other forms, and as the name is preoccupied
(Index Kewensis) it is waiting for a brand new name and will be
the property of the first man who gets into prin

Sometime botanists, when they get into be field, will learn
that pubescence and comparative length of calyx teeth are slim
foundations on which to hang'species, in Astragalus.

ASTRAGALUS ARTEMISIARUM. Astragalus Beckwithit var.
purpureus Jones ‘‘Zoe”’ iii, 288. Recent studies in the field
make it reasonably certain that this is distinct from 4. Beckwithii. -
The chief distinguishing characters are the purple flowers, rather
cartilaginous pods with the interior filled with a watery juice and
stipe with a fully formed joint near the middle. 4. Beckwithit
has ochroleucous flowers a dry and rather thin pod without
watery juice and a joint in the stipe which is often reduced to a
dark spot in the stipe which”does or does not break at that point
and generally irregularly.

THE DATES OF BOTANY BEECHEY, FLORA BOREALI-
AMERICANA, AND TORREY & GRAY’S FLORA.

‘“FLORA BOREALI-AMERICANA W. Hooker
Daas or cane ig in pert oat as es ustal at that time no official
onsequent upon this,
donbts a: as oe the actual publication of many species therein contained have
been rife. The following details may es to settle those questions:
1. i Part 1, consisting of six sh p. 1-48, came is in 1829 (cf.
Linnea, v, = ye 102); and Seringe, a Bot.,i (mars, 1830), 4
et 3, p. 49-144 in 1830 (cf. Linnza, vi (830 Lit. me
hab Bai ioy's end of vol. i in 1834 (cf. Ann. s . Ser.
tome iii (1835), 100, ‘‘ Livr. 3-7.” :
Vol. ii, Part 7 in 1834. See last note. Ane oS) aa

270 Dates of Botanical Works. [ZOE

The ‘following nee are taken from the copy in the Library of the
British Museum, as those when the acon parts were received by the »
eee. a en and dessted by stampi

rt 8, pp. 49-96 in July, 1838.

gue 12, pp. 241 to end, July 8, 1840.”
. Daydon, Jackson, in Bull. Herb. Boissier, i, 298 (1893).

‘“The copy of Torrey & Gray [Flora of North America] in the library
of the British Museum. Bloomsbury, is in its original buff paper wrappers,
and from this I can submit the following statement as accurate, so far as
the dates are correctly set out on these wrappers:—

Vol. i., Part 1, pp. 1-184, July,

t 2, pp. 185-360, Baber at

Part 3 3, pp. 361-544, June, 1

Part 4, a hele ae oe Title, etc., pp. xiv., Errata,
Jun

Vol. ii., Part 1, pp. 1- ee May, 1841. The wrapper has no printing on
it, but I hee taken the date mon Silliman’s Journal, xli. (1841), p. 275-
ce t 2, pp. 185-392, April, 1842.
rt 3, pp. 393-504, ela tes 1843.
No more ict

case of Hooker & Arnott [Botany Beechey] is not so easy, for I

of Botany has access to such a copy, and would communicate to me the
actual sige dates, I should be aes oblige

s no difficulty in ascertaining the date of the first part, as several
aa AF concur, thus in Ziznea the issue is given as containing pp.
1-48, with ten plates, and came out in 1830. AsI have failed to find more

together all such indications, and assuming that each part was of the same
dimensions as the first, I have referred to Pfeiffer’s Nomenclator for the dates
of all new genera as below, as the dates therein given must have been gath-
ered from some copy:
Part 1, pp. 1-48, in 1830 (as abov
Part 2, pp. 49-96, in 1832 pepo
Part 3, pp. 97-144, in 1832 ( Adenostoma).
art 4, pp. 145-192, in 1833 (Zavia; see also Torr. & Gray, ii., 392, in
confirmation).
art 5, pp. 193-240, in 1836 (Anisopappus).
Part 6, pp. 241-288 (no indication of date, owing to the absence of any
new itepge

\

VOL. IV. | Dates of Botanical Works. $71

t 7, pp. — in 1840 (Heterocentron, etc., and several cited by
ake | in that year),

Part 8, pp. 337- wee in 1840 (Atenia, etc.)

Part 9, pp. 385-432, in 1841? (Grayia, ete., cited by Endlicher in 1842).

Part Io, pp. 433-(486), in 1841 (Sinclair

The latter half of the work is sigatias pet to doubt, soe Silliman’ s Jour-
nai, X¥XxXix. (1840), pp. 172-3, states that parts 9, 11, and 12 came out in 1839
or 1840, the twelfth being the conclusion; and, if ae, this shows that
the latter parts were not of the same dimensions as the first part. Itis in
this direction that I seek for further information from any Botanist or
Librarian | can enlighten me.’—B. DayboN Jackson, in /ournal of
Botany, Oct.,

The her extracts from Silliman’s Journal show the
approximate dates of the concluding parts of Botany Beechey
and the Flora Boreali-Americana. It must be remembered,
however, that communication at that time was not so frequent
and so rapid between Europe and America as at present, and
that we have no means = knowing how long the papers were in
the rer: of the edito

Hooker and Arnott, the is of Capt. Beechey’s Voyage, etc., Part ix., 1840.
( (Loon) thi ork has extended to four hundred and thirty-two Givarto

pages, and ata: ‘anit will perhaps complete the work, but of this
we are uncertain. e number of A sei wep igtt cited is ninety-nine, of
which eighty-nine are published. —Silliman’s Journal, xxxix,
N

Hooker and Arnott’s Botany of Capt. Beechey’s Voyage; part 10, 1841 (tab.
90-99).—The tenth and last fasciculus of this work eombiudes the account of

index. The ten plates it comprises are nearly all devoted to Californian
plants described in prior fasciculi; among which Prerostegia, a curious Poly-
gonaceous genus, 4nemopsis Californica of Nuttall, and Lophochiena of Nees,
a singular grass, are the most remarkable—Si//iman’s Journal, xli, 374,
July-Sept., 1841.
Zora Boreali-A mericant, or the Botany of the Northern saath of
Pp

Hooker's Flora Boreali-Americana, or the Bitkay ee ia Northern parts of
British America, 2 vols. 4to. 182-940.—The twelfth part, which contains the

372 The Last Letter of Dr. Gray. [ZoE

remainder of the eet the ferns, and the small orders allied to the latter,

cape this importan work to a conclusion within the limits prescribed.
Thi sascieuls contains twenty plates (making the whole number
Bae) ise —Sil.iman’s Journal, x1, 173, Oct. -Dec., 1840.

THE LAST LETTER OF DR. GRAY.
SunNDAY EVENING, November 27, 1887.

DEAR Dr. BRITTON—I wish to call your P eaiss either in a personal
way or in the “Bulletin,” if Saar to a name coined by you on the
223d page of this year’s ‘‘ Bullet

‘**Conioselinum bpiunatan "(Walter Fl. Car. under Apium), Britton,
Selinum AO ; Michx., 1830.

I want to herate sie mind by insisting that the process adopted
violates ie rules of nomenclature by giving a superfluous name to a plant,
and also that in all reasonable probability your name is an incorrect one.

Take the second point first: On glancing at the ‘‘ Flora of North
America,’ of Torrey and Gray 1, 619, where the name Conioselinum

u

bipinnatum, Walt. is not cited as a synonym; also that the synonymous
name of Cnidium naa Spreng., is cited with ‘excl. Syn.’”” This
Apium bipinnatum, Walt., you might gather was one referred to. Sufficient
reason for the exclusion by Dr. Torrey might have been that Michaux’s
plant was a cold northern one, which nobody would expect in or near
Walter’s ground—the low and low-middle part of Carolinia. Besides, the
preface of that Flora states that Walter’s herbarium had meanwhile been

ou adop

mere guess of Sprengels, copied by De Candolle, dropped on good grounds
by Biers sigs inadvertently Fepcounee 4 aw hiderwoned “i ag I ci copying
De Candolle. [suppose yon would

pig dubious (I ‘might say, doubtless mrenteen) 5 name, , under a bias. ei

e.
And I am sure that you will not titke i ainiss when I say that very sie
experience has made it clear to me that this business of determining rightful
names is not so simple and mechanical as to younger botanists it seems to

, but is very full of pitfalls. I trust it is no personal feeling which
Son the advice that it is better to leave such rectifications for mono-
graphs and comprehensive works, or at least to make quite sure of the
ground,

ples since the adoption of the Candollian code, your name of Conioselinum
bipinnatum, even if founded in fact, would be scceupaae = superfluous
wary 21, 1894.

voL.1v.] The Last Letter of Dr. Gray. 373

By a corollary of the rule that priority of publiestion fixes the name, taken

follows that in any case Conioselinum Canadense 1€ p ame fo

those who hold to the genus Conioselinum. I have laid down what I take
to be the correct view as his, in my ‘‘ Structural Botany,”’ paragraph
794, where it is supported by the high authority of Bentham. lieve it.
is more and more acceded to by the most competent jud There are:

O
also make the law of tied mechanically override other equally valid
laws without regard to sense. To such the old law maxim of the elder De
Candolle was cae cena jus, summa injuria. If you like to adopt
their ideas, you have at hand a still older, the very oldest, name, namely
Conioselinum Chinense, for I can certify that the plant we are concerned
with is Athamantha Chinensis of Linnaeus. Very truly yours,

RAY.

The following comments from the Journal of Botany (London),
may be of interest.

[‘‘In this hag ta for 1892, pp. 254, 318, reference was made to a letter—
the last written by Asa Gray—which, owing to circumstances not very
clearly related, had never been published. The volume of the Letters of Asa
Gray, just issued by Messrs. Macmillan, contains the document in full, and
we here reproduce it.

‘*The circumstances enn with its writing and subsequent non-
publication require to be s That.Asa Gray was willing it should be
pu ubli shed, the letter itself a clear; that he considered it important is.
ge in the Zefters which introduces it: ‘On Sunday

letter to Dr. Britton, which follows, and when remonstrated with for making
the exertion said ‘it was me and must be written.’ He died on the
2d spe ag following Febenery
ankind h t to the last utterances of
eal men, and it m ight have been ete that Dr. Britton would have
hastened to avail himself of the permission expressly given by the writer
to publish in his Bu//etin the last contribution ever made by Asa Gray to the
literature which he had enriched for so many years. So far, however, was
this from being the case that it was not until Gray’s fellow-worker himself
lay on his death-bed that any knowledge of its existence was made public,
issn Watson, in his last illness, dictated for the Botanical Gazette some
arks ‘On Nomenclature,’ which appeared in that journal for June, 1892,
aa which contain the following passage: ‘I must express surprise that
Dr. Britton has not considered it his duty to publish the last written words
of Dr. Gray which were addressed to him upon this subject, and which

374 Systematic Botany. [ZOE
expressed his positive opinions upon this gestae’ We called attention to
‘Ww

this in our Journal (1892, 254) i in these words: hen, in the exercise of

to publish] that this was because we were ‘‘apparently afraid of the argu-
ment therein contained.’’ We shall await with interest Dr. Britton’s state-
ment of the reasons which have induced him to suppress the last utterances

‘Dr. Britton’s explanation Lees in the Aotanical Gazette for August,

892, p. 254. He speaks of the letter as ‘ personal,’ and, having eae
the accuracy of Dr. nee $ Saesectiou as to nomenclature, procee ‘Phe
letter did not come to me as editor of the Azl/etin of the Torrey Sainte

lub, for I was not then "olitfng that journal. I did a realize that it was
intended for publication, and do not think that it was.’ Moreover, having
sent the letter to Cambridge, in accordance with a request, and having

accepted a copy in exchange, he soitiseesion never had any right to publish
it after it had passed from [his] possession.’

‘‘Commenting on the above, we said (/ourn. Bot., 1892, 318): ‘These
reasons may or may not be considered satisfactory, but we think that all
botauists ae regret that Dr. Gray’s last utterances on a subject in which
he is known to have taken a special interest were not made public.’ These
utterances are now before botanists, who must form their own conclusions

as to the motives which have hitherto prevented their publication.—Ed,
Journ. Bot.]”’

SYSTEMATIC BOTANY.
BY MARCUS E. JONES,

To my mind the proper definition of the Systematic Botany, of
the day and for the most part, is The Study of dried Plants in a
few isolated localities remote from the Home of the Plants.
This kind of scientific work is systematic and botanical, but it is
not within gunshot of Systematic Botany. To claim that it is
the real thing requires as much assumption as when the zoolo-
gists arrogate to themselves the term biology or natural history-

For a long time it has been the custom of western botanists
to provide themselves with the necessary literature and then
study their home plants, naming such plants as accord with the
descriptions given, the rest they send with such notes as they
consider valuable to certain persons in the East who have been
regarded as authorities. The authorities compare them with
the types of species or with their notions of the types, and if

February 21, 1834.

VOL. Iv.] Systematic Botany. 375

the plants do not vary too much from the species are considered
the same and so named; if they deviate too much, then they
are erected into new species, usually on the strength of a single
specimen. The authorities put down what they consider specific
characters and omit all mention of what does not strike their
fancy as specific. Believing that brevity is the soul of this
branch of Systematic Botany they write a few words, only a line
or two if possible, and call it a concise description. The notes of
the field botanist they usually have dismissed (till very recently)
with a remark like this: ‘‘ Flowers said to be white, but they
appear to be yellow.” If the field botanist has been so bold as
to write out a full description of the real characters, the closet
botanist will cut out all except those which strike his fancy and
are found in the specimen before him, and will add such as he
thinks have been overlooked by the field botanist. At last when
the description is published the weary field botanist goes out into
the home of the plants, where perhaps there are acres of them, and
he finds that his description does not describe and is only an aggre-
gation of meaningless words. If he becomes disgusted and writes
back as I did once, complaining, he may get the reply which I
received from one of the three great botanists who have recently
passed away, saying: ‘‘I suppose that by this time you have
learned that it is impossible to grow plants to fit the descriptions.”
It struck me that it was about time to grow the descriptions to
fit the plants. Of late this kind of thing has become a nuisance,
and field botanists have taken to describing their own species.
For a time certain drastic measures were employed to prevent it,
but these having failed, the botanists are now appealed to not to
publish till they have seen the allied types in the East, a thing
which every western botanist agrees to most emphatically if by
any means he can see the types, which is not often, for with ‘his
field knowledge he could tell quickly what are valid, distinguish-
ing characters in his proposed new species, while from the
descriptions of old types alone no man could do more than guess
what the real characters are in hundreds of species.

The occasional republication of an old species by . western
man is pointed to as ‘‘an exasperating blunder,” as ‘ madden-
ing,” but, dear me, that does not begin to express our feelings

376 Systematic Botany. [20K

when we see a new monograph from men who would not know
their own new species if they saw them alive, and we find them
bristling with botanical sports as new species, sports which field
study would have avoided. A certain genus recently mono-
graphed I tried to use and found that I had to open a seed vessel
on every plant that grew in a certain patch and all nianifestly
from the same seed; out of the patch I had to make about three
species. Some years ago I had the same laughable experience
in patches of Beeria in California, also in patches of Layia; and
two years ago I had the same experience with Townsendia, out
of which I had to make two species from the same seed, and had
a quantity of nondescript material left still waiting to be chris-
tened. There are dozens of genera that are as badly tangled as
these.

I think this confusion has arisen primarily from the absence
of field study on the part of the author of the species, and
secondarily from carelessness in describing species, coupled with
a false theory that paucity of words is conciseness. ‘The most
concise botanist of the last generation was the one who used the
most words in describing his species, and the most verbose were
the ones who seemed to delight in what they called ‘‘ short and
concise’’ descriptions, which have proved to be only epitaphs of
unknown species buried in their herbaria, and which we western:
men now and then duplicate from no fault of ours. In the first
place, few of us can afford to go East to find out what these
species are like, and in the second place, we are not responsible
for the sins of our botanical fathers and grandfathers who have
caused this state of things. That we have kept up with the
literature of the day and have used every means in our power to
avoid mistakes goes without saying, and some of us have even
gone East to study types, but it is a hardship that should not
be required of us. Let the closet botanist first describe his own
species so that they can be recognized by the descriptions alone
before he attempts to make new ones for the field botanist, else
he will cause to become a conviction what is now arising as a
suspicion that imperfect descriptions are not due wholly to igno-
tance. it is not possible to get accurate descriptions of
western species made by closet botanists, then eastern botan-

VOL. Iv. ] Systematic Botany. 377

ists who make new western species should be required to
deposit types in some central place in the West where they can
be examined.

There are four well marked fields in Systematic Botany in
this country at present. The first is closet monographing which
is all the rage, and which so far has had one fundamental defect,
the lack of accurate descriptions of the actual types of the species
enumerated. In place of this we are given what the author
considers to be the real species as it exists in nature which may
vary much from the actual type as it is found in the type speci-
mens. This is well enough as far as it goes, and would be
all sufficient if the flora were fully known, but it is not known
in the West, and as a rule the monographer himself would
hardly recognize his own species if he were to see them in the
field, for as a rule field study is a minus quantity with him. A
person might as well try to become an expert in geology without
ever going out of doors as to become an authority on species by
studying dried weeds. The second field is real field work
occupied in the West by an increasing number of good botanists.
The third field is tinkering with nomenclature, in which there
are many of every shade of opinion, but all bent on getting some
castiron rule in the name of botanical justice which will be just
to all and injurious to none, but which when adopted will be
unjust to nearly everybody, will elevate to notoriety by-gone
botanists whose descriptions were for the most part a botanical
farce, and will attach the names of some present botanists to
hosts of species which they never saw, and to hosts of others that
were created before they were born, and nearly all of which
species were recognized and placed in their proper places in the
vegetable kingdom by others alone. The fourth field is the
accurate description of known species; this is practically unoccu-
pied. Ifa score of our keenest eastern botanists would partition
out among themselves the species of plants whose types are in
this country and accurately and minutely describe them just as
they are, arranging the species in such a way as not to duplicate
parts common to several (by the use of keys), they would earn
the everlasting gratitude of all botanists, cover themselves with
honor, and give to our branch of science a standing for thorough-

378 Systematic Botany. [ZOE

ness which it now sadly lacks, and an impetus which would
result in the speedy settlement of the classification of our flora.
_ The most crying need of to-day is a rule that no species shall
be considered as published if it has a string of words attached to
it which do not describe the species so that it can be recognized
without the use of the type specimen. It is true that this would
invalidate the names of almost half of our flora if it were made
an ex post facto rule, but we need not do that; we can forgive the
good old men who have passed away, but we should expect
better things of the living. Among the faults in describing
species there is no one more common than sawing the air with
descriptions. Take Astragalus for example, allied species, one is
described as ‘‘ matted, pod inflated, flowers white, calyx long,
stipules connate, leaflets 10-15 pairs.” Another is described
as ‘‘stems many; pod hoary, 2-celled, pointed; flowers large,
keel blunt; calyx hyaline with teeth as long as tube; stipules
lanceolate and acute; leaflets glabrous, obovate, acute.’’ The
person who makes such a description which would apply equally.
to either species thinks he has described his plant, when in fact it
is only an aggregation of words with no meaning. If a person
does the best he knows how he is then liable to miss some things
of importance, but when he starts out to give a ‘‘ short and
concise” description and throws in a pinch of words and calls it
a description, he feels aggrieved if he is called to account, and
tries to insinuate that his critic has some personal motive for his
‘‘unjust attack!’”” When all the species are known it is
perfectly right to omit all things of no importance, but when
they are not all known and their importance misunderstood
there is no botanist either with inherited or acquired acumen
who can tell what are essential and what non-essential char-
acters, and it is pure pedantry to assume it.

Another innovation in nomenclature which I think should
not be overlooked is the crediting of species to men who were
not their authors. I do not know who first promulgated it, but
it is in the line so much cultivated of late, of ignoring and under-
estimating the work of field botanists. One would think the way
things are going that the only persons who have any rights are
the people who sit in their warm and cozy herbaria and manu-

vot. Iv.] Motes from the Gray Herbarium. 379

facture species which other men have sent them at great expense
of health, time and money. The hardships of field collectors
are very great and so far as I know not a single man has made
anything more out of it than a poor living to say nothing of
profit, and when such a man names a species after having studied it
in the field and then sends it on to some authority in the East with
its name, and in order not to have a rupture with that authority
lets him publish it for him, it is an outrage to rob the field
botanist because he did not actually pay for the printing or write
the words attached to it. If we are to go behind the printing
as some would have us do and attach not the name of the real
author of the species but the one who ostensibly published it,
then another question would arise as to whether the words
credited to the man who published the species were actually
written by him or some clerk in his office, in that case the clerk
should have the honor of the name. But what will be the result
of such an innovation? Douglas’ species will all be taken from
him, Nuttall’s are in the same condition, though they are put in
quotation marks he never published them, but Torrey and Gray
did. It seems to me that these notions of nomenclature are
becoming more and more technical and equally unjust and will
not be accepted by the majority of botanists who want to see
due credit given to those who have earned it by their labor. We
are losing the meat of nomenclature in the rubbishof formalism.
No ex parte rules adopted by a few botanists will ever secure
uniformity in American botany, nor will any rules stand long
which ignore the rights of collectors.

NOTES FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM.
BY M. L. FERNALD.

HABENARIA LUCAICAPENSIS, n. sp. A foot and a half high,
leafy; principal root tuber-like, an inch long, with numerous
accessory fibres from the summit: leaves thin, broadly elliptical,
obtusish, four inches long, half as broad, rather abruptly nar-
rowed toa sheathing base; the lowest smaller, orbicular; the upper

reduced to lanceolate acuminate bracts, an inch in length: raceme
: February 26, 1894.

380 | Notes from the Gray Herbarium. [ ZOE

six inches long, 8-10 flowered: upper sepal ovate-orbicular, cucul-
late, about three lines in length; the lateral ones ovate-elliptic,
obtusish, four lines long: petals deeply two-parted, upper seg-
ment linear, falcate, obtuse, dilated at the base, ascending,
nearly equalling the sepals; lower segment filiform, about an
inch in length; labellum three-parted to the base; the outer seg-
ments about fifteen lines long; the middle one linear, obtuse, a
third to a half as long; spur clavate, free, 14-17 lines in length:
ovary angled and obsoletely winged, about equaling the bracts;
the two appendages of the stigma deeply bifid; the iar
linear, spreading laterally, and curved ascending, r

- Collected on mountains of the Cape Region of Lower ee
by T. S. Brandegee, September 16, 1893.

A stout species resembling in habit 7. A/ichauxi Nutt.,
of the Southern States, but differing in its broader leaves, longer
segments of petal and lip, and shorter more clavate spur.

ALLIUM ACUMINATUM Hook. var. CUSPIDATUM n. var. Scape
more slender than in the type: perianth segments odlong, abruptly
cuspidate, about the length of the stamens: bulb-coats more finely
and less distinctly reticulated. Collected at Wawawai, Wash-
ington, June, 1892, by Mr. W. R. Hull (No. 619).

Professor Porter’s No. 74, from Weber River Valley, Utah,
seems to be a form near this, but with the perianth segments
tapering more gradually to the point, and with the stamens
mostly short as in the type.

TRIFOLIUM GRACILENTUM Torr. & Gray, var. INCONSPIC-
UUM, n. var. Much smaller than the type, slender, 2-6 inches
high: leaflets 3-4 lines long, on petioles %4-1% inches long:
heads 3 lines high; corolla shorter than or barely equaling the —
calyx. , Roadside, San Bernardino, Cal., Parish No. 2647-

Forms of the type approach this in habit, but the corolla is
conspicuously longer than the calyx, as Orcutt’s No. roo4 from
Tia Juana, Lower California, and Palmer’s No. 583 from Wick-
enberg, Arizona.

PHYLLOSPADIX, ITS SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERS
AND DISTRIBUTION
BY WILLIAM RUSSEL DUDLEY.

The genus Phyllospadix, Hook., was founded on plants col-
lected by Dr. Scouler, at Dundas Td Columbia River, and was
published in Hooker’s Flora Pineal Americana, vol. ii, p. 171,
London, 1838. These plants were pistillate specimens of Phyl-
lospadix Scoulert, W.J. Hooker, although the author makes no
mention of the dicecious character of the genus and perhaps was
unaware of it, as he observes that the genus ‘‘is separated from
Zostera by the single style, capitate stigma, and curious leafy .
border of the spadix.” Not only does he make no mention of
anthers but in his figures (tab. 186) are shown an ovoid ovary,
the ‘‘single style and stigma,’’ the pistils in a single row, and
the retinacula forming the ‘‘leafy border of the spadix ’’ spread-
ing if not recurved. The spadices and pistils of his specimens
must have been imperfect, for his correct figure of the plant itself
- enables us to know the particular form of Phyllospadix he was
dealing with, and in all the specimens of this form collected along
the Pacific Coast and examined by ourselves, as well as in the
still more numerous specimens of Phyllospadix Torrey, Wats.,
we find a cordate sagittate ovary, with two laminated stigmas,
two rows of pistils, and the retinacula of the pistillate spadix
never reflexed or spreading.

Since its first publication a diagnosis of the genus has natu-
rally appeared in other works, among them the following general
systematic treatises:

Watson, Geol. Survey of Cal., Botany, ii, p. 192, 1880, Ben-
tham and Hooker, Genera Plantarum, iii, p. 1017, 1883. Engler
and Prantl, Die Natuerlichen Pfhlanzenfamilien, ii, (1) p. 204, 1889,

Some of the omissions have been supplied—the most impor-
tant being the dicecious character of the flowers,—and some of
the errors have been corrected, but not all. As an example,
figure B. (after Ruprecht) in Engler and Prantl ii, p. 204, is
similar to Hooker’s original figure of the spadix and ovaries,
excepting that the two stigmas are shown. Fig. A. (also after
Ruprecht) is not so good as Hooker’s, not resembling the plant

February 26, 1894.

382 Phyllospadix. [ZOE

as it appears in the water. The original figure opposite, on p.
205, purports to be of P. Scoulerz, but is a drawing of the form
known as 2. Zorreyi, made from an herbarium specimen evi-
dently. The drawing of the roots, root-stock, leaf-sheaths,
ovaries, as well as the extraordinary number of fruiting nodes
are all uncharacteristic. Prof. Ascherson’s characterization of
this genus and Zostera, in the text, is however thoughtful, and
correct so far as the morphology of the genus was at that time
ascertainable.

In making a critical biological study of the genus, its mor-
phology and anatomy, during the past year, for the purpose of
ascertaining its relationship to Zostera, and the possible causes,
under the peculiar climatic conditions of this Coast, of its evo-
lution as a genus, I came upon certain important structural char-
acters which had remained undescribed, and was enabled to clear

away some existing misapprehensions.*

In the light of thi§ study it has seemed desirable to recast the
generic description of Phyllospadix.

PHYLLOSPADIX, W. J. Hooker.

Submersed marine plants growing along exposed shores, from
low-tide ievel to two fathoms below, with long, grass-like leaves,
and creeping, much-branched rhizomas, which cling to rocks or
to a rocky substratum in sand.

Rhizoma brittle, somewhat compressed from above, its greatest
diameter from .5 to 1. centimeter, nodes not well-marked, the whole
ee extending indefinitely, and irregularly knotted when
Oo

Roots short (2-4 cm.) stout, simple, six, eight or rarely ten, in
a double row on the side of each internode, alternating ens and
left, in successive internodes.

Branches are on the side of each internode, opposite “ee
clusters of roots, and on alternate sides, in successive internodes;
young branches very leafy.

Leaves, .5 to 2 meters long, slender, numerous, mostly arising
from the terminal bud and from short sterile branches of the rhi-

e The Genus Phyllospadix, by William Russel Dudley, in the Wilder
Quarter-Century Book, Sept. 1£93, pp. 403-420, two plates.

VOL, IV. ] Phyllospadix. 383

zoma, and concealing the ascending flowering branches. Leaf-
sheaths long, open as in Gramineze, but each nodal leaf-sheath
completely investing the rhizoma and the distal terminal and
lateral buds. 1 nodal sheaths on rhizoma and flowering
branches rent by the expanding buds, leaving only the thicker
portion to support the lamina. Laminz, linear, emarginate at
the apex, smooth, 3-nerved, furnished when very young with
“‘fin-cells,”’ along the margin. Ligule short of two auriculate
appendages.

Flowering stems ascending as lateral branches from the
rhizoma,’ slender, naked below. They are from one-third to
two-thirds of a meter to the summit of the upper spathes, and
are continued to the height of a meter or more by means of the
leaves and leaf-like tips of the spathes. Flowers without perianth,
dicecious, arranged in a double row, on a spadix which is sessile
within the spathe, but short peduncled below. Pistillate spadices
in the axils of the stem-leaves and five or six centimeters in length.
Staminate plants infrequent, their spadices eiaeae Spadix
linear, flattened, somewhat channeled, provi along each
margin with a row of oblong, obtuse, incurved, ohhauels ascend-
ing, chartaceous appendages (retinacula), one for each ovary or
pair of anther-cells, the whole closely invested when young by
the membranous spathe. The acute apex of the spadix usually
projects slightly beyond the spathe proper.

Ovary cordate-sagittate affixed near the base to the spadix
and terminated above by a very short style, and two thin, acumi-
nate, irregularly-lobed stigmas which are soon deciduous. The
ovaries of each row ascend, point obliquely inwards, and alter-
nate with a pair of rudimentary anther-cells, appearing when
young like the moncecious spadix of Zostera. At anthesis the
stigmas only project from the spathe. The spadix and ripened
pistils free at maturity from the spathe, but its retinacula never
spreading or reflexed. Ovule single, pendulous and orthotropous.

Each anther, a pair of oblong linear very distinct lobes point-
ing obliquely upward and inward along the face of staminate
spadix, the apices of each row closely adjusted to those of the
- opposite row. Anthers maturing in acropetal order, the male
retinacula at the same time successively and permanently recurv-

384 Phyllospadix. [ZOE

ing, leaving the anthers exposed, andffinally shedding the entire
spathe. Anther-lobes dehiscent longitudinally, the septum
between the two loculi persistent and membranous. Pollens
filamentous, one-half to one millimeter long, floating on the sur-
face of the sea, when first escapin

Fruits compressed, beaked above, sagittate lobed below, seed
coats loose and membranous. Embryo compressed consisting
largely of an orbicular hypocotyl, 2-lobed posteriorly. Cotyledon
thin, oblong descending between the hypocotyl lobes.

Sclerenchyma tissue abundantly developed in the flowering
stems and the leaves, wanting in the rhizoma.

The genus differs from Zostera in habitat, number, size, posi-
tion, and character of roots and lateral branches, in the rhizoma,
the presence of sclerenchyma in the upright stems and leaves, in
the dicecious spadices, in the rudimentary anthers on the pistil-
late spadix, in well-developed retinacula, form of ovary and
hypocotyl, mode of dehiscence of anther, and the presence of a
permanent membrane between the loculi of the anther-cells.

P. serrulaius Rupr., with ‘‘ leaves toothed,” from Alaska, may
be at present dismissed as too little known, the description being
based, it is said,-on leaf-fragments only. Our California species
approach too closely to one another; ?. Scoulderi being variable,
while P. Zorreyi is pretty constant in its characters; but from
our present knowledge it would appear proper to retain them as
species.

The following species are the only ones detected on the coast
of California, and the only ones certainly known to exist:

P. ScoULERI, Hook., Flora Bor. Amer. ii, p. 171- (1838).
Flowering stems not common, peduncles short, 1 to 6 cm. long.
Pistillate spadix one; rarely two are present, one at each node.
Ripened pistils larger than in the following species. Leaves flat
and much thinner and lighter green, but with more sclerenchyma
than in P. Zorreyi; variable in width, 1% to 2 mm. in mature
plants, 3 or even 5 mm. on young sterile specimens; sterile
- plants abundant, growing on the rocks in the heaviest surf and
on the most exposed ocean shores. Specimens examined from .
Tillamook Head, Or. (Henderson), from the mouth of the Rus-

VOL. IV.] Lower California Grasses, 385

sian River, Santa Cruz, Pacific Grove, and San Luis Obispo Bay,
Cal. (Dudley). Reported from Vancouver (Macoun), Sonne
River (Scouler), Santa Barbara (Mrs. Bingham).

P. Torrey Wats., Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv, p. 303 (1879).
Flowering stems abundant, elongated, usually 20-30 cm. to the
lowest of the two to four fertile nodes. Pistillate spadices two to
five at each node, a cluster terminating the stem, each 5 or 6 cm.
in length. Staminate spadices shorter and shorter stalked, three
to five at each node. Ripened ovaries 5 or 6 mm. long, and
nearly as broad. Leaves numerous and .5 to 2 meters long, 1 to
2 mm. wide, coriaceous, and oval in transection, dark olive-
green. Sclerenchyma less abundant than in P. Scoulertz. Abun-
dant on the ocean shores mixed with P. Scouleri, but inclining
more to tide-pools and protected coves among the rocks, often
seeming to grow in tussocks or turfs in the sand, but really aris-
ing from sand-covered stones. Specimens examined from the
Russian River, Cal. (Dudley), Farallones Ids., and Santa Bar-
bara (Cal. Acad. Coll.), San Diego (Cleveland), Ensenada, Lower
California (Brandegee), and many from Santa Cruz, Pacific
Grove, and San Luis Obispo Bay, Cal. I have no doubt it
extends to Vancouver and beyond, also much further south than
it has yet been reported.

LOWER CALIFORNIA GRASSES.
AN ENUMERATION OF THE GRASSES COLLECTED BY MR. T. S.
BRANDEGEE IN LOWER CALIFORNIA IN 1893.

BY F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER.

I have not had time nor the facilities, even if I had desired,
to fall into line with the nomenclaturists of the day in this
enumeration, but I have studied the plants of the collection care-
fully, and so far as I have ventured to name them I believe they
will be understood. I have been unable to consult the collec-
tions of Bourgeau, Botteri, Liebmann, and some others, and it is
very likely that I have erred in some of my determinations. I
have, however, done the best that the facilities at my command
would permit. a a sie,

386 Lower California Grasses. ' _ [ZOE

1. TRIPSACUM LANCEOLATUM Rupr. in Benth. Pl. Hartw. 247;
Fourn. Mex. Pl. Enum. Gram. 68.—El Taste, September 13 (4).

2. HACKELOCHLOA GRANULARIS (L.) OK. Cenchrus Gran-
ularis \,.; Manisuris granularis Sw.—E\ Taste, September 11
(20). Saucito, October 15 (68).

. ANDROPOGON SACCHAROIDES Sw. Sessile or fertile
spikelets 214 lines long, awns 10-12 lines. I have exactly the
same form from San Diego, collected by C. R. Orcutt.—El Taste,
September 9 (47).

4. ANDROPOGON conToRTUS L. Heteropogon contortus R. &
S. El Taste, September 13 (2); Pescadero, September 23 (1).

5. ANDROPOGON IMBERBIS Hack. in Flora 1885, 119. A
form with the pedicellate spikelet awned.—Saucito, October
15 (65):

6. ANDROPOGON HIRTIFLORUS HBK. var. FEENSIS Hack.
A. feensis Fourn.—El Taste, September 13 (31).

7. J8GOPOGON GEMINIFLORUS HBK. var. UNISETUS ane
E,, unisetus R. & S.—l\,a Chuparosa, October 17 (60).

7a. ——-——. Var. BREVIGLUMIS, n. var. Spikelets two in
each cluster, one hermaphrodite, the second reduced to a pair
of aristiform empty glumes and a linear, triaristate floral
glume. The empty glumes of the perfect floret very short and
narrow so that the glumes appear to be awn-like from the base,
subequal and about the length of the triaristate flowering glume.
This is unlike any other form which I have, the nearest approach
to it being No. 247 E. Palmer (1886). The details of the spike-
lets in this genus vary so much that I hesitate to give this plant
specific rank.—Saucito, October 14 (69).

8. NAZIA OCCIDENTALIS (Nees). TZragus occidentalis Nees.
Lappago aliena Griseb.—El Taste, September 11 (36).

PASPALUM KARWINSKYI Fourn.? Allied to P. panicu-
latum 1, Nodes, sheaths, and leaves smooth, racemes 10-10;
1% inches long, approximate; spikelets 34 lin. long quadri-
seriate, obtuse, smooth.—San José del Cabo, September 2 (15).

10. ERIOCHLOA PUNCTATA Hamilton. Nelopus punctatus
Nees.—El Taste, September 15 (41).

VOL, IV. | Lower California Grasses. 387

II. PANICUM SANGUINALE L.—EI Taste, September 9 (49);
La Honda, October 22. Empty glumes densely pilose at the
apex. and along the margins (7. fimbriatum Kth.), (53).—San
José del Cabo, September 2 (29).

12. PANICcUM —. Allied toP. fiiforme \,. Spikes 2-5,
approximate, 2-3 inches long, outer glumes ciliate and fimbriate
along the margins —E| Taste, September 11 (42, 43)-

13. PANICUM PASPALOIDES Pers.—El Taste, September 9
(13).

14. PANICUM VELUTINOSUM Nees. Agrost. Bras. 121, (P.
Petiverti (%. Trin. Icon. t. 180). Spikelets 114-2 lines long,
obovate, abruptly acuminate pointed, dark purple and pubescent
towards the apex; fourth glume minutely mucronate pointed
and transversely rugose; leaves narrowed at the base, not cor-
date.—Saltillo, September 17 (17).

15. PANICUM. PETIVERII Trin.?=No. 159 and No. 208 E.
Palmer 1887 (P. dissctiflorum Vasey, ined.). Spikelets 1% lines
long. Outer glumes shortly and sparsely pubescent, the first
3-nerved and % as long as the spikelet, the second and third
glumes 5-nerved and together with the fourth abruptly short-
pointed. The fourth glume punctate striate on the back (not
transversely rugose). Leaves cordate clasping at the base where
they are sparingly ciliate on the margins. Racemes distant, 2
inches long, remotely flowered, spikelets solitary or in pairs on
short, pilose pedicels.—Pescadero, September 23 (27).

16. PANICUM AVENACEUM HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. i. 99.—
El Taste, September 12 (21).

17. PANICUM DECOLORANS HBK.? Spikelets turgid, 12-2
lines long. First glume hardly % as long as the spikelet,
obtuse 5-nerved, the second and third glumes longer than the
fourth, broadly lanceolate, subacuminate, 7-9 nerved, the third
with a palea, fourth glume obtuse. Habit of /. decolorans as
described by Kunth.—Saucito, October 14 (70).

18. Panrcum compactum Sw., Griseb. Flor. Br. W. Ind.
552.— Saltillo, September 16 (22).

Panicum LATIFOLIUM L. Sp. Pl. ed. i., P divaricatum

TQ.

388 Lower. California Grasses. [ZOE

HBK. and Am. auct.—No. 362 E. Palmer 1886.—El Taste,
September 11 (23). San Felipe, September 9 (28).

20. PANICUM BREVIFOLIUM L.—El Taste, September 10 (24).
21. PANricumM coLonum L.— San José del Cabo, September 1
(40). ‘
22. PANICUM CoLONUM—depauperate? Culms very slender
3-4 inches high; leaves narrow-linear; racemes reduced to 1-5
spikelets.—El Taste, September 11 (52).

23. OplLIsMENUS BURMANNI (Retz) Beauv. O Humbdold-
tianus Nees, not Presl.—No. 463 E. Palmer 1886.—Miraflores,
October 13 (75).

24. SETARIA GLAUCA Beauy.—Saltillo, September 17 (32).

25. SETARIA VIRIDIS Beauv.? San José del Cabo, Septem-
ber 2 (46).

26. SETARIA——-——. Panicle branched interrupted below,
caudate; bristles much exceeding the spikelets which are about
1 line long. First glume very small obtuse, 3-nerved; second
glume 5—nerved, a little shorter than the flowering glume; third
7-nerved as long as the acute and transversely rugose flowering
glume.—No. 191 E. Palmer 1887, also No. 957 E. Palmer 1878.
—San Felipe, September 9 (45). To be compared with S.
unisetas Fourn.

27. SETARIA SETOSA Beauyv.? Spikelets 144 lines long,
first glume acute, 3-nerved, 1% as long as the spikelet, second
glume 1 shorter than the fourth 7-nerved; flowering glume
transversely rugose and mucronate pointed.— Pescadero, Septem-
ber 20 (48).
cosy CENCHRUS ECHINATUS L.—Mazatlan, Mexico, October

9).

29. CENCHRUS PALMERI Vasey! Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.
Ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 211; grasses of the Pac. Slope t. 3.—=No. 689
E. Palmer 1887, collected at Los Angeles Bay, Southern Calif.
This is possibly Cenxchrus pauciflorus Benth. Bot. Sulph. 56.
Bentham’s plant which was from the Bay of Magdalena is thus
characterized: ‘‘Culmis suberecto, foliis glabris vix scabrius-
culis, involucris alternis, distantibus, pilosiusculis sub 10-fidis,
spiculis subternas superantibus.”—La Mesa, October 24 (12).

VOL. Iv.] Lower California Grasses. 389

30. ARISTIDA BROMOIDES HBK. Empty glumes unequal,
the first 2-3 lines long, acute, the second 314-4 lines, acute or
obtuse, both 1-nerved. Floret about the length of the second
glume. Awns subequal, 212-5 lines long, lateral awns slightly
divergent. Callus densely barbate. Culms slender, branched,
6-12 inches high, with a narrow strict panicle 2-5 inches long.
—Saucito, October 15 (66).

31. ARISTIDA SCHIEDEANA Trin. First empty glume lan-
ceolate, acute, 314-4% lines long, strongly aculeolate scabrous
on the keel for the entire length; second glume a little longer
than the first, 1-nerved, obtuse or shortly bifid at apex, the
smooth midnerve projecting as a short mucro between the lobes;
flowering glume with a slender and acute barbate callus nearly
¥% line long, the glume 6-7 lines long, with an awn 2 lines long,
the lateral awns minute. Panicle 6-10 inches long, branches 2-4
inches, solitary or in pairs, rather rigid, widely spreading, with
appressed spikelets above the middle, naked below. Culms 1-2
feet high, rather slender.—Saucito, October 15 (64). —

32. ARISTIDA CALIFORNICA Thurber.—San José del Cabo.,
September 12 (38).

3 ARISTIDA SCABRA Kunth, Séreflachne scabra HBK.
Ortachne scabra Fourn.—El Taste, September 11 (26).

33. ORYZOPSIS FIMBRIATA Hemsl. Stipa jimbriata HBK.
Empty glumes about 2% lines long, equaling or slightly exceed-
ing the obovate obtuse and pilose flowering glume, shortly mucro-
nate pointed. Awn of the flowering glume about 7/4 lines long,
once or twice geniculate, strongly twisted below, scabrous.
Callus very short, acute, barbate. First glume 5-nerved, the
second 3-nerved. Radical leaves involute filiform, about a foot
long, shorter than the culm.—La Chuparosa, October 7 (72).

34. MUHLENBERGIA LAXIFLORA Scribn.=No. 1412 C. G.
Pringle (1887). Empty glumes about % line long, subequal,
obtuse; flowering glume 2 lines long narrow-lanceolate, 3-nerved,
2-toothed at the obtuse apex awned; awn 1-2 lines long. Callus
barbate. Culms 2-3 feet high, simple, panicle narrow, elongated,
dark purple. Perennial from a stout root-stock.—La Chuparosa,
October 17 (74).

460° Lower California Grasses. [ZOE

_ MUHLENBERGIA DISTICHOPHYLLA Kth.—El Taste, Sep-
tember 13 (33, 34)-

36. MUHLENBERGIA CILIATA Kth.—No. 1435 Pringle (1887)
La Chuparosa, October 21 (59).

37. MUHLENBERGIA~———. Near 1. stipotdes. Annual
culms czespitose, branched, slender, with usually 7 nodes; leaves
flat, spreading, 2-3 inches long, 14 line wide, sheaths shorter than
the internodes. Panicle 4-5 inches long strict, base enclosed
within the uppermost sheath. Spikelets 2 lines long with a
slender awn 6-8 lines long; empty glumes short (about ¥% line)
subequal obtuse; flowering glume scabrous on the back, pilose on
the margins below, apex minutely 2-toothed, awn from between
the teeth; callus short, minutely barbate.—La Chuparosa,
_ October 17 (71).

38. MUHLENBERGIA————. Culms taller and more
branched than in the last (No. 71) and awns longer, 8-18 lines,
otherwise the same.—Saucito, October 15 (62).

. LycuruSs PHALAROIDES HBK.—Sierra de la Laguna,
ons 19 (77, 81).

40. PEREILEMA CRINITUM Presl.—La Cuparosa, October

41. SPOROBOLUS MINUTIFLORUS Link.? Scribner in Proc.
Acad Nat. Sci. Phila. (1891) p. 299.=No. 3130 Pringle ee
—lLa Chuparosa, October 17 (80).

42. SPOROBOLUS RACEMOSUS Vasey. No. 4B, E. Palmer
1885 (in herb. mihi) and 1425 Pringle 1887.—La Chuparosa
October 21 (58). Mixed with this are specimens of Sporobolus
annuus Vasey and Muhlenbergia ciliata,

43. SporopoLtus Domincens:s Kth.—No. 165 E. Palmer
1887.—San José del Cabo, September 2 (7).

44. SPOROBOLUS VIRGINICUS Kth.=No. 338 E, Palmer 1887.
—Guaymas, Mexico (7)

45. SPOROBOLUS EXPANSUS Scribn. Culm stout 4-6 feet high;
sheaths smooth, striate; ligule a short and densely ciliate line;
lamina narrow, elongated filiform, smooth on the back, pilose
above near the base and serrulate-scabrous along the margins;

VOL, Iv.] Lower California Grasses. 391

panicle 1-2 feet long caudate, branches slender, erect, spreading,
the lower 6 inches long, rather densely flowered; spikelets sub-
racemose along the branches, nearly 1 line long; empty glumes
unequal, the first about % the length of the second which nearly
equals the flowering glume; flowering glume smooth barely
acute, awnless, callus naked.

This grass is closely allied to Sporobolus Wrightti Scribn. (in
Torr. Bull. ix, 103) but is apparently even more robust, panicle
more elongated, branches and pedicels more slender and scabrous
and spikelets smaller. It is possibly Epicampes expansa Fourn.
but it certainly is as good a Sporobolus as S. Wrightiz. Fournier
enumerates twelve Mexican species of Epicampes but his
descriptions are so short or incomplete that it is very difficult to
make positive determinations.—Pescadero, September 23 (16).

46. DESCHAMPSIA PRINGLEI Scribn. Proc. Acad. Phila.
(1891) p. 300=No. 1429 Pringle 1887.—La Chuparosa, (55).

47. MICROCHLOA SETACEA R. Br.—El Taste, September

rt (5).
8. CHLORIS ELEGANS HBK.—San José del Cabo, Sep-
tember 2 (6). 5

49. LEPfOCHLOA MUCRONATA, Kunth.—San José tag Cabo,
September 2 (18).

50. ee VIRGATA Beauv. var. MUTICA Fourn. Pl.
Mex. En am. 146. Déplachne verticillata Nees & Mey.
Diplachne 5 iiaite Thurb.No. 47, E. Palmer (1887) and
No. 331 (1886).—San José Del Cabo, September 2 (8).

51. BOUTELOUA ARISTIDOIDES, Thurb. Dinebra aristidoides
HBK.—Pescadero, September 23 (51).

52. BouUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA Gray. Chloris curtipendula
Michx. Bouteloua racemosa Yag.—El Taste September 11 (3).

53. BourELovuA AMERICANA Scribn. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. (1891) 306. Bouteloua bromoides Lag. Bouteloua Hum-
boldtiana Griseb.—La Honda October 21 (59). The details of
the spikelets in this specimen agree with the figure of Dinebra
bromoides HBK. Nov. Gen. t. 51.— El Taste, September 11 (25).
In this the characters of the spikelets are those of Dinebra

392 Lower California Grasses. Rees

repens HBK. as figured in Nov. Gen. Pl. t. 52. These species
(Dinebra bromoides, D. repens and Bouteloua Humboldtiana) were
united under Bouteloua bromoides Lag. by S. Watson in Proc.
Amer. Acad. 1883, p. 177. Aristida Americana Sw., Obs. 41, t.
ii, f. 2 (1791), cited by Kunth, is an older synonym, the specific
name of which is taken up.

. 54. BouTeLoua HirsuTA Lag.—El Taste, September 12
(19).

55. BOUTELOUA POL YSTACHYA Torr.—San José del Cabo,
September 2 (39).

56. PAPPOPHORUM MUCRONULATUM Nees. ?=No. 350 E.
Palmer (1887). ‘This may be only a form of P. alopecurowdeum
Vahl., but it differs from my West Indian specimens so ticketed,
and it does agree very well with Doell’s figure and description of
P. mucronulatum. It is not P. apertum Munro, Scribn. in Bull.
Torr. Club, ix (1882) p.52. The following are some of the char-
acters of the spikelets: Spikelets including the awns 11-12
mim. long, with usually two perfect flowers and two to three
empty glumes above. Lower empty glumes ovate lanceolate,
bristle-awned between the two unequal teeth at the apex, the
second about 5 mm. long, a little exceeding the first. Flowering
glumes broad and rounded on the back, about 3 mm. long to
base of awns, densely pilose on the short and obtuse callus and
on the midnerve below the middle and on the sides half way
up, pubescent on the inner face above, 7-nerved. Awns 12-15,
the longer ones 8-9 mm. diverging, violet-colored, strongly sca-
brous. The upper empty giumes with a villous tuft on the back
below the middle, sides and callus naked.—Guaymas Mexico,
November 7 (76).

AT

Cae LITTORALIS Engelm,—Pescadero, Sep-
tember 23. (Mixed with No. 35).
ERAGROSTIS PLUMOSA Link. Poa tenella. Kunth. Revis,
Gram. ii. 467, t. 147, not Linn. Zvagrostis ciliaris var. patens
Chapm.—San José del Cabo, September 2 (9).
59. Lragrostis major Host.—El Taste, September 11 (37)-
60. LEvagrostis lugens Nees.—La Chuparosa, October 17 (78)-
“61. ERAGROSTIS NEO-MEXICANA Vasey. I have this from

VOL. Iv. | Lower California Grasses, 393

New Mexico, collected by G. R. Vasey 1881.—El Taste, Sep-
tember g (14).

62, ERAGROsTIs —-——, El Taste, September 9 (so).

63. HRAGROSTIS LIMBATA Fourn.? =234 E. Palmer 1886.—
Saucito, October 15 (67).

64. ERAGROSTIS NIGRICANS Steud. (Poa nigricans HBK.).
This is apparently a small form of this species. —Sierra de la
Laguna, October 19 (82).

65. DISTICHLIS sPICATA (L.).—Pescadero, September 23
(35):

66. FESTUCA TENELLA Willd. ? This appears to me to be
only a very delicate form of /estuca tenella Willd. Very likely
it is the Festuca muralis Kth. var. pumila Fourn. Mex. Pl. Enum.,
Gram. 123, without description, reference being made to No. 554
Liebmann, collected at Cerro Leon.—La Chuparosa, October 17
(61). :

67. BROMUS —. Allied to B. Kalmii. The species
of Bromus are exceeding variable, and their determination
difficult. I have nothing which matches this, but doubtless it
has been published. The slender culms are about 2 feet high,
and minutely pubescent; sheaths downwardly pubescent; panicle
small, the axis and branches pubescent. Empty glumes unequal,
the first lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved, the second oblong, obtuse,
and 3-nerved; flowering glume finely pubescent all over, obtusely
bifid and short awned between the teeth.—I,a Chuparosa, Octo-
ber 17 (73).

68. BrRACHypopIum MeExIcANuM Link.— La Chuparosa,
October 16 (54).

69. JOUVEA STRAMINEA Fourn.? Scribner in Bull. Torr.
Bot. Club, xvii, p. 226; Rachidospermum Mexicanum Vasey, Bot.
Gaz. xv, 110.—San José del Cabo, October 27 (10). :

SYSTEMATIC BOTANY OF NORTH AMERICA.

UNDER THE EDITORSHIP OF

N. L. BRITTON, . JOHN ae seidplenshigg F. V. CovILLE
Columbia College, Lake U.S. Dept. of Agriculture,
York City. take test, Til. Washington, D
EDWARD L. GREENE, BYRON D. HALSTED, ARTHUR HOLLICK,
University of California, Rutger’s College, Columbia College,
Berkeley, Calif. New Brunswick, N. J. New York City.

UCIEN M. UNDERWOOD,
De Pauw University, Greencastle, Ind.
CoLuMBIA COLLEGE, NEw YORK, November —, 1893.
My sige SIR:—
roposed to publish a comprehensive, descriptive Flora of the

United Bais and British America in t eneral sequence of the larger
groups adopted in ‘Die Naturliche Pflanzenfamilien’? of Engler and
antl, thus including all the known plan his area. In or 0

accomplish this, the widest co-operation of American Botanists is desired,

and I am authorized by the Board of Editors to invite your interest and
suleiee

The work will be issued in parts averaging about 100 pages each in royal

octavo or small quarto size. About 5 of these parts will constitute a volume,

and it is estimated that about 75 parts, making 15 volumes, will be required.

No illustration is contemplated, but copious references to published plates

In

an es will be made a feature. addition to the technical characteri-
zations, chapters dealing with the economic, palzontologic and horticul-
tural ects of each order will be ap Especial attention will be

d

given to the verification of original descriptions, to the examination of
type Lasoo to the citation of type localities, and to geographical
distributio

No ait will be made to ‘treat the ve glign Samet but the .
sequence of orders being toot established in ,an num-
ber of genera and species being approximately aaa it is siaibte to
print parts of all the volumes, or of as many of them as is desired at about
the same time. It is hoped that five or six parts can be issued annually,
ices in 1896. Several parts are already in preparati

in preparing monographs of various groups, or in superintending their
apenas
Prof. Thos. C. Porter, Lafayette College, Easton, Penn.; Prof. Chas. E.
sey, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.: P
ace sity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis Prof. Wm. *Preleds ;

. A. Arthu
ce Ind.; Dr. Thomas Morong, Colonia College, New York City;
February 26, 1894.

’

VOL. IV. | A New Species of Bulimulus. 395

Prof. L. H. Bailey, Cornell University, pone New York; Prof. Lester F.
Ward, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.; Mr. O. F. Cook, Hunt-
ington, New York; Dr. William Wheelock, Columbia College, New York
City.

Each monographer will be responsible for his own matter, the only
restrictions placed on contributors being that they conform to a general

na
number to be hereafter determined. The treatment of these matters will be
indicated by sample sheets, which will be submitted at an early date. It is
expected that an approximately uniform consideration of species can be
secured
The editors believe that by prosecuting the work in the manner above
indicated, it will be possible to produce a complete Systematic Botany of
the ota within fifteen years. They fully realize the impracticability of
such a task being accomplished by a few students only, and earnestly
desire the aid and support of all American Botanists. They request your
co-operation, and ask that you serd a reply to this letter to the under-
signed, and will welcome any suggestions that you may = pleased to make.
For the Board of Edito
fe ES Sense
Chairman.
The above circular was sent to a number of Botanists besides
those mentioned in the text. While a ‘‘ Flora of the United
States and British Columbia” is highly desirable, a glance at
the names of the proposed monographers gives evidence that if
ever accomplished it will be a remarkably uneven work. e
qualification for participants seems to be not capacity and attain-
ments, but solely agreement with the peculiar nomenclatural
predilections of the editors. As they, or some of them, are,
however, already at loggerheads over details, the date of the

completion of the work is likely to be still farther in the future
K.

than the estimated “‘ fifteen years.”’

A NEW SPECIES OF BULIMULUS.

BY HENRY HEMPHILL.
FULIMELLA OCCIDENTALIS. Shell small, turriculated, white, -
shining, transparent, consisting of about nine rather flattish

convex whorls, with a single fine, revolving, ao liree
arch 12, 1894.

396 Chariessa Lemberti. [ZOE

above the periphery, and with very fine microscopic revolving
stricee beneath, observable only with a good glass and light;
suture deep; aperture subquadrate; lip simple, acute; columella
straight.
Length—4 mill.
Breadth—1 mill.
Habitat, San Diego, California.
Station, mudflats between tides.

I collected about twenty specimens of this interesting little
shell some years ago, which seems undescribed, and I take
this occasion to add it to our West Coast shells.

CHARIESSA LEMBERTI.
BY: J.J. RIVERS:

CHARIESSA LEMBERTI nov. sp. Form robust, prothorax
widest across the middle; head and prothorax finely punctate;
Elytra twice as long as wide, but widening from base to near the
apex; finely punctured in a faintly longitudinal pattern and cov-
ered with very short black hair. Color: Head, basal joints of
antenne, prothorax, legs, all but the tarsi, and the whole of the
underparts red of a subdued crimson. Size: Variable in both
sexes from 8-12 mm.

Has a superficial resemblance to C. elegans Horn, but is dis-
tinguished by having its thorax flatter and wider, by the legs
being red instead of black (except the tarsi), by the basal joint
of antenne being red, and by its prothorax not bearing a polished
surface, as in C. elegans Horn, and the insect is altogether a
wider species. Habitat: Yosemite. Collected by Mr. J. B.
Lembert, who kindly presented it to me.

March 12, 1894.

TWO UNDESCRIBED PLANTS FROM THE COAST
RANGE.

BY T. S. BRANDEGEE.

EASTWOODIA nov. gen. (pl. xxx.*) Heads homogamous,
discoid, many-flowered, all the flowers fertile. Involucre short-
campanulate, bracts narrow, few-seriate. Receptacle hemisphaeri-
cal, papillate by the elevated points of attachment of the flowers
and their embracing paleze. Corolla yellow, tubular-funnelform,
shortly five-cleft. Stamens exserted, obtuse or emarginate at
base. Style-branches flattened, stigmatic lines marginal, not
extending to the tip. Akenes turbinate, obscurely angled,
crowned by 5-8 palez.

Named in honor of Miss Alice Eastwood, curator of the her-
barium of the California Academy of Sciences.

E. ELEGANS. Suffrutescent, nearly glabrous perennial %-1
m. high, branching; stems striate, bark whitish, shreddy in age:
leaves alternate, sessile, fascicled in the lower axils, linear-oblan-
ceolate, acuminate, 1-nerved, minutely and very sparsely sca-
brous, somewhat succulent, 2-4 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide: heads
114-2 cm. broad, 1-%4 high, solitary or loosely cymose at the
upper part of slender bracts, leafy shoots of the year, 2-2)4 dm.
long: involucre appressed; bracts corneous, whitish, 3-4-seriate,
oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, the inner broader and with a
scarious erose margin; bracts of the receptacle complicate, ob-
long, corneous, with scarious erose tip, caducous, densely
glandular below the tip within as are also those of the involucre:
corolla glabrous, 6 mm. long, somewhat leathery: stamens and
style well exserted; style branches broad, rounded at summit, not
appendaged, glabrous within nearly to the tip, hirsute on the
upper half without, stigmatic lines narrow; akenes short-turbinate
somewhat 3-4-angled, densely upwardly pubescent, about 2 mm,
long, not contracted at the summit; pappus of 5~8 unequal, white,
linear-lanceolate erose-margined, corneous, persistent palez,
much longer than the akenes. Collected by Mr. L. Jared on the
Cariso Plains; by’ Miss Eastwood, near Alcalde; by Mr. W. L.

ee ee

flowering branch; C. flower showing

2
XPLANATION OF PLATE. ; ;
oo fe f receptacle; B. stamens; style tips

E. flo
exserted stamens and style; D. bract o
greatly magnified. Ss ay

398 Flora of the Cape Region. [ZOE

Watts on the hills west of Bakersfield, and by the writer near
the same time and in the same general region, April-June, 1893.

The affinities of this plant are with Asteroidez, of which it
has the style-tips and involucre with much the general habit of
the desert species of Aplopappus, but it differs from any of the
genera in its complicate-chaffy receptacle, and its pappus. The
western rim of the San Joaquin Valley yet little explored may
be expected to still yield many novelties.

Lepipium JarEpi. Annual, branching, 1-2 dm. high, some-
what glaucous, upper part of stem and inflorescence pubescent,
with spreading hairs: leaves lanceolate, entire, or toothed: flow-
ering branches becoming elongated, often half the length of the
plant: pedicels terete, slender, spreading, in fruit, 1 em. long,
and somewhat recurved; flowers bright yellow: sepals 2 mm.
long: petals a third longer, with oval or obovate blade and nar-
row claw: stamens 6, nearly equal: fruit ovate, glabrous, reticu-
late, 3-4 mm. wide and hardly as long, acute or barely
emarginate, at summit, not winged; style 14 mm. long; coty-
ledons incumbent.

Collected by Mr. L. Jared near Goodwin, San Luis Obispo
County, April-May, 1893; and near Riverdale, Fresno County,
about the same time by Mr. Alvah Eaton.

ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION
OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. II.
BY T. S. BRANDEGEE.

The following collection was made during the months of
September and October in the western part of the mountains of
the Cape Region.

The particular localities explored were either previously
unexplored or had been visited at a different time of the year.
The rainy season of the region is in the months of July, August,
and September, but little rain fell about San José del Cabo, and
consequently there were comparatively small collections made in
its vicinity; and the same conditions prevailed over the region

March 12, 1894.

VOL. IV. | Flora of the Cape Region. 399

between the high mountains and the Gulf of California, but
west of the mountains the ground was well soaked by frequent
showers, and vegetation was luxuriant.

e numbers of the list are continuous with those of previous
ones. All above 739 are additions to the known plants of the
Cape Region. The smaller numbers belong to plants which
occur in the previous lists, of which better specimens or fuller
material require notice, or lead to rectifications of diagnosis.

he grasses of the collection have been studied by Prof. F.
Lamson-Scribner, and are not incorporated here, and there yet
remain a considerable number of species, requiring careful study,
which for lack of time could not be made ready for this paper.

2. THALICTRUM VESICULOSUM Lec. var. PENINSULARE,
Plants about 1 m. high, glabrous throughout, excepting a minute
glandular pubescence on the margins of the sheaths, some-
' what glaucous; stems striate: leaves tripinnate, distant; leaflets
slender-petiolulate, thin, sometimes 3 cm., but ordinarily less than
2 cm. long, green above, glaucous below, spatulate, ovate or
obovate, 3-6-, commonly, 3-lobed at apex, the lobes entire:
panicle loose and spreading somewhat leafy; pedicels elongated,
filiform: flowers usually hermaphrodite: sepals 4, 2 mm. long,
oblong-elliptic or oval, purplish, with conspicuous parallel veins:
filaments filiform, flexuous, more or less dilated towards the top,
in full development exceeding the linear 4-5 mm. long, mucro-
nate anthers, ovaries about 5, stipitate; style filiform 6-8 mm. long,
strongly papillose on the back, tapering to the extremity, stig-
matic nearly the whole length, the thin margin rolled in: heads
nodding in fruit, akenes 5-6 mm. long, usually concave on the
inner angle, stipitate, tipped by more or less of the base of the
style, the flattened sides and back strongly veined and nodulose.—
Common at middle elevations in the mountains of the Cape
Region.

This plant is geographically so far removed from the South
American type that comparison of specimens may show them to
be specifically distinct.

RANUNCULUS ABORTIVUS L. var. AUSTRALIS.
leaves reniform, 3-5 cm. broad, 2-3 cm. long, petals 5-6 mm.
long. Perennial, flowering in August. Abundant in wet places

Lower

400 Flora of the Cape Regzon. [ZOE

on the high summits of Sierra de la Laguna and San Francis-
quito

740. RANUNCULUS HYDROCHAROIDES Gray. Common in
wet places and standing water, at La Chuparosa and Sierra de
la Laguna, the immersed plants not in flower in October, those
growing in wet banks just coming into bloom.

10. LEPIDIUM INTERMEDIUM Gray. Mature specimens now
collected show that the cotyledons are incumbent, and this name
should take the place of LZ. Virginicum. Some of the specimens
have rather conspicuous petals like the New Mexico and Texas.
plants.

741. CLEOME MELANOCARPA Watson. The specimens differ
from Dr. Palmer’s Chihuahua plant in having slightly narrower
pods. The petals are white, but the plant does not belong to
the § Physostemon. It is common in September on the Pacific
slope of the mountains.

742. IONIDIUM PARIETARI4FOLIUM DC. (?) The same
plant as Dr. Palmer’s No. 93, 1885, from Chihuahua, Proc. Am.
Acad. xxi, 415.—Common in the elevated region west of Sierra
San Lazaro

743- ALSODEIA PARVIFOLIA Wats (?)—Mountains east of
Pescadero, September 16, 1893.

744. POLYGALA GLOCHIDIATA HBK. Cafion Hondo. Seen
in but one locality.

36. PARONYCHIA MONANDRA Brandg. This grows abun-
dantly about the Sierra dela Laguna. It seems to be the same
as P. Mexicana Hemsley, excepting that the flower has one
stamen instead of five, and ahsasa it should be considered a
variety of that species.

TALINUM PATENS Willd. The mark of interrogation
should be omitted after this species. It is very common from
near the seashore to middle elevations of the mountains.

745. MALVASTRUM SCABRUM Gray. One plant only was
found in Cafion San Bernardo.

746. KOSTELETZKYA CORDATA Presl. Agrees well with
the description in Reliq. Henk. The flowers are pale lilac in

VOL. 1V.] Flora of the Cape Region. 401

color, with yellow centres; the petals reflexed.—Abundant at
Santa Anita.

747- ANopA ArRizonica Gray. Sierra San Lazaro and at
Cafion Hondo. Plants much larger than those described by
Dr. Gray. Collected first by Lemmon in Arizona.

748. OXALIS LATIFOLIA HBK. Common on.the west side
of the mountains.

749. ILEX sp.

750." ERE. Sp:

751. COLUBRINA ARBOREA. High-branching small tree
6-10 m. high, 10-15 cm. thick, sparingly pubescent on the
young parts, becoming glabrous: branches slender, green: leaves
alternate 3-nerved, thin, ovate-acuminate, 6-15 cm. long, the
nerves ending in a series of arches, running close to and parallel
with the margin of the leaf, each arch ending in an impressed
gland on the lower surface of the remote rounded teeth; petioles
2-2¥% cm. long; stipules slender caducous: flowers greenish in
axillary cymes shorter than the petioles: calyx and pedicels
sparingly pubescent: petals almost without claws rolled round
the filament which exceeds them: ovary not free from the disk:
fruit not seen. Mountains of the Cape Region, September—
October, 1893.

This may possibly be a form of ‘‘ Rhamnus glomeratus”
Benth. Pl. Hartw. 9, which is evidently a Colubrina with hardly
more than a generic description.

752. ~VICIA EXIGUA Nutt. Sierra de Ja Laguna.

162. PHASEOLUS ACUTIFOLIUS Gray, var. TENUIFOLIUS Gray.
P. montanus Brandg.

753. RHYNCHOSIA PHASEOLOIDES DC. Sierra de la Laguna.

754. CASSIA BIFLORA L.—Rather common on the western
side.

55. CARICA CAUDATA. Stems herbaceous, Ye-t m. long
from a tuberous root: leaves thin, triangular to ovate in outline,
3-nerved, entire or 3-5-lobed acute or acuminate, truncate or
cuneate at base, 3-12 cm. long on slender petioles often exceed-
ing the blade: 3 flowers (only one cluster seen): peduncle 11 cm.

402 Flora of the Cape Region. [ZOE

long, about 5-flowered; calyx 114 mm. long, segments lanceolate,
acute: tube of the corolla slender, 10 mm. -long; lobes oblong
obtuse half the length of the tube: stamens ro, the 5 larger 3
mm. long, 2-celled, nearly sessile, the alternates 1-celled, 2 mm.
long on filaments little shorter—the connective in both forms
brush-bairy at tip: rudiment of ovary 3 mm. long: ¢ flowers not ~
seen: fruit 1-celled, oblong-oval beaked, 5-11 cm. long on slender
peduncles half as long, and with five horns 3-5 cm. long project-
ing backward from the base: seeds 6 mm. long covered by the
milky white aril; testa rugose, crustaceous. — The first speci-
men was collected by Dr. Gustav Eisen. It was afterward found
abundantly, in fruit, about the western side of the mountains.

756. EcCHINOCYSTIS (ECHINOPEPON) CoULTERI (Gray).—
Cafion Hondo.

Garrya Wricurit Torr. This species is common in
the mountains, and reaches a height of 3 m. or more. The
leaves are not mucronulate on the margins as are most of the
Arizona forms. Specimens from the Santa Rita Mountains have
nearly smooth leaf margins, while those from Santa Pedro Martir
are exceedingly rough.

757- RANDIA OBCORDATA Wats.—Common at low eleva-
tions.

758. CRUSEA PARVIFOLIA Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 430.
Agrees very closely with the description and figure, differing
only in unessential particulars.—Cafion Hondo on the western
side of the mountains.

274. VALERIANA SORBIFOLIA HBK.

75 STEVIA MICRANTHA Lag. In the mountains at various
places, not common

760. EupAtToRIuM sAGirTaTum Gray. Common in the
vicinity of Pescadero, usually growing in brush fences. Well-

nown from Guaymas northward to Arizona.

ERIGERON SUBDECURRENS Schultz Bip. This is the
Conyza Coulteri of the previous list.

761. CONYZA SOPHIAFOLIA, HBK.—El Taste.

762. BACCHARIS SAROTHROIDES Gray.—Near Sierra San
Lazaro.

Nai tie ser

VOL. IV. ] flora of the Cape Region. 403

763. GNAPHALIUM PURPUREUM L,.—Sierra de la Laguna.

764. GNAPHALIUM GRACILE HBK. Growing on the sandy
dry beds of streams.

765. FRANSERIA CAMPHORATA Greene. Abundant in the
vicinity of Pescadero. It extends northward to the foothills of
San Pedro Martir.

FAXONIA gen. nov. Heads heterogamous, radiate, flowers of
the ray 9, of the disk 3. Involucre of few, narrow bracts, sub
2-seriate and slightly unequal, some of the outer embracing the
ray-flowers. Receptacle convex, paleze, membranaceous linear.
Ligule of the ray-flowers rudimentary. Style glabrous, acuminate.
Akenes somewhat curved, without pappus, apparently fertile.
Flowers of the disk yellow, with deeply and somewhat irregularly
cleft limb. Stamens distinct or two occasionally joined. Anthers
short. Style branches linear, stigmatic on the inner surface
nearly to the somewhat dilated truncate tip. Akenes with a
pappus of irregular slender awns.

Named in honor of Mr. C. E. Faxon, whose exquisite draw-
ings for the Sylva of North America have placed him in the
front rank of botanical artists.

766. F.PUSILLA.* Plant (only one seen) 8 cm. high, branch-
ing from near the base, villous all over with many-jointed hairs
tipped with capitate glands: leaves opposite, lanceolate, unequal-
sided, 1-2 cm. long, dentate, the teeth small, obtuse, and remote,
the veins marked by oil glands; petiole very slender equaling, or
in the upper many times exceeding the blade, dilated and some-
what clasping at base: inflorescence axillary; heads ovate 3-4
mm. high, 10-15 flowered: bracts of the involucre 6-8, nearly
equal, lanceolate, with somewhat foliaceous tips, 2-4 of them
curved, complicate and embracing the ray-akenes: receptacle not
villous, bracts narrowly linear more or less united: ray-flowers
with pubescent tube and nearly obsolete ligule; style branches
long-acuminate; akenes apparently fertile, glabrous, curved,
striate, compressed. 134 mm. long: disk flowers 2 mm. long,

* Prars XXXI. 1, whole plant enlarged; 2, head; 3, ray-flower with
embracing bract; 4, same with flower drawn out; 5, bract of the receptacle;
6, disk-flower; 7, same opened; 8, stamen. —

404 Flora of the Cape Region. [ZOE

tube densely glandular-villous, lobes linear, rather longer than
the tube, pubescent, marked by oil-tubes, somewhat irregularly
cleft and thickened at tip; anthers very short, oval, somewhat
unequal at base, usually distinct, but sometimes 2 joined, less
than % mm. long, including the equally long appendage; style-
branches enlarged truncate and villous at tip.

767. DysopIA ANTHEMIDIFOLIA Benth. The segments of
the leaves are very broad and obtuse giving to the plant a very
different appearance from the Magdalena Bay specimens.—Along
the Coast below Pescadero.

PECTIS BERLANDIERI DC.—El Taste near Sierra San La-
zaro. It is the same as Dr. Palmer’s No. 61 (1885) from South-
western Chihuahua, excepting that the leaves are much broader.

349. HieRAcrum ArRGuUtTUuM Nutt. (?) A high mountain
plant which may possibly prove distinct.

768. ERECHTHITES RUNCINATA DC.—In damp fields at
Santa Anita where it was probably introduced.

769. BUMELIA ANGUSTIFOLIA Nutt.—Small bushy trees
growing in the vicinity of Pescadero. No mature fruit was
found but the flowers, leaves, and habit are of this species.

770. Dtospyros TEXANA Scheele. ‘‘Guayparin.’’ Probably
a form of this species, but as no flowers could be found the determi-
natiou is uncertain. It isa small tree and not uncommon along
the base of the mountains. ‘The leaves are two or three inches
long and vary on different trees from glabrous to tomentose; the
fruit about an inch in diameter is black when ripe and very
pleasant to the taste.

FORESTIERA MACROCARPA. A shrub or small tree,
2-6 m. high, glabrous: leaves entire, of thin texture, elliptical
or oblong-ovate, cuneate at base, acutish or obtuse, 2-3 cm.
long, on peduncles 4-5 mm. long: drupes solitary or few in clus- .
ters, oblong, 12-15 mm. long, dark blue; pedicels about as long
as petioles; putamen curved, striate.

This species is related to F. pubescens and tomentosa but
differs from both by having thinner, glabrous leaves and larger
fruit. The putamen is striate like that of /. pubescens and the
Jeaves as entire as those of /. /omenfosa.—Found in fruit only,

VOL. IV. ] Flora of the Cape Region. 405

growing along a rocky stream near Sierra San Lazaro in the
month of September.

772. SARACHA JALTOMATA Schlecht. (?) From its char-
acters nearest to this species.—Near San Felipe, where it was
probably introduced.

773. STEMODIA PUSILLA Benth. Plants less hairy, corolla
larger and longer as compared with the calyx, than in Mazatlan
specimens.—Cafion de San Bernardo.

774. VERBENA PROSTRATA R. Br. Spikes less dense and
plants less hirsute than specimens from California. Seen only in
San Bernardo Cafion, where it may have been introduced.

775. VERBENA POLYSTACHYA HBK.. Sierra San Francis-
quito, where it was doubtless introduced.

776. DURANTA PLUMIERI Jacq.—Both flowers examined
had five stamens: one all perfect and the other with the fifth
somewhat imperfect. Common at middle elevations on the west
side of the mountains, sometimes forming impenetrable thickets.

462. CITHAREXYLUM BERLANDIERI Rob. Very nearly the
same as Pringle’s specimens from San Louis Potosi.—Found
only about the cultivated fields of Miraflores where it is not
uncommon,

777. HyPpTiIs SUAVEOLENS Poit.—Growing very abundantly
about the ranch at La Mesa, where it was probably introduced.

778. CELTIS PALLIDA Torr.—Common about Pescadero and
the western coast.

779. CELTIS RETICULATA Torr.—Small trees growing about
Sierra San Lazaro.

517. EUPHORBIA HETEROPHYLLA I, A form of this vari-
able species having the base of the floral leaves red is not uncom-
mon in the mountains.

542. EHUPHORBIA INCERTA Brandegee. This species. was
collected on the sea shore at Mazatlan and as it is apparently a
maritime species of considerable range should have been found
by other collectors.

780. BERNARDIA (?) FASCICULATA Wats. Proc. Am. Acad.
Xviii, 153, 1883. It belongs however to the Phyllanthez.

406 Flora of the Cape Region. [ZOE

781. CROTON MAGDALEN# Millspaugh.—San José del Cabo
and in the mountains. Some forms are much less pubescent or
hirsute than the type from Magdalena Island.

549. CROTON FRAGILIS HBK. Var.—This is very near the
variety seviceus of Dr. Palmer’s Chihuahua collection. The
specimens from different parts of the Cape Region vary from one
another very much in their pubescence, those from Sierra San
Lazaro being much larger and more glabrous than those from the
vicinity of San José del Cabo.

551. BERNADIA MEXICANA Miill. Arg. var. 2. viridis Millsp.
This is also the 2. Brandegez Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, vol. iii, 172,
which is an inadvertence, no species having been described under
that name. It is arather common bush of the Cape Region at
middle elevations.

536. ADELIA VIRGATA. A dicecious shrub 2-3 m. high
with whitish stems and long almost simple branches studded
with stout more or less woolly spurs on which are borne the
crowded leaves and flowers: leaves oblanceolate to oblong or
obcordate, 114-3 cm. long, sparingly appressed pubescent, soon
glabrate, cuneate at base to a short petiole: flowers 4-6 at the
summit of the spurs; pedicels 5-10 mm. long, jointed about the
middle: calyx valvate, 5-parted, the segments acute, 2-3 mm.
long densely villous without and within: stamens about 15
concreted at base with the rudimentary ovary. Ovary of 9?
flower sessile on the disk, 2—3- ordinarily 2-celled, hirsute; styles
united at base, fimbriate-lacerate, stigmatiferous over the whole
inner surface: fruit glabrate commonly 2-coccous, about 2 cm.
high by 3 cm. in breadth, marked by a cruciform sulcus; seeds
orbicular the size of a pea with coriaceous brown, somewhat
mottled testa; endosperm thick; cotyledons reniform.—Widely
spread over the southern part of the peninsula; now first collected
in flower.

782. SALIX TAXIFOLIA HBK.—Growing along streams of
the western side, but not abundant. Determined by M. S. Bebb.

783. ARETHUSA ROSEA Benth.—Common on the high
mountains.

VOL. Iv. ] Flora of the Cape Region. 407

571- MIcROosTyYLis OPHIOGLOSSOIDES Nutt.—High mount-
ains of the Cape Region.

573- HABENARIA CRASSICORNIS Lindl. ex. char— High
mountains of Cape Region, October, 1893.

574. HABENARIA ‘THURBERI Gray.—High mountains,
October 17, 1893.

784. HABENARIA DIFFUSA R. & G.—El Taste, September
14, 1893.

785- HABENARIA CLYPEATA Lindl.—E]l Taste, September
14, 1893.

786. HABENARIA LuCaICAPENSIS Fernald.*—Saltillo, Sep-
tember 16, 1893.

787. TILLANDSIA RECURVATA L.—Growing on bushes and
trees, especially on arborescent Cereus, in a gap in the mountains
southeast of Todos Santos.

578. SISyRINCHIUM SCHAFFNERI Wats.—The specimens
vary considerably in height and breadth of leaves. Some of
_ them agree perfectly with No. 1376 Pringle, from Chihuahua, as

nearly as can be made out from comparison with an immature
specimen.—Common on the summits of the mountaims growing
under oaks and pines.

5 TRADESCANTIA CRASSIFOLIA Cav.— This seems dis-
tinct from Pringle’s No. 1681, but it agrees with the descriptions
and Cavanilles’ figure quite as well. The plants are smoother
and smaller than the Mexican forms and nearest the variety
glabrata.

590. ‘TINANTIA FUGAX Schiedw. 7: modesta Brandg. Proc.
Calif. Acad. ser. 2, iii, 175. A rather common species, found
along the base of the mountains in a branching almost glabrous
form, at higher elevations in a more simple and pubescent form,
the sepals long-glandular hairy.

788. CypERUS DIANDRUS Torr.—La Mesa; San Jacinto.

789- aeons CROTALOPHOROIDES Walter.} O. dulbo-
sum sum Michx. —EI Tas Pe

Seapine ding, ‘The Orchidacee of this list were deter
mined by M. L. Fernald of the Gray Herbariu

+ Filices determinéd by Prof. D. C. Eaton.

aoe! Reviews. [ZOE

792. OPHIOGLOSSUM NUDICAULE L.—El Taste.
791. GYMNOGRAMME PEDATA Kaulfuss.— Near Mt. San
Lazaro.

792. PELLAIA SKINNERI Hooker—Near Mt. San Lazaro.
793. ASPLENIUM PUMILUM Swartz.—Near Mt. San Lazaro.
794. WOODWARDIA RADICANS Smith.—La Chuparosa.

795. MARSILIA MINUTA Fournier.—San José del Cabo. Iden-
tified i L. F. Underwood.

REVIEWS.
Letters of Asa Gray—ELdited ee mes Gray—in two
volumes—1893—Houghton, Mifflin & Co. t has been my

aim, in collecting and arranging the ‘ Letters’ pe Dr. Gray’s
large correspondence, to show as far as possible in his own words,
his life and his occupation. The greater part of the immense mass
of letters he wrote were necessarily purely scientific, uninterest-
ing except to the person addressed; so that many of those”
published’ are merely fragments, and very few are given com-
pletely. I have made no attempt to estimate his scientific or
‘critical labors, for they are sufficiently before the world in various
printed works; but something of the personality of the man and
his many interests may be learned from these familiar letters and
from even the slight notes.”’

From this prefatory note by Mrs. Gray the scope of these
letters is at once apparent. They make the reader acquainted
with the man, and sufficiently so with the student of plants to
make them indispensable to every American botanist. The
botanical letters of Gray are still to be hoped for in the future.
Nearly every contemporary botanist in America can furnish
treasured and most interesting letters from him but it may be
that they were intentionally withheld for the present, on
account of his well-known habit of expressing his views forcibly
and unreservedly concerning all botanical subjects discussed.
We reprint, by kind permission of Mrs. Gray, on page 372 pre-
ceding, the last letter written by Dr. Gray.

VOL. Iv. | Reviews. 409

Die Parasitischen Exoasceen. A Monograph. By R: Sapx-
BECK. Hamburg, 1893. In the above monograph is presented
a very complete and accurate account of the peculiar group of
Fungi, the Exoascee. The members of this family are fungi of
extremely simple structure, and some of them are parasites that
caus? serious trouble by their ravages. Probably the most
familiar species is Exoascus deformans (Berk.) Fuckel, the cause
of the well-known disease of peach trees popularly called ‘‘ leaf-
curl.’? When the trees are severely attacked they sometimes
are almost completely stripped of their leaves, resulting in a
serious check to the tree’s growth.

The first section of Professor Sadebeck’s monograph deals
with a comparative study of the development and biology of the
parasitic Exoascezee. Although many experiments were made
with various species, none of the attempts to grow the spores
upon artificial culture media were entirely successful, and in no
cases was he able to produce spore-bearing plants in this way.
In some instances, however, he was able to follow the penetra-
tion of the host by the germ-hypha of the parasite, and to trace
its development within the host. The species especially studied
were ELxcascus Tosquinetit (West) Sadeb., £&. epiphyllus Sadeb.,
Taphrina Sadebeckit Johans., as well as several other species of
Taphrina. In the species of Axoascus the mycelium is peren-
nial, and this insures the perpetuation of the fungus, even if for
any reason the spores should fail to germinate.

The asci open by a cleft at the apex, and the spores are
violently ejected by the strong contraction of the side walls of
the ascus which are in a state of tension before it opens. Some-
times instead of the ordinary spores, yeast-like conidia are
produced within the ascus, and in case the conditions are un-
favorable for the formation of either spores or conidia, e.g
in very rainy weather, the asci form directly yeast-like conidia
by budding. : :

Sadebeck separates the parasitic Exoasces into the genera
Exoascus Fuckel, Taphrina Fries, and Magnustella Sadeb.
The first genus is characterized by the perennial mycelium and
the fact that the whole mycelium, or at least that part under the
Cuticle of the infected leaf, breaks up into cells that develop
directly into asci. ‘Twenty-one species are given.

410 Reviews. [ZOE

Taphrina has no perennial mycelium, and therefore is entirely
dependent upon spores for its propagation. The mycelium
shows a differentiation into a sterile and fertile portion, the
former alone giving rise to the asci. Fourteen species are in-
cluded in the genus.

_ Magnusiella is a new genus that differs from both of the
others in its more deep-seated mycelium and the formation of
asci between the epidermal cells, and not below the cuticle. . Five
species are enumerated.

Two non-parasitic genera, Endomyces Tulasne, and Ascocor-
tictum Brefeld, are also included in the Exoascez.

The remainder of the paper is mainly taken up with a
critical discussion of the parasitic genera, with descriptions of
all the described species, including their geographical distri-
bution.

The paper is well illustrated by three excellent double litho-
graphic plates. DoucLas H. CAMPBELL.

Maize: A Botanical and Economic Study. (Contributions
from the Botanical Laboratory of the University of Pennsy]-
vania, Vol. i. No. 2.) By JoHN W. HARSHBERGER. This is a
paper of much interest, on the structure origin, and economic
importance of Indian corn.

Minnesota Botanical Studies; Bull. 9. pt. i.: I, Prefatory Note;
II, The occurrence of sphagnum atolls in Central Minnesota,
Conway MACMILLAN; III, Some extensions of plant ranges
E. P. SHELDON; IV, On the nomenclature of some species of -
Astragalus, E. P. SHELDON; V, List of fresh water Algz
collected in Minnesota during 1893, JosEPHINE E. TirpENn; VI,
On the poisonous aoe of Cypripedium spectabile and Cypripe-
dium pubescens, D. 'T. MacDouGaL.—Prof. MacMillan’s paper
is an attempt to ae ‘ek the formation of Sphagnum atolls
in lakes, with some account of the plants found on them. I
- No. 3 Mr. Sheldon gives a list of a number of plants either
reported for the first time,or rare in Minnesota, describing two
new species, Polygonum rigidulum and Aster longulus; Claytonta
latifolia an older varietal name is substituted for C. Caroliniana;

VOL, Iv.] Reviews. 4II

Potentilla supina var. Nicolletié is raised, and Viola canina var.
longtpes restored, to specific rank. In No. 4, the author shows
that the Kew Index is not an unmixed blessing, by chan ing
the names of a couple of dozen Astragali. Of these changes
twenty-two are marked n. n., and two n. sp.; 4. scobinatulus
Sheldon taking the place of 4. Haydenianus var. mayor which
was changed because of Astragalus glabriusculus var. major, and
Astragalus elatiocarpus Sheld. being substituted for Astragalus
lotiflorus forma brachypus. A. ceramicus Sheld. is substituted
for 4. pictus; A. ceramicus var. Jonesii Sheld. for A. pictus var.
angustatus; A. ceramicus var. imperfectus Sheld. for A. pictus
var. jilifolius; A. accumbens Sheld. for A. procumbens Wats.;
A. oblatus Sneld. for A. nudus Wats.; A. vexilliflexus Sheld.
for 4. pauciflorus Hook.; A. gilviflorus Sheld. for A. triphyllus
Pursh.; A. gambellianus Sheld. for Astragalus nigrescens Nutt.
(crediting Prof. Greene by the way for ‘‘pointing out the
difference between this species and A. didymocarpus”); A.
apilosus Sheld. for 4. glaber Michx.; A. spatulatus Sheld. for
A. cespitosus Gray; A. syrticolus Sheld. for A. Thompsone
Wats. (changed on account of A. Thomsontanus Benth.); A.
Jepsoni Sheid. for A. demissus Greene; A. suturalis Sheld.
for A. eriocarpus Wats.; A. intonsus Sheld. for A. villosus
Michx.;: 4. umbraticus Sheld. for A. sylvaticus Wats.; A.
famelicus Sheld. for A. fallax Wats.; A. asymmetricus Sheld. for
A, lencophyllus T. & G.; A. Watsont Sheld. for A. fendersont
Wats.; A. prelongus Sheld. for A. procerus Gray; A. strigosus
(Kellogg) Sheld. (4. hypoglottis L. var. strigosa Kell.) for A.
tener Gray, and in consequence of this change, 4. g7iseopubescens
Sheld. for 4. strigosus Coult. & Fish.; A. coccineus (Parry)
Brandegee, a synonym of 4. grandiflorus Wats. is kept up on
account of A. grandiflorus Pall. a synonym of Oxytropis grandi-
flora. Nearly all these names are changed on account of the
‘once a synonym always a synonym ”’ rule, which is made to
apply to synonyms of other genera and to varieties, not only as
against younger species, but as against varieties of other species.
Left to legitimate revisions it is not probable that a half dozen of
these names would ever have to be changed, and in view of the
vagueness of varieties in botany, and the fact that varietal names

4l2 Reviews. [zor

are seldom catalogued a perfectly appalling vista of changes and
uncertainty is opened to the view. It is matter of minor
importance, but still to be regretted that Mr. Sheldon should
have been so singularly unfortunate in the selection of some of
his names.

The fifth paper is a list without notes, excepting of station, of
fresh water Algze. The sixth discusses the alleged poisonous
properties of certain Cypripediums, the author concluding from
his own experience that C. sfecfadbz/e is in his case at least, a
strong local irritant.

Botany of the Death Valley Expedition By F. V. COVILLE
(Contr. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. iv). This is one of the most impor-
tant, as well as the most voluminous contributions to the botany
of the Southwest. The chapters on ‘‘Characteristics and
Adaptations of the Desert Flora” are most interesting, so also
are those on distribution in which however must be taken into
account the necessarily far from exact information acquired by a
single expedition, which will be sufficient reason for differences
of opinion not only as to many of the details of distribution, but
as to the value of some of the zonal plants selected. The sixty-
six pages devoted to a list of the species by numbers and to a
bibliography might have been omitted as the information con-
tained was nearly all embodied in the main list occupying the
previous pages. The whole number of species and varieties
enumerated including algze and fungi is 1261 a considerable pro-
portion of them belonging to the ‘' Greeneian’’ category, and
‘as the author remarks ‘‘It should be understood that the desert
region of California of which Death Valley forms a part, does not
contain all these twelve hundred species. More than one-half of
them were collected either in the Sierra Nevada and its southern
continuations, or in the Tulare Plains, areas with vegetation
almost wholly different from that of the desert region.’’ The -
paper would indeed have been of quite as much value if the long
catalogue of familiar plants found along the route especially in
the valley of the San Joaquin had formed no part. It adds ver
little more to our knowledge than would a similar list of the
plants collected in an expedition from Boston to New York.

VOL. Iv.] Reviews. 413

With the nomenclature of the author, as is perhaps well-
known we do not agree, and especially we object to the setting
aside of specific for older varietal names, as these last are seldom
catalogued in works of reference the element of confusion intro-
duced will be of very remote settlement.

We may safely rely upon Mr. Coville’s future knowledge of
Western plants, to convince him of the inherent weakness of the
generic propositions of ‘‘ Oreobroma,” *‘ Uropappus,’’ ‘* Ptiloca-
lais,” ‘‘Linanthus,’’ ‘* Allocarya,” ‘“*Sonnea,” ‘‘ Oreocarya,”’
‘“ Eremocarya,” ‘‘ Piptocalyx,’’ etc.

he metric system is adopted throughout the work as is now
the custom in most scientific papers. — brought face to face
with the kilometre we are however reminded with more than
usual force of the great fault of the system—the inexcusably
long terms. The author says: ‘‘ To those not familiar with this
system, the following table * * * will be useful.” e com-
mend this table to the printers and proofreaders of the Depart-
ment especially in connection with Erigeron calvus describe
both in Proc. of Biol. Soc. and in this work as ‘1 cm. high
* * ** blades [of the leaf] 1-1.5 cm. long, tapering into a
petiole of twice that length * * * heads 7to8 mm. high.”
“ Potentilla purpurascens pinetorum * * stems about 3 cm.
high, radical leaves 7 to 14 cm. long.” or Phacelia hispida brachy-
antka 2%. F 1 togem hips: 2. * 2%" Calys 5 wim, tone
* -k > in fruit reaching 10 mm. long.”

The whole number of species and varieties described as new
is 42. The author has described them with conscientious care
and tolerable fullness. The greater number are valid as far as°
we can be certain from the text and the plates in which 21 of
the species are figured. Very few of the types have been seen
by us, but Mr. Coville promises a very welcome set to the
Herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences, where it will
be accessible to all botanists of the West.

Aquilegia pubescens seems too closely related to A. chrys-
Sa with Trelease Mr. Coville considers fA platycar-
pum as not more than a variety of /endleré, he quotes in the
synonymy Pitt. i, 166, but appears not to have noticed Mr.

414 Reviews. [ZOE

Greene’s remarks in Pitt. ii, 24 where he renames it 7. hes-.
pertum under which name it occurs in his local floras.

Brasenia purpurea Michx. under Hydropeltis, 1803, is taken
up in the place of Brasenia peltata Pursh, 1814: Brasenia was
characterized by Schreber in Gen. Pl. ed. viii, 1789, and to the
single species the name Schreber? was applied by Gmelin in
Systema Nature, ed. iii, 853, 1791

Argémone platyceras collected on the desert is of course the
form of that species collected by the writer at one of the railway
stations between Amboy and the Needles, and described by Mr.
Greene as A. corymbosa.

Cleomella brevipes grows abundantly*about Newberry Station,
where it was collected in 1884

Tsomeris arborea globosa Cov. is in the herbarium of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences in every gradation between it and
the typical form. Specimens collected by the writer between
Caliente and Keene Station with very large globose pods have
no groove in the seed. Specimens with long narrow pods from
Calamajuet, Lower California have a deep groove. The same
form from San Diego has no groove. All the forms grow
together on the slopes of Tehachapi.

Malveopsts is accepted by the author as the older name of
Malvastrum. Mr. KE. G. Baker, however, in the course of his
enumeration of the Malvacez, says that the type of Malvzeopsis
was a Spheeralcea, wrongly identified by Otto Kuntze as a spe-
cies of Malvastrum

Fremontia is changed to ‘‘ Fremontodendron’’ on account of
the previous /rvemontia a synonym of Sarcobatus.

Purshia glandulosa is kept up under Azunzia. In the
opinion of the writer it is a not very distinct variety.

Mentzelia reflexa Coville was collected by the writer in the
vicinity of Bagdad, on the Mojave Desert, in 1884.

Aplopappus interior Coville is evidently the form of 4. lineart-
folius which prevails at a distance from the Coast. A good
series of the forms approaching it would probably have modified
the author’s views.

Aster mohavensis Coville, ‘‘It cannot, however, retain its
original specific name, since Michaux described an Aséer fortt-
folius which is now referred to Sericocarpus tortifolius.””

VOL. IV. ] Reviews. | 415

Lesstngia ‘‘ tennis”? Cov. L. vamnaleg var. tenuis Gray, of
Bot. Cal. 1. 307, and Syn. FI. ii, 1, 162 “‘as to the pl. of Rothrock
in Wheeler Rep. vi, 364. There is however an older var. tenuts,
described in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 351, belonging to Z. leptoclada
which in Syn. Fl. Supp. 447 is reduced with Z. nemaclada Greene
to L. lepioclada var. microcephala Gray. The printer has further
complicated the matter by misprinting Mr. Coville’s specific
name, and altogether botanists adopting the Sheldonian method
will have a good subject.

The specific name of Pluchea borealis is changed to sericea
““(Nutt.) under Polypappus.” The species was first published in
Emory’s Rep. 1848, p. 147 as ‘‘ TESSARIA BOREALIS DC.
aromatic shrub about three os high growing in all the deserted
beds of the Gila, and in the Valley of the Del Norte usually with
the Frémontia both of which are abundant in those regions.”
If this had been a plant of Rafinesque’s it would have probably
been considered quite well authenticated. It is certainly quite
as recognizable, being placed in its proper genus, and with a
definite locality, as Nuttall’s later genus, sandwiched in between
Micropus and Psathyrotes, and entirely without generic descrip-
tion, though named as a new genus, described from a single
‘imperfect specimen, apparently male,” and with the station
** Rocky Mountains of Upper California.’’

Flelianthus invenustus Greene, was collected by Mr. Brande-
gee at Sequoia Mills 1892, and its peculiarities noted in Zoe, July
1893, Pp. 153:

Layia is maintained instead of the recently resurrected Bleph-
aripappus under which Prof. Greene has renamed the species.

Chenactis attenuata can not be kept distinct from C. carphoc-
“inia, every gradation is found between them.

Lepidospartum striatum Cov. is L. latisguamum Wats. Proc.
Am. Acad. xxv. 133.—both described from the same plants col-
lected by Shockley.

Adelia is taken up as an older name for Forestiera.

Menodora spinescens is in Shockley’s collections from Cande-
laria.
Such species as Mavarretia setiloba are evidence that the
National Herbarium is in need of such a set of the variations

416 ; Reviews. [ZOE

belonging to that section, as is possessed by the California
Academy of Sciences.

Phlox austromontana Coville—‘‘ The No. 1839 Parish.” which
he includes in the type bears on the label ‘‘ Phlox speciosa Pursh,
var. congesta Gray (var. nov.), June, 1886.

n his remarks on Macrocalyx micranthus, Mr. Coville has
evidently overlooked the notice in ‘‘ Plants from Baja Califor-
nia,’ Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, ii, 186.

Conanthus aretioides is reduced to Nama as Jlarilaunidium
aretiotdes. If in obedience to Kuntze, Nama is applied to a
different genus, one would think that Conanthus being reduced,
itand not Marilaunidium should be the accepted name for Nama.

Mohavea brevifiora can hardly be specifically distinct. Speci-
mens of A/. viscida with leaves as broad and nearly as short were
sent by the writer to Gray in 1884.—They were collected at
Amboy Station on the Mojave Desert. Mr. Brandegee collected
the form described by Mr. Coville, at Keeler, in April, 1891—
some of the corollas were conspicuously dotted while in others
growing beside them the purple dots were nearly or quite wanting-

Sarcobatus Batleyz Coville, is founded on dwarfed and perhaps
diseased specimens, for the large fruiting bracts contain not even
the rudiment of an ovary. Our specimens of S. vermicularis do
not sustain the remarks of the author, for the female flowers are
as Bentham & Hooker say, axillary and solitary on leafy shoots
of all lengths from 5 mm. to 1 dm. long—of course the longer the
fruiting branch is the more flowers will be found uponit. There is
certainly no such thing in any of our specimens as a ‘floral
axis’’ of the female flowers, the fruiting branches are normally
terminated by the male spike but it is often wanting, and the
bushes seem even to be occasionally dicecious. If this stunted
pubescent form deserved specific rank it would have Boge
Maximiliant Nees, figured in Bot. Zeitung, vol. ii, 753,

The new genus Phyllogonum can hardly be pe ae
sufficiently distant from Nuttall’s Stenogonum, in which though
the single species is now referred to Eriogonum, the involucre is
a very variable quantity, Nuttall said it had none. The embryo
of Phyllogonum is described as ‘‘ nearly straight, radicle lying
along one angle of the seed; cotyledons orbicular, lying at the

VOL. Iv. | Reviews, 417

base of the seed, bent at an angle of about 45° from the radicle.”
The artist has not been very successful in depicting a triangular
ovary and akene.

Bloomeria aurea Kell, has its name changed to 2. crocea on
account of the Al/ium croceum Torr. Boh. Mex. Bound 218 (1859).
But Lloomerta aurea was published in ‘‘ The Hesperian” with a
colored plate, December, 1859, and the month of the Boundary
publication ought to be convincingly set forth before a name
already well established in floriculture is disturbed.

Ephedra viridis named from imperfect material, occurs scat-
tered through the range of £. Nevadensis, of which it is probably
only a form. It is very bad practice, especially on the western
side of the continent, to give currency to species no better char-
acterized than this and Sooo eremtica. kh. B

The Genus Phyllospadix, by Wit1iAM RussEL DUDLEY.
Reprinted from the Wilder Quarter-Century Book. An interest-
ing account of the genesis and structure of Phyllospadix. The
author is evidently of opinion that the differences between the
two forms are so slight as hardly to warrant their continued sepa-
ration. ‘The author has had better facilities than any previous
student of the genus and the two excellent plates give one for
the first time an adequate idea of the structural details of the
plant.

Manual of the Bay Region Botany, A Systematic Arrange-
ment of the Higher Plants Growing Spontaneously tn the Counties
of Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Solano, Contra Costa, Alameda, Santa
Clara, San Mateo, and San Francisco, By EDWARD LEE GREENE-
The title should have been A. Phanerogamic Flora of-
counties in the State of California, omitting Typhacee, Lemnacee,
Naiadacee, Alismacee, Juncacee Cyperacee Graminee, Conifere
and numerous species tn the other orders; with thirty ‘‘ new
species” none of which are new, and nearly all vaguely character-
ized both as to character and station; and with every change of
name which the author's present knowledge admits. The work is
a second and much restricted edition of the unfinished ‘‘ Flora
Franciscana,’’ which under its misleading name included the

418 Reviews. [ZOE

plants from Mt. Shasta to Tehachapi and the whole breadth of
the State. The useful part of ‘‘ Flora Franciscana ’—the
dates, citations and synonymy have been carefully omitted.
The orders as presented by Mr. Greene furnish us some
unfamiliar mames such as Amarantoidee, Tithymaloidez,
Sarmentosz. rom Rosacez he separates Pomaceze and
Drupacez; Cichoriaceze from Compositze considering it much
nearer Lobeliaceze; and Cuscutecze from Convolvulaceze. In the
matter of genera he has cut himself loose from all trammels
crediting Dioscorides with 38 genera, Theophrastus with 14,
Pliny with 32, Vergil, Varro, Dillenius and Micheli, each with 4,
Brunfels with 12, Vaillant with 7, Dodoens with 8, Columna
with 6, Lobel with 5, Galen, Tragus, Nicander, Gesner and
Dalechamps each with 3, and 1 or 2 each to Catullus, Valerius

ordus, Cortusi, Ruppius, Chabrzeus, Mutis, Ruellius, Clusius,
Camerarius, Matthiolus, Ceesalpinus, Tabernaemontanus, etc., etc.
The kaleidoscopic changes of generic names must keep his unfortu-
nate pupils on the rack. Clematis again takes the place from
which he ousted it in Fl. Fr. for Clemaizt’s. The yellow-flowered
watercress is to be called Roripfpa; while the white-flowered
species are retained under the old name. /vanca takes the.place
of Frankentu,; Vibo is substituted for Emex; Hippocastanum for
JEsculus,; Siliqguastrum for Cercis; Oxys for Oxalis; Butneria for
Calycanthus; Pseudacacta for Robinia; Medica for Medicago;
Opulaster for Neillia; Therofon for Boykinia; Limnopeuce for
LfTippuris; Sphondylium for Heracleum,; Distegia for Lonicera
involucrata, Ecliptica for Eclipta; Gnaphalodes for Micropus;
Fleleniastrum for Helenium; Centrophyllum for Carthamus;
Triodanis for Specularia; Brossea for Gaultheria; Meadia for
Dodecatheon,;, Alsinanthemum for Trientalis; Pervinca for Vinca;
Plantaginella for Limosella; Bellardia for Bartsia; Gale for
Myrica; Limodorum for Epipactis; Orchiastrum for Spiranthes;
Bermudiana for Sisyrinchium; Vagnera for solos et Unifolium
for Matanthemum; Disporum for Prosartes; etc.,

Prof. Greene apparently in the full belief ihe. ae his book
will be used hereafter, sedulously refrains from mentioning the
well-known equivalents of his adopted genera and we give them
for the benefit of any stud2nt who may chance to lack a large

VOL. Iv. ] Reviews. 419

library, and be puzzled by the names of that obscure treatise
commonly called ‘‘ The Botany of California

The species are of course split to the iteacse, the most trivial
attribute furnishing sufficient cause for resurrecting an old
synonym or making a new si sassannes The descriptions, when not
compiled, with the mor ters omitted, are descrip-
tions of specimens instead ‘of species; in a very large number of
cases so defined—or undefined—that no distinction is shown—the
organs mentioned in one diagnosis being omitted from others;
often absurd misstatements are made, for example, the ‘‘ rich
brownish red” Nuphar polysepalum,; the ‘‘ capsular, circum-
scissile” fruit of Garrya; or Campanula exigua, found “ only the
very summits of the highest mountains, Diablo, Tamalpais, and
Hamilton” when in fact it is most abundant at moderate or low
elevations, such as the upper end of Mill Valley, perhaps 500
feet; Bolinas Ridge, 1600; and St. Helena just above the toll
house — which is only 2300 feet above sea level

The principle upon which genera are united or divided is past
finding out. Bigelovia for instance of which only two species
occur in his limits, has them divided between Ericameria and Iso-
coma; Lonicera separates into Caprifolium and Distegia; Hemizonia
into Calycadenia, Blepharizonia and ‘‘ Centromadia” a new genus
for the pungens group; etc.; while he coolly unites Spirostachys a
genus with flowers borne in the axils of persistent scales, and
albuminous seeds with a dorsal nearly straight embryo, into
Salicornia a genus bearing its flowers in excavations of the
joints, seeds without albumen and with conduplicate embryo;
and Eremocarpus with imbricate sepals and 1-locular ovary into
Croton which has usually valvate sepals and 3-locular ovary,
passing over Crotonopsis with nearly the characters of Eremo-

carpus.
Attention has been called in a previous paper* to Prof. Greene’s

scanty knowledge of the flora of even his immediate vicinity. In
the preface to his book he asks those who may make use of it
to furnish a record of additions within its limits. We subjoin a
few, which readily occur to us:—Brasenia peltata, Bouldin Island;
_Wislizenia refracta, Lathrop to Stockton; Polygonum Parryi,

* Zoe IV. 68.

420 Reviews. [ZOE

Howell Mountain; Eriogonum fasciculatum, San Francisco; Chorz-
zanthe polygonoides, Tamalpais and Oakland Hills; Chorizanthe
unzaristata near Livermore; Lastarriga Chilensis, common between
Antioch and Mt. Diablo; Claytonza diffusa, Mill Valley, Tamalpais;
Elatine Californica, Suisun and Antioch; Caulanthus crassicaulis,
near Altamont; /remontia Californica near Wright’s in the Santa
Cruz Mountains; Ceanothus rigidus, Tamalpais; Rubus leucodermis,
Sonoma County; Glinus Cam besidesti, San Joaquin Bridge; Cypselea
humifusa, same locality; Callitriche sepulta, San Francisco;
Qnothera Californica, near Antioch; Ginothera gauraeflora, near
Livermore; C7rcea Pacifica, specimens in Herb. Cal. Acad. marked
‘*Tamalpais’’ Kellogg; Cvantzia lineata, Antioch and Martinez;
Ledum glandulosum, Point Reyes; Pleuricospora fimbriolata, near
Healdsburg; Hydrophyllum occidentale, slopes of Mt. Diablo above
Clayton; J/imulus Congdonz, near Lagunitas in Marin County;
Mimulus Rattant, summit of Tamalpais; Lznaria vulgaris near
Valley Ford in Marin County; Utricularia vulgaris, near Olema,
Bouldin Island, and about the railway trestles of the San Joa-
quin; Boschniakia strobilacea, Tamalpais and Mt. St. Helena;

Lycopus stnuatus, Scutellaria galericulata and SS. lateriflora,
Bouldin Island; 4 emopsis Californica, Alameda marshes, Collins-
ville, etc.; Odontostomum Hartwegit, near Napa.

There is let us hope no botanist prepared to follow Prof.
Greene in his wild hunt through the lexicons, for names, many
of which if they could possibly be identified with certainty,
would still be only manuscript names. Any date earlier than
that of Linnzus involves a prodigious waste of time and long
uncertainty, and with the evidence of his writings before us we
submit that Prof. Greene’s time could be much more usefully
spent in taking an elementary course in botany at Harvard or
Stanford

A year or two before his death Dr. Gray dubbed the author
“The new Rafinesque.” In this he was unjust to Rafinesque
who was at once a great egotist, a little mad, and somewhat of a
genius. Prof. Greene lacks the genius. K.. Be

NOTES AND NEWS.

Prof. C. Sargent of Harvard, accompanied by Mr. W. M.
Canby, are on this Coast, ee at trees for the benefit of the
‘* Silva of North America.” They have visited San Diego, San
Francisco, Berkeley, Palo Alto, Monterey, etc., and go from here
to Santa Barbara, San Bernardino, etc., returning to the East by
way of Arizona, where they will make investigations.

JACKSONIA, R. Br. ‘‘I am sorry to find that I was in
error in supposing (p. 348) that no new name had been sub-
stituted for /acksonia R. Br. Prof. E. L. Greene has replaced it
by /iptomeris, a name under which Turczaninow described a
_ Single species referred by Bentham to /acksonia: and proceeds to
enumerate thirty-five species under this title. With the aid of
the printer he contrives to invent two fresh names: P. ‘ dilalata’
for J. dilatata Benth.; and P. ‘ purpuascens’ for J. purpurascens
Muell. It is to be regretted that some more useful or at least
less mischievous outlet cannot be found for the Se ae
energy of which Prof. Greene seems to be possessed.’’—JAm
Brirren in Jour. Bot. xxxi, 274, (December, 1893).

Mr. and Mrs. T. S. Brandegee have taken up permanent
residence in San Diego, Calif.: partly for the more agreeable
climate and partly to be nearer the chosen field of Mr. Brande-
gee’s botanical labors. They take with them their excellent
botanical library, and private herbarium.

Prof. Douglas H. Campbell goes to Europe at the end of the
term to spend six months in botanical researches.

With this number completing the fourth volume, the publica-
tion of Zoe will cease for the present. For a journal of its age
and character it has received good support, and closes with a
steadily increasing subscription. It has been, however, too
serious a drain upon the time of the editor, and interferes materi-
ally with work of more present importance.

12D

Simple lists or iss not indexed.

PAGE
Abies ORONO 5s. a ee Aplodontia major......... Paeaun 328
nobilis, . eel lye sh ma wate ek 4 Ap lo Opappus apa argioides 173
APOMA Nang 66 | Greeneiec cs ca 173
SUROSH. eo 68 pcre its au, 414
Pirpinatas eee es: NUIGSHS oS 8 ee
Aranthowminths | acuiii cee I 5° >| Aquilegia brevistyl Cee oy ea 258
Actinella grandiflora. .... .-..... 4 oaths 4 148, 256
Richardsonir: 00 yap a? eae 258
OCia Vi CAt eco tt ee ne chrysantha 222 2507.
chmophorus occidentalis ecaloaratas (0: <6 3, 256
em ew geminiflorus brevi- flavescens eg, ss) 257
ba Gitta ait ee aoe rue an 386 2 formosa 259
Alecuius:( Californica. . es 340 Nes oyate eg 258
DETOIPES Oo oe ness Ai a | JONBIssiNA fe ee -
Allium acuminatum var. cuspida- Se te: Se es Pa
Sed bed oe ee ee Rae Oey te ee UROL so ou oe ss LAO, sa
aoe eres ged irs 407 Arabis canescens... Ds ca
dichtamydcim pbk swcsegee < £00) POLOMOUN Cone ee ea tie 5
WAMENISE Te hares 5 tomys an Peelers sae 326
Alnus ncana Nees virescens ..... oe Petar ashy pasar: ty Cees 94
Pieciite PORE rg Ce 84, 2 MEME Se eee 94
Alsodeia vif bigs os cg eed ene ee 174
Amara sel chilorostachys eee 216 ate Ber ee ear 94
Amarantuscarnens 06.6.0 3. 9 rin Si ihe eee 207
maurta fica YORE. Ciel ies $ 210 | Arenaria slibacides Fey ae Seat eaee 202
Amblychila pate Oe eres G ed Fe ie oe nee eee 6
indriformis ...... verna, var. ke Ceanpe ee:
Asp atin oe Argemone pen ‘ 03) |
Amelanchier alnifolia II7 hispite. «os ees eo
RIGO eae ces 80 * Ba ete gee ‘
Dated eee eens 80 i YCOTHS Vie ee 4, 414
Ammodramus he ant Spite ths a8 2A0 |-Arethusa rosea. 63.0.4). 406
Aieseoke Calif ret 100, ae | Argilophilns marmoratus ornatus 253
feticoms Ses fee ea papilifer 253
Wipe PS ek 87, 188, Aristida DYOMIOIGES: 6.5. et oui 389
Amsonia tomentosa 05... ...5.< 64. Scnledeanayy.. 6. cise: 389
Aas DOsehas. ci leo Be, 230.) Arvieola.. sc. s ey ay oe ca ws 323
A pute steg eee ee ater 230 ian involucrata var. tomen-
SPE DOTS ee eee best n es peter eee teen ene ee 120
An pear ‘Catiforaica elec 420 | ASCOCOLUICNINE © 5 5 ee ve 410
muapencn Wheeler ees ks, « 8 | Asparagus officinalis eee 5 tg
oda rendataat : veessee+s 401 | Aspleniam m septentrionale. Us 405, 20
Antirrhinum Xe//oge?i ............ OG) Aster toriiionus 1.05.0... es 119
Aphelocoma Californica Poa a. 57. Astragalus —— AS
BDSNTA 2 WiVEDR UV Bias ss vs 29
Aphyllon acct eee: eae: 156) suepinpislas eteeeeeseee 23

424 /ndex. [ZOE
PAGE PAGE
Astragalus anisus............ 16, 34) stre, (neste Sore h ry one 29
emisiarum......... es Soa, 77k: Du Berean oe 270
asclepiadoides...... nerillii eee oar: 17,258
Bivelovil: oes es 2a | Peet Sage Spaldingi Dan best ues 151
COL OFMICUS Co eas vo 25 | Atriplex es RUA sss. Sarees 10
CAalyeOSHS 6.63 5s ek wh WAIT oes hice 98
CONMIEERS 2 om Burst apse tn sin Sbrgrecs 98
candidissimus........ Ayenia fat eee a le he toe 162
IE ece ees ou 16, i: 2 Berberis Fremont Dit tte ee ee 113
circumdatus. ...... 33. | PUTING Ces Gia ess es 82
COnMUS Se | Bernardia Brande eS ea as 406
var. Californicus 276 fas eset Pie ae Saws 405
WOE ie ns 6 37 | Mexi ie uatiegiee ste ee 406
convallarius........... 301 WITICIS= 255. ae 06
eat Sic LL La Pe ears 31 | Bidens chrysanthensoites ts is 214
MEMES ne oes OI, 369 ONdOSH ie 21
desperatus ........ 16; 37 | ia OIG ci sey ees 75, 290
BSLWOOGG Soo) tas. 368 | Blepharipappus...... ..0ese sve ees 77
CMANININS:. 20. ores 301 | OMneria MONTANA. De eee IOI
faStidiOsus; 2. 5.8.14 25 | PONE Cs Ae 417
BUSI 30 | Boerhaavia viscosa...... ......- 165
GHenSI8 ec ees 27 | Bonnemaisonia hamifera......... 361
Ha) denianus......... 368 | Boschniakia strobilacea...... 156, 420
Hookerianus..... .... 274 | Boutelou eNICanas oot ee ae, 391
OMNLRIE ee eon 27 | Bratita Nigricans:... 20. Wee eee 5
humistratus 27 | Brasetia pa/fala. «ot oo tee ee 213, 414
P yi bi Lap 92 | pes aay mony ited 269 FPUP ED Fo OE eae 414
SUSINALIS. 6590. rele 28 eben 5) ye 419
IVELSUS:. 6s. Gee 27 revoortia venlesia. oS Se ae Io!
CME oe ee ar 369 | Brickellia Greenei............. 0. 173
piel Oars because 29 OBER Insularits Oo es IOI
Pe ee eae 2 omMlus Kani i.e iy i roe 393
lentiginosts 147, 271) Bryanthys Bréweti. >. 2.5 20. 164
r. Fremontii 272 | Balinmlus 231 ea 395
fevacidlins ee rete ee ee 270 | Bumelia angustifolia............. 404
CNet ee 29 | Buteo borealis calurus........... 233
pee roictin' ne rieee elegans limeatus....5.2..). 234
peters oa 26 | Caesalpinia repens.............. 116
Mopoilonitat 26 | Calamintha mimuloides 287
Ouscditie: oe ae Serratia Breweriy. 3 coe 68
poche ee es 2 dra eriophylla 163
NS ory ere iy ya 37 Gallipeple Calltornicd 55
pephra gmenus os s..; 267 icola. Rae ere We 232
pictus ver, pce 37 | Callithamnion rapliihiat eS es 360
PORHE ee eee cn 28; Callitriche sepulta,- 3... cs 420
PPGnssit ce cics 36 | Calochortus amenus...... 00.000 102
Var. latus 7. 36 CODINUS ea, 103
var. saicatua ae inventstus: ¢ 2 62.. 103
ptoriteras:<2) > 0 275 Nuttall. “oo 5. 12
Porshe ace i Plummer 103
vat. Ca wed tela onl — fc uts ee 85
var. son 9 Campanula exigua........... 154, 419
PORNONS ee ee, Cardamine sondiphits ee i ee 84
bee ee ere | ra UNCER COT ee on
ae ee eae: 26 Cee ee ek sak ee Ok
eit eta a fe Oe es 369 | Carlomohrial: oS Se, ee: ait

VOL. IV. ] Inder. 425

PAGE
Carpente So Californica 151 | Conanthus pips biseer SpA SE ACESS 124
Carpodacus Cassini.......... 230, 239 | Convolvulu s Binghamiae yey ate,
Castilla ae ares sweetness 77 MACVOSEEZTUS voce saves 96
Caulanthus crassicaulis jo aoe} SEDHIN. oo a, 215
var. glaber. 266 | Cnicus Drummondii....,........ 8
Ceanothus arboreus.............. 80 erioveplialts (2's s0c6scs8 8
CORIO Se a oa 86 lanceolahis oe aay 215
Cordulatus..... 5... 172, 203 | Crantzia lineata:......... 68, 153, 420
crassifolius. ...... 132,°134 | Crepis Coches eae, ae 2
WUDIeSSUS ce ess 0 5 cs 286 | Crocidium multicaule...... ..... 154
Palinett coi... se + 203 | Croton fragilis. ee 06
rigi aaa Alene ee Se 406
VROOIES re a ed ay 86 | Crusea p A 402
WEF lat. cae se 86,| Cupressus A4rizonica.......6.02.45 103
Celtis pallida je oes gin cs 405 | Custtita “Arvensis:: 35 92.5.6. 43
1 0 Se Ae pe us | Cycladenia humilis.......... 174
Cen rus Palm renee a. eae 38 ymopterus decipiens...... 47, 48, 277
Centroma gem vires ae lett senses 277
Goonamics Oregana. ane es ras 159 | PLB Swe ne 48
Cerasus CalifOrmteh ow. i ecco ee wees 88 | glomeratus........ 46
Cerastium grande. Ee RAP DUN Ee 84 Ibapensis.......... 48
xim ee See Se curen 84 | Jonesi yoo. ane 45
Corchoutowy ledifo ete 172, 343 | longipes:, -. a: b..s 48
Ceroplastes peidii cnneaioria 104 montanus..... ... 47
haenactis attenuta............. . 45 Newberryi...
crf SO Le Sana Eee 2 ar. alatus 47
hariessa Lemberti.............. 396 purpurascens......
Chorizanthe insignis ...... 0.5... 159 | Cypripedium... 77342 3
OO ris s aece wt 98 | C Us ig hitattne DOP here 68, 153, ite
polygonoides. ...... 420 Dalea ar bees ic Vo | SSE Ope AERA oer 341
tniatistata...... 0... 420 Pe asy MICA oo to eee 361
MOLCHOUGI o... os sos: 158 Dataen’ otra OLIN 2 oss os coe ee 155
Chrysolophus pictus............. 225 | Delphinium occidentale......... 3
Circzea Pacifica Oe aki ae Hudicawle 3. ee 148
Citharexylum Beriandiert gia es CAPOSUIM ....+ sees 113
Claytonia ag sg Wis ises soc: tr Deltania Benham Tieead eave tee 252
diffusa. ........68, 150, 4 legatia lee chi 251
weubegonas Neil wat ovine ess 85 Troyerl neers 251
inp bag eM ge 68, 150, 419 Dendroica wstiva...... ..eee.ee- 244
vo UP ARPA ea 50| Dendromecon flextle........+++-- 83
Cleome integrifolis Oo a Rls. wk 28 Desmarestia pis oF eaeeree a
Fie eee et OL COPE NS ee ee 9
MACRTRA oO ee Diplacus arachnoidens Ne ee i Seale 97
Cleomella "plocasperma Se yt oc gra Scseceerenrcees 97
WINER OO) re ness re par wafers Pi turee ee ow 97
Clintonia eaifiors Se oe rave EO ie Laie Te i nwo tee see eetees i
1 S CALE ed Ciniaic s awiens vo ets 6 | Diplostephium canum...........
oS oltin wy prec PT gee ee RR 96 ecepeted sige Clevetanl fie eny ares 94
“ede AT iad Le Cusicbit. idee a..
Collomia sree ee a eas 94 ellipticum.....s++-+s 5?
Coloptera Jonesii......ceccseeveees 6 LGTY even ve: - §2
Near oye es 18 | Meadia... ..... «50, 136
; patulum ... 06+ tusk OF
Pose oein ss 47, 48. 277
Colubrina arborea.............-. 401 pau eiflerum pCa 50, 94
Co: ei wAcints ce el ee 416 | Downingia concolor... 2.1... 2.0 ees 93

426 Index. [ZOE
PAGE | PAGE

Downingia humilis.............. 93 | Eschscholtzia maritima.......... 83
MONEE oii ee ee 93 EXIUNGS Se AES 83

MOntANE oe SSS 93 WHODESIA 6 ES 83

—_ ssima 93 diet ET re 83

lor . eee GS peninsularis 83

Dryobates sealers luc Stace 236 FOROSE oo os we 83). 133
illosus acpi, 236 rhombtfolia........ 83

Duranta Peau: Clee ets or 405 MNCS oo 83
Dysodia anthemidifolia ........ 404 Euarestia jalipemie coors i563 13
astwoodia elegans........... 397\E tim Saxeanuwi ss os... 89
Echmocystis Coulteri.......... 402 | Eulimella occidentalis........... 395
Emmenanthe foliosa............. 278 | Eunanus angustatus I
PRAM YUCS eae 410 | Kuonymus occidentalis ......... 68
Ephedra oo RECON ee. 159 | Fupatorium sagittatum.......... 402
VIG 417 es sated y A or eR EOS 99
remocarpus setigerus........... 19 clas isco, Cae ee ae 405
Eremocrinum ci nie ph SEs tele ophylias ooicn.- 405
Erigeron Mie ee oe Sos ATS Neo-Mexicana.... 22... 80
BIE, Si es 211 Palmert: so, eee 2c9

~ Ee eee 206 Parishii 3/45 99

Wishes oc i 119 VUSULOSE ee 80
hepatitis sessiliflinn lea 208 entnloga: .Usvrr 99
Eriogonum agninum............ 98 VOLUME: ONE Eas ees 99
vireo Deter Pee are rere 281 |" WROASCUS 6... oe ie ere 09

brevicanle. .....:. .. 10 |'Paxonia ‘pusilla 0 oe 403,

rymbosu 12 | Festuca muralis var. pumila...... 393,

PORASONE OS kG 93 | Floerkea proserpinacoides 51

MR as 3 98 | Forestiera macrocarpa........... 404
fasciculatum ...... 420 Frawaria “indiea. <0. ois rere eee 286
glandulosum.... .. 10 | Frasera oe 120

BVO ES Se er 98 MeCINAR eo SG eae 124

anhatiin fo op 126 Ba scabra 277

Cerne yi oi 166) Fr. canon Age pie ah ee cae 9

Ey as 175 | Frem a Calif OTHICR,. een 420

icroth If, 166 Fuitillaria, a ULC aise 12

ei Se py GS ore i porate rue cee 159

alifotium >: 175 | Galium busifolium ee, go

POCMSTUOE Coo 98 fatcidTne ys, Ores go

PAT ge a eas Se ‘98 Miguclese eee Ae go

flor Sopra 281 Ltifloram: oo ue ens 173
salsuginosum...... II HOCK (Pe ere oe, 163
spergulinum. ..... 175 | Garrya: V catehit:< 307 G e 153

taxifoliumt oo... 98 Wrightiic: 4G 402

villiflorum var, candi- Gentiana superia oie 94

bere hc ee 282 | Gilia aggregate. sss ee

oe cer ante er ge 86 CONPES As oe rays 121
Erysim pratt entre ent oe 5 dichotoma. 2: jpecy nee, 146
Eryt tine ts See 131, 138 Harknessit avr 174
Eevhscholteis ambigens, ee es =< Ue ee 155
Hee ob 83 94
Californicas.;. 4 146 | caideancaae re es 279

C1EPANS iw s : 83 PUNGENS ee ee Se ie raters Y f'

glauca... = 83 Schottits. cc rss. eae, 155

slyptosperma Selects 83 | petba. 700 ee 122, 296

Crk as 83 | tricolor: 2202

sae ee Sveti 4 83 tH000R oo 121

VOL. Iv, ] Index. 427
F PAGE
Glin nus Cambessi idesii..... G8; 7S3;/ 490) Tew. 62, ice epee 401
Godetia WELT OPEL TS ee wk 9° | Isomeris ie givens a emerge 44
PUGET ages oes go | Isopyrum occidentale............ 1,8
ur Mi Sibert eins go | Ivesia Gonisat tea ee 172
Grayia Brandegei ... ........... 126 Jest BONIS, Ss ay seslee Wen Bia. wet
Grindelia Hendersoni..........44. g2 | Jamesia Americana............-. I5I
ME sc ete 5 92 | Junco hyenas Tinicbedl pees tas 24t
DEE IEE i cipheacle shale: wee 2 : Townsendt):07 200 ane 24t
Guayparin ee ee er haha 404 | Juncus tifoemis var. "uniforus .. . 209
Habenaria clypeata . 40 uncia is Ue Sinan aoe en 103
Crassicornis. 5.5. . 40. 407 | Jouvea straminea.. 5.6.0... 2. os ngs 393
GiTS A Fi na 407 | Kosteletz “ie gens a Opa eae 400
Lucecapensis ...,.... 379| Krynitzkia leucophea........... 165
Thurberi : 407 | Kunzia glandulosa .. 414
PRO OUA h EN aaa 311 | Lac WON toca ccsen 154, 215
Harporbyn ag Jecontel 2.5.2.4. 223 Lagomys i ze Ca te Tse 325
Rekardis pete BASE ORE eee 92 | agophy lla Alpes. i555. 9. 972s. 154
rata Sree 4 ORR O LMR 92) Lamium BEDE ON pine ee 8 1
aap aap a eon mee 92 | Laphamia peninsular 93, 210
Hed me a ..211, 215, 289/ Larus p i halt PON A ie aoe 225
Helianthella Nei pata. 92 | Lastarriczea Chilensis......-..... 420
Helianthus giganteus var. imsulus. 211 | Lathyrits GIROMS TC Or, oid os oes lee 6
Teenes us 153, 415 Ledum dete sg es Spe 420
Hemizonia hibits civeies mae 207 | Lemna: trisnlea 227i wens 217
Herniaria cinere ...84, 289 | Leonurus cardiaca....... ..-+-++ 158
BOTH ot ease le Ly 84 Lepicium bipinnatiidum he ees 300
Hesperanthes albomarginata Pees GS i 400
esperoc sigiais CURIS Ps oes 95 Jaredic jin. t eee yeasts 98
OuChera wetiwd cic. 5 os Seen 88 montanum var. alys-
He xachae te abilis yk, 13; 335 ite CES Se 266
Hibiscus teenies OM AOS Oe, Utahense...<-5:- 5. 265
Goce helene 215 acim Jatisquamumn, eu Ae
Hieracium Brandege Pe ein ee WP ASUME ae iectca 415
Hoffmanseggia stricta ........... 165 Leptosiphon acicularis.. 95
Hookera pmustig gears (od eee ea eig a g/g: Seen creas 95
ESUnsoNGaes Gate ws os se ae gigantea........2.++++ 286
ia CRW ees Seat tor | Ly lets Pe} aren adiaay end Jot MOO
Horkelia make baney 204 pret Rickseckeri.......... 247
Hosackiaiarovres oe ook Ce. 87 | Limnodrilus s SUVA hs we 21
Cantalcbonie ee 87 | Linaria vulgaris......--.-+++++++ 420
MACTQHING bce cy ee 87 | Lobelia Rothrocktt ..cc6 se eens sees 93
PROUTS Eh NE OS Ben Pot 87 Lotus Aertcllus occ is cree e eons 88
Migs. ho ee 87 | Bue 0 Schou wncvere 88
CHEE Osa eins 87 CUCOPHEUS . oe ree verve seeee 87
PTOCUMBENS. ci cave ceee- Sy | MACTAMERUS ccc seee eeerrre 301
shinnlatis =. 8 oS wey 172 pilaris,..... cereeeseeee 68
Veaeniig uae ee 87 | SULPRUTEUS oo 42 neerencrreree es
Horsfordia Newberryi. ........-. 162 | pentellUs,...evacseevse ie ace
Howellia aquatilis aera ata 154, 197 | LOMENTOSUS,. Se dev eens ss ys
FiMORR es ee eee 93, 154| Luina Piperi........-++05--eee++ 93
Hulsea eae pe geese es 207 Lumbricus apii...-.-+++--+00++++ *
heterochro -eeee 154 | Lupinus adsurgens....++ --+++0+0° ac
ai si llum phe eae Fath ag ant 4 420 BIAIHS oc dale ee eee sees
Hypericum mutilum .........--- 213 siesta ; pwuee Bie
Hyptis Sobiatenins: ‘Wabgetess ck 405 WUE apa h Penk 2 69, 15
snavecletis. :c.5 oreo wk 405 | FYAMCISCOTUS oes nee

428 Lndex. | ZOE
PAGE PAGE
Lupinus gracilis........... 02.645 15t “Mulenbergia Sco vee 389
FSUtISSINNIB 0 ey. 15 oides..... 390
— i teas 87 | Muilla coronaria Rage de o9 100
pier craw trees ss 135, ONTANS Caso. 2 | 200
pen arite LOA Cvs eee eee 86 | sprcanies onal WSS NO, 148
Hatidus. or 203 | Myrica maar n het ea wees 345
OUT Se Cs 86) Nama Party... 0 te eee 155
iia tig Liner aie giao paras saree Wey bit N pattie Sapo: ope epety aes d3
HER See 1 cidentalé ....00. 0005 83
MILES ia Wa eve es 36. Navarretia foliacea PUL eee 94
abbas We fra yg GPa NOS Re anti an ca gota 6 | WANG. eR vee nay 94
Hycopodiopsis 26a. ee a. 303 | tet fi a aee ie Re ys 94
Lycoous: hicidus cc. 215 | MECPoarpa oo 94
SUAS oe oe 15, 420 migetlaformi Re crercr 94
Lyonothamnus aspen fol iikies (| POL ETA. .. 0s veneer ee 94
Lythrum edsurgens. 0.2... cee 89, oe ct ioe epee eee 418
Sanfordi Be ae nt aera 89, 2 aa gubuliperd. eat a 94
Macrocalyx micranthus.......... = Neillia lath oes AC ae ee oa ee 43
MGUY BAIA es Kooy 2 | CMG Coss eg eee eee 41, 88
PE es ee os 154 mutwaeah Agence Mi ge eient 4!
HOR re. oe es 206 | OnOgyna...... 12.261 es 41
a nar ee siaaee eee ee 409 opulifolia. 22. i. ee 39
or peas Snr eer ate ee 410 orreyi. foc. ede oe 38
Malacothrix — ihe A aa 93 | Nemalion iebrioum en eae -. 359
PISO Ps ce oe it o3 | Neotonia cineres....3 25.044 623 324
is weds Sari amor ee 93 | Nepeta Glechoma............ 158, aS
MAIO pols 2 oS cae as ces 3 414 | Nitella clavata var. inflata .....
Malvastrum scabrum...... ...... 400 | Nuphar Sgt der MNT os te ah
Meare titi a ee 408 Nyctinomus Mohavensis......... 362
Martynia altheefolia........... 165 Cunceodeiies a Magra ise 21
Meconopsis heterophylla........ 45 cidentalis,... 2... _
Melanerpes formici na be bairdi.. 56 SONOTraG 2 ce
Melissa othoinals 20 157 | Odontostomum Hartwegi. . +159 as
Melospiza fasciata — . 242 | OXnothera arg: UL. c eee reser eeee 89
Menodora spinescens............ 415 OLMICAS Can co cats 420
Mentha Piciegeteat pete te 215, 289 CPUSSURSCHIE on Saks crea 89
MentzeHa, albicanhis 7... 354.4 7 OPPOSE oS ee uns 89
Miia eo 7} AUTHOR oe) ees 420
HUGAS Ces 7 PE Garde cae ris Oe 89
FreHexa Seu 414 | pba Rees ee aan AVEO 89
Micromeria a nee pee orate 15, 289 VORORE Cel ope. oa 89
Microstylis eee ees 407 Oidema pepupieitions ASN a raa* 55
Mimiulas ‘arvensis..o3 0 ore io, 97 | Oiket ticu s Townse Nd Cio 357
rae aa ee 156, 420) Oreorty tus fini : 232
sccienas. +4. 126 | Orthocarpus practiie <7 so 156
pn eee rae So 97 | Oryzopsis fimbriata........ 389 —
QUAPEESUR EO UL 97 -Otocoris alpestris. 200. s eu. 238
= MOSHING oe as 97 | Oxalis cornicnlata 0rul as vi
primuloides: 400s. 174 | Pach atha Curtin 72 re oe 185
Metta oc i 420 | Pachystima Myrsinites.......... 7
TUDeLA i oes 174.| Papaver Lemmont....... ++++0-++ 83
Mohavea diets 416| Panicum er LOVANS ce 0 ee 337
Laid, MISS Min ORV ER ey cee ei ail lifor esi Oris eee 387
WORrOnendT OR. Oo ee eee. 3tL fim ech Coy ace 387
Motingo verticillata eae 352) i VO ae es eines 387
Monardella discolor .... 22. .....45 97 | eclataieaad scare eee w< S07

VOL. IV.] Lndex. 429
eiee } PAGE
Papaver Lemmoni, ma $3 | | Pinus sapibae itt pegs Cee eA: 35!
Pappophorum mucronulatum .. = 392 ADAG EIS sa, eae =
bag ty 2 aera aor Roel Veen 233 ponderosa var. Jeffreyi.17 Sor
Pesosecht Calformca.... PONG citar Ist resttns
Par a monandra........ og, pe Pistyhenion Calitornicus.:.. 7%. i ie
TAY) nad ears sgisie ee ; COERUS ies sana a
Pasianus torqua See gto ne | Platystigma eH rey
Paspalum eae Valsts 86 | Pleuricospora 154, 419
POUOT ON Se ios eas a 230 | Pluchea , ere ee 41
Pectis Berlandieri 404 Poliémintha incana..2 0 (53s | 125
Peniacnaeta Lyont. =i... 1531 Polygala cornuta. . 006. se. 0 deg 171
entstemon caren vin eee lacs 96 | p ea Rogipoule MaUn ee ort
IRSUS ees acs 280 | Polygonum fis sae ey oe
prin vat. pedicel- 2 > Poteutia eremics.- ey ao
Pe eee ee. rere oO Bob ees eee
Davidsonti 9° | ork sgh ve var. incerta aaa a
leuca DO Se a CIO ca Soa aan.
ff te Sag iocaruseiges 9, 280) Prenanthes stric IO bid sod atene wesal
SOMOMEMSTS oe obec ks 96 | runus Andersoni Se Pere el ean 151
eee pre I24 é PSS, ou ay 6, arate Vie ao
ce et MER AG Us te CELLS 210 SHIATRINGIAG. cc ee 204
Re ramen ae 136 pesca EE oe Pa Ge 286
Ree es 21 ie sical ee cs a
rotundifolia e 230, 242 Penidonues = Calienaane 233
Peu che en WHCEDS. ss he eee 30, > ip ara a
eater Athi vies : eee ny Psoralea Californica... Satay aie ae 172
ssa . is de eae 29 Aste crenulata.
a 155 Pterostegia 77 wticost '
165 | elinides.. 4...
fe ia ade Bek eiss es aire ya iy 165,| Litlovia canescens Oo. ois (ae 93
ie, CULOCOTPA «0, vevervvers 93
TOSSSCIONA ees 82 5 ea anise 155 | Punctaria Winstoni.............. 35
i Mie AMORA ks ys Cea bas 172
HUGICAUHS 0.555 6.4.5 123, 296| Purshia : weigh ne arb
PINECOTUM ». 3. ie oe yw a's 279 | Qu Nee : pols Se
PRONE ones a Benis bas ote ke on be
seabrella,....... ae 95 CUE oon se: ie
SDIENCONE 6 ee uc eos gi as =
aveOlenSs .........+++5 sig Seon id
Ripe reir ce height ds Ss oe Miia :
Spe iey error tea gee eee
Pheretima Vt ag Pret eats be Aieeateih eee ee 138
Phlox albomarginata............. 3 7 | tu nat aire oe pat
austr' Satzha Cone ce Bee 4! tile, 188" 175
Pholisma DOOTESHM ia eas ces ce ‘Raillardella Muir mao 173
Bo Sel soul he Oden @ sk wa 3 ae" iy Sento 2
a betel inches ong ana : s y abortions var. austra-
P nytolacca decides Rae Mie SOREN 158 Ra cen a Pinedale tare scersices
: atin act agen Mics Sas ‘ alismzefolius........ 2
eee eee a er 154 DELEON CLIES bo ie Sas cone
ty cris s Sprengeriana des alncey 1k Owe 5 auger roe 81, 290
io coPanisprcmteciag gi gn eee y eed 5 ER DOS
eee ee = le re hie Abed Coe es
ee nme eas Garett mts schscholtai...-... 151
WUOTT och concn wise or TRAE ENS Soe
insignis var. “pinata.......- 13 hydrocharoides ee 400
MAS hop eeres bees

430 Index. [ZOE
PAGE PAGE
Ranunculus Zudovicianus ......... 82) Setaria ubisetus, 2.32507. 388
cauleyl sc... 2| Sidalcea campestris. 6. cts: 85
MAKUNUS OOOO ES bos 82 Sy Pw es Oe ab, 6
PROMISES OO DRS Le 82 malachroides ......... 150
pcre pares 82 Walyweiora -.4) 7.+. 2: 6, 86
einen tener secundifora 464 us asa 85
Retin odendron Rigollot Brn ene 305 tenella cise oa 85
Rhamnus _ ee ee ere ee 4o1 | Silene Meciea: ie ee eae I7I
sul 1 yal p DREN eee’ 8o Mmultinervia. cs oe 68
TUPI A oh Sian eee 80 purpurata Raipetiueira 285 avers Page a 84
Rhodode baron Somomensé.. 2... OA4\ -->TEPens co ae 84
WADE UM RCCHM Oe SEE eo es SO -c. STRHEEI emia oe 84
SYPOU They ci oe Oo 68 Bispincneh "Schatteesi ga ie ee 407
Ase saree erin ces The F72 | Sitomiys. 22 ca ee ee 323
SAMS RE ea ee ee 88|Sium heterophyllum .... ...... a
AIO POM ONECUIE oly ees 83 | Smilacina stell ~ us Wee eee
GUuerceLOFUME oe sccarensanes 88 Solidago elongata var. en at
oraah A eg CAM op are 8 Sparganium Californicum.... ..++ 80
MACOS RGA eee hiss 89 | Speirodela olyrrhiza 2.1 tow 217
Romneya Co salben ial eea See. 167, 202 Spermophilus peng 5 Secass aun 20
Rosa piatisnine ee ee 88 vee soins 320
min MLE See ip eee es 205 a beech-
PES ee a ee ee Wace broil eM ane Cee en ea ets ate Te ok ae
Roubieva hide. ee iy 68 | Spheeralcea fulva.... 2... 2.232 I
Rubus leucodermis.............. 419 koana, 5. II4
PSSA PEL OrS GS. ses cee es Ng Ce ee ern rae Gra
Sagina apetala............ 02.04. 84 eae yragrans pikeesoceee eee 97
cates cae Leo ine ee 103 (Spirostachys. ..5... 5.0 a 419
Tie ea 217 Sporobolus SX PEusus Ss. e. os so 00
Me MARTA ie us st hs ew 347|S ea. umbellata io. is 171
Salve taxifolia,......6.02..05...; 406 i SCUMBAG fo a as 97
“pe a dew wed ee ss uke 158 | Staphylea Bolanderi............. 151
Factories 97 | Stemodia pusilla...... +........ 405
Sambucts« i "cara Pie See bere GO| StemOcOnumt ey ncme sad cee eck baw tse 416
WEEE RCL SS tephanomerfia coronaria......... 93
Meetace, WP Sees aces Sad OMENLOSA. 2 sees 93
Sanicula maritima. .............. 68 | Streptanthus farryi............. 84
Saracha Jaltomata ..00. se. 6 e0 6, 403 FERE e as C LNs 84
Sarcodes sanguinea... ........... 207 Shige? ios 84
Sarcobatus Baileyi_ .... ........ 416 DADE gi eae 84
—— diana... AIG longirostris. 02.54 1I4
miculatus .. .. 416 DENMEEDE Se real tei 84
Saxifraga Pes SPREE eas 88 1A ae 84
umbelala evi eis 5 eis. 301 PEPATIONUS 04 Cee ee ck 84
re ne purpurascens ..... 174 PUREE. ES ek 84
Sere 321, 327 CCUNGUS 5 iu Vie Oe
Setar cote oo — Sutroa alpestris... occc.y ioe 21
Scutellaria galcriculata. one @T5, 4 t apte near Geta en 21
Oras 15 ie Fueee re 155
Sedum obtusatum: 2.2... 062.2... 17 aie denirodesn Cees 37
Selinum eryngiifolium ..... e200. NIVEUM ..... vieee ee nee 87
Se © PLOCAINANE 8 Sa 8 93 S. wwe wht Sia. ss 87
OCANGeHS eae os 28 apes bret ong ore ci cay 243
Sequoia gigantea... Wirt vidi seen ese e 141 | Talinum pat scbvesrpiiies <7 400
mpervirens. .......... 352 | Tamias amoenus Ciees ise 319
Setaria Setoee 26 sss eee ce 388 iritet... tec eerie 319

VOL. Iv | L[ndex. 4
PAGE PAGE
macrorhabdotes........-. 318 | Tricardia Watsoni ...42.. )..577.. 165
minimus pictus.......... 319 Trichoheeral riparia aero ae 75
quadrimaculatus......... 317 [BL a ap Sareea es 75
SU eee ins 318 | Trichostema Janata reer sec lay
PAP MTN eo ewe cee 688 bes os 409 | Tricophilus N + 208

PPEEMIUA MUOUAHIES 6 i lace = 83 | Trifolium gracilentunm var. incon-

Telmatodrilus yh dovskyi........ 21 bs Hie see, 380
Termopsis an fete aa Lawscci evs 139 PUM. ec 6S sone wes 68
OCCIDENUS F6's.cigs oS 140 | 7riteleta can vile te Send eee IOI
ea titres PERM Rai cue ees 81, 413 HACIRE oa eee Ior
Fe ane eines 414 LULENS oa aed Fe ee es IOI
HESDETINI A se Sa. oes 414 Troglodytes aedon aztecus....... 230
Slatyea? pil ere 81, 413 a Cr acreala os ue ee 80
vesiculosurm var. sa Unifolium liltaceum....+... eeee.. 102
insulare..... 2300 ricula pals! a 215, 420
“SM Siang devaos Buea cE Se 265 | Valeriana rhombifolia ...........4 92
Thomomys monti Ses 98 pea cee 325 Scorploides, cs a 92
Pe datiocespus FORIDOUS oO 6 8% 84 | Vancouveria oe uti e aia 82
illandsia recturvata... 00... 5. ..s 407 | Verbascum Blattaria............. 155
Tinan Ma tughes cre. 6 ore. 407 | Verbena has ais Silay by oe Gente 216
WIDGE SE Bee a Us eee a we 407 te es ee 405
Tissa reeset ERPS a ee ees 84 Vesicaria a Doe oe. 202
CIRRE ee se $4455 54) so - MNONTANa 8. ee I7I
lida CSE Os eee Par ee 84 | Viguiera Parish, Hees sowie ress 92
PAH cred ee ees $4{ Viola blanda so. slick 162,171
fons irc vice Vie winoio eee 84 DUSLTASAS Or ae 85
Piety AS ett an Ga cs Bee 84 PRUPPONG. 6 oes os Rae OBS
arucudis Geass Posie e. 260 PRILpP SS eek 85
BOOT o's ie cds 265 PUNCLOTUM eevee ss 85
MOTIIEE oi. casos 260 elton. os eden ceds 140, 171
Plaiella | oie ee 265 | Washingtonia filifera oka oR 349
prancmora 106 2. 260 TOONSIE, oe 348
NA is cawee peewee 264 | Whitneya Peer sont ase eee ee 154
var. ambigua.. 264 | Wislizenia refracta.............. 419
cecknahge cua ER LL 262| Woodsia Oregana............... 167
A Uee WU Vee’ 260 eee <b Sal eae
Rothrockii........... 264 brevifol é 349
scapigera...... ..-.. 262 | Zauschneria Calikivaien: eee vee 49
serice 262, 264 GRE. olen ie 89
Watson eee er eee: 265 CQL OIG 49, 89
te Pee cet coe 263 tomentella.... .+.. 49, 89
BOR cei ss 264 sonar PE ee
Tradescantia crassifolia Peas 407 | Zenaidur Ure os ee 7 £6
Carrer poles 103 Zygadens pene Rs ee une a

PLATE XXX.

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PLATE XXxXI.

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FAXONIA PUSILLA

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