_BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD
VOL. xvi JANUARY, 1929
‘DELECTUS SEMINUM
BROOKLYN
We
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m LISHED BIMONTAL coe er
a SANUARE. unc, MAY, eae SEPTEMBER, ‘NO
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ND LEMON S$TS., LANCASTER, PA. ,
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JSK, A.M., Instruc
LDA J. SARGENT, Instructor
RIE R. R. SWABEY, NY, M.A, Re rch
OUIS BUHLE, Photographer f
fu
BROOKLYN
BOTANIC GARDEN
RECORD
JANUARY, 1929 No. 1
VoL. XVIII
DELECTUS SEMINUM, BROOKLYN 1928
List oF SEEDS OFFERED IN EXCHANGE
These seeds, collected during 1928, are offered to botanic
gardens and to other regular correspondents; also, in limited
quantities, to members of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
We offer this year seeds chiefly of herbaceous plants.
PTERIDOPHYTA
Marattiaceae Asplenium
Angiopteris nidus
platyneuron
Blechnum
Pp emiundaceae occidentale
Osmunda : Davallia
Claytoniana pentaphylla
regalis Diplazium
shot lanceu
pemibatia zeylanicum
Polypodiaceae Doodia
Adiantum : blechnoides
cuneatum Drynaria ~ :
cuneatum var. Crowe- quercifolia
anum Jryopteris
hispidulum erythrosora
trapeziforme marginalis
Aglaomorpha opaca
eyeniana Sieboldii
Microlepia vulgare
majuscula Polystichum
Nephrolepis acrostichoides
acuminata capense
cordifolia Pteris
rivularis cretica var. Wimsettii
Oleandra Tectaria
articulata cicutaria
Pel :
wide Sa
Phegopteris Aneim
Dryopteris phyllitidis
epee Selaginellaceae
aureum var. areolatum Selaginella
aureum var. cristatum Emmeliana
um Emmeliana var. aurea
subauriculatum Wildenovii
DICOTYLEDONES
Acanthaceae 266 Apocynaceae 247
Acanthus Amsonia
longifolius Tabernaemontana
mollis Rhazya
Aizoaceae 84 oncntaye
Mollugo Araliaceae 227
vetieillata Aralia
Tetragonia hispida
expansa racemosa
Amarantaceae 79 Asclepiadaceae 248
Amarantus Asclepias
blitoides syriaca
retroflexus Ceropegia
Celosia Woodii (tubers)
argentea Cynanchum
cristata nigrum
cristata (yellow) Vincetoxicum
plumosa (yellow) Balsaminaceae 168
Gomphrena Impatiens
glo Balsamina
Telanthera biflora
polygonoides pallida
Berberidaceae 93
Caulophyllum
thalictroides
Borraginaceae 252
scorpioides
sma
echioides
Oreocarya
affinis
Symphytum
officinale
Campanulaceae 276
Campanula
alliariaefolia
bononiensis
carpatica
carpatica var. alba
glomerata
latifolia
latifolia var. alba
latifolia var. eriocarpa
rapunculoides
rotundifolia
ruleum
Wahitnbercia
dalmatica
Campanulaceae
—Lobelioideae 276a
syphilitica
Capparidaceae 107
Cleome
inosa
spinosa (white form)
Polanisi
trachysperma
Caprifoliaceae 271
Triosteum
perfoliatum
Caryophyllaceae 87
squarrosus
Lychnis
alba
chalcedonica
es
ocymoides var. versicolor
officinalis
maritima
Zawadskii
Spergula
Spergularia
ae
Tunic
Rees
Compositae 280
Achillea
abrotanoides
alpina
aurea
filipendulina
armica
Purshiana
Aster
alpinus
alpinus var. speciosus
cordifolius
ciplostephio‘de
Pate
ee eee
Buphthalmum
peciosum
cabiosa
Chee
ine cca
indic
Panhemian
Gymnolomia
multiflora
Helianthus
helianthoides Vat.
rlana
Inula
grandiflora
squarrosa
Leontopodium
laciniata
speciosa
Pitch-
subtomentosa
Senecio
Silphium
perfoliatum
Solidago
altissima
Cutleri (S. Virgaurea var.
1 a4 cS
alpina
missouriensis
Stokesia
laevis
australis
Compositae
—Cichorieae 280a
Crepis
grandiflora
rubra
Hieracium
aurantiacum
longifolium
rigidum
‘speciosum
Picridium
tingitanum
Rodigia
commutata
Crassulaceae 115
Cotyledon
gibbiflora var. metallica
platyphylla
Dudleya
Stauntoni
Echeveria
Whitei
Sedum
sarmentosum
Cruciferae 105
Aethionema
coridifoltum
Alyssum
montanum
saxatile
saxatile var. compactum
Arabis
procurrens
r
orientalis
Erysimum
asperum
balearica
Datiscaceae 207
Datisca
cannabina
Dipsacaceae 274
Cephalaria
ambrosioides
raeca
moena
caucasica
Euphorbiaceae 147
marginata
myrsinites
Gentianaceae 246
Gentiana
Freyniana
Geraniaceae 129
Geranium
albiflorum
grandiflorum
Grevilleanum
ibericum
maculatum
phaeum
pratense
pratense var. album
sylvaticum
Illecebraceae 86a
Corrigiola
littoralis
Herniaria
glabra
Scleranthus
annuus
Labiatae 254
vulgare
Micromeria
croatica
Monarda
citriodora
mollis
Prunella
pratensis var. Baum-
baicalensis
palustris
sylvatica
Leguminosae
—Mimosoideae 127a
Desmanthus
illinoensis
Leguminosae
—Papilionatae 128
Astragalus
peo tee
Cic
officinalis
orientalis
Glycine
Soja (black seeds)
Soja (brown seeds)
pele (yellow seeds)
polyphyllus
foenum-graecum
Linaceae 132
Linum
avum
maritimum
usitatissimum
Loasaceae 206
Blumenbachia
Hieronymii
Lythraceae 216
Cuphea
lanceolata
Salicaria var. roseum
virgatum
virgatum “ Rose Queen ”
Nesaea
triflora
Malvaceae 175
Althaea
tar
Moscheutos (white,
nter)
Kitaibelia
vitifolia
Moraceae 64
Humulus
japonic
Necieicess 80
Mirabilis
divaricata
alapa
divaricata (dwarf yellow)
Jalap
Onagraceae 224
Circaea
aC aane
Epilobiun
angustifolidm
Godetia
purpurea
fruticosa var. major
OR eae
oseum
Oxalidaceae 130
Oxalis
stricta
Papaveraceae 104
Argemone
Chelidoniam
maju
Dictanocaoee
ranchetianum
Eschscholtzia
californica
Glaucium
flavum
Papaver
lateritium
orientale
Rhoeas
Rhoeas “ Shirle
Sanguinaria
canadensis
Papaveraceae
—Fumarioideae 104a
Dicentra
eximla
Plumbaginaceae 238
Acantholimon
glumaceum
Armeria
caespitosa
juncea
vulgaris
vulgaris var. Laucheana
latifolium
aah eee
Polemoniaceae 250
a
achilleaefoha
capitata
Polygonaceae 77
Atraphaxis
umbellatum
Polygonum
orientale
Sieboldii
Rheum
rhaponticum
Portulacaceae 85
Anacampseros
patens
dam
Ranunculus
co
Primulaceae 237
punctata
punctata (dwarf form)
Primula
flagellicaulis
Steironema
ciliatum
Ranunculaceae 91
Pigleatilta var. alba
Aquilegia
Buergeriana
canadensis
chrysantha
Cimicifuga
americana
dahurica
Clematis
integrifolia
Delphinium
grandiflorum
Nigella
ascena
nstantinopolitanus
um
angustifolium
minus
Trollius
laxus
Resedaceae 108
Phyteuma
Rosaceae 126
Agrimonia
odorata
pilosa
Alchemilla
splendens
vulgaris
Dryas
octopetala
Duchesnea
indica
Filipendula
almata
virginiana
eum
urbanum
Gillenia
trifoliata
Potentilla
argentea var. Calabra
chrysantha
Hopwoodiana
obtusum
Rubiaceae 270
Asperula
cynanchica
tinctoria
Diodia
dasycephala
Sherardia
arvensis
Spermacoce
tenuior
Rutaceae 137
Dictamnus
a
DUS
albus var. ruber
Saxifragaceae 117
Astilbe
Macnabiana
Tellima
grandiflora
Scrophulariaceae 257
Antirrhinum
maurandioides
Calceolaria
scabiosaefolia
“ali
Digitalis
ambigua
lutea
viridiflora
Hebenstretia
d
entata
Pentstemon
aber
Scrophularia
marilandica
sambucifolia
Synthyris
plantaginea
Verbascum
u
Teucrium var. prostrata
Waldsteinii
Solanaceae 256
10
Levisticum
officina
e
pimpinelloides
Pimpinella
ouani
Atropa Valerianaceae 273
Belladonn C
entranthus
ve Helladonna (yellow fruit) macrosiphon
alata grandiflora (affinis) ee foli
mete alliariaefolia
Tabacum officinalis
Solanum Valerianella
sisymbrifolium coronata
Umbelliferae 228 Verbenaceae 253
Carum Verbena
vi erinoides
Eryngium venosa
oeruleum ;
Oliverianum Violaceae 198
planum Viola
Heracleum tricolor
lanatum
MONOCOTYLEDONES
Amaryllidaceae 340 Dyckia
Agave brevifolia
virginica _ rariflora
Alstroemeria Piteairnia
aurantiaca __ xanthocalyx
Tillandsia
Araceae 323 Palbiciana
cp pana flexuosa
Reser sem moat Commelinaceae 333
Rpt itad: Palisota
alla _ Barteri
palustris Tinantia
: ujax
Bromeliaceae 332 TPeandeccaniia
Caraguata montana
Peacocki virginiana
Cyperaceae 320
Hosta
Carex Fortunei
Grayii olevoldiaae
unctata
vesicaria almeceee
Kyllinga ri
tr comosum
: racemosum
Gramineae 319 Polygons
Dactylis orum
glomerata arene
Festuca i
elatior sibirica
Glyceria Smilacina
fluitans racemosa
Phala is 1lax
arundinacea var. picta herbacea
Secale i
cereale australis
systemon
Juncaceae 336 Marjoletti
Juncus Sprengerii
conglomeratus sylvestris
Liliaceae 338 “ Avis Kennicott ”
Allium (Cottage)
fistul “Diana” (Sing! eee
saloon enum . oereR Queen” (Single
Porrt arly)
Schoenoprasim var. io ae Queen ”
Sibiric (Single ae
Asparagus Veratrum
fficinalis viride
Clintonia Yucca
borealis filamentosa
fo ee Zingiberaceae 346
carinat Brachychilus
nigricans Horsfieldi
SEEDS COLLECTED IN NORTHEASTERN NEBRASKA
BY Mr. J. B. WERNECKE
Actaea Agoseris
alba cuspidata
Agastache Allium
nepetoides Nuttallit
Amorpha
yy
Epilobium
adenocaulon
Pa
coccinea
Ipomoea
leptophylla
Kuhnia
eupatorioides
Lathyrus
ornatus
Lesquerella
m
rigidum
Lomatium
orientale
Mimulus
glabratus
Nepeta
Cataria
Oenothera
serrula
Onosmodium
occidentale
Oxytropis
Lamberti
Paliurus
aculeatus
Parietaria
pennsylvanica
Pentstemon
albidus
gracilis
grandiflorus
Polanisia
trachysperma
esculenta
Rhus
coriaria
Rumex
crispus
Smilacina
stella
Solanum
rostratum
Solidago
rigi
Townsendia
exscapa
Tribulus
terrestris
Verbena
13
SEEDS COLLECTED IN UTAH
By BEN JOHNSON
Aconitum Heuchera
columbianum rubescens
Allium Linum
acuminatum Lewisii
Aquilegia Oenothera
flavescens pallida
Astragalus Pentstemon
cibarus Eatonii
utahensis Moffattii
Balsamorhiza platyphyllus
hirsuta yrocerus
sagittata secundiflorus
Dodecatheon Torreyi
salinum Polemonium
Erythronium foliosissimum
erandiflorum var. parvi- Rudbeckia
oru occidentalis
Fritillaria Sphaeralcea
pudic rivularis
Hedysarum Thalictrum
pabulare Fendleri
SEEDS COLLECTED IN ARIZONA AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
BY Dr. C. S. GAGER
Ac Conopholis
catechu yexicana
Agav Dasylirion
consociata Wheeleri
Argemone Datura sp
BE wicces Delphinium
sclepias Scopulorum
Arctostaphylos Eriogonum sp
glauca Eucalyptus
Manzanita we
Calliandra Geraniu
humilis Ri chardeen:
Castilleia Gilia
Wootoni? ageregata
Ceanothus Dentode ies
divaricatus californicum
Cucurbita Mentzelia
foetidissima multiflora
Nicotiana Simmondsia
glauca californica
Opuntia Smilacina
sp. Alt. 5500 ft. amplexicaulis
Parkinsonia Solantum
microphylla ouglasii
Pentstemon Symphoricarpos
barbatus altars
Portulaca Thalictrum
lanceolata Witehtis
ais rig att
iicfotia Tradescantia Sp.
Viola
as canadensis
laurina iS
Bex arizonica
Yucca
Salvia baccata
apiana Whipplei
mellifera
SEEDS COLLECTED IN OREGON
BY Mrs, N. P. GALE
Allium Lilium
cernuum columbianum
Anemone washingtonianum
occidentalis Mimulus
Camassia ewisli
esculenta Partya
Eriogonum ‘Menziesii
compositum Pentstemon
orthocaulon Bees
pyrolaefolium Bie
Erythronium ee
montanum ae e
arviflorum M saiunee
revolutum Sees
ae ovatus
nae pulchellus
anceolata speciosus
Gent eee:
sceptrum pellet Suite
Leptotaenia Rhiodadecdie
purpurea par eens
15
Applications for seeds should be received not later than Feb-
ruary 28, 1929, by SEED EXCHANGE,
Brooklyn Botanic Garden,
1000 Washington Ave.,
Brooklyn, N. Y.,
OR Sosy
INTERNATIONAL SEED EXCHANGE
During the past year we received 128 seed lists, arranged as
follows:
42, with Genera Alphabetical
Genera all alphabetical: Algiers, Belgrade, Bern, Bordeaux,
Bremen, Caen, Cape Town, Dresden, Dublin (Trinity College),
Edinburgh, Genoa, Giza, Glasgow, Geneva, Hatzendorf, Inns-
bruck, Kew, Krakau, La Mortola, Lausanne, Linz, Michigan
State College, Nogent-sur-Vernisson, Parma, Prague (German),
Prague (Czech.), Proskau, Pruhonice, Rastoff, Roudnice, Royal
Hort. Soc., Siena, Tabor, Talence, Taschkent, Univ. of Michigan,
Utrecht, Vancouver, Vienna, Zagreb.
* Genera alphabetical under larger groups: Darmstadt, Llow,
Minden.
54, with Families Alphabetical
Families alphabetical under larger groups: Baarn, Basel, Bonn,
Breslau, Brno, Budapest, Buenos Aires, Cassel, Cernauti, Cluj,
Coimbra, Copenhagen, Delft, Echo (Manchuria), Erlangen,
Frankfurt, Giessen, Gothenburg, Groningen, Hamburg, Heidel-
berg, Jalta, Kaunas, Kief, Kiel, Konigsberg, Leningrad, Leopol,
Leyden, Lisbon, Lund, Lyon, Marburg, Marseilles, Modena, Mor-
ton Arb., Montevideo, Munich, Nikita, Oslo, Ottawa, Palermo,
Paris, Pisa, Riga, Rome, Sofia (Agr. Coll.), Sofia (Univ.), Sap-
poro, Stockholm, Tiflis, Trieste, Tubingen, Turin, Upsala,
Wageningen.
* Families all alphabetical: Nantes.
27, with Families Systematically Arranged
Engler system: Berlin, Brno, Buitenzorg, Cambridge (Engl. ;
Dicotyledons before Monocotyledons), Gottingen, Harvard, Metz,
North Dakota Seed Laboratory (without families), Padua, Pavia,
Toulouse, Tokyo, Valencia, Vilna, Warsaw, Zurich.
16
* Bentham and Hooker system: Bangalore, Bucharest, Chelsea,
ir ae Oxford.
ther Stal Antwerp, Amsterdam, Dijon, Liége, Nancy,
ee eae Roue
Arrangement not noted: Odessa.
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is preparing a list of genera for
submission to the now existing International Committee of Nomen-
clature. We intend to include present usage or preferences, espe-
cially as to families and the frequently used genera, so far as the
information is available, of eleven botanic gardens and such others
as they may designate. ese gardens are Berlin, Kew, Paris,
Zurich, Copenhagen, Geneva, Vienna, Tokyo, Arnold Arboretum,
Leningrad, and Stockholm.
* Might not the gardens in the starred groups consider a change in the
direction of arrangements more generally used?
~The Brooklyn este of MS and Sciences
(OFFICERS: oF THE Boakp a
- OF TRUSTEES: ;
PRE
_ EDWARD C. “C. BLUM
ac. ‘Fis eee Pekan: Se ce nea p Vice-Parsmen
: ne WALTER 1 HL ‘CRITTENDEN "WILLIAM A. PUTNAM
_ ‘Tarp VicE-PREs
ADRIAN: VAN SINDEREN
ne keuene ice Ae te ,
of FOSTER SMITH et oe JOHN. i. H, DENBIGH
‘BoTANIO GARDEN GovERNING ComMITTER
Baste “MISS HILDA: LOINES, Chairman
EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex Cas ean Ww. FROTHINGHAM
MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY _ EDWIN GOULD :
- WALTER H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM T. HUNTER
_ GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD |
aoe LEwIs W. FRANCIS - WILLIAM A, PUTNAM >
: ALEXANDER M. WHITE
Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BoOaRD
‘ai THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
“THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN _—-
THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN ~
_ GENERAL INFORMATION
EMBERSHII p—Alll persons who are interested in the objects: and maintena ance ©
a “yearly: Life Membership, $500 ull information concerning membership may
be had by adteeceinig. rk Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N.Y.
aes ints Suh as spect.
seek SG huw is Ss open hes £ the public daily from 8 a.m. until dark;
on ‘Sundays ad ailidayt open at Io
ee NTRANCES. —On Flatbush Aeon near Empire Boulevard (Malbone Street),
hss aol. near Mt. Prospect Reservoir; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern. ide
558 Bald and near Es Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the
a The. ‘atest’ entrance to the the Laboratory Building i is at 1000 : Washington ee
s opposite Montgomery |
To Assist ‘Memaers al others in studying the collections the ‘services of a
application the Curator of Public Instruction at least one | we eek in
parties of ee than six adults will be conduct
“TH EN take Broadway (B.M.T.) Subway to erate Park
ee Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station;
a eae Boulevard ; Franklin Ay venue, Laritier
con i
- Sterling Place an venue; Union eet and ‘Vanderbilt Avenue
lige to. o Broges } Park ‘Plaza and “Union St treet.
PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
- BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
RECORD. pean lanes, 1912, ‘An administrative periodical issued
quarterly (1912-1928) ; ae y beginning with 1929. Contains, among: other
‘things, the Annual Report of ang es tor, and heads of departments, special reports,
Seu eas of. cour a of pen seed list, uaa ee papers, and notes
concerning Garden progress and ¢é Bree to members of ve Garden. To
oie one dollar'a year; 25 cents a Me Circulates in 41 adeiteie
EMOIRS. Established, July; 1918. Published aaah & “Cireutates in
47 counties
. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at
the dedication of the laboratory building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917.
sat pages. Price.$3.50, plus postage.
Volume II. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of
Montauk: A study of aie land and for ot By Norman Taylor, June. 11, 1923.
108 pages. Price $1.00, plus p
Volume III. Vegetation : Mount. Desert Island, Mathie; Ad its. environ-
ment. By Barrington Moore and Norman Haxlor June 10, 1927: I51 pages.
Price $1.60.
CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, April 1, 1911. Papers originally published
riodicals, reissued as “separates,” without change of paging, and numbered
e results of research done at the Garden, or by members of its staff or students.
Twenty-five numbers Sore snte one volume. rae 25 cents each, .$5.00 a volume,
Circulates in 34 coun
52. Inheritance studies in um. WI. ght alelonor ism and: the in-
hertiance of green and yellow felons and pod color, 16 p 927.
53. Mutation,: Hesdhea to. temperature diferondee Ge Pee distri-
“bution in Hants 1928,
54. The vegetation A the Allegany State Park. 121 pages.’ 1928.
55. Physiologic races of bunt of wheat. t4 pages.’ 1928.
56. The inheritance of resistance of oat nora. to loose and covered smut.
48 pages. 10928.
LL AFLETS. Established, April 10, 1013 Published weekly or biweekly
during April, May, June,’ September, and. October. The purpose of the Leaflets
Garden. To ot 2 fifty cents a series... Single numbers 5. cents each. Cire
lates in 28 coun
GUIDES. to hee collections, buildings, and Sounds Price based upon cost’.
of publication,
SEED LIST. eae ne Established, ecemtes, to14. Since
1925 issued each year in the numberof the Recorp.: Circulation includes
143 botanic et, and. iaatitutions: located in 42 countries
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF oot Established, January, 1914. Pub-
lished, in pacar with the Boranicat’ Socrery or AMERICA, monthly, exc
during, Deity sa and September. SubscHipéon, ae a year. Circulates in 48
- coun
ee LOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly: in cobperation
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wee Steet Fong BS Bitonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a
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EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT |
BROOKLYN BOTANIC.
GARDEN
1928
“The best Hane i in. vie ibd is, wisdom,
| and, in sigan of. paar science.”
—AMIEL
BROOKLYN BOTANIC. GARDEN RECORD
Vol XVI MARCH, 1929 No, 2. we 3
PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY
AT LANCAS % An i
BY (THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND) SCIENCES
} BROOKLYN, N. Y.
Eneeked as second-class matter in the (postofiite at : Lancaster, Pa. % under det BE August 24, 1912. Oe ey ay
RROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers
SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL
The Staft
C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., ScD., Pd.D., Director
MONTAGUE FREE, Horticulturist
ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction
ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de l'Université (Paris), Curator of Plants
ELSIE TWEMLOW HAMMOND , M.A,, Assistant Curator o
Elementary Instruction
GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of ent Pathology
ELLEN EDDY SHAW, any 355 Curator of a entary Instruction
RAY SIMPSON, Libra
, Curator of Plant Breeding: and Economic Plants
Other Officers
MARY AVERILL, Honorary eres of Japanese Gardening and
Flo rt
HAROLD A. CAPARN, Coneuiien Landscape Architect
RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Regen Investigator
NORMAN TAYLOR, Curato
KATHRYN CLARK BARTLETT, A.B., Instructor
ZELD
MARJORIE R. “SWABEY: M.A., Research Bear
, Res earch Assista
BELLE H. BURR, A.B., Curatorial Assistant
EMILIE FREePARL CHICHES TER, Library ee aceiant
MAUD H. PURDY, Curatorial Assistay
wratorial Ae stinl
MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistant
, Curatorial Assistan
ADMINISTRATIVE
SNUG Ae DOWNS, Secretary and eee
MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secre
NORMA E. STOFFEL, Office aaat
Siem MARY DONALD, Secretary to the Director
A STOEL, Registrar and Custodian
WILLIAM H. DURKIN, Membership Seroitey
LAURA M. BREWSTER, Sener
FRANCES MILLER MACKINN ON, , Stenographer
*¥EVELYN M. “WILLIAMS, ‘Steno grapher
LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer
* October 1, 1928 to March 1, 1920.
EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT
@c EE
BROOKLYN BOTANIC
(GARDEN
1928
cs
For the advancement of botanical science and knowledge,
and the prosecution of original researches therein and in
kindred subjects.”—Laws of New York, 1897, Chapter 509.
An Act providing for the pee ishment of a Botanic Garden in
the city of Brooklyn.
BROOKLYN, N. Y.
MARCH, 1929
LANCASTER PRESS, INC.
LANCASTER, PA.
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
SUMMARY FOR 10928
For the Public
1. Over 1,100,00 registered attendance, an increase of 90,000
over 1927.
2. Bureau of information served a wide range of governmental,
civic, educational, scientific, and commercial institutions, in this
and other countries.
3. Maintained a free reference library, with current issues of
over 900 periodicals on file dealing with all aspects of plant life.
4. Continued the development of one of the most beautiful and
most instructive park areas in Greater New York.
5s. Installed 29 public exhibits which were viewed by 90,000
visitors.
For the Schools
6. Supplied over 3,800 teachers with living plants, plant parts,
and other study material in quantity sufficient for the instruction
of over 156,000 pupils.
7. Held personal conferences with over 1,000 teachers concern-
ing problems of biology and nature-study teaching.
8. Distributed 560,000 packets of seeds to 177,000 pupils for
planting in school and home gardens.
9. Supplied over 3,200 petri dishes with sterilized culture media
for, the study of bacteria.
10. Members of staff gave 87 addresses, lectures, and _ talks,
with a total attendance of over 31,000.
11. Teachers brought over 54,000 pupils to the Garden for in-
struction in the plantations, conservatories, and classrooms.
For Education
12. Gave over 600 lectures and talks to children and adults, with
a total attendance of over 37,000.
13. Gave 37 courses of instruction to children and adults, with
a total registration of over 6,co0,
For Science
14. Continued botanical research in plant pathology, genetics,
forest pathology, ecology, plant physiology, and systematic botany.
15. Continued the publication of three journals devoted to re-
search, and circulating in 48 countries.
ill
“ No greater challenge has been given to the American people
since the great war than that of our scientific men in the demand
for greater facilities. It is an opportunity to demonstrate again
in our, Government, our business, and our private citizens the rec-
ognition of a responsibility to our people and the nation greater
than that involved in the production of goods or trading in the
Impey 27. 4
“The third type of pure science research that requires much
more liberal support is the special institution. .
“I do not hesitate to express my opinion that the work which
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is now doing and projecting in the
line of research . . . is of high usefulness from the standpoint of
both pure and applied science.”—Presipent Hoover.
Pree
e
EET atl
s:
a,
Fig. 1. Rock Garden, east side, looking northeast. Plants, from left to right: Yucca glauca, Cytissus albus,
Iberis sempervirens, Armeria vulgaris, Rudbeckia montana, Picea Albertiana. May 18. (6495.)
EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF TILE
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
1928 *
REPORM OF THE DIRECTOR
To THE Botanic GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE
I have the honor to present herewith the eighteenth annual re-
port of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, for the year 1928.
Ecology of Botanic Gardens
The principles of botanical science are not restricted in their
application to the kingdom of plants. They apply, also, to the
realms of education, economics, and finance. One department
of botany, for example, is Ecology. The word is akin to the more
familiar term, Economy (the law of the house) ; it means, liter-
ally, the science of the home life (of plants or of animals). It
is a fundamental PLS of Ecology that an organism must cor-
with the various factors of its en-
respond with its surroundings
vironment; otherwise it weakens or dies.
So it is with such an organism (organization) as a botanic gar-
den: if it is to become strong it must develop in harmony with
its environment, and in particular with local needs.
Perhaps the most common conception of a botanic garden is
the restricted one which reads a literal meaning into the name,
and regards the institution merely as a garden. Gardens are real
needs in a civilized society, and ornamental or flower. gardens no
less so than vegetable gardens, for beauty is an essential element
in human life. Any urban community that has no botanic garden
lacks an important cultural asset, and so, merely by maintaining
1BrooKLyN BotaNic GARDEN Recorp. Vol. XVIII, No. 2, March, 1929.
17
18
a garden area, a botanic garden meets an important need of its
community.
A Botanic Garden is More than a Garden
3ut a botanic garden is much more than a garden; its work
includes all activities that may grow out of or be correlated with
gardens. We have frequently stated that the work of the Brook-
lyn Botanic Garden ineludes anything scientific or educational
based upon plant life. We have not, of course, realized this ideal
in its fullness but, to paraphrase Browning, an institution’s reach
must exceed its grasp, and nothing that comes within the broad
ideal above stated is foreign to our interest nor to our active sup-
port, so far as our resources and equipment permit.
Public Response
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden was organized in 1910 in a com-
munity of nearly two million inhabitants but without any provision
whatever, outside of the public and private schools, for assisting
people to a knowledge of plant life or gardening, or for stim-
ulating or fostering the desire for such knowledge. The steady
increase of attendance from not more than 10,000 a year to more
than 1,100,000 a year, in less than seventeen years, shows how
great was the need for such opportunity, and how prompt and
generous was the response.
Practical Planning
The Garden was not planned along theoretical lines but, first
of all, a survey was made of existing educational and scientific
agencies to see how, if at all, their work could be supplemented
or enriched. And then account was taken of needs not met at all,
and the endeavor was made to organize a botanic garden to meet
those needs and fill the gaps.
School Service a Primary Aim
To enrich the teaching of nature study, botany, and geography
in the public schools became a primary aim. The multifarious
nature of the resulting program, and the extent of the need as in-
dicated by the response, are shown in the table on page 19.
Ig)
TABLE I
STATISTICS OF SCHOOL SERVICE
Conferences 1928
NGI DC GaROte Mkeach esac tir est ce rcescrel vel ican 1,060
NIM em eOreesIplSe WMVOLVEd ).c0 2 5. ose ye eho oe Oe 49,600
Loan Lectures (Lantern slides, etc.)
Study Material Supplied
Number of Schools and annexes
igh
In Brooklyn (Total No. in Borough, 14, plus
Me7, SARTITIE KES) °f rasteale bie cee aes er ete eae eee ieee 25
ine @ Weens can o) a oe ee eee 8
lig: WHEREIS poo gccuoccacesedoudsuno odds cos 19
igh hint IXOMROWEEANS. Gon onocgousbendoc os doo de 10
jhoonstaie JEbega Sin Gyacaeusc see. Gon suns oscec 18
Colleges, Universities, and Musecums............. Il
Riciiinee Ss ChOOlS eto sheaGhel sre ent mettre: 4
Elementary Schools (Total in Borough, 214).... 123
Private and Parochial Schools............. nine 25
Ninh eramoteedheachenSeerscen las ieee rec teeanees 3,818
Niunbermokebupis anstructeds.....-.-...- 0s oe 156,619
Exhibits Provided
INiapnabyeie ont GSAS. no oan enaenceseobeos so cooneancc 29
Wile Ce Di ercreticare etre tn en srsta dis! .Jule aelel eerie ee 89,005
Living Plants Placed in Schools
IN\eunbtae er Cela raasucacen ogee Min ogooe oe secs 150
INGEN StaemOstume) atl User areata! ester. cla Seeyatonpetateress 18,295
Agar (sterilized) for Class Use
IP iial. - CHARS a wc ho Sonos Oe nO eee eee 3,231
INaSKS seks oon heave cdo bp OU ena ea ere 34
Seed Packets for Children
Selngyalls 255 sea costes oud na Oe eae eee eee: 415
REACH ELS. yee ea EAL Pee Soe Seep 3,574
IEA) lS mercer Rercteoe Roemer tet iene hs Caterers aaa ees 177,110
RaCkcisdepie ec rp eee eee tonne ei rpc 550,754
2
66
22
2,905
109,011
9
11,200
130
25,251
2,338
10
220
5,626
268.519
705,694
20
A thorough, well organized educational program for children,
as well as for adults, had never been undertaken by a botanic
garden when this institution was organized. But, as a recent
writer has stated, “ The world holds no more tyrannous and
bumptious arrogance than that of interest for adults only.” | Mu-
seums were beginning to recognize this at the beginning of the
present century, and children’s work gradually became an impor-
tant part of the educational program of all the leading museums.
This work found its highest development in the Children’s Mu-
seum of Brooklyn (another Department of the Brooklyn Institute
of Arts and Sciences), a pioneer in this line and the model of
several children’s museums in other cities. No opportunity for
voluntary education for children ever, met a more spontaneous
or enthusiastic response ; no money expended for education ever
yielded larger returns.
Community Service
dut educational work with children was not confined by us to
cooperation with the schools. Sop ular courses of instruction were
organized in the plantations, children’s greenhouses, conservatories,
children’s gardens, classrooms, and laboratories, with a total at-
tendance that soon reached the significant figure of approximately
50,000 a year—practically the same as the attendance at work of-
fered in cooperation with the schools.
Adult Education
Increasing attention has been given during the past few years
to the subject of adult education. By adult education is meant
educational opportunities for persons past the average age of
graduation from high school, and who can give only a small frac-
tion of their time to continuing their schooling. Plans are being
perfected for a survey of the opportunities in this line now avail-
able in Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden has, from the
beginning, offered opportunities to adults. In fact, the plantations,
conservatories, library, herbarium, and bureau of information all
minister to this need, and have been developed with this in view.
The response has more than justified the plans to meet it.
21
World Contacts
No institution can render the most effective service to its local
community if its range is merely parochial. The advantage of
international contacts, in particular, is not only stimulating, but
reciprocally advantageous—-in science no less than in commerce
and art and other human activities. Other things being equal,
that institution can render the richest service to its own com-
munity which has the largest number of contacts with other com-
munities in its own and foreign lands.
Circulation of Publications
As illustrating the international aspect of our work, attention
is called to the fact that our technical and popular publications
circulate in 65 foreign countries. By a generous system of ex-
changes, supplemented by subscriptions, the current issues of over
goo periodical publications on plant life and gardening are on file
in our library, which is open free to the public daily. These pub-
lications come from nearly every civilized country.
International Seed Exchange
We are exchanging seeds and other living plant material for
propagation and study with 140 botanical institutions located in
40 countries. By this means we are helping to disseminate na-
tive American plants in other lands, and are enriching American
gardens by the introduction of foreign plants here.
Bureau of Information
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden has become a clearing house for
information and advice on every aspect of plant life (pure sei-
ence, applied botany, conservation, etc.). Inquiries are being re-
ceived and answered daily from all parts of the United States and
from. foreign countries.
The appended: reports of various heads of departments set
forth in more detail the multifarious ways in which the Garden
is endeavoring to correspond with its environment—to serve the
community, and to extend its influence throughout the scientific
and educational world.
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23
Fitness of the Environment
That an organism must keep adjusted to its environment is a
fact long recognized, even before Darwin gave it new meaning
by showing its significance in the evolution of more efficient types
of organization. But in 1913 there was published a thought-
provoking book by Prof. Lawrenée J. Henderson, of Harvard
University, entitled, The. Fitness of the Environment. In this
book the author elaborated the thesis that, while the organism must
keep adjusted to its environment, the environment must be favor-
able to the organism, proceeding to show that the present environ-
ment of living things is the best that could be imagined for the
welfare of existing types of life.
“Fitness is a mutual or reciprocal relationship between the
organism and the environment,” says Professor Henderson, and
“fitness of environment is quite as essential a component as the
fitness which arises in the process of organic evolution. . . . The
one fitness is no less important than the other.”
This was not a new conception, but it was restated by Professor
Henderson in the light of recent advances in science, and its im-
portance was emphasized. In particular, says the author, “ while
life is active there must be exchange of both matter and energy
with the environment.” The two principal requirements of the
living organism which an environment must fulfill are such a sup-
ply of food and energy as may be necessary for stability of con-
ditions and healthy functioning and growth.
Application to Institutions
No principle is more important than this in the Ecology of an
institution. However lofty its ideals, however efficient its or-
ganization, however much its services may be needed, no institu-
tion can long function nor function efficiently if it 1s not ade-
quately supported, and support must come chiefly, if not wholly,
rom the immediate, local environment. No community should
become parasitic upon its public institutions, any more than they
should become parasitic upon their communities. In particular,
a community that is continually asking as well as receiving services
from a local institution, places itself under a very real obligation
to support that institution.
24
Environment of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden
The environment of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has been a
favorable one. Property with an assessed valuation (in 1928)
of $7,000,000 and located near the center of population of the
City has been assigned to it as a site; some $300,000 (supple-
mented by about $150,000 of private funds) have been appropri-
ated by the city for buildings and other permanent improvements ;
and appropriations for maintenance have been made during the
past 18 years in the annual tax budget of the City, supplemented
(as in the case of the permanent improvements), by private funds
which now, for the second. year, exceed in amount the sum ap-
propriated by the City.
When a private individual, not a resident of Brooklyn, pledged
$250,000 toward the permanent endowment of the Garden, the
citizens of Brooklyn (and other Boroughs) made generous con-
tributions in the total sum of nearly $254,000 to supplement and
secure the initial pledge. The authorities of the Brooklyn Bo-
tanic Garden have a lively appreciation of these generous gifts
from individuals as well as of the appropriations of the city
government,
Potential Environment
But what a man does is rightly estimated in terms of his ca-
pacity for accomplishment. “The outstanding historic illustration
of this is the widow’s mite. The physicist recognizes potential
energy, Which is capacity for doing work, and kinetic energy,
which is measured by work actually done. his is frequently
illustrated by the water in a mill pond, which represents stored
energy, available but not being put to use. When the water gates
are opened the water flows into the machinery of the mill and
useful work is accomplished—the mill turns out what the people
need.
The resources of a city represent potential energy; its educa-
tional and scientific institutions represent mills capable of turning
out products which are essential to the life of the community ;
but they are not able to function if the necessary energy, in the
form of moral and financial support, is not made available in
sufficient amount to keep the machinery running. All of this is,
—
20
of course, a truism, but truisms often need reiteration and fresh
emphasis.
Potentialities of Brooklyn
Perhaps there is no better way to estimate the capacity of
Brooklyn to support its scientific and educational institutions than
to quote its own statements of its resources, as compared with those
of other cities. The following information has recently been
published in Brooklyn, the weekly bulletin of the Chamber of
Commerce.
Brooklyn, with over 2,200,000 population, is the third largest
urban community in the United States, being exceeded only by
Greater New York, of which Brooklyn is a part, and’ by Chicago.
During the first six months of 1928 fifteen new banking offices
were opened in Brooklyn and the total resources of all of Brook-
lyn’s banks increased by $641,366,572, bringing the total to more
than $7,500,000,000.
In the five year period (1923-1928) deposits on hand in Brook-
lyn Savings Banks have approximately doubled, and from Sep-
tember 1927 to September 1928 the amount of these deposits in-
creased from over $936,000,000 to over $1,029,000,000.
The average weekly factory earnings in September 1928, were
$29.98, a figure not surpassed in over five years.
Brooklyn inhabitants support over 100 theatres with a seating
capacity greater than the population of the entire State of Nevada.
It is conservatively estimated that the people of Brooklyn spend
annually not less than $25,000,000 for admissions to theatres. The
assessed valuation of fe theatres 1s $50,000,000.
A recent speaker before the Brooklyn Rotary Club has called
attention to the following facts:
The population of Brooklyn is greater than the combined popu-
lations of Arizona, Delaware, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, and
Wyoming. Since 1910 (the year the Botanic Garden was es-
tablished). it has added an average of 3,200 people each month
to its population.
Brooklyn educates in its public schools each year as many
pupils as Baltimore, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, Toledo, and San
Francisco. It has over 38 per cent. of all the pupils in Greater
New York, while Manhattan has less than 36 per cent.
26
Brooklyn leads the country in Postal Savings gains. One half
the foreign commerce carried through the port of New York and
one quarter of the foreign commerce of the entire United States.
is handled from Brooklyn docks. Over 40 steamship lines with
a combined fleet of over 700 vessels sailing to all parts of the
world have their home port in Brooklyn. Newtown Creek (in
srooklyn) handles a greater shipping tonnage per year than does
the Mississippi River in its tooo miles from St. Paul to New
Orleans.
Brooklyn produces more manufactured goods per year than
Pittsburgh and Minneapolis together. It ranks first in the entire
world as a center for the importation, refining, and distribution
of sugar, and first in the importation, roasting, and distribution
of coffee. In industrial production it ranks fourth in the entire
United States. It has over 200 miles of total wharfage or nearly
35 per cent. of the total for Greater. New York. Brooklyn ranks
first in the United States in the number of pupils (approximately
500,000) in its 350 schools; its citizens own 200,000 automobiles
and rent nearly 350,000 telephones. The products manufactured
in Brooklyn total over $1,200,000,000 annually.
A striking illustration of the general prosperity of Brooklyn’s
citizens is found in the Report of the Tenement House Commis-
sion, issued December 1, 1928, giving a survey of apartment house
facilities, range of rents, and number of vacancies of apartments
of various price-classes. Of a total of 394,883 apartments only
about 7 per. cent. are vacant. Of those renting for $60 a month
or less 12~25 per cent. are vacant, while of those renting for more
than $60 a month only one per cent. are vacant. The largest
number of vacancies (25 per cent.) occurs in the $30 a month
apartments; $100 a month apartments are only 1.6 per cent.
vacant, $150 a month, one half of one per cent., and $200 a month,
two tenths of one per cent. Nearly three quarters of the vacancies
(70 per cent.) are where rents are $50 a month or less. The
vast majority of the people of Brooklyn are apparently able to
live in the higher priced apartments.
27
Support of Science and Education in Brooklyn
Surely a community of such relative and absolute resources
should be the most favorable environment imaginable for institu-
tions whose object is to promote the educational and cultural
welfare of the community. It is stimulating and inspiring to draw
such comparisons as those quoted above in the realms of business
and commerce. It is illuminating to draw similar comparisons
- with reference to the support of science and education. The
writer has made such comparisons. ‘This is not the place to re-
port the results. The question is one, however, concerning which
any Chamber of Commerce, and every citizen may well feel deep
concern. Many industries have deliberately chosen to locate in
a given city because of its generous park spaces and provision for
the health and recreation of their employees; cities have been re-
jected as sites because of their lack of such advantages. In other
words, industry does recognize other than financial needs—the
importance of factors not immediately concerned with the conduct
of a business.
Many individuals have chosen their city of residence, not be-
cause of its bigness, or the mileage of its paved streets, or the
bulk of its commerce, but because of the educational and cultural
advantages it afforded.
t may not be practicable for Brooklyn to have the biggest
botanic garden in the world, but the facts given above clearly in-
dicate that there is no reason why it should not have one of the
best, so far as quality can be secured by adequate financing.
Prosperity and Botany
Few people realize the debt of industry and commerce to bot-
any, and even to botanic gardens. For example, the extent to
which Brooklyn (like every city) is profiting each year from the
rich variety of first class fruits and vegetables on sale in its mar-
kets, at prices within reach of all, places it under very definite
indebtedness to botanical research. ‘These products are the result
of botanical exploration, plant breeding, plant pathology, and
other departments of botanical science.
According to the United States Census for 1927 (the latest
figures available), the value of bread and other bakery products
3
28
produced in Brooklyn in 1927 was nearly $47,300,000. The foun-
dation of this industry is the wheat crop and other, cereal grain
crops. The success of these crops depends upon the work of the
plant breeder and the plant pathologist. Without the modern
varieties of grain, grown under the present conditions of plant
disease control, the figures for the annual value of the baking
industry (not to mention all the industries that intervene between
the wheat field and the loaf of bread) would be materially less
and the cost of bread would be correspondingly higher. The
indebtedness is directly to botany.
Food preparations manufactured in Brooklyn in 1927 had
value of nearly $23,000,000; confectionery, of over $17,000,000.
The cost of sugar and the consequent percentage of profit in
the confectionery business rests in large part on the perfection
of the sugar beet by the plant breeder, who increased its sugar
content from seven per cent. to 16 per cent. for commercial stock.
To obtain this result required a knowledge of the structure of
flowers, the functions of their, various parts, and other purely
botanical matters. Plant pathology and plant breeding have now
become vital factors in connection with the growing of sugar
cane. ‘The confectionery business, and in fact the whole sugar
industry, is founded upon the science of botany.
Electrical ‘machinery, apparatus, and supplies manufactured
in Brooklyn in 1927 had a value of nearly $31,000,000. The en-
tire electrical industry, and every other industry involving the
use of rubber (the entire automobile industry, for example) is
chiefly dependent for its supply of rubber on the product of trees
raised at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, from seeds collected
in Brazil in 1875.
IXconomic advantage is not the most powerful argument for
the support of scientific research, but the fact that botanical in-
vestigations do yield results of the highest importance to com-
merce and industry places the business world (even in its own
interest) under definite obligations to support such investigations.
Statistics recently published by the United States Chamber of
Commerce record the fact that American manufacturers are now
spending $35,000,000 annually for research, and that $500,000,000
is saved each year as a result. All of this advantage rests ul-
29
timately upon the bed rock of research in pure science, under-
taken and carried on without thought of financial return.
There is no longer any question but that business is going to
support scientific research. The question for Brooklyn to decide,
is whether it wishes to become a center for such work; to be spe-
cific, whether it does not wish its Botanic Garden to be one of
the outstanding institutions of its kind.
What the Botanic Garden Needs
The above heading has appeared in several preceding annual
reports. When the Botanic Garden ceases to have needs it will
have ceased to be a live institution.
In the first place, a certain proportion of our work is now
dependent for financial support upon uncertain and fluctuating
contributions received in fulfillment of pledges renewed annually,
or from equally varying income from membership dues and tui-
tions. From year to year we are never quite certain whether
work must be curtailed nor whether certain appointments can
be continued. ‘This gives a feeling of insecurity and apprehension,
a lack of assurance and of permanent foundation which is not
conducive to the most substantial accomplishment nor to the build-
ing up of an enduring organization.
In the second place, much of our present work is underfinanced.
Most salaries are below the prevailing rate in other institutions
of similar grade and ideals. The Garden is at a disadvantage
in filling vacancies and manning new positions.
For lack of sufficient funds the development of our plantations
is lagging; the plants and lawns, while reflecting credit on those
responsible for their upkeep, still have insufficient care; the
grounds are inadequately guarded; our scientific work (founda-
tional to all of our other activities) cannot expand in a normal
and healthy manner.; our school service is not adequate to ever
increasing demands; the needs of our library and herbarium can
be met only in part; the publication of guides to the plantations
has been too long delayed; suitable entrances at all of our gates
are still to be provided.
If this statement, by chance, reminds the reader too strongly
30
of Jeremiah, let me hasten to add that it is not intended, by any
means as a lamentation. It is made because the exact situation
should be realized by everyone who is interested or who ought to
be interested in the welfare of the Garden and the good name
of Brooklyn. It will also serve to indicate that the Administration.
of the Garden is not blinded by the splendid successes made pos-
sible by the generous support which it has received, but is fully
cognizant of its shortcomings and needs.
Municipal Obligations
Many of the present needs should be met by increased ap-
propriations in the annual Tax Budget of the City. Although
the Private Funds Budget of the Garden has increased 110 per
cent. during the past three or four years, the Tax Budget has
increased only about three tenths of one per cent.
In a recent letter declining an invitation to become a member
of the Botanic Garden, a citizen of Brooklyn alleged as his reason
that he was now paying a substantial tax, and considered that
such institutions as the Garden should be maintained by appropria-
tions from the Tax Budget of the City. To such a one it may
be pointed out that the per capita contribution, through taxes, to
the support of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is only four hun-
dredths of one cent (0.04 cts.), or four tenths of a mill, on the
basis of $95,000 appropriated and 2,200;000 population. The
stamp our correspondent affixed to his letter cost nearly fifty
times as much as his annual contribution to the support of the
Garden through the payment of his taxes.
Opportunity for Private Initiative
The needs of the Botanic Garden constitute a real opportunity
for those of public spirit and civic pride, and there is something
akin to mora
—
obligation resting upon those of ample means, and
equally upon those who use the Botanic Garden to an extent far
in excess of what might be represented by the individual’s share
in the Tax Budget appropriation for the maintenance of the
Garden.
31
President Coolidge on Memorials
“One test of the civilization of any age,” says President Cool-
idge, “is the regard which it has for the teachings of the past
and the opinion of posterity. The Greeks and the Romans had
these in high degree.” Speaking of the Lincoln Memorial as “a
magnificent inspiration,’ he continued: “ The memorial idea is
sound and is sure to grow as opportunities present themselves.
One of the most encouraging signs is the tendency today to look
to institutions of higher education for memorial sites... . To
place your name, by gift or bequest, in the keeping of an active
university is to be sure that the name and the project with which
it is associated will continue down the centuries to quicken the
minds and hearts of youth, and thus make a permanent contribu-
tion to the welfare of humanity.” This statement applies, not
only to universities, but with equal force to such an educational
and scientific meratcn as a botanic garden.
—
Importance of Healthy Growth
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is still in its infancy. Its pro-
gram of work and its departmental organization, laid out and
approved at the beginning, are still far from being completely
realized. Original needs for such service as the Garden aims to
meet have greatly increased, and new demands arise each year
as the City grows in size and the public becomes more fully aware
of the existence of the Garden and the services it can render.
Educational and scientific needs are opportunities which the Gar-
den should be able to meet.
e director is prepared to show to anyone interested, itemized:
statements upon which the following summaries are based:
AppitIoNAL ANNUAL INCOME FOR WHICH PERMANENT
Provision 1s NEEDED
1. To place on a permanent and more nearly adequate basis ac-
UNniihies. sAlhrepvahieerseriniaeals 453 oo onde beads oun Gdcaneoduennooas $27,500
. To provide for pec expansion to meet increasing demands
ioe, Gl Ibimexie mon ltean cadeeoe Ano mon eee Soe busi cs saute Suaom dc 27,500
Total conan? annual income to be assured in perpetuity by addi-
OMEN O WATLCIILY Metvare ree telere. oye otenc tered sis tira Vere re iy tascate aad erena eee $55,000
An endowment fund of $1,000,000 at 5.5 per cent. would in-
sure this income.
Fic. 3. Indian Maid and Fawn, by A. Phimister Proctor. Given by
George D. Pratt, May 8 (Photo by A. B. Bogart.)
33
Miscellaneous Needs
While the authorities of the Garden should keep before them,
until realized, the larger needs just indicated, we should also not
lose sight of numerous minor requirements which individuals or
organizations might be glad to meet if only the necessity were
realized. Among such items may be mentioned the following:
MEMoRANDUM OF MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS AND NEEDS
1. Garden seats; about fifty
tv
isnt
CoS)
9
y.
Completion of the Plaza in front of the Laboratory Building and
Conservatories.
. Fountain for the circle in front of the main entrance to the Con-
vatories
Suitable structures at the various entrances to the Garden. These are
eing designed.
now
. Brass canoe and letters giving the Latitude and Longitude of the
OQ.
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, together with fund for their in-
stallation in the paved walk
Sundial, to be installed near the brass pM geei est
late markers for glacial boulder
Bronze plate ae to be placed at the entrances to the various groups
of Plant Orders in the General Systematic Sectior
Artistic a ee to be designed and installed at rene places
1e grounds, directing visitors to different points of interest.
Bulletin seat to be placed just inside of the entrance gates. Six
1
ct
>
a :
._ A boulder bridge across the brook. Approximate cost not to exceed
2,500
. Additional Sacks for the Librar
. Additional cases for the Hesperian,
. Educational Motion Picture film
. Funds a the publication of ee guide books, and books of
viev s fo mple
:)
; r exan
a. Guide Books.
General Guide to the Grounds.
I.
2. The Japanese Garden
3. The Rose G n
4. The Rock len.
5. The W: Flower Garden
6. General Systematic Section
7. The Ecological Garden
8 The Water Garder
9g. The Story of our Boulders.
b. Book of Views.
34
The approximate cost of each illustrated guide should not ex-
ceed $600.00. These would be for, free distribution to Botanic
Garden members, and for sale to others.
Investigations during 1928
“ Scientific research is a chief end of man for it is a supreme
way of glorifying God,” said an editorial writer in the New York
Times for November 17, 1928. “ What we know is but little,
what we do not know is immense,” said the great mathematician
and astronomer, La Place. The realm of the unknown is so vast,
and the limitations of the investigator are so great that human
knowledge progresses by advances that are, comparatively speak-
ing, infinitesimally small. This is one of the reasons, perhaps
the chief reason, why it is difficult to interpret scientific research
to the layman, especially to business men. Annual dividends seem
to them small, and the business, therefore, not prospering. Al-
most every important advance of science is the result of several
to many years of painstaking study, often by several investigators.
This element of time, however, is not peculiar to science. Recall-
ing that Darwin labored twenty years in preparation for writing
his “ Origin,’ we should also remember that Lorenzo Ghiberti
worked forty years, “with a patience and industry more than
extreme,” to complete the two doors of San Giovanni, in Florence.
One of the drawbacks to effective scientific work in governmental
institutions, such for example as our Agricultural Experiment
Stations, is the demand of legislators and voters to be shown re-
sults at yearly intervals. That the labors of an entire year may
have served to reveal chiefly what isn’t so, rather than what és SO;
to uncover more new problems than have been solved, is often
difficult for them to understand. Such results, while invaluable
in the laboratory, are not applicable in garden and orchard and
field; while they may inspire the’ investigator, they are not apt
to inspire adequate appropriations of funds to carry on the work.
flerein lies one of the important reasons and needs for privately
endowed institutions of research, such as our botanic gardens.
This need was emphasized by the Secretary of Agriculture, Mr.
Jardine, in the quotation on the front cover page of Brooklyn
Botanic Garden Recorp for July 1927, where he referred to bo-
30
tanic gardens as institutions that “ offer opportunities for a thor-
ough investigation of many important long-time problems which
are difficult, if not impossible, for any other institution to satis-
factorily provide.”
Non-technical reports of progress in research at the Garden
are given on pages 52-60.
Plantations and Grounds
Gardening Operations
Spring work on the grounds opened on April 2, and out of
doors work continued until the very end of the year. In addition
to routine maintenance of lawns and the cultivation of plants,
the area devoted to the Pea Family has been replanted according
to a new plan prepared at the director’s request, by the consulting
landscape architect, Mr. Caparn. One object of the revised plan
is to show, more effectively than hitherto, the use of plants of
this group in herbaceous borders. Other changes are noted in the
appended report of the horticulturist.
New Boulder Bridge
When the first paved walks were laid down in 1914, two tempo-
rary wooden bridges were constructed across the brook. It was
anticipated that these would be replaced in one or two years
with suitable permanent structures. Funds have never been pro-
vided for this, and the bridges became so weak that motor ve-
hicles, crossing them in emergencies (automobiles are not, as a
rule, admitted to the Garden), twice broke through. The bridges
also reached a condition where further repair was almost out of
the question, and where the need of new bridges was all too ev-
ident. At our Spring Inspection last May Mrs. John Hills, a
member of our Woman’s Auxiliary, recognized this need, and
generously offered to provide the funds for one of the new
bridges. This very timely gift not only met an urgent practical
need, but has provided a structure which adds greatly to the ap-
pearance of the Garden (Fig. 2). The new bridge was designed
by the consulting landscape architect and constructed by the firm
of John Thatcher & Son, the total cost being $1,441.
36
The other temporary bridge is still an opportunity for some
generous friend of the Garden. It is included in the list of minor
needs on page 33.
Undeveloped Area
The North Addition, between Mt. Prospect Reservoir on the
west and the Brooklyn Museum properly on the east, still (for the
15th year) remains undeveloped for lack of sufficient labor.
Rose Garden
The season of 1928 was the first for the new Rose Garden, pre-
sented in 1927 by Mr. and Mrs. Walter V. Cranford. The gar-
den was first opened to Botanic Garden members on the occasion
of the annual Spring Inspection, May 8.
First Annual Rose Garden Day
The First Annual Rose Garden Day was held on Thursday
afternoon, June 21, from 3:30 to 6 o’clock, and the garden was
first opened to the public on the following Sunday afternoon, June
24, at 2 o’clock. The Pre-View, June 21, was for City officials,
Members of the Board of Trustees, Womnian’s Auxiliary, and
invited guests, and the formal exercises were held in the Lab-
oratory Building on account of rain, Brief remarks were made
by the following:
1, President Blum, of the Board, expressing appreciation of
Mr. Cranford’s gift.
2. Mr. Robert Pyle, Secretary and Official Delegate of the
American Rose Society (M.S. read by Dr. Gager, as Mr. Pyle
was obliged to leave early).
3. Mr. Harold A. Caparn, landscape architect, explaining the
plan of the Rose Garden.
4. Mr. Frederick L. Atkins, Official Delegate from the New
York Horticultural Society.
At the suggestion of President Blum the following telegram
was sent at 4:55 p.m. at the conclusion of the exercises.
37
“Mr. Walter V. Cranford,
Greenwich, Conn.
“Members of our Board of Trustees and Woman’s Auxiliary, enjoying
and admiring the Rose ioe this afternoon, between showers, have
requested me to send to 1 their regrets that you and Mrs. Gianrord
could not be with us, and ea enthusiastic appreciation of your beautiful
ift.’
An impromptu tea was served in Room 327 at the conclusion
of the exercises.
Weather Difficulties
An unusual amount of rain, distributed throughout the sum-
mer, made it very difficult to maintain the roses free from insect
and fungus pests. This was done, however, with a large measure
of success under the supervision of the horticulturist, Mr. Free.
Mr. Sydney R. Tilley, foreman gardener, has given his entire
time to the Rose Garden, which has also required practically the
entire time of a gardener. The proper maintenance of the Gar-
den will require the time of two men regularly.
Needless to say, the Rose Garden has already proved to be of
great popular interest, adding both to the beauty and the educa-
tional value of the plantations. Most generous gifts of roses from
several donors are acknowledged on page 112 of this report.
Because of lack of men for guard duty, and also on account
of the newness of the lawn, the Rose Garden has not been open
on Sundays and holidays, except on June 24, as noted above.
Library
Return of Loaned Books
The appended report of the librarian records the return to the
Brooklyn Public Library, on November. 7, of two valuable sets
of periodicals indispensable for almost daily reference in a botanic
garden—Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, London (151 volumes),
and Annals of Botany, London (41 volumes).
The Garden was notified that the return of these sets, loaned
in 1913 and 1914, respectively, would be desired as soon as the
new building (now nearing completion at the corner of Eastern
Fic. 4. Japanese Garden Gate
, north side of lake.
November 9.
(6585.)
39
Parkway and Flatbush Ave.) was occupied by the Public Library.
It was found possible to purchase this year complete sets of each
of these journals, and as complete sets come on the market only
at long intervals, and as the Brooklyn Public Library was un-
willing to sell its sets to the Garden, the purchases were made
now so as to make sure that the publications would be continuously
accessible at the Garden.
The Botanic Garden records here its deep appreciation of the
generosity of the Brooklyn Public Library officials and the Chief
Librarian, Mr. Frank P. Hill, in placing these books on loan in
our own library for the past fifteen years.
Binding
One of the major items of expense in all libraries is binding.
The librarian reports that during the year she has succeeded in
completing 1,200 volumes of Reports, Circulars, and Bulletins of
State Agricultural Experimental Stations, and the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture. These are all unbound. ‘The present needs
for binding are as follows:
SritemandesW S= iGovat= Publications... :...0++00--57e bee 1,200 volumes
Periodicals received in parts ............- cc cee eee cece eee 1,000 os
Books published with paper COVerS 1.0... . 0. ceca eee eee eee 100 ‘
Pel bhan bbaVseicer rear ieee as aortas co net cure mere nee pecemar rin) eee iyi gees 700 -
STO Co trel lig ry ere aaa ee tne ey ae in eget ra eens 3,000 yy
Increased Use
Special attention is called to the greatly increased service de-
manded of the library in the way of bibliographical work, the
answering of questions, and the serving of readers, as noted in
the librarian’s appended report.
Additional Shelving Needed
With accessions hovering around 7,000-9,000 volumes, pamph-
lets, and parts (9,740 for 1928) for the past five or six years,
the original shelves are now nearly full, and the installation of
shelves on the entire second floor is an acute need.
40
Herbarium
Additional Cases Needed ©
The Herbarium has grown to greater, proportions than was
anticipated when the Garden was established in 1910. The present
cases are full, and considerable material is now in storage, prac-
tically inaccessible for ready reference. New steel shelving, in-
stalled in the Herbarium work room on December 20, will par-
tially remedy this condition. In order to provide for present
needs and future expansion, a mezzanine floor should be con-
structed in the main Herbarium room. This would make it pos-
sible to provide cases so as to nearly double the present capacity.
Gifts
A list of the names of donors and gifts may be found on pages
Tir and 118 of this Report. The gifts have been acknowledged
with the thanks of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee, and
it is a special pleasure to make public acknowledgment of them
here,
Membership
Membership in the Botanic Garden confers certain privileges
not enjoyed by the general public; it should also be considered
as an opportunity for public service through cooperation in and
support of a work of such large civic importance.
The total number of members of all classes (as of February 21,
1929) is 1,207. During 1928, membership privileges were ex-
tended to all those who contributed $25.00 or more to the Citizens’
Endowment Fund, subscribed in 1926. The list of members is
given on pages 134-148.
New Life Members
In consideration of gifts in excess of the $500.00 requisite for
qualification as Life Member, the following have been elected to
Life Membership :
Mr. Lambertus C. Bobbink and Mr. Frederick L. Atkins, of
the firm of Bobbink & Atkins, nurserymen, Rutherford,
41
Mr. George P. Engelhardt, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Mr. Fred D. Osman, proprietor of New Brunswick Nurseries,
New Brunswick, N. J.
Mr. Edwin H. Thatcher, of John Thatcher & Son, Brooklyn.
Mrs. John Hills, 715 St. Mark’s Ave., Brooklyn.
Fourteenth Annual Spring Inspection
At the Spring Inspection of the Garden by trustees, members,
and invited guests, held as usual on the second Tuesday in May,
the weather was delightful. The new Rose Garden was opened
to members for, the first time (thought not yet opened to the
public), and the first bubbler drinking fountain, installed on the
north side of White Oak Circle, was viewed for the first time.
Also, three pieces of sculpture by Miss Isabel M. Kimball, of
Brooklyn, were exhibited. Two of them were models for two
terminals (Winter and Summer), seven feet high, and were
placed in the Rose Garden. The third piece was a small bronze
statuette, “ The Merchild,” temporarily placed at the foot of the
waterfall at the outlet of the swamp in the Ecological Garden.
These pieces were loaned by Miss Kimball. Subsequently ‘“ The
Merchild ” (Fig. 5) was presented to the Garden by Mr. Richard
R. Bowker, a member of the Board of Trustees. The Botanic
Garden has received from the Art Commission, City of New York,
Certificate No. 3521, July 19, 1928, approving the design and
location of this statuette.
The indoor feature of the Inspection was an exhibit illustrating
the Educational work of the Garden. As usual, the Inspection
was in charge of the Woman’s Auxiliary, Mrs. Glentworth R.
Butler, Chairman. Miss Alice Brinsmade was chairman of the
special committee of arrangements. The attendance was about
goo. Acknowledgment is here made of the cooperation of the
members of the Auxiliary, and especially of numerous gifts of
flowers, refreshments, and various utensils necessary in connection
with the serving of tea. ;
Cooperation
As usual, the Garden has been in active cooperation during the
year with many Governmental departments, and public and private
institutions and organizations ; among others the following:
United States Government.
a. Bureau of Immigration, by supplying propagating material
for the greenhouses at Ellis Island.
b. Office of Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, by
cooperation in chestnut bark disease and other investi-
gations.
New York State Government, through the office of the State
Botanist.
New York City Municipal Government, through the Depart-
ments of Parks, Education, and Health.
Merchants Association of New York City, by membership of
Director of the Garden on the Association’s Commit-
tee on Plant Quarantines and their Administration.
3rooklyn Chamber of Commerce, through membership in the
Civic Council of the Chamber, and through contribu-
tions to Brooklyn, the weekly organ of the Chamber.
National Research Council, Washington, D. C., by contributions
to the fund for financing the International Committee
on Botanical Nomenclature.
University of Glasgow, Scotland, through supply of. living
plants for research work.
Countryside and Footpaths Preservation National Conference
and Exhibition, and Society for the Promotion of
Nature Reserves, England, by supplying Brooklyn
Botanic Garden Leaflets bearing on conservation.
Campfire Girls, through our Departments of Education.
One hundred and forty botanic gardens, distributed in 4o dif-
ferent countries, through exchange of seeds and pub-
lications.
Botanical Society of America, Ecological Society of America,
and Editorial Board of Genetics, through publication
of journals issued under their editorship.
American Association for the Planting and Preservation of City
Trees, the American Nature Study Society, and New
York Bird and Tree Club, in connection with meet-
ings, officers, and propaganda.
Many Garden Clubs and other organizations, through supplying
speakers and otherwise.
_
45
New York Horticultural Society in connection with the Annual
Flower Show and otherwise.
School Garden Association of New York in distribution of seeds
to children and publication of Tree Study Calendar.
Girl Scouts in the installation of a garden booth at the Brooklyn
Girl Scout Carnival and Demonstration, April 13 and
14, at the 13th Regiment Armory; also in other ways.
30y Scouts in the giving of an exhibition in the Laboratory
Building at the Garden, attended by over 4,700.
The list could be prolonged for several pages. The above cases
were chosen to illustrate diversity and geographical range.
What Price Smoke
What Price Smoke is the title of Bulletin IJ], March 1928,
published by the National Conference Board on Sanitation in co-
operation with the Department of Health of New York City.
The first page contains a statement from the Director of the
3otanic Garden on the effect of smoke and fumes on the vegeta-
tion in the Garden.
I have mentioned the seriousness of this situation in previous
reports to our Board of Trustees, and emphasized it in the Fif-
teenth Annual Report of the Garden (for 1925).
According to the Bulletin just cited, data have been assembled
which, show that the excess of smoke and soot in the atmosphere
of New York City costs the City, annually, $16 per capita, or a
total of $96,000,000.
It is largely because of soot and poisonous fumes in the at-
mosphere that trees and shrubs in Central, Prospect, and other
parks are in such distressing condition. In our judgment, it is
this factor, more largely than any other, which made necessary
the appropriation of $871,420, by the Board of Estimate on Janu-
uary 26, 1928, for the rehabilitation of the City’s parks.
The monetary loss to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden on this
account has been considerable, not to mention the great hindrance
to the development of our plantations, and the fact that many
kinds of evergreen trees and shrubs cannot be grown at all in
the Botanic Garden.
4
—
44
Flower Days
Announcements were mailed to all members of the Board, the
iary, and the Garden, of four flower days, as follows:
—
Auxi
June 1, Iris Day. Guide, Dr. G. M. Reed.
June 15, Rock Garden Day. Guide, Mr. Montague Free.
Sept. 21, Water Lily Day. Guide, Dr. A. H. Graves.
Oct. 5, Canna Day. Guide, Dr. Gundersen.
On June 1, the American Iris Society combined their Iris Day
with ours, meeting at the Garden in the forenoon, and at the
Iris Garden of Mr. Robert Wayman, Bayside, L. I., in the after-
noon. Box lunches were eaten at the Garden.
About 100 (out of 300) varieties of Bearded Iris were in
bloom, and about 30 (out of 60) varieties of Beardless Iris.
Lilac Day for Public Schools was observed on May 31, when
pupils from P. S. 6, 36, tog, and 206 visited the Garden and
viewed the lilacs under guidance of a Garden docent.
Public Exhibits
International Flower Show, March 19-24, at Grand Central
Palace, under the auspices of the New York Horticultural Society
and the Garden Club of America. The Garden is under obliga-
tions to the Garden Club of America for space for a booth featur-
ing our public educational work.
Parents Exposition of the United Parents Association of Greater
New York Schools, Inc., at Grand Central Palace. An exhibit
similar to the Flower Show exhibit, featuring our educational
work.
Spring Inspection, May 8. An exhibit illustrating the educa-
tional work of the Garden.
Exposition of Women’s Arts and Industries, at the Hotel Astor,
October 1-6, featuring the work of our Department of llementary
Instruction,
Other exhibits installed during 1928 are noted in the appended
reports of the curator of public instruction (pages 82-83) and
the curator of elementary instruction (pages 93-94).
Fic. 5. The Merchild. Statuette by Isabel M. Kimball. Presented by
Richard R. Bowker. Temporary installation on a boulder in the Brook.
June 8. (6491.)
Appointments
Belle H. Burr, A.B., curatorial assistant in the Herbarium,
September 27.
Frances Miller MacKinnon, A.B., stenographer, January 9.
Elizabeth Marcy, A.B., instructor, Department of [Elementary
Instruction, September 1.
Andrew B. Newell, janitor, October 1.
Constance T’urvis, stenographer, February 27.
Norma E. Stoffel, office assistant in the business office, Feb-
ruary 28.
46
Alys Sutcliffe, gardener (with special reference to the Rock
Garden and the Department of Elementary Instruction) April r.
Evelyn M. Williams, stenographer, October 1.
Resignations
Dorothy Barnett, B.S., curatorial assistant, Department of
Plants, since October 24, 1927, resigned September 1.
Ruth Blankley, library assistant and stenographer, October 16,
1925 to January 23, 1928, and stenographer, Department of Ele-
mentary Instruction from that date. Resigned October 1.
Bertha L. Edwards, stenographer in business office. Resigned
August 31.
Herman Kolsh. Mr. Kolsh was one of the first employees of
the Garden, coming as a gardener in 1911, the year in which our
outside work on the grounds began. In 1912, he was made fore-
man gardener, and has held that position continuously until the
end of 1928, his resignation taking effect on December 31, on
account of ill health.
Alexandra Dodd Schultze, curatorial assistant in the Herbarium
since February 14, 1927, resigned November 1.
Alvhild Linnea Wiman, library assistant and stenographer from
December 1, 1924, to October, 3, 1925, and stenographer, Depart-
ment of Elementary Instruction, since that date. Resigned Jan-
uary 31.
Itthel V. Woodward, curatorial assistant in the Department of
Plant Pathology and Elementary Instruction, February 1 to June
15, 1925, and instructor, Department of [Elementary Instruction
since that date, resigned January 31.
Gladys Glenn Zunser, library assistant, resigned February 6.
Deaths
Mr. Frank Kiernan came to us as night watchman on January
19, 1919. On March 28 of the same year, he was promoted to
the position of janitor and held that position until his death, after
avery brief illness, on September 12, 1928. His uniform courtesy,
his efficient discharge of the duties of his position, and his loyalty
to the Botanic Garden made him a most valuable man, held in
high regard by all, and his passing was a distinct loss to the Garden.
aah
47
Miscellaneous
A Bronze Statue, Indian Maid and Fawn, by A. Phimister
Proctor, presented on March 8, 1927, by Mr. George D. Pratt,
was placed in the Economic House of the Conservatories early
in April. The statue is a work of much beauty (Fig. 2).
Propaganda for Gardening.—City vegetable gardens are largely
a thing of the past, and even in villages and suburbs the “ back-
yard garden ”
is becoming less common. According to Mr. C. H.
Nissley, of the New Jersey Agricultural [Experiment Station, the
wartime interest in vegetable gardens has either given place to
flower gardens, or has been abandoned in favor of the automobile.
This is reflected, among other ways, by the falling off in the
sales of vegetable seeds put up in packets for the small gardener.
These sales throughout the United States, have decreased 13 per
cent., while the sale of flower seeds has increased 11 per cent.
during the past three years.
Interest in small gardening, with both vegetables and flowers
has been greatly stimulated by a series of 39 articles by the curator
of Elementary instruction, Miss Shaw, which have been running
during the past year, for the second season, in the New York Sum.
The National Business Review, published in New York City, had
a half column comment in its issue for March 15, calling attention
to these articles.
Our supply of Penny Packets of Seeds to school children also
takes on an added importance in view of the diminishing interest
in gardening.
Summer Absence of the Director—Under special leave of ab-
sence granted by the Botanic Garden Governing Committee, the
director was absent from July 9 to October 8, visiting other bo-
tanic gardens and collecting plants and seeds in Arizona, Cali-
fornia, and Canada. About twenty botanical institutions were
visited and a number of new exchange relations were established.
Japanese Doll Day.—On March 5, several thousand pupils from
the public schools visited the Japanese Garden as part of the ex-
ercises arranged by the schools in connection with Japanese Doll
Day.
48
Financial
Tax Budget Accounts
The initial Tax Budget appropriation for 1928 was as follows:
epsona le me syice set oy ee cee oa hel er $72,253.00
EL Err ck ae © of s Ect peter ana ani cr aE eR eC AMIE RUMI fc 4. 15,805.00
LOU ores itor arn Anos wheal an acawen siete eae ae $88,058.00
On May 3 the Board of Estimate and Apportionment adopted
a resolution (Calendar No. 24-A) transferring funds from Code
3070, Miscellaneous, New York City, for adjustments of personal
service and expenses in the various Public Libraries, Zoological
Garden, Botanical Garden, Museums, Aquarium, and the Institute
of Arts and Sciences to Brooklyn Botanic Garden Code as fol-
lows:
Code 1360. Salaries Regular Employees............... $1,621.50
On June 7, 1928 the Board of Estimate and Apportionment
took the following action (Calendar No. 196-A), in response to
our request of May 11, 1928 for additional labor and materials
for the purpose of painting the iron fence surrounding the Garden:
Resolved, That the Board of [Estimate and Apportionment, pur-
suant to the provisions of section 237 of the Greater New York
Charter, hereby approves of the transfer of funds within ap-_
propriations made for the year 1928, as follows:
From
MIsceLLaANerous, City or New York
3070. For Adjustments of Personal Service and ee in the
various Public Libraries, Zoological Garden, Botanic ar-
den, Museums, Aquarium, and_ the mente of Arts and
SSCIETI CES eset ere ate od aes Ranh tree aes Ae gee ce Re oa 1,400
To
Brook_yN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND ScIENCES, BoTANIC GARDEN AND
ARBORETUM
T3600, “Wases Vemporary. Employees: 2.5250 $ 825
1361. Expenses for Other than Personal Service..........
g. General Plant Materials
UL
NI
Or
Bogs
b
jo)
fo)
49
During the latter part of the year it became evident that the
Garden could no longer depend upon hired horses for carting,
agricultural operations, and snow plow. The increased use o
the automobile has made it no longer profitable to keep work
horses for hire in this City. Consequently, on September. 20,
1928, we made application to the Board of Estimate and Appor-
tionment for an appropriation for the purchase of a tractor and
attachments, including dump wagon, snow plow, agricultural plow,
cultivator, etc.
This request was granted on October 18, 1928, in the sum of
$1,392.60, and the equipment was purchased in December.
Also on October, 25, 1928, the Board of [Estimate and Ap-
portionment approved our request of September 4, for a supple-
mentary appropriation of $850 for necessary repairs to the chimney
of our heating plant and the installation of lightning rods. FEx-
amination showed that this stack, constructed in 1917, and never
repaired since then, had been struck by lightning (possibly more
than once) and was otherwise badly in need of repairs.
These supplementary appropriations and the transfers above
noted brought the total Tax Budget appropriation for 1928 to
the following figures:
inal Amount
Appropriation Requested
Personals Senvice) ses eae eee $74,600.50 $ 97,565.50
Code 18,622.60 ° 21,143.60
thet (@odese wet ey eer eee wee
SiO t all Simereenst eee ey ema crae are neice $93,322.10 $118,709.10
Private Funds Accounts
The private funds budget for 1928 was $102,456.90, as against
$116,677.99 for 1927, a decrease of $14,221.09. The difference
was due largely to the 1927 contribution of $15,000 for the Rose
Garden. The private funds exceeded the Tax Budget appropria-
tion for the second year, the amount being $9,134.80. The per-
centages for the past four years are as follows, in round numbers :
1925 1926 1927 1928
AB e 1ejhelsqarn ak eee eee pos oy Gee 58% 57% 43% 48%
IFAGhigyge MNO, 5 o oa g deo edo doo Hot 42 43 57 52
50
Of the total of $102,456.90 private funds, $57,249.78 is derived
as income from endowment, and $45,207.12 by the uncertain and
fluctuating method of contributions annually solicited, membership
dues, special gifts, and tuitions and sales.
Attention is also called to the fact that, of the private funds
budget, $43,487.75 (42 per cent.) is required to supplement the
Tax Budget appropriation for Salaries and Wages, leaving only
$58,969.15 for the support and enrichment of our scientific and
educational work, including the purchase of plants, books, and
equipment, and popular and technical publications, including guide
books now sorely needed, and of which we have none. A more
generous appropriation in the Tax Budget is now one of our
greatest needs.
“Salary Injustices”
This heading is quoted from my preceding annual report.
The situation to which attention was called a year ago remains
substantially the same now as then, except for the supplementary
appropriation of May 3 in the Tax Budget account for Personal
Service of $2,162 for the purpose of raising the quite inac equate
salaries of 19 positions, all, with two exceptions, on the main-
tenance force; all receiving before the increases less than $1,800,
and none of these positions (with the increase) now exceeding
$1,860.
ary
Appended Reports
I wish to call special attention to the appended reports of the
various heads of departments of the Botanic Garden. They con-
tain information too detailed for inclusion in my own report,
but quite essential for one who wishes a really adequate picture
of the activities of the Garden during the past year. [Equally
important for the purpose are the Appendices 1-7, followed by
a list of the officers and members of the Garden.
All of which is respectfully submittec
an
C. STUART GAGER,
Director.
Fic. 6. Experimental Garden, showing netting to protect pedigreed plants from birds. July 19. (6601.)
qn
bo
Plant Pathology |
REPORTS ON RESEARCH FOR 1928
By Grorce M. Reep
Oat smut investigations
The study of the inheritance of the resistance of oat smut in
various oat hybrids has been continued. The very extensive data
with loose (Ustilago avenac) and covered (U. levis) smuts already
obtained have been published during the past year. These data
included the results with a number of oat hybrids, as Hull-less
Black Mesdag, Silvermine « Black Mesdag, Hull-less & Victor,
Early Gothland & Hull-less, Early Gothland & Victor and Mon-
arch & Hull-less. Most of the data published were obtained with
the second hybrid generation, in which segregation may be ex-
pected. However, the data on the third generation progenies of
the hybrids between Hull-less and Black Mesdag were included.
In the hybrids between Hull-less and Black Mesdag, resistance
scemed to be the dominant character and segregation occurred in
the second generation on the basis of three resistant plants to one
susceptible. In the data already published, 465 plants were inocu-
lated with the loose smut and 107 (23 per cent.) were infected:
in another series, 196 plants were inoculated with covered smut
and 40 (20.4 per cent.) were infected. During the past year
additional second generation plants of these hybrids were inocu-
lated. In the series with loose smut 117 plants were inoculated
and 23 (19.6 per cent.) became infected, and in the series with
the covered smut 178 were inoculated and 38 (21.3 per cent.)
were infected. In these experiments also, the Black Mesdag
parent proved to be highly resistant, negative results having been
obtained with both smuts. On the other hand, the Hull-less par-
ent, as usual, gave high percentage of infection. These data are
in harmony with those previously secured.
In my account of the behavior of the third generation of these hy-
brids, a number of progenies seemed to show a dissimilar behavior
toward the loose and covered smut. A total of 578 third genera-
53
tion families were grown, some individuals of each being in-
oculated with loose smut and other individuals with covered smut.
By far the larger number of these gave more or less similar re-
sults with the two smuts; a progeny resistant to one smut was
resistant to the other, and a progeny susceptible to one was sus-
ceptible to the other. There were, however, 47 progenies which
gave dissimilar results. In some cases, the progenies showed re-
sistance to one smut, while containing a few individuals suscep-
tible to the other, while in other cases, most of the individuals
proved to be susceptible to one, but only a few individuals were
susceptible to the other. Additional plants of many of these pro-
genies were grown during the past year in order to determine
whether they actually differed in their resistance to the two smuts,
or whether the data previously obtained were due to accidental
variations in the experiments. In such experiments the number
of plants grown is necessarily small. On retesting, practically all
of the progenies gave results which indicated that these families
were like the others in their inheritance of resistance or sus-
ceptibility to both smuts, and that the variations previously re-
corded were due to environal factors.
Seeds from a number of third generation plants were selected
for growing in the fourth hybrid generation. Practically all of
these were chosen on the basis of having shown resistance in both
the second and third generations. They also possessed various
combinations of the morphological characters of the two parents,
Hull-less and Black Mesdag. The results indicate quite clearly
that the resistance shown in the second and third generations
is carried out in the fourth.
The two hybrids between Silvermine and Black Mesdag were
continued in the second and third generation; 29 additional sec-
ond generation plants were inoculated with the loose smut, 8 (27.5
per cent.) being infected; 26 additional plants were inoculated
with covered smut and 7 (26.9 per cent.) were infected. Among
the third generation progenies the different types of resistant,
segregating and susceptible families were secured. Since only
a few of these progenies were grown, the data obtained were
not in very close harmony with the interpretation that resistance
and susceptibility are dependent upon a single factor difference.
4.
However, none of the facts obtained were in any way seriously
opposed to this interpretation.
It is a mistake, however, to assume that the inheritance of re-
sistance to both smuts is always the same. It seems to be true
that in the hybrids between Hull-less and Black Mesdag the re-
sistance to both smuts is inherited in exactly the same fashion.
It certainly does not apply to crosses involving such varieties
as Karly Gothland & Victor and Monarch & Hull-less. In these
hybrids, one parent is susceptible to both smuts, while the other
parent is resistant to one, but susceptible to the other. Such crosses
serve to indicate quite clearly that the loose and covered smut do
not always behave the same in their reaction on different varieties.
As previously noted, the hybrids between Early Gothland and
Victor were particularly interesting because both parents were
susceptible to the loose smut, while Early Gothland is resistant
to the covered smut and Victor is susceptible. The second gen-
eration data indicated a segregation in which resistance was dom-
inant and susceptibility recessive to the covered smut, 44 second
generation plants being inoculated, of which 8 (18.1 per, cent.)
were infected. The third generation progenies of many of the
surviving second generation plants have been grown and the re-
sults obtained were in fair harmony with those secured in the
second hybrid generation. A number, of fourth generation
progenies were also grown, being selected on the basis of their
resistance in both the second and third generations. They all
proved to be entirely resistant to the covered smut in this gen-
eration,
Second generation plants of hybrids between Early Champion
and Black Mesdag were also grown. The [arly Champion variety
is highly susceptible to both loose and covered smut, while Black
Mesdag is very resistant. In the second hybrid generation, 278
plants were inoculated with loose smut and 62 (22.3 per cent.)
were infected and, in a similar series with the covered smut, 262
plants were inoculated and 51 (19.4 per cent.) were infected. The
resistant parent, Black Mesdag, grown in these experiments,
showed complete absence of infection, while practically all of
the inoculated plants of the Early Champion variety were smutted.
Special interest attaches to the results with the second genera-
D0
tion of hybrids between Fulghum and Black Mesdag. The va-
riety Fulghum is extensively grown in the southern United States,
and is particularly susceptible to a definite specialized race of
Ustilago avenae. On the other hand, where the variety has been
grown in the southern Spring Oat Section, for example, Kansas
and Missouri, it has shown a high degree of resistance to loose
smut. The most interesting data on the hybrids between Fulghum
and Black Mesdag were obtained with the so-called Fulghum Race
of loose smut. The variety Black Mesdag is highly resistant to
it, as well as to the other known races of loose smut. In the ex-
periments carried out, a total of 401 second generation plants were
inoculated, of which 78 (19.4 per cent.) were infected. ‘The re-
sults suggest that resistance is dominant and susceptibility is re-
cessive and segregation occurs on the basis of a three to one ratio.
The hybrids are of special interest because of the possibility of
securing a Fulghum type of plant, combined with a high degree
of resistance to the Fulghum Race of smut. The Black Mesdag
parent proved to be completely resistant, while the Fulghum parent
gave nearly 100 per cent. infection.
It must be emphasized that in all of these studies, definite
known races of both loose and covered smut have been used.
In all cases, except with the hybrid Fulghum < Black Mesdag,
so-called Missouri Races of both loose and covered smut were
used for inoculating the plants. It 1s just as important to utilize
pure specialized races of the parasite as it is pure lines of the
host.
One of the hybrids between Hull-less and Black Mesdag has
been grown through the sixth and seventh generations. Only a
few progenies in the later generations have been grown, and
these have been descended from selections which show particular
combinations of morphological characters, as well as resistance in
the second and third generations. ‘These selections have continued
to show, year after year, complete resistance to both loose and
covered smut. During the past year, in the later generations,
the selections have been tested with all of the races of smut which
we now have in culture. In every case they proved completely
resistant, running parallel to their, resistant parent, Black Mesdag.
06
New races of oat smuts
Additional experiments were carried on to determine more def-
initely the characteristics of certain new races of both loose and
covered smut. Several different varieties of oats were inoculated
with these races and their resistance or susceptibility determined.
It is quite clear that both of these smuts are sharply differentiated
into distinct races which may be recognized by their reaction on
different varieties.
Bunt of wheat investigations
During the past year a large amount of data establishing the
existence of races in the two species of bunt, or stinking smut
of wheat, was published. Four races of Tilletia laevis and six
races of T. tritici were clearly differentiated by their behavior
on varieties of winter wheat. Such varieties as Hussar, Martin,
Turkey and Kanred proved to be particularly valuable in differen-
tiating the specialized races. Further tests during the past year
were made with these races of bunt and the earlier conclusions
substantiated.
Several varieties of spring wheat were also tested with these
different races. All the specialized races of T. laevis and T. tritici
already distinguished were used. Most of these races behaved in
a more or less similar fashion on all the spring wheats grown.
One race, however, already distinguished as T. tritici, Race Six,
stood out conspicuously with reference to its behavior on the va-
rieties. With this race several varieties, including Garnet, Hope,
Kitchener, Ruby, Kota, Marquis and Florence, gave negative re-
sults. Only a few varieties gave relatively high percentages of
infection, the highest being obtained with Red Sask, namely, 70.8
per cent. infection.
With the remaining nine races, most of the varieties, such as
Preston, Karly Red Fife, Power, Prelude, Pioneer, Ceres, Garnet,
Kitchener Ruby and Kota, gave very high percentages of infection.
Occasionally 100 per cent. infection was obtained ; in several cases
go to 99g per cent. of the plants were infected while in a large
number of cases the percentage of infection was between 80 and
89 per cent. Only occasionally did the percentage of infection
fall below 50 per cent.
o7
The variety Marquis, which has some reputation as being more
or less resistant to bunt, gave 33.3 to 62.9 per cent. infection with
the four races of Tilletia laevis and 51.7 to 89.2 per cent. with
the five races of T. tritici. The variety Florence, also considered
a more or less resistant variety, gave percentages of infection
varying from 18.7 to 53.8 with 7. laevis and 11.7 to 66.6 with
LE UCT
It is interesting to note that only one variety—Hope—which
has been developed at the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment
Station, has proved to be resistant to all of these ten races of bunt.
Sorghum smut investigations
The study on the behavior of various sorghum hybrids to the
covered kernel smut was continued. Many of the data were ob-
tained with the second generation and other data with the third
generation. The results were in line with those previously se-
cured. A large number of first generation plants of different
sorghum hybrids were grown. ‘These crosses were made in 1927
and, for, the most part, involved resistant and susceptible parents.
During the coming year the second generation plants of these
crosses will be grown, and they should prove valuable in the study
of the mode of inheritance of covered kernel smut.
Forest Pathology
By ArTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES
Chestnut Bark Discase Investigations
Continuing the work on the causes of the greater resistance of
the roots of the chestnut as compared with the stems, to the fun-
gus causing the bark disease, a new series of inoculations was
made at Hamden, Connecticut, on June 18, 1928. Healthy roots
and stems of approximately similar diameters were inoculated
with the fungus, in all cases the part of the root inoculated being
left exposed to the air. The main purpose of this work was to
obtain material for microscopic study, so that if possible it may
be determined whether there is any cause, based on the anatomical
structure of the root, for its greater resistance. These inoculated
08
parts will be collected, preserved, and studied comparatively, dur-
ing the ensuing year.
On April 23, 1928, we received from the Office of Forest
Pathology, United States Department of Agriculture, fifty-five
nuts of the Chinese chestnut, Castanea mollissima (F. P. 64),
and fifty nuts of the Japanese chestnut, Castanca japonica (F. P.
69). A few of each kind were planted by Miss Maud H. Purdy
on her farm at Pomona, New York. She now has three one-
year-old trees of Japanese chestnut as a result, the rest having
failed to germinate. At the Garden, five of the Chinese species
and seventeen of the Japanese germinated. On August 2 these
were transplated from the small pots in which they had germi-
nated to the eastern edge of the experimental plot, being set ten
feet apart in the row to allow for future growth. Since these
species, especially the Chinese, are far more resistant to the blight
than the American, the plan is, that when they arrive at the flower-
ing age. cross pollination experiments with the American species
be carried on, using particularly those native individuals which
are stil! growing in the region of Greater New York and are,
therefore, showing considerable resistance to the blight. On Octo-
ber 15 we received from Mr. Ernest E. Smith, of Brooklyn, six
nuts of the American chestnut, which were borne on fruiting basal
shoots of diseased trees on his farm at Pomona, New York.
These nuts have been stratified and will be planted next spring.
On June 23 and June 25 I inspected exotic chestnuts at Roslyn,
Westbury, Jericho, East Norwich, and Oyster Bay, Long Island.
Many of these exotic trees have grown from seedling stock dis-
tributed by the United States Department of Agriculture to pri-
vate landowners, beginning as far back as 1915, although a large
proportion have died. There are in addition a few scattering trees
—mainly the Japanese species—which date back much farther than
tgrs5, and are bearing good crops of nuts each year. Records of
the condition, especially as regards disease resistance, of all these
trees are being kept by the United States Department of Agri-
culture against the possibility of their being used in the future
as breeding stock. Each year I try to devote a part of my time
to making these inspections, but there still remain a large number
of records which should be brought up to date.
o9
Twig Blight of Oak
It seems advisable to call attention to the general prevalence of
the Oak Twig Blight first described by Miss Ingram (Jour. Agr.
Res. 1: 339-346. 1914). So far I have seen it only on chestnut
oak (Quercus montana Willd.) and each year, within the local
flora range, one may find this disease. Miss Ingram, however,
records its occurrence on chestnut (Castanea dentata Borkh.) and
on white oak (Q. alba L.), and has proved by inoculations that
other species of oak are susceptible. Although in many cases the
disease may cause a wilting and browning of the young shoots,
it may also kill full-grown leaves indirectly by attacking the twigs
that bear them. These leaves then turn a light brown, and on
account of the great contrast in color with the healthy green leaves
can be seen at some distance. It is a common thing in this region
to see chestnut oaks during the summer with patches of these
dead leaves here and there over the whole tree. In all cases ex-
amined the causal fungus, Diplodia longispora C. and EIl., has
been found to be present, but it is possible that insect injury may
in some instances produce similar symptoms. Usually the damage
is slight, but occasionally large trees slowly succumb to continued
attacks, and small suppressed individuals in the forest often die
from this cause. Further study of the life-history of the fungus,
its distribution, hosts and manner of infection is much needed.
It should be stated that all of the work on forest pathology has
been done in collaboration with the Office of Forest Pathology,
Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C.
Beardless Iris Project
“By GeorcE M. REED
Japanese iris (Iris kaempfert)
Excellent bloom was obtained on the varieties of Japanese Iris
which were well established. The first flowers were observed
June 24th, on some unnamed single white seedlings which were
growing along the Brook. On June 28th, the first named varie-
ties, Dominator and Pyramid, were in flower, and from that time
60
until carly August there was continuous bloom on a large number
of varieties. Violet Beauty was in blossom as late as August 14th,
Nausicaa, August 20th, and Iphigenie on August 21st.
The varieties obtained from Vilmorin-Andrieux & Cie. in the
winter of 1926 were in excellent condition. The plants were
strong and sent up several flower stalks with flowers of good size.
Extensive notes were taken on these as well as on the other varie-
ties, and comparisons and correct identifications obtained.
In the fall of 1927 a large number of the varieties were divided
and transplanted. The plants came through the winter in good
condition and most of them produced at least one flowering stalk
during the season. However, the height of the flower stalks and
the size of the flowers were below normal. In the cases where
small established clumps were moved without further division,
the plants generally produced several flower stalks with flowers
of the usual size. Even plants which were divided to a single
rhizome and transplanted in early November came through the
winter in good shape and blossomed.
Several valuable additions to the Japanese Iris collection were
Dr. Harris Kennedy brought to us seventeen unnamed
made.
he
plants from his Japanese Iris garden in Readville, Mass.
Wayside Gardens and the Weller Nurseries Co. sent us varieties
from their collections. A very important addition was obtained
from Mr. Roy Hart, East Walden, New York, whose plants
originally came from Japan, having been obtained from the Sakata
Nursery Co. in tor5. Unfortunately, the varieties were not true
to their names; however, we spent some time studying his plants
and by comparing the original descriptions, were able to cor-
rectly identify several of them. His collection proved to be one
of the best sources for a wide range of varieties originally intro-
duced from Japan.
The older clumps were divided and transplanted to new beds.
A large number of seedlings have been grown, some from known
varieties and others from crosses between two varieties. Many
of these should bloom during the coming season.
During the past year a good deal of time has been spent in
More than
tracing out the early history of the Japanese Iris.
Most
seven hundred varieties have been given Japanese names.
Glee
of these have come originally from Japan, but a few have been
named in Europe or America. In addition to these, there are a
large number of other varieties which have been given English
names. In some cases these have been grown from seed, while
in others they are merely renamed Japanese varieties. A large
proportion of the Japanese names have been grossly misspelled,
due partly to the Japanese and partly to the English and American
nurserymen. An effort has been made to straighten these out and
obtain the correct spelling.
The Japanese names applied to Irises are often fanciful or im-
aginative. They frequently refer to mythological stories or to
episodes described in the literature. Some are named for artists,
famous warriors, statesmen, and still others for noted places in
Japan. An attempt has been made to secure a correct translation
for these Japanese names and an explanation as to their signifi-
cance. In this work Prof. Bunkio Matsuki, of Columbia Uni-
versity, has rendered invaluable service.
Siberian and miscellancous beardless tris
The varieties of the Siberian group of Irises were in excellent
condition. The plants were well established and gave excellent
bloom. A few additions to these varieties were also made. We
now have about fifty species of beardless Iris. Most of these
bloomed satisfactorily during the past season. Many seedlings
of species are growing and in a short time will reach the flowering
stage. Practically all of the Siberian Irises and the beardless
species were transplanted during the past year.
Tris diseases
The Iris plants suffered from various Iris maladies, the most
serious losses being among the Japanese varieties. Several plants
died during the blooming season or soon thereafter. Various
types of disease conditions were observed. During the past year
a maggot or larva of the fly, Chactopsis fulvifrons, was found
associated with many of the dying plants. Whether it is a pri-
mary cause of the condition or not remains to be determined.
One of the most important problems in connection with the beard-
62
less Iris is that of working out the true story of the various
maladies.
Miss Maud H. Purdy was not able to continue her work in
making the watercolors of the Iris. We were fortunate, however,
in obtaining the services of Miss Louise B. Mansfield, who made
several watercolor studies of Japanese varieties, as well as a few
of the bearded Iris. .
The following table shows the sources of the plants which have
been added to the collection :
Japanese iris
Mrs. Frances E. Cleveland, Eatontown, N. J................ 4 varieties
MaekRoy lant Bast Walden iN: Yances toutes sateen rar 45 i
Dr. Harris Kennedy, Readville, Mass...................... 17 ie
-Mrs. Ella Porter McKinney, Madison, N. J. ............... I e
AR Wallaceite-Concotds (hme land’ 220015 acces 6 ieee 19 #
The Wayside Gardens Co., Mentor, Ohio.................... ) ins.
Mr. P. Weller, Weller Nurseries Co., Holland, Mich......... 15 ‘
Miscellaneous beardless iris—species and varieties
Miss Laura M. Bragg, Director, The Charleston Museum,
Charleston: oy G 2. wren es eet a tau cesccar eee
Dr, Fred N. Briggs, Berke te ey, Calin iets scan ane ae een 5
MrxFrank W. Campbell, Detroit, Michi........0 shee Seen 8
Mrs. Frances E. Cleveland, oe Nie ec ame ee ae 5
Mice i@okertbartsvilles SoCs 2.20 06 lee an ee ee I
Miss Susan T. Homans, antes INE Ye Sic oe ae oes we 6
Miss Susan C. Lovering, Wilmington, N. C.............0008 I
Mrs. Ella Porter McKinney, Madison, N. J...............2.. I
Drew. Be iMainsbatavette<lnd.o=. ocean 2
Mr. Franklin B. Mead, Fort Wayne, Ind.................... 3
PPengyissiandveklant cari Eno lands. scx ecu oegta tame See 20
Miss Isabella Preston, Central [Experimental Farm, Ottawa,
Canad ates: cieeon, Se ah tear eee ne ee ee EL II
. O. Snoddy, Sane QhiO mis ee ornate tee I
ay Wal laces Cow etd = bp landins aici ean cceeen me cee Y |
Mr. Robert W ee Bayside aici yc a RAS ae eee ean ae 2
Financial contributions were received from Mr. William J. Matheson,
Mr. H. S. Smith, Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham, and the American Iris
Society.
* Purchased.
Fic. 7. Protea obtusifolia. Inflorescence. or flower head, a distinctive
feature. of the family Proteaceae. The showy parts are bracts, whicl
overlap each other like the scales of a cone, enclosing the flowers proper.
February 25. )
=)
64
Systematic Botany
By ALFRED GUNDERSEN
Frankeniaceae
During the past year my studies have been confined to the
American species of the genus Frankenia. The treatment of this
genus in Reiche’s Flora of Chile is very unsatisfactory. The
identity of I. lignosa Rusby and F. peruviana Schellenberg and
their close resemblance to F. erecta Gay have been established ‘by
my studies. The name, erecta, may perhaps be changed: I have
not yet followed up the questions of identity of the early names
of Molino, Cavanilles, Schauer, and Remy. The resemblance of
the Californian F. grandifolia var. campestris to the Chilean
species F. Berteroana Gay or F. micrantha Gay was first called
to my attention by Monsieur Surgis, of Paris; these last have been
further studied. I am led to consider the Chilean form only as
a variety of the Californian species. I have had great difficulty
in obtaining specimens from Argentina. The Argentian species,
F’. Fischeri Hichen, is the most distinct of South American
Frankenias.
Floral Structures of Dicotyledons
Studies along these lines were continued. A number of sec-
tional drawings of flowers and flower buds were made by Miss
Maud H. Purdy, and several distributional maps were prepared.
Studies on the varition of Nephrolepis (Boston Fern, etc.)
By Rarru C. Benepsct
The collections of varieties of the Boston Fern, and of the dif-
ferent Nephrolepis species have been maintained as heretofore.
In this connection, it may be noted that the recent New York
meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science afforded an opportunity to show these collections to a con-
siderable number of visiting botanists, and that their interest in
seeing these forms as living plants was an indication of the im-
portance of the continued maintenance of as complete a set as
possible, not only of the experimental forms on which studies
65 -
have not been completed, but also of the types of which some
report has been made.
The culture of experimental types for which no report has yet
been published has also been continued.
A new line of research was started in July, with the employ-
ment of Louis Eisman as research assistant for the summer
months. Mr. Eisman was started on the problem of the cytologi-
cal examination of various forms of Nephrolepis by means of the
Belling staining method. He has completed a preliminary study
along this line which gives promise of some very interesting re-
sults and for which a report 1s practically ready.
Conservation of Native Plants
With the publication of a Leafict, “ How shall we save rare
plant species from extinction,” the importance of two fundamental
methods of conservation which the Garden has been specially
interested in promoting was again stressed: viz., artificial propaga-
tion and re-stocking, and plant sanctuaries. Attention was called
in the Leaflets article to the fact that the establishment of a region
containing rare plants as a State Park had sometimes had as an
unfortunate result the destruction of the rare plants through grad-
ing and path development. In confirmation of this statement, I
append a letter from Dr. Homer D. House, State Botanist, relat-
ing to a specific example of such destruction in the recently estab-
lished State Park at Chittenango Falls, N.
Letter from the State Botanist
“Dear Dr. Benedict:
“T have been reading with much interest your remarks in the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden Leaflets for May 16, 1928.
“T think you have put the case Rew mildly. The various state park
boards have been doing a wonderful work, and like all gigantic undertak-
ings, mistakes here and there are apt to occur. Likewise in their haste to
make certain sites available for recreation, or haste to spend the
money available, an occasional irreparable harm is done to some form of
wild life och a have been spared and protected. In this category
I place the ‘Ciera of paths at aga Falls. This path develop-
ment was quite an unnecessary thing there. The history of this site and
f the one at on en Lake (Clark oes shows them to have been
secured and preserved not alone for their scenic beauty but also for the
66
scientific interest attached to the geological formations and to the flora and
avifauna. While it was always intended that they should be open ‘to the
public, the making of picnic grounds out of the most sacred portions was
never contemplated. There are thousands of better sites for picnic grounds
in this region than these two, and if the construction of paths or roadways
must be undertaken on such small park areas, those responsible might have
secured by a mere letter to the former custodians of these properties (The
State Museum), complete information regarding the location of the rare
plants thereon, and reasons for shunting public recreation activities to other
portions of the parks. Failure of the authorities in charge to even know
about the chief reasons for these two park areas having been given to the
fai Museum, seems to be the chief trouble.
‘The destruction of the Hart's Tongue fern station east of Jamesville, on
the holdings of the Solvay Company, known as Green Pond (east) is
greatly to be regretted, but could not be helped. Fortunately those inter-
ested in a preservation of the fern moved over 400 plants to the Clark
(State) Reservation and elsewhere, eclevae that there they would be safe.
Apparently they are not safe there. Under date of December 15, 1928,
fiss M. L. Overacker of Syracuse writes as follows:
Meactor Todd, who has done most of the work of removing and who
keeps an eye on them when possible, reports that fully three-quarters have
been removed or destroyed in their new refuge.
“ The passing of the Clark Reservation and the Chittenango Falls Park
from the Museum into the hands of the Park Board I regard as the worst
calamity that has befallen the hopes of preserving the last of the Hart’s
Tongue fern in this country. The construction of the a down the cliff
at Chittenango Falls is the finishing touch.
observed personally during the latter part of 1926 the construction
of this path. In one day I saw at least a dozen buried in the debris of the
angle of this path. I also saw people remove and carry away plants of
the Hart’s Tongue fern. I should be more exact and say that it was also
Hart’s Tongue ferns I saw destroyed by the construction of the path.
“ There is an implied question in the title of your article: ‘ How shall we
save rare plant species from extinction?’ You really haven’t answered the
question, and I do not know by whom nor how it will ever be answered,
but you ae have indicated how they cannot be saved. arks and
recreatio rounds are certainly a wonderful thing, and the development
of this idea in recent years ie been remarkable, but as far as the preserva-
tion of rare and harmless forms of wild life is concerned, they cer tainly
have made a poor start in us State.
“ Sincerely yours,
(Signed) ‘“ Homer D. House.”
—_—
67
REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF PLANTS FOR 1928
Dr. C. StuART GAGER, DIRECTOR.
Sir: I beg to submit herewith my report for the year 1928.
Collections
Among plants received were 60 specimens of rock garden plants
from Oregon, and about 40 specimens of Central American orchids
from the Missouri Botanical Garden. A number of additional
conifers were planted, and about 20 additional varieties of flower-
ing crabapples and cherries.
During the. spring, in collaboration with the horticulturist,
twenty-six detailed maps were made of the rock garden, showing
the location of each species.
In the fall, the Cycad house was rearranged, removing other
plants, and separating old world and American genera. We have
seven of the nine genera, lacking only Stangeria and Muicrocycas.
Phanerogamic Herbarium
Among collections received were the following: 159 plants from
British Columbia, collected by Mr. Titus Ulke; ror plants from
the Catskills, collected by Mr. Norman Taylor; and 185 specimens
collected by E. J. Ersler in Norway.
Additional specimens were collected by me in the Catskill Moun-
tains, and about 100 specimens were sent to each of four herbaria,
namely: The Torrey Botanical Club, and the botanic gardens of
Zurich, Melbourne, and Cluj, Roumania. The last three were in
exchange for specimens earlier received by us.
Some new metal cases for the herbarium work-room made it
possible to begin an arrangement of collections there.
Cryptogamic Herbarium
Dr. Reed, curator of plant pathology and in charge of the Fun-
eus Herbarium, reports the following accessions for 1928:
IVA EIT CHA SC a tate ec nee ns toes Crea eae ss Spach as a aan ee eure eg 154
es yaaa elektro ek ea pay ete aerate acter eet 74
68
International Seed Exchange
Communication No. 9 was published in April, containing replies
to our questions as to the desirability of an international list of
genera, its duration, and suggestions as to ten institutions to ad-
vise as to a possible preliminary list. Twenty-seven replies were
received, nearly all expressing the need of greater uniformity in
nomenclature, but some calling attention to difficulties in the way.
The institutions named the greatest number of times were: Berlin
27, Kew 26, Paris 25, Geneva 16, Copenhagen, Vienna and Zurich
each 14 times, Tokyo 13, Leningrad 12, Arnold Arboretum and
Stockholm, each 10 times. The actual making of a list indicating
differences in present usage is progressing.
Research
Studies of Frankenias and of the structures of flowers were con-
tinued. I spent some days in the National Herbarium in Wash-
ington and later obtained the loan of specimens from Washington,
from the Field Museum, and from the Missouri Botanical Garden.
In December I presented a paper on “ South American Frank-
enias ” before the Botanical Society of America.
During the winter Mr. Ezekiel Rivnay, a graduate student of
New York University, came two afternoons weekly for about
three months. He made a comparative study of flower and leaf
morphology of the Aizoaceae and Cactaceae, presenting a thesis
with excellent drawings for his A.M. degree.
Miss Mary MacMurray, of Hunter College, came every Satur-
day forenoon to make a systematic study of opposite leaved shrubs.
Lectures and Classes
During March I gave three lectures at the Garden on “ The
Story of the Flowering Plants.”
The same month the “ Evolution Exhibit ” was revised and set
up in the Garden Exhibit at the International Flower Show.
During May and June I gave eight field lessons on “ Spring
Flowers and Ferns”; during October and November four out-
”
door lessons on “ Fall Flowers and Fruits.
EAVES ABSENT .
RS USUALLY WITH TUBES *
GEREUS ECHINOGACTUS
EPIPHYLLUM RHIPSALIS
Fic. 8. Label on ground glass in the Conservatory. One of several of
this type recently installed. December 5. (6622.)
Assistance
Miss Maud Purdy, became curatorial assistant on January 1,
and has been occupied with drawing and microscopic work, in-
cluding embedding, principally of Frankenias. She also made a
number of detailed sectional studies of flowers.
Miss Alexandra Dodd, curatorial assistant, resigned November
t, 1928. Miss Belle Burr, a graduate of Wellesley College, came
as curatorial assistant in September, 1928.
Labels and Signs
Labels and signs were made by our labeler, Mr. John Mc-
Callum, as follows:
70
Steel labels for herbaceous and rose beds...............000 506
bead: Jabels tor woody plants i524. echoed eau Hip A OS ce 32
oe wooden labels, Pantie TOSS v5 ey sty fete uae tniee S eis 341
Large wooden labels for horticultural forms................ 15
Wioodlenesie msi eter coe ater ae tae fo lee eerie a 49
ANGE tl SOS sce gate nee one ee ce, 2 eee 120
ol oy - 1 laerncer aire et ainr eRrer en ree nmr: ae (ts act 1,063
Also numerous miscellaneous numbers and_ signs.
Statistics
Living Plants received:
Species
Plants or Varieties
he GRCR AOR se se on eee ess a 179 104
TBS” GONE See tiga Aad oe ee an 2,760 2,682
pln ease opie nce ci aya aig td gia 7,460 Bon
Derived from seed: shes aarie Gasman ecg wees Mencken 105 105
Bye COlCCHIOM at cn. set eeeee aca ey ee 83 43
ETO tal lie seer ee enh oc ce In ea Oe 10,587 3,251
oie Plants Distributed:
EXCHATID Gate won sa Monash at. Pree Baca e nee ae mene 000
Seed ner recetved:
Bywexchan poh ty te Ge. kc Sek coum a ea 2 ager ay Big ee 1,041
TBE AMES ioe sie dk sth ad surg lela oa. «coc aA mS oe 130
PUT hare yeorr ao asad ath 4p ocd eek pe en ee 17
By collection soic abketam Glau reagan eve ivan oe creeoaek ta eels heen 110
PONCE ewe a pian cla aictah nae en RG tea fees eevee cer 1,298
Seed ae eae
Vie OXGHANIC Catia ancte sr me hot he A ean BOT Dread tre ian cee e es 2,015
flerbartum specimens received:
ED Vp EEA AT ras ore eng asi sig Se honey cece tas ray seein OL ave cele ae ee age 799
au OCCT) Oat See feo fils ge he certo ice hen. eae Oe Saale 328
Tides apenas neh of ba Nacsa ims etna ht tod Ee anette 371
By jOSH aCe: 01: Y-1 ote ee Ree Or crteterein, PE MAT a Oe hme ene Ws gerne th 159
lita lemeytene rete ete sete setts tors thin nae hens mee Ne Cee 1,599
. Herbarium specimens distributed:
EX CHAI Clie nee ne eatin sien as Mead Se AT MMO TRI cA o. 372
Respectfully submitted,
ALFRED GUNDERSEN,
Curator of Plants.
fal
RELORI Ohhh. LORTIGULY ORIST? AND EiBraE
GARDENER FOR 1928
Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, DIRECTOR.
Sir: I beg to submit herewith my report for the year ending
December 31, 1928.
General Systematic Section
In the fall changes, based upon a plan made by Mr. Caparn,
were made in the layout’of the area devoted to the Pea Family
(Papilionaceae), with a view to utilising to better effect the orna-
mental members of the family. This involved the elimination of
two beds containing herbaceous species, and the construction of
a new bed, immediately south of the hedge of Scotch Broom, and
planted with the more ornamental varieties removed from the dis-
continued beds. The southernmost limit of the family on the
west side of the walk was bordered with an informal hedge of
various species of Lespedesa (Bushclover). To mark the south
edge of the family on the east side of the walk, provision was
made for a planting of Robinia hispida (Rose-acacia), to be set
out in the spring of 1929.
The area assigned to the Rutaceae was extended northward, and
holes were prepared for planting in the spring of 1929. This will
provide additional space that is much needed in this family.
The Grass Family (Gramineae) was rearranged and separate
beds provided for each species and variety. It is hoped that this
arrangement will display the grasses to better advantage and pre-
vent the mixing of species that is likely to occur when many kindls
are grown in one bed.
Our climbing species of the genus Lonicera, up to this year,
have had no supports on which to grow. This was remedied in
the late summer by the erection of seven tripods constructed of
cedar poles over which these Honeysuckles may clamber.
Ornamental Planting
Thirty-two trees of the Chinese Flowering Crab, Malus specta-
bilis, seven of the Sargent Crab, M. Sargentti, and five of the
72
Midget Crab, M. micromalus, were planted on the embankment
immediately north of the Japanese Garden.
Many duplicate trees and shrubs from our own nursery were
set out on the Museum embankment north of the esplanade,
The Narcissus plantings in the grass on Boulder Hill were ex-
tended by the addition of 3,000 bulbs of the variety “ Sir Watkin,”
and 1,000 of the variety “ Lucifer.’
Two thousand tubers of the Winter-aconite, Eranthis hiemalis,
were planted on both sides of the brook, immediately south of the
lower boulder bridge.
Three beds in the Compositae area, formerly occupied by hardy
asters, were planted with hardy chrysanthemums raised from
seeds planted in the greenhouse in February. These beds made
a fine display and created much interest, as did an adjacent bed
of named varieties.
Planting of vines, shrubs, and trees about the new Hills’ bridge
was carried out in the fall according to a plan prepared by Mr.
Caparn.
Rose Garden
Of the work still remaining to be done to complete the Rose
Garden, as set forth in my last annual report, the following has
been accomplished :
1. Floor of Pavilion and aa paved with red brick (By
John Thatcher & S
Two flights of concrete Ce and curbing made at north and
south entrances to Pavilion.
3. Erection of ten double arches over walks.
4. Walks graded and surfaced with blue stone screenings.
5. Two beds made in south triangle and terrace finished.
6. Over 2,250 roses (about 180 of which were replacements),
and about 100 rhododendrons, vines, and miscellaneous
shrubs planted.
Gates for the east, west, and south entrances were erected by
outside labor.
Important needs for the Rose Garden are:
1. Lattice frames for the north side of the north pergola.
Metal edgings between lawn and walks.
73
3. Thirty concrete posts with connecting chains for festoon
roses.
The growth made by the roses surpassed our expectations and
there was a fair display of rose blooms on the Tea and Hybrid
Tea varieties as late as the end of November. Some of the climb-
ing roses have made canes sixteen feet or more in length and prac-
tically all of them have made vigorous growth.
It may be desirable to record that it seemed necessary, in the
attempt to control “ Black Spot ”’ and leaf-eating insects, to dust
the roses with a sulphur-arsenate of lead preparation thirty-six
times throughout the growing season. This averages about once
in every five days. The control of aphides necessitated fifteen
sprayings with contact insecticides.
North Addition
The soil in this area (between Mt. Prospect Reservoir and the
Museum Building) of about four acres is gradually improving.
A dressing of stable manure, and green manure crops of rye,
hairy vetch, and buckwheat, were plowed under during 1928. A
crop of rye was planted in the fall for turning under in the spring
of 1929.
Miscellaneous .
Trenches for water and sewer connections for a bubbler drink-
ing fountain were dug, a concrete base cast, and the pedestal set
up in readiness for the plumber.
About 700 square feet of tar macadam was laid over the Hills’
bridge and its approaches.
start was made on levelling depressions in the lawns caused
by subsidence of-the soil in places formerly occupied by trees and
shrubs. This is a fairly large undertaking, but should be carried
out on the score of improving the appearance of the lawns and of
facilitating mowing.
Seed and Plant Distribution
In connection with the International Seed [exchange, 2,015
packets of seeds of trees and shrubs were distributed to foreign
and domestic botanic gardens, and to other institutions and in-
dividuals in the spring of 1928.
Fic. 9. Portion of rotunda of the Laboratory Building,
cens) and of Philodendron andreanum. Spray of flowering crab in the Library. May 8. (6473.)
showing use of Areca palms (Chrysalidocarpus
lutes-
PL
Seven hundred and sixty-eight plants of chrysanthemum, canna,
and hardy aster were distributed to Botanic Garden members.
Personal Activities
In February I was appointed a Local Secretary of the American
Rose Society for 1928.
I am also serving on the Plant Registration Committee of the
National Association of Gardeners.
Respectfully submitted,
MONTAGUE FREE,
Horticulturist and Head Gardener.
REEORT OL THE CURATOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUC
TION BOR 102s
Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, DIRECTOR.
Sir: I beg to submit herewith my report for the year ending
December 31, 1928.
Garden Attendance
Registration at Entrance Gates. As shown by Table I, the total
attendance on the grounds in 1928 was 1,101,653. Thus the re-
markable gain recorded for 1927 when the registration figures
reached 1,013,293, or more than twice the figure for 1925, was
not only held, but increased by about 10 per cent.
Attendance at Classes and Lectures. There has been a very
large increase during the past year in attendance at classes and
lectures for children and adults. The comparative figures for the
last three years are as follows:
WUE TOVENG) ei hrs 0 Cs 87,760*
bemMRIN TO) 2 age ner ree Fre host angst UN ones cele leet astra ie Maagethishe ee Ln 97,884
STC) 2 eee oe ue cs ee gg GICs ny te re ae a eer vn 2 151,031
This great increase has been made possible, in part, by the addi-
tion of new instructors to the staff of the department of elementary
instruction,
figure for the year 1926 was given in last year’s report sare
a Gard. Rec. 17:63), erroneously, as of 1927
6
Attendance at Conservatories. The increase of visitors to the
conservatories is also noteworthy. The figures for the three years
past are as follows:
fgiet2E say (0-16 le are RR een apes Rome ae eee mee Ree eee Vrs 27,169
ad fag (> grey er See Oe OREN Ne ree eerie 34,503
BF PUD: pts Seat eee Ge heh haitia eae te ao ae 44,206
This increase seems to indicate a greater interest in plants
per se, and falls into line with an evident growing tendency on the
part of the public to use the Botanic Garden more as a museum of
living plants than a pleasant open space for physical recreation.
The increase is probably also due in part to the greater attractive-
ness of the conservatories. In addition to their being enriched
from year to year and receiving the benefits of continual care, they
are profiting by the passage of time, an element which is of course
indispensable to the full development of any collection of plants.’
TAB ea at
ATTENDANCE AT GARDEN DurING 1928
Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. May June July
At regular classes....... 802] 2,088] 2,464] 2,837} 3,528 2,905} 10,9905
At visiting classes....... 1,220 800] 7,474] 8,375] 10,345] 10,115 280
At lectures 4 Children . . O15 640] 2,074] 4,177 8,238 8,115 200
At lectures to Adults. ...} — 80 70 175 185 992| —
At Peaniesrateties Cee eet 1,236] 2,678] 1,385 5,921 8,762 2,613 3,997
HACHONOUDGS Ss cote noe 48,309] 54,764] 54,904] 112,880] 170,504] 139,310| 101,368
é Annual
Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Petals
At regular Ses pe ek LOMAS 7,708 8,388 3,705 2,959 59,184
At visiting classes....... —— 2,740 6,095 4,157 2,248 54,749
At lectures to C hildren me — 1,670 5,670 | 3,076 1,250 30,025
At lectures to Adults. ... — 4 107 60 — 1,673
At conservatories. ...... 1,806 4,938 5,052] 3,049] 2,25 44,205
At grounds............/ 93,630] 102,578 | 98,017 | 67,842 | 57,538 | 1,101 ,053
Study Material for Schools
As usual, the major part of the time of my assistant, Miss
Hester M. Rusk, has been occupied with the collection, culture,
V7
and preparation of materials for use in the study of botany and
biology in the schools. During the past year, study material has
been furnished for 156,619 pupils, compared with 109,011 in 1927,
and 91,300 in 1926. In this work we have as usual had the co-
operation of the Department of Elementary Instruction. 25 high
schools and annexes in Brooklyn have been supplied, 8 in Queens,
1g in Manhattan, and 10 in the other boroughs. 18 junior high
schools, 4 training schools for teachers, and 11 colleges and uni-
versities, as well as 110 elementary schools in Brooklyn and 38
in other boroughs have been assisted in this way. There should
be added to this list 25 private and parochial schools. ‘The in-
creasing demand for our agar medium, which is used for the study
of molds and bacteria, is attested by the fact that during 1928 Miss
Rusk prepared 3,231 petri dishes and 24 flasks of agar—an average
of more than 300 a month for each of ten school months of the
year. The number of petri dishes distributed compares with
previous years as follows:
Ee COLO pt re Meererten rece eee orn ma CRM eae er eee ae ee 1,067
IOP Pass on ete eck eecrin eis oe eet ced Cae Eee ee 2,338
SPMRIRL O20 Gi erat cone eects cheat eal apeiah acai s op Sors ale eee cutee 2 oe 2237
Besides carrying on this work Miss Rusk has assisted in doc-
entry, in editorial work, in the preparation of demonstrations for
adult classes, and has conducted the Saturday morning laboratory
classes as well as occasional field classes.
Class for Student Nurses
For ten weeks in the spring, beginning April 4, I gave an ele-
mentary course in botany to the student nurses of Prospect Heights
Hospital, Miss Mary E. Corcoran, Instructor. In the fall it was
arranged to join the student nurses of the Swedish Hospital,
Rogers Avenue, Brooklyn, with those of the Prospect Heights
Hospital into one class—making 21 students in all. . The purpose
of this course was to combine, as far as possible, instruction on
plant life, including especially drug plants and the care of flowers,
with recreational features such as trips through the Garden to see
the different plants in flower, and visits to the conservatories.
This novel course in botany for student nurses was described in
78
the American Journal of Nursing for May, 1928. <A letter from
Dr. E. A. Baber, of Longview Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, asked
us for an outline of the course and details as to just how it was
carried on.
In December the student nurses of the Prospect Heights Hos-
pital carried on bacteriological laboratory work here under the di-
rection of Miss Rusk, who was formerly the instructor in bacteri-
ology at Barnard College. At the first exercise on December 14,
they made up the medium and sterilized it. Then the petri dishes
were sterilized and the medium poured into them. These dishes
were exposed in the laboratory, in the class room in the hospital on
Washington Avenue, in a movie theater, and in the subway. In
other dishes, heels, cuffs, teeth, finger nails, hair, chewed pencil,
and money were inserted. The colonies resulting were examined
macro- and microscopically on December 19, and notes were taken
on the comparative number of colonies and their appearances.
Also, on December 19, dilution cultures of milk were made, using
three kinds: certified or raw milk, grade “ B,” and loose milk, to
ascertain their relative content of bacteria. On December 29
they examined these dilution cultures. The results were quite in
line with what is to be expected in these three grades of milk.
The certified grade was found to contain 21,300 bacteria per c.c.,
gerade “B,” which is, of course, pasteurized, 14,500; and the
“loose ” milk, 5,200,000 bacteria per c.c.
Drug Garden, In this conection it seems pertinent to suggest
that a collection of growing plants which are used medicinally for
the various ills of the human race would be a desirable addition to
the Botanic Garden, not only as a matter of scientific interest, but
also as a means for enlarging the scope of such a course as is
above described. Drugs which the nurses ordinarily see only in
powdered or tinctured form take on an entirely new aspect when
it is realized that they are parts of living, growing plants.
We received in the fall, from Columbia University, College of
Pharmacy, through Mr. Victor A. Lewitus, Instructor, 215
samples of different plant drugs which are described in the United
States Pharmacopeia. It would be a desirable thing to have these
put up in containers of uniform size, properly labelled, and ar-
ranged in a cabinet for exhibition and study.
79
Advanced Courses
Mr. Ezekiel Rivnay, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College,
was engaged in research during May and June under the im-
mediate direction of Dr. Gundersen. The subject of his work
was “ A Comparison of Aizoaceae and Cactaceae,” which was ac-
cepted by New York University in part: fulfillment of the require-
ment for the degree of A.M. Miss Mary T. MacMurray also
spent several months working in the herbarium under Dr. Gun-
dersen’s guidance. Mr. Louis Eisman, working under Dr. Bene-
dict since July 1, has carried on cytological work on the group
of the ferns.
Personal Class Work
Besides the special classes for student nurses just mentioned,
which were conducted both in the spring and fall, I] have taught
the regular classes on the Trees and Shrubs of Greater New York,
meeting on eighteen Saturday afternoons in the spring and fall.
Thirty-eight registered for this course in the spring and twenty-
eight in the fall. In addition, the regular course in General Bot-
any for teachers has been held each Thursday afternoon through
the school year. During March, April, and May, I gave five lec-
tures on the classification of the plant kingdom to the class in
advanced biology of the Maxwell Training School for Teachers.
A similar course of three lectures was given for the class in biology
of the College of the City of New York, Brooklyn Division. In
October, November, and December, nine lectures on the classifica-
tion of the plant kingdom were given to the new class in advanced
biology of the Maxwell Training School for Teachers.
Conference of Museum Staffs
On Friday, May 4, a conference of educational staffs of mu-
seums, botanic gardens, etc., of the metropolitan area was held
at the Garden, beginning at 10:30 a.m. Dr. Gager presided, open-
ing the conference with remarks on the work of the Garden.
Miss Shaw spoke on “Some Phases of Educational Work with
Children at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden,’ and bls Anna B.
Gallup, of the Children’s Museum, read a paper on “ Informal
Docentry.” Several topics were then submitted for round table
discussion. After luncheon, which was served in the Rotunda, a
80
tour of inspection of the Laboratory Building, Grounds, and Con-
servatories, was made, in which the educational features were
pointed out. Fifty-three persons attended the conference, rep-
resenting, besides the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the following in-
stitutions :
American Museum of Natural History
Brooklyn Museum
Children’s Museum
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Montclair Art Museum
Museum of the City of New York
New York Botanical Garden
New York Historical Society
Newark Museum
Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences
Yonkers Museum of Arts and Sciences
each
ar
Newspaper Publicity
Because other duties have made increasing demands on my time
I have been unable to give this part of my work as much attention
as formerly. During the year I prepared 17 news releases of ac-
tivities at the Garden, containing 51 articles on various subjects.
Nevertheless, with the assistance of Mrs. Louise Warner, of the
Brooklyn Publicity Bureau, the newspaper publicity we received
far exceeded that of 1927, if this can be measured by the number
of items we received through clipping bureaus. Last year we re-
ceived 1,117 clippings, as against 677 in 1927, and 513 in 1926.
Judged by these figures, we have more than doubled the news-
paper publicity of 1926,
But there is another point brought out by the clippings received
this year, namely, that the publicity has taken on more of a na-
tional character. Whereas, in 1927, clippings were received from
32 newspapers, published in 23 towns and cities, distributed in
nine states and the District of Columbia; in 1928, items telling
about the work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden were received
from 133 newspapers, published in 120 different towns and cities,
distributed in 30 states and the District of Columbia. This is
exclusive of those located in Greater New York, these last num-
bering 30, as against 26 last year.
eon
Class
of adults
in
“House Plants.”
November 8.
(6630. }
A
82
Exhibitions
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden exhibition at the Seventh An-
nual Exposition of Women’s Arts and Industries, at the Hotel
Astor, for the week beginning October 1, was in charge of the
Department of Elementary Instruction. Two other exhibitions,
featuring the educational work of the Garden, were staged during
the year by this Department, in cooperation with the Department
of Elementary Instruction. The exhibit at the International
lower Show, March 19, 1924, at the Grand Central Palace, Man-
hattan, had as its central feature the evolutionary “tree” of the
plant kingdom, arranged much as it now appears in House Number
2 of the Conservatories. A special Leaflet, ‘“ The story of plant
evolution,” was prepared by Dr. Gundersen in connection with
the exhibit of the evolutionary “tree,” and distributed to visitors.
Specimens of plants and plant materials which the Garden dis-
tributes to schools were also exhibited, as well as samples of petri
dishes filled with agar. A display of petri dishes which had been
Seg ae in various places by Haaren High School pupils of Dr.
C, Benedict attracted much attention, and a special Leaflet,
prepared by Dr. Benedict, entitled “ How bacteria are studied in
high school science classes,’ was distributed. In order that the
work of the Garden on the conservation of our native plants
might be represented, several plants were exhibited of the Hart’s
Tongue Fern, a rare species which the Garden is propagating
for distribution in suitable localities. Dr. Benedict wrote a Leafiet,
‘“ How shall we save rare plant species from extinction? ”, which
was given out to those interested. The background of the ex-
hibit was occupied by the flower panels from the Children’s Room,
depicting the seasonal procession of the flowers, a map of the
world showing the various points of the globe to which the Gar-
den publications are sent, and various photographic enlargements
of juvenile and adult classes at the Garden. A model of the
Children’s House and Gardens occupied one end of the booth, and
a Wardian case containing growing plants, and also seedlings and
cuttings raised by the Children’s classes, were displayed at the
opposite end. Leaflets on the children’s classes, the flower panels,
the children’s garden, and the Wardian case were distributed.
—
83
An electrically operated machine (the Davis Bulletin) showing
in succession various colored illuminated views and information
concerning the Botanic Garden attracted much attention.
The Garden’s exhibition at the United Parents Association Ex-
position, Grand Central Palace, April 23-28, was similar, except
that the booth was smaller: the central table with the evolutionary
tree of the plant kingdom was therefore omitted.
At all these expositions attendants from the staff of the Garden
were continuously on duty explaining details to visitors. It is
impossible to more than guess the number of visitors who saw
the exhibits. The expositions were all well attended, so that
probably the number of visitors exceeded 100,000.
Leaflets
As in former years, I have continued the editorship of the
Leaflets.. Six issues, four of them double numbers, were pub-
lished during 1928. The first three, No. 1, “ The story of plant
evolution”; No. 2-3, “ How bacteria are studied in high school
science classes ’’; and No. 4, ‘‘ How shall we save rare plant species
from extinction,’ were printed in advance of the date of issue,
for distribution at the two expositions as above stated. O. 5-7,
“ Department of Elementary Instruction: A survey of work from
1913 to 1928,” was printed in advance of the date of issue, for
distribution at the Spring Inspection, May 8. No. 8-9, “ Bulb
culture,’ was a third printing ef this popular subject, and No
10-11, “ Practical suggestions on the growing of Christmas greens,’
was written in response to queries elicited by the Christmas Leaftct,
last year—‘ What price Christmas greens?” To date (Jan. 31,
1929) ninety persons, mostly residents of Long Island, have
written to the Garden for copies of the leaflet on the growing of
Christmas greens.
Reprints. Ten years ago from 1,200 to 1,500 copies comprised
a single issue of the Leaflets. Today 3,000 copies per issue are
needed, primarily because of the increased membership in the
Garden and the much longer list of exchanges; and also because
of the greater demands of the schools for copies for distribution.
Even with 3000 copies, popular, issues soon become exhausted.
“ House plants,” for example, has been through three printings:
84
1915, 1921, and 1926, and is now again “ out of print.’ Of the
176 pages issued in the last. four years 64 or over one third have
various persons for the reprinting of nine other leaflets, with a
been reprinted matter. We have on hand now requests from
total pagination of 76 pages. It is suggested that in the future
a larger sum in the budget be set aside for the Leaflets printing so
that these old numbers which are now exhausted could be reprinted
in addition to the regular annual series.
Distribution of Leaflets to Rural Schools—In the September
1928, issue of The Science Classroom there appeared an article
entitled “ Commercial Material for Science Classes.” In this ar-
ticle, 131 firms and institutions were listed who would supply
gratis on request material of service in science teaching, such as
charts, exhibits, or printed material. Through a misunderstand-
ing the name of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden appeared in this
list. As a result we were almost swamped with requests for
material of all kinds, mostly by isolated rural schools, from prac-
tically all over the United States. Nevertheless, we responded
to these requests in every case, by sending a selected set of our
Leaflets which would be helpful in biology teaching. The sub-
joined list of 68 schools which applied, representing 28 states
and one Canadian Province, gives an idea of the kind of school
and the country-wide demand for this material.
Arkansas :
Tyronyza
British Columbia:
Vancouver: Templeton Junior High School
California :
Los Angeles:
Tranquillity: Tranquillity Union High School
Connecticut :
Wethersfield :
Georgia:
Nahunta: Nahunta High School
Idaho:
Cottonwood: St. Gertrude’s Convent
Illinois:
85
Chicago: Our Lady of Sorrows School
Tuscola: Tuscola Community High School
Indiana:
La Fontaine: Banquo High School
Iowa:
Clarence :
Colwell: Colwell Consolidated Schools
Marshalltown :
Richland :
Kansas :
Phillipsburg :
Stockton: The Stockton Public Schools
Tipton: Tipton High School
Louisiana :
Haynesville :
Maine:
Amite:
_ Dover-Foxcroft: Foxcroft Academy
Eastport :
Massachusetts :
Dorchester: Grover Cleveland School
Saugus: Saugus High School
Jamaica Plain: Jamaica Plain High School
“Michigan:
Detroit: Munger Intermediate School
Kalamazoo: Kalamazoo High School
Wabasha: St. Felix High School
Minnesota :
Benson: Benson Public Schools
Duluth: Arnold School
Lake City: Lake City Public Schools
LeRoy: Rural schools
Mankato:
Motley: Motley Public Schools
Minneapolis: Community Welfare Association
St. Paul: Harding High School
Montana:
Malta: Malta Public Schools
86
Nebraska:
Lynch: Lynch Public School
New Jersey:
Newark: State Normal School
New York:
Bedford Hills: Bedford Hills High School
Brooklyn: St. Benedict Joseph’s School, Morris Park
Kenmore: Kenmore Junior High School
Oneonta:
Rockaway Beach:
Silver Creek:
North Carolina:
Connelly Springs :
Kenansville: Consolidated Schools
North Dakota:
Willow City: High School
Ohio: 4 |
Cleveland: Immaculate Heart of Mary School
Hubbard: Hubbard High School
Quaker City:
Zanesfield :
Pennsylvania :
Aliquippa :
Artistes: Conyngham Twp. High School
Homer City:
Johnstown: Central Catholic High School
Lansford :
Reading: Ferndale Nature Study Club
South Dakota:
Howard: Howard Public Schools
Texas:
Eagle Lake: Eagle Lake High School
Vermont :
Johnson: Normal Training Course
Washington:
Tacoma: Lincoln High School
87
West Virginia:
Ceredo: Ceredo-Kenova High School
Morgantown:
ratt
Wisconsin :
Milwaukee: Peckham Junior High School
Wisconsin Rapids:
Editorial Work, etc.
Besides editing the Leaflets, I have continued to serve on
the board of editors of the American Journal of Botany, and also
as editor of the plant section of General Biology of Biological
Abstracts. I have been appointed editor of the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden Contributions. I have resigned as Secretary of the Tor-
rey Botanical Club, having served five years in this capacity. The
resignation will take effect on January 8, 1929.
Other Activities
On September, 17, I attended the meeting of Bartlett Associates
and Guests, at the Bartlett Research Laboratories of the F. A.
Bartlett Tree Expert Company, near Stamford, Connecticut. On
October 4 and 5, I attended the Fifteenth Recreation Congress
conducted under the auspices of The Playground and Recreation
Association of America, at Atlantic City, N. J.. At this convention
I acted as summarizer of the discussion of the topic “ The Place
of City Forests, Botanical Gardens, Zoological Gardens, Museums,
and Other Special Aids to Recreation.”
Miscellaneous
Flower Days for Members. During 1928 we continued the
plan of instituting flower days for members, begun in 1927. The
following “ Days”? were observed:
June 1, Iris Day, held in conjunction with a meeting of the
American Iris Society. Guide: Dr. G. M. Reed.
June 15. Rock Garden Day. Guide: Mr. Montague Free.
September 21. Water Lily Day. Guide: Dr. Arthur Har-
mount Graves.
FIG.
Lag
Exhibit of Brooklyn Botanic Garden at the Fifteenth International Flower Show, Grand Central Palace,
Manhattan, March 19-24. (Photo by Peter A. Juley & Son.)
89
October 5. Canna Day. Guide: Dr. Alfred Gundersen.
November 2. Chrysanthemum Day. Guide: Dr. Alfred Gun-
dersen |
An illustrated folder announcing these different occasions was
mailed to members of the Garden.
Postcard Bulletins to Members. On April 26 a postcard bul-
letin was sent to members announcing that a surplus supply of
600 chrysanthemum cuttings was available for distribution. In
May, another announcement was sent reminding members that
seed and nursery catalogs were on file in the Garden Library for
consultation. Attention was called to those catalogs dealing with
rock garden plants, native plants of the eastern and western United
States, and European alpines.
Tree Study Calendar. he school year 1928-1929 being the
year for tree study in the New York City schools, I prepared a
list of common trees suitable for study in the schools, the different
species being grouped month by month according to some prom-
inent feature, connected, as far as possible, with the season of
the year. This list was made at the request of Mr. Van Evrie
Ree vice-president of the School Garden Association of
w York, in charge of Nature-Garden work in New York City
nee and through his organization these tree calendars were
sent out to more than 12,000 teachers
Collection of American Woods. During the past year a steel
cabinet has been obtained for housing the collection of 38 different
American woods received by the Garden several years ago from
Pratt Institute. The collection consists of sections of tree trunks
averaging about 8 inches in diameter, one half (lengthwise) of
the upper portion of the trunk being removed in such a way that
both one half of the cross section and the whole radial section
are exposed. Each species has been neatly labelled with the
botanical and scientific names according to the new check list of
the United States (U.S.D.A. Miscellaneous Cir. 92, 1927), and
the exposed wood surfaces have been given a moderate polish.
They are now arranged on the shelves of the cabinet in systematic
order, beginning with the conifers.
Boy Scout Examinations. As usual, I have given occasional
tests to Boy Scouts seeking to acquire merit badges in Conserva-
tion and Forestry.
90
Bureau of Information. Numerous requests for information,
advice, and identification of plants submitted have been answered
personally by telephone and by letter. Although this part of the
work needs only brief mention, it should be stated that it takes
a large part of my time. The mere listing of the questions asked
would fill many pages. .
Research. . A report of the research work on forest patholog
during the past year appears on pages 57-50.
Respectfully submitted,
ARTHUR HaArMouUNT GRAVES,
Curator of Public Instruction.
REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF ELEMENTARY
INSTRUCTION FOR 1928
Dr. C. STUART GAGER, DIRECTOR.
Sir: I hereby present the seventeenth annual report from the
Department of Elementary Instruction.
Garden Classes
The attendance in our classes, both of the regular and the visit-
ing groups, has increased substantially over that of last year,
reaching nearly 150,000 in the classes of this department alone.
Weekly classes, during the spring and fall, came for intensive
work from the following schools.
Adelphi Academy James Madison High School
Brooklyn Training School for Maxwell Training School for
Girls Teachers
Ethical Culture School P. S. 2, 18; 36; 89, 206° Brook-
Friends’ School ° lyn
These groups are doing work quite different from that done with
the regular visiting classes coming for one session only.
Extension classes for teachers have been conducted as usual.
B,, Nature Study, had the largest registration in the history of
our regular work with teachers, the registration figure being 117.
Over, 600 children have registered in the children’s Saturday
91
classes. During January a selected group of 52 children was 1n-
vited Saturday mornings for, work in the Club Room in connection
with the library. These children were from seven to ten years
of age. The work was supervised and dealt with the children’s
own manifested interest in nature books, and in the nature ma-
terials in the room.
A special point has been made of exhibits in the Children’s Club
Room. An exhibit was set up weekly by the instructor, Mrs.
Bartlett, with the help of groups of children. These exhibits
covered a range of interests, such as decorative house plants,
twigs for early forcing trees, plants for Christmas decoration,
different types of indoor gardens, etc.
The outdoor garden classes spent rather more time than usual
on flower gardens and notebooks.
Seed Work
Over 550,009 penny packets of seed were distributed to children
through the schools during 1928.
Nature and Plant Material Supplied to Schools
More than 800 requests have come to us from schools for nature
material in one form or, other. This figure includes the requests
from schools which have been supplied with over 18,000 living
plants, for classwork and for purpose of decoration, and about
30,000 seedling plants, which have been raised by our classes,
for use in school and home gardens.
Over 70,000 children have received help through the nature
material sent to schools for use in the classroom.
It might be of interest here to state that our three greenhouses
given over to instruction, out of which annually thousands of
plants go to schools and to classes for instruction purposes, are
maintained almost entirely by work done by this Department and
by children. Increase of stock is carried on through. cuttings
and seeds, and each season ferns are supplied through the work
of the Resident Investigator, Dr. Benedict. Most of our plants
for desert gardens, and some other specimen plants are supplied
by the Horticulturist, Mr. Free. Very few stock plants are ever
bought.
7
Rose Garden. First class (from Public School 206, Brooklyn) to be taken to the
instruction. June 25. (6516.)
garden for
93
Exhibits
Twenty-four exhibits have been participated in during 1928.
The most outstanding are the following:
At the International Flower Show, Grand Central Palace, an
exhibit was set up by the departments of public and elementary
education to show the work done by our institution in this field.
At the United Parents Association Exposition, Grand Central
Palace in April, where an exhibit was set up similar to the one
for the Flower Show.
At the Girl Scout Exhibit, Thirteenth Regiment Armory, Brook-
lyn, also in April, we assisted in setting up the Garden Booth, with
seedlings and plots of grass started in our greenhouses, with a
group of Scouts.
At the Spring Inspection of the Botanic Garden, in May, the
exhibit was educational. This Department did its part in showing
work done with visiting classes, greenhouse classes, and the out-
door garden.
At the American Museum of Natural History in September,
an exhibit of garden flowers was set up in their model “ Nature
Room.”
At the Seventh Annual Exposition of Woman's Arts and In-
dustries, 11 October, our, booth represented a section of one of
our teaching greenhouses. The plan for this was made and car-
ried out by Mrs. Bartlett, instructor, who also demonstrated from
time to time such operations as the potting of bulbs and the mak-
ing of cuttings to show the value of the greenhouse in education.
A contest was held daily at the Exposition in flower arrangement,
sponsored by our Woman’s Auxiliary. We assisted in each day’s
judging.
At the Botanic Garden, on December 30, exhibits were set
up in Room 327, and in the Children’s Club Room, for the benefit
of the American Nature Study Society. The exhibit in the Club
Room was typical of the regular Saturday work with children.
In Room 327 a display was made of the work we are doing. with
visiting classes, teachers classes, and the children’s classes in the
outdoor garden.
At the Botanic Garden, during the months of October, No-
i 94.
vember, and December, exhibit material was prepared weekly for
Pos. 42 and 18.
At the Botanic Garden, every Tuesday during the fall, an ex-
hibit was arranged for the B, classes. This exhibit carried out
the theme of the day’s lesson, and was prepared and set up by
Miss Sargent and Miss Marcy.
All these exhibits have taken a great amount of time and have
been most worth while, but perhaps have been too numerous for
any one year.
Special Departmental Features
A House Plant Contest was sponsored by the Woman’s Auxil-
lary, and staged in the rotunda of our building in February. En-
tries were made in four classes as follows: flowering plants, foli-
age plants, ferns, and bulbs.
Miss Hammond, assistant curator, visited during the summer
over 300 backyard gardens of the children in Beacon, N. Y. In
September one of our own children’s medals was presented for the
best backyard garden in Beacon cared for by a child.
The curator has written a series of 39 articles for the New
York Sun, and a monthly article, beginning in October, for the
American Home.
A new syllabus on Sugar has been printed; also a series of in-
formation folders on our Children’s Club Room, “ Children’s
Classes,” “ Outdoor Garden,” for distribution at the International
Flower Show and the Spring Inspection.
The American Nature Study Society was entertained at the
Garden on December 30. This Society, meeting with the Amer-
ican Association for the Advancement of Science, came to the
Garden to see our educational work. The luncheon served was
provided by the Garden Teachers Association of the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden and the Woman’s Auxiliary.
The Alfred T. White scholarship was awarded this year to
Alfred Marshak, a Sophomore at Cornell University.
Personal Activities
I continued to act as National Secretary of the National Plant,
Flower and Fruit Guild.
95
I was appointed Secretary-Treasurer of the American Nature
Study Society at the last meeting of this society, in December.
Respectfully submitted,
ELLEN Eppy SHAw,
Curator of Elementary Instruction.
REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN FOR 1928
Dr. C. Stuart GacEr, Drrector.
Sir: I take pleasure in submitting herewith my report for the
year ending December 31, 1928.
he total number of publications received was 9,740. 1,650
volumes were added to the library, as compared with 622 volumes
during 1927. 1,105 newly bound volumes were collated and
prepared for circulation. The increase in pamphlets and parts
over the previous year is 847.
The Library now comprises a collection of almost 23,000 vol-
umes and pamphlets. Our current periodical and serial file ap-
proximates goo titles, and from this source, we received over 7,390
numbers, or, parts of publications, by exchange, gift, purchase, or
by publication.
Reference Work
We have had, as usual, our quota of teachers, students, artists,
authors, nurserymen, landscape architects, journalists, and even
bookshops, asking for help, either in person or through cor-
respondence, or by telephone. Over 1,350 reference questions
were answered in the library, and of these one-third were asked
y the general public. —
How deeply rooted the connection is between the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden and the practical life of the financial and com-
mercial world may be shown by two or three instances here cited.
Two of the largest utility companies of Manhattan, having <a
common electrical laboratory, sent one of their pathologists for
an article which contained an illustration of a chisel forceps.
This forceps would enable him to obtain samples for a culture of
the diseased part of timber without splitting the wood. A firm of
financial agents and bankers, of lower New York, telephoned
96
for the loan of a volume, in order to photostat an article. (Their
engineer delayed his departure for Mexico until he received the
photostat.) The librarian of a large advertising agency of the
metropolitan district of New York telephoned for the loan of
a number of agricultural titles.
Fic. 13. Artists painting Iris along the Brook, Brooklyn Botanic
Garden. May 25. (50957.
A member of the Public Service Commission of Louisiana wrote
asking for all the information we could give him on the Ramie
plant. We sent him a bibliography of about thirty citations, a copy
of the article in Bailey’s Cyclopedia of Agriculture, and he was also
réterred: fo the UW. S:. Department of Acriculture, and: the. U.S:
Department of Commerce, for any later bulletins these depart-
ments might be preparing for publication.
It is almost too bizarre to conjure up the thought of a vaude-
ville artist asking the help of a Botanic Garden library for his
professional “trick.” Yet such was actually the case. Contrast
this with the request of a pre-medical student at Columbia Uni-
versity asking for all the information we could give him concern-
ing Vesalius; or a professor of a university is given a list of
97
titles on drug plants and illustrations of medicinal plants; or a
former university professor, and an authority on gutta percha,
pores over, our file of the Malayan Agricultural Journal.
In order to set up a tropical scene at a flower show, a horticul-
tural society of a nearby state writes for a list of titles containing
plates of tropical plants growing in communities.
An artist desires to see colored illustrations of cane sugar, so
that she may illustrate an economic botany for the southern states
as an advertisement for a popular “ soft” drink; or another artist
calls for illustrations of cultivated flowers to be used as designs
in the making of wood blocks; or, an author who is writing a
book on flower arrangement and floral designs is given all possible
help.
Requests for books and seed catalogs on Roses, Iris, Cacti,
Houseplants, Evergreens, and Rock Gardens, are perennial.
Accessions
Of the larger sets acquired we might mention Curtis’s Botanical
Magazine, London, 152 volumes, 1787-1927, and the Annals of
Botany, London, 42 volumes, 1887-1927. We were fortunate in
securing complete sets of these much used publications, as both
titles were on our shelves as deposits, through the generosity of
the Brooklyn Public Library, with the understanding that the
volumes were to be returned when needed, and certainly just as
soon as any part of the new building could house them.
We also secured the valuable Die Landwirtschaftlichen Ver-
suchs-Stationen, 106 volumes, 1859-1927; Beitrage zur Biologie
der Pflanzen, 5 volumes; Jahresbericht der Vereinigung ... der
angewandten Botantk, volumes 1-16; Anales Sociedad Cientifica
Argentina, volumes 89-100; Annali di Botanica, Rome, volumes
I-17. e also acquired Gustav Hegi’s [llustrierte Flora von Mit-
tel-Europa, 11 volumes, and Konrad and Maublane’s Icones Se-
lectae Fungorum, volumes 1-3, 1924-27.
In view of the development of the Rose Garden, it may be
interesting to mention that we ies Ellen Willmott’s The Genus
Rosa, drawings by Alfred Parsons, 1g14, 2 volumes; Schleiden’s
Die Rose. Geschichte und Symbolié in Ethnographischer und
Kulturlustorischer Besiehung. Ein Versuch, 1873; and eleven
98
volumes of the Rose Annual, the organ of the National Rose So-
ciety, Croydon, England.
Some of the titles added to the Pre-Linnaean collection, and
purchased with the Gager Fund, are the Herbarius Latinus,
printed in Venice, in 1499, and belonging to the incunabula. This
copy is the second edition of the Herbarius Latinus printed in
Italy, and reprinted from the 1491 edition of Achates.
Charles Estienne’s De re Hortensi Libellus . . ..1536; Colu-
mella’s De re Rustica, Libri xii, 1541; Histoire des Plantes de M.
Leonhart Fuschsius, avec les noms Grecs, Latins, & Fracoys, 1549,
the first French edition of this work “Sietihins de Lobel’s Kruydt-
bosek-...2 TERESI: Ferrante Intpe sat ’s Dell Historia Naturale
. Libri xxviii, 1599
Francesco Redi’s LEsperienge Intorno ... 1671; Nicholas
Culpepper’s English Physician Enlarged, 1676; A. Q. Rivinus’
Introductio Generalis in Rem Herbariam, 2 volumes, 1690-91.
The Compleat Gard’ner ... by the Famous Monsr. de la Quin-
tinye .. . made English by John Evelyn, Esquire, 1693. Leeu-
wenhoek’s Opera Ommnia, 4 volumes, 1695-1719. Joseph Pitton
de Tournefort’s Histoire des Plantes... aux Environs de Paris
er Of
Ceti aiins Praeludia Botanica . . . 1703; Anthologia sive de
Floris Natura ... by Pontedera, 1720; Colonna’s Plantarum
Aliquot ... Historia... 1744; John Hill’s Eden, or a Com-
pleat Body of Gardening .. . 1757.
The Gager Fund also eciitad the Annals of Botany, 42 volumes,
and the Annali de Botanica, 14 volumes; Willmott’s Genus Rosa,
2 volumes, 1914; Penzig and Saccardo’s [cones Fungorum Javani-
corum, 2 volumes, 1904; Gunther’s Herbal of Apuleius Barbarus,
from the early twelfth-century manuscript ieee in the Abbey
of Bury St. Edmunds, 1925.
Forty-one volumes were added to the Boys’ and Girls’ Club
Room collection, bringing the total to 240 volumes. Eleven vol-
umes were also donated to the Children’s Garden House collection.
Periodicals and Serials
New titles added to the current list of periodicals and serials
are the Report, and Bulletin, of the Department of Agriculture,
3)
Kenya Colony and Protectorate, Africa; Bulletin of the American
Dahlia Society, Inc.; Archives de Botanique, Mémoires, Caen;
Beitrdige sur Biologie der Pflanzen; Arbeiten, Jardin du Botan-
ique Treub-Laboratorium, Buitenzorg ; Botanical Papers issued by
the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Penna.
. La Costa Azzurra Agricola, Floreale, Sanremo; Memoirs, Cot-
ton Research Station, Trinidad, of the Empire Cotton Growing
Corporation; Mededeelingen, Proefstation Midden-Java, Java;
Memoirs, College of Agriculture of the Kyoto Imperial University,
Kyoto, Japan; Lotos, Naturwissenschaftliche Zeitschrift; National
Horticultural Magazine, Washington, D. C.; New Jersey Dahlia
News; Oxford Forestry Memoirs; Mededcelingen, Phytopatholog-
isch Laboratorium “ Willie Commelin Scholten,’ Amsterdam ;
Roosevelt Wild Life Annals, Scientific Monthly; Scottish Forestry
Journal; Bulletin, Société Botanique de Bulgarie; Reports, Swe-
dish Institute of [xperimental Forestry, Stockholm; Bulletin,
new series, Department of Agriculture, Tasmania; Arshefte,
Troms Museum, Vroms¢, Norway.
Binding
Over 450 volumes were prepared and forwarded for binding
in the early part of the year. This number, together with 651
volumes forwarded in December, 1927, were returned in 1928,
and the total, 1,105 newly bound volumes, were collated and
prepared for use. In December, 1928, we forwarded another 211
volumes, including about 2,100 annual reports, bulletins, and cir-
culars of agricultural experiment stations and U. S. Bulletins.
888 volumes were formed, and accessioned, by the binding
of completed serials, periodicals, and documents.
Inter-Library Loans
Twenty-two titles were loaned to the Brooklyn Museum; Co-
lumbia University; Carnegie Institution of Washington, Cold
Spring Harbor, Long Island; Long Island College ; Princeton Uni-
versity; University of Pennsylvania; Medical Society of the
- County of Kings; Rockefeller Institute, New York.
Fifty-five books were borrowed for the Garden staff from the
100
Fic. 14. A corner of the Shakespeare Garden, showing bird house
presented by Scout E. C. Noble. September 4. (6584.)
101
American Museum of Natural History; Brooklyn Museum;
Brooklyn Public Library; Columbia University ; Rockefeller In-
stitute; Arnold Arboretum; Medical Society of the County of
Kings.
Miscellaneous
271 volumes were transferred during the year to the Overflow
Collection, bringing the total of volumes in this collection to 3,497.
New stacks for the balcony and the second floor of the stack
room are urgently needed, for as we go on binding state and
federal documents, these titles, when returned bound, need more
shelf space. In addition valuable time is lost in transferring vol-
umes from the overcrowded main collection, which could well be
spent in more useful work.
The library was represented at the Annual Meeting of the
Special Libraries Association at Washington, May 21-25, 1928.
The libraries of the United States Department of Agriculture,
Bureau of Plant Industries, Bureau of Home Economics, National
Academy of Sciences, National Herbarium, and the National Mu-
seum, were visited.
On April 21st the librarian visited with the New York Regional
Catalogue Group the Philadelphia libraries and museums.
An exhibit of nursery and seed catalogs, on file in the Garden
library, was arranged for in early spring. These catalogs in-
cluded information on rock garden plants; native plants of the
eastern and western United States, and European Alpines. Post
card bulletins were sent to members advising them of this exhibit.
Exhibits of seed catalogs and books germane to the subject of
the five Flower Days were also shown.
An appropriate display of beautifully illustrated volumes, and
monographs and works relating to the rose and rose culture, was
held on Spring Inspection Day.
For list of donors and gifts see Appendix 1.
The statistical report follows:
102
STATISTICAL REPORT ON THE LIBRARY
Accessions
Parts (Including
Volumes Pamphlets Periodicals)
8
TSG NEEM Sede hh eaten one ge hn es 7 212 4,626
METER efi, eee eigen are ee a II5 306 1,420
Lit 7) OUR C21 5 (ul ot lesa ae Parcs fees scene ) 169 376
PSUCUIIOG. ca teeya reser ee ioe en eo 560 8 962
dS GU. Rag eee ARS Om eet UE ee Doan Re 888 0 0)
fT) cyt Rie er cr ae Br ocean es ame een ee ) 2 9
PINCH re Vantec en Gen Ga ae eee ees 1,650 607 7,303
Total number of volumes in library, December 31, TORN oe mertel tf: 11,674
Number of yolumes: added during 1028 ..wioe. .ee eee 1,650
Total number of volumes in library, December 31, 1 ee a 13,324
Total number of pamphlets in library, December BLO OTe aera k 8,902
Number of pamphlets added during 1928...............00-005-00-. o7
Total number of pamphlets in library, December 31, Tob aen hs 0,590
Total number of volumes and pamphlets in library, December 31, 1927 20,576
Number of volumes and pamphlets added during 1928............. 2,347
Total number of volumes and pamphlets in library, December 31, 1928 22,923
Serials, Periodicals, and Documents
SHUN NON Sheek eel gry uc ant al NaC ci Ag) Rs 08
1A NCP er sO caren nee $e augrtoye era 78
IE Ch AM Meee ara occ see peepee ens tune Pa ee ee een are de * 685
Door onan: carta oe cccln et eve CA er Ses ee II
POTN es es ee eee el ace tie nty Poeicri as Aas he A ot 872
Cataloguing
Books, Pamphlets, and Serials catalogued..............ecce------e 1,404
Total number of cards typewritten and filed....................... 2,834
Printed Cards
Torrey Botanical Club index cards on file, December Biits BIOTA AY nen 37,428
Pilegeclttring O28). hs ss st eye 1,153
103
Index Algarum Universalis cards, December 31, 1927.............. 24,419
Number of cards received during 1928....... 0.0... c eee eee ee eens (a)
Total Index Algarum Universalis cards, December 31, 1928......... 24,419
Catalogue en fiches de la Bibliographie Technique et Agricole Tropi-
cale, Institut Colonial de Marseille, received during 1928......... 3,438
Miscellaneous
Attendance. int ubranyeens ee aera eae Sie Ga ee Ueto Ne eer aee — 6,243
Books! loaned tommembers Ore statia-wee ns ee er ee I, IOI
Books: loanedstosothemsinstitutionS mercer eee meierhins Somme ae 22
Books borrowed from other, institutions ............0.e0serersaued 55
Respectfully submitted,
Ray SIMPSON,
Librarian.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR 1928
I. Tax Budget Accounts
1360 Personal Service:
DLOPMAtiOly cma $ 72,253.00
Transferred from Miscellaneous New
ork 3070 for Adjustment of
Personal Service and Expenses .... 2,446.50 $ 74,600. ee
Fisenend Ce tanneries eacccnrey a cua oaeereetaih ce een erie ee 74,609
1361 Other Codes than Personal Service:
Line 1 Fuel Supplies:
AD PLOpPiatlONns acer one secs oa eee eee eee ee $ 4,200.00
Bscpend ed 25 ak teak = eet te ess citi dent ae ee ear 4,200.00
Line 2 Office Supplies:
AN ICOPIGERI GTN. Gooey nadoedpopsb onal ocoodsGacaduGe $ 500.00
ESOC TIC CCM ces tn sre ees vow ee ows e sels o's ¢ ide Site pene oe 500.00
Line 3 Laundry, Cleaning and Disinfecting Supplies:
AND NLOISEMBIOS Socnuoaceduedououeon bau soedooobuts $ 80.00
Spec e Uameesene mia y Wenner cian icue even ven ose 80.00 °
' Line 4 Botanical and Agricultural Supplies:
FADO Pia bl Olle gm arosnaeeticie tape ar casee sys ter ies a ord Sees $ 1,300.00
BDI COG by eit alias acum tynre ten ers econ Heaney eee gee 1,300.00
Line 5
Line 6
Line 7
Line 8
Line 9
Line 10
Line 11
104
General Plant Supplies:
AN PROPHIAT OM: iirsor if Salcedo dae 0s) cee ee $ 350.00
LEDS qj iYoin td cla Yale GON uReSSits arene eee ere Ratner Smee me eeREY, eas Winn fe 350.00
Wearing Apparel:
IAN DPOPMMAt ON pk eins Goat i eat iinet eae ee $ 40.00
BESPENICOUE Gotan woh arecuai ine wiceres wee CAA ER, SR a ne 40.00
Office Equipment :
PAT TODEIALION ice erie e eet ee ee $ 200.00
| Bp aye) pc ctu ae pease er ner peer earraaie Pee ag Bd Re OP Uy 200.00
General Plant Equipment :
Appropriation .......... ere oa $ 1,350.00
Supplemental Appropriation (From
Miscellaneous New Yor ‘ity 3070
For Adjustments of Personal Service
ANY BCHGNSeS aerate aes nee 1,392.60 $ 2,742.60
Bicpendedaa canta asencaviaw ane cmemnnare ea ar, 2,742.60
General Plant Materials:
ADNLODiia Olan sca ae ec ean $ 1,650.00
Supplemental Appropriation (From
Miscellaneous New York City 3070
For Adjustments of Personal Service
EV Mead ip. bye 1-1) ea ara ee ere 575.00 $ 2,225.00
12) 0%) VG Ko 6 [eeeretaea aa decree aera irc ea nr Mirren i rare ane ca 2,225.00
Repairs and Replacements :
AD PLOPIMAtlOne we. a-atceaanre cess epee $ 4,000.00
Supplemental Appropriation (If rom
Miscellaneous New York City 3070
For Adjustments of Personal Service
ands "Pexpenses” apes seen cree 850.00 $ 4,850.00
Es‘ ay ch a Xa Kea acy at orca er ae rer nm erode eee PR Aer (es) hese era 4,850.00
Light, Heat and Power:
PA OCT atl Ol arina tty ances hatiaeen eae eae $ 350.00
ie Deni tl Marge teeseataeey termes oan ieee ete numer CER 350.00
105
Line 12 General Plant Service:
EST DUGP GLAU Olin tein has te cervlene syst aye nice tee ener $ 500.00
ded
Bix enc ec Maneater de otece sented much cantina. Sean yee 500.00
Line 13. Hire of Horses and Vehicles with Drivers:
PASH DO Digl a Ul Olle wes Pan eyeta are ae cree nina Mere aw ne $ 500.00
exept CC marta enn at fares Sur seets ter ae 500.00
Line 14. Telephone Service:
ANMCOMPENOIN oeoghoaadoowudubuonuodsoudBooboueT $ 325.00
FSX DENG CC mmnpreeer seni Or enie ok eens cua siete ae erate 325.00
Line 15 Carfares:
PPD Op istat1O timers teks las at cy one Se oars cee eee $ 60.00
Hscpended a ston eemntcecs Sais ors Ny ote een eee EE 60.00
Line 16 Expressage and Deliveries:
AN MROMMENNON casaeodgougdcGGnoncan ou dou ecooue Os $ 300.00
Rexcpendediv citys cranes eh asia Gis chen ae teen 300.00
Line 17. Contingencies :
PDEOp tala tl Oia ere eee eee cre eet ek ee er ees $ 100.00
led
Bisxspem dl ecleae eeaiem yee sat ice tne ean ete etn erage ca ieee SE 100.00
Summary of Tax pee: Accounts:
ADpLOpiatedamenemiy.: tee wert et sone $ 90,504.50
era Appropriation .......... 2,817.60 $ 93,322.10
Escpendedi: ca serenstns pave Shrine este ain eas eee $ 93,322.10
II. Private Funds Accounts
1. Endowment Fund ($50, 500.00) Restricted in Part:
Inco MOQ MIE Be Peete Nis ketch 8 La IS Ra ere $ 2,777.48
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 555.50
Transferred to Special Contributions ees 2,221.98 2,777.48
$ 0.00
2. Life Membership Fund ($6,500.00) Restricted:
Income Account:
Ibaleloiaal ors Copss hee cee arces caer oa eee eee tea nee eter one $ 350.61
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 70.13
Transferred to Annual Membership Account 280.48 350.61
$ 0.00
106
3. George C. Brackett Library Fund ($500.00) Restricted:
Income Account:
AlANCe MI ANARV! 1 sTO2ZO> Ancien eae $ 13.14
riGrree | Ome ricer aden sipprapeer sy eee ee 27.48 $ 40.62
Io's ach ale Leta ba meta yenien ra se Nes over nese PPR OAD Sec, $ 5.53
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 5.50 11.03
Balatice, December 31, 1028... 54. .1s eee $ 20.59
4. Benjamin Stuart Gager Memorial Fund ($13,417.20) Restricted:
Income Account:
Balance, sanitaty 7. 1028 3 see Ses OOO
LIFIEC{C) 4 LevOee fo ager pe nave Rela ep eA OENe "on Ase 7R7i02
Transferred from Collections Fund ....... 160.00 $1,573.04
BONA AY ceo ssi, ae clench water eee ee ce $ 1,374.04
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 147.58 1,521.62
Balance: December 3, 1028 2.446. nc. vied one een $ 52.32
5. Martha Woodward Stutzer Memorial Fund ($10,000.00) Restricted:
Income Account:
Balance: elaniatyy 1102). ce tear en $ 204.19
GGT PT OZE pune cee Mae ene ene aan, 550.00 $ 844.19
Expended COCR ATT Tire Be area Cn $ 27.57
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 110.00 137.57
balance “iecember 41, 21020 <1 ..ce each eee $ = 706.62
6. Mary Bates Spalding Fund ($2,697.00) Restricted:
Income Account :
alance, January I, 1928 «......... Satie $ 155.72
itemise vee ysitny te eee rea ae 148.32 $ | 304.04
TU Pen ed career mee Tee $ 176.00
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 29.66 205.66
Balances. Wecemper 31, T0264 Gas tess ese ee $ 98.38
7. Special Account W. ($243,149.27) Restricted:
Income Account:
alanGe.? \anair ls TO26 - 5-05 cha os aye $ 267.65
INGOMMe OSG. aus pn Cea eee atin ae 13,373.20 $ 13,640.85
Tel pte NLsha V0 (16 | og eee eR mere $ 150.67
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 2,674.04
Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 10,500.00 13,325.31
balances Wecember si, LO2k cee oat seem ree Sra) 35-54
8. A. dca aera Bequest ($9,798.31) Restricted:
ncome
Income os I ee yl TE MED e nae Sr SE Oe ae OE $ 538.88
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 107.78
Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 431.10 538.88
$ 0.00
9. Robert B. Woodward Bequest ($25,000.00) Restricted:
Income Account:
COMERLOLS 2. shat okie ecaiowe | ictal May ge eae ey $ 1,375.00
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ — 275.00
Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 1,100.00 1,375.00
$ 0.00
10. Alfred T. White Memorial Tablet Fund ($3,880.85) Restricted:
Income Account :
NN COME MPO SO te rrosycrs vents oar ran lie: epee ec eer cena at aitee eugene teas Tk 213.92
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 42.78
Transferred to Special Contributions ..... 171.14 213.92
$ 0.00
ir. Brooklyn Institute Centennial lund B, B. G. Share ($30,000.00) Re-
stricted:
Income Account :
ir COTMe HELO ZS yeaa e ee ee ce ea ery ane ee $ 1,650.00
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 330.00
Transferred to Special Contributions ..... 1,320.00 1,650.00
0.00
12. John D. eee: ., Lund ($250,000.00) Restricted:
Income Accour
Balance, Tay Tyo 1020 se eat ae $ 3,701.88
liyavexorantes ioe iree nce droo de ba en eo cae 13,750.00 $ 17,451.88
BEGET Ce Clare gts cay inet Sere ceaty cra eres ver mated $ 4,563.61
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 2,750.00
Transferred to Special Contributions ..... 7,401.39 14,715.00
Balances ecemper a1, 1026) ss acacia meee $ 2,736.88
108
13. Citizens Endowment Fund ($253,920.26) Restricted:
Income Account:
AN rota) vk aah i 6) ca PER eM RD ole $ 13,966.10
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $2,793.22
Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 11,172.88 13,966.10
$ 0.00
14. Sustaming Membership. Restricted:
Received from Cues TOLR vorrei ea eee eee $ 566.46
ransterred’ to Annual Membership: .4:..<. serra oe 549.80
Walance,. December 31 1026 ss. e ee ov se ee es $ 16.66
15. Annual Membership. Restricted:
Roolames siamo. 0. TODG 5 oes eta ve $ 1,856.67
Received. trom dues 1028 .....5 6s vents ees 6,040.00
Transferred from Life Membership ........ 280.48
Transferred from Sustaining Membership ... 549.80
Transferred from Special Purposes (Printing
Blower (Games Booklets): 2... 0, -s00105 20.00 $ 8,746.95
NERO OTM CCl onetime te teeta eto an Sn ne Ne ee eet $ 4,361.34
Transferred to Special Contributions ........ 1,620.00 5,081.34
Balance, December 21-1028 — acne ta eeea ee $ 2,765.61
16. Tuition and Sales. Restricted:
Blanes, lanier’, 128) 21056 oes eh een $282.47
Received 1928:
AGA tL it (bh eae ae) one RCO ar 1,730.70
ATS TURIN ETC ci: ar eo NE Oct 5,583.67
Ge DELO Oty Caterer ey igre ao eee ee 153.60
ee ire ieel Prienise crc tals be eget eae 50.84 $ 7,786.18
leo wich «CRE geaeneey eres athe Pare IC otal rian at $ 4,677.17
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 1,008.21
Transferred to Special Contributions ....... 1,000.00 6,685.38
Dalanes, December 41,1020 4.014. So $ 1,100.80
17. Botanic Garden Collections Fund 1928. Restricted:
Balances Janitacy ty TOl8 ee ee ee $ 3,795.18
Reeerved MOM uMGentriputions: .1¢..-0 ss see es 7,420.25
Transferred from Special Purposes (Lillies
Ont the: Walley) ine a fe ee eee 13.00
—
Transferred from Special Purposes (Rose
n
Transferred from Special Purposes (Hills
HS Ton BUR CS) eee w Wid (a fac ater eer ree ean 1,405.00 $ 12,633.96
expended Mersey rae peer pecist eon he hvtast cheperekess $ 8,048.15
Transferred to Benjamin Stuart Gager Me-
anol Jl. SgacgouscuunucoboecouoesoUr 160.00
Transferred to Special Purposes (Iris Fund) 242.48 9,350.63
BalanceswyDecember 31, 1920 ...-...2... 06s. nereee soe $ 3,283.33
18. Special Fund (Brooklyn Institute General Endowment In-
e: Annual Allotment) Restricted:
Income Hecate
UTCOME | TODS eset Sate ete pace eee eee ore Me sae attake esc eeyrarate $ 2,500.00
Transferred to Special Contributions ................ 2,500.00
$ 0.00
19. Cary Library F'und ($10,000.00—1/5 of Income to Brooklyn
Botanic Garden) Sestricted:
Beene: ANUAGY; cle LO2LSE ee seperate etre $ YE)
Income Allotment 1928 ............2.200005 110.00 $ 182.27
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund ...........- 22.00
Balance = December 301028) eeracien ie. eater ee tetera, $ 160.27
20. Special Purposes. Restricted by Terms of Gifts:
Balancessantainye le O20 case reenter serge $ 3,021.36
Received :
a. Anonymous for Japanese Garden ....... 2,100.00
b. Various, for Test Garden for Japanese
Iris (including transfer from Collections
[RU bhaY ak) Yay cepen ternary ete areas west peat alae 470.90
c. Special Gifts for Children’s Work ..... 109.50
de Galis) Boulder Bridgve a ss. 2-. see 1,441.00 $ 7,148.76
TEbotejptovn Cal cXa le ette enemy apr oc nae a mere eae ate $ 3,674.62
Transferred to Collections Fund ........... 1,418.53
Transferred to Annual Membership ........ 20.00 5a0Ts. 05
Balance \ecember 31, TO28 ....2... ona eae: $ 2,035.61
21. Plant Pathology Research Fund. Restricted:
Balances Janay, [1028 wenmne son eeranere $ 3,004.30
eOMme elO2S a ere Pee es ee eerie a eegs 5,000.00 $ 8,004.30
1B 569 nena (cle Pigaepres yee yee rr cen ne eee aoa $ 607.69
Transferred to Special Contributions ....... 4,040.00 5,247.69
Balances: Wecemben sin TO2On a ras see ee aaectoie) oe een $ 2,756.61
110
22. Special Contributions (for 1928 only):
8
Balances ianiary: 11029 25s sc ds eee S. 17254
Transferred from
Endowment Fund oe ACCOUNT. 32450, 2,221.98
Special Account W. Income Account ...... 10,500.00
A. Augustus Healy ee Income Account 431.10
R. B. Woodward Bequest Income Account 1,100.00
A. T. White Memorial Tablet Fund Inc. Acct 171.14
Brooklyn Inst. Centennial Fund Inc. Acct.. 1,320.00
J. D. Rockefeller, Jr., Fund Income Account 7,401.39
Citizens Endowment Fund ain Account — 11,172.88
Annual Membership Account ............. 1,620.00
Special Fund (Inst. oe Endowment ) 2,500.00
Plant Pathology Research Fund ......... ,640.0
Tuition and Sales Elementary Instruction. . 1,000.00 $ 44,251.03
PO PCMUEG ees cag eeea aha seat eees en 43,487.75
Balance, December; 31,1028: 4 3.40.245554.; eee ee $ 763.28
23. Endowment Increment Fund ($60,274.55) Restricted:
ransferred from other accounts 1928....... $ 10,922.00
EET GS te MODS ere ee eee ga cue ee ea 2,650.26 $ 13,581.26
Pranerer rad tose mini pal. ei. sane sy ee eee 13,581.26
$ 0.00
Summary of Private Funds Accounts:
Balances; fanwary Ts 1028) 2. ee ee $ 17,283.29
PniGomiet AG corer eee ice ne 85,173.61 $102,456.90
| BBS gu [es 6.67 ghee ag sy en nes eee ree Aruna gape $ 72,054.14
gies ei to Endowment Increment Fund
PMT GIP all paver ee eet ee eee ete er ee 13,581.26 85,635.40
Balances, Weeember 21, 1028 29.44.26... eee eee $ 16,821.50
III. Summary of Total Maintenance Budget for 1928
Income
Tax Budget Appropriation (47.7%) ............ $ 93,322.10
Private unds. Budget (523%) =. aun, ee 102,450.90
BLE Cela ns eee aene ey ie Neato cer are te aie es Cheaters A oumaie $195,779.00
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund Principal....... 13,581.26
AIAN” Naa Ra Oe op ean tae i et ae irs indel, SN ea ara Ieyeg eee ee $182,197.74
allt
Expended
Personal Service
‘Webe Bhackye Gadeoaaedon odosn odes $ 74,699.50
RiivatemmuindSwercre ee tise neo 43,487.75
AEG Call erred ney a Ment Soar t tuys ere ey tat ales ouster $118,187.25
Other than Personal Service
Weibe 1 BIWGIMAE. oe dg 6 o00s ob aceGboGso oe $ 18,622.60
[Prahienes Jee Sonodoseodesooeeouer 28,560.39
a ea ee ene eae ea $ 47,188.99 $165,376.24
Balances) ecemlpetuesine OLR sa ery scien cnet tier $ 16,821.50
Beebe tally submitted,
Danie C. Downs,
Secretary and Accountant.
Note:—The above “ Financial Statement” is a transcript of
Brooklyn Botanic Garden accounts in the books of the Treasurer
of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. The Treasurer’s
accounts are audited annually by a Public Accountant, and a
separate audit of this “ Financial Statement ’’ is not made in order
to save unnecessary expense.
G. Foster SMITH,
Treasurer.
APPENDIX 1
GIFTS RECEIVED DURING 1928
Collections Fund
Miss E. Addie Austin
Frank L. Babbott
Mrs. George M. Boardman
Walter H. Crittenden
Mrs. John R. Delafield
Otto Ebel
Walter Ebel
Gates D. Fahnestock
John W. Frothingham
Mr. and Mrs. James M. Hills
Miss C. Julie Husson
Edward A. Ingraham
ee W. Jenkins
. A. S. Kirkman
Mise Hlida Loines
Miss Florence E. Longstreet
William G. Low
=o . Wm. W. Marshall
Geer V. McLaughlin
. Morse
. Grace Pullman Perkins
George D. Pratt
112
Mrs. Nathaniel W. Pratt Mrs. B. T. Van Nostrand
William A. Putnam a (G WN
rs. William A. Putnam Mrs. Edward Weck
Harold Somers Miss Frances E. White
Dr. Edward H. Squibb Harold T. White
Mrs. Seth Thayer Stewart Miss Harriet H. White
Miss Elizabeth - Stoughton Miss Mary Blackburne Woodward
Herman Stutze Woman’s Club, New Rochelle, N. Y
Mrs. Herman eee
Living Plants
American Rose Society, 2 Roses.
oe and Atkins, 1,287 Ros
Mrs. <P. J. Brady 3 rs ade 4 C. hirsutum.
Miss eae M. Bragg, Plants of /ris tripetala.
Dr. Fred N. Briggs, 5 Iris.
Mr. Frank W. Campbell, 8 Iris.
Mr. J. L. Coker, Plants of Jrts verna.
Mr. Henry A. Dreer (1927-28) 387 Roses
Mrs. H. M. cen 1 Achillea millefolimm rosewm.
Mr. Earle W. Fellows, 1 Camptosurus rhizophyllus.
Mr. Thomas M. Fendall, 3 Iris.
Mireetl blarris, 2 Dracaena fragrans.
Mr. Roy Hart, 45
Dr. Harris ee 17. Ji:
Mr. A. L, Keysner, 1 Echinocactus Wishzent.
Miss Susan C. cee Plants of Iris verna.
Mr. Franklin B. Mead,
Oregon Gardens, 6 ae if eo, 2 P. rigida.
Miss Isabella Preston, 11 Iris.
Mr. Ernest Schupp, 1 Datura suaveolens.
Mr. Ralph W. Shreve, 68 plants, as 17 species.
Mr. Augustus C. Sulzer, 1 Opun
Miss Venetia €. Taylor, 2 eE dium acaule, 1 Erythronum ameri-
canum, 1 Trillium erectum, 1 T. undulatum, 3 Podophyllum peltatum,
6 Linaria canadensis, 3 pees multiflorum.
The New Brunswick Nurseries (1927-28)-770 Roses.
The Rose Farms (1927—28) 167 Roses.
The Wayside Gardens Co., 27 Iris.
Miss Maude E. Voris, 24 Lilies, 7 Roses.
Mr. P. Weller, Weller eee Gor eine. wig eis:
Mr. L. Herman Wreckland, 1 Mangifera indica.
118
Seeds
Mrs. George Brown (1) Prof. Hugo De Vries (2)
Mr. Lorenz Cantor (7) Mr. G. P. Englehardt (2)
Mie aeaties Danner) Mr. Lowell C. Frost (4)
Phanerogamic Herbarium
Prof. W. P. Collam, 15 specimens from Utah.
Dr. J. A. Drushel, 12 specimens.
Mr. Norman Taylor, ror specimens from the Catskill Mountains, N. Y.
Mrs. Mary Ormsbee Whitton, 185 specimens collected in Norway.
Cryptogamic Herbarium
No accessions by gift during 1928.
Iris Project
Special Fund
\volibtvan: IelWilevds(olieeas seeocouGeest ons ocucdcIGro Ros booprnce usc $ 100.00
LEED Ch bie See SII Cries. ee on cetera tren cd cee cet yige tht yma tee 5.00
IMbeS, Whaler JBL, IPYrekinevadleas. sosgaupodoesdoausondocouonouc donc 29.32
iNaiontenin lia SWiceinas eres on eee Mee aoe Gee Soe er eno 100.00
Byatorol hiaks leojenante (Cennelosvw | jh ayn pes oo soaa Oo Caua some sco 242.48
$ 476.80
Plants
Gifts of Plants for the Iris Project are listed on page 62.
For Boulder Bridge
Mbes, Ji@lesn ~TEMUBs hg ook 0 ooo an Orci tre een ence RRO ee eae ea $1,441.00
Miscellaneous
For Japanese Garden
/Nitovew saloon genoa eno 50 28 bode cor sess manok od eotee $2,100.00
Special Gifts for Children’s Work
PATHONN IM OUS — shress tine ss cpialeurds aeveoe bese re ornig nds 2 ge aa gm ceo 100.00
INirswe Glentwontl bee BUtlenen snc crctcccsccceie ses aue cutest esas 9.00
iFiramlz IMIGRIa0i ean owe pau do co wooo pea raa roe coon Te ose cuooone 50
114
Library
Booxs
Prof. Oakes Ames, University Museum, Cambridge, Mass. ........ I
Walter Baker & Company, a Franklin Street, New York Pett eT
Mistelo; tele Bartletts Brooklyn, Ne Yo, 457, . ce eee eee, I
Brooklyn Botanic Garden ee (IODA Gc ie ee eee I
Brooklyn, Department of Parks, Brooklyn, N.Y. :if@oe I
Mrs. Paul Casamajor, 372 Greene Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y......... 4
Carnegie Institution of Washington, ns leer ee hr ces 4
Misseicatiiawn i. (Glare <Broolelyi< N: Veins: ee es oe I
Mr. G. Claridge Druce, Secretary of the Botanical Society & Exchange
5 of the British Isles, Yardley Lodge, 9 Crick Road, Oxford,
Pe en 2 rere renee ee rom att. Oo emma I
ce Ls Vv Soslereinh. 127 Clinton Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y....... 14
Mirchi. .@. Polger, iroollyn, N. Yost: <i nce ee eens «es 10
ee ae Fiyde’ Poster, Elmhurst, New Jersey. -eieeeee-:.. I
Mrs. Lewis W. Francis, 81 Remsen Street, Brocka IN eee ohus 7
Dre ae Stier Gaser Broolivn. Wie Xs 3. vans) see eee te ee 15
Mise aotart waarer,rooklyn. Ne Vin pp cece es bane ee i
Missy Prudence Gager, Rrooelwn, Ne Yao bce. sou ees kde kee se I
Geological Survey of Alabama, University, Alabama................ I
Mr. Bernard Goodman, 756 Nostrand Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y....... ]
Master Jack Goodman, 756 Nostrand Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y....... I
Dm arthritis: Graves! Brooklyn, Ne Yi: ie.s<as oie eee 2
Group of older boys & girls from Boys’ & Girls’ Glub.:.492....7.24 II
THiokkaido Imperial University, Sapporo, Japan....2.<....9- 0.0.04 20. I
DeCrstare Obstate for India in Council... <...:. meee ye. I
Jaen Madcon bueh-seno0l, Biology Club. =... ae weeeec...- 2 2
Dr, (Ernest Lehmann, Tibingen, Germany .s5..0. esha e bs does ec eres I
Maxwell Training School for Teachers, Brooklyn, N. Y............... I
Mrs. Joseph Midas, 445 Rogers Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y......... ee eel
NGtiess Glo Otabe om es, Brooklyn Noy so ye ee ae 5
National Fourth Chun San University, University Library, Nanking,
aig So eaters taint ee aaa ote tia Sch ck apne | ane Skee se I
National Research Council of Japan, Tokyo, Japan.................. I
ewark Museum, Newark, New Jersey..............-..002- Bee cane I
New York State Conservation Committee, Albany, N. Y........... I
Mrs. Emma Peirce, 1776 15th Avenue W., Vancouver, B. C........... I
Ste Brisid’s Schools Broolivn: aN, Yeats ene os. eee eee oo Fees 1
Miss~ Agnes’ Shaw, Highland Flall, doilidaysbute, elated ose I
Miss Eilensiiddyeshaw, Brooleiyn, No Yo eceos... seen ees or es I
Mr. Harry Dodd Sheldon, on Stuyvesant Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.. I
Nisceaw dail psoms sb rOOivit. IN... Voce terns nde ete e nee ha ene I
The Smithsonian aed Gy tien LD Gree ooh ue ere es I
115
A Alys Sutcliffe, Brooklyn, a Vict Mises, Asc eotn aOR ccs eee tee I
| INioiranghst. “Aenloyee 1eimoye)dkinnty dNieNesoa nn eg onc sh cnana aut ba coe coon 1
nee ag Society, ape Gardens, Koishikawa, Tokyo,
FA Od OPO OI OO DE OG. eo Oso oo Cer re eteoeciry Hoot eiOrc 0-0 -G-e-Oed I
Mr, E. Salen Turner, Director of Forestry, State Forest Service,
eliline tone Ne weeHealandimm seins oe seat i ten ener erete I
United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Te 6
Mitsseee laa esse alecrn oenelis bert cl yy) Gi tryst ces ckes teeaeer eee ree neat Rete I
Miss Meta Weihl, P. S. 130, Brooklyn, N. Y..............0ce0 eee: 1
Ng) eeu laces eie esc coment tee to ke cces ead cetIOR vals Reem ee RE eae ch eA MrT bok cy OTC id 115
PAMPHLETS
American Colony, PB. ©.-Box 10, Jerusalem, Palestine.........-.... 2
Brooklyn Museum Library, Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y......... 5
Dr. Betty Watt Brooks, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa......... I
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C............. 3
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Genetics, Cold
jal tater Eh doles rae Cote omer ee ae seen o oda oe oeed 21
Protewr. Robert Chodat, Geneva, Switzerland... nee 19
Dr. Leonard Cockayne, Ngaio, New Zealand.......... 0.006 e eee eee 3
Dr. Carl Correns, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany............ 000s eee ee eee 2
mee pee er A. Farwell, Box 488, Detroit, Michigan...............-- I
. Wladimir W. Finn, Kiev, Ukraine, Narawejeuskeja 17-3...... I
For Policy Association, 18 East 41st Street, New York.......... 2
ree Gee stuanteGacenmoboOkhyn, ING Xo. cee foe ee cree ee we eich cee 163
Prof. R. Ruggles Gates, King’s Sek ies (eondont Englandiiencse nt ee
Dreanle Goebel: a Nicimicl are Gi ativar eters tit eer octet et ac Weteter. 6
Dr. Hubert D. Goodale, Williamstown, MiaSSii ce enon nee ees 9
IDs, JNrdaie. lol, (Creche [einer dhicl ING Mesagpencn cane soda dadoadencdes 2
Dr. Benjamin C. Gruenberg, 370 7th Avenue, New York City........ I
DiseAlfred. Gundersen? BrooklymeiNy Yon. en et re cree 12
Dr. Roland M. Harper, University, Alabama.....................05. 2
Prof. Joseph Edward Kirkwood, State haces, Missoula, Montana. 8
Dr. Albert E. Longley, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D.C. 2
Dr. Biagio Longo, Instituto Botanico della R. Universita di Pisa, Pisa,
IBIRF cop oo Bo oan Gin eRe ECD a Oi eee ecerceersr ora I
Mr. Lucien Reychler, Saint-Nicolas (Waes) Belgium................ 2
Rothamsted Experiment Station, Department of Mycology, Harpenden,
Giri. Wiedbwlegoce nonkbees ols Roop ADE RouGo Tuecm mca shied 5
Dr. Harold St. John, State College of Washington, Pullman, Wash:
ITS HOY Dt Sistecar ERA ped ca ree RE ee ee rae eran er ee Ne a I
Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw, B tare INE Geet Gated edged tro 2
Miscmayesimpson, Brooklyn, Nw Y....-5.-.- 0.0.02. . tes ese eens I
Dr. coe ius J. Sirks, Se olan ae, Seether erie croeeeas 5
116
Dr. J. Valchenier Suringar, eee Tlollan dors aae ee ae ao 2
Prof. Tydézabur6 Tanaka, 42 West 124th Street, New York City.... 17
Mr. Norman Taylor, Brooklyn, N. Y.. eighties Gate Mates een eee ee ee I
Dr. Hermann Zillig, Berncastel-Cues a.d. Mosel, Germany.......... 2
SBE rape ieee eth ates ory tes ies say eee oe 306
Parts oF PUBLICATIONS
(Exclusive of Government Documents)
American ‘Colony, P. O. Box 19, Jerusalem, Palestine................ 14
wunenioanee ales tetera. (lord... 722. oak ac ee ee ae 80
American ecient Society. Washington. (os. (G,-2 feet e 22
Mir reniy J, baldwin, Berlin IN, A. 2)... as.cenges eee a ome ec 2
Bartlett Tree Teyhortonies, Stamford, _Conn. 8 Har oie ns pan are I
Dikalpa benedict, -Broollyn, N: Vion) pawn. eee alas 160
Block Garden Guild of Long Tea N. ee fi po I
Brooklyn Museum Library, Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y......... 36
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C............. I
Chicago Academy of Sciences, ae BOO 6 oll ee ane sor 2
hy earceisciumemew: York City, ci. wc 2 sau eae ee 2
The Explorers’ Club, 47 sha 76th ce Meme -Y omecCityesris.j aim 8
a WMoantacie treprerogeyn, IN. Voice. 1 .ue re ee etree tae 12
C. Stuart Gager, Soca Ns aaa to te ies AN ome aterm OTT
ane Club of America, 598 Madison Avenue, New York City...... 3
General Lord Sterling Society, National Society, Children of the
merican tah , 649 East roth Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.. 3
Dr. Arthur H. Gra fee klar, Ns We co Gi eeeess ee ee e ae 2
Dr. Alfred cea Estee: Ne Na ee ee ee oe I
Hokkaido Prefectoral Government, Sapporo, Nippon, Japan.......... 5
i ae Society of New York, 598 Madison Avenue, New York
Dr. pee Ihehimanun eh upireen, Gerniaiy nc een cen pee eee I
National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, Transportation Building,
National Plant, Flower & Fruit Guild, 70 Fifth Avenue, New York
HIS fsa hss Stats a va ncavetys Age oe to aa ee Teta Ae ees I ce. 2
National: Research Council of Japan, Tokyo; Japaniesc.t4e.......: I
cS igre caapel erin Germanys. asin ee ee ees, Bee 2
elliny i Newakle, iNew) CrS@yii. uw: stmt an eee kare 2k 1
New York: Academy of Sciences, 77th Street & Central Park West,
TSS Taig a el sy ge a Sere COG | eer 30
New: wore teity, Jepattment-of bMealth.¢.....4....4e404 ssa eee ek 45
Now sYorks Pubic iethrar: New York Citvr, .4...:.e0ee tales ae 3
Mr. H. H. Peach, Dryad Works, St. Nicholas Street, Leicester, Eng. 1
Mr. Winfried Roelker, 12a Monroe Street, Brooklyn, N. Y........... 20
117
Miss Helen E. Saunders, 454 Seventh Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y......... 5
School Garden Association of New York............ 0... e eee eee ee 18
Missabilen tiddyeshaw, Brooklyn, IN. Y..........°..-5.....2 ene. 12
Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith, eee er ING@wWYOrtk ns i 2eeu en eee I
Mr. ore Taydkoies, J exdore) dhe Ni NE, Gea cn any ooe snobs Caos 4
Wild Flower Preservation Seeey, Washing tone 1)! (Ge eee ener 5
aes ee Farm & Garden Association, 155 East 42d Street,
INE os fe (Gaara ee ie Pree ae err Be Ve eee coed ree ici
Rel reece alee te eee en enn eee an aan eee pnt oct 591
Horticultural Society of New York, Inc.
MEE Giariinn, IMepOidis. Seo puauoran ee MaMa aGrdds bo Uoongu ho cvaod UUs I
, Portraits
IDbes (Gao 12, Cae Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New
1o( Ore) 1 « ea Puen ne een ea are ear ater Pernt ead mS Ne HEIN is hea YS a 1
Dr. Karl Cass tae Germanys. - grat oe Sie eee Remeron I
Prof, ei Ikeno, meant: of Agriculture, Imperial University,
Noise: Wella, IFieiyononencscanaonoddoodsecé coo ue SUCKS I
Dr. Frederick C. Newcombe, 1928 Vancouver Highway, Honolulu,
BULAN S overly waneieccohevattr a cicispecre Sree po getoe svt pat rs Ree he Reece Ee 1
Dr. Carl H. Ostenfeld, Director Botanisk Have, Gothersgade, 140,
RG oiloe nants IDycmbeakhiico sina as ono een rene Genco cs oda KO Gobo
Prof. Otto Rosenberg, Botaniska Institutet, Stockholm Hogskola,
Stockholm, en Bail seni ceel Metis creck Bora Pe IAs tidal Suh wea yee eats
Dr. Roland Thaxter, 7 Scott Street, Cambridge, Mass..............-.- I
Promebr. mk. Wettstemn, Oniversitat Wien, Vienna’. 2:2... ...22.5-.-. I
AU ayee beeen ae ane EIR tes rete peMT her Ae arin oO OG AOR Soot 8
For the Department of Elementary Instruction
Bartlett, Mr. L. Hall, One book for the children’s club room library.
Becker, Miss Johanna, One picture—“ Pied Piper of Hamlin.”
Blatt, Miss Natalie, $1 for the children’s club room library.
Butler, Mrs. Glentworth R., Two prize cups competed for by the girls
3
i tS
Aaae Mrs. Glentworth wo jardiniers for the children’s club room.
ot, Dr. Irving, Money for the Stn club room library
Clark Miss Kathryn P., One book for the children’s club room library.
Crapser, Miss Eunice E., Two silhouettes for the children’s club room.
Driggs, ae Alice, One book for the child who showed the greatest in-
ter in flowers in the outdoor garden.
Faireil ae Frank K., Specimens of ferns for class use
atbush Garden League (through Mrs. E. L. Carson), Prize books for
the greatest improvement made by a first year child in the outdoor
garden
118
Folger, Mr. H. C., One set (ten volumes) of Shakespeare for the children’s
garden library.
Foster, Mrs. Olive Hyde, One book for the children’s club room library.
Francis, Mrs. Lewis W., $5 for books for the children’s club room library.
Gager, Mrs. C. Stuart, One book for the children’s club room library.
Gager, Dr. C. Stuart, One book for the children’s club room library.
Gager, Miss Prudence, One book for the children’s club room library.
Garden Teachers’ Association, One prize cup competed for by the boys
the outdoor sia
Kunreuther, Mrs. Benjamin, Six vases for prizes for the children’s work.
Matteo, Frank, $.50 for ie childven's work,
Maxwell Training school for Teachers, $5 for books for the children’s club
room library.
Mothers’ Club, Public School 123, $10 for the children’s work.
Peirce, Mrs. Emma, Obs book for the children’s club room library.
Schubert, Miss Bernice, $1 for book for the children’s club room library.
Shaw, Miss Agnes, One book for the children’s garden library
Shaw, Miss Ellen Eddy, One book for the children’s club room library.
Shaw, Miss Ellen Eddy, Two gold honor pins for honorable service in
the outdoor garden.
Simpson, Miss Ray, One book for the children’s club room library.
Sutcliffe, Miss Alys, One book for the children’s garden library.
Waldes, Mrs. Ica, One book for the children’s club room library.
Waldes, Mrs. se an wooden plaque for the children’s garden house.
White, Miss Harriet H., $100 to be used in connection with the work
of the Dement of Elementary Instruction.
—
APPENDIX 2
PUBLICATIONS OF MEMEBERS OF STAFF
DURING 1928
Bartlett, Kathryn Clark
Syllabus on Sugar. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. March.
—— List of children’s garden books. Harper’s Monthly Broad-
side, April:
Benedict, Ralph C,
The Ransiers’ Trip. Amer. Fern Jour. 18: 26-27. Jan-
uary—March.
—— Activities of the British Pteridological Society. Amer.
Fern Jour. 18: 27-28. January—March.
—— What Luck Have You had in Naturalizing Hart’s Tongue
Plants? Amer. Fern Jour, 18: 99-100. July—Septem-
ber,
119
— The First New York Orchid Show. Amer. Fern Jour. 18:
100. July—September.
—— Under What Conditions does Dryopteris dilata grow?
Amer. Fern Jour. 18: 130-132. October—December.
— Are Biology Teachers Biologists? Bull. Assoc. New York
Biology Teachers. December.
Free, Montague
—— Hardy Chrysanthemums. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets
eV Lae October,
—— Seventeenth Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar-
den. Report of the Horticulturist. Brooklyn Bot.
Gard. Rec. 17: 83-89. April.
Gager, C. Stuart
Wellesley College and the Development of Botanical [du-
cation in America. Science 67: 171-178. Feb. 17.
—— Seventeenth Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar-
den, 1927. Report of the Director. Brooklyn Bot. Gard.
Rec. 17: 15-41. April.
—— The Evolution of the Plants. Chapter in Creation by
Evolution. (¥dited by Frances Mason.) Pp. 137-155.
New York. The Macmillan Co.
—— Various abstracts in Biological Abstracts.
Graves, Arthur Harmount
—— Report of work in forest pathology
Bot. Gard. Rec. 17: 49-52. April.
—— Report of the Curator of Public Instruction for 1927.
Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Ree. 17: 00-69. April.
—— Abstract of discussion on “ The place of city forests, bo-
tanical gardens, zoological gardens, museums, and other
special aids to recreation,” at the Iifteenth Recreation
Congress, Atlantic City, N. J. October 4, 1928, Play-
ground Magazine. November.
—— Practical suggestions for the growing of Christmas greens.
Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets XVV°™: 1-8. December.
—— 51 newspaper Bu relating to the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden.
—— 12 abstracts of botanical books and papers in Biological
Abstracts. Vols. 1 & 2, 1927-1928.
for 1927. Brooklyn
120
Gundersen, Alfred
Reed,
Shaw,
Delectus Seminum. (1928 Seed list.) Brooklyn Bot.
Gard. Rec. 17: January (with M. Free).
The story of plant evolution. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaf-
lets XVI. April.
International Seed Exchange Communication No. 9.
April: (with C. S. Gager).
Flower structures of dicotyledons. pe 28: 70-72.
August.
Various abstracts for Biological Abstracts.
George M.
Physiologic races of bunt of wheat. Amer. Jour. Bot.
15:157-170. February.
3eardless iris project. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Rec. 17: 53-
56. epi,
Beardless iris trial garden at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Bull. Amer. Iris Soc. 27: 16-19. April.
Plant pathology. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Rec. 17: 43-49.
April,
The inheritance of resistance of oat hybrids to loose and
covered smut. Ann. N. ¥. Acad) Se gor 120-176.
fay.
Physiologic races and the inheritance of resistance in the
cereal smuts. Torreya 28: 62-64. May—June.
The Japanese iris. Bull. Amer. Tris. Soc. 28: 40-50. July.
Japanese and Siberian irises. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 29:
235-238. September.
Ellen Eddy
Children’s Gardens: play and work. The Playground a1:
11. February.
anting penny packets of seeds. Nature Garden Guide 7:
5. March.
Circulars of information for distribution at Flower Show
Exhibit in March, as follows: Children’s Classes, The
Children’s Garden, Flower Panels from the Children’s
Club Room,
Report of the Curator of Elementary Instruction. Brook-
lyn Bot. Gard. Rec. 17: 71-76. April.
Ie
jaca
121
An_ old-fashioned garden.
April 16.
Beaumont (Texas) Journal.
—— Gardening and plant study. Child Study 78, May.
Little gardens for Girl Scout little
Leader: Supplement.
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Beene:
A survey of work from 1913 to 1928.
Leaflets KXVIP*. Jun
May.
e.
houses.
The Girl Scout
Black and Gold Beetle 1:
Brooklyn Bot. Gard.
The following articles appeared in the American Home as
indicated :
First steps in gardening.
Rooting cuttings in the house.
Plants for Christmas time and after.
October.
November.
December.
The following articles appeared in the New York Sun on
the dates indicated :
What to plant and how
The garden soil. Febru
Take your pencil in hanc
Planning the garden.
Color schemes for the ga
oO
Starting seeds indoors.
Roundabout the garden.
The children’s garden.
Garden pests. May 25.
Checking up the garden.
Little hints for the June
to plant.
ary 24.
1. March
larch 9.
rden. March 16.
February 17.
2.
March 23.
House plants. March 30.
Planting roses. April 6.
April 13.
Garden operations. April 20.
The little backyard garden. May
Planning the flower garden for purposes of picking and
interior decoration. May It.
May 18.
June 1.
garden.
4.
June 8.
The garden also has its color psychology.
Vines for the city yard.
June 22.
Flower arrangement. June 29.
Color in the garden. July 6.
Checking up the garden.
July 13.
.
June 15.
Gardening in late July. July 20.
Ordering bulbs for next fall. July 27.
Starting the seed bed. August 3.
Cuttings for everyone. August Io.
A walk around the garden. August 17.
Late August in the garden. August 24.
The outdoor bulb bed. September 7.
Woman’s Exposition at the Astor. September 17.
When to act. September 109.
Choosing bulbs for indoor culture. September 21.
Potting bulbs for indoor culture. September 28.
Bulbs for water culture. October 5.
Fall preparation of land. October 19.
Last call in the garden. November 9.
House plants. November 23.
Making a hanging basket. December 7.
Christmas plants. December 21.
pnt
Desert gardens. December 24.
Simpson, Ray
—— Report of the Librarian for 1927. Brooklyn Bot. Gard.
Rec. 17: 90-96. April.
APPENDIX 3
Tago whe rURES, ADDRESSES. AN Beers GEVEN
BY MEMBERS OF STAFF DURING 1928
By the Director of the Garden:
January 16. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Broadcasted
ttomestation VV LTH. .
May 4. The educational work of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar-
den. Museum Conference. At the Garden.
November 16. Effects of radium rays on plants. Biology De-
partment, Princeton University.
November 19. The civic value of a botanic garden. Central
Brooklyn Midday Club, Brooklyn.
December 14. Conservation in the southwestern United States.
New York Bird and Tree Club, New York.
123
By the Curator of Elementary Instruction:
January 11. Biology as applied to everyday life. Biology Club
of Hunter College, Brooklyn Branch.
January 16. Botanic trip around the world. Chatsworth Ave-
nue School, Larchmont, N. Y.
January 18. Botanic trip around the world. PP. S. 86, Queens.
January 19. Plant study: its meaning to children. Mothers’
Cluby bpesneNion76;
January 26. Graduation address. P. S. No. 96, Queens.
January 27. Graduation address. P. S. No. 139.
February 2. Soil. Garden Club of Englewood, N. J.
February 7. Nature study in the life of a child. Mothers’
Club, P. S. No. gg.
February 21. Nature in everyday life. James Madison High
School Annex.
February 24. Gardens for boys and girls. P. S. No. 31,
Queens.
March 2. Penny packets of seed. P.S. No. 1209.
March 13. Nature study in the child’s life. General Alliance
meeting, Liberal Community Church.
March 20. Nature study and the city child. Parents’ Associa-
Hone bees. NO. L1G,
March 21. Planting seeds in school. Teachers of New York
City. At the American Museum of Natural History.
March 22. The small garden. Block Garden Guild of Long
April 2. The small garden. Woman’s Club of Englewood,
Nei:
April 3. Children’s gardens at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
City Gardens Club.
April 17. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
os NO. 92.
April 18. Penny packets of seed. P. S. No. 217.
April 19. Children’s gardens at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Mothers’ Club, Model School of Maxwell Training School
for Teachers.
April 19. Penny packets of seed. P.S. No. 183.
April 23. Gardening as a recreation. Parents’ Exposition,
United Parents’ Association, Grand Central Palace.
124
April 24. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Park Slope Congregational Church.
Apml-27.. labor Loy, P, 3. No. 155:
April 30. Spring nature study. P. S. No. 185.
May 3. Children’s gardens. Garden Department of Maple-
wood Woman’s Club.
May 4. Special phases of our work with children. Confer-
ence of Museum Staffs. At the Garden.
May 16. Children in relation to science teaching. Biology
Club of Hunter College, Brooklyn Branch.
May 21. Gardens for children. Mothers’ Club, P. S. No. 193.
May 22. Gardens. P.S. No. 43.
May 23. Nature study. P. S.No. 181.
May 28. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. League of Mothers’
Clubs. At the Garden.
June 2. Nature study for children: children of the city and
the country. Montessori Alumni Association of Children’s
Education Foundation Training School.
june=i5.. Nowe study, P. S. No. 120.
June 26. Graduation address. P.S. No. 119.
September 12. Fall flowers, wild and cultivated. P. S. No.
September 18. Nature study in the schools. Teachers’ lunch-
eon conference, P. S. No. 18.
October 15. The plant world. P.S. No. 125.
October 17. Nature study. P. S. No. 18.
October 24. Planting of bulbs. P. S. No. 18.
November 14. A Thanksgiving long ago. Students at the
~ Brooklyn Botanic Garden, |
November 16. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Gar-
den. Woman’s Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar-
den. At the Garden.
November 17. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Gar-
den. National Recreation School.
November 19. House plants. Garden Club of Tenafly, N. J.
December 29. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Gar-
den. American Nature Study Society.
125
December 31. Activities of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
American Nature Study Society meeting.
By the Curator of Plants:
October 25. Four great botanists and their ideas as to plant
classification. Dept. of Botany, Brooklyn Institute. At
the Garden.
November 22. Some comparisons between plant and animal
evolution. Friends of Nature Society, Kast 84th Street,
New York.
December 27. South American Frankenias. Systematic sec-
tion, Botanical Society of Amerita.
By the Curator of Public Instruction:
January 16. Conservation of plants. Maxwel
School for Teachers: Annex. Brooklyn.
March 27; April 3, 17, 24; May 22. The classification of the
plant kingdom. Advanced Biology Class, Maxwell Train-
ing School for Teachers. At the Garden.
April 23, 24, 26. The classification of the plant kingdom. Re-
view Lectures for Biology Class, College of City of N. Y.,
Brooklyn Div. At the Garden.
April 25. Conservation of birds, flowers, and trees. Boys
High School, Waverly Annex. Brooklyn.
May. 18. Conservation. De Witt Clinton H. S. Annex. Man-
hattan.
May 24. Trees of Greater N. Y. Die Naturfreunde. Brook-
lyn
—
Training
September 17. Remarks at meeting of Bartlett Associates and
Guests. Stamford, Conn.
October 4. The work of Botanic Gardens. In the discussion
of the subject, “ The place of city forests, botanical gar-
dens, zoological gardens, museums, and other special aids
to recreation.” | Fifteenth Recreation Congress. Atlantic
City, New Jersey.
October 5. Summary of the discussion of “ The place of city
forests, botanical gardens, zoological gardens, museums,
and other special aids to recreation.” Presented before
General Assembly, Fifteenth Recreation Congress, Atlantic
City Ne.
126
October 9, 22, 29; November 5, 12, 19, 26; December 4, It.
The classification of the plant kingdom. Advanced Biology
Class, Maxwell Training School for Teachers. At the
Garden.
October 15. Plant diseases. Garden Club of New Haven.
October 24. Trees named in the New York City School Tree
Study Calendar. Before School Teachers of New York
City. Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist., New York City.
By the Curator of Plant Pathology:
March 13. Jrises. Stamford (Conn.) Garden Club.
March 28. Physiologic races and the inheritance of resistance
in the cereal smuts. Torrey Botanical Club. At the Gar-
den.
April 20. Cereal breeding for smut resistance. Biology Club,
College of the City of New York, Brooklyn Division.
June 2. Japanese and Siberian irises. New York Botanical
Garden.
June 5: Irises. Rye.(N. Y.) Garden Club.
November 14. Sorghum and corn hybrids. Biology Class,
Girls Commercial High School. At the Garden.
November 21. J/rises. Staten Island Garden Club.
By the Horticulturist:
March 8. English Gardens. Garden Teachers Association,
Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
March 12. Rock Gardens. Arundel Hall, Towson, Maryland.
March 19. Rock Gardens. Garden Club, Bronxville, N. Y
March 24. Bermuda. The Association of Kew Gardeners in
America, Boston, Mass.
June 3. Rock Gardens. Sunnyside Garden Club. At the
ie
July 12. English Gardens. Sayville Garden Club, Sayville,
|
July 24. House Plants. The Ramapo Garden Club, Suffern,
Tay
October 8. English Gardens. Garden Club of New Rochelle,
New Rochelle, N. Y.
By the Resident Investigator:
May 31. A biologist looks into the future. American Mu-
seum of Natural History, New York.
127
November 22. New plants from old. American Museum of
Natural History, New York. .
December 17. Agriculture. Haaren High School, New York.
By the Registrar and Custodian:
December 21. The use and beauty of trees. Department of
Botany, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.
By Instructors:
Mrs. Bartlett:
April 21. Gardening for boys and girls. parent Exposi-
tion, United Parents’ Association, Grand Central Palace.
April 24. Children’s gardens. P. S. No. 165.
October 8. Children’s gardens. Garden Club of Wilton,
onn.
November 2. Flower arrangement. Fortnightly Library
Club of Brooklyn.
Miss Sargent: :
March 1. Outdoor gardens. Mothers’ Club, P. S. No. 185.
March 23. Birds and trees. P.S. No. 66
April 2. Birds and trees. P.S. No. 160.
April 20. Spring wild flowers. P.S. No. 66.
April 25. Gardening. P. S. No. 66.
May 20. Children’s garden work. Miss Mason’s School,
Tarrytown,
October 22. eee ese NO ace
October 30. What the Brooklyn Botanic. Garden offers to
boys and girls. Federation of Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs,
Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce.
October 31. Forestry. P. S.No. 66.
November 5. Bulbs. P.S. No. 60.
November 7. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Gar-
en. Central Congregational Church.
November 12. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden. Mothers’ Club, P. S. No. 193.
Q,
A TOTAL of 115 talks, lectures, addresses, and papers have been
given by members of the staff during 1928.
128
APPENDIX 4
REPORT ON BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
PUBLICATIONS, 1928
American Journal of Botany
Published monthly in cooperation with the Botanical Society of
America. Volume XV (1928) comprised ten issues as usual
(omitting August and September) with 54 papers, 650 pages, 47
plates, and 117 text figures included. There was a Supplement
comprising ‘“ Abstracts of papers presented before the Physio-
logical Section of the Botanical Society of America, New York,
N. Y., December 27-29, 1928.” The cost of publishing and dis-
tributing the Supplement was met by the Physiological Section,
and separate reprints were distributed to 1ts members in advance
of the New York meeting. Fight papers (as against four in
1927) were published on the “author-payment” plan, according
to which, if the author or his institution defrays the entire cost,
the paper is published in the next issue to go to press after editorial
acceptance. All such papers are placed after the papers published
in the order received and at the expense of the Journal. ie ee
W. Sinnott, formerly of Connecticut Agricultural College but
since September 1, 1928, of Columbia University, continued as
Editor-in-Chief, and Dr. Arthur Harmount Graves continued as
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden representative on the editorial board.
The circulation of this Journal, as of November 30, 1928 (the
close of its fiscal year) was 1,448, and the annual budget $12,454.73.
Volume XV was dedicated to Frederick Charles Newcombe (1858-
1927), who was one of those most active in securing the estab-
lishment of the Journal, and who was its first Editor-in-Chief, con-
tinuing in that capacity from 1914 to 1917, inclusive.
Ecology
Published in cooperation with the Ecological Society of America.
The four issues of Volume IX (1928) comprised 42 papers (be-
sides reviews and miscellaneous matter), 540 pages, 23 plates,
and 58 text figures. The circulation at the close of the fiscal
year, November 30, 1928, was 1,058, and the annual budget $4,-
841.16.
129
Genetics
Published bimonthly in cooperation with the [Editorial Board
of Genetics. The six numbers of Volume XIII comprised 27
papers and 570 pages, with one colored and 4 black and white
plates, one photogravure portrait, and 62 text figures. The cir-
culation at the close of the fiscal year, November 30, 1928, was
605, and the annual budget $6,555.96.
Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record
Volume XVII (1928) of the Record, issued quarterly, com-
prised 186 pages. The four issues were as follows: January,
Delectus Seminum, 1927; April, Annual Report; July, Facts about
the Brooklyn Botanic Ciilen: October, Prospectus, 1925-9.
Leaflets
Two single numbers and four double numbers of Series XVI
were issued. The circulation (over 1,800, as of December, 1928)
tends to increase, and over an ever-widening geographic range,
in this and other countries, especially among teachers and libraries.
Contributions
Four numbers (53-56) were issued. Number 54, The vegeta-
tion of Allegany State Park, by Norman Taylor, was also pub-
lished by the University of the State of New York as New York
State Museum Handbook 5
Memoirs
No Memoir or part was issued in 1928.
Research Published
The total number of research papers published by the Garden
during 1928 was 123 occupying over 1,700 pages. In addition,
three papers by members of the Garden Staff appeared in period-
icals not published by the Garden.
- 130
APPENDIX 5
FIELD TRIPS CONDUCTED 1026
By the Curator of Plants:
April 7. Torrey Botanical Club. Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
May 12. Department of Botany, Brooklyn Institute, Hollis,
| a
September 23. Torrey Botanical Club, Greenwood Lake, New
York, for goldenrods.
By the Curator of Public Instruction:
April 29. Torrey Botanical Club. Bay Terrace, Staten Island.
August 26. Torrey Botanical Club. Great Kills, Staten Island.
September 29. Department of Botany, Department of Educa-
tion, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Great Kills,
Staten Island.
APPENDIX 6
MEETINGS OF ORGANIZATIONS AT THE GARDEN
1928
March 8. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Teachers Association.
March 26. Woman’s Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
March 28. Torrey Botanical Club.
April 23. State Federation of Music Clubs.
April 25. Mothers Club, P. S. 81
Api 20, Mothers Club, P. S. 120;
May 2. Women of 76, D. A. R.
May 2. Woman’s Bake cient Society of Marcy Ave. Baptist
Church.
May 4. Conference of Educational Staffs of Museums of Met-
ropolitan Area.
May 12. League of Neighbors, Union of East & West, ete.
May 28. League of Mothers Clubs, Brooklyn, N. Y.
June 1. American Iris Society.
June 2. Children of the American Revolution, Gen. Lord Stir-
ling Society.
June 3. Sunnyside Garden Club.
; 131
June 7. New York Bird & Tree Club.
June 13. Mothers Club, a SE LOs:
June 13. Mothers Club, P. S. 90.
June 27. New York anc Society.
October 18. National Nature Study Association.
October 25. Department of Botany, Brooklyn Institute of Arts
& Sciences.
November 16. Woman’s Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden.
December 30. American Nature Study Society of New York
City.
INimbem Ole @EOanizaniOnsa.... ... e022 see ae 22
PRO talepattemcances ares os. cers ee enone ee 1,637
APPENDIX 7
REPORT ON PHOTOGRAPHIC WORK
Nepatives one dlesWecember 30, O27 ae. sank ar. eaiet a ae eee e 6,400
Nesativesseaccessioned, dttring’ TO2Bi... 40.0... 1 ec ccv ess tee 200
Total negatives on file December 31, 1928.............0.00- 6,600
Lantern slides on file December 31, 1927...... Bn ees a ate a, Se ST 4,900
Mantern=slidésvaccessioned during 1028..............0...-++,-cce+s 220
Total lantern slides on file December 31, 1928............ 5,120
Brints on ile December si O27.. es eee ae ee ee IO
LeaCUShiS Te rKGls qehbb abe COWL rsa ia wy grt e oe Gan ciety 1,075
Geral wir Ghistinlayennedl caanconccu cess cobb noo ou0O dec nob uOdE 875
JP\rihakdsh udketale (ath bephay ears Casecc i tere anen a ware eamien Steiner Unen eeier ing itor eye 200
Total prints on file December 31, 1928.......... 0.00 eeeeee 2,976
Fimlarcementcpiad Chee eer wesc once sees eset en eeee sees 79
Respectfully submitted,
FRANK STOLL,
Registrar.
132
OFFICERS: OF THE BOARD ‘OF. TRUSTEES
Honorary PRESIDENT
FRANK L. BABBOTT
\ PRESIDENT
EDWARD C. BLUM
First Vick-PRresIpENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM A. PUTNAM
Tuirp Vick-PRESIDENT
ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN
‘TREASURER
CG shOs ERs SMITH
BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE
MISS HILDA LOINES, CuHaArrmMan
EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM
MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY EDWIN GOULD
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM T. HUNTER
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD
MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM
ALEXANDER M. WHITE
SECRETARY
JOHN H. DENBIGH
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD
Poe MAYOR OR THE Clry Oh NEW evoke
THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOERLYN
THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
MEMBERS OF THE BOABD
(Trustees are Elected from the Life Membership of the Brooklyn Institute
of Arts and Sciences
Curtin, John J.
Babbott, Frank L.
Bailey, Frank
Beers, E. LeGrand
Benedict, oe Harper
Blum, Edward C.
Boody, Hon. pee A.
Bowker, Richard R.
Cadman, Rev. S. Parkes, D.D.
Mrs. William H.
* Courtney, ee C.
Cr Judge Frederick E.
Crittenden, Sates H
* Deceased, 1928.
Denbigh, Dr. John H.
Dettmer, Hon. Jacob G.
raper, Mrs. ie Childs
FEES Gates D.
Mrs. Lewis W.
ae Kenneth
Frothingham, John W.
Good, Mrs. William H.
Gould, Edwin
133
Healy, Mrs. A. Augustus Morse, Horace J.
Healy, Henry W. Post, James H.
Hunter, William T. Pratt, Mrs. Frederic B.
Jenkins, Alfred W. Pratt, George D
Jonas, Ralph Putnam, William A.
Lewisohn, Adolph Smith, G. Foster
Lockwood, Luke Vincent Stutzer, Herman
Loines, Miss Hilda Underwood, John T
Matheson, William J. Van aaa Adrian
Maynard, Edwin P. Warrer, Dr. Edwin G.
McLaughlin, Hon. George V. White, Rabe M.
Morgan, John Hill York, Rt. Rev. Mer. John C.
WOMAN’S AUXILIARY
MRS. GLENTWORTH R. BUTLER, CHAIRMAN
Babbott, Mrs. Frank L., Jr. Gager, Mrs. C. Stuart
Bailey, Mrs. Frank Gibb, Mrs. Lewis M.
Baldwin, Mrs. Wm. H. Good, Mrs. William H.
Blum, Mrs. Edward Charles Goetze, Mrs. Otto
Peerdrian Mrs. George Greenman, Mrs. William ®.
Braman, Miss Emily L. Gunnison, Mrs. Herbert F.
Braman, Miss Irene M. unnison, Mrs. Raymond M.
Brewster, Mrs. Walter Shaw Healy, Mrs. A. Augustus
Brinsmade, Miss Alice Hills, Mrs. janes M
Brower, Mrs. George E. ieit Mrs. John
Brown, Mrs. G. Stewart Hooker,- Mrs. Samuel C.
Cabot, Mrs. Irving L. Hunter, Mrs. William a,
Carpenter, Mrs. James O. Hyde, Mrs. Clarence R.
Cary, Mrs. William H. Ingersoll, Mrs. Raymond V.
Childs, Mrs. William H. Ingraham, Mrs. Henry A.
Coutts, Miss Frances H. Jameson, Mrs. P. Chalmers
Cranford, Mrs. Frederick L. ‘ Jameson, Miss at (Ee;
Cranford, Mrs. Walter V. Jonas, Mrs. Ralph
Cruikshank, Mrs. Russell V. Jones, Miss Helen Swift
Davenport, Mrs. Henry B. Knox, Miss Maria
Davenport, Mrs. Henry J. Lathrop, Mrs. John H.
Delafield, Mrs. John R. Lay, Mrs. ae eee
Diller, Mrs. Frank J. W. Leech, Mrs. Joh
Dreier, Mrs. H. Edward Littlejohn, Mrs. ce B.
Duncan, Mrs. Cameron Lloyd, Mrs. T. Mortimer
Eastman, Mrs. William F. Loines, Miss Hilda
Folger, Mrs. Henry C. Lyman, Mrs. Frank
Francis, Mrs. Lewis W. MacKay, Mrs. Frederick D.
Frank, Mrs. George S. Mark, Mrs. Henry A
Frothingham, Mrs. Theodore L. Marshall, Mrs. William W.
134
Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P.
Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P., Jr.
Morse, Miss Alice L.
Noble, Mrs. Francis L.
Notman, Mrs. George
Otis, Mrs. Charles H.
Palmer, Mrs. Carleton H.
Paris, Mrs. John Walton
Parsons, Mrs. Frank H
Peckham, . Wheeler H.
Wm. Sterling
Paviteo intial),
s Jessie W.
. Charles E.
. Frederic B.
. Richardson
ee Benjamin
Putnam, Mrs. W. Allen, Jr.
Putnam, Mrs. William A.
Roberts, Mrs. Dudley
Rowe, Mrs. Frederick W.
Sargent, Mrs. William D.
Smith, Mrs. B. Herbert
Stewart, Mrs. Seth Thayer
Stoughton, Miss Elizabeth C.
Stutzer, Miss Elise W.
Stutzer, Mrs. Herman
sae Mrs. Joseph H.
Swan, Mrs. Eugene L.
Trislow, Ming Walter
Underwood, Mrs. John T.
Van Brunt, Mrs. Jeremiah R.
Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian
Warren, Mrs. Luther
White, Mrs. Alexander M.
White, Miss Harriet H.
Woodward, Miss Mary Blackburne
Young, Mrs. Richard, Jr.
LIST OF MEMBERS
(Revised to February 21, 1920)
For information concerning the various classes of membership consult
age 149, at the end of this Report
BENEFACTORS
By contribution Z $100,000 or more,
* Samuel P. Aver
* Augustus Graha
A. Augustus Healy
or He gifts of ee valent value
* Carl He
* Alfred T. ee
* Robert B. Woodward
PATRONS
By cee of $25,000 or more,
* Samuel ery
Frank L. Babbott
* Mary Benson
Edwin Gould
* Edward L. Graef
* Frank S. Jones
* Alfred Duane Pell
* Deceased.
or by gifts of equivalent value
*Mrs. Caroline H. Polhemus
William A. Putnam
* Charles A. Schieren
John T. Underwood
* Alfred T. White
Miss Frances E. White
Miss Harriet H. White
135
Donors
By contribution of $10,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value
* Abraham Abraham * Samuel N. Hoyt
Frank L. Babbott Alfred W. Jenkins
Dr. Frank L. Babbott, Jr. Mrs. Mary Babbott Ladd
* Henry Batterman Mrs. Joseph H. Lester
* James A. H. Bell * Frederick Loes
* Miss Mary Benson Mrs. Tan MacDonald
* Mrs. Eugene G. Blackford eee) P
* William Calverly * Miss Matilda McLean
* William H. Cary meee T. Perkin
Mrs. William H. Childs * Mrs. Caroline H. rites
Walter V. Cranford George D. Pratt
Walter H. Crittenden William A. se Ne
* Edward a Graef * Henry K. Sheldo
* George A. Hearn Mrs. Lydia Babbos Stokes
Mrs. John Hills Herman Stutz
* Joseph C. Hoagland John T. Omieeod
PERMANENT MEMBERS
By contribution of $2,500 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value
Abraham, Mrs. Abraham English, Mrs. J. Radford
* Avery, Samuel P. * Evans, Miss Mabel Louise
Babbott, Frank L. Fahys, George E
Barclay, Mrs. Reginald * Fahys, Joseph
Barnes, Mrs. Richard S. First Unitarian Church Society
Barr, Mrs. Thos. T. Freifeld, Mrs. George
Beers, E. LeGrand Godfrey, Mrs. Edwin D.
Beers, Miss M. Elizabeth Good, Mrs. John, Sr.
* Beers, Mrs. Mary L. * Gottsberger, Francis
Beers, Dr. Nathan T. * Graef, Edward L.
Benedict, Henry Harper * Healy, A. Augustus
* Benson, Miss Mary * Healy, Frank
* Blackford, Mrs. Eugene G. * Hearn, Mrs. Geckee A.
Blum, Edward C. Hentz, Henry
Boocock, Murray Herriman, Miss Helen
Boody, Hon. David A. Higgins, Charles M.
* Brackett, Miss Mary A. * Hoagland, Mrs. Jos. C.
Brown, Mrs. Lilla * Hoagland, Joseph C.
Campbell, Miss Mary Hoagland, Raymond
Coffin, Mrs. Sturgis Hoagland, Miss S. W.
Cooke, Hen Hodenpyl, Eugene, Ji
Day, Mrs. ‘Shatlee 1b, How, Miss Susan B.
* Dutcher, Mrs. Helvetia B. Hoyt, Mrs. Mark
*
136
* James, John S. Powell, Mrs. Robert E.
* Jones, Frank S. Pratt, George D
Putnam, William A.
Sanger, William
* Sanger, William Cary
* Schieren, Charles A.
Seamans, Miss Dorothy
* Sheldon, Mrs. Henry K..
* Loeser, Frederick aera Mrs. William R.
* Lord, Mrs. John Bradley Sm | Mrs. Annie Morrill
Low, Mrs. A. A. aan Howard C. -
¥
el
Se
~
oO
wn
=
* Jones, Townsend
* Joost, Martin
* Lawrence, Henry C.
Lawrence, Lysander W.
Lawrence, Richard H.
McMahon, Jos. T.
MacDonald, Mrs. Tan
Maxwell, J. Rogers, Jr.
Morse, Horace J
Oakley, Mrs. Theodora L.
—
Olcott, George
* Palmer, Lowell M.
Peabody, George Foster
* Pell, Rev. Alfred Duane
Pell, Mrs. Cornelia L.
Stutzer, Herman
Underwood, John T.
‘Vander Weyde, Mrs. N. J.
Walsh, Mrs. Anna F.
Me Mrs. Mary L.
, Alexander M.
‘ ee Alfre
White, Miss rances E.
White, Miss Harriet H.
* Woodward, Mrs. John B.
Post, James H * Woodward, Col. Robert B.
LirE MEMBERS
By contribution of $500 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value
Through the Botanic Garden
Atkins, Frederick L.
Babbott, Frank L
rank
Bobbink, Lambertus C.
Butler, Mrs. Glentworth
memory of Dr. Gleatyonth
Butler.)
Cary, Mrs. William H.
Childs, Eversley
Engelhardt, Gane
Frothingham, Miss ahaa W.
Frothingham, John W.
Gould, Edwin
Hicks,
e
Hunter, William T.
Jonas, Ralph
Loines, Miss Hilda
Osman, Fre
Southwick. s B.
Thatcher, Edwin Fy
Through other Departments of the Institute
Abraham, Lawrence E.
Adams, Mrs. Edward
Ager, John Winifred
Albertson, Rev. Charles Carroll,
D.D
Allan, Mrs. Mansfield
Allen, Miss Mary W.
Anderson, Mrs. John
Andrews, William A.
Ayers, Dr. H. Messenger
137
Babbott, Dr. Frank L., Jr. Dalby, Archibald B.
Banbury, James J. Davenport, Hon. William B.
Bannister, Miss Eleanor C. Be eae Mrs. William Bb.
Batterman, Charles H. Davis, William T
Batterman, Henry L. De Motte, G. J.
Batterman, Miss Minnie P. Denbigh, Dr. John H.
Baxter, F. W. Dennis, De Freder:c S.
Baylis, A. B. Dennis, Mrs. Frederic S.
Baylis, Wm., Jr. Dettmer, Hon. Jacob G.
Bigelow, Edward F. Dick, J. Henry
Blumenthal, Maurice Dixon, Theodore P.
Blydenburgh, Frank J. - Dodge, Miss S. Ross
Bolwell, Mrs. Sarah A. Dougherty, ee Jt.
Boody, Alvin Draper, Ernest G.
Bouck, James B. Draper, Mrs Wise Childs
Bowker, Richard R. Dreier, Theodore
Bramm, Miss Elizabeth Dykeman, Conrad V.
Brasher, Philip Eastman, Mrs. William Fo
Brasher, Reginald R. Eger, Mrs. Theodore G.
Brockway, Miss Emma A. eae Mrs. Dorothy P. Whit-
Brown, Miss A. W.
Brown, John W. Enelish, George L.
Buckley, Charles R. Evans, Mrs. Gertrude C.
Buckley, John D. Fahnestock, Gates
Buek, Mrs. Cecilia Fara Forni, Mme. A. F.
Burnham, Dr. Clark Farmer, Walter B.
Cadman, Rev. S. Parkes, D.D. Farrell, James A.
Campbell, Mrs. Wm. Mitchell Farrier, Albert Moses
Cary, Miss Alice B. .- Farrier, Frederick B.
Chapel, William L. Ferrier, Miss Elizabeth A.
Chapman, Miss Leila H. Field, Miss Elizabeth
Chapman, Mrs. Leila T. Fish, Mrs. Ivy Chapel
Chauncey, Rev. E. F. Flagg, Mrs. T. Benson
Chittenden, Miss Alice H. Flinsch, Rudolph E. F.
Claflin, John Foote, Alfred Sherman
Clarke, Rev. L. Mason Ford, Sumner
Colyer, Mrs. Joseph H., Jr. Francis, Mrs. Lewis W.
Corliss, Howard Frank, Mrs. George S.
Courtney, William C. Franken-Sierstorpff, Countess von
Crane, Judge Frederick E. Frazier, Kenneth
Crittenden, Walter H. Frothingham, Miss Elisabeth W.
rowell, Mrs. Jeremiah Frothingham, Miss Helen H.
ul Miss Margaret M. Frothingham, John W
Sencha, Mrs. F. W. Gibb, William T.
Curtin, John J. Gifford, Ira L
Curtis, Henry S. Gilbert, Miss A. Louise M.
138
Gilbert, hes coe a Kenyon, Whitman W.
Good, . John, Jr. <unz, Dr. George F.
Good, tea Wilham H., Ladd, Mrs. Mary Babbott
Goodnow, David F. Lamb, Col. Albert E.
Goodnow, Prof. Frank J. Lang, Mrs.: Robert
Goodnow, ae Ag Latimer, Miss Julia W.
Goodnow, Weston W. ewis, Mrs. August
Grace Chea nee Lewisohn, Adolph
Hall, Charles H. Lincoln, Mrs. Dorothy Chapel
Halsey, William B. Litchfield, E. Hubert
Ham, Miss Dorothy B. Litchfield, Edward H., Jr.
Harriman, Mrs. E. H. Litchfield, Edward H., Sr.
Healy, Mrs. A. Augustus Littlejohn, Mrs. Thos. B.
Healy, Henry W. Lockwood, Luke Vincent
Heckscher, August * Loeser, Charles
Hester, Mrs. Ada Gibb * Loeser, Gustav
Hicks, Henry Love, Mrs. Henry D.
Hill, yitiar Ey; Low, Ethelbert Ide
Hoagland, Miss Anna M. Low, Josiah O.
Hollenback, Miss Amelia B. Ludlum, Clinton W.
Tooker, D. Lyman, a
inenner Mrs. Franklin W. Lynde, Mrs. Martha R.
Hornaday, William T. McAneny, Hon. ae
Horsman, aM li McConnell, Rev.
Howell, Hampt * McDonald, Rev. i
Hubbell, Rev. William S. McKay, Mrs. John S.
. McLaughlin, Hon. George V.
Hudson, Mrs. Laura K. Macbeth, Robert :
Hulbert, Mrs. Henry C. Marshall, William W.
Hulst, Mrs. M. H. S. Mason, William P.
Husson, Miss C. Julie Matheson, William J.
Hyde, se ey John Mathews, Mrs. Albert H.
Hyde, Jame Maxwell, Henry L.
Ingraham, =a Frances Maynard, Edwin P.
Ingraham, George S. Mead, W. S. M.
Jeffrey, Dr. Stewart L. Melish, Rev. John H.
Jenkins, Alfred W. Mercer, Rey. Arthur
Jennings, Walter Moffat, David
Johnson, Alvan R. Moffat, William L., Jr.
Jones, Miss Emily W. Moore s. We Hi:
Joost, Mrs. Martin Morgan, James L.
Kahn, Mrs. Otto Morgan, John Hill
Kelekian, Dikran G. Morse, Miss Alice L
Kellogg, Dwight H. Morse, Charles L.
Kennedy, Mrs. Mary A. Mundhenk, Herman
Kenyon, Mrs. Trene §S. Nichols, William H.
Nostrand, P. Elbert
O’Connor, Mrs. W. B.
Ogilvie, Donald Manson
mepenord ae iow
Pratt, Mrs. Frederic B.
Pratt, Frederic B.
Pratt, Harold I.
Prentice, James Howard
A a Russell E
Pross Thomas
peer Te reer
Prosser, Walte
Putnam, ae
Putnam, Mrs. William A.
Ramsdell, Mrs. FE. Van N.
Robinson, George C.
Robinson, Dr. Nathaniel
p
Sanger, Miss Lillian
Schenck, Miss Eunice M.
Schieren, Harrie Victor
Sheldon, Mrs. Anna B
Sheldon, Henry
Slack, Mrs. Julia G.
Smith, G. Foster
Smith, Mrs. Katherine L.
Smith, Theo. E.
Stevens, Shepherd
Taylor, Miss Bessie
Taylor, Mrs. Helen S.
Taylor, William H.
Thayer, Mrs. Anna K.
Tiffany, Louis C.
Tucker, Mrs. George 5S., Jr.
Turner, Mrs. Bertha C
Tuthill, Miss Isabel H.
Valentine, P. A.
Van Anden, Miss Susan M.
Van Nostrand, Mrs. John B.
Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian
Van Sinderen, Adrian
Van Wyck, Richard
Wagner, Miss Marie
Walbridge, Robert R.
Warbasse, Mrs. James P.
Ward, Miss Helen
Warner, Dr. Edwin G.
Weber, Mrs. Herman C.
Webster, Mrs. Edward H.
White, Harold T
White, S. V
Whitney, Sumner B.
Wisner, Mrs. Horatio S.
Woodward, Miss Mary B.
oe Rt. Rev. Mgr. John C.
ng, Hon. Ri
Zabriskie Mrs. Cornelius
Ziegler, Mrs. William
140
SUSTAINING MEMBERS !
By payment of $25 annually
Anderson, John (G)
Babbott, Dr. rie Tee CM)
eons Mrs. Edward B. (G)
Bush, Irving T. (M)
Campbell, Miss Mary (M)
Case, Miss Marian Roby (G)
Crampton, Mrs. Edwin H. (G)
Doscher, Mrs. Alice B. (M)
aL ees Katherine S. (M)
Edw Mrs. Wm. Seymour
A: .
Emerson, Mrs. William (G)
Enequist, John (G)
Faber, Lee W. (M)
Field, Mrs. W. D. C. (M)
*Ford, James B
Frothingham, John W. (M)
Frothingham, Mrs. John S. (M)
Good, Mrs. William H. (M)
Graves, Robert N. (M)
Greenberg, ‘Morris (M)
Havemeyer, T. A. (G)
Hicks, Henry (E)
Hottinger, Henry (G)
Ingraham, Edward A. (G
Tmepahean: Mrs. Henry C. ve (G)
Jacobs, Mrs. Henry M. (G)
Jackson, F. W. (M)
Jenkins, Mrs. ioe Sloane (M)
Kirkman, Mrs. S. (M)
Lambert, Frank an
Latimer, Miss Mary (G)
G
Logan, William J. (E)
M
(M)
Louria, Dr. Henry W. (M)
Low, Mrs.:Chauncey E. (M)
Low, William G. (M)
Luther, Mrs. George Martin (G)
MacLean, Mrs. Peter A. (G)
Merritt, Mrs. James H. (G)
Morrow, Mrs. Thomas I. (G)
ae oan ae ©.)
Reimer, ‘Wiese ey, B. (M)
Rightee Miss ay H. (M)
Rossin, Alfre )
ee ee F. (G)
W )
Scott, me ‘Eee (EF)
See, Alonzo B. (M and ey
Somers, Harold (M)
Squibb, Dr. Edward H. (E and
M)
Sutphin, Mrs. Joseph H. (M)
Uhrbrock, Mrs. E. F. (G)
Underwood, Mrs. Torin T. (M)
White, iesantter M. (G)
Wood, Miss Emily S. (E)
Zabriskie, Mrs. Cornelius (G)
BRooKLYN Botanic GARDEN ANNUAL MEMBERS
By payment of $10 annually
Abraham, Meyer
Adams, Henry S.
1(G), carey the Botanic Garden;
Departm
Almirall, Mrs. Juan A.
Anderson, Mrs. John
(M), Museum; (FE), Educational
Andrews, ae Grace
Ant, Dr.
Atkins, Miss ae iB
Atkinson, Mrs. J. H
Augur, A
Avery, Walter
Babcock, Mrs. Edwin G.
Ballin, Mrs. Rose L.
Bangs, C. Roy
Banker, John F.
Barish, Miss M.
Barnes, Mrs. Edith C.
Baron, oe Olive H. G.
Bauman,
Beatty, Dr. George Wesley
Beck, Mrs. a W.
Becker, piedende W.
Beers, John Frank
Behr, w. A.
Behrisch, Mrs. Gabrial I.
Bennett, Miss Agnes H.
Bennett, Miss eee M.
Benson, Mrs. Philip A
Biezynski, William
Bishop, Mrs. Elizabeth L.
Bixby, Willard G.
Blackman, Mrs. Edwin L.
Blackman, Dr. William W.
Blankley, Miss A. Grace
Blatchford, Miss Stella
Bleckman,
Blum, Nba Edward Charles
Boardman, Mrs. George M.
Bohm, Albert
Bornmann, Dr. Alfred
Bossert, John
Bossert, Mrs. L.
Braman, Miss Irene M.
Brewer, Mrs. M
Brewster, Mrs. Walter Shaw
Brinsmade, Miss Alice
Brinton, Mrs. Wil lard Cope
Britton, SNe ee
Brockway, Mrs. J. E.
Brooke, James J.
Brower, Miss Edith D.
Brown, Mrs. G. Stewart
Browning, Dr. William
Bryan, Mrs. Jane S.
Bryant, Miss Helen W.
Buchanan, Mrs. S. Edwin
Buckley, Jane T
Burford, Dr. Mortimer G.
Butterick, Miss Mary E.
ot, Dr. Irving L.
Cahoone, Mrs. Richard M.
Campbell, Miss Mary
Campe, Mrs. ata von
Canis, Prot; ©.-P. M:
Carlton, Miss oe D. lal,
Carpenter, Mrs. Norman J.
Chardovoyne, Henr
Chauncey, Mrs. George W.
Cisney, Thomas E.
Clancey, Miss Florence
Clark, Dr. Frank H
Clark, John J.
Clark, Dr. Raymond
Coffin, Mrs. I. Sherwood
Cohen, Morris
Cohn, Dr. Michael A.
Collins, Miss Sarah E.
Combs, Miss Mary H.
joule: James J.
Conover, Henry S.
ce Wee Bll en J.
Contemporary Club, The
Cooper, Mrs. Marin Le Brun
Cooper, Thomas H
Corner, Mrs. Clarence F.
Cranford, Frederick L.
Crawford, Mrs. G. H.
Creamer, William G.
Cruikshank, Russell V.
Cuneo, N.
Curnow, Dr. Dorothea
Dangler, Mrs. George Jacob
Daniel, Mrs. William W.
Dann, James E.
Darrigrand, Miss Lucie P.
Dauernheim, A. M.
Davenport, irs, Henry Benedict
Davenport, Mrs. Henry
Davis, Jacob
Davis, Mrs. ae Sherlock
Davis, Mrs. Thomas J., Jr
Davison, Mrs. cee Millard
*Davol, Mrs. Frank H.
Decker, Mrs. Charles A.
Deeves, Richard A.
deComps, Miss Pauline C.
deForest, Robert W.
deGolyer, A. G.
Deininger, Mrs. Grace
Delafield, Mrs. John R
Delatour, Dr. H. Beeckman
De Silver, Mrs. Albert
Dickey, Miss | Annie L.
Diller, Mrs. Frank J. W.
Doane, Albert C
Dobson, Harvey O.
Domon, Mrs. Samuel H.
Donovan, Miss Loretto V.
Doody, Mrs. Gertrude M.
Dreier, Mrs. H. Edward
DuBois, Mrs. Henry N.
Dudley, Percy S.
Duncan, Mrs. Cameron
du Pont, Mrs. T. Coleman
Dusseldorf, Mrs. Louis M.
DuVal, Mrs. Guy
Dwyer, Dr. H. Shirley
Earle, Mrs. Wm. P., Jr.
Ebinger, Walter D.
Eckstein, Harry
Eldert, Cornelius
Elliott, Mrs. Gilbert
Elm, William von
Elmer, Mrs. Charles W.
u
Ericsson, Miss H. Wilhelmina
Etzel, Mrs. Mary M.
Fairbanks, Maria B.
Fairchild, :
Feaster, Dr. Henry J.
Feldstein, Dr. Samuel
Felzmann, Ernest F.
Ferguson, William C.
Figgee, Alexander H.
Fisher, Miss Edna M.
Foster, Miss A. M.
Fraser, Arthur C.
Gibson, Mrs. Henry S.
Girls’ High School
Gladding, Walter M.
Glahn, Mrs. J. Henry von
Goddard, Mrs. ee S:
Goetze, . Ott
Goldberg, Dr. ea M.
Gonnoud, A. J.
Goodman, Joseph
Gotimer, Eugene C.
Gough, Dr. F. A.
Graeber, C. A.
Graham, James S.
Greenberg, Charles
Greenberg, Dr. Sarah K.
Greig, Miss Mary
Greve, William M.
Griffin, Frank E.
Gruhn, Otto
Gunnison, Herbert F.
Gunnison, Mrs. Herbert F.
Halperin, Nathan
Halstead, Mrs. J. Morton
Halsted, Mrs. Henry M.
Hammer, David
H
Harbeck, Charles T.
Hargitt, Dr. Chas. A
Harrison, Miss Katharine I.
Harrisson, Mrs. Stephen M.
M. L.
Hengerer, Julius
Hetkin,
Higgins, Dr. Alice K.
Higgins, Charles M.
Hill, Lester W.
Hills, Mrs. James M.
Hirsch, Dr. John ©
Hirschberg, Benjamin
Hirschberg, Mrs. Samuel
Hitlin, Dr. Alex
Hogg, Miss Elizabeth
Holcombe, 5 1B
Hollenback, Miss Amelia B.
Hollwegs, mee Katherine
Holmes, Mrs. Edith
Holmes, Anise ne 1:
Hoogland, John W.
Hooker, Mrs. Samuel C.
Hooker, Dr. Samuel C.
Hull, Mrs. Charles A.
Hume, Mrs. Henry M.
Hurley, Mrs. Walter E.
Hutton, Miss Sarah E.
Iffla, Miss Florence E.
Ingersoll, Mrs. R. V.
Ingraham, Miss Grace
Ingraham, Henry A.
Ingraham, Miss Mary A.
Ingraham, Dr. Ruth
Trish, William S.
Irwin, Mrs. Henry, Jr.
Jablow, Dr. J. H
Jackson, Edward:
1s
James, Mrs. Warner
James, William L.
Jameson, Mrs. A. Stedman
Janeway, Mrs. Edward
Jansen, Mi
Jennings, Miss Annie B.
Jennings, Dr. Frank D.
V
Jewett, Dr. William A.
Johns, Mrs. Edward B.
Johnson, Mrs. David C.
Johnson, Mrs. J. V.
Johnston, F. Cliffe
Johnston, Mrs. F. Cliffe
Jones, Miss Helen Swift
Jones, Mrs. Howard E.
Jones, Mrs. Mabel G.
Jones, Mrs. Wallace Thaxter
Judd, Mrs. Orin R
Judge, Jas. P.
Jung, Frederick, Jr.
Kalt, Mrs. Morris
* Kane, Mrs. De Lancey
Kant, H
Kaplan, Abraham
Kaplan, Harry
Kaplan, M. L.
eee Dr. Gerard
Kay, Miss Lillian S.
Kelly, William J.
Kennedy, Mrs. Sinclair
Ketcham, Herbert T
Keyes, Dr, ae ip
Klein, Nat
Ruenioner: Mrs. Ida
Lafrentz, F. W.
Lancaster, Miss Bertha
Lane, Miss Ella M
Lanes, Dr. Abraham H.
Pane Meramle ip,
Learey, Mrs. Arthur R.
Lee, Prof. Frederic S.
Lee, Dr. Marguerite T.
Lehrenkrauss, Julius
vine, Dr. Samuel
Leviton, Isidor
Levy, Isaa
Levy, Dr. Saul Mortimer
Lewis, Miss Effie L
Lewis, dW rae Be
Lindsay, Miss Adele G.
Lipper, Aaron
Litchfield, Miss Cornelia
Littlejohn, Mrs. Thomas B,
Lloyd, Mrs. R. I.
Lloyd, Mrs. T. Mortimer
Loines, Mrs. Stephen
Long, Mrs. John: J:
Lounsberry, Raymond
iby
Low, Mrs. Seth
Low, Mrs. Walter Carroll
Lowenstein, ae
D
Lucia, Dr. William A
Lutz, Frederick A.
Lutze, H
Mahoney, Miss Rose A,
Maier, Frank
Malone, Winifred
Marks, Mrs. Alexander D.
Marsh, Miss Mabel R.
Marshall, Mrs. William W.
Martin, Mrs. Delmer Duncan
Matthews, Mrs. Beulah F. |
Maxwell, Earl C.
Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P.
McCarthy, Edward Joseph
McCurrach, Mrs. Mabel C.
McDermott, Mrs. ree Ve
McDonald, Dr. Mi
McGuire, Comins ice
McKay, Miss Lucy S.
McLean, ‘Mrs. F. B.
McNamara, Dr. Sylvester J.
Mead, D. Irvin
Meeker, Samuel M.
Mellen, Mrs. Arthur W.
Mellucci, Angelo
Menten, Henry F.
Mercelis, Mrs. Edo. E.
McNeill, Malcolm, Sr.
ing
Meskin, Abraham
Mesmer, Louis F.
Messeberg, G
Meyenborg, Miss Evelyn A.
Meyer, Frederick J.
Meyer, Max C.
Meyers, Dr. Margaret
Michel, William
j A.
Morgan, Miss Charlotte E.
Morse, Miss Alice L.
Moult, Mrs. John F.
Muller, Miss Josephine
Munkenbeck, Earl T
Munson, Miss Katherine F.
Nesmith, Miss Charlotte
Neuburger, Mrs. Julia J.
Nevin, Julius O. E.
Newbold, Frederick R.
Newell, A. Curtis
Newman, Miss Louise M.
Newman, Mex H
Nezold, Max
North, en eas Te
North, Nels
Nova, Ae rnon —
Nowlan, Miss Anna F,
Noyes, Mrs. Henry F.
Noyes, Mrs. Jessie Cooke
Nurick, Miss Helen D.
Ohlbaum, Mrs. Clarence J.
Ohly, Dr. John H.
Oliver, Dr. Wade W.
O’Neill, Charles E.
Osborne, Mrs. Dean C.
Otis, Mrs. Charles H.
Ott, Mrs. Louis
Ovington, Charles K.
Owen, = Jean
palit (Ce
Paris, Mis. Seine Walton
Parlin, Mrs. Charles
Parrish, Dr. John W.
Parshelsky, Moses L.
Parsons, Frank H.
Pearson, Mrs. Charles H.
Peck, Mrs. Bayard L.
Peck, Fremont C.
Peckham, Mrs. Wheeler H.
Pehr, Miss Celia
Peirson, Mrs. William B.
Petrocelli, Mrs. Mary
Pfeiffer, Josep
Pierrepont, Miss Anna J.
Pierrepont, Miss Julia J.
Pines, Mrs. Joseph
Pinkerton, Mrs. Robert A.
Platt, Mrs. Willard H.
Plump, Miss Julia H.
Poggenburg, Robt. H.
Poncake, C.
Pond, Meee Pearl F.
Pond, William H.
Post, Miss Jessie
Potter, Mrs. R. Burnside
Powers, Miss Florence
Prosser, Miss Ella W.
- Provost, Miss Eva M.
Public School 18
Purcell, Benjamin F.
Miss B. S
Raftery, Miss Clara
Raiman, Mrs. Robert I.
Randall, Arthur E.
Randall, Mrs. H. S.
Rappaport, Jacob A.
Rasch, G. William
Redfield, Hon. William C.
Reed, Mrs. George M.
Reimer, Mrs. Rudolph
Reinhardt, Mrs. Charles
Rendlestein, Saul
Rentrop, Ms Bernard
Ress, Ka Im
cee William Ge
Righter, ae Jessie A.
Ripin, Seymour H.
Risley, Dr. Harry B.
Roberts, Miss Marion L.
Robertson, Norman A.
Rodman, pe A.
Roeser, An
Rogers, Mrs. ete R.
Roher, Miss Florence
* Roovers, Alexander H.
Rosati, Dr. Vincent F.
Rosenberg, John A.
Rosenbloom, Martin H.
Rosenblum, Louis
Rosin, Albert
Roth, Benjamin H.
Roth, William B.
Rothsmidtt, Emil
Rushmore, a Jacques C.
Ryan, Jam
Rychoff, Ave
Ryder, Miss Harriet L.
Ryerson, William F.
Rynd, ; Cael
Salamone, Charles
Salsberg, Dr. Philip L.
Sappin, Dr. Nathan
Sartorius, Mrs. Otto
Sassulsky, Samuel
Satterlee, Mrs. Herbert L.
Saunders, Miss Helen E.
Sayres, William L
Schatzov, Dr. Lewis
Schenck, Charles C.
Schiff, Abraham
Schlagenhauf, F. W.
Schlein, Dr. Julius
Schlossberg,
Schneider, Mrs. Louisa
Schneirow, Simon
Schnoll, Anton, Jr.
Schoen, Michael
Schoonmaker, Dr. J. I.
Schreiber, Charles W.
Schumann, Carl T.
Schwarz, John A.
Schwenke, Arthur O.
Scotto, Raphael
Seaman, Miss Mary T.
Ba
Seely, Miss Sarah A.
Shabshelowitz, Herman
Shapiro, Michael
Shaw, Mrs. Aubrey N.
Shelton, Stephen L.
Sherwood, Mrs. John Lyman
Shevlin, Mrs. George C.
Siebert, William
Siedentopf, Paul
Siegel, Samuel
Simpson, Miss Etta
Simpson, Mrs. T. A
Simrell, Dr. George W.
Skerry, Dr. H. W.
Slatsinger, Mrs. S. H.
Slee, John B.
Sloan, Mrs. Matthew S.
Smiley, Daniel
Smith, Mrs. Annie Morrill
Smith, Miss Bertha H.
Smith, Cedric R.
Smith, Miss Elizabeth F.
Snyder, Dr. Wm. H.
Solomon, Dr. Charles
Somers, Mrs. Andrew L.
Somers, Arthur S.
Somers, Dr. James A.
Sonfield, Charles
Southard, Miss Edith Brett
t G
Steeves, Edward E.
147
. Stein, Dr. B.
Steinbrink, Meier
Steinbrucker, Charles W.
Stevenson, Charles G.
Stewart, Miss E. Grace
Stewart, Mrs. Seth Thayer
Stone, Miss Grace A.
Stoughton, Miss E. C.
Strack, Dr.
Straus, Hugh Geant
Gree Louis
Strauss, Mrs. Nathan
Street, Mrs. Herman E.
Strong, Dr. L. V.
Sukoff, Morris
Sullivan, Miss Bessie
Suthergill, Alfred George
Sutton, Mrs. Laurus E.
Swahn, Mrs. Fanny D.
Sweedler, Nathan
Talmage, Mrs. John F.
Taylor, James W.
* Taylor, Ronald
Taylor, Miss Venetia C
m
Thompson, William Boyce
Throckmorton, Mrs. LaZelle J.
Tiebout, Cornelius H., Jr
Trenchard, Henry
Trismen, Frederick
Tritsch, Mrs. Arthur A.
Tromba, Dr. S.C.
Truman, Miss Nellie M.
Tumbridge, Mrs. S. S.
* Twitchell, Herbert K.
Teerore Miss Nellie
Tyler, Mrs. Walter L.
Uhdal, John H.
Vaczy, Mrs. Margaret M.
Vail, Harry C.
Waa einen
Van Brunt, Jeremiah R.
Vanderbilt, Mrs T
Van Norden, Mrs. Mary
Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian
Van Sinderen, Adrian
Van Sinderen, Henry B.
Van Vleck, Miss Clara
Varin, Miss Dora N.
Veatch, Mrs. A. C.
Virdone, Anthony
Voight, Albert
Voss, Herman F.
Waldeck, Ernest C.
Walsh, James A.
Walton, Mrs. John J.
Wardell, Mrs. Tylee W.
Wark, Charles F.
Warlow, Miss Dorothy
Warren, Mrs. Luther
Warren, William H.
Watson, Thomas G.
t
Week, Mrs. Edward
Weekes, Francis
Weeth, Dr. Charles R.
Weiahene: Henry
Weinberg, Morris
Wenzel, Fred.
Whitaker, Mrs. Blanche F.
Wikander, Miss Elin
Wikstrom, Frank G.,
Willard, George N.
Wille, Mrs. Mary F.
bere ee Mrs. John O.
Williams, R.
Wing, Miss Reuiak A.
Wingate, Mrs. J. Phelps
Wittmer, Mrs. Mary
Wolfe, Mrs. Christian F.
Wood, Dr. Thomas B.
Wood, Wilbur W.
Woodruff, Miss Helen G.
Woodward, Miss Mary Black-
burne
* Woodward, Miss Virginia
Wynne, Miss Margaret
Young, Mrs. Charles T.
Zabriskie, Mrs. Elmer Thomas
Zim, Herbert S
Zimmele, Charles F.
Zior, Miss Virginia
SUMMARY OF MEMBERSHIP
Ten Om Seee MT savnecrniee tener le, Se,
Life Members
Through the Botanic Garden
Through Other Departments....
Sustaining Members
Through the Botanic Garden....
Through Other Departments....
AmmialeWlempers’ ssn sc sn le ee
wai aR re. GIT a np ees 6
Wad i, Leer ee eee 14
Skee aortas Mea eR ee 32
ee re ao nhc ase 90
re eA on soo ae 21
2c ipten, RAR ns ae 274 205
Be ee rs eR bo any cen 26
sas wile’ bos optus pee oor eee 41 67
ONS eet ees See 4 ee 703
A ee eis ORE B08 15 6 Om 1,207
149
INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP
The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in
three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2,
The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden.
Any of the following seven classes of membership may be taken
out through the Botanic Garden:
eennitalemenben sent... $ TO. 5 Donor ..ckceeen emer: $ 10,000
2. Sustaining member .... 25. 6. Patrons ..n2 saeeworer 25,000
ay ILS agar Ghabcasauo BOO) |. Benetactoi: st -raenraee 100,000
4. Permanent member .... 2,500 ;
Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in
Departments one to three. Membership: in classes two. to seven
carries full privileges in Departments one to three.
In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic
Garden for, public service through cooperating in its development,
and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge
and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to
afford additional and much needed educational advantages in
Brooklyn and Greater New York, members may also enjoy the
privileges indicated on the following page.
Further information concerning membership may be had by ad-
dressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn,
. Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone,
6173 Prospect.
aetietets ciiieristuel seine mote dieti> site u sm ciie i sien fepectesis Let sf's) (os) euiet "sa sins cea eal shteis Pestetoneiiei ell raisiiriicalcis Mam fulte ea oees
io a he= Secretary,
Brooklyn Botanic Garden,
1000 Washington Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Dear Sir:
I desire to become
An Annual Member ...... $ fo A Donor (ees eee $ 10,000
A Sustaining Member ... 25. A: Pattog 7 vee eee 25,000
A lite Member ......... 500. A Benelactoi ence 100,000
A Permanent Member ... 25,000
Please find enclosed my check payable to Brooklyn Botanic
Garden, and present my name to the Board of the Trustees for
election. Yours truly,
INTAITIOT Sects cae vecturasyris avis ioriesc: welts tote ute RR ae a
PNG GTESS osteo ic eR aut) oi athvsscots eu slsc nee ee Std nnn ar gape tek
i
bo oH
Ww
as
nn
CON
oo
150
PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP
Free admission to the buildings and grounds at all times.
Cards of admission for self and friends to all exhibitions and
openings preceding the admission of the general public, and
to receptions.
. Services of docent (by appointment), for self and party, when
visiting the Garden.
. Admission of member and his or her immediate family to all
lectures, classes, field trips, and other scientific meetings
under Garden auspices, at the Garden or elsewhere.
Special lectures and classes for the children of members.
Copies of Garden publications, as follows:
a. Record.
b. Guides
c. Leaflets
d. Contributions
e. Frequent Announcement Cards concerning plants in
flower and other exhibits and events.
. Privileges of the Library and Herbarium.
Iexpert advice on the choice and care of plants, indoors and
out, on planting the home grounds, the care of lawns, and
the treatment of plants affected by insect and fungous
pests.
. Identification of botanical specimens.
Participation in the periodical distribution of duplicate plant
material and seeds, in accordance with special announce-
ments sent to members from time to time.
151
FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC
GARDEN
Form of Bequest for General Purposes
I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum o Dollars, the in-
come from which said sum to be used for the educational and scientific
work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
rd
Form of Bequest for a Curatorship
I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to the Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum ‘of.:............ Dollars, as an
endowment for a curatorship in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the income
from which sum to be used each year towards the payment of the salary
of a curator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may be
inserted the name of the donor or other person) curatorship.
Form of Bequest for a Fellowship
I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences, eh No MG HHS Shin Oi, ec oc cone Dollars, the income
from which sum to be used in the payment of a fellowship tes advanced
botanical Ser aeema ies in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the
Bs OBO 86 OO RENE OT eae ees fellowship
Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by
the testator
hereby give, devise, and eee to The Brooklyn ae of Arts
and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of............ ars, to be used
(or the income from which to be es for the Brooklyn Rae Garden *
* The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment
is needed. ,
1. Botanical researc
2. Publishing the Petults of botanical investigations.
3. Popular botanical publication.
4. The endowment of a lectureship, or a lecture course.
5. Botanical illustrations for publications and lectures.
6. The purchase and collecting of plants.
7, The beautifying of the grounds.
8. The purchase of publications for the library.
9. Extending and enriching our work of public education.
152
THE BOTANIC GARDEN AND THE CITY
Tue Brookryn Boranic GarpeNn, established in IQIO, is a
Department of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It
is supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by
private funds, including income from endowment, membership
dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City
is through the Department of Parks.
The City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds,
lights, and heats the buildings, and keeps them in repair, and in-
cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of
maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings
(about $300,000) was met from private funds.
Appointments to all positions are made by the director of the
Garden, with the approval of the Botanic Garden Governing Com-
mittee, and all authorized expenditures for, maintenance are made
in the name of the private organization, from funds advanced by
the Institute, which, in turn, is reimbursed from time to time by
the City, within the limits, and according to the terms, of the an-
nual appropriation.
All plants have been purchased with private funds since the
Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the prac-
tice of the Garden to purchase all books for the library, all speci-
mens for the herbarium, all lantern slides, and numerous other
items, and to pay certain salaries, with private funds.
Lhe urgent needs of the Garden for private funds for all pur-
poses are more than twice as great as the present income from en-
dowment, membership dues, and special contributions. The direc-
tor of the Garden will be glad to give full information as to pos-
sible uses of such funds to any who may be interested.*
* A written Agreement, dated August 17, 1914, between the City of New
York and the Institute, touching the Botanic Garden, published in full in
the Brooklyn Botanic: Garden Record, for April, 1915, amends the agree-
ment of September 9, 1912, which amends the original agreement of Sep-
tember 28, 1909, published in the Record for January, 1912.
é ere ky , ah a ann
ee ee =, i ; va y é 4 eh aPh tte Tale ye po eee orl
Hoe 5 aan Bae
*
The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences
OFFICERS OF THE BOARD
OF TRUSTEES
Presip
EDWARD "C. "BLUM
trSt VICE-PRESID SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT
WALROE H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM.A. PUTNAM
HIRD VICE-PRESIDENT
ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN
TREASURER ; SECRETARY
G. FOSTER SMITH JOHN H. DENBIGH
BoTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE
MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman .
EDWARD C. BLUM, fe ie JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM
MRS. WILLIAM H. CA EDWIN GOULD
WALTER H. BREREENGEN WILLIAM T. HUNTER
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD
MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM
ALEXANDER M. WHITE
Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD
THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN .
GENERAL INFORMATION
MEMBERSHIP.—All persons who are interested in the cure: and etree ay
of the Brooklyn Botanic Gaia are eligible to members Members enjoy
special privileges. Annual Membership, $10 yearly; Sustaining Menperhin $25
‘yearly; Life Membership p, $500 ull information concerning membership may
be had by addressing The Di irector, {Bp sable Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y
Telephone, 6173 Prospect.
THe Botanic GARDEN is open free tp the public daily from 8 a.m. until dark;
on Sundays and Holidays open at 10: a
EntTRANCES.—On Flatbush eo os near Empire Boulevard (Malbone Street),
and near Mt. Prospect Reservoir; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern
way ane near Empire Boulevard: on Eastern Pa mage west of the Museum
Buildin;
The street aoe ope ae Laboratory. Building’ i is at 1000 Washington Avenue,
opposite ene
To Ass Mabe ae others in studying the collections ne SAE of a
docent Amey bes obtained. This service is free of charge to members é Botanic
ar ; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. Soa Setters must
be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction at least one week in
advance. ag? We less than six adults a be conduc
To
_ Station; Tatebct ough ibaa to Eastern Pati hohe n Museum Station;
Flatbush Avenite: trolley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street,
and Tompkins Avenue trolleys to Washington ‘Avenue; St. John’s Place trolley to
Sterling Place and Washington Avenue; Union Street and Vande rbilt Avenue
trolleys to Prospect Park Plaza and Union Street.
PUBLICATIONS
_. OF THE
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
RECORD. Established, January, rota: An cain periodical issued
quarterly (1912-1928) ; nthly beginning with 1 Contains, among other
things, the a Pai of the aa ane heads of Gebartmentst special reports,
concerning Gato progress aid 6 nts. Free to members of the cae en. To
hers $1.50 a year. Circulates in te countries.
MEMOIRS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly. Circulates in
47 countries.
. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at
the Medication of the laboratory pulang and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917.
521 pages. Price $3.50, plus postag
Volume i The vegetation o H Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of
Montauk: A study at grassland and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 19%8-
108 pages. Price $1.00, plus postage.
Volume III. Vegrator of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environ-
ment. By Barrington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. 151) pages.
CONTRIBUTIONS. linia April I, IOI. Fares originally published
in periodicals, reissued as “ separates without change of paging, and numbere
Twenty-five numbers constitute one volume. Price 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume.
Circulates in 34 countries.
52. Inheritance studies in P VI. Multiple Se and the in-
iabeies of green and yellow foliene and pod color. 16 pag
53. Mutation, Ginbie ia to habe differences, 0 ah etry
bution in pats: 12)
54. The vegetation of the ‘Aleieey State Park. 121 pages. 1628)
- Physiologic races of bunt of wheat. 14 pages. 1928.
| The inheritance of resistance of oat hybrids to loose na covered smut.
48 eek, 8
LEAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweekly
during April, May, June, September, and October. The put pose. of the Leaflets
is primarily to give announcements baceenine flowering and other plant activities
information about plant life for teachers and ot thers. Free to members of the
Garden. To paces fifty cents a series. Single Piaatae 5 cents each. Circu-
lates in 28 coun
GUIDES to We collections, buildings, and: grounds. Price based upon. cost
of publication.
I (Delectus Seminum) Established, Desembicr, 1914. Since
1925 issued each year in the January number of the Het Circulation includes
143 botanic gardens and institutions located in 42 countri
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Batabloed January, 1914. Pub-
lished, in cooperation with the BoraNnicaL Society oF AMERICA, mon ly, except
during ahaa and September. Subscription, gy. 00 a year. ‘Circulates. in’ 48
countrie
oe OGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation
RU ai EV LRISAL SOCIETY vy or America. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates
in 4
GEN ce. dpe ae January, 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a
year. Circulates in 37 countr
_ GUIDE _No. 2
mae
oe mi
NEW , JERSEY
BLISHED BIMONTHLY
LANCASTER, ae
“BY THE BROOKLYN ares OF AR
OOKLYN, N. Y.—
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
Gale Educational, and Administrative Officers
AVY
- _ SCIENTIF IC fi EDUCATIONAL
ies WA perme =e he Staff
an ager ~ Se sruart cae Ph.D., ScD., Pd.D., Divesior
a Me - MONTAGUE FREE, Horticulturist
fn AR’ UR. HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction
se, > ALRE ‘GUN DERSEN, pesiear de l’Université (Paris), Curator of Plants
ELSIE TWEMLOW H AMMOND, M.A., Assistant Curator of
ementary Instructio on
GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Cav alae of Plant Pathology —
_ ELLEN EDDY SHA AW, B:S., Curat tor of Elementary Instruction
‘RA "SIMPSON, Librarian
, Curator of Plant Brcding and Economic Plants
Other Officers
MARY AVERILL, Hi ron C. eh of Japanese Eu dening ie
, t
A
HAROLD A. CAPARN, C onsulting Eanascnte Architect
RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator
NORMAN TAYLOR, Curato
KATHRYN CLARK BARTLETT, A, B., Instructor
"Instruc or
LUCILE SARGENT MACCOLL, A.B., t
HM ; A.B., Instructor
Ee SK, A.M., Instructor
ZELDA J. SARGENT, Instructor
MARJORIE - SWABEY, M.A., Research Assistant
’ Research Assistant —
BELLE H. BURR, A.B., Curatorial Assistant
EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, Libr rary Assistant
MAUD H. PURDY, Curatorial Assist
, Curatoria aon ai
MARGERY H. UDELL, C ae heat eee
, Curatorial a
ADMINISTRATIVE
DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and a feaaen!
MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretar
NORMA E. STOFFEL, Office Assistant
COT INE MARY DONALD, Secretary to the ery
| AN LL, Registrar and Custodia
WILLIAM Ay DURKIN, Membership Seren)
AURA M, BREWSTER, Stenographer —
FRANCES MILLER MACKINNON, A.B., Stenographer
L. CONST ae PURVIS, Sienoarabiier
H M. TATE, Stenographer
LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer
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F Airplane view of Brooklyn Botanic Garden. For legend see opposite page (6572).
ay
is
Fic. 1. Airplane view of Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
A portion of Prospect Park is shown in the lower left hand corner, south-
west of the Garden
Flatbush Avenue (this portion of it being a parkway) extends between
he Park and the Garden, from Empire Boulevard on the south to Grand
Army Plaza and Eastern Parkway on the north
Washington Avenue extends along the right hand (east) side of the
Garden.
Empire Boulevard extends along the south end of the Garden (lower
right hand corner of the photograph).
At the corner of Washington Avenue and Empire Boulevard is the Cen-
tral Fire Alarm Telegraph Station for Brooklyn (not in the Garden area).
At the left of the Fire Alarm building is the cut containing tracks of the
Brooklyn Manhattan Transit Co. (B.—-M.T.)
The Children’s Garden (the light-colored area at the left of the railroad
cut) shows the individual beds, with the Children’s Building at the upper
end and the Shakespeare Garden at the lower end
The Experimental Garden along Washington Ave., is just north of the
Children’s Garden.
The Conservatories and atone ea are on Washington Ave.,
just north of the Experimental Gard
The Lake may be seen north of the Laboratory ees and north of
the Lake the Brooklyn Museum Building (unfinished), at the corner of
Washington Ave., and Eastern Parkway. The Museum = is not in-
cluded in the Botanic Garden area.
The Horticultural Section (in the early stages of its development in 1929)
is at the left (west) of the Museum Building. T he dark strip is a freshly
plowed area.
A corner of Mt. Prospect Reservoir is shown at the extreme upper left
hand corner of the photograph.
The Esplanade is the dark rectangular area south of the Museum site.
1e Rose Garden occupies the smaller and light-colored rectangular area
west (at the left) of the Esplanade.
The Native Wild Flower Garden is not shown in the pea It lies
northwest of the Rose Garden and south of the Reservoir
The Systematic Section occupies the most of the area between the Chil-
dren’s Garden and the Esplanade.
The Rock Garden and Ecological Garden are west of the Systematic
Section, about midway between Empire Boulevard and the Esplanade.
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD
VOL. XVIII MAY, 1929 NO. 3
~ GARDENS WITHIN A GARDEN’
A GENERAL GUIDE TO THE GROUNDS
OL EEL
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN ?
By C. Stuart GaceEr, Director
Introduction
Gardens within a Garden tersely and appropriately describes
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and in fact many botanic gardens,
for such institutions commonly comprise, not one planting unit,
but several. Possibly it is the realization of this which makes it
(apparently) so natural for people to refer to a botanic garden as
“botanic gardens. n the case of the Royal Botanic Gardens at
Kew, near London, the plantations comprise two distinct gardens
which were united to form the grounds of the present institution,
hence the plural form is both official and actual.
The use of “botanic” or “ botanical” is a matter of arbitrary
choice on the part of the institution, but the official name should be
carefully followed by the public.
1 This title was the happy suggestion of Mrs. Franklin Jones for a talk
to be given by the writer before the Garden Club of New Rochelle, in
2 Docentry. To assist members and ee in eee the collections the
services of a docent (teaching guide) m e obtained. his service is
free of charge to members of the hire De to others there is a
charge of 50 cents per person. Arrangements may be made in advance by
application to the Curator of Public Instruction. No parties of less than
six adults will be conducted. Application may be made by mail or by tele-
phone (Prospect 6173)
1538
154
IATLANTIC AVED
PACIFIC ST. UBWAY STATION
Sey {BE RR, STATION
ST
ES
D
NOSTRAND AVE. TROLLEY
PARADE
CROUND
FLATBUSH AVE
BRICHTON
LocaTION oF BROOKLYN BoTANIc GARDEN
Location of Brooklyn Botanic Garden with reference to streets and
Fic. 2.
transit lines.
155
Botanic Garden versus Park
The term “ botanic garden” has been used for centuries and is
still used to designate a garden area planted in accordance with
botanical considerations. Such botanic gardens are not uncom-
mon as adjuncts of the botanical departments of colleges and uni-
versities, or as special features in a public par
A modern botanic garden, however, considered as a separate
organization, is more than a garden or gardens. It is a scientific
and educational institution which usually comprises two or more of
the following features: Plantations, Conservatories, Herbarium,
Library, Laboratories, Class Rooms and Lgsitire Rooms, and an
indoor Botanical Museum. We specially say “indoor” museum,
because the plantations of a botanic garden are to be considered as
an outdoor museum, the exhibits in which are living plants, ar-
ranged on some botanical basis, and labelled. It is this which
fundamentally differentiates a botanic garden from a park, in
which plants are arranged for landscape effect, with little or no
regard for their botanical relationship. Another distinction be-
tween a botanic garden and a park is that a park is intended pri-
marily for recreation, whereas, if the grounds of a botanic garden
are large enough to possess park features, they are nevertheless
not intended primarily for recreation but for education, and all
regulations and restrictions governing their use by the public are
based on that fact
Automobiles
As a rule, automobiles are not admitted to the grounds of the
Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Their exclusion adds materially to the
charm of the Garden, and contributes to the safety and comfort of
visitors.
Special permits admitting automobiles are issued to members
only for the purpose of enabling aged or infirm persons or con-
valescents to enjoy the grounds. In each case a botanic garden
guide must accompany the automobile to insure freedom from
police interference, and also to act as a guide to the driver. The
guide will also serve as docent. For such services there is no
charge. Arrangements must be made in advance, preferably a
day or two before the contemplated visit.
st
Fic. 3. Rose Garden. Photograph of the colored sketch prepared by the landscape architect, Mr. Harold
Caparn. The garden was installed in 1927 and planting is still in progress in 1929 (5710).
9GT
157
Leaving and Returning to Automobiles
Visitors coming by motor car for a walk about the grounds may
arrange to return to the car at the same gate by which they enter;
or, arrangements may be made to meet the driver at any other gate
agreed upon, thus avoiding a long walk across the Garden after
the object of the visit has been accomplished. The various pos-
sibilities as to entrance and exit will become evident on consult-
ing the folded map.
Visitors coming to view some special exhibit or section of the
grounds should consult the folded map to ascertain the nearest
entrance. See also the following designation of gates for the va-
rious sections.
Entrances and Exits
There are seven public entrances and exits to the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden as follows:
On the North
1, Eastern Parkw
Between Brooklyn Museum and Mt. Prospect Reservoir
On the East
2. Washington Ave., North Gate
South of Eastern Parkway and north of the Laboratory
Building.
3. Laboratory Building
ashington Ave., south of entrance No. 2.
4. Washington Ave., South Gate
Yorth of Empire Boulevard.
On the West
5. Flatbush Ave., South Gate
Near Empire Boulevard.
6. Flatbush Ave., Middle Gate
North of entrance No. 5.
7. Flatbush Ave., North Gate
South of Grand Army Plaza, the new Brooklyn Public Library
Building and Mt. Prospect Reservoir.
The most direct way to reach any given entrance is indicated
on the diagram on page 154 showing the location of the Botanic
Garden with reference to streets and transit lines. Consult also
the directions for reaching the Garden, as given on the third
cover page.
158
Plantations
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden grounds comprise the following
sections or gardens. The numbers in parentheses, following the
name of the section or garden, indicate the number of the nearest
or most convenient entrance or entrances, as given on page 157.
+
. General Systematic Section (3-6)
Native Wild Flower Garden (1, 7)
Children’s Garden (4, 5)
Japanese Garden (2)
Rock Garden (5, 6)
Ecological Garden (5, 6)
Water Gardens (2, 3)
Iris Gardens (3, 6)
Rose Garden (1, 6)
. Various horticultural collections, as for example:
Lilacs (1, 6)
Peonies (3)
Cannas (5, 6)
Hardy Asters (5, 6)
Dahlias (5, 6)
Chrysanthemums (5, 6)
Azaleas, and Rhodendrons (2, 5)
Flowering cherries, plums, apples, etc. (1, 2, 6)
i)
PAI AKERS
omnl
o
11. Miscellaneous plantations
a. Naturalistic plantings of bulbs (1-6)
b. Decorative and screen plantings, such as the trees
and shrubs on the border mound, along the street
fence, etc.
c. Nursery (Not open to the public)
d. Experimental Garden (Not open to the public)
12. Horticultural Garden (1, 7)
The above features are here listed approximately in the order
in which they have been developed in the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden."
1An Economic Garden to illustrate economic or “useful” plants, and a
Morphological Garden to illustrate facts of the external form or morphology
of plants are a part of the complete plan of the Botanic Garden, and have
once been installed but, for certain reasons, have been temporarily discon-
tinued. ~
[yi TE
24 OF
i PROOKE bit ize TANI GLPDEI
ERP ETONG
b FPESH MEMORIAL AS EACH VTP
Nod
x EWLIFEAND BUDS [FAVES APPEAR
PUVING RONMENT A TPER
TRUE TYPE ChIMMOPTALITY
Itc. 4. Bronze tablet at White Oak Circle (3088).
Horticultural and Landscape Plantings
The Border Mound.—With the exception of the Eastern Park-
way frontage and the site of the buildings on Washington Ave.,
the Botanic Garden property is surrounded by a “ Border Mound ”
of earth, planted with trees and shrubs. This feature was devised
by Olmstead and Vaux, the landscape architects of Central Park,
New York, and of Prospect Park, Brooklyn, for the purpose of
shutting out from the parks the confusion and noise of adjacent
streets, thereby giving greater privacy and quiet within the parks.
The plan was an inspiration of genius, and is a larger factor than
most people realize in giving the Botanic Garden the seclusion and
rural character which visitors feel within the grounds.
The Border Mound is planted without reference to the botanical
relationships of the plants, but the screen planting, in places, af-
fords a protection which is taken advantage of for certain doubt-
160
fully hardy species, which are thus found outside the Garden area
where they belong botanically.
Bulbs in the Lawn.—In the fall of 1g21, 25,000 bulbs of Crocus
were planted naturalistically on the slope of the Border Mound in
the southwest portion of the Garden. This was one of the first
(if not the first) naturalistic plantings of bulbs in a public park in
America. This planting was increased in 1923-25 until there are
now 54,000 bulbs. Other areas have been planted with various
varieties of yellow Daffodils (about 27,000), Poet’s Narcissus
(15,000), yellow and scarlet Tulips (20,000), Snowdrops (Gal-
anthus), Winter-aconite (Eranthis hyemalis), Grape-hyacinth
(Muscari botryoides), Dwarf Blue Hyacinth (Hyacinthus azureus,
often mistaken for a Grape-hyacinth), and others.
Miscellaneous.—Other horticultural collections are the varieties
of Lilac, Iris, Canna, Mallow, Hollyhock, Hardy Aster (varieties
of the New England and New York Aster), Chrysanthemum,
Dahlia, Azalea, Rhododendron, and other horticultural groups.
A Walk through the Garden
Point of Beginning
An itinerary through the Botanic Garden plantations may, of
course, begin at any one of the seven entrances.
Time Required
It is physically possible to walk around the periphery of the
Garden, from any given gate and back, in about one half hour,
but such a walk would not allow for giving more than passing
attention to the plantations.
Not less than one hour should be allowed for a leisurely walk,
and for obtaining a conspectus of plants in bloom or other features.
Scene in the Japanese Garden.
(Nelumbo) in the Lake. Torii at the right.
Stone lantern and drum bridge at the left.
Storks and East Indian Lotus
Laboratory Building in the middle distance (5620).
TOT
162
SUGGESTED ITINERARY
Horticultural Section
Entering at the Eastern Parkway Gate (number 1),? the visitor
finds himself at once in the Horticultural Section, comprising
chiefly horticultural varieties of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous
plants derived by plant breeding from wild species.
This section occupies what is known to the Garden authorities
as the “ North Addition,” since it was not in the original tract set
aside by the City for botanic garden purposes. It is still (1929)
in its early developmental stage, its development having been de-
layed (now for several years) for lack of funds.
What are Horticultural Varieties?
It may be noted here that the particular kinds of wild plants
are called species. Under cultivation new forms often arise not
found growing wild; they may arise from wild species or from
other cultivated forms. These are called “garden forms” or
“horticultural varieties,’ and may arise in at least three ways:
I. Seed variation; 2. Bud variation; 3. Crossing or hybridizing.
1. Seed variation: One of the best known horticultural varieties resulting
from seed variation is the famous original Concord Grape, which was pr
duced by a seed of the wild grape (Vitis Labrusca) planted at Concord,
Mass., in the fall of 1843 by Ephraim W. Bull. This plant fruited for the
first time in 1849, and all other Concord Grape vines in the world have been
derived, either directly or indirectly, from this ‘one by propagation from
cuttings. The famous “Golden Glow” was derived by seed variation, as
was also the Burbank potato.
2. Bud variation: Occasionally one or more of the buds on a plant will
wae uce branches differing characteristically from the typical branches.
This is called bud sporting. It is believed to have been the origin of the
Washington or California Navel Orange. One of the most famous bud
sports among flowering plants is the Moss Rose. Some Sec va-
rieties of potato arose by bud sporting, the process being called by farmers,
“mixing in the hill”’ Among houseplants the Boston Fern (and other
varieties of Nephrolepis exaltata) arose by bud sporting.
3. Crossing or hybridizing: Plants are crossed by transferring pollen from
the flowers of one to the stigmas of the flowers of another. In this man-
ner have arisen numerous varieties of apples, pears, and other fruits, and
innumerable varieties of such plants as Iris, Orchid, Peony, Tulip, many
Roses (e.g., Hybrid Teas, Hybrid Perpetuals), the Lilac, and others.
1 By consulting the folded map, it will be found easy to begin the walk
at any entrance and follow the suggested itinerary from that point.
Fic. 6. Alfred T. White Memorial.
Unveiled June 7, 1923 (5633).
69T
164
Native Wild Flower Garden (Local Flora Section)
Walking south past Mt. Prospect Reservoir (on the right) one
comes to the entrance to the Native Wild Flower Garden.
This section contains only plants that grow wild within a radius
of too miles of Brooklyn. This indicates roughly the ‘“ Local
Flora Range” which is defined by the Torrey Botanical Club as
including all of the State of Connecticut; Long Island; in New
York State, the counties bordering the Hudson River on both sides
up to and including Columbia and Greene, also Sullivan and Dela-
ware Counties; all of New Jersey; and, in Pennsylvania, the coun-
ties of Pike, Wayne, Monroe, Lackawanna, Luzerne, North-
ampton, Lehigh, Carbon, Bucks, Berks, Schuylkill, Montgomery,
Philadelphia, Delaware, and Chester.
Native trees have been planted in the northern end of this sec-
tion so as to secure the ecological conditions of a small forest or
“woods.” This facilitates the growing of many species which are
usually found growing wild only in such environment.
ear the southern end of the area is a small bog. A bog
differs from a swamp in that the water of the former contains a
much larger percentage of humic acid than does the latter, and
certain plants, such as Cranberries, Sphagnum Moss, Pitcher
Plants, and others, prefer an acid substratum. This difference in
acidity results from the fact that a swamp has both inlet and out-
let (water flowing through it), while a bog has an inlet (water
flowing into it), but no outlet, except through evaporation into the
air. It is this that results in a concentration of humic acid, just
as evaporation (and no streams flowing out) makes the Dead Sea
and the ocean salt. The humic acid results from the decay of
plant tissue, caused by the action of bacteria.
Woodland plants may be found on either side of the Wild
Flower Path along the crest of the West Border Mound, as well as
in the “ valley ’’ or main portion of this Section.
After walking south through the Wild Flower Garden one comes
out near the
Lilac Triangle
The Lilac collection was at first confined to this triangular area,
but has since been extended northward as part of the Horticultural
f°
Conservatory Garden.
Hardy waterlilies in the near
5
“ale
L re | a
||
Fem,
pool; tropical forms in the distant pool (4186).
GOT
166
Section. There are some 200 or more horticultural varieties of
the Lilac in this collection. The wild species of Lilac (the genus
Syringa) may be found with their botanical relatives in the Olive
Family, in the southern part of the General Systematic Section.
West of the Lilac Triangle is the site of the Economic Garden.
See the foot note on page 159.
Rose Garden
After viewing the Lilacs it will be best to pass northward to-
ward the Museum embankment and enter the Rose Garden at one
of the north gates.
This garden, enclosed by pavilion, pergolas, and trellis fence,
was designed both as to structures and planting plan, by Mr.
Harold A. Caparn, consulting landscape architect of the Botanic
Garden. It is 500 feet in greatest length, and 93 feet in width.
It was made possible by a gift from Mr. and Mrs. Walter V. Cran-
ford, of Greenwich, Conn., and was constructed and the first
planting done in 1927 under the supervision of Mr. Montague
Free, horticulturist of the Botanic Garden. It was first opened to
Members of the Botanic Garden on Thursday, June 21, 1928, and
to the general public on the following afternoon.
The garden contains about 3,000 plants (bush roses, climbers,
post-roses, standards, festoons, ete.). The three most important
classes of horticultural roses are in the beds, the Hybrid Teas in
the two side-beds and the Hybrid Perpetuals with Dwarf Poly-
antha roses (introduced as “ Baby Ramblers,” though they do
not ramble) as a border in the central beds. e bush roses in
the beds are arranged so that one passes from the older varieties
in the northern beds past successively newer forms to the latest
introductions in‘the southern beds, thus illustrating the historical
development of the horticultural varieties of roses.
The trellis fence is intended not merely for an enclosure and
protection to the garden, but for the display of climbing roses, as a
background for the bush roses of all kinds, and especially for the
species or wild roses, together with the classes of garden roses
(Rugosas, Lambertianas, etc.) most nearly related to them.
Near the right (West), as one leaves the south gate of the
Rose Garden, is Exit No. 6 (Middle Flatbush Ave. gate).
Page missing
from book
at time
of scanning.
Page missing
from book
at time
of scanning.
Page missing
from book
at time
of scanning.
Page missing
from book
at time
of scanning.
ial
ground on which the White Memorial stands is Boulder Hill, so
named from the large glacial boulder on its summit. (See Brook-
lyn Botanic Garden Guide No. 3, The Story of Our Boulders, to
be published soon.)
From the site of this Memorial one may view the East In-
dian Lotus and various kinds of Water Lilies growing in the
Lake. This forms one of the Water Gardens.
Conservatory Garden
A short side trip toward and past the Laboratory Building will
take one down the steps and through the site of the Formal Garden
to be developed in front of the Building, thence down a second
flight of steps to the Conservatory Garden, containing two Water
Lily Pools. The northern one has heated water and contains only
tropical forms, including the Victoria regia Trickert. The south-
ern pool contains the hardy sorts that do not require heated water.
These two pools were the gift of Mr. Alfred T. White.
From the Conservatory Garden one may retrace his steps to the
main entrance of the Laboratory Building and thence proceed west
(to the left) ; or, if one did not take the side trip to the lily pools,
he may pass from the White Memorial down the west slope of
Boulder Hill; or, if one did not pass around the lake, he may con-
tinue past the Torii and along the west shore of the lake to its
outlet, coming, in either case, to the beginning of the
Systematic Section
What the Systematic Section Aims to Show
1. Different kinds of plants.
. The relationship (botanical affinities) of plants.
3. The sequence of plant Orders.
Nd
The sequence here followed is approximately that of the
Engler System, modified to some extent by horticultural
and other requirements. Other sequences have been pro-
posed, and new investigations will, no doubt, result in the
formation of other probable sequences.
4. How the plants of a given group may be used in decorative
planting (c.g., for hedges, massing, herbaceous borders,
ground cover, etc.). oon
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10. Poet's Narcissus (N. poeticus) on the Border Mound.
15,000 bulbs (5799).
173
5. Hortictiitural varieties derived from wild species by plant
breeding.
Most of the plants in the General Systematic Section do not
occur in the Local Flora area, as defined on page 164, but a few
Local Flora plants are included in enoube not otherwise repre-
sented.
Classification of Plants
The Plant Kingdom may be divided into the following groups,
the figures in parentheses indicating the approximate number of
families in each group:
af ee Saas without seeds)
hallophyt
d. Horsetails (1)
e. Ferns (17)
2. Phanerogams (Plants with seeds)
a. Gymnosperms (Naked seeds)
Cycadales (Tropical and Sub-Tropical only) (1)
Ginkgoales (Maidenhair Tree)
Coniferales (Conifers) (7)
Gnetales (Joint Firs) (3)
b. Angiosperms or Flowering Plants (Seeds enclosed in an ovary)
a. Dicotyledons (with two seed-leaves) (254)
b. Monocotyledons (with one seed-leaf) (45)
All the larger groups above listed are again subdivided into successive
groups, as follows:
Order (a group of related Families)
Family (a group of related Genera)
Genus (a group of related Species)
Species (a group of closely related Individuals )
A species may be further subdivided into Varieties or forms)
Individual (the unit of the Plant ee
The Latin names of the Orders end in -ales, Cycadales (Cycad
Order), Papaverales (Poppy Order); of the aries (with few excep-
tions) in -aceae, e.g., Cycadaceae (Cycad Family), Papaveraceae (Poppy
Family .
Fic. 11. Tulips on_the hillside west of the Conservatories. Those appearing white in the picture
clear ‘allow Tulipa Gesneriana lutea;
ing to “Cottage” tulip group (58
bee others are the scarlet T. Gesneriana spathulata,
Ol).
20,000 in
all.
are the
belong-
PLT
175
Planting Plan
The plants that have no flowers are found north of the walk
which leads from Magnolia Triangle to the Ginkgo Triangle, and
are east of the Brook in the area which includes Boulder Hill.
With the exception of the Cryptogams, the plants in the General
Systematic Section are arranged with a wide grass aisle (approxi-
mately 30 feet) between the Orders, and a narrow aisle (about
10 feet wide) between the families. As one looks over this Sec-
tion from any elevated point the planting plan stands out very
distinctly.
The sequence of Orders in the General Systematic Section is
shown on the folded map at the end of this Guide.
Boundaries of Orders and Families
The boundaries of the various Orders and Families that con-
tain shrubs are, in many cases, planted with hedges formed of
plants that belong to the given Order or Family, or with plants of
the given group that have special ornamental value.
Herbaceous and Woody Plants Together
Most botanic gardens comprise at least three sections, as
follows:
1. Arboretum (Latin, arbor, a tree) comprising only trees.
2. Fruticetum (Latin, frutex, a shrub) comprising only shrubs
and vines. Vines are not recognized separately from
shrubs in the manuals of botany, a vine being technically
considered as a climbing or trailing shrub.
3. Herbaceous Garden, comprising only herbaceous (4.e., non-
woody) plants.
These three divisions classify plants according to their form and
size, and the possession of woody versus herbaceous stems, not
according to their botanical relationship.
In the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, educational (and, to a sud-
ordinate degree, landscape and spatial) considerations led to group-
ing the woody and herbaceous plants together in the General Sys-
tematic and Local Flora Sections. This plan was suggested by
176
Mr. Harold A. Caparn, consulting landscape architect of the
Garden, and is worthy of special note because it not only secures
pleasing landscape effects, not otherwise possible in the limited
space at our disposal, but also because it gives added educational
features by showing the botanical affinities of trees and shrubs
with herbaceous plants, and the relative percentages of woody and
herbaceous plants (within the limits of hardiness at Brooklyn) in
the various families, orders, and larger subdivisions of the Plant
Kingdom. Thus, for example, it will be seen that in the group
of the Poppies and their relatives (Papaverales) there are no trees
or shrubs hardy in Brooklyn; in the group of the Roses and their
relatives (Rosales) there is a generous proportion of both woody
and herbaceous plants; while in the Horsechestnut and Willow
groups (Sapindales and Salicales) there are few if any herbaceous
plants hardy here.
CRYPTOGAMS
At the beginning of the Systematic Section, nearest the Lake,
are the Cryptogams, as yet (1929) represented chiefly by the
erns.
GYMNOSPERMS
As noted above, Gymnosperms are so called because their seeds
are not enclosed in a seed-case or ovary (as occurs, for example,
with beans or apples).
The Cycadales are represented by living specimens in House
No. 11 of the Conservatories.
The Ginkgoales comprise only one Family, Ginkgoaceae, repre-
sented by only one living species, Ginkgo biloba, the geologically
oldest existing arborescent type. It bears naked, plum-like seeds
often mistaken for fruit.
Until recently it was believed that Ginkgo was strictly a cultivated plant
; ie “living fossil”), preserved by the fact that it was cultivated in the
temple gardens of China and Japan, but botanical explorers have recently
reported finding it growing wild in western China. In a preceding geological
age (the Tertiary) it was widely distributed in Siberia, Europe, the British
Isles, North America, ae Greenland, but is now known only from a com-
paratively small area in western China. It is extensively planted, and is a
very satisfactory tree for parks and streets.
Border planting of ornamental Grasses, eee 17. On the left the species (from right t
ee are: Blue Fescue (Festuca ovina glauca Narrow Derved Eulalia “scant thus sinensis Perey
and Awnless Eulalia (Mt. SoA SCD) On the pa the tall grasses are Banded Eulalia (M. sinensis
zebrina). A portion of the systematic exhibit of eaaiiee is shown at es Ween left (5618).
LLT
178
The Coniferales comprise, in our range, the Yew (Taxaccac),
the Pine (Pinaceae), the Bald Cypress (Tarodiaceae), and the
Cypress (Cupressaceae) Families. The hard, bony seed of the
Yew is surrounded by a fleshy disk which resembles a red berry.
The genera of the Pine Family all bear their seeds in cones. In
the Juniper (Juniperus) the fleshy cone-scales are so fused ‘to-
gether that the result appears like a berry. The Botanic Garden
collection includes Pines, Larches, Hemlocks, Spruces, California
Bigtree (Sequoia gigantea), Bald Cypress (Taxrodium distichum),
Cryptomeria, Cedars (Cedar of Lebanon, Cedrus Libani; the Atlas
Cedar, C. atlantica), and others.
ANGIOSPERMS
Dicotyledons without Petals (Apetalous)
Southwestward from the Gymnosperms are Angiospermous
trees having flowers without floral envelopes (calyx and corolla),
and usually borne in cone-like catkins or aments (the so-called
ament-bearers or Amentiferac). In the Hickory, Oak, Chestnut,
and others only the staminate flowers are in catkins. Most o
these forms are wind-pollinated, including the Birches, Alders, and
others, of the Birch Family (Betulaceae). Here, also, are the
Beeches and Oaks of the Beech Family (Fagaceae) ; the Walnuts
and Hickories, of the Walnut Family (/uglandaceae); and the
Elms (Elm Family, Ulmaceae).
South of the east-west walk, leading to the White Oak Circle,
are the Mulberries and Paper-Mulberry, wind-pollinated trees of
the Mulberry Family (Moraceae), and the insect-pollinated Fig
of the same Family. :
The insect-pollinated Willows and Poplars (Willow Family,
Salicaceae), are planted along the Brook (toward the south) in
order to secure the streamside conditions of a natural habitat.
Dicotyledons with Separate Petals (Polypetalous )
The plants in all the Orders on the east side of the Brook, be-
ginning with the Magnolias (Magnoliaceae) and proceeding down
through the Garden to the Dogwoods (Cornaceae), have flowers
with separate petals, usually in 5’s, less commonly in 4’s..
Fic. 13.
Scene in
Children’s Garden, June 1 (5107).
180
Experimental Garden
At the left (east), as one passes down through the Garden from
the Polygonales toward the Heaths (Ericales), is the Experi-
mental Garden, located south of the Conservatories and devoted
to work in Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding (Genetics), and other
experimental work. This garden is not open to the public. It is
enclosed by a fence covered with Japanese Honeysuckle, and be-
tween the paved walk and this fence is a border planting of about
100 horticultural varieties of Narcissus.
Linden Triangle
Between the Experimental and Children’s Gardens is the
Linden Triangle, containing a specimen of the Silver Linden
(Tilia argentea), planted on October 25, 1923, by Ellen Eddy
Shaw, curator of elementary instruction.
Children’s Garden and Building
South of the Linden Triangle is the Children’s Garden,
with the Children’s Building near the north end. This Garden
comprises individual garden plots sufficient for the accommodation
of over 150 boys and girls. At the south end is the Shakespeare
Garden, a gift, in 1925, from Mr. Henry C. Folger, a well known
Brooklyn collector of Shakespeareana. Surrounding the Chil-
dren’s Building is a horticultural planting of herbaceous plants,
trees, and shrubs, laid out as an adjunct to the educational work
with children. Over the entrance to the Children’s Building is a
quotation from the poet, Wordsworth:
He is happiest who hath power
To gather wisdom from a flower.
Elm Triangle
West of the service gate of the Children’s Garden and south
of Azalea Knoll is the Elm Triangle containing a specimen of
the American Elm (Ulmus americana), presented and planted on
Arbor Day, April 24, 1925, by the Girl Scouts of Flatbush.
Systematic Section (Continued)
After the Dogwoods (noted on page 178), the plants of the re-
maining Orders of Dicotyledons—Heath Order (Fricales) to Bell-
Fic. 14. Bearded Iris.
au
rae
thie
West side of Brook, facing south. June 5 (4954).
I8t
182
flower Order (Campanulales)—have flowers whose petals are
more or less united.
The Heath Order, including Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Laurel,
Heather (Calluna), Heath (Erica), and others, is on Azalea
Knoll and Azalea Bank.
After the Heaths, the Orders of the Dicotyledons follow up the
west side of the Brook, terminating with the plants whose flowers
have petals united to form a bell-shaped floral envelope—the
Campanulales, named from the Bellflower (Campanula). The
chief family of this order is the Compositae, the most highly de-
veloped of all the dicotyledonous plant families, comprising such
forms as the Daisy, Burdock, Dandelion, and their relatives and,
among cultivated plants, the numerous horticultural varieties of
Chrysanthemum, Hardy Aster, Dahlias, and others.
The Dicotyledons terminate opposite the Rock Garden, and
are separated from the Monocotyledons (on the north) by the
Ecological Garden.
Monocotyledons
All of the plants having embryos with one seed-leaf (Mono-
cotyledons), and with petals (when present) in 3's, are north of
the Ecological Garden and west of the Brook. They comprise
the Lily, Iris, Canna, Grass, Orchid, and other Families. The
Orchids are on the Border Mound, west of the paved walk. They
are the most highly specialized of the Monocotyledons.
The Monocotyledons appear to have descended from the Dicotyledons, the
process involving various structural and anatomical changes, including the
hereditary failure of one of the seed-leaves or cotyledons to develop, thus
resulting in embryos with only one seed-leaf.
Note that there are no monocotyledonous trees hardy in this
climate, and only a few shrubs, such, for example, as Smilax.
Ecological Controls
In order to take advantage of the most favorable cultural con-
ditions, and also for planting effect, the Irises (like the Willows
and Poplars mentioned on page 178) are extended along the Brook,
on either side.
northwest (2585).
ing
View fac
Rock Garden.
ity
Fic
184
Rock Garden
The beauty and interest of the Rock Garden has doubtless ar-
rested the attention of the visitor before he proceeded to the Mono-
cotyledons. The Rocks are glacial boulders which were deposited,
at what is now the north end of the Botanic Garden, by one of the
continental ice sheets that terminated at Long Island during the
ce Age and formed the terminal moraine, known locally as “ the
backbone of Long Island.” The boulders were uncovered during
the grading of the area between the Museum Building and Mt.
Prospect Reservoir, and constitute the only logical (as well as the
only available) material for a Rock Garden here, since there is
(with an unimportant exception, near the north-west shore) no
ledge rock on the Island. (See Brooklyn Botanic Garden Guide
No. 3, The Story of our Boulders, to be issued later.)
The Rock Garden, constructed under the supervision of Mr.
Montague Free, in 1916, contains about 800 different species of
Alpine and rock-loving (saxatile) plants, from the Cordilleras of
Western America, the Andes, Alps, Ural Mts., Himalayas, and
other regions.
So far as known, this was the first rock garden to be developed
in a public park in America. Even a brief description must be
reserved for a special guide book.
Ecological Garden
The word ecology is derived from two Greek words meaning
“house” and “science.” Ecology, therefore means ‘“ house sci-
ence,” or the science of the home life of plants (or of animals, as
the case may be). This phase of botanical science has to do with
the relation of plants to their surroundings or environment; more
specifically to the various factors of environment, such as soil,
water, light, gravity, air, wind, other plants, insects, and other
animals, etc.
A special guide is required for a full explanation of the Eco-
logical Section. The vistor will note from the labels that the
various beds are devoted to illustrating the relation of plants to
the factors above mentioned. A wide range of environment is
provided by the swamp, by the running water of the brook that
flows into it, by the quiet pools and waterfalls in the brook below
185
the swamp, by open and shady places, and by the rock garden with
its moist and its dry, well-drained areas. The Rock Garden is,
in reality, a portion of the Ecological Section.
The Merchild
The Bronze Statue, Merchild, on the boulder just below the
outlet of the Swamp, is the work of Miss Isabel M. Kimball, of
Brooklyn, and was presented to the Botanic Garden in 1928 by
Mr. R. R. Bowker, a member of the Board of Trustees.
The Monocotyledons
If the visitor has not already done so, he may now pass north to that part
of the General Systematic Section that contains the Monocotyledons,
described on page 182.
The Return Journey
From the Monocotyledons one may now proceed back through
the Botanic Garden, past the Rose Garden to the Eastern Parkway
Gate (Exit No. 1). If he has come by motor car, and has
made arrangements in advance (see page 157) he may leave the
Garden at the Flatbush Ave., Middle Gate (Exit No. 6), and
find his automobile waiting for him there.
Conservatories
If one has time for more than the tour of the grounds, he may
find the Conservatories of interest. They are located on the
western (Washington Ave.) side of the Garden, and are open free
to the public daily from ro a.m. to 4 p.m.; on Sundays from
T p.m. to 4 p.m. In summer they are open until 4:30 p.m. The
hours of closing are fixed so as to give the gardeners time to wet
down the plants before they leave for the day.
Library
The reference library, containing at present (1929) about 10,000
volumes and 10,000 bound pamphlets, and having on file the cur-
rent numbers of over goo periodicals on plant life, gardening, and
closely related subjects, is in the Laboratory Building, and is open
free to the public daily, except Sunday, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
(Saturdays, 9 a.m. to 12 m.).
186
I'tc. 16. The Merchild. Statuette by Isabel M. Kimball. Presented by
Richard R. Bowker (6491).
Bureau of Information
Inquiries concerning Membership in the Botanic Garden, or
| oD )
concerning any aspect of plant life and gardening or the classes,
lectures, and other activities of the Botanic Garden may be made
: uf
at the Information Desk on the first floor of the Laboratory
Building, or by writing or telephoning (Telephone: Prospect
OT72),
Souvenir Postcards and Publications
Postcard views of the Botanic Garden, and of interesting plants,
DS
popular Leaflets, and such Guide Books as have been published
187
may be purchased for nominal sums at the Information Desk.
Copies of the Annual Report are available in limited quantity
for distribution to adults only.
Suggestions Welcomed
The management of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden will be glad
to receive any suggestions or constructive criticisms as to how the
collections may be made more attractive or educationally more
effective. Suggestions should be addressed to the director.
THE BOTANIC GARDEN AND THE CITY
THE BrookLyNn Botanic GARDEN, established in 1910, is a De-
partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is
supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by
private funds, including income from endowment, membership
dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is
through the Department of Parks.
The City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds,
lights, and heats the buildings, and keeps them in repair, and in-
cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of
maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings
(about $300,000) was met from private funds.
All plants have been purchased with private funds since the
Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the
practice of the Garden to purchase all books for the library, all
specimens for the herbarium, all lantern slides, and numerous
other items, and to pay certain salaries, with private funds.
The urgent needs of the Garden for private funds for all pur-
poses are more than twice as great as the present imcome from en-
dowment, membership dues, and special contributions. The
director of the Garden will be glad to give full information as to
possible uses of such funds to any who may be interested.
* A written Agreement, dated August 17, 1914, between the City of New
York and the Institute, touching the Botanic Garden, published in full ta
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, for April, 1915, amends the agree-
ment of September 9, 1912, which amends the original agreement of Septem-
ber 28, 1900, published in the Record for January, 1912
188
INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP
The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in
three main departments: 1.’ The Department of Education. 2.
The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden.
Any of the following seven classes of membership may be taken
out through the Botanic Garden:
Toe NOMA: MeMINEt .,.s ake 2 eee $ 10
2s aime amen Gr sao aaa eo 25
pee AMAMINED tad ssid Paces ee 500
‘Permanent member . ai .c2t es: ae 2,500
J Diol a ne emer: mee... 10,000
Oe PatnOmh eis aoa 6.2552... a 25,000
PB Cne IAGO ac «gsi s-s eho eee ee 100,000
Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges
in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to
seven carries full privileges in Departments one to three.
In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic
Garden for public service through codperating in its development,
and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge
and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to
afford additional and much needed educational advantages in
Brooklyn and Greater New York, members may also enjoy the
privileges indicated on the following page.
Further information concerning membership may be had by
addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn,
Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone,
6173 Prospect.
- The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences
OFFICERS OF THE BOARD
oF TRUSTEES
Present
ee Cc. BLUM
Fmst Vice-PRESENT Seconp Vict- PRESIDENT
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM A. PUTNAM
. Tuirp Vick-PRESIDENT Wee
ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN
= ee
G. FOSTER “SMITH 5 JOHN H. DENBIGH
BoTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING CoMMITTER
MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman _
EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex Chie EDWIN GOULD
MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY ‘WILLIAM T. HUNTER
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN _ ALFRED W. JENKINS ©
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD
MRS. LEWIS W.FRANCIS ——~—~—*WILLIAM A. PUTNAM
JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM ALEXANDER M. WHITE
Ex OFFICIO MEM BERS OF THE BOARD
THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK ©
: THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
GENERAL INFORMATION
MEMBERSHIP. —All persons who are interested in the objects and maintenance
of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are eligible a membership. Members enjoy
special opvileees Annual Membership, $10 yearly; Sustaining Membership, hes:
a Life Membership, $500 1 information concerning membership
be had by Saba The Directo, Brooklyn Botan Garden, Brooklyn,
__ Telephone, ae ae
Tue Bora eile is open hes e the public ay from 8 a.m. until dark;
on Sundays ad "Holidays open at I
_ _Enrrances.—On Flatbush Rew near aire Boulevard (Malbone Street),
and near Mt. Prospect Reservoir; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern Park-
‘S sade ae near oe Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of. the
Build
The eet entrance oe the Laboratory Building i is at 1000 Washington Avenue,
opposite Aiontwome Str
To Assist MEMBERS eh others in studying re collections the services of a
docent may be obtained. This service is free of charge to members of the Bovinite
Coren i. others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. eee must
be made by application to the Curator of Public In een at leas
advance. ke parties of less six adults: will be con
Aah H THE GARDEN take Broadway GB. M. T.) Subway t to Prospect Park
Station ; Tatertion ough Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station;
Flatbush Avenue trolley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street,
and Tompkins Avenue poles. to Washington ‘Aven enue; St. John’s Place trolley to
Stecling” Place and Washington Avene? Union Pues and Vanderbilt Avenue
ples to Prospect Park Plaza and Union
ee " PUBLICATIONS
oy se ee ee ope oF
"BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
RECORD. Establish ned, January, 1 1912. ‘An administrative: Lriodlical issued
\ quarterly (1912-1928); bimonthly beginning with 1929. Contains, among other
_ things, the Annual Report of the director and heads of departments, special reports,
announcements of courses of instruction, seed list, ue age papers, and notes
concerning Garden progress and events. Free to member of the Garden. To
_ others $1.50 a year, 25 cents a number. Circulates in 41 coarinies
MEMOIRS. Established, July, 1918. Published eee: Circulates in oe
oa 47 countries
in peri
- consecutively. This series includes. occasional papers, as well as those are
<a “Volume L Dedication Papers: comprising 33 sclknene papers presented at i
the dedication of the Ho ae building and plant houses, april 19-21, 1917.
§a1 pages. Price $3.50, plus po: a 4
Volume II. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegeestinn of
ee me ee of ra ee and forest. By Norman Taylor, que II, 1923.
a e $1.00, plus postage. anes
value os Vegeta tion of Mount Desert ee Maine, and its environ- ae
Pas pee By Barrington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. I51 pages.
ice \
‘CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, April 1, ro11. Papers eriginally published %
iodicals, reissued as “separates,” without change of pagin ig, an i
: he the results of research done at the Garden, or by members of its staff or students.
ne eee Ramberg constitute one volume. he 25 cents each, Monte volume.
eat ‘ : heritonce ae green
cE Gee bution in » plants 12
Re to Poke
information about plant life for teachers and others. ‘Bree to arian ae the
"ates in 28 co
oe eee cau in Pin VI. Multiple alelomorphism ond ihe ine wee
reen en and yellow foliage and bod color. 16 page fresh
utatton, adaptation i Ona differences, ae eograpieat distri a ae
‘102
ne,
a GE
54. The vegetation of the Allegany State Pose. qat pages. i 1928 ees oa
At, Boas ‘Physiologic races of bunt of wheat. 14, pages. 1928. SS
56. The inheritance of resistance of oat _habrids to loose and covered smut, ite
- 48 pages. 1928. ee ee
LEAF LETS. _ Established, soe 10, ae, Pobtiahe delay Se
during April, May, June, September, “and Octo The purpose of ae wip RE GS
is Sysocked to. give announcements concerning giles and other plane pee
e seen in the Garden near the date of issue, and ee ive popular,
. Garden. To Sheri ay cents a series. Bs numbers 5 cents: each, Cireu-
s “GUIDES « to. oth collections, buildings, and grounds. Price | based p00 cost ; - ‘
of ‘publication, ras eae |
tS SEED. ‘LIST _Datectus Sohcnuba) ‘Established; ‘combes, 1914. Since cele.
ieee ‘issued each year n the January re of the Recorp. “ Gireulation includes ei :
143 botanic gardens acd institutions located in 42 countries. — kaa |
i AMERICAN JOURNAL Be f BOTANY. Established, January, 1 IOI4. ube -
- lished, in. rat abet with the BoranicaL Socmry oF AMERICA , monthly, except —
during August: and - September. “Subscription, $7.00 a year. ‘Cireulates in 48
ECOLOGY. Established, qanacy, raat: Published slash i in sieiecation
_ with te = ee CAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. Subscription, ay a year. ‘Circalates
pe
eens _, bstablished, , Jenny, 1916. Bimonthiya Subscription: $5.00 3 a
_ year, Clieaites ;
BERBARIUM OF
FevetAs J. DELENDICK
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD
VOL. XVIII JULY, 1929 NO. 4
PUBLIC EDUCATION
AT THE
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
“For the advancement of botanical science and knowledge . . .
for affording instruction in the same . . . and for the entertain-
ment, recreation, and instruction of the people... ’”’
PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY
AT LANCASTER, PA
BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
BRO YN, N
Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912.
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers
SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL
The Staff
C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., ScD., Pd.D., Director
TAGUE FREE, Horticulturist
ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph. D., Curator of Public Instruction
ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de PUniversité (Paris), Curator of Planiés
ELSIE TWEMLOW HAMMOND et Assistant Curator o
Elementary Instruction
GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator: of Plant Pathology
ELLEN EDDY TO, W, BS ee Ge oe of cae ome ntary Instruction
Ra sone of Plant Breeding. and Economic Plants
Other Officers
MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and
oral Art
HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect
RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator
NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator
KATHRYN CLARK STAC COLL, A.B., Instructor
.B., "Instructor
R
DA J. SARGENT, Instructor
MARJORIE | R. SWABEY, M.A., pte epee
, Res. earch Assista
BELLE H. BURR, A.B., aha Assista
tees © eenuies CHICHE TER, Library ein
H. PURDY, Curatorial Assistant
watorial Asststant
MARGERY H. UDELL, fa uratorial Assistant
uratorial Assistant
LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer
ADMINISTRATIVE
DANIEL ies DOWN S, Secretary and Accountant
M VORIS, Assistant Secretary
NORMA E STOFFEL, Office eiaat
cement AR DONALD, Secretary to the ap etOr
K STOLL, Registra: rar and Custodia
WILLIAM H. DURKIN, Membership Secretepy
LAURA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer
ee eR MACKINNON, A.B., Stenographer
ONSTANCE PURVIS, Stenoorapher
UT Ht M. TATE, Stenographer
Ge Wl
View in Japanese Garden showing the Drum Bridge, one of the stone lanterns, the storks, and the Labora-
25)
tory Building in the distance. (40
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD
VOL. XVIII JULY, 1929 No. 4
PUBLIC EDUCATION
ANP AP BE,
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
1910-1928
By C. Sruarr Gacer, Director
Preliminary Statement
“For the giving of instruction in botany to the residents of the
City of New York.” +
The following pages contain a brief survey and report of the
public educational work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden with
some attempt to set forth the fundamental principles upon which
it is founded. The educational program includes anything scien-
tific or educational based upon plant life.
The Botanic Garden Recorp for July, 1927, contained a report
on Research at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, r9t0-1927. In-
vestigation is fundamental to all education since it is the source of
all knowledge.
Public education is the most important activity in which a
botanic garden can engage, just as education, by and large, is the
most important function of civilized society. Of what use to
extend the borders of knowledge if the new knowledge is not made
available to the public? Knowledge is power only when put into
circulation, otherwise it is only potential energy, producing no
results.
1 Agreement of 1909 between the City of New York and the Brooklyn
Institute of Arts and Sciences concerning the establishment of the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden. Paragraph Fourth. The quotation on the front cover
page is from the Laws of New York, 1897. Chapter 509. Section 1.
9
190
From the beginning, the activities of the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden have included both research and education. The second
member of staff (after the director) to be appointed (in 1912)
was a curator of public instruction, the first being a curator of
plants. The third member appointed was an assistant curator
(later curator) of elementary instruction.
For the Advancement of Botany and the Service of the City
The educational program of the Garden has been developed
along two main lines.
1. Service to the City.
2. Service to botanical science and education in the broadest
sense.
Service to the City
Since the Botanic Garden receives part of its annual support
from the Tax Budget of the City, and occupies city owned build-
ings and grounds, it is only fitting and proper that the Garden
should endeavor to render as large a service as possible to the
local community.
Needs Peculiar to a City
One who has had his elementary and high school education in a
village or small city, or who has passed most of his adult life in
such an environment, can hardly appreciate the limitations and
handicaps with which a large city of several million inhabitants
surrounds both children and adults in the matter of contact with.
nature. Dwellers in small towns can hardly appreciate the fact
that there are literally thousands of children in large cities who
have never roamed through fields and over hills; who have never
picked wild flowers where picking did no harm; who have never
seen fruit and vegetables growing; who have never seen anyone
working ina garden. ‘The limitations of knowledge of a city bred
child, concerning such matters, are almost beyond belief, and these
limitations make it necessary, in a city community, to provide
formal instruction along such lines on a much more extensive scale
than would be necessary in village or country. The larger the
city the greater the need.
191
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
PusLic INSTRUCTION PERSONNEL
Cura of
public neetretion
|
Cura
tor of ae
Bieieney Instruction {7
Direct
of the iaeeen a
Co-oberatin
| Denaetnens
2
Curatorial Assistant
Stenographer
Assistant Curator
Elementary feeteiction
Instructors
Adult Assistan
a. Paid b. Nelunin ey
+— Stenog rapher |
Library
Librarian and Staff |
Curator., Plant Breeding |
Horticulturist |
Photographer |
+— Labeler |
Custodian
Dusiness Office Staff
ncluding
Jel clephone Central
Information”
Fic. 2. A well-labeled bed in the Rose Garden. The class studying the roses is from Public School 206, Brooklyn.
une 25, 1927. (6516
193
World Service
But no institution can render the largest service to its community
by remaining local or parochial in its activities and influence. Just
as the Botanic Garden owes its existence and maintenance in part
to municipal support and is thereby obligated to the City, so, also,
every community is under continued indebtedness to the rest of
the world, and should contribute in every possible way to the
public well-being.
The scientific and educational work of the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden has, from the beginning, been developed with these funda-
mental considerations in mind. Some of the work is unique. In
several directions we have had to blaze new trails.
Public response to the opportunities here offered has demon-
strated beyond any possibility of question a great public need and
the value of such work. If these results shall stimulate the de-
velopment of similar work in other centers, its success here will
be enhanced many fold and will be doubly gratifying to the au-
thorities of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
OUTLINE OF EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES
Service to the City
I. To the schools:
a. At the Botanic Garden.
1. Maintenance of labelled collections of living plants,
in plantations and conservatories to which
teachers may bring or send pupils for study.
2. Teaching of school classes in
Classrooms,
Laboratories.
Instructional Greenhouses.
Conservatories.
Plantations.
3. Lectures to pupils and teachers, illustrated by
Motion pictures on plant ie,
Stereopticon.
Living plants.
Consultation and Conferences with teachers.
a
ay :
tase
ns
Fic. 3. Class from a private school studying daffodils in the lawn. April 24, 1927. “He is happiest who
hath power to gather wisdom from a flower.” (P. & A. Photo.)
For
BROOKLYN. BOTANIC GARDEN
ORGANIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL WoRrK
—j Systematic Section |
[Native Wild Flower Garden |
Lt} Rock Garden |
Plantations tal Water Garden |
Labeled Collections |_| Japanese Garden |
of ping Plants
constituting an —[Rose Garden |
Out- of- doors Museum |T Economic Garden |
-— Ecologic Garden
i+ Special Collections |
i Horticultural Plantings |
aoe Instructional Greenhouses |
Economic House |
Special Collections |
Propagating Houses |
To Members
Conservatories
10 Houses
Spring Flower Days
Fall Flower Days
By. Appointment |
Docentry | By Regular Schedule |
| texans Guides [7 To Non- Members By Appointment |
Garden Clubs
Leama} Mothers Clubs
- - Etc.
Sane | In Person |
Bulletin Boards
[ Defermining Plant Specimens |
The Botanic Garden,
‘| . as & whole
ales
Bureau of [Information
The Entire Staff
_THorficulfaral Journals [ooo eer me res
Libraries, Schools, Ete.
Posters on Cars and in Subway Stafions
Professional Journals
Gardeners
For Adults For Specia Groups Nurses in Trainin
Arf Classes
“for the General Public
tI"ciasses }-—
Botanic Garden Classes
For Children
Classes from Schools
Groups from
Institutions fF
Brooklyn Training
"School for Girls* ¢
.At the Garden
To Children
Schools
| Eg. lorrey Botanical Club
_, |_Dept. of Botany of Brooklyn Institute
.}. Fectures, Addresses;
___ and. Papers
Extra Mural }
Under Garden Auspbices
aes “Motion icfures
on, Plant Life
Penny Packets to Children
for School and Home Gardens
Nrernational Seed Exchange
with other Botanic Gardens
¥ Petri Dish Service
1:
i i >
a
Conservation of Christmas Greens |
Occasional Exhibits
| Educational
Exhibits
ea
“Commercial and
Trade Services
Rec
Contributions
LT Teaflets |
Me
Brooklyn Botanic.
Gardén Publications
ecord
flets
moirs
Syllabi
Miscellaneous
fate
unicipa
eges
Editorial Service
Private Organizations
Parochial Schools
Commercial Concerns
[United States }
PMunicipal |
| Co-operation with
other Institutions
a M
.
195
b. At the Schools.
Lectures and addresses by members of the Garden
= Staff.
. Model lessons.
Loan lectures, including lantern slides and lecture
—
w
ae
text.
Supply of study material.
Supply of Penny Packets of Seeds for planting in
school and home gardens.
Children’s Horticultural Exhibition or Fair.
. Inspection of school gardens.
. Temporary exhibits.
LEESO embers:
a. Expert advice on all aspects of plant life and gardening
b. Services of docent without charge.
c. Special exhibits and events.
1. Annual spring inspection.
2. Numerous “ Flower Days,” according to season.
d. Copies of various Botanic Garden publications.
e. Frequent announcement cards concerning plants in
flower, and other exhibits.
f. Identification of botanical specimens.
g. Special automobile privileges in the grounds,
h. Free admission to all lectures and classes.
t. Privileges of the Library and Herbarium.
j. Participation in the periodical distribution of duplicate
plants and seeds.
II. To the General Public:
a. Plantations, including hardy plants, both native and
exotic.
Horticultural plants.
Various types of gardens.
b, Conservatories, containing
Tender and tropical plants.
Economic plants not hardy.
c. Lectures, free to the Public.
1. At the Botanic Garden.
To children.
Toy axelnlins
Leal
CONT OD
}
| DIFFERENT PLANTS
oS
vt
“6
(OF GARDENS ARE ENTIRELY a
Fic. 4. Story label on Pepper plant (Piper nigrum) in the Economic
House of the conservatories. (6786.)
197
2. Extra-mural lectures.
To civic, educational, and scientific organizations,
garden clubs, etc.
d. Courses of instruction. Free to members; a nominal
fee to non-members.
e. Children’s Gardens.
f. Boys and Girls Club.
Fic. 5. Intimate relation between teacher and pupils, here illustrated,
yields educational results not easily obtained by lecturing to large groups.
March 21, 1923.
g. Docentry. Teaching guides available, by appointment,
to conduct parties through the conservatories and
grounds.
h. Bureau of Information.
(1) Answers to inquiries on all aspects of plant life
and gardening.
By correspondence.
198
By telephone.
By personal conference.
(2) Publicity concerning Botanic Garden Activities.
By weekly press “ releases” to local papers.
By bulletins, posted and mailed.
By broadcasting.
i. Inspection of yards and gardens.
Library, open free to the public daily.
k. Herbarium, accessible for consultation daily.
Cooperation with City Departments :
Department of Parks.
Department of Health.
Department of Education (as noted above).
. Cooperation with local organizations, such as,—
Garden Clubs.
Torrey Botanical Club.
New York Horticultural Society.
Department of Botany, Brooklyn Institute of Arts &
Sciences.
New York Association of Biology Teachers, Ete.
_ Public exhibits at the Garden and elsewhere.
. Conservation activities.
(1) Publication of Conservation literature.
(2) Cooperation with other organizations in securing
the enactment of state laws for the protection
of native America plants.
(3) Lectures and broadcasting on the general subject
of conservation.
(4) Propagation at the Garden and distribution of
native American plants in danger of extinction.
(5) Cooperation in the establishment otf wild flower
preserves or “ sanctuaries.”
“ss,
~~
>
=
=
as
World Service
1. Botanical Publications :
a. Technical.
b. Popular.
c. Administrative.
Co-operation with
other Institutions
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
CO-OPERATION WITH OTHER INSTITUTIONS
United States
Governmenta
Foreign
Governments
Public
Organizations
— International Le
Federal
| U.S. Department
—] State }
Lt} Municipa
Government ers
d Bureau
a
Botanic Gardens
and Statio
Internat —
Botanical Congress
International Congress
of Soil Science
Commercial Concerns
United States
Foreign Countries
New York Sfate
Other States
E Other States
— Dept. of Health
— Dept. of Parks |
—
| et
| Other Cities }
of Agriculture
New York State
EE
Depts. of Agriculture |
Elimination
Poisonous Plants and
Plants ca
Phytopa.
ological Survey
Board of |
Education |
Botanical Society
of America
A Societ
Girl Scouts Inc.|
and Hortic
American Assoc. f
Pu the Advancement “fe Science
?
eee
| Ecological Society of America |
|__| Lectures an
ark, Etc.
of iosped.t
ddresses
at Schools
Say ety
National Council for Nature Study and Gardening |
Woodcraft League of America |
E.g. State Federation of Garden Clubs |
Eg Normal Schools, Academies of Science
utara Soci
+ New York Public Library |
-— Brooklyn Public Library |
Supply of Study Material]
Seeds for School Gardens |
per ninl i.
199
ic Plants in the
Econom
(6405.)
Fic. 6. Part of a school class studying
atories.
conserv
200
2. Exchange of seeds with other botanic gardens of this and
and foreign countries.
3. Bureau of information:
a. Answering inquiries.
b. Press releases to Associated Press.
c. Advertising.
4. Cooperation with national and international organizations, such
as
International Botanical Congress.
International Congress of Soil Science.
Botanical Society of America.
Ecological Society of America.
Editorial Board of Genetics.
American Fern Society.
American Iris Society.
National Plant, Flower and Fruit Guild.
Wild Flower Preservation Society, Ete.
The organization of the educational work of the Garden is
shown diagrammatically in the folded chart facing page 194. The
public instruction personnel is indicated on the chart on page
he nature and conduct of this work will be set forth in
more detail in the following pages.
SERVICE TO En bCrixe
I> To THE SCHGoLS
a. At the Botanic Garden (Cf. b, p. 212
“
A
1. Studying the Plantations
The grounds of the Botanic Garden are so planned as to
constitute an outdoor museum. It is this which chiefly dif-
ferentiates a botanic garden from a park. In a park, the chief
or only aim of the planting is to secure a pleasing landscape effect
and to afford shade for persons who visit the park chiefly for
recreation and rest—to escape from the noise and distractions of
the city to the peace and quiet afforded by a bit of the country
preserved in the midst of the city.
In a botanic garden the primary aim of the planting is to impart
—
Fic. 7. Biology class, with teacher, from Stuyvesant High School, studying succulents in Conservatory House No.
6. 1923. (3916.)
202
instruction concerning plant life, just as the primary aim of the
various exhibits in a natural science museum (bird groups, in-
vertebrate groups, etc.) is to give instruction in some branch of
natural science. The first consideration is to have a rich repre-
sentation of the different kinds of plants from all parts of the
world, arranged so as to illustrate some aspect of botanical science,
such as geographical distribution, relation to environment, the
natural families of plants and their sequence, et cetera.
The Educational Value of Beauty
With these limitations, the aim must never be lost sight of to
make the plantations as beautiful as possible, for beauty itself is
an educational force not second, by any means, to a knowledge of
structure, function, and relationships. A botanic garden, there-
fore should exemplify, in its planting, the utilization of plants for
aesthetic effect in the planting of streets, parks, homegrounds, and
otherwise.
The ideal is to make the Brooklyn Botanic Garden the most
beautiful spot in the city. No more important educational service
could be rendered to pupils in our schools than to provide, easy
of access, a park or garden of rare beauty. If to this we add the
botanical features above mentioned, we have in a botanic garden
an educational instrument unique in kind, and not surpassed in
importance by any educational equipment.
The Importance of Labels and Guides
9)
As in the case of any museum, the “exhibits” in a botanic
garden must be effectively labeled, and the labels should be supple-
mented with maps and guide books.
Moreover, teaching guides or docents must be provided to
facilitate the study of the collections by classes brought to the
Garden by their teachers.
The grounds of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden have been laid
out with the above considerations in mind. Their use by classes,
as well as by individuals and informal groups, increases each year
—not only classes of botany, but also of nature study, geography
(to study, for example, the Japanese Garden), and art (to draw
and paint both individual wae and flowers, or landscapes and
intimate views and vistas
Tic. 8. Teacher’
class studying shrubs in the Botanic
Garden.
1921.
( 3690.)
iS
204
Tens of thousands of school pupils from the age of six or eight
to twenty-two or twenty-three come each year, from elementary
and high schools, teachers training schools, colleges and univer-
sities, public, parochial, and other private schools, mostly in classes
accompanied by their teachers.
Guide Sheets
To facilitate an orderly and effective study of the plants, classes
are provided by the Garden with Guide Sheets, outlining the group
or subject to be studied (Cf. pp. 250-255). These outlines help
to insure and enrich the follow-up work and review which the
teacher conducts at school, based upon the trip to the Garden.
The Garden emphasizes the fact that a visit to the plantations
should be chiefly for the purpose of getting, at first hand, source-
material for classroom study and discussion.
Importance of Class Trips
For a teacher to take a class of 40 to 50 or more pupils across
the city—the trip usually requiring a ride on the surface cars or
subway trains—involves a considerable expenditure of time and
effort, and a great responsibility on the part of the teacher, and we
feel that the Botanic Garden should do everything possible to make
sure that the trip does not turn out to be merely a pleasant (or
unpleasant) outing, but that it shall yield the largest possible edu-
cational returns. Under no other circumstances can these trips
possibly be justified. It is so easy for class visits to botanic
gardens and museums to degenerate into merely a lark or an hour's
freedom from classroom routine.
At the Botanic Garden the classes are in charge of competent
and experienced instructors, able to command the respect and
confidence of school principals and regular teachers and, above
all else, to interest, inspire, and instruct the pupils. The work
cannot be done properly if it is delegated to various members of
staff who have little to commend them except that they know plants
and happen to be available at the particular hour when the class
arrives.
Docentry is an educational process which should not be at-
tempted with children or adolescents except by an experienced
Fic. 9. Classes, comprising 180 pupils from Public Schools, receiving instruction on the Shore of the Lake
The pupils have printed outlines of the lesson in their hands. See p. 204. 1925. (5126.)
Fic, 10. Class from a public school studying trees in their winter condition.
Feb 4, 1924. (5249.)
The instructor is using
a megaphone.
207
teacher, of forceful personality, interested in education and in
human beings as well as in science.
2. Teaching School Classes
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden believes that intensive, quiet
work with small groups of pupils gives more satisfactory results
than any other method of teaching. Only by this method can
information be imparted in a manner to yield the richest educa-
tional results. Education and imparting information are not
synonymous, and the ultimate aim, in all of our work with the
schools, is education.
Equipment and Methods
For the handling of classes the Garden is well equipped with
classrooms and laboratories and with a range of three instructional
greenhouses. The conservatories are also regularly used for class
instruction, as well as the plantations, mentioned under the pre-
ceding heading.
Teachers may arrange in advance to bring classes to the Garden
and do their own teaching, using the Garden equipment; but most
teachers find it more satisfactory to have the lesson given by a
member of the Garden Staff—usually a member of the Department
of Elementary Instruction or of the Department of Public Instruc-
tion.
These lessons serve not only for imparting information to pupils, ©
but also as model lessons of value to the teachers, who are always
present as observers.
A common method at the Botanic Garden is to give a prepara-
tory lesson in the classroom, and then follow this up with a demon-
stration in the conservatories or grounds. Classes are frequently
brought from the schools on successive days for a series of related
lessons. This plan is particularly satisfactory.
Classroom lessons at the Garden are always richly illustrated
with living and preserved plant material, and with charts, pictures
and lantern slides. The Botanic Garden instructors always en-
courage the asking of questions by teachers and pupils and, wher-
ever the subject permits, discussion is encouraged.
Fic. 11. Nature stu
dy classes from public schools, with their teachers, studying water plants
Plaza, preceeding a lecture in the auditorium. Oct. 7, 1920. (3507.)
mae
n
the Conservatory
209
3. Lectures to Pupils and Teachers
Linutations of Lectures
One of the most common methods employed by museums with
classes is to give lectures to large audiences of several hundred
to a thousand or more children. Another method is the so-called
“ Story Hour,” with smaller groups. Lecturing to large audiences
gives impressive attendance figures for annual reports, but, as we
have said elsewhere (Fourteenth Annual Report of the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden, 1924, p. 24), lecturing to large audiences of young
children usually yields smaller educational returns than anything
one can do with them. The Story Hour has the advantage of
more intimate contact with small groups, and should be more ef-
fective than lecturers.
When Lectures are Effective
During a lecture or story hour the pupils’ minds are more or
less passive (so far as the subject of the lecture is concerned !)
in contrast to the well conducted class exercise. But, of course,
there are occasions when a lecture to fairly large sized audiences
of children may be made effective, and may, indeed, seem the only
thing to do. The lecture seems justified when the main object is
the imparting of information on broad subjects, easily compre-
hended, and when the stereopticon or motion pictures are to be
used. Lectures are frequently given at the Botanic Garden, and
a list of some of the subjects may be found on pages 248-249.
Our lecture auditorium seats 570, and is sometimes filled several
times in one day.
Syllabi
The Botanic Garden is specially interested to stimulate and
assist in “follow up” work with classes after they have returned
from a visit to the Garden. One method of insuring this, and of
helping to make the work definite and accurate, is by providing a
syllabus of the given lecture—one for the teacher and one for each
pupil. The syllabus may be pasted in the pupil’s note book, and
aids in oral or written review, or both, as the teacher may deter-
mine. By this method the results of the lecture are more definite
and substantial; the lecture is less apt to have been chiefly a
Bret Le
Beehive demonstration at Brooklyn Botanic Garden before
cla
SS
from Girls’
Commercial High
Brooklyn, Sept. 28, 1926. Several such demonstrations were given during the year. (5984
Schoo
I,
Fie. 13.
Public School pupils on arrival to see the motion picture
reels on Tea, presented
June 13, 1924. (5111.)
by Sir Thomas Lipton,
212
pleasant hour with pictures. Specimen syllabi are given on
pages 259-264.
4. Consultation and Conferences with Teachers
The Botanic Garden encourages teachers of Nature Study,
Botany, and related subjects to confer with members of staff con-
cerning subject matter, method, collateral reading, and all other
problems growing out of the daily work in the classroom. The
extent to which teachers avail themselves of this opportunity in-
creases and is very gratifying. During 1928, for example, over
1000 teachers held conferences with various members of staff con-
cerning problems affecting 49,600 pupils.
b. At the Schools (Cf. a, p. 200)
1. Lectures, commencement addresses, and talks to mothers
clubs, and students’ and teachers’ organizations are a regular part
of the service which the Garden renders to the schools. During
1928 the number given was 115.
2. Model lessons have been given by special request of
teachers in the Public Schools. Classes from City Training
Schools, University Summer Schools, and other institutions also
visit the Botanic Garden to observe our work with classes.
3. Loan lectures, including lantern slides and lecture text,
are available on the following subjects. Plans are matured for
extending this service whenever the necessary funds become avail-
able. Pupils call for and return the lantern slides.
1. Plant Life 4, Fall Wild Flowers
2. Spring Wild Flowers 5. Forestry (2 Sets)
3. Common Trees
4. The Supply of Study Material is one of the most valued
of our services to the schools. Ina large city of the size of New
York it is much more difficult to secure living plant material than
in’ small cities; the country is less readily accessible, and yet the
quantity required is greater on account of the larger number of
pupils. The Botanic Garden Brook and Lake yield Spirogyra,
Elodea and other forms of aquatic life (Protozoa, as well as micro-
scopic plants), the Conservatories afford fern prothallia and other
Fic. 14. Model lesson being given to five classes (250 pupils) at Public School 84, Brooklyn, by Botanic Garden
Curator of Elementary Instruction. The illustrative plant material was supplied by the Botanic Garden. Jan. 26,
)
1927. (6053
4
bacteria:
front of her.
. Classroom experiment in Haaren High School, New York City,
Pupil at table, who has coughed vigorously, has Petri dishes exposed at equal distances apart on tables in
Petri dishes with sterile agar supplied by Brooklyn Botanic Garden. March 6, 1928. (6483.)
to show the effect of a cough carrying
215
material, and seeds are readily germinated for supplies of seed-
lings. During 1928 study material was supplied to over 3800
teachers in all five boroughs of Greater New York for the instruc-
tion of over 156,600 pupils.
In addition to this, sterilized agar is prepared in Petri dishes and
flasks for the study of bacteria and other germ life. This service
and the methods of using these preparations in the schools are
described in detail in Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets, Series
XVI, No. 2-3, April 18, 1928, copies of which may be had gratis
on request.
5. Penny Packets of Seeds are supplied each year to school
pupils for planting in their school and home gardens. This service
was inaugurated in 1914 when 25,000 packets were supplied. The
demand steadily increased until the number supplied in one year
(1929) has reached the total of 794,496 packets. (See p. 256-
258.)
The seed packets are filled by “ our own boys and girls,” that is,
children who are registered in our classes; and in connection with
this the children are taught how to ascertain, by experiment, the
percentage of germination as an index to the germinating power
of the seeds used. All seeds are tested in this way before being
distributed.
6. Children’s Fair. For twelve years (1914 to 1925, inclu-
sive) the Garden held each fall, in the Laboratory Building, a
Children’s Horticultural Exhibit of material raised by the children
in their school or home gardens. Prizes were given for the best
crops. The primary purpose of this exhibit was to stimulate an
interest in gardening in city children. By 1925 it became evident
that the original object of this exhibit had been largely accom-
plished, and it was thereafter discontinued.
7. Inspection of school gardens is a regular part of the work
of the Department of Elementary Instruction. Gardens at chil-
dren’s homes, institutions, and elsewhere are also inspected and
advice given as to cultivation of the soil, planting, care of crops,
GLC:
8. Temporary Exhibits of plants and plant products are also
placed in the Public Schools from time to time and are viewed by
thousands of pupils.
The extent of the Botanic Garden’s service to the Schools of
pea
Fic. 16. Penny packets of seeds being prepared for distribution to Brooklyn boys and girls for planting in school
and home gardens. All five Boroughs of Greater New York are now included in this service. Over 794,000
packets were supplied in 1929, (4438.)
916
Mek 3
ee
Sere eEe ot #
the bundles
o
oS
ettin
Schools g
i Public
[rom various
essengers f
M
chool children.
s for s
f{ seed
ickets o
.
[e
p
Penny
ordered by tl
ives, IVE
of seed
FE
hool
Lem asc
Ss
218
Brooklyn 1s shown by the map facing page 220. This service
includes schools in all five Boroughs of New York City.
I]. MempBersuip PRIVILEGES
In addition to the Botanic Garden’s service to the general public,
if
members enjoy special privileges. These are listed on page 195
Fic. 18. Children’s Horticultural Exhibit. cle: of Public School 182
bring part of their exhibit. The flowers and vegetables were raised in their
school garden from seed supplied by Brooklyn Cae Garden. Sept.
1925. (5616.)
)
of this pamphlet. Many persons take out membership, not pri-
marily for the purpose of securing these privileges, but through
public spirit—because they believe that the Botanic Garden is
219
rendering a valuable public service and wish to have a part in it,
and to encourage and support it.
III. SERvicE To THE GENERAL Pustic
The service which the Brooklyn Botanic Botanic Garden renders
to the general public within the City is extensive and varied. This
Fig. 19. Class from Public School 41 taking their share of the 25,000
Aer plants placed in the classrooms of Brooklyn Schools by the Botanic
(6197. )
Garden during 1927.
should be so, for though the annual appropriation which the City
makes in its Tax Budget for the support of the Garden is not
burdensome to the tax payer (amounting to only a fraction of one
cent per inhabitant, and at present amounting, in the total, to less
than one half the annual cost of maintenance), still the public is
entitled to full and generous returns on its investment in the
Botanic Garden.
15
220
Plantations
Perhaps the largest service which the Garden has rendered to
the City as a whole is the conversion of a tract of 50 acres, largely
unused land and part of it an unsightly dumping ground when
taken over in 1914 by the Garden, into what the daily papers have
referred to as the most beautiful spot in Greater New York. In
- GACTUS FAMILY |
~ 3-CEREUS TRIBE
LEAVE.
S ABSENT
FLOWERS USUALLY WITH TUBES.
GEREUS ECHINOGAGTUS _
EPIPHYLLUM RHIPSALIS ©
CEPRLOCRRL US OBL
Carn Pay
Mm Rio
Fre. 20. Label on ground glass in the Conservatory. (6622.)
addition to being a thing of beauty, the plantations of the Garden
perform an important educational function as an outdoor mu-
seum of living plants. It is now a daily occurrence to see visitors
copying labels, making sketches and paintings of plants, flowers,
and other features, and making other educational use of the
erounds. Visitors frequently come into the Laboratory Building
for information about the exhibits, or to look up questions in the
Library or Herbarium, or, at times, to express their appreciation
G
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Fic. 21. ap of Brooklyn, showing the location of schools that are being served in one way or another by Brooklyn Botanic
r
olid dots in circles designate Elementary schools
ing School.
A solid dot, elementary school not being served by the Botanic Garden. There are only 8 of these in Brooklyn.
221
of the Garden and inquire how they should proceed in order to
become members.
For fuller information consult the General Guide, Gardens
within a Garden, published in May, 1929. This guide contains a
folded map of the Plantations. Guides to the various sections are
also in preparation.
Conservatories
The Conservatories, as in the case of most botanic gardens, do
not contain horticultural or floral displays, such as one may find
in the conservatories of a public park, but are devoted to species
(as distinguished from horticultural varieties) of plants from
other climates and not hardy in Brooklyn. Special emphasis is
placed on plants of commercial or economic value. Particular
attention has been given to labeling and the use of “ story labels ”
in the Conservatories.
Public Lectures
Public lectures are given from time to time on plant life and
gardening, but the educational value of such lectures has not been
found to be as great as results from courses of instruction. In
Greater New York one may attend a lecture (either free or for
only a nominal charge) almost every day of the year and at almost
every hour of the day and evening. In addition to the lectures
that one must go out to, in some hall, there are the radio talks that
may be heard at home, on every conceivable subject, beginning
with the “daily dozen” when one rises in the morning and con-
tinuing through the day (at meals and between meals) until the
“bedtime story” at night.
In view of this, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, while not defi-
nitely abandoning public lectures, does not consider them a major
feature of its educational program. It is particularly interesting
to note that, while attendance at free botanical lectures has been
only moderate and fluctuating in numbers, and composed of a
noticeable percentage of “ repeaters ” and persons in the leisure of
advancing years, the attendance at courses of instruction (includ-
ing laboratory and field work), extending over several weeks, and
for which a tuition fee is charged, has been increasingly large and
composed of new students, in the prime of intellectual vigor and
—
Fic. 22. Bearded Iris along
plant in landscaping, in
t
a
1e Brook.
June 5.
Illustrating the planting of horticultural varieties and the use of a
connection with its exhibit in the Systematic Secion of the plantations. (4954.)
223
activity—with corresponding stimulus to the instructor, and cor-
respondingly gratifying results from the educational standpoint.
Courses of Instruction
Children, as well as adults, respond to opportunities for courses
of instruction (even when tuition is charged) with more enthu-
siasm than they do to free lectures. Figures of attendance at
courses at the Botanic Garden are fairly impressive. During
1928 the attendance at lectures and courses combined, in the form
of classes from the City schools, was 54,749, while attendance of
adults and children at our own courses, organized without reference
to the schools, was nearly 50,000—a total attendance of 100,000—
the larger part of which was at courses of instruction, where the
attendance at each session of the class was rarely more than 50.
The total number of registrations in courses during 1928 was 6257.
Educational Value of Tuition Fees—Attention is also here
called to the fact that a small charge to children for tuition makes
the difference between failure and success. When this work was
started no tuition was charged; the attendance was irregular and
uncertain ; the work was not succeeding. After it was decided to
make a nominal charge the attendance became full, regular, and
prompt. The fees are so small as to have value chiefly for their
educational effect on the children. For example, for Course Al,
Fall Greenhouse work, Saturdays, October 27 to Dec. 27, nine
sessions, the tuition fee is fifteen cents.
A Prospectus of courses of instruction and other educational
advantages offered by the Garden may be had for the asking; also
copies of Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets, Series XVI, Nos.
5-7 (June 2, 1928), which gives a survey of the work of the De-
partment of Elementary Instruction from its organization in 1913
to 1928.
Children’s Gardens
Children’s Gardens were started at the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden in 1914 on part of the site of the present Laboratory
Building. The “South Addition”, turned over to the Botanic
Garden by the City, in 1914, it was laid out in 1915 with provi-
sion for the Children’s Garden along the south east border—a plot
hay 2 3
(4584.)
23.
July 23, 19
irdens beyond.
ith Children’s Gz
ing, wit
’s Buildi
ens
Childr
Fig. 23.
225
of about one acre. Near the north end of this plot, the Children’s
Building was constructed with a conference room, and a tool
storage room. ‘The ground surrounding the building was laid out
and planted with trees, shrubs, and herbaceous border, as a demon-
stration of horticultural materials for children and teachers’ train-
ing classes. The remainder of the plot of about three quarters of
an acre was divided into small garden plots for children. In 1925
a small Shakespeare Garden for children was laid out at the south
end of the plot, the funds being provided by Mr. Henry C. Folger,
of Brooklyn.
Not a Neighborhood Garden
Membership in the Children’s Garden includes boys and girls
from all over Brooklyn. It has never been allowed to become a
neighborhood affair. All of the children pay twenty-five cents for
plots 8’ x 10’, and fifty cents for plots 10’x 12’, and the seed sup-
plied for planting.
The Children’s Garden an Educational Discipline
The Children’s Garden is conducted strictly as an educational
discipline. The children are required to take certain courses in
the classroom and children’s greenhouse before they may have a
garden. However much the children (or their parents) may be
interested in the crop, the interest of the Botanic Garden is in the
boys and girls and the educational advantages they may derive
from gardening. Our theory is that, if the garden is properly
conducted from the educational point of view, the crop will be
satisfactory. As evidence of this it may be pointed out that in
one season, from three quarters of an acre, over $3,000 worth
of vegetables are harvested, their value being based upon the prices
charged by the green grocer on the days of harvest. Crops are
harvested as they mature, and not at the end of the season. In
1928 the following total crop was recorded, in addition to a gen-
erous amount of flowers from the herbaceous border and the
“picking ” garden:
ISCAS oooaseeooaes 342 Ibs. Kohl Rabi ....... 2,408
Beetsaetaerr er ae 3,795 leettice: santas ee 3,999 heads
SCC RTO p Seen ts 135.1bss Parsley ones ceon 350 bunches
(Gar OLSmer ee e522 Radishes ......... 19,201
Chard ee 878 lbs. Spinach “sean 45 Ibs.
COnnperree es 240 ears Tomatoes ........ 25 Ibs.
Fic. 24. Group of
Girl Scouts at Brooklyn Botanic Garden for tree study in winter.
February
Ly 107,
( 3669.)
966
227
Sustained Attendance
Special attention is called to the continuity of attendance at
children’s courses. Many of our boys and girls have been reg-
istered every year for three or four years, several for as many as
six and seven years, at least one for eleven years, and one for
Fic. 25. Training class of nurses from Prospect Heights Hospital, hav-
ing a field lesson on the Castor-oil plant (shown at the left). October 5,
1927. (6416.)
thirteen years, coming Saturdays and on vacation days for instruc-
tion in plant life and gardening. Some of these boys and girls
have gone to an agricultural college or have specialized in botany
in the university. For such the Garden awards annually a $100
scholarship provided for in perpetuity by the late Alfred T. White.
Others have gone into the nursery or florist’s business, and have
become successful business men and substantial contributors to the
endowment and collections funds of the Garden.
228
Boys’ and Girls’ Club
A Boys’ and Girls’ Club was organized several years ago, com-
posed only of those who have taken courses at the Garden. This
Club has at present (1928) about 800 members, approximately
one half boys and one half girls. A very attractive Children’s
Room has been fitted up in the Laboratory Building. This room
was made possible by a gift of private funds, and here the boys
Fre. 26. Children’s Greenhouse, Group of 20 boys with wooden imple-
ments for plant propagation work, made by the boys and presented by them
to the Botanic Garden. Ready for a lesson. June 2, 1925. (5452.)
and girls gather on Saturday mornings and at other times.
Regular meetings are held with programs on botanical and garden-
ing topics, and presided over by the officers of the Club. There
are in this room a children’s library of books on plant life, aquaria,
terraria, and desert gardens all made and maintained by the chil-
dren, nature study magazines, stereoscopic views of plants, flower
panels, etc. At the windows hang transparencies of plant Ife.
The Club publishes a monthly magazine, Agricola, now (1929)
229
in its seventh year. All the activities of this club are supervised
by a Staff advisor.
Docentry
Docentry is a name first applied, about ten or fifteen years ago,
by museums, to the plan of having a teaching guide to assist visi-
tors in obtaining the most from their visits to the museum with
the least expenditure of time and effort. The docent is not merely
a guide who knows where exhibits are and how to reach them most
directly, but is, in addition to this, competent to give instruction
concerning the exhibits. All members of the Botanic Garden staff
may act as docents from time to time, but this work regularly
devolves upon the members of the educational departments.
Docentry service is free to members of the Garden; to non-mem-
bers a nominal charge is made, as indicated on the third page of
the cover of this pamphlet. By one plan a docent makes regular
trips scheduled in advance; the most satisfactory plan, so far, at
the Botanic Garden, is to have parties (of not less than six adults )
make special arrangements in advance for the service of a docent.
Bureau of Information
The Bureau of Information includes practically every member
of staff, for questions asked are referred to the one considered
most competent to reply. Innumerable residents of Brooklyn and
other Boroughs, both members and non-members of the Garden,
inquire during the year concerning the care of house plants, lawns,
trees and shrubs, places for purchasing seeds, plants, and garden
supplies, fertilizers and all manner of garden operations, plant
diseases, formulae for insecticides, native wild flowers, lectures
on plant life, and a myriad of questions concerning plants, their
uses and their products. Local authors are supplied with in-
formation and often with photographs for illustrations of books
they are writing. Artists inquire concerning the use of plants and
plant forms in design. Gas companies, florists, and neighborhood
associations have been given information as to the effect of illumi-
nating gas on trees and greenhouse plants.
A thorough investigation and report has been made for a local
smelter company as to the effects of smelter fumes on vegetation.
iG: "272
Class of boys and girls
in plant culture in the Children’s
nge. June 17, 1923,
greenhouse. One of three similar houses in the
(4552. )
I*tc. 28. Class of adults in ‘ House Plants,” showing rich illustrative material.
pee.
November 8, 1928.
(6630. )
232
Colored posters calling attention to the Garden have been
framed and placed in all the branch libraries of the city and in
schools. The design of these posters was obtained by a competi-
tion among art students of Brooklyn, with a prize for the design
considered best and finally adopted.
Publicity concerning the Botanic Garden’s activities, flowers in
bloom, the best time to see certain exhibits, new and interesting
accessions and developments, et cetera, is carried on systematically
by weekly Press Releases from the curator of public instruction
and the special publicity agent ; by announcements posted on bulle-
tin boards or mailed; by Post-card Bulletins to members, and by
broadcasting talks on the Botanic Garden and on botanical and
gardening subjects.
Inspection of Yards and Gardens
Requests for inspection of yards and gardens are now being
met to the limit of our capacity, with both oral and written reports
on the treatment needed to obviate existing troubles.
The Library
The Library, open free daily (except Sunday) to the public,
has about 14,000 books, 10,000 pamphlets, and current issues on
file of over 900 magazines and other periodical publications de-
voted to plant life and gardening. Bibliographical assistance is
rendered to readers daily by the Library staff.
The Herbarium
The Herbarium of flowering and non-flowering plants, com-
prising over 170,000 specimens, is also accessible for consultation
daily.
Cooperation with City Departments
Cooperation with City Departments is a constant feature of our
local public service. A survey of the tree diseases of Prospect
Park was made some time ago and the results published in the
Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp.
The Department of Health has a program of public health edu-
cation which includes instruction on local poisonous plants, and
Fic.
29:
The Library,
UA SOLUM E
NEC:S
showing students from the New York School of Fine and Applied Art, studying illustra-
tions of plants for suggestions in design. (5844.)
EEG
234
on plants whose pollen is known to cause hay fever. The Botanic
Garden has supplied the Health Department with pressed
and mounted specimens of Poison Ivy (Rhus Toxicodendron) and
the Five-fingered Ivy (Amtpelopsis) commonly confused with it,
and with specimens of the Ragweed (Ambrosia), one of the worst
offenders in causing bronchial asthma (hay fever).
Our cooperation with the Department of Education, through the
schools, has already been noted (pp. 200-218).
Cooperation with Local Organizations
Cooperation with local organizations is constant and varied.
Speakers are furnished for local garden clubs, mother’s clubs,
business men’s and church organizations, the Chamber of Com-
merce, and others. The Garden is a member of the Civic Council
of the Chamber of Commerce. A representative of the Garden
has, for several years, been a member of the Committee on Plant
Quarantines and their Administration, of the Merchants Associa-
tion (of Manhattan).
Local organizations of all kinds have held meetings at the
Garden and have been assisted in programs by speakers or other-
wise. Among these organizations may be mentioned many Garden
Clubs, the Torrey Botanical Club, New York Horticultural So-
ciety, New York Association of Biology Teachers, Department of
Botany of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Girl
Scouts, Campfire Girls, Boy Scouts, and others.
Public Exhibits
Public Exhibits are installed several times a year, including those
at the annual Flower Show of the New York Horticultural Society
in the Grand Central Palace; the Exposition of Women’s Arts
and Industries held in September at the Hotel Astor; the Annual
Spring Inspection; the Boy Scouts Exhibits at the Garden; the
United Parents Associations Educational Exhibit at Grand Cen-
tral Palace; and others.
Conservation Activities
The Botanic Garden, from its foundation, has been active in
promoting an interest in the conservation of native American wild
Fic. 30.
Exhibit of Brooklyn Botanic Garden at the Fifteenth International Flower Show,
farch 19-24, 1928. (Photo by Peter A. Juley & Soni
Grand Central Palace, Manhattan,
236
flowers and ferns, both alone and in cooperation with other
agencies. This work has included the following activities ;
Publication of Conservation Literature
Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets, Series XII, No. 2 (April
16, 1924) entitled The Conservation of Beauty, was soon ex-
hausted and was revised and reprinted as Leaflets, Series XIII,
No. 5-6 (June 10, 1925), in cooperation with the Torrey Botani-
cal Club, the New York Bird and Tree Club, the American Fern
Society, and the New York Association of Biology Teachers, all
of whom contributed funds for the publication and distribution of
an issue of 5,700 copies. There was a large demand for the
Leaflet from all over the country, and one of the illustrations,
showing quantities of Flowering Dogwood being loaded into an
automobile, was reproduced by the monthly journal Horticulture
(Boston), and by the Minnesota State Horticultural Society, St.
Patil. (Gy pear.)
Series XV, No. 11-12, of the Leaflets (November 30, 1927)
was entitled “ What Price Christmas Greens ”’, and called attention
to the great quantities of American Holly (ies opaca), Mountain
Laurel (Kalmia latifolia), Ground Pine (Lycopodium com-
planatum and L. obscurum), Black Alder or Common Winter-
berry (/lex verticillata), and Mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens )
now being collected for sale at Christmas time. The following
suggestions were made toward a solution of the problem of con-
serving these plants :
1. Encouraging the growing and marketing of Christmas greens
ona commercial scale (as a crop) by nurserymen, landowners, and
others.
2. The protection of these plants by rigid state laws.
3. Public education, through schools and otherwise, of the need
of conserving these plants, and of respect of private property
rights in the matter of collecting such material in the open country
at Christmas time.
Other Leaflets on conservation topics have been the following:
How shall we save rare plant species from extinction? (Series
XVI, No. 4. May 16, 1928.)
Practical suggestions for the ae of Christmas greens.
(Series XVI, No, 10-11. Dec. 5, 1928.
ee eae P Sg Falmer gaeer Se | : 1 :
. 2 M 1’ meen * SHE ea Sago
Se Ba Be —— SN Oe
4
-
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a ays
ai eee.
a
i
Itc. 31. Portion of exhibit at Spring Inspection, 1927, to illustrate the sequence of plant families according to
Jussieu, 1789 (top row); Bentham and Hooker, 1862-83 (middle row) ; and Engler, 1889-1900 (bottom row). In
each row the same twenty families are represented, each by a flowering or leafy branch from a plant belonging to
that family. Note, for example, the different positions of the Magnolia (M). (6200.)
238
Attention has also been called to the conservation problem in the
Annual Reports of the Botanic Garden since the Report for 1923.
The preparation and distribution of special literature relating to
the protection of native plants began in 1922, In 1923 nearly
3,000 copies of an article on Game laws for ferns and wild flowers,
by Dr. R. C. Benedict, resident investigator, were distributed as
reprints from the American Fern Journal (12: 33-45. Sept.
1922), together with numerous copies of other articles, in co-
operation with the American Fern Society.
Conservation Meetings
On May 23, 1923, there was held at the Garden a joint meeting
of three organizations,——the Wild Flower Preservation Society,
the American Fern Society, and the New York Bird and Tree
Club, with representatives from other similar organizations from
Chicago, Washington, and several eastern states. This meeting
authorized the appointment of a committee, representing the or-
ganizations in attendance, to take action toward the amendment of
the conservation laws of New York State so as to provide pro-
tection for native American plants. The Chairman of the Com-
mittee was Dr. Benedict, representing both the Botanic Garden
and the American Fern Society.
At the second meeting, held at the Garden on May 28, 1924, this
Committee presented its report, recommending that the State Leg-
islature be urged to insert the word “ plants ” in the Private Parks
Section of the State Conservation Law. The report was approved
and the committee re-elected for 1925, with new members added.
(Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Rec. 13:127-128. July, 1924.)
At a meeting held at the Garden on May 26, 1926, the Federated
Garden Clubs of New York State joined the group of cooperating
societies. It was reported that, as a result of the work of the
committee of these organizations, the Conservation’ Law of New
Tork State had been further amended so as to make it unlawful
wilfully to destroy Trailing Arbutus (Epigaea repens), Flowering
Dogwood (Cornus florida), Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia),
or Pink Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium acaule), “ growing on the
lands of the people of the State, or in any street, highway, public
place or park belonging to, or under the control of any county,
Z =
239
city, town or village.’ Any person doing this “ shall be guilty of
a misdemeanor.” This act received the signature of Governor
Alfred E. Smith, April 13, 1926, and took effect immediately.
Fic. 32, Flowering Dogwood being loaded into an automobile after hav-
ing been broken from wild trees. Reproduced oe Brooklyn Botanic
Garden Leaflet entitled, “ The Conservation of Beauty
Lectures and Broadcasting on Wild Flower Conservation
This work began on April 8, 1922, when the Director of the
Garden spoke on “The Contributions of the Brook lyn Botanic
Garden to the Conservation Movement,” at the final program of
“ Conservation Week,” held under the auspices of the New York
City Federation of Women’s Clubs, 3orough Hall, Brooklyn.
Addresses and broadcastings have since been given on the general
subject of conservation by different members of the Garden staff.
240
Propagation and Distribution of Native American Plants
In the Botanic Garden Leaflet for April 16, 1924 (mentioned
above), attention was called to the desirability of propagating
some of the rare species of native American wild plants with the
idea of distributing seeds and young plants to persons who would
be able to grow them. As a step in this direction Dr. Benedict
began in the fall of 1925 to raise, from spores, plants of the Hart’s
Tongue Fern (Scolopendrium vulgare), found in only two re-
stricted areas in America (in Tennessee and New York), and in
danger of becoming exterminated im one of these areas (Green
Pond, near Syracuse, N. Y.) on account of quarry operations.
About 1,000 young plants (“sporelings ’’) were grown that year
and distributed in 1926 and 1927. It is planned to continue this
work.
Wild Flower Preserves or Sanctuaries
In the Leaflet of April 16, 1924, the importance was urged of
providing preserves or “ sonctuaries ” for Native American Flora,
especially the species suffering from vandalism and consequently
becoming rare and in danger of extinction in the vicinity of large
cities. This was referred to again in the Annual Report of the
Garden for 1925, and in Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets, Series
XVI, No. 4 (May 16, 1928), entitled “ How shall we save rare
plant species from extinction?” In the Leaflet it was pointed out
that, “For practical conservation, private initiative must take the
lead in setting aside tracts of land as sanctuaries where the propa-
gation of rare plants and their naturalization can be carried out.”
Conservation activities are a continuing interest of the Botanic
Garden.
WORLD SERVICE
1. BoTANICAL PUBLICATIONS
Brooklyn Botanic Garden publications circulate in 65 foreign
countries, besides the circulation in the United States. They fall
naturally into three groups, as follows: :
a. Technical, devoted exclusively to publishing the results
of research done at the Garden or at other institutions. These
include,
241
Brooklyn Botanic Garden Memoirs.
Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions.
American Journal of Botany (Official publication of the Botanical
Society of America).
Ecology (Official publication of the Ecological Society of
America).
Genetics (In cooperation with the Editorial Board of Genetics).
Delectus Seminum (Seed List)
Further information concerning these may be found on the
fourth page of the cover of this publication.
b. Popular, including
Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets.
Guides to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Miscellaneous
Flower Games (A booklet for children).
List of Books on Gardening and Botanical Nature Study.
Etc.
The Guides and Seed List are published as regular numbers of
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, and are sent regularly with-
out charge, to members of the Garden. (For information con-
cerning membership see page 195 and cover page 38)
c. Administrative, including
Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, a quarterly from 1912 to
1928, now a bi-monthly, comprising the Annual Report, and also
the Seed List and Guides mentioned above. Free to Botanic
Garden members. See also the fourth cover page.
Exchange of Publications
In the paragraph on the Library (p. 232) attention is called to
the fact that more than 900 periodical publications are currently
received in the Garden Library. In this connection it may be
pointed out that many of these are received in exchange for
Brooklyn Botanic Garden journals. Our own publications, there-
fore, serve a double purpose, not only disseminating the results of
American research, but bringing to our own city, and making
freely accessible to the public, the published results of botanical
research in other countries.
242
porn
te RORRATDOR HATH TG WDNOIEK WHET CF 43
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© BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN.
rene
an Swen Bee, asians,
EAFLETS _
THE COLLECTION OF WATER LILES AT THE
BROOKLYN BOTARIE GARDEN
Fic. 33. Publications of Brooklyn Botanic Garden. (5673.)
2. ExcHANGE OF SEEDS WITH OTHER BOTANIC GARDENS
Seed exchange lists have been published for many years by
foreign botanic gardens. The earlier issues of some gardens are
of scientific value as they were the places of original publication of
new scientific names or names of new species. Such more or less
casual publication of names has for some time been abandoned,
but the seed exchange lists serve a valuable purpose in acquainting
botanic gardens with seeds available from various countries. By
the mutual exchange of these seeds the collections of each garden
may be constantly enriched. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden was
apparently, the first Garden of the United States to publish regu-
243
larly a seed exchange list, and was for several years the only
garden doing so. Our endeavor is to make each list as rich as pos-
sible in seeds of native American plants, and these are the plants
for which there are the most frequent demands from foreign
gardens. At present, seeds of herbaceous and woody plants are
offered in alternate years. In 1928 seeds of 284 woody species
were listed; in 1929 seeds of 642 herbaceous species.
In 1928 the Garden received from other Gardens (European
and Asiatic) seeds of over 1200 species; in 1929, nearly 1000
species.
3. Bureau oF INFORMATION
a. Inquiries are daily received by letter, telephone, and per-
sonal conference, in ever increasing number, from all parts of the
United States and from foreign countries, concerning every aspect
of plant life, gardening, and botanic gardens. A large fruit com-
pany inquires about diseases of the banana; two institutions ask
for a list of texts and other books to serve as the nucleus of new
libraries; a representative of a State Public Service Commission
inquires for a bibliography and information concerning market
prices of the Ramie fiber plant; a representative of a large manu-
facturing company in Mexico is loaned copies of the Journal of
Agricultural Science for the purpose of making photostat copies
of certain articles; a public school official of an Ohio city inquires
where plant labels may be obtained to use in marking the trees and
shrubs on the school grounds and adjacent park; a correspondent
in California requests the addresses of firms that supply recording
instruments needed in a study of the physiology of the cotton
plant; a textile firm in New York consults colored illustrations and
living specimens of South and Central American plants for designs
for upholstery and drapery fabrics; the principal of a college in
Wales comes for information concerning our educational work
with children; a land and lumber company of Illinois inquires as
to the best varieties of daffodils for planting naturalistically in its
lawns; a bulb grower of the State of Washington requests per-
mission to use in his advertising photographs of “ naturalized”
bulb plantings at Brooklyn Botanic Garden; numerous artists are
supplied with material to illustrate Baer iccttens of commercial
plant products ; a Latin student obtains information concerning the
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Fic. 34. Map showing world circulation of seven Brooklyn Botanic Garden publications,
1929. Most of the lines are significant in both directions, for pu
Gar
the sabi daily
ublications
n library from most of the foreign points to which the Garden publications go.
as of January 1
urrently received in the Botanic
The library is open free to
’
PVG
245
phenology of plants mentioned in Virgil to Use in connection with
a thesis on ‘‘ The time element in the Aeneid;” a wholesale florist
from a city in Pennsylvania consults a member of the Garden Staff
concerning the effect of illuminating gas on plants, and arranges
for testimony in court which 1s an important factor in his winning
a verdict of $40,000 for damages against a gas company; a corre-
spondent in New Zealand asks concerning American text books on
ecology ; a corporation in California wishes information as to how
the establishing of a botanic garden affects property values in the
vicinity of the garden; another asks concerning Tung oil, and is
referred to a complete bibliography on the subject (four bound
volumes) in our library; an author is seeking for the first pub-
lished illustration of Indian corn (Zea Mays) and finds it in one
of the books in the pre-Linnean collection in the Library; a repre-
sentative from the Department of Apparatus and Development of
the Laboratories of a large Telephone Company came and secured
information concerning a “chisel forceps”, used for obtaining
samples (for a culture) of the diseased part of timber without
splitting the wood. Many specimens of plants are received by
mail for determination. The list of cases could be continued
almost indefinitely.
b. Press releases to the Associated Press are sent at regular
intervals. During 1928 over 1,100 clippings were received of such
articles, sent to the daily press concerning plant life and the activ-
ities of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. These Associated Press
articles have appeared in the newspapers of 30 states.
In addition to news items, articles on the Botanic Garden are
appearing at frequent intervals in Magazines throughout the
world
c. Advertising of Brooklyn Botanic Garden publications
was begun several years ago, and these advertisements appear at
intervals during the year in the scientific and educational press of
practically all the larger civilized countries.
4. COOPERATION WITH NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
The extent of the Garden’s cooperation with other institutions,
domestic and foreign, is given in the chart facing page 199, and
246
emphasises the extent of the World Service of the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden. In the Fifteenth Annual Report of the Garden
(for 1925) there was published a list of 85 foreign and 755
domestic institutions (a total of 840) with which the Garden had
actively cooperated that year.
INQUIRIES INVITED
The Garden will gladly answer any inquiries concerning the
organization and conduct of its educational program. Such in-
quiries may be addressed to the Curator of Public Instruction,
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.
STATISTICS AND ForRMS
The following pages contain statistics of the Garden’s educa-
tional work, and reproductions of lecture bulletins, used in our
School Service, and of guide sheets, syllabi of lectures, and other
forms used in the Department of Elementary Instruction.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
GIVING INFORMATION CONCERNING
BrRooKLYN BoTANIC GARDEN
1. Research at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn
Bot. Gard. Rec., 16: 143-188. July, 1927.
2. Facts about the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn
Bot. Gard, Rec., 17: 147-163. July, 1928.
3. Gardens within a garden: A general guide to the grounds
of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden: Guide No. 2. With folded
map. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Rec., 18: 153-188. May, 1929.
4. Prospectus of courses, lectures, and other educational ad-
vantages offered to members and to the general public.
Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Rec. September issue of each year.
5. Annual Report. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Rec. March issue
of each year.
STATISTICS OF SCHOOL SERVICE
Conferences 1928 1927
ae OlgeRe Chie Suns. eer pam ee nh seen e eee 1,060 670
imbeneotmlipllsuitivolveds 29.0) i ies ss. en 49,600 21,580
ees Lectures (Lantern slides, etc)
INIMTNTS2 ORE TICE VSS eg hay ek wy ee 69 26
Number of Pupils ee Meese cee Oru Olek te aa ene 6,736 2,174
Study Material Supplied
Numbe er of Schools and annexes
igh
In eee (Total No. in Borough, 14, plus 17
Annexes )
BRE i een a ae acces th he eee ZA
In See oF ECS REECE et Cee Ae Pe ee 8 6
lay IM Nal ak: at ok a pee ec are 19 8
LOU G ae OTOUO 1S i eter tte yea saree a 10 . 4
Junior High Schools (Total No. in Brooklyn, 17) 18 12
Colleges, Universities, and Museums ............ 11 8
Training Schools for Teachers ................ 4 2
Elementary Schools (Total No. in Brooklyn, 214) 123 66
Private and ee SCHOG Siete ie ee 25 22
NumbetCiemecaChens: ae ees eee cee 3,818 2,995
mber of Pupils eae Ae ee ee lath 156,619 109,011
Exhibits Provided
HNtimbeiaemexchi bits, ste even ale ee 29 9
Vee ety caved eet ee ina fit Men Ne ate were es 89,065 11,200
Living Plants Placed in Schools .
(Bhowlerery “(one | Yelaveye) b) Pepys eke aa eee ae Pee 150 130
INRUIMDetmOumED ata tonere anne pnt tMten yee en 18,295 Zou
Se Cetettae Or Class Use
[eye Sys arth ca car Sees a 3,231 2,338
Ts eR ie oc A 34 10
Seed Be tae for Children 1029
5 Oey OR COP ORCRON e 428 220
eee rise Sass Cksso TEED CN eee a ee 6,621 5,626
LAB Oa ES erp BER net ee 264,834 268,519
PEEVE eclitay ei ee rer 794,500 705,694
248
Spring Announcement for Teachers and School
Bulletin Boards
Please Post
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
Lessons, Lectures, and Field Trips
on
Nature Study, Geography, and Gardening
APRIL 9 to JUNE 10, 1929
TO BE GIVEN AT THE BOTANIC GARDEN
Grades it Plat. Wild Flowers. (Lantern slides.)
end
4A and 4B 2. en Ove on s. (Lantern slides.)
3. Seedlings. (Exper eet
4. Trees, Their Shine ae a (Lantern slides and field
wo
5. Na ee Stories. (Limited to one class.)
54 and 5B 6. How Soil is Made. (Experiments. )
Grades 7. Seeds: How to Plant and Care for Them. (Demon-
: stration.
8. World’s pases Fruits and Vegetables. (Lantern
lide onomic Greenhouse.
9. Distribution re Cultivation of Food Crops. (Lantern
slid
10. How aia Plants Her Seeds. (Lantern slides and
speci
11. Tro eat Plants (Lantern slides and BpCCinIen Ss)
Grades 12. Indoor Garder (Demonstration mater
64 and 6B Terraria, aicon bose es, desert eae
13. Spices: Their History and Geography. Cones slides
and specir
14. Garden Flowers. (Lantern slides and specimens.)
Paiacicles of Arrangement.
15. Six Common Shrubs. (Field work.)
16. ariese Gardens: Their pore (Lantern slides and
wa
17. Amazon we Coffee and Rubber. (Lantern slides
and spec
18. How to Plan Be Plant an Outdoor Garden. (Lantern
slides and demonstration.
19. Flower eh and Conservation. (Lantern slides
an
Junior 20. Plant Wealth ‘of nee (Lantern slides and specimens. )
High 21. Cotton: Cultivation and Economic Importance. (Lan-
School tern slides and specimens.
22. Story of Plant Life, by zones. (Lantern slides, green-
ouse.
23. Ecology. Study of Plant Life Common to Streams.
sields, Mountains, etc. (Field work.
24. Germination of Seeds. (Experiments. )
25. The Function of Leaves. Cen and Experiments. )
For all 26. Spring Walks Around the Gro
rrades
Note Principals and teachers should make appointments for classes at
least one week in advance, no appointments will be made for Mondays.
Cards for this may be obtained a writing to Miss Ellen aay Shaw,
Curator of Elementary Instruction, Brooklyn Botanic Garden
249
en Announcement for Teachers and School
Please Post
Bulletin Boards
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN |
Lessons, Lectures, and Field Trips
on
Nature Study, Geography, and Gardening
SEPTEMBER 25 to December 20, 1928
TO BE GIVEN AT THE BOTANIC GARDEN
Grades
4A and, 4B
Grades
5A and 5B
Grades
6A and 6B
Grades
Junior
SG aah
Le
Syoco ND wm BR w
Fall wild flowers every child should know. (Lantern
slides. specimens
ee for your classrooms. (Specimen plants presented
o each grade.
‘iva hoxes-—planting and care. (Demonstration
with living mater
Simple classroom eae ane with plants to show how
they live and work. (Demonstrations.
Common oe eee family life. Lantern slides and
field t
ur Risa garden crops—simple noisier cal facts for
veryday use. (Actual material.
Grains that provide food for us—wheat, corn, rice, oats.
(Lantern slides
. A trip through the South—cotton, tobacco, fruits.
Foods of the Orient—tea, rice, spices, bamboo.
South America’s economic plant contributions —coffee,
rubber. (Slides and motion pic
f
11. Geographic distribution of plants. earns m se
s.)
The cacao industry. (Slides and motion pictur
(F
. Ecologic factors in plant life. field trips.
Plant life as seen in the Botanic Garden greenhouses.
. Plant life from infancy to old age.
. Indoor Culture of bulbs, (IDeInOnerE ations. )
. Plant propagation. (Greenhouse Demonstrations.)
. Flowers and flower arrangements. (DeaGR TE aGRS
with materials.)
. Fall trip around oe grounds.
The Japanese Garden—its poten cance
. Birds are ree: va ae to m
. Nature’s Thanksgiving Rinne: (Given November
-28.
20% CNTR: greens—old tales and fables. (Given Decem-
)
ber 12-20.
ote.—Principal s ang teachers should make appointments for classes at
No
least one wee
k
in a
—
—
nce, no appointments will be made for Mondays.
Cards for this may he obtained by writing to Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw,
Curator of Elementary Instruction, Brook lyn Botanic Garden
250
Guide Sheet No. 1a?
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
DEPARTMENT OF ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION
AN EARLY SPRING WALK
Leaving the building, turn left past the Lily Pools and take the path to the
right.
Look carefully in the grass beside the road. Those round, green sels
are Tulips coming up. eep to your right past the Barberries. Do you>
know the name of the tiny white flowers fenced in on your left? They are
the very first to bloom in the spring and are therefore called Snowdrops.
They were there in February before we had our last snowstorm
You will notice a hill at your right. Do you see some flat green blades
coming up through the grass? These are the leaves of the Daffodils and
soon the hill will be yellow with their flowers. Just before you come to the
boulder bridge, you will see growing close to the ground the Adonis with its
queer-looking yellow flowers. °
Cross the bridge and turn to your left. Soon you will reach the Rock
Garden where there are several interesting little plants in bloom. Up on the
bank close to the stone path are some pale lavender Crocuses with bright
yellow centers. Watch carefully on your left as you walk along the road.
Do you see Be Scilla, ae little blue bell-shaped flower? Now look away
ahead of you. The bright orange flowers that you see are also Crocuses.
Most of oe are bes but do you see a white one and also one or two
purple ones at the right?
Now if you will ca straight ahead you will come to the Flatbush
Avenue gate. But if you are coming back to the building, turn around the
corner to your left and you will find, in a little fenced-in area near the
boulder bridge, some other yellow flowers. Are these crocuses also? Look
carefully and see if you can tell. [Note: These flowers were Winter
Aconite (Hranthis hyemalis).]
1 When a class from a school is conducted about the Garden the teacher
and each member of the class are given a copy of the corresponding Guide
Sheet
Zoi
Guide Sheet No. 1b
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
DEPARTMENT OF ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION
AN EARLY SPRING WALK
You can’t choose any route around the Garden today without seeing some
ok in see
e the Wallon and Maples in bloom as you stand away from them.
a you go out past the lily pool and turn to the left, you find all the space
between the road and the brook in bloom. The Chinese Cherry is still a
rosy Cloud. Farther on, examine the tiny pink buds of Flow ering Almond.
They will be out in a few days. Near them is a row of white Flowering
Cherries.
Near the stone bridge, see the Red Buckeye tree with huge coral buds.
Just beyond the bridge is a Poplar with long red tassels
Drifts of yellow Forsythia are everywhere. Toward the Flatbush gate
the Swiss Heath is showing modest wee pink blossoms,
The Crocuses, white and purple, are still with us.
In the Rock Garden, blue and white Scilla (Squills) are in bloom—also
the white Anemone, pink Saxifrage, Viper’s Bugloss and yellow Trollius
(Globe Flower).
Beyond the Rock Garden, yellow early Tulips are blooming in the tulip
beds
The Daffodils on Boulder Hill and down the walk are beginning to come
ut.
And did you ever see anything lovelier than the Magnolia Triangle?
Guide Sheet No. 2
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
DEPARTMENT OF ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION
A LATE SPRING WALK
Leave the main entrance of the Laboratory Building and turn left La the
Ae pools. Walk around the pools and take the path to the right. Look in
he grass on your left and see the tulips coming up. You will an the
ares Cherry tree in bloom. What color are its blossoms ? As you walk
along you will notice the Daffodils just coming out. They are among the
first flowers to bloom in the spring, Do you know any flowers that bloom
earlier than Daffodils ?
Next you come to the Magnolia Triangle. Notice the big blossoms and
the large furry buds on these trees. As you walk around the Magnolia
Ae,
202
Triangle look at the hillside on your left. It looks like a field of gold or
sunlight. Think how many Daffodils there are there. As you walk toward
the Japanese Garden notice the Forsythia Ae in bloom. Do you think
aes blossoms are the same color as the Daff
u have come to the Japanese Garden.
See if you can locate the follow-
ing Ban in the Japanese Garden:
Torii
ARs
2. Tea
3. The enh tree on your left as you enter the Japanese Garden. See its
pink oe bark. Have its buds begun to turn pink yet?
4. Fagot fer
5. Japanese Tris coming up on the right hand side of the little path.
6. Waterfalls.
7. Moonview Hou
8. Shrine on the hill
Can you find the sacred foxes guarding the shrine ?
Leave the Japanese Garden and turn right around the lake. Keep to this
path back to the Magnolia Triangle, and after taking the path across the
bridge, turn left. As you walk towards the Rock Garden see if you can find
some tiny yellow tulips on your left. As you pass a Rock Garden look at
the little blue Hyacinths among the rocks on the
ter you have passed the Rock Garden, look pee you to see the
Willows growing along the Brook. That is where Willows like best to
ow. See how light and yellow their tops are. at the other trees
and notice the different colors of their new leaves.
Guide Sheet No. 3
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
DEPARTMENT OF ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION
A FALL WALK
Leave the Laboratory Building and turn to your right. When you come
to the Lake stop and notice some of the things in the Japanese Garden.
1. The Torii.
See standing in the water. Do you know what it means in
2. Lotus cae the Sacred Flower, growing in the water
Notice how the seed pods bend over the water.
3. Sacred Crane
Sones in ne water.
4. Tea House and Arbor.
Enter the garden and notice as you walk past the Tea House:
1. Cherry Tree in front of Tea House.
Notice its bark.
2. Faggot fence.
253
ne eee to see how the Japanese make their “ living fences.”
3. Archwa
re) v0 know what the eas writing on the archway says?
“You are coming to the Flowe
Walk rae ae small arch and follow the path around the Lake.
Do you see the Japanese Iris plants growing by the Lake? Keep to your
left and you will come to
1. Moonview House.
Why is it called that?
2. Island.
Why are the cranes the
3. “Snow Shed” Lantern on i island.
hy is it named that?
4. Drum Bridge
oe: to Bah island from iit ee ales the reflection and
vill see why it is called a “ Drum’
& Seay stones to Island.
Notice how the stones are arranged.
After you have left here you will soon come to the first waterfall.
The garden is divided into three levels:
1. Heaven.
The highest hill, in the distance,
2. Man
re medium height hill, near the center of the Garden.
3. Ear
ee by the two large boulders on the edge of the Lake.
Cross the large bridge and, as you proceed on the path to your right, you
will see the Inari Shrine on your left. Inari is a sect of Shintoism, one of
the religions of Japan. This is where the Japanese pray.
After you have passed the shrine and the second waterfall, you will take
a sharp turn to your left and walk up on the hill, the highest part of the
cee which is the hill “ Heaven.” From here we proceed to the Shrine.
ae ae foxes before the Shrine
Inari is the sect of the fo a very primitive kind of religion.
2. Lantern.
To light the path for the worshipper.
Come back to the Lake and take the path to yeur right. Walk eee
across the grounds past the outlet of the Lake and along the stream. Whet
you reach the road leading to the main building turn to your right across
the bridge and walk toward the Rock Garden. After passing the Rock
Garden—
Notice the Dahlias on your left. In front of the Dahlias, and further
along on your left is a gorgeous display of many colored Chrysanthemums.
254
Guide Sheet No. 4
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
DEPARTMENT OF ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION
A WINTER WALK
Leave the front door and walk straight out to the Magnolia Triangle.
1. Examine the buds to see how they are prepared for winter. ..........
2. Turn to the left and go to the group of Oaks. All oaks a Paes
of terminal (end) buds. How do the branches of these oaks grow? ......
3. Walk north, facing the Museum. On the hill are Sycamores. What
do a notice about the bark? Can you see any “button-balls” on the
Nast bidity uate cr alanalettaratan veces These are the fruit. Looking at
the young twigs you will notice that they are zigzag, and that the buds are
alternate. Can you see a little rim around each bud where the leaf fitted
OVER E Ner eee ree Dieses el Neh EEE testo
4. On top of the hill are Austrian Pines, evergreens. How many needles
W
1) Wea guDLITI CLA hae renee putea erst gerere vance tiv easerey pease hat are the twigs and bark
Ib he Wee pare ees tenes 6 acre tenn ear a ieee
5. ‘What color bark has the Gray Birch? 2.2 vcs ois oe eee es hee eee
What are the twigs like? Can you find the young catkins? ..........--++
Cross the little bridge over the Brook near the fern beds.
_ At the left of the path is a Linden. Look up into it to see how the
twigs grow. What are the winter buds like? ............-..- 0. essen eee
7. Follow the path north up the steps until you come to a Beech tree at
the tiphit) — Wwihat ie the-color of tts Darke? -cisuedantex seater 0s eee ens
Look at the buds. How can you always tell a beech? ..........-. eevee
8. Keep on to the right until you come to the Honey Locusts. What is
See
thetcolorsor pthelr pated) ecu ets ees alee acre sees if you can
Andeany: thors... qOescribe Them. <2 ou 3 Pi oa sans eee ee ee
. Follow the road around the ae Garden. Look at the Ailanthus
tree, and tell how you can always know it. .......-.- es eee eee e eee eens
0 posite the entrance to re ee Garden is a group of Pines.
Back of them look for a Sycamore Maple. Are the buds opposite or
BIteTMAte ree eae ne cease eter naes
255
Guide Sheet No. 5
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
DEPARTMENT OF ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION
WHAT TO SEE IN THE ECONOMIC GREENHOUSE
Enter the greenhouse by the center door; take the righthand path.
Directly in front of you notice fe large ate Palm. There are many
kinds of palms in this greenhouse; see how many you can find.
As you move slowly along the path, notice on your right:
S Ree hemp from tropical Africa.
e Coconut palm from the Pacific Islands, the source of coconuts,
shredded coconut, and copra (dried: coconut).
. The an tree from the American Tropics.
on your left no
1. Spanish Pe a cousin of the cout sae and the principal wood
used in the manufacture of ciga xe
2. Mahogany, used for fine ie
3. Male bamboo, used for both food and shelter in parts of the 3 ORGie
4. Pepper vine, from which are made black and white pepper
. The Mango, a well-known tropical fruit.
5 Sugar cane, one of the chief sources of s
In the very center of he house, notice the giant oo plant.
os your right notice
. Guava, used for pane paste and jelly.
5 Ou eer ie oil from the fruit is ee in the manufacture of soap and
s a lubricant.
oh « Alligator Pear i _ tree (Avocado) ; the fruit is an important food in
Central Am
As you pass the lily ee notice on your right:
1. Gutta percha tree, from the Ma alay ee
2. Banyan tree, a native of India and cousin of the fig.
3. Rubber trees from South America and India.
f
1. Mexican Breadfruit with its curious perforated leaves. It is sometimes
called “ Swiss cheese plant.” Why?
2. Papaya tree; the fruit and leaves contain a vegetable pepsi
3. eee Hemp (a kind of banana), from the Philippines, i in the
anufacture of rope and binder twine
ee plant.
Chinese eae a dwarf kind, seldom reaching a height of more than
0 fee
on
6. Annotto, ae eer source of the yellow coloring of cheese and butter.
n you right, near the end of the path notice:
1. Orange, Lemon, and Citron tr ees; from the latter is obtained the peel
for candied citron
2. Vanilla, a climbing orchid, from which we obtain vanilla extract for
voring
Leave the greenhouse by the center door.
©
256
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
PACKETS OF SEEDS
FOR BOYS AND GIRLS
Price, t cent a packet
Each pupil should be supplied with one of these slips, and should mark
in the blank columns the number of packets wante he slip should be
retained by the teacher as a memorandum until the ceeds are delivered to
Grade
ORDERS MUST BE IN BY APRIL 1
upil.
FLOWER SEEDS
No. of N Color and |} No. of Nee Color and
_ Packets ae Height Packets oan Height
Alyssum, White Marigold Yellow
Sweet i Tall 12 in.
Aster Mixed Colors Morning Glory Mixed
12in.to 18in. : 10 to 20 ft
Calendula Yellow Nasturtium Yellow
1 to 2 ft Dwarf 8 to 12 in
Cornflower Blue Nasturtium Yellow
(Bachelor’s | 18 to 24 in. Tall ft
Four O'Clock Red; Yellow Phlox ~~ Various
30 in. Dwar sae
Garden Pink Pink Sunflower Yellow
(Dianthus) | 20 to 24 in. 5 to 8 ft.
Marigold Yellow Zinnia Various
Dwarf 6 to 8 in. 1 to? it:
VEGETABLE SEEDS
No. of ; Time to . of Time to
Packets Name Plant Packets Name Plant
Beans, Bush May Ist |] Onion April
Early April Radish April to
September
Carrot Late April Sweet Corn May 20 to
July 20
Kohlrabi April to July Tomato Start
Indoors
Lettuce April to Turnip April to
August August
Total Number of Packets ........... Amount Enclosed ........... cents
TNF Fag yc cee Nt Oa Pa cha anode ep cots | erecta sey
UN ALES Se rated ee ao ease owen Sos Rae Ra an coon aes tev el alate es
SchoolsNoOteia.s023 ce
257
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GAR
PACKETS OF SEEDS
Teachers Order Blank
Price, 1 cent a packet
DEN
Each pupil should be supplied with an individual Seed Packet List, and
should mark in the blank columns the number of packets wanted.
slip should be retained by the teacher a
delivered to the pupil.
e
as a memorandum until the seeds are
The total class order should appear on this slip.
FLOWER SEEDS VEGETABLE SEEDS
Color and | No. of Nee Time to | No. of
Name | Height pee Name Plant Packets
Alyssum, nite Beans, Bush May Ist
_ Sweet i
_ Aster MTzed Calor Beet Early April
Calendula Yaloe Carrot Late April
1 ‘0 ott.
Cornflower Kohlrabi April to July
(Bachelor’s | 18 is me in.
ton
Four O'Clock Red: Pld ae Lettuce April to
August
Garden Pink Onion April
(Dianthus) | 20 00 24 in.
Marigold Radish
wart 6 a ee in. ge
Marigold | renew Sweet Corn 3 ne a Ae
all
Morning | sel Tomato = rt
Glory 10 to 20 ft. Indoors
Nasturtium Yellow Turnip | April to
warf | 8 to 12 in. August
Nasturtium _ pa
Tall ; Total Vegetable Seed
Phlox Varios
Dwarf Total Flower Seed
Sunflower Sues
5 to 8 ft. Total Vegetable Seed
Zinnia Various
1 to 2 ft. Grand Total
Total Flower Seed Amount Enclosed
ORDERS MUST BE IN BY APRIL 1 Check (] Money Order [|] Cash [J
Name
Cd
ieee Mae ARENA te, LCS ts gesecemensiiat yialielai eit 67 e.4).010\70f enaienede iene ists" eisiul suetatae sts gre rietcac ces
OPO SOOO O02 DD nO OO OI0 G00) Ostet ty Cartier acter Me) ern Gee eet hee OG Of Gu Ghee
tleue eels. « els sens
D8
PENNY PACKETS OF SEEDS
FACES OF SEED ENVELOPES
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
Packets of Seeds for School Children
LETTUCE
Directions for Planting
Date: April to August.
Place: In the garden or in a large box.
Manner: In rows, 1 foot apart. Plants should be
8 inches apart.
Depth: % inch.
50M-7-27
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
Packets of Seeds for School Children
ASTER
Directions for Planting
Date: Indoors in April. Transplant to garden
about the middle of May. Sow outdoors
in May.
Place: Requires rich soil, open position.
Manner: Plant in groups or in rows 1 foot apart.
Depth: 4 inch.
Height: 1 to 2 feet.
140M-7-2
“al
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
Lectures for School Classes
In Nature Study, Geography, and Botany
Do not lose this Syllabus. Take it home to study. Paste it in your notebook.
SYLLABUS No. 1
RUBBER
A milky juice, called Jatex, flows from certain trees, shrubs, and vines.
In this juicy fatty globules float. These are raw rubber, or
caoutchouc.
Source:
Where found:
The rubber belt is a region extending 30 degrees north and south of
the equator. Commercial rubber comes from a belt extending only 10
degrees north and south of the equator.
Rubber Countries:
Brazil i in South America; Africa; Malay Peninsula; Ceylon; and the
East
Original Method of Collection:
A diagonal or horizontal cut is made in the bark. The latex is col-
lected in a cup. A fire is built of palm nuts. A wooden paddle dipped
into the latex is held over the fire. The raw rubber hardens on the
ddle. This process is ccntinued until a big rubber biscuit is formed.
The biscuit, cut from the paddle is dried in the sun.
Origin of Modern Rubber Plantations:
In 1876, 70,000 seeds of the Brazilian rubber tree (Hevea) were
shipped by an Englishman to London and there planted in hot houses.
Only 4 in each 100 germinated. About 2,000 of the seedlings were
distributed to Ceylon, Malay and the islands of the East Indies. These
plants are the ancestors of all the trees in the rubber plantations of
the world, outside of Brazil.
Great Discoveries:
Columbus, during his second voyage to the new world, saw children
vee with crude rubber balls on the Island of Hayti.
A scotchman made waterproof cloth by spreading rubber dissolved in
ue between two sheets of cloth. His name was Charles McIntosh,
hence the name “ mackintosh” for raincoats
In 1839, Charles Gacdyean a Connecticut man, discovered that rubber,
mixed with sulphur and then exposed to h short time, would
lose its unpleasant sticky aa and also be able to stand hard usage
This process he named vulcanization, from Vulcan, the god of fire.
This is the most important process of the rubber industry.
In 1879, the first seedling rubber plantations were started in Ceylon
and southern India.
sie Facts About Rubber:
rooklyn Botanic Garden you saw the Para rubber plant
Cee a four other kinds.
The rubber industry is ay fourth largest industry in our countr
nig thirds of all the rubber sold in the world goes to the ied
States.
an fifths of all rubber used in America is made into automobile
tires
Fifty thousand different articles are made of rubber
In 1920, the world’s production of rubber was aed at 400,000
tons. Of this amount, 360,000 tons were produced on plantations. The
ean was obtained from smaller plantings and from wild tree
total area of land planted to rubber exceeds 3,200,000 acres, or
5 00 : square miles, equal to about two and one half times the land area
,0
of Long Islan
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
Lectures for School Classes
In Nature Study, Geography, and Botany
Do not lose this Syllabus. Take it home to study. Paste it in your notebook
SYLLABUS No. 3
_ TEA
The ae and tender twigs of the tea plant, Camellia Thea. There
are two varieties: viridis, the chief source of green tea; and bohea,
from nea black tea is derived. The tea plant is related to the flower-
ing plant Camellia, and to the violets.
Description of Plant:
Camellia Thea is a tree from 20 to 30 feet high: under cultivation it
is pruned to a shrub of from 3 to 6 feet in height. e flowers look
a little like apple blossoms, are fragrant and borne in the axils of the
leaves. Each flower usually produces three seeds, which are about the -
ze of a hazel nut, spherical, hard, dark ee to black in color. The
He are from two to six inches toe and are evergreen.
Tea Countries:
The big six are the following: China, India, Ceylon, Java, Japan, and
Formosa.
Kinds of Tea:
Black or fermented (bohea): green or unfermented (viridis).
Japan produces only green tea
China produces both green and black tea.
Ceylon, India, and Java produce largely black tea.
Formosa produces a semi-fermented tea (Oolong).
Culture:
e tea plant loves the mountains. It requires a light, loamy ce
The plant is raised from seed outdoors in a seed bed or nursery. V
the plants are a year old they are transplanted in groups of from a
to six plants to rows about four feet apart. The plant yields its first
crop at the end of its third year, and thereafter yields three or four
crops annually.
262
Preparation for Market:
The leaves are picked with great care so the stem or stalk will not be
rmed. In the pee re oO ack tea (Orange Pekoe, Pekoe,
ae etc.) the are allowed to ferment for a while, then the
fermentation is Ae ee at just the right moment by rapid a
ing or “ firing.’ In making green teas (Young Hyson, Gunpowd
etc.), the leaves are fired as soon as picked to prevent all fer ene tons
Oolong Tea (made chiefly in the island of Formosa) is a fermented tea,
but the Loan ns is = allowed to continue as long as in the manu-
facture of bla er firing, the tea leaves are rolled by hand or
machine, Ae pee again, and then sorted, separating the fine leaves
from the coarse. The tea is then boxed for shipping.
Facts About Tea:
You do not have to go to one of the countries we called the “ big six”
to see a tea plant. All you have to do to take a trolley to the
BrooKLyNn Botanic GARDEN and there you will find a tea plant growing
in the conservatory.
Tea was me for some years in South Carolina but it is not at the
present tim
bedina uses about 6% Ibs. to 7 a o tea a haces per person, while
the United States uses not quite 1 Ib. per per
Everyone drinks tea in Japan: eee consumes as much tea as she
exports,
Tea is mentioned in China as far back as 2700 B.C. It was intro-
duced into India from China by Colonel Kyd in 1780. India exports
more tea now than does China
ea is blended or mixed to nia better flavor
No artificially colored tea is allowed to enter re United States.
Tea contains thein which is practically the same as the caffein of
co
263
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
Lectures for School Classes
In Nature Study, Geography, and Botany
Do not lose this Syllabus. Take it home to study. Paste it in your notebook.
SYLLABUS No. 6
CHOCOLATE AND COCOA
Source:
The cocoa of commerce is the ground seed of the cacao tree, Theo
broma cacao. It eaten to the Sterculia family (Sterculiaceae), ee
is related to the mallows. The name, Theobroma, comes from two
Greek words meaning “ bec for the gods.’
Where found:
The cacao tree is a native of the shady forests of northern South
America, but it has been grown for several centuries in the tropical
parts of South and Central America and the Antilles. It is now grown
in practically all the tropical countries of the world.
Description of Plant:
The cultivated cacao is a small shade-loving tree about the size of
our peach trees. It produces its flowers and fruits in a curious manner.
The small branches and twigs bear only leaves, while the inconspicuous
yellow and purple flowers spring in clusters from points on the bark of
the trunk and larger branches. The fruit when mature, is a pod 6-10
inches long marked with fecal ribs. he texture of the skin is
like that of a thin-skinned squash: the color varies from lemon yellow to
deep red
Culture:
The cacao plant thrives best in a rich, moist, humus soil, and warm
even temperature, so it can only be grown in the tropics. Shade must
be afforded the young growing trees, and this is done in the plantations
by planting various quick growing trees alternately with the cacao trees.
Fruiting:
The cacao tree begins to bear fruit at the age of six years and con-
tinues its period of bearing for about fifty years. A bearing tree in
8 ;
n the two main harvests, at the beginning and middle of the year,
although the pods keep ripening continuously throughout the year.
264
Preparation for Market:
When ripe, = pods are picked and te into piles where the
natives break off the outer casing and take out the seeds. In a well-
filled pod ne may be fifty seeds attached A a pe core and covered
with a soft m ucilaginous p ulp. is pulp is completely destroyed by
fermentation, after which ie beans are slowly dried in the sun. The
cacao beans are then put in sacks and shipped to the chocolate factories.
Manufacture:
In the factory the beans are first freed of the outer shell by wowed
then the kernels are roasted in iron cylinders to bring out the aroma,
modify the bitter taste, and to improve the color. The kernels may
then be ground into a dark brown paste, pressed into cakes which we
know as bitter chocolate, or they may be ground, treated with sugar,
milk, and flavoring matter to make the sweet chocolate of commerce.
About one half of the cacao bean by weight consists of cocoa fat or
utter. In preparing cocoa this is largely removed. Cocoa butter is
used in the manufacture of perfumes, toothpaste, and the creams of
chocolate candy.
Facts About Cocoa:
ue before the discovery of America cacao was used and Savina
Mexico to Ecuador. It was first brought to Europe by Cor
Spanish explorer in 1519.
The cacao beans were used as money in old Mex
The United States nee first of all the countries ‘of the world in the
consumption of cocoa and chocolate.
ocoa and chocolate in addition to their stimulating effects should be
regarded as real foods. The action of cocoa on the nervous system is
far less than that of tea or coffee.
°
=
The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences
OFFICERS OF THE BoaRD
oF TRUSTEES
PRESIDENT
EDWARD C. BLUM
Fist Vick-PREsmENT SECOND Vict-PRESMENT
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM A. PUTNAM
Turep Vice-Preswent
ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN
TREASURER SECRETARY
G. FOSTER SMITH JOHN H. DENBIGH
BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE
MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman
EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM
MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY WILLIAM T. HUNTER
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ALFRED W. JENKINS
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD
MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM
ALEXANDER M. WHITE
Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD
THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
GENERAL INFORMATION
MeEMBexsHiP.—All persons who are interested in the objects and maintenance
of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are eligible to membership. Members enjoy
special privileges. Annual Membership, $10 yearly; Sustaining Membership, $25
yearly; Life Membership, $500. information concerning membership may
d by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Tue Botanic Garven is open free to the public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk;
on Sundays and Holidays open at 10 a.m.
Entrances.—On Flatbush Avenue, near Empire Boulevard (Malbone Street),
and near Mt. Prospect Reservoir; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern Park-
way and near Empire Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum
Building.
he street entrance to the Laboratory Building is at 1000 Washington Avenue,
opposite Montgomery Street.
To Assist Mempers and others in studying the collections the services of a
docent may be obtained. This service is free of charge to members of the Botanic
Garden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. Arrangements must
be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction at least one week in
advance. No parties of less than six adults will be conducted.
To REACH THE GARDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) Subway to Prospect Park
Station; Interborough Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station;
PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
announcements of courses of instruction, seed list, guides, miscellaneous papers,
and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Free to member 's of the Garden.
To others $1.50 a year, 25 cents a number. Circulates in " coun
MEMOIRS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly. Circulates in
47 countries.
Volume Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers present ted at
the dedication of the pboratory building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917.
sax pages. Price $3.50, plus post
Volume II. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation .
Montauk : A study of Bias sent and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, I
108 pages. Price $1.00, plu
Volume III. Vegetation of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environ:
ment. a. Barrington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. 151 pages.
Price
CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, April 1, soe pe sey published
riodicals, reissued as “ separates,” without e of , and number:
Circulates in 34 co
52. Inheritance Biles: in um. VI, aris one and the in-
hertiance us green and veiled Plunge and pod color. 16 pages.
53. Mutation, adapt to temperature arorenied and ai distri-
bution in Mois 12 p 1928.
54. The Sea ig he Allegany State Park. 121 pages. 1928.
55. Physiologic races of bunt of wheat. 14 pages. 1928.
56. The inheritance of resistance of oat hybrids to loose and covered smut.
48 pages. 1928.
é LEAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweekly
during April, May, June, Sept ember, and October. The purpose of the Leaflets
is primarily to give Bee a cericrits euigernins flowering and other plant activities
to be seen in the Garden near the date of issue, and to give popular, element
information about plant life for teachers and others. Free to members of the
To oth eee fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. Circu-
lates in 28 countries.
GUIDES to the pelle tone, peucies and grounds. Ee based upon cost
bov
of publication. Issued as number the Record; see a
SEED L ES Ts (Delectus ae Established, Decent, 1914. Since
1925 issued each year in the January number of the Record. Circulation includes
143 botanic pardene and institutions located in 42 countries.
AMERICAN JOURNAL oe BOTANY. Established, January, 1914. panes
lished, in ag with the ANICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA , monthly,
during t and September. SSabsetipiOn, $7.00 a year. : Circulate ae 48
COLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation
fa con ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF America. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates
in 48 coun
NETICS. Hetabliehe. a 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a
year. Cena in 37 countr
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD
VOL. XVIII SEPTEMBER, 1929 No. 5
PROSPECTUS
OF COURSES, LECTURES, AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL
ADVANTAGES OFFERED TO MEMBERS AND TO
THE GENERAL PUBLIC
1929-30
PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY
AT LANCASTER, PA.
BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
B: .
Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1012.
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers
SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL
The Staff
C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Director
GUE FREE, Horticulturist
ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph. D., Curator of Public Instruction
ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de I’Université (Paris), Curator of Plants
ELSIE TWEMLOW HAM MMOND, see Assistant Curator of
Elementary Instructio
GEORGE M. eae Ph.D., Curator "of Plant Pathology
ELLEN EDDY SHA B.S., Curator of po ta Instruction
RAY SIMP PSON, Librar
, Curator of Plant Breedeig ad Economic Plants
Other Officers
MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and
oral Art
HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect
RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator
NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator
KATHRYN CLARK BARTLETT, A.B., Instructor
LUCILE SARGENT MACCOLL, A.B., Instructor
ELIZABET R cto:
ELDA or
MARJ ORIE R. SWABEY, M.A., Research ce
, Research Assistan
BELLE H. BURR, A.B., Curatorial Assistan
EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, eee Bion!
MAUD H. PURDY, Curatorial Assista
ze uratorial Assist jan
ee MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistant
Ree , Curatorial Assistant
LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer
ADMINISTRATIVE
DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and Accountant
MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretary
NORMA E. STOFFEL, Office Assistant
FRANCES MILLER MACKINNON, A.B., Secretary to the Director
FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian
WILLIAM H. DURKIN, Membership Secretar’
LAURA M. BREWSTER, Sienographer
VELYN M. WILLIAMS, Stenographer
* Resigned, September 1, 1920.
INFORMATION ABOUT THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC
GARDEN
THE Brooktyn Botanic GARDEN, established in 1910, is a De-
partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It 1s
supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by
private funds, including income from endowment, membership
dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is
through the Department of Parks.
By an Agreement with the City of New York, the functions of
the Garden have been defined as two-fold, and may be summarized
as follows: first, the advancement of botanical science through
original research; and, second, the dissemination of a knowledge
of plants.
The first of these activities is carried on by director, curators,
resident investigators, fellows, and others, who devote all or a
part of their time to independent investigation.
The second, the dissemination of botanical knowledge, is ac-
complished in the following ways:
I. By the teaching of classes—
a. of children who come voluntarily outside of school
hours;
b. of children who come with their teachers from pub-
lic and private schools for special lessons on plant
life and closely related subjects ;
c. of adults who are interested in some phase of pure
or applied botany.
II. By lectures at schools and elsewhere by the various staff
members.
III. By broadcasting.
IV. By loan sets of lantern slides accompanied by lecture text,
for use in the schools.
V. By the distribution to schools of study material for classes
in botany, biology, and nature study.
By public lectures and educational motion pictures at the
Botanic Garden.
VI.
rH
VIN:
4
il
. By maintaining labelled collections of living plants, arranged
systematically and otherwise on the grounds and in the
Conservatories of the Garden.
By the herbarium, containing specimens of preserved plants
from all parts of the world
. By maintaining a reference library on plant life and related
subjects, open free to the public daily (except Sundays
and holidays).
By the following periodicals, published by the Botanic Gar-
den:
American Journal of Botany.
Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, including Guides.
Leaflets.
Crea
Memotrs.
See se
ay
. By popular and technical articles in journals and the public
press.
. By the maintenance of a Bureau of Public Information on
all phases of plant life.
. By providing docents to accompany members and others
who wish to view the collections under guidance.
. By cooperating with City Departments and other agencies
in the dissemination of botanical knowledge.
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is also taking an active part in
the State-wide movement for legislation for the conservation of
our native American plants.
A brief summary and report of the public educational work of
the Garden from 1gro to 1928, with some attempt to set forth the
fundamental principles upon which it is based, was published in
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp for July, 1929. On re-
quest, copies will be sent gratis to those engaged in educational
WOTrK,
CONTENTS
Page
PeCooperanon wit WocaleocnOOls 45 4st) 20. rene 265
dle a YoY eres 218 ratales sierra a eect am ere ee Mea eR meen a eee ee? 268
eile @OunESeSrOtelnStrUCMON es ath) ce eae 5 A een 268
we OnildnentssGardens: Natite otudy: wesc 5 ene 268
its Corie tere (Glavilebieine aa oo waa ha 45 269
Per @OULSeS lO ll McACh ens since Sees eee eral
B. Courses for Teachers Given in Cooperation with the
Broolkdyn: leachens Association sen... 4 nnee Dif
Ce Courses tor the General Publics.) 4). 64 274
Tee trl Y@ctea © OL Sey are sus ayeue ata, eae | eee 274
2 Kalla Coursesie Satan Meee eG ater 274
er SO Dill MCOULSCS Mast Nie er etre Onn ee 275
De Gourse tor oiudent Nutses a ee ee 276
E. Consultation and Independent Investigation ...... 276
IVa @therswdticatonaleMeadtunes: aus. aise s Herds ee 278
Plantations, Conservatories, Herbarium, Library, Lab-
oratory Building, Instructional Greenhouses, Children’s
Room, Children’s Garden Building, Children’s Garden,
Rose Garden, Japanese Garden, Etc.
lil
it oe
ms be a
a ae
— ee
a ; a i. .
as
ta
: i.
eee an.
us —- ;
a
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD
VOL. XVIII SEFTEMBER, 1920 NO. 5
PROSPECTUS: 1929-30
i COORERATION WITH LOCAL SCHOOES
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden aims to cooperate in every practi-
cable way with the public and private schools of Greater New
York in all matters pertaining to the study of plants and closely re-
lated subjects. The purpose of the Garden in this connection is to.
supplement and enrich the school work in the way of instruction,
demonstration, methods, study material, etc., which otherwise
would not be available.
Geography classes, as well as classes in nature study and botany,
are finding the collection of useful plants in the economic plant
house, and also the Japanese Garden, valuable adjuncts to their
class work. Arrangements may be made by teachers of geography
to have their classes study these collections under guidance. Tllus-
trated lectures for geography classes may also be arranged for at
the Garden.
The systematic collection in the main part of the Garden, where
the living plants are arranged by orders and families, is proving
of great value for demonstration to visiting high school classes in
botany.
A. Talks at Schools.—The principals of public or private
schools may arrange to have lantern talks given at the schools on
various topics related to nature study, such as garden work with
children, tree planting, and Arbor Day. If an illustrated lecture is
desired, the lantern and operator must be provided by the school,
but slides will be furnished by the Botanic Garden. Address the
Curator of Elementary Instruction for a list of talks and for
appointments.
B. School Classes at the Garden.—(a) Schools not provided
265
266
with a stereopticon, and other schools, may arrange for classes, ac-
companied by their teachers, to come to the Botanic Garden for
lectures either by the teacher or by a member of the Garden Staff.
(b) Notice of such a visit should be sent at least one week
previous to the date on which a talk is desired. Blank forms are
provided by the Garden for this purpose. These talks will be
illustrated by lantern slides, and by the conservatory collection of
useful plants from the tropics and subtropics. Spring and fall
announcements of topics will be issued during 1929-30.
(c) The Garden equipment, including greenhouses, plant mate-
rial, lecture rooms, lantern and slides, is at the disposal of teachers
who desire to instruct their own classes at the Garden. Arrange-
ments must be made in advance so that such work will not conflict
with other classes and lectures. For High School classes address
the Curator of Public Instruction. For Junior High and Elemen-
tary School classes address the Curator of Elementary Instruction.
(d) The principal of any elementary or high school in Brooklyn
may arrange also for a series of six lessons on plant culture to be
given during the fall or spring to a class. These lessons will be
worked out for the most part in the greenhouse. Such a course
must be arranged for in advance, and the class must be accom-
panied by its teacher. This is adapted for pupils above the third
grade.
C. Seeds for School and Home Planting.—Penny packets of
seeds are put up by the Botanic Garden for children’s use. In
the early spring, lists of these seeds and other information may be
secured on application to the Curator of Elementary Instruction.
D. Conferences.—Conferences may be arranged by teachers
and principals for the discussion of problems in connection with
gardening and nature study. Appointments must be made in
advance. Address Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw.
E. Study and Loan Material.—To the extent of its facilities,
the Garden will provide, on request, various algae and protozoa,
as well as living plants, leaves and twigs, or other plant parts for
study. Where containers are necessary, as in the case of the
algae and protozoa, they must be furnished by the school. Petri-
dishes will, on request, be filled with sterilized nutrient agar ready
for use in the study of bacteria and molds. They should be deliv-
267
ered to the Garden, clean, and in general one week before the
agar is desired. In all cases arrangements must be made by the
teachers for calling for such material.
MATERIAL USUALLY AVAILABLE
1. Protozoa: Paramoecium and others.
2. Pleurococcus.
3. Spirogyra
4. Vaucheria
5. Blue-green algae.
6. Moss plants: gametophyte and sporophyte, with capsules.
7. Fern prothallia. For these, a Petri dish with a cover is the
best container to bring, since the prothallia dry out quickly.
8. Fern sporophylls (with sori).
9. Geranium, Coleus and Tradescantia—variegated green and
white, loaned for photosynthesis experiment.
10. Cacti, Pitcher plant, Selaginella and others—loaned for demon-
stration.
11. Elodea—to show movement of protoplasm.
. Various collections loaned for exhibit: e.g., lichens, fungi,
plant diseases, fruits, modified leaves, demonstrations of
Mendel’s law.
H
i)
F, Demonstration Experiments.—Teachers may arrange to
have various physiological experiments or demonstrations con-
ducted at the Garden for the benefit of their classes. Communica-
tions in regard to these matters should be addressed to the Curator
of Public Instruction.
G. Loan Sets of Lantern Slides.—Sets of lantern slides have
been prepared for loan to the schools. Each set is accompanied
by a short syllabus of explanatory nature. In all cases these sets
must be called for by a special messenger and returned promptly
in good condition. The subjects now available are as follows.
Other sets are in preparation.
Plant ene
Spring Wild Flowers
Common Trees
Fall Wild Flowers
Forestry (2 sets)
gee CTS a
268
II. DOCENTRY
To assist members and others in studying the collections the
services of a docent may be obtained. Arrangements must be
made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction at least
one week in advance. No parties of less than six adults will be
conducted. This service is free of charge to members; to others
there is a charge of 50 cents per person. For information con-
cerning membership in the Botanic Garden see page 3 of the
cover of this PRosPEcTUS.
Ti COURSES - OF INSTRUCTION
A. Children’s Garden: Nature Study
For the work in Children’s Gardening and Nature Study the
ae equipment is available:
. The Children’s Garden, on a piece of land about three-
ee of an acre in extent, in the southeast part of the Botanic
Garden, divided into about 150 plots which are used throughout
the season for practical individual instruction in gardening.
2. The Children’s Building, near the north end of this plot, con-
taining rooms for consultation and for the storage of tools, seeds,
notebooks, special collections, ete.
3. The Instructional Greenhouses, three in number, for the use
of juvenile as well as adult classes for instruction in plant propa-
gation and related subjects.
4. Three Classrooms (in addition to the Boys’ and Girls’ Club
Room in the Laboratory Building), equipped with stereoscopes
and views, a stereopticon, plant collections, economic exhibits,
models, and other apparatus and materials for instruction.
wo Laboratory Rooms, with the usual equipment for plant
study.
6. The Auditorium, on the ground floor, capable of seating 570
persons, and equipped with a motion-picture lantern and stere-
opticon.
In addition to these accommodations, the dried plant specimens
in the herbarium and the living plants in the conservatories and
plantations are readily accessible, while the main library and chil-
dren’s library, which contain a comprehensive collection of books
269
on every phase of gardening and plant life, may be consulted freely
at any time.
1. Courses for Children
The following courses are open to all boys and girls. Enroll-
ment in these courses entitles the boy or girl to membership in the
Boys’ and Girls’ Club of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. This club,
having an active membership of about 1,000, meets twelve times a
year for discussion of subjects related to plant life. Papers, by
members, on various botanical and horticultural subjects, are read
at these meetings, and the speakers are then entitled to a silver pin,
providing they have satisfactorily completed courses of study at
the Garden extending over at least six months. For announce-
ment concerning Children’s Room see page 280.
Al. Fall Greenhouse Work.—The following courses are self-
explanatory and are for both beginners and advanced students:
Class A.—Open to boys and girls who have never taken any
greenhouse work before. Bulbs used: narcissus, oxalis, primrose ;
also geranium cuttings. Saturday mornings at 9:15. Fee, fifteen
cents. October 26 to December 21.
Miss Sargent and Miss Marcy.
Class B.—Open to boys and girls over thirteen years of age.
Subjects studied: hyacinth, Easter lily, calla lily, the botany of
common cultivated plants, etc. Fee, fifteen cents. Saturday
mornings at 9:15, October 26 to December 21.
Mrs. Bartlett and Mrs. MacColl.
Class C.—Open to boys and girls who have been in at least two
fall bulb classes before this. The bulbs used will be hyacinth,
tulip, narcissus, oxalis. Geranium cuttings and primroses will
also be used. Time of class, 10:30, Saturday mornings. Fee, fif-
teen cents. October 26 to December 21. Mrs. Bartlett.
Class D.—Open to any boy or girl. Subject: the making of
garden Christmas presents. There will be a choice of gifts.
Some of the articles made will be the following: a flower basket,
seed packet, flower book-mark, painted pot and plant to go in it,
flower calendar, wooden box with flower design, etc. Saturday
mornings at 10:30. Fee, fifteen cents and cost of materials. Oct-
ober 26 to December 21.
Miss Sargent, Miss Marcy, and Mrs. MacColl.
270
Class E.—Silver Pin work as applied to greenhouse and garden
work. The members of. this class will be selected from students
eligible for this work. Given in January and February, 1930.
Fee, twenty-five cents. Mrs. Bartlett.
A2. Junior Gardeners’ Course.—This is a course for boys
14-17 years of age. Lessons are given in the care of border and
other flower beds, in the weeding and care of small vegetable
gardens, in mowing and watering lawns, repotting plants, etc.
This is planned to fit boys for summer work and to enable them
to obtain positions. Hours to be arranged. Fee, fifty cents.
Miss Sargent.
A3. Preparation for the Outdoor Garden.—The following
classes are open to boys and girls during the spring of each year.
The courses are planned for a better understanding of plant life
and so that the outdoor garden may become a more intelligent
piece of work. On account of limited space in the Children’s
Greenhouse, classes are limited to twenty. The fee for each
course is fifteen cents to cover the cost of material.
Boys’ Spring Course.—(a) Saturday mornings, 9-10:15, March
Ito April 12. (b) Saturday mornings, 10:30—-11 :30, March 1 to
April 12. Mrs. Bartlett and Miss Marcy.
Girls’ Spring Course.—(a) Saturday mornings, 9-10:15, March
Ito April 12. (b) Saturday mornings, 10:30-11 :30, March r to
April 12. Miss Sargent and Mrs. MacColl.
A4. Advanced Work for Older Boys and Girls——How to
raise plants, mix soils, transplant, start seedlings for outdoor gar-
dens, etc. Boys and girls who have taken spring courses under
A5 are eligible for advanced work. The fee for the course is
twenty-five cents. Each student may take home his plants and
seedlings. This course is open to both boys and girls over twelve
years of age. Saturday mornings at 9:30, beginning February r.
A5. The Beginners’ Garden.—Open annually to 50 boys and
girls who have never had instruction in gardening at the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden. This course takes up the subject of the small
garden, what to plant, how to plant it, care, replanting, etc. Ap-
plication for plots should be made in person or in writing before
March 1. Size of plots 8 ft. by ro ft. All crops belong to the
individual. Fee, twenty-five cents. Saturday mornings, 9-12,
May 10 to October 4. Miss Sargent and Assistants.
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A6. Second Year Gardens.—Open to 50 boys and girls who
have had one or more seasons at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden—a
continuation of Course A5. Registration should be made before
September 1 of each year for the following year. Fee, twenty-
five cents. Saturday mornings, 9-12, May ro to October 4.
Miss Sargent and Assistants.
A7. Junior Garden Assistants——Open to older boys and
girls, or to those who have mastered Courses A2 and A4. Size of
plot 10 ft. by 20 ft. These gardens are for the raising of vege-
tables. The work is in the nature of a project, ““ How much can
one raise on a plot to ft. by 20 ft.?” Hours to be arranged.
The student must put in at least two periods a week during the
summer vacation, and, if possible, three. Registration date:
April 5. Fee, fifty cents. Miss Sargent.
A8. Advanced Nature Work.—A course designed for those
older boys and girls who have taken Courses A1-A5. Herbarium
specimens will be prepared and the simpler principles of plant
classification studied. Projects will be assigned to individuals.
Open only to pupil assistants of the Garden. Hours to be ar-
ranged. No fee. Miss Shaw.
A9. Nature Study for Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Camp Fire
Girls, Scout Leaders, and Others.—Short courses of at least
tour periods each, with talks, demonstrations, and field trips in the
grounds of the Botanic Garden and Prospect Park to study trees,
shrubs, etc. The instruction and schedule dates will be adapted
to meet the needs of the various groups that apply. Open only to
groups of at least ten persons. Hours to be arranged. Wo fee.
Dr. Graves, Miss Sargent, and Assistants.
A10. Special Work for High School Pupils——A course in
gardening or greenhouse work adapted for high school pupils.
Classes to be arranged for by the high school teacher. Fee for
materials used. Miss Shaw and Assistants.
2. Courses for Teachers
The following brief courses are designed primarily for teachers
who wish to extend their knowledge of nature study and garden-
ing for use in their school work, without taking the longer courses
described under B, page 272. It should be noted that only the lat-
272
ter courses are accepted by the Board of Education for teachers’
credits. Members of the Garden are entitled to a 50 per cent dis-
count from the regular fee for “ A” courses.
A22. The School Garden.—See B5, p. 273.
A23. Spring Nature Study for the Classroom.—Not given in
1930,
A24. Fall Garden Work.—Three informal lectures, with
practical work in the greenhouse, are given on gardening as applied
to school work in the fall. Bulbs and how to plant them in the
fall, how to have thrifty house plants, window plants, and the
making of window boxes for the schoolroom, are among the sub-
jects considered. Fee, $2. Mondays, 4 p.m., October 7-21.
Mrs. Bartlett and Assistants.
A25. Fall Nature Study.—Three lessons. ‘This course con-
sists of informal talks, with demonstrations, on the nature and
sources of the material necessary for fall nature study in school
work. The demonstration material used in the lessons will be
distributed to the members of the class. Such subjects as fruits
and seeds, methods of seed dispersal, the condition of deciduous
trees in winter, evergreens, etc., will be considered, the central
idea being Nature’s preparation for winter. Fee, $2. Wednes-
days, 4 p.m., October 9-23. Miss Sargent.
B. Courses for Teachers Given in Cooperation with the
Brooklyn Teachers Association
These courses have been accepted by the Brooklyn Teachers As-
sociation, and appear in its Syllabus of Courses. On satisfactory
completion of each course, the student is awarded a certificate by
the Brooklyn Teachers Association, in cooperation with the Brook-
lyn Botanic Garden. The courses are also accepted by the New
York Board of Education in lieu of credit toward higher teaching
licenses, one credit being granted for each 15 hours. Credits may
also be used toward advanced standing in colleges or universities.
Nature materials used in the courses, and plants raised become the
property of the student.
Members of the Garden are entitled to a 50 per cent discount
from the regular fee for all “ B” courses; from other persons the
indicated fee is required. No course will be given when less than
six apply.
273
Bi. General Botany.—Thirty sessions. A course on the
forms and functions of plants. All of the main groups of plants
are considered, by means of informal lectures, discussions, demon-
strations, and visits to the conservatories and the outdoor plan-
tations. With a view to correlation with the other courses de-
scribed below, particular emphasis is laid upon the higher plants.
Optional laboratory work with the compound microscope. Fee,
$5. (Not offered in 1929-30.)
Dr. Graves and Miss Rusk.
B2. Nature Study.—Thirty sessions. This course is based
on the New York City outline of nature study for grades three to
six inclusive. Mounts, charts, and diagrams are made. The stu-
dent becomes familiar with actual material. The course is entirely
practical, work being done in both field and laboratory. Fee, $ro.
Mondays and Tuesdays, 4 p.m., beginning September 23 and 24.
Section I, September 23,4 p.m. Section II, September 24, 4 p.m.
Miss Shaw and Miss Sargent.
B3. Principles of Agriculture and Horticulture.—Thirty ses-
sions. This course is especially helpful to teachers. The prin-
ciples of horticulture are considered and applied in a practical
way through greenhouse, laboratory, and lecture work. The
greenhouse work includes the following subjects: plant propaga-
tion by means of bulbs, rhizomes, roots, seeds, etc.; the care of the
greenhouse; house plants; window-box materials; fertilizers. In-
sect and fungous pests, grafting, and pruning are also included
from both a practical and a theoretical point of view. Fee, $8.
Wednesdays, 4 p.m., beginning September 25. Mrs. Bartlett.
B4. Pedagogy of Botany and Educational Principles of Chil-
dren’s Gardening and Nature Study.—Not given in 1929-30.
B5. Garden Practice.—Fifteen sessions. This course is en-
tirely practical and includes all the outdoor work of the student in
his own garden, applying the principles of agriculture and garden-
ing, work with children in the garden. Fee, $8: for summer prac-
tice, fee $9 additional. Wednesdays, 4 p.m., beginning February
19. fiss Shaw and Miss Sargent.
B6. Field Botany.—Thirty sessions. This is mainly an out-
door course, given in the Botanic Garden and Prospect Park, hav-
ing for its chief object an acquaintance with the plants one meets
274
with commonly in Greater New York and vicinity, including seed
plants (trees, shrubs, and herbs), ferns, mosses, and hepatics,
algae, and fungi. Fee, $5. Thursdays, 4 p.m., beginning Sep-
tember 20. Dr. Graves and Miss Rusk.
B7. Greenhouse Work. Thirty lessons. A course for those
interested in the propagation and care of house plants. Lessons
in repotting ferns; forcing blooming plants; shaping plants; plant
insects and diseases; making window boxes, Wardian cases, and
desert gardens, will be carried on in the greenhouses. Emphasis
will be laid on problems of a practical nature. Limited to those
who have taken B3. Fee, $10. Thursdays, 4 p.m., beginning
October 3. Miss Shaw and Mr. Free.
C. Courses for the General Public
The following courses are open to any one who has a general
interest in plants. Teachers are welcome. They are free to mem-
bers of the Botanic Garden;* for others a small fee is required,
as specified. Registration should be made with the instructor in
person or by mail at least one week before the course opens, in
order that adequate material, etc., may be provided. No course
will be given when less than six Naty
1. Full Year Course
C15. Field Botany.—Thirty sessions. This is mainly an
outdoor course, given in the Botanic Garden and Prospect Park,
having for its chief object an acquaintance with the plants one
meets with commonly in Greater New York and vicinity, including
seed plants (trees, shrubs, and herbs), ferns, mosses and hepatics,
algae, and fungi. Fee, $5. Thursdays, 4 p.m., beginning Sep-
tember 26. (This course is identical with B6, p. 273.
r. Graves and Miss Rusk.
2. Fall Courses
C4, Gardening in the Fall.—Six lessons, with practical work
in the greenhouse, on the methods of making cuttings, the various
kinds of bulbs for fall planting, their treatment and care, the
* For information concerning membership in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden
consult the third page of the cover of this Prospectus.
275
proper management of liouse plants, and a discussion of the kinds
suitable for cultivation. On account of restricted space in the
greenhouse, this class must be limited to 40. Registration accord-
ing to the order of application. Fee, $3. Thursdays, 4 p.m., Oc-
tober 3 to November 7. Mr. Free.
C5. Trees and Shrubs in their Winter Condition —Eight out-
door lessons in the Botanic Garden and elsewhere in Greater New
York on the characteristics of our common trees and shrubs,
both native and cultivated, emphasizing their distinguishing fea-
tures in the winter condition. Fee, $4. Saturdays, 2:30 p.m.,
October 5 to December 7. (Omitting October 12 and November
») Dr. Graves and Miss Rusk.
C13. Fall Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds.—Four outdoor les-
sons; the first in the Botanic Garden, three in the woodlands of
Greater New York. The common native and cultivated plants
which flower in the fall, and the fruits and seeds commonly seen
at this time of the year are pointed out and their characteristics
studied. (Not offered in 1929.) Dr. Gundersen.
3. Spring Courses
Ci. Plants in the Home.—How to grow them. Six talks
with demonstrations. Practice in potting, mixing soils, making
cuttings, etc. This course deals with the principles to be followed
in raising plants. The members of the class have the privilege
of keeping the plants they have raised. Fee, $3. Thursdays, 4
p-m., February 13 to March 13. Mr. Free.
C3. The Flower Garden.—Making the most of it. Five les-
sons. How to improve soils and get results from planting; old
fashioned flowers; annuals; summer bedding; vines for screen-
ing unsightly objects; rose culture; growing of ornamental
shrubs; pruning; how to make a lawn and maintain it. (Not of-
fered in 1930.) Nite tee:
C7. The Story of Plant and Animal Evolution.—The parallel
progress of plant and animal life through the ages, outlined in four
illustrated lectures: (1) Water plants and water animals. (2)
The transition from water life to land life. (3) Mesozoic life:
gymnosperms and reptiles. (4) Cenozoic life: flowering plants
and mammals. Fee, $2. Fridays, 4 p.m., March 7-28.
Dr. Graves and Dr. Gundersen.
276
C8. Plant Families.—Eight outdoor lessons in the Botanic
Garden, taking up the structure of flowers and the characteristics
of the more important plant families. Fee, $4. Wednesdays, 4
p.m., April 9 to May 28. Dr. Gundersen.
C9. Trees and Shrubs of Greater New York.—Ten outdoor
lessons at the Garden and elsewhere in Greater New York, the
principal object being to gain a ready acquaintance with the com-
mon trees and shrubs of the eastern United States, which are well
represented in this region. The species are considered in sys-
tematic order, and the features pointed out by which they may be
most easily recognized; also their habits, rate of growth, economic
value and use, methods of planting and propagation ; importance in
forestry, horticulture, and landscape art. Fee, $5. Saturdays,
a p.m., March 29 to June 14. (Omitting April 19 and May
Dr. Graves.
eu. Spring Flowers and Ferns of the New York Region.—
A field course of eight lessons in the parks and woodlands of
Greater New York. The common native and naturalized wild
flowers are studied as they come into flower, and their distinguish-
ing features pointed out. Fee, $4. Saturday afternoons; April
26 to June 14. ‘iss Rusk.
C12. The History of Systematic Botany.—Three illustrated
lectures. 1. Natural science of the ancients and the Middle Ages.
2. The study of plants from the discovery of America to Linnaeus
and the Jussieus. 3. The idea of plant evolution in the nineteenth
century and after. (Not offered in 1930.) Dr. Gundersen.
D. Course for Student Nurses
D1. General Botany with Special Reference to Medicinal
Plants.—A course of conferences, demonstrations, and field
trips for student nurses. The general principles governing the
life of plants, as well as the use and care of flowers in the sick
room will be considered. Special attention will be paid to the
identification of officinal plants in the field. Hours to be arranged.
No fee. Dr. Graves.
E. Consultation and Independent Investigation
1. Consultation
Consultation and advice, and the facilities of the laboratories,
library, and herbarium are freely at the service of members of the
277
Botanic Garden and (to a limited extent) of others with special
problems relating to plants or plant products, especially in the
following subjects:
1, Plant diseases (phytopathology) and classification of
fungi (mycology). Dr. Reed.
2, Plant breeding and allied subjects (genetics and experi-
mental evolution). (Not offered in 1929-30.)
3. Plant geography (phytogeography) and ecology.
4. Classification and identification of flowering plants (sys-
tematic botany). Special groups studied in the Garden, supple-
mented by herbarium studies. Dr. Gundersen.
5. The growing of cultivated plants and their arrangement ;
also their adaptation to soils, climate, and other factors (horticul-
ture and gardening). Mr. Free.
2. Investigation *
For the following research courses, open to those properly quali-
fied for independent investigation, there is a charge covering all
expenses, including laboratory fee, of $30 for each full course of
100 credit hours, and $20 for each half course of 50 credit hours.
E6. Research in Mycology and Plant Pathology.—Inde-
pendent investigation of problems relating to fungi and fungous
diseases of plants. Mielveed:
E7. Research in Plant Genetics.—Independent investigation
of problems of variation and heredity, including that phase of
cytology having a direct bearing on the subject matter of genetics.
(Not offered in 1929-30.)
E8. Research in Forest Pathology.—Independent investiga-
tion of the diseases of woody plants. Dr. Graves.
E9. Research in Systematic Botany of the Flowering Plants.
Dr. Gundersen.
graduate courses. Properly qualified students who take these courses may
present them in satisfaction of the requirements for advanced degrees given
by the University. Graduate credit has also been allowed elsewhere for
such advanced work done at the Garden.
278
IV. OTHER EDUCATIONAL FEATURES
Guide Books, Maps, and Souvenir Postcards of the Garden
For those who wish to become acquainted with the various
features of the plantations, including the general plan of the
systematic section and the nature and location of the various
types of special gardens; a guide book is now available entitled
“Gardens Within a Garden: a General Guide to the Grounds of
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden” (Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Record, 17: 153-188. May, 1929.) Copies of this guide have’
been mailed free to members and are onsale at 25 cents each.
Other guides, descriptive of special features, such as the Jap-
anese Garden, will be published shortly.
A detailed map of the Garden, showing not only the various
types of gardens included in the Botanic Garden area, but espe-
cially the location of the various orders and families in the
Systematic Section, is appended to the General Guide. Copies are
on sale at 5 cents each.
A colored picture map of the Garden, 714 x 3% feet, designed
and executed by Miss Helen Sewall, is on view in the Laboratory
Building. ‘This map was presented to the Garden at the Annual
Spring Inspection, May 14, 1929, as a memorial to the late Dr.
Glentworth R. Butler by members of the Woman’s Auxiliary and
other friends of Dr. Butler. Photographs of this map (in black
and white) may be had at 5 cents each.
A set of six souvenir postcards, in colors, may be had at 15
cents a set. The subjects are: Scene in the Children’s Garden;
The Brook; Daffodils in the Lawn; The Lake; Children’s Build-
ing and Formal Garden; The Rock Garden (Waterfall and Iris).
Orders for guide books, maps, and souvenir postcards, ac-
companied by remittance, should be sent to The Secretary. They
may also be obtained at the Information Desk in the Laboratory
Building.
Plantations
The plantations comprise the following sections:
1. General Systematic Section (trees, shrubs, and herbaceous
plants arranged according to orders and families).
2. The Local Flora (native wild flower garden).
3. Ecologic Garden.
279
. Rock Garden.
. Japanese Garden.
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Children’s Garden.
. Shakespeare Garden.
. Horticultural Garden.
. Experimental Garden.
13. Nursery.
As noted under Docentry, arrangements may be made for view-
ing the plantations under guidance. They are open free to the
public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Sundays and holidays from
10 a.m. until dusk.
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Conservatories
The Garden conservatories contain a collection of tender and
tropical plants. Of special interest for teachers of nature study
and geography are the following useful plants from the tropics
and subtropics: banana, orange, lemon, lime, kumquat, tamarind,
West Indian cedar (the source of the wood used for cigar boxes),
eucalyptus, Manila hemp, sisal, pandanus (source of the fiber used
for making certain kinds of fiber hats), fig, grapevines from
north and south Africa, date palm, coconut palm, chocolate tree,
coffee, tea, ginger, bamboo, mahogany, balsa, cocaine plant, black
pepper, annatto (used in coloring butter and cheese), cardamom,
olive, pomegranate, logwood, durian, mango, sugar cane, avocado
(so-called “ alligator pear”), West Indian and other rubber plants,
banyan, religious fig of India, and numerous others.
The Conservatories are open April 1 to October 31, 10 a.m.—
4:30 p.m. (Sundays, 2-4 :30).; November 1 to VWiarcheaie Ord.
4 p.m. (Sundays 2-4).
Herbarium
The Garden herbarium consists at present of about 188,300
specimens, including phanerogams, ferns, mosses, liverworts,
lichens, parasitic and other fungi, algae, and myxomycetes. This
collection may be consulted from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m. by those inter-
ested, and specimens submitted will be gladly identified.
280
Library
The rapidly growing library of the Garden comprises at present
over 14,000 volumes and over 10,000 pamphlets. This is not a cir-
culating library, but is open free for consultation to all persons
daily (except Sundays and holidays) from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m.
(Saturdays, 9 to 12). Over goo periodicals and serial publica-
tions devoted to botany and closely related subjects are regularly
received. These include the transactions of scientific societies
from all quarters of the globe, the bulletins, monographs, reports
and other publications of various departments of the United States
Government, as well as those of foreign governments; of all state
agricultural experiment stations and agricultural colleges; the pub-
lications of research laboratories, universities, botanic gardens and
other scientific institutions of the world, as well as the files of inde-
pendent journals devoted to the various phases of plant life. The
library is especially rich in publications of foreign countries and
has a growing collection of incunabula and other pre-Linnean
works,
Bibliographical assistance is rendered to readers by members of
the Library staff.
Laboratory Building
The Laboratory Building contains (besides offices of administra-
tion and the Library and Herbarium mentioned above) four lab-
oratory rooms, a culture room, three classrooms with stereopticon
and other equipment for instruction, a room for the installation of
temporary exhibits, six private research rooms, and an auditorium
seating about 570 and equipped with motion picture machine,
stereopticon and lecture table supplied with water, gas, and elec-
tric current for lectures involving experimental work.
Instructional Greenhouses
A range of three greenhouses, each about 20x30 feet, is pro-
vided for the practical instruction of children and adults in plant
propagation and other subjects.
Children’s Room
A gift of $1,500 in 1921 from Mrs. Helen Sherman Pratt,
supplemented in 1923 by a further gift of $500 from Mr. George
D. Pratt, has made it possible to provide a beautifully decorated
281
room for the use of the Boys’ and Girls’ Club. Any boy or girl
-who is enrolled, or has been enrolled, in any of the children’s
classes at the Garden is eligible for membership in this club, which
now numbers about 1,000 active members. The room contains
shelves for a nature-study library, of which a nucleus has already
been secured, and is equipped with stereoscopic views, photographs,
and preserved and living specimens of plant life, for the instruction
and entertainment of boys and girls. The room is open free to all
children. Contributions of specimens and of books on nature
study and closely related subjects will be most welcome.
Children’s Garden Building
This is located in the northern part of the Children’s Garden
plot and contains a conference room, and rooms for the storage of
garden tools and implements. The furniture in the conference
room was a gift from Mrs. James H. Post. Various collections
of plants, seeds, and insects of economic importance in the garden
are accessible here for consultation by the children. A garden
library, a gift of friends, has been added. North of the Chil-
dren’s Building is a plot planted to ornamental shrubs and her-
baceous perennials for the instruction of the children.
Children’s Garden
_ A plot of about three quarters of an acre in the southeast part
of the Botanic Garden is devoted to the theoretical and practical
instruction of children in gardening. The larger part of this area
is laid out in garden plots which will accommodate about 150
children.
Rose Garden
The Rose Garden, occupying about one acre in the northwest
part of the Botanic Garden, was formally opened to the public
on Sunday afternoon, June 24, 1928. This garden was made
possible by a gift of $10,000, later increased to $15,000, from
Mr. and Mrs. Walter V. Cranford, of Greenwich, Connecticut.
The general plan of the Garden is as follows. At the north
end, entrance is gained through a Doric pergola. Three parallel
rows of beds extend to the southward from the pergola, as far
as the pavilion. In the central row of beds, varieties of hybrid
282
perpetuals have been planted; in each of the two side rows va-
rieties of hybrid teas. In the location of these varieties the older
forms appear at the beginning, near the pergola, the most recent
productions near the pavilion, with the intermediate forms in
chronological sequence between. Varieties of pillar and post
roses are planted at regular intervals, on suitable supports, in the
beds, with standards between the beds of the side rows. The
trellis surrounding the garden as well as the per gola and pavil-
ion furnishes support for climbing roses, while the marginal beds
along the trellis are for wild species and their derivatives. South
of the pavilion, three additional beds are devoted to historical
roses, t.e., those mentioned in ancient literature, and to roses of
commercial use.
The Rose Garden is open to the public from 1 to 5 on week-
day afternoons, except holidays. Children are admitted only when
accompanied by responsible adults.
Japanese Garden
The Japanese Garden, first opened to the pubhe in IQI5, was a
gift to the city from Mr. Alfred T. White, “the father of the
Botanic Garden.” Designed by the Japanese architect, Mr. T.
Shiota, it represents truly the Japanese idea of a garden. Irom
the tea house (near the east entrance) one can see the machiai or
“rest house,” the island with the drum bridge, bronze storks, stone
and wooden lanterns, the waterfalls, and the wooden Torii standing
in the lake. Through this wooden structure the devout Japanese
must pass if he is to worship at the Shinto shrine at the top of the
hill. “In the Japanese mind, the high hill in the background
represents heaven; the lower hill at the right center, man; and the
two boulders at the water’s edge to the left indicate the region
earth. This motive of heaven, man, and earth runs through all
Japanese art from landscape gardens to the arrangement of flowers
in a vase; so, in walking through the garden, one will notice rocks,
steps, stones, trees, stepping-stones, and other objects in threes, in
harmony with this same fundamental idea.” During the past year
this garden has been enclosed by a “ woven wood ” fence, of chest-
nut poles, imported from France. This fence was presented by
a friend of the Botanic Garden.
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The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences
OCFPFICERS OF THE BOARD
OF TRUSTEES
PRESIDENT
EDWARD C. BLUM
“Fmst Vice-Presiwent SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM A. PUTNAM
THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT
ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN
TREASURER SECRETARY
G. FOSTER SMITH JOHN H, DENBIGH
BoOTANIO GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE
MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman
EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM
MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY WILLIAM T. HUNTER
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ALFRED W. JENKINS
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD
MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM
ALEXANDER M. WHITE
Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD
THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
GENERAL INFORMATION
MEMBERSHIP.—AI!l persons who are eee in the objects and maintenance
of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are eligible to membershi embers enjoy.
special privileges. shee Membership, ‘$10 yearly; Susta aining Membership, $25
yearly; Life Membe p, $500 Full information concerning membership may
be had by addressing ie Di irector, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y.
page ees pect.
SC ees ae to the public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk;
on Suede ond. ‘Holidays open a
Entrances.—On Flatbush peer near Empire Boulevard (Malbone Street),
and near ae Prospect Reservoir ; on Washington Avenue, south o stern
way and near Empire Boulevard ; on Eastern. Parkway, west of the Muse
Building.
The street entrance to Be Laboratory Building is at 1000 Washington Avenue,
opposite are Stree
To Assist MEMBERS a others in studying the collections the services of a
docent may be Tphiained: This service is free of charge to members of the Botanic
Garden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents ner person. Arrangements er
be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction at least one week 1
sate No parties of less than six adults will be conducted.
To H THE GARDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) Subway to Prospect Park
Staton: Interborough Subway to Eastern Patera Grockive Museum Spa
Flatbush AREaue: trolley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street,
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SAR
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THE STORY OF OUR METAT
A CHRONICLE OF CORN
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PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY ~
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“BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Pas to ees ek ye BROORE Oe it te ei ae saa ees oe
re gy peondestans matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912 ane
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(6812)
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD
VOL. XVIII NOVEMBER, 1929 NO. 6
THE STORY OF OUR METATE
A CHRONICLE OF CORN
By F. W. Honcer, Curator,
Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation
Metates,* or stone grinding mills, have been among the most
important utilitarian objects eeriores by corn-raising Indians
from Central America northward through Mexico into our desert
Southwest from the earliest times to the present day. Let us see
why this is so.
What the Indians Have Given Us
First, how many of us pause to think of the wonderful heritage
we have received from the American Indians in the way of food
products in addition to corn or maize—squash, potatoes, sweet-
potatoes, tomatoes, pineapples, cacao (from which chocolate is
prepared), peanuts, manioc (the source of cassava and tapioca),
the Jerusalem artichoke, cayenne pepper, all of which were culti-
vated for food by the aborigines centuries before Queen Isabella
sold her jewels to enable Columbus to discover a New World.
Indeed their gifts have been so great that we may well wonder
how the people of Europe subsisted in the days before America
and its strange inhabitants became known.
Of all the products of Indian origin, however, maize was and is
the most important to them, as it is the most important to agri-
culture in the United States at the present time. If we may be
forgiven for being satistical for a moment, in 1928 the total pro-
duction of corn in this country alone amounted to 2,839,959,000
bushels, with a farm value of $2,132,991,000, while the value of
* Pronounced, may-tah’-tays. Aztec, metatl.
284
potatoes and peanuts amounted respectively to more than $280,-
000,000 and $56,000,000, not to mention the other crops. Indeed
more than a third of the value of all the products raised on the
farms of the United States was derived from plants that came to
us originally from the Red Man. No one therefore can say that
a considerable part of the agricultural wealth of the greatest agri-
cultural country of the world has not been directly due to these
First Families of America. We adopted, as something entirely
new, numerous foods which to the Indians were an old, old story;
and we likewise took over bodily many of their methods of pre-
paring foods, as well as the very names by which they were known
to them, such as maize itself, hominy, pone, succotash, samp, pem-
mican, chocolate, tapioca, squash, tomato, and many more that are
better known in other parts of the New World, such as aguacate,
the Aztec ahuacatl (Avocado: Persea gratissima), more popularly
known as alligator pear. We merely imitate the Indian whenever
we extract the oil from sunflower-seeds, or the sap from the sugar-
maple and boil it into toothsome syrup or sugar—except that, be-
ing less soulful, we do not offer a sacrifice to the spirit of the tree
and apologize for robbing it of its life-blood.
We need not dwell here on the various useful vegetal products
which likewise have been derived from the Indians but which are
not used as food, such as cocaine, quinine, stramonium (from the
divine Datura Stramonium), tobacco, and rubber. For the In-
dians of tropical and semi-tropical America played ball, with
rubber balls, many centuries before our baseball leagues were
dreamed of.
The Origin and Migration of Maize
The botanical origin of Indian corn or maize is unknown. It
has not been found growing wild within historic times, but is be-
lieved to have originated somewhere between southern Mexico and
Bolivia, since that region is the natural habitat of teosinté (Fig. 2),
a coarse, succulent, annual grass and the nearest wild relative of
Indian corn. Collins (Journal, Washington Academy of Science,
2: 520, 1912) thinks it likely that maize originated as a hybrid
between teosinté and some unknown and probably extinct species
“not unlike the earless varieties of pod corn (Zea tunicata).”
285
This view is rejected by some, and is, of course, to be held only
tentatively.
In 1919 Dr. F. H. Knowlton published a description of a fossil
ear of maize found in Cuzco, Peru. This specimen afforded the
‘first evidence suggesting the existence of Indian corn in a pre-
aN . Z
> , yee NUD Ne SZ g
ew. Se OS ee Sa
NE Se Z
“N
ws
So
Pj.
7a . Ly ay v\\)
—
SOP:
ee
SS
= e:
HK
Cae
> oe
2
Fic. 2. Euchlaena mexicana Schrader (teosinte; Aztec, teocentli). Con-
sidered by some as the possible wild ancest i
Indian corn (Zea
Mays). After Hitchcock, U. 5.
D. A. Bulletin No, 772.
ceding geological age, hence, if the conclusions are correct, the
origin of this important plant must now be sought in remote pre-
historic times.
Corn was widely cultivated in North and South America before
the time of Columbus, and unquestionably for a very long period,
286
for it had already, by that time, developed more varieties and
undergone greater improvement than in the period since Columbus.
The Maya Indians were among the earliest to cultivate it in the
highlands approximately between the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and
latitude 22°
Archeological investigation in the Pueblo Indian country of our
Southwest tends to show that agriculture, by which the cultivation
of corn from Mexico is chiefly meant, began somewhere between
2000 and 1500 B.C.
The Aztec form of the word teosinté is teocentli,* from teotl,
deity, and centli, ear of dried corn, a name that to the ancient
Mexicans signified its divine origin. The term maize is from the
Arawak Indian language and was learned by Columbus in the
island of Haiti, although in Spain the Peruvian name zara was at
first used to designate it.
We shall endeavor to picture briefly the conditions in our South-
west at that remote time when corn was introduced and to show
what effect on the Indian inhabitants its introduction had.
Up to that early period the Indians did not live in settled com-
munities, but, existing hand-to-mouth by gathering wild seeds,
berries, roots, and the like, and eking out their precarious liveli-
* The form teocentlt was used by early botanists. The plant now desig-
nated by teosinté is Euchlaena mexicana Schrader (= Euchlaena luxurians
Durieu & Ascherson). In a letter of October 7, 1929, to the editor, Mr.
G. N. Collins, U. S. Department of Agriculture, writes as follows:
“T am not at 2 esas that the ae ever oes the ete ene
to plants ae the Sea aes na. The name te da: is now universally
used as the sine name o Pate le s but not so ee a th
natives of Mexi and reas ala. In thes Se yea or teocentli
is auoies to rah a genus of large eee very distantly related to
“The first application of the name teosimté to Euchlaena appears in con
nection with the introduction of Euchlaena into Europe in 1869, when ‘tie
re sae now soos Euchlaena seed was sent to France from Guatemala under
thi w of the fact that Euchlaena has never since been found
in Gus re anid “th at the name fteosinté is applied to Tripsacum in both
Guatemala and Mexico I am inclined to believe it ve ough some error
seed of Euchlaena from apes became substituted for Tripsacum seed
sent from Guatemala. It is a rather ie ura ene. sea ee I hope will
some day be unraveled by - careful botanic cal survey of the Santa Rosa
region in Gilt mala from which the teosinté w
“ All poe 5 shoul not be allowed to obscure the rae that Euchlaena, what-
ever its ame, 1s the closest known relative of maize and intimately
Or i its origin.’
287
hood by capturing small game, they wandered from place to place
wherever food could be found. Then came a people more ad-
vanced; they lived in rude temporary dwellings constructed of
brush, but instead of a bow they used a throwing-stick, or atlatl,
Fic. 3. The corn is husked by the Zuni Indians and piled in the storeroom
for the winter. Photo by Mrs. F. W. Hodge.
in hunting, and made excellent basketry but no pottery. It was
while these people inhabited the land embraced in what is now
northeastern Arizona and south-central and southeastern Utah that
corn found its way to the Southwest, and a primitive kind of agri-
culture was born, with the ultimate result that in time the people
found a more strictly sedentary life necessary to their tillage.
288
This gave rise both to dwellings of a more permanent character
and to the need of storage of the crops, meager though they must
have been at first (Fig. 3). As the food supply increased, the
population was augmented, for people of a roving nature realizing
the benison that corn proved to be, settled down to farm life like
the others. Later on, rude pottery was invented, houses were of
the pit-type; slab-houses with pole-and-brush roofs were per-
fected and became grouped in villages; the bow gradually super-
seded the throwing-stick. By this time these “ Basket-makers ”
had spread throughout the San Juan drainage of Utah, Colorado,
Arizona, and New Mexico, and to.the Little Colorado watershed
in Arizona. Progress continued through the generations. The
food quest no longer meant such a precarious existence, for Chief
Maize had led the way. Later came cotton; dwellings emerged
from the ground, became rectangular and were grouped more
closely—the Pueblos, as we know them, originated in this way.
Remains showing this latest advance are found in parts of the Rio
Grande, Little Colorado, and upper Gila rivers, and recent investi-
gation indicates that it extended into western Texas (Fig. 4).
The people branched out more and more as the centuries rolled on,
and the women found time to decorate their pottery in black-and-
white and in beautiful corrugated patterns. Then there was
greater concentration of population in certain areas, greater archi-
tectural and ceramic achievement.
Let this suffice to show the influence of corn on a lowly people
from the time of its introduction until the Spaniards made their
appearance in the Southwest near the middle of the 16th century.
Before they knew corn they were probably not unlike the Indians
of the Nevada deserts, existing on anything they found edible,
huddling from winter gales beneath brush structures unworthy the
name of dwellings, producing little or nothing in the way of art.
But the Basket-makers, once familiar with corn, were augmented
by newcomers until in course of time a true Pueblo culture was
developed, characterized by elaborate rites, ceremonies, religious
and fraternal organizations, a mythology of high ingenuity, agri-
culture with irrigation requiring engineering skill, houses and
ceremonial chambers sometimes of daring construction, and a-
social system of marvelous intricacy and tribal beneficence. All
Fic.
4. Looking from the housetops of Zui pueblo southeastward to the sacred “Corn Mountain,” Towayalane.
by E. F. Coffin. (Courtesy of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation.)
Photo
686
290
this is what corn made possible to the most highly advanced In-
dians within our domain.
At what period corn spread to other parts of the country from
the Southwest, or from Florida by way of the West Indies, we
do not know, but doubtless its rate of travel was rapid. The more
interesting point, perhaps, is what excellent farmers the Indians
were to so successfully adapt an exotic plant, that had its origin
in the highlands of a hot country, to the soil, climate, and altitude
in which they chanced to live, by methods of cultivation which of
necessity they devised (Fig. 5). It is indeed a far cry from its
place of origin to the great prairies of our Midwest, to New Eng-
land and lower Canada with their rigorous winter climate, and the
desert sands of our vast Southwest.
Yet wherever maize became known, there it was successfully
cultivated by the skilful farmers of the Red Race. Strangely
enough, the Indians of California, although well advanced in other °
directions, did not cultivate corn or anything else, but depended
for their subsistence on the products of the rivers and sea, or on
such wild stores as their habitat provided, not even disdaining in-
sects and larvae. In other localities where in ancient times sub-
sistence was gained from a none too prodigal Nature, the culture
of the tribes was probably not unlike that of the California Indians
when first known to the whites. Then maize was introduced, and,
behold, a new era dawned! Agriculture largely superseded the
gathering of wild products, vegetal and animal; dwellings more or
less permanent were grouped in defensive villages, for to wilder
tribes who preferred to follow the lives of huntsmen and raiders it
became easy to make forays against their weaker neighbors and
loot the hard-earned product of their toil. Therefore corn played
an important part not alone in changing the mode of life of seden-
tary peoples, but it afforded the chief incentive of stronger tribes
to carry on their depredations.
Quantities of Corn
Owing to the varying conditions under which maize was culti-
vated, several varieties were developed, four being mentioned in
Virginia alone in Colonial times. Jacques Cartier saw large fields
of corn about the site of Montreal in 1534, and six years later
Fig. 5. A typical Zuni cornfield, New Mexico. Note how the corn grows in clusters widely separated for the purpose of insuring
adequate water supply for each plant. This is an example of dry farming in sand. (Photo by Jesse
+ Nusbaum. Courtesy of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. )
Ls)
Nap)
Fic. 6. A rain dance at Zufi in The row of participants wear masks representing sacred gus
he individuals with Pe ce Peet ee ae and black loin-cloths are the Koyemashi, or sacred
clowns. Photo io Mrs. F. W. Hodge.
bo
bo
293
Coronado and members of his famous expedition found it grown
in abundance by irrigation in New Mexico and Arizona. Many
early explorers, French, Spanish, English, and Dutch, from Can-
ada to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Atlantic coast to the
Colorado River of the West, everywhere noted the cultivation of
corn, and some of them marveled at the prodigious quantities. It
has been said that the amount of corn of the Iroquois destroyed by
Denonville in 1687 aggregated a million bushels and that it re-
quired seven days for the army to cut up the harvest of only four
villages. Other early writings on the Indians are replete with
descriptions of vast cornfields everywhere.
The Corn Cult
The tribes of the prairies, which subsisted largely by hunting,
necessarily led an existence not conducive to sedentary life; they
remained nomads, following the bison throughout a range of hun-
dreds of miles and using the product of its carcass for every
imaginable need. Yet even some of these tribes raised corn to
some extent, following the chase after the crop was garnered and
stored for winter use. All Indians hunted game to a greater or
lesser extent; but corn became the great staple of the village-
dwellers. Indeed so dependent on it were they that they devel-
oped what may be called a corn cult, with various sacred personages
embodying the corn principle, such as Mother Corn and Mother
Earth; and many rites and ceremonies were performed and sacri-
fices made for the increase of the life-preserving grain. One of
the most prominent deities of the Aztecs was Centeotl, who seemed
to embody both the male and the female principle as symbolized
by corn. In Peru the importance of corn was so fully appreciated
that it was regarded with reverence and used as a sacred plant in
many religious rites and ceremonies.
Nowhere in the United States did corn enter more deeply into
the culture of the Indians than in the arid land of the Pueblo
tribes of the Southwest, where existence has ever been a struggle.
To these people corn was the most important thing in the world;
hence the desire for rain, by which cultivation was and is alone
possible whether by irrigation or socalled dry-farming, is the very
foundation of many of their prayers and ceremonies, and of an
Fic.
—
/
Some of
the priestly
participants in
a
Zu
1
i rain dance.
Photo by Mrs. F. W.
Hodge.
FOG
295
elaborate symbolism. The downy feathers of the soaring eagle
attached to prayer-sticks are potent invocations for rain; the
sinuous rattlesnake is symbolic of lightning; every living thing
that derives its sustenance directly or indirectly from the waters
—tadpoles, frogs, fish, turtles, the dragon-fly, and every vegetal
growth found about springs—all are sacred because water-produc-
ing. “ Without water there is no corn; without corn we die.”
Little wonder then that maize, the veritable staff of life, so de-
pendent on moisture for the very existence of the Pueblo farmer
and his family, should be symbolized by the Corn Maidens of
their mythology and by many other personages, or that they should
treasure the sacred ornaments and other devices which appear in
the beautiful rhythmic Rain dances that in summer are performed
day after day with accompanying songs and drum-beat for a week
or more at a time (Figs. 6 and 7). It is not difficult to see,
then, what influence the cultivation of corn wielded in the economic
life of such a people, how it affected their religion and mythology,
and even their social organization as shown by numerous clans
which take their names from maize. They have adapted its culti-
vation to their environment, overpowering the arid sands with irri-
gation by means of canals fed sometimes from distant streams.
In the case of dry-farming in favorable spots they plant a handful
of kernels in a deep hole made with a wooden dibble, that the plants
may find moisture and protect one another from the hot desert
blasts. In Zuni philosophy corn is given a most prominent place
in the native beliefs. Cushing recorded these words of a native
priest :
“ Five things alone are necessary to the sustenance and comfort
of the Indians among the children of earth—The Sun, who is the
father of all; the Earth, who is the mother of men; the Water,
who is the grandfather; the Fire, who is the grandmother; our
brothers and sisters the Corn, and seeds of growing things.”
So long ago was it that corn first became known to the Indians
of this country that its origin, lost in the mists of antiquity, is ac-
counted for only through mythology, and many and beautiful are
the stories that reveal to these simple folk the manner in which
this food of foods came to them. Let us tell briefly one of the
mythic tales which the Zufiis of New Mexico have handed down
by word of mouth through the ages, as recorded by Cushing:
Feros eG
Mey t
Pitty
hy
con
THELEN
SE SNE
C3
Fic. 8. The village of Secotan on Pamlico river, North Carolina, in the
latter part of the 16th century. After the drawing by John White in
homas Hariot’s “ A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land
of Virginia,” 1590. (The letters in the drawing are referred to in the
quotation in the text.)
297
Marvelous both of good and evil were the works of the ancients. Alas!
there came forth with others, those impregnated with the seed of sorcery.
Their evil works caused discord among men, and, through fear and anger,
men were divided from one another. Born before our ancients, had been
other men, and these our fathers sometimes overtook and looked not peace-
fully upon them, but challenged them—though were they not their elder
brothers? It thus happened when our ancients came to their fourth resting
place on their eastward journey, that which they named “Place of Misty
Waters,” there already dwelt a clan of people called the Seed people, and
the Seed clan of our ancients challenged them to know by what right they
assumed the name and attributes of their own clan. “ Behold!” said these
stranger beings, “we have power with the gods above yours, yet can we not
exert it without your aid. Try, therefore, your own power first, then we
will show you ours.” At last, after much wrangling, the Seed clan agreed
to this, and set apart eight days for prayer and sacred labors. First they
worked together cutting sticks, to which they bound the plumes e summer
birds which fly in the clouds or sail over the waters. “ Therefore,” thought
our fathers, “why should not their plumes waft our joes ee to the
waters and clouds?” These plumes, with prayers and offerings, they
planted in the valleys, and there also they placed their medicine seed of corn.
Lo! for eight days and nights it rained, and there were thick mists; and the
waters from the mountains poured down, bringing new soil cue! sueere it
over the valleys where the plumed sticks had been planted. “See!” said
the fathers of the Seed clan, ‘“‘ Water and new earth bring we by our suppti-
cations.”
“Tt is well,” replied the strangers, “yet life ye did not bring. Behold!”
and they too set apart eight days, during which they danced and sang a
beautiful dance and prayer song, and at the end of that time they took the
people of the Seed clan to the valleys. Behold, indeed! Where the plumes
had been planted and the medicine seed of corn placed grew seven corn-
plants, their tassels waving in une wind, their stalks laden with ripened
grain. ‘“ These,” said the strangers, “are the severed flesh of seven n maidens,
our own sisters ae children. The eldest sister’s is the yellow corn; the
next, the blue; the next, the red; the next, the white; the next, the speckled ;
the next, the black, and the last iid youngest is the sweet-corn, for see! even
ripe, she is soft like the young of the others. The first is of the Northland,
yellow like the light of winter; the second is of the West, blue like the
great world of waters; the third is of the South, red like the Land of
Everlasting Summer; the fourth is of the East, white like the land whence
the sun brings the daylight; the fifth is of the upper regions, many-colored
as are the clouds of morning and evening, and the sixth is of the lower re-
gions, black as are the caves whence came we, your elder, and ye, our
younger brothers.”
298
A beautiful dance, with the Corn Maidens costumed and wear-
ing an elaborate colored headdress, and bearing decorated ears of
corn in each hand, 1s still performed by the Zujis.
Iric. 9. A Zufi woman in typical costume shelling corn with a cob into a
basket tray. Photograph by Donald A. Cadzow,
The cult of the corn was found also among tribes that hunted
much of the time, although they lived in permanent villages com-
posed of substantial earth-lodges. Such were the Pawnee and the
Omaha Indians of Nebraska, and the Arikara of North Dakota,
for example, among whom corn was so important that elaborate
ceremonies were performed in its honor and glory. It is doubtful
if any Indians who cultivated maize did not practise rites for its
successful growth, or who did not recount many myths and folk-
tales or sing songs relating to the Corn Mother or her counterpart.
We cannot enter deeply into the subject here; indeed it would re-
quire a very large volume to tell the story of corn in its relation to
the Indians, and then perhaps the half would not be told. But we
must indulge ourselves a moment to summarize the religious re-
gard in which corn was held by the Pawnee, whose homeland was
the Platte river valley, but who hunted bison on the great plains
_
299
and often warred with other tribes. This concept, so replete with
symbolism, was recorded by the late Alice C. Fletcher.
In a certain rite an ear of white corn, known as “ Mother,” was
used. ‘This ear was representative of the fruitfulness of the earth.
Its tip was painted blue to symbolize the dome of the sky, the
dwelling-place of the Powers, and four equidistant blue lines ex-
tending halfway down the ear were the paths along which the
Powers descended to minister to man. Attached to the ear was
a downy white eagle-feather which typified primarily the high
white clouds that float near the dome of the sky where the Powers
dwell, thus indicating their presence with the corn. The corn was
regarded by the Pawnee, as by other tribes, as the female principle,
and the feather as the male principle. The ear of corn therefore
represented the supernatural power that dwells in the earth which
brings forth the food that sustains life, hence its real and literal
Fate
Fic. 10. A Zufii woman peeling “ paper bread,” made of corn, from a stone
slab beneath which a fire is built. This bread was referred to by the
Spaniard, Castafieda, in 1540. Courtesy of the Museum of the Ameri-
can Indian, Heye Foundation.
300
significance is “ Mother Breathing Forth Life.” The deep rev-
erence in which Mother Corn is held by the Pawnee may best be
expressed in their own words:
“Mother Corn, breathing forth life, came from Mother Earth, who knows
all places and all that happens among men, so she knows all places and all
men, and can direct us where to go when we carry the sacred articles which
give plenty and peace.”
The Pawnee have a sacred feast of corn: When all the company
have been seated the fathers ladle out the food into the bowls.
The priest takes up a little of the food on the tip of a spoon, offers
it toward the east, flipping a particle toward the horizon line. He
then passes to the north, drops a bit on the rim of the fireplace,
and goes to the west, where, facing the east, he lifts the spoon
toward the zenith, pauses, waves it to the four quarters and slowly
lowers it to the earth and drops a bit on the rim of the fireplace.
After this ceremony of offering thanks the filled bowls are placed
before the people. Two or more persons take a few spoonsful
from the same bowl, then, hanging the spoons on its edge, they
pass the bowl on to the next group at the left. In this way all
the people partake of a common feast.
Cultivation and Harvest
Among the Zufis, after planting, every man, woman, and child
of the tribe deposits in the family field a feathered prayer-stick
and offers a prayer to the Rain Gods that the crop may be abun-
dant. During the period of growth the plants are tended with
religious care that weeds may not choke them, nor crows nor stray
donkeys inflict their ravages. Harvest time comes, and again men,
women, and children garner the priceless crop. No, it is not a
“golden harvest,” for Pueblo maize is of every imaginable hue.
The Pueblo housewife justly regards her store of corn as the
most beautiful, colorful thing in the world.
A quaint description of a Virginia Indian cornfield was written
by Thomas Hariot (who was appointed geographer by Sir Walter
Raleigh to his second Virginia expedition) to describe a drawing
by John White which appears in Hariot’s report published in 1588
and which we reproduce here (Tig.
301
In their corne fields they builde as yt weare a scaffolde wher on they sett
a cottage like to a rownde chaire, signified by F. wherein they place one to
watche, for there are suche nomber of fowles, and beasts, that vnless they
keepe the better watche, they would soone deuoure all their corne. For
which cause the Sere maketh continual crys and noise. They sowe
their corne with a certaine distance noted by H. other wise one stalke would
choke ne Me of another and the corne would not come vnto his
sea G. For oa leaves thereof are large, like vnto the leaues of great
ree . Likewise they haue garden notted bey the letter 7, wherein they
vse to sowe pompions [pumpkins].
Fic. 11. Zufiis grinding corn on the stone metates. Note the grass brush
in the basket at the left, used to brush the meal from the grinding stones.
Cf. Fig. 12.) Photo by Donald A. Cadzow.
Women’s Rights
As we have hinted, the corn, once gathered, becomes the prop-
erty of the woman of the Pueblo family. Her husband may have
done the planting and the tilling, he may have deposited many
prayer-sticks, offered numerous prayers, participated in many
dances, including a ceremony of thanksgiving for an abundant
crop; but here his duty and his direct interest end. He has no
more property-right in the corn stored in the home than he has
302
in the children or in the house in which he lives. They all belong
to his wife; there’s no mistake about it! The Pueblo women
had their “ rights ” long before civilization knew of a New World.
This being the case, it may reasonably be assumed that the
woman prepares the food. She does. A Pueblo man would not
think of having anything to do with the preparation, nor with
anything pertaining to it. It is strictly women’s work. The
woman grinds the corn and cooks it in a score of different wavs;
she fashions and fires the pottery vessels in which it is cooked,
and she builds the oven in which it may be baked (Figs. 9-13).
The Metate
“But surely the man makes the heavy metate from a large
boulder, and the hand-stone or mano with which the grinding is
done? ”’ you ask.
Not by any means. That is a part of women’s work as well,
for is it not concerned directly with the preparation of food? For
the purpose her husband may bring from the hills a stone or
Fic. 12. Zufi women grinding corn. (Cf. Fig. 11.) Photo by Donald A.
Cadzow.
303
several stones of the desired quality, but his wife will do all the
shaping by laboriously pecking away with a small boulder of
harder stone until it is of the prescribed form. The work de-
voted to a single metate, such as the one in the Botanic Garden
(Fig. 1), may require weeks of time.
Usually three stones are required—one, of coarse grain, often
of hard porous lava, for hulling the corn; another, of finer stone,
for milling it coarsely, and the third, usually of fine-grained sand-
stone, for grinding it until it is almost flour-like. These metates
are set side by side, the end toward the grinder higher than the
other end, in a kind of low trough built in the floor, with parti-
tions of wood or stone separating them to keep the ground corn
within its proper confines. Tihe women kneel on the floor before
the trough, their feet usually braced against the house wall, and
each with her mano or grinding slab (which is coarse or fine to
correspond with the metate) grinds up and down, up and down,
often from dawn until dark (Figs. 11 and 12). Coronado, the
explorer, wrote of these Zufi corn-grinders in 1540: ‘“‘ They have
the very best machinery for grinding that was ever seen. One of
these Indian women here will grind as much as four of the Mexi-
cans.” The labor is arduous, but these gentle, happy, patient little
women have a way of lessening it by crooning a charming little
grinding song, such as the following one of Zuni recorded by
Natalie Curtis:
—"
Yonder, yonder see the fair rainbow,
See the rainbow brightly decked and painted!
Now the swallow bringeth glad news to your corn,
Singing, “ Hitherward, hitherward, hitherward, rain,
“ Hither come!”
Singing, “ Hitherward, hitherward, hitherward, white cloud,
“ Hither come!
Oe hear the corn-plants murmur,
“We are growing everywhere! ”
Hi, yai! The world, how fair!
Or the following quaint ditty from Laguna pueblo, New Mexico:
ee ay
ow aw to me Hoses.
Fly, ae. vee
Fly, yellow-wing,
304
Now fly away to the blossoms,
Now a ee i oe blossoms,
Butterflies,
See enti
Now fly away to vies Blossene
Butterflies, ane !
If a woman should chance to have much grinding for her house-
hold, which usually is the case, and her immediate female relations
are not available, she will call on her neighbors to aid in the task;
and they in turn will invite her to their grinding bee whenever
they are hard-pressed.
In all probability there has been little change in the method of
grinding by the Zufi women for a thousand years or longer.
Recording observations which he made on the spot, Castaneda, the
principal chronicler of Coronado’s expedition of 1540, wrote as
follows, his quaint description being quite applicable to the custom
today, except for the flute-playing swain, although the men do
have corn-grinding songs which they sometimes sing to the girls
while engaged in milling:
They keep the separate houses yee ee prepare the food for eating and
where they grind the meal, very c his is a separate room or closet,
where they have a cre with oe stones fixed in stiff clay. Three women
go in here, each one having a stone, with which one of them breaks the
corn, the ne Say it, and the third grinds it again. They take off their
shoes, do up their hair, shake their Bie and cover ae heads before
they enter the door. A man sits at the door playing on a fife while they
grind, moving the stones to the music and singing together. They grind a
large quantity at one time, because they make all their bread of meal soaked
in warm water, like wafers. They gather a great quantity of brushwood
and dry it to use for cooking all through the year.
The metate seems to have originated in the land where corn
was first developed—the home of the Mayas, whose marvelous
sculptures and ruined temples are quite comparable with those of
ancient Egypt. One therefore would expect to find elaborately
carved metates in Central America; and such indeed is the case,
for archeological research has resulted in unearthing many an-
cient metates that are beautifully carved (Fig. 14). In Mexico
and Central America legs are a characteristic feature of the mill-
COE
i .
& ~~ ig, ey -
sy RS
Ot eres
Fic. 13. Putun women of Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico, preparing corn on metates for making tortillas. Photo
by Prof. Marshall H. Saville, 1897
.
306
ing stones, as the illustration shows, suggesting that portability
was a requirement, whereas in the northern area of their distri-
bution the metates are legless, because they were almost always
set permanently in place.
In the United States beyond the Pueblo area the true metate
is not found ; but throughout that region from the earliest Pueblo
culture which had its rise in the introduction of corn, metates and
manos are found in large numbers in the ruins of dwellings and
sometimes in the open; and they vary little in form from those
in daily use at the present time.
—
Fic. 14. After C. V. Hartman. Ancient metate from Costa Rica. The
carving represents a bird.
The metate and mano in the Botanic Garden were found several
years ago in Arizona on the site now submerged by the great
Roosevelt reservoir on Salt river. Ruins of the houses and of
entire settlements of ancient corn-farmers are scattered over this
whole region.
Mortars Used in the East
In the eastern part of our country the common implement for
shelling corn was a wooden peg or the jawbone of a deer with
307
the teeth in place, but in other parts the work was done quite effi-
ciently with a corncob. Sometimes an upright wooden mortar
made from part of a tree trunk and having a heavy rod bottom
was used with a wooden pestle, the grains falling through the
rods to the ground, while the cobs were held. Then the corn was
crushed with a wooden or stone pestle in a similar mortar with a
solid base, instead of with a metate and mano, the end of the
pestle sometimes being fastened with a thong to a resilient tree
branch to facilitate pounding. It was by this means that the
hominy of the Eastern Indians was made. Corn was stored in
various ways—in a pit beneath the floor, in a cubby-hole in a
cave, or in corn-cribs such as those common in our Southern
States, the form of which was borrowed directly from the Indians.
As we have already seen, the Pueblo Indians store their corn in
a regular store-room, which sometimes does service also for hid-
ing away various family oddments (Fig. 3).
We should like to say something of the many ways in which
corn is prepared for food, but this would take us too far afield—
away from the main topic of this little Guide, which is designed to
present an idea of the important part that corn and the metate
have played in Indian history and industry.
Note: In June, 1928, Miss Alice A. Driggs offered to present
to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden a bird bath in memory of her
mother. During that summer, while the director of the Garden
was collecting on the Arizona desert, near Roosevelt Lake, his at-
tention was called to a large prehistoric Pueblo metate, or flour
mill, about 30 inches long by 22 inches wide and 15 inches high.
At once it occurred to him that this would make a unique bird bath,
of special interest for a botanic garden. The metate, together with
the grinding stone, or mano, were purchased and shipped to
Brooklyn. In May, 1929, the metate, with the mano securely
fastened to it, was installed at the northern end of the Rose Gar-
den, on a mounting designed by Harold A. Caparn, consulting
landscape architect of the Garden. The mounting bears the fol-
lowing inscription:
THIS ANCIENT PUEBLO METATE FROM ARIZONA WAS PRESENTED FOR A
BIRD BATH TO BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN BY ALICE A. DRIGGS, IQ2Q.
a ae
OFFICERS OF THE BoARD :
‘OF TRUSTEES
PRESIDENT ©
“EDWARD C. “BLUM
ae ee -s Seconn Vice-Presipent
WALTER F pt Po NDE Po S re WILLIAM A. PUTNAM
Tur TRD Vice-Presipent >
"ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN |
We SECRETARY
6 FOSTER ‘SMITH Pieces JOHN H. DENBIGH
_Boranio GARDEN GovERNING ComMiTrEE
MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman
2. EDWARD | (ak BLUM, Ex officio - JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM
MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY. WILLIAM T. HUNTER
- WALTER-H. CRITTENDEN | ALFRED W. JENKINS
_ GATES D. FAHNESTOCK _. EDWIN P. MAYNARD
ie MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS _. WILLIAM A, PUTNAM
* ALEXANDER M. WHITE»
Se OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD
THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
: THe PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
THE COMMISSIONER sia PARKS, BOROUGH OF eo
GENERAL INFORMATION |
Mr MBERSHIP.—AI] persons who are interested in the objects and maintenance
ce the Boku Botanic search are eligible to membership. embers enjoy
special privileges. Annual Membe ship, $10 yearly ; Sustaining Membersh‘p, $25
ye ae Life Membership, $500. information concerning a Sa may
be had by addressing ae Dir ae Be Botanic Garden, PieOrian, N, ne
eae eG 6173 Prospe
oe OTANIC: Paes is lye on 0 the public City, from 8 a.m. until dusk ;
on Sundaus: and Holiday i open
_ ENTR RANCES. —On Flatbush nee a Empire Boulevard (Matbone Street),
oa near Mt. Rep Base csair on n Wash ington Avenue, south of Eastern Park-
way eke “near mpi re Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west oO the Museum
The street entraneg to the Laboratory Building is at 1000 Wasted Avenue,
opposite Montec ery Stre
Serene a others in studying ae collections the services of a
xf ee may se obtained. ‘This service is free of c e to members ue the Botanic
- Garden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents fai person. rrangements must
be made pean aon to the Curator of Public Anse action at Teast oe Wen in
oe ree of less than six adults will = co
Station eons rough Subway y to Dastern Pee Museum Station
Sterling Place and Was! ington Avenue; Union Street and Vanderbilt Avenue
Stes trolleys to Prospect. Park Plaza and Union Street.
eee) -* Deceased, , September 21, 1920.
PUBLICATIONS
‘OF THE
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
RECORD. Established, January, - ae An administrative periodical issued
quarterly (1912-1028) ; bimont hly beginning with 1929. Contains, among other
things, the Annual Report of the director and heads of departments, special reports,
announcements of courses of instruct ion, seed list, euler miscellaneous Deer
and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Free o members of “the Garden.
To others $1.50 a year, 25 cents a number. Circulates i in 41 countries,
MEMOIRS. Established, July, 1918. - Published irregularly. Circulates in
47 countries.
Volume I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at
the dedication of the Eanes building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917.
521. pages. Price $3.50, plus p
Volum . The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of
Montauk : mr study of grassland and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 1923.
108 pages. Price $1.00, plus postage.
- Volume III. Vegetation of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its Sane
ment. site “Ba rrington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. I51 page
Price
CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, ape I, 1911. Papers originally published
per i nd. numbered
ent ely. This series includes Genin papers, as well as those embodying
ne results of research done at the Garden, or by members of its staff or students.
enty-five numbers constitute one volume. Price 25 cents each, $5.00 a molunne
Circulates i in 34 countries.
53. Mutation, pon ae to temperature differences, and geographical distri-
bution in Haver 12 1928.
54. The vegetation a le Allegany State Park. 121 pages. 1928.
55. Physiologic races of bunt of wheat. 14 pages. 1928.
56. ns inheritance of resistance of oat hybrids to loose and covered smut.
48 pages. 1928.
LEABLETS: Established, Aa 10, 1913. Se. weekly or seas
o be seen in the Garden near the. of issue, and to give popular, elementary
peformascn port ag life for ies and others. Free t
en. To o , fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. ree
fates i in 28 coun te tee
GUIDES to. the collections, Be Nae and grounds. ce based upon cost
of publication. Issued as numbers of the Record; see abov
Gardens i a Garden: A para guide to the chal Views and folded
map. Published,, May, 1929. (Brooklyn Bot. Gard “Recor d, 183; 153-188.)
ue
1925 issued each year in the January num the R Circulation includes
143 botanic gardens and institutions locat nm 42 countr
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY Established, January, 1014.
Published, in codperation with the Bor tL Socrety or AMERiIcA, monthly,
except during August and Sean anen Subscription, $7.00 a year, Circulates in
48 countries.
ECOLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published chest in cooperation
with the Ecovogicat Socrety or America. Subscription, $4.00 a year, Circulates
in 48 countries
GENETICS. Eee etrd. 2 anuary, 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a
year. Circulates in 37 coun eb
SEED LIST. (Delectus Cee os as whee 1914.
bans ~~
NOV 29 1929
BROOKLYN
BOTANIC. GARDEN
RECORD
EDITED BY
C. STUART GAGER
E
FOR TH
ADVANCEM ENT
OF BOTANY
VOLUME XVIII
1929
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY
AT LANCASTER, PA.
BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
BROOKLYN, N. ¥
LANCASTER PRESS, INC,
LANCAS7ER, PA.
TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME XVIII
PAGE
No. 1, JANUARY
Delectus Seminum, Brooklyn, 1928 (List of Seeds Offered in Exchange) 1
ImtennationaleSecdmrxchan gems error rierrrleritcisie
No. 2, Marcu
Eighteenth Annual Soe of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1928 ...... 17
IRkerloyee Crh ava ID siadclteleces wan se ase aan Ee NOOB aCoCeuUO unUUuODOomUS 7
Reports on ea om TO) 2 eee oe ret OT ON RC etn wae 52°
Repontotathes @uratomorm anltsa iO IailO20 aan ater ete tira arene eters 67
Report of the Horticulturist and Head Gardener for 1928 ......... 71
Report of the Curator of Public Instruction for 1928 ............. 75
Report of the Curator of Elementary Instruction for 1928 ........ rere)
IP NeWE GHP (days ILibeyeinein sie IOV) ook edn on coach eobéuuesoouucudocE 05
Statistica lm lnepoteOnmt Meme bia layin tr. 0 coeae tie vie teense. ta ete mangrten ie 102
imancial@otatemen tO tg sn 251 ser yee cee etre erent acvenpeen rete. 103
Tegel GCOUILGS) weateene re eek et ac anaes re eet a dees 103
US Iehbhowk} ANCES ooococcnoenconedbobcoabandoodagsa 105
Gintsprecelv.cdedininomlOZOumeE REE en cate etn ener eaer: III
Bublicationssore embers Or tate diuming 1020) ren ten net 118
Talks, Lectures, Addresses, and Papers se by Members of Staff
heRoNaye?! HOS. \s Soata Gna Bab oben oer rs ee ae oeau soe 122
meee on oe ice Botanic Garden Publications, 1928 ........... 128
ire devant nse @ond Usted: hO2Oem aera.) ert eaes ce) none Rees 130
Meetings of Organizations at the Garden, 1928 .................. 130
RMON Gol Iearoneyserynone Woe ho sesemaoe sates soos oC ou GSO ScoNRS 131
O@fhicerssotathes boardeotm@bGustecSusem ere amie ware ere 132
Botanic Garden Governing Committee ........................5-. 132
IMigraahyers one are Wesel Goon osdoonccdncododoouvsoudocuscunbego sods 132
Witonitemnt J opsIbebay sou apanooucodundepoouoscopcoaHnm obo Hoo aadon 1:33
[eiStRO tern bers: aces Pine ees etcetera rees 134
SuimmatyaoteMembershipsne aay. ccs. eae ae eae rrs renee ears 148
Information concerning Membership ............6... 0.2 .eee eeu 149
Ipnivileceswo ter ein DeLsiit py meme eect rece ene neces meee tec touneemetea 150
Forms of Bequest to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden ............... I51
heshatanicnGandensandethe: Cityasss were. ener 152
No. 3, May
Gardens Within A Garden: A General Guide to the Grounds of the
Bicol dkaan Isyerenie (Cancion yeoesaogaonu neu cscoouSeesosonoo0ds 153
iv
PAGE
No. 4, Jury
Public Shaina atthe mrooklyn Botanic Garien -ee eee ee 189
Serv ae cle Libs 5 0 ea ap cele CER Re a MENT RW: aR 200
o the See Pee erate a TAPER OTE On IN ner Ai ie a 200
(et the iotanic. Garden’ &,..,0.1..2 eee ee ee 200
BAG the Schools’... ta. cok ee 212
Die Menbeuship. Privileges. ..<25 900 a, ces ee 218
III. Service to ii General Publicen. cs) ee ee 210
Lil Eu chit tol |: Berar any eee non ae emcee, ORCS! nC mer 220
ee een ae iesiseer ter tis oie ey aT ats COME ENCE AEE ea ee 221
Le Loln Let Sul ak hg ck: ena seemts, suesaetedac ey OME. FE one cle. 200 Ges ope br 221
Counsessonslnsthuctioner ee ree eet ene 223
(Ghuldinenie: Gard ms sae een: aves ct Pee xem ee alee 223
Boys ann Girls’ Clibit < pie ee ee ee 228
IE Yale c11 5 5 ce Raa en IRAN AS rcaein ea ne dneeerih oN On en eee 220
TBUieaica a sMtrontna tion, tet es eee ee 229
Inspection of Yards and Gardens .2..s20...essu.-.0..55 232
PO nee EO EO ON ODIO. AAA bo 6 eee Se 232
CME bw er DATItitT) iG -: 2 ay Pa wre tee eR rea 232
Cooperation with City Departments ..............00005 232
Cooperation with Local Organizations ............<«.:; 234
Bopicvei bite. 5200 poe eee ee oe ee 234
Conservation Activities oso. a. ee ee 234
AU Hosallcle Yo dp lelcutaanes ten aU Seer ene aie scl tagn bP). Maeeae ro 240
S otanical Publications: se. cee. > en ee ae 240
II. Exchange of Seeds with other Botanic Gardens .......... 242
Tile Bureau-otintormation 127-25 ee 243
. Cooperation with National and International Organizations 245
Statistics of School Service
PE es eee A eee oe 247
No. 5, SEPTEMBER
Prospectus of Courses, Lectures, and other Educational Advantages of-
ered to Members and to the General Public ..............ceee00 2
No. 6, NovEMBER
The Story of our Metate: A Chronicle of Corn, Guide No.3 ........ 283
INDEX TO VOLUME XVIII
Acacia, Rose, 71
American Rose So ociety for
Local Secretary of the, 75
Appointments, 45
rizona an Southern California,
1928,
Attendance, Garden, 75
Attendance at Garden during 1928,
Barnett, Dorothy, 46
Bartlett, erin Car ae oo
Benedict, Ralph C., 118
Bequest to the Areata Tsarate
arden, Forms of, 151
Binding, 99
Black Spot,
Blankley, Ruth, 46
Boston Fern, Studies on the varia-
; tion o
ate Prosperity and, 27
Botany,
Brooklyn, Potentialities of, 25
Brooklyn Teac s Association,
Courses for teachers given in co-
operation with the, 2
rs, oe 89
Bunt of wheat investigations, 56
Burr, Belle 45, 69
Butler, Mrs. Ginn R.,,
California, Seeds Collected in ee
Cap Harold A., 36, 71, 72
Castanea ante Borkh., 59
japonica, 58
AA ee 58
Chaetopsts fulvifrons, 61
eucst nut ark Disease Investiga-
> &
Children Courses for, 269
Children’ s Cl a eae a 1
Children’s Gard
Chil an Gar wan "Baling 281
Children’s Room
City, .The Botanic ene and _ the,
152
Classes, Garden, 90
309
Collections Fund,
Conference of Museu Staffs, 79
Conservation Activities, 234
Conser vation fe) Saree plants, 65
Conservatories, 2
Conserva Stones Attendance at, 76
Coolidge on Memori als, Presi dent, 31
Cooperation
r& ure eS V., 36
eee Walter We
Deaths
Delectus eae Brooklyn, 1928, 1
Dicotyledons, Floral Sees of, 64
Director, Summer Absence of the, 47
Docentry, 2
gg ee ae (Cif
i
Reais Da aniel C.,
Education, Adult
Education at the ne oa Botanic
Garden, 1910-1928, Public, 189
Edwards, Bertha L., 46
Eisman, Louis ab Gi
9
Elementary Instruction Or 1928, Re-
BOrhge if e Cura ator of,
Endowment fund,
2 meine Tee e
er, E. J
Pub ens 82
Exhibits, 93
Exhibits, Public, 44
eld Trips conducted,
iataeaeee 4
1928, 130
ae ne
pester!
patel jeihhia
ifolia var. eae is, 64
fi enene ay, 6
peruviana Schellenberg, 64
310
Free, Montague, 44, 75, 91, 119
Cae C. Stuart, 36, 50, 79, 119, 153,
9
Gale, N. P., 14
Gallup, Miss Anna B,,
Gardening, eee for, ee
Gardens within a Garden,
Gifts, 40, 62
Gifts received during 1928, 111
Gramineae, 71
raves, Arthur Harmount, 44, 57;
119
Gro ae tienes and,
Guide e Grou of aR Brook-
te ae ee n, A General,
eee eae ae 64, 82, 120
V., 283
Horticulturist oy Head Gardener
28, Report of the, 71
Bree Homer
House Plant eae A, 94
ation, Bureau of, 21, 90
Injustices, Salary
Inspection, Re Annual
pring, 4
Instruction, Courses of, 268
Investigations during 1928, 34
s Project,
ine Project, Beales , 59
and Met ei ihicons
beardle
Japanese ‘Garden, ee
Kiernan, Fran
Kimball, Miss tena M., 41
Ko ee Herman, 4
ae Signs, 69
ets,
ee Taitiel og 7k
Lewitus, Victor A.,
Librarian a 1028 Laeae of the, 05
Library, 37,
Statistical Report of the, 102
Loans, Inter-library, 99
Lonicera, 71
MacKinnon, Frances Miller, 45
T., 68, 79
Malus ee 71
mucromalus
Sargentit, 7
Mansfield, ‘iss Louise B., 62
Veer, "Elizabeth, ie
McCallum, John, 69
s of Geni tots at the
Garden, 130
Members, List of, 134
Membership, 40
ees oa Information concern-
i ene Privileges of, 150
Membership, Summary of, 148
Metate, The Story of our, 283
Narcissus, 72
National Association of Gardeners,
hoe Registration Committee of
Nebeees eae Collected in North-
eastern
Needs, Atiecelmmeone
Needs, What the Books Garden, 29
Nephrol pes (Boston Fern, etc. He
on Be variation of, 64
Rll Ade 45
Class hee student, Pa
Nurses,
urses, Course for student, 276
Oak, ht of,
Obligations, Municip a oe
Central Am B67,
O Sine in, 14
Pathology, Forest, 57
Pathology, Plant eae
ork, Report on, 131
Seed and, 73
Plant Registration Committee of ue
ae tional Association of Garden
10}
>
°
So
9
a9
Pe
P lantations 278
and Grounds, 35
mental, 71
J e a
Plants received, Living, 70
a ee 1928, Report of the Cura-
ie yg
Pratt, "George , a7
Proctor, A. Phimister, 47
Ssh td
an ¢
°
Les)
Publications, Circulation ee
Publications oO en ber
uring 192
Publications, aes Report on Brook-
yn Botanic Garden, 128
Public, Courses for the general, 274
Public facta for 1928, Repor
of the Curator of, 75
Pre Staff
dll
Publicity, NA ae 80
Purdy, Maud H., 58, 62, 64, 69
ce, 45
Quercus montana Wil Id.,
Reed, George M., 44, 52. 50, 67, I
Report of the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden) 1928, Eighteenth Annual,
Ree rch, 68
Research for 1928, Repoats on, 52
Reser Mt. Prospect, 36
Resignations 4
Rivnay, Ezekiel, ee, 79
Robinia hispida, 7
ose ance 36, fs 281
n Day, First Annual, 36
Rusk, Miss ae
School Service, Statistics of, 19
Scncels, Nature and plant material
suppli
Saas, Study material for, 76
Schultze, Alexandra Do
Science an ducation in ‘Brooklyn,
Suppor 7
Scout pete hane
Seed Exchange, International, is, eRe
68, 73
Seed W ork, 9
peed DALE in Exchange, List of,
Se ede Penny Packets of, 47
ae senen Eddy, 47, 79: 95, 120
Sim se 103, 1
Suit, eee Bs wg
Smith, G. Foster, 111
Sg What Price, 43
nut Investigations, Oat, 52
Crt investigations, cae 57
muts, New races of oat
Sorghum smut investigations, 57
Statement for 1928, Financial, 103
Statue, Indian Maid and Fawn, 47
offe orma E., 45
Talks, Jectures, addresses, and papers
iven by members of Staff during
I oe 122
achers, Courses for, 27
Tere r& Sin. anne es 72
Tilletia oe 56, 57
tritict, 56, 57
ae Officers of the Board of,
Ulle. Titus, 67
Usilago a avenae, 52, 55
Uiah, Beak Collected in, 13
are Horticultural,
a uc What
Wiener Mrs. Louise, 80
Wea ther unc bes, 37
Wernec
e, J. B.,
Wheat AVEC EATIGAS Bunt of, 56
White schol Tee wAlireds iso
Wao 72
n ary, 04
Woods, Collection of American, 89
Woodward, Ethel
Zunser, Gladys Glenn, 46
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