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Reprinted from Ruovora, Vol. 45, March—-May, 1943
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
———
CXLVII
Pt a
Poel —/o oO
i
THE BROAD-LEAVED SPECIES OF POTAMOGETON
OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
i. C. Ogpren
Dares or Issun
Pages 57-108 and Plates 746-748... gol ci 18 March, 1943
SAT ei a ee ee ..10 April, 1943
ROMO ROR E: oo ek eae ede oe a ees 1 May, 1943 © :
Rhodora Plate 746
Fruits or PotaMoGEtTon, X 5
YUS Var. TENIFOLIUS, figs. 1-3; P. ALPINUS var. SUBELLIPTICUS, figs. 4—6;
ig POLYGONIFOLIUS, figs. 7-9; peciteg ae gy 10-13; P. oe figs. 14-17;
P. noposus, figs. 18-21; P. xa ANS, figs. 29-25; P. Oake ANUS, figs. 26- 29:
. ILLINOENSIS, figs 30-- Sia og alanine figs. 36-38; eB PRAELONG us, figs.
39 and a r; Ri ICH: ARDSONII, figs. 41-46; P. PERFOLIATUS Var. BUPLEUROIDES,
47-5
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 45, March—May, 1943
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CXLVII
THE BROAD-LEAVED SPECIES OF POTAMOGETON
OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
EK. C. OGDEN
Dates oF IssuUE
Pages 57-105 and Plates 746-748... .....-- 5... c cee eee ees 18 March, 1943
Pages TT re re ia: «hao ce ea ee 10 April, 1943
Pages in CA ee Ren pt a piet aha vi kw 3 8 1 May, 1943
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF
HARVARD UNIVERSITY—NO. CXLVII
THE BROAD-LEAVED SPECIES OF POTAMOGETON OF
NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
E. C. OapEn
(Plates 746-748)
THE genus Potamogeton is of world-wide distribution. Be-
cause it exhibits a great range of environmental variation, and
specimens so often lack the fundamental diagnostic parts which
might ally them with already known entities, the names that
have been coined for its members are legion.
Although a number of monographic treatments have dealt
with the North American species in whole or in part’, the broad-
leaved groups have been poorly understood. The really usable
treatment of the troublesome linear-leaved species by Fernald
lent new hope to the idea that possibly the broad-leaved plants
1 Thomas Morong, The Naiadaceae of North America, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no, 2
(1893).
P. Ascherson and P. Graebner, = Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11, Potamogetonaceae
goign by Graebner) (190
n Taylor, in N. Am. FI. ay, ‘pt. 1 (1909).
: 0. Ha hone: Critical Re setae on the Potamogetons, Kungl. Svenska Veten-
skapsakad. Handl. 55: no. 5 (1916
Harold St. John, A Revision of ee North American Species of Potamogeton of the
Section Coleophyl Ruopora, 18: 121-138 (1916).
ald, The Linear-leaved North American Species of Potamogeton, Section
Axillares, “Mem, Amer. Acad, Arts & Sci. 17: pt. 1 (1932). _As this work contains an
la
f th WOU Tit erely
be repetitive and is unnecessary here.
58 Rhodora [Marcu
might be resolved into something approaching an expression of
their true relationships.
A fertile Potamogeton seldom causes great difficulty; but the
great mass of sterile material, displaying a range of form un-
known in the fertile plants, has made an understanding of the
group difficult. To add to the confusion, the broad-leaved
species, with their spikes buoyed up above the water, hybridize
more or less freely, rendering it. difficult in many cases to de-
termine the fundamental cause behind the abnormality. .
The following treatment is offered in the hope that the species
here considered may be better understood; and that specimens
may be properly identified, even though they lack many of the
important diagnostic characters and exhibit forms that are far
from typical.
DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS
Fruits. When mature fruits are present there is seldom any
difficulty in referring the specimen to the proper species. Un-
fortunately the presence of fruit is not the rule but the less
common occurrence. Most distinctive are those of P. alpinus,
with a smooth, hard, eggshell-like exocarp, tawny-olive in color;
fruiting specimens can never be mistaken for any other species.
Neither can the minute reddish orbicular fruits of P. polygoni-
folius with their beaks practically obsolete, nor the massive
fruits of P. praelongus be confused with those of any other North
American broad-leaved species. The long-beaked fruits of P.
crispus are especially characteristic. Extremely important
diagnostic characters are the prominence of keels and the color
of the exocarp. If one makes a longitudinal section with a
razor-blade, the amount of curvature of the seed becomes ap-
parent and is of some slight diagnostic value. More important
in some cases, and surprisingly consistent, is the presence or
absence of a cavity in the endocarp tissue that projects as a fold
into the center of the fruit. This projection (endocarp loop) is
solid in all the broad-leaved species except P. polygonifolius,
gh praelongus and P. Richardsonii. This is an important char-
acter in the separation of P. Richardsonii from P. perfoliatus,
specimens of which often strongly resemble each other. Because
the fruits are of great taxonomic importance, but difficult ade-
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 59
quately to describe, it has seemed desirable to illustrate them
(see PLATE 746).
FLowers. It is now generally considered that Potamogeton
has no true perianth. The sepal-like structures are thought to
be outgrowths from the connectives of the stamens, and are
called sepaloid connectives.! In the species here treated they are
of little or no diagnostic value. Careful observations on the
shape and hundreds of measurements on the width and length
of claw have been made, from which it has become evident that
even species which in most characters are strikingly different
have sepaloid connectives which are surprisingly similar. The
anthers, also, are of about the same shape and size in all the
broad-leaved species, except that in P. polygonifolius they
average somewhat smaller. Pollen-grains should be examined
when hybridism is suspected. Fertile species have pollen-grains
well formed and abundantly produced, whereas hybrids invari-
ably have a large percentage aborted.
Spikes. While the flowering spikes are of little diagnostic
value, differing chiefly in average size and in number and degree
of crowding of the whorls of flowers, the diameter of the fruiting
spikes can be used. This thickness is almost entirely dependent
on the length of the fruits, but in many cases the fruit-measure-
ments cannot be so easily obtained. While there are some dif-
ferences as to length of the spikes of different species, these are
mostly a direct correlation with the robustness of the species,
and their diagnostic value is therefore secondary.
PrepuncLes. Characters of the peduncle can usually not be
used for the determination of broad-leaved species without
supporting characters from other parts of the plant, due to the
great variation within the same species, but they are sometimes
of useful supplementary value. Most species seldom have
peduncles over 10 or 15 em. long, but in P. amplifolius they may
run up to 30 em. and it can then be distinguished from P. pulcher
or P. nodosus, which at times it may superficially resemble.
Similarly, P. Richardsonii may have peduncles up to 25 cm. in
length, in contrast to its nearest relative, P. perfoliatus, with
peduncles less than 10 em. long. The longest peduncles are
t normal
1 Phylogenists are not agreed on
perianth with the anthers sessile on con claws of the segments,
60 Rhodora [Marca
found on P. praelongus, where they are often more than 30 cm.
and may attain a length of 60 cm. The three species mentioned
as sometimes having long peduncles (P. amplifolius, P. prae-
longus, and P. Richardsonii) may also have them short; but
whether long or short, usually with a tendency to be clavate.
This tendency for the peduncles to be thickened upward is also
somewhat characteristic of the subsection Lucentes. Most of
the species here treated have their peduncles rather uniform in
thickness throughout their length. Another character of slight
value is the thickness of a peduncle in comparison with the
thickness of the stem at the internode directly below. This has —
some supplementary value in the subsection Natantes, where P.
natans has peduncles about the same thickness as the stem,
while P. Oakesianus, with its slenderer stem, has less reduction
in the thickness of its peduncles, and as a consequence has them
thicker than the internode below. Lastly, there are some dif-
ferences in their internal anatomy. These are, however, few
and inconstant and not used in this treatment.
Stipuues. In all of the species here treated (with the excep-
tion of P. crispus) the stipules are free from the leaves. They
clasp the stem, but have their margins absolutely free and un-
united. They are all obtuse, at least when young, but as there
is often a tendency for them to be somewhat cucullate they may,
at times, appear to be acutish. This is especially true of P.
nodosus. All are more or less two-keeled (when mature) except
in the subsections Crispi, Colorati, Praelongi, and Perfoliatt.
The chief differences are in their length and coarseness, which
are, for the most part, rather direct correlations with the robust-
ness of the species. They furnish useful characters in the
perfoliate-leaved species where one can usually recognize P.
praelongus by its large white stipules, P. Richardsonii by its
stipules reduced to strong white fibers, and P. perfoliatus with
stipules delicate and inconspicuous.
Leaves. Certainly some of the most important diagnostic
characters for the identification of the broad-leaved species of
Potamogeton are to be found in the leaves, for too often all that
are available are stems and either submersed or floating leaves,
or both. At least three fourths of the specimens in the herbaria
lack not only mature fruits but any part of an inflorescence.
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 61
The stipules often shrivel and decay, so that the few remnants
(if any are left) are insufficient for diagnostic purposes. Rhi-
zomes are seldom collected and when present are of but slight
taxonomic value. Thus, unless one resorts to the internal
anatomy of the stem, it is, in the great majority of cases, neces-
sary to determine the specimens from the leaves. These may be
either submersed or floating, or both, in all the subsections except
Crispi, Praelongi, and Perfoliati, which have only submersed
leaves. These three subsections always have sessile perfoliate-
clasping leaves! with broad bases in contradistinction to the other
subsections which have their submersed leaves petioled or at
least narrow at base.
First considering the submersed leaves: their shape is of
primary importance. When typically developed, P. perfoliatus
can be recognized immediately by its short-ovate leaves; P.
Richardson by having them ovate-lanceolate; P. praelongus
with them oblong and cucullate at the apex; the members of the
Lucentes by the sharp-pointed apices; P. natans and P. Oakesia-
nus by their coarse and delicate, narrowly linear leaves, respec-
tively; P. nodosus by its long-petioled lanceolate leaves gradually
tapering at both ends; P. pulcher having distinctive lanceolate
leaves abruptly tapering to a petioled base; P. amplifolius with
its massive leaves conspicuously arcuate; and P. alpinus with
obtuse apex and sessile base. Unfortunately, however, it is not
always as simple as that. These leaves exhibit such a wide
range of variation? from the typical and are often in such a poor
state of preservation, if not entirely absent, that one must
resort to other parts of the plant for diagnostic characters. The
leaf-margin of P. crispus is finely but evidently toothed; in the
other broad-leaved species the leaf-margins are strictly entire,
except in the Nodosi, which have 1-celled denticles so extremely
fugacious as to be found only in the youngest leaves; the Per-
foliati, in which the 1-celled denticles are more persistent;
and the Lucentes, with strongly developed denticles. None of
the indigenous North American species with free stipules has
a dentation visible to the unaided eye, consequently they should
1 The hybrid P. gramineus X seh ote var. bupleuroides may have perfoliate sub-
mersed leaves and also floating leav
2 See on under VARIATION.
62 Rhodora [Marcu
never be confused with P. crispus, a species naturalized from
Europe, which has an evident serrulation.
Turning to the floating leaves, we find at first glance a dis-
couraging similarity. With the exception of P. alpinus, which
has delicate, lacunate floating leaves the blades of which taper
without sharp distinction into the petiole, all seem to possess the
common ovate-elliptic shape and have the same blunt mucro
at the apex. When typically developed, however, we find some
help in the bases of the blades. Their shape ranges from cordate
in P. natans and P. pulcher to rounded in P. Oakesianus and P.
amplifolius to cuneate in P. nodosus to tapering without sharp
distinction into the petiole in P. alpinus. Yet, the range of
variation is so great in any one species that the shape of the leaf-
base must be used with caution. Even P. natans with its strongly
cordate leaf-bases may under certain conditions have them
narrowly cuneate.! The number of nerves is of primary import-
ance in the case of P. amplifolius, which has them very numerous
and close together. The size and shape of the stomates appear
to be rather uniform, and while there is some variation as to the
number in a given field, this appears to be influenced by factors
which are ecological rather than genetic. Examination as to
number and condition (whether functional or closed by cuticle)
may be useful in determining whether the abnormality of some
floating leaves is due to genetic or to ecological factors.
Stem. For a genus which varies so considerably due to
ecological conditions, and which is so often found lacking parts
that have the essential diagnostic characters, it is exceedingly
fortunate that there are good characters in the anatomy of the
stem. These were apparently first noticed and their importance
realized by Raunkiaer? who used them in his studies on the
Danish species and then extended his “anatomical investigations
also to foreign species, intending to bring about a new and better
basis for an eventual monograph of the genus Potamogeton.’”
In 1907, Chrysler* elaborated further on the anatomy of the
! See discussion under P. na
2C. Rai pooanengh De danske iiiadiatatinialed Naturhistorie, Bind 1, Enkimbladede,
p. -_ 10 (1895—
unkiae, Anatomical Potamogeton-Studies and Potamogeton fluitans, Bot.
mids, 28: 254 (1903).
yb Bot. Gaz. 44: 161-188 (1907).
1943} Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 63
central cylinder, explaining the phylogenetic relationships of the
various types. agstrém in his monograph! emphasized the
taxonomic value of the anatomical characters, especially of the
stem, laying great stress on the types of endodermi, of which he
described six kinds, and on the arrangement of bundles in the
stele of which he described and illustrated six patterns. Other
characters used by him include: the development of mechanical
tissue, the presence or absence of a cortical layer directly be-
neath the epidermis and acting as a supporting layer to it (hypo-
derma), and the length in proportion to width of the cells of the
epidermis.
An examination of hundreds of stems has shown that a number
of the characters have real diagnostic and phylogenetic value.
These are discussed below.2 Although it has been suggested
that the extent of mechanical tissue present is dependent on
whether the plant grows in still or running water,? Raunkiaer*
and Chrysler’ show that no such correlation can be drawn.
Hagstrém, too, in his Critical Researches, repeatedly shows for
many species that the habitat does not affect the essential char-
acters of the stem-anatomy. An dquarium-plant of P. natans
which I grew from a seed had its mechanical development not
at all lessened.
A morphological character of some importance is the degree
of branching of the stem. The members of the subsections
Lucentes and Perfoliati are usually much branched; P. praelongus
of the Praelongi and P. Oakesianus of the Natantes are commonly
branched; P. natans of the Natantes and the members of the
Nodosi, Amplifolii, Colorati and Alpini are rarely branched, and
then usually only slightly so in the upper part of the plant late in
the season. a
The rhizome appears to offer no important diagnostic char-
acters, at least when dried. Some species tend to have dark-
colored (usually reddish) spots on their rhizomes, while others
are unspotted, but this is rather inconstant.
1J.O. Hagstriém, Crit. Res. Pov. (1916).
2 See EXPLANATION OF STEM-ANATOMY CHARACTERS USED IN THIS TREATMENT.
. Schwendener, Das mechanische evinces in anatomischen Bau der Monocotylen,
p. 122 (1874).
*C. Raunkiaer, Bot. Tids. 25: 275 (1903).
+ A Chrysler, Bot. Gaz. 44: 169 (1907).
64 Rhodora [Marcu
WintTeR Bups. With the exception of P. crispus, winter buds
are so uncommon among the species here treated as to be of
little or no diagnostic value. They have been so ably discussed
by Professor Fernald! that further remarks are quite unnecessary.
VARIATION
It is well known that in vegetative characters any broad-
leaved species of Potamogeton varies considerably. Those of the
subsections Lucentes and Perfoliati have a wide range of varia-
tion and all of the species here treated have a variability which
is evident. Morong bewailed this characteristic of the group
and felt that ‘“‘so protean are their forms, so eccentric their
action, constantly changing under changed conditions of season
and water’ that he must put forth his treatment “with great
diffidence”’.2. Chamisso and Schlechtendal* had earlier reached
the conclusion that, to use the translation of Emmeline Moore’,
“Species of Potamogeton changing their habit seem often to pass
into others, and feigning the habit of other species baffle re-
search.” :
Certain of these differences in form are undoubtedly genetic,
but for many the evidence that they are ecological is very strong.
Numerous observations and experimental studies have shown
that individual plants of certain of the broad-leaved species
exhibit a variation that is almost unbelievably wide, not only
including many named varieties but even simulating other
species. Noteworthy among such experimental studies are those
of Esenbeck,® whose great contribution from the standpoint of
taxonomy was in demonstrating that leaf-shape varies greatly
under varying conditions of nutrition and changes of water-
level. In general, poor nutrition appeared to give the following
sequence of events: the broad floating leaves become increasingly
narrower, finally disappear and are replaced by the submerged
type, which in turn may be reduced to phyllodia.
1M. L. Fernald, Mem. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. 17: pt. 1: 18 (1932).
2? Thomas Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 2 (1893).
3’ Chamisso and Schlechtendal, Linnaea, 2: 159 (1827).
‘Emmeline Moore, The e Potamogetons in Relation to Pond Culture, Bull. Bur.
Fish. 33 (1913): 256 (1915
5’ Ernst Esenbeck, pales zur Biologie der Gattungen Potamogeton und Scirpus,
Flora pent 151-211 (1914).
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 65
Fryer’s experiments with the broad-leaved species which he
grew in tubs caused him to prefer a very conservative treatment
of the group.
Of outstanding importance in this connection is the work of
the Pearsalls' who found that variation in size and shape of leaf
was due to many factors, acting independently or together.
Their results led them to the conclusion that a conservative
treatment is the sane one.
While it is known that many of the variations are strictly
ecological and one can in many cases name the contributing
stimuli, it must be admitted that certain of these differences in
form may be genetic. It is often difficult to distinguish from
herbarium specimens alone which is the primary cause. When
such variants appear to be mere forms or states, without separate
geographic ranges, and especially when it is reasonable to suppose
that the variations might be caused by ecological factors, it seems
wise to refrain from giving them formal rank in our system of
nomenclature. In the words of Fryer, ‘‘we should not confound
temporary states with permanent varieties . . . In looking
over an extensive series of dried specimens of any Potamogeton,
it is easy to select very. distinct looking forms, and as easy to
give varietal names to them; this is the method that has been
followed by most of the writers on the genus, and I regret to say
is still being followed, with the result of confusing rather than
elucidating an already too difficult subject.’”
HyYBRIDISM
In dealing with broad-leaved species of Potamogeton, one is
dealing with plants that are usually sterile, which are highly
susceptible to ecological variation and which hybridize freely.
If one classifies all the fruiting specimens, then correlates with
them all the sterile plants the vegetative parts of which show
their relationships to the fruiting entities, one still has a great
mass of material that fits nowhere. Any attempt to understand
such material must determine for each specimen whether the
variation is genetic or ecological or due to hybridism. Here the
internal anatomy of the stem will prove of great assistance and
1W. H. Pearsall & W. H. Pearsall, Journ. Bot. 61: 1-7 (1923).
2 Alfred Fryer, Pot. Brit. Isles, p. 41 (1900).
66 Rhodora [Marcu
often will allow the specimen to be rather definitely placed.
But many times the stem-anatomy shows an upset; this points
toward hybridism, for the species based on fruiting specimens
show a stem-anatomy that is remarkably uniform, and repeated
observations have shown that ecological factors do not affect the
anatomical characters of the stem; neither will minor genetic
variations. But one cannot merely say “hybrid,” as an easy
way out of a difficulty; one should name the parents, usually
not an easy thing to do.
Whether experimental studies will produce data of value in
this connection, I am not prepared to say. Hagstrém thought
not, saying, ‘“‘The hybrids must be studied according as Nature
produces them. Cultivation and experiments in hybridization
may not lead to great results as to the solution of this intricate
question.”! To this, Bennett retorts, ‘‘having seen the results
of the late Alfred Fryer’s work in this direction, I consider
cultivation is a very great help—anyhow it affords a negative to
some of the proposed hybrids given.’”*
Very little seems to be known about the chromosome number
of Potamogeton. Wiegand reported a haploid number of seven,
or possibly eight, for P. foliosus. Wisniewska‘ states that the
haploid number for P. perfoliatus is probably (‘‘wahrscheinlich”)
twenty-four. The only other reported count is in Tischler,°
where the haploid number for P. fluitans (P. nodosus?) is given
as twenty-six, referring to Kuleszanka 1934, without citing any
publication. Such data promise interesting results from counts
on the species in this genus.
Cytological material (young pollen) of several species which
I have examined shows that the chromosome number varies
(at least four different numbers) in different species, although
absolute counts could not be made.
In the present work, the hybrids are taken up at the end of the
general treatment. Only those that strongly simulate the sub-
sections here specially treated are discussed.
1J. O. Hagstrém, Crit. Res. Pot. 12 (1916).
4 Ewa Wisniewska, Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 8: 157 (1931).
8G. Tischler, Tab. Biol. Period. 5 & 6, Nachtrag no. 2, Teil no. 2, p. 99 (1935-36).
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 67
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In a study of this nature I have naturally found it convenient
to accept the assistance and suggestions so kindly offered by
many people. I am especially grateful to Prof. M. L. Fernald
under whose guidance the study was conducted and who, by his
clear knowledge of the difficulties involved, offered invaluable
suggestions. Also to Mr. C. A. Weatherby for his helpful advice,
especially concerning nomenclature, I am deeply thankful.
Thanks are also due to the members of the Gray Herbarium
staff who have so willingly helped with various details; to Prof.
F. H. Steinmetz, of the University of Maine, who has taken a
keen interest in the work and has assisted greatly in the collect-
ing of material; to my wife, Edith B. Ogden, for assistance in
many ways; and to the curators of the herbaria from which
plants have been borrowed.
Herbarium material has been seen from the following sources:
Gray Herbarium (G), New England Botanical Club (NE), New
York Botanical Garden (NY), United States National Museum
(US), Field Museum (F), Missouri Botanical Garden (M),
Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University (8), Michigan State
College (MSC), National Museum, Ottawa, Canada (C),
University of Montreal (MT), Private herbarium of Marie-
Victorin (V), University of Maine (ME), Portland [Maine]
Society of Natural History (P), University of New Hampshire
(NH), C. C. Deam (D), private herbarium, E. C. Ogden (0).
EXPLANATION OF STEM-ANATOMY CHARACTERS
USED IN THIS TREATMENT
Five sets of characters are used, combinations of which
should determine the species. These are: the arrangement of
bundles in the stele, the type of thickening of the cells of the
endodermis, the presence or absence of bundles in the interlacunar
spaces of the cortex (interlacunar bundles), the presence or
absence of bundles just underneath the epidermis (subepidermal
bundles), and the presence or absence of a layer or layers of cells
directly underneath the epidermis (pseudo-hypodermis). See
PLATE 747,
One of the most important sets of characters is that of the
68 Rhodora [Marcu
arrangements of bundles in the stele. These fall into six types.
The arrangement called the proto-type (because it appears to be
the type from which the others are derived) is illustrated by
PLATE 748, r1G. 1. Here the bundles are all free and un-united
(each having one patch of phloem), four of them being median
and with usually three to five on each side. When this arrange-
ment is found, the specimen will belong to one of the subsections:
Colorati, Amplifolii, Lucentes, or Praelongi. In the trio-type
(Frias. 2 & 3) three of the median bundles have united to form a
bundle ‘‘trio”’, giving only two median bundles, one of them
with a patch of phloem on the outer face of the xylem canal and
two patches of phloem on the inner face (Fic. 2), or by a further
union having only one inner patch of phloem (ria. 3). The trio-
type is always found in the subsections: Alpini, Nodosi, Natantes
and Perfoliati. Members of the subsection Lucentes may also
have the trio-type of stele. A further reduction in the number
of bundles is brought about by the fusion of the lateral bundles
and as this invariably results in an oblong-shaped stele it is
called the oblong-type. The two median bundles may remain
separate (ric. 4) and even the lateral bundles may at times be
scarcely united but merely crowded together. The oblong-type
with two median bundles is found in the subsection Lucentes,
and is prevalent in hybrids having a member of the Lucentes as
one of the parents. A fusion of the two median bundles is
accompanied by the more or less complete fusion of the laterals
on each side, resulting in a stele of an oblong (or elliptic) shape
with but three bundles (ric. 5). This is the usual type in the
subsections Crispi and Lucentes. The final reduction to the one-
bundled-type (ric. 6) is not met with in the broad-leaved
species, but is found in the hybrid P. Berchtoldi « perfoliatus
var. bupleuroides.
The cells of the endodermis give an important set of diagnostic
characters. Although several types can be recognized, these
have been grouped in the present treatment into two principal
types, according to the type of incrassation of the cell-walls.
Cells which are thickened evenly or not at all are called O-cells;
those which are much thickened on the inner and lateral faces
but remain thin on the face next to the cortex are called U-cells.
This latter type of endodermis is always found in the Natanies,
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 69
Lucentes, and Praelongi. All the others here treated have
O-cells.
The bundles of the cortex give exceptionally good sets of char-
acters. The cortex of a Potamogeton stem is highly lacunate.
At the junctures of the walls separating these lacunae may, in
some species, be found bundles composed of vascular tissue and
fibers or merely of fibers alone. These are called interlacunar
bundles and are well developed in the Natantes, Lucentes,
Praelongi, and in P. amplifolius of the Amplifolii. The other
subsections are devoid of them, or rarely have one or two weakly
developed.
The cortical bundles found directly underneath the epidermis
are called subepidermal bundles. They are seldom as strongly
developed as the interlacunar bundles, yet they furnish a set of
characters which is quite useful. The subepidermal bundles are
present in the Colorati, Natantes, Praelongi, and usually in the
Lucentes, but absent in the other subsections.
The last set of characters used is the presence or absence of a
layer or layers of cells directly beneath and adjacent to the
epidermis. This is called the pseudo-hypodermis. It is always
present in the Crispi, Amplifolii, Praelongi, and Perfoliati, but
is not present in the Alpini and Nodosi, whereas the Colorati,
Natantes, and Lucentes may or may not have it.
A number of methods of preparing a section of stem for ana-
tomical examination may be used. The following procedure has
. been found to be simple and rapid and highly satisfactory.
When a choice can be made as to the part of the stem to be
sectioned it should be at about the middle of the second or third
internode below the lowest peduncle. However, any portion of
the stem, if not too close to a node, is usually quite satisfactory.
The piece of stem is boiled in water for a few minutes to soften
and expand the tissues, then dropped into cold water to reduce
flabbiness. A clean transverse cut is made near one end with a
sharp razor-blade and this end dipped into ordinary blue ink, or
other stain, for a second or two. The stem is now rinsed briefly in
cold water and rolled on a blotter to remove excess water. With
the razor-blade a thin free-hand section is taken off at the
stained end, a water-mount made (stained end up), and examined
under a microscope. If the stem is badly flattened, it can be
70 Rhodora [Marcu
teased out with fine needles. A magnification of about 100
diameters is highly satisfactory, although much lower powers
will enable one to determine most of the essential characters.
Such mounts need not be thinner than that obtainable by free-
hand sectioning, for enough light will come through the lacunae
to illuminate the tissues.
The amount of time necessary for making an anatomical ex-
amination of a stem need not be greater than that necessary for
boiling and dissecting a flower.
A number of improvements can undoubtedly be made on this
method, but mostly at the sacrifice of simplicity and speed.
Potassium hydroxide solution is not recommended for swelling
the tissues as it destroys the delicate cortex. A weak lactic acid
solution will soften tissues quickly and swell them slightly with-
out destroying the cortex, but for most specimens water is more
satisfactory. If cold water does not stiffen the material suf-
ficiently for proper sectioning, a few drops of concentrated
ammonia in the water are helpful.
Ordinary blue fountain-pen ink is suggested as a stain because
it is easily available and has proved very satisfactory. It acts
quickly and as a differential stain: coloring the vascular tissue
deep blue and the cortical and pith cells light blue; the mechanical
tissue (sclerenchyma) usually remaining a bright yellow and the
endodermis usually yellow or orange. The clearer results ob-
tained by aniline dyes are not necessary for this work. <A two-
solution differential stain is not recommended for speedy eX- .
amination.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF NortTH AMERICAN PONDWEEDS
In order that the groups of Potamogeton here specially dis-
cussed may be properly oriented, an outline (largely following
Hagstrém and Fernald) of the relationships of North American
species is here appended. The subsections treated in this paper
are indicated by asterisks.
Subgenus CoLEoGETON (Reichenb.) Raunk.
Section Connati Hagstr.
Subsect. Fitrrormes Hagstr. (P. filiformis Pers., P. lati-
folius (Robbins) Morong).
Rhodora
Plate 747
Subepidermal
Epidermis
Pseudohypodermis
TPP
asnttan
Trio-bundle
Lateral bundle
Interlacunor bundle
QR
oP e'e,
OP
Bas
a Ne.
Q ie la fi
<4
g
enae.
()
?
so
xo
we’
Endodormis
bundle
axe
ORR
SOUS
uP",
Locuno
PoTAMOGETON NATANS: CROSS-SECTION OF STEM, X 35
Plate 748
Rhodora
'
cy | o ; “| §
: ial
3 *)
$ Sime Ay
2 5
= =)
o 2 s
z = 2
co
a) us S a
o a3 p
oe ae se
s= rs 3
oOo. Os
=o zo 2
ac OE FR
BE S a fey
oe Qo a8
s= -_ =
s§ . 4 5
Z = a 2
3 = a =
z if]
°
3 » 3
x= ee &
g 2 .
=
°o n
=
3)
4
om © &
¢ ” ae
H if
2 oe
° ae
: 3:
=
2 ea
= = eS
3 2 cf
a ws ew
as —— “&
> P= ~ c i)
o $s o> sah
mee Se a
- am pe as
- <= @Qe me bg Sed
Fi oo 55
ree} £ a 3
bi = ,
a =
ae
. 4
5 =e
ak
£ <~
\s = Os
OOS 5
a
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 71
Section Convo.uti Hagstr
Subsect. VAGINATI Pata: (P. vaginatus Turez.).
Subsect. Pectinati (Fries) Hagstr. (P. pectinatus L.).
Subgenus EvpoTamMoGeton Raunk.
Section Apnati Hagstr.
ubsect. SerRuLATI Hagstr. (P. Robbinsii Oakes).
Section Ax1LLARES Hagstr.
*Subsect. Crispr Wallm. (P. crispus L.).
Subsect. Monticou1 Hagstr. (P. confervoides Reichenb.).
Subsect. CoMpREsSI eee) Panga 6 (P. zosteriformis Fern.).
Subsect. OxypHyiui Hag (P. Porsildiorum Fern., per-
haps also P. engieienta Fern. }.
Subsect. Pusriu1 (Graebn.) ge
Series PusILLI connaTI Hags
ee Fo.uiosi Fern. (P. ‘foliosus Raf., P. fibrillosus
Subserie PANORMITANI Fern. ee ie socal
strictifolius Ar. Benn., P. pusillus L.
Series PusILLi CONVOLUTI Hagstr.
Subseries Acutt Hagstr. (P. gemmiparus Robbins, P.
Hillit Morong; P. longiligulatus Fern., an atypical
species, may belong in the Oxyphylli).
Subseries Oprust Hagstr. (P. Porteri Fern., P. obtusi-
folius Mert. & Koch, P. clystocarpus Fern., P.
Berchtoldi Fieber).
Subsect. Javanict Graebn. (P. Vaseyi Robbins, P. later-
).
alis
Subsect. Hysripi (Graebn.) Hagstr., in part; 7
Series Eunysripi Hagstr. Spiri illus Picken, F.
wre Rati 2. capillaceus Poir., P. bicupu ulatus
Subsect. Nae ee (Hagstr.) Fern. (P. epihydrus Raf.,
. tennesseensis Fern
*Subsect. ALPINI (Graebn.) Hagstr. (P. alpinus Balbis).
— Be hess nc o (Graebn.) Hagstr. (P. polygonifolius
Fr
ou
*Subsect, keno Hagstr. (P. amplifolius Tuckerm.,
pulcher Tuckerm.).
mduteees Novosti Hagstr. (P. nodosus Poir.).
*Subsect. Natantes Graebn. (P. natans L., P. Oakesi-
anus Robbins oe
*Subsect. pine Graebn. (P. gramineus L., P. illino-
ensis Morong).
*Subsect. PrRaAELONGI Hagstr. (P. praelongus Wulfen). :
*Subsect. Perroiiati (Graebn.) Hagstr. (P. Richardsonii
(Benn.) Rydb., P. perfoliatus L.).
72 Rhodora [Marcu
Kerry TO THE BROAD-LEAVED NortTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PoTAMOGETON
1. Stem laterally compressed; leaves all submersed, margin,
out thed; stipules slightly adnate to base of leaf; fruits with
winter buds hard and horny; stele of
che oblong-type pattern: endodermis of O-cells; interla-
cunar bundles absent.! (subsect. yen hace ate eek capes 1. P. crispus.
1. Stem terete; leaf-margins entire or minutely denticulate;
stipules completely free from leaf- ‘nee. fruits with bea
not more than 1 mm. long; winter buds rare, not op Goal
horny; stele with the pattern various in t of the
rags Ben lice 9 endodermis of U-cells and yaa Gi
Fis a
2. a ienabied: oxi petioled or tapering to . sessile base,
scarcely clasping; floating leaves present or absent... .
3. Submersed leaves ae " chin aa leaves Gapaally absent)
delicate, giranenter t, tapering without sharp distinc-
son into the p atlole: fruits ‘— exocarp hard and
mooth, t Saarascltve (oubmect: ALPINE se i058 ibaa: 2. P. alpinus.
3. Submersed le eaves sessile or tioled: floating leaves cori-
aceous, opaque, cordate to cuneate at base, blade dis-
tinct for Detidle: fruits with exocarp soft and porous,
greenish, brownish, or reddish... .4.
4. se ergy connectives 1-2m plang soit spikes 5-7
mm. thick; mm
00
usually with a cavity; interlacunar bundles absent;
subepidermal bundles present; eastern Newfoun
land and Sable Island, Nova Scotia (subsect.
_OOORAT eee. ee a ae a P. polygonifolius.
. Sepaloid eens mostly 1.2-3 mm. mide: ‘rating
keels vadiable,. beak evident, endocarp rere eceait
interlacunar bundles absent or pap wr if geese
cad
5. Submersed leaves broadly linear, "lanoéolate, or
ovate, less than 30 tim = as long as broad, nerves
3.37: ‘stele with the pattern various in t if of
the trio-type, then with but 1 patch = i itd on
the i = face of the trio-bun 3 Na
6. Submersed leaves with 11-37 an rves, margin
strictly entire; floating leaves cordate to reeds
at base, nerves mostly more than 21; stele
with the proto-type pattern; endodermis of
aegy (subsect. AMPLIFOLII)... .7.
Yq of the nerves more prominent than the
rest as seen by transmitted light; eer
often clavate; fruits cuneate at base, 3.5-4.5
(-5) mm. long; interlacunar bisachen present :
4. P. amplifolius.
7. Stem usually Sonmpacuonaly age ney Byron sub-
mersed leaves not arcuate, 1-2.5 cm. wide;
' Anatomical characters refer to those of the stem. See p. 67 and keys on pages
75 and 77-85.
1943]
floating leaves cordate or rounded at base,
mostly with less than 30 nerves, all nerves
of Shoch equal prom ae as seen trans-
mitted light; peduncles not conspicuously
clavate; fruits rounded or lobed at base,
of (-4) mm. long; interlacunar bundles
BARES sil a Whe bee ia), Keke ee
6. Submersed cain with 3-29 nerves, margins with
fugacious one-celled translucent denticles;
floating toe cuneele to rounded at ies —
nerves mostly less than 21; stele with t
tern various in type; i if of the reckon ag
tern, then endodermis of U-cells. . . .8.
8. Pam ecees hcg vee petioles 2-13 em. long,
apex ac 1 but not sharp-pointed nor mu-
dish, keels mostly muricate; endodermis of
O-cells; interlacunar bundles absent (subsect.
ODOSI
8. Submersed leaves sessile or with petioles up to.
4 cm. long, apex acutish or ye age
often. somewhat eee ronate; fru a -3.5
. long, usually greeni ish, rao arcely
muricate; endodermis of U-cells; catartheweax
Stem usual] uch branched, .5-1 mm. in
ameter; submersed leaves (—1.5) em
wide, (5—) 7-12 (—30) times as long as wide,
sessile, nerves tly 3-9; floating leaves
1.5-5 (-7) em. long, 1-2 (-3) cm. wide,
petioles mostly longer than_ the ook laren tt,
stipules .5-3 cm. long, .1- wide,
keels faint; peduncles clavate or gone fruit-
ing spikes 1-2.5 em. lon ng, .6-.8 cm. ‘thick;
paloid connectives mos y 1.2-1.6 mm
wide; fruits 1.7-2.5 (-2.8) em. long, 1.6-2
2.3
d 1 lateral b
— bundles only in the outer
nterlacunar GOle <6. Fee HES es
9. Stem sealed or once branched, vib 1.5-5 mm.
in diameter; submersed leaves 1.5-4 cm
wide, mostly times as one as wide,
;
stele with the pattern onlay in type;
interlactinar bundles in the outer interla-
sie — circle or sometimes So in the other
GUMAY CIPCIOS oo es oe ok ca ws
5. Sabana g wiz sear linear, less than 3 mm
Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 73
5. P. pulcher.
. P. gramineus.
. P. illinoensis.
74 Rhodora [Marcu
wide and more than 50 times as long as broad,
nerves 1-5; stele of the trio-type pattern with 2
patches of ‘phloe m on the inner face of the trio-
he ndle (subsect. NaTAN as
. Stem .8-2 mm. in diameter; ‘ submersed leaves
.8-2 mm. wide; floating leaf-blades 4-9 cm
long, 2.5-6 cm. wide, usuall So eo at base,
= petioles 1-2. 5 mm thick; stipules 4.5-11
m. long, strongly keeled; pedu uncles as thick
as s the Sign 7 fa are picenagy ie mostly 1.8-
erty s .9-1.2 cm. thick;
matire leva mostly mm. lon
e, keels ma + developed, re kn
strongly ——— wh mice than 1 interlacunar
circle; pseu 8 present; epidermal
cells 1.5-3 (-4) tinesas long aa bro. ad gE Ei weld 7. P. natans.
10. Stem ge mm. in diameter; submersed leaves
.25-1 mm. wide; floating leaf-blades 1.5-5.5
em. lo tog 1-3 em. wide, roun or cuneate
at base, on petioles .2-1 mm. thick; sti —
1-5.5 cm. long, keels -gtocpa'sand onhy at base;
sides but not pitted, apex seed pointing
a little above bas basa end; gence with 2-3
lateral bundles on each sic 4% toy ew
bundles strongly developed oa t 1 interla-
cunar circle; pseu usually ab-
sent; epidermal cule 4-7 ie: as thee as broad
8. P. Oakesianus.
2. Leaves all submersed, cordate or img at — clasping
Big Ae! 74 the circumference of the s
. Rhiz saree tpg: ted with rust ae aves Ceidditlile
gins entire 2 ‘gr ae aod persistent and conspicu-
m. vn pind i chan 3 mm wide, dorsal = l
strongly developed; mbit ca th the proto-ty patte
of U-cells; interlacunar boy su pidermal
ate, seldom ae 1-10 cm. long, apex not
cucullate, margin with fugacious, translucent, one-
celled denticles; suaies pry inconspicuous or
disintegrated to fibers; cles 1-25 cm. long;
mm.
pe sect. Pu
12, — ovate-lanceolate to pore lanceolate, 3-10
ong, coarsely nerved; stipules coarse, disinte-
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 75
ating to persistent whitish fibers; peduncles often
siaenta: 1.5-25 cm. long; fruiting spikes about 1
cm. rw any (2.5-) 2.7-3.2 (-3.5) mm. long,
() yaks 6 (-3) mm. wide; seicsan doe with a
vi 2. P. Richardsonii.
12. Leaves “onbiculat to ovate-lanceolate, the Pine ‘ipal
nes m. long, delicat — nerved; s ——s Api
a, piri ous; uncles never iavate e,
long; rating — dhiuk .8cm penny fotite ro 3)
2.5- niga (1.7-) 2-2.1 (-2.3) mm.
O06 6 6 be ee 6 hoe eae eo 6 Oe a eee ee ee oe 8 Se
2.
wide; vioubiien ME OS Se Oa 2a 13. P. perfoliatus.
Key To THE SPECIES mee ON THE ANATOMY OF THE STEM
a Poe Nes bundles p ara
. Interlacunar pension: sucntns Shel throughout... .3.
“* Stele of the proto-type pattern... .4.
. Endodermis of O-cells; subepidermal bundles absent
4. P. amplifolius.
4. Endodermis of U-cells; subepidermal bundles ee Vy
1. P. praelongus.
3. Stele of ai trio-type pattern, with the phloem on a
i e of the trio-bundle appearing as 2 distinct
patches; aides of U-cells; ee bundles ‘
SOE OS i bed ce Pee es ee ;
patches; epidermal cells 4—7 times as long as broad
P. Oakesianus.
oT peat Yo pattern; epidermal cells 1-4 times ‘a
10. P. illinoensis.
oe ee 6) eee ee, 8 ee ee oe ee ee oe
5. a of the Obie pine hgh ey a
7. Stele with 1 (rarely with p real bundle and usually
with _ lateral bundle on each side; interlacunar bun-
me only in ea outer premio circle; stem .5—1
9. P. gramineus.
a Stele + with 2 ‘Garely with 1) central bundles and 2 or :
n each side; interlacunar bundles in
the outer sriteniaodiie circle and sometimes also in
the — on tid circles; stem (1-) 1.5-2.5 :
Win ti ibieIer: - oo a a ee 10. P. illinoensis.
i ggeroEy ws bundles sient endodermis of O-cells (rarely
Pe ie ie:
8. tel - tt stem laterally com-
S ni ‘ae tis ape ee type pattern; y LP tiepus.
$e Oe See ae & eee
6 ee ee ae eek ee OO oe 8 6 Owe Oe, ee
8. Stele of the erode or proto-type pattern; stem terete... .9.
° 6 ee vial soa ales aan a aie one: S$. FP. oe aloher.
9. 10. § with the trio-type patte ere ti
1. Stele with the phloem on re inner face of the trio-
—_ " appearing as 1 patch; pseudo-hypodermis ec bies
76 Rhodora [Marcu
11. eels — the phloem on the inner face of the tri
appearing as 2 patches (rarely with pi a
12, Rucudaheooderinie Pree! IRONS ” pickae tool
and 43. P. Pe
12. Pseudo-hypodermis absent.................5- nus.
SELECTIVE KEY TO THE SUBSECTIONS
The following key is offered as a practical one for determining
the subsection to which a specimen belongs. It is based on
characters available with sterile and otherwise incomplete
specimens. It is selective in that the user may choose the order
in which the characters may be applied. This is of decided
advantage when certain parts of the specimen are absent or
difficult to make out, for the other parts may be sufficient for
determining the subsection.
The key is extremely easy to use. Any character may be
selected which, if not sufficient to name the subsection, will lead
to a number. This number will be found heading a column on
one of the following pages. On this page another character is
now selected and opposite it in the designated column may be
found asymbol or new number. This is continued until a symbol |
appears, which will designate the proper subsection. At any
time the subsections that are still possibilities may be ascer-
tained by reference to page 86. If a specimen traces to zero
(0) it may be suspected that a character has been selected in-
correctly or the specimen is a hybrid with parents in more than
one subsection. The subsection Crispi is omitted from this key
for it is represented only by the introduced species P. crispus,
which can easily be distinguished from all our indigenous species
of Potamogeton by its definitely toothed leaf-margins.
When the subsection is determined, reference to the portion
of the general key, on pages 72 to 75, dealing with that subsection
should give the name of the species.
The following symbols are used to designate the subsections:
AL Alpini AM Amplifolii NA Natantes PR Praelongt
CO Colorati NO Nodosi LU Lucentes PE Perfoliati
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
STEM
STELE
Jove hag 2 es ee, aun errr
T
© 0 0 0 0g ee Wee ee oe ere oie. eS
Cee ie ee W ee ee 2: wy 6 e610 ee eee
OUI oi 0, 5 a
Lanceolat
Meer. iN ea
‘Clas
(8 aS ee Pe ee ee ee
ON 8 ee oe Fe Eee Ae ee
i
Cee Sk We at ie Oe ae Gk cs ee oe Sue) fe ee oe |
2 ew eee Oe ee 8 ee 6 bee tre
Fee wes eee ee ee Hae ee eee
@¢ U6 6 6s 66.0 8) 6.6 2 8 eee OS 8 ee
STIPULES
Intact and well developed.....
sintegrated to fibers. .......
Delicate or fugacious.........
FLOATING LEAVES
BasE
Condate; 22:25. (23 ee
63a See Oe ee Pee bale Se ee ee, eee
CO AM
Sie) 698 (08 6 6 ee eS oO ee
CO AM LU PR
$8 6b ee ee 6 Oe ee ee wee oe eee Wee 8 8
iM) DOA Ta Pe axes 29 eon
RM UA LU FR. i. cate
AL CO AM
AL IL PR
AL CO AM NO LU PR PE...
Bhi BOA ces eG As
PEE DU TA is ie el kk DSS
a ee ee Roe Coe acre He eee oe
Bi A PMR Pe eee
BOA TAD TA) | oe a eet
AM LU
a a a ae Oe Se ee Doe ee ee ee a a
i te a oh to Bak oe
ow we ee eee bee oe ee
Ce
AL CO AM NO NA LU PR PE.
AM NA PR PE
A BM PR PE init Bes
+6 Oe 8 ke eee 6 6 Fo ee
eek 6 6 ee eee ee ee eee Os Ol ee eee ewe
Bs OO A is i end
OE Bai oe ies oes oe
78 Rhodora
STEM 1 baer, Sane 4
Pro’ 18 18 36 43
nae EOS PN Oe See EE
o-t “ia Pee et ae ee
Binnie eee cx LU LU LU LU
NDODERMIS
CUO; 6.5 see sah Lt 41-54 78
WRI. y 53 3s seh 17 <4} 31. 71
LwrERLAcUsAn B
ROG ic. Se ves 15 36 15 68
AOR eo es Cee ees 1? Core Hoey” ee) |
Prciceaecde 2 B
OM can Ve Pees li <4) 31 -7i
BiG a ee eee ee 10 10° 25 10
SUBMERSED LEAVES
“Orbicula ore aa et 66 66 66 66
PRN acka see eee 18 18 18 35
ion "PR Bae pegs 5 48 48 48 76
Soaked: 25.5620 es, Rise 8 oe
Oblane. = Qe os ae 65 55 55 55
Fee oe aa eee eae 33 62 64
Base
Cleaettat sis ee 46 46 46 74
Not es iis Geek eae SW ws.
Rounded So Ae ae 20 46 20 74
Acutisn 3352-2 Se Se Be a
nba geht a ep pete sy EOD 40 40 68 40
Mucroniie.. .. os cs 68 68 68 68
IOLE
Pree 3 oe ee, 19 19 68 19
Adee. fo Rc ke. ey Ri ee
ee
Wel Gl sO EGS bse r 1 3.4
__Dentiuite jie lees vet ee 32 32 §&8 16
ice pu feces ay. SL oe Sz 2 =e
Bh ie ea ee a NN Ge | ER |
BP cs a a ke S 6 i316
Oe ee ke, 34 34 34 66
STIPULES
Intact SPP any een ananean 22 Se
Pe. oe a ae 14 34 14 66
Bb. OF Pe oe 24 24 24 54
FLOATING LEAVES
Base
Contates ook io cc ee 44 73 69 73
Round. of GU8Z 62 = c:. 7 ie 3 8
SONNE ck AL AL AL AL
NERVES
dD i a ee SS. 7s 77. 78
198 ae 39. 36
tides eee 38 68 38 68
53 NO 65 53
5 40 7 23
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
STEM 11
STELE
Ws Cy, eet Pe 73
eee es, Gay Ske 51
peo <i a fg Gee NE 0
NDODERMIS
et i eres Ba, 11
Bae es Ga ae grees CO
Trenetaciaias B
BONE B62 oi eS AM
Ee © Gt ee are 1
east AN B
OSOnL fe a CO
Aneents? 28 662.754 Pa f
SUBMERSED LEAVES
“Onbicular MT DCN eet fy SEE 66
es ae ee 66
vi bec oie eee AL
eee. 2. ee 11
Ln Oe Oss cs eS 79
MARE 88 2) US es NO
ASE
Cepia: 2 SES 74
Not clamping. < 0.0.46.
PEX
UNnMES 4305 ee 74
a eee See At
arp-pointed........... 70
Macau es Hee ee AM
IOLE
pent Ak as oe a 45
AbSONG ei ae tes
sal
NGS, aE Riper cs Uaea 11
Dental el ae 63
RVES
TS Gn a ee ee 51
1 a ee es 1l
Pe oe eee 39
Be ee ee a ee 66
STIPULES
Tnteet as oko. 2h mee 11
Fiber .c 3.925.433 66
Ded, of Pikes 54
FLOATING LEAVES
Base
Condlate. (5 Goo ee, 73
Round. or cun.. <...:).. 45
TRpmie:. Ak. AL
NERVES
110. 2 ee 78
G+ Fe ae ee Scene « 29
ee ees a AM
12 13
43 36
58
LU
16
36
6:
Pe SF gre 2
41 18
62
LU LU
CO 73
iy are 3
31 36
CO 73
17 41
LU 68
14
67
60
AM 72 7
40 42 43
0. 3.0
NA NANO NA 0
69 40 4 3
69 38 68 62 68
LU 64
19
43
LU
45
71
68
45
71
40
0 AM AM PE
5 57
68
LU 75
19 46
68 AL
64 NA
77
NA
68
oS 6 oe 6 ee Oe Chee 6 ee
Ue Sok Ve Oy ia ae dee a ay ye ee ont et ea
ASCHUC 54. 2. oS
SUBMERSED LEAVES
Linear. Se hae ee es
Caen sk ue weeks oa
Notclasping 0 3c. 45.
PEX
PETIOLE
Pr
Coe EO Oe See eee Be ee
5 egw ee be Se ee ee ele
CXC OCHO oe eee Oo ee 6 ew
Rhodora [Marcu
$1.28: 8f 24 26 236 87 38 30:
LU LU LU 67 68 68 AM68 73 PR
21 22 23 74 47 #50 51 52 78 60
LU LU LU 0 LU LU O LU O O
74 51 78 54 54 79 27 56 29 PE
62 LU 62 PR LU 62 O LU CO 6l
62 LU 62 67 68 38 AM68 AM 61
74 51 78 54 54 79 27 56 20 PE
62 LU 62 PR LU 62 0O LU CO 61
47 22 52 54 93 55 27 28 56 PE
PE PE 0 66 66 AM66 AM AM PE
66 68 AM 57
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
PE LU 63 64 N
50 51 52 78 60
25 85 27 28 20 Fa
58 32 64 34 35 68 39 40 70 57
AM 66 AM AM 57
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
60 PE NA 34 66 69 66 AM AM30
74 74 AL 24 54 79 54 79 79 57
NA 0 NA AMAM69 AMAM73 NA
62 64 33 AM6S 38 70 40 45 NA
AL AL AL AL AL AL AL. AL AL
77° 7] 63 AL AL 77 78 78.78 Ne
50 52 23 79 55 26 56 28 29 NA
62 LU 62 AM68 38 AM68 AMNA
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
STEM 81): SF
STELE
Proto-type...../...5...0. 59 LU
SO UGOS 5 ETS Ax 62 3
Oblong-type............ LU LU
ENDODERMIS
oe Je Ae ans 63
IM etek da on 3h) LU
INTBRLACUNA B
- Ace weeks 31: LU
| ee pepe ok ye 63
Present ke a 31 LU
Abseat bea hw leer LU 32
SUBMERSED LEAVES
PE
Be yt ile Se games OP oat cae 0 PE
WACO SoS eG BEE 59 58
Oblong Lape separated: Belg 59 LU
Lanoemiate : 2... ak 59 32
Oblane: or ello. SS, LU LU
MEROOES Estes for es 62 64
ASE
CMe 8 a oe PR PE
Ag ne ae Na tee 62 64
Roendee A SS Gas 61 PE
here Mere ‘ sigitibrs Get 5 cla a 32
a erat Gas Ameer ae S28
iewcohabe CE ey oe LU LU
IOLE
Preehs .5.5...6 3 tes LU 64
Abene.. . As KAS 31° 58
te etal
RIG ARE 31.32
Dentist RPh bee oenaa LU 32
oe pray yw a re eee 62 32
Ball ais ee a LU 32
Ba Fe oa 59 32
A a ee eee PR PE
STIPULES
TOS SO ES Fes 31 32
Pile or a RRS 61 PE
Del. of fuk... 26a. PR PE
FLOATING LEAVES
Basg
Cordate: 3. iid NA 0
Rodnd. oF 6th). 6.440% 62 64
Tiger. 3. i ae
NERVES
IO oi es NA NO
1738 is a 62 64
_ 62 LU
O 6 © o's se 0 8 6 6 6 80 oe 2 6 8
81
383 34 365
LU 67 68
33 PE 58
LU 0 LU
NO 66 66
62 PR LU
36 37
36 67 68 AM =
U NA 62 63
LU 0 LU 0 LU
AM AM AM 39 70
59 61 62 0 LU
36 37 38 AM 68
AM AM AM 39 70
59 61 62 0 LU
68 AM68 39 40
38 39 40
e
62 67 68
NO 66 66
62 PR LU
64 66 35
AM AM AM 66
68
AM 68
LU NA 62
PR. PR <0
68 69 38
PR 61 NA 9 0
AM
M 68
NA 57 PE
64
36 37 38 39
LU 0 LU 63
LU NA 62 63
68 AM
Bose £5 BS
>>
ze>
33 34
NA 34
34
69 AM AM
38 7 0
ag NA NO NO
69 38 AM 68
NO ces ee ee
Ohlaes-bype Poe cye oan
ENDODERMIS
(oes 6 Oke Ce ek ee
O00 06s + 00.8 eo e 6 oo 8
Seanad oh. ae
Muerotate. 4 6.55. 25 A
2 i ty a ee ee ge MeO
eee eee «6 eee we Olas wie
Core eo er ese er sew ewes
206 6 68 e 6 8 Oe eee a ed
Rhodora
41 42 43
43
aad = de |
73
71
68
73
71
68
68
LU
43
68
62
0
42
NA
71 43
LU 68
LU 68
71
62
LU
43
U 68
43
2 LU
U LU
AM 70
AM AM AM 57
44 45 46
73 73 PR
NA NO 74
oe: 029
73
72
45 74
CO PR
AM PR
45 74
72 COP
AM 70
69
73
4
AM AM AM PE
AM AM 57
0 O 75
73 45 46
AM AM AL
0 0 O 46
43 44 45 AL
44
NA NO 74
73 45 74
57
44 45 46
14 73 z
44 45
0 O AL
NA NO AL
hs
47
LU
47
3
74
LU
LU 59
74
LU AMNO 0 -LU
74
76
74
47
LU
LU
LU
47
AL
45 AL 76 76
69 AM 0 LU LU
48
59
76
U LU
AL 74
59
AL
[Marcu
49
0 LU
49
0 LU
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
Pea ats ep? ee fel ee Dee So a
0 6 68 Oe eb ace
ro ht eat Oe eh ge Pe ge ace a
os eet ee ee ee ms
Sharp-pointed...........
Mucronate
ee eh a ee ee ee
00a wt Eh eee Hee ele eee
7 ee ew Sue ae eee ae
53 64 55 656 57
78 54 79 56 PE
NAO. LU 0 PR
NA AM 68 AM PR
78 54 79 56 PE
NA 0 LU O PR
78 54 55 56 PE
>
oo
76
55. 79
LU
on
or
AL
55 5
NO AM 68
77 54 55
70 ~20—0
79 57
55 56 (57
NO PE LU NO PE
53 74 76 78 PE
78 54 55 56 PE
66 68 70 57
0 66 AM AM 57
i]
53 54 55 56 57
NA AM AM AM 57
AL 54 79 79 57
NA 66 AMAM 0
65 AM68 70 0
AL AL AL AL 0
53 AL AL 78 0
53 79 55 56 0
NA AM68 AM 0
AM AM PE
M 5
58
58
58
PE
PE
0
LU
59
NA
84 : Rhodora [Marcu
STEM 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
STELE
Prototypes. foie tee is PR LU 0 LU O AM67 68 AMAM
PPA VOG 0. oa fe vs NA 62 63 64 65 PE 0O LU NA NO
Oblanmtyne. 66... i O° LU 0°: LU 0: 0 0: DU -Oeg
ENDODERMIS
WN es a. Se 0 O 63 NO NO 66 AM AM AM _
8 61 62 O LU NA O PR LU NA
Nae opyadeties B
ee oe Bee ea 38 61 62 0 LU NA AM67 68 69 AM
We as eS 0 O 63 NO NO 66 AM AM AM 70
SUBEPIDERMAL B. -
TOBEN G8 hes 62-61 0% bU NA PR LU NA 0
i eo a si 0 LU 63 64 NO es AM 68 AM 70
SUBMERSED LEAVES
SHA
Onbicular iat Mav ey 0 O PE 0 O 66 AMAMAM AM
we Se se PR LU PE LU 0O 66 67 68 AMAM
Obisas bed a PR LU 0 ae 0
fandeclate.. oe. PR LU 63 64 NO 66 67 70
Oblanc: or ell. 6... 20.32 0 LU 0 LU 0 AMAM68 AMAM
RE ee ee NA 62 NO 64 65 0O
ASE
Clseningts 6s 86. Bs PRO PE 0 PE PR 0.0239
oe Wee re ee NA 62 NO 64 Pr AM AM 68 69 70
PEX
Rownaed. 2 i ess 61 NA PE 0O NA PE PR O NA 0
Atte 6 ee. LU 63 64 NO66 AM68 AM/70
rece RP Sy Sore 0 LU NO 64 NO AMAM68 AM/70
Mueronate .; «#6. oi i 0 LU 0 LU 0 AMAM68 AMAM
PETIOLE
Pree 3 AS 0 LU NO 64 NO cg AM 68 AM 70
Absint 05 220 ee eS 61 62 PE LU NA 66 67 68 69 AM
MarGIn
PO) oes cal ee vs 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Dentioniate: (645 3... LU 63 64 NOPE 0 LU 0O NO
s
WD ser hod oes dh NA 62 63 64 65 PE 0 LU NA NO
Dre ose Gk. ay 0 LU 63 64 NO 66 AM68 AM/70
ee ee a LU 63 64 NO 66 67 68 AM70
oa te aes oie PR 0-PE 60 0 67 AM AM
STIPULES
lett kk 62 64 67 68 69 70
i Pie cd ee 61 NAPE 0 NA 66 67 AM69 AM
Deb or fae... 5... PR 0 PE .0 0 66 67 AMAMAM
FLOATING LEAVES
Base
Cordatm (64.524 ics... NANA 0 0 NAAMAMAM69 AM
Round. or cun........... NA 62 NO 64 65 AMAM68 69 70
Teper... 55 i. m0 .0.0 0 4:86 4
NERVES
fi ee NA NA NO NO 65 0 NA NO
11-88 cee NO 64 65 AM AM 68 69 70
Sa NA 62 0 LU NAAMAM68 69 AM
1943) Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
80 6 O20 6 elem 4 + ee 6 8
SUBMERSED LEAVES
SHAPE
od
2
eeereeeee ee se eevee eees
OF 8 O10 9 Cb 8-8 Se eee eee eS
OO Ue ew 6 be ee bere ors
o 6 Orie 6.8 Sele eee ele SU ee
Eee 6 O10 OO ie! Come. 6
68 Se eee O we ee ee mee
ee
72 73 74 75 76
Ue 0 Fe ee
98 TOs. Fhe TB IO aT
CO 73 0 PRLU 0
NA 0 74 AL 76 77
Pig G2 ©
O73 74 AL qt AL
C A
72 CO 0 PR LU NA
NA AM 0 PR LU NA 0
CO 73 74 AL AL AL 78
0. © 74°76
72 73 AL AL 76 77
NA 0 74 7 77
CO 73 74 AL 76 AL
0 AM 0 O LU O
0 AMO O LU
CO 73 O O LU
NA AM74 75 76
72 73 74 7
NA AM PE PR 0 NA
0 AM 74
78
0
78
0
85
79
79
0
75 AL AL AL 79
0
O 72 73 0
72 73 O O LU NA NO AM
a
AM
AL AL AL AL AL AL
0 AL AL AL 77
73 AL AL 76 77
NAAM 0 0O LU NA
78
78
0
79
AM
86 Rhodora [Marcu
The numbers used in the selective key and the subsections they represent
are as follows:
1. AL CO AM NO NA LU PR PE 41. CO LU PR
2. AL CO AM NO LU PR PE 42. CO NA LU
3. AL AM NA LU PR PE 43. CO AM LU
4. AL CO AM NO LU PE 44. CO AM NA
5. AL CO AM NO NA LU 45. CO AM NO
6. AM NO LU PR PE 46. AL PR PE
. CO AM NO NA LU 47. AL LU PE
% AL NO. NA LU. PE 48. AL LU PR
AL AM LU PR PE 49. AL NA PE
10. AL AM NO LU PE . AL NA LU
ll. AL CO AM NO PE AL NO PE
12, AL CO AM NO LU AL NO LU
13. AM LU PR PE AL NO NA
4. AM NA PR PE AL AM PE
5. AM NA LU PR AL AM LU
AM NO LU PE AL AM NO
i. CO NA: LU PR PR Fe
,§ CO AM LU PR LU 2m
. CO AM NO LU LU PR
. AL NA PR PE . NA PE
AL NA LU PE NA PR
>
ay
Frat
ee)
ee
om
ae)
e 3]
vA
>
a |
AL AM NA LU 66. AM PE
AL AM NO PE 67. AM PR
AL AM NO LU 68. AM LU
AL CO AM NO 69. AM NA
.) NA PR PE . AM NO
NA LU PR CO LU
NO LU PE CO NA
NO NA LU CO AM
AM PR PE AL PE
AM LU PE 7 | ire
AM LU PR 6. AL LU
AM NA PR 7. AL NA
AM NA LU 7g. AL NO
. AM NO PE 9. AL AM
40. AM NO LU
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES
1. P. crispus Linnaeus
submersed, linear-oblong to linear-oblanceolate, principal ones
5-8 (-10) em. long, (.2—) .5-.8 (-1) em. wide, semi-clasping
at base, broadly rounded at apex; nerves 3-7; lacunae of 1 or
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 87
rows along the midrib; margins finely and irregularly dentate.
STIPULEs .5—1 cm. long, ‘slightly adnate at base, upper part fraying
early, leaving the papery or shreddy bases. ‘PEDUNCLES sea
about same thickness as greatest dines of stem, 2—5 (—7
long. Spikes in anthesis compact or moniliform, ‘of 3-5 whoite
of flowers; in fruit 1-2 em. long, 1—-1.3 em. thick. Flowers sessile
or on pedicels up to .4 mm. long; sepaloid connectives orbicular,
(1.2- > 1.5-1.9 (—2.1) mm. wide, claws .3-.9 mm. fed anthers
.7-1.1 (-1.3) mm. long. Fruits ovate, (2-) 2.5-3 (-3.6) mm.
long (excluding beak), (1.6—) 2-2.5 (-2. 8) mm. wide; keels obtuse
ut prominent, dorsal one strongly developed below and with a
small projecting tooth near the base; beak etrogom straight
or incurved, 2-3 mm. long; exocarp rather smooth, greenish or
brownish; endocarp loop solid and near the base; Bh of seed
pointing toward the basal end. WuinTer Buns hard and horny,
1-2 em. thick.
P. crispus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 126 (1753); C. & S., Linnaea 2: 186
(1827) ; Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 36 (1893); Graebn.
in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: rast 11: 97 (1907); Taylor, N. Am. FI.
7: pt. 1: 21 (1909); Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 58 (1916).
onds and streams. South ern Quebec to Virginia, west to
Missouri, also in California. Map 1. Europe, Asia, Africa,
Australia. The following are sapianeneee: QuEBEC: lle
Sainte-Therése, St.-Jean Co., Victorin & Rolland 45189 and 49141.
VERMONT: tributary of Lake Champlain, Charlotte, July 8-11,
1911, Dutton; Charlotte, Chittenden Co., July 7, ou ee
N, mixed with P. peng nites MASSACHUSETTS:
Arlington, Middlesex Co., Sep 1880, herb. C. E. Talon:
ot Fresh Pond, Cambridge, Middlesex Co., Fernald & Weather-
lantae Exsiccatae Grayanae 111; Cambridge Bot. Gar
1864, J. T. Rothrock; Sudbury R., Concord, Middlesex Co.,
Ogden 1502. Connecticut: Housatonic R., Derby, £. H. :
ie 11502; Lake Zoar, Housatonic R.., Southbury, New Haven
i. Eames 1 1485. New York: Lake Ontario, southwest
a Chaumont, Jefferson Co., Fernald, Wiegand & Eames 1 4089;
Pierrepont P., Woodville, Jefferson Co., rs ouse 10069; north end
of Cossayuna L., Washington Co., Muenscher & Lindsey 2739;
abandoned canal, Montezuma, Cayuga Ca, Eames & Wiegand
14535; pool at Eldridge L., Chemung Co., uppe per waters of the
Susquehanna, Lucy 10814; erwisk Flats, Ithaca, Tompkins
Co., Wiegand 11182; Old Ice Pond, Ithaca, R. Jones 7471; Float
Bridge, Rochester, Bazter 5888; Lake Washington Park, Albany,
Albany Co., June 14, 1910, S. H. Burnham. New JERSEY: tide
eee Camden, May 5, 1866, C. F. Parker; Camden, June 1879,
C, Martindale; Clifton, Nash 786; Cedar Brook, Plainfield,
Nay 1879, Frank Tweedy. PENNSYLVANIA: Conestoga, near
Lancaster, June 19, 1861, T. C. Porter; Tiaintn R., Huntingdon
88 Rhodora [Marcu
Co., Aug. 1864, 7. C. Porter; Lehigh R., Easton, July 11, 1868,
T. C. Porter; Sharon, July 7, 1886, F. T. Aschman; outlet of pond
on tributary to Pennypack Creek, Willow Grove, Montgomery
Co., Adams & Tash 512. Drtaware: Wilmington, 1863, Wm.
M. Canby; Wilmington, June 1879, A. Commons; Wooddale,
June 24, 1879, A. Commons; Faulkland, New Castle Co., June
1879, A. Commons; Greenbank, Oct. 16, 1879, A. Commons.
Mary anp: Spesutie Island, May 27, 1879, J. D. Smith; Cleft
Island, Great Falls, McAtee 2953. District or COLUMBIA:
Fish Ponds, Shull 15; Georgetown, VanEseltine & Moseley 201.
West Virainia: Fish Hatchery, White Sulphur Springs, Green-
brier Co., Berkley 1215. Virarnta: Fourmile Run, Chesapeake
Bay Region, Shull 465; near Four-mile Run, near Alexandria,
Blake 9472; 1 mile s. w. of Williamsburg, Grimes 3255; Dyke,
Fairfax Co., Metcalf & Sperry 1631; Claremont Wharf, Surrey
Co., Fernald & Long 7747. Ontario: Toronto, Scott 16439;
pool above Niagara Falls, John Macoun 26830; Kingston,
June 15, 1901, J. Fowler; Sault Sainte Marie, Algoma Co.,
Fassett 14746. MricuicaAn: Muskegon Lake, Muskegon State
Park, 4% mi. w. of Muskegon, Muskegon Co., Hermann 8647;
Kalamazoo R., Kalamazoo Co., Aug. 15, 1938, W. G. Erwin.
Reported from Ottawa Co., and Van Buren Co. by’ Oosting.’
Inprana: Wolf L., June 7, 1913, E. D. Hull; east side of Wolf
Lake, just w. of Whiting, Lake Co., Deam 56607. ILLINOIS:
Wolf L., Chicago, June 10, 1911, EZ. E. Sherff; Stony Island,
Chicago, Cook Co., Steyermark 4227; Lake Nippersink, accord-
ing to Tehon, Torreya 29: 42 (1929), specimen not seen. MIN-
nesoTA: Lake Minnetonka, Keck & Stilwill 428 and 430; Mis-
sissippi R., Wabasha Co., Keck & Stevens 335; Mississipp!
bottoms, below Winona, Aug. 6, 1931, H. J. Oosting. Missouri:
Neosho, Metcalf 948; Blue Spring L. and Osage L., formed by
Blue Springs, 2 mi. s. e. of Bourbon, Crawford Co., Steyermark
16313. Sours Daxota: Edmunds Co., July 1896, D. Griffiths
(specimen in Herb. Brooklyn Bot. Gard., not seen; see Torreya
29: 43 (1929)). Wyomrina: Lakes Swastika and Irene, Medicine
Bow mountains (specimens not seen; see Torreya 32: 5 (1932)).
CaLirornia: cultivated at Pomona College, the plants brought
from Santa Ana R., near Corona, ‘only known station in Cali-
fornia,” San Bernardino Co., Parish 19248; pond in botany lath-
house of Pomona College, planted by Johnston from Santa Ana
R., Munz 2785. Ornaon: near Silvies, Aug. 19, 1901, Griffiths &
Morris (specimen in Herb. Brooklyn Bot. Gard., not seen; see
Torreya 29: 43 (1929)).
P. crispus is distinct from all other species of Potamogeton
found in North America, and should never be confused with any
1 Henry J. Oosting, Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters 15: 165 (1932).
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 89
of them, for it is the only one with leaf-margins having a denta-
tation evident to the unaided eye. Its fruits are distinctive in
having long (2-3 mm.) beaks. Fruits are usually not produced
when the plant grows in deep water, but in shallow, warm pools
it fruits freely.. The winter-buds are especially distinctive, being
large (1-2 cm. thick) and hard and horny. This species is not
native to the Western Hemisphere but is introduced into North
America where in some places it is growing profusely and acting
as a weed. It evidently arrived here rather early for Pursh in
1814 reports it from ‘‘Canada to Virginia.’”! Bennett says,
“The oldest dated American specimen I can find in England is
in Mr. Cosmo Melvill’s herbarium, ‘Philadelphia, 1841-2, Gavin
Watson & Kilvington.’ One from Delaware in the British Mu-
seum Herbarium is probably older: it was collected by R. Egles-
feld Griffith of Philadelphia . . . ’% In 1913, Hull’ reports
it as being abundant and acting as a weed around Chicago in
waters connected to Lake Michigan. He believed the arrival
of the plant to that region to have been quite recent. Tehon*
believes the westward spread of the species in North America to
be due to migrating water birds and suggests that its introduction
to North America may be due to the same agents.
2. P. aupinus Balbis (American varieties)
RuxIzoME about same thickness as stem, branching and creep-
ing, pinkish, not spotted. Stem terete, 1-2 mm. in dia meter,
simple below, rarely branched above, often pressing very flat:
stele with the trio-type pattern, the phloem on the inner face of
the trio-bundle usually appearing as two distinct patches; en-
dodermis of O-cells; interlacunar and subepidermal bundles
absent; pseudo-hypodermis absent. SuBMERSED LEAVES (ex-
cluding transition-leaves) thin, delicate, translucent, oblong-
linear to linear-lanceolate, 4. 5-18 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, usually
with 7 prominent nerves, sometimes also having 2 to 6 less promi-
nent or incomplete ones, sessile and slightly clasping, apex obtuse
or rarely acutish but never sharp-pointed; margin entire; lacunae
along the midrib of rectangular cells, 4-6 rows near the base,
2o0r3 Sg at the middle and 0-2 rows near the apex. FLOATING
in, translucent, often poorly developed or absent,
blades ‘aipabal or oblanceolate to obovate or oblong-linear,
' Frederick Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 120 (1814).
* Arthur Bennett, Journ. Bot. 39: 201 (1901).
*E. D. Hull, Ruopora 15: 171 (1913).
+L. R. Tehon, Torreya 29: 42—46 (1929).
90 Rhodora [Marcu
4—6.5 em. long, 1-2 cm. wid, corny tapering with no sharp
distinction into a petiole 1-3 ¢ long, with (7—) 9-13 (15)
rominent nerves, outer pair ha ate te Ae cadet a short distance
back from the obtuse apex; lacunae along midrib of elongate
cells near base and of oval cells near the middle, entire blade more
or less lacunate with rounded lacunae. Srrpu.Es of submersed
leaves thin, membranous, oblong, obtuse, faintly 2-keeled with
3 lateral nerves on each side, which meet the keel-nerves back
from the apex, (1.2-) 1.5-2.5 (-4) em. long, 2-8 mm. broad;
those of the gocam rag and floating leaves similar but broader
(up to 1 cm.) and with more nerves (15), some also between the
more prominent keel-nerves. PEDUNCLES same thickness as the
stem, 3-10 (-16) cm. long. Sprkes in anthesis more or less
moniliform, especially at the bane with 5-9 whorls “4 fore” in
fruit cylindric and crowded, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, . thick.
FLowERs on short pedicels 5-1 mm. long; eer connec
orbicular to reniform, blades 1. 1. mm. wide, claws .7—.8 mm
long; anthers oblong, .6—1 mm. long. Fruits mostly obovate,
(2.5-) 3-3.5 mm. long eaains beak), (1.7—) 2-2.4 mm. wide,
lateral keels none or very low, dorsal keel thin, usually prominent
and well developed upward, "beak lateral, short and curved to-
ward the back; exocarp smooth, pitted when immature, tawny- —
olive; endocarp with keels rounded, beak linear, 1-1.3 mm. long,
curved toward the back, loop solid; apex of seed pointing toward
basal end. Whole plant and especially the rachis of the spike
usually suffused with re
Two varieties in North America:
Submersed leaves neta prised to linear-lanceolate, 7-25 ce
long, usually more t oa 8 times as long as broad, tapering to ae
obtuse or acutish a 2a. var. tenuifolius.
itmaaredd leaves ublane to pega po 4-10 em. long, usually
less than 8 times as long as broad, apex rounded an
GAUTIOD MENTED CHOON 5s i sss i de ksi 2b. pe subellipticus.
Ci OBR OO OS 68 ee wk ee ea oe
2a. P. aupinus Balbis var. tenuifolius (Raf.), comb. nov.
P. tenuifolius Raf. Pgs Repos. hex. 3, 2: 409 fog re. ron
Ruopora 33: 210 (1931). P. lucens sensu Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am
1: 101 (1803), in part, not L. (1753). P. microstachys *Wolfg.
in Schultes & Schultes, Mant. 3: 360 (1827). P. rue
(1827). P. obrutus Wood, Cl.-Bk. ed. 2: 525 (1847). P. lucens
var.? fluitans (Roth) Gray, Man. ed. 2: 435 (1856), as to syno-
nyms P. rufescens Schrad. and P. obrutus Wood, not P. fluitans
Roth. P. alpinus sensu Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2:19
(1893), in large part; sensu Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam.
11:70 (1907), as to Am. plant in large part; sensu Taylor, N. Am. —
91
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
2
”
]
°o
&
» ul
‘a &
aT)
von
NK
s
=
RanGEs oF PoTAMOGETON
92 Rhodora [Marcu
Fl. 17: pt. 1: 19 (1909) in large part; sensu Hagstr., Crit. Res.
Pot. 141 (1916), as to Am. plant, in large part. P. alpinus
proles heer © (Wolfg.) Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4:
fam. 11: 72 (1907). P. montanense Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot.
France 66: 304 (1920). P. microstachys var. typicus Fernald,
Ruopora 32: 80 (1930). P. alpinus subsp. tenutfolius (Raf.)
Hultén, Fl. Aleut. Is. 65 (1937) and Fl. Alaska and Yukon 98
(1941). P. rufescens sensu Am. authors, in large part, not Schrad.
Streams and cold ponds, southwestern Greenland, Labrador,
and Hudson Bay to Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, south
to Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, western Massachusetts and
Pennsylvania, Colorado and California. Map 2. e fol-
lowing, selected from many specimens, are representative:
GREENLAND: Itivnera, 64° 22’ N., PS apne Fjord, Aug. 19,
1931, M. P. Porsild; ‘Qagssiarssuk, 60° 53’ N., Igaliko-Fjord,
Aug. 5, 1925, A. E. re a bee Tpaliko” July 23, 1888,
L. Kolderup Rosenvin ae LaBRADOR: Rama, A. St ecker 332;
Seal L., n. Lab., Spreadborough 16429; Grand Falls of Hamilton
Ry M. T. Doutt 3296. NEWFOUNDLAND: Little Quirpon,
Quirpon Harbor, Wiegand & Hotchkiss 27337; Highlands Brook
above pond, Crabbes, R. B. Kennedy 81; shores of Conception
Bay, reid aon Fernald & Wiegan d 4473; Grand Falls,
Valley of Exploits River, Fernald, Wiegand & Darlington 4474;
Lookout Mountain, West Arm (South Arm of charts), Bonne
Bay, Fernald, Long & Fogg 1207; Grand L., Bay of Islands,
AG. Waghorne 6; St. Georges P., "between Bay St. George and
Bay of Islands, Fernald & Wiegand 2443 (approaching var.
subellipticus). QUEBEC: Nacaiiian, Saguenay Co., St. John
90083 & 90084; Lac Duguay, Newport, Gaspé Co., Proulx 58;
Riv. Mistassin, (Michaux Herb., Paris Museum, as P. lucens,
TYPE of P. tenuifolius Raf., as to plant on right) ; Lac William,
Mégantic Co., Victorin 11162; shallow lagoon, head of Sargents
Bay, Lake Memphremagog, Aug. 3, 1903, Churchill; Bolton
Center, Sherbrooke Co., Pease 26709; La Sarre, Abitibi, Louis-
Marie 313; lac tourbeux, Ville Montel, Abitibi Region, Victorin, |
Rolland & Meilleur 43 780. Anticostt: Anticosti I., Victorin &
Rolland 27630. New Brunswick: Junction of Restigouche and
Matapedia Rivers, Rousseau 32332; Bass R., Nepisiquit, July 30,
1873, J. Fowler; St. John R., Connors, ’Pease 2907. Nova
Scotia: Truro, Colchester Co., Bean & White 22963; Mahone
Bay, Hamilton 64010. MAINE: White’s Brook, Seven Islands,
T. 13, R. 14 & 15, valley of the St. John R., Aroostook Co., St.
John & Nichols 21045; St. John R., Madawaska, Fernald 117;
Piscataquis R., Dover, Aug. 27, 1894, Fernald; Mattagodus
Stream, TT redwell School, Prctiting Penobscot Co., ‘Steinmetz $23;
Haley Pond, Rangeley, Franklin Co., Sept. 1, 1894, K. Furbish;
Pembroke, Washington Co., Fernald 1622; Sydney, Kennebe¢ |
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 93
Co., Fernald & Long 12388. New Hampsuire: Colebrook,
Cods Co., Pease & Fernald 17024 (app. v. reel ENE Horse-
shoe P., Northumberland, Coés Co., Pease 17270 (app. v. subel-
lipticus) ; Cherry P., Jdleeion; ‘Coés Co., July 1829, J. W.
Robbins; bayou of the Connecticut R.., Hanover, July 12, 1910,
E. tams (flaccid form). VER RMO ONT: Harve ey’s P., W.
Barnet, Sept. 7, 1885, F. Blanchard; Windsor, Sept. 6, 1881,
Geo. Leland; “fe ‘flumine Passumpsic,” A. Wood (original collec-
tion of P. obrutus). MaAssacuusEtts: Richmond, Sept. 19, 1864,
Robbins. New York: Preble, Cortland Co., July 31, 1886,
Dudley; Paradox L., Muenscher & Lindsey 2712; Black R..,
Dexter, Jefferson Co., Fernald, Wiegand & Eames 14082; n. of
R. R. bridge, Cayuga, Cayuga Co., Oct. 1886, W. R. Dudley
(mixed with P. illinoensis in US); Oxford, seo 30, 1886, F. V.
Coville. PENNSYLVANIA: near Easton, Aug. 4, 1869, Thos. C:
Porter. Ontario: Cross L. Portage, decaaeain Forest Roggio
Krotkov 5142 (app. v. subellipticus); Current R., July 0, 1869,
John Macoun; “Bruce Co., Peninsula,’ 1871, Joke Maw
Micuican: Isle Royale, W. S. Cooper, no. “954 in part”; Dead
R., Marquette, C. F. Wheeler 26; 3 mi. n. e. of Watersmeet,
Gogebic Co., Bessey B & D 2781; Beaver R., Petoskey, July 2,
1878, E. J. Hill; Alma, Aug. 11, 1893, C. A. Davis; Chatham,
C.F. Wheeler 90. Wisconsin: White Sand L., Vilas Co. , Aug. 11,
1930, J. P. E. Morrison; Minocqua, Oneida Co., Fassett fap
between McNaughton and Rhinelander on Wis
Cheney 1501. Manrrosa: Churchill, Polunin 1976, 1977, _
2062. Minnesota: Lake Kilpatrick, Cass Co., Aug. 1893,
C. H. Bullard (app. v. subellipticus); n. end of Squaw L., Clear-
water Co., Moyle 894 (app. v. subellipticus); SouTH DaKora:
Boulder Creek, Boulder Canyon, Lawrence Co., Over 13817 (app.
Vv. subellipticus). MAcKENZIE: Setidgi L., 68° 28’ N., 132°: 20°
W., Aug. 21, A. BE. & R. T. Porsild; McTavish ey Great
Bear L., 66° 23’ N., 117° 40’ W., A. E. & R. T. Porsild. Sas-
KATCHEWAN: Cornwall Bay, te Athabasca, 59° 27’ 30” N.,
108° 27’ 30” W., Raup 6618, 6621, & 6622. Archibald R.,
vicinity of Wolverine Ptiyki Athabasca, 59° 9’ N., 108° 25’ W.,
aup 6741. ALBERTA: Slave Lake Dist., Brinkman 4541; Ver-
million Lakes, Banff, Macoun 4365. MONTANA: eect
Lakes, Maguire 472; Swift Current Creek, Maguire 474; Trou
Lake, Maguire & Piranian 5442; Rost L. , Big Fork, Whitford 258:
Swift Current Creek, below Lake McDermott, Glacier Nat’l
Park, Standley 16855; Swan R. at Elbow (Lindberg) L., Mission
Range, Missoula Co., G. B. & R. “ Rossbach 16. Ipano:
Kootenai Co., Sept. 1887, J. H. Sandberg. Wvyomtna: Shoshone
Lake, Yellowstone Nat’l Park, Padberg. & Bessey 3724 (TYPE no.
of P. montanense Gandog.) & 3725; Heart Lake Creek, Yellow-
stone region, Sept. 3, 1878, C. Richardson (mixed with v. subel-
°
94 Rhodora [Marcu
lipticus in US). Cotorapo: Lake Eldora, Boulder Co., Clokey
3118; Georgetown, M. E. Jones 734; Walton Creek, Routt Co.,
July 1891, A. Eastwood; vicinity of Twin Lakes, July—Aug.,
1902, C. Juday; Seven Lakes, F. E. & E. S. Clements 491; Grand
Lake, Shear & Bessey 5328; Howe P. O., Larimer Co., Osterhout
2885; Tomichi R., Parlin, Gunnison Co., Aug. 20, 1901, Benj. H.
Smith. Urvan: Clayton Peak, Wasatch Mts., Aug. 12-26, 1903,
S. G. Stokes; Twin Lakes, Alta, Wasatch Mts., M. E. Jones 1297;
Silver L. at Brighton, Big Cottonwood Canyon, Salt Lake Co.,
Maguire & Richards 13156; Bridger L., Uinta Mts., Summit Co.,
Rollins 2319; Brighton, M. E. Jones 6606. CALIFORNIA: North
Fork of Kings R., Hall & Chandler 563, region of Kaweah Peaks,
Funston’s Meadows, Tulare Co., Dudley 2201; Webber L., Sierra
Co., Aug. 3, 1894, Dudley; Silver Valley, Alpine Co., Brewer 1978.
OREGON: in a warm spring, Harney Valley, June 10, 1885, T.
Howell (mixed with P. illinoensis). Wasuineron: Trout Creek,
w. Klickitat Co., Suksdorf 2172; Falcon Valley, Mt. Adams, Sept.
1879, Suksdorf; Baker L., Whatcom Co., Muenscher 7657a &
7658. British Cotumstia: Kicking Horse L., Rocky Mts., Aug.
17, 1890, John Macoun 4162; Revelstoke, John Macoun 4163;
Barkerville, McCabe 43; Nanaimo, Vancouver I., John Macoun
78321. AuasKa: Goldstream Cr. and Pedro Dome, 65° 0’ N.,
147° 30’ W., A. E. & R. T. Porsild 114; Buckland R., 65° 55’ N.,
161° 0’ W., A. E. & R. T. Porsild 1496; Afognak L., Afognak
Island, Shelikof Strait off Alaska Pen., Aug. 1931, W. H. Rich;
Kodiak Island, Trelease 2870 & 2871; Shumagin Islands, Saun-
ders 2869; False Pass, Unimak Island, Aleutian Islands, Zyerdam
2141; Unalaska (type-locality of P. microstachys), Van Dyke 202,
also Eyerdam 2360, and Hultén 7573; Seldovia, Piper) 4426;
Kukak Bay, Alaska Pen., Coville & Kearney 1564; Olga Bay;
Kodiak Island, Z. H. & H. B. Looff 1501.
2b. P. atpinus Balbis var. subellipticus (Fernald), comb. nov.
P. microstachys var. subellipticus Fernald, Ruopora 32:
(1930). _P. alpinus, sensu Morong Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2:19
(1893), in small part; sensu Graebn., in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4:
fam. 11: 70 (1907), as to N. Am. plant in small part; sensu
Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17: pt. 1: 19 (1909), in small part; sensu 4
ue ye nts a Pot. 141 (1916), as to Am. plant in or
part. . tenuifolius var. subellipti RA dv:
B11 (198i). pticus Fernald, RHopo
Shallow pools and slow streams, Newfoundland, south to
southern Vermont and eastern New York, sparingly westward tO —
Wyoming and Montana. Map. 3. The following are referr
here: NEWFOUNDLAND: Salmonier R., 1931, Agnes Ayre; Flowet —
Cove, Straits of Belle Isle, Fernald & Long 26221, also. Hotchkiss —
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 95
27338; Stephenville, region of Bay St. George, F yest Wiegand
& _ Kittredge 2442; Port a Port, Mackenzie & Griscom 10047.
EC: Ile & la Proie, Archipel_ de Mingan, Victorin ao Rolland
20462: Locked Camp, Riviére Cap Chat, Matane Co., Victorin,
Rolland & Jacques 44451; Maria, Bonaventure Co., Victorin,
Rolland & Jacques 33315; between Baldé and the Baie des
Chaleurs, Bonaventure R., "Bonaventure Co., Collins, Fernald &
Pease 591 i Georgeville, "Pease 1919; Charlton Island, about
52° N., 79° 30’ W., James Bay, A. E. Porsild 4296; Lac Philippe,
Ladysmith, Pontiae Co., Gauthier 2446. Anticosti: Riviére
Sainte-Marie, Victorin & Rolland 25938; Riviére au Saumon,
Victorin, Rolland & Louis-Marie 20467. MaAGpALEN ISLANDS:
East Cape and East Point, Coffin Island, Fernald, Long & St.
John 6766, (TYPE in Gray Herb. ); Ile de Havre-au-Ber, Victorin
& Rolland 9928. New Brunswick: Eel R., Dalhousie, Svenson
& Fassett 3028. Nova Scotia: Baddeck Bay, Victoria Co.,
Fernald & Long 19687. Matne: Houlton, Aroostook Co., 1881,
K. Furbish, ee Fernald & Long nahh begin? Piscataquis
Co., Sept. 5, 1894, Sept. 15, 1894 & Aug. 31, 1896, Fernald.
VERMONT: Little Leech Pond, Averill, oe Co., Eggleston 1656;
Willoughby, Orleans Co., Aug. 4& 11, 1881, E. Fazon; “Nigger”
P., Westmore, Orleans Co., Eames & Godfrey 9334; West Burke,
Redfield 8014; Evart’s P., Windsor, Aug. 27, 1933, Weatherby &
Griscom. New York: Minerva Brook, east of Minerva, Essex
Co., House 15182; Niagara Falls, Aug. 21, 1886, Morong; Para-
dox L., Essex Co., Killip 12605 (mixed with P. pacts Sree in
US). ONTARIO: Howdenvale, Watson 3144 & 3146; River
Trent, John Macoun 4168; Batchawana Falls, Algoma Dist.,
Taylor et al. 294. MicnigAn: Eagle Harbor, Keweenaw Pen.,
1863, Robbins; North Cliff, Keweenaw Co., Aug. 1, 1888, O. A.
Farwell; west branch Ontonagon Ri. endaetoat| Li: Gogebic Co.,
Hotchkiss & Koehle r 4849. Wisconsin: Three Lakes, Oneida
Co., Aug. 5, 1918, R. Hoffman; n. w. end of Big Arbor Vitae L.,
Vilas Co., Hotchkiss & so btig 4460. Minnesota: Lake il-
patrick, Gass Co., Aug. 1893, C. A. Ballard; Gull L., Cass Co.,
Aug. 1893, A. P. prep ii SASKATCHEWAN: Archibald Re
Meg of Wolverine Pt., L. Athabasca, about 59° 9’ N., 108°
5’ W., Raup 6742. Montana: Lake Josephine, Glacier Nat'l
Park Maguire 478. Ipano: west end of Fernan L., Coeur
d’ Alene, Rust 384. Wyomina: Heart Lake Creek, Yellowstone
region (mixed with v. tenuifolius in US; sheet in G not mixed) ;
e. fork of Big Sandy, Wind River Mts., ‘all 1878, C. Richardson.
British Cotumsia: Austey Creek, Shuswap L., J. M. Macoun
4166.
In 1930, Fernald showed that the American and eastern
Asiatic plant which had been passing as P. alpinus Balbis of
98 Rhodora [Marcu
even stranded along the shore, while many specimens of var.
subellipticus show evidences of having developed in deep water.
3. P. POLYGONIFOLIUS Pourret
Ruizome buff or pinkish, often with arate ete about
same thickness as stem. Stem simple, .7—-2 m n diameter;
stele with the proto-type pattern; endodermis came: of O-cells;
interlacunar bundles absent; subepidermal bundles present;
pseudo-hypodermis 1 or 2 cells thick. SuBMERSED LEAVES
(usually absent) with blades lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, .5-1.5
cm. wide, aioe gradually at both ends, apex acutish but not
sharp-pointed, petiole 1-3 cm. long; nerves 7-11, outer ones
marginal; lacunae rather obscure, of 2—4 hdd each side of mid-
rib; margin entire. FLOATING LEAVES coriaceous, ovate, apex
tapering to an obtuse tip, base rounded or slightly cordate, peti-
oles 1-15 cm. long, blades 3-8 (-9) em. long, 1-4 cm. wide,
nerves (11—) 15-19 (—21), all of about equal prominence; lacunae
none. StipuLes about 3 em. long, somewhat persistent, without
keels or practically so. PEpuNCLES about same thickness as
stem, 4-12 cm. long. Spikes with about 10 whorls, in fruit 2-3
cm. long, .5-.7 em. wide. FLOowers sessile or nearly so; sepalany =
connectives greenish, blades orbicular or elliptical, 1-2 m
wide, claws .3-.7 mm. long; anthers .6—.8 mm. long. Fruits 4
obovate to orbicular, rounded at base, sides with a depression, —
especially if immature, (1.6—) 2-2.5 mm. long, (1.2—) 1.5-2.1 mm.
wide; beak minute or obsolete; keels absent or nearly so; exocarp
reddish; endocarp loop often ‘with a large cavity; apex of see
pointing toward the basal end or slightly above.
P. po soem foliue Pourr., Mém. Acad. Toulouse 3: 325 (1788);
Benn., Bot. Gaz. 32: 58 (1901); Graebn. in Engler. Pflanzenr., —
4: fam. 11: 65 (1907); paige N. Am. Fl. 17: pt. 1: 21 (1909);
sca Crit. Res. Pot. 175 5 (1916).
gt Arséne At Nov VA je pba Sable Tuand. 43° 59! N.,
Tow; St John 1121 & 1
ae polygonifolius ranges Bibi Europe, Algeria, Morocco, q
Madeira and the Azores', but appears in the western hemisphere —
} The old world range of this species is taken from Hagstrém, Crit. Res. Pot. 178° -
os It is also given a widespread Asiatic range by Bennett, Bot. Gaz. 32: 59
1)
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 99
only in eastern Newfoundland, the island of St. Pierre close by,
and Sable Island off Nova Scotia. It may be presumed that this
species in America, now confined to areas that largely escaped
the last continental glaciation, once had a much wider range.
This species has a strong tendency to produce floating leaves
which often spring almost directly from the rhizome. Terres-
trial forms are common and in such condition may survive in
ponds that dry up for a part of the summer.!
4. P. ampuirouius Tuckerman
Ruwi1zoMeEs whitish or often with a reddish cast, 2-4 mm. in
diameter, scales black, broadly obtuse. Stem terete, 1-3.5 mm.
in diameter, simple or ‘forming short branches late in the season;
stele with the proto-type pattern; endodermis of O-cells; inter-
lacunar bundles present throughout; subepidermal bundles
absent; pseudo-hypodermis 1 or 2 cells thick. SuBMERSED
LEAVES (excluding transition leaves) of two more or less distinct
types: those on the lower part of the stem lanceolate, dark green
and usually badly decayed by the time the floating leaves appear,
with 19-25 nerves: those of the upper part of the stem broadly
lanceolate to ovate with margins much longer than midrib
giving those leaves just below the floating ones a characteristic
arcuate appearance, with 23-87 nerves; both types obtuse or
acutish at apex, but never sharp-pointed, ‘and —— to sper
1-6 cm. ae blades 8-20 cm. long, 2.5-7.5 em. wide; margins
entire; lacunae 3-6 rows each side of midrib. rome ee
with gradual transitions from the submersed ones, coriaceous,
opaque, ovate to elliptical, apex rounded or bluntly mucronate
base cuneate or rounded, aes 8-20 cm. long, bla 5-10
em. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, with (21—) 29-41 (-51) Covel, about
\4 of the nerves more nacre than the others, as seen by
transmitted light; lacunae none. Srtrputes of the oa inne
leaves somewhat persistent, fibrous, triangular, obtuse when
young, becoming twistedly stringy with age, 3.5-11 cm. long,
obscurely 2-keeled; those of the floating leaves similar, 5-12
(-18.5) em. long, with 2 fairly well marked keel-nerves and
30—40 fine nerves. PEDUNCLEs at base about same thickness as
stem, but usually thicker at the middle or upper half, 4-30 cm.
long. Sprkes with 9-16 whorls; in fruit 4-8 cm. long, 1—1.5 cm.
thick. FLowers sessile or on very short pedicels up to 1 mm.
long; sepaloid connectives usually with a — ari sometimes
greenish, blades orbicular to elliptical, (1.2—) 1 3 (- —3.5) mm.
wide, claws .4-.8 (-1) mm. long; anthers .8-1. 5 2) mm. long.
1 See Harold St. John, Sable Island, etc., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 36: no. 1: 59
(1921).
100 Rhodora [Marcu
Fruits obovate, rounded on the back, cuneate at base, sides
flat, 3.5-4.5 (-5) mm. long (excluding beak), 2.5-3.3 (-3.7) mm.
wide, beak often prominent, up to 1 mm. long; keels usually
prominent but sometimes rounded or obscure, the dorsal one
often strongly developed, especially at the middle; exocarp
usually reddish or orange-brown if fully mature, otherwise
greenish; endocarp with 3 prominent, acutish and often some-
what muricate keels, beak linear, facial, about 1 mm. long, loop
solid; apex of seed pointing .6-1.5 mm. above the basal end.
Robust plants characterized by several large arcuate submersed
leaves clustered just below the water surface, and floating leaves
with numerous nerves.
P. amplifolius Tuckerm., Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2: 6: 225 (1848);
Morong, Mem. Torr. Club. 3: no. 2: 16 (1893); Graebner in
Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 67 (1907); Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17:
pt. 1: 18 (1909); Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 163 (1916). P. lucens
var. ? fluitans (Roth) Gray, Man. ed. 2: 435 (1856), as to plants —
included in part, not P. fluitans Roth. ?P. amplifolius forma
amphibius Benn., Journ. Bot. 42: 70 (1904). ?P. amplifolius —
var. ovalifolius Morong ex Benn., Journ. Bot. 42: 70 (1904);
? Graebn., in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 68 (1907). ?P.
amplifolius var. amphibius (Benn.) Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr.
. fam. 11: 68 (1907). Spirillus amplifolius (Tuckerm.) Nieuwl., —
m. Mid. Nat. 3: 16 (1913). P. amplifolius forma homophyllus
Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 163 (1916).
Lakes and streams, usually in deep water. Newfoundland,
south to Virginia and Tennessee, west to Missouri and Kansas,
also in California, Oregon and Washington. Mar 5. The follow-
ing, selected from many specimens, are representative: NEW-
FOUNDLAND: Salmonier R., 1931, Ayre; Frenchman’s Cove, Bay
of Islands, Mackenzie & Griscom 10045. QurBeEc: Lac Sainte-
Bap il
Anne, Victorin, Rolland & Jacques 33517; New Richmond, Bona- .
venture Co., Victorin, Rolland & Jacques 33858; Lake Mem-
phremagog, July 29, 1902, J. R. Churchill; Riviére-aux-Serpents,
ka, Victorin 20457, 21201 & 25815; East Templeton, John
Macoun 85584; East Templeton near Hull, Malte 118267 &
118268. McGregor L., J. M. Macoun 86002; Lac Lepéche,
Rolland 13044; Otter L., Pontiac Co., Gauthier 2422; Lac Donald-
son, Buckingham, Rouleau 7231; Kondiaronk (Lac Creux);
Victorin 16065. Nova Scotta: Mill Brook, Sheffield’s Mills,
Kings Co., Aug. 24, 1902, Fernald; Young’s L., North Mt:
Belle Isle, Annapolis Co., Fernald, Bartram, Long & Fassett 23139;
Lily L., Sandy Cove, Digby Co., Fernald & Long 19688; Little _
Meteghan L., Digby Co., Fernald & Long 23140; Sloane L.,
Pleasant Valley, Yarmouth Co., Fernald, et al. 19689. MaiNE:
Saint Francis R., Aroostook Co., Aug. 13, 1902, Eggleston &
Fernald; St. John P., T. 6, R. 17, Somerset Co., St. John &
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 101
Nichols 2108; Eagle L. Del wig Co., Ogden 1704; E. Edding-
ton, Penobscot Co. , Aug. 2 , 1897, Fernald; Harvey’s P., Levant,
Penobscot Co., Ogden t ’ Marston 1698, Plantae Exsiccatae
Grayanae 904; Loon L., Franklin Co., 1894, Furbish; Middle P.,
. Poland, Androscoggin Co., Sept. 1893, Furbish. New Ha AMP-
SHIRE: Lime Pond, Columbia, Coés Co., Pease 13883; York P.,
Kilkenny, Coés Co., Pease 17185; Burns P., Whitefield, Coés
Co., Pease 14585, also Moore 5036; Wolfboro, Carroll CoRR: A.
Ware 38326; Squaw Cove, Squam e , Sandwi ch, Carroll Co. , July
21, 1923, Svenson; Dublin, Cheshire Co., Aug. 8, 1931, Eaton &
Griscom; Johnson Creek, Madbury, Strafford Co., Hodgdon 2662.
VERMONT: Little Leech P., Averill, Essex Co., ‘Eggleston 1655;
Long Pond, Willoughby, Orleans Co., spi 26, 1896, Kennedy;
Willoughby L., Aug. 31, 1917, E. J. Win low; Missisquoi Bay,
Lake Champlain, Swanton, Franklin Co., Get 3 , 1909, A. E.
Blewitt; Spectacle L., Rutland Co., July 21, 1907, EB. C. Kent;
Big P., Rutland Co., Aug. 29, 1895, F.C. Kent; Chittenden,
Aug. 18, 1895, Eggleston. Massacuuserts: Wenham , Wen-
ham, Essex Co., July 18, 1895, J. H. Sears; Fresh P., Cambridge,
Middlesex Co., many collectors: Concord R., Billerica, Middlesex
Co. , Fernald & Abbe 2506; Sudbu ry R., Conco rd, Middlesex Co.,
Aug. 4, 1886, Morong, also Aug. 4, 1886, Deane, also Ogden &
Wiggins 1729; Wood’s P. | Wellesley, Norfolk Co., Aug. 1, 1881,
Morong; Middleboro, Plymouth Co., Aug. 12, 1 1901, J. Murdock:
Quinsigamond P., Worcester, June 2 1864, Robbins; Great
Brook, Southwick, Hampden Co., Seymour 249; Spectacle P;;
Sandisfield, Berkshire Co., June 27, 1912, R. Hoffmann;
mont, Standley & Killip 7648. Ruope Isuanp: Pawtuxet R.,
Cranston, eke nie Co., July 6, 1898, J. F. Collins; Apponaug
" Kings ” TApponaug Pond is in the town of Wa rwick]
Wankicue. yor Aug. 26, 1880, Morong. CoNNEcTICUT:
Thompson, Windham Co., June 10, 1922, Eaton & Fassett; East
Granby, Hartford Co., Weatherby D2409; Hamlins P., Plainville
Hartford Co., Blewitt. 632; Quinnipaug P., Guilford, New ae
— or 1886, W. R. Dudley; Seldens Cove, Lyme, A ae,
, Citi Bissell; Mudge P., Sharon, Weatherby & ree erson
son Colebrook, Aug. 13, 18 50, J. W. Robbins; West Goshen,
Aug. 1892, L. M. Underwood; Twin Lakes Station, Salisbury,
Litehfield Co., Aug. 20, 1935, Fernald & Ogden. New York:
Mouth of Perch River, Jefferson Co., Muenscher & Maguire 1600;
Spencer Lake, Spencer, Tioga Co., Eames & Wiegand 11172;
Pierrepont P., Woodville, House 8838, also Ogden & Bolan 1583;
Indian L., Franklin Co., Muenscher & Maguire 719; Eagle L.
Essex Co., Killip 12610; Bemus Point, Lake Chautauqua, Aug.
8, 1896, Churchill; Edick Creek near Sears P., Lewis Co., Hotch-
kiss 2646; Rockl and L., July 17, 1892, Morong; Carpe nters r,
Fabius, Onondaga Co., House 1329; Waldorf F., & Of Nor th
102, Rhodora [Marcu
Chatham, Columbia Co., House 21752; Pine P. (Gypsy L.),
Putnam Co., Muenscher & Curtis 5423; Sodus Bay, Killip 12261;
Lake Luzerne, Luzerne, Warren Co., Fogg 4934; Hudson R.,
Coveville, Saratoga Co., Muenscher & Lindsey 2723; North
Harpersfield, Delaware Co., Topping 203; near Peekskill, West-
chester Co., 1868, LeRoy. New Jrersry: Delaware R., Camden,
Oct. 7, 1877, C. F. Parker; Pensauken, Camden Co., Adams
& Trudell 378; Swartswood L., Sussex Co., Griseom & Mac-
kenzie 10679; Cranberry L., Sussex Co., Mackenzie 2305; Sparta,
ussex Co., Sept. 13, 1887, N. L. Britton; Hackensac R.,
Bergen Co., July 25, 1861, C. F. Austin. PENNSYLVANIA: Mar-
tin’s Creek, Northampton Co., Aug. 29, 1906, C. S. Williamson;
Lehigh above Easton, June 15, 1869, Thos. C. Porter; Brandy-
wine Creek, Icedale, Chester Co., Sept. 18, 1927, H. E. Stone.
District oF Cotumsia: near Washington, Coville 129; Eastern
Branch below Navy Yard, Sept. 1, 1900, EZ. S. Steele. MARYLAND:
Mouth of Mill Creek, Chesapeake Bay Region, G. H. Shull 97. 4
West Virainia: Minnehaha Springs, Pocahontas Co., July 31,
1930, W. V. U. Bot. Exped.; also E. E. Berkley 1887; Huttons- —
ville, Randolph Co., Moore 2488. Vriretnta: Four Mile Run,
Shull 413 & 473; June 6, 1899, E. S. Steele; Dyke, Fairfax Co.,
Metcalf & Sperry 1621, 1634, & 1639; Hunting Creek, Dist. of
Columbia and vicinity, McAtee 2237 & 2279. Grorata: Lafay- —
ette, Walker Co., Wilson 189. Ontario: Plevna, Aug. 19, 1902, —
J. Fowler; Epilobium Bay, Bear Island, Watson 1178; Whitney —
L., 12 mi. n. of Temagami, Kane 1030; Bass Creek, Franks Bay,
Lake Nipissing, Chitty 319; McGregor Bay, Manitoulin District,
Ogden & Bolan 1647; Gore Bay, Manitoulin Island, Pease & —
Ogden 25032; Old Woman’s R., Bruce Pen., Krotkov 8629; Gull L.,
Addington Co., July 15, 1870, John Macoun; Belleville, Hastings
Co., July 1876, John Macoun; Lac Meach, Ottawa, Rolland 8697. :
Micutean: Isle Royale, Cooper 93 & 215; Lake Manganese, Cop- —
per Harbor, Keweenaw Co., Hermann 8233; Carp R., Porcupine
Mts., Aug. 16, 1923, H. T. Darlington; Crystal Falls, Iron Co.,
Metcalf 2242, 2250, 2254 & 2255; Michigamme L., Iron Co., —
Metcalf 2209 & 2210; Whitefish L., Mackinac Co., Metcalf 2321; _
Chassell, Houghton Co., Pease & Ogden 25167; Black L., Che- —
boygan Co., Aug. 3, 1935, Gleason; Little Manistee R., Manistee, —
Aug. 8, 1882, Morong; Washtenaw Co., July 17, 1838, Houghton; —
Mill-pond, Alma, Aug. 11, 1893, C. A. Davis; Kalamazoo R., —
Allegan Co., Wight 97 & 109; Kimble L., Vicksburg, Kalamaz00 —
Co., July 5 & 28, F. W. Rapp; Sister Lakes, Van Buren Co.;
De Selm 24 (F, mixed with P. natans); Papaw L., Berrien C0. _
Dodge 172; Haslet, Yuncker 361. Onto: Geauga L., Portage Co. —
Webb 546; Phalanx, Trumbull Co., Webb 452; Cowles Creek
Marsh, Ashtabula Co., Aug. 15, 1894, Goodrich 209; East Harbor,
Ottawa Co., Aug. 10, 1898, E. L. Moseley; Put-in-Bay, Aug
Se a aera aman SR RN RE abel FERRIER sa Cn eR SE em A ROR eS em
23 STt
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 103
1898, A. J. Pieters. InpiaAnNa: Lake Maxinkuckee, Scovell &
Clark 1223, also Clark 5 & 10, also Scovell 26 (US, mixed with P.
natans) & 28, also Evermann 1223; 4.3 mi. south of Hayden,
Jennings Co., Deam 48399; Loon L., Whitley Co., Deam 49399;
Lake Manitou, Rochester, Fulton Co., Deam 56490; Wolf L.,
Whiting, Lake Co., Deam 56616; Wolf L., Lake Co., Aug. 18,
1920, D. C. Peattie; Hamilton L., Hamilton, Steuben Co.,
Deam 56683; Pine L., 2 mi. n. w. of La Porte, La Porte Co.,
Deam 52425. Kentucky: a specimen without locality data
except ‘‘C. W. Short, M.D., Lexington, Kentucky.” aplee |
TENNESSEE: Mill-Sharp Lane, Lost Creek, Union Co.,
1933, J. K. Underwood. ALABAMA: Larkin Fork of Peat oat
RB: , Jackson Co., June 25, 1932, Harper. Wisconsin: Green Bay,
June 29, 1890, Schuette; "Madison, July 30, 1889, Trelease; Lake
Mendota, Madison, Dane Co., July 26, 1905, A. B. Stout; Lake
Mendota, Aug. 20, 1912, R. H. Denniston; Hill ee Minocqua,
Oneida Co., Fassett 5362: Deer L., Polk Co., Aug. 1892, Pei.
Burglehaus; Pell L., Bloomfield Twp., Walworth Co., Hotchkiss
& Koehler 4192; Kakagon Slough, Odanah, Sanborn Twp., Ash-
land Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler 4353; Pewaukee L., Milwaukee
Co., Aug. 1884, H. E. Hasse; near Lac Vieux Desert, Cheney
1785. Inutnors: Lake Villa, Lake Co., Gleason & Shobe 176;
Wolf L., Chicago, Chase 1710; Chicago R., Cook Co., July 21,
1906, F. ¢. Gates; Englewood, June 15—July 22, 1880, herb. C. E.
Faxon, also July 22, 1880, E. J. Hill; Dupage ss; Warrenville
at
Oosting 3275; Cedar L., Rice Co., Oct. 22, 1891, E. Douglas;
Lake Koronis, Stearns Co., Kubichek 115b (US, mixed with P.
natans) & 120; Centre City, Sandberg 658; Chisago L., Metcalf
1140 & 1160; Center City, Sandberg 656; Basswood is, Lake Co.; =
Metcalf 151 1; Tait L., Kandiyohi Co., ’ Metcalf 2024: Leech L.,
Cass Co., Shunk & Mc anning 353: Mille Lacs L., Mille Lacs Co., “4
Keck & Stevens 332; Dudley L., Keck & Stilwill 377; L. Minne-
tonka, Keck & Stibwill 433; ae Louis L., Stearns Co., Linsdale &
Keck 5h: Map Wright Co., Linsdale & Keck 115; Lake
Francis at Hiya, ‘Le ie Co., M ae 4 2261. Iowa: Clear is
May. 7, 1893, H. Buen (M, raid with P. pulche r); Ha-ha-
tonka, Camden Co., Metcalf 929; Gravois Mills, Morgan Co.,
Metcalf 888, also Steyermark 28071; Brice, Laclede Co., Geo.
oore 81; Nian ngua R., near Bennett Spring ete Park, Dallas
Co., Steyermark 13782: Eleven Point R., abot mi. n. e. of
Peace Valley, Howell Co., Steyermark i448? eek’. Fork of
Current R., 5 mi. s. e. of Arroll, Texas Co., paseo 14624;
near Double Spring (Rainbow Spring ), 4 mi. n. e. of Dormis and
mi. s. e. of Dora, Ozark Co., Steyermark 15560. ARKANSAS:
104 Rhodora [Marcu
Paragould, Green Co., June 27, 1893, H. Eggert; Powers Creek,
2 mi. s. w. of Batesville, Coville 189. Norta Daxota: Antler
Creek, Antler, Bergman 2484. Sours Daxora: Lake Hendricks,
Brookings Co., Griffiths & Schlosser 4; Little Minn. R., Roberts
Co., Over 15425 & 17142; Pickerel L., Day Co., Over 14459 &
17141. Nepraska: Lincoln, Webber 4; Greenwood, T. A.
Williams 344; Antelope Creek, Cedar Co., Clements 2979.
Kansas: Comanche Co,, A. S. Hitchcock 1000; Ellis, July 1876,
S. Watson; Decatur Co., A. S. Hitchcock 1099; Spring P.,
Cottonwood Springs, Chase Co., Aug. 1870, E. Hall. Oxkta-
HOMA: Sapulpa, Bush 1318; Cache, Comanche Co., Stevens 1364
US, mixed with P. nodosus). Montana: Fish L., Glacier
Nat’l Park, Standley 18528. Ivano: Priest L., Piper 3684, also
MacDougal 303; Alturus L., Evermann 493. Ca.irornta: Red
L. above Soda Springs of the San Joaquin, Aug. 16, 1899, J. W.
Congdon; Satcher L. near Devils’ Post Pile, Madera Co., Ferris
8845; Webber L., Sierra Co., Aug. 1894, Dudley. OREGON:
Salem, E. Hall 487, 488 & 488a; Ten-mile L., near Lakeside,
Coos Co., Peck 9026; Sauvies Island, Thomas Howell 1498.
WasuIncTon: Olympic Mts. near the coast, Clallam Co., A. D.
E. Elmer 2798; Pullman, Henderson 2474; 28 mi. south of Tacoma
on the Mt. Rainier Rd., Pierce Co., Abrams 9241; Blakeley
9. San Juan Islands, S. M. & E. B. Zeller 1238; Lake
P. amplifolius is a robust plant of ponds and streams, usually
preferring the deep, clear water. It grows vigorously in either
acid or alkaline water.. The submersed leaves persist in acid oF
neutral waters, but if lime is present, it precipitates on the leaves
to such an extent that they are soon broken off. This precipitate
forms on P. amplifolius even when such minute traces of lime
are present that other species show no evidences of it.
Although for its typical development this species prefers the
deeper water, whenever its rhizomes creep up onto the muddy ~
banks, terrestrial forms are produced. These are always sterile.
The variety ovalifolius that Bennett credits to Morong 18
presumably a state of P. amplifolius, but the meager description
sounds suspiciously like P. pulcher. In view of the fact that —
Bennett reports P. amplifolius from Arkansas and from Florida’,
where it is not found, and P. pulcher from Maine? where it does —
1 Arthur Bennett, Journ. Bot. 42: 77 (1904).
?—_______—, Journ. Bot. 40: 146 (1902).
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 105
not seem to be, it is possible that he had the identities of these
plants reversed. His forma amphibius is based in part on re-
marks of Morong', which definitely refer to P. pulcher. Graebner
evidently copied Bennett’s names and descriptions without any
inquiry as to upon what they were based.
1 Thomas Morong, Mem. Torr. Club. 3: no. 2: 17 (1893).
(T'o be continued)
THE BROAD-LEAVED SPECIES OF POTAMOGETON
OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
E. C. OGDEN
(Continued from page 105)
5. P. putcHer Tuckerman
Ruizome buff, often with dark red spots, .5-1 mm. in diam-
eter. Stem simple, terete, 1-2.5 mm. in diameter, usually con-
120 Rhodora [APRIL
- spicuously ba awed: stele with the proto-type pattern;
endodermis of O-cells; interlacunar and subepidermal bundles
absent; pseudo-hy podermis 1 cell thick. StuBmMERsED LEAVES
(excluding transition leaves) of two more or less distinct types,
those of the lower part of the stem semi-opaque, oblong with
rounded apices; those of the upper part of the stem translucent,
lanceolate to lance-linear, not arcuate, apex acutish but not
sharp-pointed, ate types tapering at base to short petioles
(up to 1.5 em. long) or sometimes practically sessile; blades
8-14 (-18) em. long, 1-2.5 (—3.5) em. wide, nerves (9-) 1 11-21,
outer ones marginal; margins entire; lacunae 4-8 rows each side
of midrib. FLoatinGc LEAvEs coriaceous, ovate to rotund; apex
gegen or bluntly mucronate; base cordate or rounded; petioles
4-18 iat blades 2-7 (-11) em. long, 1.5-4 (-8.5) cm. wide,
with (19-) 2 —29 (-35) nerves, all of about equal prominence,
as seen by Scenes light; lacunae none or very faint. STI-
PULES of the submersed leaves decaying early, those of the
floating seen persistent, narrowly triangular, obtuse when
young, becoming acutish with age, 2-5 cm. long, 2-keeled.
PrepUNCLEs of rather even thickness ‘throughout, 5-8 (—11) cm.
long. Spikes with about 10 whorls, in fruit 2-3.5 em. long, .
1.1 em. thick. FLowers sessile or nearly so; sepaloid connec-
tives usually with a tigers cast, blades sehiecltat to elliptical,
(1.2-) 1.5-2.5 (-3) mm. wide, claws, .4-.8 mm. long; anthers —
.8-1.4 mm. long. Gucie obliquely ovate, sande) or cuneate at —
base, sides flat or slightly concave, (2. 7-) 3-3.5 (-4) mm. long,
(2.3- -) 2 .6-3.2 (-3.4) mm. wide; beak often prominent, up to 8
mm. long; keels usually prominent, acutish, the dorsal one often
strongly developed, and sometimes with a basal lobe projecting
below the point of attachment; exocarp mostly light brown,
sometimes olive-green; endocarp with 3 prominent, acutish an
somewhat muricate keels, beak linear, facial, about 1 mm. long, —
loop solid; apex of seed pointing 5-1.2 m m. above the basal end.
Plants characterized by a ete aye spotted stem, with
large cordate floating leaves and lanceolate submersed leaves
which taper rather abruptly to - gt .
P. pulcher Tuckerm., Am. Jou : 45: 38 (1843);
Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 9: “16 1808), aaa in Engler, —
Pflanzenr. 4: fam. a 67 (1907); Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17: pt. 1:21 —
(1909); Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 152 (1916). P. natans sensu
Bigel., Fl. Bost. 41 (igi4), according to Tuckerm., Am. Journ.
Sci. ser. 1: 45: 38 (1843). P. lucens var. ? fluitans (Roth) Gray, —
Man. ed. 2: 435 (1856), as to plants included in part, not P.
fluitans Roth. ?P. amplifolius forma amphibius Benn., Journ. —
aa ee 70 (1904). ?P. amplifolius var. ovalifolius Morong ex |
, Journ. Bot. 42: 70 (1904); ?Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzent.
rs tara 11: 68 (1907). ?P. amplifolius var. amphibius (Benn.) -
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 121
Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 68 (1907). Spirillus
pulcher Nieuwl., Am. Mid. Nat. 3: 16 Hers P. pulcher forma
amphibius Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 153 (1916).
Shallow muddy ‘pools, peaty pond-holes and sluggish streams
chiefly of the Coastal Plain and Mississippi embayment, southern
Nova Scotia, southern New Hampshire, south to Georgia, Texas,
Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri and Minnesota. Map 6 The
following, selected from many specimens, are referred here.
Nova Scorta: Sears L., New Tusket, Digby Co., Fernald &
Long 23137; Rhodeniser L., e: of Ridacounters Lunenburg Co.,
Fernald & Long 23138. New Hampsurre: Contoocook R..,
Jaffrey, Rand & Robinson 1013. MassACHUSETTS: Foster’s Pond,
Andover, Essex Co., Pease 2011; Waushakum P., Ashland, Mid-
dlesex Co., June 1879, July 1, 1881, eee 1882 & Aug. 7, 1882,
Morong; Spot Ps Stoneham, ‘July 852, Robbins; Whitman FP.
Weymouth, Norfolk Co., ppg Perry ’Sampson’s P., Carver,
Plymouth Co., Fernald 750; Uncatena, Elizabeth Islands, Dukes
Co., Fogg 2 997; L. Neeseponset, Dana, Worcester Co., Goodale,
Markert & Piper 96988; Readville, Suffolk Co., June 16, 1878 &
June 16, 1880, C. E. Faxon, also June 23, 1879, Morong; Natick,
June 1, 1881 & Sept. 27, 1881, Morong; Nantucket, Nantucket
Co., July 1887, Morong. RuopE ISLAND: ponds between Pilot
Hill iak: Southeast Point, Block Island, Newport Co., Fernald,
Hunnewell & Long 8443; Apponaug P., Apponaug, Aug. 26, 1880,
orong. CoN dae: Fairfield, E. H. Eames 8740 & 8746;
Killingworth, Middlesex Co., Aug. 19, 1915, C. H. Bissell. New
York: River Head, Wading R.., Long Island, May 25, 1878, E. S.
Miller; Long Island, May 1890, nf a Tillinghast; Valley Stream,
Queens Co. Roepe Island, July 1886, J. A. Bisky; Arden, Staten
Island, Oct. 1886, A. Ho lick: Hockland L., July 17, 1872,
orong. Nex JERSEY: Molly Wheaton Run, e. of Greenwich,
Cumberland Co., Fogg 2077; Elmer, Salem Co., Redfield 7996;
Cape May Co urt House, Killip 30845; Atlantic City, oa, ©
1868, C. F. Parker. Stage Ley ston Tullytown, Bucks , Ma ay
24, 1930, W. M. Ben DetawarkE: Record’s P., Lau ang Sussex
Co. , Fogg 1840; Glendaniel (Hudson) P., 2 mi. s. of Lincoln, aay
sex Co. , Fogg 4504; Indian R.., Millsboro, Sussex Co. 23,
1876 6, A. Commons; cedar swamp, New Castle Co. , Sept. 20, “1867,
Commons; Cherry Island Marsh, below Edgmoor, Wilmington,
July 27, 1896, Commons; Canterbury, July 1874, Wm. M. Canby.
MaryLAND: Marshyhope Creek, Federalsburg, Caroline Co.,
Shreve 1622; Blackwater R., Dorchester Co., Shreve 1597;
Willards, Wicomico Co., Aug. 12, 1910, J. J. Carter. VircINta:
4 miles n. w. of Waverly, Sussex Co., Fernald & Long 5977;
brook entering Nowney Creek, Back Bay, Princess Anne Co.
Fernald, Griscom & Long 4535; near Cornland, Norfolk Co.,
Fernald & Griscom 1296; pond near Luray Caverns, Luray,
122 Rhodora [APRIL
June 1, 1909, HZ. B. Bartram; near Elko, Grimes 4196; vicinity
of Cape Henry, Killip 6896; Great Dismal Swamp, Kearney 1626;
Washington Canal, Dismal Swamp, Boettcher 9; Dahlia, Greens-
ville Co., Fernald & Long 8588. NortTu CAROLINA: Cape Fear
R., Wilmington, herb. Hexamer & Maier 466; Hendersonville,
Henderson Co., Biltmore Herb., 5980*. Groraia: near Huguenin,
Sumter Co., Harper 1402; Brier Creek, Screven Co., Harper
2088. Fuoria: Miccosukee L., Sperry 509. Onto: Baumgart-
ner’s L., Jackson Twp., Fra nklin Co., Aug. 16, 1929, H.
Flint. INDIANA: pond about 3 mi. n. w. of Grayville, Sullivan
Co., Deam 25704; Pine Station, Lake Co., June 1884, E. J. Hill;
Pine, Lake Co., June 21, 1897, A. M. Chase. KENTUCKY:
Lexington, 1836, "C. W. Short; s. e. of Mammouth Cave, Edmon-
son Co., Svenson 156. TENNESSEE: Goose P., Pelham, cma
Co., Svenson 9108 & 10160. ALABAMA: Montgomery, es
loosa, Tuscaloosa Co., Svenson 9427. ILLINOIS: Mason "Coe
Aug. 1860 & Aug. 1861, HE. Hall; Athens, Menard Co., 1861, —
E. Hall. Minnesota: Colby li; Taylors’ Falls, Metcalf 1291.
Missourt: St. Louis, 1838, N. Riehl, also Aug. 1847, Geo. Engel-
mann; Montier, June 8, 1890 0, Bush; north of Flatwoods, Ripley
Co., Steyermark 14245; Little Black River, Pleasant Grove,
Ripley oe Mackenzie 359; between Gladden & Timber, Dent
r & Steyerm ark 41417; Hogan, Iron Co., July 15, —
Pal
1898, C; eek Nettleton, Caldwell Co., May 7, 1893, H. Eggert
(M, mixed with P. amplifolius; F, NY, US, not mixed). ARKAN-
sas: Nettleton, Craighead Co., May 1893, agent; Greene Co.,
May 7, 1893, "Eggert; Judsonia, June 13, 1877, H. S. Reyne
Lourstana: Calcasieu R., St: Martinville, Oct. vi 1893, B.
Langlois (US). Oxuanoma: Page, Leflore Co., Blakley “ee
also E. J. Palmer 33310. Texas: Lindale, April 23, 1901,
Reverchon (M).
Tuckerman’s original description of P. pulcher is brief but
leaves little doubt as to what plant he referred to this species.
He was certainly in error however, when he stated that it has
‘“‘much larger seeds’”’ than P. praelongus. He was quite familiar
with the P. praelongus of Fresh Pond, Cambridge, where it grew :
abundantly and was collected there by Boott, Tuckerman,
Robbins, Morong, and the Faxons. However, all of the Fresh
Pond material of P. praelongus seen by me lacks mature fruits,
and it may be that Tuckerman did not at that time realize how
large the mature fruits of that species really are. His supple- —
mentary description! is absolutely conclusive as to the plant he .
was describing.
1 Edward Tuckerman, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2: 6: 224 (1848).
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 123
The forma amphibius and var. ovalifolius which Bennett. re-
ferred to P. amplifolius may possibly be P. pulcher. They have
been discussed under P. amplifolius. Hagstrém’s forma am-
phibius is the terrestrial state so common to P. pulcher.
6. P. Noposus Poiret
RuizoMeE white, suffused or spotted with rusty red. Stem
simple, terete, often pressing very flat, 1-1.5 (-2) mm. in diam-
eter; stele with the trio-type pattern, ‘with the phloem on the
inner face of the trio-bundle appearing as one patch; endodermis
of O-cells (rarely more thickened on the inner face and appear-
ing as U-cells); Hanah ree! and eH ai org bundles absent;
pacudodenederiin absen SUBMERSED LEAvEs thin, linear-
lanceolate to broadly janes lhipadaly ‘9-20 em. tie 1-3.5 cm.
wide, tapering gradually at base into a petiole 2-13 cm. long,
tapering gradually to an acutish (but not sharp pointed) apex;
nerves 7-15; lacunae of 2-5 rows along the midrib; margin of
young blades with fugacious translucent denticles. FLOATING
LEAVES coriaceous, with long petioles; blades lenticular to
elliptical, cuneate or somewhat sounded at base, apex acutish bo
rounded (sometimes with an obtuse wierd (3) 5-9 (-1l1) ¢
long, (1.5-) 2-4 (-4.5) em. wide; n s (9-) 13-21; tania
rarely present. StTrpuLEs of pabulenid eaves brownish, often
delicate and decaying early, linear, acute or obtuse, 3— “a ) em.
long; those of the floating leaves similar but usually broader at
base and more or less 2-keeled. ine deb ory usually thicker than
the stem, 1.5-2.3 mm. in diameter, 3-15 cm. long. Young
SPIKES compact but | becoming eas at anthesis, of 10-15 (—17)
whorls of hpi at maturity usually not densely fruited, 3-6
(-7) em. long, 8-1 em. thick. FLOweErs sessile; sepaloid. con-
nectives greenish or brownish, orbicular or elliptical, (1.4-)
1.6—-2.2 (to 2.6 on basal flowers) wide; 366 1—-1.4 mm. long.
Fruits obovate, 3.5-4 (—4.3) mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide; keels
prominent, the dorsal bag develieed, especially upward, the
laterals often muricate; beak facial, short; exocarp of mature
fruits brownish or reddish; ‘eedtoaes with keels strongly devel-
oped, dorsal often .5 mm. wide, the laterals strongly muricate,
beak linear, erect, up to 1 mm. long, loop solid; apex of seed
pointing a little above the basal end.—A va ariable species char-
acterized by floating leaves cuneate at base, narrowly lanceolate
submersed leaves tapering gradually to each end, and reddish
fruits with strongly developed, often muricate, eels.
nodosus Poiret in Lamarck, Ene. Meth. Bot., Suppl. 4: 535
(1816). Hagstr. Crit. Res. Pot. 183 (1916). P. ey C.&
S., Linnaea 2: 226 (1827); Benn., Journ. Bot. 31: 297 (1893);
Taylor, N. Am. Fi, 7: pt. 3:19 (1909). ae s eidoatibie Sieber
124 Rhodora [APRIL
ex C. & S., Linnaea 2: 224 (1827); Taylor, N. Am. FI. 17: pt. 1:
20 (1909). ?P. montanus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 2: 85 (1835). P.
natans var. fluitans sensu Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 244 (1848). P.
lonchites sensu Tuckerm., Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2: 7: 350 (1849),
and subsequent Am. authors, not Tuckerm., ibid. ser. 2: 6: 226
(1848). P. lucens var. ? fluitans (Roth) Gray, Man. ed. 2: 435
(1856), in part. ?P. plantagineus var. jamaicensis Grisebach,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 506 (1861). ?P. mexicanus Benn., Journ. :
25: 289 (1887); ? Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 22 (1893);
? Raunk., Bot. Tidskr. 25: 266 (1903); ? Graebn. in Engler,
Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 57 (1907); ? Taylor, N. Am. FI. 17: pt. 1:
18 (1909). P. lonchites var. novaeboracensis Morong, Mem. Torr.
lub 3: no. 2: 20 (1893). P. americanus var. novaeboracensis
(Morong) Benn., Journ. Bot. 31: 297 (1893). P. pennsylvanicus —
var. portoricensis Graebn. in Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 73 (1903),
at least in part. P. Nuttallit var. portoricensis Graebn. in Engler,
Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 56 (1907), at least in part. P. fluitans
subsp. americanus (C. & S.) Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4:
fam. 11: 60 (1907). P. fluitans subsp. americanus proles novae-
boracensis (Morong) Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 1!
62 (1907). ?P. coloratus var. jamaicensis (Griseb.) Graebn. in
Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 69 (1907). ?P. insulanus Hagstr.,
Crit. Res. Pot. 154 (1916). P. rotundatus Hagstr., Crit. Res.
Pot. 153 (1916). P. fluitans sensu Am. authors, ? not Roth, —
Tent. Fl. Germ. 1: 72 (1788). Spirillus lonchites (Tuckerm.)
Nieuwl., Am. Mid. Nat. 3: 16 (1913). i
A widespread species of ponds and streams, generally in
flowing water, southern Quebec and New Brunswick to southern
British Columbia, south to Virginia, Tennessee, Louisiana, and
California. Map7. Mexico and the West Indies, South America
(rare), Eurasia, Africa. The following, selected from a large
series, are representative: QueBEc: St. Lawrence River, 5t-
Jean-Port-Joli, L’Islet Co., Svenson & Fassett 934; Saint-Lam-
bert de Lauzon, Levis Co., Victorin, Rolland & Meilleur 43858; —
Sainte-Rose, Laval Co., Victorin & Rolland 43565 & 49304, also —
St. Cyr 3030; Longueuil, Chambly Co., Rolland 43359; Angers, —
Ottawa R., Rolland 19269; Wakefield, John Macoun 62015 &
62016; Sainte-Sulpice, L’Assomption Co., Ricard & Boivin 342. —
New Brunswick: St. John R., Lincoln, Sunbury Co., Fassett
2149. Maine: Houlton, Aroostook Co., Aug. 26, 1897, Fernald;
Pushaw Stream, Old Town, Penobscot Co., Ogden, Steinmetz &
Prince 1596, also Steinmetz 326. Androscoggin R., Gilead, OX
ford Co., Oct. 1, 1897, Furbish; Sydney, Kennebec Co., Fernald —
& Long 12389; St. George R. near Indian Garden, Warren, Knox —
o., Aug. 15, 1913, Norton. New Hampsnire: Connecticut —
R., vicinity of Hanover, Grafton Co., Aug. 17, 1876, H. G. Jesup;
Cornish, Sept. 2, 1886, F. H. Knowlton. Vermont: Ferrisburg .
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 125
and Vergennes, a collectors; Lake Champlain, Orwell, Addi-
son Co., Cushman 6007; Hydeville, Rutland Co., July 21, 1892,
Eggleston; Winooski R. Barngton, Aug. 25 & 27, 1885, Morong.
MASSACHUSETTS: Concord, Aug. 12, 1887, E. S. Hoar; Mystic P.,
Oct. 1, 1865, herb. Wm. Boott; Winchester, Sept. 1, 1880, Aug.
8 and ‘Aug. 29, 1881, Morong (the latter mixed with P. ee
X epihydrus in Gray Herb.); Connecticut R., Springfield, Sept.
6, 1864, Robbins; Hanon P., Sheffield, Ber kshire Co. , Aug. 12,
1914, R R. Hoffmann; Pauls Bridge, Neponset KK. Readville, May
30, 1881, herb. LE. & C. E. Faxon; Egremont, Standley & Killip
7649. Connecticut: New Hartford, Driggs 40; Twin Lakes Sta-
tion, Salisbury, Litchfield Co., Aug. '20, 1935, Fernald & Ogden;
L Whitney, New Haven, Sept. 24, 1886, W. A. Setchell;
Housatonic R., Stratford, 1845, Ro bbins; Housatonic R., New-
town, Fairfield Co., A. E. Blewitt 3657. New Yorx: N. Beaver
Creek, Haynes Hill, W. Fort Ann, Washington Co., Aug. 26, 1914,
Burnham; Guildenland, Albany Co., House 21774 & 22044;
Ellisburg, Jefferson Co., ’ House 19852 & 20002; Ithaca, Tompkins
Co., R. Hitchcock 11167 & 11168; Lake Erie, Buffalo, Aug. 20
& 25, 1886, Morong; Niagara Rapids, E. Tuckerman (P. lonchites
of Tuckerman’ s supplementary description, but not of original
description); pool near White Creek, DeKalb Co., Phelps 1091;
Grass R.., Canto on, Phelps 1665; Raquette ae above Potsdam,
St. Lawrence Co., Muenscher & Clausen 3751 & 8752; Float
Bridge, Rochester, Baxter 5889; Chemung R., Chemung Co.,
Lucy 424 & 10816. New Jersey: Oldmans- Creek, 1.5 mi.
n. n. e. of Eldridges Hill, Salem Co., Fogg 6794. PENNSYLVANIA:
Harrisburg, Sept. 1893, John K. ‘Small; Penn’s Creek at the
“Swinging Bridge,” Selinsgrove, Snyder Co., Moldenke 4208;
Sellersville, 1868, C. D. Fretz; vicinity of Soe Ferry, York
Co., Rose & Painter 8205; Chester Co., July 1858-1864, S. P.
Sharples 303. DELAWARE: Shelpot Creek, Wilmington, June
= 1879, A. Commons; Brandywine, Wilmingto on, — 17, 1896,
Commons; White Clay Creek, Stanton, Sept. 4 1896, A,
Conn mons. MARYLAND: Chicomuxen Creek, Tidestrom 7637;
Mill Creek, Chesapeake Bay region, Shull 95; Cabin John,
Montgomery Co., Painter 1189, also Dowell & Painter 5385;
Chesapeake Canal above Cabin John, near Lock 13, Leonard &
Killip 603; Spesutie Island, Harford Co., Moldenke 9396; Great
Falls, House 617. District OF CoLuMBIA: Arlington Junction,
Sept. 28, 1897, E. S. Steele; C. & O. Canal above Georgetown,
Aug. 9, 1897, T. H. Kearney; Georgetown, Van Eseltine
Moseley 202; Fish are Shull 39. West Virarnta: Cacapon
ardy Co. , Aug. 13, 1930, W. V. U. Bot. Exped.; Tygart R.,
Boas Randolph Co., Millspaugh 457. VIRGINIA: Four-Mile
Run, Chesapeake Bay region, Shull 474; near Leedstown, Trde-
strom 7741; Potomac R., The Dyke, Tidestrom 7183; Dyke,
126 Rhodora [APRIL
Fairfax Co., Metcalf & Sperry 1622 & 1630 Hunting Creek,
McAtee 2374. Ontario: Rideau R., at Billings Bridge, Ottawa,
Malte 11 ie oe m Galetta, Carleton Co., Ogden &
Bolan 1629 & - Chatham, Cain 935; Nation R. , Casselman,
Aug. 21, 1884, ste Macoun, also Malte 118275; Nation R.,
Russel, Macoun 221 iss Maitland R., Goderich, Macoun 26839;
Golden L., Renfrew Co., Macoun 221 7, Dunnville, John Ma-
coun 26841; near Lake Muskoka, Aug. 29, 1899, D. LeRoy T op-
ping; L’Original, Rouleau 304. Micuican: Kalamazoo R., Alle-
gan Co., he 86, 87a, 87b, 87c, 88, 98 & 123; Grand Rapids,
July 21, 1895, W. E. Mu liken; Vandercooks L., Jackson Co.,
July 21, 1898, ex herb. S. H & D. R. Camp; Pine L., Aug. 20,
1892, C.F. Wheeler; Gun H. Barry Co., July 1926, Oosting;
Freemont L., Newaygo Co., July 9, 1926, Oosting; Black L.,
Ottawa Co. , Aug. 27, 1926, Oosting; Huron R., 31% mi. s. e. of
Ann Arbor, Washtenaw Co., Hermann 9383. Outo: Brady L.,
Portage Co., July 29, 1913, Red Webb; Put-in-Bay, Aug. 1898,
ow, Pieters; Presque Isle Point, Sandusky Bay, Aug. 19 & 29,
189 5, E. L. Moseley; Buckeye Creek, Liberty Twp., Jackson Co.
Pontius & Bartle ey 18. InpIANA: Walnut Creek, 2 mi. n. e. Oba
Bainbridge, Putnam Co., E. J. Grimes 594; Aberdeen, Ohio Co.,
Deam 56783; Lake Maxinkuckee, Scovell 32; Tippecanoe Ruy
mi. n. and 1 mi. e. of Winemac, Pulaski Co., Welch 2106; Calu- +
met R., Clarke, Lansing 1059; n. of Spencer, Owen Co., Deam
38978; mouth of John’s Creek, Wells Co., July 2, 1905, ’ Deam.
KENTUCKY: 3 mi. s. of Richmond, Madison Co., Svenson 7216; =
eer R., June—July, Dr. Short; Ohio R.., Louisville, Sept. 16,
4, C. Mohr. TENNESSEE: n. fork of Holston R., near Kings-
port, Hawkins Co., Sharp & Underwood 33521; Reelfoot L., Lake
o., Demaree 7061 & 7182. ALABAMA: Mobile R. near Piute —
Island, May 28 & July, 1884, Chas. Mohr; East L., near Birm- —
ingham, Jefferson Co., Biltmore Herb. 5806. | WISCONSIN:
between Duck Creek R. and Bars Channel, Green Bay, July 28,
1891, Schuette; Wisconsin R., near Newport, Delton, Sauk Co., —
Aug. 26, 1906, A. B. Stout; Pickerel Slough, Prairie du Chien, —
Crawford Co., Fassett 43650; Lake Mendota, Middleton, Dane —
Co., Fassett t 3148; near Tomahawk, Cheney 1086. ILLINOIS: —
Calumet L., Chicago, Chase 1420; Wolf L., Chicago, June 10, —
1911, Sherff: Du Page R., Naperville, June 22, 1895, L. M. Um —
bach; Ogden Ditch, Summit, Hill 169, 1909; Lyons Twp.
Cook Co., Hill 151, 1901; Fox R., Richland Co., Ridgway 3318;
Lake Lawrence,’ Lawrence, Ridgway & Eaton 34265; Swan L., —
near Grafton, Calhoun Co., Metcalf 1105; Oquawka, 1879,
H. N. Patterson. Minnesota: Wabana L., Itasca Co., Metca alf
1471, also Kubichek 148 & 149; Borden L., Lic tsheons Twp. ., Crow =
Wing Co., Hotchkiss & Jones 480 & 4109; Ft. Snelling, June —
1895, E. P. Sheldon, also Mearns 805; Minn. R. bottoms, Dakot? —
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 127
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128 Rhodora [APRIL
Co., June 1895, EZ. P. Sheldon; Green L., Kandiyohi Co., Met-
calf 2046; Mazaska L., Rice Co., Keck & Stilwill 401; Courtland,
Nicollet Co.. July 1892, C. A. Ballard. Iowa: Fayette, July
1893, B. Fink; Estherville, Aug. 7, 1897, R. I. Cratty; Granite,
Lyon Co., Aug. 4, 1896, B. Shimek; Des Moines R., July 1881,
R. I. Cratty. Missouri: along Current R., near Doniphan, Rip-
ley Co., Steyermark 9233, 14257 & 14259; Gasconade R.., s. e. of
Hazel Green, Pulaski Co., Steyermark 25102 & 25103; n. w. of
Waynesville, Pulaski Co., Steyermark 25249; Gasconade R., n. e.
of Vienna, Maries Co., Steyermark 25603; Buffalo Creek, s. e. of
Louisiana, Pike Co., Steyermark 25876; Sect. 6, w. of Lynchburg,
Laclede Co., Steyermark 27148; Osage R., Mary’s Home, Miller
Co., Steyermark 13083 & 13097; Iron Mountain L., Metcalf 842;
Killarney L., East Arcadia, Metcalf 845; Ice P., Unionville,
Metcalf 1071; Duck L., Platte Co., Metcalf 1024; Goose P.,
Springfield, Standley 9780; Gascondy. Emig 224; e. of Ashland,
oone Co., Drouet 3028; n. w. of Joplin, Jasper Co., Palmer
21526; Meramec, Sept. 2, 1886, Eggert; Meramec R., St. Louis
Co., Sept. 12, 1886, Eggert; Atherton, Jackson Co., Bush 630;
Sheffield, Jackson Co., Aug. 4, 1896, Mackenzie; White R.,
Forsythe, Taney Co., Trelease 817. ArxKansas: Big L., Horners-
ville, Metcalf 636; Saline R., Ozment Bluff, Drew Co., Demaree
17893. Soutu Daxora: Sioux R., near Brookings, Sept. 1,
1893, T. A. Williams; Medicine Creek, near Canning, Aug. 16,
1892, T. A. Williams 1; s. of St. Pierre, Stanley Co., Over 17432.
Nesraska: Niobrara R., southwest of Valentine, Tolstead 637;
Middle Loup R., near Norway, Thomas Co., Rydberg 1421;
Anselmo, July 6, 1889, Weber 6; Lake Manawa, near Omaha,
Lawton 50. Kansas: Topeka, Aug. 1870, E. Hall. OKLAHOMA:
near Cache, Comanche Co., Stevens 1864 (G, US, mixed with P.
amplifolius, NY, not mixed); Sapulpa, Bush 1207. TExas:
Comanche Spring, New Braunfels, Lindheimer 1234; Little
Aguja Canyon, Jeff Davis Co., Moore & Steyermark 3077; Haley
Ranch, Brewster, Cory 9198; Victoria, Lindheimer 393; Lake Polk,
near Temple, Bell Co., Wolff 3290; Dallas, June 25, 1929, Mary
R. Stephenson; Lubbock, Reed 3168; Nueces R., Uvalde, Uvalde
Co., Palmer 33707; Houston, Harris Co., Palmer 11952; Syca
more Creek, Fort Worth, Ruth 141. Montana: Great Falls, 2
S. Williams 285. Ipano: Payette, Henderson 4882. WyYoMING:
Ft. Steele, Carbon Co., Goodding 539. Cotorapo: Lee’s L-
Crandall 2530; Alamosa, Clements 305; Rio Grande, Alamosa
Shear 3745; Owen’s L., Boulder, Daniels 683; Gunnison R» —
Grand Junction, Mesa Co., Biltmore Herb. 5806%. Utau: Hills —
Park, Salt Lake City, June 29, 1908, Mrs. J. Clemens; Hill —
Creek, Uinta Basin, Uinta Co., Graham 9821; near Goshen’s
fixed sand-dunes, Utah Co., Garrett 3958; Corinne, Wetmore 395. —
Nevapa: Hot Creek, near Gold Creek, Elko Co., P. B. Kennedy —
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 129
4476; Glendale, Truckee valley, Washoe Co., P. B. Kennedy
8041; Sparks, near Reno, A. E. Hitchcock 444; North Fork, A.
E. Hitchcock 1034; Wadsworth, Tidestrom 10655. New Mexico:
Santa Fe, Fendler 837; San Jose, near Santa Fe, Arséne & Bene-
dict 16636; Albuquerque, Oct. 13, 1894, C. L. Herrick. Arizona:
Camp Verde, W. W. Jones 432; Lower Oak Creek, Fulton 9703;
Granite Reef Dam, Maricopa Co., Peebles 14190; Pinal Creek,
Toumey 496; Beaver Creek, M acDougal 548. CALIFORNIA:
Pit R., at Lookout, Modoc Co., Aug. 24, 1899, M. S. Baker;
Big R.., Mendocino Co. Hy McMurphy id: Russian th Oe
Cloverdule! Mendocino Co., Heller 5824; Mormon Creek, Tuo-
lumne Co., Williamson 309; Santa Cruz, M. E. Jones 2310;
Visalia, Tulare Co. v5 Coville & Funston 1278; Bakersfield,
Kern Co., Coville & Funston 1244; Laguna Lakes, ee Co.,
Street & Williams, 2689; Colton, San Bernardino Co., Parish
2106 & 2128; Deep Creek, San Bernardino Mts., jie Bernardino
CO: d. C. Wheeler 1974. WASHINGTON: Okanog n R., Sereno
Watson 898. British CotumsBia: Kamloops, ese 26, 1889,
John Macoun 2970.
P. fluitans of European authors consists of two quite inde-
pendent plants: one a fruiting plant with an endodermis of
O-cells and no bundles in the cortex; this occurs in North Ameri-
ca. The other is a sterile plant with an endodermis of U-cells
and with numerous bundles in the cortex; this plant is thought to
be a hybrid, P. lucens X P. natans. Roth’s original description,
P. foliis inferioribus longissimis, lanceolatis, acuminatis, membrana-
ceis; superioribus ouali-lanceolatis, coriaceis: omnibus petiolatis.
Habitat in fossis oe fundis lente fluentibus et in Hunte fluuio Du-
catus Oldenburgensis
would include both odes The fact that no fruits are described
does not at all mean that Roth’s plant lacked them, for at that
time vegetative characters were given prominence and the
fruits often ignored. Of the thirteen species of Potamogeton
described in Roth’s flora where fluitans is proposed as new, not
one of them has any mention of fruit. Even if Roth’s specimens
lacked fruit, it does not follow that they were the non-fruiting
entity with bundles in the cortex. Bennett thought the name
fluitans ought to be kept for the hybrid, saying, ‘‘We have no
certain knowledge of any specimen of Roth’s species being
preserved in any herbarium; but there are at Munich specimens
in Schreber’s herbarium, named as such and gathered ‘In Seebach,
1775,’ and others, ‘In Seebach, 1782.’ It seems to me a reason-
130 Rhodora [APRIL
able inference that these specimens are from (or seen by) Roth;
the more so because there are other species in the same collection —
actually received from Roth, and signed by him. They are the
plant we call fluitans in England (hybrid?)”!. Later he adds,
“The following extract from Roth’s Catalecta Botanica (fase. 1,
p. 31, 1797) will show that Schreber’s specimens in the Munich
Herbarium are, as I supposed, the plant of Roth: Ai
‘Prope Erlangam etiam sued te Ill. Praes. de Schreber’ 2, To
this Raunkiaer answers, ‘‘that because a herbarium contains
plants actually from Roth it can not be necessary that other
plants in the same herbarium should be from him. The speci-
mens from the Munich herbarium mentioned have been exam-
ined by me and that they belong to the barren form of P. fluitans
is true enough but they can not in the least be considered original
specimens.’? He then attempts to show that in the Bremen
herbarium there is a specimen which has a good chance of being
the original; and it is the plant with O-endodermis and lacking
bundles in the cortex. He also states that in the “‘ Petersburg
herbarium and examined by me . . . three specimens +=
may well be original specimens.”4 As these specimens also —
proved to be the fertile plant he concludes that we should retain =
the name P. fluitans for the fertile species which lacks strengthen- _
ing tissue in the cortex. Hagstrom agrees that “This proof
would be very strong, if those specimens examined also really —
corresponded with the original description by Roth ‘foliis
inferioribus longissimis’ . . . which they can scarcely be —
said to do.”®> From Roth’s later and more detailed description’ —
it does appear that he then was at least including the barren form _
with his P. fluitans. Also, it would seem,if Roth had in mind the —
specimens in the Bremen and Petersburg herbaria when drawing —
up his original description, that he would have mentioned them
in his Catalecta Botanica, as he does mention the Schrebet q
specimens. It thus appears that the evidence that P. fluitans —
should be retained for the fruiting plant is not strong, and I am
Pel aged Bennett, Journ. Bot. 31: 296 Shes
——__—___—, Journ. Bot. 39: 198 (190
‘e. Raunkiaer, Bot. Tidskr. 25: 278 ian
——_—_—_——, Bot. Tidskr. 25: 278 (1$03).
an ag Hagntrtien, Crit. Res. Pot. 184 (1916).
6 A. G. Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 2: 202 (1789).
1943) Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 131
inclined to agree with Hagstrém in treating it as a nomen con-
fusum. Hagstrém takes up for this plant P. nodosus Poiret.
P. nodosus Poiret is based on a plant from the Canary Islands,
collected by Broussonet. This specimen should be in the Paris
Museum. A photograph of it was, some years ago, requested by
the Gray Herbarium but not received. The original description
agrees with the specimens here placed under that name, but is
not conclusive. Until it can be shown that the Canary Island
plant is not the wide-ranging species correlated with it, it is best
to retain Poiret’s name, as taken up by Hagstrém, for the
American plant.
The species in North America is a rather variable one. The
floating leaves especially vary greatly in size. Morong’s var.
novaeboracensis (of P. lonchites) covers the large-leaved form,
which in America is less frequent than the narrow-leaved form.
In Europe the broad-leaved plants are the more common. Which
form is represented by the Broussonet specimen I am at present
unable to say, but at any rate this size-variation appears not to
be worth nomenclatorial distinction. The robustness of the
plant does not correlate with other variations and the inter-
mediate forms are the most common. Even the fruits of this
species show a diversity in the prominence of the keels, but this,
too, does not correlate with other differences, and sometimes a
marked variation is found on an individual plant. When typi-
cally developed, the keels are strongly prominent; their lack of
development is probably mostly due to a rapid maturation—a
ripening before the endocarp is fully formed. Unkeeled fruits
invariably have aborted embryos.
From Missouri westward, this species tends to have smaller
floating leaves of a more yellowish green than those typical of
the east. Correlated with this is a smaller fruit with less strongly
developed keels (P. rotundatus Hagstr.). However, the typical
large green leaf is also common in the west, as well as all degrees
of intermediate forms. Also, some specimens with small yellow-
ish leaves may exhibit fruits as strongly keeled as those of the
typical eastern plants.
In 1848, Tuckerman described as P. lonchites a plant with
“stem . . much branched, . . . Submersed leaves
with 6-8 prominent nerves,” (making no mention of a
132 Rhodora [APRIL
petiole) and ‘‘floating leaves delicate, . . . always more or
less tapering above and waved above, . . ._ stipules
shortish . . .. Nutlets small ... . obscurely tricasii
ate.”’ He stated that it was “near to P. heterophyllus of authors,
(P. gramineus, Fr., Koch.).’! The following year he remarked
further on his P. lonchites and spoke of ‘‘a remarkable state of
this species . . . In this the stem is simple . . . an
the . . leaves are either all coriaceous and floating, or only
the haere submembranaceous, . . . the whole habit of
which accords, often strikingly with that of P. fluitans; but its
strongly marked fruit at once refers it to the present species. The
published description of the fruit of this species was from imma-
ture nutlets. The following is taken from perfectly ripe ones
The lateral keels are conspicuous when dry
The exocarp being removed, the back appears acutely carina
and a little alate, especially above.’? It is quite evident from 4
comparison of the two descriptions and an examination of speci-
mens labeled ‘ P. lonchites’”” by Tuckerman that he was dealing
with two separate and distinct species. Plants in the Gray
Herbarium which, though not fruiting, otherwise fit his original
description perfectly and are labelled ‘‘ Potamog. lonchites”’ in
Tuckerman’s hand, have no close relationship to the plants
associated with that name by Robbins, Morong and, following
them, some other American authors, but are flowing-water
forms of P. gramineus var. maximus. Tuckerman’s supplement
ary description was based on P. nodosus, which he mistook to be
a state of his P. lonchites, as a specimen in the Gray Herbarium
clearly shows.
P. rotundatus was based by Hagstrém on four specimens: one
each from Nebraska, California, New Mexico and Mexico.
Although referring it to the subsection Amplifolii, he states:
“I have scarcely met with a species corresponding so nearly t0
P. nodosus as regards the stem-anatomy as this. It differs by
the smooth leaf margin, the long lower petioles, the prasinous
leaf-colour, the ligules, the styles, and chiefly by the character-
istic fruits.’’? In the Gray Herbarium are specimens from three —
of the collections cited. All lack true submersed leaves. The —
' Edward Tuckerman, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2: 6: 226 (1848).
* Edward Tuckerman, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2: 7: 351 (1849).
* J. O. Hagstrém, Crit. Res. Pot. 154 (1916).
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 133
Nebraska plant (Rydberg, no. 1421) has no fruit; the specimen
from New Mexico (Fendler, year 1847) has fruit which is definite-
ly keeled. The Mexican collection (Pringle, no. 1390) alone has
the fruits as described by Hagstrém. That they lack keels is
true enough, but that they are quite immature is also evident.
Numerous specimens of P. nodosus show immature spikes the
fruits of which vary greatly in the development of keels. As to
the leaf-margin, the denticles on the submersed leaves of P.
nodosus are so extremely fugacious that they are seldom found
in any but the youngest leaves. Young leaves of plants approach-
ing the appearance of P. rotundatus have denticles as freely as
those of typical P. nodosus. The stipules (“‘ligules’’) of typical
P. nodosus are often scarcely if at all keeled, so that the lack of
keels on those of P. rotundatus is not sufficient for its separation.
The species proposed by Hagstrém as P. insulanus is based on
a single specimen from Puerto Rico: Sintensis, no. 2537; in the
herbarium at Stockholm. Originally identified as P. pensyl-
vanicus Willd. (P. epihydrus Raf.) by Bennett, this collection
(at least the specimen in the Berlin herbarium) became, with
Sintensis, no. 1025, the type material upon which P. Nuttalliz
var. portoricensis Graebner was based. Hagstrém refers Sinten-
sis, no. 1025 to P. nodosus, though saying, ‘dubious
probably . . . whatI call P. insulanus.” The two sanabenis
before me show clearly that neither has any affinity to P. epihy-
drus (P. pensylvanicus or P. Nuttallii), as has already been point-
ed out by Fernald.!. The number 1025 is rather definitely P.
nodosus. The number 2537 in the Gray Herbarium is sterile and
with small abnormally developed submersed leaves. It appears
to be either an ecological form of P. nodosus or possibly a hybrid
between P. nodosus and some member of the subsection Lucentes.
Just what P. mexicanus Ar. Benn. is cannot be definitely
determined. Bennett’s description agrees rather well with P..
nodosus, except: “Fruit 3/16 in. long by 1/4 in. broad.” How-
ever, fruits seen by Morong were described by him as being “2
lines long, 114 lines wide,’? less than half as wide, so it can be
concluded that Bennett’s ‘(1/4 in.” is in error. Graebner, who
evidently found it convenient to compute his measurements from
1M. L. Fernald, Mem, Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. 17: pt. 1: 119 (1932).
? Thomas Morong, Mem. Torr, Club 3: no. 2: 23 (1893).
134 Rhodora [APRIL
Bennett’s description, gives “‘5 mm longi et 6 mm lati.’’! Speci-
mens in the Gray Herbarium and cited by Graebner are sterile,
but referable to P. nodosus. :
P. occidentalis, described by Chamisso and Schlechtendal and
credited to Sieber, appears, from the description and excellent
illustration of the fruit, to be typical P. nodosus.
Just what P. plantagineus var. jamaicensis Grisebach repre-
sents is not determined. From the description and judging from
the plants found in Jamaica, it appears to be P. nodosus. Further
study is needed on the subsection Nodosi of Central America and
the West Indies.
7. P. NaTANs Linnaeus
Ruizomes white with reddish spots when fresh, buff with
dark red spots when dry (these spots often with lighter centers).
SreM simple or rarely branched, terete, .8-2 mm. in diameter,
with transverse ridges (these also on the rhizome and submersed
leaves); stele with the trio-type pattern, the phloem on the inner —
face of the trio bundle appearing as 2 distinct patches; endoder-
mis well developed, of U-cells; interlacunar and subepidermal —
bundles present; pseudo-hypodermis 1 cell thick. SuBMERSED
LEAVES coriaceous, semi-terete, narrowly linear (excluding a
transition leaves), no differentiation between blade and petiole,
tapering at the apex to an obtuse tip, 10-20 cm. long, .8-2 mm.
with about one-third of them prominent; lacunae none or ob-
?
scure. STiPULES of submersed leaves clasping the stem, whitish, —
fibrous, persistent, linear to lanceolate, cucullate at apex in the
cia a aie
bud, splitting on maturity and becoming raggedly obtuse, OF
twisting and becoming acutish, 4.5-9 (-11) em. long, about
mm. wide at base, with 2 well-developed keels and many fine —
nerves; those of the floating leaves similar but usually broader
(up to 12 mm. wide at base). Prpuncuxs as thick as or slightly
thicker than the stem, 3-8 cm. long. Sprxxs in anthesis com-
pact, with 8-14 whorls; in fruit 3-5 em. long, .9—1.2 em. thick.
FLOWERS sessile or nearly so; sepaloid connectives greenish, —
! P. Graebner, in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 57 (1907).
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 135
what prominent if dried before fully mature; beak short and
broad; exocarp sack-like, wrinkled, bright orange drying to buff
(greenish when immature) ; endocarp more or less pitted on each
side, and with 2 longitudinal sinuses on the back forming 3
rounded keels, beak linear, about 1 mm. long, loop solid; apex of
seed pointing toward the basal end. Plants mostly with strongly
developed cordate floating cathe and with the narrowly linear
submersed leaves i
P. natans L., Sp. Pl. 1 126 (i759); Saree eae Torr. Club,
13: 145 (1886), Mem. Torr. Club 3 13 (1893); Graebn. in
En gle ee Space 4: fam. 11: 42 (1907): reste N. Am. Fi. 17:
pt. 1:16 (1909); Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 191 (1916). P. natans
var. Pat Hi sensu Am. authors; an Koch?
A common species of lakes and. streams, Newfoundland, south
to Pennsylvania, west to California, and north to southern
Alaska. Map 8. Eurasia. The following, selected from a large
series of specimens are representative: NEWFOUNDLAND: Bishop
Falls, Valley of Exploits R., Fernald, Wiegand & Darlington 4461;
Highlands P., Crabbes, Kennedy 80; 4 miles northeast of Port a
Port, Mackenzie & Griscom 10043. QuesBec: Mingan Islands,
Saguenay Co., St. John 90081; Maria, Bonaventure Co., Victorin,
Rolland & Jacques 383316; marly pond, Grand R.., Gaspé Co.,
Collins, Fernald & Pease 52965; ed Pore-Epic, Saint-Fabien,
Rousseau 30003; Black L., Megan e Co., Fernald & Jackson
11986; LacTremblant, Labelle Co., "Viclorin & sep ete 44070;
Lake Memphremagog, Sargent’s Bay, Aug. R.
Churchill; Ile Verte, Longueuil, Chambly om ‘Ralland 43363;
McGregor L., John Macoun 855380; North Wakefield, J. M.
Macoun 4358. MaAGDALEN ISLANDS: between E. Cape & E.
Point, Coffin Island, Fernald, Long, & St. John 6763. Dance
EDWARD IsLAND: east of Britain P., Kings Co., Fernald & St.
John 10894. Nova Scorta: Pottle’s L., North Sydney, Cape
Breton Co., Bissell & Linder, cit west. of Ingonish, Cape
Breton Island, Nichols 749; Salm n R., Truro, Colchester Co.,
Bean & White 19675; Middleton, rppmoer tos Co., Fernald & Pease
19676; Wentworth i; Digby Co., Fernald & ’ Long 23130; St.
John (Wilso on’s) L., Yarmouth Co., Fernald, Bartram & Long
23129; Charcoal, valley of the East R., St. John 1372. MAINE:
Portage Li; Aroostook Co., 1881, Kate Furbish; Great Works
Stream, Clifton, Penobscot ve Fernald 2756; Foxcroft, Pisca-
taquis Co., Fernald 475; Bak “a T 7 R 17, Somerset Co. GSE
John & Nichols 2106; Swan "P., Oxford Co., July: 1892, J. C.
Parlin; Torrey P., — r Isle, Hanco k Co., "A. F. Hill '2560a;
Stevens P., Liberty, Waldo Co., Seanibiieh 60; Black Duck P.,
Matinicus, Knox Co, July 13, 1919, C. A. B. Long; Sydney,
Kennebec Co., Fer nald & Long 12881; n. of Perley P., Sebago,
Cumberland Co., Fernald, Long & N orton 1 2382; Wells, York Co.
136 Rhodora [APRIL
July 1881, J. Blake. New Hampsuire: Cherry P., Jefferson,
Coés Co., Pease 20073; Long (Stacy) P., Washington, Sullivan
Co., Fernald & Svenson 745; Frost P., Jaffrey, Cheshire Co., B.
L. Robinson 494; Derry, Rockingham Co., Aug. 3, 1926, C. F.
Batchelder; West Lebanon, Sept. 7, 1891, G. G. Kennedy;
Bellamy R., Madbury, Strafford Co., Hodgdon 2640. VERMONT:
Pelot’s Bay, Lake Champlain, North Hero, Grand Isle Co.,
Aug. 2, 1899, Nellie Flynn; West Barnet, Caledonia Co., Aug.
20, 1884, F. Blanchard; Lowell L., Londonderry, Windham Co.,
L. A. Wheeler; Dead Creek, Ferrisburg, Aug. 15, 1881, EZ. Faxon.
MassacuusetTts: Long P., Tewksbury, Middlesex Co., Aug. 24,
1865, herb. Boott, also L. B. Smith 632; Lower P., Wakefield,
Middlesex Co., Collins 937; Plymouth, Plymouth Co., Aug. 26,
1913, S. N. F. Sanford; Eastham, Barnstable Co., Collins 3171;
Sutton, Worcester Co., Anderson, Smith & Weatherby 1166;
Robinson Creek, Pembroke, Fernald & Svenson, Gray Exsic. 409}
Lake Buel, New Marlboro, Berkshire Co., July 20, 1920, J. RB.
Churchill. Ruopr Isuanp: Providence, July 1866, G. Thurber.
Connecticut: Twin Lakes, Salisbury, Litchfield Co., Hames &
Godfrey 8679; Dog P., Goshen, Litchfield, Aug. 24, 1913, Bissell
& Weatherby; Farmington R., Hartland, Hartford Co., Ogden &
Bolan 1565; Long P., Thompson, Windham Co., Weatherby 4364;
Mahoney Meadow, Franklin, New London Co., July 27, 1908,
Rk. W. Woodward. New York: Pierrepont P., Woodville, —
Jefferson Co., House 16979; Lake Canandaigua, Woodville, Aug. —
19, 1884, Morong; Spencer L., Spencer, Tioga Co., FE. Moore —
1488; Tioughneoga R., Riverside Park, Cortland Co., EF. L. —
Palmer 37; Carpenters P., Fabius, Onondaga Co., House 1338; —
Sodus Bay, Wayne Co., Killip 6204 & 12258. New JERSEY: —
Black R., Chester, Morris Co., Mackenzie 4377; Swartswood L., —
Sussex Co., Griscom & Mackenzie 10685. ONTARIO: Ko-Ko-Ko _
Heh L. Timagami, Cain 1045; Franks Bay, Lake Nipissing, —
1926, Oosting. Onto: Buckeye L., e. of Columbus, Morris A4li —
Put-in-Bay, Aug. 1898, A. J. Pieters. InpIANA: Wolf L., Agnes
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 137
Chase 1459; Wolf L., Lake Co., Lansing 4274; Bear L., Noble Co.,
Deam 493891; Cheeseborough ie Flint, Steuben Co., Deam 49360:
Lake Maxinkuckee, Evermann. 1032 (US ), also Scovell & Clark
1032 (271), under direction of Evermann (F), also Scovell 26 (US,
mixed with P. amplifolius). Wisconsin: Elkhart L., Aug. oa
1887 and Aug. 4, 1892, F. H. Schuette; Pell L., Bloomfield Tw
Walworth Co., H otchkiss & Koehler 4193; Lauderdale, Bebb 996
& 1008; Valley of the Wisconsin R., near Rainbow Rapids,
Cheney 1420. Inurnots: Lake Villa, Lake Co., Gleason & Shobe
179; Grass L., Lake Co., Gates 1752.2; Cedar L., 50 mi. n. of
Chicago, Roush 812; Ringwood, Geo. Vas asey. Minnesota: Lake
Itasca, Clearwater Co., Grant & Oosting 3203; Cass L., Pammel
100; Minnesota R., Dakota Co., June 1895, E. P. Sheldon; doses
Crab L., St. Louis Co., Sept. 3, 1919, Butters; Green L.,
City, Metcalf 12965; Swan L., Nicollet Co., "Metcalf 50; Schultz
, Kandiyohi Co. , Metcalf 2113; Koronis L., Stearns Co., Metcalf
1388, also Kubichek 115b (US, mixed with P. amplifolius) : Little
Pine L. , Aitkin Co., Over 17139; Lizzie L., Ottertail Co., Kubichek
190; Bear dss Freeborn Co., Shunk & Manni ing 83; German dis,
Le Sueur Co., Shunk & Man ning 225; Lake Charlotte, Wright
Co., Linsdale & Keck 127; Silver L., Mille Lacs Co., Aug. 1892,
E. P. Sheldon. Iowa: Spirit is, Dickinson Co., July 31, 1896,
B. Shimek, also July 29, 1897, R. T. Cratty; Round je Lake Tw wp.,
Clay Co., Hayden 823. Nort Daxora: Upsilon L., Turtle Mts.,
St. John, Rolette Co., Mabbott 459; Metigoshe L., Turtle Mts.,
Bottineau Co., Mete tcalf 544. NesBrRASKA: Hann ah’s L., Cherry
Co., Smith & Pound 228; Hackberry L., Cherry Co., July 0,
1912, Pool & Folsom, also Tolstead 638; Niobrara Game Reserve,
near Valentine, Tolstead 428; Swan ae Grant Co., Rydberg 1 652:
Shafer L., Garden Co., Uhler & Martin 1660; South Cody L.,
Ray Thomson Bee. ALBERTA: n. of Lake Louise, Rocky Mts.,
Macoun 68425 (C). Montana: Lake McDowell, Glacier Nat'l
Park, Maguire & Piranian 5439; Avalanche L., Glacier Nat'l
Park, Standley 18500; Rost L., Big Fork, Whitfor d 254, also
M acDougal 676; Whitefish L., ‘Aug. 24, 1892, R. S. Williams.
Ipano: Lake Pend Oreille, near Hope, Sandberg, MacDougal &
Heller 939; Lake Pend Oreille, Aug. 1891, J. B. Leiberg; valley of
Lake Tesemini, Kootenai Co., Sandberg, MacDougal & Heller
697; Paradise Creek, Moscow, Henderson 271 7; Priest L., Piper
3765, also MacDougal 240; Potlatch R., Nez Perce Co., St. John
et al. 9740; Warm L., 25 mi. n. e. of Cascade, Valley Co., Rollins
& Chambers 2590; Fernan L., Coeur d’Alene, Rust $85. Wro-
MING: Jackson’s Hole, Lincoln. Co., E. B. & Lois B. Payson 2251;
Grand EDcaePnen ioe Nelson 4145. CoLorapo: Laramie
r Co., Aug. 4, 1891, C. S. Crandall (NY); ahi
Butte, lak 1891, Cal. Acad. Sci. Herb. (S). Uran
Sereno Watson 1131 (G, see also next citation). av att Ruby
138 Rhodora [APRIL
L., Sereno Watson 1131 (G, NY, US, see also previous citation).
New Mexico: Long L., Chusca Mts., San Juan Co., A. Wetmore
541 (US). Arizona: Marsh L., White Mts., Goldman 2458 (US);
Walker L., San Francisco Mts., Knowlton 288 (US). CALIFOR-
ntA: Fletcher Creek at Pease-Place, Devil’s Garden, Modoc Co.,
L. C. Wheeler 3973; near Lassen Buttes, Plumas Co., H. E.
Brown 644; Upper Mud L., Coal Mine Ridge, San Mateo Co.,
R. S. Ferris 2043; Mather, Tuolumne Co., Keck 1188; Lakeside,
Eldorado Co., June, July 1912, H. D. Geis; Lily L., near Fallen
Leaf, Lake Tahoe ‘region, Eldorado Co., Wiggins 6757, 6777 &
Lamb 1259; Nooksack R., Lummin Indian Reservation, What-_
com Co., Muenscher 7643; Seattle, Piper 758. British CoLUM-
BIA: Revelstoke, John Macoun 3019; Colquitz R., near Victoria, —
John Macoun 88248; San Juan L., Dist. of Renfrew, Rosendahl —
790; Chilliwack Valley, J. M. Macoun 26814; Griffin L., Macoun —
2971 (C, mixed with P. epihydrus v. Nuttallii), also Macown 3020. —
Auaska: Prince of Wales Island, Klawak L., Mr. & Mrs. E. P.
Walker 994; Ketchikan, Cowles 1405; Dundas Bay, J. P. Ander-
son 1344; Sitka, J. P. Anderson 21, also Evans 781.
P. natans is a familiar species over all the northern half of the —
United States. Because of its wide range and tendency to fruit —
freely it is one of the primary foods for wild water-fowl.
Although the American plant seldom attains the robustness
so typical of the European plant, there seem to be no characters
fundamental enough to separate the two, even as varieties:
The fruit of the American plant has a weaker endocarp-beak —
than that of the European, a fact noted for the American P- —
alpinus, but. unlike the case of that plant, the drying of the —
mesocarp of P. natans does not cause any appreciable difference —
in the shape of the fruits on the two hemispheres. The endocarP
loop is invariably solid in the American plant and sometimes —
shows a cavity in European specimens. :
P. natans, like the other broad-leaved species, responds :
markedly to ecological conditions. Many of these forms have —
been given names. In fact, some of the names on the labels fot _
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 139
the European plants make habitat-notes quite superfluous.
When in quiet water, the floating leaf-blades become broad and
definitely cordate; when in a current, the blades are narrower
and rounded or cuneate at the base. Flowing water also causes
an elongation of the internodes and a marked reduction in the
production of inflorescences.
An aquarium plant of P. natans, which grew from a seed in my
laboratory, showed an interesting sequence of development.
The first shoot produced only the linear submersed leaves; the
second shoot produced some broad leaves, which were much
narrower than normal and narrowly cuneate at base; the third
shoot produced the typical broad floating leaves which were
cordate at base. Then a number of shoots were sent up at about
the same time, the floating leaf-blades of which, however, re-
verted to the narrow type with cuneate bases. Finally, the
branching rhizome sent up numerous shoots, all of which pro-
duced submersed leaves only, or a few leaves with slightly dilated
tips. Thus from one seed were produced forma submersus
Gliick, var. prolixus Koch, and var. vulgaris Koch & Ziz (var.
typicus). The aquarium was not so constructed that var. ter-
restris S. F. Gray might appear.
An interesting form of P. natans which grew in the tidal water
of Robinson Creek, Pembroke, Massachusetts, has been observed
on several occasions by Prof. Fernald, and as it appeared to re-
main the same, was collected by Fernald and Svenson and dis-
tributed from the Gray Herbarium. With its reduced floating
leaf-blades, narrowly cuneate at base, on long petioles, and its
production of winter buds (collected in October), this is obviously
an ecological state. Mr. Weatherby kindly drove me to the
locality, but so many changes, attendant on the building of a
paved road and a new bridge, have so altered the locality as
described by Prof. Fernald that no P. natans was found. In
such a habitat, where the tidal water rises and lowers twice a
day and perhaps at times becomes slightly brackish, no fresh-
water species of Potamogeton can be expected to lead a normal
life. That the floating leaves of this plant were submersed at
times is evidenced by the non-functional and reduced number of
stomates.
Fryer’s remarks on ‘some beautiful seedling forms of P.
140 Rhodora [APRIL
natans, with lanceolate, oval, and round floating leaves, sufficient
to afford examples of several named ‘varieties’, but unfortunately
all growing on one rootstock in the instance in which the ‘varieties’
were most marked!” are of interest here.
American plants labeled ‘var. prolixus’’ include juvenile and
elongated forms of P. natans and elongated forms of P. Oakesia-
nus. They are always sterile.
8. P. OaxestaNnus Robbins
Ruizomes whitish with red spots. Srem often branched,
terete, .5-1 mm. in diameter; stele with the trio-type pattern,
the phloem on the inner face of the trio-bundle appearing as 2
patches; endodermis well developed, of U-cells; interlacunar
and subepidermal bundles present; pseudohypodermis absent or
1 cell thick. SuBMersepD Leaves delicate, narrowly linear,
obtuse, 5-16 cm. long, (.25—) .3-1 mm. wide; nerves 3. FLOATING
EAVES coriaceous, with long petioles .2-1 mm. thick; blades
ovate-elliptical to oblong-elliptical, rounded or tapering at base, —
obtuse, (1.5-) 2-4 (-5.5) em. long, 1-2 (-3) cm. wide; nerves —
(7—) 9-19 (-23), about one-third of them prominent; lacunae
none or obscure. StrputEes of the submersed leaves clasping
the stem, whitish, delicately fibrous, persistent but beconsay 4
shreddy, linear, acutish when dry, about 1-3 cm. long; those of _
the floating leaves larger, 2-4 (—5.5) em. long, linear or narrowly
triangular, strongly fibrous, 2-keeled, at least at base. PEDUN-
cLEs thicker than the stem, .9-1.6 mm. in diameter, 2.5-6 cm. _
long. Sprkes with 3-8 whorls; in fruit 1-3.5 cm. long, .7-.9 cm.
thick. FLowers sessile or nearly so; sepaloid connectives 1.3- _
1.8 (-2.2) mm. wide; anthers about .8 mm. long. Fruits ob0-
void, 2.5-3.5 (3.7) mm. long, (1.6) 2-2.4 mm. wide; lateral keels _
rounded, dorsal keel usually prominent and acutish; beak short —
and broad; exocarp smooth or nearly so, greenish or rarely buff;
endocarp with smooth sides, and with 2 rather deep sinuses 0D
the back forming 3 obtuse keels, beak linear, about .8 mm. long, —
loop solid; apex of seed pointing a little above the basal end. —
Plants similar to P. natans but smaller.
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 141
Maine, south to New Jersey, west to central New York, and
local in Michigan, Wisconsin, and western Ontario. Map 9
NEWFOUNDLAND: Quirpon Island, Straits of Belle Isle, ee
Gilbert & Hotchkiss 27339; Grand Falls, Fernald, Wiegand &
Darlington 4464 & 4465; Blomidon (BlowemedDown’: Mts..
Fernald & Wiegand 2436; Lookout Mt., Bonne Bay, Fernald,
Long & Fogg 1208; McCleman’s P., Crabbes , R. B. Kennedy 543;
Port aux Basques, Fernald, Long & Dunbar 26217. QUEBEC:
Les Trois Lacs, Laurentides, Victorin, Rolland “a - — 33639;
Riviére Noire, Portneuf Co., Rousseau 25814; Matamek R. Dist
North Shore, Bowman 392. Antrcostt: Ellis Bare “M acoun 9008.
MaGpAteEN Isuanps: Coffin Island, Fernald, Long St. John
6764 & 6765; Cap-de-l’Est, Ile de la Grande-Entrée, Victorin &
Rolland 9922. Nw Brunswick: Lac Fox Creek, Westmorland
Co., Victorin, Rolland & Jacques 44749; Lily P., Southern Head,
Grand Manan, Charlotte Co., Knowlton & Weatherby pint
Nova Scorta: Taylor’s L. Bes ver Pictou Co., St.
1378; Clyde R.., Shelbourne Co., Prince & Atwood 1318 (s):
Goose L. , Argyle, Yarmouth Co., Sey & White 19680; Petpe-
wick, Musquodoboit Harbour, ’ Halifax Co., Rousseau 35293;
Kiroiaed L., Hants Co., Fernald, Bartram & Long 23131; Lena
St. Paul Island, Perry & Roscoe 38. Ma se Haley P
Rangeley, Franklin Co., Sept. 1, 1894, Furbish; Gilead, Oxford
Co., 1897, Furbish; Jordan gt Hancock Co., Sept. 10, 1898, E.
Rand; "Hackmatack Swamp, Isle au Haut, Knox Co., A.
Hill 1222; Southport, Lincoln Co., Fassett 18803; Perley P.,
Sebago, Cumberland Co., Fernald, Long & Norton 12384; Lily
P., East Limington, Limington, York Co., Fernald, Long
Norton 12383. New HAMPSHIRE: Connecticut ee Northumber-
land, Coés Co., Pease 12171; Wheeler P., Shelbourne, Cods Co.,
Aug. 31, 1918 , De eane; Merrimack, Hillsboro Co., June 19, 1918,
Batchelder; Stonehouse P., Barrington, Straff ord Co., Hodgdon
599. Vermont: Grout P., Stratton, Windham Co., Eggleston
2111; also Sept. 1, 1931, ae 2 Eaton. Massacuuserts: So.
Co., Seymour 1487; Nantucket, Nantucket Go.; 886, L. L.
Dame; Uxbridge, Worcester Co., Aug. 28, 1851, Beicny in herb.
. Bot. Gard., cotypes = F, G, NE) and. Aug. 18, 1870,
Robbins, also June 5, 9, & 2 . 1876, Morong; Lake Chaubuna-
gungamaug, Webster, Worcester Co. ., Ogden & Bolan 1562;
Spectacle P., Gheendar! Berkshire Co., raed 29, 1912, R. Hoff-
mann. Connecticut: Middlebury, New Haven Co., Sept. 14,
1901, arse: “Stafford, Aug. 1897, herb. E. L. Morris. New
142 Rhodora [APRIL
York: Quiver P., Fourth L., Fulton Chain, Adirondack Mts.,
Killip 12574 (US, mixed with P. epihydrus v. Nuttallii, G, not
mixed); Brandy Brook Flow, Cranberry L., St. Lawrence Co.,
Muenscher & Maguire 1711; Big Moose L., Herkimer Co.,
Muenscher & Maguire 1716; Fall Creek, Tompkins Co., Dudley;
Deep P., Wading R., Long Island, EZ. S. Miller; Rock P., Adiron-
dacks, Aug. 5, 1884, Morong; McDonough, July 26, 1886, F. V.
Coville. New Jersey: Pump Branch of Albertson Brook,
Ancora, Camden Co., J. W. Adams 511; Magnolia L., Ocean
View, Cape May Co., Sept. 29, 1921, H. B. Meredith; Estellville,
Atlantic Co., July 4, 1883, C. A. Gross. Onrarto: Sand Pt.,
Algoma Dist., Lat. 47° 00’ N., Long. 84° 45’ W., Taylor et al. 29
Micuiaan: bog near Rock R., Alger Co., Fernald & Pease —
3066; Au Train, Alger Co., Pease & Ogden 25135; Crooked L.,
Clyde Twp., Allegan Co., Aug. 18, 1937, D. L. Allen; Crooked L.
Marsh, Allegan Co., Aug. 4, 1938, W. G. Erwin; 4% mi. s. w. of
est L., Portage Twp., Kalamazoo ©o., Hanes 407. WISCONSIN:
Potter’s Cranberry Farm, Cutler, Juneau Co., Sept. 23, 1932,
J. H. Steenis (G); Valley of the Wisconsin R., near Grand Rapids,
Cheney 3610 (NY).
P. Oakesianus has the general appearance of P. natans except |
that it is uniformly smaller in all its parts. There are funda-
mental differences, however, chiefly in regard to the fruit. The
fruit, besides being smaller, lacks the puckered, buff epicarp of =
RE eae cars
P. natans and is, instead, stretched and smooth and usually —
green. The fruits also differ from those of P. natans by having 3
prominent keels. The other differences are mainly those corre
lated with size. While the submersed leaves of P. natans are
generally borne on the single main stem, those of P. Oakesianus :
are on branches.
9. P. GraminEevus Linnaeus (American varieties)
RuizomeE buff, often suffused or spotted with red, variable ine
thickness. Stem much branched, terete .5-1 mm. in diametel; —
stele with the oblong-type pattern with but 1 central bundle —
(rarely with 2) and usually but 1 lateral bundle on each side;
endodermis of U-cells strongly thickened on the inner and
lateral faces; interlacunar bundles strongly developed but only —
in the outer interlacunar circle; subepidermal bundles present —
or absent; pseudo-hypodermis absent or 1 cell thick. SUB —
MERSED Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate or lance-elliptical
(sometimes oblanceolate), 1-9 (-13) em. long, (.1-) .2-1 (-1.5
em. wide, tapering gradually to a sessile base; apex acute, usually
sharp-pointed; nerves 3-9 (—11); lacunae of 1 or 2 rows along
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 143
midrib, mostly obscure; margins with fugacious 1-celled trans-
lucent denticles. FLOATING LEAVES coriaceous, blades ovate to
elliptical (rarely subrotund), 1.5—5 (—7) em. long, 1-2 (-3) cm.
wide; apex obtuse or bluntly mucronate; base cuneate or rounded;
petioles 2-10 (-15) cm. long, mostly longer than the blades;
nerves 13-17 (—23); lacunae obscure. STIPULES persistent, ob-
tuse and slightly cucullate at apex, those of the submersed
leaves and branches .5-3 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide at base, faintly
2-keeled, with 8 to 30 igs nerves, those of the floating Anon
broader. PrpuNcLEs at base about same thickness as
sometimes clavate, 2-10 (-30) ecm. long. Sprkes in aitheas
usually rather compact, of 3-10. whorls of yt in fruit
canta and crowded, 1—2.5 em. long, .6—.8 cm.
sessile or on pedicels up to .56 mm. long; peace connectives
orbicular to oval, blades (.7—) 1.2-1.6 (—2.3) mm. wide, claws
.2-) .4~.8 (-1) mm. long; anthers oblong .6-1 (-—1.1) mm. long.
Fruits mostly obovate, 1.7—2.5 (—2.8) mm. long foxaledlne beak),
(1.4-) 1.6—2 (-2.3) mm. wide, keels usually strongly evident, but
often obscured by the loose exocar p, beak facial, short and
curved toward the back; exocarp usually loose, green or rately
tawny; endocarp with keels low and obtuse, beak linear, be
mm. long, loop solid; apex of seed pointing 3-7 m
' above the basal end. A v ariable species characterized by a pedal
with many lateral pottipoltid branches bearing numerous small
leaves. Among the many variants of P. gramineus, the following
seem worthy of recognition
i Ber rate ae ieornias leaves narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate,
(1—) 1.5-9 (-13) em. long, .2-1 (-1.5) cm. wide, eg times
long as broad, or if more than 10 times, =) t less
than 6 em. long, sides not parallel; actly (3-
2. Principal submersed leaves (1-) 1.5-4.5 (-6. c. cm. long,
—-.6 (—.8) em ahecaes WOVEN He Oise aw as
2: Principal submersed leaves (3-) fe (-13) em. long, 6-1
(-1.5) em. wide; nerves 7-9 (-11).........-..-. 9b. var. maximus.
i. Principal submersed leaves eer 1) 1.5- os 5 (-5.5) em.
long, .1-.25 (—.3) em. wide, 10-20 (-30) times as long as
broad, sides caaieiaatty set ni most of their eek
tapering at apex to an acute tip; nerves 3...... 9c. var. myriophyllus.
te
. var. typicus.
9a. P. Gramrnevs L. var. typicus
P. gramineus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 127 (1753); Graebn. in Engler,
Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 34 (1907). P. Proteus see ten C. &
S., cp end 2: 202 (1827). P. gramineus var. graminifolius
Fries, Novit. Fl. Suecicae 36 (1828), and aethantiuiaind Am.
authors. P. Piceschetiok sensu Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2:
23 (1893): Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17: pt. 1: 19 (1909); not Schreb.
P. heterophyllus forma gramini ifolius Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3:
no. 2:24 (1893). P. asebiben ie forma sdupsaduacthatts Morong,
144 Rhodora [APRIL
Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 24 (1893), at least in part. P. gra-
mineus var. longipedunculatus Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4:
Fern., Gray’s Man., ed. 7: 74 (1908). Spirillus heterophyllus
Nieuwl., Am. Mid. Nat. 3: 17 (1913). P. gramineus forma
longipedunculatus House, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 254: 53 (1924),
at least in part. P. gramineus forma terrestris Carpenter, Fl.
t., 3rd_rev. ed.: 25 (1937). P. gramineus var. lacustris sensu
Hultén, Fl. Alaska and Yukon, pt. 1: 100 (1940).
Lakes and streams, southern Greenland to Alaska, south to
New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, New
Mexico, Arizona, and California. Map 10. Eurasia. Of the
very numerous collections of this variety the following are the
most typical in the areas cited: GREENLAND: Igaliko, 1828, J. —
.
Vahl, also July 23, 1888, Rosenvinge 2990; Igaliko-Fjord, Qags-
siarssuk, Aug. 5, 1925, A. E.
Rolland & Jacques 33714; New Richmond, Bonaventure Co.
Victorin, Rolland & Jacques 33855; Lake Temiscouata, Victorin
$26; Farm Point, Gatineau R., J. M. Macoun 80929; Ottawa R.
at Gatineau Point, Malte 118257; Blue Sea L., Malte 118265;
Aug. 17, 1917, Victorin 4196. Macpatmn ISLANDS: Amherst
Island, St. John 1758 (toward var. maximus). Nova Scotia:
e - New Hampsuire: Dead R Berlin, Coés C
22754; Lake Winnipisaukee near Melvin Village, Aug.
M. P. Porsild; Frederiksdal, —
ie Se Riglaeseos.
:
i
;
G
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 145
M. A. Day. Vermont: Little Otter Creek, Lake Champlain,
Ferrisburg, Aug. 7, 12, and 20, 1880, C. EF. Faxon; Queechee
Gulf, July 29, 1890, G. G. Kennedy; Fairfield P., Fairfield,
Franklin Co., Blake 3071. Massacuusrrts: Mystic L., July 4,
1852, Robbins; Fresh P., Cambridge, August 6, 1883, Morong;
Sandy P., Lincoln, Sept. 15, 1868, herb. Wm. Boott; Natick, Aug.
14 and 17, 1883, Morong. Connecticut: Selden’s Cove, Lyme,
Aug. 31, 1900, C. B. Graves; Pistapaug P., Durham, Weatherby
3389; several collections from Lake Saltonstall, E. Haven are
typical P. gramineus, others from the same lake approach var.
myrtophyllus, still others approach var. maximus or are perhaps
P. gramineus X P. illinoensis. New York: Butterfield L.,
Jefferson Co., Muenscher & Maguire 1690; Osgood P., Franklin
Co., Muenscher & Maguire 778; Otsego L., Otsego Co., Muenscher
& Curtis 4880; Bullhead P., Minerva, Essex Co., House 15193;
Myers Pt., Ludlowville, Tompkins Co., Aug. 13, 1884, W. R.
Dudley. New Jersey: Morris P., Sept. 13, 1887, N. L. Britton;
maximus; NY, not mixed); Swartzwood L., Sussex Co., Griscom
3
McAtee 3076. Ounto: Sandusky Bay, July 20, 1895 and Sept. 2,
1898, E. L. Moseley; Put-in-Bay, Aug. 1898, A. J. Pueters.
ee Oe I
28, 1897 and June 29, 1898, L. M. Umbach; Lake Maxinkuckee,
Scovell 44, also Scovell & Clark 1221, also Evermann 1221. Wis-
CONSIN: Pell L., Bloomfield Twp., Walworth Co., Hotchkiss &
Koehler 4194; near State House, Trout Lake, Vilas Co., Fassett
9067 & 9069; Green Bay, Big Suamico, Aug. 28, 1891 and July
31, 1893, J. H. Schuette. Iniinots: Edgewater, June 7, 1890,
L. N. Johnson; Rogers Park, June 7, 1890, herb. W. H. Dunham.
ManiTospa: 4 mi. w. of Hamiota, Macoun & Herriot 76868;
Killarney, Macoun 16441. Mrnnesota: Green L., Kandiyohi
Co., Metcalf 2050; Itasca Park, De Soto L., Becker Co., Grant &
Oosting 3272 & 3276; Snail L., Ramsey Co., Oosting 28166; Horn
L., Anoka Co., Oosting 291 & 28100; Muskeg Bay, Lake of the
Woods, Warroad, Roseau Co., Hotchkiss & Jones 417; Long L.
near Ely, St. Louis Co., Hotchkiss & Jones 4083; Pleasant L.,
146 Rhodora [APRIL
Stearns Co., Linsdale & Keck 1; Dudley L., Rice Co., Keck &
Stilwill 373 & 379; Birch L., Sherburne Co., Kubichek 101; Fish
L., Chisago Co., Kubichek 66; Borden L., Garrison Twp., Crow
Wing Co., Hotchkiss & Jones 4112. Iowa: Armstrong, Emmet
Co., Aug. 8, 1891, June 20, 1897, and Aug. 21, 1897, R. I. Cratty;
Lost Island L., Freeman Twp., Clay Co., Hayden 821. NortT#
Daxorta: King Slough, s. of Bismark, Metcalf 345; Doctor L.,
Drake, Mabbott 423; Spiritwood, Bergman 443; Leeds, Benson
Co., Aug. 2, 1899, Aug. 21, 1899, and Aug. 16, 1915, J. Lunell.
SoutH Dakota: South Bass P., Cottonwood L., Spink Co.,
Over 17138; eastern Day Co., Over 14466. NeprasKa: Pelican
L., Thomson 153; Red Willow L., Thomson 361 & 365; Enders
L., Thomson 16; Dewey L., Tolstead 615; Shafer L., Garden Co.,
Uhler & Martin 1656. Mackenzie: Mosquito Creek and Drift- —
wood R., Great Bear L., 66° 55’ N. 121° 20’ W., July 6-8, 1928,
A. E. & R. T. Porsild; Edna Travers Bay, Great Bear L., 66
25’ N. 117° 40’ W., A. E. & R. T. Porsild. SaskaTCHEWAN:
vicinity of William Pt., Lake Athabasca, 59° 7’ 30’” N. 109° 19
Oa:
W., Raup 6849; Little Buffalo L., J. M. Macoun 2975; s. of —
Battleford, Macoun 2981. ALBERTA: east end of Crow’s Nest
Pass, Rocky Mts., Macown 23180; Sand Pt., n. shore of Lake —
Athabasca, Raup & Abbe 4614. Monrana: Mud L., Bigfork, |
Flathead L., M. E. Jones 9293; Flathead L., Big Fork, Flathead —
0., G. B. & R. P. Rossbach 17; Whitefish L., Aug. 24, 1892, R. —
S. Williams; Lower Two Medicine Lakes, Glacier Nat’l Park, —
Maguire 484; Echo L., MacDougal 639. Ivano: Priest Ly |
MacDougal 241; Lake Pend Oreille, Sperry & Martin 719, also —
Henderson 4576; “Lake Pend Oreille, near Hope, Sandberg, —
MacDougal & Heller 955 & 1026. Wyomina: Shoshone Creek,
Yellowstone, Aug. 23, 1878, C. Richardson; Yellowstone Ly —
Yellowstone Park, Tweedy 411; Leighs L., Jacksons Hole, Mer —
rill & Wilcox 902. Couorapo: Estes Park, Lorimer Co., Beé
2341; South Park, Wolf 961; near Boulder, Boulder Co., Tweedy —
4978. Uvan: Grassy L., Goodman Ranch, Bear R. valley,
Ranch, Lake Co., Coville 602. Wasnineron: Lake Washingtod: —
Mercer Island, King Co., Thomson 7589; Ozette L., Clallam er Af
Otis 1584; Blakeley Island, San Juan Islands, S. M. & E
Zeller 1237; Falcon Valley, Aug. 1, 1885, W. N. Suksdorf (toward
ae
4
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 147
Si 6 gt
{24 og: -
faa } P. GRAMINEUS
RANGES OF PoTAMOGETON
148 Rhodora [APRIL
var. myriophyllus). British Cotumpia: Kamloops, Macoun
2974; Wellington, Vancouver Island, John Macoun 88254;
Sproat L., Albernie, Vancouver Island, Carter 505. ALASKA:
Yes Bay, Howell 1668; Fairbanks, L. J. Palmer 1866.
9b. P. GRAMINEUS L. var. MAxIMUS Morong ex Bennett
Var. maximus Morong ex acim? Journ. Bot. 19: 241 (1881).
P. lonchites Tuckerm., Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2: 6: 226 (1848), not
Tuckerm., ibid ser. 2: 7: 350 shoe and subsequent Am. authors.
at gramineus var. maximus Morong, Bull. Torr. Club 13: 155
(1886), without description. P. heterophyllus forma maximus
Morong, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 3: no. 2: 25 (1893). P. gramineus
var. maximus Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 88 (1907).
a: heterophyllue in part, Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17: pt. 1: 19 (1909).
P. gramineus f. Wolfgangit sensu Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 209
(1916), as to American citations. P. gramineus f. jemtlandicus
ee Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 209 (1916), as to American cita-
io
Lakes and streams, often in flowing water, with the typical
variety and having essentially the same range in North America.
Mar 11. Among many collections, the following are the most
representative from the areas cited: LaBrapor: 18 mi. .up
kaupi R., Lake Melville Dist., R. H. Wetmore 103096.
NEWFOUNDLAND: Rushy P., cpuaiee R., Fernald, Wiegand,
Bartram & Darlington 4477; Lewisport, Notre Dame Bay, Fer-
nald, Wiegand & Darlington 4480. Quesec: Lac des Quinze
(Baie Gilies), Temiscaming-Abitibi, Victorin 8194 & 8196;
Roberval, July 16, 1892, Geo. G. Kennedy; Deschenes, near Hull,
Malte 11 8263; Lac Saint-J. ean, Victorin 16064. ANTICOSTI:
Riviére McKane, Victorin & Rolland 27095; Pointe de 1|’Est,
Victorin & Rolland 27094. NEw BRUNSWICK: Titusville, Brit-
tain 2987; near St. John R., Connors, Pease 2589. Nova Scotia:
Salmon R. , Truro, Colchester Co., Bean & White 22962. MAINE:
Aroostook Pe Ft. Fairfield, July 18, 1893, eden St. John R.,
Ft. Kent, Mackenzie 3613; Dead R., Somerset Co., Fernald &
Strong 477: stream below Dwinall P:, Winn, Penobscot Co.,
Steinmetz 365; Stillwater R., Old Town, ’ Penobscot Co., Ogden &
Steinmetz 1602; Orland R., Orland, Penobscot Co., Ogden &
Marston 1694. New HAMPsnine: Connecticut R., Walpole,
Fernald 436; Connecticut R., near Hanover, July 26 and Aug.,
1876, H. G. Jesup (not typical). Vermont: Little Otter Creek,
Lake Champlain, Aug. 7, 1880, herb. E. & C. E. Faxon (not
typical). MASSACHUSETTS: Charles R., Dedham, July 14, 1879
and July 16, 1880, Morong, also Aug. 2, 1880, C. E. Faxon;
Charles R., S. Natick, July 14, 1879 and Sept. 5, 1882, Morong;
Charles R., Needham, Tuckerman; Ashland, July 9, 1879, herb.
Morong. ‘ConNECcTICUT: Quinnipiac R. at Old Turnpike,
a Ne
SS
ee
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 149
Southington, Aug. 17, 1900 and Aug. 17, 1901, C. H. Bissell;
Housatonic R., near Lake Zo oar, Southbury, E. H. Eames 11 745.
New York: Saranac pe Adirondacks, July 31, 1884, Morong;
French Creek, Clayton, Jefferson Co., Muenscher & Maguire
1693; Hudson R., below Glen Falls, Warren Co., Muenscher &
Lindsey 2769; Song L., Cortland Co., Muenscher & Curtis 4841;
Buffalo, Clinton 6. New Jersey: Delaware R., Hunterdon Co.,
Sept. 19, 1885, T. C. Porter; Lake Hopatcong, C. F. Austin
(C, mixed with P. gramineus var. typicu us). PENNSY Daeg
Penn’s Creek at “‘Swinging Bridge,” Selinsgrove, Snyder
Moldenke 4207. Ontario: Dog R., above Michipicoten, pee
Macoun 97; Ottawa R., Rockliffe, John Macoun 85536; Ottawa
R., Harrington 99086 & 99102; Templeton, Scott 16444. Mucuti-
GAN: St. Clair R., near Port Huron, Dodge 155; Sault R., near
Sault Sainte Marie, Aug. 11, 1910, J. R. Churchill (not typical).
Onto: Sandusky Bay, Aug. 19 and Aug. 31, 1898, A
(not typical, perhaps P. gramineus X P. illinoensis). rcs:
SIN: Wisconsin R., near Lac Vieux Desert, Cheney 683; Green
Bay near Big Suamico shore, Brown Co., Jul 1 gee ee
Schuette (not typical, perhaps | gramineus ae ek illinoensis).
Minnesota: Vermilion ol July 28, 1886, L. H. Bailey, also
Arthur, Bailey & Holw y B46, B69 & B403; Garden Taina:
Lake of the Woods, M. acMillan & Sheldon 1332; near mouth of
Brule R., Cook Co., Rosendahl & Butters 4638. Iowa: Armstrong,
Emmet Co., July 11 and Aug. 21, 1897, R. I. Cratty. Nort
Dakota: Leeds, Benson Co., July 2, 1906, J. Lunell. Macken-
zie: Edna Travers Bay, Great Bear L., Aug. 8, 1928, A. E. & R.
T. Porsild. SasKaTCHEWAN: along Grand Trunk Pacific R. R.,
Yorkton, Macoun & Herriot 76869. AuBerta: Murdock Creek
Dist.. Wood Buffalo Park, Raup 1546; L. Mamawi, Wood
Buffalo Park, Raup 1548. Montana: Midvale, Umbach fas
Ipano: Moose Creek, near Big Springs, Fremont Co.,
P. Rossbach 20. Wyomina: Obsidian Creek, Yellowstone Neti
Park, Aven & Elias Nelson 6061. Couorapo: Trout L., near
Lizard Head Pass, San Miguel Co., Maguire, Piranian & Rich-
ards 12771. Uran: Salt Lake City, PP E. Jones 1304; Dry L.,
Cache Co., Maguire 138149. New Mexico: Chusca Mts., San
Juan Co., Wetmore 549. Anizona: Crater L., San Francisco
Mts., Aug. 1886, Lemmon Herbarium. CALIFORNIA: Lily L.,
near ’ Fallen Leaf, Lake Tahoe region, Eldorado Co., Wiggins
6775. Wasnincton: Tumwater Canyon, Wenatchee R., Sand-
berg & Leiberg 524; Camas Land, Wenatchee Mts., Chelan Co.,
Thompson 11768. BritisH ConuMBIA: Shawnigan L., Vancouver
inne: John Macoun 88258. Awuaska: Sitka, Evans 780; Selawik
a J. Palmer 638 (US, mixed with P. Richardsonit).
150 Rhodora [APRIL
9c. P. GRAMINEUS L. var. MYRIOPHYLLUS Robbins
Var. myriophyllus Robbins in A. Gray, Man. ed. 5: 487 (1867).
Fr, ee re forma myriophyllus Morong, Mem. Torr. Club
: no. 2: 24 (1893). P. heterophyllus forma minimus Morong,
Mane Torr. Giub 3: no. 2: 25 (1893). P. gramineus var. myrio-
phyllus Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 87 (1907);
Graebn. i in a Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 89 (1907). 'P. hetero-
53 aged
Quiet water; local in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, New York, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota,
and Montana. oe 12. Although many collections approach
this variety, only the following are considered typical: NEW
Hampsuire: Lake Winnepesaukee, 1876, W. F. Flint. Massa-
CHUSETTS: Spot P., Stoneham, Aug. 20, 1865, herb. Wm. Boott,
also July 27, 1876, Morong, also Aug. 13, 1880, herb. E. & C. E.
Faxon; Spot e Wyoming, Aug. 13, 1880, herb. C. E. Faxon;
Spot P., Melrose, Aug. 13, 1880, "Edwin Faxon; Winter P.,
Wihehestcr Middlesex Co., Fernald & Svenson Thh Wakefield,
ee ba ble J. W. Chickering; Lake Pattaquatic, Ware, Aug.
25,1 E. L. Morris. Ruope Istanp: Apponaug P., Apponaug,
Oct. vy "1865, Robbins (type in NY), also Aug. 1879, Sept. 29,
1879 and Aug. 26, 1880, Morong, also Aug. 26, 1880, "E. Faxon,
also Aug. 26, 1880 herb. E. & C. BE. Faxon (“ Kingston” appears
on the labels, which is an error, for the collection was made at
Apponaug in the town of Warwick), also Aug. 24, 1881, E. Faxon,
also Aug. 25, 1881, Morong; Gorton’s P. (Apponaug P. of early
botanical collectors), Apponaug, town of Warwick, E. C. & E.
B. Ogden 1765. New Yorx: Mud P., Pattens Mills, Warren
Co., Aug. 25, 1918, S. H. Burnham; Friends L., Warren Co.,
M uenscher & Lindsey 2776. MIcHIGAN: Sister Lakes, Van
Buren Co., De Selm 22. Inpiana: Dune Park, Peattie 2305.
Wisconsin: Oneida Reservation, Sept. 8, 1881, ‘J. H. Schuette;
Devils L., Sauk Co., Fass.tt t 14262. Minnesota: Lake Mora,
Kanabec Co., July 1892, E. P. Sh: ldon; Milaca, Mille — Co.,
July 1892, E. P. She Idon. Montana: Bitterroot Ri;
Missoula, Missoula Co., Barkley 1996
The extremely variable P. gramineus i aehick often approaches
in appearance its near relative, P. illinoensis, is further compli-
cated by the fact that it hybridizes with most (perhaps all) of the
other broad-leaved species of the genus and even one (perhaps
more) linear-leaved species. In North America three varieties
can be recognized which, though distinct in their extreme de-
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 151
velopments, intergrade freely. The variety that appears to be
identical with the one upon which the species is based (var.
typicus) is by far the most common, and is rather widespread in
both Europe and North America. Its much branched stem has
usually an abundance of small elliptic-lanceolate submersed
leaves which distinguish it from all other species of Potamogeton
as well as from the other varieties of the same species.
The variety myriophyllus has a stem even more branched and
the leaves still smaller but with parallel margins. This would
seem to be but an ecological form were it not found in somewhat
different habitats, according to data on labels. When I collected
it in Apponaug Pond in 1938 it was exactly like the plants
Robbins collected there in 1865.
The variety maximus is perhaps the most variable one. It
differs from the other variants of the species in the larger size of
the submersed leaves, less branching of the stem, and usually
longer internodes. While for most collections this variety seems
to be genetic, for many the condition appears to be ecological.
It is oftentimes very difficult to distinguish it from hybrids
having P. gramineus for one of the parents. It can usually be
distinguished from P. gramineus X P. illinoensis, which appears
‘most like it, by the more flaccid stem and leaves of the variety.
Plants appearing like typical P. gramineus or var. maximus,
except that the submersed leaves are oblanceolate or spatulate,
with the apex rounded, mucronate, or cuspidate (often with
many variations on the same plant) occur. These have been
called P. gramineus var. spathulaeformis. The type material
upon which this name is based is from the Mystic Lakes, Med-
ford, Mass. and proves to be P. gramineus X P. illinoensis.
Plants with submersed leaves somewhat similar but usually
smaller and with floating leaves usually orbicular or very short-
elliptic occur in Newfoundland, Quebec, New Brunswick, Ver-
mont, New York, Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota and Iowa.
While the usual stem-anatomy pattern is that of P. gramineus,
occasionally O-cells are found in the endodermis, thus pointing
toward a parent (or grandparent) with an endodermis of O-cells.
The broad rounded apex of the submersed leaves and the nearly
orbicular floating leaves point to an ancestor with broad rounded
leaves. Some of these plants are P. gramineus X P. perfoliatus,
152 Rhodora [APRIL
others are P. gramineus X P. Richardsonii, in both cases prob-
ably backcrossed with P. gramineus. At Moran, Mackinac Co.,
Michigan, in the shallow water at the northwest end of Brevort
Lake, I found typical P. gramineus (Ogden & Bolan 1680) and
obvious P. gramineus &X P. Richardsonii (Ogden & Bolan 1681,
with Richardsonii-like submersed leaves and gramineus-like
floating leaves) and clearly intermediate between the two a plant
with oblanceolate submersed leaves (Ogden & Bolan 1681 in
Gray Herbarium). See discussion of these hybrids on later
pages. Not all oblanceolate-leaved plants are hybrids, however,
for leaves of the typical variety or of the variety maximus which
have been produced at the surface of the water may tend to form
a transition to the floating type, which may narrow the lower half
and produce a mucro at the apex; in such cases the lower leaves,
if submersed, will have the normal shape. Then, too, submersed
leaves often have a tendency for the edges of the lower part to
curl under, giving the leaf a false oblanceolate shape which close
examination will detect.
10. P. 1LLINOENSIS Morong
epidermal bundles present or absent; pseudo-hypodermis absent
or 1 cell thick. Suspmursep Leaves thin, elliptic or oblong-
elliptic (sometimes ovate-elliptic) to lanceolate or linear (by the
further reduction of the blade to the midrib), often somewhat
arcuate; blades 5-20 cm. long, (.2-) 1.5-4 (-4.5) cm. wide,
sessile or tapering (except when reduced to midrib) into petioles
up to 4 cm. long; apices acute, usually somewhat mucronate;
nerves (7—) 9-17 (-19); lacunae of 2-5 rows along midrib and
larger nerves; margin with fugacious 1-celled translucent
denticles. FLoatinec Leaves (often absent) more or less coria-
ceous, transition to submersed leaves usually gradual; blades
elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or oblong-elliptic, 4-13 (-19) cm. long,
2-6.5 cm. wide; apices obtuse, ending in a blunt mucro; bases
cuneate or rounded; petioles 2-9 cm. long, shorter than the blade;
nerves 13-29; lacunae of 2 or 3 rows of cells along midrib, some-
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 153
IL
P. ILLINOENSIS
a
-
bY “yy a
~~ Aa eh
ee ie ee
y eye
aa
aw
RANGES OF POTAMOGETON
154 Rhodora [APRIL
times obscure. SvrpuuEs persistent, divergent and conspicuous,
obtuse, those of the submersed leaves (1—) 2.5-8 em. long, (.3-
.2 cm. wide at base, prominently 2-keeled, with 15-35 finer
nerves; those of the floating leaves broader. PEDUNCLES as
thick as or thicker than the stem, 4-15 (-30) cm. long. Spikes in
anthesis more or less compact, of 8-15 whorls of flowers; in
fruit cylindric and crowded (2.5—) 3-6 (—7) cm. long, .8-1 cm.
thic LOWERS sessile or on pedicels up to .5 mm. long; sepaloid
connectives orbicular to oval (or reniform), blades (1.3—) 1.6-3
(-3.2) mm. wide, claws 1-1.5 mm. long; anthers oblong, .6-2
mm. isis Fruits obovate to lan or ovate (2.5—-) 2.7-3.5
(-3.6) mm. long (excluding beak), (2.1-) 2.2-3 mm. wide; sides
flat; keels prominent and acute, the dorsal ad developed
above and below, the laterals less Antari developed but often
each with a projecting knob at the base; beak facial, short,
erect or curved toward the back; aarp ‘eray-green to olive-
7 (rarely brownish) ; endocarp with keels low but prominent,
r with dorsal keel thin and very weak, beak deltoid, very weak,
neti .5 mm. long, loop solid; apex of seed pointing at about the
middle of the opposite side (or between middle and _ base).
A highly variable species in which the extremes appear distinct,
but transitional specimens, which are not a exception but the
rule, indicate that they are a confluent ser
P. illinoensis Morong, Bot. Gaz. 5: 30. (1880); Mem. Torr.
Club 3: no. 2: 27 (1893); Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam
a as (1907); Taylor, N. Am. FI. 17: pt. 1: 20 (1909); Hagstr.,
Res. Pot. 198 a et P. lucens ae Am. authors; not L.,
Sp. ‘pL 126 (1753). P. Zizii of Am. authors, in part; no t M. & K.
in Roéhling, Deutschl. Fl. 1: 845 (1823) ; not Koch ex ety Enum.
Plant. Germ. 1: 531 (1827). P. Proteus lucens C. & S., Linnaea
2: 197 (1827) . e Pi Saoige Zizii C. & §., Linnaea 2: 201 (1827),
in part. var. conmecticutensts Robbins in A. Gray,
Man. ed. 5: “488 (1867): Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 31
(1893). P. angustifolius var. connecticutensis Bennett, Journ.
Bot. 39: 199 (1901). P. Zizii var. connecticutensis Morong ex
Bennett, Journ. Bot. 39: 199 (1901); Graebn. in Engler, Pflan-
Bennett, Journ. Bot. 45: 374 (1907). ?P. Ziett var.
porrectifolius Bennett in Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam.
11: 83 (1907). ?P. Zizii var. gracilis Bennett in Graebn. Pflan-
zenr. |. ce. (1907). Spirillus lucens Nieuwland, Am. Mid. Nat.
3: 17 (1913), as to plant, not as to source of name. seh
Zizit Nieuwland, Am. Mid. Nat. 3: 17 (1913), in part
illinoensis forma rosulatus Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. ee 1916).
P. illinoensis forma homophyllus Hagstr., Crit. Res
(1916). X P. pseudolucens Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. ‘00 (1916).
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 155
ae Pas lideres Benn., Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 29:
58 (1924
Lakes and streams, southwestern Quebec to southern British
Columbia, a to Florida, Texas and California, Map
Mex., Centr. A , and W. I. the very numerous collections,
the following are es most typical from the areas cited: QUEBEC:
Gatineau R., Wakefield, Macoun 62021. Vermont: Lake Dun-
more, Salisbury, Aug. 11 and 31, 1896 and Sept. 2, 1899, Ezra
Brainerd; Lake Champlain, Sept. 1, 1880, C. £. Faxon; Lake
Hortonia, Aug. 15, 1896, Ezra Brainerd; Barton ri 1829, herb.
Robbins. MASSACHUSETTS: Fresh P., Cam bridge, many col-
lectors; Wenham P., Essex Co., ae 2 fa 1867, J. W. Robbins;
Leverett P., July 1874, dH. G. Jes Connecticut: Lake
Saltonstall, E. Haven 1845, Robbins, ni 1850, Robbins (G, NY,
type collection a lucens Vv. connecticutensis) ; Lake Kenosha,
anbury, H. H. Eames 11351; Housatonic R., Aug
Robbins; Twin Lakes, Salisbury, Litchfield Co., Ogden é Bolan
1569. New York: Rockland L., July 17, 1892, Morong; Lake
Cayuga, Cayuga, Aug. 20, 1884, Morong; Du ck L., Conquest,
Cayuga Co., Hames, Ra ndolph & Wiegand 11175; bayou back of
Renwint Park, Cayuga L., Ithaca, Tompkins Co., Hitchcock
11175a; n. of R. R. bri ridge, Cayuga, Cayuga Co., Oct. 1886
Wek. Dudley; Lake Oneida, July 28, 1880, Miss M. T. Hotch-
kiss; Lake Cossayuna, Dobbin 11 12; Atuskatong Bay, Jefferson
Co., Muenscher & Maguire eee Ballston L., Saratoga rat
Muenscher & Clausen 4232 & 42 233; Warde: i. Albany Co.,
: uenscher & Clausen iy Little York L., Preble, Cortland Co.,
. N. Jones 7465; Greens L., Greene Co., Muenscher & Curtis
ries PENNSYLVANIA: pres 1876, E. A. "Rau (ME, “ Hanover,
_ ” printed on the label). DELAWARE: Stanton, Sept. 4, 1896,
. Commons. VrireGinta: Four Mile Run, Alexandria, June 29,
isos, I. Tidestrom; Dyke, Fairfax Co., Metcalf & Sperry _
Norra Carona: Orton L., Orton Plantation, 10 mi of
Southport, Brunswick Co., Sept. 8, 1941, R. K. Gaitrey &,
FLoripa: near the south New R. canal, beyond head of New R
J. K. & G. K. Small 4437; near the Miami canal, J. K. & G. K.
Small 4486; between Cutler and Longview Camp, Small &
Carter 1007; Royal Palm Park, Dade Co., Moldenke 752; near
Eustis, Lake Co., Oklawaha R., Nash 859 & 1 750, also Curtiss
6692; Caloosa R., Simpson 386; ’ Everglades, Miami R., Small &
Carter 1118 (F, NY , US, type collection of P. lucens v. floridanus).
Ontario: Golden Le Renfrew Co., July 28, 1899, L. M. Umbach;
Pelee Island, Lake Erie, Macoun 3023; River Trent, Macoun
29965; Elziver, Hastings Co., Macoun 2996; Stokes Bay, Tober-
mory, Bruce. Co., Krotkov 7027. Micuican: Whitefish L.,
Mackinac Co., Metcalf 2317; n. w. of St. Ignace, Mackinac Co.,
Pease & Ogden 24964; Lake Orion, Farwell 900; Houghton L.,
156 Rhodora [APRIL
Roscommon Co., June 1876, herb. C. F. Wheeler; — :
Allegan Co., Wight 8; Papaw L., Berrien Co., C. K. Dodge 171;
, Whitley Co., Deam 49428; Tippecanoe Ls " Scovel
58; Take i teeces Scovell 54, also Evermann 1079 & 1222,
also Clark 6; Lake Maxinkuckee, Culver, Marshall Co., Aug. 27,
1926, J. R. Churchill; Pine Station, Lake Co. , Aug. 8, 1876, E. J.
Hill; Clarke, Umbach, also Lansing 1079; Atwood ii n. w. of
Wolcottville, Lagrange Deam 553850; Lake Wawasee, Kosci-
usko Co., Deam 56396 & 56401; Lake James, w. of Pokagon
State Park, Beaches Co., Deam 56588 & 56539. WISCONSIN:
Lake Wingra, Dane Co., June 20, 1892, L. A Cheney; White L.,
near Weyauwega, Waupaca Co., Hotchkiss & Martin 4432;
Pickerel L., Nashville Twp., Forest Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler
4331; Big Muskego L., Muskego bees Waukesha Co., Hotchkiss
& Koehler 4245; Wind L., Norw y Twp., Racine Co., Hotchkiss
& Koehler 4226 & 4227; Pike hed Hartford Twp., Washington
Co., Hotchkiss _ Koehler 4262; Shawano L. , Washington Twp.,
Shawano Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler 43804; ’ Lake Noque Bay,
Lake Twp., tives Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler 4826. I.ui-
nots: Mississippi River Bottoms near Oquawka, July 23, 1873,
Aug. and Sept. 1881, H. N. Patterson (vyPpE material); Pitts-
burger L., Centerville, June 29, 1878, H. Eggert; Lake Villa,
Sak 28, 1887, M. B. Waite. Manrtosa: Souris, July 7, 1883,
J: acoun. Mrnnesota: Elk L., Itaska Park, Clearwater
Co., Grant & Oosting 3184; Evans ee Kandiyohi Co., Metcalf
2377; Green . a ie ohi amie Metcalf 2039, 2048 & 2045; Lake
tcalf 1563; Ric i
calf 1427 & 1432; Koronis L., Stearns Co. , Metcalf 1379, 1883 &
1391, also Kubichek 110, 114, 115 & 121; Swan L., Nicollet Co.,
Metcalf 8; Martin L., Anoka Co., M etcalf 1829; Birch L., Sher-
burne Co., Metcalf 1370; Horseshoe L., Chisago Co., Kubichek
71 & 72; Prior L., Scott Co., Oosting 2938; Lake Ida, Douglas
Co., Uhler & Warren 858; Lake Julia, Sherburne Co., Keck &
Stevens 280; Borden L., Garrison Twp., Crow Wing Co., Hotch-
kiss & Jones 3s 4113; Center City, Aug. 1892, B. C. Taylor; Two
Inlet L., Becker Co., sian & Manning 237. Iowa: Armstrong’s
Grove, Emmet Co. , July 1882, R. I. Cratty (cotype collection
of P. illinoensis) : : Pou duly 189 4, B. Fink 191; Fremont Co.,
Aug. 2, 1898, herb. T. J. & M. F. L. Fitzpatrick; Clear L.,
Cerro Gordo Co., July 11, 1896, B. Shimek. Mussourt: Fish L.,
Sibley, Jackson Co., Mackenzie 293; Gasconade R., between
Falcon and Nebo, Laclede Co., Steyermark 13910; Current R.,
n. of Buffalo Creek, e. of Bennett, Ripley Co., Steyermark 14285;
Phillips Spring, s. e. of Van Buren, Carter Co., Steyermark 21236;
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 157
Ae Creek, s. of French Mills, St. Francois Purchase Unit,
21087. N
SoutH Dakota: water Bs near Missouri R., Clay Co., Over
4008. NEBRASKA: Rat rien 538; Swan L. mS of Whitman,
Grant Co., Rydberg 1 rie Shafer Ris Garden Co., ‘Uhler & Martin
Dewey L., Cherry oi Tolstead 614. Texas: Guadalupe R.,
Kerrville, Kerr Co., E. J. Palmer 12217; 16 mi. n. of Leakey
Real Co., Cory 8502; San Antonio, Thurber 48; Montell Crete
non Cory 9800; McKittrick Canyon, Guadalupe Mts., Cul-
berson Co., Moore & Steyermark 3667 — typical). Wyomine:
cur R., Elias Nelson 3386. Cou o: Tabequache Basin,
Payson 1 v4: Cerro Summit, Pr ae of af ee Watershed,
Baker 427. Uvan: Twelve Mile Cafion, Wasatch Mts., Tides-
trom 517. New Mexico: Bah Augustine oo Organ Mts.,
Dona Ana Co., July 10, 1909, E. O. Wooton. CALIFORNIA:
Marine Hospital, San Francisco, June 27,1892, 7. W. Blankinship;
Mission Dolores, Bolander 274; near Sebastopol, Sonoma Co.,
Aug. 1900, M. S. Baker; Mountain L., San Francisco, Aug. 22,
1920, Alice Eastwood (not typical). OrEGoN: creeks, western
Oregon, 1880, T. J. Howell; in a warm spring, Harney Valley,
June 10, 1885, card Howell (F, mixed with P. alpinus v.
tenuifolius, C, G, US, n xed). Wasurnaton: Lake Chelan,
ashington Forest fee aw Gorman 703; Headly ig ee
Spokane Co., Sperry & Martin 731. Bririsn CoLu : Sum 1
Li. Chilliwack Valley, J. M. Macoun 26815 Ghats a Dehn
type of X P. perplexus in C, isotypes in G, NY).
The highly complex species, P. illinoensis, has been variously
treated by students of the genus. Morong! restricted the name
to two collections of those known to him: Oquawka, II1., collected
by H. N. Patterson, and Armstrong’s Grove, Iowa, collected by
R. I. Cratty. Both plants are very robust and evidently grew in
shallow, quiet, rich, muddy water. He complained that some
botanists doubted the validity of P. illinoensis as a distinct
species, but argued that it “. . . is evidently allied to lucens
in habit, and with that species, P. angustifolius, P. spathulae-
formis and P. heterophyllus, forms a very natural group, but it is
clearly distinct from all of them in its vigorous growth, its
abundant foliage, its ample floating and submerged leaves, and
its large, strongly 3-keeled fruit.’’? Of these characters, the only
One that can be considered of specific importance is that per-
1 Thomas Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: no. 2: 27 (1893).
* Thomas Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 28 (1893).
158 Rhodora [APRIL
taining to the fruit, and examination shows that the fruits of the
plants in this country called P. lucens or P. angustifolius are as
strongly 3-keeled as those of P. illinoensis. Graebner’s treat-
ment of this group is quite artificial. He followed Morong’s
grouping rather closely but recognized numerous subspecies,
varieties, subvarieties, and forms to account for the minor
divergencies. The name P. illinoensis was, however, confined to
the two original collections. Hagstrém evidently made a genuine
attempt to understand the complex. Lack of sufficient material
greatly handicapped him. He was misled by previous treat-
ments into believing that P. lucens occurs in this country, but
cited no specimens. Morong, who had realized that the plants
he referred to P. lucens did not match any of the European forms
of that species, treated them as var. connecticutensis. Hagstrom
ignored this, except to question its being a variety of P. lucens,
and does not even include it asasynonym. Some sterile speci-
mens in North America resemble P. lucens of Europe but they
lack the tendency for the lower leaves to have the blades reduced
at the apex so that the midrib extends well beyond as a cusp.
When mature fruits are obtained, the keels are seen to be promi-
nent and acute (those of P. lucens are low and rounded) and the
beak is more facial. Interestingly enough, specimens with ma-
ture fruit do not have the compact, bushy habit of P. lucens and
would not be confused with that species.
Hagstrém considered P. angustifolius (P. Zizii) to be the hy-
brid P. gramineus X lucens, a belief held or suspected by many
students of the genus. He cites specimens from North America
but calls attention to the fact that “. . many Zizii-like
North American plants are not at all this dbad. but of another
origin, and great carefulness is necessary when considering these
difficult forms.’ If P. lucens does not occur in this country, the
hybrid P. gramineus X lucens must be absent also. It may be
suspected that the hybrid P. gramineus X illinoensis is not un-
common with us for it is known that each of these closely related
species hybridizes with species of other subsections. Many inter-
mediate forms occur, but it is usually difficult to determine which
are the results of crossing and which are ecological variants of
one or the other species.? . The plants of the subsection Lucentes
1J. O. Hagstrém, Crit. Res. Pot. has (1916).
2 See discussion under Hysripis
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 159
fruit as freely as the average species of Potamogeton, and I think
that nearly all of them must be considered to belong to one or
the other of the two species.
The earliest specific name for the large-leaved plant is P.
illinoensis Morong. This species has several variants, the recog-
nition of which is made difficult in that ecological forms of one
may simulate normal states of another. The Lucentes need to
be studied cytologically and, until the hybrids having P. illino-
ensis as a parent are better understood, a grouping of the variants
into varieties would be merely an artificial one. In order not to
delay this treatment further, P. illinoensis is treated in the
broad sense, including its many variations.
11. P. praELONGUS Wulfen
RuizoMeE whitish, suffused or spotted with rusty red, as thick .
as the stem or often much thicker. Stem simple or branched,
whitish or olive-green, often zigzag, 1.5-4 mm. in diameter;
stele with the proto-type pattern; endodermis of ‘Uecels inter-
lacunar and subepidermal bundles present; pseu do-hypodermis
1-3 cells thick. Leaves all submersed, ovate-oblong, (5—-) 10-20
(—36) em. long, 1-3 em. Nags 13-25 nerves, 3-7 of them more
prominent than the others, cordate or rounded at base and
clasping 14 or % the siredietaneate of the stem; apex cucullate,
splitting when pressed, or rounded; margin entire; lacunae of
2-4 rows of cells each side of the midrib. SrTrPUuLEs white,
nerves moderately OAL, oblong to oblong-linear or ovate-
lanceolate, rounded at apex, (3-) 5-10 cm. long, sliniieen baa
usually persistent and Bey agra PEDUNCLES varia in
thickness, clavate, (5-) 15-60 cm. long. Berk with 6-12
whorls, not crowded at anthesis, sometimes moniliform; in fruit
3-5 cm. long, 1.1-1.4 em. thick. FLOWERS scanils or on ’ pedicels
up to 5mm. long; sepaloid connectives cpr blades orbicular
or elliptical, (1.7—) 2-2.6 (-2.9) mm. wide, claws 1-2 mm. long;
anthers 1-2 mm. long. Fruits obovate, aunied on the back,
cuneate at base, (4-) 4.3-5 mm. long (excluding beak), 3.2—4
mm. wide; beak prominent, short and thick; dorsal keel acute
and strongly developed, especially upward; lateral keels rounded
or none; exocarp dark green; endocarp ‘with rounded lateral
keels and a dorsal keel which is alate, thin and weak, beak linear,
facial, about .8 mm. long, loop with a linear cavity; apex of seed
pointing toward the basal end or slightly above. Plants om
acterized by large ovate-oblong leaves, cucu ullate at the
whitish stem, large phe stipules, and with long seth
cles bearing large fruit
160 Rhodora [APRIL
P. praelongus Wulf., Arch. Bot. Roem. 3: 331 dae i
Journ. Bot. 19: 241 (1881); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 0. 2:
32 (1893); Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: a (4907);
Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17: pt. 1: 22 (1909); Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot
250 (1916). Spirillus praelongus Nieuwl., Am. Midl. Nat. 3: 17
oo
Deep, cold water, southern Labrador, Newfoundland, Gaspé
Menon Prince Edward Island, New England, and New Jersey,
west to California, and north to Alberta, Mackenzie and the
Aleutian Islands. Map 14. Eurasia. Reported from Mexico.
The following, from a large series of specimens, are representa-
tive: LaBrapor: Trout P., Blanc Sablon R., Straits of Belle
Isle _— on the Quebec side of the river), Fernald & Long 27347.
NDLAND: Cook Point, Pistolet Bay, Fernald, Gilbert &
H otchkiss 27346; Tilt Cove, northern shores of Notre Dame Bay,
no? Wiegand & Darlington 4482; Birchy Cove (Curling),
Region of Humber Arm, Bay of Islands, Fernald, Wiegand &
Kittredge 2441; Middle Birchy Ps eastern drainage area of the
Humber R. system, Fernald & Wiegand 2444 (C, G, flaccid
ppm Morley’s P., Humber Arm, Bay of Islands, Fernald,
Long & Fogg 1211; Junction P., Whitbourne, Avalon Peninsula,
Fernald, Long & Dunbar 26223. QUEBEC: Lac Pleureuse, Gaspé
Co., Fernald, Dodge = Smith 25428 & 25424; West Branch of
Mont Louis R., Gaspé Co., Fernald, Dodge & Smith 25422; Lac
Sainte-Anne, Camps. Co., Victorin, Rolland & Jacques 33518;
New-Rich mond, Bonaventure Co., Victorin, Rolland & Jacques
83838; Lac Pore-Epic, Saint-Fabien, Rimouski Co., Rousseau
30004. Prince Epwarp IsLaAnp: Dundee, oae Co., Fernald,
Long & St. John 6767; French River, Queens Co., Fernald, Long
& St. John 6768. New Brunswick: ‘Woodstock, Aug. 1884, Geo.
U. Hay 4131. Nova Scotia: Earltown Lakes, Aug. 10, 1883,
Mekay. 4129. Maine: Houlton, Aroostook Co., 1881, Furbish;
5th Lake Musquacook, Piscataquis Co., G. B. Rossbach 82; St.
John P., Somerset Co., St. John & Nichols 2107; Pushaw L.,
Orono, Penobscot Co. , Aug. 1891, Furbish; Hammond P., pee
den, Penobscot Co. , Ogden & Steinmetz 1604; Hermo Her-
mon, Penobscot Co.. , Ogden, Babel & Kozicky 1880 doesid form);
Pleasant Ps Stetson, Penobscot Co., E. C. & E. B. Ogden & F. H.
Steinmetz 1882, Gray Exsic. no. 1105; Androscoggin R., Liver-
more Falls, Androscoggin Co., 1894, Furbish; Torsey P., Kent’s
Hill, Readfield, Kennebec Co., "1892, Furbish. New HampsHIre:
Ladd Py Stewartstown, Pease 1 4012: Streeter’s P., Lisbon,
June 18, 1887, ex herb. E. & C. E. Faxon; Round P., Connecticut
Lakes, Kendall, Gouldsborough & Doolittle 17. pi coma Shel-
burne P., June 28, 1878, Pringle; Harvey’s P., West Barnet,
Sept. 7, 1885, F. Blanchard; Willoughby, Orleans Co., Aug. 31,
1904, A. Lorenz. MASSACHUSETTS: Chadwick’s P., Essex Co.,
:
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1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 161
S. K. Harris 589; Pleasant L., Hamilton, Essex Co., Fernald &
er 749; Fresh P., Cambridge, Middlesex Co., many collectors;
Harmon P., New Marlboro, Berkshire Co., June 29, 1912, R.
Hoffmann; Stockbridge Bowl, Stockbridge, Berkshire Co., Aug.
9, 1914, R. Hoffmann. Connecricur: Bantam L., Litchfield,
Litchfield Co., July 25, 1883, Morong; Lake Saltonstall, Sept. 23,
1880, LE. & C. EB Faron; Twin Lakes, North Bra nford, New
Haven Co., June 22, 1887, FE. B. Harger; Twin Lakes, Salisbury,
Litchfield Co., Eames & Godfrey 8685. New York: Southeast
Bay, Saratoga L., Saratoga Co., Muenscher & Lindsey 2819;
Dexter L., St. Lawrence a. Muenscher & M aguire 829; Lake
Placid, Essex Co., Muenscher, Manning & Maguire 141; Cayuga
L., Tompkins Co., July 29, 1884, Dudley; Pierrepont P., inlet
from Lake Ontario, Woodville, Jefferson Co., House 10070;
Ballston L., Saratoga Co., Muenscher & Clausen 4205. New
JERSEY: Swartswood L., Sussex Co., Griscom & Mackenzie 10681.
Ontario: Lake Hannah, Nipigon R., July 21, 1884, John Ma-
coun; Lake Scugog, Wm. Scott 16451, also Cain 972; Inner Long
Point Bay, Lake Erie, Cain 1050; Almonte, July 6, 1898, J.
owler. MricuiGcan: Isle Royale, Cooper 312; Lake Manganese,
Copper Harbor, Keweenaw Co., Hermann 8234; Tahquamenon
R., Luce Co., Metcalf 2291; Douglas L., Cheboygan Co., Ehlers
5383 & 1756, also June, July 1924, J. R. Swallen; Fremont L.,
Newago Co., July 7, 1926, Oosting; Crystal L., Montcalm Co.,
C. F. Wheeler 273; Pine L., vicinity of Agr’l Coll., C. F. Wheeler
10; Haslet, Yuncker 713; Vicksburg, Kalamazoo Co., July 5, 1937,
F. W. Rapp; Clear L., Jackson Sip. Hermann 6281. Onto: Put-
in-Bay, July 16, 1898, A. J. Pieters. Inp1tana: Bear L., Noble
Co., Deam 49394; Wolf L., Agnes Chase 1466; Lake Maxinkuckee,
Scovell 45 & 66; near Lake Maxinkuckee, Scovell & Clark 1321.
Naber chit Green Bay, 1892, Schuette; Twin Lakes, Marquette
Co., Uhler & Warren 1079; Big Muskego L., Muskego Twp.,
Wanksaa. Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler 4246; Wind L., Norway Twp.
Racine Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler 4228; Rice gh Nashville
Twp., Forest Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler 4340; valley ‘of the Wis-
consin R., near Lac Vieux Desert, L. S. Cheney pag nee
Bebb 1009. MINNESOTA: Burntside L., July 25, 1886, L.
Bailey; Lake Itasca, Clearwater Co., Grant py Swan a
Far ja & Jones 3928; Center City, Chisago Co., July 1892,
B. C. Taylor; Lake Chisago, Metcalf 1229; James L., Kandiyohi
Co. , Metcalf 2387; Geneva L., Freeborn Co., Shunk & Manning
80; ‘German Li LeSueur Co., ., Shunk & Manning 229; Leaf L.,
Becker Co., Shunk & Manning 368; Christine L. , Douglas Co.,
Shunk & Manning 410; Pelican L. , Wright Co., Linsdale & Keck
153, also Uhler & Warren 797 6: Child L., Cass Co., Metcalf
2371; Lake Johanna, Pope Co., Keck & Stilwill 455. Iowa:
Clear L., Cerro Gordo Co., July 11, 1896, B. Shimek. Nortu
162 Rhodora [APRIL
Daxora: Roland Twp., Turtle Mts., Bottineau Co., M etcalf 522;
Pelican L., Turtle Mts., Bottineau Co., Metcalf 546. NEBRASKA:
Hackberry L., Cherry Co., July 18, 1912, Pool & Folsom; Dewey
L., near Valentine, Tolstead 430; Enders L., Thomson 2. Mac-
KENZIE: 2nd Eskimo L., 68° 10’ N., 132° 55’ W., Aug. 19, 1927,
A. E. & R. T. Porsild. Auserta: Moose Lake district, Wood
Buffalo Park, Rawp 1570 & 1571; Murdock Creek district, Wood
Buffalo Park, Raup 1572. Montana: Lower Two Medicine
Lakes, Maguire 485; Lower St. Mary’s L., Maguire 486. IDAHO:
Henry L., Fremont Co., E. B. & L. B. Payson 2024; Gray’s L.,
Sperry & Martin 696. Wvyomina: Swastika L., Medicine Bow
Mts., Albany Co., A. & R. A. Nelson 973, also R. J. Davis 378-W;
Heart L., Yellowstone Nat’l Park, Clifford Richardson. CoLo-
Peak, July 1879, Mrs. R. M. Austin. OREGON: Wallowa L.,
Cusick 2484; Klamath marsh, Klamath Indian Reservation,
Coville 1254. Wasutnaton: Wiser L., Whatcom Co., M uenscher
7647; Lake Leland, Jefferson Co., Otis 1767. British COLUMBIA:
efor uver I., John Macoun 41382a & 88257;
Beaver L., near Victoria, John Macoun 88258 & 88259. ALASKA:
Atka, Aleutian Islands, Eyerdam 948 & 1122.
P. praelongus is a beautiful species with large bright green ob-
long leaves, and it often has extremely long peduncles terminated
by huge spikes with massive fruit. It can scarcely be mistaken for
any other species. Bennett! quotes remarks from Morong to
the effect that this species fruits very late (Nov. to Dec.). How-
ever, specimens in herbaria with fruit are mostly collected in
July and August. Robinson and Fernald say, ‘Fruiting in June
and July, withdrawing the stems to deep water to mature the
fruit,’’? and this seems to be the case. More June collections of
this plant are desirable. An extremely flaccid form (forma
elegans Tiselius) was collected in Newfoundland by Fernald and
Wiegand (Fern. & Wieg. 2444); one much like it grows in Hermon
P., Maine (Ogden, Babel & Kozicky 1880).
12. P. RicHarpsonu (Bennett) Rydberg
RuizoMe whitish, yellowish or pinkish, not spotted; scales
blackish, rounded at apex. Srem often branched, unspotted,
1 Arthur Bennett, Journ. Bot. 19: 241 (1881).
2? Robinson & Fernald, Gray’s Man. ed. 7: 74 (1908).
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 163
1-2.5 mm. in diameter; stele with the trio-type pattern, the
phloem on the inner face of the trio-bundle appearing as 2
patches; endodermis of O-cells; interlacunar and subepidermal
bundles absent; - pseudo-hypodermis 1 cell thick, at least partly so.
LEAVES all submersed, coarse, mostly ovate-lanceolate, often
ovate at the lower part of the stem and Serm tg narrowly
lanceolate above, (1.5-) 3-10 em. long, (.5-) 1-2 em. wide,
nerves (7—) 17-29 (—33), all rather prominent, 3-7 Fr them more
prominent than the others, cordate at base and clasping 4% or 34
the circumference of the stem; apex acutish but never sharp-
pointed, sometimes rounded; margin with fugacious 1-celled
translucent denticles, which are usually more or less appressed,
lacunae of 2 or 3 rows of cells each side of the midrib. StrpuLEes
whitish, coarsely nerved, ovate to lanceolate, obtuse when
young, 1-2 cm. long, without keels, early disintegrating into
whitish fibers. PrpuNcLES at base about same thickness as
stem, often clavate, 1.5-25 cm. long. Sprkes with 6-12 whorls,
not crowded at anthesis, sometimes moniliform; in fruit 1.5-4
cm. long, and about 1 cm. thick. FLowenrs sessile or on pedicels
up to .5 (-1) mm. long; s pe connectives hag se blades
orbicular or allinteal, (13 ) 14-2 (-2.3) mm. wide, claws
usually 1-1.5 mm. long; anthers (38>) 1.1-1.3 vot 4) mm. long.
Fruits obovate, rounded on the back and at the base, sides
plump or with a shallow a ry, (2.5-) 2.7-3.2 (-3. 5) mm.
long (excluding beak), (2-) 2 6 (-3) mm. wide; beak prom-
inent, up to 1 mm. long; vscis saree or none, rarely acutish;
exocarp usually gray-green or olive-green; endocarp with rounded
keels, beak linear, facial, about .8 mm. long, loop with a cavity,
or at least a weak area ; apex of seed pointing toward the basal
end or slightly above. Plants characterized by numerous
coarsely-nerved pee submersed leaves, with stipules per-
sistent Bes whitish fiber
gabe (Bai) Rydb., Bull. Torr. Club 32: 599
(1905). P. perfoliatus var. lanceolatus Robb. in Gray, Man. ed.
5: 488 (1867); not ees Sapre ¥: soolanie: var. Richardsonit
enn., Journ. Bot. 27: 25 (1 889); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3:
no. 2: 33 (1893); Ga in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: Tb ‘ae -
(1907). P. perfoliatus L. sensu Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17:
Sah in par ; sensu Hultén, Fl. Alaska & ‘Yukon 101. (1940).
Nini , Am. Mid. Nat. 3:17 (19 13). af petits ssp. Richard-
sonii Hultén, Fl. Alaska & Yukon 102 (1940).
Deep water of lakes and rivers, Labrador, Quebec, northern
Maine, Vermont and western Massachusetts, west to Utah an
California, north to British om Mackenzie, Alaska and
the Aleutian Islands. Mar 1
(To be continued)
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 171
THE BROAD-LEAVED SPECIES OF POTAMOGETON
OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
E. C. OapEN
(Continued from page 163)
The following, selected from a very large series of specimens,
are representative: LaBrapor: Grand Falls of Hamilton R.,
Doutt 3323. Quxrserc: Lake Mistassini, J. M. Macoun 3055; Lac
au Saumon, Matane Co., Svenson & Fassett 38045; Roberval, July
16, 1892, Mantods Lac William, near St. Ferdinand, Louis-
Me arte, Laporte & Dudemaine 501; Odanak, Yamaska Co., Adrien
1806; Longueuil, Chambly Co., Victorin 18462, also "Rolland
43354, 483855, 483856 & 48481; Isle-aux-Noix, Richelieu R.,
Victorin 8179. Maine: Beau Lac, valley of St. Francis R., Aug.
14, 1902, Eggleston & Fernald; Fish River Lake, Aroostook Co.,
Ogden 1717; Round P., Aroostook Co., Fellows 2007; Cross L.,
Aroostook Co., Fellows 4887. Vermont: Lake Champlain,
Orwell, Addison Co., Cushman 6009; Big Otter Creek, Ferris-
burgh, Aug. 12, 1887, Morong; Ferrisburg, Aug. 16, 1896, Eggles-
ton; Swanton, Franklin Co., Blewitt 2137; mouth of Winooski R.,
Burlington, Chittenden Co., Aug. 30, 1903, N. F. Flynn, also
Blake 2308; Rescue L., Ludlow, hates Co., July 12, 1906,
Burnham. | MAassacHUsEtTs: Ponto 6 oL., Lan esboro, Berk-
shire Co., Sept. 9, 1915, J. R. Churchill: ‘Mill’ R., New Marlboro,
Berkshire Gai July 24, 1912, R. Hoffmann. New York: Muska-
longe Bay, Lake Ontario, Jefferson Co., Muenscher & Maguire
1782; Salmon R., Selkirk, Oswego Co., Fernald, Wiegand &
Eames 1 4087; Rapids eg Niagara Falls, Aug. 21, 1886,
Morong; Tioughnioga R., paoene Cortland Co., E. L. Palmer
60; Silver L., Perry, Wyo ming Co. oy. Burkholder & Muenscher
1 6424; Myers Point, Poa Tompkins Co., Jones & Hoffmann
7467; ee a July 15, 1879, and Aug. 28, 1884, Dudley, also
Aug. 15, 1893, Hermann von Schrenk, also Muenscher & Bechtel
459; Bemus Point, Lake Chautauqua, Aug. 06, Ja.
Churchill; Shushan, Dobbin 1072 & 1327. “sme thane of
Brandywine Creek, Chester Co., no date, ex Herb. . M,
Canby (F, on a sheet with P. perfoliatus var. Sntacaidie! per-
7 the label refers only to P. perf. v. bup.). ONTARIO: Spawn-
ing L., Temagami Forest Reserve, Cain 1051; Lake Nipissing,
Chitty 306; Agawa R., Lake Superior, Pease 17983; Lake Hannah,
Nipigon R., July 21, 1884, John Macoun; Mississippi R.., Galetta,
Carleton Co., Ogden & Bolan 1631; Hay Bay, Tobermory, Bruce
Co., Krotkov 7041; Golden L., Renfrew Co., Macoun 22176.
MicHican: Ontonagon R., 1862, J. W. Robbins; Sault Ste.
Marie, Aug. 6, 1881, E. J. Hill, also Aug. 25, 1882, Morong; Lake
George, Homestead, Sugar Island, Chippewa Co., Hermann 7153
& 7224; Douglas L., Cheboygan Co., Gates 258; Lake Charlevoix,
172 Rhodora [May
Ironton, Charlevoix Co., Ogden & Bolan 1678; Thread P., Flint,
Aug. 11, 1909, Sherff; Detroit R., Gillman 65; Black L., Ottawa
Co., July 14, 1926, Oosting. Onto: Sandusky Bay, Sept. 2, 1898,
E. L. Mosely; Painesville, Aug. 21, 1887, herb. W. C. Werner,
also Biltmore Herbarium 688. INnp1ANA: Wolf L., Whiting, Lake
Co., Deam 55274A; Hamilton L., Hamilton, Steuben Co.,
Deam 56686; Long L., Wolcottville, Lagrange Co., Aug. 20,
1930, Johnson & Myers; Culver Bay, Scovell & Clark 1057; Lake
Maxinkuckee, Scovell 27a, also Evermann 1057. WISCONSIN:
University Bay, Lake Mendota, Aug. 19, 1912, R. H. Denniston;
Pease & Bean 26389; Lake Itasca, Clearwater Co., Grant
Oosting 3206; Lake Augusta, Arno Twp., Cottonwood Co.,
Co., Rydberg 1792; Enders L., Thomson 5: Crescent L Thomson
299; Shafer L., Garden Co., Uhler & Martin 1659; Lake Manawa,
ee eee ee ee eT eS ee ee
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 173
Omaha, Amy C. Lawton 53 (F, semi-narrow-leaved form).
MAcKENzIE: Setidge L., Aug. 21, 1927, A. EF. & R. T. Porsild
8098; rea Bay, Aug. 15, 1928, A. E. & R.T. Porsild; Big
Point, Aug. 24, 1928, A. E. & R. T. Porsild. SASKATCHEWAN:
Yorkton, hana &: Herriot 76872; Eagle L., Macoun & Herriot
86871; Methye L., J. M. Macoun 4368; near mouth of McFarlane
Ri; Lake Athabasca, Francis Harper 98; Cornwall Bay, Lake
Athabasca, Rawp 6617. Atsperta: Bow River Valley, Steward-
son Brown 694; near Banff, Macown 4383; Vermilion Lakes,
Banff, John Macoun 4380, also Malte & Watson 960, also McCalla
2370; near Chipewyan, n. shore of Lake Athabasca, Laing 147;
also Raup & Abbe 4666. Montana: Missoula Valley near
Frenchtown, S. Watson 397; Flathead L., Polson, Flathead Lake
Co., Muenscher 10218; Flat Top L., Maguire 488; Lower Two
Medicine Lakes, Maguire 4965; Swift Current Ridge L. (Bath
Tub), Maguire 490; Trout L., Glacier National Park, Maguire
805. Ipauo: Lake Pend Oreille near Hope, Sandberg, Mac-
Dougal & Heller 956; Clarks Fork Valley below Weeksville, Lez-
berg 1574; Blackfoot R., Trail Ranger Station, Bannock Co.,
Eggleston 9974; Henry La Fremont Co., E. B. & L. B. Payson
2023; Mud L., Sperry & Martin 671; ‘Snake R., St. Anthony,
Merrill & Wilcox 868; Portneuf R., McCammon, Bannoch Co.,
Ray J. Davis 328-37; Alturus L., Hvermann 492. Wyomina:
Goose Creek L., Aven Nelson 2276; Laramie R., Elias Nelson 87
& 3362; Lewis ify Yellowstone region, 1878, C. Richardson; N.
Yellowstone L , Tweedy 413. COLORADO: vicinity of Twin Lakes, :
July—Aug. 1902, C. Juday; Tomichi R., Parlin, Gunnison oN
Aug. 20, sot. ’ Benjamin H. Smith; Kremmling, Grand C
Beetle 1462. Uran: Lehi, Aug. 1883, M. E. Jones; Fish L., Mw
E. Jones 5788, also Rydberg & Carleton 7522. NEvADA: Truckee
R., Sereno Watson 1135. Ca.tFornta: Pit R., at Lookout, Modoc
576; "Heather i. Mrs. R. M. Austin 1177; Truckee R., alt.
4000 ft., W. W. Bailey 1135. Orrcon: Des Chutes R.., Lupine,
Crook Co., Peck 9619; Ten-Mile L., near Lakeside, Coos Co.,
Peck 9009; ’ Willamette R., Salem, Hall 489 & 490; Willamette
R., June 1890, Drake & Dickson, also Henderson 1009; Straw-
berry L., Blue Mts., Cusick 3620; U. S. R. S. Main Canal, Kla-
math Falls, Rian Co., Applegate 3416; Laidlaw, Crook Co. s
Kirk & Whited 3141. Wasuincton: Lake Washington, Mercer
Island, King Co., J. W. Thompson 7594; Lake Whatcom, What-
com Co., Muenscher 7658; Seattle, June 26, 1889, E. C. Smith
on also Aug. 1892, C. V. Piper; Quiniault, Conard 318; Prosser,
ima Co., Cotton 809; Stevenson’s Ranch, Lake helan,
Comma 677; Lake Sammamish, King Co., Otis 1678; also Aug.
174 Rhodora [May
1936, G. N. Jones. British CoLtumsia: Sicamous, John
rt Mie 4127; Sumas L., Chilliwack Valley, J. M. Macoun 26817;
Cowichan L., Vancouver Island, J. T. Howell 7679; Shuswap L.,
og Macoun 3049; Howser i; Shaw 771 & 777; Kamloops,
John Macoun 3048. YUKON: Lewis R., Lat. 60°, Sept. 6, 1887,
Dawson 3046. AwaskKaA: Unalaklet, A. E. & R. T. Porsild 1102;
Votlik, June 10-14, 1926, A. E. & R. T. Porsild; Pastolik,
July 16-20, 1926, A. E. d& R. T. Porsild; Holy Cross, July 5,
1926, A. E. & R. T. Porsild; False Pass, Unimak Island, Aleutian
Islands, Eyerdam 2156; Fairbanks, L. J. Palmer 1862; Ankow
R. Piper r 4430; Matanuska, J. P. Anderson 838 & 1622; Pyramid
Creek, compet Jepson 238; Selawik L., L. J. Palmer 638
(US, mixed with P. gramineus var. maimus) 5 ta Ri;
Lake Iliamna, Gorman 233; Naknek L., Point 795, Katmai ;
Region, Alaska Pen., July 22, 1919, A. E. Miller; “Kotlik, Yukon
R. delta A. E. & R. T. Porsild 847.
og Richirdsondt j is closely related to P. perfoliatus and is con-
sidered by many to be merely a variety or state of that species.
Often, on vegetative characters alone, the two species are difficult
to distinguish, but with fruiting specimens there is never any
question. The larger fruit, borne on clavate peduncles, and
always with a cavity in the endocarp loop, is quite distinctive
from that of P. perfoliatus. In the western part of its range,
this plant exhibits the characteristic ovate-lanceolate leaves with
the strong white stipule-fibers, and only in the region east of
New York state do its leaves and stipules approach those of P.
perfoliatus. As intermediate specimens are nearly always sterile
and scarcely found except where the ranges of P. Richardsonit
and P. perfoliatus var. bupleuroides overlap, it is reasonable to
suppose that they are hybrids of these two closely related plants.
In many respects P. Richardsonii is intermediate between
P. praelongus and P. perfoliatus and Hagstrém suggested that
it “has arisen by cooperation between these two species.’ It is
however a fertile species (for a Potamogeton) and with its greatest
development falling outside the range of P. perfoliatus it cert-
tainly cannot be considered a recent hybrid. The anatomy °
its stem is exactly that of P. perfoliatus and strikingly different
from that of P. praelongus. It would seem that if P. praelongus
were involved in its origin it would retain some of the funda-
mental anatomical characteristics of that species, especially the
1 J. O, Hagstrém, Crit. Res. Pot. 254 (1916).
175
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
\ rs aN =
“ i 5 z
ow . “le 2 \ *. °
NAN : Ge fa, “ip } 7)
gi “NM OF ONO > ) > ; 9°
AN y A = Ts eS “ Sy
£ = ats OTe r fl \
RANGES OF PoTAMOGETON
Sat Sy ia STN i alk i a lala
176 Rhodora [May
cortical bundles and a tendency to the prototypic stele. It
would seem more logical to suppose that P. praelongus evolved
from a perfoliatus-like ancestor, with P. Richardsonii as an inter-
mediate step, except that P. Richardsonii is confined to North
America (reported from Scotland!), while both P. perfoliatus and
P. praelongus have a much wider distribution. Also such a
postulate would involve the development of a proto-type stelar
pattern from a trio-type pattern. The fossil record is of little or
no help here, for both P. perfoliatus and P. praelongus appear for
the first time in the Amber flora (Upper Eocene or Lower Oligo-
cene) of Denmark,? and P. Richardsonii is not distinguished from
P. perfoliatus in fossil literature. In America, members of the
perfoliate-leaved species are reported only from the Pleistocene,
near Ottawa, Canada.*
A narrow-leaved form of P. Richardsonii is found in Big Stone
Lake, between northern South Dakota and Minnesota. It was
collected there by T. A. Williams in 1892 and in 1895 and by
W. H. Over in 1922 (no. 14464). Another collection from the
same lake (Over 3367) and collections from Sand Lake, South
Dakota (Griffiths 6) and Lake Manawa, near Omaha, Nebraska
(Lawton 53) appear to be nearly the same thing, and several
other collections approach it. This form might be considered a
variety were it not that typical P. Richardsonii frequently pro-
duces narrow-leaved branches, especially in deep or moving
water.
13. P. perrFoLiaTus Linnaeus
Migs whitish or pinkish, not spotted. Srem terete, .4-2
. in diameter, often much bra nched; stele with the trio-type
pasion, the phloem on the inner lane of the trio-bundle usually
appearing as 2 patches; endodermis of O-cells; interlacunar an
subepidermal bundles absent: pseudo-hypodermis 1 cell thick,
at least partly so. Leavers all submersed, delicate, orbicular to
ovate-lanceolate, usually ovate, 1-6 (7) em. long, .5-3 em. wide,
nerves 7-21, not ‘strongly developed, only 1—7 of them prominent,
cordate at base and oe about 34 the circumference of the
stem; apex rounded or at least broadly obtuse; margin with
fugacious 1-celled peal eiens denticles which are usually di-
vergent, lacunae of 1-3 rows of cells each side of the midrib.
' Arthur Bennett, Journ. Bot. 19: 241 (1881).
? N. Hartz, Danmarks geologiske Untersogelse, 2: no. 20: 121 (1909).
' J. W. Dawson, Can. Nat: n. ser., 3: 72 (1868).
en athe ak ee ee
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 177
STIPULES delicate, membranous, translucent, often appressed to
the stem and seemingly a part of it, fugacious, ovate-oblong,
rounded at apex, .4—-2 cm. long, without keels. PEDUNCLES
about same thickness as stem, 1-9 cm. long. SprKkes with 2-8
whorls, not crowded at anthesis, sometimes moniliform; in
fruit 1-2 cm. long, and about .8 em. thick. FLowxErs sessile or
on short pedicels up to .5 mm. long; apie connective greenish,
a ae or elliptical, (1.2—) 1.4-1.9 (-2.3) mm. wide,
claws .7-1.3 mm. long; anthers (.7—) .9-1.2 (-1.3) mm. long.
Faas jue rounded on the back and at base, sides plump
when nee, (2.3- ) 2.5-2.7 (-3) mm. long (excluding beak),
(1.7-) 2 Te —2.3) mm. wide; beak usually prominent, up to .7
mm. Fits keels rounded or none; exocarp usually gray-green or
pbuh endocarp with rounded keels, beak linear, facial,
out .6 mm. long, loop solid; apex i seed pointing toward the
basal end. Plants characterized by erous, ovate, perfoliate,
submersed leaves, with delicate weakly-nerved focneece stipules.
Two varieties differing only in size but strongly marked as to
their extreme variation
Stem 1-2 mm. in diameter; leaves 1.5-3 cm. wide, 11-21 nerves,
5-7 of them conde nn MAE ss chcges ot bees Se aa 13a. var. typicus.
Stem .4—1.5 mm. in diameter; leaves .5-2 em. wide, 7-17 nerves,
1-5 of heats prominent eta ts PRE A Sa ee eV 13b. var. bupleuroides.
13a. P. perrouiatus L. var. typicus
tee Pas L. ie Pl. 1: 126 (1753); Morong, Mem. Torr.
Club 3: 33 (1893), in small part; Graebn. in aaa
Planseny ry eat 11: 92 (1907), in part; Taylor, m. Fl. 17:
pt. 1: 22 (1909), in small part; Hagstr., oa ig oe Pot. 254 (916).
P. perfoliatus var. ae cilis Am. auth., art; perhaps C. & S8.,
Linnaea 2: 190 (1827). Spirillus ectoheiins Nieuwl., Am. Mid.
13
Rivers and lakes, southern Labrador, Quebec, and New
Brunswick. Map 16. Eurasia, northern rica, Australia.
The following are referred here: LaBRapor: Blanc Sablon R.,
Straits of Belle Isle (also on the Quebec side of the river), Ferna d,
Wiegand & Long 27348; Blane Sablon R., Straits of Belle Isle,
Pernali & Wiaaail 2450. QUEBEC: Blane Sablon K., Brest,
Saguenay Co., St. John 90087; Blane Sablon R., Blane ‘Sablon,
Saguenay Co., Lewis 130397; Lac Pleureuse, Gaspé Co., Fernald,
Dodge & Smith 25421; L’'lle Plate, Longueuil, near Montreal,
Victorin 20454. New Brunswick: Kennebecasis R., Lakeside,
Kings Co., Svenson & Fassett 933.
13b. P. perroutiatus L. var. BUPLEUROIDES (Fernald) Farwell
P. bupleuroides Fern., Ruoopora 10: 46 (1908); Hagstr., Crit.
Res. Pot. 258 (1916). 2P. crispus sensu Darlington, F'. Cestr.
178 Rhodora [May
23 eet not L., BD. Ph, .22<126:(1753). s perfoliatus sensu
Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 33 (1893), in great part;
sensu Ceasbr: in ack Pflanzenr. “ fam. 11: 92 (1907), in
ale sensu Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17: 1: 22 (1909), in part.
P. perfoliatus var. bupleuroides foe. nes Mid. Nat. 8: 264
(1923).
Brackish or fresh ponds and quiet rivers, Newfoundland to
Florida, west to Ontario, Ohio, and Louisiana, common only in
the northeastern part of its range. Map 17. Also Guatemala
(Lake Atitlan, 1906, C. M. Barber) and probably elsewhere in
Central America. The following are selected from a large series
of specimens: NEWFOUNDLAND: Killigrew’s, Conception Bay,
Avalon Peninsula, Fernald & Wiegand 4484; Holyrood, gle
3 Schrenk 207 (G, TYPE of P. bupleuroides, C, F, M, NY, US,
sotypes); near Frenchman’s Cove, Bay of Islands, M Hehe &
Csiseoh 10049; St. Georges, Fernald, Wiegand & Kittredge 2461;
Highlands P. peer — 661; Topsail, Williamson 472.
St. PIERRE ET Mique Mig uelon, Louis Arséne 40 & 48.
QUEBEC: Percé, Victorin, teak Rolla nd & Rousseau 17286;
Newport, Gaspé Co., Victorin, Rolland & Jacques 44467; Dart-
mouth R., Gaspé Co., Co llins, Fernald & Pease 5578; Saint-
Augustin, ‘Portneuf Co., Victorin, Rolland & Jacques 33879; St.
Lawrence R. , st. Vallier, Bellechasse Co. , Svenson & Fassett 3031;
Ile Plate, St. Lawrence R., Longueuil, 'Victorin 8178 & —
near Ottawa, Victorin 1 10104. MAGDALEN IsLaNps: Cap-aux-
Meules, Ile de ’Etang-du-Nord, Victorin & Rolland P9924;
Etang-du-Nord wharf, Grindstone Island, Fernald, Long & St.
John 6771. Prince Epwarp ISLAND: Tignish John Macoun
Svenson & Fassett 932; Nipisiquit R., Bathurst, Gloucester Co.,
Blake 5483; St. John R., Westfield, Kings Co., Fernald 1610 &
1611; also ene 2148; ’ Bass i, Kingston, Aug. 13, 1874, J.
Fow Nova Scotia: South Ingonish, Cape Breton Island,
Nichols 694; Mira Bay, Cape Breton Island, Macoun 20756;
Bevis Brook, Port Bevis, Victoria Co., Fernald & Long 19694;
Salmon R.., Truro, Colchester Co., Bean & White 19696: Truro,
cn rr Co. , Prince & Atwood 1405; Port ow Shelburne Co.,
ernald & Long 23143; Midway (Centreville) L., Centreville,
Di gby Co., Graves & Linder 19693; Sable Island, St. John 1124.
Maine: Mattawamkeag L., Island Falls, Aroostook Co., Sept.
7, 1897, Fernald; also Pease & Hopkins 22692; also Steinmetz 374;
Pushaw P., Glenburn, Penobscot Co. , Ogden & Steinmetz 1544;
Bradley, July 29, 1905, Ora Knight; Souadabscook Stream,
Hampden, Penobscot Co., Fernald & Long 12392; Eagle L.,
Piscataquis Co., Ogden 1701; Indian P., St. Albans, Somerset
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 179
Co., E. C. & E. B. Ogden 2008; South Paris, Oxford Co., 1897,
Furbish; Roque Bluffs, Washington Co., Aug. 6, 1932, Knowlton;
Mt. Desert I., Hancock Co., many collectors; Winterport, Waldo
Co., Rossbach 77; Thomaston, Knox Co., Aug. 15, 1913, FE. B.
Chamberlain; also Aug. 14, 1915, A. H. Norton; Sheepscot R..,
Alna, Lincoln Co., Fassett 456; Sydney, Kennebec Co., Fernald
& Long 12391; Topsham, Merrymeeting Bay, Sagadahoc Co.,
Steinmetz 526; Scarboro, Cumberland Co., Fellows 4679; Old
Orchard, York Co., Fernald 1612; also Chamberlain & Knowlton
571; also Parlin 1073; also Fellows 2966. New HAMPSHIRE:
Connecticut R., Northumberland, Coés Co., Pease 12143; Mel-
vin, Merrimack Co., Aug. 15, 1904, M. A. Day; also Sargent 29;
Rye Beach, Rockingham Co., Aug. 24, 1886, Walter Deane;
mith R., Danbury, Merrimac Co., Aug. 23, 1933, Charles
Bullard; Rollinsford, Hodgdon 11. Vermont: Maidstone, Essex
Co., Sanford 1225; Willoughby L., Aug. 31, 1917, E. J. Winslow;
Missisquoi R., Swanton, Franklin Co., Blewitt 4319; Missisquoi
R., Sheldon, Franklin Co., Blewitt 4320; Pelot’s Bay, Lake
Champlain, Aug. 2, 1899, Nellie F. Flynn; also Carpenter 6069;
Winooski R., Essex Junction, Chittenden Co., Blake 2212;
Winooski R., Montpelier, Washington Co., Svenson & Fassett
3040. Massacnusertrs: Chadwick’s P., Haverill, Essex Co.,
Harris 540; Mystic P., Medford, Middlesex Co., many dates,
Morong; Fresh P., Cambridge, Middlesex Co., many collectors;
Wareham, Plymouth Co., Svenson & Smith 822; Mashpee, Barn-
stable Co., Fogg 3606; Tashmoo L., Tisbury, Dukes Co., Marthas
Vineyard, Seymour 1027; Marthas Vineyard, McAtee 1060; Wash-
ing P., Nantucket Island, Bicknell 118; also Sept. 8, 1909, J. R.
Churchill; Congamond P., Southwick, Hampden Co., Seymour
267; Horse P., Westfield, Hampden Co., Markert 76909; Housa-
tonic R., Stockbridge, Berkshire Co., Aug. 20, 1902, R. Hoffmann.
RuopeE Isuanp: Roger Williams Park L., Providence Co., July
23, 1908, 7. Hope; Little Compton, Newport Co., Sanford 10192;
Wash P., Block Island, Newport Co., Fernald, Hunnewell
Long 8445. Connecticut: Selden’s Cove, Lyme, New London
Co., Sept. 6, 1911, EZ. B. Harger; Paton Brook, Southington,
Hartford Co., Aug. 28, 1900, C. H. Bissell; Fenwick, Middlesex
Co., Sept. 2, 1884, C. Wright; East Haven, New Haven Co.,
Blewitt 1677 & 1978; Pistapaug P., Wallingford, New Haven Co.,
0, L. M. Underwood; Schroon L., Warren Co., Muen-
scher & Lindsey 2728; Round L., Saratoga Co., Muenscher &
Clausen 4210; n. of Canoga Marshes, Cayuga L., Seneca Co.,
Eames & Wiegand 9102; Riverhead, Southampton, Suffolk Co.,
St. John 2542. New Jersry: Mantoloking, Ocean Co., Edwards
180 Rhodora {May
d- ). Nortn Carona: North Channel, Currituck
Sound, Shull 456 (G, M, NY, US). Ftortpa: Apalachicola, no
date, herb. Chapman (G, NY). Ontario: Almonte, July 7, 1898,
July 1884, C. Mohr (S, US). Lovtstana: Chifuncte Lighthouse,
Lake Ponchartrain, Aug. 16, 1838, Riddell ( US).
P. perfoliatus exhibits such an amount of variation that one
might suppose it to include many varieties, yet these variants
grade so insensibly into each other that lines can searcely be
drawn. Here, however, one*is justified in refusing to give the
variants formal rank, for they are sometimes found coming from
the same rhizome, or as branches of the same plant.
In America, two extremes appear to deserve varietal recogni-
tion. One of these, a plant sparingly found in the cooler parts of
northeastern North America, cannot be distinguished from P.
perfoliatus of Europe. It approaches var. gracilis C. & S., which,
being based entirely on variable foliage-characters, scarcely
merits recognition as a genetic entity. Our plant is considered
to be var. typicus. The few specimens from North America are
all sterile. The other variety in North America is a smaller plant,
with slender stem and delicate leaves having few prominent
nerves. It is abundant from Newfoundland to New York and
fruits freely. This latter plant has been separated from P.
perfoliatus as P. bupleuroides. In its typical development in the
brackish ponds of eastern Massachusetts, this plant differs so
strikingly in size from the robust typical variety that, were it
FOE ee eee ee ee ew
Ye eee eee
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 181
not for the transitional forms so common in Maine, Quebec, and
New York, it might well be regarded as a separate species.
In view of the fact that typical P. perfoliatus of Europe may
have branches with foliage matching that of the variety bupleur-
oides, and that in patches of the latter variety there may occa-
sionally be found plants bearing robust leaves approaching those
of the typical variety, it seems best to treat them both as variants
of the same species. Any differences in the fruits of var. bupleur-
oides and var. typicus of Europe are too slight and inconsistent
to be used for distinguishing the varieties.
The remarks of Fryer as to the variability of P. perfoliatus in
Europe are of importance here:
pic ssc perfoliatus has so considerable an amount of variation both
in the shape and colour of the leaves that at first sight it seems easily
separable ete distinct varieties, “but the examination of a good series,
even of dried specimens, shows that the most extreme forms pass into one
another so gradually that they are probably nothing more than states
produced by local and often temporary conditions. An isolated plant
growing in a newly dug clay pit afforded unusually good opportinuties for
Families hei several years, and this plant changed so much in the
shape, colour, and even texture of the leaves, that I am further induced to
think that all ae British forms are mere states, not true varieties. When
Mrs. Arber took a typical shoot of P. perfoliatus in July and
kept it floating in a rain-water tub. “By October 1 most of the
large perfoliate leaves had decayed and those on the new shoots
were so much narrower and less perfoliate as to make it difficult
to believe that they belonged to the same species.’
The work of the Pearsalls* with this species is very illuminating.
Their ecological observations and experiments with plants of
lakes and on those grown in tanks, led them to the conclusion
that light intensity played a very great part in the shape of the
leaf. However, leaf-shape was also influenced by other factors;
* Alfred Fryer, Pot. Brit. Isles 41 (1900).
ston ee Arber, hfe Plants 58 (1920).
. H. Pearsall & W. H. Pearsall, Journ. Bot. 61: 2 (1923).
“182 Rhodora [May
the nature of the soil probably being the primary one. Plants
on calcareous soil tended to have broader leaves than those of
acid waters. In America var. bupleuwroides appears to vary ac-
cording to the chemical nature of the water. Plants of brackish
water invariably have small ovate leaves; those of neutral or
acid waters tend to have their leaves larger and of a more elon-
gate shape.
HYBRIDS
As nearly all Potamogeton-hybrids lack fruit and as flowers
among the broad-leaved species are of slight, if any, value in
distinguishing entities, it is necessary to base one’s opinions as to
the probable parents on the characters of the leaves and the
anatomy of the stem. It is important that both parents be
found in the general vicinity of the hybrid they are supposed to
have produced, though there is some question if this needs to be
so, for such a hybrid may reproduce vegetatively and persist for
long periods of time, sometimes, perhaps, after a parent has
ceased to exist in that vicinity. Although interspecific hybrids
(except P. gramineus X illinoensis) seem not to form mature
fruit, they often produce pollen, some of which appears to be
viable. It is suspected that in this way they backcross with the
parents, producing plants which strongly simulate a given species,
but show evidences of influence from some other species. In
some such cases one parent can be named with assurance, the
other with less confidence. In many such cases it seems wisest
to correlate the plant with the species to which it shows the
strongest affinity, even though in some minor details it does not
agree with the normal development of the species with which it
is placed. Unless this be done, the number of hybrids might be
so great as to make a treatment unwieldy. It may well be that
hybrids backcrossing with the parents will eventually supplant
one or both parents, which will then not be found in the immedi-
ate vicinity of the hybrid. .
Hybrids should be considered, not as taxonomic units in them-
selves, but as blends of two (or more) distinct entities. Most
hybrids cannot be described, except by saying “intermediate
between the parents.’ No attempt is made, except where quite
obvious, to determine what variety of a species is the parent, nor
is attempt made to designate which is the female and which the
RRR CO = RRNA Fo rere,
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 183
male parent. For many collections both parents could not be
definitely determined. Most of these are, however, cited and in
some cases discussed under the hybrid that is most probable, as
determined from herbarium sheets. I hope that collectors who
are acquainted with some of the cited localities will observe the
plants in the field, for it is among the growing plants that hy-
brids can be more easily recognized and their parents determined.
P. ALPINUS X NODOSUS
P. alpinus X nodosus (X P. subobtusus) a Crit. Res.
Pot. 147 (1916). Not P. alpinus & ameri s (X P. recti-
folius) Bennett, Journ. Bot. 40: 147 (1902): ei Graebn. in
Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 132 (1907). Not P. alpinus X
americanus (X P. Faxont) Robinson & Fernald in Gray, vin "
7:73 (1908). Not P. Faxoni Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3:n
22 (1893); nor Taylor, N. Am. i 17: pt. 1: 20 (1909). Not x p
Faxoni Bennett, Journ. Bot. 46: 248 eae Not P. alpinus var.
Fazxoni Stevens, Ill. Guide to FL. Pl. 96 (1910).
This hybrid is extremely difficult to recognize for seldom are
both parents obvious and the stem-anatomy of the two is so
similar that it is of little help except to exclude from the parent-
age all species with dissimilar anatomy of the stem. Hagstrém
cites but one specimen, which, then, is the type of X P. subob-
tusus: ‘Nov. Ebor.’, E. Tuckerman Jr (hb. Upps.).”” Material
in the Gray Herb. and New York Bot. Gard. Herb., which is
probably isotypic, may well be this hybrid; both are mixed with
typical P. alpinus var. tenuifolius. Other collections which may
be this hybrid are: New York: in a canal or raceway at Niagara
Falls, Aug. 21, 1886, Morong (G); Niagara R., Aug. 23, 1886,
Coville (US); Normans Kill, Kenwood, C. H. Peck 2 (US).
P. ALPINUS X GRAMINEUS
?P. alpinus * gramineus (X P. nericius) Hagstr., Crit. Res.
Pot. 145 (1916).
No American specimens can be cited that are undoubtedly this
hybrid. However, plants growing in Mattagodus Stream,
Prentiss, Penobscot Co., Marne, which I studied and collected
(Ogden & Wright 2342) may possibly be this hybrid. It grew in
close proximity to P. alpinus v. tenuifolius and P. gramineus.
It is, however, more likely to be P. gramineus X P. perfoliatus
var. bupleuroides; the latter species was not found in the im-
184 Rhodora [May
mediate vicinity, but is plentiful in the region. Other collections
that might belong here are: Churchill, Manrrosa, Polunin 2070
(C, G, this might be P. gramineus X some linear-leaved species.
P. gramineus is quite obviously a parent, but there are no inter-
lacunar bundles in the stem, and the reddish color suggests P.
alpinus); Okanogan R., WasHincton, Sereno Watson 396 (G);
Catfish L., Algonquin Park, Onrar1o, Macoun 22220 (C). Col-
lections from QuEBEc: Hull Brook, Harrington 99100; Brigham’s
Creek, Hull, John Macoun 85531; also Malte 118259, 118260,
118261 & 118262, may be this hybrid.
P. AMPLIFOLIUS X ILLINOENSIS
?P. amplifolius X illinoensis (X P. scoliophyllus) Hagstr.,
Crit. Res. Pot. 164 (1916); ?x P. scoliophyllus forma barensis
bid.
Hagstr., ibid
Hagstr6ém cites a specimen from Bear Lake, Manistee, MIcHI-
GAN, collected by Morong in 1882 as the type for x P. scoliophyl-
lus, and on the supposition that a form might someday be foun
differing from this, further named the Bear Lake plant: forma
barensis. None of the collections of Morong from Bear Lake,
Manistee, Mich. that I have seen appears to be this hybrid,
though both P. amplifolius and P. illinoensis are represented.
agstrém reports this hybrid also from Cedar Lake, Ont. and
Buckingham, Que., but cites no specimens. I have seen no
specimen that I would refer here.
P. AMPLIFOLIUS X PRAELONGUS
Collections that may be this are: Wisconstn: Green Bay;
sloughs between Halfway Slough and Bass Channel, June 29,
1890, J. H. Schuette (F); Green Bay, between Duck Creek Chan-
nel and Bars Channel, nearer to the latter, July 17, 1890 (or
1899?), J. H. Schuette (F); Green Bay, June 23, 1891, J. H-
Schuette (F). New York: very abundant, Southeast Bay,
Saratoga L., Saratoga Co., Muenscher & Lindsay 2814b (G).
ao Tinmouth P., Tinmouth, Aug. 5, 1907, G. G. Kennedy
P. AMPLIFOLIUS X RICHARDSONII
A collection from the north end of Tupper L., Franklin Co-,
New York, Muenscher & Clausen 3784 (G), may be this hybrid.
P. EPIHYDRUS Var. NvutTTALuu > PULCHER
Virainia: outlet of Lee’s Millpond, Isle of Wight Co., Fernald
& Long 12230 (G).
1943] Odgen,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 185
P. NATANS X NODOSUS
x P. perplexus ye X natans), Benn., Trans. & Proc.
Bee we Edinburgh 29: 53 (1924).
Bennett considers a collection from: British CoLuMBIA:
Sumas L., Chilliwack Valley, J. M. Macoun 26815 to be this hy-
brid and makes it the type of & P. perplerus. It may be this,
but from the three sheets in the National Museum of Canada
(vyPE), the Gray Herbarium, and the New York Botanical
Garden, it appears to me to be a typical P. illinoensis.
P. GRAMINEUS X NODOSUS
?X P. argutulus Hagstr., Bot. Not. 106 (1908); Hagstr., Crit.
Res. Pot. 220 (1916). 2x P. argutulus formseries nodosifolius
Hagstr., Bot. Not. 106 (1908); ? Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 220
916).
The following may belong here: MAINE: a eens Bay,
Topsham, Sagadahoc Co., Steinmetz se! (G, ME, O); Sunkhaze
Stream, Milford, Penobsco t Co., Ogden & Steinmetz 1607 (Q).
EW HAMPSHIRE: Goonctese i. Corsiah Sept. 2, 1886, F. H.
Knowlton (US). New York: Spencer : ee Spencer, Tioga Co.,
Thomas 1494 (G); east shore of Hudson R., above Coveville,
Washington Co., M uenscher & Lindsey 2716 (O). DistTRICT OF
COLUMBIA: in the vicinity of Washington, Aug. 5, 1879, L. F.
Ward (US). West Virernta: Greenbrier R., Talcott, Summers
Co., Morris 1343 (F, US, possibly P. illinoensis x nodosus).
P. ILLINOENSIS X NODOSUS
P. alpinus X pensylvanicus Benn., Journ. Bot. 28: 301 (1890).
P. Faxoni Morong, Mem. Torr. Clu b3: no. 2: 22 LET
in Engler, Pace 4: fam. 11:75 (1907); Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17:
pt. 1:20 (1909). ? P. es X rufescens Morong, Mem. Torr.
Club 3: no. 2: 22 (1893). ? P. alpinus X Claytonii, Graebn. in
Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11:75 & 132 (1907). xX P. Faxon =
P. americanus X pensylvanicus Benn., Journ. Bot. 46: 248 (1908).
x champlainii = P. alpinus ce penayloanicus Benn., Journ.
Bot. 46: 248 (1908). xX P. Faxoni = P. alpinus X americanus
Robinson & Fernald, Gray Man. ad. 7: 73 (1908). Pp. alpinus var.
Faxoni Stevens, Ill. ‘Guide to Fl. Pl. 96 (1910). P. illinoensis X
nodosus Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 200 (1916). P.lucens X nodosus
Be P; subrufus) onto Crit. Res. Pot. 241 (1916).
e following are referred here: QueseEc: Ile Bizard, Adrien
1442 (G, MT). Vermont: Little Otter Creek, Ferrisburg, Aug.
10, 1880, C. E. Faxon (G, MSC, NE, NY, US, type of P. Faxoni
in NY); ‘Aug. 20, 1880, C. E. Faxon (G, NE); Little Otter Creek,
near Barnum’s Mill and Ferrisburg Station, Ferrisburg, Aug. 19,
186 Rhodora [May
1882, Edwin Faxon (G, NE, NY), Aug. 23, 1882, Edwin Faxon
(F, G, NE, NY): Otter Creek, below Vergennes, Addison Co.,
Aug. 24, 1882, Edwin Faxon (NE); Otter Creek, Middlebury,
Sept. 5, 1896, herb. Ezra Brainerd (G); Little Otter Creek, near
Lake Champlain, Ferrisburg, Addison Co., Ogden & Bolan 1589%
(G); Lewis Creek, Ferrisburg, Aug. 20, 1881, FE. & C. E. Faxon
(G, US), Aug. 18, 1882, Edwin Faxon (F, G, NY, isotypes of X
P. champlainii). New Yorx: Lake Champlain, Plattsburg,
Aug. 19, 1885, Morong (C, G, NY); outlet of Lake Seneca,
Geneva, Aug. 14, 1884, Morong (C, G, NY, cotype collection of
x P. subrufus). Vrrernta: northeast part of Four-mile Run,
Chesapeake Bay region, Shull 471 (G, NY, US). Mussourt:
Cooley L., Clay Co., Metcalf 1055 (US). Texas: Cebelo Creek,
near Boerne, Kendall Co., H. J. Palmer 12907 (G, NY, US, pos-
sibly not this hybrid). Ipano: Altmas L., Evermann 490 (F;,
possibly not this hybrid).
P. Noposus X RICHARDSONII
x P. rectifolius (americanus < alpinus) Benn., Journ. Bot.
40: 147 (1902); Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 132
(1907); Robinson & Fernald, Gray Man. ed. 7: 73 (1908). P.
americanus Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17: pt. 1: 19 (1909), in part.
nodosus X Richardsonii Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 148 (1916).
Inurnors: Railroad ditch, Stoney Island, Chicago, Sept. 14,
1900, E. J. Hill 171.1900 (NY, isotype material of X P. recti-
folius), Aug. 30, 1901, Hill 179.1901 (C, isotype material of X
P. rectifolius), Sept. 6, 1902, Hill 191.1902 (G), also Agnes Chase
1477 (F) & 1994 (F). Orecon: Sauvie’s Island, Thomas Howell
1497 (US).
P. EPIHYDRUS X NODOSUS
? P. americanus X pensylvanicus Benn., Journ. Bot. 46: 250
(1908); not Benn., Journ. Bot. 46: 248 (1908). P. nodosus X
Nuttallii (X P. subsessilis) Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 190 (1916).
Bennett mentions “. . . specimens gathered in New York
and eastern Massachusetts by the late Dr. Morong . . - e
and Hagstrém cites what may be the same Massachusetts col-
lection. From Hagstrém’s description and an examination of
the specimens, it is obvious he refers to Morong’s collection from
Winchester, Massacuuserts, Sept. 1, 1880 (NY), Aug. 8, 1881
(C, NY), Aug. 29, 1881 (G, 2 sheets, one mixed with P. nodosus)
which is quite probably this hybrid.
P. GRAMINEUS X NATANS
? P. natans X gramineus (X P. sparganifolius) Hagstr., Crit-
Res. Pot. 197 & 217 (1916). :
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 187
Hagstrém cites: Pine Plains, New York, Hoysradt. What
may be the same collection appears to me to be P. gramineus.
P. GRAMINEUS X ILLINOENSIS
P. Proteus Zizii C. & §., Linnaea 2: 201 (1827), in part. P.
gramineus var. ? spathulaeformis Robbins in Gray, Man., ed. 5:
487 (1867); not sensu Fern., Ruopora 23: 190 (1921), nor
Ruopora 35: 130 (1933). P. heterophyllus forma maximu
Morong, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 3: no. 2: 25 (1893), in sone
P. spathulaeformis Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 26 (1893);
Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr., 4: fam. 11:91 (1907), as P. spathu-
liformis. P. spathaeformis Tuckerm. in es opie in Gray's
Man. ed. 5: 487 (1867), as a synonym; , Journ. Bot.
130 (1900). xX P. spathaeformis Fern., ES 8: 294 (1906) ;
Robinson & Fern. in Gray, Man., ed. "1: 74 (1908). P. varians
Fryer, Journ. Bot. "97: 308 (1889), as to American specimens.
? P. Zizit var. porrectifolius Benn. ex Graebn. in Engler, Pflan-
zenr. 4: fam. 11: 83 (1907). ? P. Zizit var. gracilis Benn. ex.
Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 838 (1907). ? P.
gramineus X i (X P. spathuliformis) Graebn. in Engler,
Pflanzenr. 4: day ne 136 (1907). P. angustifolius Taylor, N.
Am. Fl. 17: pt. 1: 18 (1909), in part. Spirilus Zizii Nieuwland,
Am. Mid. Nat. 3: 17 (1913), in part. P. illinoensis gs lucens (x
P. pseudolucens) Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 199 (1916). P. gra-
mineus X illinoensis (X 'P. de minutus) Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot.
209 (1916). P. gramineus X illinoensis X lucens (X P. pseudo-
Ziziit) Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 210 (1916). P. gramineus X
lucens (X P. Zizii) Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 210 (1916). xX P.
Zizii forma pulcherrimus Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 214 (1916).
P. angustifolius of Am. auth., in part; not Bercht. & Presl,
Rostlin 2: Alismac. 19 $ (1eaiy P. Zizii of Am. auth., in part; not
M. &. K. in Rohling, Deutschl. Fl. 1: 845 (1823); nor Koch ex
Roth, Enum. Plant. Germ. 1: 531 (1827).
Of the numerous collections, the following may be mentioned:
Vermont: Lake Champlain, Alburgh, Aug. 22, 1885, Morong
(NY, isotype of X P. Zizii forma i Sane Windmill
Point Reef, Alburg, Grand Isle Co., Muenscher, Manning &
Maguire 73 (F); Lake Bomoseen, Castleton, Oct. i, 1898, W. W.
type of P. gramineus var. cade eran. G, isotype);
Meelis P., Medford, Oct. 8 & Sept. 24, 1865, some sheets without
date, Robbins (G, MS SC, NY, cotype material of P. gramineus Var.
spathulaeformis) ; also July 10, 1879 (G), wy, 25, 1879 (G, NY),
Aug. 5, 1879 (NY), Aug, li, 1879 (F, NY), Sept. 1, 1879 (NY),
Sept. 15, 1879 (F, NY), Aug. 5, 1881 (MSC, NY), July Septem-
ber (C), all by Morong; also July 27, 1880, E. . E. Fax
188 Rhodora [May
(G, US); Fresh P., Cambridge, Sept. 5, 1853, Sept. 27 and Oct.
24, 1865, herb. Wm. Boott (G); also Sept. 21, 1867, Robbins (NY);
also Aug. 1876 (F), July 25, 1879 (F, NY), Aug. 2, 1879 (US),
July 13, 1880 (MSC) and Sept. 14, 1886 (NY), Morong; also
Sept. 17, 1880, C. E. Faxon (G); Pleasant P., Wenham, Sept. 13,
1880, E. & C. E. Faxon (C, F, G, NY, US); also Sept. 9, 1881,
Morong (NY); also E. C. & E. B. Ogden, 1762 (O). CONNECTI-
cut: Lake Saltonstall, Sept. 22 & 23, 1880, EH. Faxon (G, US).
New York: Cossayuna L., Washington Co., Muenscher &
Lindsey 2786 (F, G); Perch L., Jefferson Co., Muenscher &
Maguire 1684 (G); Lake Champlain, s. of Fort Ticonderoga,
ssex Co., Muenscher, Manning & Maguire 75 (F); Junius, near
Geneva, Bazter 5399 (US); Phillips P., Junius, Seneca Co.,
Eames & MacDaniels 3463 (G); Pine Plains, L. H. Hoysradt (G).
Ontario: McKay’s L., near Ottawa, Malte 118258 (G, V); cove
above Grass Creek Island, 7 miles below Kingston, Frontenac
Co., Pennell 16333 (NY). Mucuican: Crystal Falls, Iron Co.,
Metcalf 2253 (US) & 2256 (G, US); Pine L., Ingham Co., 1893,
C. F. Wheeler (C, mixed with P. illinoensis); Cassidy L., near
Chelsea, Washtenaw Co., Hermann 9294 (NY). INDIANA:
Grassy Creek, near Tippecanoe L., Scovell 37 (US); bed of inlet
to Gage L., Steuben Co., June 17, 1903, C. C. Deam (NY); e. side
of Lake James and w. side of Pokagon State Park, Steuben Co.,
Deam 56587 (G); Fletcher L., near Fulton, Fulton Co., Deam
56524 (G); Lake Maxinkuckee, Evermann 544a (US). WiscoNn-
stn: Green Bay near Suamico’s shore, July 11, 1886, J. H. Schuette
(G); n. side of Puckaway L., Green Lake Co., Uhler & M cLaugh-
lin 375 (F, G) & 1091 (US). Mrnnesorta: Green L., Chisago
Co., July 1892, B. C. Taylor (NY); Pelican L., Koochiching:Co.,
Metcalf 1582 (G, US); Deep L., Cass Co., Metcalf 2373 (US);
Snail L., Ramsey Co., Oosting 28164 (NY). Iowa: Armstrongs
Grove, Aug. 1881, R. I. Cratty (NY). Nepraska: West Chain
L., Thomson 73b (US); Dewey L., Tolstead 616 (G). IDAHO:
Priest L., MacDougal 304 (C, NY); also Piper 3761 (G, NY, US);
Pend Oreille L., Bonner Co., Muenscher 10208 (G, O) & 10212
ratU Eh gesean Montezuma Well, Jackson 52 (US); also Taylor
P. GRAMINEUS X RICHARDSONII
(1924).
_ The following appear to be this hybrid: OnTarto: Lake Nipis-
sing, Chitty 265 (G). Micuican: St. Mary’s R., Sault Ste. Marie,
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 189
EK. J. Hill 133.1881 (C); northwest end of Brevort L., ree
Mackinac Co., Ogden & Bolan 1681 (G, O); Detroit R, Oct. 4
1892, Farwell 4780 (G); also Aug. 25, 1892, Farwell (G); also Oct.
4, 1892, Farwell (NY). Iturnots: Wolf L., Chicago, Agnes Chase
1718 (F): also June 10, 1911, Earl E. Sherff (F). ALBERTA:
Indian Graveyard, Peace R., Wood Buffalo Park, Rawp 1547 (C,
NY). Conorapo: Carleton L., near Grand L., Shear &
Bessey 53833 (NY). BritisH Coiumsra: Griffin Li; Macoun 4179
(C, G, isotypes of & P. subdentatus @ petiolatus) ; Sumas Sy
M. Macoun 26816 (C, type of P. Hagstrémii, G, NY, isotypes).
P. GRAMINEUS X PERFOLIATUS Var. BUPLEUROIDES
? eo abe sensu Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 34 (1893).
mineus var. spathulaeformis sensu Fern., Ruopora 23:
190 “(1921) and Pee i 35: 131 (1933); not Robbins in Gray,
Man. 5: 487 (1867). X P. nitens var. subgramineus f. restrictus
Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 223 (1916). Xx P. subnitens Hagstr.,
i (1916).
The following are referred here: NEWFOUNDLAND: Highlands
Brook above bridge, Crabbes, Kennedy 78 (G); Otter P., Brig
Bay, Fernald, Wiegand, Long, Gilbert & Hotchkiss 27341 (F,
probably backcrossed with P. gramineus) ; also 27342 (G, prob-
ably backcrossed with P. gts eus). QuEBEC: Matane R.,
Matane, Matane Co., Aug. 5 1904, Forbes 156 (C, G, one sheet
of this collection in G is rather typical Fr. perfoliatus var. bu-
pleuroides); Riviére Ouest, Gaspé Co., Vzctorin, Rolland &
Jacques 44459 (G, MT); Tle du ae Iles de Boucherville, St.
Lawrence R., Victorin & Rolland 44738 (F, G); aor ae
St. Lawrence R., Rousseau 20444 (G); also 20445 (G, US, V);
Ile Plate, St. Lawrence R., Longueuil, Chambly Co., Viclrn
8176 (G); also stan (C, G); also © Rolland ‘wirie (C, F, G); Il
Verte, St. Lawre ., Longueuil, Chambly Co., Rolland 13867
yee “ako 13368. an “also 43376 (G); also 43378 (G); also
2 (F, G); Lac Aylmer, Wolfe Co., Louis-Marie, Laporte &
putea 301 (G). ANTICOSTI: Becscie R., Macoun 2983 (C);
Salt Macoun 2986 (C). New Brunswick: St. John R.,
Ingleside, Westfield, Fernald 1609 (G); Hammond R., Hammond,
Kings Co., Svenson & Fassett 3025 (G); Jacquet R.., ‘Restigouche
Co., Svenson & Fassett 3030 (G); St. John R.., Lincoln, Sunbury
Co, ; Fassett 2161 (G); gered, July 30, 1892, J. Fowler (US):
Campbellton, Aug. 26, 1905, J. Fowler (US). Nova Scotia:
“plaster hole lake’? near Danes Cape Breton Island, Nichols
1037 (G); Shinimikas R., Northport, Cumberland Co., Fassett
2150 (G); Midway (Centreville) L., Centreville, Digby Co.,
Graves & Linder 19691 (G, perhaps ‘backcrossed with P. gra-~
mineus). Matne: St. John R., Madawaska, Aroostook Co., July
28, 1893, Fornell (G, NE, NY); Pushaw P., Oldtown, Aug. 21,
190 Rhodora [May
9, L. H. Harvey (US); Pushaw P., Glenburn, Penobscot Co.,
Deak Sie week % (G, 0); Pushaw P,, Hud son, Penobscot
Co., Ogden & Steinmetz 2195 (ME, QO); Mattagodus Stream,
Brontize, Penobscot Co., Stecnmetz a (G, ME, O, possibly P.
alpinus X prawns); also Ogden & Wright 2342 (ME, O, possi-
ly P. alpinus X gramineus). New Rata eee Connecticut
R. Walpole, Fernald 440 (G); mouth ‘of brook, Melvin, Sargent 31
(G). ont: Winooski R., Essex x Junction, Blake 2216 (US);
Conileetiout R., Brattleboro, 1865, C. C. Frost (G). MassacHu-
seTrs: Wenham P. , Sept. 13, 1880, Edwin Faxon (C, G, NY, US,
see next citation) ; also Sept. 5, 1882, Edwin Fazon (G, NY, type
collection of X P. subnitens; some of the Wenham Pond collec-
ions appear to be this hybrid, probably backcrossed with
perfoliatus var. bupleuroides; some cannot be distinguished from
ecological forms of P. lana var. veaigiy hy CoNNECTI-
cut: Taunton P., Newtown, E. H. Eames 11733 (G); Beardsley
Fy Hp a E. H. ce 11741 (G, Sonate not this hybrid).
New York: Hudson R., Mechanieville, Rensselaer Co., Muen-
scher & Lindsey 2770 (G) & 2865 (G, O); Myers Pt., Cayu ga L.,
Aug. 13, 1884, herb. W. R. Dudley (NY); Old en ‘Conia
near South Oxford, July 1, 1886, F. V. Coville (US); Chemung R.
near Wellsburg, Lucy 1 0843 (F); Chenango R., Brisben, June 28,
1887, F. V. Coville (US); slow stream, 4% mi. s. of the Jefferson
Co. line, on lg No z. n. W. ts Sandy Creek, Oswego Co.,
Ogden & Bolan 1578 (G, QO). w JERSEY: river-edge above
Phillipsburg, Taly 23, 1886, T. o Poet (NY). PENNSYLVANIA:
near Easton, Sept. 8, 1868, T. C. Porter (F). Vrrernta: Dyke,
Fairfax Co., Metcalf & Sperry 1684 (US). Ontario: Almonte,
oa at c 7, 1806, J. Fowler (F, G); Missinaibi R., J. M. Macoun
ais cross is between species of relatively unrelated subsections
and the progeny are extremely variable and often very odd. As
with most hybrids among the broad-leaved species of Potamogeton,
no description can be given that is both inclusive and limiting.
The hybrid must be distinguished as an intermediate between
the two parents. It often appears with floating leaf-blades
tapering gradually into the petiole and with clasping submersed
leaves having sharp-pointed apices. Mature fruit is unknown
in interspecific crosses, but may occasionally appear in back-
crosses. The anatomy of the stem shows a blend between the
two parents, presenting all the possible combinations with a trio-
type or oblong-type of stele, O-cells or U-cells in the endodermis,
and cortical bundles present or absent. Next to P. gramineus X
illinoensis, this is probably the most frequent Potamogeton-
}
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 191
hybrid in North America. It is one of the easiest to recognize.
The nearest approach to it is P. gramineus X Richardsonii which
can usually be distinguished by its coarser stipules.
P. GRAMINEUS X P. sp.
P. angustifolius var. methyensis Benn., Journ. Bot. 29: 151
(1891). P. Zizii var. methyensis Benn. i n Macou n, Cat. Can. PI.
370 (1890); Graebn. in Engler, Phausent. 4: fain. 11: 83 (1907).
‘A yay oe Benn., Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 29: 50
Methye L., near Methye Portage, meter noe July 18,
1888, J. M. Macou n 4178 (C, rypx of P. methyensis).
A number of collections are hybrids with Pr gramineus quite
evidently one of the parents. Among these is the Methye Lake
plant upon which P. methyensis is based. From the single sheet
seen by me I cannot determine the other parent. P. illinoensis
might seem a good guess, but it is not reported so far north. P.
alpinus and P. Richardsonii abound in the region, but Iam unable
to see marked influence of either of these species. Hagstrém
may not have seen this collection; at least he mentions the name
only in the index to his Critical Researches. He is, however, re-
ferring to it (among others) when he says, “. . . but many
Zizii-like North American plants are not at all this hybrid, but of
another origin, and great carefulness is necessary when con-
sidering these difficult forms.’”!
P, ILLINOENSIS X RICHARDSONII
INDIANA: Bass L., Starke Co., Aug. 7, W. S. Blatchley (Deam).
P. ILLINOENSIS X PERFOLIATUS Var. BUPLEUROIDES
? x P. subdentatus « sessilis Hagstr., Crit. ee Pot. 201 (1916);
not X P. subdentatus @ petiolatus Hagstr. s
New York: Bie hg Bay, rae 12264 ic, U8); Onondaga L.,
Aug. 1, 1890, L. M. Underwood (NY). FLoripa: Apalachicola,
herb. 1 aaa (G, NY, US);mouth of Choctawhachee R., June
18, 1880, C. Mohr (US). AuaBaMa: estuary of Mobile R., fely
22) 1884, C. Mohr (US).
Hagstrém cites a specimen from Queenston, ONTARIO (without
mentioning collector’s name and date), which he considers to be
P. illinoensis X perfoliatus. I have not seen this collection.
} Hagstrém, Crit. Res. Pot. 216 (1916).
192 Rhodora [May
The collection from Griffin L., Bririsa Cotumsta, which he also
cites as having these parents, is P. gramineus X Richardsonii.
P. ILLINOENSIS X P. sp.
s a peculiar form of P. natans,’’ Morong, Bull. Torr.
Bot. Club 13: 145 (1886). P. tonsa Small, Fl. Se. U. §
37 and 1326 (1903); Benn., Journ. Bot. 45: 376 (1907); Graebn.
in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 62 (1907). ? P. Tepperi Benn.,
oe Bot. 45: 373 ay oad in Engler, hein jones 4; fam.
2 (1907). : ently an immature f
P natans, Taylor, N. Peg TL. 17: 28.1: 16 (1909). “prob-
ably belonging to the group Amplifolii,” Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot
268 (1916).
Fioripa: Blackwater R., May A. H. Curtiss (NY,
TYPE and isotype of P. Wontaaiien): ae June 22, 1886, Curtiss
(NY).
Further collections and perhaps a study of the living plants
will be needed to determine the exact nature of this plant. It is
possible that it is a cross between P. illinoensis and a linear-
leaved species. The stem-anatomy is: stele with the proto-type
pattern, endodermis of U-cells, interlacunar bundles weakly
developed and only in the outer interlacunar circle, subepidermal
bundles absent or weakly developed, pseudo-hypodermis present
or absent. Curtiss collected in the same river, and by the dates
on the sheets presumably at the same time, fragmentary bits of
P. foliosus Raf. var. macellus Fern. Other linear-leaved species
of Potamogeton, subgenus Ewpotamogeton, found in the general
region are: P. pusillus L. (P. panormitanus Biv.), P. Berchtoldt
Fieber (P. pusillus of auth., not L.), P. diversifolius Raf., and P.
capillaceus Poir. None of ‘thee linear-leaved species has inter-
lacunar bundles and all have O-cells in the endodermis, so if one
is a parent, the other parent must possess interlacunar bundles
and a U-celled endodermis. The only broad-leaved species
agreeing with this would be P. illinoensis. The stelar pattern of
the plant in question leads me to consider P. pulcher as a possible
parent, though it lacks interlacunar bundles and has an O-celled
endodermis. In such case, the only linear-leaved species that
can be considered to be the other parent is P. pectinatus, in the
subgenus Coleogeton; it being the only linear-leaved species iD
the region with interlacunar bundles and with U-cells in the
endodermis. It is possible that the plant is a pronounced ec0-
1943] _Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 193
logical form of P. Oakesianus or P. natans, neither of which has
been otherwise found within 600 miles of Florida.
P. PRAELONGUS X RIcHARDSONII
MicuiGcan: Saulte Ste. Marie, Aug. 4, 1881, #. J. Hill (US).
Uraun: Fish L., Sevier Co., Tanner 5786 (F).
P. PERFOLIATUS Var. BUPLEUROIDES X RICHARDSONII
It is reasonable to suppose that the two closely related species,
P. Richardsonii and P. perfoliatus, would hybridize rather freely
where their ranges overlap. Such appears to be the case, for
these species remain quite recognizable (though exhibiting much
ecological variation) throughout their separate ranges, but where
these ranges overlap, all intergradations occur. One might
consider the entities that bridge the narrow gap to be those from
which the two species have evolved were it not that such plants
are always sterile and often exhibit other evidences of hybridism.
Such plants occur in Quebec, northern Maine, New Hampshire,
and are especially abundant in New York. They occasionally
occur elsewhere. Although the evidence is strongly in favor of
numerous hybrids between P. Richardsonii and P. perfoliatus
var. bupleuroides, it is practically impossible to be sure of this
with individual collections, for ecological or other conditions of
growth might cause a simulation of this in either of these closely
related species. For this reason, no collections are cited.
P. BERCHTOLDI X PERFOLIATUS Var. BUPLEUROIDES
non-stratified O-cells; interlacunar and subepidermal bundles
absent, or with a few weakly developed subepidermal ones;
pseudo-hypodermis 1 cell thick. Lzaves all submersed, delicate,
oblong to oblong-linear, .5-4 cm. long, .2-.6 cm. wide; nerves 3-7;
sessile and cuneate at base, semi-clasping; apex obtuse or acutish,
but not sharp-pointed; margin entire (with 1-celled denticles on
the Nantucket specimen) ; lacunae of 1 or 2 rows of cells each side
of the midrib, commonly with a pair of glands at the base.
StrPuEs delicate, more or less persistent, ovate-oblong, rounded
at apex, .3-1.5 cm. long, without keels. PspuNcLES about same
thickness as stem, sometimes slightly incrassate, 1-4 cm. long.
SPrkes with 1-4 whorls, not crowded at anthesis; in flower .2-.5 |
194 Rhodora [May
m. long, .2-.3 em. thick. FLowers sessile; sepaloid connectives
Seon, blades orbicular or elliptical, 1-1. 8 mm. wide, claws .
8 mm. long; anthers .7-1 mm. long. Mature Fruits unknown.
Immature fruits obovate, about 9 mm. long (excluding beak)
and .8 mm. wide; beak prominent, about .5 mm. long, curved
toward the back; keels none; exocarp greenish; seed aborted,
apex pointing toward basal end. Winter Bups abundantly
produced late in the season, mostly near the rhizome, with
leaves appressed to the shortened axis, or tightly appressed for
about half their length and with the upper halves strongly
divergent; basal glands prominent and forming adventitious
roots.
P. mysticus Morong, Bot. Gaz. 5: 50 (1880); Mem. ea oo“
3: no. 2: 34 (1893); Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 95
(1907); Robinson & Fern. in Gray, Man. ed. 7: 75 p08), with
suggestion that it is ‘(probably a hybrid” of P. bupleuroides
(perfoliatus var. bupleuroides) and P. pusillus (Berchtoldi); Tay-
lor, N. Am. FI. 17: pt. 1: 22 (1909), “apparently a depauperate
form” of P. perfoliatus, and ‘‘may be a hybrid’; Britton in
t. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 80 (1913) “apparently a depauperate
form? of P. perfoliatus and “Perhaps a hybrid.” P. bupleuroides
X pusillus (X P. mysticus) Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 259 (1916).
In brackish water, Maine, Massachusetts, and Maryland.
The following are referred here: MAINE : Dunston Marshes,
Searboro, Sept. 20, 1920, A. H. Norton; Stuart Brook, West
Scarboro, Scarboro, Cumberland Co., Steinmetz & Marston 539,
Plantae Exsiccatae Grayanae 905; also Steinmetz 617; also Ogden,
Rollins & Wiggins 1731; Lily P., Fortune Rocks, Biddeford,
Sept. 3, 1899, G. G. Ken nedy. Massacnusetts: Mystic P.,
Aug. 13 and Sept. 3, 1865, Wm. Boott; Mystic P., Medford, on
several dates in 1879, 1880, and 1881 by Morong and the Fazons;
Miacomet P., Nantucket, ‘July 13, 1887, Morong. MaryYLAND:
near Ocean City, H. L. Clark 6
This interesting hybrid was seiecth) first collected by Wm.
Boott in Mystic Pond (now called Mystic Lakes) in 1865. In
1879 Morong found the plant still there, and in 1893 wrote,
“Since I obtained this . . . in 1879, I have visited the
locality for several years in succession, and, though I have always
found the plant growing vigorously, yet it has shown no signs 0
prefecting [sic] fruit.”! In the summers of 1935, ’36 and ’37 I
searched the Mystic Lakes carefully for it without success. The
town of Medford extends only into the lower lake where P. per-
foliatus var. bupleuroides now abounds. In this lower lake n°
1 Morong, Mem, Torr. Club, 3: no. 2: 35 (1893),
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 195
P. Berchtoldi was seen, but there is in the middle lake, now
separated from the lower by a dam, a flourishing patch of P.
Berchtoldi var. tenuissimus. This var. of P. Berchtoldi was
found with the hybrid at Scarboro, Maine, and it appears safe to
designate this variety as one of the parents of the Mystic Lakes
and Scarboro plants. Whether it is this variety of P. Berchtoldi
which is a parent of the other specimens cannot be said. A
search at the Scarboro locality, where the plant thrives in abund-
ance, failed to reveal any mature fruits, although flowering spikes
were plentiful. One of the most striking characteristics of this
plant in the latter part of the season is its abundance of winter
buds. In its morphological characters as well as its stem-
anatomy this hybrid is intermediate between the supposed
parents.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Piate 746. FRuirs OF POTAMOGETON (all X 5)
LPINUS Var. yar tae ee F1Gc. 1, Maine, Fernald 117; ria. 2, Newfound-
iad ‘Kennedy sey a. 3, basa ee we 2172.
er Sv area LLIPTICUS: FIG. 4, e, Sept. 5, 1894, Fernald; Fic.
os Quebee, Fernald, Long & St. nine 6766 gue iy 6, New York, House
ne pec Fias. 7, 8, 9, Sitch gym ge Fernald & Wiegand 4467.
P. AMPLIFOLIUS: 10, Ohio, ’Goodric h 209; Fics. 11 & 12, New York,
Muenscher & Magu e 723 (12 with mesocarp removed) ; FIG. 13, Ontario,
Aug. 19, vlontns Fowler,
P. puLcuEr: Fic. 14, Rhode Island, Fernald, Long & Torrey 8444; Fic. 15,
Mussachieetia, July 1887, Morong; Fics. 16, 17, Manachiiastis, June 16, ‘1878,
C with pene remov:
P. Noposus: FIG. sot hig + sota, Hotchkiss & Jones 480; r1a. 19, Connecti-
cut, 1845, Robbins; 20, ‘Wisconsin, July 28, 1891; Fie. 21, District of
Columbia, Sept. 25, 1897, Stee
P. NATANS: FIG. 22, Ontario, ae & Bolan 1646; ria. 23, Minnesota, Grant &
Oosting 3203; Fias. 24, 25, New York, Ogder & Bolan 1580 (25 with mesocarp
removed).
P. Oakes SIANUS: FIG. 26, Massachusetts, Aug. 28, 1851, Robbins; Fia. 27,
uebec, Fernald, Long & St. John pete FIG. = Nova Scotia, Long ’& Linder
n
P. ILLINOENSIS: FIG. 30, Iowa, July 21, i883, F Cedi ria. 31, Illinois, Sept.
1881, Patterson (ryPE); Fics. 32, 33, Fl lorida, Curtiss 6692; ria. 34, Indiana,
ge Sohn FIG. 35, New York, R. Hitche
MINEUs: FIG. 36, Was hington, J. W. Thom on 7589; Fic. 37, New-
foundland, Fernald & Long 1210; Fria. 38, gvamend Pete if 2187.
LONGUs: Fas. 39, 40, New Yo rk, Mue er & Maguire 1747
Aug. 21, 1886, Mororg; ria. 43, Quebec, Viclorin 18462; 1a. 44, Michigan,
— Robbins; ric. 45, Washington, Aug. 1892, Piper; ric. 46, Montana,
se oben
OLIATUS Var. BUPLEUROIDES: FIG. 47, Newfoundland, Robinson
P.
Sechrenk "207 TYPE); FIG. 48, Maryland, Coville 118; Fic. 49, Nova Scotia,
Graves & Pd ed Fig. 50, nabs , Fernald, ‘Long & "St. John 6771
Gaeaeigs removed).
196
Rhodora
[May
Puate 747. PoraMOGETON NATANS: CROSS-SECTION OF STEM, X 35.
Camera-lucida drawing fee contente not shown) by Francis T. Horne from
preparation by Edith B. Ogd
LATE 748. CAMERA-LUCIDA DRAWINGS Biren carga NOT SHOWN)
FROM STEMS OF POTAMOGETON SHOWING Typ
Pia; 1, F; cab went x 40 (Ogd
S var. BUPLEUROID
detach 1105); Fra. fe ? GRAMINE
1552); Fia. 5, P. cr
OLDI bang TENUISSIMUS
US var. rid dei
MINEUS Var. TYPICUS, X
den & aor 09) FIG. 2, P. PERFOLIA-
X 75 (Steinmetz
526); Fic. 3, P. noposus, X 75
a eT gden & Steinmetz
x 75 (Og =. & Bolan 1644); FIG. §
RFOLIATUS var. BUPLEUROIDES (XE
‘ a X PE
mysticus), < 100 (Ogden, Rollins & Wiggins 1731).
List of NUMBERED EXSICCATAE
Abrams, L. R. 6094, 8677 natans,
O241 a amplifolius.
Adams, J. W. 293 amplifolius, 511
Oakesianus.
Adams & Tash. 512 crisp
— & Trudell. 378° cane
ius
drien, F. 1316 perfoliatus
da idl A 1442 illinoensis x
1750 perfoliatus v
ardsonii), 1809 nodosus, 1975 per-
foliatus v. i ge gis
er
Allen, J. A. 55. sg 149, 180,
181 gramineus
Anderson, J gramineus ap-
8 Ri oe 1344 natans,
1522 Richardsonii.
Anderson, R. M. 118276 Richard-
sonii.
— & Fassett. 19349 ampli-
olius
Anderson, Smith & Weatherby
1166 natans.
Ans Im, Bro. M. 18 natans, 20
gramineus v., 298 perfoliatus v
approaching v. ma na-
ee 3416 icharie 4489
nata
Asati. L. 38 pulcher, 40 perfolia-
tus v. bupleuroides, 41 polygoni-
i 43 perfoliatus v. bupleu-
roi
re & Benedict. 15429, 16636
no
‘Seiie & Holway B46,
B69, B403 gramineus v. Maximus.
Austin, Mrs. R. M. 575, 1177
ichardsonii, 1672 natans.
Bailey, L. H. 86 natans.
Bai 1135 Richardsonii.
427 illinoensis.
Ballard, C. A. 731 ot. D dete
approaching v. Mahe
Barkley, F. 783. ‘granineds
1996 gramineus v. myriophyllus,
1997 is” yar omy
axter, S. 5382 praelongus,
5385 Riel chardsonii i, 5388 crispus,
5389 nodosus, 5391 illinoensis, 5392
us, 2395 natans, 5396 1 il-
linoensis, 5399 gramineus illino-
ensis, 5402 illinoensis, 5403 ampli-
—
& White. 19675 natans,
19696 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides,
gr X1 ’
22963 alpinus v. tenuifolius.
Bebb, R. illinoensis, 995 na-
tans, 1007 illinoensis (perhaps
gramineus _ illinoensis), 1
natans, 1009 praelongus, 1538 il-
linoensi
Beetle, A. A. ‘aes Richardsonii,
2341 gramineu
Bell, R. 2968 amplifoius
Benson natans, 4013
gramineus
Bergman, H. F. 443 gramineus,
2484 ~~.
E.
Berkle 1215 crispus, 1387
a
Be . A. B & D2781 alpinus
v. de reds
Bicknell, E. P. 91 gramineus, 92
illinoensis, 112 Oakesianus, 118
iatus v. bupleuroides, 122
raelongus.
Biltmore Herbarium. 688 Rich-
ardsonii, 4413a illinoensis, 58068
1943} Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 197
et pe 5980a pulcher, 8806b ain, 935 nodosus, 938
no gramineus, 940 Richardsonii, 941
Bissell, C. H. 633 natans ties tml 972 praelongus, 978
Bissell & Linder. 19678 natans,
19692 gramineus, 19695 perfoliatus
vy. bupleuroides.
Blake, BS. F. 2212 a v. bu-
ardsoni i, 3071 gra mineus
folitus ¥. ae, ait 9472 cris-
Biakiey; O. W. 1453 pulcher
Blewitt, A. E. 632 amplifolius,
1677 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides,
1977 gression’ ‘1978 nantomatn Vv
bupleuroides, 2137 Richardsonii,
3651 rfoliatus v. bupleuroides,
36 ramineus, 3657 nodosus,
4319, 4320 perfoliatus v. bupleur-
oides.
Bodin, J. E.
264 illinoensis.
Boettcher, F. oe J. 9 pulcher.
oivin 294 alpinus v.
tenuifolius, 670 ‘perfoliatus v. bu-
paced 1344 alpinus v. tenui-
lius : ig v. subellipticus,
2139 inus y. tenu — 2446
Muinis v. subelli ine
Bolander 274 illinoensie
Bowman, 303 gramineus,
392 Oakesianus.
Breed, Jeffre , Loveless,
y, Je
Philli ps, Stauffer & Stebbins 20
- 1783 gramineus,
1978 alpinus v. tenuifolius.
Bridges, T. 359 natans.
Brien, C. 306 nodosus.
Brinkman 73 ichard-
sonii, 2277, 2289, daca mtine 4541
alpinus y. tenuifo
tain. 2987 avait v. maxi-
us
wn, H.E. 644 natans.
Brown, 8. 694 ape sau
Burgess. mage
Boreas lder & Mu =a aches 16404
amplifolius, 16424, 16425 Richard-
Burkholder & Tressler. 16888
Richardsonii.
Burnham ; a egy
— B.F. 389 pulcher, 112 ampli-
folius 7 nodosus, 1318 en
folius’ 6947 illinoensis.
utler, B. T. 25 —— 255
Siete nieh atk 257, 296 g neu
Butler, G. D. 142 Richardsonii.
illinoensis, 1030, 1031 amplifolius,
1048 gramineus v. bare per-
haps gramineus 1045
“aint 1049 Richardt 1050
praelongus, 1051, 1052 Richard-
13 praelongus.
337 gramineus v.,
505 gramineus.
E. B 2 nse
folius, “B16 1 perfoliatis v. bupleu
oides, na , 913 sericea
need Arar sis natans, 1033
perfoliatus v. bupleuroides
Chamberlain, GD. 1750, 1770
gramineus, 2011 alpinus v. tenui-
folius, 3123 Biaburaeion v. be eo
oides, 9 gramin 2240 p
longus, 2276 saeitlohancs:
Chamberlai Collins. 616 per-
foliatus v. bupleuroides.
Chamberlai Knowlton. 571
sie v. bupleuroides.
Chamber. Morris. 11741
Oakesian
has . cone: 1420 nodosus, 1421
Richardsontt; 1459 natans, 1466
praelongus, 1477 nodosus X Rich-
ardsonii, 07 gramineus, 1710
amplifolius, 1713 gramineus X
Richardsonii, 1994 nodosus X
Richardsonii.
Cheney, L. 8. 499 praelongus, 683
imus, 866 Rich-
ardsonii, 3610
Richaeoe 4921 illinoensis.
v. bupleuroides
Richardson, 319 amplifolius, 328
: 2008 Richardsonii.
Clark, H. L. 6 0 ade x per-
foliatus v. bupleuroide
Clark, H. W. 5 ampliolius, 6 il-
linoensis, 10 ge ge
Clements, F. 305 | 2627 nodosus,
3979 amplifolius.
ements, F. E. & E. 8. 491
alpinus v. ten uifoliu
Cléonique. 72351 aenlifotion:
198 Rhodora [May
Clinton, oi W. 5 gramineus v.
maximu
Clokey, I. W. 3118 alpinus v.
tenuifolius.
Collins, F. 8. 300 Oakesianus, 421
perfoliatus v. bupleuroides, 937
amon Fernald & Pease. 401314,
5200, 5200A, 5287 gramineus, 5295
natans, 5314 _AgSeenins 5510 gra-
mineus Wiyid atus v. bu-
leuroides, ge alpinus v. subel-
oteus nus vy. subellip-
ticus, 6125 eounicain
onard, H. 8. 182 natans, 318
Richardsonii
Cooper, 9 gramineus, 93
amplifo gramineus v., 215
ee 260 natans, 312 prae-
lon
Score & Andrews. 14 gramineus.
Copeland, E. B. 406 ise mineus
approaching v. maximu
Copelan 3482 osknsiinitis ap-
cate v. myriophyllus.
Corbett & Williams. 11 Richard-
sonii.
Cory, V. L. 8502 illinoensis, 9198
aoa 20906, 23819 illinoensis,
243 2 nodosus, 24335, 27999 il-
samen, 29711 nodosus.
v. bupleuroides,
hes gra mineus, 1254 prae-
Coville & Applegate. 44 gramin-
Coville & Funston. 1244, 1278
85 gramin-
eus, 1564 alpinus v. tenuifolius.
ph toma & Leiberg. 224, 228 na-
Conta. H.C. 1405 natans.
Crandall, C.S. 2530 nodosus.
Crickmay H. 5 Richardsonii.
gramineus,
imus.
Cusick, W. C. 2484 praelongus,
2597 natans, 3620 Richardsonii.
Danie , F. 683 nodosus.
n,H.T. 1311 illinoensis,
1323, 3 & D2401, B & D2692
Richardsonii.
6825 gramineus v.
Davis, R. :
378-W ———
. 38046 Rinhardsoes
illinoensis, 49205
linoensis, 49248 il Aegon 49 68
ens 49314 amplifolius, 493
gramineu illinoensis, 49347,
49355 _ illinoensis, 3 ns,
49363, 49369, 49372, 49389 illino-
ensis, atans, 49394 prae-
longus, 49395 illinoensis, 4939
sciptitolios, 49402, oe illinoen-
i8s:. B26 amplifolius 52334
natans, 52341 illinoensis, 52385
55176 nodosus, 55313 am
55370, 55410 illinoensis, 56274
Richardsonii, 56 illinoensis,
56398 praelongus, 56401, 56441,
56448 illinoensis, 56490 amplifolius,
56498, 56501 illinoensis, 56502
amplifolius 56524 gramineus
illinoensis, “56534 dee if lig pl
gramineus X inoensis, 56538,
56539 Tiieeskis, 5 41 ans,
66545 illinoensis, 56546 natans,
5 » 965 oensis,
» 56686
linoensis, 56692, 56704, 56783
nodosus, 57139 praelongus, 57149
tans, 57195 illinoensis, 57259
s.
an & Thomas. 3465 Richard-
elamare, M. 341 ae hime ap-
roachin v. bupleuroide
en °D. 7051, 7132, 17893
yedieea
Selm, A. W. 22 gramineus
myriophyllus, 24 amplifolius suit
natans,
Dobbin, nde 860 Richardsonii, 863
erfoliatus v. bupleuroides, 1072
schandooull, 1112 illinoensis, 11a
amplifolius, 1207 nodosus,
iittaceraia, 1327 Richardsonii, 1328,
1330 natan
Dodge, C. K. 4 Richardsonil, | 7 il-
Sona 8 grami — 115 natans,
Richardsonii, prasad
133 fig nsis ad Richardsonii,
146 Richardsonii, 147 gramineus,
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 199
153 gramineus v. maximus and Eggleston, W. W. 1 nodosus, 1655
gramineus Spprosceo v. maxi- amplifolius, 1656 Prats y. subel-
mus, 154 aap gramineus X il- lipticus, 2111 Oakesianus, 9974
linoensis, TBS amineus v. maxi- ichardsonii.
mus, 156 n es 2 171 set tn Ehlers, J. H. 533, 1756, 7957
172 amplifolius, 4 pean neus, praelongus.
Foes fG 1038 Richardsoni Elmer, A. D. E. 2798 oe incl
outt, M.T. 2145, 2258 Richard- Emig, 'W. H. 224 nodos
sonii, 2490 praclongus 3296 alpinus Empain, Rousseau & "Wavean.
v. tenuifolius, 3323 Richardsonii. 50925 Richardsonii.
Dowell & Painter 5385 nodosus. Evans, W. H. 780 gramineus v.
riggs, osus. maximus, 781 natans.
Drouet, F. 3028 nodosus. Evermann, B. W. 490 perhaps il-
Drouet & Richards. 3309 gra- linoensis X nodosus, 492 Richard-
mineu sonii, 493 amplifolius, 544a pemare
Grammoud, T. 250 nodosus, 272 gramineus X illinoensis, 1032 n
illinoensis. ans, 1057 Richardsonii, 1079
Drushel, J. H. 6069 perfoliatus v. illinoensis, 1221 gramineus, 1222
bupleuroides. illinoensis, 1223 amplifolius.
Dubois, A. 660 perfoliatus v. bu- Eyerdam, W. J. 1122 praleongus,
pleuroides. ae gramineus, 1316 gramineus X
Dudley, W. R. 18, 19 natans, 20 141 alpinus v. tenuifolius
illinoensis, 2030 natans, 2201 al- 2136 Richardsonii, 2360 alpinus v.
pinus v. tenuifolius, 2202 natans. tenuifolius.
Eames, A.J. 1498 ramineus, 1500 Farwell, O. ay 473 gramineus, 473a
gramineus Sc sertoliat atus v. bu- gramineus Richardsonii, 505
pleuroides, 3460 nodosus 3467 natans, 514 apne v. subellipticus,
crispus, 9099 gramin 900 illinoensis.
Eames, E.H. 8707 WMinceesia: 8746 Fassett, N. C. 8 gramineus v., 85,
pulcher, elongus sp., 56 oliatus v. bupleuroides, 468
1351 illinoensis, 11485, 11502 amplifolius, 2148 perfoliatus v. bu-
crispus, 11 neus XX per- pleuroides, 2150, 2151 gramineus
foliatus v. bupleuroides, 11741 x v. bupleuroides, 2152
perhaps gramineus X liatus perfoliatus v. bupleuroides (thi
v. bupleuroides, 11742 illinoensis, number also a linear-leaved species
11745 gramineus maximus, according to Fernald, . Am
11749, T1750 illinoensis, 11856 Acad. Arts & Sci. 17: pt. 1: 62 &
crispus. 127), 3148, 4850 nodosus, 5343 al-
Eames & Gershoy. 9101 Richard- pinus v. tenuifolius, 5362 ampli-
ens folius, 7535 Richardsonii, 9014
Eames & Godfrey. 8685 praelong- praelongus, 9061 Richardsonii,
ah ‘834 alpinus v. subellipticus. 9067, 9069 gramineus, 14262 gra-
Eam & MacD aniels. 3463 gra- ineus, v. myriophyllus, 14746
‘ pared x ieee rena 18731 illinoensis, 18803
ames, Randolph & Wiegand. akesi
11175 semana i 11181 Richard- Fassett & “Wilson. 4349 nodosus.
sonii (perhaps perfoliatus v. bu- Fellows, D. W. 2006 gp pub
pleuroides X Richardsonii). 2007 7 Richardson 2966, 4679 p
Eames & Thomas. 3459 nodosus. foliat v. buple uroides, 43s
Eames & Wiegand. 9100 Richard- Hichardsoni 5656 gramineus X
sonii, 9102 perfoliatus v. bupleur- ie
oides, 11162 natan ns, 11172 a mpli- Fendler, A. 132 amplifolius, 837,
ns
xe
a7
folius, 11173 oe 1117 839 nodosus
Richardsonii (perhaps perfoliatus Fern ald, M. tL. 116 gramineus ap-
upleuroides Rishardeonil), proaching ¥. maximus, 117 alpinus
14535 crispus. v. tenui ror 436 gramineus v.
Eaton, A. A. 335 illinoensis. maximus, ramineus per-
Edwards & Clausen. 1400 perfoli- een Vv. ae euroides, pase: na-
atus v. bupleuroides. tans, 477 gramineus v. maximus,
200
509 Oakesianus, 750 pulcher, 778
amineus x perfoli-
rnal
natans, 23131 Oakesianus, aril
eo v. nec pa
rnald, Bartram ng & Fas-
pins 23139 fe Pa
Fernald, Bartram, Long St.
John. 67 ~Oakesianus 6769
perfoliatus . Be
Fernald, Bis: "raven, Long &
Linder. 19689 amplifolius
Fernald & Collins. 327 alpinus v.
subellipticus, 965 alpinus v. tenui-
folius.
ernald, Dodge & Smith. 25421
beens 25422, 25423, 25424
praelon
F ernald & Fogg. 505, 747 Oakesi-
Fer maaid. Gilbert & Hotchkiss.
27346 praelongus.
Fernald & Griscom. 4295 pulcher.
Fernald, Griscom & Long. 4535
toe er.
rnald, Hunnewell & Lon ~~
8443 pulcher, S445 perfoliatus v
bupleuroides
Fe rnald & Jackson. 11986 natans,
11987 alpinus v. tenuifolius, 11988
11989 Richardsonii
—— & Linder. 19682 Oakesi-
anu
F ernaid & Lon 1210 ae
5977 puller, *: 747 cri , 8440
844
alpinus v. eubelli jae
12388 alpinus v. tenuifolius, 12389
nodosus, 12391, 12392 perfoliatus
v. bupleuro oides, aa pulcher,
15967 perfoliatus bupleuroides,
17805 Oakesianus, 17807 perfolia-
tus v. bu nat roide - 19677 natans,
19687 subellipticus,
19688 aaiiyiinething "19690 gramine-
Rhodora
[May
bupleuroides,
, 27345 gramineus,
27347 gi nem
Fernald, Long & Dunbar. 26217
ove ate _— 18 polygonifolius,
26221 alpinus v. lipti ou
26222 soca gram x_ per
foliatus v. bt Fear tats 26223
a. :
Fernald, Long & Fogg. 1207 alpi-
nus v. ienuifolius 1208 Oakesianus,
1209 gramineus v. maximus,
praelongus, “1212 perfoliatus v. bu-
PY canst
Fernald, to ong & Nort 12382
natans, 12383, 12384 F Oalcesianus
Fe d, Lon g & St. Joh 6763
natans, 6765 A locke 67
alpinus v. subellipticus, 6767, 6768
praelongus, 6770, 6771 perfoliatus
v. bupleuroides.
Fernald, Long & Torrey. 8444
pulcher. :
ern & Pease. 3066 Oakesi-
anus, 16957, 17056 gramineus,
19676 natans
- 10894 natans.
m 25420 alpinus
bas. subellipticus.
riguae a oe 477 gramineus
Fernald & ‘Svenson: 744 gramine-
us v. myriophyllus, es natans, 748
Oakesianus, 749 praelongus, 1
perfoliatus v. bupleuroides,
Fe _— & White. 19680 Oakesi-
& Wiegand. 2435 natans,
2436 Oakesianus, 2443 alpinus 4a
a approaching v. sube
2444 praelongus,
4478, 4479 gramineus, 4483, 4484
4485 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides,
14533 at Wiecas
Fernald, Wiegand & Bartram.
4463 Cui vented &
Fernald, Wiegand, Bartram
Darlington 4477 gramineus V:
maximus.
Fernald, Wiegand & Darlingto”-
1943]
4461, 4462 natans, 4464, 4465
ae 4474 alpinus v. bees
folius, 4475 ~ ear ot v. maximus,
476. gramineus, 4480 pets v.
maxi per dese 4482
ngus.
Fernald, hide gros &
us V. pre pe 14084,
14085 cnc, mplifoli-
us, 14087 Ri acuont = P4088
Richardsonii and oliatus v.
bupleuroides, 14089 er “nies
ere Wiegand & Kittredge
7 gramineus, 24
foliatus v. oe ides
Fernald, ela and & poe 27348
perfoliat
Fernald, Wieser Long, Gilbert
af ei chkiss.
vides (probably backcrossed with
gramineus)
tris, Roxana S. 2043 natans,
Fiker, C. B. 1455 natans.
Fink, B. 191 illinoensis.
Fitch, A. 7778 natans.
Fletcher. 2969 amplifolius, 3025,
3028 natans, 3044 Richardsonii.
g 710, 1840, 2077, 2997,
3505 pulcher, 3606 perfoliatus VY.
bupleuroides, 3867 akesianus,
4504 pulcher, 4934 amplifolius,
4935 ad ig 6794 nodosus,
12254 crispus
Forbes, F. F. 156 eerie v.
bupleuroides and gramineus
perfoliatus v. ay gee ide
oster, A. S. 866 natans, 1992
amplifolius
Fredholm, A. 6183 illinoensis.
Fulton, H. J. 970 s
Garrett, A.O. 529 alpinus v. tenui-
folius approaching v. subellipticus,
3958 nodosus.
Gates, F.C. 258 oe 261
praelongus, 1752.2 n 0
a 10644 ‘libeoeseaks, 12217
Gauthier, R. 100 amplifolius, 135
rfoliatus v. bupleuroides, 242
amplifolius.
Gillman, H. 40 Ri gee oap hn (per-
sp.), 65
o . °
661 amplifolius, 562 ‘Biskaniaont.
Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
201
Gleason, H. A. & H. A. ad 166
ye 302, 310 gramine
Gleason & Shobe. 176 seuplitetis:
179 natans
Glendenning, R. 92616, 92617
gramineus, 92618 Richardsonii
oldman, E. A
oodale, Mar ciet iper
76038, 76945, Ted natans, 76948,
951 Oakesianus, 76973 gramine-
a 96988 :
rrioeeiats Piehs hematin x
illinoensis).
i 207 Richard-
a 33, 677 Richard-
sonii, 703 illinoensis, 781 Richard-
am, E. H. 9821 nodosus.
3207 illinoensis,
3275 amplifolis, 3276 gramineus.
Linder. 19681 Oakesi-
s v. bupleuroides (perhaps back-
crossed wit ineus), 19693
perfoliatus v. bupleuro oides.
illinoensis
crime, D. ‘ 6 Richardsonii.
oe & Schlosser. 4 ampli-
, E. J. 594 nodosus, 3255
10679 am-
P0685. i 10686 gram
486 natans, 487 (this num-
ii.
andler. 563 alpinus v.
tenuifolius. :
amilton. 64010 alpinus v. tenui-
folius.
327 nodosus, 367,
Hanes, C. R.
Sti, 397, 4 477 gramineus X sp.,
r
amineus x
757 eee
re dru
497 illinoensis, §
sp., 517 illinoensis,
928 Oakesianus an
Nuttallii, oe 1988 n
I.
er, 4 sae aoe = “maxi-
202
mus (perhaps ath <_ alpi-
nus), 98, 141 Ri gt vl
er, R. M. Seat (not
typical), bie 2088 ty ulcher
Harri , Ww. H. 2441 perfolia-
tus em pip barciies, 99085 gramin-
eus, 0. gramineus v. are
pil ees perfoliatus ve bupleu
oides, 99089 ardsonii,
Harris, S. K. 539 praelongus, 540
perfoliatus v. bupleuroides
Harrison, A
m, A. e365 natans, 16
eam
weg, T. 2016 nodosus (this
number also a linear-leaved s preg
ernald, Mem. Am.
. 1:66 &
oe ; 50 Richardsonii.
U. 280° gramineus, 4131
n da. 751 Richardsonii,
752 nodosus, 804 Richardsonii, 806
nodosus, 807 illinoensis, 811 Rich-
mineus, 823 natans,
10 13 Richardsonii,
10114, 10115, 10116, 10117, 10123,
dosus.
Haydon, W. 254n
Heller, A. A. 939. nae 5824
osus.
FE
=]
es
ja
-» ¥. 1007 natans,
1009 Richardsonii, 2473 illinoensis,
2474 amplifolius, 2475 eben,
ae oe My 2ekeon
781 gramineus,
ermann, °F. J. §
6281 praelongus, 7153, 7224 Rich-
ardsonii, gramineus
praelongus, 8286 gramineus, 8647
crispus, 9294 gramineus < illinoen-
sis, 9383, 9728 n us
Herriot, W. 78019 78020
a
»E.5. 46. 54 pulshan | 92. 1888
alpinus v. baliidenn 133.1881
ichardsonii,
159.1909 nodosus
162.1900 __ illinoensis, 171, 1900,
179.1901, 191.1902 nodosus x
ichardsonii.
,
Rhodora
[May
Hitchcock, A. E. 260 gramineus,
us.
1000, 1099 am-
plifolius, 12358 natans, 15655 no-
dosus.
Hitchcock, R. 11167, 11168 nodo-
sus, 11175a illinoensis.
Ho on, A. R. 11 perfoliatus v.
bupleuroides, 530 Batis 40
natans, 2647 perfoliatus v. bu-
pleuroides, 2652 amplifolius.
Hodgdon & Heale 2977 natans.
Hodgdon, a es & Har-
oO
folius approa pening 3 v. subellipticus,
2646 hapa tone matte 31 fine ineus
Melia gram
inus ‘“ “subelli ip
yee weit ii, 4033 il-
eben 4058 H. Ehonianue, 4059
gramineus, 4060 praelongus, 4083
ramineus, 4109 nodosus, 4110
natans, 4112 gramineus, 4133 il-
linoensis. :
Hot schias & Koehler. 4179 il-
linoensis, 4192 amplifolits, 4193
natans, gr s, 4222,
4223, 4226, 4227 illinoensis, 4228
elongus, 4245 i nsis, 4
307 gramineus, 4326, 4331 illino-
ensis, 4340 praelongus, 4349 alpi-
a v. subellipticus, 4353 a mpli-
olius.
Hotchkiss & Martin. 4432 illino-
ensis, 4460 alpinus v. subellipticus.
ouse, H. D nodosus, 138
a
15193 gramineus,
19852, 20002 nodosus, 21752 am-
plifolius, 21774, 22044 nodosus,
23174 gramineus.
owe & _ Lang. 768 natans, 1040
gramin
Howell, I ‘T. 7679 Richardsonii-
chen danty 1498
lifolius, 1668 gram
Huitén, EB. 7573 sane. ee " tenui-
folius.
1943]
Hylan, D. R. hg natans.
Innes & Moon. 1093 nodosus.
T. 52 gramineus
Jepson, W.L. 147 alpinus v. tenui-
folius’ 238 Sidisssen at
Jes i. gramineus ap-
proaching v. myriophyllu llus
Jo H. N. 2719 ‘nodosus,
D795 5 perfolatus Vv. cr at
Johnston, I. M. 600 ilicianate,
cee G. N. 3511 illi ecko eae
— hi tenuifolius, 5227, 7851
gram
Jones, M. z.
1304 gramineus _ v.
Richardsonii, aelongus,
606 alpinus v. taniiitelin: 9293,
9295 gramineus, 9299 Richardsonii.
Jones, 465 illinoensis, 7470,
7471 crispus.
Jones, W. W. 432 nodosus.
— & Hoffman. 7467 Richard-
J caval '& Tene 7 7462 illinoensis.
Kearn T 74 nodosus, 1626
pule nf
Keck, D.D. 1188 nata
Keck & Stevens 280. jllinoensis,
323 Richardson, 332 amplifolius,
335 eri
Keck & “Stilwill. 368 natans, 373
gramineus, 377 amplifolius, a
gramineus, 401 nodosus,
tans, 412 praelongus, 428, 43
crispus, 433 amplifolius, 454 gra-
mineus, 465 praelongus, 458 Rich-
ardsonii.
Kellogg & Harford. 949 illinoensis.
Kelsey & Jor 8 gramineus,
, oldsborough & Doo-
12 amplifolius, 17 prae-
gramineus, 111 perfoli-
atus v. bupleuroides (perhaps per-
cranes v. bupleuroides XX
ar
Kennedy, Rac hel B. 78 gramineus
x perfoliatus v. rig oaetion 80
a ae 81 alpinus tenuifolius,
5 gramineus, 478 a aiseyete-9
v. ’ bupleuroide es, 543 vores
551 — v. pe age
Keno oe © ‘itinobabla
( cathians ott ty illinoensis),
139 praelongus.
illip, E. P. 931 amplifolius, 6203
Richardesall: 6204 natans, 6896
Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
203
pulcher, 12258 natans, 12261 am-
lifolius, 12264 illinoensis x _ per-
oliatus v. bupleuroides,
Richardsonii (perhaps
x Richardsonii),
mi
u
= amplifolius, 1253
12574 Oakesianus and epihyd
Nuttallii, 12605 alpinus v. subel-
lipticus and aephitalias us, 12610 am-
plifolius, 13379 Oakesianus, 30845
pulcher.
Kimball, R. H. 70 Oakesianus.
dle, E. M. vee 93572 gra-
mineus, 93684 na
Knowlton, F. O88 n
Knowlton & Weatherby. * 6632
Oakesianus.
Kreager, F.O. 441 amplifolius.
Krotkov, P. V. 5142 alpinus v.
tenuifolius approaching v. subel-
lipticus and epihydrus v. Nuttallii,
caer Syren 5145 gramineus
5147 natans, 5150 praelongus,
7027 eg ee 7033, 7034, 7035,
7036 gramineus, 7038 natans, 7041
Richardson, "9629 amplifolius,
Kubichek, W. F. 7 natans, 13 gra-
eus, 109 R
115 illinoensis,
and natans, 120 amplifolius, 121,
1
nodosus, 172 gra ramineus, 173, 184
illinoensis, 190 natans, 192 gra-
mineus, 196 illinoensis.
untze, Herbarium of Otto. 3105
perh geamineus x illinoensis.
Laing, pS M. 147 Richardsonii.
Lake, 614 gramineus.
Lansin Ei.
ea illinoensis. “74 natans.
C. 50 nodosus, 53
"Hichasdeonit
Leiberg, J. a 751 gramineus, 1574
foc
nodosus,
‘63 pices v. bupleuroides.
nard & Mannakee am-
lifolius.
Lewi
wis, H. . 180388 natan
130390, 130391, 130393 alpinus v.
204
tenuifolius, 130394, 130395, 130396
gramineus, 7 erfoliatus.
Lindheimer, F. 116, 311, 393
poker 513, 547 illinoensis, 1234
nodos
‘inedals & Keck. 1 gramineus, 54
amplifolius, 59 illinoensis, 115 =
en oO ange 127 natans, 153 pra
Sean , G. A. E. 937 natans, 1012
19679 ae aoe or
H. & H 1501
tan
ouis-Marie, 313 “alpinus Vv.
air er 1255 nodosu
aporte & Dude-
sry 1 as eg « x perfoli-
atus v. bupleuroides, 302 gramin-
u ichardsonii 1403 gra-
e ;
: pie
oides X Richardsonii), 10843 gra-
—— x perfoliatus v. bupleur.
Lun 150 I
Mabbos, D.C. 1, 252, 317, 334,
350, 390 Richardesrti, 459 natans,
Richardsonii.
feos ot uk L. 977 nodosus, 1060
pe v. bupleuroides, 1707
inoensis, 2279, 2337 psa Ral
ab n us, 3953 pus 74,
neus, 3078 natans, 3082
olen 3201a, 3205 Oakesianus,
2409 illinoensis, 3420 gramineus
McCabe, T. T = alpinus v. tenui-
folius, 47 nata
cCalla, W. C. "2370 rp mbna
aniels, L.H. 3464 illinoensis.
al, Me ae MS Sidaad.
amineus ail SP gen v.
atans, 241 gramin-
eus, 302 Richardson 303 ampli-
folius, 304 a us X illinoensis,
462 natans, 543 nodosus, 57
alpinus v. tenuiolus, 638 gramine-
ing Vv. maximus, 639
natans, 805, 956
oa 3 illinoensis,
359 pulcher, 2305 acapliigitae 3613
gramineus v. maximus, 4377 na-
tans
Rhodora
[May
sages & Griscom. 100435 na-
044 Oakesianus, 10045 am-
pifelius, 10047 alpinus v. subellip-
ticus, 10048 cna 10048a
gramineus approaching v. maxi-
sate 10049 pertoliatis v. bupleur-
McLouth, C.D. 4 illinoensis.
MacMillan & Sheldon. 488 gra-
mineus, 571 ar oniaggaat 1332
gramineus v. maxim
McMurphy, J. 192 cnodoeee:. 193
an
natans
Macoun 5 graminens
2979 gr. x perfoliatus v
bupleuroides, 2980, 2984, 2 92
gramineus, 3020, 3021, 3022, 3026
natans, ichardsonii, 3047
Richardsonii (perhaps Richard-
sonii 3049, 3052, 3054,
p.), 9, 3052,
3055, 3056 Richardsonii, 4162, 4165
alpinus v. tenuifolius, 4166 alpinus
v. subellipticus, 4178" gramineus X
p natans ae gramineus
v. petra 4368, 381 Richard-
sonii, 26814 se a 36815 illino-
ensis (perhaps a hybrid), 26816
gramineus X Richardsonii, 26817
Richardsonii, 80929, 18 gra-
86002 am plifolius.
Macoun, 9 pra
longus, 14 illinoensia (this fa
also a linear-leaved species accord-
ing to Ferna em. Am. Acad.
Arts & Sci. 17: pt. 1: 55 & 131), 94
alp inus v. tents. 95 Richard-
mineus
achin aximus, 1730 am-
plifotiur, 1733 der rryg yt approach-
, 1740 Ri chardsonii
pleuroides, 2991 u :
akesianus, 2995, 2996 illinoensis,
3019 tate. 3023 illinoensis, 3024,
3 natans, 30 erfoliatus V-
bupleuroides, 3048 Richardsonii,
3053, 3057 Richardsonii, ’
4130, 4132, 4132a praelongus, 4163;
41 65, 4167, 4167a alpinus v. te nui-
folius, 4168, 4169 alpinus v. subel-
lipticus, 4177 illinoensis, 4179 gt@
mineus < Richardsonii, 4180 ‘llino-
ensis, 4357 natans, 4360 gramineus
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 205
maximus >X_ nodosus, —- 118249 gore v. bupleuroides,
ee 4365 alpinus v. tenu 118250, 118251, 118252 Richard-
folius, 4379, 4880, 4382 Richard sonii, 118257 gramineus, 118258
as ” 3006 ‘al inus v. tenuifolius, perhaps gramineus _illinoensis,
1644 aa 16458, 16459, 118259, 118260, 118261, 118262
16460, 16461 Ri chardsonii, 20748, perhaps alpinus gramineus,
20749 Oakesianus, 20751 alpinus v. 118263, 118264 gramineus v. maxi-
subellipticus approaching v. tenui- u 826 oman 118266
folius, 20756 perfoliatus v. - gramin Vv. ximu 267,
pleuroides, 22176 Richardsonii, 118268 eester Evy 118269, 118270
22177 nodosus, 22211, 22212 na- ee, 118273, 118274, 118275
tans, 22216, 2 gramineus,
22220 perhaps alpinus < gramine- Malte ir Watson. 960, 1276, 1818
us, 22221 amplifolius, 22227 per- sacra i
foliatus v. bupleuroides, 22228, Markert, W. C. 76909 perfoliatus
22229 amplifolius, 23173, 23175 v. puplearoies.
rte gate 23180 gramineus, Martin, A.C. 158 natans
26824, 26826 pence em 26830 Martindale, 1 12003 ampli-
crispus, 26832, 26833 Richardsonii, foliu
26834 amplifolius, 26839 nodosus, Mathias, Mildred E. 265 natans.
natans, 26841, 62 O15, 62016 Maxon, William R. 4617 Richard-
nodosus, 62021 illinoensis, 62! sonii.
natans, 62023, 62024 gramineus, Mearns, E. A. 805 nodosus.
68425 natans, 68919, 78320, 78321 Merrill & Wilcox. 863 Richard-
alpinus v. tenuifoliu 8, 85530 na- sonii, 902 gramineus.
tans, 85531 annie alpinus < Mertie, J.B. 66 yg ose
gramineus, 85534 amplifotius, Metc | oe pein Bi
85535, 85536 gramineus v. max Richardsonii, 14 aelon
imus, 85537 Richardsonii, 85550 natans, 193, 304, 329, 339 Michard.
nodosus, 88248, 88249, 88250, sonii, : gramineus, 404
88251 natans, 88252 amplifolius, Richardson i, 423 gramineus, 432,
8825: i ximus, 451 Ri “wie Berd 471 gramineus,
88254, 88255 oe aia — 512 Richardsonii, 5 raelongus,
gramineus approaching 542 Richardsonii, 544 natans, 546
us, 88257, 88258, $8259 pe nage See 547 Richardsonii, 636,
longus. 819, 845 nodosus, 888, 9
Macoun & orageeate De es re snide, ~ crispus, 1018, 1024
anise 76869 ¢g nodosus, 10 inoensis X nodo-
s, 76870, 7687 L 76872 Richard- one 1071, 1105 nodosus, 1139 na-
snd. tans, — amplifolius, 1145 Rich-
Maguire, B. 472 alpinus v. tenui- ardso 1147 praelongus, 1160
pra
folius, alpinus v. subellipticus, am lifolius, 1162 gramineus, 1176
74 alpinus v. tenuifolius, 483, 484 Ric ardsonii, 1229 praelongus,
barton 485, 486 praelongus, 1291 pulcher, 1295 natans, 1297,
488, 490, 491, 495, es 497 Rich- 1298, 1329, 1370 illinoensis, 1373
ardsonii, 13149 gramineus v. maxi- gramineus, " _illinoensis,
, 16201 Richardeonii, 16220 1388 natans, 1390 Richardsonii,
gramineus v. maximus, 1636 Rich- 1391 illinoensis, 1412 gramineus,
gle ony, 1413 praelongus, 1415 gramineus
aguire & Pir 5439 na- v., 1420, 1427 illinoensis, 1428 gra-
tans, 5440 Biber new) 5442 alpi- mineus, 1432 illinoensis, 1463 Rich-
nus v. ten uifoli ius. ardsonii, gramineus, 1470 il-
aguire, ian = = linoensis, 1471 nodosus, 1472 gra-
12771 gramineus v. m mineus, 1511 amplifolius, 1520
aguire & Richards. 13136 alpi- gramineus, 1532 gramineus il-
nus v. " tenaaitciiag linoensis, 1542, 1548, 1551, 1563,
Maguire, Richards, Maguire & 1564 illinoensis, 1780, 1794, 1839,
Hammond. 4367 illinoensis. 1908, 1937 Ric hardsonii, 1962 na-
Malte, M. O. 118247, 118248, tans, 1963, 1979, 1991 Richard-
206
sonii, 2014 illinoensis, 2024 ampli-
folius, 2039 iRingeua, 2044 Rich-
ardsonii, 2046 n sus, 2048 illino-
ensis, 2049 natans, 2050 oe ineus,
2055 illinoensis, 2065 natans, 2076
illinoensis, 2093 praelongus, 2105
gramineus, 2107 i ensis, 2113
natans, hardsonii, 2132
gramineus, 2201 natans, 2209, 2210
amplifolius, 2211 natans, 2226
yee as 2 2242, 2250 ampli-
2321
2341 Sinnanaa, 2342 natans, 2345
illinoensis, 2352 nodosus,
apelin a fea 2370 sm
2371 praelo eus
vs 2 Ae et 5377, 2 79 {llinoensis,
2381, 2387 ce 2388, 2396
illinoensi
Metcalf & Sperry. 1603 perfolia-
tus v. bupleuroides, 1621 ampli-
4 gramineus Eee
ros peer 1690 il wien
Michel. oliatus v. bu-
pewoids 1993 amplifolius.
29 amineus.
Sotaks, i 457 nodosus.
Motte W.S. 294 amplifolius.
Mold 3 - 752 illinoensis,
4207 gramineus v. maximus, 4208,
9396 Ae 9397 ane i v.
a oiags tos
Moo A. H. 89 natans, 945
ae 2488 amplifolius, 5022
gramineus, 5036 amplifo
Moore, E. 1488 natans.
+ ,G. 81 amplifolius
oore & Steyermark. 3667 il-
linoensis.
rris, E. L. A41 natans, _
nodos
perhaps
saber 8 Hinoensi x nodosus).
Mosier, Piety noensis.
oyle, J. B Richardsonii, 894
alpinus v. vaalaiion 2052 illino-
Hee amp ifolius.
, W. C. 2739 crispus,
7632 ac, 7633, 7634, 7635 am-
Rhodora
[May
eee fo TY approach-
llus, 7642 gramin-
eus, 7643, 76
longus, 7653, 7654,
Piette 7657a, 765
foliu , 10202 natans, 10204 Ri
gra illinoensis, 10209,
10210, 10211 gramineus, 10212
a ts ensis, 10216
gramineu ichardsonii,
17098 umennia 71 , 17106 gra-
By Ltd tichardsonii, 17545
illinoensis, 17550 gramineus, 17556
praelongus, 17671 natans, 17676
sus, 434 gramineus, 459 Richard-
cher & Burkholder. 16401
is, 16846 crispus, 16885
Richardsonii.
Clausen. 3751,
illinoensis,
SS
CH ON
&
Sparing) 3770
772 gramineus (perhap
eras x Richardsonii, 4161,
4164 amplifolius, 4167 opevfolintus
v. bupleuroides, 4190 gramineus,
4205 tigen 7 4209 Richardsonit
(perhap: rfoliatus v. bupl
oides x ichardsonii, 4210 ser
foliat v. leuroides, 4232,
Muenscher & Curtis 4827, 4828
5
plifolite, ata le
ge 4876 gra.
Vv. oe 4877,
ie raelongus, 49
perhaps gramineus X perfoliatus
& Lindsey. 2712 al-
pinus v. tenuifolius, 27 7 ps
ineus a nodosus, 2 nodo-
23, 2724 ae lifolius,
atus v. bupleuroides, 2739 ones
2769 gramineus v. maximus, 7
1943]
gramineus >_perfoliatus v. bu-
pleuroides, 2775 gramineus Vv. myri-
oP on 2777 gr stig ice a
proac v. maxim 2780 gra-
mineus approaching * myriophyl-
lus, 2782 gramineus, 2785 gramin-
atus v. bu-
713, 715
perfo
Ipinus v. tenuifolius, 729 Richard-
esata ee Bae
608, 1609 perf
bupleuroides, 1618 crispus, 1676
illinoensis, 16 gramineus,
1680 ilinoensis, 1683 gramineus,
1684 gramineus illinoensis, _
1689, 1690 gramineus, 1691 g
mineus approaching v maximus,
oe 1693 g santiees Vv. maximus,
1
approaching v. maximus, 1699 gra-
m s, , 1701 illinoensis,
1703, 1705, 1706, 1709, 1710 na-
tans, 1711, a ; 16.041
Oakesianus, 7, 1748 praelongus,
1751 illinoensis, 1753, 1754, 1756
praelongus, 1773, 1775, 1776, 1779,
1781, 1782 Richardsonii, este
haps perfoliatus v. bupleuro
Richardsonii, 1787 ichardaeall,
1806 em ensis.
Muensc
g & Maguire.
67, 71 Yamplifolius, 73, 75 gramineus
illinoensis, 120 gramineus ap-
mee v. sraeset 141 prae-
157 perhaps perfoliatus v.
ri bea bic x Richardsonii.
Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
10] & .
v. bupleuroides, —
Ogden n.
207
Muenscher & Wiegand. 14538
perhaps gramineus X s
unz, P. A. 2785 crispus, 10805
illinoensis.
Murdoch, J.
pleuroides, 939 amplifolius,
Oakesianu
Nash, G. v. "786 crispus, 859, 1750
524 perfoliatus v. bu-
2062
illin sis.
Nelson, A. 2276 oF perione, 2406
gramineus v., 4145 n
Nelson, A. S Vv.
maximus, 6 atans eoubsarsa
form, perhaps a hybrid), 6771 per-
haps gramineus X illinoensis, 6807
Richardsonii.
fap ecole . & Ruth A. 973 prae-
on,
Ne ; 87, 3362 Richardsonii,
3386 illinoensis.
Nelson, Cc
eel yk gr amineus
Ogden, na Cc. 914, O64 eel EN
us, 1502 crispus, 1620 na-
tan ns, 1701 perfoliatus v. bupleur-
oides, 1702 alpinus v. tenuifolius,
1704 amplifolius, 1705 natans, 1716
gramineus, 1717 Richardsonii, 1718
natans, ee — v. tenuifolius,
akesi:
Ogden & Babel. "2166 Oakesianus,
g =
2203 gramineus
Ogden, Babe Chamberlain.
2242 alpinus v. tenuifolius.
Ogden, Babel & Kozicky. 1880
praelongus.
e & Bolan Bors 1562
Oakesianus, 1565. 1568
rede bige o llmoensis, 1571 .
foliatus v. bupleuroid - (perhaps
v. bupleuroides xX
n
a lifolius, — 1584 1589
gramineus X
1537 = tus
& Marsto 432 go oli-
208 Rhodora [May
atus v. bupleuroides, 492 prae-
orn 493 perfoliatus v. bupleur-
oides, 1691 gramineus, 1692, 1693
Og ee Aa i 1762
gramineus X illinoensis, 1765 gra-
Ss Vv. my phyll 5 8 per
ra
8, amplifolius, 2020
praelongus, 2032 perfoliatus v. bu-
pleuroides
ee Ogden & Babel. 2271 na-
ans, 2272 ee 2294 Rich-
haere 2308 gramineus
Ogden, naire de Stetnmnete: 1882
praelo
Ogden & Paine. 1505 A eas tration
v. tp ug 1506 n
Ogden, Rollins & W Wiegins. 1731
Berchtoldi > _ perfoliatus v. a
shu, 1732 patfotinges v. bu-
pleuroi
Ogden & Steinmetz.
1543 gramineus v. maxim
perfoliatus v. biplentoiden a 1544 yey
gramineus ™X_ perfoliatus v. bu-
pleuroides, 1545 gramineus, 1547
amplifolius, 1548 natans, 1549 —
mineus, 1552 amineus v. i-
mus, 1556 amplifolius, 1592 ‘prae-
longus, 1593, 1602, 1603 gramineus
Vv. maximus, 1604 -
cheese =F v. bupleu
1542 Hager at
Ogden, sige gh & Prince. 1596
nodosus, 1597 gramineus v. maxi-
m
Ogden & Trask. 2073 Oakesianus.
Ba 978 & Wiggins. 1729 ampli-
perfoliatus — v. bupleu
( Seige alpinus X grami ass,
z inus v. tenuis, 2344
gramin 2 Vv. maxi
Oosting, H. J. 391 gramineus, 302
pr aipreepe oe 2945 illin
, 2971 Richardsonii, 28100 gra
n-
mineus, 28164 — illino-
neus.
“ 553 Richardsonii.
E.
Osterhout, G 2885 alpinus v.
tenuifolius.
, IT. C. 1565. natans, 1583
Richardsonii, 1584 gramineus, 1678
Richardsonii, 1 praelongus,
1768, 1769 amplifolius.
ver, W. H. 3366, 3367 Richard-
sonii, 4008 illinoensis, 4044 gra
mineus, re alpinus v. tenui-
oaching v. subellipticus,
13818 Roheniand, 14459 ampli-
1
171 re a 17141,
mean 17432 nodosus.
alm E. J. 11952 nodosus,
12217. illinoensis, 12907 perhaps
rege x nodosus, 21526 n
i: — Tadehes 33707, 43586
Palmer, 5: L. 36, 37, 38 natans, 50
a ie
Palm oo J. 638 gramineus V.
dai Richardsonii, 1862
Richardeoati 1866 gramineus.
Palmer & Steyermark. 41417
pulcher.
Pammel, L. H.
illinoensis.
arish, S. B. 2106, 2128, 3350
4°]
100 natans, 776
n
Parish, S. B. & W. F. 1435 natans.
1073 perfoliatus v-
ides.
Parlin & Fernald. 924 natans.
174 illinoensis.
Payson, E. B. & Lois B. 2023
ov aad ig 2024 =praelongus,
2251 na
Pease, A. ie 1919 alpinus v. subel-
lipticus, 2011 pulcher, 2064 crispus,
2500 amineus fine — eus V-
maximus, 2907 alpi v. tenui-
folius, 3795 ak 4699A Oakesi-
anus, 14 ramineus, 11982
Richardsonii, 12143 perfoliatus V
bupleuroides, 12171 Oakesianus,
138
amine amplifoli-
us, 14012 praelongus, 14582 gra-
—— 14585 amplifolius, 16591,
16943 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides,
1943]
17024 alpinus v. tenuifolius_ap-
i ng v. subellipticus,
17983 Richardsonii, 20073 natans,
22752, 227538, 227 gramineus,
25217 natans, 26709 alpinus v.
Polio ag.
Bean. 26092 gramineus,
mpli
Richardsonii, 26199 am
folius, 2624 ichardsonii, 26304
gramineus, 26389 ardsonii
Pease & Edgerton. 27169 gramin-
eus.
Pe wore & Fernald. 16958 amplifoli-
17024 alpinus v. tenuifolius ap-
prosching v. subellipticus, 17047
at air ane perfoli-
as 24828 Richard-
sonii, 2491 Seer: 24918
Richardsonii, 24964 _ illinoensis,
— eg atans, 25013, 25031 Rich-
ardsonii, 25032 amplifolius, 25135
Oakesiabus, 25167 amplifolius.
Peattie C. 2385 “Richardsonii,
2305 gramineus v. myriophyllu
Peck, C. H. perhaps ce te D4
nodosus, 3 se nsis.
Peck, M. E. 6284 Richardsonii,
8514 natans, 900) ichardsonii,
9026 dmaptifolias 9619 Richard-
sonii.
Peebles, R. H. 14190 nodos
Pennell, F. W. 3351 oetitiation Vv.
bupleuroides, 16220 Richardsonii,
Pepoon, 5
899 praelongus
erry & Roscoe. 38 Oakesianus.
ay O. P. 1091 nodosus, 1092,
655 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides,
1883 nodosus.
Piete A. J. 3 Richardsonii, 6
pis 7 illinoensis.
Piper, C. V 57 Richardsonii, 758
natans, 3684 amplifolius, 3761 gra-
mineus - illinoensis, 3765 natans,
4426 alpinus v. tenuifolius, 4430
Rishardarats 4431 _— ap-
proaching v. maxim
Polunin, N. 1976, 1977, 2062 “en
nus v. tenuifolius, 2070 per
lpinus X gramineus.
Pontious & Bartley. 18 nodosus.
Porsi 4295 precines,. ap-
proaching v. maximus (perhaps
Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
209
gramineus X sp.), 4296 alpinus v.
subellipticus.
Porsild, A. E. & R. T.
v. tenuifolius, 847 Ri ere
943, 1102 Richardsonii, 1131 g
mineus, 1496 alpinus v. tenuis hu i.
gramineus, 29 aelongus,
3098 alpinus v. eabiie ea an
Richardsonii, 3099, 5174 gramineus
Vv. maximus.
Atwood. 1318 Oakesi-
Pa 1405 perfoliatus v. bupleur-
oi
ra & Hyland. 649 gramineus.
Proulx, T. 58 pesca tenuifolius.
Rand & Robinson. 1013 Sheil
Randolph & Wiegand. 9094
1977, 1979 praelong-
lifolius,
114 alpinus
. amplifolius,
2251, 2262 a 2267, 2273, 2299
amplifolius.
, E. A. 88 perfoliatus v. bu-
1545 perhaps alpinus
ramineus Vv.
i — * = on
m 1552, 1553, 1554, ‘1555,
1556, 155i, 1558, 1559, 1 60 Rich-
a 1570, aby 1572 peer
6352, 64 Ric
7002 ramineus
Raup Abbe. 4038 gramineus,
4313 eusven 4614 gramineus, 4
Richardso
Redfield, J. "H. 7996 pulcher, 8002
perfoliatus v. bupleuroides, 8014
inus v. subellipticus, 15341 per-
lst = bupleuroi sts
cena stony J. 1640. ee Sg
~2502 pulcher.
Ricard & Boivin. 342 nodosus.
Ricker, natans
Rider, Sadie L. 349 Richardsonii
Ridgway, R. 3318 nodosus.
Ridgway ana 3425 nodosus.
Riehl, N. 128 er.
Robinson B.L 494 natans.
© per-
foliatus v. bupleuroides, 231 poly-
210 Rhodora [May
gonifolius, 232 sarees ae ap-
proaching v. maximu
binson & Webb. 1087 perfoli-
atus v. bupleuroides (perhaps
hybrid).
Rolland-Germain. 6231 gramin-
eus, 6233, 6235 gramineus v. maxi-
mus, 6280 amplifolius, 8696 per
. foliatus v. bupleuroides, 8697, 13044
amplifolius, 1 chardsonii,
58 alpinus v. tenuifolius, 1
T alpinus x perfoliatus v.
a pasa 43359 nodosus, 43360
er
aps gramineus 4 perfoliatus
Vv. ggeor eo nae 43382 gramineus
iatus v. bupleuroides,
43481 | Richandeoidt
R R. C. 2319 alpinus v.
b 51 us V.,
55 natans 59 alpinus v. subelli
icus, 60 1 natans, 61, 62, 63 ampli-
folius, 7 if gramineus, 73
amineus v. maximus, 74 per-
ne v. bupleuroides, 75 gra-
: a . “P ps le rfoliatus v.
upleuroides, raelongus
Ro b ) B. & 16 alpi-
nus v. tenuifolius, ss gramineus, 20
T 67 Richardsonii.
304 nodosus, 1185 per-
foliatus v. bupleuroides.
M.F. 812 natans.
Oakesianus, 25817, 30003 nata ans,
30004 praelongus, 31207, 32297
boueian, 35812 perfoliatus v.
bu
Rugel, F, 613 illinoensis.
Ru 384 alpinus v. subellip-
re 385 natans.
uth, A. 49, vi 141, 772 nodosus.
Rydberg, P. A. 1421 ‘nodosus, 1440
y
illinoensis, 1652 natans, 1792 Rich- ,
ardsonii, 1846 nodosus.
Rydberg & Bessey. 3724, 3725
alpinus v. tenuifolius.
Rydberg & Carlton. 7522 Rich-
ardsonii.
St. Cyr, D. N. 2973 gramineus,
2994 amplifolius, 3030 nodosus,
3050 Richardsonii.
St. John, H. 1121, 1122 polygoni-
folius, 1124 perfoliatus v. bupleur-
oides, 1372, natans, 1373 iar
anus, 1756 alpinus v. subellipticus,
1
bupleuroides, 11919 gramineus V.
myriophyllus, 90081 natans, 90083,
90084 alpinus v. tenuifoliius, 90085
alpinus v. Oey petolet 90086 gra-
mineus, 9008 oliatus.
St. John, English, Moore &
Palmer
St. pea & Nichols. "D104 alpinus
636 rareatewnnens 656, 658 ae
find Richardsonii, 4927
praelon
Seridbere ; é asap 524 gramin-
eus V. ma
Sandberg, ‘Mastoural & Heller.
697, 939 natans, 955 gramineus,
956 Richardsonii, 1026 gramineus-
Sanford, S.N.F. 1225, 10192 per-
foliatus v. bupleuroides
Sargent, H. 29 perfoliatus v.
Saalee cies: 31 gramineus X per-
foliatus v. bupleuroides, 33 per-
foliatus v. bupleuroides.
ulz, Ellen D. 797 illinoensis.
Scott, W. 16208 crispus, 16431 n
dosus, 1 amplifolius, 16433,
16434 illinoensis, 16438, 16439
crispus, 16443 gramineus, 1
gramineus v. maximus,
16446, ~
1943]
16447 gramineus, 16448 a oa
16450 gramineus, 16451 praelon
16454, 16455, 16457 Richardson
Scovel we T. 26 amplifolius and
4 Bishasdaehit, 28 ne li-
linear-leaved species oan to
Fernald, Mem. Am. Acad.
Sci: 17: pt. 1: 136), 54 Hissar: 66
1057 reg
ineus, 1 amplifolius, i321
praelong
hee M. 100 =
Seymou 249 amplifolius,
267, 1027 perfoliatus v. bupleur-
oides, 1487, 1567, 1568 Oakesianus,
570 per oliatus. v. bupleuroides,
approaching
. M. 3 Richardsonii, 11
a 73, 100 natans, 101
Sh <a & ‘Dndecwoolds 33521 no-
us.
Sharples, 8S. P. 303 nodosu
Shaw, C. H. 771 Richardson
1206 natans and gram
745 piles 3804
uraclongur "4524 alpinus v. tenui-
oO
us
& Bessey. 5328 alpinus v.
tenuifolius, 5333 gramineus XX
Richardsonii.
Shreve, F. 1597, 1622 pulcher.
ull, G. H. 15 crispus, 39, 95 no-
—— perfoliatusv. v. bupleur-
osus,
70 recon
sonii, 80 pra gus, § S na
Ri chnieceee 225 na
473 py er 474 nodo eee:
Shunk & vasinnde ng.
us, 51 Shan nii,
folius, 560 Richardsonii.
Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
211
Simpson, J. H. 386 illinoensis.
ie J. K. 7241, 8170 illinoensis.
"& Carter. 1007, 1118 illino-
is
ll, J. K. & G. K. 4148, 4487,
eh illinoensis.
iley, F. J. 330 natans, 749 no-
mith, E. F.. 87 praelongus.
Sones, G 307 nodosus
Sperry, C. C. 509 pulcher.
Sperry Martin. 671 Richard-
sonii, 696 praelongus, 718 Richard-
sonii a gramineus, 731, 735 il-
linoens
Sieaadbor rough, W. 16429 alpi-
nus v. tenuifolius, 20750 gramineus,
62662, — Richards onii.
Standley 7557 gramineus V.,
9780 nN 16855, i alpinus
y. tenuifolius, 18500 na , 18528
amplifoliue, 40488 ciate, 40649
dee ene
& or 7648 ampli-
bra 7649 nodos
Stecker, A. 332 apis v. tenui-
—
tee J. H. 4741 alpinus v.
tenuuifolius, 4781 eee
mplifolius,
2
Pp
bupleuroides, 527 per nin
eus < nodosus, vont Berchtoldi x
e
ardsoni i, 830 natans,
60 ramplifolis, 957 einen 1127
Oakesia
Steinmetz “& tet . 888 gramine-
us perfoliat bupleuroides,
889 sectelintur ag Na a etary 905
nodosus. .
teinmetz & Marston. 539 Be
toldi X perfoliatus v. bupleuroides.
212 Rhodora [May
Steinmetz & Ogden. 98 ampli- & Leslie. 280 amplifolius, 291
folius . . gramineus, 293 Richardsonii, 294
Stei & Quimb v- 581 gra- alpi ious ¥ papain 295, 296
anson. Ee natans,
31 nodosus, 55 gramineus.
Stevens, G. W. 1364 amplifolius
rmark, ‘J. A. 1003 natans,
$297 ori crispus, 4327 pulcher, 4473
4609 illin noensis, 4639, 4688,
5410 nodosus
inoensis on dosus),
BALI, 9233 fe pa 11328, 11939
ees, 11946 amplifolius,
12031, 12428 open 3782
13869 amplifolius, 13910, 13938,
14226 awn it. 14245 _pulcher,
14257, 9 nodosus, 14985 -
ees 14487, 14624, 15560 am-
plifolius, 16: 13 pus, 21087,
21138, 21145 illinoensis, 21208 a
plifolius, 21235 illinoensis, 2126
9
22 us, 22773,
22840, 22873, 23321, 23365 ampli-
folius, 23494, 23543, 23546 ampli-
folius, 24650 ‘nodos
pia
103 nodosus, 25104, 25142 il-
linoensis, 25249, 25250, 25317 no-
dosus, 25365 illinoensis, 25367 no-
osus, 2537 inoensis, 25425
nodosus, 25533 mnplifclitn 25534,
ont 25876, 27148, 27634, 27657,
Street & Williams. 2689 nodosus.
728 nodosus, 2172
alpinus v. tenuifolius
Svenson, H. K. 156 pulcher, 7216
nodosus, 9108, — ae
Svens: Fas 932
5786 praelongus
bie soi bod P. 78 gramineus x il-
Pasice, ee Fitzpatrick, Losee
natan Oakesia gra-
mi oan. 300 Ri chardsonit, te gra-
mineus, 304 gramineus X ard-
sonii (proba bly backerossed with
gramineus), 305 gra
arp, B. C
Cc. 2181 sisi naaeiaie.
horns Cc. C. aps gra-
us X nodosus, 1499 gramine-
on "3466 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides
(perhaps perfoliatus v
oides X Se 1
eictamecn Richardsonii.
Thompson, 589 gramineus,
594 rdsonii, 8620 ampli-
7 c
folius, 942214 natans, 11768 gramin-
eh Vv. sie “pase 14046g ramineus.
Richardson, 7 natans
mineus, 53 illinoensis, 69 gramine-
us, 73b gramineus > _ illinoensis,
142 Richardsonii, 145_ illinoensis,
ichardsonii,
ns, 253 ainionrn 99
Thurber, G. i co ;
Tidestrom, I. 517, 1861 illinoens!s,
7171 nodosus, 7175 perfoliatus V.
bupleuroides, 7183 P7637, 7741,
10
Tolst 428 natans, 429
W. L.
Richardsonii, 430 praelongus, 473
Richardsonii, 614 se nig 615
gramineus, 616 gramineus ™ il-
linoensis, 637 nodosus, 638 natans,
us.
Topping, D. L. 203 amplifolius.
Toumey, J. W. sea nce s.
D; 867 gree
isk 2870, 2871 alpinus v. tenul-
lius
eedy, F
physio
. 46 illinoensis, 411 gr@
413 Richardsonii, 4978
a 62, 373
cog caer 375, 1091 gramineus
x illino
e mite. 1645 Richard-
sonii, 1656 gramineus, 1659 Rich-
ardsonii, 1660 natans, 1662 line:
ensis gramineus (perhap
gramineus > illinoensis).
Uhler arren. 793 natans
797: % ono 858 jllinoensis,
1079 praelon
1943]
Umbach, L. M. 31 gramineus, 433
Richardsonii, 457 gramineus v.
eg a
an ,» EB. C. 202 alpinus v.
tenuifoliv,
aa & wenn 201 crisp-
202
Victo Mar 526 Ey
565 Test lint v. bupleur
1124 tries 1152, 1505 alain
v. tenuifolius, 1537 ‘natans, 1539
gramineus, 3177 “paige cores . bu-
chardsonii,
oides, 8177, 8178 perfoliatus y. bu-
pleuroides, sohiardanati,
cus, 1116 ps sec per-
foliatus v. bupleuroides, 11169
perhaps gramineus X _ perfoliatus
bu ides, s,
16056 $060, eoee” 16057 — amin-
ie . natans, 16064
mi ae ximus 16065 am-
plifolius, 18460 alpinus v. tenui-
olius, 18462 Richardsonii, 20451
2 gramineus v.
maximus, 20454 perfoliatus, 20456
perfoliatus v. a 20457,
21201, 25815 amplifolius, 2 27897
perfoliatus v. bupleuroides, sa
gramineus, gramineus
rfoliatus v. bupleuroides, 23005
Richardsonii (perhaps ——
Victorin & peieenoneen 9922 Oakesi-
v. sube
25810 gramineus, 25938 alpinus
subellipticus, 25939, 27094, 27095
gramineus v. maximus, 27 630 alpi
nus v. tenuifolius, 29088 peafolintas
v. kag tebe 33178 Richard-
sonii (perha oliatus v. bu-
pleuroides < Richardsonii), 33180
gramineus v. maximus, per-
foliatus v. arr ait 43565 no-
dosus, 43576, 43796 perfoliatus v.
bupleuroides, to70 —— 44738
gramineus X_ perfoliatus v. bu-
Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
213
pleuroides, 45184 ree ns
45189 crispus, 4 osus,
49141 crispus, 49148 Richardsonii,
49304 nodosus, 49366 amplifolius.
Victo on olland, Brunel &
Rous 17278 perfoliatus v.
bupleuroides, 17285 gramineus ap-
sine v. een 17286 per
siren v. bu es.
Victorin, Rol aa “& Jacqu
33315 alpinus v._ subellipticus,
ae ee 33393 perfoliatus ap-
aching v. bupleuroides, 33477
vena Pi 351 amplifolius,
33518 praelongus, 33609 Richard-
sonii, 9 Oakesianus, 33
praelongus, 33854, ae natans,
33858 a mr 9 perfoli-
atus v. bup oides, 33714, 33855
asic ig “441 praelongus,
44451 . subellipticus,
44452 gramineus, 44453 gramineus
Lee oliatus — v.
bly backerossed with gra-
mineus), 44454, 44458 - ear
44459 gramin eus x perfoliatus v.
bupleuroides, 44460 natans, 44463
ramineus,
44468 alpinus subellipticus,
44749 Oakesianus. :
Victorin, Rolland & Louis-Marie.
Frio alpinus v. subellipticus.
torin, Rolland & Méeilleur.
"2B 730 alpinus v. tenuifolius, 13858
2 grami
nodosus, 44382 gramineus v.
ramineus X sp., 44728 aie,
45446 Richardsonii.
rin, d, Michel &
oe peta 43633 esianus
Waghorne, A. C. 6 alpinus v.
senuitalincs, 40 perfoliatus v. bu-
pleuroides.
Wahl, H. A. 174 a sh ae 204
perfoliatus, v. bupleuroides, 240
perfoliatus v. indedroides (perhaps
perfoliatus v. bu “gg Pa —
alker, Mr. & Mrs. E
atans.
Ware, R.A. 2446 perfoliatus v. ed
pleuroides, 3324 natans, 3326 a
plifo
arnock, B. H. 1557 nodosus.
Watso on, S. 396 perhaps alpinus X
a patie 397 Rianlacst, 398
, 1131 natans, si alpinus
v. rane Sa Se
haps illinoensis secsisaean, 1134
gramineus, 1135 Richardsonii.
Watson wT. R. 969 gramineus, 973
214
——. approaching v.
s, 979 natans, 1006 amplifies,
ramineus, 36
Weatherby, C. A. D2409 ~—
folius, 3389 gramineus, 4364 n
tans
Weatherby & Anderson. 5901
amplifolius, 5904 natans.
Weatherby, C.A.& UnaF. 5625
gramineus stk haste Vv. maxi-
mus, 6624 gra
Webb, R. J. 452, "546 amplifolius.
Webber, H. J. 4 amplifolius, 5, 6
dosus. —
Welch, Winona H. 2106 nodosus.
A. 395 541
natans, fd bhp Vv. maximus,
550 gram
Wetmore, R. ‘#. 103096 gramine-
axim
Richardsonii, 90 alpin
—_ 231 illinoensis, 973 Pelee soie
Wheeler, L. C. 1974 nodosus, 3973
Whited, z 3141 ge tnegnniees
Whitford, H. gr cape tiny
—o natans, 258 Spe v. tenui
Whitney, Elsie G. 4673a ampli-
folius.
Rhodora
[May
Wiegand, K. M.
11182 crispus.
Wiegand, Gilbert & Hotchkiss.
27339 Oakesianus.
11178 illinoensis,
Wiegand & Hotchkiss. 27337 alpi-
y ore 27343 gramineus
up bes
(probably gies eee with g
mineu
Wiegand & Pease. 27340 gramine-
ight, W. F. 1 praelongus, 8 il-
linoensis, 9 natans, 59 illinoensis,
tans, 6796 eo. 6797
Williams, S andosaas ‘804
Richardsonii $00 pocbarse i
illi T. A. 1 nodosus, 344
amplifolius
Williamson, C.8S. 418 Oakesianus,
455 chyeoeitolick: 472, 1026 per
foliatus v. bupleuroides.
illiamson, W. T. 309 no-
189 amplifolius.
alpinus v. tenuifolius,
. 8290 nodosus.
Wood, F. F. 4 Richardsonii.
Wright, C. 675 nodosus, 676 il-
ong 1893 nodosus.
. P. 542 illinoensis.
amplifolius,
G. & E. C. 7011
E. B. 1237 gra-
mineus, 1238 amplifolius.
INDEX
New scientific names are printed in full-face type
iar gp na subg. Coleogeton, 71,
1 ect. Connati, O, sect. on-
A
69, 71, 72, 76; subsect. Amplifolii,
63, 68, 69, ei "72, 2, 76, 132; subsect.
73, 76, 133, 158,
: . 6
71, 74, 76; subsect. Pusilli, 71, ser.
Pusilli connati, 71, va pots,
71, subser. Pano ormitani, 71, se
Pusilli convoluti, subser. ‘Acuti, “1,
9-62, 69, 71, 72, 75, 95, 99,
104, 122, 123, 127, 128, 137, ise
9 Is.
ensis, 184; amplifolius X_ prae-
215
longus, 184; am plifoli ius X Rich-
ardsonii
jamaicensis, 124; confervoides, 71;
crispus, 60-62, 64.°71,:72, 75,
76, 86-88, 91, Aa deminutus, ‘187;
diversifolius, ; epihydrus,
186; epihydrus, var. Nuttalii, 138,
142: epihydrus, var. Nuttalii
maximus,
153, he 196, pl. 748, var. mi inimus,
50, myrioph yllus, ior 145,
147, 150, 151, var. spat thulaeformi
151, 187, 189, forma pertoctvie 144,
var. typicus, 143, 149, 151, 196,
pl. 748, forma Wolfgangii, 148;
gramineus X illinoensis, 145, 149,
51,158, 1
1 1 87, 2 us X
illinoensis x lucens, 187; grami-
s X lucens, 158, 187 mineus
xX natans, 186; gramine us xX
nodosus, 185; gramineus X_per-
216
foliatus, 151; gramineus X_ per-
foliatus, var. bupleuroides, 61, 183,
peduncul — 143, forma maximus,
pa 187, minimus, 1 0
myri tenbyilne 150,
toreeaeeee 144; Hillii, 71; Ginseng
21, ta, 4, 93, 94, 150, 152-154,
156-159, sine 188, 191, 192, 195,
ma homophyllus, 154,
s; 154; illinoensis X
158, var. ke at 1
=)
<
ro
=
D
=}
=
O.
As]
ss;
‘et
<
S
—
var. ter-
7 ‘ ; panor-
mitanus, 192; pectinatus, 71, 192;
INDEX
pennsylvanicus, var. portorioemaa
Mf Lt
bupleuroides, 171, 1
178, 181, 182, 189, 190, 193-196,
pls. 746, 748; ‘perfoliatus, var. bu-
pleuroides xX Ri i 5
amen var. gracilis, 163, 177,
180, var. lanceolatus, 1 3, SSP.
oe polygonifolius, 58, 59, 12;
8, 195, p 746; Porsildior-
a —
1, 195, a 131-133; rufes-
cens, 90, 92, §
90; x seolioph is
barensis, ee
186; spathaeformis 187; * 8 spath-
aeformis, spathulaeformis
siietitolias, a1; subdentatus @
ag 191, p petiolatus, 188, 189,
1 x su
gracilis, 154, 187,
og? Var. ss ierentifoltad, 154, 187;
Zizii, forma pulcherrimus, 187;
zosteriformis,
spirillus amp lifolius, 100; hetero-
phyllus, 44; er 124; lucens,
154; perfoliat us, 177, va Richard-
sonii, 163; pulcher, i21; Zizi, 154,
187
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 45, June-August, 1943
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM
I. Five common Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia 221
ii... Netes on Danthoiiia. 3.5.0 oo tt ee 239
III. Erianthus brevibarbis and other Species........--. 246
IV. Why not Andropogon Gerardi?...........:..+:.. 255
7, Studies in North American Species of Scirpus... ... 279
VI. The Identity of Scleria setacea of Poiret.........: 296
VII. What is Angelica triquinata?..............+:-.+- 298
Vill. Notes on Mierschim 53.5 ee ee 317
By M. L. FERNALD
Dates or Issuz
Pages 221 to 258, plates 749 to 761... .--..- 6. +e. ee eee ee 29 May, 1943
Pages 279 to 303, plates 762 to 769. .-.------+ +--+ 225+-257 - July, 1943 :
-
Deas ee 10 August, 1
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CXLVI /
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 45, June—August, 1943
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CXLVIII
I. Five common Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia 221
Hi. Notes of Peathonsa eo ee 239
III. Erianthus brevibarbis and other Species.......... 246
IV. .. Why not Andropogon Geraidit. oo 255
V. Studies in North American Species of Scirpus...... 279
VI. The Identity of Scleria setacea of Poiret.......... 296
Vit. What is Angetica triguinatal. ...........,.55.. 3. 298
Nill. : Notes on Hieracnii., ... - aa ee 317
By M. L. FERNALD
Dares or IssuB
Pages 221 to 258, plates 740 to 761. ~~... 5 +e eee ee ee. 29 May, 1943
Paces 279 to 303, pinta TOR 06 700s, tas ee tk: 6 July, 1943
Pages 317 to B26... 656s oes hee ce re as ee be eae 10 August, 1943
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF
HARVARD UNIVERSITY—No. CXLVIII
M. L. FERNALD
(Plates 749-769)!
During the studies necessary in a thorough revision of the flora
of northeastern America and, especially, a checking with photo-
graphs of the types of Linnaeus, Michaux and other authors of
American species much new matter has accumulated. Some of
the studies, with photographs by Dr. Bernice G. Schubert, are
here presented.
I. FIVE COMMON RHIZOMATOUS SPECIES OF
MUHLENBERGIA
(Plates 749-757)
In eastern North America five species of Muhlenbergia stand
out as the most common representatives of the rhizomatous
members of the genus, the plants passing, mostly erroneously,
as M. mexicana (L.) Trin., M. sylvatica Torr., M. foliosa (R. & S.)
Trin. and the two very distinct species included under M.
racemosa (Michx.) BSP. These five species have many technical
differences (in glumes, lemmas, anthers, grains, internodes,
nodes, sheaths, etc.) and habitally they are distinctive. The
names currently applied to them, however, need most careful
scrutiny for, when the types (all but one in Europe) are studied,
it is apparent that those who have easily recognized the species
involved have largely guessed at their names and, too often,
1The cost of pmanperly blocks has been met in part from an appropriation for
original research from the Department of Biology, Harvard Universi
222 Rhodora [JUNE
have not consulted the original descriptions. Sixteen years ago
I undertook a clarification of our species, at that time securing
from friends in London, Paris and Berlin photographs of many
of the types involved; and in 1930, while in Europe, I checked
many points not shown in habit-photographs.
As a result of this study it was evident that we must adopt
many unfamiliar names or change the significance of those now
familiar but, disliking the upheaval necessitated, I have refrained
from publication, with the hope that specialists on the Gramineae
would take the responsibility of correcting the many errors.
Having now reached a stage in my work when the facts can no
longer be dodged, I am presenting in key-form the diagnostic
characters of the five species. This will be followed by consider-
ation of the names now in use and those which, it seems to me,
must be taken up. In some instances, however, inability at
present to consult many critical specimens abroad may result in
slight future changes. In his Manual Hitchcock! adopts for
‘Tam lana g informed that Hitchcock strenuously and rightly objected to these
es, which were forced into his book through the ruling of his Chief (see
Ww
to upset when studied by scientists. If the time used in inventing ‘‘English” names
for these plants had gone into study of their proper typification some of the upsets
in ye sinc pages might be unnecessary. ‘‘C’est a rire!”’
pos the reference to dictatorship by some in power over young (sometimes
eee pectoris have recently received copies of correspondence from a botanist
formerly in siti ernment employ, in which the inventor of “‘English’’ names ruled that
the y n should not publish a new plant in Ruopora because the type is not
in the Nasi! Herbarium and because the author had followed the Internationa
Rules of Plant Nomenclature, though in this case the dictator was overruled by
higher officials. Probably no more severe blight upon scholarly aah gp vot
taxonomy under federal dictatorship has existed. The inventor of ‘English’ names
himself once made a wi effort in taxonomy, That he nes not ve is clear
from his greatest nap hata with its delightfully naive key
Leaves obova’
Leaves not i on one characters given — etc.
Leaves not erie ecir marge
1943] Fernald,—Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia 223
members of Muhlenbergia the stupid ‘English’ name ‘“‘Muhly”’
(“Marsh Muhly’’, ‘‘Wire-stem Muhly’’, ete.). There would be
some propriety in dropping the h and then applying the word as
an adjective to the current nomenclature of the misinterpreted
five. In tabulating the characters I am numbering the species,
the name in current use being bracketed. Beautifully clear il-
lustrations of four of the plants will be found in Hitchcock’s
Manual, figs. 768, 770, 774 and 776. I am greatly indebted to
Mr. Jason Swallen for an opportunity to study fragments of the
types of Agrostis mexicana L. and of A. foliosa R. & S. Photo-
graphs made from them will be found in pLates 749, Frias. 1-3
and 751, FIG. 2).
a. a and stolons 2-6 mm. thick, with cucullate-arching
vate scales; nodes of culm thick ‘and ever enlarged;
oF
mm. long;
— anthers 0.3-0.6 mm.
ranches soon a the me ants thus
habit and topheavy, the p mptly uncovered internodes
lustrous and glabrous ; leat-ehew = loose, r com-
pressed, promptly opening to base; terminal panicle ex-
serted, or with included base, at first lax and open, lan-
very rey pa both awned, membranaceous, green
; lemma ape Te ; grain easily Cronies
linear-cylindrc, 16-3 ih 0 os a as a ees l, (M. mexicana).
. Culms erect or ascending, lower nodes not rooting, un-
bra ee a0
from middia: node es, internodes largely covered | 2 sheaths,
opaque and puberulent; leaf-sheaths tight, tere te, tardily
aly glumes ni rat (if "rarely awned, sub-
Rivet, with few simple ae ssed-ascending branches;
leaf-blades sovaudien or sli re! spreading, firm; pani
rather stiff, the subse art amici sive spikelets
imbri ases of the glom
ulate appressed-ascending branches and _ branchlets;
glumes subequal, firm and herbaceous, usually green or
Leaves not with all ag iss aude given above.
Leaves orbicular to te.
Leaves or other Beer lem as described a!
and so on, including the informative calls in proay cap ‘Leaves not as described It
is no uaa that one who 60 little deeper than that into an exacting field did not
fully understand its importance
224 Rhodora [JUNE
purplish; lemma firm, usually awnless (rarely awned) ;
mature florets persistent; grain slenderly ellipsoid,
1.3-1.6 mm. long, tightly embraced by lemma and palea.
2. [M. foliosa].
Ascending to erect, with many ascending simple or forking
branches from middle nodes; leaf-blades spreading,
rather soft and pliant; panicles slender, loosely flowered,
exuous, the longer branches mostly without crowded
basal spikelets, the spikelets often long-pedicelled;
umes very unequal, scarious or hyaline, usually whitish
or silvery; lemma scarious, silvery, often long-awned;
mature florets promptly dropping; grain linear-cylin- ;
ic, 1.4-2.1 mm. long, easily remove 3. [M. sylvatica].
a. Rhizomes and stolons slender (2-4 mm. thick), greatly pro-
longed and forking, with appressed lanceolate to narrowly
8b Owe eee hee
ty) ,
Culms mostly branching from middle nodes, the leaves and
branches there approximate, the internodes lustrous and
3 .8 mm. long; grain tightly
embraced, linear-cylindric, 1.8-2.2 mm. long; species of
dry prairie, rocks and bluffs from Wisconsin to Saskat-
chewan, and west to Oregon, south to Illinois, Missouri,
Kansas and New Mexico; casual al ilroad tward
5
4. [M. racemosa].
True M. mexicana (Puates 751 and 752)
Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Gram. Unifl. 189 (1824)
rests upon Agrostis mexicana L. Mant. i. 31 (1767). Agrostis
mexicana was raised by Linnaeus in the garden at Upsala from
seeds sent him from Vienna by Jacquin and erroneously thought
to have come from tropical America. By most recent authors
it is considered to be species no. 1 of the preceding key: “the
plants becoming topheavy and bushy”, to use Hitchcock's
phrase, with abundant decumbent and rooting or ascending ofte?
forking lustrous branches; the sheaths compressed and loose,
promptly opening to the base; the branches bearing numerous
partly included axillary panicles; the terminal panicles relatively
1943] _Fernald,—Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia 225
soft and loose upon expanding, many of the spikelets long-
pedicelled; the glumes very unequal and both awned; the easily
removed grain linear-cylindric, etc. How different was the
unusually full description by Linneaus of his Agrostis mexicana:
mexicana. 20. _AGROSTIS panicula lounanien ealycibus [glumis]
Hl. citar in n America calidiore. D. J —- a
Culmi numero dales, laeues, er any Ramis indiuisis.
nea,
inatae
mata atropurpurea, ramosa. Stamina alba. Difficillime hoc
Gramen determinatur. Altero anno floret. Facies Cinnae.
H.U:
Passing for the moment the ‘‘panicula oblonga congesta’”’ or
“congesta coaceruatis’’, it should be clear that the ‘‘culmi j
erectr”’ the “Ramis Snddiciane?” and the “Calyces [glumae] apice
subulati, subaequales”’ do not belong to species no. 1, which has
often decumbent or lopping culms with mostly forking and very
abundant basal and median branches, the glumes very unequal
and both slenderly awned. The ‘‘Aristae nullae’’ could belong
to no. 1 or to no. 2. Linnaeus said nothing about the very nu-
merous axillary panicles partly included in the subinflated
sheaths of the branches which so generally characterize no. 1.
His unusually full description is clearly not a good one for no. 1
and, in view of the almost universal recent error of so identifying
it, the original comment of Linnaeus still has force: ‘‘Dzfficillime
hoc Gramen determinatur’’. Linnaeus had two sheets of the type
material, both clearly marked by him Agrostis mexicana. Beau-
tiful photographs of the two sheets, sent to the Gray Herbarium
in 1927 by the late Dr. B. Daydon Jackson, are before me. One
is of a badly crumpled specimen, the other (our PLATE 751, Fria. 1)
better prepared. They both show erect culms, with few simple
erect branches, tight sheaths, terminal panicles, no definitely
included axillary panicles, subequal awnless glumes (PLATE 751,
FIG. 3) and awnless lemmas; and the broken-off culms are 5 dm.
(20 inches) high. Linnaeus’s “‘culmi . . . pedales’ was too
conservative. PiatTe 752, ric. 2 is from a portion of the panicle
of the type, now preserved at the United States National Herbar-
226 Rhodora [JUNE
ium and most generously sent me for study by Mr. Swallen.
The type specimens of Agrostis mexicana are of species no. 2,
the plant passing as Muhlenbergia foliosa.
As he stated, Linnaeus received his seed from Jacquin and
raised the plant at Upsala. Jacquin’s plant at Vienna was
clearly described, and illustrated by a life-size colored plate, by
the younger Jacquin in his Eclogae Plantarum Rariorum—
Gram. Fase. ter. et quart., 44, t. 30 (1813). Jacquin filius
departed little from Linnaeus, his fuller account including
“Cutmi . . ._ bipedales, : erecti, . . .. teretes
ik ; ramis axillaribus, secs, Meticlite: adpressis
vaginis . . . apertis . . . Ftorssin paniculis suis
nalibus culmi primarii et ramorum, ante et post anthesin coarc-
tatis, . . . 3 famis Tamulisque ... .. erectis adpressis
Calyx . . . Glumae subaequales, lanceolatae, acu-
vitae ; and his wonderful plate (our PLATE 752) showed a
characteristic plant of our species no. 2, even to the slenderly
ellipsoid grain. The material cultivated by the Jacquins at
Vienna was, then, like that sent to and cultivated by Linnaeus
at Upsala and described by him as Agrostis mexicana. When he
transferred A. mexicana to Muhlenbergia, Trinius, Gram. Unifl.
189 (1824) held the diagnostic characters of the Linnean species
“Panicula contracta densiuscula; Glumis lineari-lanceolatis acu-
tissimis subaequalibus perianthio acutissimo vix brevioribus’’.
There seems to be no way to avoid taking up for the plant erro-
neously passing as M. foliosa the clearly described and typified
M. mexicana (L.) Trin.
M. MEXICANA OF RECENT AuTHORS (PLaTEs 749 and 750)
When we consider the earlier available names for the plant
recently but erroneously passing as Muhlenbergia mexicana, our
species no. 1, the name seemingly available, if we accept current
bibliographies, is M. lateriflora (Michx.) Trin. ex Kunth, Enum.
i. 207 (1833) in synonymy of Cinna lateriflora Kunth, Rev.
Gram. i. 67 (1829), both names based on Agrostis lateriflora
Miehx. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 53 (1803) from rock-cliffs of the Missis-
sippi and shores in [southern] Illinois. Michaux’s description
is not at all good for a plant with geniculate and bushy-branched
stems, relatively large terminal panicles and long-awned glumes;
1943] Fernald,—Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia 227
and the photograph of the type sent me by M. Cintract is very
inconclusive. The description was as follows:
LATERIFLORA. A. culmis erectis, nodosis: foliis linearibus, planis: panic-
ulis lateralibus et terminalibus, pusillis, coarctatis, densifloris:
glumae muticae et scaberulae. valvis acutissimis; interioribus
majoribus, basi barbulatis
Hab. praesertim in praecipitibus saxosis fluminis Mississipi et ripariis
Illinoensibus.
Authors immediately following Michaux seem not to have known
the plant, Beauvois shifting it without discussion to Vilfa, and
Kunth, likewise with no discussion, transferring it to Cinna. It
was not until Kunth’s Enumeratio that the plant, as Cinna
lateriflora (Michx.) Kunth, with ‘‘Muehlenbergia lateriflora
Trin.” as a synonym, was again accorded a diagnosis, that copied
directly from Michaux. Michaux’s erect culm, densely flowered
small panicles and muticous glumes are not satisfactory for the
common plant known as M. mexicana. The photograph is of
mere fragments: broken-off tips of a stiffly ascending plant with
long internodes; leaf-blades erect, only 2-4 mm. broad and long-
tapering; the linear-filiform panicles only 1.5-4 mm, thick, with
spikelets only 2.5-3 mm. long. These fragments look like small
bits picked from a plant of M. glabrifloraScribn. Only Michaux’s
“slumae . . . interioribus . . ._ basi barbulatis’” would
seem to separate it from that species of dry or baked soils, gravels
or rocky slopes, from southwestern Indiana (perhaps also Ohio)
and Illinois to Texas. MM. glabriflora is reputed to have the
lemma glabrous. It would not now be justifiable to reduce
M. glabriflora to M. lateriflora; when the florets can be actually
studied that may be inevitable. In fact, Steudel, Synop. PI.
Gram. 182 (1854), describing in detail the species he took to be
Cinna lateriflora (Michx.) Kunth, from Ohio — of Frank’s,
said “glumis . ye @mubesqualibus( <>. 6; valyulis-.
glabris.”’ It is, however, fairly clear that we Ms not scopeny
take up M. lateriflora for the plant, no. 1, which has been passing
as M. mexicana.
Another name, ignored or waved aside by recent American
authors, needs consideration, for it is with little doubt the first
name for species no. 1, the plant generally passing as Muhlen-
bergia mexicana and so passing for more than a century, the
confusion dating back to botanists of a full century ago, when
228 : Rhodora [JUNE
nos. 1 and 2 were completely mixed in our floras, Torrey, Fl.
N. Y. ii. 437, 438 (1843), for instance, saying ‘“M. foliosa Trin.
(Agrostis filiformis, Muhl. gram.) seems to be only a variety of
this species’’, in which, unintentionally perhaps, he was correct,
for, as I later show, the type of Agrostis filiformis is the form of
true M. mexicana with awned lemmas. The species (M. mezi-
cana sensu Torrey) with “Culm . . . much branched . . -
often geniculate; sheaths compressed, loose . . . is some-
imes troublesome in gardens’, the latter points applying to
ecies no. 1. The neglected name to which I refer is Agrostis
frondosa Poir. in Lam. Encye. Suppl. i. 252 (1790). The
description, noting fleruous stems, very leafy and compressed
branches, purplish nodes, loose sheaths and oblong and often pur-
plish panicles suggesting those of A. mexicana, are all indicative
of species no. 1. Here is Poiret’s account, he giving the name
because of the leafiness of the plant:
46. Acrostis feuillé Agrostis frondosa.
Agrostis culmo flexuoso, articulis ramosis, foliosis; panicults coarctats;
mexicana; les ramifications en forme d’épis oblongs, de couleur verte, uD
peu purpurine; les fleurs petites, oblongues; les valves calicinales plus
courtes que celles de la corolle, aigués, mucronées A leur sommet; celles
de la corolle étroites, oblongues, aigués.
ette plante croit en Allemagne. (V. s. in herb. Desfont.)
Although it was supposed that Agrostis frondosa came from
Germany, the name was completely disregarded in the great
German floras of Gmelin, Koch and others of their period; nor
does it have any recognition in the more modern and voluminous
treatments by Ascherson & Graebner and by Hegi. The source,
like that of so many species early reaching European collections,
was evidently misunderstood, as was that of A. mezicana of
Linnaeus, Jacquin and others. Nevertheless, the weedy tend-
ency of species no. 1 evidently enabled it to reach Europe some-
what after Poiret’s time. For instance, Lejeune & Courtols,
Comp. Fl. Belg. i. 61 (1828) refer to A. ‘mexicana’ having bee?
collected in Belgium, “‘e semine exotico orta’’; and Hegi, Il. Fi.
1943] Fernald,—Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia 229
Mittel-Eur. vii. 154 (1931), refers to the recent occurrence in
Germany of M. ‘“‘mexicana.’’ Whether these are true M. mexicana
(‘foliosa’’) or the very different plant (our no. 1) which generally
passes as M. mexicana I can not now determine.
But, returning to Agrostis frondosa Poir. Roemer & Schultes,
Syst. 1. 373 (1817) made it an exact synonym of their newly
defined A. foliosa, saying ‘‘certissime huc spectat’”’. Steudel,
who certainly understood grasses, treated it unequivocally in his
Nomenclator, ed. 2: 365 (1840) as identical with various plants
now placed under Muhlenbergia (including M. foliosa, ete., but
not M. mexicana, which Steudel retained in the true sense).
Hooker filius & Jackson in Index Kewensis, placed it, also with-
out question, in the all-inclusive M. mexicana of their period.
As already noted, Poiret’s “‘culmo flexuoso . . . de chacune
de ces articulations il sort des rameux feuillés, comprimés, égale-
ment flexueux . . . Les feuilles . . . nombreuses; leur
gaine liche, . . . Les panicules . . . les ramifications
en forme d’épis oblongs” are reasonably good characterizations of
our common so-called M. mexicana; no other species involved in
the problem has lax and compressed sheaths. I am, therefore,
subject to verification when the type can be studied, identifying
M. mexicana of recent authors with AGrosTIs FRONDOSA Poiret.
The name Muhlenbergia foliosa (Roemer & Schultes) Trin.
Gram. Unifl. 196 (1824) rests for typification upon Agrostis
foliosa Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. 373 (1817). As currently
treated M. foliosa is an erect plant with few erect branches;
scabrous-puberulent internodes; firm ascending leaves; ‘‘panicles
mostly exserted, often rather long-exserted, narrow, of numerous
short appressed densely flowered somewhat aggregate branches’”’
(Hitchcock), the branches densely flowered to base; the spikelets
subsessile or short-pedicelled; glumes subequal and subulate-
tipped (only rarely definitely awned), firm and herbaceous; the
usually awnless lemma of similar texture; the mature florets
tardily dropping and tightly embracing the slenderly ellipsoid
grain (1.3-1.6 mm. long), the plant, my no. 2, which I identify
with M. mexicana in the strict sense. Roemer & Schultes
evidently supposed that Poiret’s Agrostis frondosa was the plant
in cultivation under the equivalent name, A. foliosa, and their
glumes unequal, with hispid awns (“calycibus inaequalibus aris-
230 Rhodora [JUNE
tatis hispidis”) might well have been derived from A. frondosa;
but their lemma and palea unequal, the former awned at tip and
the culm much branched, erect (“corollis . . . inaequalibus
valvulé majore apice aristata, culmo ramosissimo erecto’’) sug-
gest M. sylvatica! Roemer & Schultes had two varieties: ‘ee
paniculis viridibus” to which they assigned A. filiformis Willd. ;
and “8. paniculis rubicundis” to which they assigned A. frondosa
Poir. The latter has already been discussed.
The two subdivisions of their Agrostis foliosa were borrowed in
part from Willdenow, who had described, also from cultivated
plants, A. filiformis Willd. Hort. Bot. Berol. i. 95 (1809); but
without including in it A. frondosa Poir.
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Agrostis foliosa Hortulanorum.
Habitat in America boreali. 2. D. ;
Polypogone diversa calycibus corolla brevioribus. Habitu accedit
ad A. mexicanam, sed calycibus, corollis, inflorescentia tenuiore, et
florescentia serotina diversa. Varietas 8 robustior.
A photograph of Willdenow’s type of Agrostis filiformis, most
kindly presented to me by Professor Diels, shows the slenderest
extreme of Muhlenbergia mexicana, the plant usually passing a
A. foliosa; but the awns at the tips of the lemmas show that it 1s
the form known as A. foliosa, forma ambigua (Torr.) Wieg. The
exact identity of the plants of Roemer & Schultes must await
opportunity to study them. In the mean time, however, the
very liberal fragments of what was taken as the type of Roemer
& Schultes have been sent me from the National Herbarium at
Washington for study. Portions of this material are reproduced
as PLATE 749, Fics. 1, 2 and 3. They certainly belong to the
species which has erroneously passed as M. mexicana; and since
the name Agrostis foliosa Roemer & Schultes was nomenclaturally
a substitute for A. frondosa Poir. and, therefore, illegitimate, it
is fortunate that the Roemer & Schultes type belongs so un-
equivocally to the species which I take to be A. frondosa of
Poiret.
1943] Fernald,—Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia 231
M. sYLVATICA
MUHLENBERGIA SYLVATICA TORR. IS, APPARENTLY, CORRECTLY
* ° ° . *
UNDERSTOOD! A. northeastern variety of it will be published on
a succeeding page. ‘
M. raceMosa (PLatsEs 753 and 754)
Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP., on the other hand, has
been quite misinterpreted. This misinterpretation arose through
the fact that most specimens reaching the European herbaria and
the plant best known to botanists of Cambridge, New York and
Washington is the very different M. setosa (Spreng.) Trin., with
erect, slender and usually simple culms with scabrous-puberulent
internodes, typical of bogs, wet meadows and shores and doubt-
less suggesting to the manufacturer of “English” names the pseu-
donym ‘‘Marsh Muhly”, commented upon on p. 222. Agrostis
racemosa Michx., basis of the very recent and by its authors not
understood combination M. racemosa (Michx.) BSP. Prelim.
Cat. N. Y. 67 (1888), ‘“Presumably based on Agrostis racemosa
Michx.”’ (Hitchcock), is a wholly different species of the interior of
the continent and almost unknown in herbaria prior to 1850. It
was finally recognized as M. glomerata, var. ramosa Vasey, Descr..
Cat. Grasses U. S. 40 (1886) but Vasey did not see the really
distinctive characters.
Muhlenbergia setosa (or glomerata) has the culms unbranched
or with few erect basal branches; opaque and scabrous-puberulent
internodes; leaf-sheath with rounded midrib and minute usually
hidden ligule; conspicuous anthers 1-1.5 mm. long; oblong-
cylindric grain easily freed and 1.2-1.5 mm. long; the species
with transcontinental boreal range and intrusions southward,
east and west, in paludal habitats. M. racemosa, on the other
hand, is a plant of the dry interior, often ‘‘in the dryest of soil’,
with culms usually stiffly branched at the middle nodes; the
internodes lustrous and glabrous; the leaf-sheath keeled; the
ligule prolonged; the anthers only 0.5-0.8 mm. long; the tightly
embraced linear-cylindric grain 1.8-2.2 mm. long.
Michaux’s original description was too general to note any of
the specific points, and his habitat, “in ripis sabulosis inundatis
fluminis Mississipi” inconclusive. The photograph of the type
before me shows, however, the high-branching culm and the
232 Rhodora [JUNE
characteristic stiffly glomerulate-spiciform panicles of M. glomer-
ata, var. ramosa; and examination by me of the Michaux speci-
mens in 1930 revealed the glabrous internodes and tiny anthers.
The name Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP. should be
restricted to the plant of the interior later described as M.
glomerata, var. ramosa.
M. setosa (PLatTEs 755-757)
Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin. Gram. Unifl. 191, pl. 5,
fig. 10 (1824) rests upon Polypogon glomeratus Willd. Enum. PI.
87 (1809), which was described in great detail, the simple diag-
nosis and accompanying statements being
*2, POLYPOGON glomer
P. panicula pear ‘subspicata, ealycibus subulatis scabris, culmo
adscendente bas os
Agrostis festavaides ‘Mi ahlenbeng in litt.
Habitat in America boreali 2. D.
Since the plant was received from Muhlenberg, it presumably
came from eastern Pennsylvania. The very long description
following the diagnosis may be abbreviated.
“Folia rigidiuscula Ligula brevissima Vaginae foli-
orum solutae. Pantouta glomerato-spicata obtusiuscula, ramis brevis-
simis adpressis flexuosi eae Gye... 4 ristatus corolla lon-
gior, nervo medio viridi, una cum arista scabro . . . Basis corollae
pilis aliquot est instructa Habitu accedit quodammodo 4
Agrostidem mexicanam, sed recedit ab hoc genere calyce aristato, et est
vera Polypogonis species.”
The type, for a photograph (our PLATE 756, FIG. 1) of which I
am indebted to Professor Diels, consists of four plants of the
characteristic species (MAP 1) growing in bogs and wet meadows
from western Nova Scotia and southern Maine to southern
Ontario and Michigan, south to southern New England, northern
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, mountains to North Carolina, an
Indiana. There is no question about the identity of M uhlen-
bergia glomerata; but a second plant (map 2), also of simple habit
or branched usually from the base, with puberulent internodes,
large anthers and short grains, occurs farther north, from New-
foundland to Alberta, south to Nova Scotia and Maine, northern
Massachusetts, Connattioat: New York, central Pennsylvania,
Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Wyoming, Nevada and
Oregon. This is Daitylopiesene cinnoides Link, Hort. Berol. il.
1943] Fernald,—Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia 233
Map 1 (upper), — Lipids of MUHLENBERGIA SETOSA; MAP 2 (lower), of
M. SETOSA, var. CINNO
234 Rhodora JUNE
248 (1833), described in great detail from plants raised from seed
from northwestern Canada sent by Dr. John Richardson. The
genus Dactylogramma Link was based on this material, Link
separating it from Cinna. From the very full description the
following points are drawn:
“Caulis erectus parum ramosus . . . Panicula tenuis glomerata.
Valvae subaequales longissime oe quasi aristatae, ene longi-
res. Valvu ongis adpressis ad margin
ee sub repens, th pedes altus . . . inferne vilis brevis-
imis pubescens gula brevis truncata. Panicula 2-4 poll.
fone: sar subdistantibus Seeeviaits superne approximatis, ramulis
conglomeratis
The description is vivid; the photograph (our PLATE 757,
FIG. 1) of Link’s type sent me by Professor Diels unequivocal.
The more northern Dactylogramma cinnoides differs in several
characters from the relatively southern Muhlenbergia glomerata.
In the latter the flowering culms bear 7-15 leaves, many of them
often crowded and overlapping at the middle nodes; in the former
there are 5-8 (rarely —10) more scattered leaves. In M. glomeraia
the panicle, as correctly defined by Willdenow, has round-tipped
spikes mostly crowded to form a subcontinuous lobulate-spiciform
inflorescence; in D. cinnoides the spikes or branches, except the
upper, are more scattered or subdistant and less rounded at
summit. In M. glomerata the inflorescence is often purplish,
sometimes green; in D. cinnoides green, though sometimes
purplish. The panicle of M. glomerata has a misty appearance,
the awns and glumes not sharply visible. This comes from the
copiously hispid keels and awns. In D. cinnoides the panicle
has the glumes and awns more clearly visible, the keels and awns
being merely scabrous with definitely shorter trichomes. These
differences, with no appreciable difference in anthers and grains,
seem to me varietal, rather than specific, and I am treating D.
cinnoides as a northern geographic variety of the more southern
plant.
Unfortunately, however, there is an earlier valid specific name
for true Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin., which was based
on Polypogon glomeratus Willd. (1809). This is Polypoge”
setosus Spreng. Mant. Fl. Hal. 31 (1807). That it is specifically
identical with the Muhlenberg material which formed the basis
of Willdenow’s species is clear from the description; the photo
1943] | Fernald,—Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia 235
graph of Sprengel’s type (our pLATE 755, Fic. 1), for which I am
also indebted to Professor Diels, is certainly of the plant of
eastern Pennsylvania. Sprengel’s description was to the point:
9. PoLypocon seETosus, panicula spicaeformi, glumis acuminatis
aristatis scabris, foliis involutis rigidis.
ulmus teres, glaber, foliosus, pedalis. Folia glabra, vaginantia,
involuta, rigida. Panicula terminalis, parumper ex ultimo folio
emergens, fusca, densé spicaeformis, ramulis glomerstis contractis.
Gluma calycina valvulis acuminatis scabris aristatis, uniflora, corolla
paullo maior. Gluma corallina valvulis acuminatis muticis.
Pensylvania. Muhlen
In his De Graminibus Unifloris et Sesquifloris, 195 (1824),
after properly transferring several species to Muhlenbergia,
Trinius took a short cut and merely stated that certain species
belonged to that genus: “Ad sectionem a (Muiihlenbergiam)
pertinent: . . . Polypogon setosus Spreng.’’, but the combi-
nation, ascribed to Trinius at this place and with the correct
synonym, M. glomerata, was made in Index Kewensis. The
species with culms simple or sparingly branched at base and with
scabrous-puberulent internodes, large anthers and small grains
is, then, M. serosa (Spreng.) Trin. ex Hook. f. & Jackson, Ind.
Kew. ii. 209 (1894),
Summarizing this rather verbose but seemingly necessary dis-
cussion, the five species of Muhlenbergia specially considered
resolve themselves as follows (omitting M. sylvatica which,
except for the designation of a variety, is unchanged). In order
to clarify the complex questions I am reproducing photographs
of types in so far as they are before me and sufficiently clear for
reproduction. These I am supplementing by some of Dr. Bernice
G. Schubert’s very clear enlargements of pertinent details.
MUHLENBERGIA frondosa (Poir.), comb. nov. Agrostis frondosa
Poir. in Lam. Enecye. Suppl. i. 252 (1790). A. foliosa
Schultes, Syst. ii. 373 (1817), substitute-name for A. frondosa. M.
foliosa (Roem. & Schultes) Trin. Gram. Unifl. 196 ve ioe a re-
cent auth. “ML mexicana sensu most recent auth., not (L.) T
For cee characters see no. 1 in key. PLaTEs 749 and 750.
M. nposA, forma commutata (Scribn.), comb. nov. M.
Bepeer ypeenanr (as subsp.) gee in Ruopora, ix. 18
(1907), at least as to TrPE, Fernald, 522 , designated by
Hitche. Man. 890 Ftcaide where Sedbnar’ 8 T tinal ““n. subsp
is cited as ‘“‘var.’’ M. mexicana, var. ee (Scribn.) Fava
in Rep. Mich. ata “Sei. xvii. 181 (1916). M. commutata
236 Rhodora [JUNE
(Seribn.) Bush in Am. Midl. Nat. vi. . tba M. mexicana,
forma commutata gee Wiegand in Ruopora, xxvi. 1 (1924).
M. mexicana (L.) Trin. Brae. Unifl. 189 (1824). Ageay
mexicana L. Mant. i. 31 (1767); Jacq. f. Eclog. Pl. Rar.-Gra
Fase. ter. et quart. 44, t. 80 (1813). For other synonyms based
on A. mexicana see _Hiteheoe k. M. foliosa sensu most recent
auth., not (R. & S.) Trin. For diagnostic characters see no. 2 in
a7 ’PLates 751 and ue
MEXICANA forma ambigua (Torr.), comb. nov. Agrost?
fgorm acne een ap i. 95 (1809). Cinna filiformis (Willd.)
Enum. i. 70 (1821). Se ery lateriflora, var. filiformis
cwiia) Torr. Fl. N. Mid. U.S. 86 (1823). M. ambigua Torr. in
Nicollet, Rep. Miss. 164 (1843). M. mexicana fliformis (Willd.)
Scribn. in Mem. oe rr. Bot. Cl. v. 36 (1894). M. foliosa ambigua
(Torr.) Seribn. Ruopora ix. 20 (1907). M. ambigua, var.
ere (W ilid.) Farwell in Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. xx. 168
(1919). M. foliosa, forma ambigua (Torr.) Wiegand in RHoDORA,
xxvi. 1 (1924).
M. MEXICANA, aes se (S. Wats.), comb. nov. M.
sylvatica, var. setig lumis 8. Wats. in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Paral.
v. 378 (1871). M. foliosa sete aries (S. Wats.) Seribn. in RHopo-
ix. 20 (1907). <p setiglumis (S. Wats.) Nels. & Macbr. in
t. Gaz. lxi. 30 (1916).
mir SYLVATICA Torr., var. robusta, var. nov., culmis rigidis
arcte adscendentibus; foliis firmis ad 5-9 mm. latis; paniculis
densioribus; ~ is late lanceolatis vel lanceolato-ovatis; lem-
matibus 3-4 longis eo aristatis; a 0.5-0.7 m
longis; ppiiseet a 1.9-2.1 mm. longis.—Open woods and
thickets, central Maine to western ee York and eastern
Pennsylvania. The following are characteristic. MAINE
Austin Stream, Moscow, August 27, 1902, Collins & Chamberlain;
Sydney, August 18, 1916, Fernald & Long, no. 12,597 (TYPE in
Herb. Gray). New HAMPSHIRE: by Merrimac River below Bed-
ford, August 27, 1931, Fernald & Griscom, no. 24995; Gis
Y
Batchelder. Vermont: Grand Isle, July 24, 1935, Knowlton.
Massacuusetts: Needham, August’ 31, 1884, 'T. O. Fuller; Blue
Hills Reservation, September 22, 1895, E. F. Williams; Hunting-
ton, August 17, 1912, Robinson, no. 358. RuopEe ISLAND:
Lincoln, October 2, 1910, E. F. Williams. Connecticut:
Sprague, September is 1905, Woodward; Reynold’s Bridge,
pune 4, 1910, Blewitt; Bridgeport, September 22, 1890,
Eames. New York: Starbuckville, fc, ok 26, 1932, Muenscher
& Lindsey, no. 2954; Genoa, August 21, 1918, Wiegand, no. 9185;
Ithaca, September ‘5 191 16, Be ag *Metealt no. 5613; Butler,
October 5, 1916, Metcalf & "Wright, no. 5614. PENNSYLVANIA:
Wayne, October 15, 1910, Bartram, no. 1313.
1943] Fernald,—Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia = 237
Typical Muhlenbergia sylvatica has relatively weak and loosely
ascending culms; the leaves subflaccid, the larger ones 2-7 mm.
wide; the panicle very loose; the glumes linear-lanceolate to
linear-attenuate, the 2d about equaling to slightly exceeding the
blade of the lemma, the latter 2.3-3 mm. long; the anthers
0.3-0.6 mm. long; the mature grain nearly or quite free, 1.4-1.8
mm. long. It is widely distributed, from southwestern Quebec
to Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Alabama, Arkansas and
northeastern Texas.
Var. robusta is stiffer and larger in all parts. Its leaves are
firm and more ascending, the larger ones 5-9 mm. broad; the
panicle fuller; glumes broadly lanceolate to lance-ovate, shorter
than the blade of the lemma, the latter 3-4 mm. long; anthers
0.5-0.7 mm. long; grain more firmly embraced and 1.9—2.1 mm.
long.
M. racemosa (Michx.) BSP. Prelim. Cat. N. Y. 67 (1888), by
inference. Agrostis racemosa Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 53 (1803).
Polypogon racemosus (Michx.) Nutt. Gen. i. 51 (1818). Cinna
racemosa (Michx.) Kunth, Rév. Gram. i. 67 (1829). M. glom-
— var. ramosa Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U. 5. 40 (1885).
. racemosa, var. ramosa Vasey in Beal, Grasses N. Am. ii. 253
Cinees For diagnostic characters see no. 4 in key. PLaTEs 753
and 7 vi
M. seTosa (Spreng.) Trin. ex Hook. fil. & Jackson, Ind. Kew.
ili. 209° pe 4). Polypogon setosus Spreng. Mant. Fl. Hal. 31
(1807). poe Willd. Enum. 87 (1809). Alopecurus
glomeratus (Willd.) Poir. in Lam. Encyel. v. 495 (1817). Agrostis
setosa (Spreng.) Muhl. Descr. Gram. 68 (1817). Trichochloa
glomerata Trin. Fund. Agrost. 117 (1820). T. calycina Trin.
1. ec. (1820). M. glomerata (Willd.) Trin. Gram. Unifl. 191, pl.
5, fig. 10 (1824). M. calycina Trin. 1. c. 193 (1824). Podosaemum
glomeratum (Willd.) Link, Hort. Berol. i. 84 (182 7). Cinna
glomerata (Willd.) Link, l. ¢. ii. 237 (1833). For specific char-
acters see no. 5 in key. —Typical M. setosa has the leaves of
flowering culms 7-15, many of them often browded and over-
lapping at the middle nodes; panicle purplish, fuscous or green,
with all but the lowest of the densely flowered ellipsoid to
rounded-obovoid branches closely crowded, the panicle thus
appearing densely lobulate-spiciform; keel and awns of glumes
copiously hispid, thus giving the inflorescence a ‘“‘misty”’ aspect.—
Meadows, bogs and wet shores, western Nova Scotia and south-
ern Maine to southern Ontario and Michigan, south to southern
New England, northern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, mountains
to North Carolina, and Indiana. PLaTEs 755 and 756; Map 1.
238 Rhodora [JUNE
Var. cinnoides (Link), comb. nov. Dactylogramma cinnoides
Link, Enum. Hort. Berul. ii. 248 (1833). Bir ae from typical
M. setosa in having fewer (5-8, rarely —-10) and usually more
scattered leaves; phiidis usually green, ibe purple-tinged,
usually more interrup ted, the cylindric to oblong-ovoid often
iabenis lower oenehine often remote; glumes slightly broader,
with merely scabrous keel and awn (the panicle, therefore, not
appearing “misty’’).—Similar habitats, Newfoundland to Al-
berta, south to Nova Scotia, northern Massachusetts, Connec-
ticut, New York, central Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin,
Minnesota, Wyoming, Nevada and Oregon. PuLate 757; MAP
Puate 749. MuUHLENBERGIA FRONDOSA (Poir.) on Fics. 1, 2 and 3,
fragments from Type of Agrostis foliosa Roem. & Schultes, x 5, from Syn ions
of type in Herb. U.S. Nat. Mus., kindness of Mr. Jas ae. Swallen; FIG. 4,
two spikelets, x 4, from Bridgeport, Connecticut, Sse ae 7, 1898, Eames;
FIG. 5, floret, x 10, fr prs Shirley, Massachusetts, October 4, 1914, J. Bt.
as syn FIG. 4 grain, < +10, from last re men.
IUHLENBERGIA FRONDOSA (Poir.) Fern.: ric. 1, a character-
istic. pacha Ee — Pes , from East Jaffrey, New Hampshire, jes
nson, no. 3 characteristic glabrous internode, open and ¢
pressed shea aad: ak pores vga $ panicle, X 5, from Stratford,
New Hampshire, Pease, no. 23, ee portio n of. rhizome, x 4, to
eusiiintearctin: scales, from no. 28 f
Puate 751. MuHLENB BERGIA aos aga A (L.) Trin.: Ftc. 1, type of AGROSTIS
e ‘ .
649; Fia. 3, floret a; 10, from St. Tiahert. oo: Victorin & Rollan d, no.
,968; Fic. 4, gr 10, from shore of re River, Sussex County,
New Jersey, Siematec 15, 1917, E. B. Daten
PLatTE 7 Aas UHLENBERGIA RACEMOSA (Michx.) BSP.: Fic. 1, TYPE (two
piece) x? x Ko Michx from Herb. Michaux
sd of Professor H ene FIG. 2, panicle, X 1, from Menard
Connie Tikva, 1861, HE. Hall; F 3 _Panicle, from near Princeville,
Peoria County, Illinois, V. H. Chase 940; ric. 4, spikelet, X 10, from
Fort Snelling, Minnesota, M earns, no. 747: ; FIG. 5, floret, showing basal villi,
x 10, from no. ; Fic. 6, grain, X 10, from near Oquawka, Illinois, Patterson.
[UHLENBERGIA RACEMOSA (Michx.) BSP.: Fic. 1, a charac-
teristic summit of a plant, x 1, from Fort Sn ailing. Signi bina M Le gs no.
747; FIG. oe _sumnit of Eisbrous and peers internode and csc mm of
sheath, from La Wisconsin, 1861, T. J. Hale, ria. 3, portion of
_ nicle, x 2? to show the small ake gm near setae Taig Peoria County;
llinois, V “Ae Chase, no. 940.
E MUHLENBERGIA sETOSA (Spreng.) Torr.: Fic. 1, TYPE of
Polypogon setosus Di eae of abe species, X ca. 14, from Herb. Berol.,
re
fl
&
r7,1 Church ngs 3 panic cle, X 1, sae northwest of
Piel Valley, Bake t County, nnsylvania, Sie at r 15, 1923, Benner;
n
LE: LR TT TLE
i oepeepenenmmmmenmmnetiilineneenmenmmnsmenn tee
1943] Fernald,—Notes on Danthonia 239
2, 1883, Walter Deane; Fic. 6, group of Fs sassiyghal x 10, yas ieee Pond,
West Roxbury, Massachu setts, C. &. FIG. 7, flor 10, showing
few slender basal villi, from Mt. Bethel, Noctuinrkoe Co sake Big ennsylvania,
October 4, 1908, Van Pelt; ria. 8, grain, x 10, from the last (Van Pelt) speci-
m
Piate 756. MUHLENBERGIA seTosA (Spreng.) Trin.: Fic. 1, TYPE of
internode and node and base of sheath, x 5, from northwest of Pleasant
Valley, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, September 15, rag '
LATE . MUHLENBERGIA SETOSA (Spreng. (ae NNOIDES
(Link) Fern.: ric. 1, rypr of Dactylogramma cinnoides tisk, basis of the variety,
x :
portion of panicle, to show elongate anthers (as black ‘lines), x 4, fto m Fort
‘ent, Maine, August 21, 1913, R. W. Wo pig ; FIG. oret, to show villi
running high on lemma, X 10, ‘from no. 4531; Fig. 5, grain pA 10, m River
Ste. Anne des Monts, Gaspé County, Quebec, pines 1905, Collins & Pani.
II. NOTES ON DANTHONIA
The two common species of Danthonia in eastern Canada,
New England and New York are in general well defined, although
the conventional differential characters of the lemma used by
Hitchcock in Gray’s Manual, ed. 7, and by Nash in Britton &
Brown’s Illustrated Flora are essentially valueless. As expressed
by Hitchcock these are:
“Teeth of the lemma bers eg, Not Aree. oo ek 1. D. spicata.
Teeth of the lemma aristat
Flowers not over 5 mm, hee ck MUS Va Cosh lieon eine es 2. D. compressa.”
Under the specific treatments the lemmas of D. spicata are said
to be ‘4-5 mm. long, sparsely clothed with stiff hairs, teeth
triangular’’, while D. compressa has the “‘teeth of the lemma aristate,
at least 2 mm. long.” In practice this character so frequently
breaks that it has been abandoned by later authors, and in
his Manual Hitchcock relies upon the contracted panicle and
relatively short blades of D. spicata as contrasted with the more
open panicle and longer leaves of D. compressa.
The best key I have seen is that of Wiegand & Eames in their
Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin. For wholly typical D. spicata
and D. compressa it is satisfactory; the difficulty is that so much
material is not typical. In the series which everyone would
accept as D. spicata in the broad sense, the lemma varies from
2-6.5 mm. long and its back may be densely pilose, sparingly
pilose, strigose or quite glabrous, its teeth from broadly triangular
to lance-attenuate and awnless or awned. Such variation is
240 Rhodora [JUNE
largely without apparent geographic limit, though two well
defined geographic varieties, var. pinetorum Piper and var.
longipila Scribn. & Merr., are strongly marked; the former
boreal and transcontinental, with lemmas often so large as to be
mistaken for those of D. intermedia Vasey; the latter with the
shortest lemmas of the series and a definitely southern range.
The sheaths and blades of any of the variations may be glabrous,
sparingly pilose or even long-villous; and to the latter tendency,
without checking the original account, has been erroneously
applied the name var. longipila. If forms of the common north-
ern plant with pubescent foliage are to be distinguished, they
have an earlier name, evidently intended for them, in D. spicata,
var. villosa Peck (1894).
My chief reason for now publishing this note is to direct atten-
tion to a complex series of very large plants which in some ways
stand between Danthonia spicata and D. compressa but which,
in extreme development, have been mistaken for the south-
eastern D. sericea Nutt. These are the coarse midsummer- or
autumn-flowering plants with stout culms up to 1 m. high; long,
stiff and mostly erect basal leaves; panicle as in D. spicata but
with more numerous and larger spikelets; glumes up to 2.5 cm.
long; and lemmas up to 6.5 mm. long; these and the long glumes
often leading collectors to place New England specimens wit
the more southern D. sericea. In this complex and mostly north-
ern coarse series the culms may be terete to base, as in D. spicata,
or the lower internodes may be trigonous or laterally compressed
and with the narrower side broadly concave, as in D. compressa.
The uppermost leaf may be short and remote from the long-
exserted panicle, as in D. spicata, or (even from the same root)
prolonged and reaching or overtopping the panicle as in D.
compressa. The twisted base of the awn may be dark brown to
purplish, as in D. spicata, or stramineous or pale, as in D. com-
pressa. ‘The panicle is more like that of D. spicata but large and
dense. Furthermore, whereas D. spicata (typical) flowers in
New England from late May to early July and D. compressa in
June and July, the coarse plant flowers chiefly from August to
October. If culms with trigonous to compressed lower inter-
nodes be selected they will belong to D. Alleni Austin (1872),
while other culms (often in the same tussock), with the inter-
TT LTT,
1943] Fernald,—Notes on Danthonia 241
nodes terete, will be D. Faxoni Austin (1877). It might be
assumed that D. Alleni (including D. Faxoni) is a series of hy-
brids, with unusual hybrid vigor; but it is found to the northeast
of the limit of D. compressa, while to the northwest it extends
450 miles north of the northwestern limit of the latter species.
If sometimes a hybrid it is not always so.
In many of its stations Danthonia Alleni occurs in recent clear-
ings or burns where the loose litter and often the ashes from fires
stimulate all plants; in such cases it appears like overstimulated
specimens, in which rankness of growth, multiplication of
spikelets and enlargement of their parts are the result. In other
cases the autumnal coarse culms and panicles suggest the second
flowering in many species of Carex, where autumnal inflorescences
are larger, fuller and often more crowded than the normal
vernal ones. Again, the panicles of D. Alleni may be greatly
distorted and with apparent signs of fungus- or insect-attack,
with gnarled or crumpled branches, tendencies to fasciation,
and sometimes the gathering of spikelets into glomerules. All
in all, D. Alleni is a heteromorphic series well worth close obser-
vation by those situated to watch it. That it is a true species is
very improbable. It is presumably the result of very diverse
conditions which have resulted in parallel developments; and,
in view of the well known development within the leaf-sheaths
of this genus of cleistogamous florets, it is not improbable that
every alteration of D. spicata and D. compressa, whether by
crossing through wind-pollination or stimulation in other ways,
may be somewhat perpetuated through the cleistogenes. Simi-
larly the very diverse lemmas of D. spicata, whether with awnless
or awned teeth triangular or lanceolate, the backs pilose or
glabrous, may thus be carried on in local colonies. The genus is
an appropriate one for close study from many viewpoints.
I am distinguishing the two undoubted species and the wholly
dubious Danthonia Alleni by the following characters.
0.4-1.5 mm. long; panicle-branches ascending to erec
242 Rhodora [Jone
dark brown to es strongly contrasting with the paler
and straightish su
Culms slender, 0. ru 5 mm. thick (dried) at base, 1-6 dm.
, with terete internodes es; panicle remote from et
leaf, ‘mostly with 213 spikelets; toegti glume 7-11 m
long, if longer with faint or obscure lateral nerves; hale
Ol i a ee ee 1. D, spicata.
Culms stout, 1.5-2.5 mm. thick at saps mostly 0.5-1 m
high, the lower internodes terete, or triangular and with
one concave side; panicle either hah or closely sub-
tended by uppe r le af, dense, u wee ith 9-20 spikelets;
longer glume batine attenuate 1-2.5 em. long, promi-
nently 3-7-ribbed; base of awn ‘tieht to dark brown... .2. D. Alleni.
a. valne slightly geniculate at the nodes, the summit usually
ing; some of the lower intern odes s trigonous
a te and often with the narrower side broadly concave;
leaves prolonged, one half as lo i
culm; lower cauline leaves prolonged, 1.5—4 dm. long, the
uppermost nearly reaching or overtopping the panicle;
e
pressed in fruit; spiraling base of ect pale reatbont ae stra-
Ci ekce AQ Peet ee eet eras OO AAS ee 3. D. compressa.
. D. spicata (L.) Beauv. consists af three fairly defined and
ee less definite variations, as follow
a. Be art florets three fourths to quite as long as the
eas parents with (1—) 2-13 (-15) sikeiets
loan leaves t or involute; culms firm, 0.5-1.
thick at bas
Glumes lance-attenuate, tapering from near base
cescent leaves strongly curving and twisting
a var. typica.
Glumes casigac ire again oe from near
above with wi
[ries or er ane eee r. pinetorum.
a. Colatan ‘of florets only one half to three fifths as lo Pies
as the thin and hyaline domi or only faintly ribbed
shanian: spike ached 3-7, ttered; culms delicate,
0.5-1 mm. thick a hen r taead leaves filiform-
involute or Lesonies We, Outed 6 eS Var. longipila.
D. spicata (L.) Beauv., var. typica. Avena spicata L. Sp. Pi.
80 (1753). A. glumosa Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 72 (1803)-
D. nee Seago Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 92, 153 and 160 (1812).
D. spicata 02) Basa. oe ean & Schultes, Syst. ii. 690 (1817)-
Mer athena spicata (L.) Raf. ex Hook. f. & Jacks. Ind. Kew. i.
1943] Fernald,—Notes on Danthonia 243
211 (1894) in synonymy. D. spicata, var. villosa Peck in N. Y.
State Mus. Ann. Rep. xlvii. 168 (repr. 42) (1894), the form with
villous blades. Pentameris spicata (L.) Nels. & Macbr. in Bot.
Gaz. lvi. 470 (1913).—Dry to damp and peaty soils or in thin
woodland, southern Quebec to Minnesota, south to Nova Scotia,
New England, Long Island, northwestern Florida, Alabama,
Tennessee and ee May-ea
Var. PINETORUM Piper, as D. pee de pinetorum Piper in Ery-
thea, vii. 103 (1899), deaniibad 4 in detail, although its author did
not appreciate the characters, saying of it‘ ‘scarcely more than a
variety of that species [D. spicata], differing mainly in character
of pubescence.” D. thermalis (as og Seribn . Dept.
Agric., Div. Agrost. Cire. no. 30: 5 (1901). M rerathrepta pineto-
rum (Piper) Piper, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. xi. 122 (1906). M.
12
ex Fedde & Schust. in Just, Bot. a Biot Xxxvii. 128 (1911).
Pentameris thermalis (as thermale) (Seribn.) Nels. & Macbr. I. ce.
(19138). -D. that lc (Piper) Piper in Piper & Beattie, Fl. Nw.
Coast, 46 (1915)—Dry to moist open soil, Newfoundland and
Céte Nord, Quebec, to British Columbia, south to Nova Scotia,
ew Brunswick, northern New England, Bruce Peninsula,
Ontario, northern Michigan, northern Wisconsin, Black Hills,
South Dakota, New Mexico and Oregon.—Since this variety has
not been heretofore recorded from east of northern Michigan a
few characteristic eastern specimens of it may well be cited.
NEWFOUNDLAND: Glenwood, Fernald & Wiegand, no. 4600;
Grand Falls, Fernald, Wiegand, Bartram & Darlington, nos. 4601
and 4602 : St. John’s Island, Fernald et al. no. 27,466; Middle
Arm, Bonne Bay, Fernald, Long & Fogg, no. 1300; North Arm,
Bay ‘of Island, Long & Fogg, n no. 74; French (or Tweed) Island,
Bay of Islands, Fernald, Long & Fogg, no. 76; Blomidon (‘ ‘Blow-
me-down’’) Mountains, "Fernald & Wiegand, nos. 2591 and 2595;
Mt. Musgrave to Humber Mouth, Fernald & Wiegand, no. 2590.
QueBEc: Mingan, Si. oe no. 90,140; Anticosti Island, Victorin,
or Victorin et al. no . 4077, 20, 536 and. 20,537, 20, 542, 20, 598,
24,344-24 "346, 27, 795, 27, 797, 27, 798, 28, 050, * 055 and 28, ‘060:
Pereé, Fernald & ‘Collins, no. 870; River Ste. Anne des Monts
Fernald & Collins, no. 413; Bic, Fernalds & Collins, no. 869:
Riviére du Loup, Victorin, nos. 22 and 81; Montmorency Falls,
Macoun, no. 69,231; Saint-Romuald, Louis-M arie, no. 20,541.
NEw BRUNSWICK: Bass River, July 30, 1875, Fowler; Shediac
Cape, F. T. Hubbard, no. 720. Nova Scorta: St. Paul Island,
Perry & Roscoe, nos. 64-66; ee aaa oe Pease & Long,
no. 19,953; Argyle, Long & Linder, no. 19,957; Abram River,
Fernald, Bean & White, no. 19,956. Macie: at 4000-4500 ft.,
North Basin, Mt. Katahdin, July 14, 1900, Fernald; Township
244 Rhodora |\JUNE
ix, Range 17, Somerset County, St. John, no. 2134; Madison,
August 21, 1894, Fernald. New HaAmpsHireE; near Half-way
House, Thompson & Meserve Purchase, Pease, no. 12,817.
VERMONT: Willoughly, July 11, 1896, July 18, 1898 and Septem-
ber 14, 1898, G. G. Kennedy.
Var. LoncipiLa Scribn. & Merr. U. S. Dept. Agric., Div.
Agrost. Cire. no. 30: 7 (1901)—Sandy or rocky woods and
clearings, North Carolina and Alabama to New Mexico, north to
Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Missouri and eastern
Kansas. Late May-September, The following are characteris-
tic. Connecticut: Woodbury, July 13, 1932, Eames. PENN-
SYLVANIA: Philadelphia, 1862, C. EZ. Smith. Vircinra: eastern
slope of Bull Run Mountain, Prince William County, Allard, no.
3850; south of Aldie, Fauquier County, Allard, no. 859; 4 miles
northwest of Dixie Caverns, Roanoke County, Wood, no. 2609;
Great Neck, Princess Anne County, Fernald, Griscom & Long,
no. 4553; Claremont Wharf, Surry Co., Fernald & Long, no.
9829; Carey Bridge, Southampton County, Fernald & Long, no.
11,950; Cypress Bridge, Southampton County, Fernald & Long,
no. 11,949. No Caroutna: Locust, Stanly County, Blom-
quist, Correll & Garren, no. 7753; Highlands, Macon County,
Biltmore Herb., no. 343°. Kenrucxy: Hawesville, Hancock
County, E. J. Palmer, no. 17,804. AtaBama: Mobile, C. Mohr,
as D. sericea. Muissourt: Indian Creek, Benton County, De-
metrio, no. 87; Mansfield, Lansing, no. 3103. Kansas: Chero-
kee County, Hitchcock, no. 905. OKLanoma: base of Rich Mt.,
near Page, Leflore County, Stevens, no. 2674. Texas: Dallas,
Reverchon; Terrell, Kaufman County, May 4, 1904, F. J. Tyler.
New Mexico: 1847, Fendler.
When they published var. longipila, from Arkansas, Scribner &
Merrill laid stress on the “scattered ascending hairs”, on the
leaf-blades, a character which appears in the other varieties of
the species and which may be absent from much material of
otherwise good var. longipila. The distinctive features of this
southern extreme are the very slender culms, usually filiform-
involute leaves, and the small florets in relatively short columns,
characters brought out in the original description: “A slender
form . . . with small, few-flowered panicles and smaller
spikelets than in the species. Leaf blades very narrow, involute
: Flowering glumes 2 to 2.5 mm. long, pilose.”
2. D. Auuent Austin in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. iii. 21 (1872)-
_ D. Faxoni Austin, |. ¢. vi. 190 (1877).—Open shores, rocky °F
arid openings, clearings and burns, Magdalen Islands to Algoma
District, Ontario, south to Nova Scotia, Maine, Massachusetts,
1943] Fernald,—Notes on Danthonia 245
Delaware, mountains of North Carolina, and Ohio. Late June—
October.—The following, selected from twice as many specimens,
are characteristic. QuEBEc: Baie St. Paul, Charlevoix County,
Pease, no. 27,471. MaGpaLen IsLANDs: Grindstone, Fernald,
Bartram, Long & St. John, no. 6870. Prince Epwarp ISLAND:
Alberton, Fernald & St. John, no. 6869. Nova Scotia: Canso,
Guysborough County, Rousseau, no. 35,452 bis; Bridgewater,
Lunenburg ee aon al., no. 19,951. Marne: Houlton,
Fernald & Long, no. - Orono, September 25, 1890, and
September 1, 1893, Foca Peaked Mt., Clifton, "August 22,
1897, Fe rnald; Pleasant Pond, Somerset "Co ounty, August 18,
1902, Collins & Chamberlain; Chesterville, Kate Furbish; Oxford,
July 12, 1914, Weatherby; Pleasant Mt., Denmark, Pease, no.
19,628; Cutler, August 19, 1902, Kate Furbish; Pembroke,
Fernald, no. 1309; Somesville, 4 Desert I., September 22,
1892, Fernald; Southport, August 1894, Fernald; Bear Mt.,
Livermore, July 25, 1896, Kate Furbich: South Berwick, Parlin &
Fernald, no. 034. New Hampsuire: Gorham, Pease, no. 17,337;
Notch of the White Mts., August 27 and September 3, 1 877, C.
E. Faxon, TYPE collection of D. Faxoni; Crawford Notch,
Greenman, nos. 1276 and 1277; Crawford Notch, Hart Location,
Pease, no. 11,727; base of Mt. Will ard, August 28, 1877, Faxon;
North Woodstock, Woodstock, F ernald, no. 11 550; Plymouth,
Fernald, no. 14, 995; Washington, Fernald & Svenson, no. 768;
Nashua, Fernald & Svenson, no. 769; Pelham, 1895, F. W. Batchel-
der. MASSACHUSETTS: Amesbury, 1897, TRS Eaton; Pepperell,
August 30, 1886, C. W. Swan; Concord, September 8, 1858,
Thoreau; Ashland, July 3, 1884, W. Deane; Savin Hill, Dor-
chester, September 5, 1852, Wm. Boott; Plymouth, Fernald. no.
an Brewster, Fernald, no. 17,948; Chatham, Fernald & Long,
8751: N antucket Island, Bicknell, no. 9854; Shrewsbury,
Es W. Robbins, as D. sericea Nutt.; Whitcombe Summit, Berkshire
County, H. D. House, no. 25,893. New York: Babylon, Long
Island, T. F. Allen, isotyres of D. Alleni, also Svenson, no. 6800;
Rockaway, Long ‘Tsland, September 20, 1869, W. H. Leggett:
New Jersey: Manasquan, June 26, 1929, J. R. Churchill.
PENNSYLVANIA: Chester Valley, 2 miles north of Devon, Chester
County, October 24, 1921, H. B. Meredith. DELAWARE: “WM.
M.C Y, WILMINGTON, DELAWARE”. NortaCaro.tna: Roan
Mt., July, 1889, Scribner. ONTARIO: Cloche Peninsula, Manitoulin
District, Fernald & Pease, no. 3103; cliffs by Lake Superior, ood
cake Bay, Algoma District, Pease & Ogden, no. 24,989. OxI
near Garrettsville, Portage County, June 19, 1910, "A. N. Rood.
. D. compressa Austin in Peck, N. Y Y. State Mus. Ann. Rep.
xxii, 54 (1869). D. spicata, var. compressa (Austin) Wood, Am.
Bot. and Fl. pt. 4: 396 (1873). Merathrepta compressa (Austin)
Heller, Muhlenbergia, v. 120 (1909). Pentameris compressa
246 Rhodora [JUNE
(Austin) Nels. & Macbr. in Bot. Gaz. lvi. 469 (1913).—Wood-
lands and clearings, southern Quebec to Ohio, south to Nova
Scotia, New England, Long Island, Virginia, and upland of
North Carolina and Tennessee. June- ugust.
III. ERIANTHUS BREVIBARBIS AND OTHER SPECIES
(Plates 758-761)
“ecin n Elana sp. ea (TaB. 758), culmis rigidis 0.75-
1.5 m. ad basin 3-6 m penne nodis 4-6 barbatis
barbis dees foliis saute 4 1-6, vag is glabris, laminis scabris
e basi valde angustat Oo eablaadeolnke Rapae ibus 2- nae mm. latis
nerviis ee ikea she utrinque 3-5; lamina superiore
valde reducta 4-12 cm. longa; panicula fai Gsolata densa 1-1.7
dm. uae a em. diamnetrs basi deinde exserta, racemis valde
adpressis 2-5 cm. longis; spiculis sessilibus lanceolatis, glumis
strigoso-hirtellis 6.5-8 mm. lon ngis, coma basilari 4-5 mm. longa;
pedicellis strigoso-hirtellis; arista tereti <taarees 1.6—2 cm. longa.
—Delaware, eastern Maryland and eastern Virginia. DELAWARE:
fencerow, x mile east of Ellendale, Sussex County, October 12,
1940, R. R. Tatnall, no. 4745. Maryuanp: roadside 5 miles
north of Princess Anne, Somerset County, October 2, 1937, R. R.
Tatnall, no. 3574. IRGINIA: peaty swale (cut-over cypress
swamp), about 4 miles northwest of Homeville, Sussex County,
September 20, 1937, Fernald & Long, no. 7301, as E. brevibarbis
Michx. (TYPE in Herb. Gray); alluvial woods along Nottoway
River, Green Church Bridge, northwest of Owen’s Store, Sussex
County, October 14, 1941, Fernald & Long, no. 13,884. All but
the last distributed as 2. brevibarbis.
Var. Elliottianus, var. nov., planta major; oye ad 2 m. altis
ad basin 6-10 mm. diametro; laminis 7-12 mm. latis; panicula
laxiore majoreque 2-4.5 dm. longa 4.5-10 em. ainiiettor © racemis
4-8 em. longis—North Carolina to Florida. Type: thicket
bordering pond near Live Oak, Florida, October 10, 1901, A.
Curtiss, no. 6940, as E. alopecuroides, var. brevibarbis —The plant
beautifully described as E. brevibarbis by Elliott, Sk. i. 39 (1816)
and very crudely illustrated by him
Erianthus coarctatus and var. Elliottianus have passed, ever
since Elliott, as E. brevibarbis Michx. Nash in North Am. Fl
xvi’. 93 (1909) cites for E. brevibarbis the ‘““Typr LOCALITY:
Tennessee” and then gives the range “Delaware to Florida, west
of Louisiana”; while Hitchcock, Man. 723 (1935) says ‘Moist
places, Coastal Plain, Delaware to Florida and Louisiana”, but
on p. 854 cites the type as from “Tennessee and Carolina,
Michaux.” Michaux, in originally describing it, Fl. Bor.-A™- i.
1943] Fernald,—Erianthus brevibarbis and other Species 247
55 (1803), said “H AB. in collibus Tennassée et Carolinae’”’. The
discrepancy in Michaux’s statement (and his label) and the
Coastal Plain range of the plant usually taken to be EZ. brevibarbis
has often been noted; and when Hitchcock examined the Michaux
TYPE he wrote:
Erianthus brevibarbis. Michx.
“In collibus desertis ab amnio Wabash ad Ostium Missouri 5 diebus
distantibus’’. The specimen belongs to the species described i in Small’s
Flora under thisname. The range as originally published is “in collibus
Tennassée et Carolinae”’. The known range is from Delaware south-
ward along the coast to Florida, and west to Louisiana. We do not
snow of its occurrence in southern Illinois, as given on Michaux’s
abel —Hitche. Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. xii. 151 (1908).
Michaux’s type, with the label as quoted by Hitchcock, is here
reproduced X 1%, as PLATE 759, Fic. 1. That it is very unlike the
Coastal Plain plant for which it has passed is evident. Its
apparently mature and disintegrated panicle is hidden amongst
the broad and prolonged leaves and enlargements of the spikelets,
FIG. 2, X 1%, show them to be like those of the plant (PLATE 760)
of Pulaski County, Arkansas, distributed by Dr. Delzie Demaree
(by creek near old quarry, Pulaski Heights, Little Rock, Septem-
ber 23, 1931, Demaree, no. 8228). Like that of the Michaux
type the panicle (PLATE 760, FIG. 1, X 14) of Demaree’s no. 8228
is disintegrating. In equivalent latitudes of the Coastal Plain
E. coarctatus sheds its fruit from mid-October into November.
Since the Demaree plant is so like Michaux’s type from well up
in the Mississippi Valley we may note that it has 10, instead of
only 4-6 nodes; the leaf-blades broader (up to 1.5 em. wide) and
with more numerous veins (the more prominent veins 6-8 each
side of the midrib); the mature panicle partly included at base
and greatly exceeded by the broad upper blade (2.3 dm. long);
the glumes (PLATE 759, Fic. 3, X 6) with glabrous and lustrous
surfaces (Michaux said “‘valvis acutissimis, nudis’’); the more
abundant beard up to 6 mm. long; and the awn (PLATE 760,
FIG. 3, X 3) only 8-10 mm. long, less than twice, instead of nearly
thrice the length of the glumes.
The collection in Arkansas of a plant which closely matches
the Michaux type and which is so different from the Erianthus
“brevibarbis”’ of most authors supports Michaux in his statement
on the label. Although the assertion (generally attributed to
248 Rhodora [JUNE
Richard who issued the work after the death of Michaux) in the
original publication, that it came from hills of Tennessee and
from Carolina does not coincide with the original label, there is
now clear evidence that a plant like Michaux’s does occur in the
Mississippi basin. It is not without significance that Hackel, the
master of the Gramineae, doubted the identity of Michaux’s
plant with that of Elliott. In his great work on the Andropo-
goneae in DC. Mon. Phan. vi. 131 (1889), treating FE. brevibarbis,
as E. saccharoides subsp. brevibarbis, he accurately described the
newly recognized EF. coarctatus, var. Elliottianus, doubting if he
had the Michaux species (transferred by Persoon to Saccharum),
his citations reading: “Er. brevibarbis Mich. . . . ?, certe
Elliott, Sketch . . . et aliorum auctt. amer.; Sacch. brevi-
barbis Pers. . . . ?” His doubt seems to have been justi-
fied; at least, E. coarctatus and E. brevibarbis seem quite as distinct
as do most of our species in the genus. As to the range of the
latter, it is yet to be worked out. The botanists of Indiana,
Illinois, Tennessee and Missouri seem not to have noted it; and,
although Demaree’s label bears the memorandum, ‘‘New to
Ark.”, Hackel, 1. c. cited as E. brevibarbis Arkansas material at
Berlin, received from Engelmann. Michaux’s label, giving the
data, on dry hills 5 days distant from the River Wabash toward
the mouth of the Missouri, means that he got it in southern
Illinois, presumably between Jefferson County at the east and
Randolph County at the west. On August 23, 1795, Michaux,
with an Indian, and a horse to carry his baggage, left Vincennes
on the Wabash, in Knox County, Indiana, and on the 28th spent
the day drying out his water-soaked collections by a camp-fire,
reaching Kaskaskia, in Randolph County, Illinois, on the 30th.
From late August to October 2 he collected up and down the
Mississippi, with Kaskaskia as a base, and then returned to the
Ohio. Five days travel from Vincennes, allowing for the stops
recorded in Michaux’s diary, means that he got Erianthus brevi-
barbis in southwestern Illinois; and it is clear that his over-
mature material was collected, at latest, in early October. The
latter fact and the over-ripe material from Arkansas, collected
on September 23, indicate that true E. brevibarbis, although
little known, is a relatively early species to mature.
In habit and in dense panicle with appressed-ascending
EEE “ CS FF ae JF... eSslUmMEllmUlC(‘( QS! )U6UCUC
a a Ss
ae
1943] Fernald,—Erianthus brevibarbis and other Species 249
branches, typical Erianthus coarctatus strongly suggests E.
strictus Baldwin; but the panicle of EF. strictus is more slender and
elongate and its spikelets are naked at base or with the merest
suggestion of a greatly abbreviated coma at the tips of some
pedicels. Furthermore, in eastern Virginia FE. strictus is the
earliest-flowering species of the genus, our 8 collections, from
young anthesis to mature fruit ranging in date from July 20 to
September 19, with a single one, from wet woods, secured on
October 18; the Virginia collections of E. coarctatus, both im-
mature, were made on September 20 and on October 14.
Michaux, who established the genus Erianthus, did not realize
the complexity of the genus. He recognized but two species:
his E. saccharoides, ‘“‘a Carolina ad Floridam”’, with ‘‘gluma villis
involucrantibus multo breviore’’, identical with Anthoranthum
giganteum Walt. (1788); and E. brevibarbis. FE. strictus, E.
coarctatus and other species which he must have encountered
and collected, were not worked out by him or, presumably, were
confused with those of which types are preserved.
Related to Erianthus brevibarbis and E. coarctatus in having
the terete awns projected forward (rather than flattened ones
spirally twisted at base and with the straightish tip thrown some-
what to one side) are two plants with thicker panicles and with
coma exceeding the glumes: EH. saccharoides Michaux or Anthoz-
anthum giganteum Walt. = E. giganteus (Walt.) F. T. Hubbard
and sensu Hitchcock, but certainly not E. giganteus Muhl., to
whom Hitchcock erroneously ascribes the species; and E. com-
pactus Nash. Before considering the differences between these
two it is necessary to consider the correct name for the plant
which Hitchcock, Man., is calling FE. giganteus, for it is quite
clear that his discussion (Man. p. 854) was based on confused
ideas and inaccurate quotation of Muhlenberg’s Catalogue.
Hitchcock’s paragraph is as follows:
(5) Erianthus giganteus (Walt.) Muhl., Cat. Pl.4. 1813. Based o
Anthoxanthum giganteum Walt. Late Deser. Gram. 192. 1817) Mublen-
berg uses the name for bo th E. saccharoides ents 1803] a
alopecuroides [L. (Ell.)] (his herbarium specimen un nder this Tne
rite both species), but the description = twisted) applies mg
o E. alopecuroides. Erianthus giganteus was published as new
Hubbard (Rhodora 14: 166 (1912) based on gre tran Poa
Walt.
250 Rhodora [JUNE
If, as Hitchcock definitely states, the name Erianthus giganteus
Muhl. Cat. had been based on Anthoxanthum giganteum Walt.,
there was no need of a new combination by Hubbard; but Hubbard
in 1912 was following the International Rules of that period and,
as he clearly and correctly explained, HZ. giganteus Muhl. Cat.
(1813) was Not based on Anthoxanthum giganteum Walt., but was
a change of name by Muhlenberg of Andropogon alopecuroides L.
Since by present-day rules Muhlenberg had no right to give the
new specific name, instead of using the one assigned by Linnaeus,
Muhlenberg’s quite new name, Erianthus giganteus, is illegiti-
mate; but, by the “homonym rule’’, adopted in the International
Rules since Hubbard wrote, there is no room for a second £.
giganteus, based on Walter’s name, especially since Walter’s
species is admittedly identical with E. saccharoides Michx. As
to Hitchcock’s flat statement that Muhl. Cat. (1813) based the
name E. giganteus upon Anthoxanthum giganteum Walt., the
following reproductions of Muhlenberg’s text indicates that the
statement could not have been verified. The first reproduction
is from ed. 1 (1813), the second from ed. 2 (1818).
[
mest
] 26. ANTHOXANTHUM, SPRING GRASS,
2. giganteum
Walter v.erianthusS ®! ena,
27. ERIANTHUS, ERIANTHUS, semen I.
1. giganteus, 21
andropogon, \ gigantic, Car. Virg.
alopec. L.
,
[2] 27 ae t SPRING GRASS semen 1.
2 giganteum, : :
Walter. v. ucthast ———_
28 ERIANTHUS ERIANTHUS semen I.
1 giganteus 2) :
posed \ gigantic Car. Virg.
a
It is perfectly clear that Muhlenberg was maintaining Walter’s
Anthoxanthum giganteum under Anthoxanthum!, though with the
rather vague intimation (‘‘v. [vel] erianthus”) that it was perhaps
an Erianthus. He made no combination based directly upon it;
but his Zrianthus, the next genus, consisted of two other species,
1. giganteus, a substitute-name for Andropogon alopec(uroides) L.,
and 2. E. brevibarbis Michx., already discussed. In his Cat.
1943] Fernald,—Erianthus brevibarbis and other Species 251
ed. 2: 4 (1818) Muhlenberg repeated (see quotation above) the
treatment of ed. 1, merely making Andropogon alopecuroides
more emphatically the nomenclatural basis of E. giganteus by
using italics: “1 giganteus Andropogon alopec. L.”
There is no question, apparently, about the identity of Erian-
thus alopecuroides (L.) Ell., which was based on Andropogon
alopecuroides L. Sp. Pl. ii. 1045 (1753), the type being Clayton,
no. 601 from Virginia. A. photograph of the type, X %, is
reproduced as PLATE 761, Fic. 1, with an enlargement (FIG. 2)
of spikelets, X 3, showing the characteristic flattened and twisted
awn and the copious long coma. FErianthus giganteus Muhl.
Cat. (1813), based directly upon it, has nothing to do with E.
giganteus (Walt.) F. T. Hubbard; and the latter, a valid combi-
nation when published, must give way to E. sACCHAROIDES
Michx. As to the definition by Muhlenberg of a plant he subse-
quently called Erianthus giganteus, that simply confirms his
identification of it with Andropogon alopecuroides L., for he
emphasized the twisted awn. I cannot follow the reasoning by
which £. giganteus was taken up by Hitchcock in his Manual as
E. giganteus ‘(Walt.) Muhl.’’ In 1908 he was apparently right
when he wrote of Anthoxanthum giganteum Walt. ‘The specific
name can not be taken up because there is an Hrianthus giganteus
Muhl., based upon Andropogon alopecuroides L.’’—Hitche. in
Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. xii®. 151 (1908).
Although Nash in N. Am. Fl. xvii'. 94 (1909) reduced to
Erianthus saccharoides Michx. his own E. compactus Nash in
Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxii. 419 (1895) and although Hitchcock,
Man. also reduces it to the ill-fated F. giganteus, it seems to me
a very well defined variety. Typical £. saccharoides, as shown
by a photograph of the type before me, has the excessively hairy
panicle 2-6 dm. long, the long beard of the spikelet 2 or 3 times
as long as the blades of the glumes. It occurs from Florida to
Texas, north to southeastern Virginia. Typical E. compactus
has the panicle only 1-2 dm. long and the beard from slightly
longer than to barely twice the length of the blades of the glumes.
It occurs from the Carolinas and Alabama northward to south-
eastern New York, New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, the
District of Columbia, northern Virginia and Kentucky, in the
southern part of its range working back to the Appalachian
252 Rhodora [JUNE
Mountains. Throughout the region where it is beyond the range
of E. saccharoides it is readily recognizable and quite distinct, but
a large proportion of specimens before me from South Carolina
show a mixture of the two trends (panicles up to 3.5 dm. long
but with short coma, the blades of the glumes thus very evident
in the panicle as contrasted with the hidden blades in typical
E. saccharoides) while some specimens from Georgia lie between
E. saccharoides and E. compactus; so that I am forced to consider
E. compactus an essentially northern and inland variety rather
than a true species:
E. saccHaropEs Michx., var. compactus (Nash), comb. nov.
E. polepint Nash in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxii. 419 (1895).
It is, unhappily, necessary to discuss the type of Andropogon
divaricatum L. Sp. Pl. i. 1045 (1753). This species has been
made by Hitchcock and by Nash identical with A. alopecuroides
L. 1. c. (1753) and in 1908 Hitchcock took it up, apparently
because of priority on the page, to replace E. alopecuroides (L.)
Ell. (1816), saying
Andropogon divaricatum L. Sp. Pl. 1045. 1753.
The type specimen is marked “2 divaricatum’’ and is from Gro-
novius. As pointed out ae » [> Bot. Gaz. 35: 215. 1903], this
is the same as A. gs bir L., which is an Erianthus. It should
be called Erian
which is based on Clay ton no. 600. This is Sorghas m linnaeanum
(Hack.) Nash eae ore in Contrib. qi S. Nat. Herb. ‘ai. 125 (1908).
My faith in the acumen of Linnaeus is such that I do not expect
to find him describing identical species twice on the same page;
although such accidents did happen. The diagnosis in 1753 of
Andropogon alopecuroides was “4. ANDROPOGON panicula
laxa, aristis tortuosis’”. That was all except literary citations,
which, since Linnaeus had a specimen (our PLATE 761, FIGS.
and 2) matching the diagnosis, are wholly secondary. Similarly
A. nutans L., type of Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash, had 4
“panicula nutante” and our familiar Andropogon virginicum was
described “paniculae spicis conjugatis” &c. All these accounts
(except of Andropogon nutans L.) are borne out by photographs
of the types before me. Andropogon divaricatum did not have 4
panicle. Instead it was clearly defined: “2. ANDROPOGON
spica oblonga, floribus lanatis remotis divaricatis: arista flexuos®
1943] Fernald,—Erianthus brevibarbis and other Species 253
nuda”; and the specimen in Linnaeus’s Herbarium (PLATE 761,
Figs. 3 and 4) when he prepared his diagnosis, therefore the TyPE,
coincides most accurately with the brief but clear account.
What it is I do not know. It was misidentified by Linnaeus
with a plant of Clayton’s from Virginia, “Lagurus humilior,
panicula conica laxa nutante culmum terminante’’, a plant which
Hitchcock says is the same as 3. A. nutans L. (Sorghastrum
nutans). It would be most extraordinary if Linnaeus confused
specimens of his nos. 2 and 3 and if Gronovius and Clayton before
him treated as two different species from Virginia material of
only one, A. nutans, while they did not recognize the conspicu-
ously different Sorghastrum Elliottii (Mohr) Nash, which is fre-
quent in eastern Virginia.
According to Hitchcock’s statement in 1908, ‘Linnaeus also
cites a synonym from Gronovius which is based on Clayton no.
600. This is Sorghastrum linnaeanum (Hack.) Nash’’—Hitche.
in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. xii®. 125 (1908); and he subsequently
(Man. 951) states that S. Linnaeanum (Hack.) Nash, going back
to Sorghum nutans, subsp. Linnaeanum Hackel in Martius, FI.
Bras. ii®. 276 (1883), was “misapplied” by Nash “to S. Elliottit
(Mohr) Nash’. Most unfortunately, here, as in so many cases
already discussed, error seems to have crept in. Clayton’s no.
600, basis of the Gronovian reference given by Linnaeus under
Andropogon divaricatum, is beautifully preserved material, for a
photograph of which (our PLATE 761, Fie. 5) I am indebted to
Dr. Ramsbottom. It is, indeed, the best sort of Sorghastrum
Linnaeanum, i. e. S. Elliottii; and my faith in the acuteness of
Clayton, Gronovius and Linnaeus is justified. To be sure,
Hitcheock reduced S. Linnaeanum to S. nutans (L.) Nash; but
it seems improbable that he could have read Hackel’s original
diagnosis:
Panicula laxa, 25 em. lg., nutans, oblonga, ramulis longioribus apice
bispiculatis. Spiculae intense rufae, 6 mm. lg.; gluma prima ad medium
parce pilosa, secunda glabra. a 23-25 mm. lg., columna subulam
eNom OE 1. II. 1045 (non Mant. II); Ell. Sketch.
i. aT
Sorghum nutans Chapm. l. ¢.
America borealis: Florida, Georgia — Texas.
The clear description by Hackel is very close to Hitchcock’s
254 Rhodora [JUNE
account of Sorghastrum Elliottzi, with ‘“‘panicle loose, 15 to 30 em.
long, nodding at apex, the filiform branchlets and_ pedicels
flexuous . . . ; spikelets 6 to 7 mm. long, chestnut-brown
at maturity, . . . first glume hirsute or glabresecnt on the
back; awn 2.5-3.5 cm. long, twice-geniculate”’. This strongly
contrasts with the account of the plant Hitchcock calls S. nutans,
with “panicle . . . yellowish, rather dense, contracted
ooei a et maturity «....:; ewe 1-L5 .cm~ long, ones
geniculate’.
Returning to the actual Andropogon divaricatum L., the
simple fact remains that its Type does not have a panicle. The
photograph of it, kindly sent me by Mr. 8. Savage (our
PLATE 761, Fics. 3 and 4), shows the summit of a culm with an
oblong spike, the spikelets lanate, remote and divergent, the
flexuous awn naked (spica oblonga, floribus lanatis remotis
divaricatis: arista flexuosa nuda—Linnaeus). That it is not
Erianthus alopecuroides (our PLATE 761, Figs. 1 and 2) or any
member of that genus is obvious. I have tried in vain to place
it with anything Virginian or eastern American. The truncated
pedicels of some of the spikelets suggest Andropogon, as does the
spiraling awn; but no Andropogon which I know. It is not
impossible that its source was far from Virginia. The photo-
graph, poor as it is and showing the spikelets heavily impreg-
nated with glue, may lead to its proper identification. It should
be noted that the long-exserted peduncle is quite naked, with @
prolonged and divergent blade at base. All eastern American
species of Andropogon which have to be considered have close
sheaths with appressed-ascending tips extending nearly or quite
to the inflorescence. It should further be noted that one spike-
let (r1G. 4) bears 2 or 3 spiraling awns, suggestive of Danthomia,
but not of that genus. It is hoped that those who know the
grasses will clarify the identity.
As to the type of Andropogon nutans L. I have no satisfactory
information. The panicle of the wide-ranging species with short
awns and pale spikelets is not nodding (nutans); but there is no
doubt that the plants of Elliott, basis of S. Elliottii, and of Chap-
man were the latter very definite species. Since the identities
of types throughout the group have been so discouragingly
misunderstood, it is not at all improbable that the type of 4.
1943] Fernald,—Why not Andropogon Gerardi? 255
nutans, when critically compared, may lead to some alterations
of our ideas. At least, it is probable that somewhere amongst
the many names placed by Hitchcock in the reputed synonymy
of his S. nutans others may be found earlier than Chrysopogon
Elliottit Mohr (1897).
rom the situation in Erianthus and in Muhlenbergia (see pt. I)
it is evident that the Types of our eastern North American
grasses need much further and closer study.
Puiate 758. ERIANTHUS COARCTATUS Fern.: Fic. 1, TYPE, X %; F
panicle, X 1; Fic. 3, summit of rachis of raceme, X 3; FIG. 4, spikelet, x 3.
FIG. 5, spikelet, x 6.
PLATE a E. ap tletyemt Michx., kindness of Professor Humbert:
FIG. 1, TYPE, X ‘er - 2, spikelets of TYPE, x 11%; Fic. 3, spikelet, x 6,
from Demaree, no
Pate 760. E. secaora BARBIS Michx.: dicons 1, plant, X 1%, from Pulaski
Cointity Arkansas, Demaree, no. 8228; 2, ‘summit of rachis of raceme,
x 3, wg: no. 8228: FIG. 3, spikelet, 3, rom no.
oor E761. Fig. 1, TYPE of ANDROPOGON ALOPECUROIDES L. and of
Erta al ALOPECUROIDES (L.) EIl., X %, kindness of Dr. J. _— sagen gpa
Fig. a; spikelets of same, 9 3, to show twisted awns. Frc. YPE of AND
N DIvaRIcaTuM L, and of ERIANTHUS DIVARICATUS (L.) ‘Hitche., va x,
a FIG. 4, summit of peg em x Fie. 5,
Clay 0. 600, pi pe of A. DIVARICATUM, i. ORGHASTRUM ELLIOTT
(Mabe) N may oo %, ‘indies of Dr. pate fe
IV. WHY NOT ANDROPOGON GERARDI?
As early as 1700 the common plant of eastern North America,
known either as Andropogon provincialis Lam. Encyel. i. 376
(1785) or as A. furcatus Muhl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 919 (1806),
was cultivated and perhaps escaped in Provence, in southern
France. Tournefort, Inst. i. 521 (1700) had it as his Gramen
dactylon, villosum, ramosum, altissimum, Gallo-Provinciale; but
it was not until 1761 that the cultivated plant of Provence was
beautifully described and illustrated by a figure as Andropogon
spica digitatis, flosculis alternatim geminis, hermaphrodito aristato,
sessili; masculo mutico, pedunculato by Gérard in his Flora Gallo-
Provincialis, 106 (fig. 4) and 107 (1761), a plant which grew in
southern Provence (Oritur in gallopr. australi. Perenne). Gérard’s
description was so detailed and so lucid that it is here given in
Des. Radix numerosdé fibrarum oe implicatarum prole luxurians.
Culmi tripedales & ultra, glabri, striati. Folia radicalia multa, lata,
glabra, cespites constituentia; ca ant Sg quinque vel sex, admodixm vaginan-
tia, inferne ad margines pilis raris vestita. Membrana ex apice vaginarum
256 Rhodora [JUNE
brevis, lacinulata, sub villosa. Spicae ex apice culmi ange an
; ; ini, basi villosi;
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stigmata plumosa, purpurascentia; semen ovatum. Masculus pedicellatus,
pedicello plumoso, anguloso; glumd calycind exterior, interiort paulo
ongior, corollae glumae inaequales, muticae, calyce breviores. Filamenta
ut in hermaphrodito, pistillum abortiens.
s. Variat calycibus glabris, & villosis.
In his Encyclopédie méthodique, i. 376 (August, 1785) La-
marck published it as Andropogon provinciale from the Royal
Garden at Paris, merely copying the diagnoses of Gérard and of
Tournefort, and adding, in French, a brief interpretation, ending:
“On trouve cette plante dans la Provence, & on la cultive au
Jardin du Roi.” Seven years later the plant of Gérard received
another binomial, A. Gerardi Vitman, Summa PI. vi. 16 (1792),
Vitman copying Gérard’s diagnosis and citing both that and the
illustration, the plant occurring “In Gallo provincia”. Then in
1806 the wide-ranging North American plant appeared as A.
furcatus Muhl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 919 (1806). That A. pro-
vincialis Lam. is the same species as A. furcatus Muhl. there
seems no doubt. Franchet in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xxxi. 350-
352 (1884) gave a very detailed history of the plant in France
and he concluded the study: ‘La plante figurée et décrite par
Gérard et cultivée au Jardin du Roi dés 1763, plante qui est
certainement le type de |’A. provincialis Lamk, comme en font
foi les exemplaires desséchés 4 cette époque et qui se trouvent
dans l’herbier du Museum, est une espéce américaine, nommée
quarante-deux ans plus tard A. furcatus Muehl. in Willd. Sp.
IV, 919 (1805 [1806]). L’A. provincialis doit done étre rayé de la
flore francaise.” That it has, consequently, been “struck out
from the French flora” is indicated by Rouy, Fl. Fr. xiv. 21
(1913), where he states in a note that “1’A. Provincialis Lamk
. . . = A. furcatus Mihlenb. . . . qui n’a existé en
France que naturalisée et cultivée.’’ Hackel, in his great and
comprehensive monograph of the Andropogoneae in DC. Mon.
Phan. vi. 441 (1889), had no doubt about the matter, definitely
citing in the synonymy of A. provincialis both A. Gerardi and A.
Surcatus.
1943] Fernald,—Why not Andropogon Gerardi? 257
As it proves, unfortunately, the name Andropogon provincialis
Lam. (1785), the name used by Hackel, by Nash in N. Am. Fl
and by many others, is clearly antedated by another A. pro-
vincialis Retz. Obs. Bot. iii. 43 (1783), a low annual, with 15 or
16 fascicled spikes, unequal subulate glumes, etc., obviously not
Lamarck’s species.! There is, however, little support for Hitch-
cock’s doubt as to the identity of A. provincialis nor for his
perplexity in settling which was earlier, Retz., 1. c. or Lam. 1. ¢.
Hitcheock’s statement is as follows:
The name Andropogon provincialis Lam. (Eneycl. i. 376. 1783), was
applied to this species by Hackel (in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 441. 1889)
and others, but Lamarck’s species is uncertain. He states that he
saw a plant i in the Paris Botanical Garden, but his description is taken
from Gerard (Fl. Gall. Prov. 107. pl. 4 1761) and does not well apply
oO our species. Furthermore, A. praddes Retz. (Obs. Bot. 3: 43.
: term
The part of Lamarck’s Foam containing page 376 appeared in
August 1783.—Hitche. Man. 790 (1935) .?
Hitchcock does not state why Gérard’s ‘‘description .
does not well apply to our species.”” Franchet and Hackel, both
accurate students of grasses, felt positive of the identity; and
perusal of Gérard’s description side by side with Hitchcock’s
(Man.) shows nothing specifically distinctive. Any one can
readily make the comparison. He is likely to arrive at the con-
clusion of Franchet, Hackel, Ascherson & Graebner, Rouy and
others. As to Hitcheock’s inability ‘‘to determine which is the
earlier [Retz. Obs. Bot. iii. or Lam. Encyel. i. 376], he was
apparently relying on his own conclusion that ‘The part of
Lamarck’s Encyclopedie containing page 376 appeared in August
1783”. It is too bad that the latter error in date confused the
question for, as indicated by Sherborn and Woodward in Journ.
Bot. xliv. 319 (1906), the part including p. 376 was published in
August, 1785 (not 1783).
1 * Hacket (1889) placed it in Chloris.
nference that the plant, formerly cultivated in France, is ‘‘not
es’’ may have arisen form Hackel’s oiggteo it as subvar. genuinus,
with ‘‘ecleamis . . pedicellatae basi fascicul pilorum manifesto 1,5 mm,
longo barbatae”’ while his subvar. furcatus was “ut cieche: sed spiculae pedicel-
It is a very exceptional plant of eastern
North America which lacks the bearding at the base of the pedicelled spikelet or at
the summit of the pedicel. The distinctive point stated by Hackel is of no impor-
tance.
258 Rhodora [JUNE
Since Andropogon Gerardi Vitman (1792) is the same as A.
provincialis Lam. (1785) and A. furcatus Muhl. (1806), that
appears to be the proper name for our common species. The
following are the most marked varieties:
ERARDI Vitman, var. paucipilus (Nash), comb. nov. A.
paucipilus Nash in Britt. Man . 70 (1901). A. provincialis Lam.,
(93 perenne (Nash) Fern. "& Grisc. in RHopora, xxxvii. 147
A. GERARDI, var. chrysocomus (Nash), comb. nov. A. chryso-
comus Nash, 1901). . provincialis, var. chrysocomus
(Nash) Fern. & Goes l. c. (1935).
(To be continued)
V. STUDIES IN NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF
SCIRPUS
(Plates 762-767)
Tuer AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVE OF SCIRPUS PUMILUS (PLATES
762—764).—One of the rarest or most localized sedges of North
America is the tiny plant with solitary terminal spikelet, belong-
ing in Scirpus, § Baeothryon and passing for nearly forty years in
America as the Eurasian S. alpinus Schleicher (1828) and subse-
quently as the identical S. pumilus Vahl (1806). First recorded
as American by Britton in Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 75 (1892)
as S. alpinus from the “‘Rocky Mountains’, Hall & Harbour,
and from Moreley in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, the species
next attracted attention from its discovery on Anticosti Island
and the adjacent Mingan Islands of Saguenay County, Quebec,
and was the subject of one of the interesting articles by Marie-
Victorin, in Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., ser. 3, xxiii. pt. 2, sect. V. 25
(1929). Somewhat later, in Ruopora, xxxiii. 23, 24 (1931), I
pointed out that the name S. pumilus Vahl antedates S. alpinus
Schleicher and I then recorded additional stations in the Cana-
dian Rocky Mountains; and more recently Beetle, in Am. Journ.
Bot. xxviii. 421 (1941), has maintained S. pumilus as American:
‘‘Mountain meadows of Eurasia and North America’’, he citing
American plants of Quebec (Anticosti and the Mingan Islands),
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Colorado. The habitat,
‘‘mountain meadows”, while perhaps applying in the Rocky
Mountains, is hardly appropriate for the Quebec area, with
Anticosti rarely attaining a height of 175 m.' and the Mingan
1“Jes plus hautes plateaux cités par eux ne dépassent pas 150 et 175 metres’’—
Despécher and Combes as quoted by Schmidt, Monographie de I'Ile d’Anticosti, 10
rent r of § Baeothryon, the flat-leaved woodland Scirpus pegareiny
ican, ea cited 8 Beetle, ]. c. 174, from ‘‘Vermont: Willoughby, W. Boott in
William Boott’s herbarium is incorporated in the Gray Herbarium. There . pes
no Vermont material of S. planifolius from him, and Kennedy and others who inti-
mately knew the Willoughby region did not know it there. Dole lists it only from
280 Rhodora (JULY
Islands still lower, while Saskatoon is well to the east of the
mountains, in the flat Canadian prairie.
Ever since Britton’s identification of the Rocky Mountain
plant with S. alpinus Schleicher or S. pumilus Vahl of central
and southeastern Europe, eastward into Persia and central Asia,
we have accepted the identification without question. The
plants of Eurasia are at least two quite different species, or
perhaps geographic varieties, while some of the Asiatic material,
that of alpine regions (4305-5200 m.) of Tibet may be distinct.
This Tibetan plant may well be Isolepis oligantha C. A. Meyer,
Mém. des Sav. Etrang. Pétersb. i. 197, t. 1 (1831); but until
some one who has more adequate nterial and who can study
Meyer’s Siberian type can check it, the Tibetan plant may wait.
True Scirpus pumilus of the alpine regions of south-central
and -eastern Europe, thence into Persia and Siberia (our PLATE
762) is subcespitose or quite densely cespitose (as shown by
Reichenbach and others), with short stoloniferous offsets which
promptly send up erect tufts of culms; the lowest scale of the
spikelet often has the green midrib prolonged (rics. 3 and 4) as
a green and blunt mucro; the anthers (Frias. 2 and 3) have the
connective prolonged as a distinct subulus; the achenes (FIGS.
6-8) are rather slenderly ellipsoid-obovoid, 1.6-1.8 mm. long,
0.4-0.5 mm. broad, subequilaterally trigonous (rics. 6 and 9)
and usually broadly rounded to truncate at the sessile base;
while all but the lowermost scales of the spikelet have thin
scarious margins.
Fully 2100 km. to the north, within the Arctic Circle, there is @
plant, occurring on Porsanger Fjord (south of Cape North) in
northernmost Norway which is identified in current Scandinavian
floras as Scirpus pumilus. This plant (pLaTE 763, FIGs. 1-3) is
extensively creeping, with very elongate filiform rhizomes and
with small and scattered tufts of culms. Its anthers (FIG. 2) and
achenes (FIG. 4) are like those of S. pumilus, except that the
achenes are longer (2-2.2 mm. long); but its scales are much
two Vermont stations, Mt. Philo (Addison County) and North Pownal (BenningtoD
County). It has also been collected in Arlin vac
Willoughby, near the northeastern corner. It is probable Gus the Willoughby record
of S. planifolius arose from S. pauciflorus Lightf., now usually treated as Eleocharis
paucifiora (Lightf.) Link (var. —— Svenson) which abounds at Willoughby and
was there collected by Wm. Boott
1943] Fernald,—North American Species of Scirpus 281
firmer and broader than in true S. pumilus and the latter have
the margins hardly if at all scarious (Fic. 3). Furthermore the
lowest scale (FIG. 2) is nearly like the others, without the green
mucro strongly excurrent. Differing so markedly from typical
S. pumilus, it was beautifully described as Trichophorum emergens
Norman in Soc. Reg. Se. Norveg. v. 319—repr. as Spec. Loe.
Nat. 79 (1868)—and as abundant on the sandy inundated shore
in Porsangria. ‘‘Vaginae basilares culmi ut in Trichophoro
caespitoso, a quo rhizomate repente, stolonifero, fasciculos pauci-
culmeos immo culmos solitarios hue illue emittente, recedit.
Sub accessu maris inundatur, sub recessu emergit”. So different
is this Finmark plant of inundated tidal shores from the more
cespitose one of the southern alpine areas that it should certainly
be kept apart.! Even the original editors of Index Kewensis,
who did not hesitate to reduce species they did not understand,
were baffled by Trichophoruwm emergens, appending after the
citation ‘‘(Quid?)—Norveg.”’
As stated and as shown in the plates, the anthers in the
Eurasian Scirpus pumilus and S. emergens have prominently
excurrent connectives and the achenes are subequilaterally
trigonous, while in S. pumilus the lowest scale often has the mid-
rib excurrent as a mucro; and the blunt scales of the arctic tidal-
shore S. emergens are subcoriaceous and scarcely scarious-
margined. When we turn to the North American plant (PLATE
764) which has passed as S. pumilus we find a habit midway
between those of the two European species, the culms tufted,
sometimes without but usually with slender and elongate
rhizomes and scaly stolons. The American plant on superficial
examination might easily be thought to stand somewhat inter-
mediate between those of Eurasia. In our plant the scales of the
spikelet are as thin as in S. pumilus but the lowest (Fics. 2 and 3)
has the midrib included, not exserted; the anthers (Frias. 2 and 4)
merely taper to tip, with the connective not exserted; and the
achene (rics. 5-10) is plano-convex, broad and flat on the inner
face, gently arching to merely umbonate on the back. The
ripe achenes (rics. 5-7) are broadly ellipsoid-oblong, only 1.2-
1.5 mm. long but 0.8-1.2 mm. broad, and gradually rounded to
tScrrpus emergens (Norman), comb. nov. Trichophorum emergens Norman in
Soc. Reg. Sc. Norveg. v. 319—repr. as Spec. Loc. Nat. 79 (1868). Pare 763, figs. 1-5.
282 Rhodora [JULY
base or sometimes substipitate. Differing in these minute but
morphologically important characters from the Eurasian series,
the North American plant is clearly an endemic species. Our
fullest representation is the abundant series from Anticosti and
the Mingan Islands, collected by Bros. Marie-Victorin and
Rolland-Germain. I am greatly pleased to have this opportunity
to associate with a plant of that area the name of a modest and
self-effacing botanist who has done much in his earnest and
discriminating way to bring to our knowledge the rarer plants
of Quebec, Brother Rolland-Germain.
Scirpus (§ Baroturyon) Rollandii, sp. nov. (ras. 764).
Planta habitu foliis culmisque ut in Scirpo pumilo sed valde
stolonifera; culmis laxe cespitosis vel subsolitariis; spiculis
ellipeoideo-ovoideis 3-4 mm. longis, subteretibus; squamis
ovatis obtusis vel subacutis brunneis vel rufescentibus subcoria-
ceis margine scariosis; antheris 1.5 mm. longis apice attenuatis;
achaeniis nigrescentibus late oblongo-ellipticis, 1.2-1.5 mm. longis
0.8-1 atis, plano-convexis dorso leviter convexo vel um-
bina aoe euate Archipel de Mingan: rivages calcaires, Ie
Sainte-Geneviéve, 9 aotit, 1925, Victorin & Rolland, no. 20, 220:
corniches caleaires du cété du large, Ile Sainte-Genevidve 22
juillet, 1926, Victorin & Rolland, no. 25,785 (rype in Herb.
Gray.); rivages caleaires, Ile & Marteau, 23 uillet, 1926, Victorin
& R Rolland, no. 25,940; parties élevées et découvertes surtout
dans les sentiers de renard, Grande Ile & la Vache Marine, 19
juillet, 1926; Victorin & Rolland, no. 25,782; tundra calcaire
e
Marine, 3 aoit, 1928, Victorin & Rolland, no. 28,374. Anti-
costi: sur les platiéres argilo-calcaires au-dessus des gorges,
Riviére Chicotte, 15 aofit, 1925, asia & Rolland, no. 25,783;
sur les platiéres a plusieurs milles en aut des gorges, Riviere
Chicotte, 24 juillet, 1927, Victorin & Rolland no. “OT, 517; sur les
au Fusil, 20 juillet, 1927, Victorin & Rolland, no. 27 ,018; sur les
platiéres prés de la mer, 25 juillet, 1927, Ain hig & Rolland, no.
27,516; éboulis argilo-caleaire, le long de la mer, a l’est de la
rividre, Riviére la Loutre, 6 aout, 1936, Victorin & Rolland, no.
Butters & Hotes no. 50. Cotor ADO: “Rocky Mt. Alpine Flora,
Lat. 39°-41°’, 1862, Hall & Harbour, no. 583.
TE 762 shows details of Scrrpus pumiius Vahl: ric. 1, habit, X 1,
fevan Pee, Semipalavitinsk, western Siberia, May 21, 1920, 0. Simonova &
1943] Fernald,—North American Species of Scirpus 283
T. Batueva; Fic. 2, spikelet, 10, from same collection; Fic. 3, spikelet,
10, from Mont Cenis, Savoie, July 27, 1855, Perrier; FIG. 4, spike let, X 10,
m Simonova & Batueva; FIG. 5, disintegrated spikelet, showing broad
scarious margin of scale, 10, from Zermatt, July, 1882, Christ; Fic. 6,
achene and its cross-section, after Schroeter, Pflanzenl. der Alpen, fig. 174
(1923); ria. 7, achene, X 10, from Mont Cenis, Perrier; ric. 8, achene, X 10,
from Zermatt, Christ; ric. 9, looking down on summit of achene, x 10, from
or. Chrtat
E 763, FIGS. 1-5. §. EMERGENS (Norman) Fernald: Fie. 1, habit,
fron Poreainke Fjord, Finmark, July 9, 1898, A. L.; Fic. 2, spikelet, x XO,
10 15 e
2 ay from Dahl; Fic. 5, looking down on tip of achene, X 10, from Dahl.
6, S. rufus (Huds.) Schrad.: achenes, < 10, from Skane, Sweden, July 14,
1928, rik Asplund. Fia. 7, S. rufus, var. neogaeus: achenes, x 10, from the
TY
ie 764, S. Ro.tuanpi Fernald: ric. 1, habit, x 1, from the Ty
reas some ge de Mingan n, Quebec, Victorin & Rolland, no. gy a FIG. 6,
achene, X 10, val Riviére Chicotte, Anticosti, Victorin & R no.
2, 317, FIG. 7, sehen x rea m Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, July 24, 1939,
W. P.’Fras aser; FIG. 8. Joo ing down on tip of ‘achene in fig. 5, X 10;
similar Mads, x 10, of achene in fig. 6; fig. 10, similar view, x 10, of ietins
© Norta AMERICAN MEMBERS OF Scirpus, § LacusTRES
Guan 765 and 766).—
Scirpus vALipus Vahl, var. creber, var. nov. (TAB. 765, FIG.
4-7), spiculis ovoideis 5-9 mm. longis; squamis costa margineque
exceptis glabris lucidis achaenio maturo vix superantibus;
antheris deinde opel wittbesd ee wage vs perianthio achaenium
subaequante; achaentiis 1.7— . longis 1.3-1.5 mm. latis.—
Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Nova Scotia, New
ngland, Long Island, Georgia, Tennessee, Missouri, Oklahom ma,
Texas, New Mexico, northern Mexico and California. TYPE
Forma ee f. nov. (TAB. 765, FIG. 8), spiculis
ee ee 9-15 mm. longis; achaeniis 2.3-2.8 mm. longis
1.4-1.8 mm. latis. —Seattered through the range of rae creber;
the followeine are characteristic. Nova Scotta: Truro, Fernald
oy Ns no. 2720. MAINE: Lincolnville, G. B. Rossbach, no.
AcHusETTS: York Pond, Canton, July 8, 1894,
Reeacdae Eaathans F. S. Collins, no. 1293; Wakeby —
Sandwich, Sectiehe 16, 1916, Harger & Woodward. Conn
ticuT: East Windsor, August 21, 1904, Brssell. ° dpe se was
of Toano, Janae City a y; R. . Menzel, no. MICHIGAN:
New Buffalo, Lansing, no. 3281. Iowa: Lost is Township,
Clay County, Ada Tinie: no. 9195. Norra Daxota: Mandan,
F. P. Metcalf, no. 374. Nepraska: St. Paul, July 24, 1909, "2
M. Bates. Kansas: Joy rag Osborne County, July a1, 1894,
284 Rhodora [JULY
Shear, no. 239 Ske in issih Gray.); Riley Co., June 21, 1895,
Norton. Texas: Dallas Co., July, 1877, Reverchon; El
Paso ‘County, Cory, 83 1255. “ALBERTA: Aes (Mamawi) Creek,
Wood Buffalo Park, Raup, 1980. Orxrcon: St. Paul, J. C
Nelson, no. 1692; Salem, Ny aap, no. 3307.
Scirpus validus (PLATE 765, Frias. 1-3) was described by Vahl,
Enum. ii. 268 (1806), its ‘Habitat in Caribaeis’’, with a clear
diagnosis and a remarkably complete description, he distinctly
saying “‘squamis dorso villosis’”. It is the plant of eastern
tropical America! which differs at once from the common plant
of the United States and Canada in several points. Its inflores-
cence (ric. 1) is usually stiffer than in the common North
American plant, only exceptionally with arching and pendulous
rays and pedicels, although the more northern plant may have
the inflorescence as stiff as in S. acutus Muhl. Typical S. validus
may, as originally described, have the scales of the spikelets
villous or they may be glabrescent or even glabrous except for
the keel and the fimbriate-ciliolate margin. In none of the
tropical and subtropical American material do the achenes show
beyond the scales; the scales strongly cover them and are nearly
twice as long. The perianth consists of very delicate bristles
remotely retrorse-setulose chiefly above the basal third and
commonly overtopping the achene. The connective of the anther
(rigs. 2 and 3) projects as a triangular-ovate sessile tip, though
sometimes becoming elongate. North of tropical America true
S. validus is frequent or common in Florida and there is material
in the Gray Herbarium with the stereotyped and possibly too
inclusive label ‘“‘Santee Canal, South Carolina, Ravenel”.
From genuine tropical and subtropical Scirpus validus our var.
creber differs in its often more lax inflorescence (Frias. 4 and 5),
the backs of the scales glabrous, the scales barely covering OF
when they are ripe (F1a. 5) not wholly covering the achenes; the
perianth (ric. 7) of usually coarser and rather shorter bristles
which are copiously retrorse-setose; and the anther (F1G. 6) with
the slender tip becoming prolonged. Some material from the
southeastern states and some from Bermuda is so transitional
‘The citation by Beetle in Am. Journ. Bot. xxviii. 695 (1941) of Bermuda, Haiti.
Porto Rico, Jamaica and Cuba as the “Easr Inpres” and his statement of broad
range (p. 693), sR ae pcan North America, and bordering the a
with the only South American specimens cited coming from Uruguay
Argentina, suggest need of more precise knowledge of geography.
1943] Fernald,—North American Species of Scirpus 285
that I am treating the common plant of the United States and
Canada as a strong geographic variety, rather than as a species.
In its prolonged and linear-cylindric spikelets up to 1.5 em. long
var. creber, forma megastachyus (FIG. 8), when its inflorescence
is contracted, might be mistaken for S. acutus. In fact, by the
recently published key to epee of this section (‘‘Spikelets
S.
ovoid . . . S.validus’’; “Spikelets subcylindric
acutus’’! and the accompanying descriptions (Septicalots 5-10
mm. long, . . . ovate’ for S. validus; ‘spikelets 0.7—2 cm.
long . Ovate-acute to cylindrical” for S. acutus) one
aiid handily place most specimens under S. validus; nevertheless
several specimens, including the type, of forma megastachyus
were cited as good S. validus. Accompanying the elongation of
spikelet the achene of forma megastachyus is enlarged, achenes
from the form running considerably larger than in typical var.
creber.
In connection with Scirpus validus, var. creber two names have
to be considered, because they are cited by Beetle as synonyms
under his all-inclusive S. validus. These are S. orgyalis Raf.
Annals of Nature [not ‘‘ Amer. Nat.” as cited in the recent paper],
16 (1820) and S. lacustris, var. condensatus Peck, N. Y. State
Mus. Rep. no. 53: 853 (1900). Rafinesque’s S. orgyalis of
‘creeks and rivers of New York and Pennsylvania’, had little of
specific character in the brief description except ‘‘spikes lateral
under the apex, glomerated, ovate, sub-sessile; scales ovate,
mucronate, brown, arachnoidal”. What he had we do not
know. He intended his name to apply to anything North Ameri-
can of the lacustris group. The ‘‘glomerate . . . sub-sessile’’
spikes with ‘‘arachnoidal’’ scales could as well, if not better,
apply to S. acutus Muhl. (1842) which occurs in New York and
western Pennsylvania and which often has villous scales, while
those of the S. validus of that region have the scales glabrous
except for keel and margin.
Peck was not differentiating between the three species of
§ Lacustris which occur in New York State. His “‘S. lacustris
condensatus n. var.’’ was described: ‘Heads of the panicles
sessile or on very short pedicels, forming a dense cluster about
1 inch long and broad. Otherwise asin the common form. Lime
1 Beetle, 1. c. 692 (1941).
286 Rhodora (JULY
Lake. August. F. E. Fenno.’”’ According to House, N. Y. State
Mus. Bull. no. 254: 147 (1924) the Fenno plant is S. heterochaetus,
a species which usually has a lax and open panicle and which
differs from S. validus in its very pale and solitary spikelets, its
trigonous achene, etc. Even if S. lacustris condensatus were an
unusual form of S. validus it would be quite ridiculous to take up
the name, intended for a trivial form, for the transcontinental
plant with open and loosely forking panicles. Extreme literalists
might do so, but the intent of the original author was obvious;
the rules of nomenclature were not intended to foster absurdity,
if they do, it is time to change them.
S. Steinmetzii, sp. nov. (TAB. 766, Fic. 1-7). Planta statura
habituque ut in Scirpo ee ‘spiculis ellipsoideo-ovoideis
obtusis 5-7.5 mm. longis 4-5 mm. crassis fulvis; squamis scarioso-
membranaceis fulvis acuntnatie atabrie s, margine apiceque
vile ints aristo Enel antheris apice triangulari-ovatis :
stream, Passadumkeag Stream, Passadumkeag, Penobscot
County, Angus a 1007, #.. i. hd inmetz, no. 355 (TYPE in
Herb. Gra yPE in Herb. Univ. of M aine), September 1,
1938, Blecseale ay 29, 1942, Maintnets & Gashweiler, speci-
mens originally and tentatively placed with S. heterochaetus
Chase; shallow water near shore of river, Passadumkeag River
at Hathaway iat Passadumkeag, August 5, 1940, Ogden &
Wright, no. 2345
Scirpus Saux. with which it is a great pleasure to asso-
ciate the name of the leader of botanical exploration in Maine and
discoverer of the plant, is like S. heterochaetus only in having 4
prolonged basal leaf and in its lax inflorescence with no tendency
to the formation of glomerules. S. heterochaetus has slender
pale green to whitish-brown lanceolate to slenderly ellipsoid
acute or subacuminate spikelets 0.75-2.3 cm. long; its pale
scales are firm to subcoriaceous and deeply emarginate at tip;
its styles mostly 3-cleft, its achenes trigonous. It is a species of
calcareous or alkaline waters; and it was beautifully illustrated
by Mrs. Chase when she published it in Ruopora, vi. 70, t. 53,
fig. d (1904). S. Steinmetzii, on the other hand, has the reddish
to purple-brown plump-ovoid obtuse spikelets only 5-7.5 mm.
long; the thin and almost scarious scales tapering to the aw?
1943] Fernald,—North American Species of Scirpus 287
(not deeply emarginate) and heavily villous-ciliate (rather than
slightly or hardly so) at margin; the style is 2-cleft and the
strongly flattened achene plano-convex, merely slightly convex
on the back. It should, therefore, be confidently watched for in
the extensive lake-strewn area which extends from the Penobscot
across Hancock and Washington Counties, Maine, into south-
western New Brunswick.
From Scirpus validus, var. creber the newly described S.
Steinmetzii is distinguished by its non-glomerulate spikelets, the
scales greatly overtopping the achenes (as in tropical S. validus),
but with tapering (rather than broadly rounded and emarginate)
tip, the anther-connective with a triangular sessile terminal ap-
pendage, the bristles fewer and short or wanting, and the persist-
ent old filaments very broad and ribbon-like.
In pLaTe 765, FIGs. 1-3 are of typical Scrrpus vatipus from Cordillera
Septantsinnal, prov. Puerto Finke, Sabaneta, in Cafio Hondo, Civ. hiya
Domingo, Hispaniola, Ekman, . 14, 549: ric. 1, inflorescence, <1 31G. 2,
spikelet, showing blunt anther, x ; FIG. 3, achene, showing elongate bristles
and — eg age! x 10. Fies. 4-7 var. CREBER: FIG. 4, rego of TYPE,
rescence of TYPE of var. CREBER, forma MEGASTACHYUS,
In Pirate 766 Fies. 1-7 are of Scrrpus STEINMETZII, all from spat —_
series: fig. 1, 1 orescences, x 1; Fic. 2, axis of inflorescence, X 3; .3
and 4, spikelets, showing long scales and blunt anthers, X 5; Fies. 5 at 6,
achenés, with single pe rianth-bristle and broad filaments, - 10; FIG. 7, achene
viewed from above Uncking down on mw 20, Pie 8-10, S. HETERO-
CHAETUs, from kirk, Oswego County, New York, Pest: Wiegan &
Eames, no. 14,192: Fia. 8, et. < 5; FIG. 9, achene, X 10; Fic. 10, achene,
viewed from above, X
Some AMERICAN SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF ScrRPUS (PLATES
763, figs. 6 and 7, and 767).—ScrrRPUS RUFUS Sag Schrad.,
var. neogaeus, var. nov. (TAB. 763, FIG. Eats achaen s fusiformi-
lanseoinee 4.5-5.5 mm. longis 1-1. ‘7 mm. latis a vaide weenie
rostratisque.—Saline to brackish, raiely fom marshes, Ne
foundland and shores of Gulf of and lower River St. Lawrencé:
Quebec, south to southwestern Nova Scotia and pong ide
New Brunswick; salt marshes from Churchill t
River, lat. 53°, Manitoba. Type: near Hospital Point. Grind-
stone Tsland, Magdalen Islands, Saly 18, Fernald, Bartram,
Long and St. John, no. 6968 (in Herb. Gra
In habit, foliage, spikes and spikelets we Avibsitin material
of Scirpus rufus (Blysmus rufus (Huds.) Link) is quite like the
plant of northern Europe and it shows the same diversity of
288 Rhodora (JULY
involucre, oftenest with it essentially obsolete or reduced to a
short blade but occasionally with a long blade overtopping the
compound spike. The European descriptions very generally
define the achene as elliptic and of a yellow-gray color. There
being no reason in European works for further detail the size is
not often given. Holmberg, however, in his very detailed and
unfortunately never completed Scandinaviens Flora, Hifte 2:
304 (1926) says ‘Not spolformigt [fusiform] elliptick . . 3
mm. ling, 1,5 mm. bred, gul-1. brungr&.”” The achenes of the
European plant (PLATE 763, FIG. 6) range from 3-4.5 mm. long,
with the rather definitely elliptic body usually about 3 mm. long
and 1.5-2 mm. broad and opaque to barely sublustrous. The
achene of the American plant is more definitely fusiform, 4.5-5.5
mm. long, lustrous and of slightly warmer color, the body only
1-1.7 mm. broad, the stipe and beak more prolonged than in the
European plant. Fic. 6 shows achenes, X 5, of typical S. rufus
from Skine, Sweden, July 14, 1928, Erik Asplund; Fie. 7,
achenes, X 5, from the TyPE of var. neogaeus.
S. SUBTERMINALIS Torr., forma terrestris (Paine), comb. nov.
Var. terrestris Paine, Cat. Pl. Oneida Co., 96 (1865).
S J ., var. Frernaupr (Bicknell) Beetle, forma
agonus, culmis ad 1.5 m. altis et 1.3 em. crassis; foliis ad 15 mm.
latis; spiculis 1.2-4 em. longis; achaeniis late vel subrotundo-
obovatis ad basin sensim rotundatis plerumque 2.5-3.2 mm. latis
plano-convexis vel lenticularibus dorso sensim rotundatis.—
brackish marsh, Sable Island, St. John, no. 1160; near brackish
mouth of Salmon River, Truro, Fernald & Wiegand, nos. 424
and 4249; border of salt marsh, Jordan Falls, Shelburne County;
September 4, 1921, Fernald & Long, no. 23,398 (ryprE in Gray
Herb., distrib. as S. campestris, var. novae-angliae). NEW
Brunswick: brackish marsh, Bathurst Bay, Bathurst, 8. F.
Blake, no. 5457; marsh, Bay du Vin Island, Northumberland
County, Blake, nos. 5706 and 5707; border of brackish pond,
1943] Fernald,—North American Species of Scirpus 289
Whale Cove, Grand Manan Island, C. A. & Una F. Weatherby,
no. 5609. Marne: salt marsh toward Dennisville, Pembroke,
Fernald, no. 1414; brackish shores, Pleasant River, Columbia
Falls, Svenson & Fassett, no. 1005; muddy shore of Herrick’s Bay,
Flye’s Point, Brooklin, A. F. Hill, no. 1345; fresh or slightly
brackish border of salt marsh, South Thomaston, Bissell, Fernald
& Chamberlain, no. 8933; wet rocky shore, Matinicus, July 19,
1919, C. A. E. Long; sandy salt marsh, Bristol, Z. B. Chamberlain,
no. 695, Dinsmore & Chamberlain, no. 839; salt marsh, Bath,
August 23, 1911, Bissell; Foster's Point, West Bath, 1892, Kate
Furbish; salt marsh, Hardin ngs’, Brunswick , September 13, 1891,
Kate Furbish, September 27, 1898, Chamberlain, no. 936; Kenne-
bunkport, August 7, 1888, Kennedy; mouth of York River, York,
Bicknell, 1156, Fernald & L ong, no. 12,845. NEw Hamp-
SHIRE: ditch near border of salt marsh, Hampton Falls, August,
, A. A. Eaton. MASSACHUSETTS: Manchester, H. D. Tho-
reau; salt marsh, West Manchester, F. 7. Hubbard, no. 73;
Somerville, 1882, C.E. Perkins; Watertown, July 17, 1880, C. E£.
Perkins; salt marsh, Scituate, ‘September , 1901 W. P. Rich,
September 13, 1914, C. H. Kno wlton; swale, West Barnstable,
St. John & White, no. 941. Camsucnont: salt marsh, Milford,
. H. Eames, no. 39.
Scirpus maritimus, var. Fernaldi, forma agonus, is the eastern
North American plant treated by Beetle in Am. Journ. Bot.
xxix. 84, 85 (1942) as typical S. maritimus of Europe. It is quite
like S. maritimus, var. Fernaldi (Bicknell) Beetle, 1. c. 85, except
in having bifid styles and thin plano-convex to lenticular achenes.
Throughout the range of var. Fernaldz, with trigonous achenes,
and its forma agonus the two show the same range of variation
in spikelets and habit, with a dense glomerule or more com-
monly with well developed rays, with the latter terminated by
single to several and glomerulate spikelets, with the spikelets
short and ovoid as in the type of S. Fernaldi Bickn. or slender
and lance-cylindric, running up to 4 em. or more long, as in the
type of S. novae-angliae Britton. Both S. Fernaldi and S. novae-
angliae were based upon specimens with trigonous achenes; and
in that series as well as in the one with plano-convex or lenticular
and relatively thin achenes there is no line of demarcation evident
by which the plants with ovoid and lance-cylindric spikelets can
be separated. S. novae-angliae was published as a species in
1898, S. Fernaldi in 1901. In the varietal rank they are of
identical date, published in Ruopora, viii. 163 (1906) as S.
290 Rhodora [Jory
campestris, var. novae-angliae (Britton) Fern. and var. Fernaldi
(Bicknell) Bartlett, but since the latter was transferred to S.
maritimus as var. Fernaldi while Beetle considered S. novae-
angliae to be a variety of S. robustus Pursh, S. robustus, var.
novae-angliae (Britton) Beetle, 1. c. 87 (1942), they are again of
even date. Under these cirenustances it seems less disturbing to
maintain under S. maritimus the first of the two which was
treated as a variety of that species.
It is not clear to me why Beetle places Scirpus novae-angliae
under S. robustus. The latter species is a beautifully distinct one
of tropical America, following the Atlantic coast northward to
Massachusetts, the Pacific to California. Its plump ellipsoid-
ovoid to thick-cylindric blunt or bluntish spikelets are rufescent
or fulvous, the seales (especially the outer) with very prolonged
awns. Its leaf-sheaths have very characteristic orifices, the
strong ribs running up the summit to the semicircular or promi-
nently convex dark scarious ligule. S. novae-angliae, on the other
hand, like European S. maritimus and American S. Fernaldi, has
the ligule V-shaped, with truncate or concave (rarely low-
convex) summit and the nerves at the summit of the sheath are
slender and relatively inconspicuous. The ovoid to lance-
cylindric acute to acuminate spikelets are, as in S. maritimus,
castaneous to fuscous or blackish, and the awns of the scales are
relatively short.
From typical European Scirpus maritimus, our var. Fernaldi
is distinguished merely on size, the leaves running higher on the
culm, and upon a slight difference in shape of achene. Our
plant is usually taller and coarser, with leaves mostly 6-15 mm.
broad (as opposed to the “+ 4 (7)”—Hegi, of the European);
the spikelets of ours are 1.2-4 em. long (‘‘bis 2 em. lang” in 4.
maritimus—Hegi); and the achenes are generally more broadly
obovate and more gradually rounded to the broad base, a8 OP-
posed to the narrower-obovate achene of S. maritimus in which
they taper more cuneately or even with a slight concave curve to
the slender base.
I do not know how Beetle arrived at the conclusion that true
(Eurasian) Scirpus maritimus has “Style normally 2-fid”
(Beetle, 1. c. 87), for the consensus of statements of European
taxonomists makes the 2-fid style very exceptional: ‘a t y pic us
1943] Fernald,—North American Species of Scirpus 291
Narben 3’’—Ascherson & Graebner; “Stigmates 3
tar? 2 ox )’—Rouy; phages 3, or rarely 2”—Babing-
ton; “‘Style Sole?’ Heaton “Narben 3, seltener 2”—Hegi.
Although true S. maritimus (with 3 he and trigonous
achenes) is in Europe the common form, while the so-called var.
digynus (Simonk.) Godr. is there called rare, with us typical var.
Fernaldi (with trigonous achenes) and its forma agonus are about
equally common. At least, in the area from the Gulf of St.
Lawrence to Connecticut, where the two somewhat alternate
their colonies, the representation before me shows 51 sheets of
typical var. Fernaldi (including S. novae-angliae) and 58 of
forma agonus. Within this area the two are about equally
common; from New York to Virginia the representation before
me is all of typical var. Fernaldi.
S. paLuposus Nels., var. atlanticus, var. nov., a forma typica
‘esate foliis caulinis plerumque 2-4, sub medio gestis, vaginae
venis apice tenuibus vix prominulis; spiculis brunneo-castaneis
vel ee ee antheris plerumque 2-3.5 mm. longis,
filamentis inclusis vel subexsertis; pchaene Aohahdd obuestia
vel suborbicularibus rariter cuneatis olivaceis vel atro-brunneis.—
Salt marshes and saline shores, Gulf of and lower River St.
lave Quebec, to northern New Jersey; central and western
New York. Typu: salt marsh, Bunbury, Prince Edward Island,
Augeat 28, 1912, Fernald, Long & St. sie. no. 6982 (in Herb.
ray.).
Scirpus paludosus Nels. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxvi. 5 (1899),
like the identical S. campestris Britton in Britt. & Brown, IIl.
FI. i. 267, fig. 626 (1896), not Roth (1795), is the plant of western
North America, extending eastward to Manitoba, Minnesota,
Nebraska and Missouri. Var. atlanticus is the plant of the
Atlantic coast, with an isolated and in some ways transitional
area in the saline region of interior New York. True S. paludosus
is a very pale green plant, with culms mostly 0.5-2 em. thick at
base and 0.5-1.5 m. high; the cauline leaves mostly 3-5 (-6),
with sheaths ascending well above the middle of the culm (but
in starved colonies the culms lower and the leaves fewer and
borne chiefly below the middle), their blades mostly 0.5-1.5 cm.
broad, the veins near the orifice of the sheath prominent and
usually thickened; spikelets whitish-brown to drab or pale
brown; anthers 3.5-5 mm. long, standing well out of the spike-
292 Rhodora [JULY
lets on elongate filaments, the filaments, after falling of anthers,
usually showing above the scales and twice to thrice the length
of the achene; achene cuneate-obovate, rarely roundish, pale
brown to olivaceous.
S. paludosus, var. atlanticus is not so pale; its culms are 1.5-
7.5 dm. high, 2-8 mm. thick at base; the cauline leaves are
usually 2-4 and borne chiefly below the middle (though in
exceptional plants, perhaps mixed with S. maritimus, var.
Fernaldi, more numerous and running high on the culm), the
blades 1.5-9 mm. broad, the veins near summit of sheath delicate
and inconspicuous; spikelets chestnut-brown to blackish-fuscous;
anthers 2-3.5 mm. long, mostly not exceeding scales, the old
filaments rarely exserted and shorter than to about twice the
length of the achene; the achene rounded-obovate to suborbicu-
lar, only exceptionally cuneate, olivaceous to deep brown. In
central and western New York the plant geographically some-
what intermediate between true S. paludosus and var. atlanticus
has the anthers up to 4 mm. long and the achene often cuneate
at base. Along the coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and of the
Atlantic occasional colonies seem like hybrids of S. paludosus,
var. atlanticus and S. maritimus, var. Fernaldi.
True western Scirpus paludosus has an evident tendency to
branching of the inflorescence; var. atlanticus not. Of the 186
inflorescences of S. paludosus before me 124 have simple or at
least closely crowded glomerules, 62 (33%) have 1 or 2 (rarely
3 or 4) obvious elongate rays. Of 420 inflorescences of var.
atlanticus only 20 (less than 4%) show a single (in 1 case 2) short
ray. On the Atlantic coast the plant with fuscous spikelets
frequently on definite or elongate rays is S. maritimus, vat.
Fernaldi. Of the 210 inflorescences of it before me 172 (nearly
82%) have definite (sometimes forking) rays (26 with 1 ray, 77
with 2, 28 with 3, 20 with 4, 13 with 5, 13 with 6, 6 with 7, 5 with
8,1 with 11, 1 with 12 and 4 with 13).
Although Beetle in Am. Journ. Bot. xxix. 83 (1942) cites
Scirpus paludosus as occurring in the“ East Inpies: Ekman 1325”
(this citation placed between New Jersey and Minnesota),
there is grave doubt about it. I have not seen no. 1325 and can,
consequently, not check its identity; at least, it presumably
came from the West Indies.
1943] Fernald,—North American Species of Scirpus 293
S. expansus, sp. nov. (Tas. 767, Fic. 1-3), planta habitu S.
sylvatici; culmo 0.5-1.6 m. alto ad basin 0.6-1.5 em. crasso
superne scabro; foliis 1-2.5 em. latis, vaginis coriaceis valde
septato-nodulosis; involueri foliis 3 8, imis panicula superantibus;
panicula 1-3 alta radiis adscendentibus vel divaricatis;
pedicellis valde pips, spiculis 3-5 mm. longis, plerumque
glomerulatis; squamis valde carinatis apice subulatis; antheris
1.3-1.6 ongis.—Spring-heads, borders of rills, springy
meadows, swales, etc., southwestern Maine to southern Michi-
gan, south to Georgia. The following, selected from a large
series, are representative. Marne: South Poland, 1895, Kate
Furbish; Typha swamp, bank, Presumpscot River, August 13,
1903, Collins & Chamberlain, no. 614 (TYPE in Herb. Gray.) ;
springy spot, Great Chebeague Island, Fernald, no. 1401; swale
at border of salt marsh, Ah Fernald & Long, no. 12 851;
swamp, York Harbor, July 1901, F. T. Hubbard. New
HAMPSHIRE: Hanover, ge “4878, Jesup; Ore Hill, Warren,
July 26, 1910, E. F. Williams; shore of Johnson Creek, Madbu ury,
Hodgdon, no. 2629. Vermont: Gulf Brook swamp, Townshend,
September 10, 1912, L. A. Wheeler. MassacHusEtTts: south e
of Horn Pond, Woburn , August 4, 1869, Wm. Boott; South Sud-
bury, June 17, 1902, Rich, Fernald & Williams; Westfield, July
10, 1860, Wm. ’ Boott; brook in cold bog, Scomy ‘August 27, 1916,
Churchill; brooksides, Uxbridge, June 23, 1876, Morong; shore
of small pond, Granville, FOC; Ptarions no. 388; ew Salem,
July 28, 1931, Goodale, Potshay & St. John; brookside, New
Marlboro, August 30, 1902, Ralph Hoffmann. CONNECTICUT:
West ane ane 13, 1901, H. J. Koehler; swamp, Southing-
ton, Bissell, - New Hartford, August 10, 1883, Chas.
Wright; slong Side Brook, Waterbury, Blewitt, no. 456; open
swamp, ford, HE. H. Eames, no. 4000. New York: wet
ditch, F en ome Washington County, Burnham, no. 46; along
a cold stream, 4 miles south of Utica, Haberer, no. 1184; Water-
ville, Oneida ‘County, August 18, 1917, House. New JERSEY:
Rosenkraus Run, Sussex County, August 11, 1917, E. B. Bar-
— PENNSYLVANIA: open rshy, springy swale, Lehigh
Gap Station, Pretz, no. 13,253; masons ditch, 2 miles north of
Sadsburyville, Chester County, June 29, 1924, H. E. Stone; Big
Meadow Run, Farmington, Fayette County, June 4 4, 1931, Core.
DELAWARE: along brooks, Centreville, ni : 1869, Commons.
District oF COLUMBIA: Washington, 1881 (‘‘the most southern
locality known”), Scribner. Virern1a: South Fork of Holston
River, St. Clair’s Bottom, Smyth County, July 30, 1892, Small.
Nortu CAROLINA: near Hickory, Catawba County, Heller, no.
274. Gxorata: in cool shaded brook at northern base of Stone
Mountain, Harper, no. 205. MicHiGAN: swamp, Grand Rapids,
July 20, 1900, Emma J. Cole.
294 Rhodora [Juny
Scirpus expansus is the plant which regularly passes in the
eastern United States as S. sylvaticus L. of Eurasia. The resem-
blance is merely superficial, for in most characters there are clear
distinctions. S. sylvaticus has thinner leaves, with scarious
sheaths, the summit of the inner band easily friable, the blades
6-14 mm. wide; in S. expansus the hard and thickish blades are
1—2.5 em. broad, the coriaceous sheaths strongly septate-nodu-
lose (in S. sylvaticus only faintly, if at all, so), the summit of the
inner band firmer. In S. sylvaticus the relatively slender culm is
smooth to summit; in S. expansus the usually coarser culm is
scabrous at summit (for 1-5 em.). In S. sylvaticus the longest
smooth and thin leaf of the involucre is 0.7-2 dm. long, only
rarely exceeding the panicle; in S. expansus it is firm and harshly
scabrous beneath and 1.5-3 dm. long, often overtopping the
panicle. In S. sylvaticus the mature panicle is lax, with loosely
spreading to recurving longer rays, the panicle 1-2 dm. high; in
S. expansus the longer rays (Fic. 4) are more stiffly ascending to
divergent, only the short basal ones much recurving, and the
panicle, when well developed, is 1.5-3 dm. high. In S. sylvaticus
the spikelets (Frias. 4 and 5) are 3-4 mm. long and in glomerules
of 2-5, the ultimate lateral pedicels often terminated by single
spikelets; in S. expansus the principal glomerules have 3-12
(rarely to 40) spikelets 3-5 mm. long, only a rare ultimate pedicel
with a solitary one. In S. sylvaticus the pedicels are minutely
scabridulous; in S. expansus closely pilose. In S. sylvaticus the
scales of the spikelet (ric. 5) are blunt or barely mucronate by
the extension of the relatively weak midrib; in S. expansus they
(FIG. 3) have subulate-acuminate tips, through the extension of
the very prominent keel-like midrib. In S. sylvaticus the anthers
a 5) are 0.7-1 mm. long; in S. expansus (ria. 3) 1.3-1.6 mm.
ong.
Forma Bissellii (Fernald), comb. nov. S. sylvaticus, var.
Bissellii Fernald in Ruoponra, ii. 21 (1905) ; S. microcarpus, var.
Bissellii (Fern.) House in Bull. N. Y. State Mus. nos. 243-244:
18 (1923). S. sylvaticus, forma Bissellii (Fern.) Carpenter in
Dole, Fl. Vt. ed. 3: 76 (1937).
: Forma globulosus, f. nov., glomerulis globosis 7-12 mm.
diametro, spiculis 20-60 congestis valde imbricatis 3-4 mm.
longis—Nrw York: Lyon’s Falls, Lewis County, August, 1882,
J. V. Haberer (type in Herb. Gray.).
1943] Fernald,—North American Species of Scirpus 295
A very unusual extreme, the inflorescence, with large globose
heads of very numerous spikelets superficially suggesting the
most extreme Juncus canadensis J. Gay. Not to be confused with
forma Bissellii. That has the large glomerules 1-2 cm. in diam-
eter and composed of loosely divergent linear-cylindric spikelets
6-14 mm. long.
Since some botanists place Scirpus expansus under the western
North American S. microcarpus Presl, it is well to point out that
S. microcarpus has 2 stigmas and lenticular achenes; S. expansus
3 stigmas and trigonous achenes. In S. microcarpus the smooth
or nearly smooth leaf-sheaths and the leaf-blades are thinner and
smoother than in S. expansus, the involucre only slightly if at all
exceeding the inflorescence; as contrasted with the heavier and
septate-nodulose sheaths of S. expansus, the broader and firmer
blades scabrous beneath and the usually longer involucres. In
its thin and relatively narrow leaves with smooth or nearly
smooth sheaths S. microcarpus is more like S. sylvaticus of Eura-
sia. In the texture of its scales and the size of its panicle (0.8-2
dm., only exceptionally—3 dm. high) it is more like the latter,
but the glomerules have many more and usually longer spikelets.
Unless all members of the section are to be reduced to an all-
inclusive S. sylvaticus, with several constant and geographically
isolated subdivisions, some with 2 stigmas, others with 3, these
fundamental characters of the pistil associated with other
characters, the three North American members of the series,
S. microcarpus Presl, S. rubrotinctus Fern. and S. expansus are
well marked species.
n PLATE 767, FIGS. 1-3 are of Scrrpus ExPANsuS, from the Type: Fic. 1,
inflorescence, X 24; FIG. 2, portion of inflorescence, to show characteristic
ascending branches with spikelets mostly glomerula te, xX 3; Fic. 3, » sit et
with anthers, X 10. Fies. 4 and 5, 8S. syLvaTicus from Tassin,
Boulin: r1a. 4, small portion of inflorescence to show characteristic Roceed
pier ea with intial spikelets often solitary, < 3; Fic. 5, spikelets with
anthe 0.
RUBROTINCTUS heliny forma radiosus, f. nov., ores
me nos. 12,853 (TypPp in Herb. Grey) 12,854; ditch near
arf, Camden, August 11, 1902, G. G. Kenn nedy.
The counterpart in Scirpus rubrotinctus of S. expansus, forma
Bissellit.
296 Rhodora [JULY
. ATROVIRENS Muhl., var. GeorGiaANus (Har per) Fern.,
forma peuaiar oases nov. , glomerulis dense confertis in capitulo
: diametro aggregatis. TYPE: A a Veazie,
fuine. Auguat 25, 1908, Fernald (in Herb. Gra
S. ATROVIRENS uhl., var. GEORGIANUS wer rper) Fern.,
forma oe f. nov., spiculis anguste cylindricis ad
. TYPE: wet shore of Housatonic River, Newtown,
ieee oan August 17, 1928, E. H. Eames, no. 10,692 (in
Herb. Gra
S. POLYPHYLLUS s Vahl, forma macrostachys (Boeckl. Me ee
nov. Var. macrostachys Boeckl. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 731 (1870).
VI. THE IDENTITY OF SCLERIA SETACEA OF
POIRET
One of the most definite and easily recognized species of
Scleria is the handsome and tall cespitose but lax plant with soft
and almost wing-angled easily compressed culms up to 1 m. high;
broad, lax leaves up to 8 mm: wide; long, drooping, filiform,
lateral peduncles and loosely fastigiate terminal panicles up to
4 cm. long; the globose and reticulate achenes with spirally
arranged pits and pubescent surfaces, the hypogynium with 3
broad erect lobes. This relatively tall species occurs from warm-
temperate eastern South America, the West Indies and Florida
to eastern Texas and Mexico, north in the Atlantic States to
Long Island, and locally in the interior to Indiana.
This is the handsome plant beautifully described as S. laxa by
Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 376 (1836), Torrey’s appropriate
name unfortunately preempted by the Australian S. lava R. Br.
(1810). Somewhat earlier Muhlenberg had described the same
plant from North Carolina as S. reticularis Muhl. Deser. Gram.
266 (1817), he mistaking it for S. reticularis Michx. (1803). This
confusion was soon noted, however, and there resulted two
names: S. Muhlenbergii Steud. Nom. ed. 2, ii. 543 (1841), based
upon “‘S. laxa. Torr. (non R. Br.) S. niinlaris Mhlbrg. Pursh.
(non Michz.)”; and, a little later, S. Torreyana Walp. Ann. iii.
696 (1852), based on S. lara Torr. Other but later names were
given to the plant; S. Muhlenbergii Steud., however, being the
earliest available one, we may in this note omit the others,
especially since their exact identification is not now possible.
For this tall plant with compressed-trigonous culms, broad and
CL LS LC CLG,
1943) Fernald,—The Identity of Scleria setacea of Poiret 297
flat leaves and terminal lax panicles up to 4 em. high Core, in his
American Species of Scleria in Brittonia, ii. 79 (1936), takes up
S. setacea Poir. in Lam. Encye. vii. 4 (1806); and others, as un-
wittingly as myself, have trustingly followed him.
The photograph of the type of S. setacea Poir., however,
thoroughly agrees with the original description:
8. Sciirie A feuilles sétacées. Scleria setacea.
Scleria culmo foliisque setaceis, glaberrimis; spicis axillaribus, minimis,
longé pedunculatis; spiculis angustis, pedicellatis seu igre ibus re
es seta sont courtes, fibreuses, fasciculées: i n éléve des tiges
nombreuse haute de huit a dix pouces & grin +easanrtlee,
fines, bres triangulaires :
De Vorifice de chaque gaine, méme a partir de celles du bas, il sort un
pédoncule droit, trés-fin, long d’un pouce & plus, terminé par deux, trois,
& peine quatre épillets pedioellta, quelquefois un ou deux sessiles, petites,
étroits, ovales-oblongs, aigues, d’un roux-clair, ee de petites ‘bractées
courtes, sétacées, a peu prés de la longeur de iy pi
Cette plante croit dans |’Amérique; elle e été recuaillie par M. Ledru
& Porto-Ricco (V. s. in herb. Lam.)
It is most difficult to imagine how Scleria Muhlenbergii could
ever have been identified with S. setacea, described as having
setaceous culms up to 10 inches high, setaceous leaves, small red
spikes, ete., the photograph before me showing the terminal
inflorescence to be compact and 6-8 mm. high. Search in West
Indian Scleria shows nothing like it, S: Brittonii Core and S.
georgiana Core both having elongate horizontal rhizomes and
larger terminal inflorescences; but the slender and acuminate
reddish spikelets and the dense non-rhizomatous base at once
suggest Rhynchospora. Turning to that genus, the type of
Scleria setacea Poir. is promptly matched, even to the short-
peduncled inflorescences in the lower leaf-axils, by R. seTacra
(Berg.) Boeckl., based upon Schoenus setaceus Bergius (1772).
The fact that Poiret, in 1806, used the same specific name was
merely coincidence; but the fact that his Sclerta setacea coincides
with Schoenus setaceus, therefore with Rhynchospora setacea,
removes that wholly misinterpreted name from the valid species
of Scleria. The many North American, West Indian and South
American specimens recently marked ‘‘Scleria setacea Poir.”’,
should be changed to S. MUHLENBERGI Steud.
298 Rhodora |JULY
VII. WHAT IS ANGELICA TRIQUINATA?
(Plates 768 and 769)
In his Flora Boreali-Americana, i. 167 (1803) Michaux de-
scribed from ‘‘Canada”’ a single species of Angelica as
TRIQUINATA. A. petiolo tripartito; partitionibus
pinnato-quinquefoliolatis; foliolis in-
ciso-dentatis; terminalium eon rhom-
beo, sessili, lateralibus decursiv
Obs. Glabra: pedunculo caelieee minutissima
pube subcandicantibus.
Hab. in Canada
Pursh (1814) took it up, literally copying Michaux’s diagnosis
but giving the range ‘“‘In Canada and on the mountains of
Virginia’, from which it is probable that Pursh was stretching
the name to cover the later published Angelica Curtisii Buckl.;
and others, Bigelow, Fl. Bost. (1814) for instance, accepted it
for the common New England A. atropurpurea L.
In 1818 three different authors independently considered
Angelica triquinata to be the plant of dry woods and thickets
southward, with stem closely tomentulose above, with thick
lanceolate to oblong regularly and closely serrate leaflets, the
upper or bracteal leaves (subtending inflorescences) reduced to
linear-cylindric or lanceolate tubular sheaths with tiny blades,
the plant which Walter, Fl. Carol. 115 (1788) had well described
as Ferula villosa, i. e. Angelica villosa (Walt.) BSP. Muhlenberg,
Cat. ed. 2: 30 (1818), substituted for A. triquinata Michx. his
own A. hirsuta, saying without quibble ANGELICA
“1 hirsuta, triquinata, Mx.” and giving the single descriptive
word, « downy”, Muhlenberg’s plant coming from “Pens. fl. Aug:
N. Eb.” At best A. hirsuta Muhl. is a nomen subnudum; but
since he used the name as a substitute! for A. triquinata Michx.
(1803) it is illegitimate. Nuttall, also in 1818, took up A.
triquinata, obviously for Ferula peste Walt. His description of
the plant “Common around Philadelphia” was good, except for
the phrase, “Leaves sharply and incisely serrate’, eV ridently
borrowed from Michaux; and, obviously not understanding
Michaux’s plant, he commented on the plant of ‘Canada to
‘In his Cat. ed. 1; 31 (1813) Muhlenberg had published the trinomial Angelic?
_— triquinata as a “downy” plant of “Pens.” It was on ba 2nd edition (1818)
e cited A. triquinata Michx. as a synonym of his A. h
1943] Fernald,—The Identity of Scleria setacea of Poiret 299
Carolina” as “‘Certainly a genuine species’. In the same year
Sprengel, Species Umbelliferarum minus cognitae, 69, t. vi. fig.
12 (1818), based his Pastinaca triquinata upon Angelica triquinata
Michx., “‘ Habitat in Canada et Virginia” (borrowed from Pursh),
and gave a fine description and excellent illustration of Ferula
villosa Walt., changing the ‘‘ Foliolis inciso-dentatis; terminalium
impari rhombeo, sessili’’ ete. of Michaux (impossible for Ferula
villosa) to “‘foliolis oblongis”’ of F. villosa, and noting the reduced
upper blades and sheath-like petioles of the latter, ‘‘Superiora
minus divisa vaginis petiolaribus insidentia’’.
Many authors followed these false leads and the name Angelica
triquinata Michx. became general, as the first supposedly avail-
able combination under Angelica (following the sensible, therefore
abandoned, ‘“‘Kew Rule”) for Ferula villosa Walt.; not merely
Nuttall and Sprengel so using it, but Elliott, Torrey, DeCandolle
and others accepting the identification. When Sprengel took it
up as the basis of Pastinaca triquinata (Michx.) Spreng. he did
so in a work on Umbelliferae ‘“‘minus cognitae”, and his phrase
very definitely described his understanding of Michaux’s plant.
When he first studied Michaux’s herbarium Asa Gray saw the
error, his memorandum reading ‘‘ Not the least what we call A.
triquinata. DC. has confounded strangely if he ever saw Michx’s.
plant . . . It is A. atropurpurea?—tho’ very poor specimen’’.
Gray’s guess is hardly better than that of his predecessors, for
even his ‘‘tho’ very poor specimen” does not endow the Michaux
plant with the characters of A. atropurpurea. In the latter the
upper leaves, which subtend inflorescences, have large, inflated
and round-tipped stipular sheaths extending quite to the summit
of the obscure petiole, so that the 3 divisions of the leaf are
essentially sessile, and the leaflets are not incised-dentate.
Furthermore, the subspherical umbel has 20-46 rays. In 1903 I
made a photograph of the Michaux Tyre at Paris. This (PLATE
768) shows, X %, the incised-dentate leaflets, the terminal
unequally rhombic, the lateral decurrent, as described by
Michaux. It also shows the stipular sheath narrow and tapering
to the elongate and naked upper half of the petiole; and the
axillary branch has one slender and tubular bladeless sheath
and an immature umbel with only 7 ascending rays. I have
been over, with Dr. Hugh M. Raup, all known eastern North
300 Rhodora [JULY
American Umbelliferae. Every one of them is quickly rejected
as not Michaux’s plant, except the Alleghenian A. Curtisii
Buckley, Am. Journ. Sci. xlv. 173 (1843) which follows the upland
and the mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Buckley’s
species gives a good match for A. triquinata, a more modern
specimen from the Blue Ridge of Virginia (near Luray, alt. 3600
ft., Steele & Steele, no. 213), reproduced as PLATE 769, showing a
portion of a plant, X 1%, with the tapering sheath (at base), the
elongate petiole (near base), the incised leaflets, the terminal
one rhombic, the lateral (upper) ones decurrent and the few-
rayed umbel of the Michaux type. Buckley’s plant, from “High
mountains of North Carolina” had “petioles large, long, and
sheathed at the base; segments of the leaves 3-5, leaflets large
and deeply laciniate”. It is evident that ‘‘Canada”’ of Michaux’s
label and description was a clerical error for Carotina, Michaux
having collected extensively in the Carolina mountains. It is
clear, then, that the name Angelica Curtisii Buckley (1843) must
give way to A. TRIQqUINATA Michx. (1803
Another reason for thus reviewing the interpretations of
Angelica triquinata is the fact that the name A. villosa (Walt.)
BSP. Prelim. Cat. N. Y. 22 (1888) is a later homonym, invali-
dated by the fully described A. villosa Lagasca, Gen. et Sp. Pl. 12
(1816), a plant of Asturia. Since, furthermore, A. hirsuta Muhl.
was an illegitimate substitute for A. triquinata Michx., the name
hirsuta used very carelessly for a plant which is not hirsute but
said to be “downy” (many a youth with downy face has anxiously
waited for it to become hirsute), the name A. triquinata, long
used for A. villosa, seemed to come into the running. That it
cannot be taken up for A. villosa (Walt.) BSP. should be suffi-
ciently clear.
Only one other name is sometimes cited as synonymous with
Angelica villosa (Walt.) BSP. This is Cicuta venenosa Greenway
in Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. iii. 235 (1793), incorrectly cited by
Pursh as C. venenata in his synonymy of Ferula villosa. Green-
way, not now a well known botanist, was ‘‘ Dr. James Greenway;
of Dinwiddie-County, in Virginia.’ His account of the plant as
an acute poison when eaten and his very detailed descriptio®
are conclusive. It is unnecessary to quote the whole, but Dr.
Greenway’s solicitude for the Philosophical Society, to whom he
1943] Fernald,—The Identity of Scleria setacea of Poiret 301
communicated his paper on February 19, 1790, is worth quoting:
“T will here insert the description, as it stands in my catalogue,
first, in botanical terms, for such as are lovers of that science, and
then in language, as plainly English as the subject will admit,
for the sake of those to whom those terms are less familiar.”
The detailed description, with ‘‘Caulis . . . quatuor pedes
altus, teres, . . . superne tomentosus.—Folia _petiolata,
petiolis semi-amplexicaulibus, . . . triternata, bipinnata,
; foliolis sessilibus, oblongo-lanceolatis, serratis”, and the
habitat and flowering season (in Dinwiddie County), ‘‘Locis
campestribus et collibus apricis gaudet: mensibus Julii Augusti-
que floret”, are wholly indicative of A. villosa. The latter should,
therefore, be called:
ANGELICA venenosa page ay), | comb. nov. nr 7.
Greenway in Trans. Am. Phil. c. ili. 335 (1793). Feru
pe ie Walt. Fl. Carol. 115 ee A. triquinata sensu Nutt.
Gen. i. 186 (1818) and later authors, not Michx. (1803). Pasti-
naca triquinata Spreng. Spec. Umb. 69, t. vi. fig. 12 (1818) as to
plant described and illustrated, not as to agen of epithet, .
triquinata Michx. Archangelica hirsuta Torr. 1, N. Am
622 (1840) as to plant described, only in part joe source ‘of
epithet, Angelica hirsuta Muhl. Cat. ed. 2: 30 (1 818), an ille-
gitimate substitute (as treated by Muhlenberg) for the early A.
triquinata os (1803). A. villosa (Walt.) BSP. Prelim. Cat.
N. Y. 22 (1888) by inference only, not A. villosa Lagasca, Gen. et
Sp. Pl. 12 (1816).
MEMORANDUM REGARDING JAMES GREENWAY.—I am indebted
to Mr. J. M. Townsend of Petersburg, Virginia, for a reference
to Castiglioni’s Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-
Amerika in den Jahren 1785, 1786 and 1787. On p. 274 of this
German translation we read:
‘‘Bine Meile von Petersburg liegt die Wohnung des Obristen
Banister, der eine ausgedehnte Pflanzung besitzt. Er is ein Enkel
des beriihmten John Banister, der seine Stelle als Professor der
Botanik und Bibliothekar der Universitit Oxford niederlegte,
und sich in diesem Thiele von Virginien niederliess, wo er mit
grosser Miihe und seltenem Urtheil eine Menge der seltensten
Pflanzen sammelte, und beschrieb. . . Am folgenden Tage
stattete ich einen Besuch beym D. Greenway ab, der ein Eng-
lander von Geburt, und ein Liebhaber der Botanik ist. Er hatte
sich selbst mit den Grundsiitzen des Linneischen Systems be-
302 Rhodora [JULY
kannt gemacht, und wusste mehr als 600 Pflanzen zu nennen,
unter denen einige ziemlich seltene und noch unbeschriebene
waren.”
Mr. Townsend also most kindly transcribes for me extracts
about Dr. James Greenway from the recently (1942) published
Dinwiddie County “The Country of the Apamatica’’, compiled
by the workers of the Writer’s Program of the Works Projects
Administration. From this account (p. 77) I quote: ‘It was
after he had established himself in Dinwiddie as a man of wealth
and importance—somewhat Scottish as he was—that he turned
his whole attention to natural history and botany. Some 40
volumes that deal with plants of Virginia and North Carolina
flowed from his pen and won him honorary membership in
several European societies and friendships with scholars the
world over. Thomas Jefferson, that great patron of learning,
frequently corresponded with Dr. Greenway and gave consistent
encouragement to the botanical investigations of the Dinwiddie
scientist.”’
I have hunted in vain, with the collaboration of Dr. Schubert,
for the ‘‘40 volumes that deal with plants’. Pritzel (Thesaurus)
did not know of them. Dryander, Cat. Bibl. Hist.-Nat. Banks,
iii. 542 and 598 (1797) and the Royal Society Catalogue, iii. 5
(1869) could muster only the two short papers in vol. iii. of the
American Philosophical Society’s Transactions (1793), the first
on Cassia Chamaecrista as a soil-renovator, the second the account
of Cicuta venenosa. If, contemporary with Thomas Walter
(1788) and prior to Michaux (1803), Pursh (1814) and Elliott
(1816 et seq.), there were two score volumes published, describing
in such clear diagnoses as that of Cicuta venenosa 600 plants of
Virginia and North Carolina, their discovery would be of utmost
importance and extremely disconcerting.
Through the most helpful cooperation of Messrs. Jack Dalton
of the Alderman Library at the University of Virginia and R. W.
Church of the Virginia State Library the excitement among
taxonomists over the ‘40 volumes that deal with plants of
Virginia and North Carolina [which] flowed from his [Greenway’s]
pen” is now abated. Under date of November 21, 1942, Mr.
Dalton wrote: ‘‘The reference . . . puzzles us as much as it
does you. I have examined our catalogues, the calendars of
1943] Fernald,—The Identity of Scleria setacea of Poiret 303
Jefierson’s Correspondence, the bibliographies, English and
American, available here, and Swem’s Index, and have not been
able to find the slightest evidence of the existence of the forty
volumes or the voluminous correspondence of Jefferson. Dr.
Greenway’s name is not mentioned in our calendar of Jefferson’s
correspondence”. Mr. Church, examining the notes made by
the Virginia Writer’s Project in connection with their history of
Dinwiddie County, found that the statement concerning the
forty volumes was derived from the Memoirs of Lieutenant
General Winfield Scott, vol. 1, pp. 3-6 of the edition of 1864.
Here is the quotation as filed by the authors of the history of
Dinwiddie County:
“His professional reputation brought him patients from a
wide circumference, but, as he became rich, he gradually with-
drew from the practice of medicine, and gave himself up to the
culture of polite literature and natural history, particularly
botany, and left a hortus siccus of some forty folio volumes in
which all the more interesting plants, etc., of Virginia and North
Carolina, were described in classical English and Latin.”
A hortus siccus being a collection of dried plants (an herbarium)
it is evident that the presumably very accurate descriptions of
oo which “flowed from his pen” did not reach publica-
‘ts publishing the genus Greenwaya Giseke, Praelect. Ord.
Nat. Plant. 226 (1792), wrote: ‘‘in honorem Cl. . . GREEN-
way, Med. Dris. in Virginia, cujus amicitiam & cum eo commer-
cium debui epistolarum Cl. Drury, inter Entomologos celebri.
Misit ille ab a. 1773-1775. plantas Virginicas siccatas, vivas a se
collectas, ad 400. eo fine ad me, ut novam Floram Virginicam
juncto labore concinnaremus, sed bello inter Anglos & colonias
orto, conatus omnis profligatus est, ita ut nesciam num vivus
adhue supersit nec-ne? = tamen labore utique de Botanica
meritus est”’.
(To be continued)
f
Fi, anh
%
1943] Fernald,—Notes on Hieracium 317
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF
HARVARD UNIVERSITY—NO. CXLVIII
M. L. FERNALD
(Continued from page 303)
VIII. NOTES ON HIERACIUM
Hieracium Robinsonii (Zahn), stat. H. smolandicum,
subsp. Robinsonii Zahn in Engler, Piasene. iv, 468 (1921).
Although Zahn placed with doubt the plant collected by
Robinson & Schrenk in southeastern Newfoundland under the
Scandinavian H. smolandicum Alma. it differs in so many strong
characters that I think it wiser to consider it an endemic eastern
American species. So far as I have yet found there is no evidence
that any of the European members of the complex Section
Vulgata are indigenous with us. We have a very diverse lot of
introduced and weedy plants of the section. H. Robinsonii,
however, is indigenous along chiefly slaty river-banks in New-
foundland, eastern Quebec, Cape Breton, northern Maine and
northern New Hampshire. From the Scandinavian H. smolandi-
cum our native plant differs in its thick and firm leaves glabrous
beneath or merely short-pilose along the midrib, the cauline
leaves twice as many, mostly 4-10, and more gradually decreas-
ing in size to the summit (in H. smolandicum the thin leaves
copiously long-villous, the cauline 3-6 and confined chiefly to
lower half of stem), and the phyllaries caudate-attenuate (in H.
smolandicum blunt or merely acuminate).
It is at present quite impossible to identify with any certainty
the diverse series of introductions belonging in the macro-species
Hieracium vulgatum. In his inclusive H. vulgatum Zahn recog-
nizes 144 so-called ‘‘subspecies” and many varieties, the sub-
species sometimes grouped under such unilluminating heads as
“a. Folia latiora’’ opposed to “b. Folia ore recone of A.
Squamae dorso vel margine parcefloccosae’’ opposed to “b.
Squamae efloccosae atrae nitentes’’, the latter series containing
“subspecies” with “Involucra . . . interdum parcefloc-
cosa”? (subsp. no. 131) or ‘“‘squamis . . . parcefloccosis”
(subsp. no. 132), the former series with “subspecies” with
“squamis . . . subefloccosis’. In other cases series of 20
or 30 “subspecies” are enumerated without even these hair-
318 Rhodora [AuGUsT
splitting differentiations. Surely, without a clearer under-
standing of and a saner guide to the European variations of this
heteromorphic group, it is better for the present to pass all the
introduced plants of § Vulgata, with basal leaves narrowed to the
petiole as H. vulgatum.
Returning to Hieracium Robinsonii, Zahn’s very full descrip-
tion of the Robinson & Schrenk plant is accompanied by the fol-
lowing synonymy: “An H. molle Pursh Fl. Am. sept. II, (1816)
503? H. vulgatum Gray Syn. Fl. N.-Am. I. 2 (1884) 429”. As
to the plants of the Synoptical Flora designated by Gray (on p.
424, not 429) as H. vulgatum from “Labrador, Kohlmeister, &c.
Canada, on shores of the Lower St. Lawrence (Macoun), there
perhaps introduced”, they are of two very different species.
The Labrador element is H. groenlandicum Arv.-Touv., which is
native in outer Labrador, northern Newfoundland, and Anticosti,
as well as Greenland, while the Macoun material seen by Gray
was a sheet of Macoun’s (August, 1883) with two species, the
data reading: ‘Shores of the St Lawrence from Point Levis to
Anticosti. Locality. Point Levis (Large specimen), River de
Brig, Anticosti’. The plant from Levis is the ubiquitous weedy
species which abounds in the region of Quebec city, H. vulgatum
Fries; the Anticosti specimen is good H. groenlandicum. As for
H. molle sensu Pursh, not Jacquin, that was evidently H. groen-
landicum also; incidentally the date of Pursh was 1814, not 1816
as given by Zahn.
The type and only specimen of H. Robinsonii seen by Zahn
came from the southeastern side of Newfoundland, more than
550 miles southeast of the mouth of the St. Lawrence River".
Nevertheless Zahn, with the Germanic inaccuracy regarding
American geography to which we have become accustomed,
concocted the citation: ‘Am unteren Lorenzstrom: Cataracts
of Rocky River in Newfoundland”. The following are the sta-
tions for H. Robinsonii (often distributed as H. vulgatum) repre
sented in the Gray Herbarium and the Herbarium of the New
England Botanical Club.
NEWFOUNDLAND: crevices of rocks, infrequent, South Arm
River, Bolyeiea and Cataracts of Rocky River, Robinson &
1 Equivalent in distance to placing Berlin in England, on the western coast of
Norway, on the Gulf of Riga, on the Dneiper River or on the Mediterranean, OF
equivalent in distance to placing Vienna on the Seine or in Belgium or on Sardinia.
1943] Fernald,—Notes on Hieracium 319
Schrenk, no. 227 gibi ledges and gravel along Waterford
River between Waterford "Bridge and St. John’s, Fernald &
Wiegand, no. 6439. QurBrEc: Saguenay River, Roberval, July
18, 1892, G. . Kennedy; ledges along River Ste. ‘Anne des Monts,
Gaspé Coun nty, August, 1905, Collins & Fernald; ee below
Fraser Falls, Riviére du Loup, July 11 and 13, 1904, Collins &
Fernald; rocks by Lower Fall, Riviére du Loup, A. S. Pease, no.
‘ge Ova Scotia: gravel in veces. Big Intervale,
Cape Breton Island, Macoun, no. 16,699. MaIne: argillaceous
ledges by Meduxnakeag River Monticello, Fernald & Long, no.
14,923; abundant in crevices of calcareous ledges and on cliffs by
Mattawamkeag River, at foot of the Island, Sclaoal Falls, Sep-
tember 8, 1897, Fernald; cliffs prec slate) along Piscataquis
River, Sangerville, June 2 26, 1895, Fernald, no. 236; July
29, 1900, W. Ne Park; rocky soil about ledges, Carrabassett
River, North Anson, July 4, 1885, J. F. Collins. New
SHIRE: ledges, Gorge of Diamond River, Darancuth. College
Grant, Coés County, Pease, no. 10,513.
It may be serviceable to others to have my key-characters
separating the 4 species of § Vulgata which I can recognize in
eastern America:
a. Stem truly scapiform or subscapiform, naked or with 1 or 2
cauline leaves borne near base; lowest leaves with rounded
or: cordate pases 6 ee ee urorum L.
(locally joke bil from Europe).
a. Stem with 2-12 roaght ok maa to near inflorescence; low
leaves Pape tioles. ...
peoleclnke eta with arched- or divergentascend
ing branches and pedicels; etic few—30 or more. H. vulgatum Fries
‘Ai inchades = of Saretactions:
b. Mw es and pedicels glandless or only very m
ndular, copiously long-pilose or villous with mend
pts rs; inflorescence strict, with 1-10(-20) bigs on erect
us.
Larger (lower) leaves 1-5 cm. broad, membranaceous,
villous-ciliate, their peti tioles and the a of sda
Mee copiously villous; heads (1-)4-20; phyllarie
nt or acuminate: 6. VG ss H. groenla nace Arv.-Touv.
Larger (lower) leaves 0.7-2 cm. broad, ¢ coriaceous, rg nace
or nearly so, ad petioles and the midribs of low
surfaces only s rsely pilose or glabrescent; nédle
1-5(-8); phy levee candate-atiens es kes H. Robinsonit.
The stations known to me for H. Robinsonii are given above.
Those of H. groenlandicum (outside Greenland) are as follows:
apor: Rama, A. Stecker, no. 347; open hillside, September
LAB
pene lat. 56° 31’, ‘long. 61° 10’ , Bishop, no. 608. _NEWFOUND-
LAND: thickets on slaty “hills back of Little Quirpon, Fernald &
320 Rhodora [AUGUST
Gilbert, no. 29,268; thicket by Big Brook, Straits of Belle Isle,
Fernald & Long, no. 29,267. ANTICOSTI ISLAND, QUEBEC: ae
ealeaire et barachois, Rividre au Saumon, Victorin et al.,
21,303; sur les platidres élevées et séches, R. au Saumon, Victorin
olla nd, no. 27,583; R. de Brig [ec ?], ‘Macoun, no. 18, in part;
R. la Loutre, Victorin & Rolland, nos. 25,356—25, 358; a plusieurs
milles en amont, R. Jupiter, Victorin & "Rolland, no. 25,360; sur
ial platiéres sdches, R. du Brick, Sasonles & Rolland, no. 27, 57 9;
sur la rocaille calcaire prés de l’embouchure, R. 4 la Patate,
Victorin et al., no. 21,310; talus ee. R. Galiote, Victorin &
Ro land, no. 27,587; éboulis argilo-calcaires, R. Ferrée, Vic-
torin & Rolla nd, no. 25, 355; sur les talus d’alluvion, R. Belle,
Victorin & Rolland, no. 27, 591.
H. CANADENSE Michx., var. fasciculatum (Pursh), stat. nov.
H. fasciculatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 504 (1814).
Var. fasciculatum is the common plant which passes in the
Northern States and southern Canada as typical Hieracivwm
canadense. It is, however, not the extreme of the species which
Michaux had, from Lake Mistassini, and well described as H.
canadense in his Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 86 (1803). Michaux clearly
described, and the beautiful photograph before me of his TYPE
shows, the northern extreme, mostly low, with few large and
remote thin leaves and open paniculate-corymbose inflorescence
of few long-peduncled heads with blackish involucre of oblong-
lanceolate phyllaries. Typical H. canadense occurs from south-
ern Labador to northern British Columbia, south to Newfound-
land (where nearly ubiquitous), Cape Breton, Prince Edward
Island, northern Maine, northern New Hampshire, Ontario,
northern Michigan, northeastern Iowa, Saskatchewan, Montana,
Idaho and Oregon. It is the plant which in the West passes 48
H. columbianum Rydb. or H. canadense, var. columbianum
(Rydb.) St. John. It was also described as H. macrophyllum
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 504 (1814), Pursh noting the distinctive
characters, “panicula divaricato-corymbosa, pedunculis elon-
gatis nudis’’, which is quite similar to Michaux’s ‘‘corym
paucifloro: pedunculis longis’’. Pursh also added the significant
comment: “leaves the largest of the genus’’.
Var. fasciculatum is the common plant which occurs from
southern Quebec to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to
Nova Scotia, New England, northern New Jersey, Pennsy lvania,
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Iowa. It was described by Pursh
1943] Fernald,—Notes on Hieracium 321
“caule erecto folioso . . . ramis paniculae divaricatis brevi-
bus, pedicellis subfasciculatis pubescentibus’”. It was also de-
scribed by Pursh (p. 503) from western New York and Canada as
H. virgatum.
Torrey & Gray understood typical Hieracium canadense. and
its var. fasciculatum but, without knowing Michaux’s type, they
reversed the two, calling var. fasciculatum typical H. canadense
and treating the northern typical H. canadense Si macrophyllum
Pursh) as H. canadense, var. latifoliwm Torr. & . Am. ii
476 (1843). As I understand the species it falls ‘siti three well
defined varieties as follows:
on arched-ascending peduncles mostly 2-10 cm. long
n or divaricately corymbiform panicle... H. canaense (typical).
—
5
-
S
i]
fe)
s
@
jag
@®
2.
.
5
@
‘pe
2
5
s-
a
ES
)
a
oO
D
ge
3°
oF
a. Involucres 5-10 mm. high; panicle more. or less
fastigiate to umbelliform, with slender eee erect Motu
peduncles; stem slender, 0.5-9 dm. high, its middle and
upper internodes and the _Peduncles copiously villous-
hirsute with hairs 1.5-3 m oe, eaves as in typical
var. or the lower more tate CUMNG. 350s Si es Var. hirtirameum.
H. cANADENSE Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 86 (1803). H. macro-
phyllum Pursh, Fl. Am. au ii. 504 (1814). H. canadense, var.
latifolium Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. 476 (1843). H. auratum
sensu Fries, Epic. Gen. Hierac. 124 (1862) not sig Symb.
Hist. Hierac. isl (1848). H. columbianum Rydb. i Bull. Torr.
Bo ‘|. xxviii. 513 (1901). H. canadense nrereet potty as
subsp. (Rydb. ) Piper in Piper & Beattie, Fl. Se. Wash. 351 (1914).
H. canadense, var. macrophyllum (Pursh) Farwell in Rep. Mich.
Aead. Sci. xx. 195 (1918). H. vege Maes phe dita
i Les Zahn in Engler, et ereng : cana-
: nse, ne gested va (Rydb .) St. John, Fl. Se. Wash. and Adj.
date, 459 (1937).—Range given ice
322 Rhodora [AucusT
Var. FascicuLaTtum (Pursh) Fernald, supra. H. fasciculatum
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 504 (1814). H. virgatum Pursh, 1. ¢. 503
(1814). H. Kalmii sensu Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2: 288 (1824) ;
sensu Torr. Compend. 280 (1826); oie Spreng. Syst. iil. 646
feel not L. Sp. Pl. ii. 804 (1753).—Range ates vee ve.
ar. — AMEUM Fernald in Ruopora, xvii. 19 (1915).—
Dace to dry ledges, shores, cliffs and clearings, Nowininaianl
to Wiseorain: south t o New Brunswick, New England and
northeastern Vecia weeny
As originally pointed out Var. hirtirameum is more inclined
than other variations of the species to distortions due to aphids
or fungi. Some altered individuals show secondary involucres
only 2 mm. high.
As to Hieracium Kalmii, it was said by Linnaeus to have been
collected in Pennsylvania by Kalm. The type, of which two
different photographs are before me, looks like a meagre speci-
men of H. canadense, var. fasciculatum, for which Bigelow,
Torrey and Sprengl mistook it. Its involucre, however, is less
imbricated, with the pe obtuse; and ara studying the
specimen Gray wrote:, . . Scales of involucre narrowly
Enea, . °°. ee sagie geriee ss OVERS.
glabrous, not striate . . . Pappus a single series of foarte
strongly denticulate-scabrous bristles . . . ; we are confi-
dent that his plant is not of North American origin”.—Gray in
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 479 (1843).
In describing Hieracium canadense Michaux compared it with
the European H. sabaudum L., a species which superficially sug-
gests typical H. canadense, but from which our native plant
differs consistently in many characters. Since the European
species is appearing locally as a weed with us it may here be
abe”
American material. MASSACHUSETTS: vacant gras
morial Drive near Cottage Farm Bridge, Cabcaes "October 6,
1943] Fernald,—Notes on Hieracium 323
1928, S. F. Blake, no. 10,789, the plant now abundant and found
elsewhere in Cambri idge: abundant in vacant lot off Pleasant
Street, Brookline, September 29, 1913, F. F. Forbes
H. venosum L., var. plete (Michx.) acd in Mich.
Acad. Sci. Rep. xx. 194 (1918). H. Gronovii, var. «. nudicaule
Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 87 (1803).
In making this transfer Dr. Farwell did not clearly differen-
tiate between true Hieracium venosum and the variety. From
the start the two Linnean species, H. venosum L. Sp. PI. ii. 800
and H. Gronovii L. 1. e. 802 (1753), were hopelessly mixed. As
noted by Gray in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 478 (1843) and as is
apparent from the Linnean diagnoses his description of H.
venosum, drawn directly from Gronovius, calls for a thick-
stemmed plant: “HIERACIUM foliis cuneiformibus _hirtis,
scapo nudo crassissimo erecto’’; while the very detailed descrip-
tion of H. Gronovii, ‘Folia radicalia obovata, obtusa, integerrima,
tenuitate membranacea, supra pilis raris adspersa, subtus subvi-
olacea. Caulis pedalis, filiformis, uno alterove folio lanceolato,
paniculatus, panicula inaequali”, vividly describes the plant
which Willdenow, Sp. PI. iii. 1570 (1804), Torrey & Gray and all
later authors have called H. venosum. There is no type of H.
venosum in the Linnean Herbarium but the citations by Linnaeus
of the two Virginian plants, Hieractum . . . lapathi venis
sanguineis inscriptis foliis of Plukenet and H. . . foliis
punctis & venis sanguineis notatis of Banister, and the descriptive
name H. venosum can mean only the plant we know under that
name. Willdenow and after him Torrey & Gray so used the
name and, in view of the sad mixup at the start, this seems the
right interpretation. As to H. Gronovii, as badly mixed, Gray,
who studied the specimens involved, selected the plant of
Gronovius cited by Linnaeus to typify that confused name.
Hieracium venosum may have strictly rosulate leaves and a
naked scape or 1-6 cauline leaves, the latter series of selected
specimens being H. venosum, var. @. subcaulescens Torr. & Gray.
Experience in the field shows that it has no definite range and
that individuals with and without cauline leaves are frequently
associated. Taxonomically it seems wholly unimportant. So, it
seems to me, is var. Blombergit Zahn in Engler, Pflanzenr. iv™°.
1117 (1922). Its only character, the presence of abundant
glands on the involucre, is altogether too evasive. Just where one
324 Rhodora [AuGcusT
stops in estimating whether the involucre may be ‘‘tenuiter sub-
glandulosa” (Zahn’s characterization of typical H. venoswm) and
“‘densissime glandulosa” I do not know. Var. Blombergii was
based on a single collection from Massachusetts. Of the 105
specimens from that state before me 6 show no appreciable glands
on the involucre, 89 have them obvious but possible to count
(from 1 to 6 or 8 on a phyllary) and could be described by
Zahn’s “tenuiter subglandulosa”’, and 10 specimens have enough
glands to pass as “‘densissime glandulosa’’. I give up.
There seems to be, however, a very real geographic variation
within Hieracium venosum. All material before me from New
England (with the exception of a few sheets from Cape Cod,
Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket) to southern Ontario, south
into Pennsylvania and Kentucky, has the upper surfaces of the
later and abundant basal leaves quite glabrous, although the
smaller basal ones may have setose upper surfaces. Much of the
material from Georgia to New Jersey and a few specimens from
southeastern Massachusetts have the upper surfaces remotely
setose with thick-based hairs. Thus, of the relatively small but
significant representation before me 14 sheets (including all from
south of lat. 38°) from Virginia have setose upper surfaces, only 2
(both from north of lat. 38°30’) have them glabrous; 8 (all but 2
from the outer Piedmont or the Coastal Plain) from North
Carolina have setose upper surfaces, 7 (all from the mountains)
not; 3 from South Carolina setose, 0 glabrous; 5 from Georgia
setose, 1 (from Pine Mt.) glabrous; and all from Missouri setose.
The setose upper surface, as opposed to the esetose one, seems to
mark a real geographic variation. In view of the fact that all
our collections from the regions best known to Banister (and
through him Plukenet) and to Clayton (and through him Grono-
vius) have the setose upper surfaces (“foliis . . . hirtis—
Gronovius; “Folia tenuitate membranacea, supra pilis raris ad-
spersa”’—Linnaeus), I am treating the common plant of south-
eastern Virginia as typical of the species as recognized by Will-
denow and by Torrey & Gray and later authors.
Michaux did not even recognize Hieracium venosum. He
lumped the two very different plants, one with elongate sub-
cylindric inflorescences, thick green foliage and stoutish stems,
the other with open corymbiform panicle, often purple-marked
1943] Fernald,—Notes on Hieracium 325
membranous foliage and slender stems as H. Gronovii. Under
that inclusive name he had two varieties:
Var. «. icici aes caule sri aes panicula <porrraala
— 6. fols : caule parce folioso: panicula oblo
HAB. 8. in vieina et Caro lin
— a. in Canada et Pensy a ania,
The photograph of Michaux’s material which I took in 1903
shows the two plants: his H. Gronovit, «. nudicaule, the common
northern extreme of H. venosum with leaves glabrous above.
The label bears the annotation “ Etat de N. York et Pensylvanie”’
and the significant note: “calyce pedunculisq. hispidis’’, which
places it perilously near “var. Blombergii’’!, so that the latter
name must lapse with those who think the more glandular speci-
mens worth sorting out. AH. Gronovii, var. foliosum Michx. is
very characteristic H. Gronovii as now generally interpreted, the
plant with 2-10 well developed and scattered cauline leaves.
The occasional more leafy individuals, with 20-30 cauline leaves
seem not worth separating, at least, they are not var. foliosum.
The highly plastic series of plants known as Hieracium mari-
anum Willd. seems to be a group of more or less perpetuating
hybrids with H. venosum as one parent, H. Gronovii often, or
northward H. scabrum Michx., as the other. The resultant
maze is very complex. It is our nearest approach to the baffling
series of apomicts and mixed progeny with which the European
students of Hieracium are familiar.
LQ
i
Plate
of AGROSTIS
LO.
Pa.
> of
£ ~
i, n_
Oo
L v
&, Te
2°
pc
INDOSA M.
spikelets
VI UHLENBERGIA FR‘
!
OLIOSA, >»
Rhodorz Plate 750
i SOUTHERN NEW HAMPSHIRE
.
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
JHLENBERGIA FROND¢ 1, characteristic decumbent branch, te
characteristic gle abrous iiteniedes open — rep get sssed sheath and ps Rats ine Tu
/
panicle, X 5; FIG. 3, portion of rhizome,
l
iad
Plate
Rhodora
», B. G. Schubert.
Phot«
a]
—
a
-,
<
*%
=
RQ.
™ =,
nm
2X
an
a)
= 2
ay wid
>, T
~ .
laxaal
c?
rm.
CS &
MUHLENBERGIA MEXICANA: FI
portion of panicle of type,
A OU;
Rhodora Plate 752
s
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
MUHLENBERGIA MEXICANA: FIG. 1, Jacquin’s plate of AGRosTIS MEXIC
FIG. * summit of ai eigat: = Sa as internode and node and base of 8 hes
5, from oem vchu setts; , floret, X 10, from Quebec; FIG.
from New Jerse
Mees
< 10,
Rhodora Plate 753
oy ra OF ace necSa
. Mapes!
ae. SP aS
MERA A fy oP
/ CAT pect? 82 Saw
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
‘
[UHLENBERGIA RACEMOSA: FIG. 1 (2 branches), type of Agrostis egestas x 4;
enh x 1, from Illinois; Fra. 3, panicle, X 1, from Illinois; Fra. spikelet, x 40. “aes
Minnesota; Fria. 5, floret, X 10, from Minnesota; Fie, 6, grain, < my ‘from Illinois
Rhodora Plate 754
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
aie Prey IA ARSON A: FIG. 1, characteristic summit of plant, X 1, ter
Minnesot: a; FIG. 2, summit of glabrous ea lustrous internode and me and baseé a
sheath, X 5, i m Wekecuceiis . 3, portion of panicle to show characteristic smi
anthers, x 4, from Illinois.
Rhodora Plate 755
WF,
Sue
ES
me Cat
aul we <=
ad
oo
—
oo
— “
—
Photo. B. G. Schube
MUHLENBERGIA SETOSA: FIG. 1, type of PoLyP0G ON SETOS , FIG. coat
E
from Massachusetts; FIG. 3, pars age < 1, from Poa ania: FIG. 4, Por
of rhizome © 4. from Nova Scotia; FIG , portion of panicle to show charac wets ic
long anthers, * 4, from Massachusetts; FIG. 6, spikele ts, X 10, from M: assac hus a
a, eaphGhci basal villi, * 10, from Pacis ylvania; FIG. 8, grain, < 10, from Pane.
sylv:
Rhodore Plate 756
¢
eee i
» he tlenberyss ylemutate Pv
155K
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
ae HLE ie RGIA SETOSA (M. GLOMERATA): FIG. 1, type of PoLyPOGON GLOMERATUS ,
1G. 2, characteristic mee and pube rulent internode and node and ba se oO!
inch, x 5, from Pennsylvani
Rhodora Plate 757
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
Moa SETOS ir. Sa (OID ype of DAcrYLOGRAMMA C
NOIDES, X 2, sande 1 x 1; to Newfoundi me FIG. 3, portion of aol ie .
show ogee anthers, x 1, fr rom Mai uine; FIG. 4, floret to show villi running high on
, grain, X 10, from Quebec.
lemma, X 10,
Rhodora Plate 758
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
ERIANTHUS COARCTATUS: FIG 2<: rig. 2, panicle, X 1; ria. 3, summit
. 1, type, >
of rachis of raceme, X 3; Fic. 4, spikelet, X 3; Fic. 5, spikelet, x 6.
~]
o
Plate
Rhodora
~ ¢
’ we Sf 4 re]
Qiao Va.ba S/o
detec t GF? a
eudual Oe iZe ee
Cs
B. G. Schubert.
Photo.
ERIANTHUS BREVIBA sa FIG. 1, type, X 14; F1G. 2, spikelets of type, < 114; F1G. 3
spikelet, 6, from Arkans:
Rhodora
Plate 760
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
‘THUS BREVIBARBIS: FIG. 1, plant, X 14, from Arkansas; FIG. 2,
Ex
ré anh of raceme, X 3; FIG. 3, spike Ag x 3.
summit of
Rhodora Plate 761
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
. so* ETA Tne Ff T : y ECU ES ike li ; FIG ?.
ERIANTHUS ALOPECUROIDES: FIG. 1, type of ANDROPOGON ALOPECUROIDES, X 7/2; FIG. 4,
tip of same, X 3. i — . . ea tae ~
ANDROPOGON DIVARICATUM: FIG. 3, type, X 36; FIG. 4, portion of same, X 2; FIG. 9,
paratype, Clayton, no. 600, X /.
Rhodora
Plate 7624
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
US PUMILUS: FIG. 1, habit, X 1; Frias. 2-4, spikelet, < 4; FIG. 5, disin age
SCIRE
acikelet : a ‘ital scarious margin oe seale, < 10; ric. . birt and its
section, afte Schroet r; Fias. 7 and 8, achenes, < 10: Fic. 9, looking down “
0,
summit of cekens. x 1
its cross-
yon
Rhodora Plate 76:
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RPUS EME INS: FIG. 1, topotype, 1; FIG. 2, spikelet, « 10, Fria. 3, disinte
re spikelet, gee et ar scales, X 10; FIG. 4, ache ‘ne, X 10; Fig. 5, looking down
"pon summit of achene, X 10.
~~
RUFUS: Fia. 6, : cena: K 10;
S. RU pie var. NEOGAEUS: achenes, X
—
Rhodora Plate 764
Photo. B. G. Schubert
Scirpus RoLuanpi: Fic. 1, type, X 1; Frias. 2 and 3, epee a type, x 10; 0;
é t, disintegr: ated spike Jet ras type, showin ng anthers, * 10; . 6-8, achenes ’
FIGs. 8-10, looking down upon summits of achenes, owing ens :no- cones outline,
x 10.
Rhodora Plate 765
Photo. B. G. Schubert
Scirpus VALIDUs: FIG. 1, inflorescence, X 1; FiG. 2, spikelet, X 5; Fic. 3, achene
and elongate bristles, X 10.
Var. CREBER: FIG. 4, inflorescence of type, X 1; Fic. 5, mature spikelets, showing
protruding achenes, 5; FIG. 6, flowering spikelets, X 5; F1c. 7, achene and sub-
equal bristles, < 10.
Var. CREBER, FORMA MEGASTACHYUS: FIG. 8, inflorescence of type, X 1.
Rhodora Plate 766
Scirpus STEINMETZII, all “2 from Sd : F1G. 1, inflorescences, X 1; FIG. 2, axis of
inflorescence, X 3; FIGS. id 4, kelet < 5: Fias. 5 er 6, achenes, each with
single bristle, * 10; FI«G. 7 achene fe we d from above, x
s.
HETEROCHAETUS: FIG. 8. spikelets FIG. 9. is oat é 10: ric. 10, achenes
x 10.
vie wed Irom above,
Rhodora Plate 767
Photo. B. G. Schubert
2, portion
CIRPUS EXPANSUS, all figs. from re FIG. 1, inflorescence, xX %: FIG.
é )
of infloresee ence, X 3: FIG. 3, spikelets, with ha x 10. §
S. SYLVATICUS: FIG. 4, small portion of “eh st nce, < 3; FIG. 5, spikelets, with
1
anthers, X 10.
Rhodora Plate 768
CQugetior
Treg Ja
—~
ce in
en.
* : i
Photo. M. L. Fernald.
Type of ANGELICA TRIQUINATA Michx., X 4.
cian “Aaa eli a NN
Rhodora Plate 769
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
ANGELICA TRIQUINATA Michx: portion of plant, X 14, of A. Curtisii Buckley.
INDEX
New scientific names are printed in full-face type
Agrostis hepa 228, 230, 236;
iformis a., 230, B., 230; foliosa,
rian 22, as Sate 238, ~ 749,
30; ndosa,
298-230, "235, "238, pls. 749, 750;
lateriflora, 226, 227, var. filiformis
240, “ 244 ; spicata ears m,
243, var ng ype 240, , 243,
var , 242, var. villosa, 240,
243; p desc 243
6; mexicana, 223-226, 228, 236, Eleocharis pauciflora, var. Fernaldii,
238, pls. 751, "052; racemosa,
235, 237, 238, pl. 753; setosa, 337 Erianthus, 249, 250, 255; alopecuroi-
es, 1
Alopecurus peepee us, 23
American Representative of Scirpus
pl. 7
pl. 761; furcatus, 255, 256, 258;
Gerardi, 256, 258, Why’ not, ?, 255,
var. chryso ocomus, 258, var.
p ipilis, 258; nutans, 282-255;
re Abeatigge md Bobet 255-
mus, 258, subvar.
uinus
57, var. paucipilis, 258; spica Ferula villosa, 298-301
digitatis, etc., 255; virginicum, 25 Five common Rhizomatous Species
of Muhlenbergia, 221-239, pls.
749-757
a triquinata, 298; Gramen dactylon, villosum, ete., 255
rece 298-301, What Hod i; onary 2
sa
298-301; venenosa, 301;
— .’ Memorandum regarding
29 Jam
Anthoxanthum, 250; giganteum, 249- + nem 304
Archangelica hirsuta, 3 ere 325, Notes on, 317-325
t
01
Avena glumosa, 242; spicata, 242
Blysmus rufus, 287
Carex, 241
’ Cassia Chamaecrista, 302
Cicuta venenata, 300; venenosa, 300—
Cinna, 227, 234; filiformis, 236;
glomerata, 237; lateriflora. 226,
os
Chloris, 2 “
brvtiogsa Elliottii, 255
Dactylogramma, 234; cinnoides, 282,
234, 239, pl. 757
Danthonia, 239, 254, Notes on, 239-
= Alleni, 240-242, 244, 245;
mpressa, , 245; Faxoni,
24, co soil glumosa. 242: inter-
, 240; rum, 243;
ar "340, 345. po ters 339-243,
(327)
3
subsp. canadense, 321; macrophyl-
lum, 320, ; marianum, 325;
molle, 318; murorum, 319; Robin-
sonii, 317-319; sabaudum, 322;
scabrum, 325; smolandicum, 317,
subsp. Robinsonii, 317; venosum,
var. nudicaule, , var. 8. subeau-
lescens, 323; virgatum, 321, 322;
vulgatum, 317-319
328 INDEX
Identity of Scleria setacea of Poiret,
e
Isolepis oligantha, 280
Juncus canadensis, 295
Marsh Muhly, -_ 223, 231
Memora — egarding James
301.
Merathrepta compressa, 245;
um, 243; route 242; showed
243, ¥ var. pinetor , 243
Muhlenbergia, 221, 223, 226, rosa
forma ambigua,
glumis, 236; rds , 235, pls.
749, 750, forma commu ta,
glabrifolia, 227; glomerata, 231,
ae a 237, 239, var. ramosa,
pl. 757;
sylvatica, 221, 222, 224, 230, 231,
235, 237, var robusta, 236, 237,
var. ber Sle
Muhly, 223, Marsh, 222, 223, 231;
oom =
Muley
Notes ee ae 239-246; on
Hiss eica 317-3
hes pti triquinata, 299, 30
eris compressa, 245. neha,
“243; thermalis, 243
Podosaemum glomeratum, 237
Polypogon glomeratus, 232, 234, 237,
239, pil. 6; racemosus, fe
setosus, 234, 235, 237, 238, pl. 758
Rhizomatous Species of Muhlen-
ergia, Five Common, 221-239,
pls. 7
Rhynchospora, 297; setacea, 297
Saccharum Soll
Schoenus seta , 297
Scirpus § Bucothryon, 279; § Lacus-
tres, 285 e North American
Members of, "283, pls. 765, 766;
acutus, 284, 285; alpinus, 279, _
. gt form
, forma nh
phalanthus, 296; beer 291,
ar. Fernaldi, 290, va e
reckegs globulos
289, * et irs rte 286, 287,
pl. +66; lacustris, var. condensatus,
is condensatus, 285,
2
280; gone ita 279; polyphyllus,
orma macro: s, 296, var.
G Baeothyron)
ae 764; Prod ineaes onD95,
form Bag mci 95; rufus, ,
aaa’ 288, var. neogaeus, 283, 287,
inm i
pl. 766; ‘Studies in North Ameri-
of, oe an
1
aI
or)
a
a
°
“3
B
=~
me
be
A
<
~
ws
laxa ; Mu
bergii, 296, 297; a, 2005 Mi 296;
Poiret, The Iden-
st
co
tea
bo
-©
=
2,
oO
bs)
=]
Ae
Some American Species and Varie-
ae of perpas, 287, ge 763, 767;
rth America
INDEX 329
gp es es 253, subsp. Linnae-
253
Studies in North American Species of
Scirpus, 279-296
Trichochloa calycina, 237; glomerata,
Trichophorum emergens, 281
Umbelliferae, 300
Vilfa, 2
What is Angelica triquinata?, 298—
30
Why not Andropogon Gerardi?, 255-
258
Wire-stem Muhly, 223
Reprinted from Ruovora, Vol. 45, October-December, 1943
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM :
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
VIRGINIAN BOTANIZING UNDER RESTRICTIONS
ie Saad
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 45, October-December, 1943
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CXLIX
VIRGINIAN BOTANIZING UNDER RESTRICTIONS
M. L. FERNALD
DaTEs or IssuE
eye ae = UU re oo ee sk ek 9 October, 1943
Pag tes 753-708 TET ee cme eer a 13 November, 1943
Paces 485-511 aa Put TOO ii ce ik 23 December, 1943
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF
HARVARD UNIVERSITY—NO. CXLIX
VIRGINIAN BOTANIZING UNDER RESTRICTIONS
M. L. Fernaup
(Plates 770-806)
Part I. Frev.p-Stupies or 1942 anp 1943
At the approach of spring in New England in 1942 my former
student, Professor Ernst C. Abbe of the University of Minnesota,
then spending a year in research at the Gray Herbarium, was
persuaded without too much pressure to contribute the use of
his new Ford and to join Mr. Bayard Long and me for a short
period of botanizing in southeastern Virginia. The need to go
at once to the region arose through the pressure for housing near
Camp Lee, with the result that our former headquarters at
Century House, south of Petersburg, had been wholly taken over
by Army officers and our great stock of driers, ventilators, press-
frames, tramping clothes, etc. had been temporarily stored in a
shed. There was no place left near Petersburg for such unes-
sential people as mere botanists and we would have to move.
Abbe and I drove from Cambridge, with spring still far in the
offing, and on the afternoon of April 15th called in at Elkins
Park for Long and, taking a thinly settled route (via Glen
Burnie, LaPlata and Port Conway) out of Baltimore, reached
Fredericksburg for the night. Starting from Fredericksburg on
the morning of the 16th we decided to drive down the north side
of the Rappahannock to the Port Conway-Port Royal bridge,
358 Rhodora [OcTroBER
thence to Petersburg. We might thus add something to the
Checklist of Plants of the Washington-Baltimore Area, which
covers the region south to the Rappahannock. About three
miles southeast of Falmouth we were attracted by a brook
cutting a ravine through the woods and by the conspicuous dis-
play of such plants now in flower or fruit as Arabis laevigata,
Stellaria pubera and Corydalis flavula. Parking just off the road
at the eastern end of the bridge we stepped into a colony of
Ranunculus abortivus var. indivisus Fernald in Ruopora, xl. 418,
pl. 518 (1938), the extreme of the species characteristic of bottom-
land woods of the Nottoway, ninety miles to the south; and when,
a little farther on, we were puzzled by the Cerastiwm of the road-
side-fill and found it to be the European C. brachypetalum Des-
portes, which has been known in America only from roadsides of
Southampton County, Virginia, we felt that we were promptly
getting into stride. But we were obligated to reach Petersburg
and to move our collecting equipment to new quarters. Our
chief concern was not the Washington-Baltimore Flora.
In the autumn of 1941 we had found not very far down river
from Port Royal a fine bank of naturalized trees and shrubs and
we wanted to secure flowering material of Vinca major L., which
abounds there. So we took a little time to drive out to the home
of Mr. and Mrs. Snowden on the river-bluff northwest of Return.
After a visit with our hosts we reéxamined the colony of natu-
ralized species along the river! and among them, unnoted the
autumn before, there were Ulmus procera Salisb., the English
Elm, and the American Philadelphus inodorus L. Then we
went to the woods northeast of Loretto where, the preceding
October, Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. was fruiting?, hoping to get
good flowering material. Luck was still with us, the shrubs
being in the prime of flowering. Since the day was rapidly
passing we then decided to drive from Tappahannock without
stop to Petersburg. We did pretty well, stopping first for a few
moments to look into a wet woodland glade where we found two
species rare in southeastern Virginia, Viola cucullata and Sym-
plocarpus foetidus; but when we came to the broad, green, wooded
bottomland of the Pamunkey, slightly north of Old Church, we
had to get out for just a peep. The usual plants of such habitats
1See Ruopora, xliv. 372 (1942). 2 KHopora, l. c.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 359
were there, Clematis crispa, Cardamine bulbosa, and a perplexing
member of the Ranunculus hispidus-series, and with them Viola
pensylvanica Michx.!, rare on the Coastal Plain. The great
surprise, however, was acres and acres, as if native, of splendid
flowering clumps? of the Old World Summer Snowflake, Leucojum
aestivum L., as thoroughly at home as any squatter and making
a display which we shall never forget.
While we were busily exploring this bottomland we heard
excited voices of Negroes and the hurrying of feet on the road
near by; and when we came up from the woods, a man, sauntering
quietly along the road, waited for us to greet him and to explain
our strange doings. The colored women had rushed excitedly
to his filling-station to report three terrible monsters down on
the bottomland across the river, one of them with an axe (my
little hand-pick), one with a can of dynamite (vasculum), the
third with a big pack on his back (Long’s field-press). The
women had “runned and runned and runned”’ and were com-
pletely out of breath and greatly frightened. Thus the three
devotees of what Linnaeus called “our guileless science” were
unconsciously starting the reputation which it became difficult
to live down in succeeding days in Virginia. The proprietor of
the gasoline-station told us of the vast extent of the bottomland-
woods, of the fresh tidal flats near by and of his readiness to
guide us about the region, and we promptly arranged to employ
him and his motor-boat in midsummer and autumn, then little
realizing that midsummers and autumns would pass before we
should again see the Pamunkey
The roadside-fill (soft shoulder) near where we had parked the
car was carpeted with two wanderers from Europe, Teesdalia
nudicaulis (L.) R. Br. which we had only once found in the state
(on a fill in Sussex County) and Holosteum umbellatum which we
subsequently saw in other such habitats. The large number of
Europeans suddenly appearing on these recently made soft
shoulders (these, Cerastium brachypetalum, C. tetrandrum Curtis,
and other European species) make one wonder about the source
of seed sown on the soft shoulders of new roads in eastern Vir-
ginia.
‘See Ruopora, xiiii, 500 soe (1941).
? See Ruovora, xliv. 390
360 Rhodora [OcroBER
Six or eight miles below Petersburg we found a place to sleep—
in cabins where they were asking and getting $4.00 a night for
each bed over the week-ends from families visiting loyal sons and
brothers at Camp Lee, twelve miles away. There were no
‘ceilings’? on cabins. Only as a special concession were we
taken in on a Friday night, for the cabins were being rented
only Saturday and Sunday nights during the activity at Camp
Lee. Finding next morning that the Petersburg region was no
longer available as a home, we decided to try Waverly, twenty-
five miles to the southeast, a village in the center of good bota-
nizing ground and at the junction of good roads. We had for-
merly enjoyed the hospitality there of Mrs. Carter and her
daughter, Mrs. Fleetwood, in their large old house, and we
decided to try there; but Mrs. Fleetwood, we promptly learned,
was at Fort Eustis as hostess and the old house was occupied by
the family of an Army officer, who was forced daily to make the
trip to and from Camp Lee. Southeastern Virginia was in the
hands of the Army. Happily, our friend, Mrs. Calvin Horn,
who, with her husband, runs an automobile- and gasoline-station
at Waverly, was able to suggest a new home and in the evening
we were established in the roomy and comfortable house of Mr.
and Mrs. James Thompson and our equipment was stacked and
ready for use.
Promptly after breakfast on the 17th we started eastward to
take a cross-road north to the James River. Only a few rods
outside the village Abbe spied a fine colony of Iris verna in
beautiful flower. It must be photographed. For three minutes
he tested light and distance, with his camera pointing down to
the innocent Iris, passing cars slowing down to watch the pro-
ceedings. Then we went on to the James River, visiting then
and two days later areas above Claremont, at Claremont Ferry
and at Burwell’s Bay below Rushmere, and introducing Abbe to
the complexities of the eastern Crabapples, now in bloom, and
to such fine natives as Cardamine Douglassii and Sedum ternatum.
On the weedy and turfy shore at Burwell’s Bay the little Stellaria
media var. glaberrima G. Beck! made carpets with Ranunculus
parviflorus and we here extended the range inland from the outer
coast of the odorless, onion-like Nothoscordum bivalve.
1 See Ruopora, xlii. 451 (1940).
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 361
We were specially anxious to show Abbe the big white-flowered
Erigeron scaturicola Fernald in Ruopora, xliii. 524 and 654, pl.
695 (1941), which grows in the deep and viscid, dripping wet
lime-marl under the crest of the bluff west of Burwell’s Bay.
We found typical FE. philadelphicus on the beach, then plants
like small E. scaturicola but with pink, instead of white, rays be-
gan to appear and finally, high up under the dipping crest, just
where a magnificent mass of white-rayed E. scaturicola had
formerly grown, there was an equally vigorous clump of plants
with deep pink ligules. It was difficult to believe and I, natural-
ly, wanted to get rooting specimens. These, after he had slipped
back several times on the wet marl, Abbe dug and threw down.
White-rayed FE. scaturicola was now pink! The dry material
was stored in a pigeon-hole to await critical study and nine
months later, when reéxamined, its rays were all white. The
smaller and more typical E. philadelphicus has retained, as usual,
the bright pink of its ligules. Again, ho-hum! £. scaturicola is,
presumably, a physiological variant of EF. philadelphicus, induced
by the concentrated calcium solution and cold water in which it
grows. This is the view of Mr. Arthur Cronquist who is study-
ing the genus. Whereas Aster is reputed to be hopelessly plastic
and inconstant, Erigeron is usually well behaved. The “strong
waters” along the bluffs of the James have there evidently
“gone to the head’’s of one member of the relatively conserva-
tive genus. It would be instructive to feed ordinary and typical
E. philadelphicus for some years on refrigerated lime-water.
On the way back to Waverly on the following Monday, as we
crossed Cypress Swamp north of Dendron, we stopped to collect
typical Senecio aureus in the bottomland-woods and as we came
back to the car there, at the upper border of the bottomland, we
saw a row of plants combining in different degrees the habit and
traits of S. aureus with those of the very definite and wholly
different S. tomentosus which was flowering in the drier open
areas. It was clear that S. aureus and S. tomentosus sometimes
cross, and Long and I immediately remembered a single colony
on a bottomland west of Claremont which we had hopefully
identified with S. Crawfordii!. Was it possible that that, too,
was a hybrid? As I shall later show, it is. We thus returned
See Ruopora, xliii, 521 and 657 (1941).
362 Rhodora [OcroBER
to Waverly at dark, after happy initial days but with some pretty
baffling problems in mind and the first evening there we im-
mediately met the greatest problem of all.
When we parked the car outside the café, I promptly went in
and sat at a table, but I was soon puzzled because Long and
Abbe did not come in. Finally Long appeared at the door and
mysteriously beckoned. When I went out, wondering at his
action, he met me with the query, ‘‘Have you got your creden-
tials? We're pinched.” ‘Why?’ I asked. ‘Because Abbe
took a photograph.” My credentials (an identification-letter
from the President of Harvard University; a letter from the
Secretary of the National Academy of Sciences emphasizing that
as a member I was a scientific advisor to the federal govern-
ment; a letter addressed to me as President of the Botanical
Society of America; a newspaper-clipping with a picture of me
as recipient of a medal, in part for the botanical explorations in
Virginia; and a passport with portrait) and my statements re-
garding the distinguished American forebears of both Long and
Abbe promptly convinced the police that we were not, as sup-
posed, German spies who had crossed the Atlantic and had sought
out the small village of Waverly for destruction. In the morning
when little Iris verna was being photographed a zealous Waverly
citizen, unacquainted with any such interest as that, had tele-
phoned to State Police headquarters in Richmond of the “furrin ey
car (from Minnesota) with three “‘spies’’ who were photographing
the Norfolk and Western railroad-tracks, the Texaco oil-tank
and other vital landmarks of the community, for it did not occur
to him that our backs were toward the unsightly railroad, with
the small oil-tank farther in the background, that the camera
was pointed exactly away from those significant objects at some-
thing on the ground and that our small botanizing pick (see
PLATE 770) was not the implement to use in ripping up the
heavy steel rails of the Norfolk and Western. Telephone con-
versation with the motor-registry in Minneapolis revealed that
the car belonged to Professor Abbe, with the incriminating given
name Ernst. Radio calls had gone all over southeastern Vir-
ginia for all officers to halt our car; and all day long we had
innocently driven on the Suffolk turnpike (U. S. Route 460), on
the road from near Wakefield to Surry Courthouse (Route 31),
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 363
on the Richmond-Smithfield road (Route 10) or on the road
from Claremont to Waverly and far beyond, across the state
(Route 40). We did not know that we were reputed German
spies and that the State Police were watching for us. When we
got back to our new home Mrs. Thompson was, naturally, upset.
Her husband, the village barber, had come home to noon dinner
with the tale, much amplified in the barber-shop, of the terrible
mess they had got into, “harboring German spies’; but my
documents and the realization that Long and I had for several
years known Mrs. Horn, Mrs. Carter and Mrs. Fleetwood, and
had more than once been guests at the latters’ home, and had
regularly stopped in Waverly for meals during several years of
botanizing, cleared the atmosphere. Nevertheless, next day
some ladies from the other end of the town came to Mrs. Thomp-
son to commiserate. They “hadn’t slept a wink, expecting to
be murdered in their beds”’, etc., etc. Thus our début at Waver-
ly was even more horrifying than our appearance on the bottom-
land of the Pamunkey, and half-jesting, half-serious questions
through this trip and on Long’s and my June-July trip indicated
that the first impression of us ‘‘furriners” was still in people’s
minds. We had become used to being “‘damn Yankees’’; Long
and I had once been arrested in Richmond as ‘‘German spies”’
(see Ruopora, xliii. 516); but it was a novel experience to be
called ‘“‘furriners’’. The people of Waverly are typical Virgin-
ians and, consequently, strongly for the “New Deal’. They
avoided addressing any such obvious heretics as we as “ Pro-
fessor’. Baldness having advanced on all of us, we, perhaps,
did not fulfill their conception of “long-haired professors”’.
Since I know of no published photograph of Iris verna in its
native habitat the photograph which so upset the equilibrium of
southeastern Virginia and which somewhat ‘cramped our style”
is here presented, as they say in all criminal cases, as exhibit A
(PLATE 770).
Desiring to secure in flower the remarkable variations of Acer
floridanum (Chapm.) Pax near Grove Landing, below Williams-
burg, which were discussed and illustrated in Ruopora, xliv. pp.
359, 360, 426-428 and plates 725-727 (1942), and hoping to
make the field-acquaintance of Monotropsis odorata, one of the
Williamsburg specialties, we went on Sunday to William and
364 Rhodora [OcroBER
Mary as the guests of my former student and Abbe’s friend of
student days, Professor Albert L. Delisle, and in the afternoon
we made a pretty thorough canvas of the Acer problem. That
has already been reported upon, but when we came to a tree
with the trunk more than 4 feet in diameter and with its great
sheets of exfoliating whitish bark flapping like those of shagbark-
hickory we could not help mourning our inability to get a photo-
graph of it. The herbaceous plants of this rich forest were
noted a year ago. To that list should be added Nothoscordum
bivalve which the day before we had got on the opposite side of
the James. After supper Delisle’s student, a keen searcher for
and discoverer of rare plants, Mr. Kenneth Winfield, took us to
his station for Monotropsis. It was necessary for him to show
us the first clump of slightly too mature plants; after that we
found more and more. This aromatic saprophyte really abound-
ed. Its favorite habitat was in the leaf-mold in the shelter of
fallen and decaying logs. We thought we had learned how to
find it but later searches on similar slopes elsewhere were fruitless.
In April, 1926, Dr. Paul A. Warren collected in the Great
Dismal Swamp a dwarf Trillium which I had misidentified as the
extreme southern T. lanceolatum Boykin but which is not satis-
factorily referable to that species. Its sessile flowers easily lead
to T. lanceolatum but in other characters it is near T. pusillum
Michx., a species with peduncled flowers. Dr. Warren and a
party of students from William and Mary had walked in on the
old path from Wallaceton to Lake Drummond. The path now
being obliterated by dense growth and by tangles of briers
following forest-fire, we went in search of the Trillium via the
Feeder Ditch in Capt. Crockett’s motor-boat. The search was
futile but the excursion delightful and when we came back from
Lake Drummond to the Federal dam, the engineer, Mr. Cherry,
asked what particular plant we were seeking. When I described
it he promptly said: “I never saw it but once, on a hillside
covered with beech-trees where it abounded when I was a boy”.
His explicit directions took us back to the beech-slope described,
near Deep Creek, now a picnic-ground, trampled and scraped and
with no Trillium left. Most fortunately, however, Mrs. Laura
H. Lippitt of Dinwiddie has a good station for the plant and the
beautifully prepared specimens she has sent me and others
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 365
loaned me by Professor Smart of the University of Richmond
enable me to describe and illustrate (PLATE 773, FIGs. 1 and 2)
this endemic Virginian Trillium.
The season was too early for many novelties, though on suc-
ceeding days we extended some local ranges and renewed our
acquaintance with numerous vernal species, but nothing signif-
icant enough for special note was collected.
Unfortunately, when we could next get away Long and I had
to go without Abbe. We reached Waverly in the afternoon of
June 28th and, beginning early on the 29th, we had all we could
handle until obliged to leave on the morning of July 8th. Mr.
Horn was able to supply a pick-up truck to transport our equip-
ment and he found a very efficient driver and helper for us,
Lennie Watts, son of a local police-officer, young, full of activity
and interest and as effective a driver on back roads as our best
drivers of other years. Only three of our old stations were
specially revisited. We did not let ourselves be lured to the
marl-blufis of the lower James or north of that river and we did
~~ get down to Greensville County or the pine barrens of
and soutl tern Nansemond. Gaso-
line was becoming scarce and must be stretched to cover all
mileage possible, but we had a careful driver and an efficient
truck and Mr. Horn kept it up to full effectiveness.
Nearly west of Waverly we went as far as McKenney in Din-
widdie County. In October of 1941 we had found just east of
McKenney an area of low woods and clearings where typical
Coastal Plain plants (Helianthus angustzfolius, Cirsium virgini-
anum, and Solidago perlonga Fern.) extended well back into the
Piedmont and mingled with eastern colonies of upland types
such as Viburnum Rafinesquianum Schultes. There, too, were
the second station north of northwestern Georgia of Gentiana
cherokeensis (W. P. Lemmon) Fern. and the third station in the
state for the characteristic species of prairies of the Interior
(Indiana to Texas), Muhlenbergia brachyphylla Bush. Such a
complex area demands exploration through the summer and
autumn and on the Ist of July it was up to its October standard.
Viburnum Rafinesquianum was more abundant than we remem-
bered; the local Phlox carolina L., var. triflora (Michx.) Wherry
shared a low clearing with Vicia caroliniana, Thalictrum re-
366 Rhodora [OcroBER
volutum, Scleria oligantha and other rather local species not seen
in October. The ditch bordering the woods was the home of
Polygala sanguinea (rare in southeastern Virginia) and Rhexia
ventricosa Fern. & Griscom in RuHopora, xxxvii. 192, pl. 346
(1935), its range extended inland, and the Oenothera looked, as
they so often do, a little strange. A couple of pieces were taken
for checking. Next time we will get more, for it is Oe. tetragona
Roth, var. riparia (Nutt.) Munz in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. Ixiv. 302
(1937), known to Munz only from its original region, Cape Fear
River at Wilmington, North Carolina, and the Santee River
region of South Carolina. We were hot and hungry. So,
seeking a shaded spot, we sat down in a colony of the inland,
continental Psoralea psoralioides (Walt.) Cory, var. eglandulosa
(Ell.) F. L. Freeman in Rwopora, xxxix. 426 (1937), Miss
Freeman’s statement of range being: ‘‘ Higher altitudes of the
Southeastern States, in South Carolina and Georgia, ranging
westward as far as Texas, thence northward to Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, Missouri and Kansas”. This Psoralea and the Oeno-
thera were as fine a pair as Muhlenbergia brachyphylla and
Gentiana cherokeensis, found here in October. Solidago perlonga
we had always considered an autumnal species and it was still in
good condition here the preceding October, but already preco-
cious individuals were beginning to flower—the species has a
flowering period of four months! Clematis ochroleuca was here
very large, some plants branching at every axil and bearing 8
fruiting heads. Since the classification of the sub-§ Integrifoliae
of Clematis, § Viorna has recently depended too much on incon-
stant vegetative, rather than more stable fruiting characters, I
have tried to find the latter in the eastern American species.
My results, with pLates 776-782, will be found in Part II.
On the way back to Stony Creek we stopped at several inviting
spots. Only one may here be noted. The unique and to most
botanists very rare Carex Collinsii Nutt. (unique in having the
teeth of the perigynium abruptly recurved as hooks, thus sug-
gesting the very primitive subantarctic and Asiatic Uncinia
which has the exserted rachilla abruptly hooked) inhabits cool
spring-fed sphagnous carpets in wooded swamps. Since we first
detected it in Virginia we had learned to expect it in such habi-
tats. Consequently, when we saw such a deep carpet of sphag-
1943} Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 367
num in the woods east of Cherry Hill, we investigated. There
was C. Collinsii, already over-ripe, and with it was true southern
C. venusta Dewey at a new northern limit.
Three Creek, tributary to the Nottoway, has yielded us more
localized specialties than any other small stream in southeastern
Virginia. Wherever we have been on its bottomlands and
wooded banks, from the fall-line north of Emporia nearly to its
mouth, we have got something novel. The Arringdale Sheet of
the Topographic Survey indicated good bottomlands at Arring-
dale and, slightly farther up stream, near Adams Grove. So,
having never tried them, we drove from Capron by the dirt
road toward Arringdale. Closely watching the topographic
Sheet, we sought the crossroad to the village which lends its
name to that invaluable guide through the country. Nothing
but dense thickets and woods could be found. Turning the car
we drove back to definite landmarks. Finally, seeing a colored
girl coming toward us we waited and, as she came up, asked:
“Will you please tell us how to find Arringdale?” “Irene
Dale?” she promptly replied. “I’ve never hearn of her. I
know Irene Dunn up the road a ways but I never hearn of Irene
Dale.” Arringdale has become extinct; its fame is perpetuated
only on the contour-sheet!
It was a sweltering day and the thought of plunging through
dense thicket in search of sinuous Three Creek was not inviting;
SO we went on to Adams Grove. As we crouched in the shade
of the small bridge there, to keep out of the blazing heat while
we ate our lunch, we were able to note around us several exten-
sions of range to the west, pretty closely approaching the fall-
line: Sagittaria Weatherbiana Fern. in RHopora, xxxvii. 387,
plates 385 and 386, fig. 1 (1935), Carex Bayardi Fern. in
Ruopora, xliv. 71 (1942) and Micranthemum umbrosum (Walt.)
Blake, for example; and as we lunched we were impressed with
the somewhat “fluffy”? aspect of the meagre umbels of the Sium
at the margin of the Creek. Its foliage, too, was unlike that of
the common northern plant, and its slender and flexuous, terete
stems were not like the strongly corrugated and usually coarser
stems of the plant commonly known as S. suave Walt. or S.
cicutaefolium. This was young flowering material of the species
which we had previously collected in fruit on the bottomlands
368 Rhodora [OcroBER
of the Blackwater and of Fontaine Creek. They all belong to
S. floridanum Small, known to Small only from a single valley in
Florida. It sometimes pays to stop and eat lunch!
We saved up our allotted gasoline until we had enough to
reach the region of Northwest River, flowing from the Great
Dismal Swamp into Curratuck Sound. There is always some-
thing different to be found on the marshes near Northwest or
along adjacent North Landing River; it is important to visit
them at all seasons. On the way, a little east of Magnolia, white
flowers on the surface of one of the big ditches along the highway
across the northern end of the Great Dismal Swamp attracted
us, and we got out to collect our first material in the region of
Cabomba caroliniana. As we approached Northwest we were
surprised to see a striking and very “different”? Physostegia
bordering Indian Creek. We were quite familiar, on the wooded
bottomlands of the Blackwater and the Nottoway, farther in-
land, with the delicate and thin-leaved P. denticulata, but this
was a much coarser plant with larger corollas, heavy and sub-
sessile (instead of membranous and long-petioled) leaves and
other characters which quickly distinguish it. Unfortunately,
the colony was densely enmeshed by Cuscuta but we cleaned off
enough material to make a good type and in Part II I shall
describe and illustrate it (PLATE 783) and attempt to clarify the
genus in the ‘‘ Manual range”. Days at intervals of three weeks
in a motor-boat along Indian Creek will sometime be very pro-
ductive. So will days at similar intervals on little Blackwater
River near by and, likewise, on Northwest River, both up stream
and down to the Carolina line. Furthermore, North Landing
River, with its broad savannah-marshes needs similar explora-
tion. There is plenty to do; we have merely glimpsed the easily
accessible margins of these areas. On the reed-marsh of North-
west River the always superb orange- and red-flowered A sclepias
lanceolata, var. paupercula (Michx.) Fern. was very handsome
and one plant had bright, pale yellow corollas, a pretty color-
form. I took the top, Long wistfully remarking, “We'll come
again next year for mine”. When we are again able, after the
“duration’’, to visit Northwest there may be more than a single
yellow-flowered plant. Here’s hoping! And if we are there at
the right season we may secure better material of the undescribed
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 369
Solidago which, when we found it in October of 1941, had been
mowed off and was, therefore, not typical. The thicket border-
ing the marsh is also the home of a new variety of the wide-
ranging and variable Eupatorium rotundifolium. Whereas
typical FE. rotundifolium has the leaves gently rounded to sub-
truncate at base, this plant of Northwest River has the unusually
large blades deeply cordate, with the bases clasping the densely
white-tomentose stem. We afterward found it in a marshy
thicket in Southampton County, and Godfrey got the same
extreme variety only a few miles to the south, in Bertie County,
North Carolina. It will be described and discussed in Part II.
Another plant, a very bristly Stachys, on the reed-marsh of
Northwest River, added to a large series of different members of
the genus accumulated during several seasons in southeastern
Virginia, has forced me finally to tackle the group. The results,
with many illustrations (PLATES 787-794), will be given in
Part IT.
July 4th, even with restricted gasoline, may be an unsafe day
for cautious and virtuous drivers on trunk-routes. So, when
Lennie asked if we might keep off the main roads on that day,
to avoid drunken drivers, we remembered that there had been
extensive lumbering operations in the pine barrens south of Zuni,
with the consequent partial clearing of new lumber-roads and
the opening to sunshine of formerly shaded areas. That was
the place to go. Clearing and disturbing of the soil, while taking
the older trees of Long-leaf Pine and many other trees, had
certainly stimulated many species and brought others into view.
Near one damp, new woodroad Amianthium Muscaetoxicum, at
a new northern limit in this section of the state, and Calopogon
pallidus Chapm., its limit of range extended 1034 miles to the
north, stood up bravely in the mossy thicket where they had
formerly been hidden, and some clearing-phases of Panicum and
Tephrosia puzzled us. When the habitat has become more
stable the Panicum may look less unfamiliar. The Fephrosia is
the glabrescent extreme of 7. virginiana, which we had found in
other pine barrens. It is evidently T. virginiana, var. glabra
Nuttall, described in 1838 from Georgia. It seems to be a well
defined variety. In the drier white sand Bulbostylis ciliatifolius
(Ell.) Fern. had its northeastern limit also slightly extended.
370 Rhodora [OcTroBER
But the greatest display in the recently disturbed sand was of
Euphorbia Ipecacuanhae. Under normal conditions this hope-
lessly variable species flowers in early spring (late March into
April) but here in the loosened sand it was still in flower and
young fruit in early July. Against the suggested explanation
that the similar but more upright HZ. marilandica Greene might
be a hybrid of tall and erect E. corollata, flowering in Virginia
from early June to autumn, and depressed and matted £.
Ipecacuanhae the reply has always been that they cannot hybrid-
ize because their flowering periods are so different. The loosened
sands south of Zuni dispose of that argument.
At the Blackwater River, near the bridge west of Blackwater
School, we established new northern limits for Asimina parviflora
(Michx.) Dunal and for Physalis monticola Mohr, and, crossing
the river into Southampton County, we promptly parked the
car, for the sandy flat along the river southeast of Unity was very
alluring. Most of the plants were of species now known to us
but always nice to collect, Paronychia riparia Chapm. and
Vaccinium Elliottii Chapm. at new northeastern limits and some
others equally good. The prize here, however, was a large
colony of hundreds of uniform plants of a particularly dainty
Ruellia which, since June of 1941, had worried us. In low,
sandy woods at Round Gut on the Nottoway we had then found
a colony of Ruellia, the mature stems only 2 or 3 inches high,
with thin and blunt membranous leaves only 1.5-3 cm. long.
The colony was struggling under a pile of brush and had no real
chance. So we carefully cleared away the worst obstructions
and nursed the colony along, finally to secure a few flowers.
Now we have a real station and the plants from it will be the
type when a study of Ruellia which I now have in progress is
completed. Whether it can be finished in time to include in
Part Il is very doubtful. It is a complex problem, made worse
by past inattention to types and original descriptions, and many
contradictory interpretations must be reconciled. But the
sandy flat southeast of Unity has one member of the genus
which we know from Virginia only in Southampton County.
Starting for home, we decided that we could save mileage and
time by cutting over to Route 312, from Courtland to Smithfield,
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 371
passing through Berlin! thence turning off at Ivor for Waverly.
On the way we passed roads leading to various ponds which we
should have liked to investigate and when we got north of Sedley
a little landlocked pond, slightly off our route was too tempting.
It was really a small Cephalanthus-hole, but in the thicket we
promptly detected the new Eupatorium of Northwest River.
There, also, was Drosera rotundifolia, the first we have seen on
the Coastal Plain west of the Blackwater, and on a saturated
log the very local Utricularia virgatula made a close carpet.
Driving on to find a good turning-place we came upon Johnson’s
Millpond. While Lennie was backing and turning the truck we
went to the sandy shore. There was Oldenlandia Boscii (DC.)
Chapman, its range extended 12 miles northward, but in a couple
of days we stretched its northern limit more than 12 miles more;
and with it Digitaria serotina (Walt.) Michx. at its second known
station north of the Carolinas. Here too, was Panicum Wrighti-
anum Scribn., a species subsequently found on most sandy
pond-shores.
Lennie, noting that we had a weakness for pond-shores and
marshes, asked next day if we had ever been to Harold’s Millpond.
We had not, but since in the past most millponds had been
fruitless, as artificially dammed branches, and several which we
had sought had been abandoned and grown up to cypress- or
gum-swamps, we had our doubts. However, we were willing to
try. So on the 6th we started for Harold’s (on the contour-
Sheet as Harris) Millpond, southeast of Waverly. It was a
dammed-up cypress- and gum-swamp but it was better than most
and will stand exploration by boat, for drifted ashore were
Utricularia purpurea, which we had never met in our Virginia
work, and U. inflata var. minor Chapm. which we had seen only
twice. Thus encouraged we decided to try Brittle’s Millpond,
west of Wakefield. We stuck to the old road, rather than return
to the turnpike, and slightly before reaching Brittle’s Millpond
we investigated a piece of spring-fed sphagnum-carpeted woods.
Here the chief interest was centered on a Xyris, just coming into
flower and not easily matched in the herbarium. It seems to
have some distinctive characters but mature material is needed.
1 Berlin, Baden and Hanover were re of them named in our honor. They were
m Virginia maps long before we visited the state.
372 Rhodora [OcroBER
Brittle’s Millpond at once gave us Panicum Wrightianum and
Oldenlandia Boscii, but the shore was not easy to follow and too
much punched by the hoofs of grazing animals, so we proceeded
southward to see what could be found. And the next pond was
a true find.
Suddenly coming into view, Airfield Millpond gave us a real
thrill. It had a broad white-sand beach, perhaps 50 feet wide
up to the bushes, such a pond as occurs in southeastern North
Carolina but such as we had never seen in Virginia. Here we
settled down for the rest of the day, until driven out by a thunder-
storm and downpour in the afternoon. The rarer pond-shore
species of Panicum, such as P. spretum, were there, the now
unmentionable Oldenlandia of course, and carpets of all sizes of
Eleocharis microcarpa, some stranded, some deeply drowned,
and so variable in size and in thinness or inflation of culms that
we were fooled into imagining it several things. Paspalum
dissectum gave us a new station, and Rhynchospora perplexa
Britton lived up to its name. We kept taking it, for on different
belts along the beach it looked very different. Dr. Cross
(Shirley Gale) says it is all R. perplera, but she admits that the
quite different species which abounds on one stretch of beach,
where Drosera capillaris Poir. is exceptionally stout and fine, is
R. filifolia, the first known between southeastern North Carolina
and Cape May, New Jersey. We at last had found a pond with
real sand-beach. Its shoreline is more than 4 miles around and
we followed only one tenth of it. Rhynchospora filifolia occurred
in but one patch a few rods across, the Drosera was more restrict-
ed, and we saw only one lonely individual of Styrax americana.
The remaining shore and visits at intervals up to October should
yield great returns. Many species unknown north of the
Carolinas delight in such a shore.
On our last day we, inevitably, sought more ponds. Pro-
tracted drouth had lowered the water and now was the time to
investigate. Driving to Windsor we took a road to Collosse,
thence to Darden’s Pond. There is a swaley and muddy shore
but we got nothing surprising. Next we tried Womble’s (on the
contour-sheet Wade’s) Millpond, which is a drowned cypress-
swamp. Sometime, with the aid of a boat, it may yield good
things, for Utricularia inflata var. minor is there; so are great
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 373
carpets of U. biflora. Our greatest prize, however, was Carex
decomposita, the rare species heretofore known in the state only
in cypress-swamps of the lower James. We then moved on to
Whitefield’s Millpond, southwest of Corinth, and we regretted
that we had not found it in the early morning. This was our
last day and twilight was approaching, and we had found another
pond with a broad sandy beach. Most of the good things of the
other ponds were there and we quickly found a colony of Hy-
pericum denticulatum Walt., var. ovalifolium (Britt.) Blake, one
of the most local plants of the state; then Viola lanceolata, var.
vittata (Greene) Weath. & Grisc. and Proserpinaca intermedia
Mackenzie, the latter the first from south of the James. At one
point I shouted “Look, look!” and promptly got an echo. Long
saw it too: a little subprostrate plant with filiform stem, lance-
oblong leaves and deep blue glomerules, an Eryngium of the
prostratum group, new to Virginia if not to science. Its immature
fruits and its sepals do not well match those of the more southern
and western FE. prostratum. This was the last plant collected
and we promised ourselves that in three weeks we should get a
real series in ripe fruit. Whitefield’s Pond is nearly four miles
around. We saw one twentieth of the shore and each of the
specialties collected was highly localized. Just as with Airfield
and with Johnson’s the possibilities are great.
Before leaving Waverly we called on the Chairman of the local
Rationing Board and were assured that, when we should return
in three weeks, we would be granted the necessary gasoline for
continuation of our work, gasoline for trucks used in scientific
exploration, as he showed us in the regulations, being unrestricted.
It would be necessary, however, to write a letter to the Board
who would have to vote on the matter. The letter was promptly
sent, with return addressed envelope and an air-mail stamp and
I proceeded to make a directory of the more than 100 ponds in
Tidewater Virginia, most of which we had never seen. By
Visiting them all we should find a few as good as Whitefield’s,
Airfield and the Cat Ponds in northern Isle of Wight. A re-
newed letter to the local Rationing Board, then one to the State
Board, then one from an officer of the federal Experiment
Station brought no replies and a considerable collection of
uncanceled air-mail stamps was being assembled. Perhaps we
374 Rhodora [OcroBER
were not merely “damn Yankees’’. Could it be possible that
we were still thought of as ‘‘German spies”? In Massachusetts
I was assured that, if I would hire and take to Virginia a Massa-
chusetts truck, I could have unlimited gasoline. It seemed,
however, an unjustifiable waste of gasoline, as well as tires and
time, to travel 1200 miles to and from Waverly in order there to
purchase gasoline for 500 miles of local scientific research. We
are called disloyal if we do not cheerfully accept all the local and
contradictory rulings of OPA. Scientific research is what they
choose to dictate and the investigators are those they select.
If our work were in Florida or some other state we should not be
thus penalized for being scientific investigators.
Professor Massey asked us to guide him to definite stations in
Tidewater Virginia for the different species of Vitis, Rubus and
other plants of economic importance and all arrangements were
made for our joining forces at Waverly and exploring with his
federal truck for the practically useful wild species, including
those with edible roots, shoots and seeds and those which might
furnish fiber and alcohol. We could also get mature material of
the little Eryngium and other technically interesting plants.
Everything was set for productive field-research when Massey,
most unhappily, got himself seriously poisoned and hospitalized
by digging and cleaning a lot of bulbs of Fly-poison, Amianthium
Muscaetoxicum, for experimental study.
In the spring of 1942, Mr. John B. Lewis had sent me from
the Seward Forest of the University of Virginia at Triplett in
Brunswick County a most extraordinary sterile plant of an
Asarum which seemed to combine traits of true Asarum, with
superficial, elongate rhizomes, and § Heterotropa (the genus
Hexastylis Raf.). This was accompanied by an invitation for
Long and me to go to the Seward Forest to study it and other
problems. Finally, in late August, he sent me from the same
area Hypericum setosum L., one of the most local of Coastal
Plain species in Virginia, and perfectly typical Cynoctonum ses-
silifolium (Walt.) J. F. Gmel., the first evidence in the state of
this distinctive species, to quote Small’s designation, of ‘*Pine-
lands and wet places, Coastal Plain, Fla. to La.” We already
knew that in the Seward Forest there is a small relict stand of
Long-leaf Pine, 47 miles west of its concentrated area in south-
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 375
eastern Virginia. Hypericum setosum and Cynoctonum sessili-
folium, added to Pinus palustris, indicated a probable intrusion
of Coastal Plain conditions farther back into the Piedmont of
southeastern Brunswick County than the one at McKenney in
Dinwiddle County, recorded in Ruopora, xliv. 373 (1942) and
on a preceding page in this journal. I promptly wrote Mr.
Lewis that, as soon as I could arrange for it, I would go to the
Seward Forest. I still hoped (in vain) for at least the courtesy
of a reply, pro or con, from the Ration Boards I had repeatedly
written, since I knew of so many colleagues with all gasoline
needed in various southern states for their scientific explorations.
Finally, on the morning of October 10th, I reached Emporia,
to be met there by Mr. Lewis. I had written in advance, sug-
gesting that, before proceeding to Triplett, we drive over to
Sedley and have a look at Whitefield’s Millpond and collect
mature material of the puzzling Eryngium and its various com-
panions of October, some of which would certainly be novelties.
It seemed, however, that Professor Alfred Akerman, the Director
of Seward Forest, wished to see forest-conditions and experi-
mental plantings in Greensville and southern Southampton and
had most kindly proposed that we unite errands and spend a long
day afield with the Forest truck on the 14th, when I could take
a night train, at Emporia, north toward Boston. That plan
was so superior to mine that there was no question about it;
a few days later we could take the cream from the now abnormally
broad sand-beaches of Whitefield’s, Airfield and Johnson’s Mill-
ponds and Long would still more regret that he had been unable
to join us.
Seward Forest is a wonderful experimental area for scientific
study of forestry and, with very restricted income, Dr. Akerman
and his loyal and underpaid associates are projecting and carrying
on invaluable researches. It was a comfort to me to find that
this wise and very practical experimenter in forest problems did
not have the love of forest fires, as necessary to the stimulation
and growth of valuable timber, which is sometimes urged. In
fact, the adult trees of Long-leaf Pine, a species which some stu-
dents claim to need fire if the seedlings are to succeed, have,
without that stimulus, successfully planted seeds, and a number
of vigorous columns of young trees are there thriving. Most
376 Rhodora [OcroBER
happily Dr. Akerman did not have the prejudice against botanical
research which so frequently blocks our work and, whenever
possible, he joined in the local exploration and everywhere found
special trees or local tree-species which became the subjects for
stimulating discussion. The University of Virginia and the
state have invaluable assets in the Seward Forest and in the
great capacity and sound common sense of its Director.
Even on the crest, where Long-leaf Pine is successfully renew-
ing itself as a little isolated colony, the rock is mantled by pebbles
with rounded sides; and at lower levels the woods and fields are
strewn with smoothed and rounded stones and pebbles. This is
not what one finds in the ordinary fracturing and frost-heaving
of igneous rock. It is most difficult to escape the idea that in
this area the old stones and pebbles have been rounded under or
by water. The creeks and branches are small and at the lowest
levels. In view of the several typical or elsewhere exclusively
Coastal Plain species of plants growing there one, who is not a
geologist, inclines to the view that an arm of the Miocene Sea
must here have intruded back into the Piedmont and that its
waters rounded the granitic pebbles and that typical plants, now
chiefly of the inner Coastal Plain, subsequently found there the
soil-conditions which suit them. At any rate, Cynoctonum ses-
silifolium thrives on a mossy and partially wooded flat; Hy-
pericum setosum has recently been found by Mr. Lewis at a
second station; Panicum aciculare of “Sandy woods and pine-
lands, Coastal Plain” (Small) and P. lucidum of ‘sphagnum bogs,
Coastal Plain” (Small) abound. In fact, the mingling of Coastal
Plain with ordinary Piedmont and even Appalachian Upland
plants is very striking. Panicum aciculare and the montane
Danthonia compressa may be collected side-by-side in dry woods.
Kuhnia eupatorioides, though found in rich woods on the Coastal
Plain, is preeminently a plant of the Interior. Near it may be
collected the striking Sorghastrum Elliottii (Mohr) Nash, here at
a new inland limit.
A mile or two up Rattlesnake Creek, west of Triplett, there is
a swampy pond-hole in the woods, locally known as the “bog ‘
Here the slightly retarded creek has spread over a flat and, after
heavy rain, may become so flooded as to form a considerable
pond. One might be in southern Southampton County. The
TE ee
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 377
pool and its margin support several Coastal Plain types, their
known ranges here extended 15 to 30 miles inland: Paspalum
fluitans (Ell.) Kunth (see Ruopora, xxxix. 382, pl. 474, figs.
6-10), Cyperus densicaespitosus Mattf. & Kiikenth., Commelina
diffusa Burm. f. (see Ruopora, xlii. 434) and Hydrolea quadri-
valuis. In dry woods otherwise typical Andropogon scoparius
has glabrous, instead of densely villous sheaths, and part way
up a wooded bluff the northern and upland Pyrola rotundifolia
var. americana has a sterile colony, a plant one would look for in
the mountains.
A little mossy swamp-hole, locally known as ‘Ram-hole”
Swamp, because of the ram installed there for pumping water,
is largely given over to retarding brambles, but in the mossy
thicket there is an abundance of the always beautiful Lobelia
glandulifera (Gray) Small (see Ruopora, xxxix. 345 and map 20
on p. 343), a species with three geographic centers, (1) from the
inner Piedmont of North Carolina across the mountains into
Tennessee, (2) several hundred miles to the south, the Coastal
Plain of southwestern Georgia and adjacent Florida, and (3)
the Coastal Plain of southeastern Virginia and northeastern
North Carolina, inland to Amelia and eastern Brunswick Coun-
ties. Here it might have been derived either from the south-
west or the east; but the goldenrod growing with it may give a
clue. Resembling the northern and upland calcicolous Solidago
patula in having almost wing-angled square stems, it yet is very
different. Its technical characters will be defined in Part II.
I was delighted to make its acquaintance but somewhat annoyed
for, having closed off three different times the treatment of
Solidago, with 75 species and many cross-references by number
for a revised Gray’s Manual, I was obliged to interpolate another
and to shift the numbering. Nevertheless it is nice to have in
Virginia so definite a species as S. salicina Ell. It is a fine
Species of acid bogs of the Coastal Plain and outer Piedmont,
described by Stephen Elliott from western Georgia.
One of the finest pieces of hardwood (beech, oak and hickory)
in the Seward Forest is back of the old Chamblis place. Here
are splendid trees and here Dr. Akerman is carrying on some
very productive experiments in forest-reproduction. The soil is
deep and, as in all undisturbed beech-oak-hickory forest, full of
378 Rhodora [OcToBER
interesting upland plants. Panicum flexile, a characteristic in-
land grass, follows the wood-road; and toward the base of one
slope there is a bit of the flora of the Blue Ridge or the Alle-
ghenies: Polygala Senega var. latifolia, Ligusticum canadense,
and, most surprising of all, the montane Zizia trifoliata (Michx.)
Fernald in Ruopora, xlii. 298 and pl. 623 (1940), better known
as Z. Bebbii (Coult. & Rose) Britt.
In an old fallow field back of the Chamblis house there is a
large colony, spread evidently by stolons, of a small Leguminous
shrub which, Mr. Lewis assured me, never flowers and fruits.
It proves to be Glycyrrhiza lepidota Nutt., var. glutinosa (Nutt.)
S. Watson, a rare Licorice from the extreme western side of the
United States. It is a large and rapidly increasing remnant of a
colony presumably once cultivated. Having, as a boy, chewed
licorice-root, I was happy to taste a forgotten nibble, but stu-
dents now in the university had never even heard of it. One of
them returned every few minutes, asking for “a little bit more”.
I finally had the root firmly glued to the herbarium-sheet!
Hoping for a natural pond-shore, I pushed the inquiry, but
the best they could suggest was Simms Millpond, southwest of
Fitzhugh, where the dam had gone out some years ago. Pro-
ceeding there, we were amazed to see the greatest area of Poke,
Phytolacca americana (or decandra), probably anywhere in
existence. The entire drained pond-bottom was a solid, dense
thicket of it much higher than our heads. We broke our way
into it, hoping for lingering colonies of something more interesting
but to no avail. But economically and gastronomically the Poke
is interesting and I was surprised to find that it was not being
used. The young shoots, as soon as they sprout in early spring,
are greatly appreciated as a wholesome and highly nutritious
vegetable and are brought regularly to city-markets in many
regions, as Charleston, South Carolina, Washington, Baltimore,
Philadelphia, etc., as a market-vegetable. The top of the gigantic
taproot has a circle of many buds. As soon as the leading shoots
are cut others replace them. The leaves alone, from stems up to
3 feet high, are a valuable and delicious potherb, and nothing
more tasty, nutritious and quickly cooked could be found than
the new stems 2 or 3 feet high, easily rid of the tough rind.
Phytolacca, only locally appreciated in parts of our country, Was
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 379
early carried to southern Europe, where it is cultivated for its
new shoots. Simms Millpond is locally looked upon as a dead
loss. The self-sown crop of tremendously vigorous Poke growing
there could feed all Brunswick County for two months in the
spring. Tops of the big roots, boxed in earth, frozen, and then
placed in a cellar and watered, would supply a green vegetable
all winter, and the new shoots from such a God-given truck-
farm, sent to an appreciative market, might bring large financial
return. The difficulty is to get conservative people to eat what
they do not purchase at the corner-market.
Following weeks of unbroken drouth rain came very soon after
I reached Seward Forest. It had come to stay and we came in
with rain-coats dripping. In the morning of my last day there
Dr. Akerman defied the storm and joined Lewis and me on a trip
to the Meherrin River, a few miles to the north, above Western
Bridge. I specially wanted to see the place because Lewis had
collected in flower on the wooded river-bluff the southern Tiarella
with stout rhizomes, no stolons and very slender racemes. I
wanted to secure fruiting material. Trying to dodge the worst
downpours, we started up-river in a forest of almost pure growth
of Acer floridanum, but I very soon worked down to the bottom-
land-thicket; for I was attracted by several species there. Boltonia
caroliniana (Walt.) Fern. in Ruopora, xlii. 487, pl. 642 (1940)
was abundant and very tall, though with pink, instead of white
ligules, its range extended inland 15 miles or more, and the
small-headed Heleniwm was certainly the same as that of the
Coastal Plain farther east. We have accumulated so many
collections of this Helenium from southeastern Virginia that, in
desperation, I have tackled the genus. My conclusions will be
found in Part II. Vernal and aestival species of this bottom-
land were of course unrecognizable, but one leaning and sprawl-
ing, very brittle Muhlenbergia at once arrested attention. I had
just “done” Muhlenbergia for the Manual and had attempted to
point out more fundamental characters than those commonly
used. This one, associated with the common M. frondosa (Poir.)
Fern. in Ruopora, xlv. 235, pl. 749 and 750 (1943), was none I
had seen from the Atlantic slope. Study of its spikelets and
comparison in the herbarium shows it to be another prairie
Species (southwestern Indiana and Illinois to Texas), M. glabri-
380 Rhodora [OcroBER
flora Scribn., isolated, like M. brachyphylla (see p. 365) in south-
eastern Virginia. The lower Meherrin valley begins to compete
for honors with the Nottoway. In fact, I now hesitate to make
estimates of the relative interest of the isolated or localized
floras of the Meherrin, the Nottoway, the Blackwater, and the
smaller and sluggish rivers farther east. Each has its specialties.
In the aggregate they are a remarkable and still largely unknown
flora.
Below the bridge, the steep bluff gave us battered fruit of
Tiarella. It is so unlike that of the northern 7. cordifolia, with
which it had been placed, as a variety, that in Part II I shall
discuss what seem to me its characters and identity. With it
were other interesting species and, of course, spring and early
summer would yield many more. As notable as any now recog-
nizable were typical Amsonia Tabernaemontana, heretofore
known in the state only from two stations on the Coastal Plain,
and Scutellaria serrata, previously unknown in the southern
counties east of the Blue Ridge—again the juxtaposition of
montane and Coastal Plain specialties.
In the late afternoon, my packing being done, preliminary to
a daylight start next morning, I consented to go with Lewis to a
little Cephalanthus-pool in the woods, which he has dubbed
Triplett Pond. Repeatedly, as we drove past it he had gently
asked: “ Wouldn’t you like to look in there?” As regularly, I had
declined the invitation. Cephalanthus- and Decodon-holes rarely
yield much, but in this one he had caught small animals which
belonged much farther south. I was glad to clear my conscience
and to have a look before leaving Seward Forest. On the way,
as we passed through dry pine woods, I was surprised to see
most characteristic plants of Gnaphaliwm obtusifolium var.
Helleri (Britt.) Blake, for this very definite variety (see RHODORA,
xxxviii. 231, pl. 434, figs. 8 and 9), although originally described
from Northwest in southeastern Norfolk County and abundant
about Eastville on the Eastern Shore, had never been known
inland. Here was an extension inland of 85 miles. The slight
inland extension of var. micradenium Weath. was negligible and
expected. Reaching the little pond-hole, I was amazed to see
the coastal Gratiola virginiana var. aestuariorum Pennell (see
Ruopora, xliv. 440, pl. 730, fig. 3). Surely this was no brackish,
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 381
tidal shore. But I was diverted by the big clumps of a coarse
pilose Panicum, which somehow looked familiar but which I
could not immediately place; and no wonder, for it is P. longi-
folium var. pubescens (Vasey) Fern. in Ruopora, xxxvi. 69
(1934), described by Vasey from Florida and never known north
of that state. Lewis knew what he was about when he wanted
me to “look in there’’; and again I had had rubbed in what we
never learn, that in a country with the complex flora of south-
eastern Virginia every natural spot, no matter how common-
place in aspect, may harbor strongly isolated and local plants.
It was hard to leave the hospitality and stimulating compan-
ionship of Dr. and Mrs. Akerman and Mr. and Mrs. Lewis, but
next morning in driving rain Akerman, Lewis and I started in
the truck for the sand-beaches of ponds in Southampton and
Sussex Counties. The forester made his observations and we
had a cheerful and interesting trip but, alas, it had rained without
letup for five days. When we got to Sedley we were told that
we could not get at Whitefield’s Pond from the south, for the
road was completely under water and the dam itself flooded.
That sounded pretty bad and when we reached Whitefield via
Corinth, there was the overflowing pond extending back into
the woods. The farmer living near by told us that in the forty
years he had lived there the water had never been so low as it
was until this five-day rain came on. We could have wept.
Locating a spot where the little Eryngium should be, I walked
in to shoulder-depth (I was already drenched by rain), ducked
and grabbed. Nothing but floating Utricularia and debris came
up. The Eryngium still evades us. Stopping in Emporia at
the home of Lewis’s sister and her husband, Dr. and Mrs.
George C. Faville (who were sufficiently venerable to have
studied botany under the late Professor Charles E. Bessey (1845-
1915) in Iowa, but endowed with unlimited alertness and vi-
vacity) and their daughter, Mrs. Wheeldon, I changed to dry
clothes and was ready for the all-night ride to New York.
In April Lewis located flowers and young buds on the new
Asarum and on the 23rd I reached Seward Forest. Restrictions
on the use of gasoline had greatly tightened. Lewis had planned
to drive to Emporia (18 miles away) for me but the mails had
failed to deliver to him my post-card of a week before, saying
382 Rhodora [OcroBER
when I would arrive. Taxicabs were allowed to cover territory
within 10 miles of Emporia and no farther. That distance,
fortunately, got me to the Brunswick County line, where I trans-
ferred to the taxi of a local farmer who relayed me to Triplett.
My home was with one of the foresters and his family, Mr. and
Mrs. Howard Nicholson and two delightful little daughters.
The fallow fields were carpeted with the vernal weeds and I
introduced the family, and especially the children, to the edible
qualities, particularly as nibbles and salads, of young Henbit,
_Lamium, and of Peppergrass, Lepidiwm virginicum.
The Asarum was locally abundant at the bases of wooded
slopes along creeks and branches, great colonies with heart-
shaped to slightly halberd-shaped, scattered, solitary firm leaves,
but flowers were excessively scarce. In a patch with thousands
of leaves there was often not a single bud nor flower; in another
patch a few could be found but their peduncles were very fragile
and it was difficult to secure a good specimen, showing the thread-
like subterranean rhizomes and stolons, without breaking off the
flower. Whiteoak Creek and Rattlesnake Creek, investigated at
many places, yielded their specimens, and colonies with several
young flower-buds were noted, that Lewis might later secure
fruit. We here had a very distinct new species and it seemed
evident that its rare flowering was a result of its occurrence along
creeks and branches where it is often submerged and where its
very efficient vegetative reproduction, by slender, subterranean
stolons, suffices for its local spread. On the last day, one of the
forest-crew having errands in Emporia, we went with him in the
truck, in search of this new and very local plant outside Bruns-
wick County. Since both Whiteoak Creek and Rattlesnake
Creek are tributary to Fontaine (“ Fountain’) Creek, the obvious
place to look was farther down the latter valley. At our first
stop, at the bridge over Fontaine Creek near Barley in south-
western Greensville County, Lewis promptly walked into it; but
that seems to be about its eastern limit, not far from the entrance
of Rattlesnake into Fontaine Creek. Other crossings of Fon-
taine Creek did not yield it, although the stretch from the mouth
of Rattlesnake Creek to Round Hill Church could not be ex-
amined. At Round Hill Church the banks would be forbidding
to it, acid sand with Kalmia latifolia forming a dense thicket and,
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 383
where the white sand is loose and dry, supporting the most
beautiful and extensive colony of Phlox nivalis I have ever seen.
In Ruopora, xlii. 476 (1940) I took up for this plant the un-
equivocal name, P. Hentzii Nutt. (1834) because in the place
where he started the name P. nivalis Loddiges had given no
adequate diagnosis. Subsequently, however, Dr. Wherry, in
Ruopora, xliii. 71 (1941), showed that the name given by Lod-
diges was validated by Sweet in 1827, when a proper diagnosis
and fuller description were published. P. nivalis, then, has
right of way.
The woods along Fontaine Creek lower down, in an area
southwest of Dahlia, seemed so like those along Whiteoak and
Rattlesnake Creeks that we hopefully went there. As Lewis
agreed, it is just the right habitat but no Asarum could be found.
Subsequently, by saving up his gasoline, Lewis trailed the new
species to a small creek in Brunswick County which empties into
Roanoke River. How extensively it occurs along Roanoke
drainage can be determined only when more gasoline is available.
At any rate, this remarkable new species will be described and
illustrated (pLATES 774 and 775) in Part II.
Just below Emporia the Meherrin is bordered by a forest com-
posed largely of a yellow-flowered Buckeye. In 1936 Long,
Griscom and I had got a little of it in woods along Metcalf
Branch, which enters the Meherrin a mile farther down; and in
Ruopora, xxxix. 352 and 435 (1937) and xl. 441 (1938) I erro-
neously recorded it as Aesculus discolor Pursh, a more western
species. The freshly flowering material secured from the exten-
sive forest of the tree shows it to be Ae. neglectus Lindl., var.
pubescens Sargent. It was a novel experience to wander in such
a forest on the inner edge of the Coastal Plain. Whereas at
Triplett, only 18 miles to the west and with creeks at barely 100
feet greater elevation, spring was just emerging, here it was
almost summer. Corydalis flavula, which we had known on the
Coastal Plain of southeastern Virginia only along the James and
its tributaries was scattering seed; the fruits of Nemophila micro-
calyx and of Viola striata (also James River specialties) were ripe.
Great carpets of Phacelia dubia had enough lingering flowers to
be handsome and, surprise of surprises, here were thousands of
plants, now passing out of bloom, of upland and inland Trillium
384 Rhodora [OcTroBER
sessile, the first member of its genus I had ever seen growing in
southeastern Virginia. There was no time to linger. These and
a few other species were tucked into a portfolio and I hurried to
catch the night train northward, hoping that some “break”
would soon get Long and me to this botanically unexplored and
most distinctive area of the Meherrin at the inner margin of the
Coastal Plain. At least, I could get another and longer visit there
when, a few weeks later, I should return to Seward Forest to fol-
low up Rubus, which there seems to be a series somewhat different
from that of the Coastal Plain. When I regretfully said good-by
to Lewis and with forty people boarded the north-bound train at
Emporia, the now familiar announcement of the Conductor
reached my ears, ‘No seats. Standing room only.’ On the
platform of the car, however, there were two square feet of space,
where someone had moved. Setting my suitcase on end and
placing the portfolio of fresh specimens across it, I had a seat,
such as it was, all the way to Washington, where the train decided
to make over before proceeding to New York. Three hours wait
in a milling throng outside the train-gate from 1 to 4 A. M. was
finally relieved by announcement of a train to New York. Such,
inevitably, is travel in war-time. There has been no opportunity
for another trip, gasoline-rationing having still further tightened;
but, in spite of varied and discouraging obstacles, something has
been done to keep the flame of botanical exploration burning.
The results, more briefly summarized in Part II, are not dis-
creditable. Beginning the Virginia work with three days in the
field in 1933, continuing with two to five trips a season for nine
years and making but one brief trip, as a guest of the Seward
Forest, in April of 1943, we are assembling much substantial
data on the flora of the state. In the last report on this work’
the records of vascular plants new to Virginia, recorded in this
series of papers, reached 751. When and if we are again able to
renew the exploration the score of novelties to the state can begin
the ninth century.
1 The Seventh Century of Additions to the Flora of Virginia, Ruopora, xliv. 341-405,
416-452, 457-478 and plates 717-744—Contrib. Gray Herb. no. CXLV (1942).
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 385
Part II. RANGE-EXTENSIONS, TECHNICAL NoTES
AND REVISIONS
In Part II, as in previous papers of this series, the notes cover-
ing extensions of range are assembled, even though the species
has been discussed in the more discursive journal. Several
species collected by others and detected in the Gray Herbarium
during studies recently prosecuted, or some sent by others, are
included if I can find no record of their occurrence in the state.
A number of detailed and critical studies are also included since
they have grown out of comparisons of our Virginia material or
since they deal with genera occurring in the state. The many
plates were prepared by Dr. Bernice G. Scuusert, to whose
skill and patience I am under great obligation. The cost of
engraver’s blocks has been covered from a grant for personal
research from the DEPARTMENT oF BrioLogy of Harvard Uni-
versity. As so frequently in the past, Mr. Lona has most
generously aided in meeting the expense of publication.
As heretofore, plants thought to be previously unlisted from
Virginia or only recently recorded in technical studies of groups
are indicated, by an asterisk (*). In the enumerations the names
of the collectors, when Fernald & Long, are generally omitted.
*POTAMOGETON EPIHYDRUS Raf., var. NuTraLum (Cham. &
Schlecht.) Fern. XX P. PULCHER "Tuckerm. IsLE oF WIGHT
OUNTY: forming an extensive carpet, outlet of Lee’s "Millpond.
no. 12,230. See Ogden in Ruopora, xlv. 184 (1943). The only
nown eer as of this hybrid. See also Ruopora, xliii. 508
and 519 (1941).
*DANTHONIA spicata (L.) Beauv., var. LoNGIPILA Scribn. &
Merr. See Fernald in RHopora, xlv. 244 (1943), where several
Virginia collections are cited.
D. compressa Aust. See Fernald, 1. c. A northern and up-
land species occurring only locally in the southeastern counties:
uRRY County: rich calcareous wooded slopes along James
River, Claremont Wharf, no. 9825. Brunswick CouNTY: oak-
hickory-beech woods back of old Chamblis Place, Seward Forest,
near Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,458. 6.
LENBERGIA GLABRIFLORA Scribn. Brunswick County:
exsiccated bottomland woods above Western Bridge, Meherrin
River, south of Edgerton, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,460. The
western Indiana and Illinois to eastern Texas). See p. 379.
Digitaria sEROTINA (Walt.) Michx. To the single recorded
386 Rhodora [OcroBER
Virginia station add another, also in SourHAMPTON COUNTY
— shore of Johnson’s Millpond, 144 miles north of Sedley,
. 14,265. See p. 371.
Page pissectum L. To the few recorded stations add
one in Sussex County: sandy shore, Airfield Millpond, south-
west of Wakefield, no. 14,264. p
P. FLUITANS (EL.) K unth. See Ryopora, XXxix. 282, t. 474,
figs. iis (19 7 Local range extended into BRUNSWICK
Cou wampy pond-hole in woods, Rattlesnake Creek, west
of Triplett, Pornalt ¢ Lewis, no. 14 462. See p. 377.
PANICUM FLEXILE (Gattinger) Scribn. BRUNSWICK County:
clearing in oak-hickory-beech woods back of old Chamblis
Place, Seward Forest, near Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,471.
ce by Hitchcock & Chase only from Alexandria County. See
378.
*P. LONGI aarp tt Torr., var. PUBESCENS (Vasey) hence *
RHoporRA xxxvi. 69 (193 4). Brunswick County: sphagn
knolls in woods he Triplett Pond, Seward Forest, near Triplett,
Fern eo ald & Lewis, no. 14,472. First from north of Florida. See
p-
P. ACICULARE Desy. Local range extended inland to BruNs-
wick County: dry border of oak-hickory-beech woods back of
a Seward Forest, near Triplett, Fernald & Lewis,
P. WrIGHTIANUM Scribn. Several additional stations on pond
shores. Sussex County: Brittle’s Millpond, west of Wakefield,
no. 14,267; Airfield Millpond, southwest of Wakefield, no. 14,268.
SovrHampton County: Johnson’ s Millpond, 1% miles north of
seit no. 14,266; Whitefield’s Millpond, southwest of Corinth,
70. Istr or WIGHT County: Darden’s Pond, southeast
of Colo, no. 14,269. See pp. 371 and 372.
P. auBURNE Ashe. To the few recorded stations add one in
ISLE OF Want County: dry sandy pine barrens, south of Zuni,
no. 14,275.
P. SPHAEROCARPON Ell., var. inFLATUM (Scribn. & Sm.) Hitch-
cock. In disturbed soil in wet woods along Assamoosick Swamp,
northeast of Homeville, Sussex County, the stimulated plants
reach a height of 1 m. with athe up to 1. '6 dm. long and 1.5 cm.
broad, the panicles 1.5 dm. | and 1 dm. broad. The extreme
height given by et a Cine for the species is 5.5 dm.,
with panicles up to 1 dm.
Muhl, Giveutentait County: open, gid
pine woods, Colonial Beach, F. T. Hubbard, no. 413, a
Be tee Not recorded from north of North Carolina.
MUNDUM Fernald in Ruopora, xxxviii. a, t. 443, figs. 1-5
County: sphagnous pocket, upper border of treiti reed-marsh
and swale along Northwest River near Northwest, no. 14,272.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 387
*SETARIA VERTICILLATA (L.) Beauv. RocksripGE County:
along sidewalk, Lexington, August 23, 1924, J. R. Churchill._—
Not indicated for Virginia on Hitchcock’s map 1567 (Man.).
THE COMMON NORTHERN BurGRass.—The common Burgrass
of open sands, from New Hampshire to Oregon, south to North
Carolina, Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas and New Mexico, is
indigenous or spread from indigenous colonies through much of
this range but, singularly enough, it has always passed under
specific names which technically belong to other species. Long
identified as Cenchrus echinatus L., it was forced to resign that
name to the quite different tropical species. Similarly the name
C. tribuloides L. soon proved to belong to the very coarse tropical
and southern coastal species. Then C. carolinianus Walt. was
despairingly grasped, but Walter’s type is unknown, our plant
is doubtfully in his territory, and Mrs. Chase, Contrib. U. 8. Nat.
Herb. xxii. 76 (1920), believes that C. carolinianus might have
been C. incertus M. A. Curtis, which does grow in Walter’s
country. In her monograph of the genus she merges our plant
with the Mexican C. pauciflorus Benth. and, until Dr. I. M.
Johnston, working upon his Mexican and southern Texan
material, segregated it off from the great bulk of specimens from
the northern and Rocky Mountain region of the United States,
it so rested. Dr. Johnston, not wishing to get involved with the
more northern and northeastern plant, called the matter to my
attention. There is no doubt that C. pauciflorus is the Mexican
(and sone) species, Bentham having described ‘it from Lower
California: “culmis suberectis, . . .~“ “Folia plerumque an-
gustiora [quam in C. echinata], spinis dorsalibus marginalibusque
validis basi dilatatis’’.
Cenchrus pauciflorus, then, is the Mexican and Texan species
with culms usually in erect or ascending tufts, the leaves 1.5-4
mm. broad, the summit of the sheath spreading as a chartaceous
flange; spikes 1-5 em. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick; the stramineous
involucres 8-12 mm. broad (from tip to tip of mature spines), the
dorsal and lateral spines compressed and broad-based. The
characteristic fruit, from the TyPx of C. cocsiesata is shown by
Mrs. Chase, 1. ¢. fig. 17, p. 68.
Our plant, on the other hand, has more generally decumbent
or rooting culms, up to 8 dm. long and strongly geniculate;
388 Rhodora [OcToBER
leaves 3-8 mm. broad, the enlarged sheaths constricted at sum-
mit; spike 1.5-8 em. long and 1.3-2 cm. thick, the mature
stramineous to bronze or purplish burs 1—1.5 cm. in diameter,
with the coarse spines subulate-subterete. The bur is beautifully
shown, as that of C. pauciflorus, in Chase, 1. c. 69, fig. 18, and this
figure, instead of that of true C. pauciflorus, was copied in
Hitcheock, Man. fig. 1594. As compared with that of real C.
pauciflorus it is too large, with more numerous spines, the stronger
ones more slender and without deltoid and flattened bases.
So far as I can find the only available name for the northern
and transcontinental species is C. echinatus, forma longispinus
Hackel, based upon Connecticut material collected by Harger
and distributed by Kneucker (no. 426). As a diagnosis of a form
of C. echinatus, in the loose sense, Hackel’s brief description was
sufficient. Treated as a species the plant demands a fuller
account. It is fortunate that Hackel has supplied the basonym
and type. Even so, I take no comfort in having even my name
intimately associated with a Cenchrus and the keen taxonomist
who called it to my attention would not care to have the species
named for him!
Crncurus longispinus (Hackel), stat. nov. C. echinatus, forma
longispinus Hackel in Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. ix. 1
(1903). Pl i i
ad 8 dm. longis geniculatis basi ramosis; foliis 3-8 mm. latis,
— distentis apice constrictis; spicis maturis 1.5-8 cm.
longis 1.3—2 cm. crassis; involucris maturis stramineis vel aenels
vel purpurascentibus hirsutis 1-1.5 em. diametro, spinulis majori-
bus tereti-subulatis. Typr of C. echinatus, forma longispinus:
Oxford, Connecticut, Z. B. Harger in Kneucker, Gram. Exsicc.
Lief. XV. no. 426.
In southeastern Virginia, fortunately, Cenchrus longispinus is
rare. Our only collections are the following. James CITY
pda sandy field about 5 miles west of Toano, R. W. Menzel,
one OUTHAMPTON County: dry white sand of clearing in
and pine woods bordering Assamoosick Swamp, south o
Sebrell no. 10,941; grassy roadside about 7 miles south of
Franklin, no. 7297 (misidentified as C. incertus).
ERIANTHUS COARCTATUS Fernald in Ruopora, xlv. 246, t. 758
(1943). Note that the plant of Sussex County previously
reported as E. brevibarbis Michx. belongs here. FE. brevibarbis
is a very different plant of the Mississippi Basin.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 389
viminea (no. 12,564) from Greensville County we had not yet
got the flowers. The later collection (no. 13,883), made October
13, 1941, shows the plant to be var. variabilis, which is charac-
terized by having delicate awns up to 9 mm. long. Blake’s
plant, collected along the James River at City Point, near
Hopewell in October, 1931 (Blake, no. 11,472) is of typical Z.
viminea (i. e. Pollinia imberbis, var. Willdenowiana (Nees)
Hackel), with awnless spikelets. Typical E. viminea occurs
southward to Alabama: shaded bank of Tennessee River, north-
east of Sheffield, Colbert Co., Oct. 7, 1934, Harper, no. 3275.
The earliest valid generic name for the genus is Eulalia
Kunth, Rév. Gram. i. 160, t. 93 (1829), although Hackel, like
most Old World botanists, has maintained Pollinia Trin. in
Mém. Acad. Pétersb. ser. VI. ii. 304 (1833). In so doing they
may have been misled by Index Kewensis, which lists just before
Pollinia Trin. another Pollinia Spreng. Pugill. ii. 10 (1815),
“farrago [mixture] = seq. &c.”’ The “&c” is correct, for
Sprengel had 10 species, none of them considered by Hackel as
belonging in Pollinia Trin.: 6 referred by Hackel directly to
Andropogon; 1 to Oplismenus; 1 to Ischaemum; and 2 wholly
doubtful “species inextricabiles’”’ (Hackel, 1. ¢. 565). Pollinia
Trin. (1833), clearly antedated by Eulalia Kunth (1829), must
lapse.
In looking up the origin of the generic name Eulalia the
quickest method was to turn to the shelf of dictionaries and to
see what Wittstein said in his Etymologisch-botanisches Hand-
worterbuch. There it is: ‘Eulalia KNTH. (Gramineae). Zus. aus
ev (schén, gut) und AeAte (Rede, Gericht, Ruf); ein schénes,
guldgelbbliihendes Gras”. The type of the genus being £.
aurea Kunth, that derivation is plausible. Had Wittstein taken
the trouble to look up Kunth’s own explanation, however, he
would have found a more pleasing and splendidly appropriate
explanation of the name, for it is difficult to imagine more beauti-
ful illustrations (all signed E. D.) than the 220 wonderful plates
390 Rhodora [OcroBER
by Eviauia Dewite which clarify Kunth’s remarkable volumes.
That Kunth was fully appreciative of his artist is made clear by
his own explanation: “Dixi hoc genus in honorem Eulaliae
Delile, cujus perito elegantique penicillo icones hujus operis ut et
quorumdam aliorum debet botanice”’.
*ANDROPOGON scopaRiIus Michx., var. GENuINUS Fern. &
Grisc. in RHopora, xxxvii. 143, 144 (1935), forma calvescens,
f. nov., vaginis gla bris. VrrGInia: dry woods along Rattlesnake
eae apa of Triplett, Brunswick County, October 11, 1942,
Herb. Phil. Acad.); mois baondes 4 nd peaty pine barrens, south
Se
1940, Fernald & ye no. 12,567. See p. 377.— Quite like typical
Andropogon scoparius (= var. items Keamey) but wit
the sheaths stabrous’ instead of se
SorGHASTRUM Exziottir (Mohr) Nash. Ketel range extended
inland to Brunswick County: a, woods along Rattlesnake
ak ‘abel of Triplett, Fernald & gle no. 14,473. See p. 376.
OSTYLIS CILIATIFOLIUS (EIl.) Fern. New northeastern
Persie IsLE or Wicut County: dry sandy pine site:
south o :
on Coun
open alluvial flat by Blackwater River, southeast of Unity, no.
14,284. Be p. 369.
CIRPUS a BTERMINALIS Torr. Princess ANNE COUNTY:
shallow alee northwest eae of Salt Pond, June 28, 1922,
L. F. & Fannie R. Randolph.
Although Britton, Ill. Fl., cites Scirpus subterminalis § as eX-
tending south to South Carolina and Small, Man. 169, says
“Miss.’”’, I have been unable to locate previous material from
south of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. There is nothing in the
Gray Herbarium nor in the Britton Herbarium from south of
New Jersey and Pennsylvania, except the Salt Pond specimen;
and the rather extensive collecting in eastern South Carolina
and eastern North Carolina by Godfrey did not bring it to light.
Beetle, however, in Am. Journ. Bot. xxx. 396 (1943) seems to
have seen material from both South Carolina and Mississipp1.
Tue Speciric CHARACTERS OF Scirpus OLtNEYI—One of the
most distinctive species of Scirpus, § Schoenoplectus, is the
coarse, soft-stemmed S. Olneyi Gray (1845), which follows saline
and brackish marshes from eastern South America up the
Atlantic to southern New Hampshire and Nova Scotia, the
Pacific to Washington. In many characters the plant is so
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 391
distinctive that amateurs who do not distinguish between some
technical species usually recognize this one at a glance. It is,
therefore, a bit startling to find in the Am. Journ. Bot. xxx. 397
(1943) Beetle merging it with and reducing it to S. chilensis
Nees & Meyen (1843). Beetle’s detailed description of the
inclusive species, as S. chilensis, clearly says “‘style 2-fid’’, which
is correct for the tropical and North American S. Olneyi, and in
his discussion he speaks of the original diagnosis of S. chilensis as
“adequate to identify the plant’. He then quotes the diag-
nosis of S. chilensis, including the original and easily corrobo-
rated “‘stylo trifido”’; but he gives no explanation of how a plant
of the warmer half of the Northern Hemisphere with “style
2-fid”’ is necessarily, or even probably, identical with a plant of
temperate South America with “‘stylo trifido’”’. This distinction
is constant, apparently. So are several others. The broadly
wing-angled soft culm of S. Olney? is so very soft that in pressing
it becomes flat and ribbonlike; in fresh condition, however, it
has deep reéntrant angles which caused Asa Gray, in originally
describing it, to give the following vivid description: ‘“‘distin-
guished .by its remarkably 3-winged stem. The reéntering
angles are so deep that the cross section presents the appearance
of three rays, or plates with parallel sides, joined by a common
center.’’ The collapsing of the culm under very slight pressure
results from its hollow or fistulous character, the pith occurring
as scattered remnants only. If S. Olneyi is identical with S.
chilensis it is notable that the much more slender culms of the
latter are firm and resistant, not flattened in drying, that they
lack the extremely broad wing-angles and deep reéntrant con-
cavities and that they are closely filled with pith.
In S. Olneyi the upper leaf-sheaths have a U- or V-shaped
orifice and the brown tissue of the sheath-summit is readily
friable; in S. chilensis the orifice is subtruncate or very shallowly
concave and the tissue firmer. In S. chilensis the excurrent
midribs of the scales project more prominently than in S. Olneyi.
In S. chilensis, as already noted, there are 3 style-branches, in
S. Olneyi 2. Although the achenes of the bipartite S. chilensis
sensu Beetle are given absolute dimensions, ‘2.5 mm. long, 1.5
mm. broad’’, the few achenes of S. chilensis available, from
Pennell, no. 12,923 and Osten, no. 22,029, are definitely more
392 Rhodora [OcroBER
slender than in S. Olneyi. These two numbers of S. chilensis
have achenes narrowly obovate and three fifths to three fourths
as broad as long: 2.6 K 1.8 mm., 2.4 X 1.8 mm., 2.3 K 1.5 mm
On the other hand, ripe fruit from material of S. Olneyi from
the general type-region, southern New Hampshire to Virginia,
shows much more rounded or broadly obovate achenes four fifths
as broad to essentially as broad as long: 2.2 *K 1.8 mm., 2.2 X 2
mm.; 2.4 X 2.2mm., 2 X 1.8mm., 2 X 1.6 mm., ete. Whether
or not typical S. Olney? occurs in temperate South America I am
not situated to determine. Barros & Osten described a S.
Olneyi, forma australis from Uruguay in Anal. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Montevid. ser. 2, iii. 204 (1931) and in vol. xxxviii. 159 and 161
(1935) Barros illustrated it and cited much material from
Argentina but did not suggest that it includes S. chilensis. In
fact, in the latter detailed study Barros definitely cited (p. 156)
S. chilensis as identical with S. americanus Pers. I am content
to keep up Scirpus Olney as a thoroughly distinct species.
In Virginia Scirpus Olneyi makes extensive colonies often 2 m.
or more oe on the saline and brackish shores.
*S. vaLipus Vahl, var. cREBER Fern., forma MEGASTACMYUS
Fernald in Raoneee xlv. 283, t. 765, fig. 8 (1943). James CITY
OUNTY: marsh of Chickehorniay River about 5 miles west of
Toano, R. W. Menzel, no
_ BTUB ERCULATUS (Steud.) Ktze. Princess ANNE COUNTY:
shallow water, northwest branch of Salt Pond, June 29, 1922,
L. F. & Fannie R. Randolph, no. 462.
Scirpus etuberculatus, one of the most localized of species, has
a long-known station near Salisbury, Maryland, one or two in
southeastern North Carolina, two in Georgia, one in Florida,
two in Alabama, one in Mississippi, and one in Louisiana. The
station of Mr. and Mrs. Randolph is apparently the first between
southeastern North Carolina and satel gaeae
+8, rus Pursh, sien protrusus, f. nov., spiculis plus
iniaee: ‘ceieda ad 3-5 em. lon ngis. — Von: brackish to
fresh marsh along Back Bay 4 at eastern margin of Long Island,
Princess Anne County, August 25, ty Fernald & Long, no.
10,973 (type in Herb. Gray., isotype in Herb. Phil. Acad.);
border of salt marsh, Ragged Islan a northeast of 2 oleae
Isle of Wight County, August 20, 1940, Fernald & Lon
12,587.—Differing from typical S. robustus (w: ith spikelets 1. 33
em. long) by its very prolonged spikelets.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 393
S. MARITIMUs L., var. FerNaup1 (Britton) Beetle. See Fern.
in Ruopora, xlv. 289 (1943). S. novae-angliae Britton. Our
only collections are from the James River or its tributary creeks.
URRY County: tidal marsh at mouth of Crouch Creek, east of
Scotland, no. 8593, previously reported as S. novae-angliae.
JAMES Crry County: tidal shore of Back River, opposite James-
town Island, no. 10,972, distrib. as S. robustus Pursh.
*S. MARITIMUS, var. FERNALDI, forma aGoNus Fern. I. ¢. 288
(1943). New KEnt County: fresh tidal ae te Lacey Creek,
west of Walker, no. 13,559.
HYNCHOSPORA FILIFOLIA Gray. Sussex County: upper
ae of siliceous and page se shore, Airfield Millpond,
southwest of Wakefield, 14,301. Fi rst station between
i North Canola and ‘Cape May, New Jersey. See
"Cae DECOMPOSITA Muhl. iin oo Thor Bipesar stations
add one in SourHampron Coun cypress swamp
bordering Womble’s (or Wade’ a ‘Dilipenit nora of Baffle, no
14,305. See p. 373.
Bayarpi Fern. C. virginiana Fern., not Woods. Range
extended northwestward in SOUTHAMPTON County: sandy al-
luvial bottomlands of Three Creek, Adams Grove, no. 14,306.
ee p. 367.
C. venusta Dewey. To the few recorded stations add one in
Dinwippie County: wet. spri ngy sphagnous woods east of
Cherry Hill, no. 14,307. See p
C. Coutinstr Nutt. To ths a ‘recorded stations add one in
Dinwippie County: wet springy sphagnous woods east of
Cherry Hill, no. 14,311. See p. 366.
CoMMELINA DIFFUSA Burm. f. Local range extended inland to
BruNswick County: swampy pond-hole in woods, Rattlesnake
Creek, west of Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14, 478. See p. 377.
MIANTHIUM ve tag nivgelny (Walt.) Gray. Local range
extended northward in IsLe or WiGHT CounTY: ag in damp
sandy pine barrens south of Tei, no. 14,315. See p. 369.
NOTHOSCORDUM BIVALVE (L.) Britt. Range extended inland
from Princess Anne and Northampton Counties: James City
County: turf back of beach ra disturbed soil in woods and
thickets back of sand-beach of James River, Martin’s Beach,
southeast of Grove, Fernald, eae & Abbe, nos. 14,128 and 14,129.
SLE OF Wigut County: turf back of sand-beach of Burwell’s
Bay, James River, below Rushmere (Fergusson’s Wha
Fernald, Long & Abbe, no. 14,127. See pp. 360, 364.
alge CANADENSE L., var. editorum,' var. nov. (TAB. 771,
5), & var, typico me foliis mediis ellipticis vel oblongis
Hore vel greed s, vix attenuatis, latitudine 4-14 partem
' Editorum (of the uplands) from editum, upland or a height; not from editor!
394 Rhodora |OcroBER
longitudinis aequante; floribus rufescentibus; perianthii tubo
elongato, tepalis supra medium sensim arcuatis; petalis (siccis)
0.8-1.3 cm. latis—Locally from the mountains an le-
gheny Plateau of Pennsylvania to Kentucky and the mountains
of Alabama. PENNSYLVANIA: Waddle, Center County, July 3,
1939, J. P. Be thickets along Conoquenessing Creek, Butler
County, July 17, 1932, John Bright, no. 6789. Out 0: Columbus,
1837, Lesquereux? West VIRGINIA: els near aoe re River,
Hampshire County, July 1, 1933, Hunnewell, no. 12,771. Vir-
GINIA: open mountain-meadow at about 4000 feet alt., top of
Butt Mountain and at about 3500 feet alt. near Little Stony
Creek near “Cascade Road”, Giles County, July 24, 1943, A.
sane no. 4617 (TYPE in Her b. Gray.); Jeon gi Virginia Hot
Springs, Bath County, July 5, 1917, Panowal, & 4824; woods
eb 2700 fee t alt., Shenandoah Mt., Rockin gham Saunt July 14,
1932, Hennes no. 12,481. KENTUCKY: swampy meadows, 2
miles south of London, Laurel County, July 4, 1939, McFarland,
no. 3545; oak-chestnut mountain-summit forest, at 4000 feet alt.,
Black Mt., Harlan County, July 22, 1937, E. Lucy Braun, distrib.
as L. canadense or L. michi anense. ALABAMA: rich woods on
limestone, north slope of Monte Saho, Madison County, June 22,
32;.7T. 8. Van Al
Freshly collected material of Lilium canadense var. editorum
reached me just as this Contribution was starting to the printer,
Professor Massey sending it with a query as to its real identity.
Typical northern Lilium canadense, described from Canada and
occurring from the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec to northeastern
Ohio, south to Nova Scotia, New England, Pennsylvania and
upland to western Virginia, has the lanceolate (narrowly to
broadly) leaves of the median whorls attenuate to acute tips, the
blades },—% as broad as long, the usually yellow flower (red only
in the rare forma rubrum Britt.) with relatively short and thick
tube, the tepals strongly arching (r1c. 1) from below or near the
middle, the petals 1.2-2 em. broad. Occasional specimens have
the leaves of var. editorum but the flower of typical L. canadense.
Such a transitional series is represented by MacDaniels &
Thomas, no. 3710 from Ithaca, New York. It is noteworthy,
then, that Ithaca is near the northern border of the Allegheny
Plateau as mapped by Fenneman.
The chief points of departure of var. editorwm are its relatively
broad and only slightly if at all tapering leaves, its red flower
with slender and elongate tube, so that the arching of the tepals
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 395
starts near or above the middle, and the narrow tepals, the petals
in dried specimens being only 0.8-1.3 cm. broad. One collection
before me, C. EH. Wood, Jr., no. 1365, from sedge-meadow, Little
Meadows, northwest of Mountain Lake, Giles County, Virginia,
has the leaves narrower than and as attenuate as in the most
extreme northern plant, with flowers nearly of var. editorum.
A number of the above cited specimens were sent to the Gray
Herbarium with indications of doubt as to the identity and
usually with note of the red flower. The Bright material from
Butler County was marked in the hand of a temporary assistant
“Lilium michiganense’’, while the McFarland specimen was
identified with doubt as L. canadense, and the old sheet from
Columbus, Ohio, originally identified as L. canadense, bears
modern annotations, first as L. superbum L., later as L. michi-
ganense Farw. Until Professor Massey sent his material the
question of an undescribed montane variety had not been con-
sidered. The accumulated discontent with the identification of
the plant lead to its more critical study.
When we know ripe fruit of Lilium canadense, var. editorum
the seeds may show some further differences. The ripe fruit of
typical northern L. canadense is well represented in the collec-
tions before me, by 19 numbers in fully mature fruit, collected in
eastern Canada and interior New England, north or inland from
the coastwise northern limit of L. superbum and far east of the
quite different inland L. michiganense Farw. The fully developed
seeds of L. canadense vary from 7-11 mm. long, mostly 9-10 mm.
It is hoped that mature fruit of the montane plant may soon be
available.
The frequent misidentification of Lilium canadense, var. edi-
torum as the eastern and southern L. superbum or as the midland
L. michiganense reflects dissatisfaction with its being called
simply the northeastern L. canadense but it also indicates lack of
understanding of the morphological characters which separate
L. michiganense and L. superbum from one another and both of
them from L. canadense.
ste inti by the Inte Elsie Lou TEN so Echeverria loaves
from ~_ tburn Race hire, July 30, 1924, Walter Deane. Fras. 3-5,
var 4. flower and median leaves from TYPE; FIG. 5,
Bones & fren Butler Ouudee Paciayivssin: John Bright, no. 6789. All figs. ML.
396 Rhodora [OcroBER
TRILLIUM SESSILE L. GREENSVILLE County: rich woods along
Meherrin River, below Emporia, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,530,
very abundant. Our first record from the Coastal Plain. See
p. 383.
Tue Dwarr TRILLIUM OF SOUTHEASTERN VIRGINIA (PLATES
772 and 773).—In southeastern Virginia the genus Trilliwm is so
very local and scarce that in ten seasons of field-work I had
never met any member of the genus there growing wild until Mr.
Lewis and I came upon the extensive colony of 7’. sessile above
noted. I had, however, reported in Ruopora, xlii. 445 (1940)
the occurrence in the Great Dismal Swamp of a plant which I
then misidentified as T. lanceolatum Boykin; Professor Smart
had told me of the occurrence near the University of Richmond of
a scarce plant thought to be 7’. pusillwm Michx., this discovered
in May, 1931; and in the Gray Herbarium there is, under T.
pusillum, a sheet of exactly similar material from near Powhatan
Creek in James City County, discovered by Mrs. W. G. Guy and
Dr. Stetson, also in early May, 1931, and sent to the Gray Her-
barium by Professor Warren. Furthermore, Mr. Lewis told me
of a station in Dinwiddie County which had been shown to Mrs.
Laura H. Lippitt by the friend who had discovered it. From
this station, rich loamy woods near a stream in company of
Royal Fern, Sensitive Fern and Lady-fern and Medeola (a very
frequent association), Mrs. Lippitt has sent me a beautiful series
of freshly flowering specimens, with the note that the petals are
white, turning pink and then dark purple.
Altogether, the dwarf Trillium has a considerable, though
highly localized, occurrence in the southeastern counties of
Virginia; and, in identifying the Meherrin River 7. sessile, it
became quite apparent that the tiny plant is all of one distinctive
species and that it is neither 7’. lanceolatum nor typical T. pusil-
lum. The latter, T. pusillum Michx. (pLaTE 772), was described
as having the leaves sessile, the flower peduncled and erect, the
sepals scarcely longer than the petals, the petals pale flesh-color;
and it came from pinelands of South Carolina. The Michaux
material (our FIG. 1) well agrees with this description and the
label gives the further information: ‘35 m. de Charlest. environ
Gaillard road”. Just such a plant, rigs. 2 and 3, is known from
eastern South Carolina. It has the flower long-peduncled, the
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 397
petals about equaling or even longer than the sepals, 1.8-2.5 cm.
long and 4-9 mm. broad; the anthers sometimes 5-6 mm. long,
definitely longer than the filaments, or in otherwise typical
South Carolina plants only 3 mm. long and definitely shorter
than the filaments. The plant of southeastern Virginia (PLATE
773, FIGs. 1 and 2) looks like T. pusillum, but its flowers are
sessile or elevated on a peduncle up to only 5 mm. long. If the
latter embarrassing individuals are excluded, it is one of the
“‘sessile-flowered”’ species; if they are taken into account it is a
species with peduncled (‘‘pediceled’’) flowers, a bit awkward in
key-making. Its petals are mostly shorter than the sepals,
1.2-2 em. long and 3-5 mm. wide, the anthers 3-8 mm. long and
only slightly if at all longer than the filaments.
In view of the inconstancy in length of anthers and the over-
laps in other characters I am treating the plant of Virginia as a
geographic variety of Trillium pusillum, rather than as a distinct
species. The sessile flowers of most Virginia material were
responsible for one collection being placed with 7. lanceolatum.
That more southern species, however, has the sepals soon reflexed
and the long and tapering petals (our PLATE 773, FIG. 3) with
slender claw-like bases. The Maker plant is
TRILLIUM PUSILLUM Michx., var. virginianum, var. nov. (TAB.
773, Fic. 1 et 2), a var. typicum jenedit flore sessile vel subsessile ;
petalis 1.2-2 cm. longis 3-5 mm. latis, antheris 3-8 mm. longis.—
Southeastern Virernia: Henrico Count nty: damp woods north of
Westwood Golf Course, May 8, 1931, R. F. Smart & Elmer C.
Pritchard (Herb. Univ. of Richmond); woodland north of Uni-
versity Road, Westwood, May 8, 1931, Mary E. Billings. JAMES
Crry County: Long Hill Swam mp, Powhatan Creek on yay
ville Road west of Williamsburg, discovered by Mrs. W. G.
and Dr. Stetson, coll. May 3, 1931, by Paul A. Warren. Nonistx
County: Great Dismal Swamp, west of Wallaceton, April 24,
1926, Paul A. Warren, no. 413. Dinwipp1r County: Tich loamy
woods near stream, 5 miles east of tee Court House, May
9, 1943, Laura H. Lippitt (ryPE in Herb.
In view of the evident dimorphism as : rte of anthers in
both typical Trillium pusillum and its var. virginianum, it is
evident that too much weight has been placed upon the length of
anthers in the group. See P. 364.
Pate 772 is of Tritium pusiLLuM Michx., X 1 1, Michaux’s TYPE,
original photograph by Cintract; Fic. 2, plant from Pinopolia, South Canlinn’
398 Rhodora [OcroBer
April, 1897, Maria P. Ravenel; Fic. 3, plant from Pinopolis, May, 1895, E.
Peyre Por cher.
In PLATE 773, Figs. 1 — 2 stg from the stair apap x 1, of T. pusm-
LUM, Var. VIRGINIANUM ; FIG mit o ANCEOLATUM Boykin,
X 1, from Aspalaga, Florida, ‘April 11, 1902, Biltmore Het. no. 6085.
*NARCISSUS BIFLORUS Curtis. IsLE or WicHT County: rich
calcareous wooded slopes by is Shes s Bay, James River, below
Rushmere (Fergusson’s Wharf), Fernald, Long & Abbe, no. 14,130
Originally spread from cultivation.
CALOPOGON PALLIDUS Chapm. Range extended northward in
IsLe oF Wicut County: clearing in damp sandy pine barrens
south of Zuni, no. 14,320.
*ULmus PROCERA Salisb. CaroLine County: steep wooded
bluff by Rappahannock River, northwest of Return, Fernald,
Long & fssiey no. 14, si See op
*ASAR m (§ HET monuoed! 1 ewisii, sp. nov. (TaB. 774 et
ee elabrescens seule gracili subterraneo pallido valde mt
(ad longo), urcato ra ius stoloniferis; oles lon
ee solitariis coriacei ae nusve macu lat s Maioidae
vel deltoideo-ovatis vel subrenifonnibue obtusis, sini basalari
rotundato, laminis maturis 2-8 cm. longis 2.5-8.5 cm. latis; flore
pedunculato subnutante, ealyed campanulato perien glabro
griseo-brunneo, intus atropurpureo villoso, 2-3 em. longo 1.3-2
em. diametro, lobis vix patentibus. —Southea astern Brunswick
County and southwestern Greensville County, Vrrainia: bottom-
land-woods along Laces es Creek, west of Triplett, Bruns-
wick Coun ty, Octobe er 1942, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,480;
sandy loam in woods eae Whiteoak, ‘Creek: near Triplett, April
23, 1943, Fernald & Lewis, no. 531; mixed woods along
Rattlesnake Creek, boli: Wri ht t’s Beds April 24, 1943,
Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,532 (rypx in Herb. Gray.); mixed woods
along Rattle snake Creek north of Anku um, Brunswick County,
May 24, 1948, Lewis, no. 3825; bottomland-woods along Fontaine
Creek west of Barley, Greensville County, May 17, 1943, Lewis;
along Pea Hill Creek about a mile north of Gas burg, Brunswick
County, May 29, 1943, Lewis, no. 3826. See pp. 374, 381-383.
In some ways combining the characters of our two eastern
American sections of the genus. It has the deltoid to ovate or
reniform, evergreen and often mottled leaves much as in A.
arifolium Michx. or in A. Ruthii Ashe; while the extensively
creeping and stoloniferous stems fork as freely as in A. canadense
L., but they are subterranean, not superficial, much more slender,
and bearing the scattered leaves singly along the axes and at the
tips of the widely creeping stolons. Mr. Lewis had found only
sterile plants, always in colonies on bottomlands or just above
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 399
the bottomland-levels of small creeks of southeastern Brunswick
County, Virginia, which empty into Fontaine Creek and, even-
tually, into Meherrin River. In October, 1942, I had the great
pleasure of visiting the Seward Forest, as the guest of the Direc-
tor, Professor Alfred Akerman and Mr. Lewis, and when they
showed me the strange Asarum it was, as Mr. Lewis had written,
characteristic of the thin bottomland-woods just above creek-
margins and where, during high water, it is regularly overflowed.
It is colonial, making extensive colonies, with the rather small
deltoid to ovate long-petioled leaves scattered (one-at-a-time),
never in tufts.
In late April of 1943 I again was a guest at the Seward Forest,
for Mr. Lewis had written that he had discovered a few flower-
buds on different colonies, the very young buds showing some
weeks after A. canadense and A. virginicum had begun blooming.
On April 23, Dr. Akerman, Mr. Lewis and I found a few fully
expanded flowers and several very young buds, usually only one
fertile plant amongst hundreds of sterile ones, along Whiteoak
Creek, near Triplett, and next day about the same meagre pro-
portion of buds and fully grown flowers at the bases of gentle
Slopes to Rattlesnake Creek, these chiefly among fallen beech-
leaves. And on April 26, when I had to be driven to Emporia
to take the train back to Boston, we conceived the idea,
since both Whiteoak and Rattlesnake Creeks empty into Fon-
taine Creek, one of the choice habitats of Greensville County to
the east, of trailing the new species down that valley into the
Coastal Plain. The first crossing to the eastward in Greensville
County reassured us, for along Fontaine Creek, not far from its
receipt of Rattlesnake Creek, near Barley, Mr. Lewis promptly
detected a colony. That was the last we saw. Later, however,
Lewis trailed it to Pea Hill Creek, which empties into the Roanoke
River, his station being 10 miles farther west than those near
Triplett. We are, then, forced to consider the new species as a
highly localized one of southern Brunswick County and south-
western Greensville County.
Although as extensively creeping as Asarum canadense, its
resemblance stops there. In foliage A. Lewisii is, as stated,
related to A. arifolium and to A. Ruthii of Asarum, § Heterop-
tropa (the genus Hezastylis Raf., Small and their followers),
400 Rhodora [OcroBER
while its large drab-brown to drab-purple, campanulate calyx is
nearly as large as in A. Shuttleworthii J. Britten (southwestern
Virginia, Tennessee and Alabama), but with the outline of that
of A. virgintcum. In all these characteristic species of Asaruwm,
§ Heterotropa, the rhizome is stout and short, covered heavily
with thick and very elongate roots and at summit forking into
ascending crowns bearing tufted leaves. The new Asarum
Lewisii, with which it is a great pleasure to associate the name of
its discoverer, the perennially enthusiastic naturalist of the
Seward Forest, Joun Barziuuar Lewis, is unique in the section
in its prolonged, slender, horizontal, subterranean, cord-like
whitish rhizomes with few slender roots, the axes and the stolons
bearing only scattered leaves. With this very effective vegeta-
tive reproduction and inhabiting bottoms where the plants are
frequently submerged, A. Lewisizi seems to flower (and then very
sparingly) only when the colonies, as in late April and May of
1943, remain unsubmerged during the normal flowering period.
No fruit seems to form and the fragile peduncle readily breaks,
even when the flowers are only partly grown.
PARONYCHIA RIPARIA Chapm. Limit of range extended north-
eastward in SourHaAmMpron County: dry sand of open alluvial
sgl od Blackwater River, spntheneh of Unity, no. 14,324. See
p. 3
> cde ein (L.) Wood. Local range extended eastward
into IsLe or WiauHt County: rich wooded slope above bottom-
land woods along Blackwater River, above Broadwater Bridge,
north of Zuni, no. 14,325
HowosteuM UMBELLATUM L. Apparently spreading; new or
sandy roadside-fills i in Essex and Hanover Countigs. Perhaps
pare = ries seed bet on new soft shoulders. See p. 359.
(L.) Cyrill., var. GLABERRIMA G. Bec
See _Soomeestl ‘ii “451 (1904). Add a station in IsLE or WIGHT
County: turfy waste ground — of sand-beach of Burwell’s Bay,
James River, below Rushmere (Fergusson’s Wharf), Fenald
magn as hacer itisitet pes Desportes. Local range extended
north to Starrorp County: Rartorigatith about 4 miles southeast
of Paluonthe Fenalhe Long & Abbe, 14,144.
NYMPHAEA ODORAT er a forma rRUBRA Guillon. Sussex
County: in water at alia. of Chappell’s Millpond (Honey
Pond), west of eran no. 14,327, growing with the common
white-flowered for
ABOMBA ciiereank Gray. NansemMonp County: ditch
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 401
along highway, northern border of Great Dismal Swamp, east
f Magnolia, no. 14,328. Our first station in the Tidewater
counties. See p 68.
AROROOLER. ABORTIVUS L., var. INDIVIsUS Fernald. aoa
FORD County: disturbed soil at border of rich woods a
. Sarpous Crantz. Local range Bee into Sussex
Country: siliceous me ae oni fallow field, Jarratt, Fernald,
Long & Abbe, no. 14,151. In view of the dominance of this
species in fields fh pastures about Franklin, likely to spread
rapidly.
MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF CLEMATIS OCHROLEUCA
AND ALLIES (PLATES 776-782)—The simple-leaved and erect
species of Clematis, of which C. ochroleuca Ait. Hort. Kew. ii. 260
(1789) was the first American one described, has had many treat-
ments. So far as I can find there is no clear demonstration of
the identity of the plant described by Aiton. It was cultivated
in England and very briefly described, the name given on account
of the color of the sepals. It is and has been assumed to be the
most eastern of species, found chiefly in the Piedmont and inner
Coastal Plain region from southeastern New York to south-
eastern North Carolina and the mountains of northern Georgia.
Until Aiton’s material is checked, with the real morphological
distinctions in the group clearly in mind, the established interpre-
tation should not be disturbed. It is evident, certainly, that
the Plukenet plant from Banister cited by Aiton ‘‘flore unico
ochroleuca”’ is the plant generally known as C. ochroleuca.
Plukenet’s figure is characteristic.
My object in this note is to define on more stable and funda-
mental lines than are relied upon in the two latest treatments,
the eastern species of Clematis, § Viorna, sub-§ Integrifoliae.
The latest treatment, that of Erickson in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard.
xxx. 13 and 35-39 (1943), keys our species in a manner quite
reminiscent of the key of Wherry in Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. xxi.
195 (1931). Wherry’s key was as follows:
ie — sparingly branched and small leaves » posed few;
head of fruit tending to be eee. about 6 cm. in diam-
eter; achenes nearly symme
Under — of leaves Valeute to moderately pubescent;
ac nang Ta es deep, or exceptionally pale,
voll vated range chiefly at altitudes below 1000 feet,
mostly i in PONG a te es CG. ochroleuca ovata
402 Rhodora [OcroBER
Under side of me moderately to densely pubescent;
hairs of achene-appendages pale, or naapy i argh deep,
yellow; range vchicdly at altitudes above 1000 feet, mostly
| UPESA ET PRO or PA Ne ene crs aye meray area a ee pois io sericea
Plant copiously cerca and small leaves relatively nu-
eaves
Head of fruit nearly. pears about 5 cm. in diameter;
“orig airly symmetrical, their appendage-hairs
PLUME ee oe Oe tun Ce mae he Me sie es C. viticaulis
Head of fruit sagen about 4 cm. high and 6 em. broad;
unsymmetrical, their appendage-hairs
Oe Nl Pathe ae Gees vee cae es at os C. albicoma”
As above stated, the latest monographer of the section gives in
his key no more fundamental distinctions than these and leans
primarily on the evasive and contradictory degree of branching
(note the contradiction in his ‘‘EE” and its subordinate “FF”’,
below) and the still more evasive degree of coloring (note ‘‘ EE”
with ‘achene-tails usually lighter in color” as contrasted with
“FE” in which the color is “reddish-brown”, the first species
under the “lighter . . color” being C. ochroleuca in which
the tails (styles) may be “‘tawny’’. Here is Erickson’s state-
-ment of the “‘specific”’ differences:
“KE. Plant profusely bine ge leaves lanceolate, less than
als glabrous; achene-tails reddish-
SG iweup ee ok ae esc eee aw Mig ig Sie ade b:« 13. C. viticaulis.
EE. Plant I co branched; leaves ovate, at least some of them
more than 6 cm. ‘long; sep: 3 pubescent; achene-tails
usually lighter in pet d
F. Plants simple or few-branched, more or less pubes-
achene-tails light yellowish-brown to
ae rer eer ee COLT ere 11. C. ochroleuca.
FF. View usually much branched, often white silky-
pubescent throughout; achene-tails whitis -
Saks WONOW fo eves he eRe es Seo ee es 2. C. albicoma.”
Not having the field-familiarity of Dr. Wherry with C. albicoma
and C. viticaulis, I have been forced to my interpretation of these
two treatments thus handicapped. By following the above keys
I arrive at very perplexing results, for the characters depended
upon are such as vary with extreme plasticity; and, whereas
Erickson says in his key that the leaves of C. viticaulis are
“lanceolate” as opposed to “ovate” in C. ochroleuca and C.
albicoma, his fuller account of C. viticaulis says “leaves lanceolate
to narrowly ovate’’, the other two species being assigned leaves
which may also be “narrowly ovate’’.
As to the degree of branching so much relied upon in the two
treatments, I, again, have been handicapped by not having
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 403
before me all the material their authors studied, except that in
the Gray Herbarium, which was borrowed by Erickson. I have,
however, had the great advantage of studying a large series of
specimens from the Blue Ridge in Roanoke County, Virginia,
most kindly sent me for study by Mr. Carrol E. Wood, Jr.
Taking into consideration only the plants which are complete
down to the lowest node (omitting obviously broken-off branches)
I get the following results.
NUMBER OF BRANCHES FROM Main AXIs
C. LEUCA, “plant sparingly branched” or “simple or few-
branched” “a7 plants): branches 0 sn yeni l=1; 2=5; 3=4;
4=7;5 =6;6=7:7 =3:9=1, Average 3.2 bra
C. viricau.ts, ‘plant copiously” ~ He heanched (7 plants):
ia aes ae 3=1-4=2: §=1;6=1;8 =]. Average oe branches.
‘ COMA, typical glabrescent plant, ‘“copiously ”’ ayers much
hranehad's (19 specimens): branches 0 =4; 3=1; 4=2; 5= ae
8 =3. ye ne 4.5 beaten
C, MA, tomentos var., Bon copiously”’ or “usually much
branched” (36 ’plants): prion O=4; 1=4; 2=5; 38; 4=6; 5=4;
3;7=1:8=1. Average 3.2 sede sh
With more than half of the compiete plants of the “simple or
few-branched”’ C. ochroleuca (PLATE 776, FIG. 1) having 4-9
elongate axillary branches, while the “profusely” or ‘usually
much branched”’ species show nearly half the plants with less
than 4 branches, I am quite incapable of applying the character
as a clear diagnostic one or even a worth-while tendency.
As to leaf-outline and size one also has to be pretty cautious.
The sheet of Adams & Wherry, no. 2413, from the type-locality
of Clematis viticaulis, defined in Erickson’s key as having “leaves
lanceolate, less than 6 cm. long”’, shows blades 6.5 em. long by
3cm. broad. As already noted, such leaves are narrowly ovate,
rather then “lanceolate”. Other topotypic specimens of C.
viticaulis show primary leaves with the following dimensions:
Killip, no. 32,484 (PLATE 778, Fic. 1), blades 7 em. long; Adams
Wherry, no. 2418, blades 7.8 em. long by 4 cm. broad; Wherry,
June 11, 1930, blades 7 cm. long by 4.6 cm. broad, much more
than “narrowly ovate”. As a key-character “leaves lanceolate,
less than 6 cm. long” is not wholly satisfactory, especially since,
likewise, so many specimens of C. albicoma in the most restricted
sense have leaves scarcely different in shape and size, topotypes
(from Kate’s Mountain) showing the largest leaves 6.2 cm. long
404 Rhodora [OcroBER
(Gilbert, no. 511), 6-6.5 em. (Marion S. Franklin, September 4,
1920, our PLATE 779, FIG. 1), 6.2 em. (Small, May 16, 1892), 7
em. (Hermann & Martin in Pl. Exsice. Gray., no. 951), 7 em.
(Core, no. 2708), 5.8 em. (Addison Brown, July 22, 1892), while
plants from near Deerfield, Augusta County, Virginia (Wherry,
no. 2420), have the larger leaves only 4.5 cm. long. Here, again,
those who hope for clarification find “a distinction without a
difference’’.
In his key Erickson assigns Clematis viticaulis ‘‘sepals glabrous”
as opposed to the pubescent sepals in the other plants. I hope
they are glabrous; Steele, in describing the species, did not know
them, and Wherry cited besides Steele’s collection only his own
from the type-locality, collected June 11, 1930. As shown by
the two flowers of Wherry’s plant in the Gray Herbarium, the
sepals (PLATE 778, FIG. 2) are closely pilose. In fact, in his
detailed description (p. 38) the “sepals glabrous” of Erickson’s
key were allowed to be ‘‘slightly pubescent without’’. Those of
Wherry’s topotype, however, are certainly less pubescent than
in C. albicoma (PLATE 779, FIG. 4) or in C. ochroleuca (PLATE 776,
FIG. 3).
As to the fruiting head, in Wherry’s treatment that of C.
ochroleuca is ‘‘tending to be spherical, about 6 em. in diameter,”
that of C. viticaulis ‘nearly spherical, about 5 cm. in diameter”
and that of C. albicoma “spheroidal, about 4 cm. high and 6 cm.
broad’”’. The abundant series of C. ochroleuca before me shows
that the mature fruiting heads (PLATE 776, Fic. 4) range from
5-10 (average 7) cm. in diameter, with the long plumose styles
loosely separated at the margin of the head, while in C. albicoma
the mature head (pLaTE 779, Fic. 1 and 780, Fic. 6) is compact, ©
with tightly recurving plumose styles, the heads 4-7 em. thick.
The fruiting head of C. viticaulis (PLATE 778, Fics. 1 and 3) is as
small as in C. albicoma but with fewer and loosely spreading
plumes (much as in C. ochroleuca). I am not sufficiently a
mathematician fully to appreciate the differences between “tend-
ing to be spherical”, “nearly spherical” and ‘‘spheroidal”’.
According to the Century Dictionary a spheroid is “A geometrical
body approaching to a sphere, but not perfectly spherical’”’.
Since in C. ochroleuca the fruiting head is ‘tending to be spheri-
cal” and in C. viticaulis only “nearly spherical” while in C.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 405
albicoma it is “spheroidal” (i. e. “approaching to a sphere, but
not perfectly spherical’’) this character is too erudite for me.
Similarly, the exact shades of difference between ‘nearly
symmetrical’’, “fairly symmetrical’? and “rather unsymmetri-
cal”’ are difficult to visualize. Furthermore, the distinctions
between ‘deep, or exceptionally pale, yellow”, ‘‘pale, or excep-
tionally deep, yellow” are not wholly eitiidactoey: In charac-
teristic Clematis ochroleuca, the easternmost plant, the mature
plumes range from a deep, almost cinnamon-brown to whitish-
yellow or pale buff, the range in color being comparable to that
in the mature perianths of Eriophorum virginicum; and, although
the plumes of C. albicoma are commonly whitish-gray or drab
(on white paper they do not look ‘‘whitish”’), the series of its
more pubescent and relatively eastern variety sent me for study
by Mr. Wood shows some numbers with plumes as brown as in
average C. ochroleuca. Exactly the same range of color occurs
in other species of § Viorna. In C. Viorna L. Erickson rightly
allows the ‘‘achene-tails . . light yellow or brownish”’.
In some recently collected (therefext not faded) material before
me (Godfrey, no. 5004 from Wake County, North Carolina) they
are as pale as in extreme C. albicoma, while in other material
(Godfrey & Tryon, no. 806 from Orangeburg County, South
Carolina) they are as dark as in the most extreme C. ochroleuca
or as in C. viticaulis. Color of hair, like the other characters
used in recent keys, is not sufficiently stable to demonstrate that
C. ochroleuca, C. viticaulis and C. albicoma are clear-cut species.
There are, however, some characters of deeper significance,
which seem to show that Clematis albicoma and C. viticaulis are
really separable. In fact, Erickson recorded the most significant
characters in his descriptions of the three but these points, which
are the strongest ones, were omitted from his key in favor of
superficial and wholly inconstant ones. I refer to the great
elongation of the fruiting peduncles in C. ochroleuca (PLATES 776
and 777), as opposed to the relatively short peduncles of the
others, and to the very different direction of the pubescence on
carpels and achenes. These characters are constant in all the
material I have seen, without regard to degree of pubescence of
stem and leaf, size of leaf, amount of branching and paleness or
deepness of color of the coma. To me they are the soundest
406 Rhodora [OcTroBER
differential characters, though not so easy to see without careful
examination.
The white-silky or -tomentose plant (PLATE 780) concentrated
on the Blue Ridge, of which Mr. Wood sends me a splendid
series for study (largely as a loan) is evidently what Wherry had
primarily in mind when he published the combination C. ochro-
leuca, var. sericea (Michx.) Wherry. Since it is not C. sericea
Michx. (PLATE 777) and since its more stable characters are those
of C. albicoma, to which Wherry often referred specimens and
with which essentially glabrous and mostly more western plant
(pLATE 779) Erickson merges this white-pubescent one of the
Blue Ridge, I am redefining the latter. As I understand the
three species and the variety, I treat them as follows:
a. Carpels and achenes with appressed pubescence, that
the summit pointing forward; lowest villi of the pasting
style ascending or _proasting ssceniiing, fruiting head
with styles loosel ara
Stems either vomedlba or loosely heacatied: the branches
only exceptionally overtopping the main axis; larger
leaves of primary stem 6-12 cm. long, silky-pilose to
pebente ag appa flowers 2-3.5 cm one the cinereous
backs of the als densely silky- — mature
fruiting peduncle lengthening to 5-19 (av. 11+-) cm
much overtopping the su ten ing Raves mature
fruiting head 5-10 (av. 7) cm. in diameter, the plumose
PUN, os eee RA ea dee es
C. ochroleuca.
main axis; os leaves of primary axis 5-7.8 cm. long,
i s* e
diameter, the brownish plumose styles 2-3 cm. long... .C. viticaulis.
e-
consequently ign ag fruiting peduncles 3-9 cm. long;
flowers 1.7-2. at ig central axis often or ceaadie
c
Main axis 2-3 igh, the y ate loosely pilose but
pecoming glabrescent; leaves at ae sparingly pilose
ns eath, otherwise rous, soon quite
elabrate, the ‘larger ones 4~7.5 on. long and 1.5-4.5 :
hs RO Ss bik 5k Sis Galle Ch es 2 os wes ORAS be C. albicoma.
hae axis 2-4.5 d m. high, the pres densely oe E
sistently sik Aca eh ; leaves persistent]
tomentose beneath, the vedi bed 6-10 cm. Sim pe
4-9 em. broad C. albicoma, var. coactilis.
ee
Since the descriptions, ranges and citation of specimens of
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 407
C. ochroleuca (our PLATE 776) and C. viticaulis (pLATE 778,
Figs. 1-4) have been so well given by Erickson, it is here neces-
sary only to define the restricted C. albicoma and its var. coactilis.
*CLEMATIS ALBICOMA Wherry, var. coactilis, var. nov. (TAB.
780), planta habitu C. albicomae typicae simillima plerumque
centrali 2-4.5 dm. alto densissime persistenterque _villoso-
tomentoso; foliis dilatatis axis primarii 2-3-jugis ovatis majoribus
deinde 7.5-10 cm. longis 5.5-9 cm. latis coriaceis subtus persis-
tenter piloso-tomentosis; foliis ramorum elongatorum 2-4-jugis
majoribus 6-10 cm. longis 4-6 em. latis; pedunculis crassis dense
villoso-tomentosis deinde 4-9 (av. 6.6) em. longis; sepalis anguste
Ovatis 2.8 cm. longis 1.3 cm. latis dorso zie villoso-tomen-
tosis; capitulo fructifero denso 4-6 (av. 4.8) em. diametro;
achaeniis oblique subehoinbsldet-obay atis plus minusve strigosis
dorso apiceque divergenter villosis; stylo maturo valde arcuato-
recurvato 3-5 cm. longo, albido- vel sordido-plumoso, villis
inferioribus horizontaliter divergentibus superioribus plus minus-
ve adscendentibus.—Mountains of western Viretnra: Roanoke
County: hoe southwest-facing slope of Green Ridge, about 2.25
miles Bets nd of Hanging oe April, 1940, Carroll E. Woo
miles northeast of Hanging Rock, June "30, 1942, Wood, nos.
Tuly 13, 1942, Wood, nos. 3920 and 3936. J i pa eltet County:
shale barren 1 mile northeast of Ironto, June 12, 1939, Wherry
(distrib. as C. albicoma Mion ry or C. ochroleuca, var. sericea
(Michx.) Wherry). Craig County: shale barren along Craig
Creek, 0.5 mile nd estore “of Newcastle, August 13, 1937, Fogg,
no. 13,2 255; barren along Broad Run, 3.5 miles south of New-
castle, ‘June 12, 1939, Wherry (distrib. as C. albicoma).
The very full series assembled by Mr. Wood and identified by
Dr. Wherry as Clematis ochroleuca Ait., var. sericea (Michx.)
Wherry in Journ. Wash. Acad. xxi. 197 (1931) demonstrates to
me very effectively the distinctness of C. albicoma, var. coactilis
from C. ochroleuca Ait. and from typical C. albicoma Wherry
(PLATE 779). C. ochroleuca (PLATES 776 and 777), occurring
from southeastern New York to Georgia, is a relatively taller
408 Rhodora [OcroBER
plant (2-6 dm. tall), either simple or loosely branched, the
branches only exceptionally overtopping the main axis, the inter-
nodes more elongate; the young foliage silky-pilose beneath, the
silkiness (PLATE 776, FIG. 2) either persistent or disappearing; the
young stems pilose, the mature ones sparsely so to glabrate; the
fruiting peduncles slender and elongate, 5-19 (av. 11+) cm.
long and sparsely pilose to glabrate (PLATE 777, FIG. 2); the
fruiting head (pLaTE 776, Fic. 4) 5-10 (av. 7) em. in diameter,
with the long plumose styles loosely separated at the margin of
the head, either yellowish-brown or drab; the achene (Frc. 5)
strigose-sericeous to summit, the gradually arching style 46.5
em. long, with basal villi (r1a. 5) loosely ascending or spreading-
ascending.
C. albicoma (PLATE 779) was not formally described by its
author, who said that it was ‘‘C. ovata of current manuals, not
Pursh’’, leaving the reader to figure out the characters except
as stated in his key: C. ochroleuca (var. ovata (Pursh) Wherry)
and C. ochroleuca, var. sericea (Michx.) Wherry defined: ‘ Plant
sparingly branched and small leaves relatively few; head of fruit
tending to be spherical, about 6 cm. in diameter; achenes nearly
symmetrical’. Opposed to this is the call embracing C. viticaulis
Steele and the new C. albicoma: “Plant copiously branched and
small leaves relatively numerous; leaves glabrate”’, under which
C. albicoma is defined “Head of fruit spheroidal, about 4 cm.
high and 6 cm. broad; achenes rather unsymmetrical, their ap-
pendage-hairs whitish”. Since typical C. ochroleuca may have
3 or 4 pairs of elongate branches (Staten Island material from
T. F. Allen—ruate 776, FIG. 1—or from E. G. or N. L. Britton,
Brooklyn specimens of John Carey, Washington material of L. F.
Ward, and various specimens from eastern Virginia and North
Carolina), the first differentiation, as already emphasized, is not
clear; and as also noted, furthermore, the difference between
heads ‘‘tending to be spherical’ and heads ‘“‘spheroidal’’ is not
vivid. We are left with the achene of C. ochroleuca “nearly
symmetrical”, that of C. albicoma “rather unsymmetrical”’.
C. albicoma is typified as the plant of Kate’s Mountain, Green-
brier County, West Virginia. Taking that as a starting point
and the descriptions of “C. ovata of current manuals”’ the con-
cept is somewhat clarified. It (pLaTE 779) is a usually low-
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 409
branching plant with the main axis 2-3 dm. high, the lateral
branches soon strongly overtopping it; stem loosely pilose
(FIG. 2), becoming glabrescent; leaves at first sparingly pilose on
veins beneath, otherwise glabrous, soon quite glabrate (FIG. 3);
well-developed leaves of primary axis 1-3 pairs, the larger ones
5.5-7.5 (av. 6.25) em. long and 2.5-4.4 (av. 3.6) em. broad;
elongate ascending branches with 3 or 4 pairs of well developed
leaves, the larger blades 4-7 (av. 6) em. long and 1.5-4 (av. 3)
cm. broad; fruiting peduncles sparsely short-pilose or glabrate,
in fruit 3-8 em. long; sepals (ric. 4) lanceolate, 1.7—2.7 cm. long
and 4-8 mm. broad; fruiting head (Fic. 1) depressed-globose,
4~7 cm. broad; achenes (ria. 5) divergently long-villous on back
and at summit; the fruiting style about 4 em. long, horizontally
villous at base, the whitish-gray villi more ascending toward the
apex.
C. albicoma, typified by the plant of Kate’s Mountain, and the
newly proposed var. coactilis (PLATE 780) are nearer to each other
than either of them is to the more eastern C. ochroleuca (PLATES
776 and 777). I agree with Dr. Wherry that C. ovata Pursh,
based upon a Catesby specimen from Virginia in the Sherard
Herbarium at Oxford, is C. ochroleuca. A tracing of it made by
me in 1903 shows the characteristics of the latter and it may be
noted on PLATE 776 that in 1881 Asa Gray reached the same con-
clusion. Judging from his very brief characterization C. ochro-
leuca, var. sericea sensu Wherry, 1. c. 195 and 197 (1931), partly
included C, albicoma, var. coactilis. He did not note the rather
striking difference in the pubescence of the carpels and fruits of
C. ochroleuca and of C. viticaulis, as contrasted with those of C.
albicoma, here discussed and illustrated, nor the marked differ-
ence in length of peduncle, size of fruiting head and compactness
or looseness of the latter.
Clematis albicoma, var. coactilis is not C. sericea Michx. Fi.
Bor.-Am. i. 319 (1803); and the combination C. ochroleuca
sericea (Michx.) Wherry, 1. c. 197, resting upon Michaux’s name,
nomenclaturally is the same as C. sericea. The tyre of C.
sericea (at least the material preserved in Michaux’s herbarium)
consists of two branches (PLATE 777) in young fruit. They both
have the relatively sparse pubescence (rics. 2 and 3) and the
very elongate and slender peduncles (11 em. long) of C. ochro-
410 Rhodora [OcroBER
leuca, also the characteristic appressed-ascending villosity (F1G. 4)
of the fruiting style-base. In interpreting Michaux’s original
account it must be borne in mind that he thought that his C.
sericea was perhaps Aiton’s C. ochroleuca, that he was comparing
it with the Eurasian C. integrifolia L. (pLaTE 778, Fia@s. 5-8)
which has nearly glabrous or only minutely hirtellous stem (FI¢.
5), glabrous or promptly glabrate leaves (Fic. 6), elongate-
lanceolate sepals up to 5 cm. long (ria. 7) and nearly or quite
glabrous on the back, and loose fruiting head (Fra. 8) much like
that of C. ochroleuca. With C. integrifolia before him Michaux
described his American material as
SERICEA. ae caule erecto, pubentissimo: foliis simplicibus,
ted junioribus calycibusque extus incano-sericeis:
ulo terminali, solitario; flore cernuo.
it
Ops. Affinis C. integrifoliae; flore conspicue oad Beg! de
angustiore. Folia sessilia, opposita, pubescen
HAB. in Virginia et in montanis Carolinae.
As contrasted with that of Clematis integrifolia the stem of C.
ochroleuca is “pubentissimo’’, and the lower surfaces of the
young leaves (PLATE 776, FIG. 2) and the outside of the calyx
(FIG. 3) are sericeous. The calyx of C. ochroleuca is much shorter
than in C. integrifolia, though the sepals are of about the same
shape. In the montane C. albicoma, var. coactilis (PLATE 780,
ric. 5) the sepals are much broader. The Michaux diagnosis
and comparative note give a good characterization of the common
C. ochroleuca of the Piedmont and inner Coastal Plain region
from southeastern New York southward, a species Michaux
would have had great difficulty in avoiding.
In 1875 Sereno Watson received from his relative, Dr. Louis
Watson of Ellis, Kansas, a variable series of the most western
representative of § Viorna, sub-§ Integrifoliae from Ellis. Some
of the specimens, with heavily coriaceous subrotund to ovate
or oblong, obtuse leaves, Watson associated with a poor old
specimen without stated locality collected on Fremont’s 2nd
Expedition; and from this series of 12 plants he described
Clematis Fremontii Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. x. 339 (1875).
The series shows simple or branching plants, varying from 1.4 to
4.5 and more dm. (judging from broken-off specimens up to 5.5
dm.) high. Some have heavy oblong leaves at most 5 em. long
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 411
and 2 cm. broad (PLATE 781, FIG. 3), others narrowly ovate ones
(FIG. 2), while the broadest-leaved specimens show rounded-
ovate and very heavy blades 1.4 X 1.15 dm. (Fig. 1). These
form a consistent but highly variable series and are typical C.
Fremontii. They all have coriaceous foliage strongly overlap-
ping, short internodes and stout fruiting peduncles 0.5-4 em. long.
One of the Ellis specimens (PLATE 782, FIG. 1), however, not
marked by Watson as his C. Fremontii, as were all the others,
but later so labeled by Asa Gray, differs in its elongate internodes,
relatively thin and elliptic-oblong to lance-ovate leaves and
slender peduncle, in anthesis more than 5 cm. long. This speci-
- men is intermediate between the most divergent material of var.
Riehlit Erickson, 1. c. 40 (1943), a plant set off on just these
characters and said by its author to have ‘‘ complete geographical
isolation”. PLatE 782, ric. 1 shows the summit of the narrow-
leaved plant from Ellis, Kansas (the specimen identified by
Erickson as rypicaL C. Fremontii). Fic. 2 is a tip from Allen-
ton', Missouri (coll. June 10, 1887, by G. W. Letterman) of var.
Riehlii. Fic. 3 is a leaf and fruiting peduncle from another
Letterman Collection, called by Erickson var. Riehliz because
from eastern Missouri. In view of the figures given by Erickson
of leaf-outlines from ‘‘ Mass collections” of C. Fremontii made
in Ellis County, it is a pity that he did not get hold of the plant
shown in our PLATE 782, ria. 1 or such plants as shown in PLATE
781, Frias. 2 and 3, also from Ellis. They would have materially
changed the outlines. Var. Riehlii is, it should be evident, not
always ‘completely isolated” from typical C. Fremontii. Dr.
Louis Watson got it along with the other variations in Ellis
County, Kansas. Whether it is more than an ecological variant
of more sheltered or less arid habitats is doubtful. Otherwise it
would not in Franklin County, Missouri, have such rounded-
ovate leaves as that shown in PLATE 782, Fria. 3 (identified and
cited as var. Riehlii) and in Ellis County, Kansas, sometimes so
closely imitate the eastern plant with elongate leaves.
1 To those who know, what any good atlas will reveal, that St. Louis, Allenton and
citations accompanying the original description of var i COUNTY NOT DE-
birsaieesi A OR DOUBTFUL: t. a ‘ ee eons ho cte ig ONE -
a succeeding article, ‘but not in the one where the sta ment was published,
ieukale: 1 c. 64, it is revealed that the doubt was as to woe the cited specimens
tiesregit were collected in St. Louis, Allenton and Eureka, not as to the county in
which these towns are
412 Rhodora [OcroBER
PLATE 776 is of CLEMATIS OCHROLEUCA Ait.: FIG. 1, characteristic branching
plant, < 2s, from Staten Island, New York, May 23, 1884, T. F. Allen, with
memorandum made a Gray of | its identity with C. ovata Pursh; Fria. 2,
lower surface of leaf, * 10, from Staten Island, 18 } FIG. 3,
x
fruiting head, < 1, from Four Mile Run, Virginia, Pollard, no. 334; ria. 5,
anhene and base of tail, < 5, from east of McKenney, Virginia, Fernald
ong, =
Pua E777, TYPE of a SERICEA Michx. = C. ocHroLeuca Ait cal
ang, x 14: ria. 2, stem of plant at lett, x 214; ria. 3, is ih x aN,
FiG. 4, tails of fruit, « 2 5, from plant at
, C. vITICAULIS Stecle: FIG. 1, topotype, X 1%, from
pec no. 32,484; Fia. "2, back and margin of sep al, x 10, from topotype,
a
achene and base of tail, x 5, icy topotype, Adams & Wherry, no. 2418.
Ias. 5-8, C. InTEGRIFOLIA L.: FIG. 5, stem, X 10, from Alkabek River, pits.
southern Seal, M eve, io 766: FIG. 6, lower surface of lea 0,
from no. 766; G. 7, flowe 1, from Hungary , F. Schultz, Herb. Norm. n
2501; Fic. 8, fruiting i. x ar fro dion . 2501.
Puate 779, C. ALBICOMA Wherry: Fic. 1, portion of topotype, x 1, fro
Maison *S. Franklin, September 4, 1920; FIG. 2, stem, X 10, from eesteiery
F, A. Gilbert, no. 511; ria. 3, lower surface of leaf, x 10, yn no. 511; Fie. 4,
flower, < 1, from m topotype, Heller, no, 842; ria. 5, achene and base of tail,
PuaTeE 780, C. ‘AL BICOMA, var. COACTILIS Fernald, all (unless noted) fro
TYPE: FIG. 1, plant, X rs FIG. 2, bgp e, X 10; Fic. 3, hig! surface of let,
<4 ‘Eta > summit of sepal, < 10; Fic. 5, flower, x 1, 0 *
o. 127 tania head. aay "from Wood, no. 3497. mo. 7, ‘achene de
base of tail,
PuaTe 781, C. ‘Fremonti §. Wats., all from original series from Ellis,
ansas: ee 1-3, leaves, X 1, from different individuals; ria. 4, achene and
base of tail,
Pate 782, “C. FRremontnn S. Wats.: Fria. 1, leaf mang flower, < 1, from Ellis,
Kansas, Dr. Lou is Watson, vio labeled by Erickson as typical C. Fremontii;
Fria. 2, leaf and ‘decade d flower, 1, of var. Riehlii Erickson, from Allenton,
Missouri, June 10, 1 siete: Fic. 3, leaf and fruit, < 1, labeled by
Erickson as var. Riehliz, from Franklin County, Missouri, June, 1882, Letter-
ASIMINA PARVIFLORA (Michx.) Dunal. Northern soit of
range extended well into IsLz or Wicnt County: sandy wooded
slope by Blackwater River, west of Blackwater School, no.
14,331. Be: ee p. 370.
Co LIS FLAVULA (Raf.) DC. To the few recorded Coastal
Plain vations add the following. Srarrorp County: rich woods
along brook about 3 miles southeast of froma Pane.
Long & Abbe, no. 14,157. GrrENsviLLE County woo
along Meherrin, River, below Eiipois Fernald ‘€ edt no.
14,536. Seep
FUMARIA “orviersata L. To the few recorded stations add
ne in Essex County: weed in old field near War - ’s Wharf,
northeast of Te aeviiis Fernald, Long & Abbe, no. 14,15
ROTUNDIFOLIA L. Local range extended ri the west
of ree Paskeae: River (former inland limit on Coastal Plain
in SourHampron County: mossy thicket by Cephalanthus-pool
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 413
near Johnson’s Millpond, north of Sedley, nos. 14,332 and
14,333. See p. 371.
. CAPILLARIS Poir. To the several known stations add an
exceptionally fine one in Sussex County: upper border of sandy
eet of Airfield Millpond, southwest of Wakefield, no. 14,334.
ee p. 37
(To be continued)
VIRGINIAN BOTANIZING UNDER RESTRICTIONS
M. L. FERNALD
(Continued from page 413)
TIAREL
(1937),
Acad. Sci. Phil. no. 42: 3 (1940)
Wherry, 1. c. 4 (1940). To the counties already re-
(Amelia, Mecklenburg, Henry and James City) add the
following. Brprorp County: May 7, 1871, A. H. Curtiss.
446 Rhodora [NoVEMBER
Brunswick County: bluffs of Meherrin River, near Westward
Mill, May - 1942, J. B. Lewis, no. 3410; rich wooded bluffs
below Weste n Bridge, Meherrin River, south o gerton,
October 12, 1949, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14 482. See pp. 379, 380.
I get no satisfaction in trying to separate from Tvarella
Wherryi, described from Tennessee, southwestern North Carolina
and Alabama, the non-stoloniferous plant found from the Blue
Ridge eastward to the Coastal Plain. According to Wherry, |. c.,
“T. Wherry? differs in flowering later, in the stems usually bearing
one or more leaves, and in the acutish sepals rarely being over
2 mm. long and 0.75 mm. wide”’, whereas his 7. cordifolia, var.
collina (type from Henry County, Virginia) has the “leaves
similar to those of var. austrina . . . in tending to be longer
than wide, and in having the marginal teeth broad with shallow
sinus; flowers appearing in spring; flowering stems normally
leafless; sepals oblong, obtuse, 2.5-3.5 by 1.5 mm.”
Stoloniferous northern Tiarella cordifolia has the leaves so
variable in outline that it is quite easy to find specimens from
Maine, New Hampshire and other northern states and from
Quebec, New Brunswick and Ontario with leaves inseparable in
outline and toothing from those of southern plants cited as var.
austrina Lakela or as var. collina. As defined by Wherry vars.
austrina and collina have the leaves ‘tending to be longer than
wide”, while 7. cordifolia var. typica has, according to him, the
leaves ‘tending to be about as long as wide”. As already stated,
in New England, where var. typica alone is supposed to grow,
leaves positively longer than wide are common: 5.3 cm. long,
3.6 cm. wide; 6 em. long, 4.5 em. wide; 6.5 em. long, 5 cm. wide;
8 cm. long, 6 cm. wide; 9 cm. long, 7 cm. wide; 9.5 cm. long, 7 cm.
wide; 10 em. long, 9 cm. wide; 10.3 em. long, 8.3 em. wide; 11 cm.
long, 7.3 em. wide; 14 em. long, 11 em. wide. When, further-
more, we find that many specimens of the nonstoloniferous var.
collina “‘foliis var. austrina similis’? have leaves nearly or quite
as broad as long (Amelia Co.: 8 em. long by 7.4 em. wide and 11
em. long by 9.6 em. wide; Brunswick Co: 7 em. long by 6.5 cm.
wide, 6.5 em. long by 7 cm. wide, 7.3 em. long by 7.5 cm. wide,
10 em. long by 9.5 em. wide; Durham County, North Carolina:
9 em. long by 7.8 cm. wide or 9.5 em. long by 8.5 em. wide), it
is evident that the difference in proportion is of less significance
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 447
than assumed. As for size, the maximum given in the original
description of T. Wherryi is 14 em. long and 9 cm. wide; but
plenty of New England specimens of T. cordifolia, var. typica
have leaves 10-14 cm. long and 9-11 cm. broad, while in the
nonstoloniferous Piedmont 7. cordifolia, var. collina full-grown
leaves are essentially the same size; and surely the leaf of T.
Wherryi was originally described as longer than wide, “folia
laminis elongato-ovatis . . 7-14 em. longis 6-9 em. latis”’
and the type-sheet, as aowhi by the memorandum on Dr.
Lakela’s photograph (her plate 1) of it, was originally taken by
her to be merely a southern variety of 7. cordifolia.
As to the bract or bracts on the scape, I am unfortunate in
not having before me the large series of Dr. Wherry’s material of
T. Wherry, which is said to differ from his 7. cordifolia, var.
collina in “having the stems usually bearing one or more leaves”.
If, as appears from the original account of 7. Wherry?, that species
is the nonstoloniferous plant of Tennessee and Alabama, it would
seem that the considerable series of such plants from those states
which has accumulated in the Gray Herbarium and at the New
York Botanical Garden should be T. Wherry. The difficulty is,
that in this series, including plants from Tuscaloosa County and
other areas cited in the original description ‘“caules floriferi
. nudi vel 1-3 foliis parvis instructi’’, only 6 scapes show
biases! leaves (in each case solitary), while 47 scapes are bract-
less. From the station in Brunswick County, Virginia, of what
should be naked-seaped T. cordifolia, var. collina, one of Mr.
Lewis’s specimens has a well developed leaf on the scape, while
a similar specimen from near Raleigh, North Carolina (Godfrey,
no. 3424) shows bracted scapes. Incidentally, it is notable that
Dr. Lakela’s illustration of the type of T. Wherryt shows only
naked scapes.
Coming to the reputed difference between the sepals of Tiarella
cordifolia (var. collina) and T. Wherryi: the former with ‘‘sepals
obtuse, 2.5 to 3.5 by 1 to 1.5 mm.”’, the latter with “the acutish
sepals rarely being over 2 mm. long and 0.75 mm. wide’’, it seems
from the material assembled in the Gray Herbarium that too
much stress has been given these points. Material from Tusca-
loosa County, Alabama, has blunt sepals 3 mm. long and 1.3 mm.
broad, while 7. Wherryi from Grundy County and from Marion
448 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
County, Tennessee, Svenson, nos. 7653 and 10,056 respectively,
shows the sepals quite obtuse. Desiring a check on my own
measurements, I asked, without telling him my results, the very
accurate Dr. Robert C. Foster to measure under his binocular
some selected specimens. His (and my) measurements give the
following results, the specimens all being in late anthesis. 7’.
Wherryi from Cumberland County, Tennessee, C. A. and Una
F. Weatherby, no. 6249, sepals 2.3-2.6 mm. long; from Marion
County, Alabama, E. J. Palmer, no. 38,997 (as Heuchera villosa),
sepals 2.3-2.4 mm. long. T. cordifolia, var. typica from Wilton,
New Hampshire, May 11, 1886, M. A. C. Livermore, sepals 2-2.2
mm. long; from Charlemont, Massachusetts, May 15, 1915,
Churchill & Woodward, sepals 2.4-2.6 mm. long; from Becket,
Massachusetts, Fernald, no. 15,172 (type of forma parviflora),
sepals 1.8-2.2 mm. long. Since northern stoloniferous T. cordi-
folia may have the sepals down to 1.8 mm. long, while southern
nonstoloniferous 7. Wherryi may have them up to 3 mm. long
and 1.3 mm. wide (as well as obtuse), I find myself unable to
recognize a specific difference in the sepals.
Dr. Wherry finds that from his Piedmont and Coastal Plain
Tiarella cordifolia, var. collina “The likewise non-stoloniferous
T. wherryi differs in flowering later”, and it is a very striking
fact that the type of T. Wherry in young anthesis was collected
in Polk County, Tennessee, on June 12. The type-station is a
ravine of Hiwassee Beach, between the Unaka Mountains and
Beans Mountain, consequently relatively cool and backward.
If the non-stoloniferous plants of Tennessee and Alabama are,
as seems to be the case, 7. Wherryi, it becomes important to note
the flowering period of other specimens. TENNESSEE: Sevier
County (Gatlinburg, not far from the Great Smoky Mountains),
April 27, Sharp, in flower; Knoxville, Knox County, May 29,
Ruth, no. 341, fruit and lingering flowers; Cumberland County,
May 12, Weatherby & Weatherby, no. 6249, fruit and last flowers;
Grundy County, alt. 1500 ft., April 27, Svenson, no. 7653,
flowers; Marion County, May 13, Svenson, no. 10,056, flowers;
Cheatham County, April 24, 2. J. Palmer, no. 35,506, flowers.
ALABAMA: Tuscaloosa County, April 19, Harper, no. 3490,
flowers; Marion County, April 21, EZ. J. Palmer, no. 38,997,
flowers. When we take the flowering material of the non-
«
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 449
stoloniferous plant from the Blue Ridge east to the Coastal
Plain which has come to the Gray Herbarium we get the following
score. Virainta: Amelia County, May 2, J. B. Lewis, no. 87,
flowers; May 21 Lewis, no. 89, young fruit and lingering flowers;
Brunswick County, May 4, Lewis, no. 3410, buds, flowers and
young fruit; Henry County, May 6, Baldwin, no. 242, flowers.
Nortu Caroutna: Durham County, April 12, Correll, no. 5049,
flowers; May 4, Godfrey, no. 3809, young fruit with lingering
flowers; Wake County, April 11, Godfrey, no. 3424, flowers;
Mecklenburg County, April 26, C. H. Knowlton, buds and young
flowers. From these facts it can only be surmised that Dr.
Wherry’s series of later-flowering 7. Wherryi came from cooler
habitats than much of the material collected by others.
Tiarella Wherryi was distinguished by Dr. Lakela by the
“fructus carpellis 5-10 mm. longis . . . abrupte rotundatis
ad rostellum angustum’’. Here is a real morphological character
which seems to hold, and all the mature fruit of the Piedmont
and Coastal Plain plant before me has the short and broad
round-tipped valves. Northern and typical 7. cordifolia, on the
other hand, has the fruit often more elongate, 6-12 mm. long,
the relatively narrow valves more lance-oblong and gradually
tapering to subacuminate at tip. The stoloniferous typical T.
cordifolia, furthermore, has the lower fruiting pedicels 7-13 mm.
long; the lower pedicels of the nonstoloniferous southern series
are somewhat shorter (6-10 mm. long). In typical 7. cordzfolia
the tip of the filament (after disarticulation of the anther) is
relatively blunt; in the nonstoloniferous southern plant the fila-
ment is more slenderly tapering at summit. ll in all, the short
and round-tipped fruit and the slight differences in length of
pedicels and in tip of filament mark a southern nonstoloniferous
plant, 7. Wherryi, as distinguished from a more northern stolon-
iferous one, 7. cordifolia. Differentiation of the nonstoloniferous
plants from east of the Alleghenies from a similar plant, with
inseparable technical characters but occurring west of the Alle-
ghenies, seems artificial. It is reminiscent of the artificial
Separation of like plants as two species, one occurring “east of
the Continental Divide’’, the other west of it, or the too familiar
key-characters, “eastern’’ versus “ western”’.
_ 450 Rhodora |NoVEMBER
*PHILADELPHUS INODORUS L. CAROLINE County: steep
wooded bluff by Rappahannock River, northeast of Return,
Sie Long & Fogg, no. 14,168, spread from cultivation.
See p. 358.
uae VIRGINIANA L., var. Exodar: Nutt. Local
range extended into Sournampton Count : dry woods near
Johnson’s Millpond north of Sedley, nos. 14, 336 and 14,337,
strongly sonttantine with Sd aaa H. virginiana growing with it.
Pyrus Lreconter Rehde . communis L. X pyrifolia
(Burm.) Nakai). PRINCESS Aen County: large shrubs per-
sisting in clearing about old house, Cedar Island, no. 12,361.
Essex County: border of dry woods northeast of Loretto,
Fernald, Long & Abbe, no. 14,169. SourHampron County:
border of oat 1 mile south of Branchville, no. 10,277.—Identifi-
cations kindly supplied by Professor Re hde er, who informs me
that this hybrid was extensively introduced by Le Conte.
*MALUS ANGUSTIFOLIA (Ait. Michx., var. PUBERULA Rehder.
25 feet high, with trunk 6 inches in diameter. Identifications
kindly supplied by Professor Rehder, who states that the only
material he had previously seen was from Louisiana and
Mississippi.
Although I here enter Malus angustifolia as a species of Malus
in deference to Professor Rehder who made the identifications,
the so called GENERIC distinctions between the subgenera or
sections of Pyrus sensu DeCandolle, Endlicher, Bentham «&
Hooker, Focke, Engler & Prantl, Gray, Bailey and others are no
different now than they were when those students of worldwide
relationships treated them as all belonging in the single genus
Pyrus. In Rehder’s Manual, ed. 2, the key to genera gives these
distinctions:
Styles connate at base: fr. usually apple-shaped, without or
few Ct INE oe ee oy a ee oe ee 26. Malus.
Much hangs on the shape of an apple, whether the depressed-
globose of the old fashioned Russet or the elongate ovoid of @
Gilliflower. Similarly, although the obovoid form of most of our
commonly cultivated pears is familiar, one has to look no farther
than Hedrick’s Pears of New York to see beautiful life-sized
plates of ovoid to globose pears: globose-ovoid, suggesting 4
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 451
Hubbardston apple, in Pyrus serotina; globose as a cherry in P.
betulaefolia; depressed-globose, like a conventional apple, in
“Gansel Seckel”’ and even more depressed in “Idaho”. In fact,
of the Pears treated in Rehder’s Manual (‘‘fr. usually pear-
shaped’’) 13 out of the 15 species have the fruit described as
“globose” “globular” ‘subglobose” or “ovoid’’; while such a
species as Malus Halliana is described in Rehder’s key as having
“fr. pyriform’”’. The terms “apple-shaped” and “ pear-shaped”’
thus become a bit vague. Since, furthermore, two sections of
Malus, as accepted by Rehder, have grit-cells, we get down to
styles connate at base in Malus, free in Pyrus, and another
character: “Ivs. . . folded or convolute in bud” in Malus,
“involute in bud” in Pyrus. These, if absolutely constant, are
much sounder characters than shape of fruit. I have not suf-
ficient knowledge of the many species to be sure whether these
characters are absolute. Many wise taxonomists of the past
and the present have doubted their value as full generic differ-
ences, when there is so much variation in other characters. It
is often said that apples and pears do not hybridize; that that is
a sure test. Therefore, since Sorbus and Aronia do hybridize,
keep them apart as genera and set up a new genus, X Sorbaronia
Rehder, for their hybrid offspring, just as the genus X Sorbopyrus
has been set up for the hybrid of Pyrus communis and Sorbus
aria. Neither the failure of some groups to cross nor the occur-
rence of crosses between ordinarily quite distinct genera is the
final test. So many proven cases of incompatability within
genera have been noted that one can hardly argue that incom-
patibility necessarily demonstrates distinctness of genera; and
when such utterly unrelated genera as Cyperus and Rhynchospora
have sometimes crossed, producing X Cyperus Weatherbianus
Fern., we do not merge the two genera.
If Pyrus, Malus, Sorbus and Aronia are distinct genera are not
Azalea and Therorhodion equally separable from Rhododendron;
Polycodium and Cyanococcus from Vaccinium; Amygdalus and
Cerasus from Prunus? These subgenera have quite as many
and as sound morphological characters. I am inclined to follow
DeCandolle, Endlicher, Bentham & Hooker, Focke, Engler &
Prantl, Gray and Bailey until much stronger cases are presented
for the generic segregation of Pyrus in its inclusive sense. Mor-
452 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
phologically its ee are no more discordant than those of
Pinus and Querc
dere aes ible Cory, var. feta woe
(Ell.) F. L. Freeman in Ruopora, xxxix. 426 (1937). DiIn-
WIDDIE County: ie open ahead thickets and clearings just
east of McKenney, no. e ,346. First from northeast of western
South Carolina. See p.
*TEPHROSIA aE inn a @,) Pers., var. GLABRA Nutt. ex
Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am 296 (1 838). HANOVER COUNTY:
dry pine woods south of abland, no. 7460. IsLE or WIGHT
County: clearing in damp sandy age barrens, south of Zuni,
~ no. 14,345. finieieiuiton County: dry sa nd of pine barrens
about 7 miles south of Franklin, “ibe. 7459 and 7461. See p. 369.
Tephrosia virginiana, var. glabra, originally described from
Georgia, occurs also in pine barrens or on sand-ridges of South
Carolina (Clarendon County, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1021) and in
New Jersey. Whereas typical and wide-ranging T. virginiana
has the internodes and leaf-rachises more or less villous, the villi
either few or very numerous, the lower surfaces of the leaflets
pilose to sericeous and the legume copiously long-villous, the
internodes and rachises of var. glabra are at most closely short-
hispid and often glabrate, the leaflets sparsely strigose to glabrous
beneath and the legumes closely silky-strigose, not copiously
villous. In eastern Virginia it seems to be the pine-barren
extreme.
Recently some students have indicated the occurrence in the
Atlantic States (New England and New York to South Carolina)
of var. holosericea (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray, 1. c., based on T’. holo-
sericea Nutt. in Journ. Acad. Sci. Phila. vii. 105 (1834) and I find
many specimens in the Gray Herbarium from these states marked
over as var. holosericea. So far as I can see they are nearly if not
quite typical 7. virginiana, the individuals with a few pin-point
trichomes to be found on the upper surfaces of some leaflets.
Nuttall’s plant was a more definite variation than this: ‘‘ whole
plant sericeous, scarcely excepting the upper surface of the leaves.
Hab. In the plains of Arkansas.’”—Nuttall. Torrey & Gray
correctly defined it: ‘‘stem and raceme densely villous; leaflets
very silky-pubescent on both sides”. If we keep to the original
accounts and restrict var. holosericea to the plants with “‘leaflets
very silky-pubescent on both sides” (i. e. above as well as be-
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 453
neath) that variety assumes an inland range, from Michigan and
Wisconsin to Texas, and we do not have to oversort the plants
of the Atlantic States.
*GLYCYRRHIZA LEPIDOTA Nutt., var. GLuTINosA (Nutt.) S.
Wats. Brunswick County: fallow oye yee of old Chamblis
Place, Seward Forest, near Triplett, no 483. A large patch,
spreading extensively by ions nase he rootstocks, doubtless
originally cultivated. This is the western extreme w ith glutinous
ats the stems covered with stout glands and viscid setae.
ee p
VICIA CAROLINIANA Walt. Local range extended northward
to Dinwipprr County: low open pineland, thickets and clearings
just east of McKenney, no.
PoLyGaLa SENEGA L., var. LATIFOLIA Torr. & Gray. Bruns-
wick County: oak- hicko woods back of old Chamblis Place,
Seward Forest, near Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, ee 14,484; the
first from the southeastern section of the state. 3 8.
P. sANGUINEA L. To the few and scattered Paks in south-
eastern Virginia add a second one in DinwippiE County: low
open pineland, thickets and clearings just east of McKenney,
no. 14,355. See p. 36
*EUPHORBIA COROLLATA L., var. PANICULATA (EIl.) Boiss.
Henrico County: open thicket, South Richmond, no. 12,711.
Extension north from North Carolina.
CER FLORIDANUM (Chapm.) Pax. BruNswick County: very
abundant in rich woods near Western Bridge, Meherrin River,
south of Edgerton, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,487. See p. 379.
AESCULUS NEGLECTA Lindl., var. PUBESCENS Sargent.
GREENSVILLE County: in great t abundance in rich woods along
reaper River, below Emporia, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,537.
ee p. 383.
Previously misidentified from meagre shrubs farther down and
to the north of the river as Ae. discolor Pursh, which should be
dropped from the Virginia list.
HYPERICUM DENTICULATUM Walt., var. OVALIFOLIUM (Britt.)
Blake. To the few and remote stations add one in SOUTHAMPTON
County: moist sandy and peaty shore of Whitefield’s Millpond,
southwest of Corinth, no. 14,366. See p. 373.
H. serosum L, ‘Range extended inland to BRUNSWICK
County: wet level opening in flat woods, 114 miles southeast of
Triplett, August 18, 1942, and swampy old field south of Seward
Forest, Triplett, August 5, 1943, J. B. Lewis. See pp. 374-376.
IOLA CUCULLATA Ait. Very local on or near the Coastal
Plain néelivadnt The following are our only stations. Kine
454 Rhodora [NovEMBER
AND QUEEN CouNTy: magnolia swamp about 2 miles northeast
of St. Stephen's Church, Fernald, Long & Abbe, no. 14,203.
Surry County: low woods, Cypress eee near Sexton,
Perel Long & “Abbe, no. 14, 204: See p
. LANCEOLATA o the few stations end from the coast
add one in ISLE oF Wate County: muddy and swaley shore,
Darden’s Pond, southeast of Collosse, no. 14,367.
V. LANCEOLATA, Var. VITTATA (Greene) Weath. & Grise. saa
the few recorded stations add o n SOUTHAMPTON CouUNTY:
moist sandy and peaty shore of Whitefield? s Millpond, satire est
of Corinth, no. 14,368. See p. 373.
. sTRIATA Ait. A second Coastal Plain station, this one
GREENSVILLE County: rich woods along Meherrin River, bloat
Emporia, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,538. 3
RHEXIA VENTRICOSA Fern. & Griscom Rang e extended in-
land to Dinwippre County: ditch bordering er open pineland
just east of McKenney, no. 14,369. See p. 366.
*OQENOTHERA TETRAGO na Ro th, var. i ton (Nutt.) Munz.
DinwippiE£ County: low open pineland, thickets and clearings
just east of Miseatieg: no. 14,370. First from north of Wilm-
ington, North Carolina. See
PROSERPINACA INTERMEDIA geet To ne recorded Vir-
ginia station (near Lee Hall) add one in Sournampron County
moist sandy and peaty shore of Whiteficld’s Millpond, southw est
of Corinth, no. 14,373. See p. 373.
*ERYNGIUM PROSTRATUM Nutt. SourHampron Cou
moist sandy and peaty shore of Whitefield’ s Millpond, eas
of Corinth, no. 14,375. First from north of South Carolina.
Identification tentative, the young fruit showing characters not
“ui matched in E. prostratum. Mature material is needed.
ee p. 373.
as seem (Michx.) Fern. (Z. Bebbii (C. & R.)
Britt.). Brunswick Country: oak-hickory-beach woods back
of old Chamblis Place, Seward Forest, near Triplett, Fernald &
Lewis, no. 14,489. First from east of the mountains. See p. 378.
IUM FLORIDANUM Small. SourHampron County: eoade
bottomland of Blackwater River, southeast of Ivor, no. 13,710,
the arching or lopping stems left stranded after submergence and
proliferating, the proliferous shoots producing simple leaves;
sandy alluvial bottomland of Three Creek, Adams Grove, no
id 3376. GREENSVILLE County: wooded haltaitata of Fontaine
Creek, southeast of Taylor’s ae plants up to 7 feet high,
no. 11. ,384, distrib. as S. suave See p. 368.
Sium floridanum, not era when Blake made the com-
parison, may be S. swave Walt. Whether it is a distinct species
or a southern variety of the transcontinental northern as well as -
1943] Fernald,— Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 455
southern plant which now passes as S. suave (S. cicutaefolium) is
not wholly clear. The common northern and wide-ranging
plant, which we call S. swave, has (except in the submersed forma
Carsonit (Durand) Fassett and in the wholly atypical estuarine
forma fasciculatum Fassett) the erect or ascending stem strongly
corrugated; S. floridanum has the usually slender and more
flexuous stem terete, in drying only slightly ribbed. In S. suave
the stem branches near the summit, usually above the middle;
the corrugate-angulate branches are strongly ascending; and the
principal cauline leaves (below the branching) are strongly as-
cending, with 5-17 firm leaflets 4-15 cm. long. In S. floridanum
the stem branches usually well below the middle, the terete
branches are spreading-ascending to nearly horizontal; and the
larger divergent to horizontally spreading leaves have 3-11
membranaceous leaflets 2-9 em. long. In S. suave the largest
(leading) umbel of each plant is 4-11 em. broad, with angulate
peduncle and 10-25 definitely angled (when dry) rays; in S.
floridanum the more open fully developed umbels are 1-7 cm.
broad, on filiform peduncles and with 7-15 filiform rays. In S.
suave the angled pedicels of the umbellules are stiffly ascending;
in S. floridanum the filiform pedicels are more curving or arching
and prolonged. In flower and fruit the two are similar, but the
petals of S. floridanum are narrower and the filaments and styles
longer than in S. suave. As stated, when we have fuller material
S. floridanum may prove to be a geographic variety, rather than
a true species. The contrasts are here stated, that others may
watch for this southern plant. As stated also, Walter could have
had either as the basis of his S. suave.
Sium suave, forma Carsonii, the submersed and weak state of
the wide-ranging transcontinental plant, has filmy foliage and
small mostly infertile umbels. It might seem to some to include
S. floridanum; but it is clearly demonstrated to be merely an
ecological phase of S. suave (cicutaefolium). Its ascending
petioles, its angulate-corrugated umbel-rays (when dry), its
short and stiff pedicels, broadly rounded petals, short filaments
and short style clearly show it to be S. suave.
PyROLA ROTUNDIFOLIA L., var. AMERICANA (Sweet) Fern.
Brunswick County: wooded bluff along Rattlesnake Creek,
west of Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,538, healthy colony,
456 Rhodora [NovEMBER
never flowering. Station at remarkably low altitude for southern
Virginia. See p. 377
*VACCINIUM STAMINEUM L., var. INTERIUS (Ashe) Palmer &
Steyermark (Polycodium interius Ashe). HaNover County:
dry sterile woods near Polegreen, no. 13,417 (fruit blue with a
bloom). JAmEs Crry County: woods north of Jamestown Road,
about 1 mile from Willamsburg, J. T. Baldwin, Jr. no. 206.
Var. interius, as its name implies, is a characteristic shrub of
the Interior. The material (except for these sheets from eastern
Virginia) in the Gray Herbarium is from West Virginia, Ken-
tucky, Missouri, Arkansas, northern Louisiana, Kansas and
Oklahoma. It is of course questionable if it is a true geographic
variety, the characters ordinarily used in this series (genus
Polycodium) being very plastic or fickle. In eastern Virginia we
get three of these: typical V. staminewm with the young branch-
lets pilose, the mature leaves somewhat so on the lower surface or
the lateral veins, a very common plant; var. interius with young
branchlets pilose but the leaves glabrous except along the midrib
beneath; and the common var. neglectum (Small) Deam, with
young twigs and leaves both quite glabrous. V. caesiwm
Greene, a low shrub (commonly only 2-5 dm. high) of sandhills
and pine barrens closely approaches the state in North Carolina,
and may be watched for with confidence. Its small and broad
leaves (1.5-5 em. long) and the very large and rounded bracts
(1-2 em. broad) greatly exceeding the subtended pedicels well
mark it. The group is by no means properly understood, an
the varieties (species of Greene, Ashe and Small) may prove to
be minor forms without good geographic ranges.
*y;. — ek SourHampron Co ta : dry white sand
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fae ys ANS Torr., var. CRINITUM Fern. Surry County: dry
thicket 1 mile north of Surry Courthouse, no. 10,773, narrow-
leaved extreme.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 457
Camp has renamed Vaccinium vacillans as originally and
beautifully described by Torrey, Fl. N. Y. 1: 444 (1843). In its
place he publishes the very appropriate V. Torreyanum Camp in
Am. Midl. Nat. xxiii. 177 (1940) = ‘‘ Vaccinium vacillans Torrey,
Fl. N. Y. 1: 444. 1843 (non exemp. in Mus. Brit.)” and to V.
pallidum Ait. he refers ‘‘ Vaccinium vacillans Kalm, apud Torrey,
Fl. N. Y. 1: 444. 1843 (typ. in Mus. Brit. est).”
Torrey, unfortunately, gave to the familiar shrub so clearly
described from New York state an old herbarium-name, V.
vacillans ‘“‘Kalm, mss. in Herb. Banks’’. The latter is worse
than a nomen nudum. It had never been published even as a
nomen and, surely, Torrey had not seen it in Banks’s herbarium,
since he did not go abroad. At best he had hearsay knowledge
of it. I am, therefore, unable to see that a mere herbarium-
name, given by Kalm to something which Torrey had not seen
and which, according to Camp’s note, he wholly misunderstood,
takes precedence over the material from “the vicinity of New
York” which Torrey so fully and accurately described. I retain
the name V. vacillans as of Torrey. Had the name V. vacillans
been accompanied by a description of Kalm’s material or had it
been previously published, it would stand for that element.
Since Torrey, who first took up the name, described only the New
York element, which Kalm did not have, the name is typified by
Torrey’s material, the only material described.
STYRAX AMERICANA Lam. To the relatively few stations in
Virginia add one in Sussex County: upper border of sandy
ae Airfield Millpond, southwest of Wakefield, no. 14,383.
SOT OceWae SESSILIFOLIUM (Walt.) J. F. Gmel. Bruns-
of Triplett, August 24, 1 Lewis. See pp. 374 and 376
PoLypREMUM PROCUMBENS It is so often stated that
Polypremum is an annual (“‘much branched small annual”—
Gray, Man.; ‘ anger diffuse herb’’—Small, Man.) that the
correct description of Gray, Synopt. Fl., sho uld be emphasized:
“much branched from an annual (sometimes almost ligneous)
root.’’ In sandy clearings of Brunswick County the mature
plants, late in the autu umn, send out vigorous and eecailel new
: sal offshoots, much as in Lechea (see Fernald & Lewis, no.
AMSONIA TABERNAEMONTANA Walt. Local range extended to
Brunswick County: rich wooded slope below Western Bridge,
458 Rhodora [NovVEMBER
Meherrin River, south of Edgerton, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,491.
ee p. 380.
*ASCLEPIAS LANCEOLATA Walt., var. PAUPERCULA (Michx.)
Fern., forma flaviflora, floribus flavi is. Norroik County: fresh
reed-marsh and swale along Northwest River near Northwest,
June 30, 1942, Fernald & Long, no. 14,390—a single plant asso-
ciated with the rather svandant typical var. paupercula in which
the hoods are deep orange to scarlet. Typr in Herb. Gray.
See p. 368.
Hell, south of Petersburg, very scarce, no. 12,778. Sussex
OUNTY: open thickets and clearings near Nottoway River at
Readjuster Bridge, south of Peanut, no. 12,438.
Acerates viridiflora is excessively variable in foliage but all the
material before me from southern New England and southern
New York southward to the Carolinas, with the exception of
five numbers from eastern Pennsylvania (Phil. Acad.) and the
two numbers above cited, has the blunt or abruptly short-tipped
leaves elliptic, oblong, oval or oblong-obovate and is, I take it,
true A. viridiflora. Rafinesque’s original description called for a
‘“‘lanceolated, obtuse’’ leaf, “leaves lanceolated, obtuse, hirsute,
umbells axillar, bending down, corniculas, without appendices.
I have found it in several parts of Maryland and Pennsylvania,
mostly in fields.” In view of the oblong, elliptic or oblong-
obovate outline of the obtuse leaves in the plant of Pennsylvania
and Maryland, it is assumed that Rafinesque’s ‘“‘lanceolated”’ was
used with poetic license.
In the representation in the Gray Herbarium there is no materi-
al of this obtuse-leaved plant from the north-central states. It
occurs in North Carolina (Small implies Florida), Louisiana,
Texas and New Mexico, northward in the Mississippi drainage
to Kentucky and Kansas. From southern Ontario to Manitoba
and Wyoming the usual plant has lanceolate to narrowly ovate
leaves tapering from near the base to acuminate or prolonged
acute tips. This is var. lanceolata (Ives) Gray, occurring from
southern Ontario, Manitoba and Wyoming southward to Louisi-
ana, Texas and New Mexico, in the South mingling with the
obtuse-leaved plant. I am quite unable to separate the two
numbers from Virginia and some from southeastern Pennsylvania
from characteristic var. lanceolata of the Interior. In the East
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 459
they look like mere leaf-variations of one plant. In view of the
very different broad ranges of the two, however, I am making
this note, especially with the hope that the plants will be care-
fully checked elsewhere in the East.
PHLox nivauis Lodd. (P. Hentzii Nutt.) An ies
station in GREENSVILLE County: dry sandy woods alon
es Creek, Round Hill Church, Fernald & Lewis, ie
4,543. See p. 383
P. CAROLINA L., var. TRIFLORA (Michx.) Wherry. Another
station in Dinwippre County: low open pineland, thickets and
clearings just east of McKenney, no 14,398. See p. 365.
NEMOPHILA MICROCALYX (Nutt.) Fisch. & Mey. This vernal
annual, characteristic along the James, is also in gg HE
County: rich woods along Meherrin River, below Em
Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,542, growing with the Seeds Phacelia
dubia and very luxuriant (up to 4.5 dm. high). See p. 383.
HYDROLEA QUADRIVALVIS Walt. Range extended inland to
BruNswick County: swampy pond-hole in woods, Rattlesnake
Creek, west of Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,493. See p. 377.
YOSOTIS VERNA Nutt. Local range extended. James CITy
County: rich woods and slopes by James River, Grove Landing,
southeast of Grove, FERNALD, Lane & Adve: no. 14,227. Sussex
County: fallow field alon Nottoway River at Readjuster
Bridge, south of Peanut, Fernald, Long & Abbe, no. 14,228.
SCUTELLARIA SERRATA Andr. BRUNSWICK County: rich
wooded slope near Western Bridge, Meherrin River, south of
Edgerton, Feriola & Lewis, no. 14,494. See p. 380. Epling, in
his American Species of Scutellaria, Univ. Cal. Pub. Bot. xx.
no. 1, 85 (1942) cites no Virginia specimens from the southern
counties east of the Blue Ridge.
*PHYSOSTEGIA aboriginorum, nov. (TAB. 783), planta
robusta 10. dm. alta basi an surculoso; caule glabro a
basin 0.8-1 cm. diametro; foliis firmis sessilibus vel imis late
subpetiolatis choses obtusis vel subacutis undulato-sinuatis,
primariis 8-11 em. longis 1.7—2.5 em. latis; inflorescentia panicu-
lata, ramibus lateralibus prolongatis arcuato-adscendentibus;
spicis subdensis 0.4-2 dm. longis, calycibus fructiferis imbricatis,
rhachi puberula; calycibus bawtor campanulatis puberulis, tubo
maturo 5-6 mm. longo, dentibus deltoideis; corollis purpureis
2-2.5 em. longis ean ampliato 8-10 mm. diametro; filamentis
ad apicem villosis.—Norfolk County, VirGINIA: sw ale at margin
of Indian Creek (whence the specific name), northeast of North-
west, June 30, 1942, Fernald & Long, no. 14, at ad PE in Herb.
Gray.; ISOTYPE in Herb. Phil. Pes See p.
Physostegia aboriginorum differs strikingly oe the more fre-
460 . Rhodora [NOVEMBER
quent species of southeastern Virginia (of the Blackwater and the
Nottoway drainage-systems) in its broader-oblong, merely
undulate-margined, firm sessile leaves, the lower ones narrowed
merely to dilated bases, the upper ones but slightly reduced in
size; the panicled spikes densely flowered, with imbricated pairs
of fruiting calices; the corolla more ampliate; the filaments
copiously pilose to summit. P. denticulata (Ait.) Britton (our
PLATE 784, FIG. 1), common in the alluvium of the Nottoway or
the Blackwater and their tributaries in Southampton, Isle of
Wight and Nansemond Counties, has the leaves thin and mem-
branaceous, the lower 4 to 6 pairs oblanceolate or oblong and on
long slender petioles, the middle and upper ones sessile and long-
attenuate at tip, the uppermost very small. Its usually solitary,
slenderly elongate spike is very interrupted, the pairs of flowers
and fruiting calices remote; the corolla more slender, the fila-
ments glabrous or only sparsely pilose at tip.
From Physostegia leptophylla Small the Norfolk County plant
differs in its much larger leaves in more scattered and more sessile
pairs, with merely undulate margins, and in its more slender
corolla, P. leptophylla having the many (up to 16) pairs of more
prominently dentate leaves mostly narrowed to base and the
greatly distended corolla with throat 1.5 em. broad at summit.
From P. veroniciformis Small P. aboriginorum differs in much
greater size, the leaves not fiddle-shaped, the calyx-lobes short
and deltoid, instead of elongate and lanceolate, the corolla larger,
and the long, as well as the short, filaments hairy.
This segregation of species of the Northwest River and its
tributary, Great Dismal Swamp, and the North Landing River
drainage, with small tributaries interlocking with those of the
Northwest River, both emptying into the head of Currituck
Sound, is very real. The Blackwater and Nottoway merge at
the State Line to form the Chowan, which, a few miles farther
south receives the Meherrin and then empties into Albemarle
Sound. On the bottomlands or wooded slopes of the Black-
water, Nottoway or Meherrin on the Coastal Plain of Virginia
hundreds of species occur which we do not know from the
bottoms, swamps and marshes of the more eastern drainage
systems. Conversely the Northwest and North Landing drain-
age (or that of Back Bay slightly to the east) have scores (many
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 461
more yet to be discovered) of plants which we do not know from
the Blackwater, the Nottoway or the Meherrin drainage (Pinus
serotina, Limnobium Spongia, Arundinaria gigantea, Andropogon
virginicus var. glaucopsis, Scleria flaccida, Cladium jamaicense,
Wisteria frutescens, Ilex vomitoria, I. coriacea, Stewartia Mala-
chodendron, Ludwigia pilosa, L. alata, Asclepias lanceolata var.
paupercula, Lobelia elongata, Eupatorium recurvans, E. cunet-
folium, Aster Elliottii, ete.). Physostegia aboriginorum is the
latest addition to this series.
I am using the name Physostegia denticulata in its traditional
sense. Originally published as Dracocephalum denticulatum by
Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 317 (1789) from Carolina material, its
diagnosis was good, though very brief: “D. floribus spicatis
remotis, foliis obovato-lanceolatis superne denticulatis”. Such
a plant abounds, as stated, on the Coastal Plain bottomlands of
the Blackwater and the Nottoway, thence south to Florida,
represented in the Gray Herbarium by material from five
counties of North Carolina: Hertford, on the Chowan River, and
Perquimans, draining into Albemarle Sound; thence south to the
region of Wilmington, and from Georgetown County, South
Carolina. The general geographic source of Aiton’s material is
unequivocal.
In Ruopora, xvii. 134 (1915) Blake, publishing the combina-
tion Physostegia purpurea (Walt.) Blake, based on Prasium?
purpureum Walt. Fl. Carol. 166 (1788), identified it with P.
denticulatum. Walter’s diagnosis was as follows: ‘‘foliis oppositis
sessilibus lanceolatis dentatis, floribus purpureis, spicis distichis
terminalibus”; and the very sketchy sketch (our PLATE 785,
FIG. 1) made by Blake of the type of Prasium? purpureum is
difficult to match in any material usually placed in Physostegia
denticulata. Blake’s description (mss. in Gray Herb.) of the
Specimen says “leaves . . . 3mm. wide . . . Corolla
would be just 2 em. long if straightened out . . . It agrees
very well with Drummond 251, e. g. in Brit. Mus.” Now it so
happens that Drummond’s no. 251 from New Orleans (our
PLATE 785, FiGs. 2-5) has elongate-linear leaves very strongly
Suggesting Blake’s sketch of the much crumpled Walter type,
but it has finely sharp-serrate margins (ric. 5) and is a quite
characteristic specimen of a wide-ranging species (our PLATE 785,
462 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
Fics. 6 and 7) which occurs from Tennessee to Illinois and
Arkansas, south to Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas, the plants
variously misidentified as P. denticulata, P. virginiana (L.)
Benth. (‘‘very slender form’’) and P. speciosa Sweet. YFurther-
more, a habitally quite similar species, P. intermedia (Nutt.)
Engelm. & Gray (our PLATE 784, Figs. 2 and 3), with slender and
interrupted spike and with leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear
but with flowers relatively small, extends eastward into Kentucky
and Alabama. This small-flowered species has the leaves den-
tate, as described by Walter for Prasium? purpureum, not
acutely serrate as in Drummond, no. 251; but, so far as we know,
neither of these sessile- and narrow-leaved species is east of the
mountains. With no such plant as indicated by Blake’s sketch
(PLATE 785, FIG. 1) now known in Walter’s territory, it is unsafe
to assert with confidence just what his Prasiwm? purpureum is.
Until Walter’s type can be rechecked with Drummond’s no. 251
(with linear, sharp-toothed leaves and slender, interrupted
spikes) clearly in mind there must remain some doubt regarding
its identity with Physostegia denticulata. Until his type can be
reexamined and closely compared with a series including all
known species of the Carolinas, as well as Drummond, no. 251
and Physostegia intermedia, it is safest to let the name rest, as it
did until Blake took it up, as still of doubtful significance.
I am, therefore, at the risk of possibly publishing a species
already inadequately described, Aisi
P. angustifolia, sp. nov. (TAB. 785, G. 2-7), planta erecta
caule glabro 3-10 dm. alto; foliis pepe pee vel pallidis line-
aribus vel anguste lanceolatis sessilibus numerosis (16-22 jugis),
imis Shas vel subacutis, mediis attenuatis valde angusteque
adpresso-serratis 4-10 cm. longis 3-10 mm. latis, foliis supernis
valde reductis; spicis solitariis vel paniculatis elongatis ad 3.5
longis floribus distantibus, rhachi puberulo; calycibus campanu-
latis 6-10 mm. longis pru ruinoso-puberulis glandulosisque dentibus
Recto hia ite corollis purpureis ie albescentibus 2.5-3
longis TENNESSEE: thickets along fence, Lavergne,
Rutherford. County, August 12, 1922, Goeiin no. 242. MIs-
SISSIPPI: roadside bank near Egypt, Chickasaw County, May 18,
33, C. A. & Una F. Weatherby, no. 6318, typE in Herb. Gray.
Iturnors: Arlington Heights, Cook County, August 25, 1934,
Benke, no. Sete prairie, South Chicago, en ere 15, 1910,
ansing, no. 2803 3; Champaign, September 11, 1909, Pease, no.
12,403; Lasalle County, Huett; Sugar Crock Prairie, Richland
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 463
County, September 5, 1914, Robert Ridgway. ARKANSAS: moist
roadside and ditch- bank, Hevetioale June 13, 1938, Fassett &
s a ge no. 19,829; low ground, northwestern Arkansas, June,
arvey, no. 116. Lpweibea Covington, May and June,
Hale; New Orleans, 1832, Drummond, 2 EXA
Bejar a Austin, Avril, 1828, Berlandier, no. "166: Amelia, Jefferson
County, October 5, 1934 , Cory, no. 11 108; Kerrville, Kerr County,
June 25, 1894, H eller, no. 1906; 8 miles south of Bandera, Bandera
County, June 5, 1933, Cory, no. 6607.
Most of the material (including many specimens not cited)
has been distributed as Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth., but
that, as shown by a beautiful photograph of the type before me,
is the common northeastern plant with relatively thin, lanceolate,
often copiously and saliently serrate leaves mostly 1-2.5 cm.
wide, the uppermost much reduced, the flowers in relatively short
and crowded spikes (in fruit with imbricated calices and rarely
2 dm. long), the corolla 2-3 (in the type 2.4) em. long. It has
also been called P. virginiana var. speciosa (Sweet) Gray, but
that is a variation of P. virginiana with broader and often more
prominently serrate leaves, the larger blades 2-4 cm. wide and
less reduced in size toward the summit of the stem. Sweet’s
original plate shows the corolla 2.5 em. long.
Relatively small plants of Physostegia virginiana from the
lower Susquehanna in southeastern Pennsylvania have sometimes
been called P. denticulata because their leaves have the marginal
teeth few and short. Similar forms, with low stature, small leaves
and reduction of teeth, abound about Lake Champlain and in
the vicinity of Montreal on the St. Lawrence. Others from the
Same regions and of similar proportions have well developed
Sharp teeth. They seem to be a reduced state of P. virginiana,
somewhat atypical but without constant enough characters to
merit specific recognition. The designation of the individuals
of this small extreme of tidal shores of the St. Lawrence as a dis-
tinct species, P. granulosa Fassett in Ruopora, xli. 377 (1939),
our PLATE 786, FIG@s. 1 and 2, because it is stoloniferous and be-
cause its calyx is more glandular-puberulent than in some P.
virginiana, overlooks the fact that carefully collected P. virgini-
ana has stolons. Witness specimens of Fernald & Long, no.
14,465 from Hampden, Maine, of Fassett, no. 14,341 (our PLATE
786, Figs. 3 and 4) from Bingham, Maine (toward 50 miles up-
464 Rhodora [NovEMBER
river beyond the limit of tide and with leaves as small as and with
fewer teeth than in isotypes of P. granulosa—in no. 14,341 some
leaves with as few as 2-5 low teeth on each side, the type of P.
granulosa described as with 4-8 but the isotypes in the Gray
Herbarium showing 5~9 pairs of teeth), of the Faxons and others
from Lake Champlain (PLATE 786, FIG. 5), of Eames from Trum-
bull, Connecticut, or of any other botanist who takes pains
carefully to collect the stolons. The small extreme with small
leaves having few and low teeth and the pubescence of the calyx
short and glandular is noteworthy but scarcely a good species.
I am calling it
P. viRGINIANA (L.) Benth., var. granulosa (Fassett), stat. nov.
P. granulosa Fassett in Roopora, xli. 377 (1939). PLATE 786.
On the St. Lawrence var. granulosa is on areas covered by high
tide; the lower part, at least, of its range on the Susquehanna is
tidal shore; on Lake Champlain, where the variety abounds, and
on the middle and upper Kennebec it is in areas which have had
no extensive tides since the Champlain Subsidence, at which
time a fresh arm of the sea entered Lake Champlain and a tongue
extended well up the Kennebec. Can it be that the variety
originated on Lake Champlain and the upper Kennebec at that
period?
E 783. Dh pinto ABORIGINORUM Fernald: Fic. 1, TYPE, X 1; FIG.
2, none X 2; Fic. 3, mature calices and rachis,
PLaTE 7! : Oe ecine (Ait.) Britton: FIG. 1, characteristic plant,
2 76 f from Monroe Bridge, Nottoway River, Southampton County, Virginia,
& Long, no. 13, 122. P. INTERMEDIA ages ) oom gelm. & mal bh FIG. >
FIG. 3, leaf-margin, X 2, from no. 5089
ATE . PHYSOSTEGIA: FIG L tracing of leaf of type of Pyare
purpureum Walt., by Blake. PHYSOSTEGIA ANGUSTIFOLIA Fern.: . 2-5,
Drum : i, x 5/9, said by Bake to match Walter's type of "Prasium?
perceive (FIG. 1), which is sai Physostegia denticulata (see PL
784, Fic. 1); Fic. 5, leaf of no. 251, x 2; ly 6, TyPE of PHYsoSTEGIA ANGUSTI-
FOLIA, x 5/12; ric. 7, portion of leaf, « 2.
PLATE . P. virGInrana (L .) Benth., var. GRANULOSA mer Fernald:
Figs. 1 (X 1%) and 2 (x 2), of isotype o of P. granulosa Fassett, from Cap
Rouge, Quebec, Victorin, no ier Figs. 3 (X 4) and 4 (xX 2) from Kennebec
Rive, Bi ngham, Maine, Fasselt, n . 14,341; ria. 5, X %, from Lake Cham-
plain, South Has: Vermont, H ness no. 13,902.
Stacnys Cumnemanu Small. Surry County: rich alluvial
woods and thickets back of sand-beach of James River, below
Sunken Meadow Beach, no. 8446; thicket back of sand-beach of
Cobham Bay, James River, northwest of Chippokes, no. 12,788.
194 nald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 465
Both numbers have been erroneously reported in previous
records as Stachys Nuttallii Shuttlew. The latter species of
western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee has the sides of
the stem minutely glandular-puberulent, the sessile or subsessile
leaves glabrous beneath, the glandular and short-pilose calyx
with broadly deltoid teeth. Our plant, also of the mountains,
thence westward to Illinois, is the S. Nuttallii sensu Robinson &
Fernald in Gray, Man. ed.7. Its stems are glabrous on the sides,
the membranous leaves slender-petioled and copiously hispid on
the veins and veinlets beneath, the calyx glandular and minutely
pilose, with narrow teeth long-subulate at tip. On the lower
James it is as notable an isolation from the Appalachian Upland
as if it were really S. Nuttallii.
*S. TENUIFOLIA Willd. Cuaries Crry County: alluvial
woods along James River, Harrison Point, no. 9133. SouTu-
AMPTON County; open sandy alluvial bank of Nottoway River,
below Cypress Bridge, and wooded bottomland, Cypress Bridge,
nos. 6370 and 8447. GreENsvILLE County: wooded alluvial
bottomland of Meherrin River, near Haley’s Bridge, no. 9418.
See PLATE and map 1.
Apparently typical Stachys tenuifolia is not definitely recorded
as Virginian. In his Preliminary Revision of American Stachys
in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. Ixxx. 68 (1934), Epling gives
the range ‘‘from Western New York and Southeastern Pennsyl-
Vania westward to Michigan and Minnesota, and Southwestward
through Tennessee and Alabama to Louisiana and Texas”. He
could have extended it southeastward into Georgia; at least a
characteristic specimen from northern Georgia, coll. Chas.
Wright, correctly identified by Asa Gray and validated by Epling
in 1931, is in the Gray Herbarium. True S. tenuifolia is, obvi-
ously, chiefly a plant of the Interior; its occurrence on the bottom-
lands of southeastern Virginia is another instance of a now
familiar isolation, as is material from river-swamp of Santee
River in Charleston County, South Carolina, Godfrey & Tryon,
no. 728. Epling’s only suggestion that S. tenuifolia occurs in
Virginia is his note that “Specimens collected . . . by
Killip (no. 6286) near Great Falls, Virginia, show an apparent
intermixture with S. hispida chiefly in hairiness of the calyces
and the more subulate calyx teeth’. Such transitions to S.
hispida are so frequent that I cannot feel that the two are distinct
466 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
species, but are rather well pronounced geographic varieties.
The following number from southeastern Virginia combines too
intimately the characters of typical S: tenuifolia and those of
ypical S. hispida: SourHampron County: bushy swales and
borders of swampy woods near Blackwater River, Cobb’s Wharf,
no. 10,407. As I understand S. tenuifolia and S. hispida they
are the two extremes of a rather polymorphous species, charac-
terized by having the sides of the stem glabrous, the leaves with
glabrous lower surfaces or with hispidity along the veins and
veinlets but not on the intermediate tissue, and in the calyx
being glabrous, or bristly only on the angles, its lance-attenuate
teeth soon outwardly curving. As a polymorphous relatively
southern species it is distinguished from the more northern
(circumboreal) S. palustris L., in which the surfaces of the stem
are pubescent, the leaves pilose to puberulent beneath, and the
surfaces of the calyx pilose. My interpretation of S. tenuzfolia
is shown in the following brief synopsis.
a. Bracts at base of ~ grt of spike not ciliate; calyx
——— throughou s glabrous on both faces, the
ncipal ones w iti y heer ig petioles 0.5- "3 ¢ m. lon
cat-Biades lanceolate to preserve bd nierohely
ovate, one fifth to three fifths as broad as 8 long, the
principal ones 4-10 em. long and 1. . broa
ORR Oe ee ee - tenia, typical.
Leat-blades paged oblong, about one sixth as bro
as long; median ones 1—1.5 dm. long and 1. Aerie
b Bhat OXUOUR eae oe mere ya et Var. perlonga.
a. Bracts bristly-ciliate; calyx often bristly on the angles;
lea on veins beneath, sessile, or the lower
ones ral i
me Donkey Tenaiy oblong to oon ovate, ae
third to three fifths as broad as lon
‘t0
em. long, 0.8-2.4 em. broad, mostly strigose above... Var. hispida.
S. TeENvIFoLIA Willd. Sp. PI. iii. nd (1800). S. glabra Riddell,
Suppl. Cat. Ohio Pl. 16 (1 et 6). aspera, var. glabra Gray,
Syn. FI. Am. ii’. 387 (1878). 5 cincinnatensis Ktze. Rev.
Gia: ii. 531 (1891).—Rich bottomlands, shores, low woods and
meadows, New York to Minnesota, south to southeastern South
Carolina, northern Georgia, Tennessee, northern Louisiana and
eastern Texas. PLATE 787 and M
. perlonga, var. nov. (TAB. 788, ‘FIG. 1 et 2), var. typicae
simillima; foliis anguste oblongis,. mediis 1-1.5 dm. longis
1.6-2 em. latis; spica flexuosa. VirGINIA: bottomland sco
S si
se) Ns ; se
S }
ry S
EXPLANATION
Existing kc felds.
alter DA.
LS,
pear
Boe PLLI ST OC:
Atlontic cosstel plaire & PachTe areas
Spur oe
exposed wring he QUATERNARY.
Probable fara afd Wve
since close of the TERTIARY
Probable Jana area aoa!
since close of Ihe
or unknown.
since close of the
,
ses § » N ( [ntesartg Ly Mi Uf r: NP a 3 |
Asnoawmeso, Ae Tee fae
ae. e'
RES SI. De
' sop ye } ‘
Va ere
es aes ae as wn
° Te ar
‘eo ee DL igs Sy,
YEN
\ 4 — ey
Ke!
°
;
eC
?
a6 Pr
—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions
?
i
<<
——— ce ®
= ae ane.
enero a
~_—
tee
aieo
oy.
645
E-F-|
me a
i J
a
Po >)
rh
> op
~&
is
ae
eg
—
p
z,
a}
=
QD
-~o-,
_
—
TENUIFOLIA, var. PLATYPHYLLA;
PALUSTRIS. var. HOMOTRICHA (S. ambigua sensu
Range of (1) Sracnys TENUIFOLIA; (2) S. TENUIFOLIA,
HYSSOPIFOLIA
8.
468 Rhodora [NovVEMBER
along Meherrin River northeast of Gaskins, Greensville County,
June 13, 1941 (foliage), August 8, 1941 (flowers and young fruit),
nos. 13, 128 and 13, a (TYPE in Herb. Gray.; IsoTyPE in Herb.
Phil. Acad.). Map
*Var. eta, var. nov. (TAB. 789), caule ad angulos
retrorse setoso; foliis primariis late oblongis vel anguste ovatis .
cm. latis supra glabris vel sparse strigosis
subtus ad venas hispidis Met glabris—Low woods, rich shores
and meadows, southern Quebec to Minnesota, south to eastern
South Carolina, wreater North Carolina, Indiana and Illinois.
The ieee oe ted from a large series, are characteristic.
UEBEC: sur les rivages du Fleuve St.-Laurent, St.-Francois,
lle d’ Sige’ Be: juillet 1935, Vietorin et al., no. 43 ,661; rivages
Fl. St.-Laur Berthier en Bas, 3 aofit 1925, Rousseau, no.
21,610; Valleyfald, Co. Beauharnois, 6 septembre 1930, Victorin,
Rolland, no. 33,953; rivage, Ile Plate, Longueuil, 28 aofit 1928,
oe no. 28,272. Marne: East Livermore, July 5, 1909,
Kate Furbish; by small pond, Portland, June 20, 1909, Fernald,
no. 2158. New Hampsuire: bank of Connecticut River, Strat-
ford, September 3, 1909, Pease, no. 17,705. VERMONT: ‘pebbly
lake-shore, Highgate Springs, July 19, 1938, ed no. 26,746;
sandy shore of Connecticut River, Norwich, July 1 , 3910, E. F.
Williams ae in Herb. Gray.); sandy bank, Burlington, July >
1914, C. H. Knowlton; pebbly shore, Brattlebor 1894, Gro
MASSACHUSETTS: Sudbury, July 19, 1886, W. Raion bank oF
Neponset River between upper and lower falls, Milton, August
29, 1853, Wm. Boott; ea te Wellesley, July 11, 1896, Hunne-
well; Middleboro, August nag J. Murdoch, jr.; edge of
thicket, Northampton, Ju : 1932, Hunnewell, no. 12,496;
bank of Connecticut River. Springfield, July 13, 1914, Luman
Andrews. Connecticut: bank of Connecticut River, East
Windsor, July 13, 1902, Bissell; South Meadow, Hartford, July
7, 1908, H. 8. Clark. New York: shores of Black Lake, Morris-
town, August 15, 1914, Phsipe no. 814; Mohawk flats east of
Utica, July 18, 190 00, Habere r, no. 709; Sylvan Beach, Oneida
County, July 13 , 1916, House; bank of Hudson River, near Cedar
Hill, south of Albany, July 17, 1910, Burnham; wet gravelly soil,
Ulysses, July 1, 1913, #. L. Palmer, n o. 1039; moist thicket near
Cold Spring, Alleghany State Park, ‘July 30 30, 1926, Alexander &
ouse, no. 12,783. New Jersry: marsh, ’Rosenkraus Ferry,
Delaware River, Sussex County, July 4, 1918, E. B. Bartram;
wet ground, Kaign’s Point, Camden, June 21, 1922, Meredith;
border of tidal marsh along Delaware River, north of Penns
rove, August 9, 1935, Fogg, no. 9309. PENNSYLVANIA: Sellers-
ville, July 18, 1923, Freie: ine County, July 2, 1923, S. S
Dickey; Presque Isle, June. 29, 1922, Dickey. VirGINIA: swampy
woods near Nottoway River at Readjuster Bridge, south of
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 469
Peanut, Sussex County, June 18, 1941, Remald & Long, no.
13,129; ‘along branch, south of Meherrin River, south of Western
Bridge, Brunswick County, J. B. Lewis, nos. 2800 and 3538.
SoutH Carona: Woodstock, 1833, Gibbes in Herb. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. Ontario: Ottawa, August 8, 1894, J. Macoun, no. cen
Wingham, July 24, 1894, Fk, Morton; Chippewa, July 5, 858,
Wm. Boott. MurcHiGaN: near river, Flint, July 21, 1909, Sher
Agricultural College, July 25, 1896, C. F. Wheeler. Pete Tro
Geauga County, July 21, 1904, R. J. Webb, no. 716; Sautiusky:
August 1, 1894, M oseley; Rocky River, near Cleveland, July 13,
1896, Greenman, no. 1403; bares July 19, 1885, Werner, no.
342; Sugar Grove, Fairfield Coun y, August 6, 1892, Werner, no.
43: ; hear Cincinnati, July 9, 1888, CoG, Lloyd. WISCONSIN:
Fort Wing, July 10, 1897, Lé8: Cheney, no. ao ie ae
Stony Island, Cook County, June 30, 1914 H. Smith,
5974; damp woods, Peoria, July, 1903, F.E. MeDonald: banks of
Mississippi, near Oqu awka, July 18, 1872, Patterson. MINNE-
SOTA: ane City, August 13, site W. H. Manning. Map 3.
ambigua sensu Robinson & Peruild. in Bae “Man. ed. 7: 701
(1908), not S. ambigua (Gray) Britton—Meadows, swamps,
low woods and shores, southern New Hampshire, eastern Massa-
chusetts and Rhode Island, eastern New York, south to eastern
ee 12, 1896, ver. St. Joh tae pond-shore, Walpole
Hunnewell, no. Mb Middleboro, Richard Murdoch, no. 933;
Taunton, ymour, no. 4187. RHODE ISLAND: Providence,
ew Jersey: along streamlet 1 mile northeast of Delanco,
Burlington County, Long, no. 6354; fresh marshes along Wading
River, New Gretna, Burlington County, Long, no. 10,574; rich
bog along railroad, Cold Spring, Cape nie County, August 29,
1922, Fogg. PENNSYLV. Anta: Tinicum, Delaware County,
August, 1873, Chas. Schaeffer; meadow near Red Clay Gieck:
470 Rhodora {NOVEMBER
Kennett Square, yeas County, June 28, 1924, Mary A.
Williams. Mary : King’s Creek, J. A. Ho Imes, no. 98.
VIRGINIA: wet Ri incoous thickets and ditches, Rosemont,
Princess Anne County, Fernald & Long, no. 5017: fresh reed-
marsh eer swale along Northwest River near Northwest, Norfolk
County, F. & L., no. 14,005; alluvial woods, along Notto oway
River at Readjuster Bridge, south of Peanut, Sussex County,
F. & L., no. 12,459; bushy swales and borders of swampy woods
near Blackwater River, Cobb’s Wharf, Southampton County,
F.& no. 10,407 (transition to typical S. tenuifolia) ; alluvial
woods by Fontaine Creek, west of Dahlia, Greensville Coun sr
F. & L., no. 14,399; pea aty and argillaceous clearing about 4
miles southeast of Emporia, vr. & L., nos. 8445 and 8834; bottom-
land woods along Me herrin River northeast of Gaskins, Greens-
ville County, F. & L., no. 13,434. SourH CaRo.ina: wet ditch,
thicket, 13 ‘thiles east of Walterboro, ee County, Wiegand
& Manning, no. 2793; border of swamp, 12 miles north of
Georgetown, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1067 . MIcHIGAN: near river,
uffalo, Lansing, no. 3262. Inprana: low place in oe
about 1 mile southeast of Woodland, St. hence County,
no. 50,459; damp prairie, Roby, Lansing, n 2542; Feankfort,
Photon 27, 1886, H.A. Young. Wisconsin: St. Cink Falls, —
190 og. F. Baker. I.t1nots: open field, South Chicago, H.
Smith, no: 5684. PrLare 790 and map 4. See p.
Stachys hispida Pursh, typified by Epling by a Clayton speci-
men from Virginia (presumably in the eastern section), is, ac-
cording to the description and as indicated by Epling’s note on &
sheet in the Gray Herbarium, this narrow-leaved extreme. Var.
hispida has, so far as material before me shows, the broken range
of many Coastal Plain types, great concentration in eastern
Massachusetts and adjacent Rhode Island, absence from Con-
necticut and much, if not all, of New York, reappearance farther
south, and with an area centering on Lake Michigan and running
into Wisconsin. In Massachusetts, New Jersey, eastern Penn-
sylvania and eastern Virginia it tends to grow in more acid
habitats than var. platyphylla, the latter preferring the sweeter
and richer soils, as does typical S. tenuzfolia.
The confusion of Stachys hispida with S. aspera Michaux arose
through unfamiliarity with the latter. A photograph of the
Michaux type now before me shows it to be, as identified by
Epling, the southern plant which Gray (1878) described from
Georgia, Kentucky and Illinois as S. hyssopifolia Michx., var-
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 471
ambigua. It was soon called S. ambigua (Gray) Britton (1894)
but, on account of the earlier European S. ambigua Sm. (1810);
the ndme was changed to S. Grayana House (1921). S. aspera,
described from ‘in campestribus Carolinae”, is a plant of sands
and prairies from northern Florida to eastern Missouri, north to
southern New Jersey, southeastern Pennsylvania, Kentucky,
Illinois and Iowa; also adventive as a field-weed in Somerset
County, Maine. It is, as Gray considered it, very close to S.
hyssopifolia Michx., having the firm and scarcely veiny leaves
almost of the latter but mostly broader, their lowest lateral nerves
prolonged very close to the margin of the blade. From glabrous
S. hyssopifolia it is distinguished only by the stems more or less
retrorse-hispid on the angles, leaves sometimes broader and
more regularly depressed-serrate, upper bracts often broadly-
lanceolate to ovate (instead of linear or narrowly lanceolate),
calyx often minutely pilose (instead of quite glabrous) and fre-
quently setose on the angles. Gray’s disposition of it, as S. hys-
sopifolia, var. ambigua, seems wholly justified. In the Carolinas
and northeastward there are altogether too many transitions to
Support its separation as a species.
In his Revision Epling, 1. c. 65, 66, including with the narrow-
leaved S. tenuifolia, var. hispida, as above defined (pLatE 790),
the generally more inland var. platyphylla (pLATE 789) as a
species, S. hispida, was “inclined to believe S. hispida to have
been derived from S. ambigua, probably after intermixture with
S. hyssopifolia”. He identified as S. ambigua Sm. Engl. Bot.
xxx. pl. 2089 (1810) the very pilose and narrow-leaved extreme
of S. palustris L. which I had described as S. palustris, var.
homotricha Fernald in Ruopora, x. 85 (1918), which he also iden-
tified with the similarly long-pilose S. velutina Schwein. (1824),
not Willd. (1813) and S. arenicola Britton (1901). Just why S.
ambigua sensu Epling (PLATE 793) is identified with S. ambigua
Sm., the European plant (pLate 791), is not clear. He was
advised of the error but did not wholly admit it, saying, p. 65,
“Since the above was written I have had the privilege of dis-
cussing this form with Prof. Géte Turesson who is of the
opinion that I have mis-interpreted the European hybrid S.
ambigua. This, according to him is a rare and sterile plant.
Until I can review the whole matter I am accordingly at as [a]
472 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
loss. Suffice it to say that the form here described as S. ambigua
is scarcely to be distinguished from plants commonly referred to
that species of European botanists’
Now, Stachys palustris, var. hombieteke (PLATE 793), i. e. S.
ambigua sensu Epling, is a stiff and normally simple-stemmed
plant with the sides and angles of the stem and the rachis densely
and retrorsely long-pilose or villous (F1a@s. 2 and 3), the lanceolate
to lance-linear leaves sessile and heavily pubescent beneath
(ric. 2), the calyx long-hirsute (Frias. 2-5), the outside of the
corolla strongly pilose. It occurs from Maine and southern
Quebec to Wisconsin, south to Connecticut, southern New York,
Ohio and Illinois (map 5). S. ambigua Sm., on the other hand,
is a generally recognized sterile hybrid of typical European S.
palustris (the latter only naturalized in Newfoundland, eastern
Canada, New England and New York) and the endemic European
S. sylvatica L., a plant with long-petioled cordate-ovate leaves.
As shown by Smith’s original plate and description and by many
European specimens (our PLATE 791) it is a tall and loosely
branched plant with the stem (F1G. 2) minutely strigose-pilose,
the principal leaves definitely petioled, the divergent oblong-
ovate blades minutely pilose beneath, the calyx short-pilose
(ric. 3) and the corolla only finely pilose. If it is inseparable
from the indigenous North American S. palustris, var. homo-
tricha (PLATE 793), it is time to give up.
As to Epling’s belief that Stachys hispida in his sense, 7. e. both
S. tenuifolia var. platyphylla (PLATE 789 and Map 3) and var.
hispida (PLATE 790 and Map 4), was derived from his ‘S. ambi-
gua”’ (taking it for the American plant cited by him, our PLATE
793, and S. hyssopifolia Michx. (PLATE 788, Fics. 3-5 and mapP 6)
one may be pardoned a gasp of surprise. S. palustris, var.
homotricha (S. ambigua sensu Epling) is shown in pLaTE 793, S.
tenuifolia, vars. hispida and platyphylla (S. hispida, inclusive, of
Epling) in pLates 790 and 789. Together the latter have 4
wide continental dispersal (Maps 3 and 4), while S. palustris,
var. homotricha is northern and within the northern range of the
former. S. hyssopifolia (PLATE 788, Fics. 3-5), is primarily 4
plant of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, but with the typical isolation
at the head of Lake Michigan (map 6). It is strictly glabrous,
with linear to narrowly oblong blunt to subacute, firm, pale,
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 473
entire leaves, so firm that, when fresh, only the midrib shows
beneath, but, by transmitted light its leaves show the lower
lateral veins following forward within 0.3-1 mm. from the margin,
and its subglobose nutlets (ria. 5) are only 1.5-1.8 mm. long. S.
hispida and S. ambigua sensu Epling are both pubescent. Their
leaves are from narrowly lanceolate to oblong-ovate and usually
pubescent, veiny, with the lower pair of laterals following for-
ward from 3-10 mm. within the copiously toothed margin, and
their tips are acuminate; the nutlets (PLATE 792, Fic. 4) of S.
palustris are ellipsoid-obovoid and 1.8-2.2 mm. long, those of
S. tenuifolia, including S. hispida, similar and 2.1-2.7 mm. long
(PLATE 788, Fic. 5). Just how, by crossing the narrow-, blunt-
and firm-leaved, chiefly Coastal Plain S. hyssopifolia (PLATE 788,
FIGS. 3-5) with the narrow-leaved continental and northern and
by Epling misidentified S. “ambigua” (PLATE 793), with leaves
1-3 cm. wide, one gets the wide-ranging S. hispida sensu Epling
(pLatEs 789 and 790), with no trace of the pubescence of S.
“ambigua’”’ on stem, leaves and calyx and with leaves up to 6
cm. broad, is beyond my understanding. Is this modern phy-
logeny?
Our VARIETIES OF STACHYS PALUSTRIS (PLATE 792-794)—
During this study of Stachys it has been necessary to unravel our
variations of S. palustris. This is a northern, circumboreal
species with two pronounced subspecies, each with several geo-
graphic varieties. Typical Eurasian S. palustris L. has the calyx
(PLATE 792, Fic. 3) closely viscid-pilose with many gland-tipped
hairs mixed with short glandless ones, the latter rarely more than
1 mm. long. It and three of the varieties recognized in Europe
are naturalized about towns and settlements, often about ports,
in various parts of Newfoundland, Quebec, eastern Ontario, the
Maritime Provinces, New England and New York. The native
North American plants differ in having the calyx long-hirsute as
well as short-pilose, the shorter pubescence largely hidden by
long whitish and glandless setiform trichomes mostly 1.5-3 mm.
long. This is subsp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling, based on S. pilosa
Nutt. in Journ. Acad. Phil. vii. 48 (1834). The native subsp.
pilosa consists, in the Gray’s Manual range, of five rather well
defined varieties. These I am distinguishing as follows.
474 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
a. Leaves ste e on very short and inconspicuous thick
tioles....
b. Principal leaves oblong to ee or oval, blunt or
merely subacute, three tenths to one half as broad as
long, 3.5-12 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. broad; chiefly western... Var. pilosa.
b. Principal leaves sassy to broadly lanceolate or nar-
oblong, acuminate, one seventh to one third as
heaad as long, 2-13 cm. long, 0. 43. cm. eo chiefly
eastern and northern....
c. Pubescence of sides of iia m many times shorter than
that of ss or minute and with long hairs of
r.
Angles of stem a h few or — heen: os sides mi-
cian tely spabeiraleihd to glabrous beneath; plant
of feat: Lakes revion. 3)... oe a ee Var. macrocalyz.
c. Absence fa sides of stem very dense and lon
not readily dinktneiiahed from that of
the an "5 Ba PE an ery eee ye ihe ec Var. homotricha.
a. sor bh slender-petioled, the petioles of the principal ones
1-1.4 em. long, the oblong or lance-ovate acuminate
i gi mostly 6-12 em. long and seg em oer angles
stem iene relatively few or no long hairs....... Var. phanero poda
S. PALUSTRIS L., var. pilosa (Nutt. » sa. nov. S. pilosa Nutt.
in Journ. Acad. Phil. vii. 48 (1834). Subsp. pilosa (Nutt.)
Epling in Fedde, Repert. Beih. Ixxx. 63 (1934). S. scopulorum
9 ns
reene, Pittonia, iii. 342 (1901).—Shores, stream-margins,
British Colombia to Arizona, to Ontario,
Wisconsin, pom Nebraska, and adventive along railroads an
in wa astward to Ne gland (several eee |
preteens
Var. NIPIGONENSIS Jennings in Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. x. 459
(1920) Saar es grounds, Quebec to Alaska, south to western New
England, New York, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, New
Mexico and Arizona
Var. MACROCALYX Jennings, 1. c.458 (1920).—Shores, Thunder
Bay District, Ontario, to northern Wisconsin and northern
die age tea
MOTRICHA Fernald in Ruopora, x. 85 (1908). 8.
Willd. (1813). S. = erm Britt. Man. 792 (190 1). S. palus-
tris, var. arenicola (Britt.) Farw. in Am. Mi “ aa xl. 82 (1928).
S. Schweinitzii Rydb. in Brittonia, i. 95 (19 S. homotricha
(Fern.) Rydb. 1. ¢. (1931). S. pustulosa Redo. l. c. (1931).—
1943] Iernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 475
Shores, meadows and fields, Maine and southern Quebec to
Wi isconsin, south eo Connecticut, New York, Ohio and Illinois.
PLATE 793, MAP 5
h ropoda, var. nov., Weatherby in — — 794)
foliis petiole petiolis (foliorum principalium) 1- m. longis,
laminis o longis vel lanceolato-ovatis 6-12 cm. atte nae em.
latis; setis in angulis caulis ex comparatione paucis vel carentibus.
Onto: Port hare Ottawa County, July ys 1894, Moseley.
Wisconsin: Spooner, July 20, 1911, J. J. Dav Iowa: river-
Ha. cay me 31, 1925, B.O. Wolden, tr 1118, TYPE, in
er
PLATE ig hginr: 1 and 2, 8. Ege: var. PERLONGA Fernald: Fic. 1
Long, no. pi ai ig and aga calyx, X 4, from south of Yorktown,
Fernald, 0. 5016; Fic. 5, nutlet, X 10, from Sandwich, Massa-
chusetts, rm es 23. 1929, niga nal. ;
PuiatE 789 UI . PLATYPHYLLA Fernald: ric. 1, TYPE, X_ 3;
x 10, from Alburg, bois ng July 16, 1939, C. H. Knowlton; ria. 3, lower
surface of leaf, < 10, and Fic. 4, rachis, bracts and calices, X 4, from same
place as FIG. 2; FIG. 5. chive < 10, from Chaumont, New Yor k, Fernald,
Wiegand & Eames, Rea 14,4 29,
LATE TENUIFOLIA, Var. HISPIDA (Pursh) Fernald: Fie. 1, plant,
x 1%, from Rosemont, Prine e County, Virginia, a Long, no
x
calices, X 4, from Sharon, Massachusetts, July 12, 1896, such plants from
Sharon specially noted in Gray Herb., by Epling, as 7 Purs sh’s type
,. Puate 791. 8. ampicua Sm.: Fic. 1, summit of plant, X 4, from ‘Borgholm,
Oland, Sweden, July 20, 1886, Areskug; Fie. 2, portion of stem, X 10, fro
m
Piate 792. §. paLusTRIS L.: FIG. 1, portion of stem, X 10, fro m Bouillon,
X 10, and ria. 3, = whorls of flowers, X 4, from same collection; Fr. 4,
nutlet, > 10, from ballast-filling, Vos Gaspé County, Quebec, Collins,
Fernald & Pease (Pease, no. 506214).
Piate 793. S. PALUSTRIS, var. HOMOTRICHA Fernald (S. ambigua sensu
Epling, not Sm.): ne. 1, plant of type, X 34; FIG. 2, lower bracts and calyx,
4, from TYPE; FIG. 3, stem and lower surface of leal base, < 10, from TYPE;
bad "4, narro elena sd extreme (S. arenicola Britton), x %, from Copper
Harbor, Michigan, Farwell, no. 281); F1G. 5, two caiiaed, x 4, from no. 281.
Puate 794, §S. PALUSTRIS, var. PHA ee Weatherby: as ‘, TYPE,
x 4; ain 2, stem, X 4; Fic. 3, calyx, X 1
PYCNANTHEMUM VERTICILLATUM (Michx.) Pers. A second
Coastal Plain mei, this in NorrotK County: damp old
clearings and thicke ts, eastern side of Great Dismal Swamp,
north of Wallon nos. 13,736 and 14,007.
476 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
P. PYCNANTHEMOIDES (Leavenw.) Fern., var. VIRIDIFOLIUM
Fern. A second Coastal Plain station, this in SouTHAMPTON
County: border of dry woods northeast of Adams Grove, no.
14,398.
VERBENA OFFICINALIS L. To the relatively few stations add
one in SourHamMpTton County: roadside bordering Womble’s
(Wade’s) Millpond, north of Baffle, no. 14,395.
HYSALIS MONTICOLA C. Mohr. Range extended northeast-
ward to Iste or Wicut County: sandy wooded slope by Black-
water River, west of Blackwater School, no. 14,400, unusually
large, up to 3.5 dm. high. See p. 370.
*LINARIA CANADENSIS (L.) Dumort., forma albina, f. nov.,
corollis albidis.—Virerinta: burned spot, white sand of dry pine
barrens, south of Lee’s Mill, Isle of Wight County, April 21,
1942, Fernald, Long & Abbe, no. 14,230 (rypE in Herb. Gray.).
GRATIOLA VIRGINIANA L., var. AESTUARIORUM Pennell.
Range extended inland to Brunswick County: open mud by
Triplett Pond, Seward Forest, near Triplett, Fernald & Lewis,
no. 14,497. See p. 380.
UrricuLaRIA PURPUREA Walt. Local range extended inland
to Sussex County: Harold’s (or Harris) Millpond, southeast of
Waverly, no. 14,408. See p. 371.
U. myriata Walt. Local range extended inland to Sussex
County: back-water pool by Nottoway River at Readjuster
Bridge, south of Peanut, Fernald, Long & Abbe, no. 14,231.
TA, var. MINOR Chapm. ‘To the very few recorded
stations add the following. SouTHampron County: quiet pool
in cypress swamp bordering Womble’s (Wade’s) Millpond, north
of Baffle, no. 14,406. Sussex County: Harold’s (or Harris)
Millpond, southeast of Waverly, no. 14,407. See pp. 371 and 372.
U. vircatuLa Barnhart. To the few recorded stations add
one in SOUTHAMPTON County: on a decaying log in mossy margin
of Cephalanthus-pool near Johnson’s Millpond, north of Sedley,
no. 14,411. See p. 371.
OLDENLANDIA Boscit (DC.) Chapm. To the only two re-
corded Virginia stations, in southern Southampton County, add
the following. Sussex County: sandy-muddy shore, Brittle’s
Millpond, west of Wakefield, no. 14,417; sandy beach, Airfield
Millpond, southwest of Wakefield, no. 14,419. SouTHAMPTON
County: sandy shore of Johnson’s Millpond, 114 miles north of
Sedley, no. 14,416. Iste or Wieut Cov : muddy and swaley
shore of Darden’s Pond, southeast of Collosse, no. 14,418.
pp. 371 and 372. .
OBELIA SIPHILITICA L., forma laevicalyx, f. nov., foliis
_glabris; caulibus vix pubescentibus; calycibus corollisque gla-
ris.—Isle of Wight County, VirGrnia: seeping argillaceous and
calcareous bluffs along Burwell’s Bay, James River, below Rush-
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 477
mere (Fergusson’s Wharf), August 27 and 29, 1940, Fernald &
Long, no. 12,834, October 10, 1941, Fernald & Long, no. 14,030
(TYPE in Herb. Gray; 1soryPE in Herb. Phil. Acad.).
My attention was directed to this extremely smooth form by
Dr. Wray M. Bowden of the Central Experimental Farm at
Ottawa, Ontario. I had supplied Dr. Bowden with seeds from
no. 14,030 and from some other species in the autumn of 1941.
On October 14, 1942, I received from him a letter from which
the following passages are extracted:
_ “Just a_note to ask if you could examine your specimen of Lobelia
stphilitica L., Fernald and Long, no. 14,030 . . You sent seed from
this last year and the plants have grown well. The row was quite uniform
but not at all like any of the numerous collections of L. siphilitica which
ave. The stems and leaves are glabrous. The upper leafy bracts in
the flower-spike are much longer and pointed, and the calyx is not nearly
as pubescent—in fact only the free ends of the lobes are pubescent. e
W was quite uniform both in respect to these characters and to colour
of corolla which was light blue. . . The corolla is quite glabrous also.”
The original specimens have the leaves, calyx and corolla
quite glabrous, but the stem is remotely hispid. Other collec-
tions from calcareous bluffs of the James are more pubescent.
The plant below Rushmere seems to me best treated as a forma,
typical L. siphilitica having the stem and one or both faces of
the leaves variously pubescent, the calyx always more or less so
and the tips of the corolla-lobes bearded. Among these more
typical plants I find some with quite as prolonged bract-tips as
in the Rushmere plant.
L. GLANDULIFERA (Gray) Small. Local range extended into
Brunswick County: sphagnous thicket, ‘‘Ram Hole Swamp”,
Pewee Forest, near Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,500. See
p. :
*EUPATORIUM ROTUNDIFOLIUM L., var. cordigerum, var. nov.,
planta robusta ad 1.3 m. alta caule densissime albido-piloso-
tomentuloso; foliis mediis late ovatis subacutis sessilibus valde
cordatis 5-8.5 cm. longis 4-7 cm. latis subaequaliter dentatis
subtus dense pilosis.—VirGINIA: upper border of fresh reed-
marsh and swale along Northwest River near Northwest, Norfolk
County, June 30, 1942, Fernald & Long, no. 14,426 (ryPxH in
Herb. Gray.; isotype in Herb. Phil. Acad.); mossy thicket by
Cephalanthus-pool near Johnson’s Millpond, north of Sedley,
October 14, 1942, Fernald, no. 14,502. Nort C :
side near Windsor, Bertie County, October 15, 1938, Godfrey, no.
7007. See pp. 369 and 371.
478 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
Var. cordigerum is a very extreme variation in the polymorphic
Eupatorium rotundifolium. In size of plant and of foliage it
suggests the wide-ranging var. ovatum (Bigel.) Torr. (EL. pubescens
Muhl.) but its dense pubescence is more like that of typical
small-leaved FE. rotundifolium. In its strongly cordate, instead
of gradually rounded, leaf-bases it is very striking, the cordate
bases of the middle and upper leaves reaching nearly around the
stem.
LIATRIS GRAMINIFOLIA Willd., var. Smauui (Britt.) Fern. &
Grise. Local range extended into Sussex County: damp san
pine and oak woods south of Stony Creek, no. 11,455.
BOLTONIA CAROLINIANA (Walt.) Fern. Range extended inland
to Brunswick County: bottomland woods above Western
Bridge, Meherrin River, south of Edgerton, Fernald & Lewis, no.
14,512, rays pink. See p. 379
*ERIGERON strigosus Muhl., forma piscomprus (Robbins)
Fern. NANSEMOND CounTY: open ground along highway,
pg orde border of Great Dismal Swamp, east of Magnolia, no.
*SoLipaGo SALIcInA Ell. Brunswick County: open bog near
Seward Forest Headquarters, September 14, 1940, J. B. Lewis;
boggy thicket, ‘‘Ramhole” Swamp, Se ward Forest, Triplett,
Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,506.—Extension northward from Wake
County, North Carolina; most specimens (from North and South
Carolina and west to Texas) previously confused w ith the north-
ern and upland calcicolous S. patula. See p
S. salicina is a very definite southern species of acid bogs of
the inner Coastal Plain and outer Piedmont, at once distin-
guished from S. patula by its narrower and more crenate leaves,
the cauline ones 20-45 (in S. patula 12-23) and rapidly reduced
in size, the more open panicle with more elongate and glabrescent
branches floriferous at tip, the long-pedicelled heads borne strictly
along the upper sides of the branches (in S. patula the shorter-
pedicelled heads tending to be in short racemes subspirally borne
along the white-pilose panicle-branches).
GNAPHALIUM SPATHULATUM A LATER Homonym (PLATE 799,
the Typr, X 24).—It seems to have been overlooked that (na-
phalium spathulatum Lam. Encyel. ii. 758 (1786) is antedated by
G. spatulatum Burm. f. Fl. Cap. Prodr. 25 (1768) which was the
binomial based directly on the well described Elychrysum foliis
oblongis circa caulem auritis & tomentosis of Breyn, Prodr. 29, t-
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 479
xvii. fig. 3 (1739), this being referred by Index Kewensis to
Helichrysum crispum D. Don, not H. spatulatum Moench. The
plant which generally passes as Gnaphalium spathulatum cannot,
therefore, maintain that name. The exact identity of Lamarck’s
type is yet to be worked out. The habit-photograph of it before
me is good as such, but until the technical characters can be
closely studied it would be unsafe to base a new name upon it.
The group of annuals and biennials to which it belongs is most
complex, a series of ruderal and campestrian plants of tropical
and warm-temperate regions of which the characters reside in
habit, shape and indument of leaves, indument of stem, indument
of involucre, shape of phyllaries, etc. The plant usually passing
as G. spathulatum is wide-spread in South America, and in North
America from Florida to Texas, north to southeastern Pennsyl-
vania and southern California. Superficially it strongly re-
sembles G. platense Cabrera, Compuestas Bonaerenses, 167, fig.
45 (1941), but that species, as clearly illustrated by Cabrera, has
the leaves and stems copiously glandular, the elongate pluri-
cellular glands of the stem divergent, and the inner phyllaries
slender-tipped. Cabrera refers G. spathulatum Lam. to G. ameri-
canum Willd., but certainly the plant of our southern states is
not the West Indian G. americanum, which is very near G.
purpureum LL. Until the whole complex group can be most
thoroughly studied, with intimate knowledge of the actual types
and their technical characters, it would be quite unwise to rename
the poorly understood G. spathulatum Lam. (originally a garden-
plant). Iam, therefore, at the risk of publishing a name which
eventually may have to be discarded, proposing a new name based
upon an unequivocal type.
GNAPHALIUM (§ GAMOCHAETA) peregrinum, sp. nov. (TAB.
795), bienne vel annuum; caulibus subsimplicibus vel plerumque
ramosis 1-6 dm. altis pi Pasay var foliis caulinis anguste spa-
thulato-obovatis vel late oblanceolatis apice rotundatis, imis 2-7
em. longis 0.8-2.5 em. latis, subtus villoso-lanatis supra deinde
Vicidisioen iba: capitulis stramineis | pai atis glomerulis sub-
distantibus ‘gene interruptam 1-2 em. crassam formantibus;
involucris 3-4 altis basi valde enn phyllariis interiori-
bus oblongis oa “epathulatis obtusis —Roadsides, fallow fields
and waste places, Florida to Texas ‘and southern California,
north, locally, to southeastern asiastiania: eastern South
480 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
America. Type: in burnt-over pine-scrub oak sandhills, north
ag eo Pineville, Sales Parish, oe one July 30, 1938,
DLS. & : B. rell, oo 9937 (in Herb. Gra
G. peered Pii ay ar. HELLERI (Britt) Blake. To the
stations much farther east badd one in BRUNSWICK County: sandy
pine woods, Seward Forest, near Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no.
14,514.
G. OBTUSIFOLIUM, var. MICRADENIUM Weath. Range extended
inland to Brunswick County: dry woods near Rattlesnake
Creek, west of Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,513. See p. 380.
(To be continued)
VIRGINIAN BOTANIZING UNDER RESTRICTIONS
M. L. FERNALD
(Continued from page 480)
Some VARIETIES AND Species or HELENIUM (PLATES 796-
799).—As a genus Helenium, in its present sense, was first called
Helenia L. Hort. Cliff. 418 (1737). It consisted of a single
species, Helenia foliis decurrentibus, based in part on the plant of
Clifford’s garden (our PLATE 797, FIG. 1), in part upon many
references to previously described plants of European gardens
called Heleniastrum, Chrysanthemum or Aster, the latter not
actually before Linnaeus. When the genus was taken up at the
nomenclaturally critical date, 1753, and assigned a binomial it
was as Helenium autumnale L. Sp. Pl. ii. 886 (1753). The cita-
tions then given by Linnaeus indicate the two plants somewhat
generally found at that time in European gardens, and, although
in N. Am. Fl. xxxvi?, 127 (1915) Rydberg says that the type
came from Canada, Linnaeus himself in 1753 was not so explicit,
he then saying “Habitat in America septentrionali”’. In Hortus
Cliffortianus he had said “in Florida & Canada”’.
The plant of Clifford’s garden (our PLATE 797, FIG. 1) had
narrowly lanceolate and long-acuminate, nearly entire leaves,
few long-peduncled heads, the mature disk 1.8+ cm. broad, the
narrow ligules strongly narrowed at base, 2 cm. long and only
2.5-3.3 mm. broad at the sharply trifid apex. Except. that its
486 Rhodora [DECEMBER
leaves are rather more spreading and its branching looser, it
closely matches the plant of tidal shores of the St. Lawrence
(r1G. 2), there found from near Montreal to below Quebec, and
extending westward through much of the St. Lawrence basin and
far to the southwest. Rydberg’s inference was correct, appar-
ently, that this plant originated in Canada. The second plant
cultivated in Europe was the extreme which Linnaeus preserved
in his own herbarium (presumably from the Upsala garden) and
which, according to the late Dr. B. Daydon Jackson, was before
him in preparing Species Plantarum, ed. 1. This (our PLATE
796, FIG. 1) is the coarser plant of our Northeast, with more
elliptic and broader, toothed leaves, and large heads, with the
mature disk of the leading head nearly 2.2 cm. broad, the flat
and cuneate ligules 2.2-2.3 em. long and 8.3-11.7 mm. broad at
the bluntly lobed summit. Just such a plant (Fic. 2), with
ligules up to 2.5 em. long, occurs from western New England to
Minnesota, south to New Jersey, upland to western North
Carolina, Kentucky and Missouri. Helenium autumnale of 1753
consisted of both extremes and there is logic in interpreting
either of them as the type. In a nomenclature beginning with
1753 (not 1737 and earlier), however, the plant in the Linnean
Herbarium, the specimen Linnaeus definitely had before him in
preparing Species Plantarum, is here selected. ‘It is the extreme
of the species which most students of the past have treated as
H. autumnale, as will later be noted.
Both of them being in European gardens, whence they were
described by Ventenat in 1720, Miller, with no reference to
Linnaeus, took his cues directly from Ventenat, not from the
Linnean Herbarium. Miller called Heleniwm autumnale the
narrow-leaved extreme, the “ Bastard Sun-flower with a longer and
narrower leaf,” the Heleniastrum folio longiore & angustiore of
Ventenat; and the plant with broader leaves and larger heads, the
Heleniastrum folio breviore & latiore of Ventenat, Miller called He-
lenium latifolium Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (1768), the ‘‘Bastard Sun-
flower with a broader and shorter leaf’. Among botanists of the
period, however, Miller was essentially alone in his interpretation.
Lamarck, Smith, Schkuhr and other botanists, far more precise
than the very impressionistic Miller, took the broad-leaved and
large-headed plant (our PLATE 796) of the Linnean Herbarium as
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 487
true H. autumnale. Thus Lamarck described as a new species,
H. canaliculatum Lam. in Journ. d’Hist. Nat. ii. 213, t. 35 (1793)
the narrow-leaved plant of European gardens which Ventenat
had called Heleniastrum folio longiore & angustiore and which
Miller took up as H. autwmnale. Lamarck’s description and
life-sized illustration (our PLATE 797, FIG. 3) indicated unbranched
plants with solitary large heads with ligules 1.6 em. long and only
3-5 mm. broad at the sharply toothed summit: ‘‘Semi-flosculi
15-18, foeminei, distincti, patentes: ligulis concavo-canaliculatis,
apice tridentatis”. Lamarck went on “L’Helenie canaliculée
différe évidemment de l’Helenie d’automne (dict. vol. 3, pl. 81)
par son aspect, son port, et principalement par le
canarias de ses demi-fleurons, qui ne sont point élargis, planes,
et réfléchis comme dans ces [referring to both H. autumnale and
H. quadridentatum] espéces’”’; and in summary he contrasted his
H. canaliculatum “ semi-flosculis canaliculatis’’ and H. autumnale
“semi-flosculis planis reflexis”’. Somewhat later Lamarck, IIl.
iv. t. 688, fig. 1 (1797), illustrated his conception of H. autumnale,
the plant of the Linnean Herbarium.
Helenium canaliculatum Lam. (portion of his illustration,
shown in our PLATE 797, FIG. 3) was unquestionably the same as
the plant (our pLaTE 797, FIG. 1) of the Clifford garden. Except
for the more spreading leaves, a natural response to the ameliora-
tions of cultivation, H. canaliculatum is the extreme (F1G. 2) of
H. autumnale which characterizes the tidal shores of the St.
Lawrence from above Montreal to below Quebec, thence west-
ward to Minnesota and Iowa. That region was the source of
many plants early carried to Europe and a very inexact and
obviously conventionalized plate of it with similarly elongate
leaves, too many heads for the wild plant, and tremendously
multiplied but characteristic rays was described and illustrated
as Aster luteus alatus by Cornut, Canadensium Plantarum, 62,
63 (1635). The life-sized head and reduced leaves from Cornut’s
plate are here reproduced as PLATE 797, rias.4 and 5. It will be
noted that its disk is 2 cm. broad, its ligules about 1.5 em. long
and 4-5 mm. broad at the sharply toothed summit. It is obvi-
ously of the same variety as the plant of the Clifford garden and
as that of the Paris garden described and illustrated by Lamarck
as his H. canaliculatum.
488 Rhodora [DECEMBER
When Sir James Edward Smith purchased and eventually
established in London the herbarium of Linnaeus he intimately
knew the collection and in his many articles in Rees’ Cyclopedia
he clearly designated what he understood, from studying the
collection and literature, as the types of many Linnean species.
Thus, in Rees, Cycl. xvii. (1819), he took as H. autuwmnale the
plant of the Linnean Herbarium with “ Leaves elliptic-lanceolate,
more or less deeply serrated. Flowers large’’, etc.,
wills for the oa of European gardens with ‘Leaves linear-
lanceolate, entire’, etc., the H. autumnale sensu Miller, he pro-
posed the new name H. longifolium Sm. In treating as typical
Helenium autumnale the plant which Lamarck had already (1793)
selected and which he soon (1797) illustrated I am not only
following the very careful Lamarck and Smith but am trying to
keep the concept which has prevailed among most botanists until
Rydberg. Witness, besides the illustration by Lamarck and the
treatment by Smith, the following illustrations of H. autwmnale:
Schkuhr, Bot. Handb. ed. 2, t. 250a (1808); Barton, Fl. N. Am.
i. t. 26 (1821); Raf. Med. FI. i. t. 47 (1828); Hook. in Bot. Mag.
Ivii. t. 2999 (1830); Meehan, Fl. and Fern U. S. ii. t. 29 (1879);
and so on to Britton & Brown, Ill. FI. iii. 450 (1898) and House,
Wild Fl. N. Y. ii. t. 261 (1918). By so doing less violence is
done well established and fully justified usage than by taking up
for the plant of Linnaeus’s own herbarium, labeled by him H.
autumnale, the name H. latifolium Mill., as is done by Rydberg
in the N. Am. Fl. xxxiv?. 127 (1915). In there taking up as H.
autumnale the H. longifolium Sm. Rydberg showed that he did
not understand the latter. If he had understood it he would
not have referred H. canaliculatum Lam. (clearly H. autumnale
sensu Miller and H. longifolium Sm.) without question to the
synonymy of H. latifolium; and if he had understood H. autumnale
of Herb. L. and of Lamarck, Schkuhr, Smith, Barton et al. (1.
latifolium Mill.) he would not have contented himself with
“Jigules 10-15 mm. long”. In the type they are 2.3 cm. long.
Besides typical Helenium autumnale (H. latifolium Mill.) and
the rather local var. canaliculatum (Lam.) Torr. & Gray, Fl. N.
Am. ii. 284 (1842), a combination not cited in the North American
Flora, we have a wide-ranging southern extreme of the species
(PLATE 798), the plant with small and narrow rays which was
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 489
described as a species, H. parviflorum Nutt. Although JH.
parviflorum in most extreme variations is very different from true
H. autumnale, their ranges overlap and it is most difficult to
find any stable morphological character to keep them apart.
The chief claim of H. parviflorum to recognition is its extension
far south of the other varieties, a plant with the flowering and
fruiting disk only 0.8-1.5 em. broad (as opposed to 1.6—2.3 cm.
in true H. autumnale), the ligules 3-12 mm. long and only 3-7
mm. broad (as opposed to 1.6—-2.5 em. long and 7-12 mm. broad
in true H. autumnale). For six days (a full week) I have boiled
out disk-florets and ligules, seeking in the H. autumnale complex
some stable characters of disk-corollas, pappus and achenes, and,
although there is extreme diversity in the number, shape and
length of the pales of the pappus, sometimes short, sometimes
much longer and more slender, sometimes in several lengths, and
while the disk-corollas may have very short or almost obsolete
tubes, or the tubes may be prolonged and the throat more
campanulate, I have been quite incapable of making these di-
vergencies fall into clear geographic patterns or associate them-
selves with other characters. After concentrated study for a
week I get back to the decision of Torrey & Gray who wrote:
“Some of our varieties are possibly species; but they accord in
every thing but the pappus, which also presents every inter-
mediate gradation. The var. @. [the western var. grandiflorum
(Nutt.) Torr. & Gray] is the only state we have seen from Oregon,
Saskatchewan, &c.: but a state with a nearly similar pappus is
common in New York; while other specimens, otherwise undis-
tinguishable, present a reduced and merely acute pappus’’.—
Torr. & Gray, l. ec. (1842). Torrey & Gray had a score or so of
specimens; the ten score of specimens from which I have boiled
(to clarify and straighten) the florets have failed to bring any
more clarification than they could get from their hand-full of
material.
Excluding the plants from west of the “Manual range”’, the
great bulk of inclusive Helenium autumnale seems to me to fall
into three recognizable geographic varieties:
HELENIUM a eee us Sp. Pl. ii. om (1753) in part (as to
plant of Herb. L. bea he identification of Linnaeus); Lam
in Journ. d’Hist. Nat. ii. i AS (1798) and tll iv. t. 688, in 1 (1797);
490 Rhodora [DECEMBER
Schkuhr, Bot. Handb. ed. 2, t. 250a (1808); Smith in Rees, Cycl.
xvii (1819); Barton, Fl. N. Am. i. t. 26 (182 1); Raf. Med. Fi. i.
t. 47 Gee Hook. in Bot. Mag. Ivii. t. 2999 (1830); oe i
Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. 384 (1842); Meehan, Fl. and Ferns U
t. 29 (1879): Britton & Brown Fl. ii. 450 (1898); cies
Wild FL NW-Y i. t. 261 tee yab sue tae Mill. Gard. Dict.
ed. 8, Helenium no. 2 (1768); Fl. xxxiv?. 127
(1915) as to plant, not as to aban oilatae a elenia autumnalis
ill, Hort. Kew. 6 (1769). Heleniwm pullin Willd. Enum.
jay se 60 (1813). H. altissimum Link ex Rydberg 1. c. 126
(1915).—Stem 0.5-1.5 m. high, wing-angled, simple or branching,
corymbose-branched at summit; leaves elliptic, oblong or lance-
olate, ese membranaceous, =e larger coarsely dentate
ones 0.5-1. long a —5.5 em. broad; heads few-many,
peduncled, in savtiinal eprviab: fully raewctoped disk 1.6—2.3 cm.
broad; ligules flat, cuneate, deep yellow, soon reflexed, 1.6—2.5
cm. long, 7-12 mm. broad at the Ghani toothed or lobed ‘summit;
pappus much shorter than to two thirds as long as disk-corolla.—
Rich thickets, meadows and shores, western New England to
Minnesota, south to New Jersey, western North Carolina, Ken-
tucky and "Missouri, northward passing into var. canaliculatum,
southward into var. ‘parviflo orum. A few fairly typical specimens
are the following. Massacnusetts: Stockbridge, September 5,
1912, R. Hoffmann; Sheffield, September 30, 1919, Churchill.
—
—
ane
.
no.
10,815; Sylvan Beach, Oneida Co., House, nos. 3843 and 8705;
Dryden, MacDaniels & Eames, no. 1313. New Jersey: Fields-
abe Long, no. 18, 221; southwest of Harrisonville, Long, no.
45, 269. PENNSYLVANIA: Washington Crossing, Bucks County,
September 25, 1923, Meredith: Wissahickon Ravine, Philadelphia
eee September 24, 1924, He enry A. Lang; Sayre, Barbour, no.
536. ONTARIO: teen eg Krotkov, 7908 (mixed with var.
canaliculatum). Onto: Garrettsville, pres County, R. J.
, no. 400. Itirors: Bloomington, August, 1886, B. L.
Robinson. Our PLATE 796.
Var. CANALICULATUM (Lam.) Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. 284
citation H. autumnale L. Sp. Pl. ii. 886 (1753) in part, as to some
_ Am xiv’.
127 (19 15). H. ince Ait. Hort. Kew. iii. 227 (1789). H.
canaliculatum Lam. in Journ. d’Hist. Nat. ii. 213, t. 35 (1793).
Helenia decurrens Moench, Meth. 589 (1794), both as to descrip-
tion and citation only of the Morison figure which is of most
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 491
characteristic H. canaliculatum, and obviously copied from Cor-
nut. Helenium longifolium Sm. in Rees, Cyel. xvii, Heleniwm
no. 2 (1819). ZH. phates pubescens (Ait.) Britton in Mem.
Torr. Bot. Cl. v. 339 (1894).—Stem relatively slender, 3.7-9 dm.
high with 1-many heads; leaves linear to lanceolate, Moe or
shallowly ddentiontite, firm, subrigid, the sea ones 3-
long and 3-18 mm. broad; mature disk 1 . broad, ligule
strongly narrowed and ofte en convolute at s Hit —2 cm. lon
2-7 mm. broad at the shallowly and sharply to bluntly ached
and ec rst Some characteristic specimens are as follows:
QuEBEC: Cap Pains Victorin, no. 28,177; St. Vallier, Svenson &
Fassett, no. 3022; Berthier, Montmagny County, Fernald &
Pease, no. 25,324; Longueuil, Victorin, no. 18,376; phe a
n-
074.
cord, September 9, 1934, R. J. Eaton (adventive, leaves more
toothed than in most material). Nerw Yorx: Canton, or
no. 1002; Springport, Hames & Wiegand, no. 11,007. Ont
Tobermory, Krotkov, no. 7908 (mixed ery typical H. cadumuaiies:
Birch Island, Lake "Huron, Macoun, no. 26,508 (distributed as
H. huronense Britton, an ‘herbar arin ines ‘unfortunately pub-
lished in syno nymy, therefore with no status, by Rydberg in N.
Am. Fl. xxxiv?. 127 (1915)). Outo: Windham ee Portage
County, R. J. Webb, no. 5554. Wisconsin: St. Cro x Falls
pete City , August 15, 1883, W. H. Manan Lowa:
1894, Fink. NeprasKa: Beaver ‘Creek, Holt es Fred Clements,
no. 2858: South Fork of Dismal River, Rydbero, no. 1690. Mrs-
SOURI: Dodson, Bush, no. 4148, dist rib. as H - montanum; Colum-
bia, Boone Co. , Lisle Jeffrey, no. 261. Kansas: Chautauqua
Co. Aitehchels no. 737. Texas: banks of ae about Fried-
richsburg, Lindheimer, no. 477. Arizona: canon at Fort
' Passing westward, from Saskatchewan and North Dakota to eastern Washington,
For note on H. autumnale pubescens (Ait.) Britton see p. 492. It is probable that
Aiton had the two Ghihe which were in general cultivation in Europe, not the western
var. montanum to which Rydberg doubtfully refers var. pubescens.
‘ Farther west, in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, becoming the large-
ow =
Var. GRaNpvIFLORUM (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. 384 (1842); Gray,
Fl. N. eS, i?, 349 (1884); independently published by Howell, Fl. Nw. Am en
(1900). H. grandifiorum Nutt. 1. c. (1841)
492 Rhodora [DECEMBER
Huachuca, Lemmon, no. 2776. PiatTe 797.—Many specimens
transitional to the preceding so the following, and on the Plains
of the West to var. monta
Aiton, Hort. Kew. iti. 227 (1789), had a H. pubescens, de-
scribed simply “H. foliis pubescentibus”. Torrey & Gray and,
later, Gray treated it as synonymous with the inclusive H.
autumnale, of which the typical variety is subglabrous, in both
places wrongly citing the page as “287’’. In Mem. Torr. Bot.
Cl. v. 339 (1894) we get the unexplained combination H. autum-
nale pubescens Britton, based upon H. pubescens Ait. of page
“287”. Had the author of the new trinomial looked up Aiton,
instead of copying the error of Torrey & Gray and of Gray, he
would have noted that H. pubescens was on p. 227. I have not
seen Aiton’s type; neither had Britton. From the date (1789) it
is probably var. canaliculatum.
*Var. parviflorum (Nutt.) stat. nov. H. parviflorum Nutt. in
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 384 (1841).—Leaves mem-
branaceous or submembranaceous, elliptic, oblong, lanceolate or
oblanceolate, coarsely toothed to subentire, the larger oe
0.5-1.5 dm. long and 0.7—3.5 em. broad; mature disk 0.8—-1.5 ¢
broad; ligules 3-12 mm. long and 3-7 mm. broad, often fiche
late below. —Bottomlands, swamps and other low grounds,
Florida to Arkansas, north to Connecticut, New York, Pennsyl-
vania, Kentucky, Illinois and southeastern Iowa, thoroughly
typical and isolated southward, passing sig oe into the two
preceding northward. The fo lowin ng, from a very large series
“i an e are characteristic. Gomnkancer: Bia ague, August
oodward; Selden Cove, Lyme, August 29, 1901,
Bissell: ‘Stratford, August 16, 1895, Eames. New York: old
specimens without designated. locality, Torr. & are: Fl. New
Jersey: east of Silverton, Ocean County, Fogg, no. 4901 (nar-
rowest-leaved extreme); Mays Picea "August "28, 1910, W.
Stone; Cold Spring, Fogg, no. 235; Treasure Island, ‘Hunterdon
ounty, Long, no. 38,291. Palen Delaware County,
18et Canby, called by Gray H. parviflorum, with the later com-
t “Passes for but ??”, the material _{relatively hineiente)
alas by Rydbeeg as H. longifolium Sm., i. e. H. autumnale
var. canaliculatum; Dillerville Svenp. “Lancaster eat,
September 18, 1889, Heller. DeELAWARE: Bayville, Sussex
County, Fogg, no. 11 27 1; north of Leipsic, Kent County, Fogg,
no. 6230. West Vrirornta: Roland P ark, Cabell County,
Gilbert, no. 546. Virernta: Hunting Creek, southwest of Alex-
andria, G. H. Shull, no. 188; Bedford County, September, 1873,
A. H. Curtiss; Jamestown Island, James City County, Ferna
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 493
Long, no. 11,204; Kittewan Creek, Weyanoke, Charles City
County, Fernald & Long, no. 11,483; near Creeds, Princess Anne
County, Fernald, Long & Fogg, no. 5139; Northwest, Norfolk
County, Fernald & Long, no.
8:
north of Burgaw, Pender County, Godfrey, no. 6537; near Sun-
ford, Lee County, Godfrey, no. 6911; Winston-Salem, Godfrey,
no. 6094; Sylva, Jackson County, September 18, 1897, E. E.
Magee. Sour Carourna: near Georgetown, Godfrey & Tryon,
no. 8240. Groraia: Macon, September 3, 1883, J. D. Smith;
Warsaw, Long County, Eyles, no. 7655. Forma: St. Mark’s,
Wakulla County, Nash, no. 2534; Apalachicola, Biltmore Herb.,
no. 515a. Kentucky: near Wasioto, Bell County, Kearney, no.
506. TrnnessEE: Knoxville, W. A. Anderson, no. 638; Town-
send, September 26, 1936, Luther Burns. ALABAMA: without
stated locality, Nuttall (possible type or isotype of H. parviflorum
—bearing Nuttall’s asterisk and ent
Earle, no. 89. Mussissrprt: Taylorville, Tracy, no. 8529; Jack-
son, September 6, 1885, J. D. Smith. Iniinois: Champaign,
Pease, no. 12,389; Peoria, September, 1904, F. E. MacDonald.
Owa: Keosauqua, Pammel & Reis, no. 465. Mussourt: Bakers-
In the plastic group with disk globose or globose-ovoid and
usually brown or purplish, the receptacle ovoid and the ray-
flowers sterile or neutral, Rydberg treats both Helenium nudi-
florum Nutt. and H. polyphyllum Small as good species. Only
by recognizing the smallest specimens with narrowest cauline
Wings as the former, the largest ones with broadest wings as the
latter, ignoring the large series of transitional specimens can one
do so. The intermediate pile is altogether too large; but in our
Southeast there are two extremes, native of low woods and
Swamps and evidently local endemics, which seem to be really
494 Rhodora [DECEMBER
well defined species. In typical campestrian and aggressively
weedy H. nudiflorum (including H. polyphyllum) the pales of
the pappus are narrowly lanceolate to lance-ovate and 0.5-1.6
mm. long, the pales attenuate to narrow tips or scabrous awns,
the firm and usually scabridulous cauline leaves linear to narrowly
lanceolate or oblanceolate. In southeastern South Carolina,
however, there is a plant of this series, occurring in low woods or
in wooded bottomlands, with membranaceous and quite smooth
cauline leaves lance- to elliptic-oblong, the pappus of blunt and
awnless round or oval small pales. This I am calling
dfreyi, sp. nov. (TaB. 799, Fic. 1 et 2), H. nudifloro habitu
simillima; foliis caulinis membranaceis laevibus lanceolato-vel
elliptico-oblongis; achaeniis glabris verrucosis, pappi paleis al-
bidis suborbicularibus vel ovalibus muticis 0. 4-1. 4 mm. longis.—
OUTH CAROLINA: creek-bottom through rich Caf anie wnicds, 4
a west of Georgetown, June 27, 1989, Godfrey & Tryon, no
124; cleared strip along logging railroad through floodplain-
forest, Santee River, 3 miles northeast of Pineville, Berkeley
county, July 14, 1939, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 586 (TYPE in Herb.
ay
This localized species is named for Ropert KENNETH GODFREY
whose extensive field-work is greatly clarifying our knowledge
of Carolina plants.
Another relative of Helenitum nudiflorum is concentrated in the
northern half of Florida. In this plant the relatively small
heads are either rayless or with well developed ligules, but the
ovate pappus-pales (1-1.6 mm. long) are rounded at tip and
terminated by a very long, filiform and smoothish awn. This
plant seems says of recognition as
W someone River’’); waste ground in Tampa, June 1, 1886,
Curtiss, no.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 495
ATE 796 is of on cae AUTUMNA were MS. : F1@s. 1 and 2, portions of
Bein in Linnean Herb., nal phot panne Er ough kindness of Mr. S. Savage;
FIG. 2, summit of plant fron Garrettsville, Patan County, Ohio, R. J. Webb,
no.
PLATE 797, H. AUTUMNALE, var. CANALICULATUM (Lam.) Torr. & Gray, X 1,
except Fic. 5: Fia. 1, portion of Helenia foliis decurrentibus, ete. of Hort tus
Cliffortianus, courtesy of Dr. John Ramsbottom; F1a. 2, summit of plant from
River nce, Lp toor sl Montmagny County, Quebec, Fernald &
Pease, no, 25,324; ria. 3, portion of original plate of H. canaliculatum Lam.;
Pld ‘ oo 5, portions of Taateatioe of Aster soles alatus of Cornut, Canad.
Piate 798, H. mp ich pe var, PARVIFLORUM Ny hes ) Fern., < 1: FIG
portion of Typ or 1soryPE of H. parviflorum Nu 2, summit of plant
oa isa, of South Guay. Nansemond County, "viata, Fernald & Long,
SENECIO AUREUS AND ITS GEOGRAPHIC VARIETIES AND ALLIES
IN EASTERN Nortuo America (PLATES 800-806)—To one who
from boyhood has known as Senecio aureus the common glabrous
or promptly glabrate plant of peaty meadows, swales and swampy
thickets of New England, New York and Pennsylvania, with
suborbicular to round-ovate obtusely crenate radical leaves which
are tufted from very slender and cord-like elongate rhizomes and
basal offshoots, it is very disconcerting on every trip to tidewater
Virginia to see as a dominating plant of calcareous woods and
fertile bottomland, never in meadows and boggy places, a coarser
plant with stout almost finger-like purple basal offshoots, very
large heads and, when young, a copious long tomentum at the
bases of the petioles, on the unexpanded leaf-surfaces and over
the unexpanded corymb, and to be obliged to call it also S. aureus.
So different is this southern plant of rich woods from the common
plant of swamp and swale northward that it, again, comes as a
surprise to find that it is true S. aureus L. Sp. PI. ii. 870 (1753).
Linnaeus based the species primarily upon the Clayton collection,
nos. 249 and 286, from Virginia, described by Gronovius, with a
second reference to the Jacobaea virginiana of Morison and of
Ray. The Clayton plant, which is the Type (our PLATE 800,
FIG. 1) is very characteristic material of the woodland species of
eastern Virginia, and phrases in the account by Gronovius but
not quoted by Linnaeus are peculiarly significant to one who
knows the southern plant, “leviter superne lanatis, radice parva
atro-rubente”’, for the woodland plant of tidewater Virginia is
496 Rhodora | DECEMBER
very striking on account of the purple or dark red stiff rhizomes
and basal offshoots and the lanate tomentum of the unexpanded
corymb. ‘Madidis & umbrosis gaudet”’ of the Clayton account
is also wholly satisfactory. So is the contradiction between the
brief italicised diagnosis of Gronovius with “‘foliis crenatis’’ and
the fuller account below ‘‘foliis infimis rotundis ad marginem
serratis’’, for the type shows the margin serrate-dentate or with
somewhat emarginate-truncate teeth as in some of the southern
specimens, while the phrase “foliis crenatis’”’, taken over by
Linnaeus, fits other specimens.
Since the common plant of the northeastern states differs in
several characters from typical southern Senecio aureus, standing
midway between it and var. gracilis (Pursh) Wood, and since the
more northern membranous-leaved plant (of Newfoundland,
Anticosti, Gaspé, northern New England, etc.) which has errone-
ously passed as the Cordilleran S. pseudaureus Rydb., needs
clarification, I am here summarizing my interpretaion of the
varieties of S. aureus:
a. Radical leaves sana 5 with rounded or blunt teeth... .b.
b. Undivide eaves suborbicular to round-ovate
roadly ion at summit, with a well fein
Basal teaicole at flowering time 4-10 mm. thick,
deep red or purple; margins of basal sheaths of many
petioles, surfaces of unexpanded leaves and unex-
)
tum; involucres 8-11 mm. high; disk-corollas 6-10
mm. long; achenes 3.54 1 mm. long.......... S. aureus (typical).
Basal offshoots at flowering ise” 1-5 mm. thick,
bs glabrous or sparsely short-tomentose and
glabrescent; involucres 5-8 (-9) mm. high; disk-
m. long
ong an ad,
often purplish beneath, the longer patitlne 0.5-3
dm. long; involucres 9mm. high.......... Var. intercursus.
Stems repr io solitary, ‘2-6 dm. high; basal
offshoots rarely = ink radical leaves mem-
branaceous, 1-3. 1-2.8 cm. br yey
n both sides the “longer petioles 2-10 cm ge
lon, ne ian pe eT sa a eS " Var. gracilis.
b. Undivided basal leaves oblong-oval, rounded to base or
some of them are, subcordate, the abla blades
_ - em. long and 1.5-4.3 em. b road, submembrana-
PRC eee upiety Clk vue oe Lure. ort Var. semicordatus.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 497
a. Radical leaves sharply ans Bhpa or dentate at least at base to
cutely or subacutely lacerate, ovate or oval to rotund,
aocane cordate, acute to founded at tip, membranaceous.
Var. aquilonius.
S. aurEus L. Sp. Pl. ii. 870 (1753). Var. Ashez Greenm. in
Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. xvi. 406, pl. 35 (1929).—Rather stout; stiff
basal offshoots purple, 3-15 cm. long; flowering stems 3-12 dm.
high; radical leaves rounded- to oblong-ovate, becoming cori-
aceous, in maturity up to 2.2 dm. long and 1.8 dm. broad.—Rich
caleareous w oods and wooded bottomlands or in upland meadows,
Florida to Arkansas, north to Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri.
The following are characteristic. VIRGINIA: locality not stated,
‘““Madidis & umbrosis _ ool Clayton (ryPE, photo in Gray
Herb., our PLATE 800, . 1); rocky bank of brook north of
ounty, Fernald & Gri scom, no. 451 ce ee ae Cypress
Swamp, north of Dendron, Fernald, L g & Abbe, no. 14,243;
rich alluvial woods, east of Cabin Point, ’ Rauie & Long, no.
7985; bottoms of rich calcareous wooded ravines west of Clare-
mont, Fernald & Long, no. 12,893; sandy alluvial woods, bottom-
land of Powell Creek, Garyville, Fernald & Long, no. 7984.
Norru Carouina: wet, shady ground, Biltmore, Biltm. Herb. no.
889". Frorrpa: banks of Little River, Chapman. TENNESSEE:
Maryville, Blount County, May 8, 1937, Godfrey; low wooded
slope along Bean’s Creek, siege ‘County, Svenson, no. 10,018.
Missourt: along James R., h of Springfield, Greene Co.
September, 1934, Richard Seth, " Lisle Jeffrey; along Shoal
Creek, southwest of Joplin, EZ. J. Palmer, no. 29,936. ARKANSAS:
wet places, “N. W. Ar kansas’’, April, 1888, Harvey, no. 45. See
p. 361. Phases 800, Fra. 1, and 801
Senecio aureus in southeastern Virginia definitely crosses with
S. tomentosus Michaux. In April, 1942, Long, Abbe and I
found (see p. 361) an extensive colony growing at the upper
border of bottomland-woods of Cypress Swamp near Dendron,
with typical S. aureus in the woods, typical S. tomentosus in the
open. The intermediate plants, some with narrow and merely
round- to tapering-based radical leaves suggesting those of S.
tomentosus, others with them broader and subcordate, all more
or less tomentulose and with tomentose to glabrescent petioles,
has the involucres tomentose. It is clearly S. aureus X tomento-
sus. Foliage-material, misidentified as S. Crawfordii Britton,
from a wooded ravine west of Claremont, Fernald & Long, no.
498 Rhodora [DECEMBER
12,892, is very similar but smoother, and its stout and elongate
horizontal rhizome keeps it out of S. Crawfordii (see p. 506).
It was a single plant growing with typical S. aureus, with S.
tomentosus abundant only a few rods away. That much is clear.
In Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. xiv. 406, pl. 35 (1929) Greenman
described as S. aureus, var. Ashei a plant of western Virginia
and adjacent northeastern Tennessee, there growing in moist
meadows. Evidently having in mind as true S. aureus! the
glabrescent plant of wide northern and continental range, the
author of var. Ashet emphasized for the latter the distinctive
characters of typical southern S. aureus: “‘foliis inferioribus
longe petiolatis . . . crenato-serratis juventate atringe
albo-floccoso-tomentosis supra denique plus minusve glabratis’’.
Evidently puzzled by the presence of tomentum on the young
and unexpanded basal leaves in his var. Ashe7z, just such pubes-
cence as occurs on the youngest basal leaves of the plant of
Clayton’s region (see PLATE 801, Fic. 3), and frequently on the
involucre as well (see ric. 5), Greenman surmised that this
plant of the mountain-region of western Virginia and eastern
Tennessee might be a hybrid of his S. aureus (presumably our
var. intercursus) and the coastal plain S. tomentosus: “The origin
of the plant isnot known . . . It may beahybrid. There
are some indications that it may be a hybrid between Senecio
aureus L. and Senecio tomentosus Michx. The former of these
two species occurs in the valley of the South Fork of the Holston
River, and the latter species is relatively common in eastern
Virginia. While the habit of the new plant is like Senecio
aureus, yet the prevailing outline of the leaves of the offshoots
and those of the lower parts of the upright stem, as well as their
texture and tomentose character, suggests Senecio tomentosus.”—
Greenm. l. c. 405. The type of S. aureus var. Ashei was poorly
collected, showing no rhizomes, but in outline of basal leaves and
cauline leaves (so far as the mashed and crumpled leaves show)
the foliage looks quite like that of the rypr of S. aureus and of
the characteristic specimens above cited and illustrated (PLATES
1 Among the specimens taken by Dr. Greenman to Berlin for his preliminary studies
cursus, from Rhode Island, bears the pencilled ot “This specimen of
Thu rber’ s parla ts nds very well with ‘specimens of S. aureus L. in herb. Willdenow at
Berlin”. The Thurber like it sé ‘Berlin (if not now destroyed)
are very insole from the Clayton type.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 499
800, Fic. 1 and 801). Although on the coastal plain true and
characteristic S. aureus rarely crosses with S. tomentosus, pro-
ducing a pretty mixed progeny, some plants with horizontal
rhizomes and basal offshoots of S. aureus, others cespitose as in
S. tomentosus, there is no reason to imagine that the cespitose,
heavily and permanently tomentose S. tomentosus, with its
narrow and noncordate radical leaves, its undivided or but
shallowly toothed cauline leaves, its columnar and_ heavily
hirtellous drab achenes (pLaTE 800, Fic. 3) with prominent
rounded ridges—there is no reason to imagine that such a plant,
restricted to sterile soils of the Coastal Plain and adjacent prov-
inces, had anything to do with the origin of the continental and
upland species of rich or calcareous areas, with horizontal elon-
gate rhizomes and basal offshoots, oval to orbicular and deeply
cordate glabrous or glabrescent radical leaves, glabrous and
deeply pinnatisect cauline ones, and glabrous, slender brown to
reddish achenes (Fic. 2) without very prominent ridges. The
cited stations of S. aureus, var. Ashei are more than 200 miles
west of the nearest stations known for S. tomentosus!
Senecio aureus, var. aurantiacus Farwell in Am. Midl. Nat.
xii. 74 (1930) is described as having red stems and “traces of
floccose tomentum present throughout the plant at the flowering
time”. Its distinctive character, “Ligules . . . 3-4 lines
ong . orange-red, reflexed” is one unknown to me.
The deacriiiae otherwise does not make clear what var. aurant?-
acus re be, in a region where ee variations occur.
Var. sale ea standing between the coarse, southern typical
Senecio aureus and the smallest variety of the species, var.
500 Rhodora [DecEMBER
gracilis (Pursh) Wood, is the plant most generally passing as
typical S. aureus.
*Var. INTERCURSUS I have seen from Virginia only from
ROANOKE County: moist woods along Back Creek, south-south-
east of Starkey Post Office, C. E. Wood, Jr., no. 3988. It is
presumably of broader upland range.
Var. GRACILIS (Pursh) Wood, Class-Bk, 211 es independ-
ently published as a new comb. by B ritton a Britt
Ill. Fl. iii. 481 (1898). S. gracilis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 529
(1814).—Meadows, swamps and bogs, iudiautetic to ‘North
pice _ to Grodininn): south to North Carolina and
Arkan
ve Sains (Mackenzie & Bush) Greenm. in Ann.
Mo. Bot. Gard. iii. 129 (1916). S. semicordatus Mackenz. «&
Bush in Mo. Bot. Gard. Ann. Rep. xvi. 107 (1905). S. aureus
x Balsamitae Greenm. in Ruopora, x. 69 (1908).—Calcareous
ern Ohio, Tllinois and Missouri.
urEvs L., var. aquilonius, var. nov. (Tas. 803), planta
valde hisolsntonk: rhizomatibus gracilibus valde horizontaliter-
que elongatis (ad 3 dm . longis) ; foliis basilaribus membranaceis
ovatis vel ovalibus vel ‘rotundis serratis vel acute vel subacute
incisis ad basin valde cordatis; foliis caulinis membranaceis basi
pinnatifidis—Newfoundland and Céte Nord and Anticosti
Island, Quebec, to Algoma District, Ontario, south to Cape
vania, northern Ohio, northern Indiana and Winton Many
specimens previously misidentified with the w en. ‘s. pseud-
eda Rydb. ollowing, selected from a very large series,
e characteristic. NEWFOUNDLAND: Atagrtae Grand Falls,
Faly 3, 1911, Fonte & Wiegand, no. 6398; park-like openings in
amp mossy woods on the Silurian hills ‘back of Birchy Cove
(Curling), July 5, 1910, Fernald & Wiegand, no. 4174; spruce
woods and thickets, slope of Lookout Mountain, Bonne Bay,
ernald, Long & Fogg, n . 2145; brooksides and damp bushy
ravines on the Piticetones ‘tableland, alt. 200-300 m., Table
mentee Port A Port Bay, July 16 and 17, Fernald & St. John,
10, 872: damp gia in woods near Overfall Camp, Great
Codkey River, July 7, 1939, Pease & Edgerton. Qursec: dans
les bois claire prés de la riviére, Riviére "de Rénard, Anticosti,
5 aotit 1927, Victorin & Rolland, no. 27,645; dans les bois de
Coniféres, R. Vaureal, Anticosti, 12 aoft 1927, Vuictorin &
Rolland, nos. 27,640 and 27,641; mossy Arbor Vitae woods east
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 501
of Grande Coupe, Percé, August 6, 1907, Fernald & Collins, no.
1208; springy meadows in woods at 600 m. altitude, North Fork
of Madeleine River, Gaspé County, July 31, 1923, Fernald,
Dodge & Smith, n 0. 26 ,096; calcareous alpine meadows, alt. 1000—
1125 m., Tableton Mountain, August 7, 1906, Fernald &
Collins, no. 260; coniferous forest, “Low’s Trail” from the Forks
of the R. Ste. Anne des Monts to Table-topped roger, July 31
and August 14, 1906, Fernald & Collins, nos. 765, 7 6 (TYPE in
Herb. Gray), 767: wet alluvial shores, between hatde and the
Baie des Chaleurs, Bonaventure River, August 5-8, 1904,
Collins, Fernald & Pease; gravel-beaches and bars between the
Forks and Brulé Brook, Little Cascapedia River, July 29 and 30,
1904, Collins, Fernald '& Pease (Pease, no. 5022); ey: bank,
Restigouche River, July 24-25, 1929, Rousseau & Bonin, no.
2,211. Nova Scotta: Barrasois Thi, Cape Breton, Nichols, no.
52 PRINCE Epwarp ISLAND: swampy Letts and Thuja woods,
Tignish, Fernald, Long & St. John, no. 8245. Marne: wet
thicket, Limestone, Tune 22, 1898, Fernald; Aree Opel A
Presque Isle, July 12, 1902, Williams, Collins & Fernald; cedar-
swamps and clearings, Blaine, June 23, 1898, Fernald 1 no. 2404;
Roque Blufts, July 23 to ; meadow near
Half-moon Stream, Unity, June 16, 1935, G. a Rossbach, no. 926;
wet ground, ae roo Clinton, July 8, rid
July 6, 1907, A. H. Moore, no. 3523, Pease, no. 10,316; wet place
in woods, Hill, August 29, 1933, Chas. Bullard; rich woods,
Durham, June 21, Nghe "Ho dgdon, no. 4034. New York:
Oneida, May 15 , 1918, ouse. PENNSYLVANIA: Corry, May 7
1896, J. R. Churchill. (eggs black-ash swamp, Sault Ste.
Marie, July 18, 1935, Taylor és ri no. 1687. Onto: Garretts-
ville, Po ortage County, Webb, 202. MricHiGcan: tamarack
Swamp, south of Ann Arbor, May 8, 1898, S. H. Burnham; Port
Huron, May 18, 1896, C. K. Do dge. InpraNa: along a brook,
Otis, May 20, 1911, Sherff. Wisconsin: Brown County, June
ii, 1900, Schuette.
Senecio aureus, var. aquilonius is the northeastern plant which
has recently been passing in my own work and that of others as
S. pseudaureus Rydb. It certainly strongly suggests the plant
of the Cordilleran region in the texture and toothing of its basal
leaves and the tendency to laceration and enlargement of the
lower cauline blades. S. pseudaureus, however, has a stout and
relatively short rhizome which usually forks into a tuft of crowded
ascending crowns; its basal leaves tend to be oblong-ovate as in
502 Rhodora [DECEMBER
S. aureus, var. semicordatus (Mackenz. & Bush) Greenm. and
only slightly, if at all, more cordate, though sometimes broader,
on thickish petioles 1-10 (rarely —23) em. long; its pale-flowered
heads are on pedicels 1—5 (rarely —9) em. long. S. aureus, var.
aquilonius stands off from it through its slender and horizontally
creeping rhizome (up to 3 dm. long), with scattered ascending
branches and tufts of leaves or flowering stems; it thus belongs
with S. aureus var. intercursus and passes into it. Its basal leaves
are ovate to oval or even orbicular, deeply cordate, on filiform
petioles mostly 0.5-2.5 dm. long; and its deep yellow-flowered
heads are on filiform pedicels mostly 3-12 cm. long.
S. eae var. AQUILONIUS, forma ecoronatus (Fernald)
comb. n S. pseudaureus, forma ecoronatus Fernald in RHopoRA,
xx. 595, (1928 y
. PAUPERCULUS Michx., forma inornatus, f. nov., nang basi-
laribus panics angusto oblanceolatis laminis 1.5-2.3 cm. longis
: m. latis; foliis caulinis valde reductis Bitoahes: es.
em. lo tes ‘2-5 mm. lati tis; lets ed lineari-attenuatis; floribus
discoideis, ligulis nullis. —Micn en ne pavement, Seul
yee School, ae Coney | July 12 Eigen Pease & Ogden,
. 24,946 (TYPE oe Herb. Gray.). Awa : Mi ller House, on
Ste ese Ticket 115 miles nh of Pigdenks elevation 2100
feet, July 12-18, 1940, Edith Scamman, no. 216 6.
Not to be confused with Senecio pauperculus, forma verecundus
Fern. in Ruopora, xxx. 225 (1928), of Anticosti, a plant which
has all the technical characters of S. gaspensis Greenm., to which
it must be transferred.
S. PAUPERCULUs Michx., var. neoscoticus, var. nov. (TAB. 806),
planta 1-4 dm. alta; foliis ‘basilaribus indivisis 1.5-6.5 cm. longis
1-2 em. latis; foliis caulinis imis plus sae aS pinnatifidis 3.5-6.5
em. longis 0.7-2 cm. latis; capitulis 2-25, longe pediogeb
involucris 4-5 mm. altis basin versus persistenter tomentosis;
achaeniis glabris 2 mm. longis—Nova Scorta: talus of gypsum
cliffs, Five-mile River, Hants S Cae July 19, 1920, Pease &
Long, no. 22,914 (type in Herb. Gray.), distrib, as var. Balsa-
mitae (Muhl.) Fern.; common on gypsum, Antigon ish Harbour,
July 11, 1941, A. E. Roland, no. 41,741, distrib. as var. Balsa-
1 Nore on THE TeRM PHYLLARY.—The term PHYLLARY, now largely used
of involucral bract, is given by Jackson, Gloss. Bot. Terms, as coming from a Latin
have, naturally, made an ablative plural “ phyllaribus o & Hooker and
other English phytographers had e term as son defined in the Century Dic-
ry and as originally adopted in this count i aa from the New Lati
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 503
mitae; rock-faces and crevices of gypsum cliffs, Port Bevis,
Victoria County, August 27, 1920, oo & Long, no. 22,915,
also distrib. as var. Balsam mitae. QUEB Seige ee bank near
Percé, Gaspé County, July 14, 1928, pines no. z
Var. neoscoticus is the only variation of the a Senecio
pauperculus (PLATE 804) known to me from Nova Scotia. It
superficially resembles var. Balsamitae (pLATE 805) in having
well developed lower cauline leaves, but it is unlike any of the
other varieties of the species in having densely and permanently
tomentose involucres, in the Type the tomentum at the base of
the involucre or, in some plants, extending to the tips of the
phyllaries. The conventional and not too convincing distinction
between S. plattensis Nutt. (1841) and S. pauperculus Michx.
(1803) is the occurrence somewhere on the former (on stem,
petioles, pedicels or involucre or on two or more of the areas at
the same time) of more or less persistent tomentum, while S.
pauperculus is glabrate or merely with flocculent tufts of tomen-
tum. Furthermore, to quote Greenman, the former species has
“achenes usually hispidulous along the angles, sometimes
glabrous”. In S. pauperculus we get ‘“‘achenes glabrous or
hirtellous along the angles’. That leaves mighty little which
seems specific. Nevertheless, of many scores of mature collec-
tions of S. plattensis which I have studied essentially all have
hispidulous achenes. Of more than 200 members of the inclusive
S. pauperculus examined all but 3 numbers have shown glabrous
achenes. I am not ready to reduce S. plattensis, without field-
acquaintance with it. But in its densely tomentose involucre
S. pauperculus, var. neoscoticus might be looked upon as a con-
necting link. In all other characters, however, it is good S.
pauperculus.
A southeastern variety, Senecio pauperculus, var. praelongus
(Greenm.) House, found from eastern Massachusetts to Michi-
gan, south to Connecticut, Maryland and the upland of Virginia,
is strikingly similar to and has often been mistaken for the ubi-
quitous southern S. Smallii Britton. In New England, New
York and Michigan it passes into S. pauperculus var. Balsamitae,
while in the elongate cauline and basal leaves and the numerous
heads it looks like S. Smallii. The latter, however, usually has
copiously hispidulous achenes only 1.5-2.2 mm. long, the former
glabrous achenes 2-2.5 mm. long. There seems to be a recog-
504 Rhodora [DECEMBER
nizable difference in the phyllaries. In S. pauperculus they are
linear-attenuate, gradually tapering from the base; in S. Smallii
they are more definitely linear-oblong, with parallel sides, and
tapering only toward the summit. In typical S. pauperculus
and its var. Balsamitae (Muhl.) Fern., furthermore, the more or
less elongate rhizome is commonly prostrate, with decumbent
ranches. In S. Smallii the short rhizome has crowded erect
crowns. The photograph of the Type of S. Balsamitae Muhl. ex
Willd. sent me by Professor Diels is of the northern few-leaved
plant. I am clinging to these characters for what they may be
worth.
Far to the northeast there is a series of plants of this affinity,
growing from western Newfoundland to Anticosti, thence to
northern Maine, which differs from Senecio pauperculus in
usually broader and heavier foliage, the basal leaves tending to
be elliptic or oval but sometimes oblanceolate, the disk very
broad. These are the two extremes which were described as S.
gaspensis Greenm. in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. iii. 138 (1916) and as
S. Balsamitae var. firmifolius Greemn. in Ruopora, vii. 244
(1905) or S. pauperculus var. firmifolius (Greenm.) Greenm. in
Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. iii. 166 (1916). In their extremes the two
are very different, but some of the larger specimens cited by
Greenman as var. firmifolius are inseparable from smaller ones
determined or cited by him under S. gaspensis. Typical S.
gaspensis differs still further from S. pauperculus in having the
undivided basal leaves broader (1.5-4.5 em. broad, the basal
leaves of S. pauperculus ranging from 0.5-2 cm. broad). Further-
more, in both typical S. gaspensis and in S. pauperculus var.
firmifolius the phyllaries are linear-oblong, with parallel (instead
of gradually converging) sides, tapering only near the tip. This
apparently fairly definite species also includes the discoid form
of Anticosti which, before I had spent two weeks upon the group,
I placed under S. pawperculus. As I understand the plants I
should now treat them as follows.
S. GASPENSIS Greenman i in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. iii. 188 (1916).
.5-8 em. long and 1.5-4.5 em. bro ad; flowering stem very leafy;
larger cauline leaves 5-12 em. fe 1-3 em. broad, eet pin-
1943} Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 505
swamps and calcareous cliffs, Anticosti Island and Gaspé Pen-
insula, Quebec, to upper St. John Ri iver, Maine (where apparently
crossing with S. pauperculus, var. Balsamit tae).
orma verecundus (Fern.), comb. nov. S. pauperculus,
forma verecundus Fernald in Ruopora, xxx. 225 (1928).—
Swamps, flats and calcareous talus, phir a Be Island.
With the recognition of Senecio gaspensis, the discoid form
from Anticosti, of which I now have several numbers, finds its
at there.
. firmifolius (Greenm.), comb. nov. S. Balsamitae, var.
nn.
(1916).—Stiems 0.2-2 dm. high, stiffly erect, often much tufted;
undivided basal blades 1-8 em. lon ng, 0.7—2.5 em. broad; flowering
stem nearly naked except at base or with greatly reduced leaves
1-3.5 em. long and rarely 1 em. broad; pedicels 0.2-5 em. long;
achenes 2.4-2.6 mm. long.—Dry calcareous rock, shingle and
talus, western Newfoundland; Nits Nord (Betchouane), Anti-
costi and Gaspé Peninsula, Quebe
With Senecio pauperculus, S. siiaae S. gaspensis and, per-
haps, S. plattensis showing possibly more recognizable characters
than they have usually been accorded, there remains the local
S. Crawfordii Britton. This local species has linear-attenuate
phyllaries somewhat as in S. pauwperculus and its varieties, few
large heads and the well developed basal leaves on very prolonged
petioles, so that the typical lower blades are only one fifth to one
third as long as the erect petioles. The elongation of petiole was
probably induced by its often paludal habitat. A most signifi-
cant character seems to have been overlooked. In S. pauper-
culus and S. gaspensis there is a more or less elongate and creeping
or decumbent rhizome, from which spring leafy tufts independent
of the flowering stem (snatched or merely jerked-up specimens
rarely show good rhizomes). In all the material of S. Crawfordii
I have seen the rhizome is reduced to a short vertical or ascending
crown which is praemorse and not creeping. When Mr. Long
and I collected in Surry County, Virginia, a few leaf-specimens
which we mistook for S. Crawfordii, we did not have the rhizome
in mind. Our Surry County material (no. 12,892), reported
under that name, has a strongly developed horizontal rhizome.
It seems to belong with a series collected by Mr. Long, Dr. E. C.
Abbe and me, also in Surry County (Fernald, Long & Abbe, no.
506 Rhodora [DECEMBER
14,245) which is an unquestioned hybrid of S. aureus L. and S.
tomentosus Michx., the series occurring with the two parents and
combining their characters.
Returning to Senecio Crawfordii, the short praemorse crown-
like rhizome, the very long petioles and the other characters
above noted clearly mark it. Although local, the species has a
broader range than usually assigned it. I am quite incapable of
separating from it the typr from Indiana of S. obovatus, var.
umbratilis Greenm. in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. iii. 115 (1916). It
has the short praemorse erect rhizome, the long-petioled elliptic-
oblong basal leaves, the cauline leaves and the heads so nearly
identical with isotypic material from Mr. Joseph Crawford him-
self that the only difference I can see is that the type of S.
obovatus var. umbratilis is in young anthesis, the Crawford ma-
terial in fruit. Similarly the Tennessee material cited under S.
obovatus var. umbratilis (S. M. Bain, no. 421) is so similar to
characteristic S. Crawfordii from Camden County, New Jersey
(Witmer Stone), Bristol, Pennsylvania (Fretz) and Suitland,
Maryland (Blake, no. 9391), that it looks as if it were collected
with any one of them. Material from open peaty pineland near
Middlesex, Nash County, North Carolina, Godfrey & White, no.
7017, correctly identified as S. obovatus, var. umbratilis, is to me
inseparable from the Stone, Fretz, Blake and Bain specimens of
S. Crawfordii, a species which is evidently a southern one reach-
ing a northeastern limit in eastern Pennsylvania and adjacent
New Jersey.
Senecio obovatus Muhl. is a stoloniferous plant, with creeping
rhizomes derived from the elongate stolons; its obovate to sub-
rotund radical leaf-blades are decurrent into the relatively short
and upwardly broadened petioles; its relatively short involucre
with few phyllaries abruptly tapering from above the middle.
It is very different from S. Crawfordii, which is a plant of low
grounds (meadows and bogs), whereas S. obovatus thrives on
calcareous rocky or rich wooded banks; it would be quite unhappy
in an acid bog. Not all plants referred in the original account
to S. obovatus var. umbratilis are S. Crawfordii, however. Many
of them I have not seen, but Bush’s no. 1356 from woods, Fulton,
Arkansas, is so like a specimen from Williams’s Bluff, Knoxville,
Tennessee, of the reputedly endemic Knoxville specialty, S-
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 507
obovatus var. diversifolius Greenm. that I can find no difference.
The latter very luxuriant series is rather closely approached by
Overgrown individuals as far away from Knoxville as New
England. It seems like overgrowth in unusually favorable
rane
8. s Muhl., var. Elliottii (Torr. & Gray), stat. nov.
S, Elliotts: 5 Set & Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. 443 (1843).
Typical Senecio sao and its var. rotundus Britton are
slender and glabrous or promptly glabrescent plants. From the
mountains of eastern West Virginia to Alabama and northwestern
Florida var. Elliottii stands off as a stout plant, with the stems,
petioles, often the lower leaf-surfaces and the short pedicels at
first arachnoid-tomentose. The radical leaves are more coria-
ceous than in typical S. obovatus, the upwardly dilated petiole
obsolete or very short. This is S. Elliottii as described by Torrey
& Gray, with stem “floccose-woolly when quite young. Radical
leaves . . . 2-3 inches in diameter, frequently coriaceous
- . . the winged petiole . . . much shorter than the
lamina”, ete. Torrey & Gray, noosa this plant of Georgia,
Florida sink Alabama, supposed it to be the S. obovatus of Elliott,
Sketch, ii. 329; but Elliott, describing the plant found on the
Santee River, mares said “Stem . . . glabrous. Leaves
gla as ous,” ete. There is certainly doubt whether
Elliott had the coarse and pubescent plant of the |
County, Pease, no. 26,587; Milton, Cabell County, Louis
Williams, no. 309. SoutH Caro.tna: slo opes of Paris Mt.,
Greenville, Mackenzie, no. 2986. FiLoripa: calcareous woods,
near Mariana, Jackson County, Harper, nos. 53 an
ALABAMA: chalky ravine near Epes, Sumter County, H ae
nos. 3001, 3005 and 3159.
*S. PLATTENSIS Nutt. S. pseudo-tomentosus Mackenz. & Bush
in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. fouls: xii. 88, pl. xvii (1902).— Western
Virginia: Frepericx County: limestone ledges, Cedar Creek,
Hunnewell, no. 12,445. SHENANDOAH CovuNTY: limestone bar-
rens, Strasbur urg, Hunnewell, no. 14,469; old field 1 mile north of
Strasburg, Allard, no. 103, as S. tomentosus. RoaNoKE County:
limestones or dolomites, either wooded or cleared, along Roanoke
River, Dixie Caverns, C. E. Wo od, Jr., nos. 3387, 3392, 3670,
3687, 3689, 3693, 3694, 5786-5797; steep shaly slope, with lime-
stone ledges, partly wooded, along Roanoke River south-south-
west of Wabun, Wood, no. 510
508 Rhodora [DECEMBER
Although Greenman cites Senecio plattensis as extending east-
ward only to southern Ontario, Michigan, Indiana, Missouri,
Arkansas and Louisiana, it has several times been collected in
Ohio; and on July 2, 1907, Messrs. W. W. Eggleston, R. W. Wood-
ward and C. A. Weatherby collected very characteristic material
of it on limestone cliffs at North Pownal, Vermont, in a general
region (southwestern Bennington County) notable for the isola-
tion of more western species, such as Carex Richardsonii R. Br.
(see Fernald in Ruopora, xxxiv. 229) and Collinsia parviflora
Dougl. (see Weatherby in Ruopora, xxxvii. 422). Very char-
acteristic S. plattensis (including S. pseudo-tomentosus) was col-
lected on limestone ledges in Frederick County, Virginia, in 1932
by Hunnewell and soon thereafter by himself and independently
by Allard near Strasburg in Shenandoah County. These speci-
mens are inseparable, so far as I can detect, from the Vermont
plant and from much S. plattensis from Ontario, Ohio, Michigan,
Indiana, Wisconsin, Illinois and Missouri, thence westward to
the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, etc. They come from more or
less open or exposed habitats. Mr. Wood’s extensive series from
along the Roanoke River is mostly from woods, bluffs and slopes.
On the whole it is greener, thinner-leaved and with greater tend-
ency to low forking of the inflorescence, but I am quite incapable
of finding any morphological characters to separate it. It is
smaller-headed than in some S. plattensis but not all, and its
low-forking inflorescence and its excessive development of pin-
natifid cauline leaves are readily matched in material from Ohio,
Indiana, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Arkansas, ete.
It seems to be a shade-state rather than a definite variety. In
fact the numbers from less shaded habitats have thicker leaves.
In PLATE 800, Fic. 1 shows the Type (from Clayton) of er AUREUS L.;
FIG. 2, an achene, x 10, from Great Neck, Princess Anne County, Virginia,
Fernald & Griscom, no. 4517. Fig. 3, achene, x 10, of S. chemateeat from
Buckroe, Virginia, B. L. Robinson, n 0.
PLATE . AUREUS: FIG. l, ead, < 1, from Great Neck, Princess Anne
County, Virgi , iscom, no. 4517; 2, portion of mat
basal leaf, x 1, from west of Claremont, Virginia, Long, no. 12,893;
1G. 3, unexpanded basal leaf, x 2, arysville, Prince George pois
Virginia, Ferna no. i 4, portion of unexpanded corym),
2, from no. 7984; Fic. 5, involucre, X 5, fr oan. ore slope of Bull Run
Mountains, Fauquier Bounty. Virginig, Allard, n
PLaTE 802, . AUREUS, var. INTERCURSUS, 9 poe ‘all figs. from TYPE:
ye i, hee, < 1; Fie. 2, foliage, X 1; Fic. 3, corymb, X 1; FIG. 4, involucre,
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 509
E 803, S. AUREUS, var. AQUILONIUS, n. var., all rics. X si Brig TYPE:
FIG. rs qt FIG. 2, basal leaves; FIG. 3, cauline leaves; FIG. 4, co
PLaTE 804, S. PAUPERCULUS Michx.: FIG. 1, TYPE, X 34, original ‘photog
by the author; ries. 2 and 3, panei peg tall plank 3c 1, from wet peat,
Port aux Basques, Newfoahnils nd, Fernald, Long & Dunbar, oN 27,160;
FIG. 4, basal tuft, x 1, from no. 27,160.
Fia. 1, paige ft Me plants of ‘ypesheet, Sa Ras esy of Professor Diels:
FIGs. 2 and 3, seit a peg 1, from near ope, Lancaster County,
Pennsylvania, June 5, 1900, Heller; ria. 4, bas a batt, > ee raat same collec-
we Gad 5, involucre, < 5, from same collectio
E 80 CULUS, var. NEOSCO tie n. var., all figs. oe TYPE:
sca ve in 2, a ‘single plant, x 1; Fig. 3, involucre and pedicel, x 6
*CIRSIUM VIRGINIANUM (L.) Michx., forma bees (Small),
are nov. Carduus revolutus Small, Fl. Se. U. 8.1 and 1341
(1903). Cir. —_ —— (Small) Petrak in Beihaft Bot.
Centralbl. xxxv. Ab. 2:558 (1927). Sussex County: exsiccated
argillaceous vrimand Ana 2 miles east of Stony Creek, no. 9223.
Most certainly Cirsium revolutum is not a distinct species. In
all characters it is like C. virginianum except that its lower and
median cauline leaves are broader and deeply pinnatifid. Typi-
cal C. virginianum (as shown by a photograph of the type as well
as by the original description) has the very numerous cauline
leaves lance-acuminate, the lower and median ones only 0.5-1.5
cm. wide, entire or with remote, divergent, short, subulate
prickles. This plant occurs in wet pineland or sphagnous or
peaty bogs, swales and clearings, mostly on the Coastal Plain,
from Florida to New Jersey. In forma revolutum, which has the
Same broad range, from Florida to New Jersey, the lower and
median cauline leaves are 1.5-4 em. broad and deeply See
with lanceolate to narrowly triangular simple or forked o
toothed long-pointed lobes, while the reduced upper leaves may
be similar, though smaller, or quite like those of typical C. vir-
ginianum. The two forms seem to occur in somewhat pure
Stands so that all of a single station are more or less uniform.
Forma revolutum is worthy that much recognition but surely it
is not a distinct species.
Cirsium virginianum is generally supposed to extend westward
to Texas, thence northward to southern Ohio, southern Indiana
and southern Missouri. The plant of the Interior, however, is
C. flaccidum Small, although its author missed some of its
most important characters and restricted it to “Low pinelands,
Coastal Plain, Fla. to N. C.,” while the plant of the Interior
510 Rhodora [DECEMBER
was left in C. virginianum. True C. virginianum has tuberous-
thickened first year’s roots (a character rarely shown in the
herbarium), C. flaccidum slender root-fibers; C. virginianum has
very numerous (40-70 or more) firm or coriaceous cauline leaves,
C. flaccidum few (10-20) thin and flexible ones. In C. virgini-
anum the peduncle-like flowering branches have several bractei-
form leaves, in C. flaccidum the peduncles are naked or with only
1 or 2 bracts; in C. virginianum the involucre is 1.5-3 em. high,
in C. flaccidum only up to 2 em. high. C. virginianum, of savan-
nahs, bogs and wet pinelands of the Coastal Plain from Florida
to New Jersey, flowers from mid-August to October. C. flac-
cidum of dry, acid woods, thickets and ravines, from Georgia
(Small says North Carolina) and northern Florida to Texas,
north to southern Ohio, southern Indiana and southern Missouri,
flowers in May and June, sometimes in April.
The following taken from the Carolina and Virginia sheets in
the Gray Herbarium of Cirsium virginianum, give, in corrobora-
tion, the habitats and flowering dates: sphagnous bog, Sept. 13;
boggy depression, Oct. 18; low woods, Oct. 15; open pine and
oak woods, Sept. 18; clearing, Aug. 19 (first flowers); damp pine-
land, Sept.; bog or savannah, Sept. 10; exsiccated argillaceous
pineland, Aug. 24; pineland, Aug. 28 (first flowers); savannah,
Oct. 13; pineland, Oct. 13 and Aug. 29 (first flowers); savannah,
Sept. 1; sphagnous bog, Sept. 10; bog or savannah, Sept. 10 and
11. Average date September 15. All material in the Gray
Herbarium of Cirsium flaccidum with sufficient data gives the
following result: dry woods, Lookout Mountain, northern
Georgia, June 4; woods near Chattanooga, Tennessee, May 23;
dry woods, Talledega Co., Alabama, May 22; head of deep
ravine, with Kalmia latifolia, Perry County, Indiana, June 4;
upland woods, Polk County, Texas, May 23; dry bank, Houston,
Texas, April 18. Average date May 23. Such data, associated
with the different roots, many and firm or few and pliable leaves,
bracted or nearly naked peduncles, etc., are decisive.!
1 Sir John Hill in 1765 separated the boreal genus Ozyria from Rumez. S80 mewhat
later Sir James Edward Smith, obviously with his own views of the general soundness
of Hill's work, wrote (the reference kindly given me by Dr. Blake): “Sir John Hill,
it seems, first separated this plant from Rumez, and gave it the above re name.
Sometimes, as Linnaeus says, a blind hen meets with a grain of corn.” . Eng
Bot. ii. 189 (1828). Small had a good species but he did not know its best eur
nor its range.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 511
*HIERACIUM VENOSUM L., var. NUDICAULE (Michx.) Farwell.
For discussion see Fernald in Ruopora, xlv. 323 (1943). The
only Virginian material I have seen is from the slopes of Bull
Run Mountains, Prince WiLuiAmM County, Allard, no. 647 and
3321. The plant of the Tidewater region is typical H. venosum.
INDEX
New scientific names are printed in full-face type
Acer, 364; floridanum, 363, 379, 453
Acerates Pham 458, var. lanceo-
4
Allies in eastern North America,
Senecio aureus and its Geographic
le dani and, 495-509, pls. 800-
Amianthium Muscaetoxicum, 369,
374, 393
Amsonia bag Sanne corense. 380, 457
Amygdalus
Fee incoming ° 380; scoparius, 377
alves
ndinaria gigantea, 4
Asarum, 374, 381-383, 309, § Hetero-
tropa, 374, 399, 400; arifolium,
398, 399; ere 398, 399;
Lewisii, 00, 775;
ria 8 er vee Shuttleworth,
Acclepias fenkalade: var. paupercula,
var. paupercula, f.
flavifior ora, mes
na parviflora, 370, 4
Asim
Antes, 361, 485; Thiceell, 461: luteus
alatus, 487, 495, pl. 797
Azalea, 451
Bastard a emt er, 486
Beech, 3
Bokowin’, caroliniana, 379, 478
Buckeye, 38
Bulbostylis ciliatifolius, 369, 390
— ss, 387, The common northern,
ae caroliniana, 368, 400
gon pallidus, 369, 398
Cand amine bulbosa, 359; Douglassii,
Cartas revolutus, 509
Carex pn hee 367, side eager
366, 367, 393; decomposita, 373,
393; Richardsonii, 508; venusta,
367, 393; virginiana,
Cenchrus, ; carolinianus, '
echinatus , 387, 388, f. longispinus,
388; idinertiie, '387, 388; longispi-
us, 388; eo 387, 388;
tribaloides, 3 87
poems 371, 380
Cerastium, 358; bra chypetalum, 358,
350, "400; tetrandrum, 359
Cerasus,
Cherry, 451
Chrysanthemum, 485
Cirsium flaccidum, 509, 510; revo-
lutum, 509; Mad dota 365, 509,
510, f. revo olut m, 509
coma, 402-409, 412, pl. 775, var.
coactilis, 406, "407, 409, 410, 412,
1. 780; crispa, 359; Fremontii,
410-412, pls. 781, 782, var. Riehlii,
411, 412, pl. 782; integrifolia, i
2 .
cea, 406, ,
410, 412, i aT7, a aes 405;
viticaulis, oF ge 412, pl. 778
Collinsia parvi
Commelina diffusa, 377, 393
Common northern Burgrass, The, 387
Corydalis flavula, 358, 383, 412
Crabapples, 3
Cuscuta, 368
Cyanococeus, 451
Cynoctonum sessilifolium, 374-376,
Cyperus, 451; densicaespitosus, 377;
~ Weatherbianus, 4
Danthonia compressa, 376, 385;
spicata, var. longipila, 385
Decodon
Digitaria serotina, 371,
Dracoe tine phen 461
Drose 372; capillaris, 372, 413;
rotundifolia, 3 _
Dwarf Southeastern
Virginia, “phe, 396, pls. 772, 773
Eleocharis eg riage ce
Elychrysum foliis ese etc., 478
Erigeron, 361; philadelphiews, 361;
scaturicola, '361; strigosus, f. dis-
(513 )
514
Eriophorum virginicum, 405
Eryngium, 373-375, 381; prostratum,
Eulalia, 389; ea, 389; viminea,
389, var. variabilis,
; cuneifolium, 461;
478; Sos Sipe 61;
. . cor-
7, 478, var. oneedy
—— corollata, 370, var. panic-
ulat 453; pecacuanhae, 370;
pean Bra
Fern, Royal, 396; Sensitive, 396
Fly-poison, 374
Fumaria officinalis, 412
Gentiana cherokeensis, 365, 366
Geographic Varieties
eastern No merica,
paca and its, 495-509, pls. 800—
Glycyrrhiza lepidota, var. glutinosa,
378, 453
79,
Homonym, 478, pl. 795; Pic
tum, 478
Goldenrod, BIL
Gramineae, 38
Gratiola virginiana, var. aestuario-
80, 476
Hamamelis virginiana, 450, var.
ether 450
rere ae autumnalis, 490; d
; foliis decurrentibus,
ae “485, “106, pl. 797
Heleniastrum 485; folio breviore,
etc., 486; folio longiore, etc., 486,
Helenium, 379, 485, 490; Some Varie-
90, 492,
autu ale pubescens, “491, 92: :
canaliculatum, 487, 488, 490, 491,
495, pl. 797; floridanu 494,
m,
495, pl. 799; Godfreyi, 494, 495,
INDEX
pl. 799; grandiflorum, 491; hu-
ronense, 491; latifolium, 486, 488,
490; lo ngifolium, 488, 491, se
493, 494; pubescens, 490, 492;
490; quadridentatum,
Holieathas angustifolius, 365
a ata! sum crispum, 479; spatula-
Henbit 382
Heuchera villosa, 448
Hexastylis, 374, 399
Hickory, 377 ;
Hieracium ss 511, var. nudi-
eaule, 511
Holosteum umbellatum, ‘si, 350
Hypericum denticulat
folium, 373, 453; coi tat 374-376,
453
Ilex coriacea, 461; vomitoria, 461
Tris, we vern a, 360, 362, 363, pl. 770
Ischaem m, 38%
Jacobaea virginiana, 495
Kalmia latifolia, 382, 510
Kuhnia eupatorioides, 376
Lady-fern, 396
Lamium, 382
oahek 457
Lepidium virginicum, 382
Leucojum aestivum, 359
Liatris graminifolia, var. Smallii, 478
Licorice,
Ligusticum canadense, 378
Lilium canadense, 394, 395, pl. 771,
var. editorum, 93-30 5, pl. 771;
canadense, f. ru 394; michi-
ganense, 394, i cen, 395
Limnobium Spo Bia,
Linaria sea s, f. albina, 476
Lobelia aioienta 461; : glandulifera,
ee 477; siphilitica, 477, f. lae
Long-leaf Pine, 369, 374-376
Ludwigia alata, 461; pilosa, 461
Malus, 450, 451; i aa var.
puberula, 450; Halliana, 451
Medeola, 396
Micranthemum umbrosum, 367
Monotropsis, 364; odorata, 363
Morphological Differentiation of Cle-
Sal ae es
fon
INDEX
matis ochroleuca and Allies, 401,
pls. 776-782
Muhlenbergia, 379; brachyphylla,
365, 366, 380; frondosa, 379; gla-
briflora, '379, 385
Myosotis verna, 459
Narcissus biflorus, 398
Nemophila microcalyx, 383, 459
Note on the Term Phyllary, 501
Nothoscordum bivalve, 360, 364, 393
Nymphaea odorata, f. rubra, 400
Oak, 377
Oenothera, 366;
paria, 366, 4
Oldenlandia, 372; Boscii, 371, 372, 476
Oplismenus, 389
tetragona, var. ri-
Panicum, 369, 372, 381; aciculare,
376, 386; auburne, 386; ’ensifo lium,
386; flexile, 378, 386; longifolium,
var. pubescens, ; ; lucidum,
376; mundum, 386; sphaerocarpon,
var. inflatum 386; spretum, 372;
tenue, 386; Wrightianum, 371, 372,
eae canadensis, 400; riparia,
Pas spalum dissectum, 386, 372; flui-
7, 386
"482, 463, var.
; : 786, var.
Polygala sanguinea, 366, 453; Senega,
var. latifolia, 378, 453
515
Polypremum, 457; procumbens, 457
Poncirus — ata, 358
Nut-
Prasium ?purpur
Proserpinaea Giteieeia; 373, 454
us, 451
Soueala, 366; a
eglandulosa, 366, 4
Pycnanthemum Ped anthemoides,
eet " -wiidifolian, 476: verticilla-
var.
475
Pyle rotundifolia, var. americana,
55
Pyrus, 450, 451; betulaefolia, 451;
1;
communis, 451; communis X pyri-
folia, 450; X Lecontei, 450; sero-
tina
Quercus, 452
Ranunculus abortivus, var. indivisus
358, 401; hispidus, 359; carvitiiets,
r
Rhododen
Rivnchospera: 451; filifolia, 372, 393;
Rumex,
Sagittaria Weatherbiana, 367
Scleria flaccida, 461; oligantha, 366 —
f, 390,
392; robustus, 392, 393, 1 protru-
sus, tl subt erminalis, 390; vali-
dus, Vv creber, f. megas astachyus,
392
Scutellaria serrata, 380, 459
atum, 360
Senecio aureus, 361, 495-500, 506,
500; aureus < tomen
aureus, var. Ashei, 497-499
aquilonius, 497, 500-502, :
~ — var. aquilonius , f. ecoro-
, 502, v: aurantiacus, ssi
por "gracilis 496,
, 496, 498, 499, 502,
516 INDEX
508, pl. 802, var. semicordatus, 467, 470, 473, 475, pl. 787,
496, 500, 502; Balsamitae, 504, var. aspera, 469, var. ‘hispida, 466,
a; ordii, 467, 469-472, 475, pl. 790, var.
firmifolius, 604,
361, 497, 498, 505, 506; Elliottii,
507; —— 502, 504, 505, v
firmifolius, 5, gaspensis, f.
r
lattensis, 503, 505, 507, 508;
pseu aureus, 4 f. ecorona-
pseudo-tomentosus, 507,
508; Secnlasneaties, 500; Sma li,
503-505; tomentosus, 361, 497-
506-508, pl. 800
oot
Sium, 367; cieutaefolium, 367, 455;
floridanum, 368, 455; suave,
367, 454, 455, f. a onii, 455,
€ fasciculatum, bg
Sno e, Sum 359
Sdluines. 369, 377: ‘patula, 377, 478;
perlonga, 365, 366; salicina, 377,
— Varieties and Species of Heleni-
, 485-495, pls. 796-799
x ‘Eocbivoaia. 451
a: opyrus, oe ak
wa trum Elliottii, 376, 390
Spec = Characters of Scirpus Olneyi,
90
a 369, 473; ; ambigua, 467, 469,
471-473, 475, pl. 791;
92, var. arenicola, 474, var.
tricha, 467, 471, 472, 474, 475, pl.
793, » 474, var.
474; Schweinitzii, 474; scopulorum,
474: sylvatica, 472; tenuifo lia, 465—
perlonga, 466, 467, 475, pl. 788,
var. platyphylla, 466-468, 470-
472, 475, pl. 789; velutina, 471, 7A
Stellaria media, var. glaberrima, "360,
400; pubera, 358
Stewartia siege appt 461
Sun-flower, Bastard, 486
Symplocarpus foetidus, 358
a nudicaulis, 359
Tephrosi gape 452;
visgislenk, 3 452, var. glabra,
3 var. oloations: 452
65
eastern Virginia, The Dw
pls. 772, 773; Laeger 364, 396,
397, pl. virgini
397, 308, pl. 713; seats, 384, 396.
besa ah 358, 398
Uncin 6
Uitreulia, 381; biflora, ape Ss
var. minor, 371, 476;
purpurea, 371, 476; vee. Bil;
476
Mig 451; caesium, 456; Elliot
y aL, 456; pallidum , 487; sta-
al eum 456, var. interius, 456,
var. neglectum, 456; Torre x bivong
457; vacillans, "457, var. crinitum
3 vi um, 456
Vicia caroliniana, 365, 4
Vinea major,
Viola eucullate 453; lanceolata,
a
358,
454, var. vittata, 373, 4545 J
hago 350: preety 383, 4
Vitis,
Wisteria frutescens, 461
Xyris, 371
— Bebbii, 378, 454; trifoliata, 378,
54
0
I~
=
Plate
Rhodora
(cos pus Zoe ‘ONE ‘dd 908)
VNUGA sry SULPVUIUTLIOUT A]Os|e} pues SNOLOTTR IAL
eS ee ee
‘aqdV °O “A “o1ud
Rhodor:
Plate 771
l
5,
3
IGs. <
EDITORUM: F
ur.
mid 2, ok, 2: Vi
«
‘
I
FIGS.
LILIUM CANADENSE:
Schubert.
¥
B. ¢
Photo.
Rhodora Plate 772
Tr Mess. pated lee
Ee er rer eee bie
go} wey a hawk
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
TRILLIUM PUSILLUM, X 1: Fic. 1, Michaux’s Type, after photo. by Cintract; FIGS. 2 and 3,
modern specimens from ty pe-region, FIG. 2 with short anthers, FIG. 3 with long anthers
Rhodora Plate 773
& gy
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
gece PUSHLLM var, VIRGINIANUM, TYPE, X 1: FIG. 1 with long anthers, FIG.
cs short anther
; bauer < 1: Fic. 3, summit of flowering plant
Rhodora Plate 774
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
Asarum Lewisu, from TyPr-series: Fic. 1, two plants, < 14; FIG. 2, expanded flower, 3
Rhodora Plate 775
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
Asarum Lewisir: Fics. 1 and 2, portions of two flowering plants of TypE-series, X 1
Rhodora Plate 776
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
LEMATIS OCHROLEUCA: FIG. 1, plant, < 24, from Staten Island, N. a3 identified Z
i gta by Asa Gray with type of C. ovata Pursh; Fic, 2, lower leaf-surface, < 10; FIG
flower, X 1; FIG. 4, fruiting head, 1; Fic. 5, achene and base of t ail, X r
Rhodora Plate 777
< ute
Photo. B. GQ. Schubert.
Type of CLEMATIS SERICEA Michx. = C. OCHROLEUCA Ait.: FIG. 1, two o ints, X 14; from
photograph by Cintract; fig. 2 stem, X 214; FIG. 3, peduncle, x 2; Fa. 4, ti ails of fruit, x
ee |
Rhodora Plate 778
PS ee Se ee ne eee ae ee
Ne Se ee ee ee we rep ee See
POE NN a ee ee ee EEN oe
Photo. B, G. Schubert.
coe IS VITICAULIS: FIG. l, — ype, X /4; Fig, 2, back and ae of sepal,
x 18: . 3, fruiting head, x 1; FIG. 4, achene epi base of f tai
xo fora ‘RIFOLIA: FIG. ee of stem - 10; mi ete leakearthcs, x 10;
fig. 7, flower, X 1; FIa. 8, fruiting head, x 1
Rhodore Plate 779
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
Ci ATIS ALBICOMA: F1G. 1, portion of mags ne, 1; 2, surface of stem, o. 10;
FIG. € lowes leaf-surface, 10: Fic. 4, flower, X 1; Fie. 5, poate and base of tail,
Rhodora Plate 780
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
- FIG. 3,
LEMATIS ALBICOMA, var. COACTILIS: FIG. 1, TYPE, X 3/7; FIG. 2, ang x ie
lower le rr ore:. x 10; Fic. 4, summit of sepal, < 10; Fia. 5, flower, X 1 ; Fie. 6, tru
wead, X 1; FIG. rd achene 4 base of tail, x 10
Rhodora Plate 781
|
|
\
Photo. B, G. Schubert.
CLematis FREMONTII: FIGS. ais leaves, X 1, from TY pE-series from Ellis, Kansas;
FIG. 4, achene and base of tail, 10
Rhodora Plate 78
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
CLEMATIS FREMONTU: Fic. 1, upper leaf and flower, 1, from Ellis, Kansas; FIG.
enuded flower, < 1, of var. Riehlii from Alle nton, Missouri; FIG. 3, leaf and young at
Franklin, Missouri, identified by its author as var. Riehlii
2, le af $
iv 1, fro
: oe eas
Rhodora Plate 783
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
PHYSOSTEGIA ABORIGINORUM, all figs. from TYPE: FIG. 1, plant, X 14; Fia. 2, flower,
X 2; nG. 3. fruiting calices, x 5
Rhodora Plate 784
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
PHYSOSTEGIA DENTICULATA: FIG. 1, plant,
P. INTERMEDIA: FIG. 2, plant, < ! Vy. ; FIG. "3; ts ees x 2
Rhodora Plate 785
NEW OD) LNs
Dire wy
Photo, B. G. Schubert,
PRasrum? oe Walt.: rig. 1, leaf, X 1, from oe by S. F. Blake
Pursogr TEGIA ANGUSTIFOLIA: FIG s. 2-4, Dr ummond, no. 251, X 5/9; Fia. 5, , leaf of 251,
X 2; Fia. 6, sin of oki x 5/12: Fic. 7, portion of leaf, x 2, from TYPE
Rhodora Plate 786
a ee:
ls
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
i leaf
PHYSOSTEGIA Agena pa var. GRANULOSA: FIG. 1, IsoTYPE, K 14; FIG. 2, portion of
of ISOTYPE, 3 plants, x (2s from upper Peatiiihee Hivce Maine; FIG. 4, tea,
x 2, from the tee po , plant, 14, from Lake Champlain
Rhodora Plate 787
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
STACHYS TENUIFOLIA: FIG, 1, plant, X 14; Fia. 2, surface of stem, X 10; FiG. 3,
low er surface of leaf, < 10; FIG. 4 regu ste flower,
Rhodora Plate 788
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
STACHYS TENUIFOLIA, var. PERLONGA: FIG. 1, IsoTyPE, X 24; FIG. 2, bracts and calices,
5p
x
. HYSSOPIFOLIA; FIG, 3, plant, 14; Fic. 4, bract and calyx, x 4; Fria. 5, nutlet, 10
a ee ee
Rhodora Plate 789
Pag Soe
taahy fp
LERBARIUM O§ B
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
STACHYS TENUIFOLIA, Var. PLATYPHYLLA: FIG. 1 x 2; Fie. 2, surface of eo.
x Mi FIG. Ara lower po of leaf, < 10; FIG. 4, hie. bracts ace ‘calices, x 4; FIG.
nutlet, x 1
Rhodora Plate 790
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
STACHYS TENUIFOLIA, Var. HISPIDA: FIG. 1, plant, X ! 2, por wr of stem, X 10;
FIG. 3, lower surface of leaf, « 10; Fra. 4, Re ke mn st
i
Rhodora Plate 791
ee ee
Photo. B. G. Schubert,
. RT ACiCrS AMBIGUA: FIG, 1, summit of plant, x 14; FIG. 2, portion of stem, X 10; FIG. 3,
alices, X 4
> , 706
Rhodora Plate 792
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
STACHYS PALUSTRIS: FIG.
1, portion of stem, X 10; Fic. 2, lower leaf-surface, 10;
FIG. 3, bracts and flowers, x 4; FIG. 4 x 10
, nutlet
Rhodora Plate 793
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
S of TYPE-specimens, X
FIG. 2, lower reeset and calyx, < 4, from TYPE; FIG. 3, stem and lower sirace, of
leaf-base, X 10, from Typx; Fic. 4, narrow-leaved plant (S. arenicola Britt.), * 72;
- 5, calyx of his es «x 10
J ao .
TACHYS PALUSTRIS, var, HOMOTRICHA. FIG. L, one
©
—
)4
Rhodora Plate
:
:
7
.
a a eT es eee ee ee
0. +e Area
Photo. B. G, Schubert.
Vo;
STACHYS PALUSTRIS, var. PHANEROPODA, % figs. from Type: FIG. 1, plant X
FIG. 2, surface of stem, X 4; FIG. 3, calyx, X 10
Rhodora Plate 79
fea |
ype
L : es op ra
pa feref renters Wun -
PLANTS OF LOUISIANA |
DS. and H.B.Correll
poate babies. ery
S8PUuo-Oah gard
» north aa f Pineville:
Collected in coaperation hetween the
Kotanical Muscam, ard Universi
Arnold Arboretum and the
ity and the Department of
Hotany, Duke University. _
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
ay
GNAPHALIUM PEREGRINUM, TYPE, X 7%
Rhodora
Plate 796
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
LENIUM AUTUMNALE: FIGS
Linnean Society of London; Fria
. land 2, portions of rrpr, x 1, from photograph sent em
e : : 3 : a (
. 3, flowering summit, x 1, of modern specimen from UI
Rhodors Plate 797
‘Om M7 7 M7 ? .
QY Ti: WZ
ant,
WANG INT
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
HELENIUM AUTUN ACULATUM, all hii CS eee eee 8): Yee. 2
portion oF Flat of sents Cliffortianus courtesy 0 John Ramsbottom; Fic. 2, summit
of wild specimen from Quebec; FIG. 3, portion of ceginal plate of H. canaliculatum; FIGS. 4
and 5, portions of Cornut pla
|
|
|
|
|
Rhodora Plate 798
Photo. B. G. Schubert,
—
HELENIUM AUTUMNALE, var. PARVIFLORUM, both figs. X 1: Fic. 1, portion of TYPE or
IsoryPE of H. PARVIFLORUM Nutt.; rie. 2, summit of ae specimen from Virginia
Rhodora Plate 799
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
HELENIUM GopFREYI: FIG, 1, Type, X 14; Fic. 2, achene, X 10
H. FLORIDANUM: FIG. 3, portion of TyPE, X 1; Fic. 4, achene, X 10
H, NUDIFLORUM: FIG. 5, achene, X 10
Rhodora Plate 800
Tod Wig Q Ay
sa plonecee Cormfles andane™
= : aa le > : 2
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
ean
SENECIO AUREUS: FIG. 1, ae of trPe, <1, ‘oe photograph sent from Linn
Society of London; PIG. 2, achene, X 10, fro m Virgi
S. TOMENTOSUS: achene, 16, from Vinuinia
Se ae
Rhodora Plate 801
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
ENECIO AUREUS, details from modern specimens — Virginia: Fic. 1, rhizome and
i
bs asal offshoot, x 1; FIG. 2, portion of full-grown gud eaf, FIG, 3, expanding ros
basal leaves, showi ing archnoid pubescence, 2; Fic. 4, unexpanded heads, showing
arachnoid pubescence, xX 2; Fira. 5, involucre, X 9
Rhodora Plate 802
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
7
SENECIO 4 var. INTERCURSUS, all figs. from TYPE: FIG. 1, rhizome and ag
shoots, X 1; ey basal and lower cauline leaves, X 1, FIG. 3, involucre, X 95; FIG-
inflorescence, XI
| Plate 803
Rhodora
Photo. B. G. Schubert
: ate rhizome
SENECIO AUREUS, var. AQUILONTUS, all pit ge aol ace: opcelayr yg rescence
and basal offshoot; Fra. 2, basal leaves; Fic. 3, cauline le¢
Rhodora
Plate 804
E> Cate e240 vas e | bem
(ji Ay fe
I pete it € : “ Zz
, ad cf Dau
oe
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
ECIO PAUPERCULUS: FIG. 1, TYPE, X 34, from photograph by M. L. Fernald; FIG
d
oe tall plants, X 1, from ’Newfoundlan
Ss. 9H,
ii
Rhodora Plate 805
[Tae
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
ENECIO PAUPERCULUS, var. BALSAMITAE! FIG. ype BatsaMATAE Muhl., x 1,
kindness of ix res Ludwig Diels; ries. 2, 3 and 4 scot ‘of a modern specimen from
type-region, ; Fic. 5, involucre, x 5, from latter specimen
Rhodora
Plate 806
x
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
0 PAUPERCULUS, var. NEOSCOTICUS, all figs. from TYPE: FIGS. 1 and 2, base,
SEN
pa sit faa and inflorescence,
X 1; FIG. 3, involucre,
‘ — iia.
7
4 ; Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 46, January and February, 1944
ef
iq
rq
ie : CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM
ae OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
OVERLOOKED SPECIES, TRANSFERS AND
NOVELTIES IN THE FLORA OF
EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
M. L. FERNALD
Dares or IssuE =
Pages 1-21 and Plates 807-811. ./..........- fe aa Tne 22 January, 19
Pages 32-57 and Plates 812-816... . .. ere >= .12 February, 1944
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 46, January and February, 1944
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CL
OVERLOOKED SPECIES, TRANSFERS AND
NOVELTIES IN THE FLORA OF
EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
M. L. FERNALD
Dates oF Issun is cay 100
Pages 1-21 ond Plates 807-Gl1 2. 66.
Pages 32-57 and Plates 312-816 igh ee ee os 12 Sakeuary, 1944
SSSA E I ARs HH ATI EATS al SRE adhe a EL Sp IO ee ot
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY—NO. CL
OVERLOOKED SPECIES, TRANSFERS AND
NOVELTIES IN THE FLORA OF
EASTERN NORTH AMERICA —
M. L. FERNALD
(Plates 807-816)
DuRING a restudy of the Liliaceae of the Gray’s Manual area
I was soon confronted by the many species proposed by Rafin-
esque in one of his relatively careful and trustworthy works,
Autikon Botanikon (1840), a book so rare, until the offset of it
issued by the Arnold Arboretum, that only casual names from
it (and those picked up through other sources) were caught by
the editors of Index Kewensis, Dr. Merrill is engaged on a
bibliographic study of great extent, dealing with this and other
neglected works of Rafinesque. It is, consequently, not appro-
priate here to go into further detail than to note a few species
in Autikon Botanikon which have immediately to be taken into
account in my studies. Very soon I found Rafinesque referring
to species of Bartram, and on checking Bartram’s Travels (1791)
the same situation was found: only casual names of species by
Bartram were entered in Index Kewensis, these picked up from
the writings of others who had cited them. Accordingly, it was
necessary to study Bartram’s Travels, with such limited knowl-
edge of the flora of the southeastern United States as I have.
The present Contribution, therefore, is made up partly of con-
sideration of some of the species of Bartram, some in Rafinesque’s
2 Rhodora [JANUARY
Autikon Botanikon, some based on study of photographs of
types of Linnaeus in the Liliaceae, and the usual miscellany
which has accumulated in recent months. The items are ar-
ranged in systematic sequence.
Panicum (sub-§ Cah cite Benneri, sp. nov. (TAB. 807),
planta cespitosa 1.7-3.5 dm. alta; culmis firmis erectis basi
1-1.5 mm. diametro, siiteenitae ad 7.5 cm. longis pilosis pilis
adscendentibus; nodis barbatis; foliis lanceolatis firmis valde
adscendentibus glabris vel subtus sparsissime breviterque pilosis
ae 5-6.5 cm. longis 5-8 mm, latis 36-42-nerviis basi villoso-
atis, vaginis subhorizontaliter hirsutis pilis 1-1.5 mm. longis
ee bullatis, ligulis 2-3 mm. longis; paniculis primariis breviter
exsertis ellipsoideo-ovoideis 2.5-6 cm. longis 1.5-4 cm. diametro,
rhachi imo hirtello sparsissime villosoque, ramis patento-adscen-
dentibus ramulis subsimplicibus, pedicellis 2-6 mm. longis
glabris; spiculis pubescentibus ellipsoideis basi apiceque obtusis
2.2-2.6 mm. longis 1.2—1.4 mm. latis, gluma inferiore perbrevi
deltoideo-rotundata subapiculata 0. 5-0.8 mm. longa, superiore
lemmateque sterile aequilongis valde costatis fructus lucidos
subaequantibus.—New Jersey: old field along Delaware River,
about 114 miles east of Raven Rock, Hunterdon County, June 7,
1941, Walter yi Benner, no. 9635, TypE in Herb. Gray.; ISOTYPE
in Herb. Phil. Acad.
By the treatments of Hitchcock and Chase, of Hitchcock’s
Manual and my own manuscript-treatment Panicum Benneri,
traced through the keys, comes directly to P. villosissimum EI.
Its very stiff habit, glabrous or essentially glabrous, short firm
leaves, the very short and broad first glume of the spikelet,
short-peduncled panicle, only slight (instead of usually pro-
nounced) development of branches at the time of primary
anthesis, and the relatively short and strongly pustular-based
pubescence of the sheaths at once distinguish it. In P. villosis-
simum the culms are 2-7 dm. high and the leaf-blades of the
vernal culms 6-11 cm. long, and 5-10 mm. wide, more or less
pubescent on both faces; in P. Benneri the stiffly erect culms are
1.7-3.5 dm. high, the leaf-blades more lanceolate, 3.5-6.5 cm.
long and 5-8 mm. wide, the upper surface hard and glabrous,
the lower barely and minutely pilose, while the strongly pustular-
based hairs of the sheaths of P. Benneri are shorter than the
most often slender and more villous sheath-hairs of P. villosis-
simum. As above noted, P. villosissimum, while the vernal or
primary panicles are intact, usually has well developed axillary
SEN Ree
eT Bee eee Oe ee a i ES a eS a oe ee Sor
” pa . er
ris ie 4d ASRS a lak — "Se ne aes a a
ed
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 3
branches; in P. Bennert only a few, and those very short, such
branches are developed. In P. villosissimum the fully developed
primary panicles are 4-10 cm. long and on peduncles 0.3-1.7 dm.
long; in P. Benneri the primary panicles are 2.5-6 cm. long and
on peduncles only 0.5—-4 em. long. The first glume of P. villosis-
stmum is ovate, one fourth to two fifths as long as the spikelet;
in P, Benneri broadly deltoid-rotund and one fifth to barely one
fourth the length of the spikelet.
In its very short and broad first glume the spikelet of Panicum
Benneri suggests some variations of the heteromorphic P.
lanuginosum, such as var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Fern. (P. tennes-
seense Ashe) or var. septentrionale Fern.; but its spikelets are ~
altogether too large and the panicle too simply branched. In
P. lanuginosum and its varieties the secondary branches of the
panicle are themselves branched (whence P. implicatum Scribn.).
The once-forked branching of the panicle of P. Benneri is
similar to that of P. meridionale (with spikelets 1.3-1.6, instead of
2.2-2.6 mm. long). It also suggests the panicle of the relatively
northern P. subvillosum Ashe, but that characteristic species has
the leaf-sheaths mostly equaling or exceeding, instead of shorter
than the internodes, and appressed-pilose, instead of divergently
hirsute with pustular-based hairs. Furthermore the axis of the
panicle of P. subvillosum is appressed-pilose to glabrate, in P.
Benneri divergently hirtellous, with some horizontally spreading
villi; the spikelets of P. subvillosum are 1.8-2 mm. long, 0.9 mm.
broad, and the prolonged first glume is one third to half the
length of the spikelet.
Panicum Benneri, with which it is a privilege to associate the
name of the keen and always helpful student of his local flora,
Water MackiInnett BENNER, its discoverer, seems to be a
real species. Whether it is relatively northern, as its type-
region suggests, we do not know. It is more likely so, and to be
sought in northeastern Pennsylvania and southern New York,
than an extension from farther south in New Jersey and Pennsyl-
vania where the small army of keen explorers would long ago
have found it. Mr. Benner has most generously defrayed the
expense of PLATE 807.
In Piate 807, Frias. 1 and 2 are portions of f the Type of Panicum BENNERI,
hel yet cede and cauline sheath, X 3; Fic. 4, axis of panicle, < 10;
5, spikelet,
4 Rhodora [JANUARY
XYRIS ALBIFLORA Raf. Aut. Bot. 190 (1840). XX. torta pal-
lescens C. Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. (Pl. Life Al eal
428 (1901). X. pallescens (C. Mohr) Small, Fl. Se. U. S. 234 and
1328 (1903).
This distinctive iitetoweted species of northwestern
Florida and Alabama is related to X. fleruosa Muhl. and X.
fimbriata Ell. in having exserted and fimbriate sepal-tips. It
was well characterized by Rafinesque, who recognized its
affinity with the latter species:
1420, X. or Jurica? albiflora Raf. (X. cylindrica Baldw. mpt.) fol.
strictis ensatis lato-planis striatis, scapis duplo longior teres anceps.
suleatis, capitulis ellipt. subcyl. obt. bract. dilatatis mecca vel oe.
—Florida, disc. by Baldw. in 1815, not yet described, unless X. fimbri
of Elliot be very badly so, and appears rather an akin sp. leaves sale
seape bipedal. fl. white by a note of Baldwin, while all others are yellow.
X. FistuLosa Raf. 1. c. (1840), based upon X. juncea Baldw.,
not R. Br., is X. Batpwiniana Schultes, Mant. (1822). His
X. rETuSA, |. c. 190 and X. sprratis, l. c., are apparently X.
TORTA J. E. Sm.
LuzuLA ACUMINATA Raf. Aut. Bot. 193 (1840). L. saltuensis
Fernald in Ruopora, v. 195 (1903). Juncoides pilosum (L.)
page= var. saltuense (Fern.) Farwell in Mich. Acad. Sci. Re
xx. 170 (1918). LL. carolinae S. Wats., var. saltuensis (Fern.)
ae pe Ruopora, xl. 404 (1938).
Luzula saltwensis of woodland and thicket from Newfound-
land to Saskatchewan, south into the Northern States and locally
southward, was separated from the cespitose Eurasian L. pilosa
(L.) Willd. because of its looser habit, with elongate more or
less repent basal offsets, its paler and acuminate sepals and its
more pointed capsules. Later (in 1938) I reduced it to varietal
rank under the poorly typified L. carolinae S. Wats. in Proc. Am.
Acad. xiv. 302 (1879), the latter southeastern plant being larger
and with more forking branches to the corymb. It now seems
that Rafinesque was nearly 40 years ahead of Watson and more
than 60 ahead of me. There can be no doubt that his L. acumi-
nata was L. saltuensis. His definition of it was good:
1447, Luz. acuminata Raf. repens, gebra: fol. lanceol. acum. striatis
nervosis _— corymbosis congestis paucifloris fuscatis, calic. acum.—
real America, perhaps J. pilosus Mg. often blended with last, leaves
cg and shorter, 3 uncial, stem semipedal, corymb. not exceeding the
eaves .
1
os eer erem siecle ene ener " " , = ss . ere is . ‘ ers i a i i P
Sn gt Od Ca eae eS Pe ee ee
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 5
The taking up of Luzula acuminata (1840) necessitates the
following combination
L. acuminata Raf., var. carolinae (S. Wats.), comb.
L. carolinae S. Wats. in Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 302 (1879). Funco-
ie i Juncodes) carolinae (S. Wats.) Ktze. Rev. Gen. ii. 724
LUZULA LABRADORICA Raf. I. c. (1840) was unquestionably L.
PARVIFLORA (Ehrh.) Desv. (1808) or its var. melanocarpa
(Michx.) Buchenau, which latter rests on Juncus melanocarpus
Michx. (1803). Rafinesque’s name antedates L. labradorica
Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. ii. 291 (1855), which is perhaps identical
with it.
Rafinesque proposed nine North American species of the pro-
phyllate Junci. Nothing sufficiently distinctive was given
in his descriptions for us to be certain what he had. His J.
FLORIDANUS, I. c. 194, was from “South Florida” and Engelmann
in Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. ii. 451 (1866) cited as J. Gerardi
Loisel. (1810) material from ‘North Carolina, Curtis, and
Florida, Ware (J. Floridanus, Raf. in Hb. Durand)”. This
would seem to dispose of J. floridanus. It also gives the clue,
that others of Rafinesque’s Junct may have been in Durand’s
herbarium, now in Paris. Rafinesque’s J. FuscaTus, l. c. 194,
from “Kentucky, Tennessee, &c”, with “fl. quite peculiar’,
was earlier than J. fuscatus Turcz. ex Ledeb. (1853), the latter
reduced by Buchenau to J. triglumis L. J. fuscatus Raf. is not
clearly identified. So with his other names; they may rest
undisturbed.
Tue IpenTITY oF YUCCA FILAMENTOSA (PLATES 808 and 809).
—Yucca, always a baffling genus to work with from herbarium
material, has one species, Y. filamentosa L., which is reputed to
follow much of the Coastal Plain from Louisiana to Florida and
northward to North Carolina, with a related plant, Y. concava
Haw. or Y. filamentosa, subforma latifolia Engelm., on coastwise
sands from Georgia to New Jersey. The tendency has been to
follow the conclusions of Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad.
Sci. iii. 17-54 (1873). In that study, treating Y. filamentosa as
& complex species, some of the varieties native, others only in
cultivation, Engelmann defined what he considered true ar;
lamentosa, his forma genuina, with two subforms: “a, angustz-
6 Rhodora [JANUARY
folia’”’, a plant with linear-lanceolate leaves gradually attenuate
from the middle; and b, subforma latifolia, = Y. concava Haw.,
with broad and rigid lanceolate or spatulate leaves obtusely
mucronate and cucullate at tip. He concluded that the brief
diagnosis quoted by Linnaeus from Gronovius, ‘‘foliis lanceolatis
acuminatis together with the Hab. Virginia, points to the narrow-
leaved form of what I have described as the genuine plant, as the
one he and Gronovius had in view. Of this and other forms
numerous specimens and full notes have been obtained from Dr.
Mellichamp, of South Carolina, on which the following descrip-
tions are based.” Engelmann then went on to discuss the
“narrow-leaved form” and the “broad-leaved variety’’, which
in his Latin account were both subordinate to his ‘Forma
genuina’”’. In 1880 Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xviii. 227,
228 (1880), split Y. filamentosa into ten varieties, many of them
cultivated only, with the broad natural range, ‘‘ Regiones littor-
ales Americae borealis a Maryland ad Floridam’’, treating Y.
concava Haworth as Y. filamentosa, “‘var. Y. concava’’ and not
citing Y. filamentosa, forma genuina, subf. latifolia Engelm.
under it. Subsequently, Trelease, Mo. Bot. Gard. 13th Ann.
Rep. 46—49 (1902), accepting Engelmann’s and Baker’s divisions
in the main, likewise made typical Y. filamentosa the plant with
“Leaves 25-40 cm. wide, gradually acute, rather rigid
Capsules rather narrowly cylindric’, this plant shown in a
photograph (his pl. 8, fig. 1) with narrowly linear-lanceolate
and long, attenuate leaves, while its capsule (his pl. 12, fig. 1)
was shown as 4-5 em. long. This plant, taken by Engelmann,
Baker, Trelease and subsequent authors as true Y. filamentosa,
was assigned the range: ‘‘ West-central North Carolina to south-
eastern South Carolina, Florida from Jacksonville to Tampa,
and doubtless in the intervening country’. The plant with
shorter, broader, more oblong-oblanceolate to spatulate and, in
maturity, harshly scabrous heavy leaves, the Y. filamentosa,
forma genuina, subf. latifolia Engelm., was taken up as var.
concava (Haworth) Baker and a good portrait of a growing plant
given (Trelease, pl. 10), showing the very characteristic and
short, lanceolate, broad leaves, this very distinct plant given
a range from South Carolina and Georgia to Maryland.
It remained for Small, Man. 303 (1933) to see stronger differ-
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 7
ences. Still adhering to the plant with ‘ Leaf-blades of a linear
type, somewhat narrowed toward both ends, attenuate to the
slender apical spine, flat’ as Y. filamentosa, with the range
“Fla. to Miss., Tenn. and N. C.”’, this plant with “petals broadly
ovate, 4-5 cm. long: capsule 5-6 cm. long’’, he correctly recog-
nized another species, as Y. concava, with ‘‘ Leaf-blades spatulate,
abruptly narrowed or rounded and concave at the base of the
stout apical spine’’, the species occurring from ‘Ga. to Del.”
and having “‘sepals and petals usually broader” than in the former
and the capsule only 4—5 cm. long, the seeds rounder.
Ever since our first trip together to Virginia, Long and I have
become very familiar there with the plant we have regularly
called Yucca concava, following the treatment of Small. It
occurs back of the outer beaches and among the dunes, and in
sandy fields, roadsides and dry pineland back from the coast at
least 80 miles (to the easternmost border of Dinwiddie County).
Baker’s ‘‘Regiones littorales’’ tells only part of the story.
Throughout all this region of eastern Virginia, thence northward,
the plant is constant in foliage, flowers and fruit, the plant
beautifully illustrated in Sims, Bot. Mag. xxiii. pl. 900 (1806) as
Y. filamentosa, its habit shown by Trelease, 1. c. pl. 10. In this
plant (our PLATE 808) the flowers are 5-7 cm. long, the petals
2-3 cm. broad and rounded to the short acumination, the fila-
ments spiculate-papillate in irregular lines, the style in anthesis
about 1 cm. long, the capsule thick-cylindrie to short-ovoid,
inclined to be constricted at or near the middle and dumbbell-
like, 1.5-4.5 em. long; the semiorbicular seeds 6-7 mm. long by
3-5.5 mm. broad.
In Yucca filamentosa sensu Engelmann, Baker, Trelease and
others, including Small, who seems first to have recognized the
best specific characters, the southern plant (our PLATE 809) with
linear-lanceolate long-tapering leaves, the flowers are only 3-5
cm. long, the petals 1-2 em. broad and tapering to gradually
acuminate tips, the filaments nearly pilose with elongate tri-
chomes (especially at base), the style at flowering time nearly
obsolete or up to only 5 mm. long, the more uniformly subterete
capsule 4-6 em. long.
When Engelmann assumed, because he had material from
South Carolina of the latter plant, that it must, therefore, be the
8 Rhodora [JANUARY
Virginian plant, “In littoribus arenosis fluminum crescit’’, of
Clayton, which is the type of Yucca filamentosa L., he was at
least naive. Not all plants of South Carolina and Virginia are
identical. In exploring the southeastern counties of Virginia
Mr. Long and I have often noticed that farmers frequently set
young plants of their native Yucca along roadways and in sandy
clearings. Our driver for some seasons, a farmer of keen intelli-
gence, Leonard Birdsall, explained that they harvest the hard
leaves as ‘‘SruKGrass’’, and after macerating them and softening
the tissue, remove the strong threads for use in tying bunched
vegetables. This plant, Y. concava, being the abundant and,
so far as we know, the only native species of the genus in eastern
Virginia, it is not surprising that the specimen preserved at the
British Museum (photograph sent by Dr. Ramssorrom) should
show the characteristic flowers (PLATE 808, FIG. 1)—the two
smallish ones at the tips of branches—of typical Y. concava, nor
that Clayton’s no. 720 (miscopied by Gronovius as 270), the
TYPE of Y. filamentosa, should have been labeled by him: “ Yucca
flore albo, foliorum marginibus fllamentosis. Silkgrass.”’
The type of Yucca filamentosa L. Sp. Pl. 319 (1753) being the
relatively northern Y. concava, it is necessary to find the proper
specific name for Y. filamentosa sensu Small, the Y. filamentosa,
forma genuina, subf. angustifolia of Engelmann. Study of the
bibliographies of Engelmann, Baker and Trelease yielding none,
I venture to name the narrow- and smoother-leaved southern
plant for the botanist who first saw its specific differences. It
is a pleasure so to do; it is not always that I can follow him. I
am ces ae
Yuc ana, sp. nov. Y. filamentosa sensu Small, Man.
Se. Fl. 08 "Ghee not » Y. filamentosa, forma genuina, subf.
angustifolia Engelm. i in Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. iii. 51 (1873),
not Y. angustifolia a (1814). Typ: sandy soil near J ae
ville, eee May, A. H. Curtiss, no. 2950, in Herb. Gra
TE
Although Small states that the smaller-flowered and more
southern Yucca Smalliana (Y. filamentosa sensu Small, not L.)
has “‘panicle-branches glabrous’’, the material before me shows
them merely glabrescent. At flowering time they are pruinose-
pilose, only in fruit becoming glabrate. True northern Y. fila-
mentosa has the panicle glabrous from the first. In its pubescent
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 9
panicle Y. Smalliana suggests the upland Y. flaccida Haw., of
the Blue Ridge and adjacent uplands, which may have pubescent
or glabrescent panicle; but, as I understand it, Y. flaccida has
very pliable and thin leaves, very broad and abruptly short-
acuminate petals (as shown in Lindl. Bot. Reg. xx. t. 1895
(1836) ), and the native specimens which seem to belong to. it
have the style elongate and the broad and flat filaments coarsely
ciliate. In Y. Smalliana (pu. 809) the flower is smaller, with
much narrower and acuminate sepals and petals, the style
obsolete or very short, and the filaments less flattened and finely
pruinose-pilose.
PLaTE 808 is of Yucca FILAMENTOSA L.: Fig. 1, terminal flowers, x 1, fro
the TYPE Pag photograph sent by Dr. John Ramsbottom) ; F1a. 2, aatetas
leaves, X 14, from Old Town Neck, Northampton County, Virginia, F
& Fogg, no. 5269; Fics. 3 and 4, flowers, X 1, from Cape Henry, Virginia,
Fernald, Griscom & Long, n o. 4707; Fia. 5, ee style and filaments, X 3,
from no. 4707; FIG. 6, ripe poet pee from wd 4 of South Quay, Virginia,
ernald & Long, no, 10,585.
Piate 809, ae ig SMALLIANA Fernald: ric. 1, leaves and flowers, X 4,
from TYPE; FIG. 2, basal rosette, greatly rediced, — lr photo. by
. H. Curtiss, 1887 FIG¢s. 3 and 4 , flowers, xX 1, fro Gc. 5, ovary, ai be
and filaments, X 3, from TYPE; FIG. 6, capsule, x1, ya as Weel, A. H. Curt
Sreciric DIsTINCTIONS BETWEEN POLYGONATUM BIFLORUM
AND P. CANALICULATUM.—More than a decade ago, while study-
ing with me, Dr. W. A. Anderson, Jr. clearly worked out the
proper nomenclature and the specific characters of our American
species of Polygonatum and, although he published! his study of
Trillium in Tennessee, he has, unfortunately, not stated in print
his conclusions regarding Polygonatum. In the Manual range
we have three indigenous species, P. pubescens (Willd.) Pursh,
quickly distinguished by having superficial rhizomes, minutely
pilose or hirtellous lower leaf-surfaces, lowest peduncle usually
from the Ist or 2nd leaf-axil, perianth 7-13 mm. long, with
stamens inserted high on the tube; and P. biflorum (Walt.) Ell.
and P. canaliculatum (Muhl.) Pursh (P. commutatum (R. & 8.)
Dietr. and P. giganteum Dietr.), formerly needlessly confused
and, judging from recent identifications, not usually understood,
two very different species with deep-seated rhizomes, glabrous
lower leaf-surfaces, lowest peduncle usually from the 3d—5th
leaf-axil, perianth 1-2 cm. long, stamens inserted near middle of
1 'W. A. Anderson, Notes on the Flora of Tennessee: the Genus Trillium. Rxopora,
Xxxvi. 119-128 (1934).
10 Rhodora [JANUARY
the tube. Dr. Anderson, with the collaboration of Mr. C. A.
Weatherby, found so many distinctive characters and in my
own detailed study so many others become evident that it may
be helpful to others to have these distinctions pointed out. The
usual failure clearly to separate the two species, P. biflorum and
P. canaliculatum, is reflected in many recent local floras. Thus
Wiegand & Eames in their very helpful and usually keenly dis-
criminating Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin give two types of
habitats for their inclusive P. biflorum: ‘Sandy or gravelly,
rarely clayey, banks and thickets, in subneutral soil, on dry hill-
sides and hilltops, or in alluvial calcareous soils on river banks’’.
Several of the collections cited by them are represented in the
Gray Herbarium. Those from ‘Sandy or gravelly
banks’’, ete. are characteristic P. biflorum: “dry ravine Banik
between Renovick and McKinney’s’’, etc., these plants having
the characteristic slender rhizome, slander stem only 6-7 dm.
high, flat and relatively few-nerved, merely sessile leaves, lowest
peduncle from the 3d leaf-axil and 1.2-2 em. long, with the 2 or
3 pedicels 0.5-1.4 cm. long, and slender perianth with lobes 3.5
mm. long. The material from “alluvial calcareous soils” is
characteristic P. canaliculatum: “Valley of Inlet, Ithaca’, etc.,
the plants with rhizome more than 2 cm. thick, stout stem
(1 em. thick) 2 m. high, with clasping-based corrugated and
undulate-margined leaves with about 200 nerves, the flowering
peduncles up to 9 cm. long, with 4~7 pedicels up to 2.5 cm. long,
the thicker perianth with lobes 6 mm. long. Again, in that
compendium of accurate local field-observation, Deam’s Flora
of Indiana, the author, beautifully distinguishing the pubescent-
leaved P. pubescens, with superficial rhizome, from the glabrous-
leaved plants with deep-seated rhizomes, which he unwillingly
treated as one species, P. biflorum, wrote: ‘‘My study of this
species complex was made from 155 specimens which I have col-
lected from all parts of the state. I am not satisfied with the
treatment of this species but I am not able to find differences
sufficient to separate them . . . I donot think them all the
Same species . . . The genus has been monographed by
three authors and my specimens have been seen by one of them
but I cannot accept their treatment of this complex.” Such
observations indicate the need of better statements of the char-
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America ll
acters, and the misidentifications in the herbaria (including our
recent collections from Virginia as identified by a student of the
group) also indicate such a need.
Very briefly my conclusions cota
POLYGONATUM BIFLORUM (Walt.) Ell. Rhizome 0.6-1.5 cm.
thick; stem slender, 1.5-5 mm. thick pale: lowest leaf, 2-9 dm.
high; leaves flat, sessile or nearly so, narrowly lanceolate to
broadly ovate, the largest ones (of each plant) with 46-120
nerves and 5.5-15 cm. long by 1.2-6 cm. broad, the terminal
small ones 20—66-nerved; te a 1-4 cm. long, 1-3 (-5)-
flowered, the lowest usually borne from the 3d (l1st—5th) axil;
pedicels ‘becoming 0.5-2 cm. long; perianth slenderly cylindric,
1-1.7 cm. long, its lobes 3-4 mm. long; filaments commonly
papillate or granulose, slender; enlarged terminal joint of fruiting
pedicel cupshaped or campanulate, with the rim flaring, 0.7-1.5
mm. long, often as broad; seeds 2.7-3.5 mm. long.—Dry to moist,
sandy, loamy or rocky woods and thickets, Florida to Texas,
north to Connecticut, New York, southern Ontario, southern
Michigan, Illinois, Iowa and Nebraska.
. CANALICULATUM (Muhl.) Pursh. Rhizome 1.5-3 em. thick;
stem stout, 0.5-1.3 em. thick at lowest leaves, 0.6-2 m. high;
leaves more or less corrugated and with puckered margin (not
drying flat), mostly narrowed to broad clasping or sheathing sub-
petiolar bases, the larger ones with 110-220 nerves and 0.9-2.5
dm. long by 3.5-13 cm. broad, the smallest eager ones 58-
112-nerved; peduncles becoming 1.5-9 cm. long, 2—10-flowered,
the lowest commonly sey from the 4th or 5th (era-Si axl
perianth thick-cylindric, 1.7-2 cm. long, its lobes 5-6.5 m
ong; filaments broad, smooth or merely granulose; i
terminal joint of fruiting pedicel subcylindric to slenderly
campanulate (except at flaring summit), 1-3 mm. long, usually
longer than thick; seeds 3-4.5 mm. long.—Rich woods, alluvial
thickets, river-silts and other calcareous habitats, Connecticut
Valley of New Hampshire to southern Manitoba, south to
South Carolina, Tennessee, Missouri and Oklahom
Many reputed species and varieties have been eet based
upon shade of color, breadth of leaf, etc. These I am not here
discussing. That is for a monographer who has studied them
all. So far as I have seen they do not affect the fundamental
specific characters of the species long ago defined. In fact, I
have recently been challenged to point out any real characters
distinguishing P. canaliculatum from P. biflorum. The above
is my answer. What better characters could be found in the
Liliaceae?
12 Rhodora [JANUARY
The position of the lowest peduncle, a splendid character
pointed out by Deam, is certainly significant. I have noted its
position in all specimens in the Gray Herbarium and that of the
New England Botanical Club. The results follow.
P. pusescens: of 365 plants 100 (27+ per cent.) have the lowest
peduncle from the 1st axil, 241 (66+ per cent.) from the 2nd, 20 from the
3rd and only 1 from the 4th.
P. BrrLorum: of 116 plants 3 have hee lowest peduncle from the Ist
axil, 12 (10 per cent.) Ree the 2nd, 6 ee per cent.) from the 38rd, 28
(244 per cent.) from the 4th, and 5 rae ‘
P. CANA uM: of 41 ee 4 (10 per cent.) have the lowest
bec Me from the 8rd axil, 17 (4 be per cent.) from the 4th, 13 (31+ De
A biologically ae ae because Dee from elong-
ate leafy axillary branches, of Polygonatum biflorum is
P. BIFLORUM, forma ramosum (McGivney), comb. nov.
commutatum, forma ramosum McGivney in Am. Midl. Nat. ix.
664, fig. (1925).
Tur INDIGENOUS ALLEGHENIAN CoNVALLARIA.—The native
Lily-of-the-Valley, occurring in acid rocky or sandy woods,
summits and upper ravines of the mountains from Virginia and
eastern West Virginia to northern Georgia and eastern Tennessee,
is much larger than the European Convallaria majalis L., the
plant so generally cultivated and naturalized near settlements;
and, as Professor Massey writes me, no one knowing its stations
high on the mountains would think of calling it “of the Valley.”
In the European species the scape is elongate, so that the flowers
are borne opposite the middle or upper halves of the leaves; the
leafy axis (to the base of the upper leaf) is, except in highly
cultivated plants, 5-12 em. high, with the larger leaves 1-2 dm.
long and 3-7.5 cm. broad, their veins and cross-partitions, as
seen by transmitted light, relatively faint and pale; the longer
bracts of the raceme are lanceolate, 4-10 mm. long, and much
shorter than the pedicels; and the seeds are nearly globose. In
the native eastern American species the scape and raceme are
shorter than the leafy axis or barely reaching the lower half of
the lowest leaf; the leafy axis is 1.5-2 dm. high, with the larger
clear green (not glaucescent) leaves 1.5-3 dm. long and 4-12 cm.
broad, strongly nerved, the dark nerves and cross-partitions
sharply visible by transmitted light; the longest bracts of the
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 13
raceme are almost linear, 0.8—2 cm. long and nearly equaling to
much exceeding the pedicels; and the seeds are compressed,
either oblate or somewhat lenticular.
In recent years the Alleghenian native has been known as
Convallaria majuscula Greene in Fedde, Rep. Nov. Spec. v. 46
(1908). Greene proposed two species, C. globosa, 1. c., a plant
cultivated by the late Robert Ridgway who received it from a
dealer as found in the mountains of North Carolina, and C.
majuscula, ‘‘occasionally collected in the higher mountains of
Virginia, from the Peaks of Otter northward; also in those of
southeastern Pennsylvania. .. . it re totally from
that [C. majalis] in its very large light-green leaves without
trace of bloom, with excessively fibrous anatomy, insomuch that
the surface of the leaf when growing looks to be plicate rather
than plane and even. Both these American species
when compared with C. bee dh flower much later, their folinge
perishing at the end of summer.’”’ There are no evident specific
characters separating the cultivated C. globosa and the indigenous
plant of western Virginia, therefore the name C. majuscula has
come into use.
There is, however, a cence sealable name for the native
plant, which was well described 68 years before Greene’s publica-
tion. This is Convallaria montana Raf. Aut. Bot. 66 (1840).
Rafinesque’s account, quite as good as Greene’s, was as follows:
486, Conval, montana Raf. (pseudlo-majalis Bartr. in Rees cycl. Am. ed.)
fol. binis sessilib. ovatobl. me scapo angul. fol. subeq. racemo 10-12
floris, bract. lanc. ad ped. fl. secundis—Unaka and Cherokis Mts.
large’ plant, leaves 6 to 8 ciebee long, ats fl. mn of C. majalis. Bartram
says the berries are blue and ovate. C. majalis has leaves petiolate
elliptic acute at both ends, raceme of 7-8 fl. feast shall length of pedicels.
Rafinesque had, also, a Convallaria parviflora, 1. c. with ‘“‘seapo
filif. fol. brevior.” ete., from ‘Appalachian and Wasioto Mts.”
Whether this was small-flowered C. montana or the introduced
plant I do not feel certain, but the identity of C. montana and
C. majuscula can hardly be questioned.
From Rafinesque’s reference to Bartram it would appear that
the latter had still earlier given the correct name to our native
Convallaria. In Rees Cycl. Am. ed. x. (1810 or later), after the
original British treatment there occurs the following unsigned
and bracketed note:
14 Rhodora [JANUARY
[To these we will add, from Bartram, C’. pseudo-majalis, mountain lilly
of the valley. This charmin ing plant is indigenous to the mountainous
parts of the. United States of America, particularly the country of the
Cherokees, in the rich glades or shady vallies in their mountains, and in
the like situations in Pennsylvania. It differs but little from C. majalis of
pot only is larger every way, and the fruit blue and more oblong to
te
Here, of course, was where Rafinesque got his quotation from
Bartram about the blue berries. In his Travels (1791) Bartram
repeatedly noted Convallaria majalis from the upper slopes of the
Cherokee country but I have been unable to find him giving in
print a new name or noting the “blue” berries. Since C.
montana (or C. majuscula) has, as I am assured by Professor
Massey and others who are familiar with it in the wild, RED
berries we can hardly accept C. pseudo-majalis as properly
diagnosed. Bartram could quite as well have had Polygonatum!
The synonymy of our native species is as follows:
CONVALLARIA MONTANA Raf. Aut. Bot. 66 (1840), excluding
the synonym C. pseudo-majalis Bartr. ex Rees Cycl. Am
(1810 or later) as too doubtful on account of the blue aie
°C. parviflora Raf. 1. c. (1840). C. globosa Greene in Fedde, Rep.
Brae Spec. v. 46 (1908). C. majuscula Greene, 1. c. (1 908);
Fernald in RHopora, xxx. 184, Hen poses (1928) and xxxix. 347,
foot-note (1937).
TRILLIUM CATESBAEI AND T. NERVOSUM Ell. (PLATES 810 and
811).—Elliott, Sk. i. 429 (1817), described two new species,
Trillium Catesbaei and T. nervosum. The first, which he took to
be the same as the plant illustrated by Catesby, Nat. Hist.
Carol. ete., i. t. 45, as Solanum triphyllon; flore hexapetalo,
carneo (our PLATE 811, ric. 1) was described as follows
: CaTESBAEI. E.
GOP ge recurvato; petalis Peduncle recurved; petals lance-
lan tis, calyce majoribus; foliis | olate, larger than the calyx;
obovatis ovalibusque, acuminatis, leaves obovate and oval, acuminate,
basi attenuatis. E.
Catesby, Carol. p. 45, t. 45.
T. cernuum, Miche. 1. p. 216?
Leaves 4-6 inches long, rather obovate, 3 inches wide, gre to the
base and not abruptly acuminate at the summit. lanceolate,
expanding, undulate, rose coloured. Leaves of the calyx Cae narrow.
[Then a paragraph of more or less pertinent observation, with the con-
a ea his plant, coming from the same region as Catesby’s, must be
i
Pendelton county, South-Carolina; Mesrs. Baker & Perry.
a ee ae ae Fete he eas i eo ee ee
sees iad
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 15
The second of these new species (our PLATE 810, FIG. 2) was
9. NERVOSUM. ,
T. pedunculo recurvato; petalis Peduncle recurved; petals oblong
oblongo-lanceolatis, calyce majori- | lanceolate, larger than the calyx;
bus; foliis lanceolatis ovatisque, | leaves lanceolate and ovate, acute
utrinque acutis, membranaceis, | at each end, membranaceous,
nervosis. E. nerved.
Plant 6-8 inches high. Leaves generally narrower than those of the 7.
sessile, most commonly lanceolate, membranaceous, somewhat 3 nerved.
Peduncles about an inch long. Petals rose coloured.
Grows in the upper and middle country of Georgia and Carolina.
Athens; Mr. Green. The T. cernuum of Walter probably belongs to this:
species.
Now, if anything is clear, it is that the plants which Elliott
was describing differed strikingly as follows: 7. Catesbaei with
“rather obovate’ leaves 3 inches broad, 7. nervosum with them
lanceolate and ovate (‘‘most commonly lanceolate’’) tapering
at both ends. ;
Most fortunately, Elliott’s Herbarium, which, in the past
suffered serious destruction by insects, mould and the removal
of specimens, still contains these two types in good condition.
They were photographed in October, 1941, by Mr. and Mrs.
Weatherby, their photographs (our PLATE 810) now in the Gray
Herbarium. Although it is, as said, most fortunate that the
types exist and closely agree with Elliott’s descriptions, it is
most unfortunate that Elliott identified his plant with obovate-
oval broad leaves with Catesby’s plate and, consequently, called
this species 7’. Catesbaeit. The type of 7. Catesbaez has elongate,
curving stigmas sessile at the summit of the ovary, while its
petals are pretty broad to be called lanceolate. The type of the
narrow- and tapering-leaved T'. nervosum has a definite style
capping the ovary (PLATE 810, ric. 2). In other words, the type
of 7. nervosum is identifiable with 7. stylosum Nutt. Now, if
Catesby’s plate be examined it will be seen (our PLATE 811) that
the leaves are those of 7. nervosum and that, in the Catesby
drawing of the fruit (our ria. 2) there is a definite style. Elliott
evidently ‘got the wires crossed” and identified the Catesby
plate with the wrong plant; and Rendle, Journ. Bot. xxxix. 333
(1901), said “In the absence of the specimens which Elliott had
before him, Catesby’s figure (which he cites) is the only authority
for this species.”’ ‘He, therefore, . took up T. Catesbaei for the
16 Rhodora [JANUARY
narrow-leaved plant with definite style as impressionistically
shown in Catesby’s plate (impressionistically, because Catesby
had the sepals beautifully roseate and petaloid, just like the
petals!) and a plant of the Carolina mountains with broadly
rhombic leaves he described and illustrated as T. Rugelit Rendle
in Journ. Bot. xxxix. 381, t. 426 B (1901). Rendle’s illustration
shows broadly rhombic leaves 11.5 cm. wide; material from the
same general region, Highlands, North Carolina, April, 1903,
Harbison, has them less broadly tapering at base, tending to
obovate and 6-9.5 cm. broad; Harper’s no. 1891 from Randolph
County, Georgia, generally identified with 7. Rugeliz, has them
in outline nearly as in the type of 7. Catesbaez and 9-12 cm.
broad; and Harper’s no. 3492 from Tuscaloosa County, Alabama,
has them definitely rhombic-obovate and 7.5 em. broad; while
the type of 7. Catesbaez has them 9-10 cm. broad. All these, as
I understand the plants, show the usual range of variation in the
leaves and are all T. Carresparr Ell. (1817). They are also T.
Rugelii Rendle (1901), for, since ‘‘the absence of the specimens
which Elliott had before him”’ is now rectified by looking in
Elliott’s Herbarium at Charleston, not in the British Museum,
the identity of 7’. Catesbaei has become clarified.
Early Carolina botanists clearly recognized that T. nervosum
Ell. (1817) was the same as T. stylosum Nutt. (1818) and many
sheets from M. A. Curtis had both names (often bracketed) on
their labels. They were right. The error occurred when T.
nervosum was dropped (as by Small) and 7’. Catesbaez (following
the gratuitous assumption of Rendle) was wrongly used in the
sense of TJ’. stylosum.
In PLATE agai jo ~ ve bey TYPE of TRILLIUM CaTESBAE!I Elliott, 1, after
bil: rg. 2, the we ae F. Weatherby. Fics. 2 and 3, T. NERYOSUM
FIG. 2, rd dle ih x 4, after a photograph by C. A. and Una
Wenn: ; Fic. 3, detail of flower in central specimen of fig. 2, to show style,
gee 811, rics. 1 and 2, portions of Catesby’s plate of Solanum triphyllon;
flore hexape etalo, carneo, Nat. Hist. Carol. i. t. 45: FIG. 1, flowering summit, X< 1;
FIG. 2, fruit, showing style, X11. Fia. 3, leaf, x 1, of TYPE of SMILAX Bona-
Nox L., var. EXAURICULATA Fernald.
TRILLIUM FLExIPES Raf. Aut. Bot. 133 (1840). 7. erectum,
var. declinatum Gray, Man. ed. 5: 523 (1867). T. declinatum
(Gray) Gleason in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxiii. 389 (1906), not
Raf. Aut. Bot. 135 (1840). 7. Gleasoni Fernald in Ruopora,
xxxiv. 21 (1932).
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 47
Hatiperdne s description of Trillium flexipes was unusually
good, for him
968, Tril. A [i. e. his subgenus Anthopium, with peduncled flowers and
sessile stigmas] fleripes Raf. caule sulcato, fol. sessil. obovatis acuminatis
undul. 3nervis, pedunc. equante inc ato flexuoso, calix lanceol. acum.
petalis albis eq. obl. acut. undul.—West Kentucky ret Tennessee, rare,
pedal, leaves 3 inches long, 2 broad, flowers middle siz
The inclined peduncle about equaling (in early anthesis) the
sessile, acuminate, obovate leaves, the acuminate, lanceolate
sepals and the equal, oblong white petals are all good characters
of Trillium Gleasoni. That it occurs in western Kentucky there
can be no question. Witness Shacklette, no. 378 from Union
County, Kentucky. Wiegand & Eames, in their study of the
group, cited it from Tennessee in Ruopora, xxv. 190 (1923) as
did Small (Man.); and it occurs in eastern Missouri. There is no
reasonable doubt about 7. fleripes. The form with maroon or
purple petals is
Forma Walpolei (Farw.), comb. nov. 7. cernuum, var. de-
clinatum, forma Walpolei Farw. in Rey. Mich. Acad. Sci. xxi.
363 (1920).
T. pecLINATUM Raf. |. c. 135 (1840) and T. BALDUINIANUM
Raf. 1. c. 185 (1840) are probably both forms of T. NeRVosum EII.
T. LANCIFOLIUM Raf. |. ¢. 132 (1840) can hardly be anything
but 7. recurvatum, var.(?) lanceolatum (Boykin) S. Wats. in
Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 273 (1879), based upon T. LANCEOLATUM
Boykin in herb. in Wats. 1. c. 274 (1879). Watson treated T’.
lanceolatum as a doubtful variety of the northern and wide-
ranging 7. recurvatum Beck, but, as Small, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl.
xxiv. 171 and 174 (1897), showed, the two are well distinguished
species. Small (Man.) gives the range of 7. lanceolatum as
“W. Fla. to La., Tenn. and Ga.” and in Ruopora, xlv. plate 773,
fig. 3 (1943), I showed, life-size, the summit of a characteristic
plant, X 1, from northwestern Florida, the original specimen 11
inches high. If Rafinesque’s description be compared with this
figure the identity of 7. lanceolatum Boykin (1879) and T. lanci-
folium Raf. (1840) will be apparent:
962, Tril. S. [subgenus Sessilium] lancifolium Raf. caule elato, fol. sess
neeol. acutis trinervis patulis planis sepe maculatis, calicib. patulis vel
reflexis, petalis erectis longior rubris unguic. lanceol. —Florida to Alabama
and Apalachian Mts. stem often pedal leaves 3 inches, flowers uncial.
18 Rhodora [JANUARY
As to “flowers uncial.’’, the petals vary from 1.5-4.5 cm. long,
the lower measurement being less than “uncial.
We do not know true Trillium lancifolium (T. lanceolatum) in
the Gray’s Manual area, although Rendle, Journ. Bot. xxxix. 327
(1901), referred to “Specimens which I have seen from Kentucky
(Short). The specimens which are in American herbaria, ac-
companied by Short’s label with the print, “C. W. SHORT,
M.D. KENTUCKY, 1840” fortunately bear, in his hand, the
written memorandum, ‘‘From Dr. Boykin, Sha ”. In other
words, they are isotypes of Boykin’s species.
T. cungeatum Raf. Aut. Bot. 133 (1840). 7. Hugeri Small,
Fl. Se. U. S. 277 and 1328 (1903).
Trillium cuneatum was thus described:
964, Tril. S. [subgenus Sessilium] cwneatum Raf. caule elato, fol. ses-
silib. ovatobl. acutis trinervis planis seman calicib. = ag obl. petalis
cuneatis duplo longior acutis purpura: ns.—Unaka Mts. of Cherokis,
pedal leaves 3 at flowers large akin't to i tlioas of Tr. maculatum, but
leaves very differe
It is most difficult to believe that Rafinesque’s plant from the
Cherokee country, with ovate-oblong acute green leaves, oblong
sepals and cuneate purplish petals twice as long as the sepals is
not the characteristic large-flowered 7. Hugeri (type from
Tryon Mt., North Carolina), which abounds in the Appalachian
region from northwestern Florida and Alabama northward to
North Carolina and Kentucky. Rafinesque compared it with
his earlier published 7. maculatum, ‘of the coastal plain and
piedmont regions from the Carolinas to Alabama and Missis-
sippi’”’, with, further, to quote Dr. W. A. Anderson in RHopora,
XXXV1. 122, 123 (1934), “leaves . . . lance-ovate, .
strongly sngttled. mottling tending to form longitudinal he.
sepals 2.5-5 cm. long. . . , lanceolate, acute; petals 3.5-6
em. long”. Anderson, identifying T. macuLtatum Raf. (1830)
with T. Underwoodii Small (1897), said “Among the numerous
species of Trillium described by Rafinesque, this one is unmis-
takable’’.
By Small (Man.) his Coastal Plain Trillium Underwoodii (T.
maculatum Raf.) is, in the key, separated from his montane T.
Hugeri (T. cuneatum Raf.) by its narrower leaves (“‘bracts’’), in
the former “much longer than wide, often twice as long”, in the
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 19
latter ‘‘nearly or quite as wide as long’. From the type-locality
and the description 7. cuneatum well matches the more oblong-
ovate-leaved extreme of the Appalachian 7. Hugeri, originally
described by Small with “blades . . . bright green [Raf.
said ‘concolor’] . . . , sepals oblong to oblong-lanceolate
[Raf. said ‘obl.’], . . . petals oblong-lanceolate to spatulate,
purple, somewhat longer than the sepals [Raf. said ‘cuneatis
duplo longior . . . purpurascens’].”’
Rafinesque had no less than 34 so-called species and 67 so-
called varieties! of Trillium. A few species, as noted above,
were described with sufficient clarity to be recognizable. In
these cases his names, when having priority, are automatically
taken up. T. flexipes Raf. thus displaces T. Gleasoni Fernald, T.
lancifolium Raf. throws out T. lanceolatum (Boykin) 8. Watson,
T. cuneatum Raf. antedates T. Hugeri Small, and T. maculatum
Raf. replaces 7. Underwoodii Small. Most of the others are too
vague for recognition, others are definite renamings of already
properly published species, often with mere undefined varietal
names: for instance, 7. rotundifolium Raf., with a brief descrip-
tion which is applicable to 7. erectum L., and “Var. 1. Flexicaule.
2. Rubricaule. 3. Maculatum. 4. Orbiculatum. 5. Pallidum. 6.
Undulatum.’”’ These six varietal names are, of course, nomina
nuda and have no status; their publication does not indicate a
sound mentality or genius as a phytographer. Nevertheless,
although (his p. xxi) acknowledging what any clear thinker
quickly sees, that ‘ Rafinesque’s genius is debatable in the
extreme’’, that “unbalanced . . he may have been” (his
p. 166) and (his p. 263) that ae Dr. Faustus, dangerously
experimenting, tempting the rack or devil-ridden madness,
would certainly correspond in a crude way to Rafinesque’’, one
of the few monographers of Trillium, Mr. Donald Culross Peattie,
becomes ebullient over this erratic and “unbalanced” man,
whom, nevertheless, he considers “one of the most prodigious
and prophetic scientists of the century 1750 to 1850” (his p
261)—the century, to mention a few botanists only, of Haller,
Linnaeus, Lamarck, Humboldt, Robert Brown, DeCandolle,
Darwin, young Gray and his friend, young Joseph Hooker, and
1 Dr. Merrill Ce hy weenie a with 67 varieties in
Trillium, set a score not achieved by the much advertised H 's 57 varieties”’.
20 Rhodora [JANUARY
countless others for whom no one has the “‘nerve”’ to apologize
and who were respected by every one for sanity, clarity and sound
scholarship. Peattie, over-enthusiasite about the “prophetic”
nature of Rafinesque’s unbalanced work, wrote (Green Laurels,
p. 266): ‘If the rules of priority were strictly and justly applied,
Rafinesque would be found to have antedated a large part of the
work . . . in botany of Gray and DeCandolle”’. Whew!
Rafinesque himself might well have written such a sentence; his
introverted brain (likewise that of Marcus Jones) frequently
brought forth just such statements.
But, returning to Trilliwm. One of the few monographic
studies of Trillium is that of Peattie, Trillium in North and South
Carolina, in Journ. Elisha Mitchell Soc. xlii. 192-206 (1927) and,
as an outgrowth of this, the treatment of the genus in Small’s
Manual (1933). In the former treatment we read (p. 193):
“Following Asa Gray, who eschewed anything from Rafinesque’s
pen, Sereno Watson! . . . reduced to synonymy or varietal
rank the greater part of Rafinesque’s . . . names of Tril-
lium. It was not until Small showed the limited nature of T.
sesstle L. and set off 7. Underwoodii and later T. Hugeri that our
knowledge of the genus drifted out of the doldrums into which
workers like Watson [whose great genius and just fame need no
defense], with almost no field knowledge, had put us”. In view
of Peattie’s evaluation of the work of Rafinesque it is, conse-
quently, amazing that he so consistently ignored his 34 species
and 67 varieties of Trillium, many of them described from the
Carolinas or other Southern States, and that he failed to weleome
the opportunity to displace T. Hugeri and T. Underwoodii of
Small by Rafinesque’s names of 1840 and 1830 respectively.
1 Peattie seems to overlook the patent fact that both Asa Gray and his friend
Alphonse DeCandolle (dim lights, one gathers, as compared with his hero) regularly
took up Rafinesque’s genera and species when they were definite and had priority:
Peltandra Raf., including P. undulata and P. alba Raf. ate Raf., with the species
. borealis Raf, ; Hesalecris Raf., with the species H. aphylla Raf.; Adlumia Raf., with
the species A. rrhosa Raf.; and so on with scores pipet genera. This was far from
wing’ his work, When sound. It was not the fault of either DeCandolle or Gray
that the great majority of Rafinesque’s genera and bed
or were sO vague as to be undecipherable. Neither is it ono the ‘‘prejudice”’
imagined by Peattie that earlier specific names have been taken up in Rafinesque’s
genera Peltandra, Hezalectris, Adlumia, Cladrastis, Nemopanthus, esochins. etc., nor
that later monographers have discarded his genera Didiplis, Steironema, Ilysanthes,
founded statements have no place in real science; they belong in fi
|
?
]
.
4
F
:
e
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 21
If anyone has ‘‘eschewed anything from Rafinesque’’ it is the
author of a recent monograph who has ignored all but 4 (scarcely
4 per cent) of Rafinesque’s published names in the genus—these
all reduced by the admirer of that “‘prophet’’ to synonymy.
(To be continued)
32 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
OVERLOOKED SPECIES, TRANSFERS AND
NOVELTIES IN THE FLORA OF
EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
M. L. FERNALD
(Continued from page 21)
Smitax Pseupo-Cuina L. Sp. Pl. 1031 eae S. tamntfolia
Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 238 (1803). Puat
Smilax Pseudo-China, named from eis e the Asiatic
Smilax China L., the China radix of Bauhin, was included, along
with S. lanceolata L., by Linnaeus in a section of the genus with
unarmed terete stems. The treatment was as follows:
*Caule inermi tereti
13. SMILAX caule i inermi tereti, foliis inermibus: “ caulinis Jame Chi-
poatbebe —- [corrected to rameis in ed. 2]
ova
Smilax fraiapelated Simlax] caule tereti inermi, foliis inermibus: caulinis
cordatis, ramorum genet ie pedunculis longissimis. Gron. virg. 193.
Smilax caule tereti in foliis cordato-ovatis acutis rate,
petiolis bidentatis. "Hort. “Cl lif. 495. Gron. virg. 120.
virginiana, spinis innocuis armata, latis canellae foliis, radice
0. f.6
Habitat in Vina Jasna
It is at once evident that, as usual, Linnaeus had no clear
understanding of American species and that his citations covered
different species. The phrase ‘‘Caule inermi’” of his major
grouping of the primary diagnosis (of the plant he had actually
before him in his own herbarium), of the quotations from Gro-
novius and from Linnaeus’ Hortus Cliffortianus at once contrast
with “‘spinis . . . armata’’ of the Plukenet reference and
“Smilax aspera” of Sloane. Singularly enough, Alphonse De
Candolle in his Smilacées in DC. Mon. Phan. i. 82 (1878),
although saying ‘‘Linn. Sp. p. 1461 [ed. 2], excl. syn. post
Gronov.”’, placed it, along with S. rotundifolia, S. glauca, etc. in
the group with ‘Folia persistentia vel subpersistentia’’ and
described it ‘‘aculeis in caule crebris; . . . limbis margine
setaceo-ciliatis”. In other words the S. Pseudo-China, sensu A.
DC. (and many followers), not L., is S. Bona-nox L., which was
Ses er 3 suai is ere teen reo! ren Speen ia " , “ Er:
SER Fe ce ee Pe rag ey ae ere ae = EO TT TT eS eet Renee Ne! ROR Ree ese al ala
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 33
originally described ‘‘foliis ciliato-aculeatis.”” It, therefore,
becomes necessary to determine what Linnaeus actually had in
his own herbarium prior to 1753. Fortunately there is a char-
acteristic sheet of foliage marked by Linnaeus ‘‘K. Pseudo-
China’. This, undoubtedly collected by Kalm (“K’’) in New
Jersey or Delaware, is characteristic S. tamnifolia Michx. FI.
Bor.-Am. ii. 238 (1803). <A portion of the Linnean TyPE is re-
produced as our Fic. 2. The first Gronovian reference given by
Linnaeus is supported by a fruiting branch in the herbarium of
Gronovius at the British Museum, badly crumpled and unsightly,
also by a very beautiful flowering plant (our Fig. 1). These are
likewise S. tamnifolia with very long peduncles. The third
reference, to Hortus Cliffortianus, carries back to the Plukenet
figure cited by Linnaeus, which is of some woody species, pre-
sumably S. Walteri Pursh, since its foliage will do for that species
and, in the place cited, Pluketet identified it with Virginian
specimens with ip oe coccineis’; and the second Linnean
reference to Gronovius is supported by a characteristic lateral
sprig of flowering S. rotundifolia! The Smilax aspera of Sloane
need not specially concern us, since it is so clear that the primary
material, the plant which Linnaeus had in his own herbarium and
the two Clayton (Gronovian) specimens with smooth stems are
so definitely the true type and syntypes of S. Pseudo-China.
The beautiful photograph sent from Paris of the type of S.
tamnifolia Michx. is unequivocal. It is, consequently, worth
noting that Michaux thought it might be the S. caule terett,
folits inermibus: caulinis cordatis, ramorum lanceolatis, pedunculis
longissimis of Gronovius (our FIG. 1). The point which Michaux
did not note is, that this was the best syntype of S. Pseudo-
China L. (1753).
Further showing the utter confusion of Linnaeus in interpreting
North American species of Smilaz is the fact that, although he
described in his section with Caule aculeato, tereti a new species as
S. tamnoides L. Sp. Pl. 1030 (1753), the specimen in his own
herbarium marked S. tamnoides is an unusually good piece of
unarmed, herbaceous-stemmed S. Pseudo-China (S. tamnifolia
Michx.) while the Catesby plate, from which the characters
were obviously drawn, is of a prickly-stemmed, evergreen,
high-climbing and broad- and eciliate-leaved extreme of an-
34 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
other species! In fact, the specimen preserved by Linnaeus as
representing his S. tamnoides not only has the unarmed stem,
the slightly panduriform leaves, the long peduncles and loosely
globose inflorescence of S. Pseudo-China (S. tamnifolia Michx.).
One of its inflorescences even shows with diagrammatic sharp-
ness the elongate-clavate styles of that species.
In my conclusion that the plants selected are the real types of
Smilax Pseudo-China I am quite in agreement with Dr. Pennell
who, in 1916, wrote:
Smilax Pseudo China L. l. c. 1031. 1753. “Habitat in Virginia,
ica.”” Species clearly aggregate, represented in the Linnean
herbarium by Se age ens written up by Linnaeus as follows, according
to a letter of B. D. Jackson: “three sheets pinned together; the first
is ‘II K Pseudo China’, it is a barren branch, the leaves leathery; the
second sheet is written’ up ‘II’ and seems quite the same plant as the
former, but has one berry, the third sheet is of a West Indian species,
coll. by Patrick Browne in Jamaica, probably S. celastroides.” From
the wording of the Linnaean description none of these can be con
sidered the type of S. Pseudo China, but this would be rather a a
specimen of Gronovius, also studied by Linnaeus, now in the Grono-
vian herbarium in the British Museum. The description of Linnaeus
is word for word from Gronovius, except for the addition of the
phase “racemis ovato-oblongis,” inappropriate for any Smilax what-
ever. ‘Smilax caule tereti i inermi: fo =e ermibus, caulinis cordatis,
ramorum lanceolatis unculis longissimis,’ > Gron novius, Fl. Virg.
156. 1742, citing Plavion’s Nos. B41 561 and 630, is represented in
the herbarium by Nos. 561 and 630 (for No: 541 see above note under
S. herbacea). These two numbers are identified by Dr. A. B. Rendle
as both the same as No. 541, that is, as seemed Smilax herbacea L.
For the verification of these two Linnae types I am indebted to
Dr. B. Dayden Jackson, of the Taianean| Saeiaty of London, bs
Dr. gah dle, of the British Museum.—Pennell in Bull. T
Bot. Cl. xiii. 413, ‘414 (1916).
Unfortunately, Pennell did not himself see the specimens dis-
cussed; had he done so he certainly would not have reduced
Smilax Pseudo-China, correctly typified by him, to S. herbacea
L. He depended upon identifications by the late Drs. B. Daydon
Jackson and A. B. Rendle, neither of whom clearly understood
the species involved. The plant generally passing as S. herbacea
rarely if ever has any tendency to panduriform leaves. Its
leaves, varying from oblong-ovate to cordate-subrotund, are
glaucous and glabrous beneath, the flowers much larger than in
S. Pseudo-China, with the styles rather broadly lingulate, the
berries glaucous. Whether the type of S. herbacea, from Vir-
Ie ee 6 Ce 6) CO Eee! 86 «oe ee
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 35
ginia (Clayton), is of this species (S. pedunculata Muhl.) or S.
pulverulenta Michx. can be determined only by actual (future)
examination of the material. The two photographs of the
specimens (one sheet in Herb. L., the other in the Gronovian
Herbarium) are of identical plants. The foliage is young, but it
looks green and lustrous beneath, as in S. pulverulenta Michx.
Until the specimens can be actually studied we may retain the
names S. herbacea and S. pulverulenta as currently used.
Although Pennell, 1. c. 414, placed Smilax inermis Walt. FI.
Carol. 244 (1788), as well as S. Pseudo-China, in the synonymy
of S. herbacea, rather than place them with S. tamnifolia, it now
seems clear that Walter’s species was identical with S. Pseudo-
China. Pennell said “‘Type, presumably from Berkeley County,
South Carolina, not verified”. Walter’s diagnosis was perfectly
good for S. Pseudo-China; Berkeley County is on the outer
Coastal Plain and it is notable that Pennell’s only stations, in his
early paper, for S. herbacea from Virginia (south of Fairfax Coun-
ty) North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia were all from
along the Blue Ridge or the Alleghenies, while he specially
designated the area of S. tamnifolia as “Coastal Plain; Long
Island to South Carolina’. In the Gray Herbarium, as in those
studied by Pennell, there is no so-called S. herbacea from the
Coastal Plain from south of Virginia. Walter’s S. inermis,
“presumably from Berkeley County, South Carolina’, had the
weak (“infirmo”) stem only 3 feet high (‘“tripedali”). The
southernmost specimens in the Gray Herbarium of S. Pseudo-
China are three from Berkeley County, South Carolina (Santee
Canal, Ravenel; west of Chicora, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 868;
Moncks Corners, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1411), one from Charles-
ton County, South Carolina (north-northwest of McClellanville,
Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1112) and one from eastern Georgia
(Savannah, Mrs. Say). Incidentally there are in the Gray
Herbarium no specimens (not even from Wilmington) from
North Carolina and Pennell saw none from that state. Is it
really absent from or rare in the broad area between southern
South Carolina and southeastern Virginia? This gap is frequent
in the known ranges of many species.
NEMEXIS ELLIPTICA Raf. Aut. Bot. 131 (1840) with stem “6 to
12 inches high, leaves uncial’, the stem with quadrate, elliptic
36 Rhodora 3 [FEBRUARY
leaves acute at each end, from: Alabama, might have been
Smilax Hugeri (Small) J. B. Norton in Pennell in Bull. Torr.
Bot. Cl. xliii. 420 (1915), based upon Nemexia Hugert Small
(1903). Since the combination Smilax elliptica already exists
for other species Rafinesque’s Nemezzs elliptica need not disturb
us, but by those who maintain Nemexia as a genus it must be
considered.
Another and quite clear synonym of Smilax Hugeri is S.
herbacea sensu Walt. Fl. Carol. 243 (1788), not L. His “‘caule
annuo inerme stricto suberecto 2—5 pedali, simplici, foliis verticil-
latis ovatis . . . cirrhis obsoletis’’, etc. are unequivocal for
a plant which is well known from southern and southeastern
South Carolina and from Georgia.
Smitax Bona-nox L., var. exauriculata, var. nov. (TAB. 811,
FIG. 3), foliis oblongo-lanceolatis subacuminatis basi cordatis nec
panduriformibus, sgt fk setoso-ciliatis—VireiInta: Norfolk,
eed? Sa in Herb. pe 8
NA-NOX, Var. eodsvciilia (Beyrich), oe nov. S.
hedsraefolse Beyrich ex Kunth, Enum. v. “ae (1850). S. Bona
oo hederaefolia (Beyrich) A. DC. in DC. Mon. i. 77
As it extends northward into eastern Virginia (more locally
northward) Smilax Bona-nox is nearly as variable as farther
south. In this northeastern area of its broad dispersal it occurs
in three (perhaps four) quite definite variations. Typical S.
Bona-noz L. Sp. Pl. 1030 (1753) was, most exceptionally, not so
much confused as most of Linnaeus’s North American species.
Although he included a West Indian shrub of Bauhin, he gave
the “Habitat in Carolina” and the species rests primarily on
Smilax, foliis latis in margine spinosis, caroliniana, stipite
quadrato, Pluk. Alm. 348, t. 111, fig. 3; the Linnean diagnosis
drawn directly from Plukenet: ‘“SMILAX caule inermi [because
Plukenet had merely a sterile tip] angulato, foliis ciliato-aculea-
tis.” Typical S. Bona-noz, therefore, is the slender, straggling
and rarely climbing, freely branched shrub with deltoid-ovate
to slightly panduriform leaves usually mottled with white, the
rounded basal lobes short and tapering into the upper part of
the blade, the margins bristly-ciliate. Its northern limit seems
to be in Wicomico County, Maryland (J. J. Carter in Herb.
Phil. Acad.).
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 37
Linnaeus picked up another of Plukenet’s figures. This was
S. Bona-nozx @. of L. Sp. 1. c. “Smilax caroliniana, stipite quadrato
leni, foliis angustis asperis auriculatis ad basin angulosis. Pluk.
alm. 348, t. 111. f. 3.””. Somewhat later this was taken up as a
species: S. hastata Willd. Sp. iv?. 782 (1806), Willdenow empha-
sizing the point shown by Plukenet, that the very narrow leaves
are “margine ciliato-aculeatis”. This extreme with narrowly
lanceolate bristly-ciliate blades with narrow divergent basal
lobes occurs occasionally in the Carolinas and southward. The
Virginia material is slightly transitional but may be ealled S.
Bona-nox, var. hastata (Willd.) A. DC. in DC. Mon. i. 79 (1878).
The third variety with strongly bristly-ciliate leaves is the
very extreme plant described above as var. evauriculata. The
type material is an old sheet from Norfolk, collected probably by -
Reed who got in the neighborhood of Norfolk several species
otherwise and not recently known from Virginia. Var. exauricu-
lata is very extreme in having elongate oblong-lanceolate, taper-
ing, ciliate-margined leaves with nearly parallel sides and cordate
(not hastate or subhastate) bases. It piques the curiosity! The
Specimen was sent out as S. hastata, var. lanceolata Pursh. It
can hardly be that, however. Pursh gave no new description;
he was simply giving a name to the S. lanceolata Walt., perhaps
not L.: ‘‘caule angulato spinoso; foliis longis angustis lanceolatis
inermibus”. Var. exauriculata could not be described ‘“‘foliis
inermibus’”’. I am tentatively placing with it a sheet from dry
bank, Santee Canal, 5 miles west of Pineville, Berkeley County,
South Carolina, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 630 (distrib. as S. glauca).
Its leaves are chiefly oblong, rather than lanceolate.
The extreme of Smilax Bona-nox with “foliis inermibus”’ is a
coarse and usually high-climbing shrub with ovate, deltoid or
broadly panduriform leaves usually green above and with
eciliate or very weakly and casually ciliate leaves on the fertile
branches. Basal sprouts may have ciliate and mottled leaves
but the foliage of the adult branches is rarely so. This often
high-climbing vine has the leaves up to 8 (on sprouts to 12) cm.
broad and in good development is very different from typical S.
Bona-nox. It is var. hederaefolia, which rests on S. hederaefolia
“Beyrich ined.” ex Kunth (1850), treated by Alphonse
DeCandolle as S. Bona-noz, subsp. hederaefolia. Beyrich’s
38 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
original material was from shores of Savannah River, Georgia.
To this citation DeCandolle added “ Virginia (Rigel )
Var. hederaefolia is the commonest extreme of the species. In
southeastern Virginia it abounds on damp shores or in low woods,
the typical form of the species preferring open and drier habitats.
Var. hederaefolia reaches Delaware (A. Commons in Herb. Phil.
Acad.) and is isolated on Nantucket Island in southeastern
Massachusetts.
Smilax tamnoides L. Sp. Pl. 1030 (1753) was another species not
understood by its author. His species rested upon two items:
the first a specimen of the unarmed herbaceous plant which on
the next page he described as S. Pseudo-China, the plant which
has regularly passed as S. tamnifolia Michx. The second and
sure basis of S. tamnoides was the description and plate of
Smilax Bryoniae nigrae foliis, caule spinoso, baccis nigris of
Catesby, Carol. i. 52, t. 52. Linnaeus took his brief diagnosis
primarily from Catesby: ‘“SMILAX caule aculeato tereti’’ and
the species was placed by him in the section *Caule aculeato,
tereti. There can be no question that the type of S. tamnoides
was the Catesby plate.
Catesby’s description was vivid:
This plant shoots forth co many pliant thorny stems; which, when at
full bigness, are as big as a walking cane, and jointed; and rises to the
height usually of ey ok, climbing upon and spreading over the adja-
cent Trees and shrubs. In Autumn it produces clusters of black
— berries, hanging pendant to a foot-stalk, above three inches long,”
Cc.
The only possible competitor is S. Bona-noz, var. hederaefolia,
but that has square or at least 4-angled stems (Catesby’s shrub
terete), the leaves are strongly reticulate with prominent cross-
veins (Catesby’s not), and the fruiting peduncles are 1-3 cm.
long, merely ascending to divergent or rarely recurved (Catesby’s
shrub with pendulous fruiting peduncles 5-6 cm. Jong, with
pedicels much longer than in S. Bona-noxr). Catesby’s plate is
a beautiful match for the terete-stemmed plant, with relatively
thin though firm, and delicately veined often panduriform leaves,
elongate, arching and finally drooping peduncles (up to 6.5 cm.
long) and long pedicels, which occurs on the Coastal Plain from
Florida to southeastern Virginia (perhaps farther north). This
plant has been considered a variety of the wide-ranging, conti-
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 39
nental S. hispida, from which it differs in the development of
some or many panduriform leaves. It has been designated in
the Gray Herbarium by a critical student of the group as a
southeastern variety of S. hispida, with an unpublished name
indicative of its southern occurrence. In the Gray Herbarium
there is no material of S. tamnoides, var. hispida! (S. hispida),
the continental plant with leaves regularly ovate, from the
Coastal Plain south of Virginia, where it extends from the interior
down the calcareous valleys. All specimens from the Coastal
Plain of Florida, Georgia and South Carolina have some or all
of the leaves panduriform and are typical S. tamnoides. I have
seen no such material from North Carolina.
Pursh, treating Smilax tamnoides as herbaceous (meaning S.
tamnifolia Michx.) described as S. pandurata [he said us] Pursh,
Fl. Am. Sept. i. 251 (1814), a species in his **Caule fruticosa;
ramis teretibus. Pursh’s brief description could have applied
only to typical S. tamnoides:
14. S. aculeata; foliis ovato-panduraeformibus acumi- panduratus.
te ‘S-nervibus, pedunculo communi petiolo duplo
In sh wes New Jersey to Carolina. k. July.
v.v. Leaves smooth and shining on both sides.
Notre on SmMILAx LANCEOLATA.—S. lanceolata L. Sp. Pl. 1031
(1753) was published as follows, under *Caule inermi, tereti:
13. SMILAX caule inermi tereti, foliis inermibus lanceolatis.
Smilax, viticulis aspe s angustis laevibus
nullis : auriculis pret ic ee ae 349 i 110. f. 4? Raj
supp
Habitat in Virginia
Differt nostra a E Fiebaakand aculeorum absentia.
Linnaeus himself, according to the late Dr. B. Daydon Jack-
son, had no material and my efforts to secure a photograph of the
Hortus Cliffortianus and Gronovian plants have been unsuccess-
ful. The Plukenet figure, cited by Linnaeus in Hortus Clifforti-
anus without query, is available and it is significant that Linnaeus
stated that S. lanceolata differed from Plukenet’s figure in lacking
prickles. It should also be noted that S. lanceolata was from
'Smitax Tamnores L., var. hispida (Muhl.), stat. nov. S, hispida Muhl. ex Torr.
Fl. N. Y. ii, 302 (1843).
40 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
Virginia. During ten seasons in the field my companions and I
have sought, in vain, for the familiar rather thin-leaved plant
with 3 stigmas and dark red berries which regularly passes as
S. lanceolata. This species occurs in our extreme Southern
States, Florida to Texas, north into South Carolina and Arkansas.
I have seen no specimens of it from north of South Carolina.
Everywhere in southeastern Virginia the coriaceous-leaved,
evergreen S. laurifolia L. occurs, varying tremendously, with
leaves from elliptic-oblong to narrowly lanceolate, obtuse to
acuminate, the blades anywhere from 0.6-2 dm. long and 1-7.5
em. wide. But it is always S. laurifolia, with intermittent
tendrils, flowers expanding in autumn, black fruit ripening the
second year, stigma and seed 1, etc. In its narrowest-leaved
extreme, such as Fernald & Long, nos. 6778 and 13,919, its leaves
are narrowly lanceolate and very close to those of the Plukenet
figure. Of two sheets of one number retained at the Gray Her-
barium, one has the branches as fiercely prickly as in Plukenet’s
illustration, while the second has them prickleless, as described
by Linnaeus. Furthermore, the Plukenet figure is quickly
matched by vigorous, prickly, narrow-leaved vegetative sprouts.
It is most difficult for one who knows southeastern Virginia to
believe that the plant inadequately described by Linnaeus as S.
lanceolata was anything but the narrowest-leaved S. laurifolia,
the type of which, as shown by the photograph before me, was
the broad-leaved phase of the species.
Of great importance in interpreting the confused ideas of
Linnaeus is the fact, that in Species Plantarum, after citing the
reference to his brief account in Hortus Cliffortianus (which was
based wholly or in part on the Plukenet figure) he appended
“Gron. virg. 120.” Now, if one looks in Gronovius he will find
Smilax treated on pp. 120 and 193. On p. 120 two species have
completed treatments, the third treatment was unfinished (as
printed) and as an erratum was given on p. 193, “Ibidem linea
penultima lege.”’ The first species on p. 120 had cordate-ovate
leaves and was cited by Linnaeus under his S. Pseudo-China.
Gronovius included under it “Smilax humilior, floribus dilute
luteis, baccis rubris. Clayt. n. 82’, which is, of course, S.
Walteri Ell. (photograph of the Clayton plant before me). The
second species in Gronovius, on p. 120, had “caule angulato
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 41
aculeato, foliis dilatato-cordatis’ and included “Smilax late
scandens Bryoniae nigrae foliis, caule spinoso . .' . baccis
atro-purpureis. Clayt. n. 81”; i. e., with angulate stems, leaves
of Bryony and purple-black barred: it was one of the variations
of S. Bona-nox L., surely not the red-berried so-called “SS.
lanceolata”. The third species, revised on p. 193, with the
admonition to substitute for the account on p. 120, was
SMILAX caule spinoso tereti: folits ovato-oblongis, trinervits, inermibus.
Smilax laevis Lauri folio, baccis nigris. Catesb. Hist. Carol. Vol. oT: WS.
Smilax sempervirens Lauri folio crasso: floribus parvis herbaceis;
caule spinis rigidissimis armato; baccis nigricantibus. Clayt. n. 617.
Smilax laevis Lauri folio of Catesby was the best kind of S.
laurifolia L.; in fact it was cited by Linnaeus in publishing that
species. So too was the Smilax caule spinoso tereti (with his
own changes to “‘caule aculeato tereti’’, etc.) of Gronovius, p. 193.
These, in fact, were the only bases of S. laurifolia L. (1753).
Surely, there is not much left to stand for S. lanceolata L. as a
distinct species! One sometimes doubts the wisdom of starting
our nomenclature of American plants with Linnaeus (1753). It
is almost an exceptional North American species about which he
was not hopelessly confused.
As pointed out by Morong, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxi. 434 (1894),
Asa Gray, thinking of Smilaz lanceolata in the usually accepted
but obviously erroneous sense, as the southern, thinnish-leaved
plant with 3 stigmas and dark red 3-seeded berries, “examined
in 1881 the specimens in the Herbaria of Enslen and Sherard
upon which Pursh founded his species [S. ovata Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. i. 249 (1814)], and declares positively that they are Smilax
lanceolata’. S. lanceolata sensu Gray, Morong, Small and
others is, then, S. ovata Pursh, whose description was good
except for ‘berries black”. In the herbarium they always lose
their red color. Unfortunately, however, S. ovata Pursh (1814)
is antedated by a different S. ovata Jaume St.-Hilaire (1800).
The first available name for Smilax ovata Pursh, not Jaume
St.-Hilaire, seems to be S. SMaLLut Morong in Bull. Torr. Bot.
Cl. xxi. 484 (1894). Morong described it from young flowering
branches, with staminate flowers only, but a very full sheet of
isotypic material before me is surely of the shrub erroneously
passing as S. lanceolata. Small himself, in his Manual, reduces
42 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
to S. lanceolata sensu authors, not L., both S. Smalliz Morong
and S. cinnamomifolia Small in Bull. Torr. Cl. xxv. 609 (1898),
the latter described as having ‘‘bluish-black”’ berries. In his
Manual, where he reduces S. cinnamomifolia, the berries are
called ‘‘dull-red”. The type of S. cinnamomifolia, Heller, no.
4109, from Arkansas, was in ripe fruit. The isotype in the Gray
Herbarium shows the crushed berries darkened, just as are the
crushed and dried fruits of the admittedly red-berried shrub.
Until Smilax Smallii (S. lanceolata sensu most auth., not L.)
is really collected in Virginia it may safely be excluded from the
flora of the state.
Four or RAFINESQUE’S SPECIES OF SISYRINCHIUM.—In his
Autikon Botanikon (Cent. V), 65 and 66 (1840) Rafinesque, with
the unusual clarity which contrasted much of his work in this
rare volume with the slipshod technique of most of his publica-
tions, described four species of Sisyrinchium. Since these were
overlooked by Bicknell in his detailed study of the genus and
find no mention in current floras, it is desirable to note their
probable identities. The original descriptions are copied below.
481, Sisyrincuium flecuosum Raf. caule dichot. flexuoso anceps, fol.
brevis ensatis acutis vix nervosis, spathis lanc. diphylis ineq. fl. sube
3-4fl. capsulis ovoideis truncatis torulosis—Arkanzas and Texas, semi-
pedal, leaves 1 or 2 inches, specimens in fruit o
482, Sisyr. tenuifolium Raf. caulib. cespitosis genicul. filif. 2ang. fol.
tenuis ier? “BY mre lin. filif. sip a aoe subeq. lanceol.
483, S: Stee Raf. Scaposum, fol. lin. lanc. acutis vix nervosis,
scapis "fol oe lato bialatis, spathis ineq. bivalvis lanc. 2—4floris equante,
petalis retusis sos aya caps. obovatis—Florida, found by Baldwin, 4 to
6 inches high, annual leaves 2-4 inches, one line broad, flowers large white.
484, Sisyr. oh Raf. scaposum fol. lin. angustis striatis nervosis
acutis, scapis fol. longior bialatis, alis striatis, spathis sepe coloratis
3valvis, 2int. brevis subeq. 1 ext. _longissima lane. plicata, 6-Sfloris.
petalis retusis cuspid. capsulis globosis—Alab. Kentucky &c, 6 to 8 inches
high, leaves 3 to 5, half line wide, alas size of S. anceps, snowy white,
spathas more or less colored of re
Species no. 481, Sisyrinchium fleruosum Raf., not Spreng.
(1825), is undoubtedly S. minus Engelm. & Gray in Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist. v. 263 (1845). The description might well have been
based on the type of S. minus, and the description of S. minus in
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 43
Small’s Manual emphasizes the short leaves (2-7 cm. long) and
the capsule “corrugated”. Rafinesque said ‘capsulis
torulosis.”” Although S. flexrwosum Raf. was the earliest name
for this southwestern species, it was antedated by S. fleruosum
(L.) Spreng. 8S. mrnus stands.
Species no. 482, S. tenuifolium Raf., suffers the same fate.
Rafinesque gave a good diagnosis of S. Langloisii Greene, Pit-
tonia, iv. 32 (1899). Compare with Rafinesque’s diagnosis these
phrases from Greene’s description of S. Langloisii: ‘ Densely
tufted and very slender . . . : leaves very narrowly linear,
2 to 4 inches long . : stems scarcely ancipital, rather
subterete [Raf. said “filif. os ue . . peduncles
each with a single _— fawdiduercd sntles, its bracts equal
or nearly so . . . perianth large for so small a
plant, blue.” Characteristic plants of S. Langloisii closely
match the account of S. tenutfolium. Rafinesque, however, was
again out of luck, for there was an earlier S. tenuifolium Humb. &
Bonpl. ex Willd. (1809). S. Lanetorsi stands.
Species 483, S. floridanum Raf., is more puzzling, on account
of its large “white” flowers, for, so far as I can make out, no
ee white-flowered species occurs in Florida, unless possibly
S. albidum Raf. Atl. Journ. 17 (1832). The “scapis
lato bialatis’’, their height and the leaves 1 line broad would do
for S. albiiem. It may so rest for the present. S. floridanum
Raf. (1840), however, invalidates the name S. floridanum Bickn.
in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxvi. 222 (1899), given to a very slender
and pale plant first collected by Nash in high pineland of Lake
County, Florida. Various coarser and darker-drying plants
probably referable to S. arenicola Bickn. (incl. S. fibrosa Bickn.)
have been wrongly distributed as S. floridanum, but an ISOTYPE
(Nash, no. 13) and such material as Blanton, no. 6952 stand
clearly apart. Since there is already a S. Nashii Bickn. his S.
floridanum may appropriately be called
Sisyrincuium Bicknellianum, nom. S. floridanum Bickn.
in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxvi. 222 (1899), not Raf. Aut. Bot. 66
(1840).
Rafinesque’s species no. 484, S. niveum from Alabama and
Kentucky, can scarcely be anything but his already described
S. albidum Raf. Atl. Journ. 17 (1832).
44 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
QuERCUS INCANA Bartram, Trav. 378 (1791). Q. cinerea
Michx. FI. Bor.-Am. ii. 197 (1803).
I fully concur in the decision of Dr. Francis Harper in Bartonia,
no. 22: 3 (1943), that Quercus incana is Q. cinerea. Bartram’s
description was very brief: ‘‘Q. incana, foliis ovalibus integerri-
mis subtus incanis.” Bartram. was describing the trees and
shrubs of high gravelly ridges of the upper Ogeechee River in
central-eastern Georgia: ‘“‘This day’s journey was for the most
part over high gravelly ridges, and on the most elevated hills
appeared emerging out of the earth, rocky cliffs of a dark reddish
colour; their composition seemed to be a coarse, sandy, ferru-
ginous concrete . . . The trees and shrubs common on
these gravelly ridges are as follows, Diospyros, Quercus rubra
[meaning falcata], Q. nigra, Q. tinctoria or great Black Oak, Q.
alba, Q. lobata, post White Oak, Q. incana, . . . Pinus
lutea, Pinus taeda, . . . Pinus palustris’, etc., a rather
characteristic group of oxylophytic and more or less xerophytic
species. These are the regular associates of Quercus cinerea,
a characteristic species of dry sands and gravels, which, according
to R. M. Harper, Phytog. Sk. Altamaha Grit Reg. of Ga. Ann. N.
Y. Acad. Sci. xvii. pt. I. 249 (1906), “Ranges from the fall-line
sand-hills [near Bartram’s station] almost to the coast”. Ordi-
narily the leaves of Q. cinerea are oblong, but they vary to oval
or elliptic in broader-leaved individuals (Small says, ‘blades
elliptic, varying to lanceolate or oblanceolate . . . Sand-
ridges, dry woods, and pinelands.’’)
Trelease, The American Oaks, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. xx. 113
(1924), guessed that Q. incana Bartr. is the Live Oak, Q. vir-
giniana Mill., but Bartram was thoroughly familiar with Live
Oak; in fact he mentioned it more often than any other species
and would not suddenly, in describing the characteristic covering
of the inland Sand Hills, proceed to describe it as a novelty.
Quercus virginiana, the true Live Oak, so familiar to Bartram, is,
from Virginia to Georgia, an evergreen tree primarily of the
outermost Coastal Plain. Harper, op. cit., did not know it on
the Altamaha Grit which, at its northern boundary, approaches
Bartram’s station of Q. incana. The only representative of
Q. virginiana in Harper’s area is Q. geminata Small, which
Bartram would have included under Q. virginiana and which is
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 45
found only well to the south of Bartram’s area and in a different
soil. So far as I can find, Q. cinerea is the only species of the
“fall-line sand-hills’” which Bartram could have meant by Q.
ineana.!
QUERCUS MARITIMA Bartr. Trav. 164 (1791). From the
“endless wild desert, the upper stratum of the earth of which is
a fine white sand, with small pebbles, and at some distance
appears entirely covered with low trees and shrubs of various
kinds, and of equal heighth’’, along St. John’s River north of
Lake George, eastern Florida. From the description alone,
“foliis obcuneiformibus obsolete trilobis minoribus”, I do not
venture to guess its identity. Too many shrubby species of
Florida are candidates. Bartram’s Q. maritima (1791), however,
antedates Q. maritima (Michx.) Willd. (1805) and Raf. (1838).
The last two were caught by Index Kewensis, the earliest of the
series not.
SILENE scABRA Raf. Aut. Bot. 18 (1840), from “barrens of
West Kentucky”, is very definitely 8S. recia Sims (1814).
Rafinesque’s name, moreover, is invalidated by S. scabra Kit.
(1814).
PRUNUS NEMORALIS Bartr. Trav. 408 (1791) should be added
to the synonymy of Padus caroliniana Mill. Dict., no. 6 (1768)
and of PrRuNUs CAROLINIANA (Mill.) Ait. Hort. Kew. ii. 163
(1789).
Bartram’s species, not entered in Index Kewensis, was from
above Mobile, Alabama: “ Prunus nemoralis, floribus racemosis,
foliis sempervirentibus, nitidis.”’
SEBASTIANIA fruticosa (Bartram), comb. nov. Stillingia fruti-
cosa Bartr. Trav. 476 5 (1791), Stil. ligustrina Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am.
ii. 213 (1803). Sebastiania ligustrina (Michx.) Muell.-Arg. in DC.
Prodr. xv.? 1165 (1866).
Index Kewensis cites Stillingia fruticosa as starting with
Spreng. Syst. iii. 805 (1826), while Sprengel credited it to Mi-
chaux (1803) who had no such name but described Stil. ligus-
1 terpreta’ incana Bartr. (1791)
Ng one et caph eae Rageacdieniy pista pei ene ae See | Beng. 104 Jose oars and
Fl. Ind. iii. 642 (1832),. The Indian species should, apparently, be called Q. lanata
Sm. in Rees Cycl. xxix. no. 27 (1819).
46 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
trina from “sylvarum umbrosis, ad ripas amnium Carolina et
Georgia.” Bartram, however, describing the “very curious and
beautiful flowering and sweet scented shrubs” northwest of Cape
Fear, North Carolina (near Wilmington), enumerated many of
them: “particularly Callicarpa, Aesculus pavia, . . . Sty-
rax, Stewartia, . . . Stillingia fruticosa, foliis lanceolatis,
utrinque glabris, fructu tricoceo”. Though brief, the diagnosis
of this characteristic shrub of the Coastal Plain, northward to
southeastern North Carolina, is sufficient. M. A. Curtis in his
Catalogue of the Indigenous and Naturalized Plants of North
Carolina (1867) cited Stil. ligustrina as occurring in the ‘‘ Low
Dist.”’, 7. e. on the Coastal Plain, and Wood and McCarthy in
their Wilmington Flora, covering the country drained by both
the Northeast and the Northwest Cape Fear Rivers, also listed it.
In both lists the species is recorded on the authority of Dr. J.
F. McRee, who was born at Wilmington and later had a planta-
tion some miles north of that city.
CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA L., var. subglobosa, var. nov. (TAB.
813, Fic. 1 et 2), foliorum venis subtus vix prominulis; sepalis
ovatis 1 mm. longis; fructibus depressis subglobosis sulcatis;
stigmatibus perbrevibus. —VIRGINIA: wooded swamp along Mill
Creek, about 1 mile north of Skipper’s, October 14, 1938, Fernald
& Long, no. 9600 (rypx in Herb. Gray.; 1isorype in Herb. Phil.
Acad.).
Typical Cyrilla racemiflora has a characteristic conic-ellipsoid
or -ovoid drupe definitely longer than broad, though in excep-
tional specimens only slightly longer. In ripe material the
drupes (Fic. 3) show a continuous rounded surface with little or
no sign of furrowing and the styles and stigmas are rather
prominent, the lanceolate to lance-ovate sepals are 1—-1.8 (usually
1.5) mm. long, their sharp tips evident beyond the half-diameter
of the fruit. In typical C. racemiflora, furthermore, the mature
foliage is usually prominently reticulate-veiny beneath. Var.
subglobosa, the type in ripe fruit, collected in mid-October, has
the reticulum of the lower, as well as the upper, leaf-surface
rather faint; the sepals are the shortest in the species, 1 mm.
long and ovate; and the depressed-subglobose drupes (Fras. 1
and 2), definitely as broad as or broader than high, so that the
sepals are relatively hidden, are broadly rounded to an almost
emarginate summit and with a deep longitudinal furrow running
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 47
from base to apex and marking the boundaries of the 2 carpels;
the style and stigmas are the shortest in the species.
Although occasional specimens of the wide-ranging and more
typical Cyrilla racemiflora approach in one character or another
the shrub from near Skipper’s, the latter combines so many of
these exceptional characters that I am designating it as a variety.
Flowering material may show other differences.
In shape of drupe Var. subglobosa suggests the fruit described
by Rafinesque for his Cyrilla polystachya Raf. Aut. Bot. 8 (1840),
with ‘‘capsulis subglobosis”. That shrub of Louisiana and
Florida was described, however, as having the “fol.
imis . . . acutis . . . racemes 6 to 8 inches”. It is
most probably a phase of the narrow-leaved and small-fruited
C. parviflora Raf., 1. ¢., which differs in several characters from
C. racemiflora.
In PLATE 818, Fics. 1 and 2 are of TyPE of CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA L., var
SUBGLOBOSA: FIG. 1, portion of branch, X 1; Fic. 2, portion of fruiting raceme,
. Fig. 3 is a portion of a fruiting raceme of typical C, RACEMIFLORA, X 5,
from .west of Winfield’s Mill, Dinwiddie County, Virginia, F & Long,
no, .
AESCULUS SYLVATICA Bartr. Trav. 476 (1791). Ae. neglecta
Lindl. Bot. Reg. xii. t. 1009 (1826); Sargent in Journ. Arn. Arb.
v. 43 (1924),
The tree known as Aesculus neglecta is characteristic of wood-
lands along streams in central and eastern North Carolina and
southeastern Virginia. In the latter state it reaches the inner
border of the Coastal Plain along the Meherrin River, below
Emporia. From North Carolina Sargent cites specimens from
the Piedmont eastward to the fall-line sand-hills or the inner
margin of the Coastal Plain: Alamance, Orange, Durham and
Wake Counties, on Cape Fear drainage or (the Wake County
station) on the Neuse. According to Lindley’s original account
and plate the flowers are cream-colored or pale-yellowish, “and
beautifully veined with red; the lateral petals are also pinkish”.
The red and pink coloring may sometimes be nearly absent but
the non-glandular pedicels and calyx, which characterize the
species, hold. Bartram, ascending “the North West of Cape
Fear’ River, found “Aesculus sylvatica, floribus ex albo et
carneo eleganter variegatis, caule arboreo”. What else could it
have been than Ae. neglecta, with “flowers . . - beautifully
48 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
veined with red’’, the species characteristic of eastern North
Carolina and adjacent Virginia, South Carolina and Georgia,
which Sargent cites from definite stations on Cape Fear River?
The name was not recorded in Index Kewensis.
Neither did Index Kewensis pick up Aesculus floridana Bar-
tram, 1. c. 401 (1791) from northern Florida, described: ‘‘ Aesc.
Florid. ramis divaricatis, thyrsis grandis, flosculis expansis
incarnatis.”” What he had I do not know. He was definitely
distinguishing it from Ae. Pavia which he enumerated in the
same list. If the latter species is ever subdivided Bartram’s
species must be taken into account.
VITIS CAMPESTRIS Bartram, Trav. 400 (1791), not Nutt. in
Fenses’é s Cat. (1813) nor Baker in Mart. Fl. Bras. xiv’. 200 (1871).
V. rotundifolia Michx. F]. Bor.-Am. ii. 231 (1803).
Vitis rotundifolia, the Muscadine, and its pale-fruited form, the
Scuppernong, are among the most familiar and most prized wild
grapes of the Southeastern States. When fully ripe the large
grapes are intensely sweet and are harvested in great quantities
for preserving. Unlike the great majority of our grapes, this
species has few and simple tendrils, instead of many and forking
ones. Consequently, although it may climb high when oppor-
tunity presents, it is most often sprawling over bushes or reclin-
ing on the sand or gravel, so that, in such habitats, its often too
tempting and almost over-sweet berries are gathered by stooping.
Thus, Elliott said: ‘‘This species of vine varies much in size,
sometimes ascending the loftiest trees, more frequently humble”
(Sk. ii. 687) and Darby said “sometimes not climbing’. As to
the fruit, Mohr (Pl. Life Alab. 6: 3), pays it the compliment
which he accords no other species of Alabama: “Important as a
table and wine grape” and, after speaking of the ‘Berries large,
plum-purple”’, he adds: “ Plants of spontaneous growth have been
observed near Mobile bearing light amber-colored berries.”
Bartram’s party, crossing northern Florida en route to Mobile,
where “ Our road now for several miles led us near the Alabama”’,
eventually left “the Alabama bearing away Southerly, and
enter[ed] a vast open forest which continued above seventy
miles, East and West, without any considerable variation .
During our progress over this vast high forest, we crossed eiten-
sive open plains, the soil gravelly, producing a few trees and
YR EOL IE EP IY GG LT EN LI
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 49
shrubs or undergrowth, which were entangled with Grape vines
(Vitis campestris) of a peculiar species [Vitis rotundifolia Michx.
is so “peculiar”? in many characters that Small makes it a
separate genus, Muscadina], the bunches (racemes) of fruit were
very large, as were the grapes that composed them, though yet
green and not fully grown, but when ripe are of various colours,
and their juice sweet and rich. The Indians gather great
quantities of them, which they prepare for keeping, by first
sweating them on hurdles over a gentle fire, and afterwards dry
them on their bunches in the sun and air. and store them up for
provisions: these Grape vines do not climb into high trees, but
creep along from one low shrub to another, extending their
branches to a great. distance horizontally round about [Bailey,
Gent. Herb. iii. 238, says of V. rotundifolia “climbing to 100
feet over bushes and trees’’], and it is very pleasing to behold the
clusters pendant from the vines, almost touching the earth,
indeed some of them lie upon the ground.” I have many
times gathered from near the ground or from the surface of
sand-hills or/dunes and eaten more than my fill of the “very
large . . . grapes [Michaux described his V. rotundifolia
baccis magnis”’], . . . their juice sweet and rich” of V
rotundifolia. Not only did the Indians of northwestern Florida
and of Alabama gather and dry the large and sweet grapes “and
store them up for provisions.’’ Their successors in occupation
of the region continue the custom, with obvious refinements.
In his Nature’s Garden for Victory and Peace, revised (Bull.
Tuskegee Inst. Alab. no. 42), the late Dr. George W. Carver,
ignoring the other 5 (and sour-fruited) species of Vitis, concen-
trated on the Muscadine, giving explicit directions for cleaning
and preparing the fruits, after which ‘“‘They may be dried whole
or made intoaleather . . . Imuchprefertheleather . .
ofafine flavor . . . I wish every housewife would try this.”
To those who intimately know the Muscadine and the Skupper-
nong, their growth-habit and fruit there can be no serious ques-
tion that V. campestris Bartr. (1791) is the same as V. rotundi-
folia Michx. (1803). The change of name would have been
made a half-century ago if Bartram’s species had not been
ignored by the editors of Index tires!
AMMANNIA TERES Raf. Aut. Bot. 39 (1840). A. Koehnei
Britton in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xviii. 71 (1891).
50 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
Rafinesque certainly had the plant of fresh to brackish tidal
shores of Virginia to Florida (once in the Hackensack marshes
of New Jersey) which Britton described as Ammannia Koehnet.
Rafinesque’s description was good:
296, Am. teres Raf. caule teres vix ramoso fol. obl. obt. carnosis, caulinis
basi cord. ad medio. angustatis, rameis cuneatis brevis, fl. sepe solit—
Virg. ad Carol. pedal, leaves twice as broad as in last, broader at both ends.
This necessitates the new combination:
A. TERES, var. exauriculata (Fernald), comb. nov. A. Koehne
var. exauriculata Fernald in RHopoRA, xxxviii. 437, tab. 449, =
4 and 5 (1936).
The “last”, referred to above by Rafinesque, was his AMMAN-
NIA MULTICAULIS, 1. c. (1840). This was evidently fRotala
ramosior (L.) Koehne, with the virgate stems simple, ‘‘fol.
linearib., acutis, fl. sepe vertic—Virginia, pedal, leaves uncial’,
while no. 294, A. LINEARIFOLIA, cited as the same as A. ramosa
of authors, but with “fol. linearib. obt. nonnulis basi dilatatis”’
was ROTALA RAMOSIOR, Var. INTERIOR Fern. & Grisc.
A. LONGIFOLIA Raf. 1. c. (1840) from its excellent description
and the region, “Arkanzas and Louisiana,’”? was A. COCCINEA
Rottb. (1773); and A. pirrusa Raf. 1. c. (1840) is apparently A.
AURICULATA Willd. (1806).
None of these species of Rafinesque are recorded in Index
Kewensis.
HERACLEUM MAXIMUM Bartr. Trav. 344 (1791). H. lanatum
Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 166 (1803).
It is with real sadness that I seem forced to relinquish so long
established and familiar a name as Heracleum lanatum Michx.
But the species, which in the East extends south along the
mountains to Georgia (Small), was detected by Bartram in the
mountains of northwestern Georgia and briefly but passably
described: “I observed growing in great abundance in these
mountain meadows, Sanguisorba Canadensis and Heracleum
maximum, the latter exhibiting a fine shew, being rendered con-
spicuous even at a great distance, by its great height and spread,
vast pinnatified leaves and expansive umbels of snow-white
flowers.”” We are sorry to give up the long established name;
we should have been familiar with Bartram’s earlier one had it
been picked up, as were several names in the same book,! in
1 Such names as Anona pygmaea, ——- of Asimina pygmaea (Bartr.) Gray;
Andromeda formosissima, Stewartia montana,
Se pa Se ene EE TERE Opa ae Cage PTS PEE eee Te NOT A PwORy Mw NRTA cee sie, Se Me Se eed ee ee ee Oe eee hen Ee a eee OMe Re ee ee a Ae ne mentee le oe
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America ol
Index Kewensis. Incidentally, the type of Heracleum lanatum
consists of a portion of leaf of the Heracleum and a fruiting
umbel of Pastinaca sativa!
THE PLANTS PASSING AS PHACELIA HIRSUTA (PLATES 814-816).
PuHace ia fallax, sp. nov. (Tas. 814), a P. hirsuta differt
foliorum caulinorum lobis terminalibus cuneato-obovatis seg-
mentis oblongo-obovatis; caulibus pedicellisque minutissime
pilosis strigosisque; sepalis adscendentibus deinde tuberculato-
ciliatis extus glabris vel glabratis intus glabris; seminibus
big Nd lineato-rugosis.—Mountain-region, western Virginia
orgia. VrirGInta: Giles County, May, 1869, Canby.
Cusine Stone Mountain, May, 1869, Canby, May 13, 1897,
Biltmore Herb., no. 4263, May 3, 1899, Canby & Sargent, May
24, 1899, near summit, A. H. Curtiss, no. 6458 (TYPE si —
Gray. i, April 16, 1932, thin soil on 'slope, E. J. Palm
39,909; slope of Pine Mountain, 1 mile north of Tathonta, on
8, 1934, Perry & Myers, no. 998.
Phacelia fallax has been mistaken for P. hirsuta Nutt. in Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. v. 191 (1837), our PLATE 815, Fries. 1-3; and
Brand in Engler, Pflanzenr. iv”. 65 (1913) gave under the name
P. hirsuta a description of P. fallaz, based exclusively on the
plant of Stone Mountain (the Biltmore and the Curtiss exsicca-
tae), Brand specially emphasizing the tuberculate-based cilia of
the sepals and the broad lobing of the leaves and saying: ‘‘ Von
anderern Standorten nicht gesehen. Gray gibt die. Pflanze
ferner an fir Missouri bis Osttexas.” The latter, the
region from which Brand saw no material, is the real area of P.
hirsuta Nutt. Nuttall’s species is definitely HrRsuTE; the TYPE
or IsoTYPE (PLATE 815, Fic. 1) in the Gray Herbarium closely
matches the original description of the species which came from
“sylvan prairies” in Arkansas, in having the summit of the stem
and the pedicels spreading-hirsute, the ‘pectinately-pinnatifid”’
leaves with linear segments, and the sepals during anthesis
widely spreading. It is matched by a few collections from
Arkansas, Oklahoma and eastern Texas; and Mr. Long sends me
for checking a characteristic specimen, collected as an adventive,
near Telford, Pennsylvania, June 14, 1901 by Dr. C.D. Frets.
The contrasts between the two species are given below and in
PLATES 814 and 815.
52 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
P. urrsuTA: principal cauline leaves deeply or poeeiely ya sor
with linear to linear-lanceolate segments; summit of ste pe
spreading-hirsute as well as pilose; sepals during anthesis setlde ace
to slightly reflexed, later ascending, their margins ciliate-hirsute with
mostly slender-based hairs, the upper surfaces strigose. PLATE 815, FIGs.
P, FALLAX: principal cauline leaves with terminal cuneate-obovate
lobe rarely cleft to the middle, the broader segments oblong to oblong-
obovate; stem and pedicels minutely pilose, sometimes also strigose;
sepals i in anthesis appressed-ascending, their margins when mature ciliate
with tuberculate- or pustular-based hairs, their upper surfaces glabrous.
PLATE 814.
The habitat of Phacelia fallax is rarely given on the labels
before me. Such as indicate it say thin soil or mountain-slopes
(in Georgia on granitic rock). Small, familiar with P. fallaz,
rather than P. hirsuta, says ‘“‘Dry soil, rocks and open woods’;
and McVaugh!, who, like Brand, defines as the western P.
hirsuta Nutt. the plant of Stone Mountain and vicinity with
hairs of the sepals ‘“‘often enlarged at base and terminating in
raised pustules or teeth on the sepals,” cites it for Georgia as a
secondary member of the flora of the granite flat-rocks. Its
habitat in Giles County, Virginia, is not recorded but since
MecVaugh’s map (his fig. 1) of granitic outcrops of the eastern
United States, showing them to extend northward across Vir-
ginia, indicates none of them in or very near Giles County, it is
safe to say that there it was not found on granite. The localities
in Georgia are, quite clearly, thin and subarid acid soil.
The locality for Phacelia fallax in Giles County, Virginia,
cited by Gray, Syn. Fl. ii!. 164 (1878), by Brand, 1. c. (1913)
and the basis for the inclusion of Virginia in the range of the
composite P. hirsuta in Gray’s Manual and in Small’s Manual,
if taken into account by MeVaugh, would have changed the tiny
ellipse in northern Georgia (on his fig. 29) to an elongate tongue
reaching western Virginia.
The habitats of true southwestern P. hirsuta (Arkansas, Okla-
homa and Texas), on the other hand, are given as follows on the
labels in the Gray Herbarium and in the Bebb Herbarium of the
University of Oklahoma, the latter material kindly sent me for
examination by Dr. Milton Hopkins, in addition to Nuttall’s
“sylvan prairies”: wet prairie, Arkansas, Bush, no. 258; field,
1 aah The pg gt of the —_ Flat-Rocks of the Southeastern United
States, Monogr. xiii., especially p. 158 and fig. 29 (map) on p. 163 (1943).
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 53
Ark., F. L. Harvey, no. 12; limestone, hillside, Ark., Damaree, no.
14830; wet places, Oklahoma, McClary, May, 1935; meadow
soil, Okla., DeVztt and Clark, no. 50; prairies, Okla., Robert Bebb,
no. 3856 and Demaree, no. 12,646; on slough, Okla., Richard F,
Mason, no. 127; shaded bank of slough, Okla., R. F. Mason,
April 14, 1937; creek-banks and open woods, Okla., Houghton as
Stevens, no. 2137; dense shrubbery along small stream, Okla., E.
L. Little, Jr., no. 128; wooded grassy glade in river-valley, Okla.,
Hopkins, no. 2943; wooded hills, Okla., Goodman, no. 2137;
granite hills, Okla., P. B. Sears, no. 1317; dry sandstone ledges
and boulders in oak-hickory forest, Okla., Hopkins and Cross,
no. 1487; sandy soil, Okla., V. Johnson, no. 116; arid hillside,
Okla., M. Fielder, April 20, 1927. The southwestern P. hirsuta,
then, is evidently more calcicolous and less xerophytic than the
southeastern P. fallax.
The Missouri dots for Phacelia hirsuta on McVaugh’s map
(his fig. 29) were presumably based on material of P. gilioides
A. Brand (our PLATE 815, Frias. 4-6). At least, all the Missouri
specimens in the Gray Herbarium which were sent out as P.
hirsuta are P. gilioides, a grayish or canescent plant with leaves
cut into linear or linear-lanceolate segments, the stem and pedi-
cels canescent-pilose without hirsute pubescence, the appressed
calyx strigose, the corolla relatively small, its lobes undulate to
dentate. It is P. eiz1o1pEs (misidentified as P. hirsuta) which
Palmer & Steyermark assign in Missouri to “Rocky prairie,
glades, ledges along bluffs, low rich woods, and alluvial ground
along streams. Calciphile to circumneutral.”” The Oklahoma
material in the Bebb Herbarium and the Gray Herbarium shows
the following habitats: creek-bank, Stevens, no. 1377; prairies,
Robert Bebb, nos. 3850 and 5090, Ezra Brainerd, April 12, 1908;
prairies and wood-openings, Robert Bebb, no. 3884; woods, Mrs.
W. L. Ducker, no. 39; shale, rocky mountain, April 6, 1941, H.
Randel Griffith; rocky hills, Robert Bebb, no. 2720 and May,
1935, J. E. McClary; vacant lots and waste lands, Auval H.
Brown, no. 18; cottonfield, April 19, 1927, R. E. Jeffs. Like P.
hirsuta, it is also calcicolous and scarcely a xerophyte.
In Phacelia dubia! (PLATE 816) the sepals are unequal, the
‘ Although the combination Phacelia dubia (L.) Trel. is here credited to Trelease,
it is done so under strong mental protest. The combination was published by Tre-
lease in Branner & Coville, Ann, Rep. Geol. Surv. Arkansas for 1888, iv. 205 (1891)
54 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
outer ones usually broader and longer than the others. As the
plant occurs through southeastern Virginia, the region best
known to Clayton, thence northward into Pennsylvania, south-
ward to southeastern North Carolina and west to the Blue Ridge
and less frequently to Ohio, West Virginia and Tennessee its
outer sepals are lanceolate to lance-oblong or -linear (Fies. 1 and
2), sometimes slightly spatulate, the inner ones from lanceolate
to linear. In mature fruit the lower and middle calices of each
raceme are 4.5—-7.5 mm. long and nearly to quite twice as long as
the capsule; and the lower mature pedicels are 5-25 mm. long.
About Nashville, Tennessee, and in Alleghany County, Virginia,
there occurs an extreme (FIG. 4) of the species with the outer
sepals ovate, the fruiting calyx only 4-5 mm. long, and the
longer (lower) pedicels only 3-7 mm. long. Although small, it
is not P. dubia, var. georgiana McVaugh, I. c. 158 (1943). That
has narrow sepals and pinnate or deeply pinnatifid leaves,
while the plant of Alleghany County and of the Nashville region
has them shallowly lobed as in P. dubia, var. dubia McVaugh.
I am calling the new plant
P. pusta (L.) Trel., var. interior, var. nov. (TAB. 816, FIG. 4),
calycibus maturis 4-5 mm. longis; sepalis exterioribus ovatis;
pedicellis imis maturis 3-7 mm. longis.—Western Virginia and
north-central Tennessee. VIRGINIA: dry roadside, Covington,
Alleghany County, May 12, 1916, H Seite no. 4080. TEN-
as follows: Phacelia ‘‘dubia (1..), (P. parviflora, Pursh); Harvey.’’ That was all.
Disregarding the somewhat unusual punctuation and the ra that ‘Paueatia “qubia
is own from so far wi nsa arvey’s material being P. hirsuta Nuttall
cite the basonym of P, dubia, ~~. was Polemonium dubium L. Sp. Pl. 163 (1753)—a
photograph of the rypr before m The combination Phacelia dubia (L.) Small in
going good nature by which many slipshod combinations by Britton, Stern and
Poggenberg, by Small (elsewhere) and by some in recent years, have been accepted
as ‘‘validated”’ by the next author who correctly made them with proper bibliographic
the errors become doubled. I yndicder more than once eraser — as ee of taking
up such combinations as validly pu ed,
d thousands of regularly used proccess ere of the ceo Siete were thus
published. When we can again have International Congresses it may be a safeguard
against such opportunist and inconsiderate ip stage to establish a dead-line after
which no such combinations will be valid. If I am here I will work for such legisla-
tion! Since the adoption of the more rane ai, rules of botanical nomencia-
ture there is no excuse for slipshod bibliograph
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 55
NESSEE: gregarious in open shrubberies and pastures or in open
grounds, Nashville, April, 1878, Gattinger (ryPE in Herb. ies );
barrens near Nashville, April, Gattinger as Curtiss, no. 2131
One of Gattinger’s specimens was called Phacelia puntic
Buckley in Am. Journ. Sci. xlv. 172 (1843). Buckley’s species
has generally been considered identical with P. dubia, but it
-came from Alabama and had the “sepals linear-oblong, acute’,
which certainly is not the case with var. interior. I have not
seen Buckley’s type but his description of the Alabama plant,
with the pinnatifid leaves with obovate and abruptly acuminate
segments and with linear-oblong, acute sepals 2/3 the length of
the corolla, might well have been drawn from Harper, no. 82,
from Elmore County, which is one of the paratype-collections
of P. dubia, var. georgiana McVaugh. Some specimens, like
one from Nashville, April, 1884, Mzss Cushman, and Biltmore,
North Carolina, Biltm. Herb. no. 786°, are transitional between
var. dubia and var. interior.
In Phacelia dubia the seed (ria. 3) is rugose-reticulate, in P.
fallax (pLATE 814, Fic. 4) transversely lineate-rugose.
Although McVaugh delimits his tabulation of plants occurring
on granite flat-rock at the North Carolina-Virginia boundary,’
his maps of ranges often extend farther north. In view of the
abundance of Phacelia dubia on the Coastal Plain of Virginia
(in Henrico, Prince George, Sussex, Southampton and Greens-
ville Counties, and presumably the type-locality of Clayton)
and McVaugh’s correct reference to it on his p. 158 as “abundant
in many parts of Virginia”, it is difficult to interpret his map of
the range of P. dubia which shows only 3 or 4 stations in the
state, these all on the granites of the northwestern section of the
state. The inclusion of the many stations 100-135 miles to the
southeast would make a somewhat different picture, as would
the inclusion of Newbern at the mouth of ears co in oe
1 Near the fall-line in south t
in connection with McVaugh’'s study of the flora of the granite te flat-rocks farther
south. Cheilanthes lanosa, which ‘‘is approaching here the eastern edge of its range”
e flat-
@ small outlying colony on a low granite hill at the outer edge of the Piedmont in
Brunswick County,—see RHopora, xlv. 374-376 (1943).
56 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
County, North Carolina (specimen from M. A. Curtis) and of
Wilmington at the mouth of Cape Fear River in southeastern
North Carolina (see Wilmington Flora by Thos. F. Wood and
Gerald McCarthy in Journ. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc. for 1885-86,
p. 131, as P. parviflora Pursh).. In fact, M. A. Curtis, who
intimately knew North Carolina, did not restrict P. dubia (or
parviflora) to the 2 stations on the granitic belt of western North
Carolina. By him it was not known from the mountains but
was thought to be characteristic of the ‘‘Low Distr.’’, 7. e. the
Coastal Plain (see M. A. Curtis, Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. N.
Ci Pt. A. ents 42 (1867)).
PuaTeE 814 is of PHaceLia FALLAX, all figs. from the Typx: Fic. 1, portions
of plant, 1; gee 2, young inflorescence, * o 3: FIG. 3, portion of mature calyx,
xX 10; ria. 4, ‘seed, X 10.
In pLaTE 815, Frias. 1-3 are of PHACELIA HIRSUTA: FIG. 1, TYPE Or ISOTYPE,
X 1; rig. 2, portion of eee, X 3, from northwestern Arkansas, F. L.
Harvey, no cet = 3, seed, X 0, from Prescott, Arkansas, Bush, no. 258.
Fias. : LIOIDES: FIG en Tian. < 1, from Joplin, Missouri, EB. J
Palmer, no. 1879 A (as P. dubia) : FIG. 5, young inflorescence, < 3, from same
no.; Fic. 6, seed, X 10, from near Muskogee, Oklahom a, Robt. Beb bb, no. 3850
FIG. ’
Virginia, Fernald & Long, no. 10,015; ric. 3, seed, X 10, from no. 10,015.
Fic. 4, var. INTERIOR, portion of mature inflorescence, X 3, from TYPE.
HYDROLEA UNIFLORA Raf. Aut. ee 34 (1840) must replace
H. affinis Gray, Man. ed. 5: 370 (18
Rafinesque got hold of material en axillary spines, which
is not unusual, both this glabrous species of the Interior and
Southwest and the pubescent H. quadrivalvis Walt. having spines
or not, the character variable. Likewise, the glabrous species
may have solitary or glomerulate flowers. Rafinesque’s descrip-
tion is unequivocal:
273, Hydr. wie | Raf. caule flexuoso inerme glabro, fol. alt. lanceol.
acutis subsessil. pedune. axil. unifl. bract. 2 obl. ineq. cal. lin. glabris—
Louisiana on Red - Rives, sent me by Torrey as Hydr. 4valvis, but unlike
the last, smooth, not spinose, leaves smaller, biuncial, flowers bluish
white, anthers blue shaped like x, caps. bivalve
LycoPUs AMPLECTENS Raf. Aut. Bot. 115 (1840). L. euro-
aeus, Var. sessi ba Gray, Man. ed. 5: 345 (1867). L. sesszli-
folius Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 285 (1870).
There can be no dake that Rafinesque had the plant known for
three fourths of a century as Lycopus sessilifolius. His descrip-
tion is beyond dispute, for he restricted the genus to species
with acerose teeth:
eee ee ee
ee ey ee ee ee
a A ee a ee TN ee eee | ee
a ae a ee ee ae ee ee eee
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 57
834, Lyc. amplectens Raf. glaber, caulib. virgatis simpl. angulis obt. fol.
arcte ‘sessil. subamplex. basi dilatatis oblongis acum. remote serratis,
beneath, this sp. differs from all by obtuse angles and leaves not attenuate
at base.
Plate 807
Rhodora
Photo. B. G. Schubert,
ai 4 . YPE
de ae vices 4 Abed $; 5C 10; all trom +
) ee Rieti ne ; 2, X 1; FIG. 3, X 3; Fias. 4 an
PANICUM BENNERI: FIGS. 1 and “4 SS
Rhodora Plate 808
: and 4
YUCCA FILAMENTOSA: FIG. 1, floy x 1, from TYPE; FIG, 2, leaves, X 14; FIGS. 3 and 4,
bee
Photo. B. G, Schubert.
flowers, X 1; FIG. 5, ovary, style res Eishenits x 5; fig. 6, -apsules, X
|
Rhodora Plate 809
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
cca Sy er eat ee pe 1, leaves and flowers, X 14, from TYPE; FIC 2, basal rosette,
: greatly reduced; FIG and 4, flowers, < 1, from TY a. FIG. 5, Ovary, ay le and filaments,
Xx 3; Fig. 6, capsu ule, aoe
Rhodora
Plate 810
Si hiun
i.
Tob. wh has mm
i ies Mt Cean:
btllin In
AA Falmer Sup
SF Hess Burnley
Photo B. G. Schubert.
TRILLIUM CaTESB AEI> FIG.
, X 1, after photograph by C. A. and Una F. Weather
rby
LIUM NERVOSUM:? FIG. 2 aye -SHE ET, X 4, after photogrs ph by C. A.and Una F.W platter
3
4%
FIG. 3, dete ul, to show style,
} Rhodora Plate 811
i
F
'
K
,
Photo, B. G, Schubert.
UM NERVOSUM: FIGs. 1 and 2, portions, X 1, of Catesby’s plate of Solanum
| lr ih ition; Revi he cape talo carneo
| ax BoNA-NOX, var. EXAURICULATA: FIG. 3, leaf, X 1, from TYPE
Rhodora Plate 812
-=TYPE SPECIMEN
DEt ci7ey
PM tactic at Giant Latte wok
: ofa PRE Oa FA te oP or
7 raed ALD Le OW GPE 0 Come
gle We 218 Teh:
M5 gf}
"Baigce a ra »
teas: <
mets soca aps a8 fig ved
Photo, H. G. Fernald.
SmMivAx Psevupo-Caina: after photograph sent by Dr. John
Ramsbottom; vgs 2, TYPE, after pT aa sea from Linnean Society of Linwiniis seth
reduced; 1 leaf x 1
i {
Sane Nach nde ae eee ergs
I
thodora
Photo, B, G. Schubert.
CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA! FIG. 3,
TY
Var. SUBGLOBOSA: FIG. 1, portio
PE
fruit, x 5 re
n of fruiting branch, X 1; Fic.
Plate 813
2, fruit, & 5; both from
Rhodora Plate 814
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
Co
PHACELIA — _ figs. from TYPE: FIG vier ie! of of apo sa - ie 2, young
inflorescence, X 3; FIG. 3, portion of mature i ~ 10; 3. 4, seed,
# Rhodora mes
Je Photo. B. G. Schubert.
PHACELIA HIRSUTA: FIG. 1, TYPE or ISOTYPE, X 1; FIG. 2, portion of inflorescence, X 3;
FIG. 3, seed,
P. GILIOIDES: FIG. 4, plant, X 1; Fic. 5, young inflorescence, X 3; Fic. 6, seed, XK 10
Rhodora Plate 816
Photo. B. G. Schubert,
PHACELIA DUBIA: FIG, 1, young inflorescence, X 3; F1G.2, portion of mature inflorescence,
X 3; FIG. 3, seed,
Var. INTERIOR: FIG. 4, portion of mature inflorescence, X 3, from TYPE
INDEX
New scientific names are eae in full-face type
Adlumia, 20; cirrhosa, 2
jaime floridana, 48; i 47;
Pavi : sylvatica
Misgheman pomeany ie The Indige-
12
Ammannia a 50; Pr.
50; di 50; Koehne 0,
var. peaiioiat ta, 50; Hate Ie
50; longifolia, Tat multica ulis, 50;
ramo; - res Q, var
exauriculata "60
Andromeda formoxissi 50
Anona pygmaea, 50
Asimina ie te, 50
Benner, Walter Mackinnett (dedica-
tion of “ore to),
Black Oak, 4
Callicarp
Chelanthes lanos, 55
China rad
Cladrastis, he
Clintonia, 20; borealis, 20
Convallaria globosa, 13, 14; majalis,
1. —14; majuscula, 13, 14; montana,
The Indigenous
Alleghen
Cyrilla seers ve ioe 47; polys br he
47; racemiflora, 46, 47, pl. 813, v:
subglobosa, 46, 47, pl. 813
Didiplis, 20
Diospyros, 44
Distinetions betw een Polygonatum
ifl and P. canaliculatum,
Specific, 9
Four of Rafinesque’s Species of Sisy-
rinchium, 42
pecionn lanatum, 50, 51; maxi-
Hees, 20; aphylla, 20
Hydrolea affinis, 56; ‘quadrivalvis,
56; uniflora, 56
Identity of Yucca filamentosa, The,
» pis. ’
Ilysanthes 20
Indisecans Alleghenian Convallaria,
The, 12
June
Fines ee at 5; pilosum, var.
saltue
Juncus Tondae s, 5; fuscat — 5;
Gerardi, 5; melanocarpus, 5 ; pilo-
sus, 4; triglu
Jupica ; aptcm, 4
Liliaceae, 1,
Lily of the Valley, 12
Live Oak,
Luzula acuminata, 4, 5; var. caro-
linae, 5; carolinae, 4, 5; var.
saltuensis, : ; iebradeeot, 5; parvi-
elanocarpa, 5; pilo-
sa, 4; saltue ria
Lycopus eke ar 56, 57;
aeus, var. sessilifolius’ 56; gra
Folia, 56
Museadina, 49
Muscadine, 48, 49
Nemexia, 36; Hugeri, 36
Nemexis elliptica, 35, 36
Nemopanthus, 20
Note on Smilax lanceolata, 39
Osmorhiza, 20
Padus agg sone 4
Panicum Benn , 2, 3, pl. 807; im-
var.
onale, 3; meridionale, subvillo-
> ; tennesseense, 3; villosis-
Porrsoves sativa
Peltandra, 20; hs 20; ales ea 20
Phacelia dubia, 53-56, 816;
dubia, 54, 55; var. 2 rgiana, 54,
55; var. interior, 54-56, pl. 816;
fallax, 61-53, 55, 56, pl. 814;
gilioides, 53, 56, 815; hirsuta,
51-54, 56, pl. 815; Plants
as, 51; parviflora, 54, 56; pusilla, 55
Pinus ee a, 44; palustris, 44, 55;
—
gens as Phacelia hirsuta,
51, pls. 814-816
Polemonium dubium, 54
Polygonatum, 9, ve ’piflorum, 9-12;
and P. canaliculatum, Specific
ul INDEX
Distinctions between, 9; biflorum,
—_ oe 2; canalicula-
Specific Sages daa
rere GB ote orum
and, 9; comitutatata} Q;' forma
ce a 12; giganteum, 9; pu-
bescens, 2
Prunus caroliniana, 45; nemoralis, 45
Quercus alba, 44; cinerea, 44, 45;
faleata, 44; geminata, 44; incana,
44, 45; lanata, hee lobata, 44;
maritima 45; nigra, 44; rubra, 44;
tinctoria, 44; Sniatin, 44
Bs eee s Species of Sisyrinchium,
Fo
Rotala ramosior, 50, var. interior, 50
Sanguisorba canadensis, 50
Scupperno ng,
ee ruticosa, 45; ligustrina,
Silene regia, 45; scabra, 45
Silk
gras
Sisyrinchium, 42; Se ss areni-
cola, 43; Bicknellian 43;
fibrosa, 43; cere rr} :
florid , 42, 48; Four of -
m, 42, 43; penta 42, 43
Siniles, 33, 34, 36, 40, as
6 8d
Cc
811, hastata, 37, subsp.
had-ecfolia, 36, Si; var. hederae-
folia, 36-38; Bryoniae nigrae
age 38; § Caule aculeato, tereti,
38, caule aculeato tereti, ca
pinoso ter : celastroides,
34; Chi ; cinnamonifolia, 42;
a2, orf
hispida, , 36; inermis,
35; laevis Lauri folio, 41; lanceo-
lata, 32, 37, 39-42; Note on, 39;
laurifolia, 40, 41; ovata, 41; pan-
durata, 39; edunculata, 35;
Pseudo-China, 32-35, 38, 40, pl.
12; pulverulenta, 35, rotundi-
, 39; tamnoides, 33,
oa 39, var. hispida, 39;
Walte , o3, 40
Solanum erosion: flore, ete. 14, 16,
811
— Distinctions between Poly-
pe tum biflorum and P. canalicu-
m, 9
a
a, 50
Stilingi ee 45, "46: ligustrina,
5, 46
A si 46
Trillium, 9, 18-20; — 17;
Catesba aei, 14-16, pl. ; Cates-
baei and T. ae Bll, 14; pls.
1 5, var.
ac ee 17-19) maculatum, 18
; nhervosu 14- pl, ;
Trillium Catetbasi and, "14, 1. 810;
15, 20; stylo-
sum, 15, 16; subg. Anthopium, 17;
subg. veg 17, 18; Under-
woodii, 18—
Vitis a 48, 49; rotundi-
49
folia
White Oak, 44
Xyris albiflora, 4; Baldwiniana, 4;
cylindrica, 4; fimbri ata, a gir
osa, 4; flexuosa, 4; jun i
pallescens, 4; ua. 4; sotiaiay 2
torta, 4; ar ens 4
Yucea angustifolia, 8; concava, 5-8;
filamentosa, 5-9, pk 808; The
Identity of, 5, pea 8, 809; forma
genuina, 5, 6, vibto rma angusti-
folia, 5, 6, 8, Subforma latifolia, 5,
var. concava, 6 . concava,
6; flaccida, 9; ore alba: etc., 8;
Smalli iana, 8, 9, pl. 809
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 46, April—July, 1944
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CLI oa
RHYNCHOSPORA, SECTION EURHYNCHOSPORA,
IN CANADA, THE UNITED STATES AND THE
3 T INDIES
SHIRLEY GALE
i
Dates oF Issue
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 46, April—July, 1944
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
__ RHYNCHOSPORA, SECTION EURHYNCHOSPORA,
IN CANADA, THE UNITED STATES AND THE
WEST INDIES
'
‘
SHIRLEY GALE
:
Bs:
a
a
a
Ss
.
a
a
Bey:
a
Dates or IssuE
CONTRIBUTION FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY—NO. CLI
RHYNCHOSPORA, SECTION EURHYNCHOSPORA, IN
CANADA, THE UNITED STATES AND THE
WEST INDIES
SHIRLEY GALE!
(Plates 818-835)
In 1806 Vahl? segregated the genus Rhynchospora from
Schoenus as the latter had been defined in the inclusive sense of
Linnaeus. Vahl’s brief diagnosis, with its emphasis upon the
indurated, persistent style, was followed by descriptions of
nineteen species. Of these original species nine are now recog-
nized members of the Section Eurhynchospora. R. inexpansa,
R. fascicularis, R. distans (R. fascicularis var. distans (Michx.)
Chapm.), R. capitellata, R. sparsa (R. miliacea (Lam.) Gray) and
R. ciliata (R. ciliaris (Michx.) Mohr) had been previously
described under Schoenus by Michaux: R. glomerata and R. alba
under Schoenus by Linnaeus; and R. glauca was only a new
name given by Vahl to his own previously described Schoenus
rugosus.> R. fusca (L.) Ait. f. was also included by Vahl as R.
alba & fusca. Of these species R. alba has been selected to typify
the genus.®
' Now Mrs, Chester E. Cres.
* Vahl, Eclog. Am. ii. 5 (1798).
*M. L. Green, Standard-Species Nom. Conserv. no. 492 (1926), mimeographed.
90 Rhodora [APRIL
In 1816 Elliott published the first pages of his Sketch of the
Botany of South Carolina and Georgia. Here he described three
new species of Rhynchospora, R. plumosa, R. punctata, R. caduca,
and, under Scirpus, a fourth, R. schoenoides (Ell.) Wood. He
also made the new combination, R. rariflora, from Michaux’s
Schoenus rariflorus.
Unfortunately nothing but confusion has resulted from
Muhlenberg’s treatment of the genus. He attempted to rein-
state Schoenus as inclusive of Cladium and Rhynchospora.
Although several new species were listed in the first edition of
his Catalogue! in 1813, they were not validated until the publi-
cation of his Descriptio Uberior Graminum? four years later.
The names of his new species S. ciliaris, S. capitatus, S. cymosus
and S. setaceus were later homonyms under Schoenus, nor are
they available for use under Rhynchospora. Finally, he frequent-
ly neglected to give any indication of the authorship of his
species.
Asa Gray’s’® early monograph of North American Rhyncho-
spora is the first treatment of the genus to be done in the care-
fully documented, modern style; and it forms the basis for all
later work on the genus as it is represented in Canada and the
United States. Gray was able to verify, by means of fragments
from the Michaux Herbarium, all of the Michaux species. He
had the use of John Torrey’s herbarium which contained among
others, specimens collected by Elliott, Schweinitz, Ingalls and
Curtis, as well as the herbarium of Baldwin. At the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences he saw the Schweinitz herbarium
and the Muhlenberg herbarium. Of the latter he remarks,
“Specimens of many of these [Muhlenberg’s species], however,
do not exist in his herbarium; and those which have a place are
in such a state of confusion, (there being often three or four
species with a single label) that little information is to be obtained
by consulting it.”” Gray wisely chose to base his treatment on
the details of the achene; and, to aid in correct identification, a
plate figuring the achene of each species was prepared. The
descriptions are original, detailed, and accurate, and are accom-
panied by synonymy, the citation of specimens and careful dis-
1Thid. 5 (1813).
2 Ibid. 4 (1817). 4
Ann. Lyc. N, Y. iii. 191-220 (1835).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 91
cussions. The exigencies of the primary division into “nuts
rugose”’ and ‘‘nuts not rugose” forced the separation of R.
plumosa from the closely related R. oligantha; but, in good part,
the related species were placed together. There was, however,
no attempt to separate the thirty recognized species into formal
groups.' R. Torreyana, R. microcarpa Baldw. ex Gray, R.
Elliottii (renamed R. Grayii by Kunth), R. megalocarpa, R.
Baldwini, R. oligantha, R. gracilenta, and R. cephalaniha were
the additions to the Section Eurhynchospora. The correct com-
bination R. miliacea was made from Lamarck’s Schoenus mili-
aceus, and given preference over R. sparsa (Michx.) Vahl. How-
ever, to Scirpus schoenoides of Elliott, Gray gave a new name,
Rk. multiflora, rather than the correct combination which was
later made by Wood. R. patula Gray was a nomen confusum
since it was applied to sheets of R. microcarpa and R. caduca.
Rk. dodecandra Baldw. ex Gray and R. pycnocarpa were synonyms
of R. megalocarpa, as was R. semiplumosa of R. plumosa Ell.
R. paniculata is true R. glomerata (L.) Vahl and the species to
which the latter name was applied by Gray is R. capitellata
(Michx.) Vahl.
A year later in Torrey’s North American Cyperaceae*® Gray
reworked his treatment of Rhynchospora, segregating R. oligan-
tha, R. plumosa and its synonym, R. semiplumosa, as 1, ‘‘Erio-
chaete”’ separated by the subglobose achene and plumose bristles;
and 2, “True Rhynchosporae”’, including species with lenticular
or compressed achenes. R. macrostachya and R. corniculata were
transferred to the genus Ceratoschoenus. One new species, R.
filifolia Gray, was described, and R. pycnocarpa was reduced to
synonymy under R. megalocarpa.
In the year previous, Nees von Esenbeck‘ published his
Synopsis Generum Cyperacearum. This was a much needed
attempt to give the diagnostic characters of the Cyperaceae, and,
in some cases, of the principal subgeneric divisions. He limited
the genus Rhynchospora to species with ‘“spiculae polygamae.
Stylus bifidus. Perigynium setosum, setis rigidis denticulatis.
' With the exception of a suggestion that R. corniculata and R, macrostachya might
be referred eph us Nees.
? Class-Book of Bot. 744 (1861).
* Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iii. 362-372 (1836).
* Linnaea ix. 282 (1835).
92 Rhodora [APRIL
Caryopsis styli basi persistente discretaque latirostrata.”
Although this definition is practically identical with that now
applied to the Section Eurhynchospora, it was followed by a list
of species many of which belonged to other sections.
Kunth’s Enumeratio, Volume ii, appeared. in 1837. The
forty-four species of Rhynchospora were divided into the Capi-
tatae, Longirostres and Communes. Of these only the Communes
are considered in this paper; but it is important to notice that,
as in Rhynchospora sensu Nees, the group Communes had the
“Stylus bifidus’” and was, in part, a precursor of the Subgenus
Diplostylis. Kunth’s treatment of the species consisted of a
careful review rather than the addition of new species. His
descriptions, like those of Gray, drew particular attention to the
achenes. His special contribution is his elaborate synonymy,
to which I am indebted for the clue to the identity of Schoenus
cymosus Willd. In the Addenda and Corrigenda, he gave to R.
Elliottii Gray its present name, R. Grayii, on account of the
earlier R. Elliottii of Dietrich.
The treatment in Steudel’s Cyperaceae,! despite its inclusion
of several new species, was less original than that of Kunth.
Steudel’s main divisions were geographical. Under “I. Species
Americae septentrionalis’” he placed Gray’s Eriochaete and.
Rhynchosporae verae (latinizing the latter). Under ‘II. Species
Americae australis” he had a vague key, emphasizing, in the
primary divisions, plumose as contrasted with scabrous bristles;
and, in the secondary divisions, the type of inflorescence. Many
of Steudel’s descriptions were condensed latinizations of Gray’s
descriptions, both from the Monograph and from the North
American Cyperaceae. He even included a full description of
R. pyenocarpa Gray, although he explained in a note that it had
been reduced by its author to a synonym of R. megalocarpa.
Of Steudel’s new species, R. longiseta, R. microseta and R. foliata
are unknown to me. R. longiseta and R. microseta are referred
by the Index Kewensis to the synonymy of R. caduca Elliott and
R. ciliata Vahl (R. ciliaris (Michx.) Mohr) respectively. FR. ?
monostachya Steud. is Eleocharis tuberculosa? and R. etuberculata
is referred again by the Index Kewensis to Scirpus leptolepis.
1 Ibid. 139 (1855).
venson, RHopora xxxix. 248 (1937).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 93
Steudel also gave to R. pallida Curtis another name, R. Curtisii,
thinking that R. pallida Nees, which had not previously been
validly published, took precedence.
Grisebach! in 1857 set up the Section EHurhynchospora to con-
tain species with ‘‘Setae elongatae. Stylus bifidus”, and he
typified it by R. glauca Vahl (R. rugosa (Vahl) Gale). This
definition was later amplified in Part vi. of the Flora of the
British West Indies? with the additional character “achaenium
separated from the beak by a broad transverse joint.” Of the
species listed by him, I am excluding R. cephalotes Vahl from the
section on the basis of its indurated scales and coarse, peculiar
habit. R. gracilis Vahl is of uncertain identity, but Grisebach
was probably using it in the sense of R. globularis (Chapm.)
Small, var. recognita Gale and R. rugosa (formerly R. glauca
Vahl).
Grisebach’s chief contribution to the knowledge of this genus
came with his work on the Wright collections from Cuba. R.
pruinosa was described in Part II. of the Plantae Wrightianae’,
but the bulk of the new species were published in the Catalogus
Plantarum Cubensium.* Here were added to the Series Cernuae,
previously represented only by R. pruinosa, 4 additional species
hk. Lindeniana, R. scabrata, R. tenuifolia and R. cernua, although
Grisebach mistakenly placed the last named species in a new
section, Microchaeta. R. odorata Wright ex Griseb. was also
included. R. penniseta, however, is R. plumosa Gray; R. deflexa
is R. cubensis Rich., and R. setacea sensu Grisebach, non Vahl,
is R. rariflora (Michx.) Ell. R. cephalotoides, also included by
Grisebach in the Section Eurhynchospora, is closely related to R.
cephalotes. I have excluded both of these species from this
section. Known from the mainland, but new to Cuba, was R.
miliacea.
The work begun by Grisebach was continued by Wright,
working in collaboration with Francesco Sauvalle. The portion
of the Flora Cubana' dealing with species of Eurhynchospora was
published for the first time in 1871. Wright’s new species 2.
1 Goetting. iad vii. 272 (p. 124 of repr.) (1857).
64).
5 Anal. Acad. Ci. Habane. viii. 83 (1871).
94 Rhodora [APRIL
leptorhyncha and R. brachychaeta were carefully described;
others, already treated by Grisebach or earlier authors, were
merely listed with the number of the Wright collection. The
authentic specimens are at the Gray Herbarium, as are also
duplicates of Grisebach’s species, but special care has been
necessary in their citation, for the sheets are badly scrambled;
the same number has often been applied to specimens belonging
to 2 or more species and the accompanying memoranda as to
locality and habitat often cannot be oriented with certainty to
one of possibly three specimens on a sheet.
In 1873 Otto Boeckeler published, under the title Die Cyper-
aceen des Kéniglichen Herbarium zu Berlin, a treatment of the
Tribe Rhynchosporeae. He described in all 136 species of Rhyn-
chospora, several of which he derived from Dichromena as
transfers. These were divided into two groups: A. Capzitatae, B.
Corymbosae. The Eurhynchosporae appeared with species of other
sections under the latter heading. In this treatment most of
the new species were Brazilian, but Boeckeler’s descriptions of
such North American species as R. alba, R. caduca, R. plumosa,
etc. were original and among the best that have been written.
The designation Dichostyleae appeared in the summary of the
genus by Bentham and Hooker.! It set off from the Haplo-
styleae, with apically bilobed styles, those species in which the
styles were deeply cleft, forming slender stigmatic branches
equal in length to the undivided portion of the style.
Prior to 1892 Gray’s original treatment of species of the
Coastal Plain had been augmented by scattered publications of
other authors, notably Curtis, Carey, Boott, and more especially
by Chapman’s Flora of the Southern States. In that year,
however, Britton? published a list of North American Rhyncho-
spora. This list covered the Mexican species, but excluded those
from the West Indies. It gave little information outside of the
few characters employed in a rudimentary key to the groups of
species. Its principal emphasis was placed on the synonymy,
which was frequently incorrect, and statements as to the range
of the species. Britton had been supplied by Clarke with an
abstract of the latter’s arrangement of the North American
1 he Pl. iii. 1060 (1883
ns. N. Y. Acad ee xi, 83-93-repr. 10-19 (1892).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 95
species, and the Hurhynchosporae, as well as some species of other
sections, were placed under the “Subgenus Eurhynchospora
Clarke.” R. alba var. macra Clarke, R. glomerata var. discutiens
Clarke, and R. fuscoides Clarke were new; and were apparently
taken from the abstract referred to in the introductory note.
R. fuscoides was here without description but was validly pub-
lished two years later in Clarke’s treatment of the Cyperaceae
for Urban. R. glomerata var. minor (R. capitellata (Michx.)
Vahl) and R. axillaris var. microcephala (R. microcephala Britt.
ex Small) were additions by Britton himself. R. compressa
Chapm. was reduced to a variety under R. cymosa (R. globularis
var. recognita Gale).
. B. Clarke wrote the treatment of the Cyperaceae for Urban’s
Symbolae Antillanae, Volume II. With the fifty-five species of
Rhynchospora appears the first key to species. Presumably it is,
in part, a natural key, since series and sections are directly
assigned to its main divisions. Its chief faults are those of
brevity and too great a reliance on measurements. There is no -
mention of a subgenus, or even of a section Eurhynchospora.
Species of that section, as it is here interpreted, occur under
the heading of Series B. Diplostyleae, and are classified as Section
2, Plumosae, Section 3, Albae, Section 4, Fuscae, and Section 5,
Glaucae. Section Plumosae includes, in addition to R. plumosa
Gray, the totally different R. lwnata which has a curious horned
tubercle. Section Albae, as defined, is synonymous with Series
Glomeratae Small. It is represented only by R. alba from the
mountains of Puerto Rico. Section Fuscae includes R. fuscoides
(which is here supplied with a description), R. leptorhyncha, R.
fascicularis, R. distans sensu Clarke (also R. fascicularis), R.
gracilenta sensu Clarke (R. leptorhyncha), R. Lindeniana, and R.
pallida sensu Clarke (R. brachychaeta). This section is defined
as having setae antrorsely scabrous, nut smooth, not transversely
wrinkled. Clarke must have overlooked the slightly rugulose
surface in R. Lindeniana. R. brachychaeta (wrongly identified
by Clarke as R. pallida) I have put with true R. pallida in the
Series Chapmaniae. Section Glaucae is merely a name for a
jumble of species having achenes with rugulose surfaces. Clarke
placed a strong, and I think mistaken, emphasis on the impor-
tance of the original spelling of Rhynchospora as “‘Rynchospora.”
96 Rhodora |APRIL
As a result of this he took up the first specific name to appear in
combination with the original ‘‘Rynchospora.” If a specific
name had always appeared with the spelling, ‘thynchospora,”
he made a new combination under the old spelling. This ex-
plains his recognition of R. sparsa Vahl in preference to the
earlier combination R. miliacea (Lam.) Gray. It also explains
why Vahl, Britton and Clarke are the only authorities cited
after names of species long in good standing.
After the turn of the century, important treatments were
included in the following: Small’s Flora, 1903; the revision of
Gray’s Manual by Robinson & Fernald, 1908; and, later, Small’s
Manual, 1933. Britton also published Rhynchospora of Cuba,’
another list which included new species and their descriptions.
SpEciFic CriTeR1A.—The species of Rhynchospora which come
within the scope of this paper are perennials. The roors are of
little aid in classification. They are usually fibrous and richly
- branched or occasionally thickened and spongy with only a few
short branchlets. The BAsEs are more often distinctive. In R.
pallida they are usually cormous and covered with short, broad,
imbricated scales—a condition occurring to a lesser degree in R.
megalocarpa. In the Series Cernuae a short, densely fibrous
caudex is developed, the fibres resulting from the fraying-out of
the fibro-vascular strands in the lower portions of the old dried
basal leaves. This character is one of several which are probably
correlated with the intermittently exsiccated habitats of these
species. The bases of R. cubensis and R. stenophylloidea are
subligneous. A few species have stolons. Those of R. fusca
are slender, whereas short, thick stolons bud out from the bases
of R. pallida. R. megalocarpa, which populates the sand-hills of
the southern Coastal Plain, also spreads by means of stolons.
The commonest growth-habit, however, is a tuft; and several
species, R. inexpansa among them, are reported as forming dense
stools. An exception to the caespitose habit, as its name con-
notes, is R. solitaria. _
The BASAL LEAVES are usually linear-elongate, from 1 to 7 mm.
in width, or filiform. Commonly they are flat or somewhat
canaliculate. The under surface is short-carinate, the keel be-
1 Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 185 (1916).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 97
coming more prominent toward the apex so that the tip of the
leaf is sharply triquetrous. This character is present, but less
obvious, in a few species with broad, short leaves, such as R.
ciliaris and R. pruinosa, in which the leaf is abruptly narrowed
to an obtuse tip. Rarely the leaf-tips are rounded, as in R.
plumosa. The angles of the tip, if not the entire margin of the
q leaf, are always more or less serrated. These microscopic teeth,
__ apparently formed of pure silica, contribute in great part to the
material worthlessness of the plants, for they render the leaves
unfit for cattle-fodder. In R. ciliaris these serrations reach
their maximum development as stiff, silvery cilia. Occasionally
the leaves are involute, although this condition is difficult to
determine from dried specimens. In R. pruinosa the leaves are
not only canaliculate but also moderately revolute. However,
the chief distinction of the leaves of this species lies in their
peculiar upper surfaces. These are roughened and bear small =
white inclusions of lime which are responsible for the rimy or 4
silvery appearance emphasized by the specific name. In another
closely related species, R. scabrata, the upper surfaces of the
leaves are definitely exasperate. The basal leaves vary from
stiffly erect to flat and spreading to curling. The curling habit
reaches its climax in the circinately coiled leaves of the tiny,
depressed R. crispa. The CAULINE LEAVES are similar, in most
cases, to those of the base. They decrease in size upward and are
finally reduced to the setaceous or, less often, somewhat frondose
bracts of the inflorescence. The typically closed sheaths are
- definitive of the Cyperaceae as a whole.
The cuLMs are usually triquetrous and slender to robust, or
filiform and subterete. The 2-several nodes each bear a leaf |
which may or may not subtend a lateral cluster of spikelets. is
The internodal surfaces are smooth or striate, and the culms -
range from stiffly erect to procumbent. ve
The INFLORESCENCE varies in size from a ‘solitary terminal =
fascicle, as in R. pallida, to a terminal decompound fasciculate |
cyme which is accompanied by 4-8 smaller lateral cymes, as in
R. miliacea. Throughout this paper I have applied the term
“eyme”’ to the compound, flat-topped or concave clusters of
spikelets which characterize in particular the Series Caducae.
Compact bundles of mainly ascending spikelets are ‘fascicles’,
98 Rhodora [APRIL
whether they are numerous and approximate in the cyme or are
solitary and distant in the axils of the cauline leaves. Fascicles
may be globose, turbinate or corymbiform, depending upon
their shape. Compact masses of spikelets oriented in all
directions are heads, capituli or glomerules and may also be of
primary or secondary degree. Unfortunately I have not been
able to study flowering material of the genus, for from the dried
specimens it is difficult to ascertain whether the so-called cymes
are determinate, but to all appearances the main axis and the
successive axes in turn are terminated by a spikelet.
The sPIKELETS are usually ovoid, but they may be subglobose,
as in R. globularis, or fusiform as in R. capillacea. The lower 2 or
3 of the spirally imbricated scales are comparatively small and
empty. The succeeding 1-10 subtend perfect florets, each of
which may produce an achene. The terminal 1-2 scales subtend
rudimentary florets or are empty. Occasionally the spikelet
contains only a single floret.
The ScaLes are papery (not indurated), tightly, but more
often loosely, imbricate, and persistent or caducous. They are
commonly brownish and fairly constant in shade, most commonly
castaneous or fuscous. In R. alba and several members of the
Series Cernuae they are whitish; in R. pallida they have a reddish
tinge. Those of R. leptorhyncha, on the other hand, are black-
ened, as are frequently those of R. cephalantha var. typica. The
general outline of the fertile scales is ovate, on the one hand, to
narrowly lanceolate, and on the other to suborbicular. When
tightly imbricate they are concave. The midrib frequently
extends as a mucro which is often serrulate, and in R. ciliaris
bears straggly reddish-brown cilia.
he STAMENS are variable in number, from 1-12, but are
usually 3. In R. odorata the filaments are conspicuously mar-
cescent.
The hypogynous BRISTLES are presumably the remnants of
a perianth. They are borne at the base of the achene and are
arranged in upper and lower series consisting of 3 bristles each.
In R. alba, however, the bristles are from 10-12 and in R. macra
from 18-20. The increase in number is probably due to chorisis;
occasionally I have seen an achene of R. alba with 2-pronged,
presumably imperfectly divided, bristles. The broad, straplike
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 99
bristles of the Glomeratae are unique, not only in their shape and
size, but in their retrorse barbs. In other series the bristles are
capillary, or flattened only at the base, and the barbs, or better
the minute serrulations, are directed upwards. There are a few
forms in the Series Glomeratae which, like the species of other
series, have bristles with antrorse barbs or with barbs failing.
This problem and its importance has been discussed under R.
capttellata f. discutiens. The bristles in the Series Plumosae are,
as indicated by the name of the series, characteristically plumose.
Several species of other series, however, have a few silky hairs
at the bases of the bristles. Occasionally the bristles fail to
develop. This is true in particular of R. Chapmanii and R. nuda,
and also of occasional achenes of R. perplexa.
The sTyLe has two stigmatic branches which are characteristic
of the genus and which indicate the bicarpellary nature of the
gynoecium.
The AcHENE is the most important single character in the
determination of a specimen, for, almost without exception, that
of every species is distinct. It is derived from the development
of one of the paired ovules of the gynoecium at the expense of
the other. The shape is commonly ovate, lenticular and bicon-
vex; usually the achene is marginate. Those of species belonging
to the Series Glomeratae are frequently slenderly prolonged
toward the base, forming a gynophore. Other peculiarities of
the achenes of this series are the heavy wire-like margins and the
prominent central umbo or boss. The umbonate condition also
appears in achenes of other series, e. g. Rk. Harperi of the Fuscae.
More often the central area of the achene is picked out by a
smooth, pale disc. This is particularly true of R. filifolia the
white disp of which has a sheen like that of glass. The achenes of
R. compressa suggested the specific name, for they are so flattened
that they have a shrunken appearance as if they had dried while
immature. Some other species with strongly compressed achenes
are R. perplexa, R. schoenoides, and R. tenuifolia. Very few of the
series have achenes with an absolutely plain smooth surface.
Usually the surface is alveolate or cancellate. The alveoli may,
as in the case of the Chapmaniae, be reduced to tiny pricks; or
they may be shallow, superficial and isodiametric as in the
Harveyae. ‘The most common modification of the alveoli is that
100 Rhodora [APRIL
in which they are more or less aligned across the achene with
the transverse walls pulled up into ridges. This produces the
rugulose to ridged effect which is common in the Series Rari-
florae, Cernuae, Cubenses, Harveyae, Globulares, Caducae, and
Glaucae. Although the surface is ridged the individual alveoli
may remain distinct, as in R. caduca, or they may be crowded so
as to appear only as fine glistening striae between the ridges, or,
in R. tenuifolia, over the faces of broad corrugations themselves.
Like the scales, the achenes are brownish, but they vary in
degree from the pale, lustreless shade of R. nuda to the dark,
gleaming black-mahogany of R. megalocarpa. The measurements
of the achenes are very dependable, and have been made with
the aid of a finely divided steel rule, to tenths of a millimeter.
The largest achenes in this section of the genus are those of R.
megalocarpa (2.8-3.4 mm. wide, 3-4 mm. long). Among the
smallest. are those of R. Knieskernii, R. sulcata, and several
species in the Cernuae the measurements of which do not exceed
a millimeter in width and length.
Occasional trigonous achenes have — seen in the Series
Plumosae and Glomeratae. Such anomalies are accompanied by
tripartite styles. They probably represent the last traces of a
tricarpellary condition.
The TUBERCLE, consisting of the indurated and persistent base
of the style, is triangular and compressed. The achenes of the
Harveyae which are, for the most part, tumid above, have conical
tubercles. These are buttressed and slightly incrusted at the
base by the narrowed summit of the achene. The tubercles in
the Series Chapmaniae are extremely short, often apiculate.
The tubercle of R. compressa is strongly depressed with a pro-
jecting basal flange. The margins of the tubercles in the Series
Fuscae are thickly setose, and those of other series may be less so,
or bare.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—This study has been made under the
guidance of Professor M. L. Fernald, and for his advice and
patience I am most sincerely grateful. I also wish to express My
appreciation to the many friends who have so freely given both
time and encouragement—in particular to Mr. Charles A.
Weatherby and Miss Bernice Schubert of the Gray Herbarium,
ata
=a
=
-
ong
=
ia
£
a
be
PPE CT te Ae
WePE Rn Teme eee R
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 101
and to Dr. Chester E. Cross. I have been generously given the
opportunity to study material from the herbaria of the following
institutions to the curators of which I express my great obligation:
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (P); California
Academy of Sciences (CA); Catholic University of America (CU);
Duke University (D); Gray Herbarium (G); Atkins Institution
of the Arnold Arboretum (A); Louisiana State University (La);
Missouri Botanical Garden (Mo); New England Botanical Club
(NE); New York Botanical Garden (NY); St. Bernard College
(StB); United States National Arboretum (USNA); United
States National Museum (US); University of North Carolina
(NC); University of Pennsylvania (Penn).
Ruy A Vahl. Seales spirally meine the lower 1
(rarely )—2 to ait scales vacant, the following 1— 10 subtending
perfect florets, the upper 1-2 flo rets DE he or rudimentary:
stamens 1-— 12, usually 1-3: hypogynous bristles 0-20, when
present usually 6: style bilobed at the apex or with 2 long,
slender, stigmatic branches: achene more or less oo
crowned with a conspicuous tubercle consisting of the broad,
persistent, indurated base, or even the greater part, of the stale. —
hiefly perennials with more or less triangular culms and axillary
inflorescences. Species of tropical and subtropical regions of both
hemispheres, temperate North America and Eurasia. (Name
taken from elyyeos, a snout and oxopd, a Ree from the beaked
_ achene.)—Enum. ii. 229 (1806); Gray, A Lye : Na Y. a 194
(1835); Kunth, Enum. ii. 287 (1837) ; Steud. Orn 139 (1855);
- Bentham & Hooker, Gen. PI. iii. 1058 (1883); Pax in Engler &
bees Pfizfam. ii. 2: 116 (1887); Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant.
. 103 (1900); Pfeiffer in Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. xxxviii. 89
(i 1935). tose L. C. Richard in Persoon, Synops. i. 60 (1805)
in a note; nomen rejiciendum. Phaeocephalum Ehrh. Beitr. iv.
; 146 (1789), nomen illegitimum
Since this paper is limited to a consideration of the Section
Eurhynchospora the generic definition given above is neither
_ Original nor complete; nor has any attempt been made to include
in the list of generic synonyms the numerous tropical genera of
Nees, none of which come within the scope of this paper. —
In 1935 the name Rhynchospora! was conserved over Triodon
__L.C. Richard, which threw into synonymy all previous com-
binations made by Farw in ee Triodon. House’ in 1920 at-
‘Int. Rules Bot. Nomencl. 90 (19:
* Rep. Mich, Acad. Sci. xv. 167 Shae § xix. 253 (1917).
‘Am. Midland Nat. vi, 201 (1920).
102 Rbodora [APRIL
tempted to set up the generic name Phaeocephalum Ehrh., but
the name is excluded by the International Rules, under Art. 67
(3), as a unitary designation of species, not intended as a generic
name.
However, at present the status of the generic name is once
again challenged, for Pfeiffer! has brought up the problem of the
inclusion of Pleurostachys Brongn.? and Dichromena Michx.’
within the genus. Whether Pfeiffer’s solution, which reduces
both genera to the status of synonyms under Rhynchospora, is
sound, I do not know. It is a problem for the student of the
Rhynchosporeae as a whole. However, the name Dichromena has
priority over Rhynchospora, and the inclusion of the two under
one generic name would necessitate either the transfer of the
species of Rhynchospora to Dichromena, following the precedent
of Macbride*, or the conservation of the name Rhynchospora
over Dichromena as proposed by Pfeiffer’, with the necessary
combinations under Rhynchospora, many of which have already
been made by that author.
Subgenus Disty iis Pax. Style deeply cleft; stigmatic branches
linear, equal in length to the undivided portion of the style.—
In Engler & Prantl, Pflafam. ii. 2: 117 (1887). Rhynchospora 3.
Communes Kunth, Enum. ii. 295 (1837). Rhynchospora ii.
Dichostyleae Besthann & Hooker, Gen. Pl. iii. 1060 (1883).
Rhynchospora Series B. Di plostyleae Clarke in Urban, Symb.
Ant. ii. 104 (1900). ree Diplostylis Pfeiffer in Fedde, Rep.
Spec. Noy. _XXXvVili. 91 (1935).
Section Eurny A Griseb. Seales thin and papery
not indurate, often ‘oer ts imbricate: bristles 0 (rarely)-20,
usually 6 and equal to or exceeding half the achene in height, if
bristles consistently failing achenes smooth (e. g. R. Chapman,
R. nuda): achenes commonly ovate in pablus, ienticdlar and
gradually biconvex or umbonate, less often subglobose; surface
smooth to strongly alveolate to striate and nde ed: tubercle
discrete, triangular or conical, compressed. —Goetting. Abh. Vil.
272 (1857); Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Pl. iii. 1060 (1883);
Pfeiffer in Fedde, nei Spec. Nov. xxxviii. 91 (1935). Rhyncho-
spora Series B. Diplost yleae, Divisio 5. Eu-Rhynchospora. Clarke
in Kew Bull. Add. Ser. viii. 119 (1908). Rhynchospora ii. ee
enus pa Hea ag Clarke ex Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. xi. 85 (1892).
' Fedde, Rep. Spec. Noy. xxxviii. 88 (1935); xliii. 258 (1938).
? Brongniar ileglen ares Voy. Coq. Bot. 172 t. 31 (1829).
2 Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 3
‘ Field Mus. Pub. be iv. 166 (1929); viii. 113 (1930); xi. 5 (1981); xiii. 301 (1936).
’ Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. xliii. 261 (1938).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 103
Key To SERIES IN SECTION EURHYNCHOSPORA
a. Bristles retrorsely barbed, or if barbs antrorse or failing,
ristles robust, straplike, pale, exceeding the ache
eries Glomeratae.
a. Bristles payer barbed or failing, rarely smooth, then capil-
ge
ary
b. Bristles welt developed and popes orp for at least 14
their length or reduced to six basal tufts... ... 2. age Plumosae.
b. ivintlad upwardly arte ge Swit or without a few basal
hairs, rarely smooth... .
c. Surface of Aerts Siecle or pricked by small dark pits
achene chestnut-brown or dark hove (then lentiading
and moderately biconvex), not ne
d, Surface of achene pricked by ree "dak pits 0 = if sur-
face smooth, bristles 1-3 and ailing;
lateral fascicles rare, with exception of 13 in
bracketed 6.5 2 Fee ho he Series Chapmaniae.
d. joan = Recarag =e ti bristles 6 and well devel-
in R. cularis var. typica and R.
debilis vie they are fe 5 to 6 and rudimentary ;
sities pee present in well developed speci-
é. nate aie usually less than 1 mm. wide, light
brown, py yriform or nen ce ellipsoid with the |
‘maximum width near the apex............. Series Fuscae.
e. Achenes vieodiid 1 mm. in width (with the excep-
tion of that of R. Fernaldii which is minute and
blackish), broadly ovate in outline, their maximum
idth corresponding to their midpoint. vil eee) Fasciculares.
ans
ee es ve Pi pa nee te spiciform
und cory
with ‘yelatyely, ‘ie “often _straw-coloed spikelets;
culms relatively short to depressed. .. .
g. Spikelets remote on phe ete pedicels; is corym-
biform, spreading; 2 species only, both of the
Coastal Plain, R. rariflora also in the a, Indies
Series Rariflorae.
q. oe approximate, if Vian peiclae one
t di es limite es ;
Indien os eae 7" Series Ceriuac.
erulose, corymbiform, congeste oose cyme; ;
culms relatively t tall re ly dep oad. ie
h. Spikelets with 1 flor e solitary
sp its axis; ase longitu
if shriveled; 2 species of the Greater yates
a 2
PEs
5.8 |
15 ®
dB
4
Series Cubenses.
h. age wok airy 2-several florets, one of which may be
rudiment; achene not longitudinally
eB ir rg many species of the Coastal Plain
the West Indies... .i.
i. Achene surmounted by a grayish, conical-apiculate
tubercle with a subterete base which is mad
buttressed and often slightly incrusted by the
narrowed neck of the achene; surface of achene
104 Rhodora [APRIL
deeply alveolate and Tidged only i in hp hea
otherwise mahogany-brown, smoot with a
honey eomb-pattem of shallow eadaatie
CM ars Pie Pe et wae ie este eb 9. Series Harveyae.
t. Achene usually surmounted by a deltoid, com-
essed tubercle which is often attenuate, if
eonieal-diseoid mh te at the base not
visibly buttre
j. Achene broadly eberrald or slenderly ellipsoid-
eh abie Alam castaneous or catching the light
minent, deeply etched alveoli,
Seaualty te ed....k.
k, Cymes stiff, erect or spreading; periee ar
terminating in glomeruli whic y be
dense or limited to 3-4 globose snikelots
10. Series Globulares.
k. Cymes usually flexuous, corymbi form, densely
asciculate ase for the stiff, open netlike
ies of R. miliacea), occasionally glo-
merulose in reduced phase of R. micro-
rd MAR hie edie Week roe i ees eas 11. Series Caducae.
&
which are intercepted by transverse merce
tions or vague rugulosities........... Series Glaucae.
Series 1. GLoMERATAE Small, emend. Plants of acid bogs of
temperate North America and Eurasia with several species
limited to the Coastal Plain; R. alba also in the mountains of
uerto Rico and (?) northeastern Brazil. Habit caespitose:
leaves filiform to flattish and up to 5 mm. wide: culms capillary
cymose-fasciculate: spikelets 1—2-fruited: scales acute to mu-
cronate, tightly or loosely imbricate: achene pyriform or with a
conspicuous gynophore, smooth to granular or faintly rugulose,
usually with a pale central disc; bristles 6, retrorsely barbellate,
or if with barbs antrorse or failing the bristles robust, straplike
a pale-—Rhynchospora, V. Glomeratae Small, Man. 175 (1933),
in part. Rhynchospora, Series B. Diplostyleae Sect. 3. Albae
Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 105 (1900).
Key To Species IN SERIES GLOMERATAE
a. Achenes with a ogre arg pale, wirelike margin, smooth,
castaneous and unlined, usually lustrous, umbonate, with a
ale disc and basally pr rolonged
b. — 1-fruited, the solitary ‘achene terminating the
c. futovensdaee of 2-6 dense, globose ee (rarely
subhemispherical and looser on poorly devel oped
ra © eR the crowded spikelets ing, to re
ff x
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 105
d. Achenes minute, 0.9-1.1 mm. wide, 1.4-1.6 mm. long
1. R. microcephala.
d. Achenes 1.1—-1.6 mm. wide, 1.8-2.5 mm. long....2. R. cephalantha.
c. Inflorescence of 3-7 turbinate to loosely hemispherica
sretaticed the loosely aggregated spikelets ascending to
WIGOING fo e6 2. os a hoe ace Ee R. chalarocephala.
b. Spikelets usually 2- or more-fruited, or if one-fruited es
e. Achene prominently umbonate, with a aie: aise a
pressed sides and raised wire-like margins; inflorescence
of usually several strict, fasciculate, rarely glomerulose,
CVINCR i Sis ea a le a cet ee ere R. glomerata.
e. Achene gradually eis without a prominent umbo,
surface a uniform brown, margins narrow; inflorescence
of 2-6 compact, seeeaalneey lobed fascicles, less often
CyMonelAsCIMURTO 23 iho. chances eee eens 5. &. capitcllata
a. Achenes inconspicuously marginate, finely granular to slightly
gulose, dark brown toward the margins from which short,
dark, broken lines run in between the roughenings toward a
more or less definite te pale, polished disc... .f.
q.
g. Bristles 10-12; achenes 0.9-1.2 mm. wide, 1.6-1.8 mm
long; spikelets several-fruited or, if 1-fruited, with
terminal rudimentary floret; ac typically whitish 6. R. alba.
g. Bristles 18-20; achenes 1.3-1.4 mm. wide, 2—2.1 mm.
ong; spikelets 1-fruited, without a terminal sane
h. — chong with a ae slander ee
R. capillacea.
1. R. MICROCEPHALA Britt. ex Small. Se leaves 1-3
m
cones globose, or less frequently looser, subhemispherical
heads 1.1—-1.8 em. wide, on included aodnohe: spikelets slenderly
lanceolate-attenuate, sessile, ascending to reflexed, typically
forming a solid echinate ball, 1-fruited; the solitary fertile floret
terminal with no trace of a sterile rudim ent: scales ovate to
lanceolate, acute, chestnut to dark brown, tightly inrolled
; especially ‘at the apices: bristles 6, straplike, retrorsely barbellate;
3 their apices aren about the tubercle which they slightly
exceed: achene 0.9-1.1 mm. wide, 1.4-1.6 mm. long; its body
suborbicular, with a short but narrow and distinct gynophore;
surface smooth, lustrous, brown, with a prominent light umbo
and a raised wirelike margin: febcaile subulate-attenuate, 0.7-
1.1 mm. nigh; its base not wholly covering the summit of the
achene. Piate 818, rigs. 3A and 3B; Map 4.—Fl. 195, 1327
(1903) and MG. 181 (1933); Fernald, RHODORA, Xxxvii. 404, pl.
106 Rhodora {APRIL
391, figs. 4 and 5 (1935); Fernald & Gale, Ruopora, xlii. 428,
figs. 3 and 4 (1940). R. azillaris var. microcephala Britton,
Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 89 (1892); Britton & Brown, IIl. FI.
i. 279 (1896); Britton, Man. 185 (1901); Robinson & Fernald in
Gray, Man. ed. 7: 201 (1908). R. axillaris sensu Britton in
Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2: i. 344 (1913), in part; Britton,
Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 195 (1916), not as to name-
bringing syn. Schoenus axillaris Lamarck.—Wet peaty or sandy
clearings, swamps and pond-margins of the Coastal Plain from
New Jersey southward to the Florida Peninsula, thence west to
Mississippi; also in western Cuba. Nrw JERSEY: east of Park-
dale (2 miles), Atlantic Co., Aug. 17, 1905, Van Pelt (P); Mon-
mouth Co., 1845, Knieskern (NY, Type of R. axillaris var. micro-
cephala). DeLAWARE: Indian River, Millsboro, Sussex Co.,
Sept. 21, 1907, Brown (P). Wasuineton, District oF CoLum-
BIA: Sept. 18, 1901, Steele (NY). Maryann: Salisbury, Wico-
mico Co., Sept. 28, 1863, Commons (G, P). Virernia: sphagnous
magnolia swamp at head of Garnett Creek, about 1 mile north-
east of St. Stephen’s Church, King and Queen Co., Fernald &
Long, no. 13275 (G); fresh to brackish swales along North Land-
ing River, near Creed’s, Princess Anne Co., Fernald, Long «&
Fogg, no. 4830 (G, P); wet peaty clearings in woods of Pinus
serotina, south of Grassfield, Norfolk Co., Fernald & Long, no.
mile east of Balley, Wilson Co., Qosting, no. 1670 (CU, D);
Hartsville, Darlington Co., July 12, 1920, Norton (NC); sandy
drainage-ditch, 2 miles west of Salters, Williamsburg Co.,
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 107
Godfrey & Tryon, no. 502 (D, G, NY); Sumter Co., Holdaway,
no. 11 (D); boggy swale, 5 milés south of Columbia, Lexington
Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1263 (G). Groreta: Cypress Pond,
Bethesda Church, Effingham Co., Eyles, no. 6398 (CU); Chase
Prairie, Okefenokee Swamp, Charlton Co., J. S. Harper, no.
731 ( FLoripa: South Jacksonville, Duval Co., Aug. 11,
1909, Lang (P); low pineland bordering Lake Geneva, near
Keystone Heights, Clay Co., Feb. 24, 1925, O’Neill (CU);
margin of pond along west boundary of Welaka, Putnam Co.,
June 26, 1940, Laessle (CU); in a low pineland, 7 miles north of
Ft. Christmas, east of Orlando, Orange Co., O’ Neill, no. 7679
(CU; US, without number); wet ditch, Lake Jovita, Pasco Co.,
O’ Neill, no. 2609 (NY); flatwoods, 1 mile from Tiger Lake, Polk
Co., McFarlin, no. 3466 (CU); ditch, Hardee Co., July 29, 1940,
Schallert (G); margins of ponds in pine barrens, Apalachicola,
Franklin Co., Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 864b (G, in part).
ALABAMA: in a wet place, Perdue, Coffee Co., Blanion, no. 83
US). Mississippi: Petit Bois Island, Jackson Co., Tracy, no.
iv .
17240 (NY).
2. R. CEPHALANTHA Gray. Caespitose: leaves 1-4.5 mm.
broad, flat or tending to become inrolled on drying, serrulate on
upper margins, erect; radical leaves equalling about 14 the culm;
cauline leaves short: culms slender to stout, erect, obtusely
trigonous, 0.4-1.1 m. tall: inflorescence 1-5 dm. long; glomerules
densely subglobose to loosely hemispherical, 1-2.2 em. wide,
terminal and solitary or accompanied by 1-4 smaller lateral
glomerules on subincluded peduncles: bracts foliaceous and con-
spicuous: spikelets ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, compact, sessile; the
fertile floret consistently terminal and solitary with no trace of
a succeeding rudimentary floret: scales castaneous to blackish,
slightly mucronate, so tightly involute at their apices as to give
an echinate appearance to the glomerule: bristles 6, robust,
strap-like, with the margins and upper surfaces retrorsely
barbed, stramineous to light brown, equalling to slightly exceed-
ing the tubercle around which they converge: achene 1.1-1.6
mm. broad, 1.8-2.4 mm. long; its body suborbicular, usually
with definite shoulders, lenticular and prominently umbonate,
with a very slender gynophore; the sides depressed and rimmed
by a raised wire-like margin; surface smooth, lustrous, castane-
ous, paler over the umbo: tuberele compressed, subulate-attenu-
ate, 1.4-2.4 mm. long. .
108 Rhodora [APRIL
Key To THE VARIETIES OF R, CEPHALANTHA
Achenes 1.4—1.6 mm. — 2-2.5 mm. long; habit usually stiffly
erect; culms often robus
Glomerules subglobose o loosely hemispherical, 1-3 (rarel
with the lowermost poorly formed) ; culms slender to ode
a. var. typtica.
Glomerules eee: eHepee, 4-7 in number, the lowest
POUAOU; CUR BLOG rs eke ew CV ee var. pl ioccph:la,
Achenes 1.1-1.2 mm. ute 1.8 mm. long; habit weakly greet;
culms slender, attenuated in appearance............. var. attenuata.
Var. Typica Fernald & Gale. Leaves 1.5-2.5 (-3) mm.
ears tending to become inrolled on drying: culms slender, 0.4—1
m. in ‘height: inflorescence 1—2.8 dm. long (rarely longer) com-
prising about 4% the culm; glomerules subglobose to loosely
hemispherical, 1.3-2.2 ¢ m. wide, terminal and solitary or accom-
panied in the upper ale by 1-2 (rarely 3) smaller glomerules,
then only the terminal glomerule subcompound to several-lobed:
achene 1.4-1.6 mm. broad, 2-2.4 mm. long. PuaTe 818, FIGs
4A and 4B; Map 7. —Ruovora, xlii. 423 (1940). R. cephalantha
Ann. Lye, Ni Yodan 218, pl. 6, fig. 30 (1835) and Man.
533 (1848), in part var. pleiocep hala, as with later authors;
Chapman, FI. So. U. 8. 528 (1860); Fernald, RHODORA, XXXVii.
403, pl. 391, figs. 2 and 3 (1935). R. axillaris Britton, Bull.
Torr. Bot. Cl. xv. 104 (1888) and Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 89
name-bringing syn. . Schoenus axillaris Lam.; Britton “& Brown,
Ill. Fl. i. 279, fig. 655 (1896); Britton, Man. 185 (1901); Small,
Fl. 195 (1903) and Man. 181 (1933); Robinson & Fernald in Gray,
Man. ed, 7: 201, fig. 327 (1908). Phaeocephalum axillare House,
Am. Midland Nat. vi. 201 (1920).—Sphagnous bogs of southern
New Jersey, southward on the Coastal Plain to Georgia, thence
ee to eastern Louisiana. New Jersey: bog southeast along
Parkdale, Atlantic Co., Aug. 17, 1905, Van Pelt (P); Gray ?,
1 (NY, Types; accompanied by notes in Gray’s handwriting); ;
al bog along Mullica River about 1.5 miles southeast
of Atsion, Burlington Co., Fogg, no. 5662 (G). DELAWARE:
ree along Queen Anne Railroad, near Ellendale, Sussex Co.,
Aug. 17, 1899, Commons (P). MARYLAND: open white gravel
bog, Powder Mill Bogs, near Lewiston, Prince George Co.,
Blake, no. 10670 (CA). Vrirernta: argilla aceous and siliceous
ggy depression southeast of Petersburg, at head of Poo Run,
Prince George Co., Fernald & Long, no. 6090 0 (G, P); depression
in Rebar ig woods west of Winfield’s Mill, Dinwiddie Co "
F Long, no. 13902 (G); sphagnous argillaceous boggy
peak just north of Wakefield, Sussex Co. , Fernald & Long,
no. 7352 (G, P); sphagnous bog about 1 mile northwest of
Dahlia, Greensville Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8993 (G, NY, P).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 109
Nortu CAROLINA: sphagnous bog at Method, Wake Co., God-
frey, no. 4985 (CA, D, G); drainage-ditch at Carolina Beach,
New Hanover Co., Godfrey, no. 4719 (G, NC); roadside-ditch
between Beaufort and Atlantic, Carteret Co., Blomquist, no.
11300 (D). Groreta: cypress-pond, Bethesda Church, Effing-
ham Co., Eyles, no. 6 U); edge of cypress-pond, near
Smithville, Lee Co., Eyles, no. 1711 (CU). Lovistana: in low
pine barrens, St. Tammany Parish, Sept. 14, 1892, Langlois (US).
Forma antrorsa, f. nov. Setis antrorse hispidulis.—Occa-
sional in range of the typical form. New Jersey: Hammonton,
Atlantic Co., Aug. 4, 1907, Bartram (P); Parkdale, Camden Co.,
Sept. 18, 1916, Pennell, no. 9032 (NY); Quaker Bridge, Burling-
ton Co., Sept. 3, 1867, Parker (G, in part the typical form; US);
same locality, Aug. 18, 1866, Diffenbaugh (P); border of cranberry
bog along Little Hauken Creek, north of Jenkins, Burlington Co.,
July 28, 1937, Long, no. 50858 (P); Symmes’ Place 3 miles bagch of
i 1 j
Detaware: Ellendale, Sussex Co., Aug.,
US); same locality, July 9, 1908, Van Pelt (P); sandy swamps near
Georgetown, Aug. 26, 1897, Commons (P). Nortu Caro.ina:
savanna 5 miles east of Jacksonville, Onslow Co., Aug. 6, 1938,
Godfrey, no. 5808 (G, type). SourH Caro.ina: drainage ditch, 3
miles north of McClellanville, Charleston Co., July 19, 1939,
Godfrey & Tryon, no. 677 (G); grass-sedge bog or savanna, 12 miles
north of Georgetown, Georgetown Co., Aug. 2, 1939, Godfrey &
Tryon, no. 752a (D, G, NY).
2b. Var. PLEIOCEPHALA Fernald & Gale. Leaves 2.5-4.5 mm.
Surry Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8994 (G, TYPE; NY and ig
isoTyPES) ; dominant in flat sphagnous pinelands, Collier's Yard,
Co., Blomquist, no. 10872 (D, G); ditches near Wilmington, New
Hanover Co., Biltmore Herb. no. 279a (G, NC, US); moist place
110 Rhodora [APRIL
in savanna, Southport, Brunswick Co., Aug. 13, 1930, Blomquist
(D); pineland at Nakina, Columbus Co. , Godfrey, no. 6347 (G).
oUTH CAROLINA: sandy ‘drainage ditch, "2 miles west of Salters,
Williamsburg Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 504 (D, G, NY, P):
grass-sedge bog or savanna, 12 miles north of Georgetown,
Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1061 (G, NY, P); boggy
ditch in pine barrens, 2 miles east of Megeetts, ‘Charleston
Co., Wiegand & Manning, no. 582 (G). Groreta: Waycross,
Ware Co., Aug. 18, 1909, Lang (P); pine barrens, near Lem
Griffin’s Camp, Okefenokee, Clinch Co., Eyles, no. 133 (CU);
cypress head, Valdosta, Lowndes Co., May 27, 1940, Sargent
(Sargent Herb.); wet meadow, Leslie, Sumter Co., Harper, no.
413 (G, NY, US). FLorrpa: swampy places in pine barrens near
Jacksonville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 5016 me Ee
swamp, vicinity of Eustis, Lake Co., Nash, no. as (CUl GEN,
P, US); swamp, Okefenokee region, ’ Brevard Co., Fredholm, no.
5821 (G); bogs and shady swamps, Apalachicola, Franklin 'Co.,
Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 279b (G, NY). ALABAMA:
Miflin Creek, vicinity of Elberta, Baldwin Co., Aug. 21, 1925,
Wolf (StB); in a wet place, Perdue, Coffee Co., Blanton, no. 83
(CA); roar and swampy thickets, Mobile, Mobile Co., June,
1878, r (US). Mussissrept: Ocean Springs, Jackson Co.,
Pst "06 (NY); Wisdom, Harrison Co., Tracy, no. 3418
(G, NC, NY, US); open pine woods, 2 “idles west of Bay of St.
Louis, Hancock Co., Correll & Correll, no. 9103 (D). Lousiana:
pine flatwoods west of Covington, St. Tammany Parish, Brown,
no. 6649 (La); open pineland north of Abita Springs, St. Tam-
many Parish, Pennell, no. 4137 (D, NY, P); low moist grassy
soil of open prairie, 3 ‘miles east of Robert, Tangipahoa Parish,
Correll & Correll, no. 9217 (D).
Forma controversa, f. nov. Satis antrorse hispidulis.—In-
frequent in the range of the typical form. SourH CAROLINA:
drainage ditch, 3 miles north of McClellanville, Charleston Co.,
odfrey & Tryon, no. 675 (G); grass-sedge bog or savanna, 12
miles north of Georgetown, Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon,
no. 752 (G, type; NY, 1sorypr); shallow peaty pond in pine
barren, 9 miles north of Georgetown, Georgetown Co., Godfrey
& Tryon, no. 759 (D, G).
ar. attenuata, var. nov. Foliis 1-3 mm. latis planis: culmis
6-8 dm. altis gracilibus attenuatis: inflorescentia 2.2-3 dm. alta,
culmo duplo vel triplo breviore; glomerulis 3-5 laxe subglobosis
vel subhemisphaericis, 1-1.8 cm. latis: spiculis 4-4.5 mm. longis
castaneis: achaenio 1.1-1.2 mm. lato 1.8 mm. longo: tuberculo
1.4-1.8 mm. alto. Map 6.—Swamp-margins and moist pinelands
of the Coastal Plain of the Carolinas (rare), Mississippi and
Alabama. NortH Caroutna: Wilsons Mills, Johnston Co.,
Ashe (NC). Sours Ceiin flats across from paper mill,
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 111
Hartsville, Darlington Co., July 5, 1909, Coker (NC). ALABAMA:
in a wet place, Perdue, Coffee Co., Aug. 23, 1933, Blanton, no.
83 (G, TyPE; CU, US, ISOTYPES) ; about swamp, Elberta, Baldwin
Co., Aug. 21, 1926, Wolf (StB); common in swamp, Sprin ng Hill,
Mobile Co. , Aug. 6, 1897, Bush, no. 248 (NY, US); moist sandy
eae Theodore, Mobile Co., Aug. 30, 1912, Pennell, no. 4423
(NY, Mobile, Mobile Co. _ July 20, 1897, Baker, no. 843 (NY).
ioe Rac Ocean Springs, ‘Jackson Co., ‘Aug 21, 1889, Tracy,
no. 124 (NY); same locality, July 18, 1891, earls (NY); same
locality, Aug. 27, 1891, Seymour, no. 8 (CA, G, NC); Biloxi,
Harrison Co. , July 31, 1900, Tracy, no. 6993 (G); same locality,
July 25, 1892, Tracy, no. 1361 (G, US).
An examination of R. microcephala Britt. ex Small and R.
cephalantha var. pleiocephala from the coastal areas of the
Carolinas, Mississippi and Alabama has brought to light the
existence of certain specimens, the achenes of which are smaller
than those of the already known varieties of R. cephalantha, but
larger than those of R. microcephala. At first sight these speci-
mens appear as intermediate between the two species mentioned
and suggest, as preferable, a restoration of Britton’s R. cephalan-
tha var. microcephala. However, one would expect these southern
plants, if truly intermediate, to present a series of achenes
ranging in size from those of R. microcephala to those of R.
cephalantha. Actually, however, the achenes of these specimens
appear to be of a definite size larger than those of the former,
smaller than those of the latter species. The glomerules of this
southern variety are from 2-4, hemispherical and indistinguish-
able from the occasionally smaller, looser, hemispherical glom-
erules of R. cephalantha. I am, therefore, assigning it to R.
cephalantha as var. attenuata, to be distinguished from var.
typica and var. pleiocephala primarily by its smaller achene;
secondarily by its attenuated appearance, consistently weak
sting and restricted southern range.
R. CHALAROCEPHALA Fernald & Gale. Caespitose: leaves
Fy (rarely) 2 mm. wide, flat, crowded, erect; upper margins often
minutely serrulate; tips triquetrous: ‘culms subterete, slender to
rarely stout, 1.8-8.3 dm. high: fascicles 3-7, remote, the majority
2-5 lobed; the terminal fascicle turbinate to loosely subhemi-
spherical, 0.9-1. 8 em. in diameter; lateral fascicles consistently
turbinate, on included peduncles: spikelets lanceolate in outline,
loosely aggregated, ascending to divergent; the fertile floret
solitary, abruptly terminating the axis of the spikelet: scales
112 Rhodora [APRIL
lanceolate, acute, tightly imbricate about the achene and tuber-
cle: bristles 6, robust, strap-shaped, retrorsely barbellate, erect,
equalling the tubercle to slightly exceeding it: achene obovoid,
lenticular, 0.9-1 mm. wide, 1.4-1.7 mm. long, with more or less
definite shoulders and a drawn-out excessively slender gyno-
phore; surface smooth, shining, umbonate, with depressed sides
and a raised wirelike margin: tubercle subulate-attenuate, com-
pressed, 1-1.6 mm. long; its base much narrower than the apex
of the achene. PLATE 818, rigs. 1A and 1B, Map 8.—Ruopora,
xlii. 426, figs. 1 and 2 (1940)—Swamps, lake-borders and road-
side ditches of the Coastal Plain from the New Jersey pine
barrens to Florida. New Jersey: wet pine barrens, Sims Place,
Burlington Co., Drushel & Svenson, no. 6860 (G); Parkdale,
Camden Co., S. Brown, no. 56 (P); peaty and sphagnous pond-
hole depression near Hardingville, Gloucester Co., Long, no.
47134 (P); moist pine barrens, Egg Harbor City, Atlantic Co.,
Mackenzie, no. 5558 (NY); Maurice River flats east of Vineland,
Cumberland Co., Aug. 12, 1923, Bassett & Long (P); wet peaty
pond-hole about 1 mile west of Bennett, Cape May Co., Long,
no. 23488 (P). DrLAaware: moist soil, Lewes, Sussex Co., Aug.
15, 1895, Commons (P); burned swamp, standing water, near
Maryland line, Beaven, no. 69 (D). Maryianp: marsh in
abandoned mill pond near Sharptown, Wicomico Co., O’Neill,
no. 7430 (CU, . VIRGINIA: sandy and peaty border of Cat
Pond south of Benns Church, Isle of Wight Co., Fernald & Long,
no. 7357 (G, TYPE; P, isoTyPE); deep peat and mud, southeastern
shore of Lake Drummond, Great Dismal Swamp, west of
Wallaceton. Norfolk Co., Fernald & Long, no. 13570 (G).
Nortu Caro.ina: pineland, Sampson Co., Blomquist, no. 5657
(D); 4 miles north of Beaufort, Carteret Co., July 18, 1939,
Engels (NC); savanna, 8 miles southwest of Jacksonville, Onslow
Co., Godfrey, no. 6469 (G, NC); Pender Co., Hyams, no. 4979
. GLOMERATA (L.) Vahl. Caespitose: leaves flat, 2.5-5 mm.
wide, linear-attenuate, carinate toward the apex with finely ser-
rulate margins: culms triquetrous, smooth, ascending, 0.6-1.1
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 113
m. high, the upper 144-4 bearing the inflorescence, flexuous to
arching: inflorescence composed of 3-6 narrow, flexuous, fascicu-
late cymes or large loose glomerules: entire ovoid, 4.56.5 mm.
long, subsessile, ascending to sprea 2-3-fruited (or if I-
fruited the spikelet terminated by a ierile floret): scales acute
to obtuse, loosely imbricated except when the spikelet is 1-
fruited, originally apiculate but usually soon erose, castaneous
to dark brown: bristles 6, straplike; the margins retrorsely and
heavily echinate; the tips connivent about the apex of the tu-
bercle: achene 1.4 mm. wide, 1.5-1.7 mm. long; its body sub-
orbicular, with definite shoulders, basally prolonged; surface
glossy with pronounced pale umbo and heavy wirelike margin:
tubercle compressed-subulate, 1.3-1.8 mm. long.
a. Var. typica. Inflorescence composed of 4-6 narrow
cymes, the small dense ultimate fascicles of which are borne on
3-4 slender approximate, ascending to arching branchlets which
exceed one another so as to goal a continuous, wandlike
effect: achene 1.2-1.4 mm. wide, 1.5-1.7 mm. long; gynophore
of the achene thick and short: tubercle subulate, compressed; its
base usually nearly apr iee! the summit of the achene. PLaTE
819, ras. 1A and 1B; Mar 2.—R. glomerata Vahl, Enum. ii. 234
(1806) ; Blake, RHODORA x 25, fig. 101918); Fernald, RHODORA
Xxxvil. 401 (1935); Small, Mai. 180 (1933). Schoenus ile: Foes
Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. i. 44 (1753). R. paniculata Gray, Ann. Lye.
Ni ¥en: O11, pl. 6, fig. 21 (1835), non Presl (18 28). R. glomerata
6 robustior Kunth, pass il. ate a. ar fe: glomerata var.
(1920). Trion ‘glomerats [-a] Rael: Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci. xv.
167 (1913).— Soa or sandy soil, New Jersey, Delaware
achians of the Gavslenaat southward; Sentinal in Tennessee and
northern een fairly frequent along the drainage of the
Arkansas, Red, and Sabine Rivers. The species is so definite
that only rootanasaaie specimens from western Louisiana and
eastern Texas, where var. typica might be confused with the
smaller var. angusta, are here cited. LovursiaNa: stream-bottom
6 miles south of Franklinton, Washington Parish, Brown, no.
6643 (La); open pineland, 1-2 miles north of Abita Springs, St.
Tammany Parish, Pennell, no. 4133 (P); banks of Stoke Creek,
4 miles southeast of Harrisonburg, Catahoula Parish, Brown, no.
7383 (La); low wet soil along ditch, 1 mile south of Derry,
114 Rhodora [APRIL
Natchitoches Parish, Correll & Correll, no. 9988 (D); Sodus,
miles east of Ruston, Lincoln Parish, Brown, no. 60 La);
margin of pond near Minden, Webster Parish, Brown, no. 5354
(La); meadow in pine hills near Mansfield, DeSoto Parish,
Brown, no. 6093 (La); stream-bottom in long-leaf pine hills near
Flatwoods, Rapides Parish, Brown, no. 6125 (La); in low prairies,
Pointe aux Loups, Acadia Parish, Sept. 17, 1894, Langlozs (CU);
mixed pine-hardwoods west of Sulfur, Calcasieu Parish, Brown,
Nyland & Rogers, no. 8593 (La). Texas: swamps east of
Mineola, Wood Co., Aug. 13, 1902, Reverchon (Mo); 10 miles
northeast of Gilmer, ‘Upshur Co., Cory, no. 25659 (CU); swamps,
Swan, Smith Co. , Aug. a 1902, Reverchon (Mo); sandy bogs,
Grapeland, Houston Co., Palmer, no. 14436 (Mo, US); % mile
east of Keechi, Leon Co. Cory, no. 25256 (CU); near Huntsville,
Walker Co., duly, 1913, Young (Mo); = eae Polk Co.,
Palmer, no. 1 (Mo); Orange, Orange Co., 8, 1880,
Letterman (Mo): Houston, Harris Co., July 20, 1919, e risher, no.
45 (US).
4b. Var. angusta, var. nov. Cymis 3-6, subglomeratis, re-
motis: achaenio 1-1.1 mm. lato, 1.5-1.6 mm. longo, subgloboso,
basi angusto, attenuato: tuberculo anguste subulato, basi quam
achaenii apice valde angustiore, 1.3-1.8 mm. longo. —Low
prairie, Arkansas (one collection), western Louisiana, aie eastern
Texas. ARKANSAS: Grand Prairie, Pulaski Co., Har no. 7
(G) and same locality, July, Harvey in Redfield H erb., ie. 15190
(Mo). Lovistana: ditch in Holloway Prairie, Holloway, Rapides
Parish, June 24, 1936, Brown, no. 6442 (La); common, low
prairie, vicinity ‘of Lake Charles, Caleasieu Parish, Aug. 25,
1898, Mackenzie, no. 442 (Mo, NC, NY): Lake Charles, Caleasieu
Parish, Aug. 7, 1897, Tracy (G, U S); 1839, ex herb. Torrey (G).
Texas: 21 miles north of Deweyville, Newton Co., Oct. 4, 1934,
Cory, no. 10866 (G); 2.6 miles east Bie Camp Jackson, ante Co.,
Sept. 13, 1936, Cory, no. 19711 (CU, G); Cypress City, Harris Co.,
pee no. 886 (G); brook banks, Hempstead, Waller Co., June 10,
1872, Hall, no. 718 (G, TyPr; Mo, US, ISoTYPEs).
R. glomerata var. angusta possesses in common with var.
typica a several-flowered spikelet maturing 1-3 achenes and
terminated by a rudimentary floret. Its habit, however, is
generally more robust; the leaves are 3-5 mm. wide, and the
ultimate fascicles are densely aggregated to glomerulose. It is,
however, on a basis of the achene that the varietal distinction
chiefly rests. That of R. glomerata var. typica is broadly ovoid
with a short, thick gynophore. The achene of var. angusta,
however, is, as the name implies, narrower, somewhat shorter,
— 73 im reeitt . rs ra eri x shine - aio a ai i ii basis nae a i c eee " sins ee i pe = i ee a i aa aT . bi as = eee wy eaee Lee pom if bill ae en aah tae oT ee > bi ror ee
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 115
with a slender accentuated gynophore as in R. microcephala.
Both varieties have in common the heavy wirelike margin, the
prominent pale umbo and straplike retrorsely echinate setae.
The geographic range of the new variety impinges upon that
of var. typica in Arkansas and Louisiana, but continues westward
into eastern Texas.
5. R. CAPITELLATA (Michx.) Vahl. Caespitose: leaves 1.5-3.5
mm. wide, flat, short, smooth, slightly carinate, becoming
minutely serrulate on the upper margins: culms erect, slender,
obtusely triangular, smooth, 1.9—9.2 dm. tall: the terminal cyme
composed of 1-several ultimate, turbinate (rarely globose)
fascicles on short included branchlets; lateral fascicles 1-5 on
subincluded peduncles: spikelets ovoid, 3.4-5 mm. long, sub-
sessile, 2—5-fruited (rarely 1-fruited and then terminated by a
sterile floret): scales obtuse to acute, short-mucronulate, casta-
neous, swiftly caducous, often forced apart by the maturing
achene: bristles 6, straplike, but weaker than those of R. glo-
merata, with retrorse barbules dwindling toward the base; tips
convergent around the tubercle which they fail to equal or but
slightly exceed: achene pyriform, 0.9-1.2 mm. wide, 1.3-1.8 mm.
long, lenticular, plump, without a prominent umbo, edged by a
narrow wirelike margin; the brown surface at maturity entirely
or nearly uniform in coloring, smooth, lustrous: tubercle com-
pressed-subulate, pale, 0.9-1.6 mm. long; its base widening
nearly to cover the summit of the achene. PLATE 819, FIGs.
and New England (excepting northernmost Maine and Upper
Vermont), thence southward on the Coastal Plain to North
116 Rhodora [APRIL
Carolina; inland to the vicinity of the Great Lakes and along the
Blue Ridge and Alleghanies from Maryland to Georgia; less
common throughout western Tennessee and Missouri, with
scattered stations in lower Georgia, northwestern Florida, Ala-
bama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and eastern Texas; re-occurring in
the coastal ranges of northern California and southern Oregon.
The citation of specimens of this common, well-known species is
limited to those from the extremities of its range. NEw Bruns-
wick: ledges by Miramichi River, Northumberland Co., Fernald
& Weatherby, no. 2408 (G); damp shores below Oakiok, York Co.,
Brittain, no. 11 (G). Marne: St. Francis, Aroostook Co., 1881,
Furbish (NE). Carouina: 1794, Michaux Herb. (G, TYPE-
PHOTO of Schoenus capitellatus). Grorara: low wet woods along
small stream, near Thomasville, Thomas Co., Correll, no. 6484A
(D); wet woods near Whigham, Decatur Co., Harper, no. 1185
(NY, US); in the canyon at Tallulah "Falls, Rabun Co., alt.
1600 ft., Aug. 3, 1893, Small (NY); densely ‘shaded sphagnum
pockets i in aswamp, Sylvester, Worth Co., Svenson, no. 6928 (G).
FLoripa: Quincy, Gadsden Co. (G, no collector designated but
handwriting that of John C arey); ee near De Funiak
Springs, Walton Co., Curtiss, no. 5926 (G, NC, NY). ALABAMA:
moist sandy soil, DeSoto Falls, Jefferson Co. | Ruth, no. 127:(N Y}-
ONTARIO: marshy places, Moon River, Muskoka, July 1882,
Burgess (G); au bord dun petit lac, Timagami Park, Victorin,
Germain & Meilleur, no. 45386 (G); Sandwich, Macoun, no.
25338 (G, NY, US). Kenrucxy: near Harlan Court House,
Seg? on » Kearney, no. 24 (G); wet flats of Red River, Logan
Co. Me Short (P); wet flat on Ky. 98, Marshall Co.,
oar io. 3 (G). TENNESSEE: gravelly oak pea 6 miles
east. of Crossville, Cumberland Co., Svenson, no. 4171 (G, P);
wet roadside depression, Jamestown, Fentress Co., Svenson,
de 4104 (G); bog, South Indian Creek, Unicoi Co., Price, no.
oe ion ponds at Thompson’s, Williamson Co., Ruth, no.
ee (N ; dry oak woods, Lawrenceburg, Lawrence Co.,
oa fe 4298 (G); along road in swamp, about 1.5 miles
southeast of Hollow Rock Junction, Carroll Co., Svenson, no.
425 (G, US); ditches, Henderson, Chester Co. , Bain no. 245 (G).
Mississippt: Saratoga, Simpson Co. , Tracy, no. 8616 (G, NY).
WISCONSIN: damp sandy shore of Crooked Lake, Siren, Burnett
Co., Fassett, no. 7457 (G, f. discutiens); moist meadow, Mar-
quette, Green Lake Co., Hotchkiss & Martin, no. 4407 (US);
OKLAHOMA: wet open Deciea Antlers, Pushtamaha Co., Palmer,
no. 9004 (CA, Mo, P). Trxas: Swan, Smith Co., Reverchon, no.
Pe ee TON eS ee ee pee eS eee
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 117
2917 (Mo). Catirornia: near Trinity Center, Trinity Co.,
Howell, no. 12845 (CA, G); Pitkin Marsh, 5 miles north of
Sebastopol, Sonoma Co., Howell, no. 12677 (CA, in part f.
discutiens; G, entirely f. discutiens). OrnGon: sphagnum bog,
Brookings, Curry Co., Peck, no. 8793 (NY).
In a recent paper Pfeiffer! appropriates the name R. capitellata
(Michx.) Vahl for the common tropical and subtropical species
of the Western Hemisphere which has heretofore been known as
R. glauca Vahl. Since the name-bringing synonym, Schoenus
capitellatus Michx., has been generally listed by American
botanists, following the precedent of Torrey and Gray, in the
synonymy of a widely spread and common species of the Series
Albae, it is necessary to review the available information con-
cerning the authentic material of S. capitellatus in the Michaux
Herbarium.
According to notes made by M. Gadaceau of the Paris Her-
barium and quoted by Blake? in 1918, the Michaux Herbarium
contains two sheets with the label, Schoenus capitellatus. On
one of these are mounted specimens of R. Grayii Kunth (R.
Elliettii Gray non Dietr.) and of the species mentioned above as
belonging to the Series Albae. The Gray Herbarium has a
photograph of this sheet, and the two specimens of R. Grayzi,
designated as A and B, can be plainly seen, one on either side of
_ the centrally placed subcapitate plant with inflorescence labeled
The original label with the name, “Schoenus capitellatus”
and the data “Hab. in Carolina”’ is affixed to the righthand side
of the sheet and two slips of paper bearing Gray’s annotations
“R. Elliottii Gray” and “R. glomerata” (the name wrongly
applied by Gray and later botanists up to 1918 to the species
here recognized as R. capitellata (Michx.) Vahl) are mounted in
the opposite corner. Of the second sheet M. Gadaceau writes,
“T’autre offre quatre beaux echantillons du R. glauca Vahl.”
He then continues with remarks on the various Michaux speci-
mens from the Richard Herbarium. To this herbarium belongs
a sheet of Schoenus capitellatus, as labeled by Michaux, which
has been referred by A. Richard to R. glauca Vahl.
Pfeiffer apparently has not seen either the paper by Blake or
the decisive specimens in the Michaux Herbarium; for neither are
1 Fedde, Rep. Spec. So xlix, 75 (1940).
* RHoporA, xx. 26 (1918).
118 Rhodora [APRIL
mentioned in his article. He does state, however, that authors
prior to Boeckeler (especially Kunth) were cognizant of the
relationship of Schoenus capitellatus to R. glauca. This state-
ment, although incorrect in so far as it includes Torrey and
Gray, both of whom identified S. capitellatus with plant C
mentioned above, does indicate the probable source of Pfeiffer’s
synonymy. He is apparently only taking over the synonymy of
R. glauca as given by the older European botanists and inter-
preting it in the light of the present International Rules of
Nomenclature. Such an explanation also accounts for Pfeiffer’s
inclusion of the basonym, Schoenus fascicularis Michx., of another
well-known American species, R. fascicularis (Michx.) Vahl, in
the synonymy of R. capitellata; for it is so placed by Kunth!.
Undoubtedly the treatment by the earlier European botanists
of R. glauca as a synonym of R. capitellata was the result of the
inclusion of the specimens which were later identified as R.
glauca Vahl under the name of Schoenus capitellatus in the
Michaux Herbarium. However, viewed in conjunction with
the original description of S. capztellatus in Michaux’s Flora
Boreali-Americana”, there can be within the mixture of R.
Grayii Kunth, R. glauca Vahl (?) and plant C of the Series
Albae only one possible correct application of the name Schoenus
capitellatus; for Michaux states that the specimen under con-
sideration has “Capitula breviter pedunculata, interdum gemi-
nata: semen compresso-obovatum” and ‘setulae retrorsum
muricatulae.”” The habitat he gives as Carolina. Of the three
species mentioned above R. glauca is eliminated at once by its
range; for it is unknown in the United States. Nor does it have
retrorsely barbed bristles. It is possible that the specimens of
R. Grayit had a part in the more generalized portions of Michaux’s
descriptions, but that they could not have been of sole considera-
tion is evidenced in the portions of the description quoted above.
The peduncles of the axillary “capitula” of R. Grayii are ex-
serted and attenuated, the achene is conspicuously swollen
above, and, as in R. glauca, the bristles are upwardly hispidulous.
Following the precedent established by Blake, I am, therefore,
applying the name R. capitellata (Michx.) Vahl to the species
Bre ii. 297 (1837).
Bor.-Am. i. 36 (1803).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 119
aforementioned as of the Series Albae which is typified by speci-
men C of the sheets labeled Schoenus capitellatus in the Michaux
Herbarium.
Forma controversa (Blake), comb. nov. Bristles geseany!
serrulate.— Var. controversa Blake, Ruopora, xx. 28, fig. 3 (1918).
R. glomerata fe minor f. controversa (Blake) Fernald, TinaDeeL
xxxvil. 402 (1935). R. Smallii Britton ex Small, Fl. 1321, 1327
(1903) and Man. 182 (1933).—Occurs infrequently throughout
the range of the typical R. capitellata, with the exception of the
southern states.
Forma discutiens (Clarke), comb. nov. Bristles smooth.—
ms glomerata var. discutiens Clarke ex Britton, Trans. N. Y.
Acad. Sci. xi. 89 (1892); Britton, Man. 185 (1901); Small, Fl.
195 (1903); Robinson & Fernald in Gray, Man. ed. 7: 201 (1 908).
R. capitellata var. discutiens (Clarke) Blake, Ruopora, xx. 28,
fig. 4 (1918). R. glomerata Meg minor f{. discutiens (Clarke)
Fernald, Ruopora, xxxvii. 402 (1935).—Occurs sporadically
throughout the range of ie “pied R. capitellata with the
exception of the southern state
In 1933 Britton elevated the specimens of R. capitellata with
antrorsely barbed bristles to specific rank under the name, R&.
Smallii. However, the antrorsely barbed phase of R. cephalan-
tha, which has been generally known since the publication of
Asa Gray’s Monograph in 1835, has never received nomencla-
torial recognition. Smooth-bristled specimens have been found
in R. capitellata and R. capillacea, and have been generally treated
as varieties. The first has its var. discutiens, made by Clarke in
1892 under R. glomerata, and transferred by Blake in 1918 to R.
capitellata; the second, its var. leviseta E. J. Hill, 1876.
In 1935, with a view toward establishing uniformity in the
treatment of these similar cases, Fernald discussed the signifi-
cance of both the variation in direction, and the failure alto-
gether, of barbing in the bristles. He points out that in R.
capillacea the smooth-bristled state occurs sporadically through-
out the wide range of that species. In R. capzitellata (glomerata
var. minor), as in Eleocharis and Scirpus, plants from the same
locality have retrorsely or antrorsely barbed or even smooth
bristles. Consequently he concludes that the atypical specimens
are most adequately and satisfactorily covered as forms. I am
accepting R. capillacea, f. leviseta (Hill) Fernald and following
his precedent as to category in making the new combinations for
120 Rhodora [APRIL
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Range of 1, RHYNCHOSPORA CAPITELLATA; 2, R. GLOMERATA, var. TYPICA;
, R. GLOMERATA, var. ANGUSTA; 4, R. MIcROCEPHALA; 5, R. CEPHALANTHA,
var. PLEIOCEPHALA; 6, R, CEPHALANTHA, Var. ATTENUATA; 7, R. CEPHALANTHA,
' var. TYPICA; 8, R. CHALAROCEPHALA; 9, R. ALBA
19441 Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 121
both f. discutiens and f. controversa under R. capitellata. R.
cephalantha var. typica f. antrorsa and var. pleiocephala f. con-
troversa bring into line the hitherto neglected phases of that
species.
6. R. aupa (L.) Vahl. Caespitose, often densely so: leaves
slenderly linear, 0.5-2.5 mm. wide, flat, becoming slightly carinate
and then obscurely setaceous on keel and margins: culms slender,
erect, ee 0.7-7 dm. high: fascicles 1-3, turbinate, 0.7—
re vide; the smaller lateral fascicles exserted on slender,
erect si ap spikelets ovoid, 3.5-5 mm. long, 2- (rarely) 2.
flowered, often maturing 2 achenes, but if 1-fruited the spikelet
terminated by an immature floret: fertile scales characteristi-
cally whitish ‘be pale rufous, mucronate: bristles 10-12, stiffly
connivent, obviously arranged i in 2:series on the elongated stipe,
retrorsely "barbed, sparingly villous at the base, falling short of
to exceeding the tubercle: achene pyriform, lenticular, biconvex,
obscurely margined, with a prominent pale disc, irregularly
lined, then generally darker toward the margins and faintly
rugulose, 0.9-1.2 mm. wide, 1.6—-1.8 ee) mm. long: tubercle
attenuate-subulate, compressed, 0.6-1. . long; the narrow
base not equalling the breadth of Ao clan of the achene.
PLatE 819, rigs. 4A and 4B; Map 9.—Enum. i. 236 (1806) ;
Cyp. i. no. 92 (1834) and Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 213, pl. 6, fig. 24
(1835) ; Boeckeler, ee XXXVil. 570 (1873); Britton & Brown,
Ill. Fl. i. 277, fig. 651 (1896), i in part k. macra (Clarke) Small;
Clarke in Urban , Symb. Ant. ii. 124 (1900); Britton, Man. 185
(1901), R. macra (Britt,) ect - to specimens from Florida;
Robinson & Fernald in Gray ed. 7: 200, fig. 323 (1908) ;
Small, Fl. 194 (1903) and Reet 180 (1933); M. L. Green, List
of Standard Species of Nom. Conserv. 9, no. 492 (1926), mimeo-
graphed; Victorin, Fl. Laurent. 689, fig. 248 (1935); Fernald,
Ruopora, xliv. 371 (1942). Schoenus albus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1
44 (1753); Fl. Danica ii. 5, pl. 320 Sree Michaux, Fl. Bor. nes
i. 34 (1803). R. alba var. macra sensu Robinson & Fernald in
Gray, Man. ed. 7: 201 ee non Disko R. luquillensis Brit-
ton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 1. 56 (1923); Britton & Wilson, Sci.
Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Isl. v. 103 (1928). Triodon albus
Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci. xix. 253 (1917). Phaeocephalum
album House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 201 (1920). Dichromena
alba Macbride, Field Mus. Pub. Bot. iv. 166 (1929).—Common
in open sphagnum bogs from Newfoundland to Maryland, =
in Virginia, southward only in scattered mountain bogs of Wes
Virginia, North Carolina and Puerto Rico; inland to the area at
the Great Lakes and Saskatchewan (one collection), reappearing
to the west in northern Idaho and along the Pacific coast from
122 Rhodora [APRIL
northern California to southern Alaska; also in northern Eurasia.
The citation of specimens of this well known and clearly defined
species is limited to those from the outlying portions of its range.
QUEBEC: openings in marly Arbor Vitae swamp, mouth of Bona-
venture River, Bonaventure Co., Collins, Fernald & Pease, no.
5819 (G); open peaty spots in larch swamp, Grindstone, Grind-
stone Island, Fernald, Long, & St. John, no. 7015 (G, P); dans
les tourbiéres, Isle 4 la Proie, Archipel de Mingan, V2ctorin, no.
20225 (G); Father Point, Williamson, no. 1090 (P); in peat bogs,
St. Hubert, Chambly Co., July, 1910, Victorin (US); tourbiére
flottante, 93 miles au nord de Mont-Laurier, route Mont-
aurier, Senneterre, Marie-Victorin, Rolland-Germain & Blain,
no. 309 (G). DrLaware: New Castle, New Castle Co., Tatnall
(G); swamps near Laurel, Sussex Co., Aug. 19, 1880, Commons
(P). Maryuanp: 4 miles north of Salisbury, Wicomico Co.,
Shreve & Jones, no. 1278 (US); peat bog, Glenburnie, Anne
Arundel Co., Aug. 19, 1905, Chrysler (G); Suitland Bog, Prince
George Co., C. P. Smith, no. 3192 (CA); open white gravel bog,
Powder Mill Bogs, near Lewiston, Prince George Co., Blake, no.
10671 (G); sphagnous bog, northwest of Mountain Lake Park
and vicinity, Garrett Co., on the Alleghany Plateau, alt. 720 m.,
Steele, no. 77 (US). Vireinta: wooded swamp of North Landing
River, west of Pungo Ferry, Princess Anne Co., Fernald & Long,
no. 13899 (G). Wersr Viraginta: Aurora and vicinity, Preston
Co., alt. about 3000 ft., Aug. 15-Sept., Steele & Steele (NY, US).
ORTH CAROLINA: roadside between Sparta and Roaring Gap,
Alleghany Co., Blomquist, no. 5612 (D). SasKaTCHEWAN: bog,
Dahlton, Aug. 9, 1936, Breitung (NY). Ipauo: Priest Lake,
Bonner Co., Piper, no. 3756 (G, US); Minard’s Bay, Bonner Co.,
Priest Lake, alt. 660 m., MacDougal, no. 294 (NY). CALIFORNIA:
Inglenook Swamp, Mendocino Co., Congdon, no. 67092 (G, US).
Orecon: Hall, no. 568 (G); bog near Florence, Roosevelt High-
way, Lane Co., Henderson, no. 13978 (P). WASHINGTON: in
quaking sphagnum bog, Fazon Lake, Whatcom Co., Muenscher,
no. 10145 (G); in floating bogs in Samish Lake, Whatcom Co.,
Suksdorf, no. 1014 (G, NY, US); bogs, rare, Seattle, King Co.,
Piper, no. 1121 (G, NY); in sphagnum bog, 28 miles south of
acoma on Mt. Rainier Road, Pierce Co., Abrams, no. 9232
(NY); Wreck Creek Prairie near Granville, Chehalis Co.,
Howell, no. 374 (NY, P, US); bog, edge of ditch, Onslow Station,
N. P: -, 20 miles northwest of Hoquiam, Grays Harbor Co.,
Foster, no. 870 (US); bogs, Moclips, Grays Harbor Co., Cowles,
no. 619 (G, Mo); in damp meadows of Baker Prairies, Grays
Harbor Co., McGee, no. 556 (CA). British Cotumsta: Fort
Rupert, Vancouver Island, 1904, Hunt (NY); Vancouver, Aug.
28, 1893, Macoun (US); meadows, boggy and rocky, of northwest
part of Calvert Island, south of Kwatshua, McCabe, no. 3083
ia i i a a al
diets i + a ten ene per aia ores ae
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 123
(G); muskegs in sphagnum in wet places, borders of ponds,
Smyth Island, Bardswell Group, McCabe, no. 3184 (G). ALASKA:
sphagnum bog, Wrangell, Walker & Walker, no. 728 (G); Sani-
tarium, Anderson, no. 290 (US, immature); bog, Ketchikan,
Cowles, no. 1408 (US); vicinity of Loring, summer, 1903, Cham-
berlain (US, immature); in marshes near Yes Bay, Howell, no.
1683 (NY, US, immature); upland meadows, Back Bay, Gorman,
no. 122 (NY, US, immature); marshy margin of lake, Prince of
Wales Island, Walker & Walker, no. 904 (CU, G, NY, US).
Puerto Rico: rocks, summit of El Yunque, alt. 1050 m., Gleason
& Cook, no. X-86 (NY) and Britton & Bruner, no. 7626 (NY);
Sierra Luquillo, Hioram, no. 364 (NY, Type of R. luquillensis;
US, IsoTYPE).
Britton’s R. luquillensis from the eastern mountains of Puerto
Rico is morphologically inseparable from phases of R. alba. In
general appearance it closely resembles the short, thickly caespi-
tose specimens of R. alba collected on the Newfoundland table-
lands. Gleason & Cook, no. X-86 is especially similar to Fernald
& Wiegand, no. 2753. Also the spikelets of the Puerto Rican
material, like those of the continental R. alba, are 1—3-fruited
and usually (if 1-fruited, invariably) terminated by a sterile
floret; and the achenes are identical with those of A. alba in all
particulars.
Pfeiffer! has published R. alba var. meridianus, based on speci-
mens collected by Liitzelburg in northeastern Brazil. He
states in the description that the bristles are 6-8, which seems to
indicate that his plants vary, at least in this respect, from the
typical. Unfortunately, I have not seen any of his material, for
it would be interesting to compare it with the specimens from
Puerto Rico.
and borders of rills on peaty slopes, Great Barachois (or Barasway
Bay), District of Burgeo and La Poile, Sept. 11, 1926, Fernald,
Long & Fogg, no. 119 (G); bare spots on peaty and gravelly
slopes, French (or Tweed) Island, Bay of Islands, Sept. 2,
1926, Fernald, Long & Fogg, no. 118 (G, Type); wet bog-barrens,
Trepassey, Avalon Peninsula, Aug. 16, 1924, Fernald, Long &
Dunbar, no. 26344 (G); shallow pond-holes in tundra west of
1 Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. xxxiii. 210 (1933).
124 Rhodora [APRIL
Rushy Pond, Valley of Exploits River, Aug. 28, 1911, Fernald &
Wiegand, no. 4718 (G); heath on diorite tableland, Lookout
Mt., Bonne Bay, alt. about 380 m., Aug. 26, 1910, Fernald &
5
Harry’s Brook, Aug. 9, 1929, R. B. Kennedy, no. 71072 (G);
patches of damp peat with Utricularia, Middle Ridge, July 26,
1937, Moir, no. 41 (G). MrqurLon: maricages, tourbiére prés du
pont de Miquelon, July 31, 1901, Arséne, no. 98 (G). QUEBEC:
dans la grande tourbiére, Saint Charles de Bellechasse, Aug. 11,
1925, Rousseau, no. 20224 (G); Nah eee swamp, Natashquan,
Saguenay Co., Sept. 4, 1915, St. John, no. 90201 (G). Nova
Scotia: cg tibey pockets i in sandy plains, Middleton, Annap-
olis Co., July 20, 1920, Bean & White, no. 20267 (G). PENNSYL-
VANIA: ‘Vicinity ie lento: Lehigh Co., Pretz, no. 7793 (P);
open (calcareous) marshy meadow, vicinity of Allentown, Lehigh
o., Preiz, no. 10361 (P). Wisconsin: Oneida Reservation, July
ricereere ee (G). British Cotumsta: Lulu Island, Aug. 11,
BEA niger! (Clarke) Small. Caespitose: leaves 1.5-3.5 mm.
wide, flat, ascending; upper margins serrulate: culms peal
smaller, on slender exserted peduncles: a ikalote ovoid, 4-5 mm
long, invariably 1-flowered, with the achene terminating the axis:
seales mucronulate, rusty: bristles 18-20, obviously arranged in
at least two series, connivent, exceeding the tubercle; the barbs
of the distal portion retrorse, Abana their direction in the
proximal half, and lengthened into a few hairs at the base:
achene pyriform, lenticular, ra: 4 mm. wide, 2-2.1 mm. long;
the base somewhat attenuate as in R, alba; the surface obscurely
rugulose, pale over the umbonal region, irregularly lined, then
generally darkened toward the margins: tubercle narrowly
subulate, compressed, 1 mm. long; the base not verry the
summit of the achene. PLate 820, ng 3A and 3B; Map 12.—
pe 180 (1933). R. alba var. macra Clarke ex tae Than
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 125
Texas: sandy bogs, Grapeland, Houston Co., Palmer, no. 14404
(Mo) and no. 12844 (Mo); 2 miles south of Grap eland, Houston
, Cory, no. 26080 (CU); Drummond, no. O81 (NY, ISOTYPE,
srehateney
This species, known only from Georgia, Florida, Mississippi and
Texas,! was set off from R. alba Vahl by Clarke. He described
it as having “clusters larger, sometimes 3 mm. broad, bristles
more numerous 15-20.”’ In 1933 Small elevated R. alba var.
macra Clarke to specific rank without adding anything of note to
the original description. On examination, however, the spikelets
of R. macra prove to differ from those of R. alba in several
characters. In the former species each spikelet is invariably
1-flowered so that the single maturing achene terminates the
axis. In R. alba, on the contrary, each spikelet.is 2- (more
rarely) 3-flowered. Commonly two achenes mature, the upper-
most of which may or may not terminate the axis, depending
upon the presence or absence of a third almost invariably sterile
floret. If the spikelet is 1-fruited, however, the achene is always
succeeded by a sterile floret. It is the presence in R. macra of a
consistently 1-flowered spikelet, coupled with its generally grosser
habit, its increased number of bristles, and larger achene that
leads me to agree with Small in thinking it to be a good species.
8. R. KNigskERNII Carey. Caespitose: leaves ap somone
ceous to 1.8 mm. wide, involute when dry, smooth,
serrulate on margins and keel: culm slender to filiform, jeraius
1.5-5 dm. high: terminal fascicle 0.4-1 em. wide; 2-3 lateral
fascicles remote at intervals along the entire length of the culm,
with peduncles included: spikelets ovoid, 2—2.8 mm. long, su
sessile, 2-3-fruited, terminated by a sterile Hoxets ohne encucous,
castaneous to dark brown; lower scales apiculate, upper on
slightly so: bristles 6, stiffly erect, retrorsely ie, falling
short of to pyhad exceeding the body of the achene: achene
obovoid, 0.6—-0.8 mm. wide, 1.1-1.3 mm. long, lenticular, bicon-
vex, nearly reads rugulose, a shining yellow-brown in
the center, becoming fragmentarily lined, then generally darker
toward the margins: plat deltoid-subulate, sme lea
0.4-0.6 mm. high. Pua ead ries. 2A and 2B;
Am. Journ. Sci. Ser. 2: a 5 847); Gray, Man. hers 11848);
Britton & Beswis Ill. Fl. i. O78, fig. 653 (1896); Britton, Man.
185 (1901); Robinson & Fernald in Gray, Man. ed. 7: 201,
fig. 325 (1908). R. Grayana Knieskern ex Carey, Am. Journ.
s of R. macra from New England are erroneous, being founded on specimens
of R. prog exhibiting gigantism.
126 Rhodora [APRIL
Sci. Ser. 2: iv. 25 (1847), as synonym, non R. Gray nap ere
ines petty Knieskernii (misspelled Kneiskernit) House,
and Nat. vi. 202 (1920).—Moist places in pine barrens ‘of
Nee epee and Delaware. New JersEY: Point Hollow, 1843,
Knieskern (NY, TYPE, annotated by poe Nt pe woods, Sh ark
River, Monmouth Co., Mackenzie, no. 8003 (NY, P); (0 n bog
iron ore?) sandy bogs southeast of Bamber, Ocean Co., Aug. 25,
1909, Long (G, P); dominant on iron ore banks near Atsion,
matey Co., Aug. 26, 1867, Parker, (G, P); moist humus,
Parkdale, Camden Co., Pennell, no. 9030 (NY); pinelands, Egg
Harbor City, Atlantic Co., Mackenzie, no. 8050 (NY). DeELa-
WARE: swamps, Baltimore Hundred, Sussex Co., Sept. 10, 1875,
Commons (P); swamp, near Gumboro, Sussex Co., Aug. 5, 1874,
Commons (P).
First distributed under the herbarium-name, R. Grayana
Knieskern, this rare little species of the New Jersey and Dela-
ware pine barrens was later described and published by Carey
in 1847 as R. Knieskernii, the change in name being made
because of R. Grayii of Kunth, 1839. :
9. R. cAPILLACEA Torr. Caespitose: leaves filiform-setaceous,
involute, at least on drying, becoming slightly carinate then
serrulate on keel and margins: culms flexuous-erect, capillary,
0.9-4 dm. high: fascicles ovoid, erect with 1—-10-spikelets, 3-8
mm. wide; the single lateral fascicle remote on a subincluded
peduncle: spikelets lanceolate to fusiform, 5-6 mm. long, erect,
sessile or nearly so, 1—5-fruited: fertile scales eer RS to dark
brown with the prominent midrib prolonged into a short mucro:
bristles 6, erect to ascending, retrorsely G iallnte, falling short
of to exceeding the tubercle: achene 0.8-1 mm. wide 2mm
rigs. 2A and 2B; 10. Mid. St. Py ae sae
and Ann. Lye. N. Yi iii. 366 6 (1836); ney ae
o bier: and Ann. | ye. N. Y. iii. 214, os a 835) ‘and
: Man
ed 7: 201, fig. 324 (1908). R. setacea crate MacMillan,
Metasp. Minn. Valley, 104 (1892), non Vahl. Schoenus setaceus
Muhlenberg, Descrip. Gram. 6 (1817), non Vahl. Triodon capil-
laceus [a] Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci. xv. 167 (1913). Phaeo-
recom capillaceum Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci. xxi. 361
(1920).—Sporadic in marly bogs and on calcareous ledges from
the western coast of Newioundland through southern Pennsyl-
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 127
vania; more common inland in the region of the Great Lakes
(excepting Lake Superior), south through Ohio, with scattered
stations in western Virginia, Tennessee, northern Iowa, northern
North Dakota, and Saskatchewan, and a concentration in
southeastern Missouri. Cited specimens of this clear-cut species
are limited to those from the extremities of the range. NeEw-
FOUNDLAND: in bogs, Bonne Bay, July 26, 1930, Jansson (G,
f. leviseta); Harry’s Brook near Dump Pool, R. B. Kennedy,
no. 920 (G, f. leviseta). QUEBEC: open spots, marly Arbor
Vitae swamps, mouth of Bonaventure River, Bonaventure Co.,
Collins, Fernald & Pease, no.4774 (G). New Brunswick:
crevices of wet calcareous ledges, Gorge of Aroostook River,
Victoria Co., Robinson & Fernald in Pl. Exsic. Gray., no. 44
(CA, CU, G, NE, NY, P, US). Marne: calcareous ledges, Ft.
Fairfield (above mouth of Aroostook River), Aroostook Co.,
July 11, 1893, Fernald (NE); ledgy river bank, Winslow, Kenne-
bec Co., Fernald, no. 2785 (NE, f. leviseta). Vermont: 4th of
July Slide, Mt. Willoughby, Orleans Co., Aug. 15, 1896, Faxon
(NE, NY, US). Connecticut: border of pond, Salisbury, Aug.
28, 1910, Phelps (G, NE). New Yorx: Watertown, Jefferson
Co., 1834, Gray (NY, cited by Gray). New Jersey: limestone
sink, White Pond, Sussex Co., Mackenzie, no. 4766 (NY); marl
beach, White Pond, Warren Co., Griscom, no. 12120 (G). PENN-
SYLVANIA: one mile east of Johnsonville, Northampton Co.,
Sept. 2, 1907, Van Pelt (G, P); in limestone, Dillerville Swamp,
Lancaster Co., July 16, 1901, Heller (G; US, no. 4839). Vir-
GINIA: boggy meadow fed by springs in limestone area, vicinity
of Watauga, Washington Co., Carr, no. 585 (Penn.) Onto:
cedar swamp, Champaign Co., Werner, no. 170% (NY); rather
abundant in bog, Cedar Swamp, vicinity of Tremont City, Clark
Co., Leonard, no. 2090 (US); Paxton, Ross Co., Aug. 1933,
Pontius & Bartley (US). TeNNeEssEE: dolomitic limestone,
Cedar Creek, Campbell Co., Underwood, no. 163 (CU). Iowa:
bog, Estherville, Emmet Co., Walden, no. 1113 (G); marshy
zone around springs emerging from a knoll 5 miles east of Ruth-
ven south of the viaduct over Highway 18, Highland, Palo Alto
Co., A. Hayden, no. 742 (G, P); abundant, forming a zone around
a hanging bog, southwest of Silver Lake, Silver Lake, Dickinson
Co., A. Hayden, no. 10886 (P); marshy plain in a hanging bog,
Logan, Clay Co., A. Hayden, no. 8040 (NY). Norra Dakota:
Turtle Mts., Bottineau, Bottineau Co., alt. 2000 ft. July 25,
1896, Barber (US). SASKATCHEWAN: bog, rare, 4 miles southwest
of Wallwort, Breitung, no. 13 ‘ :
Forma teviseta (KE. J. Hill) Fernald. Bristles smooth, other-
wise identical with R. capillacea..—Ruopora, xxxvii. 252 (1935).
1 For discussion see treatment of R. capitellata f. discutiens.
128 Rhodora [APRIL
Var. leviseta E. J. Hill ex Gray, Am. Nat. x. 370 (1876); Britton
& Brown, Ill. Fl. 278 (1896); een erst 185 (1901); Robinson
& Fernald in Gray, Man. ed. 1 (1908). Phaeocephalum
capillaceum var. levisetum Farwell een Mich. Acad. Sci. xxi.
361 (1920).—Occasional in the range of the typical form in
Newfoundland, Maine and the area of the Great Lakes. With
the exception of the type, representative specimens of f. leviseta
have been cited with those of the typical form. InpIANA: wet
pine barrens, Pine Station, head of Lake Michigan, July 28,
1875, Hill (G, Type of var. leviseta).
Asa Gray, in reporting var. leviseta for Hill, mentions another
possible variety of R. capillacea, characterized by 12 setae and a
short ‘stipe’? which had been collected in Herkimer County,
New York by J. A. Paine, 1864. The sheet in the Gray Her-
barium labeled Litchfield, Hidden Lake, Herkimer County,
New York, John A. Paine, 1864, is mixed. The two specimens
with achenes bearing as many as 12 bristles are poorly developed
R. alba (L.) Vahl.
Series 2. PLumMosak (Clarke) Small, emend. Plants of damp
or exsiccated pine barrens on the Coastal Plain, the West Indies
and Central America. Caespitose: leaves filiform to 3 mm. wide:
culms capillary to slender: inflorescence reduced to a few spike-
ets or 1-2 spiciform or corymbiform fascicles: spikelets usually
1— (rarely 2-3)-fruited, pedicellate to sessile: scales castaneous
to pale brown, tightly imbricated: bristles heavily plumose in at
Rhynchospora, Series B. Peden Sect. 2, Plumosae Clarke i in
rban, Symb. Ant. ii. 105 (1900), in part. Rhynchospora §
Eriochaete Gray in Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 363 (1836); Steud.
Cyp. 139 (1855).
Key TO Species IN SeRrES PLUMOSAE
Spikelets 1-5, remote on 1-2 gene branchlets, the lowermost of
which is abruptly CVE ao ee 10. R. oligantha.
Fascicles ovoid he irre: eek rymbose; achene 1.4—1.7 mm
wide, 22.2 mm. long; leaves 3-3 mim. wide: 6.0, <<<. aah 'R. intermedia.
Fenition spieitorn: achene 1.1-1.4 mm. aides 1.4-1.8 m
long; leaves filiform to 1 TU ee 19. R. plumosa.
10. R. origaAnTHA Gray. Densely caespitose: leaves filiform-
setaceous, canaliculate, smooth, blunt-tipped, ascending: culms
capillary, erect or often weak, leafless, 1.6-3.7 dm. tall: inflores-
cence reduced to 1-2 elongate capillary branchlets, the one erect
and with 1—2-spikelets, the other abruptly divergent, with 1-3-
a “
3
q
i
9
|
3
:
;
E.
4
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 129
spikelets, subtended by a long filiform erect often circinately-
tipped bract which appears as a continuation of the culm; rarely
a single remote lateral spikelet present: spikelets ovate to lanceo-
late in outline, with 2-4 florets, 1-3-fruited, pale cinnamon-
brown, 4-7 mm. long; scales ovate, som metimes mucronulate,
tightly imbricate: bristles 6, partially plumose, slightly shorter
than the achene to exceeding the tubercle or reduced a pth
achene broadly elliptic or ovate, subterete, 1.
2-2.6 mm. long, ener’ rugulose with faint longitudinal
striae: tubercle conical, 0.3—-0.6 mm. in hei
10a. Var. typica. Bristles slightly shorter than the achene
to exceeding the Gowtee the lower Leh covered by dense,
reddish, silvery-tipped hairs; the upper portion upwardly his-
pidulous: achene broadly elliptic, Taba. As mm. wide,
2.3-2.6 mm. long, occasionally having a trace of a bluish bloom
over the castaneous to dark brown surface; the summit noticeably
constricted under the wide basal flange of a conical-attenuate
eee (0.4—0.6 mm. in height). sgeae 821, Frias. 2A ae 2B;
Map 15.—R. oligantha Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii, 212. - ph 6 , fig.
ya) (1885): Chapman, FI. So. U. s” ‘52 4 (1860), in ’ part ‘var.
breviseta Gale: Gray, Man. ed. 6: 585 (1890); Britton & Brown,
Ill. Fl. i. 277, fig. 650 (1896); Britton, Man. 184 (1901), ee
breviseta as to specimens from Florida; Small, Fl. 194 (1903)
and Man. 180 hoe Robinson & Fernald in Gray, Man. ed. 7:
ae bog near th Sussex on ene 15, 1895, RTE
(G, P). Norra CAROLINA: Schweinitz oe nyPE); i —
clumps of wire grass, Sylvester, Worth oe Svenson, no. 7
G). Frorma: west Florida, Chapman (P). ALABAMA: about
swamp, Elberta, Baldwin Co., Aug. 24, 1924, Wolf (StB); low
sandy soil, Mobile, Mobile Co., May 1, 1940, Sargent (Sargent
Herb.). Texas: swamps, Swan, Smith Co., Reverchon, no. 2919
(G, Mo, US); bogs, Hempstead, Waller Co., Hall, no. 715 (G,
US); Drummond, no. 282 (G).
10b. Var. br eviseta, var. nov. Setis plerumque ad 6 cristas
villorum argenteorum reductis; saepe 1-2 prolongatis apicem
versus serrulatis achaenio duplo brevioribus: achaenio ovoideo
1.6 mm. lato 2 mm. longo, caeruleo-pruinoso; tuberculo breviter
130 Rhodora [APRIL
conico 0.3-0.4 mm. longo. PLATE 821, rig. 2C; Map 14.—R.
oligantha sensu Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 207
(1926) and xxxii. 76 (1933); non Gray.—Low areas in pine
barrens and savannas, Florida Peninsula, western Cuba, Jamaica
and Hispaniola. FLortpa: damp pine barren, Duval Co.,
Fredholm, no. 5179 (G); moist pine barrens near Jacksonville,
Duval Co., June, Curtiss, no. 3165 (P, US); damp pine barrens
near Jacksonville, Duval Co., June 19, 1896, Curtiss, no. 5687
(G, TypE; NC, US, IsoTyPEs); near Jacksonville, Duval Co.,
May 26, 1893, mise pe: 4116 (US); low pine barrens, June,
1884, Curtiss (US); Winter Park, Orange Co., Apr. 1919, Francis
(US); rather dry pine piece about 1144 miles south of Starke,
Bradford Co., May 18, 1909, Harper, no. 39 (US); cut-over
flatwoods, west of Lake Reedy, Frostproof, Polk Co., May 7,
1931, McFarlin, no. 5138 (CU); Tampa, Hillsborough Co., May,
1876, Garber (G). CuBA: in alg moist places (between
Aleatrez Grande and Ale. Ch hico) at Laguna “ges Pinar del
Rio, Nov. 18, 1923, Ekman, no. 18129 (NY, US); Laguna
Restinga, between Palmarejo and Las Set Pinar del Rio,
Nov., 1923, Ekman (NY). Hispaniona: savanna in Rhexia
association, not rare, El Valle, Sabana de la Mar, prov. de
amana, Cordillera ee Santo Domingo, July 11, 1930,
Ekman, no. 15652 (G, NY, US). Jamarca: in small patches
amongst shrubs and | grasses, Hollis’s Savanna, Upper Clarendon,
alt. 2400 ft., Jan. 12, 1915, Harris, no. 12249 (NY, US).
11. R. INTERMEDIA (Chap m.) Britt. Caespitose: leaves
canaliculate, carinate, 2-3 mm. wide, margins mostly upwardly
serrulate: culm s terete, erect, lancer 2.5-6.7 dm. tall: fascicles
1, rarely 2, congested, irregularly corymbiform or broadly ovate
in outline, 0.9-2.2 em. wide; the lateral fascicle when present
smaller and eres deve! ovoid, Sasa sessile, with 2
browned, 1.4—-1. mm. wide, 2-2.2 mm. long: tubercle conical-
apiculate, depressed, 0.6 mm. P aye PLATE 820, rics. 4A and
4B; Map 13.—Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 87 (1892), non Bey-
rich; Small Fl. 194, 1397 (1903) and Man. 180 (1933). R. plu-
mosa var. intermedia Chapman, Fl. So. U. 8. 524 (1860). BR.
pineticola Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. viii. 40 (1908). Phaeo-
cephalum intermedium House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920).
Dry sandy pine barrens, peninsula of Florida. FLortpa: Hiber-
nia, Clay Co., March, 1869, Canby (NY); Gainesville, Alachua
Co., March, 1876, Garbe r (NY): dry pine barrens, oy
Inlet, Volusia Co., Vartan no. 3173 (CA, G, NC, NY US);
Lake Butler, Orange Co., "Beckwith, no. 558 (US): Packie’ Lake
i
PN ae eee ae Ne RE cere Neve es
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 131
Co., Nash, no. 2020 (G, NY, P, US); dry pine barrens, Eau
rallie, Indian River, Brevard Co., Curtiss, no. 5703 (D, G, NY,
US); hammock near St. Cloud, Osceola Co., Small, DeWinkler
& Mosier, no. 11166 (NY); Tampa, Hillsborough Co., Britton &
Wilson, no. 20 (NY); flatwoods, Lee Co., Hitchcock, no. 427 (G,
Y, US); Palma Sola, Manatee Co., Tracy, no. 6998 (G, NY,
US); Miami, Dade Co., June, 1877, Garber (G, P, US); dry
sandy ridges near coast, Apalachicola, Franklin Co., Chapman
in Biltmore Herb., no. 4481 (G, NY, US).
R. intermedia can be arbitrarily distinguished from R. plumosa
on a basis of size. Its leaves are wider, the spikelets larger, and
the achene 2—2.2 mm. long in contrast to 1.6—-1.8 mm. long for
that of R. plumosa. There is a pronounced tendency also for the
fascicles of R. intermedia to be irregularly globose rather than
elongated-spiciform.
cylindric spike, occasionally 3 em. long, 1 cm. wide; a single
remote lateral ‘spike’? may also occur on a slender exserted
i. 58 (1816); Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 203, pl. 6, fig. 10 (1835);
Chapman, FI. So. U. 8. 524 (1 . Ant.
ii. 123 (1900); Small, Fl. 194 (1903) and Man. 180 (1933);
Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 195 (1916). BR. semi-
pma : me 8S
Man. 180 (1933). R. penniseta Grisebach, Cat. Fi. Cub. |
(1866); C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 84
Plain from North Carolina south to the tip of Florida, and west
to Texas; also in the western provinces of Cuba, the Isle of Pines
a
132 Rhodora [APRIL
Range of 10, Ruyncno
MACRA; 13, R. INTERMEDIA:
CuapManil; 20, R. BRAcHYCHAETA; 21, R. soua; 22, R. souirarta; 23, R.
upA; 24, R. rusca; 25, R. pueranrua; 26, R. Curtissi; 27, R. HARPERI; 28,
R. crinipes; 29, R. ruscorpeEs; 30, R. Leproruyncna; 31, KR. Gacert; 32, R.
JOVEROENSIS; 33, R. BaLpwinu: 34, R. FerNaupu; 35, R. FrLIFOLIA
TT ee ee re eee eee
Ee ee an nee ey eh Tee
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 133
and Central America. NortH Carouina: dry savanna, 15 miles
southeast of Greenville, Pitt Co., Blomquist, no. 11252 (D);
savanna at Chocowinity, Beaufort Co., Godfrey, no. 5403 (G);
sandy soil, marsh, Harker’s Island, Carteret Co., Randolph &
Randolph, no. 843 (G); moist black soil, low ground, cen,
Onslow Co., Randolph & Randolph, no. 946 (G); savanna at
Burgow, Pender Co., Godfrey, no. 4736 (G, NC); sandy pine
barrens, west of Leland, Brunswick Co., W tegand as Manning,
no. 619 (G); dry sandy soil, Fayetteville, Cumbe
Biltmore Herb., no. 243b (CU, G, P). Sours Yap peaty
excavated area in savanna at side of road, 12 miles north of
Georgetown, Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 7: (CU, DB,
oN ; 4 mile south of Manning, Clarendon Co., Stone,
no. 713 (P); open white sandy, oak-pine woods, 1 mile east of
Eutawville, Orangeburg Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 833 (G).
EORGIA: in pinetis aridis, Geor. Car Elliott (G, TyPE-PHOTO);
moist pine barrens, Bullock Co., Harper, no. 893 (G, NY); low
pine barrens southeast of Dublin, Laurens Co., Harper, no. 1372
(G, NY, US); areas rocks near Ohoopee River, Tattnall Co.,
Harper, no. 2156 (G, US); pine barren, 2 miles south of Savannah,
Chatham Co., Eyles, no. 6087 (CU ); pine barrens a few miles east
of Eulonia, McIntosh Co., Eyles, no. 6437 (CU); ir mney at. in
piney woods, Billy Island, Charleton Co., Bradley, no. P);
moist pine barrens, Coffee Co., Harper, no. 706 (NY, US):
forming wiry clumps i in moist pine barrens south of Sylvester,
Worth Co., Svenson, no. 6936 (CA, G); pine barren, north of
Hahira, Cook Co. , Eyles, no. 3796 (CU); damp margin of cypress
pond, about 1 mile north of Jakin, Early Co., Harper, no. 3629b
(NY). Frioripa: dry oe e barrens near Jacksonvil e, Duval Co. is
Curtiss, no. 4867 (G, NY, US); north of Macelenny, Baker Co.,
re no. 5864 (C U); ieee Clay Co., March, 1869, Canby
P, US); Cypress-Ilex-Myrt. swamp, west of Lawtey y, Brad-
ford Co., West & Arnold (CU); in a wet ditch in pineland,
Gainesville, Alachua Co., O’ Neill, no. 621 (CU); moist flatwoods,
Welaka, Putnam Co., June 29, 1939, Laessle, no. 17 (CU); low
pine barren, Okeechobee Region, Brevard Co., Fredholm, no.
740 (G); in a low pineland, Aripeka, Pasco Co., Leonard, no.
1414 (CU); Tampa and vicinity, Hillsborough Co., May, 1897,
Berg (NY); in dry sandy soil, about 5 miles north of Parrish,
Manatee Co., Moldenke, no. 1052 (D, NY); Punta Gorda, De-
Soto Co., Eaton, no. 1284 (G); in moist nog at at edge of
ditch, Fort Myers, Lee Co., Moldenke, no. 675 (D, NY); Miami,
Dade Co., Mar., 1877, Garber (G, P); in low pineland, Otter
Creek, Leon Co., O’N eill, no. 725 (CU); Slgmagater Pe
Franklin Co., Small, DeWinkler & Mosier, no. 11248 (NY);
boggy ee: sandy meado ow, 7 miles west of Sneads, Jackson
Co., Wiegand & Manning, no. 678 (G); moist pine barrens,
Argyle, Walton Co., BS hae: no. 6488 (G, NC, NY, US); small
134 Rhodora [APRIL
savanna near coastal highway, about 12 miles east of Pensacola,
Santa Rosa Co., Harper, no. 3745 (G, NY). ALABAMA: Gates-
wood, Tracy, no. 8617 (G, NY, US); Mobile, Mobile Co., Sulli-
vant (G). Mississippi: Ocean Springs, Jackson Co., Skehan, no.
22617 (G); Biloxi, Harrison Co., Tracy, no. 4861 (G, US).
LOUISIANA: open pineland, 1 mile north of Abita Springs, St.
ammany Parish, Pennell, no. 4154 (NY); New Orleans, 1834,
Dr. Ingalls (NY, type of R. semiplumosa, very immature); wet
prairies, Welsh, Jefferson Davis Parish, Palmer, no. 7669 (CA,
o, P, US); low prairies, vicinity of Lake Charles, Calsasieu
Parish, Mackenzie, no. 444 (Mo, NC, NY). Texas: San An-
tonio, Bexar Co., Sept. 20, 1891, Plank (NY); E. Tex., Wright
(G). Cusa: in sandy pinelands close to the laguna, Laguna
Santa Maria, Pinar del Rio, man, no. 17250 (G); moist
places, Mateo Sanchez, Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Ekman,
no. 17941 (US); pine woods, Herradura, Pinar del Rio, Earle,
no. 756 (NY, US); Vinales, Pinar del Rio, Leon, no. 18905 (CU);
Pinales, Los Almacigos Pinar del Rio ? July 29, and high pinales,
Vinales, Pinar del Rio, Mar. 1, Wright, no. 3398 (G; NY, US,
same number without locality); savanna, San Pedro and vicinity,
Isle of Pines, Britton & Wilson, no. 14296 (G, NY, US); vicinity
of Sopopo, Buenos Aires, Trinidad Mt., Santa Clara, Smith,
Hodgdon & Gonzalez, no. 3341 (CU, G, US
Series 3. Chapmaniae, ser. nov. Inflorescentia saepe ©¢
fasciculo solitario terminali composita: spiculis sterilibus fusi-
formibus saepe numerosis: setis antrorse serrulatis achaenio
short, often apiculate.—Rhynchospora III. Pusillae Small, Man.
175 (1933), in part. Rhynchospora, Series B. Diplostyleae,
Divisio 4. Psilocarya, Sect. ii. Pauci-Nucigerae Clarke, Kew
Bull. Add. Ser. viii. 119 (1908), in part.
(To be continued)
Soe .
pO EE ne ee ee ee eee ee
ee Se ee Oe ee ee ae
the wees (ated
Nene tins
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 159
RHYNCHOSPORA, SECTION EURHYNCHOSPORA, IN
CANADA, THE UNITED STATES AND THE
WEST INDIES
SHIRLEY GALE
(Continued from page 134)
Ky TO SPECIES IN SERIES CHAPMANIAE
a. apres ¢ Pepe seigestc by tiny dark pits with the exception
h oth region of the disc, o oe 2 the p shes are obscured,
the 34 ‘bristles equalling the sath els. 2%
b. Basal leaves 4-6 m: wide, obtusely tipped d, short, forming
a foouthe: distal pont n of the midribs of at least the
Circe floral scales conspicuously see settee ciliate :
. RR. ciliaris.
b. Basal leaves 4 5-3 me: wide, acute, elongate, erect; floral ;
scales not ciliate... .
Se ae se 3-4, ecuailing fh Giberele 2 ye ae 14. R. solitaria.
3 2-3, rudinentaty 6.4.) 95. 52 Se ea ees 15. R. sola.
a. heres or aioe a0 ae S camneks striate as the result of
e crowding of pape inconspicuous oblong alveoli; bristles
absent or rudimentary. ...
d. Fascicles 1-3, italy ovoid; tubercle triangular-subulate;
scales acute a OrisuINte os or Sees SA ee ee 16. R. brachychaeta.
d. Fascicles solita Ponies rm; tubercle triangular to tri-
pega alate Scales with aristate tips at least 0.3
¢. Bases typically bulbous, sheathed by short fibrous acute
te scales; floral scales silvery to-redlieh. 3... 24. 17. R. pallida.
é. Duonn ellowish-brown to chestnut. oh
sf personne homogeneously pale, not lustrous, 1.2-1.3 m
ide, ath m. long; (Sena exceeded by 1-2 ak
Btall racte hicccas 4 0 CRG a he Ne ee ae 18. R. nuda.
f. Achenes ale except for a conspicuous dark patch at
the base and apex, glossy, 0.8-1 mm. wide, 1-1.2
mm. racy fascicles panel St by. long. setaceous
bracts which are often somewhat circinate....19. R. Chapmanat.
13. R. crurarts (Michx.) Mohr. Coarsely tufted: —
leaves short, suggesting a rosette, flat, 4-6 mm. wide, their m
gins and narrow keels silvery-ciliate ; median and costal veins
chee a elliptic, strongly erp 2 L 5-1.6 mm. wi e,
1.8 mm. long; the surface pricked by minute pits and dark
160 Rhodora [May
brown except for the rege pale central disc: tubercle broadly
deltoid, compressed, 0.4-0.6 mm. high, usually wrinkled an
slightly encrusted by the ae of the achene. PLATE 822,
rigs. 2A and 2B; Mar 17.—Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. vi. 408
(1901) ; Small, Man. 183 (1933). Schoenus ciliaris Michaux, Fl.
Bor.-Am. i. B ei — R. ciliata Vahl, Enum. ii. 235 (1806):
Gray, Ann. L Y. iii. 209, pl. 6, fig. 19! (1835); Chapman,
Fi-Se.. UU. 8: mie! (1860); Small, FI. 196 (1903); Britton, Trans.
cc ¢ CRG, et: XL. 90 (1 892). Rk. Rappiana Small, Man. 179,
1503 (1933). Phaeocephalum ciliatum House, Am. Midland Nat.
vi. 201 (1920).—Boggy savannas and low pinelands of the Coastal
Plain from North Carolina southward throughout the peninsula
of Florida and west to eastern Louisiana. NortH CAROLINA:
savanna at Newport, Carteret Co., Godfrey, no. 5772 (G); moist
black soil, low ground, Dixon, Onslow Co. , Randolph & Randolph,
no. 954 (G); pineland near Carolina Beach, New Hanover Co.,
Godfrey, no. 4699 (G); Supply Road, Southport, Brunswick Co.,
Blomquist, no. 5653 (D); pineland at Hallsboro, Columbus Co.
Godfrey, no. 6252 (G, NC). SoutrH Caro ina: grass-sedge bog
or savanna, 12 miles northwest of Georgetown, Georgetown Co.,
Godfrey & Tryon, no. 747 (D, G, NY, P); grass-sedge bog or
savanna, 3 miles southwest of Manning, Clarendon Co., Godfrey
& Tryon, no. 924 (G, NY); Sumter, Sumter Co., Bartram,
no. 3288 (P). Grorgia: rather dry pine barrens, Coffee Co.,
Harper, no. 701 (G, US); intermediate pine barrens, Suwannee
ake, Ware Co., J. S. Harper, no. 84 (D, P); rather dry pine
barrens south of Empress, Brooks Co., Harper, no. 1630 (G, Fs
; dry soil, Valdosta, Lowndes Co., May 27, 1940, Sargent
(Sargent Herb.): moist pine barrens, Bullock Co., Harper, no.
887 (G, NY, US); pine barrens, Bethesda Church, Effingham
Co., Eyles, no. 6106 (CU); in meadow, New England Camp, 8
miles north of Brunswick, Glynne Co., M oldenke, no. 5207 (NY);
piney woods, Billy Island, Charleton Co., July 7, 1912, Bradley
(P). FLORIDA: moist ~ barrens near Jacksonville, Duval Co.,
Curtiss, no. 3146 (CU, D, G, P, US); Hibernia, Clay Co., March,
1869, Canby (G, US); left side Palatka Road ‘about 1 mile from
florist’ s, Gainesville, Alachua Co., West & Arnold, no. 7 (CU);
low pineland near swamp on ro ad betwee ae Piskan d and New
Smyrna, Volusia Co., Sept. 11, 1926, Dr. Ball? (NY, type of R.
Rappiana); ine Tomoko Creek, Volusia Co. , Michaux Herb. (G,
TYPE-PHOTO of Schoenus ciliaris; NY, fragment from Michx.
Herb.); low pineland, vicinity of Eustis, Lake Co., Nash, no.
' Figures 18 and 19 were apparently reversed in the printing. R. ciliata is fig. 19,
not 18 as listed.
* The type of R. Rappiana, although undoubtedly sent to Small by Rapp,
year later, followed up by a collection made by Rapp himself, was actually eit
. Ball as stated on the memorandum attached to the sheet.
RNa tO Oe ee S
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 161
534 (CU, G, NY, P, US); in sandy field about 3 miles west of
Bithlo, Orange Co., Moldenke, no. 201 (D, NY); low pine barren,
Okeechobee region, Brevard Co., Fredholm, no. 5177 (G, US);
on the prairie, Kissimmee Park, Osceola Co., O’Neill, no. 6234
(CU); flatwood east of Loughman, Polk Co., McFarlin, no. 4282
(CU); Tampa, Hillsborough Co., Oct., 1877, Garber (G, P); in
water’s edge, near St. Petersburg, Pinellas Co., Deam, no.
2904 (G); Braidentown (? Bradenton), Manatee Co., Tracy, no.
7126 (G, NY, US); Istokpoga Prairie between Lake Istokpoga
and Kissimmee River, Highlands Co., Small & DeWinkler, no.
9056 (NY); in a low pineland 11 miles east of Okeechobee City,
Okeechobee Co., O’ Neill, no. 7678 (CU); Dade Co., Nov—Dee.,
1903, Eaton (NY); wet pine barrens, Apalachicola, Franklin Co.,
Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 862a (G, NY, US). ALaBaMa:
swamp, Elberta, Baldwin Co., Aug. 21, 1926, Wolf (StB); com-
1 h 295 (NC, NY
’
Small compared his species, R. Rappiana, with R. pallida
Curtis, but did not mention any possible relationship with R.
ciliaris. However, Small’s species has the short, blunt-tipped
tuft of basal leaves with their silvery cilia, the ciliate bracts and
scales, and the pitted, strongly lenticular achene of R. ciliaris.
I cannot help but think that Small neglected to compare his
material with the older species, as the two are unquestionably
identical.
4. R. sonrraria Harper. Sparingly caespitose or solitary:
leaves linear, erect, flat, 2.5-3 mm. wide, smooth with blunt tips:
culms terete or nearly so, slender, erect, smooth, 5.2-6.4 dm.
high: inflorescence a single turbinate to subhemispherical fascicle,
1.5 cm. wide: spikelets lanceolate to fusiform, 6-7 mm. long,
acuminate, sessile, 1-flowered, split open by the maturing achene:
scales chestnut, with an aristate tip 0.6-0.8 mm. long: stamens
2: bristles 3-4, extremely fragile, upwardly serrulate, equalling
the tubercle: achene obovate, lenticular, 1.3 mm. wide, 1.4 mm.
long; the surface, with the exception of a pale smooth disc,
brown and pitted: tubercle triangular-apiculate, compressed,
0.6 mm. long. Prats 822, rigs 4A and 4B; Map 22.—Bull.
Torr. Bot. Cl. xxviii. 468 (1901); Small, Fl. 193 (1903) and Man.
182 (1933). Phaeocephalum solitare House, Am. Midland Nat.
vi. 202 (1920).—Southern Georgia. Gxroreta: moist pine bar-
162 Rhodora [May
rens, Tifton, Berrien Co., Harper, no. 668 (NY, TYPE; G, ISOTYPE)
and no. 1677 (G, US)
At first glance R. solitaria appears very similar to R. pallida
M. A. Curtis, but its details—the simple non-tuberous bases,
blunt-tipped leaves, terete culm, chestnut spikelets, aristate
scales, well developed bristles and pricked surface of the achene—
indicate that it is clearly a distinct species which, so far as I am
aware, is known only from collections made in the type-locality.
15. R. sola, sp. nov. Planta laxe caespitosa: foliis erectis
valde involutis saltem siccatis 1.0-1.5 mm. latis; apicibu
obtusis: culmis subteretibus, tenuibus, erectis, saepe flexilibus,
3.2—5.7 dm. altis; inflorescentia ex fascicu o uno parvo compacto
turbinato vel hemisphaerico 0.8-1 em. lato constata; bracteis
obscuris fasciculum non aapbrenkiius? spiculis lanceolatis, con-
fertis, sessilibus 2-floris, monocarpis, 5 mm. longis: squamis
mucronatis, dense imbricatis castaneis: setis 2-3, rudimentariis,
antrorse serrulatis: achaenio valde lenticulari-obovoideo 1.1-1.2
mm. lato 1.2-1.6 mm. longo foveolato fusco; disco medio pallido:
oe compresso-deltoideo. PLATE 820, rigs. 1A and 1B;
Map 21.—R. fascicularis sensu C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anal.
head “Gk Habana, viii. 84 (1871) and FL. Cub, 180 See m
part; non (Michx.) Vahl. R. distans sensu Grisebach, Cat.
Cub. 243 (1866), non (Michx.) Vahl.—Low pinelands of saute
Cuba. Cusa: pinales, Hato Quemado, Pinar del Rio, Nov. 20,
1862?,! and San Juan-Guanes, Wright, no. 3397, sheet ‘labeled B
(G, in part); Wright, no. 3397, ‘sheet labeled A (G, Type); Wright,
no. 3399 sheet labeled A (NY, in part)’; Wright, no. 3397, in
Herb. Canby, no. 396 (US, in part); ae savannas, Chirigota,
Pinar del Rio, Oct. 26, 1863?,° Wright, no. 3399 (US, in part);
Sabana de la Maguina, south of Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del
Rio, November 28, 1940, Léon & Alain, no. 19422 (G).
With the exception of the Léon & Alain collection, no. 19422,
Rk. sola is known only from specimens collected by Charles
Wright and distributed as R. distans no. 3397 and R. deflexa
Gris. no. 3399. I have seen 3 sheets of no. 3397; of the two located
at the Gray Herbarium, one contains specimens of R. sola
exclusively ; this I am designating as the rypr. The other sheet —
is mixed, containing on the left a specimen of R. fascicularis
(Michx.) Vahl, var. typica. Sheet no. 3397 from the Canby
t See Underwood, ae Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 297 (1905). Underwood misread “Que-
mado” as “Quenia
2 See footnote to ee no. 3399 under R. fascicularis (Michx ) Vahl.
3 See Underwood. Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 297 ( 1905)
ee ee ee ee See, ee ee ee ee
Pe Day he Ce
Se eS eee eT ae
«
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 163
Herbarium, now at the National Museum, is even more con-
fusing. The specimen on the left is R. sola, that in the center,
accompanied by two inflorescences, is R. fascicularis and that on
the far right, R. Wrightiana Boeckl. A single sheet, no. 3399,
from the Herbarium of the New York Botanie Garden contains
a specimen of R. sola, located centrally and accompanied, right
and left, by specimens of R. fascicularis to which the label R.
deflexa pertains.
Although it is evident that the original distributor failed to
distinguish between R. sola and R. fascicularis, these two species
are not of the same series, and, once several important details
have been observed, can be rather easily distinguished. As
stated in the description, the leaves of R. sola end in a relatively
abrupt blunt tip; and the slender culm bears, without exception,
a single terminal fascicle which is subtended by inconspicuous
bracts not exceeding the fascicle in height. The leaf-tips of R.
fascicularis are triquetrous and attenuated; the culm usually
bears one or more distant lateral fascicles, and the terminal
fascicle is exceeded by a bract approximating twice the height of
the fascicle. Occasionally young or reduced plants of R. fascicu-
laris bear but a solitary terminal fascicle, but in all cases the
spikelets remain divergent and ovoid in shape, not mainly
ascending and ovate-lanceolate as those of R. sola.
Less obvious differences between the species are supplied by
the details of the achenes. That of R. sola is obovoid, extremely
lenticular, with a puncticulate surface, and accompanied by 2-3
rudimentary bristles. The achene of R. fascicularis, on the
contrary, is subelliptie to suborbicular, markedly biconvex,
with a smooth surface, and accompanied by six bristles varying
in height from 14 the achene to exceeding the tubercle.
The natural affinities of R. sola lie, not with R. fascicularis, but
with the very rare continental species, R. solitaria Harper,
which is known only from its type-locality in Berrien County,
Georgia. Although larger in all its parts than R. sola, this species
also has obtusely tipped (but wider) leaves, a slender culm, and
a single terminal fascicle. However, the lanceolate-acuminate
to fusiform spikelets of R. solitaria, measuring 6-7 mm. long, are
easily distinguished from the ovate-lanceolate (4-5 mm. long)
spikelets of R. sola. The achenes again emphasize the close
164 Rhodora [May
relationship existing between the two species, for they are identi-
cal in both shape and surface-sculpturing, differing only in size,
color, and the relative development of bristles.
The name, R. sola, has been selected because this species is
closely related to R. solitaria and shares its characteristic feature
of bearing only one fascicle.
16. R. pRacHYCHAETA (by error appearing as brachychata) C.
Wright. Caespitose: leaves filiform, promptly involute, ascend-
ing, smooth except for the sparingly serrulate upper margins:
culm terete or nearly so, filiform, wiry, flexuous, smooth, 3.5-5.2
dm. high: inflorescence of 1-3 remote fascicles, 0.61.2 em. wide,
usually oblong in outline to approaching corymbiform: spikelets
fusiform and sterile, or ovoid, acute and fertile, 1-flowered, 3 mm.
long: scales acute to aristulate, drab-chestnut: bristles 1-2,
rudimentary: achene broadly obovoid, with a pale central disc, *
smooth or faintly cancellate, 0.9-1.1 mm. wide, 1.2 mm. long:
tubercle subulate, 0.4 mm. long, with a broad base. PLATE 822,
Figs. 1A and 1B; Map 20.—C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. Acad.
i. Habana, viii. 85 (1871) and FI. Cub. 180 aie as “ brachy-
hata” ; Br ritton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. xi. 90 (1892), in part. &
pallida sensu Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 126 (1900), in
part, non M. A. Curtis; sensu Kiikenthal, Fedde, Rep. Spec.
Nov. xxiii. 209 (1926), in part, non M. A. Curtis. R. Chapmanit
sensu Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 194 Soe non
M. A. Curtis. R. Blawneri Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. 56
(1923). Phaeocephalum brachychaetum House, Am. Sadland
Nat. _vi. 201 (1920).—Fresh-water shallows of western Cuba,
Dominican Republic and eastern Puerto Rico. CuBa: in occa-
sionally flooded places in pinelands south of railroad, Herradura,
Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 17737 (G); “en sabanas bajas y a
arillas de lagunas, jurisdiccion de Pinar del Rio,’! Wright, no.
3 (G, type; NY, US, probable isotypes). H1spANIOLA:
hard soil, shallow water, Laguna Ahoga-los-perros, Sabana
Guabatico, prov. Santo Domingo, Llano Costero, Dominican
Republic, Ekman, no. 13309 (US). Purrto Rico: Sierra
Luguillo, Blauner, no. 247 (NY, type cf R. Blawneri Britton).
In his list of North American Rhynchospora, published in
1892, Britton recognized R. brachychaeta C. Wright, attributing
it to Sauvalle. However, that Britton’s conception of this
species was at best uncertain is seen in his synonyms “R. gra-
cillima Sauv.” and “R. fascicularis var. stenophylla Chapm. mss.”
R. gracillima Wright in Sauvalle, I am recognizing under its
1 Wright in Sauvalle, Fl. Cub. 181 (1873).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 165
legitimate name, R. Wrightiana Boeckl.; R. fascicularis var.
stenophylla was later authentically published by Chapman as
R. stenophylla and has been maintained as such. Keeping this
confusion of 3 species in mind, one is not surprised to find that
Britton, in 1916, revised his earlier opinion, this time referring
hk. brachychaeta to R. Chapmanti Curtis.
Superficially R. brachychaeta and R. Chapmanii have much in
common. The former is readily distinguished, however, by its
acute, not long-aristate, spikelets, and its inflorescence consis-
ting of 1-3 remote narrowly elliptic fascicles in contrast to the
single terminal corymbs of R. Chapmanit. Close observation by
means of a lens enables one to distinguish the two species on a
basis of their achenes as well. The achene of R. brachychaeta is
obovate, dull, with a pale central disc, with a subulate tubercle
and with rudimentary bristles. The achene of R. Chapmanii,
on the contrary, is subelliptic, the dise so enlarged as to cover
the entire surface with the exception of a small dark patch at
the base and the apex. The surface is glossy, the tubercle del-
toid-apiculate, and the bristles are lacking. Clarke, on the other
hand, lists R. brachychaeta in the synonymy of R. pallida M. A.
Curtis; but Blauner no. 247 bears Clark’s annotation “ Ryncho-
spora divergens Curtis!”
In 1922, Britton, studying the same specimen, Blauner no.
247, realized that it was a good species wrongly annotated by
Clarke; but, failing to see its connection with Wright’s R.
brachychaeta, set it up as a new species, R. Blauneri.
The confusion of R. brachychaeta with R. pallida, initiated by
Clarke, was furthered by Kiikenthal who, in 1926, assigned
Wright, nos. 3782 and 3397 to the latter species. No. 3397 at
the Gray Herbarium is a mixed sheet, containing on the left a
specimen of R. fascicularis (Michx.) Vahl, and it suggests the
possibility that the sheets seen by Kiikenthal are also mixed.
However, even if this were so, it is quite improbable that the
specimens of either sheet are R. pallida, since this species, un-
mistakable in its larger achene, pale corymb and tuberous bases,
has not been reported south of the Carolinas.
I have corrected the original spelling of this name, following
the precedent of authors since Wright.
166 Rhodora [May
17. R. pauura M. A. Curtis. Caespitose with short stolons;
base bulbous, sheathed by fibrous, acute, ovate scales: leaves long,
narrowly linear, 1-3 mm. wide, erect, flat with the exception of
the triquetrous tip; upper margins upwardly scabrous: culms
acutely trigonous, slender, flexuous, 4.4-9.4 dm. tall, upper
angles sparingly serrulate: inflorescence a single turbinate to
hemispherical fascicle, 1.4-2.6 em. wide: spikelets ovoid-atten-
uate, 4.5-5 mm. long, sessile, 1-flowered: scales forced apart by
the developing achene, with aristate tips 0.3-0.4 mm. long,
silvery, pale to reddish: stamens 2: bristles obsolete or 1-3
rudimentary stubs 0.2 mm. long: achene obovate to broadly
elliptic in outline, strongly lenticular, the surface finely striate,
the umbo light and the marginal regions chestnut-brown, 1.2—1.5
mm. wide, 1.4-1.8 mm. long: tubercle compressed, ‘deltoid-
apiculate, 0.2-0.4 mm. high. PLare 821, ries. 4A an d 4B; ce
18.—Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2. vii. 409 (1849), non ape Steud
Chapman, Fl. es U.S. 527 (1860); Gray, Man. ed. 5: 568 (1867):
: ‘ (1 ;
£. .
184 (1901); Small’ FI. 194 (1903) and Man. 179 (1933); Robinson
& Fernald in Gray, Man. ed. 7: 200, fig. 322 (1908); Fernald,
Ruopora, xlii. 378, map 14, and 381 (1940). R. Curtisii Steudel,
Cyp. 141 (1855); Boeckeler, Linnaea, xxxvii. 564 (1873); non
Britton ex “yee Phaeocephalum pallidum House, Am. Midlan
Nat. vi. 202 (1920)—Open bogs and wet depressions, often in
pineland, Long Island, New York, south through North Carolina.
New York: pine-barren swamp, Central Islip, ee Co.
Ferguson, no. 515 (G, NY). New Jersey: near P. R R. 1%
Sure northwest of Allaire, Monmouth Co., Van Pelt & Brown, no.
4 (P); Lawrence Station, Mercer Co. , Aug. 6, 1885, Peters (P);
poe ib in dense tufts, Tom’s River, ” Ocean Co., Parker (G);
Long, no. 4835 (Py; boggy meadow, Swain, Cape May Co., Aug.
8, 1925, Stone (G). DELAWARE: pine-barren bogs near Laurel,
Sussex Co., Aug. 19, 1880, Commons (NY, P). MARYLAND:
swamps, Eastern Shore, near Salisbury, Wicomico Co., Sept.,
Canby (US). Virernta: sphagnous savanna-like swale "east of
herry Grove, south of South Quay, Nansemond Co., Fernald
& Long, no. 10550 (CU, G, P, NY). Norra CaroLina: wet
depression, pineland, beside railroad, 1 mile east of Bailey,
Nash Co., Oosting, no. 1677 (CU); damp or peaty sandy soil, 3
miles west of Sims, Wilson Co., Wiegand & Manning, no.
(G); savanna 8 miles Kidthwcat of Washington, Beaufort Co.,
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 167
Godfrey, no. 4393 (G); wet soil, open pinelands, Newport, Car-
teret tev} Randolph & Randolph, no. 925 (G); moist sandy soil,
Aug. 1879, "Hyams (ug), low cera near Wilmington, Nee
Hanover Co., ere Herb., no. 4472 (NC).
18. a, sp. nov. Planta caespitosa: foliis filiformibus vel
1.5 mm. - latis, planis, saepissime laevibus, laxe ascendentibus:
culmis subtriquetris gracilibus ascenden tibus, apicem versus
flexilibus vel laxis, 3—4.3 dm. altis: fasciculo solitario, compacto
subhemisphaerico vel turbinato, 0.5-1 em. lato: bracteis setaceis
quam fasciculo paullo longioribus: spiculis fertilibus lanceo-
ovoideis 4 mm. longis: spiculis sterilibus fusiformibus et numero-
sis, confertis ascendentibus pn ba squamis dense imbricatis,
allidis; mucrone promi inente 0.4 mm. longo: setis nullis vel
a 1: ‘ia antrorse polar achaenio obovoideo
lenticulari leviter tiGhaedat 1.2-1.3 mm. lato 1.5 mm. longo,
laevi pallido opaco: tuberculo ere arts sea eg apiculato
0.4 mm. alto. Puare 821, rics. 1A a AP 23.—Moist
sand, Isle of Pines. CuBA: moist ar eri ao eine of Los
Indios, Isle of Pines, Feb. 13, 1916, Britton, Britton & Wilson, no.
_ 15809 (N Y, TYPE) and no. 14177 (NY)3 i in a wet palm grove of
Sess Wrightii, between Nueva Gerona and McKinley,
Isle of Pines, Feb. 23, 1939, Leén, Victorin & Carabia, no. 18770
(CU); sandy savanna between Nueva Gerona and McKinley,
Isle of Pines, Feb. 23, 1939, Leén, Victorin & Carabia, no.
18757 (CU, in part).
This West Indian species is known to me only from three
specimens collected on the Isle of Pines. It is similar to R.
Chapmanii M. A. Curtis both in the slender habit and details of
the inflorescence—the numerous fusiform sterile spikelets,
strongly awned scales, ovoid, lenticular, bristleless achenes. It
differs from the latter in having stiffly erect, not circinate
bracts and larger fertile spikelets which are not forced open by
the growing achene and which are few in number so that the
resultant fascicles are smaller and less corymbiform than those of
R. Chapmanii.
R. nuda also differs from R. Chapmanii in details of the
achene. That of the latter measures 0.8-1 mm. wide, 1-1.2 mm.
long, is typically lustrous, pale, with dark brown patch at the
base and apex. The achene of the Cuban species, on the other
hand, is 1.2-1.3 mm. wide, 1.5 mm. long, with a uniformly pale
dull surface.
168 Rhodora [May
The only close relative of R. nuda on the islands is R. brachy-
chaeta Wright. However, the terminal fascicles of the latter,
although similarly characterized by sterile fusiform spikelets,
are occasionally accompanied by 1 or 2 smaller lateral fascicles.
Moreover, the scales of R. brachychaeta are acute, or, at the most,
aristulate, in contrast with the strongly aristate scales of R.
nuda; and the achenes of the former are smaller (0.9-1.1 mm.
wide, 1.2 mm. long), dark brown relieved by a large pale dise and
usually accompanied by 1—2 rudimentary bristles.
The specific name has been chosen with reference to the almost
complete failure of the bristles, an uncommon condition in the
Section Hurhynchospora.
19. R. Cuapmanit M. A, Curtis. Densely caespitose: leaves
capillary to 1 mm. wide, flat, becoming involute on drying; upper
margins finely serrulate: culms obtusely trigonous, slender, wiry,
erect, smooth, 3-5.1 dm. high: inflorescence a single terminal
corymbiform fascicle, 0.5-1.7 em. wide, closely compacted, less
often slightly exceeded by a smaller secondary fascicle: bracts
several, filiform, exceeding the fascicles, erect or slightly circin-
ate: fertile spikelets slenderly ovoid-aristate, mostly ascending,
closely approximate, 1-flowered, split apart by the maturing .
achene, 2.5-3 mm. long; sterile spikelets fusiform: scales with
aristate tips 0.4-0.6 mm. long, pale chestnut-brown: stamens 1-2:
bristles none: achene subelliptic in outline, strongly lenticular,
0.8-1 mm. wide, 1—-1.2 mm. long, pale except for the dark brown
patch at base and apex; surface obscurely rugulose to smooth,
glossy: tubercle deltoid-apiculate with a broad base, compressed,
0.2-0.3 mm. high. Puars 821, rigs. 3A and 3B; Map 19.—Am.
Journ. Sci. ser. 2. vii. 409 (1849); Chapman, Fl. So. U. 8S. 528
(1860); Small, Fl. 194 (1903) and Man. 179 (1933). R. conferta
Chapman ex M. A. Curtis, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2. vii. 409 (1849),
in syn. of R. Chapmanii. R. Grayana Chapman ex M. A. Curtis,
Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2. vii. 409 (1849), pub. in syn. of R. Chap-
manit. Phaeocephalum Chapmanii House, Am. Midland Nat.
vi. 201 (1920).—Low, sandy pineland of the Coastal Plain of
North Carolina to Florida and west to eastern Louisiana.
NortH Caro.ina: wet sandy soil, waste ground, Beaufort,
Carteret Co., Randolph & Randolph, no. 795 (G); savanna, 8
m
quest, no. 5617 (D); pineland at Delway, Sampson Co., Godfrey,
no. 6170 (D, G); low pineland at Dunn, Harnett Co., Godfrey,
i il
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 169
no. 6139 (D, G). Sourn Caro.ina: grass-sedge bog or savanna,
18 miles north of Georgetown, Georgetown Co., Godfrey
Tryon, no. 1609 (D, G, NY); damp ome levee, Santee Canal,
Berkeley Co., Ravenel, no. 25 (G); grass-sedge bog or savanna
14 miles south of Monks Corner, Berkeley Co., Godfrey &
Tryon, no. 1432 (G, NY); pineland pool, 5 miles south of
Hardeeville, Beaufort Co. , Lyles, no. 4378 (CU). Geroreta:
moist pine barren near Monteith, Chatham Co., Kyles, no. 6455
SUE sandy borders of pine-barren stream, F ‘itzgerald, Ben Hill
is Harper, De 1420 (G, NY, US); moist. pine barrens, Sweet-
nite Creek, Clinch Co., Eyles, no. 244 (D). FLORIDA: moist
pine barrens near Jacksonville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 5015
(G, NY, US); Toeai, St. John s Co., Palmer, no. 605 (G); Tampa,
Hillsborough Co., Oct., 1877, Garber (G, P): prairie, 18 miles east
of Okeechobee City, St. Lucie Co., Small et al., no. 9300 (NY
edge of dried-up pool in low pineland, vicinity of Eustis, fake
Co., Nash, no. 1396 (NY); turfy, boggy, sandy meadow, 7 miles
Ww est of Sneads, Jackson Co., Wiegand & Manning, no. 589 (G);
sloping moist pine barrens about 5 miles south of Bristol, Liberty
Co., Harper, no. 47 (G, NY, P); flat pine barrens, Apalachicola,
Franklin Co. , Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 20 la (G, NY, US);
low open places, Lynn Haven, Bay Co., Oct. 12, 1921, Billington
(US). ALaBama: low pi ineland about Miflin Creek, Elberta, Bald-
win Co., July 9, 1926, Wolf (StB); sandy pineland, Theodore,
Mobile Co. yy eels no. 4446 (NY). Mississippi: Ocean Springs,
Jackson Ca. Seymour, no. 15 (CU, D, NY, US); Biloxi, Harrison
Co., Tracy, no. 4888 (US). LOUISIANA: open ‘pineland, 1 mile
north of Abita Springs, St. Tammany Parish, Pennell, no. 4167
”
Series 4. Fuscae (Clarke), stat. nov. et emend. Represented
in the peat bogs of the northeast by the common R. fusca, also
infrequent species in low places and ‘pond-margins of the Coastal
Plain and Cuba. Habit solitary to caespitose: leaves filiform to
mm. wide: culms filiform to slender: inflorescence 2-4 turbinate
to hemispherical fascicles: spikelets maturing several achenes:
scales loosely imbricate, castaneous to fuscous: bristles upwardly
serrulate, well developed: achenes ddd slenderly elliptic,
often strongly biconvex, smooth to glossy (minutely granular in
R. fuscoides): tubercle triangular, compressed, thickly setose.—
Rhynchospora Series Sg Diplostyleae Sect. 4. Fuscae Clarke in
Urban, Symb. Ant. 105 (1900), in part. enees V.
Glomeratae Small, Maa: 175 (1933), in small part.
Key To Spectres IN SERIES FuscaE
a. Fascicles 1-3, turbinate or ovoid, the eg eee few —
strongly ascending; leaves filiform to 1.5 mm. wi ial De
b. Slenderly sealoedtctoiens fascicles exieeded by 2 ime
bracts; bristles naked at their bases.........--------- 20. R. fusca.
170 Rhodora [May
b. Caespitose; bracts shorter than or barely one the
fascicles; bristles sparsely hairy at their bases... .
e a peel ovoid, homogeneously een: A
PO SA ees pee Oe ee be ee rene 21. R. pleiantha.
R. Curtissii.
De eee Ole Bie se Bee a he ee eee Se Oe 8 s-(8 eae) wi IF
peeing en 4-5 in number, with sant spikelets sat
the leaves 2 mm. wide or wider and languidly Ea edie. eels
d. Corymbs 2, rarely 3, the terminal internode strongly
myohind © bracts fOleCOUR 68 ss eis ote ee 23. kk. Harperi
d. Corymbs 2-5, the sna internode erect or flexuous;
racts setaceous....
6. oe borne on a pessicteht basal stipe which is 6 m
n length and covered with a tangle of white haiti
habit weak; leaves 2 mm. wide or wider; corymbs 4—
24. R&R. crinipes.
e. Achene without a conspicuous basal stipe; stipe, if,
present, ae hairy; habit wiry, erect; leaves filiform to
mm e; corymbs ie
7. Surface of fF ashenas glassy, with ‘a white lustrous disc;
Pome filiform, rarely 2 mm. wide; Coastal Plain,
mand contrat Cuba; 2. oo. oi cess 25. R. filifolia.
‘. Sines of achene tending to become granular or some-
what polished, cinnamon-brown with a paler central
disc; leaves 1-1.5 mm. wide; range limited to
Ww a 26.
R. fuscoides.
20. R. rusca (L.) Ait. f. Slenderly stoloniferous: leaves
promptly involute, filiform to 1.5 mm. wide, ascending: culms
slender, erect, terete, 0.8-4.6 dm. high: terminal fascicle often
compounded of 2-3 closely approximated secondary fascicles,
turbinate or ovoid, 0.3-2 em, wide, exceeded by the 1 or 2 long
circinate or erect bracts: lateral fascicles 1-2, on exserted
spicuously serrul ate. PLATE 824 |. FIGS. 2A and 2B; Map 24.—
Hort. Kew. ed. 2: i. 127 (1810); Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 215, pl.
6, fig. 26 (1835); Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 366 (1836); Britton
& Brown, Ill. Fl! i. 279, fig. 656 (1896); Britton, Man. 185 (1901);
Shaye Fl. 1321 (1903) and Man. 181 (193 33): Robinson & Fernald
ray, Man. ed. 7: 200, fig. 319 (1908); Victorin, Fl. Laurent.
089, fig. 248 (1935). Schoenus fuseus Linnaeus, Sp. 1. ed. 2:
1664 (1763). R. alba 6. fusca Vahl, Enum. ii. 236 (1806).
Phacomephales fuscum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 171
—Peat bogs and sandy or peaty pond-shores, Newfoundland,
eastern New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and southern portions of
Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont; general over the other
New England states; southward along the coast to Maryland;
inland in central New York State with perm: stations on the
shores of Lakes Superior, Michigan and Huron; also in Europe.
The characters of R. fusca are sufficiently stne to make the
citation of representative specimens unnecess
21. R. pleiantha (Kiik.), stat. nov. ice ae. leaves filiform
to 1 mm. wide, flat, setaceous, ascending: culms obtusely trigo-
nous, filiform to slender, erect, exceeding the radical leaves, 2.5-4
m. tall: terminal fascicle corymbiform, composed of not more
than 15 spikelets; lateral fascicles 1- 2, smaller, on exserted erect
peduncles: spikelets oblong-ovate, sessile, erect to spreading,
approximately 6-flowered, 2-fruited, 6 mm. in length: fertile scales
lanceolate-aristate, loosely imbricate, greatly exceeding the
achene in length: bristles 6, variable, the tallest barely exceeding
to twice the height of the tubercle, upwardly serrulate, with a
few short white hairs at their bases: achene id lenticular, —
convex, with depressed margins, 0.7-0.8 mm. , 1-1.
long; surface smooth, dark shining brown at aneraiay Sith an
indefinite paler disc: tubercle triangular, attenuate, flat, pale;
margins sparingly serrulate ee smooth, 0.6—0.8 mm. long. PLATE
823, Frias. 4A and 4B; Map 25.—R. filifolia Torrey var. pleiantha
Kikenthal, Fedde Rep. Nov. xxiii. 208 (1926). R. fusca
sensu Harper, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxx. 324 (1903), non (L.) Ait.
f.—Infrequent, shores of ponds and lakes in southeastern North
Carolina, southwestern Georgia, central Florida, and western
Cuba. Nort H CAROLINA: shore of Silver Lake near Wilmington,
New Mokouer Co., July 5, a) Godfrey, no. 4846 (G); shallow
pond near Carolina Beach, New Hanover Co., July 2, 1938,
31, 1894, Nash, no. 1321 (G, NY, 'P, US}. CuBA: on moist
white sand on shore of the laguna, Laguna Santa Maria, Pinar
del Rio, Aug. 22, 1923, Ekman, no. 17242a (NY, US, immature.
This number cited by ‘Kiikenthal in original deseription of var.
pleiantha) and no. 17242b (G. This number cited by Kiken-
thal in original description of var. pleiantha.).
Specimens of R. pleiantha have generally been identified as
either R. Curtissit Britt. ex Small or R. fusca (L.) Ait. f. The
confusion with R. Curtissii obviously results from a similarity
in habit, but the most superficial examination of the achenes
enables one to separate these species. Those of R. pleiantha are
172 Rhodora [May
pyriform, dark brown, not exceeding 1 mm. in length; those of
R. Curtissii, on the other hand, are narrowly ellipsoidal, 1.3-1.5
mm. long and light brown, with a pale conspicuous oval disc.
The confusion of R. pleiantha with R. fusca, however, is due
to a likeness which extends to details, not only of the habit and
spikelet, but to the achene as well. Nevertheless, specimens of
R. plecantha can rather easily be separated from those of R.
fusca, for the fascicles of the latter are exceeded by a long seta-
ceous bract which is often circinate at its tip; whereas those of
the southern species are subtended by a short stiff bract which
is at the most only twice the height of its facsicle.
The specific distinction of the one from the other species rests,
however, on the more technical differences of the achene. That
of R. pleiantha is 0.7-0.8 mm. wide and 1 mm. long; in color it
is a dark mahogany-brown, and the bristles are sparsely plumose
at their bases. The achene of R. fusca, by contrast, is larger,
1-1.1 mm. wide and 1.2-1.3 mm. long, consistently light brown
in color, with the bases of the bristles naked.
23. R. Curtissu Britt. ex Small. Caespitose: leaves filiform
to 1 mm. wide, wiry, involute with the exception of the flattened
tip 0.6-1.4 mm. long: culms filiform, loosely ascending, 1.5—3 dm.
high: fascicles 1-2, turbinate, 4-8 mm. wide, composed of less
than 10 spikelets; lateral fascicle borne on an included peduncle:
spikelets ovoid-elliptic to fusiform, similar to those of R. fusca,
2-3-flowered, 2-3-fruited, strongly ascending, 4-6 mm. long:
scales mucronulate, ovate-oblong, rather loose, castaneous:
bristles 6, erect, delicate, tenuous, scarcely equalling to well
exceeding the tubercle, antrorsely hispidulous, sparingly plumose
at the base: achene narrowly ellipsoid, lenticular, smooth, often
lustrous, light brown, with a pale elliptic disc, marginate, 0.6-0.7
mm. wide, 1.3-1.5 mm. long: tubercle deltoid, sometimes subu-
late, compressed, with conspicuous upward serrulations, 0.8-1.2
mm. long. PLATE 823, rigs. 3A and 3B, Map 26.—FI. 195, 1327
(1903) and Man. 181 (1933). R. fusca sensu Fernald, Bot. Gaz.
xxlv. 433 (1897), non (L.) Ait. f. Phaeocephalum Curtissii House,
Am. Midland Nat. vi. 201 (1920).—Low places, coastal counties
of Northwestern Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi. FLORIDA:
moist roadside, Milton, Santa Rosa Co., Curtiss, no. 5929 (NY,
TyPE; G, NC, US, tsorypss); moist pine barrens about 114 miles
northeast of Milton, Santa Rosa Co., Harper, no. 46 (G, NY, US).
ALABAMA: swamp, Elberta, Baldwin Co., Aug. 21, 1926, Wolf
(StB, in part R. filifolia Gray in Torr.). Murssisstppr: Ocean
Springs, Jackson Co., Tracy, no. 4891 (G, NC, NY, US).
i a
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 173
23. R. Harpreri Small. Solitary: radical leaves filiform, few,
short; cauline leaves 1-1.5 mm. wide, long-attenuate, erect,
canaliculate, smooth: culm obtusely trigonous, slender, 6—7.3 dm.
tall; the terminal internode strongly arched: fascicles 1-2, rarely
3, corymbiform, 1.1-1.5 cm. wide, separated by the arching
internode; occasionally a third fascicle distant and smaller:
bracts foliaceous: spikelets ovoid, loosely ee 5-flowered,
4-fruited, 5-5.6 mm. long:. seales aristulate, margins free, cas-
taneous: bristles 6, slender, upwardly hispidulous, falling ‘short
of the tubercle: achene obovate to pyriform, strongly pee:
brown, with a slightly paler disc, smooth, 1-1.1 mm. wide, 1.3-
. long: tubercle subulate, pale, 0.6-0.9 mm. eae
margins thickly hispidulous. PLare 823, rigs. 1A and 1
27.—Man. 182, 1503 (1933). R&R. leptorhyncha sensu Small FI.
195 (1903), non R. leptorhyncha C. Wright. —Infrequent on
borders of ponds and in low places in the pine barrens of on
oastal Plain of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. GroRG
edge of pond, just north of Lu dowici, Long Co., Eyles, no. 6527
(CU); wet. pine barrens about 3 miles east of Hawkinsville,
Pulaski Co., Harper, no. 1877 (NY, TypE; US, IsoTyPE); wet
pine barrens, Sumter Co., Harper, no. 467 G, US). Froripa:
Tampa, Hillsborough Co., May, 1876, Garber (NY, U US). Ata-
BAMA: ae of pond, Elberta, Baldwin Co., July 15, 1926,
Wolf (StB).
Prior to 1933, R. Harperi was identified as R. leptorhyncha
Wright, the type-specimen of R. Harperi being originally so
determined by Britton. However, the two species can be readily
distinguished from one another. Of the two, R. leptorhyncha
has the much stiffer habit, an inflorescence exceeded by a tall
upright bract, and tightly involute floral scales. &. Harperi,
on the contrary, has the culm arched to nodding, a short bract
subtending the fascicle, and loose floral scales. Nor is there
any close resemblance in the achenes. Those of R. leptorhyncha
are of the fascicularis-type—large, dark, dull, and broadly ovate.
The achenes of R. Harperi, on the other hand, are pyriform,
light brown, resembling, but surpassing in size, those of R. fili-
folia Gray.
24. R. ecrinipes, sp. nov. Planta caespitosa: foliis 2 mm.
latis planis lineari-elongatis, debilibus, apicem versus triquetris
et sparse serrulatis: culmis gracilibus subtriquetris, 6.9-7.4 dm
altis, laxe ascendentibus: fasciculis 4-5 compactis 1-2 cm. latis
turbinatis lobatisque vel corymbosis; pedunculis fasciculorum
lateralium subexsertis: bracteis setaceis parvis ornatis: spiculis
lanceolatis 5 mm. longis confertis, ascendentibus vel patentibus
174 Rhodora [May
3-floris sed quarto terminali rudimentario, 2-carpis: squamis
lanceolatis, aristulatis, laxe imbricatis, mox caducis chartaceis
pallide castaneis: setis 6 rigide erectis, tuberculo approximate
aequalibus: achaenio pyriformi 1.4 mm. longo 1 mm. lato, bicon-
vexo laevi, marginem versus leviter depresso; umbone candido,
conspicuo; stipa tereti persistente 6 mm. longa villis longis albis
irregularibus ascendentibus vestita: tuberculo compresso-triang-
; m. alto, margine hispido-scabrato. PLATE 823, FIGs.
2A and 2B; Map 28.—Coastal Alabama. ALABAMA: dry places,
roadsides (exsiccated), Mobile, Mobile Co., June, 1868, Mohr
(US); ditches, border of ponds, Mobile, Mobile Co., June 18,
1868, Mohr (US, TyPE).
This species, represented by two specimens collected by Mohr
in the vicinity of Mobile, Alabama, is closely related to R.
filifolia Gray. It differs from the latter in its generally larger
habit with wider leaves, coarser culms, and in its languid habit
and looser, more numerous and more irregular fascicles. Both
species have, however, the pyriform achene, with its glossy sur-
face picked out by a prominent pale disc, the six stiffly erect
bristles and the deltoid, compressed and marginally hispid
tubercle. The signal character which distinguishes R. crinzpes
from R. filifolia is the unique basal stipe of the former, which is
0.6 mm. long, remains attached to the achene, and is clothed
with a tangle of white, ascending hairs.
3A and 3B; Map 35.—Gray in Torrey, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iii. 366
(1836); Chapman, FI. So. U. S. 527 (1860); Britton, Mem. Soc.
vi. 202 (1920).—Margins of ponds or damp pockets in pinelands
on the Coastal Plain of New Jersey, south to Florida, and west
1944 | Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 175
to eastern Texas; also in central and eastern Cuba. New Jersey:
aes and peaty, pond-hole ca. 1 mile west of Bennett, Cape May
Co., Long, no. 13625 (G). DrLaware: Queen Anne Road, east
of Ellendale, Sussex Co. , Aug. 17, 1899, Commons (P). VIRGINIA:
upper border of siliceous and argillaceous shore, Airfield Mill-
ere southwest of Wakefield, Sussex Co., Fernald & Long, no.
14301 (G). Nortx Carona: Mr. Curtis, in Gray’s handwriting
(NY, TYPE); moist ee between Newport and New Bern
Highway, no. 70, Craven Co., Blomquist, no. 11241 (D, G);
moist sandy soil between "les ehead City and Newport, Highway
no. 70, Carteret Co., Blomquist, no. 11238 (D, G); wet sand, 7
miles southwest of Mai De Brunswick Co., Godfrey &
Shunk, no. 4117 (G, NC). SourH Carona: grass-sedge on
or savanna, 12 m iles north of Georgetown, Georgetown Co.
Godfrey & Tryon, no. 749 (CU, D, G, NY, P); damp soils, Oct..,
Ravenel (G). GrorGiA: margin of cy press pond, north of
Douglas, Coffee Co., Harper, no. 1434 te US); pineland pool
just east of the Clinch Co. line on U. 8. Route 84, Ware Co.,
Eyles, no. 6328 (CU). FLorima: moist pine barrens near Jackson-
ville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 3153 (CU, G, P, US); margin of
flatwoods pond, Welaka, Putnam Co., Laessle, no. 13 (CU);
Indian Mound near Citrus Center, DeSoto Co., Small, no. 9918
(NY); cypress swamp, vicinity of Ft. Myers, Lee Co., Standley,
no. 12865 (US); hammock north of Eagle Bay near Kissimmee
River, Okeechobee Co., Smaill, no. 9188 (G); margins of ponds in
pine barrens, ta NY Ue Franklin Co. , Chapman in Biltmore
Baldwin Co., Aug. | 24, 1926, Wolf (StB): i in woods, Spring Hill,
Tracy, no. 2926 (NY). epee a saat of PGapanven, $
Tammany Parish, Arséne, no. 11869 AO Foote low prairies,
vicinity of Lake Charles, Caleasieu Parish, Mackenzie, no. 443
(Mo, NC). Texas: ponds, Hempstead, Waller as Hall, no.
717 (Mo, US). Cusa: in lagoon near El Paynes, between
Guane and Remates near sea level, Pinar del Rio, Killip, no.
32373 (CU, US); Laguna Los Indios and vicinity, Pinar del Rio,
Shafer, no. 10819 peer Herradura, Pinar del Rio, Baker &
Abarca, no. 4195 (NY); s euler ivigeis, Isle of Pines,
Britton, Britton & Sb itei no. 15018 (NY); in wet sand, ai of
Laguna Yaiti, Mordazo, ‘Santa Clara, Ekman, no. 170 G);
near lagoon, Asiento Viejo, Sabana de Manacas, Souk Hones
Leoén, no. 9288 (N
26. iced be Clarke. Caespitose: leaves 1-1.5 mm. wide,
involute o n drying, stiffly erect: culms obtusely triquetrous,
slender, ee 4.7-7.8 dm. high: fascicles 2-4, the terminal one
turbinate to hemispherical, barely if at all exceeded by the sub-
176 Rhodora [May
tending bract, 0.9-2 cm. wide; peduncles of the lateral fascicles
included or nearly so: spikelets lanceolate in outline, closely ap-
proximate, 3—6-flowered, 1—5-fruited, 3.5-5 mm. long: scales
aristulate, loosely imbricate, somewhat caducous: bristles 6,
approximating the height of the tubercle, stiffly erect, upwardly
serrulate: achene pyriform, lenticular, conspicuously marginate,
0.7 wide, 1.2-1.38 m m. long: the surface tending to
become granular, drab to Satelit polished cinnamon-brown,
with a paler central disc: tubercle deltoid, subulate, compressed,
with the margin thickly setose. PLATE 822, Figs. 5A and 5B;
Map 29.—Clarke in Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 89
(1892), in part and excl. syn. R. fascicularis, var. distans Chapm
nomen nudum; Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 124 (1900), excl.
syn. R. fascicularis, var. distans Chapm. and R. fusca b. Chapm.
first valid publication; Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat.
ii. 195 (1916). R&R. filifolia sensu Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. Acad.
Ci. Habana, viii. 84 (187 e and Fl. Cub. 180 ea non eis in
Cusa: Wright, no. 3783 (G, NY, us ISOTYPES, this number
cited by Clarke as type of R. fuscoides and by Boeckeler as type
of R. distans var. microcarpa); wet grassy places, pinelands, at
12 km. of highway to La Coloma, Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del
Rio, Ekman, no. 17807 (NY); swale in pinelands, Laguna Santa
Maria, Pinar So Rio, Britton, Britton & Gager, no. 7137 (NY);
border of lagoon, Laguna Santa Maria, Pinar del Rio, Britton,
Britton & foe o. 17179 (NY, US); wet pine woods, Pinar del
Rio, Sept., 18632! “Wright, (NY).
hk. fuscoides is closely related to R. filifolia Gray, a species of
the Coastal Plain which also occurs in Cuba. R. fuscoides can
be distinguished in the field, however, by its coarser, stiff un-
bending habit, its lack of filiform basal leaves, its culms which
frequently bear 4 fascicles, and its long spikelets. R. filifolia has
a delicate habit, with the culms normally flexuous, the basal,
and often the cauline leaves as well, filiform and arching, and
the fascicles limited to 3. In R. fuscoides the terminal fascicle is
subtended by a short bract which may slightly exceed the fas-
cicle; in R. filifolia, however, the bract is prominent, undulant,
and at least twice the height of the fascicle.
Under a lens the tiny achenes of R. filifolia, with their glassy
surfaces picked out by the lustrous white discs, are unmistakable.
Those of R. fuscoides are, by contrast, less pyriform in outline,
1 See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 297 (1905).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 177
longer, with a dull and often granulose drab-brown surface,
somewhat relieved by lighter discs.
Boeckeler in 1880 was the first to recognize that the specimens
of Wright’s no. 3783! were not R. filifolia as labeled. He set
them off, therefore, as var. microcarpa of R. distans (Michx.)
Vahl but added, “. . . Torrey’s Pflanze wird durch eine
andere schmachtige Form, Rh. gracilenta A. Gray, mit der
typischen Form der R. distans genau verbunden.”’ However, so
utterly different in all but the most superficial details are the
Wright specimens from R. distans and R. gracilenta that it is
difficult to imagine wherein lay Boeckeler’s basis for the sug-
gested relationship.
By 1892 Clarke had evidently studied the Wright material
and come to the decision that its status was that of a new species;
for in that year Britton included in his list of North American
Rhynchospora, R. fuscoides Clarke, based on Wright no. 3783.
The description of the new species was not published, however,
until 1900, when it appeared in Clarke’s treatment of the West
Indian Cyperaceae for Urban’s Symbolae Antillanae ii. Clarke,
in giving the synonymy of R. fuscoides, lists both R. distans var.
microcarpa Boeckl. and R. fascicularis var. distans (Michx.)
Chapm., probably taking his cue for the inclusion of the latter
from Boeckeler’s original misalliance.
Series 5. Fasciculares, ser. nov. Inflorescentia fasciculata vel
cymoso-fasciculata (R. Gageri excepta) rigida: squamis castaneis
vel furvis: setis antrorse serrulatis rudimentariis vel bene evolutis:
achaenio late ovato vel elliptico laevi castaneo vel fusco; saepe
disco pallido.
Plants of usually moist areas in pineland and savannas of the
Coastal Plain, West Indies and Central America. Habit caespi-
tose: leaves filiform to 4 mm. wide: culms stout and erect to
capillary, then occasionally procumbent: cymes usually fascicu-
late, simple or compound (spiciform in R. Gageri), stiff: scales
castaneous to blackened: bristles rudimentary to well lormed,
antrorsely serrulate: achene broadly ovate to elliptic, smooth,
castaneous to blackish-brown, often with a prominent pale disc,
usually dull: tubercle triangular, compressed, often prolonged.—
Rhynchospora V. Glomeratae Small, Man. 175 (1933), in part.
1 One of the sheets of Wright’s no. 3783 at the New York Herbarium is mixed.
The other species is R. leptorhyncha Wright in Sauvalle. According to C. B. Clarke
(Urban, Symb. Ant. ij. 125 (1900) ). this is also true of a sheet of the same number
the herbarium at Kew.
178 Rhodora [May
Rhynchospora Series B. Diplostyleae Sect. 4. Fuscae Clarke in
Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 105 (1900), in part.
Key To SPECIES IN SERIES FASCICULARES
a. Terminal cyme ovoid, spiciform, or consisting of 2 corymbi-
form fascicles aligned one above the er setaceous bracts
long; species endemic to the West Indies... .b.
b. Terminal cyme composed of 2 se hepsisaiy corymbiform
fascicles aligned one above the other; scales dark brown
to blackish; achenes 1.6-1.8 mm, wide, 1,6-1.8 mm. long
27. R. leptorhyncha.
b. Terminal cyme spiciform to ovoid, the division into fas-
cicles not distinct; scales castaneous; achenes 1.2-1.6
—1 ong....
c, Cymes spiciform; surface of achene polished ; bristles
ring a ba sal tuft of long white hairs; tubercles
BLAU MARINER 6.5 7 0. oA oa Oe ey re 28. R. Gageri.
c. Cymes red cangeatod: surface of achene mostly dull;
od onc basally hispidulous or with a few short incon-
us hairs; tubercle deltoid................ R. joveroensis.
a. Terminal sheet fasciculate, corym mbi form when well devel-
rt a setaceous bracts short, slightly if at all exceeding the
; species continental, with a few also represented in
the Wes t Indies... .d.
d. Bristles 12: nenene 2-2.0 mm. long. eo. i ek. 30. R. Baldwiniit.
d. Bristles 6; achene 1.8 mm. long or less. ...
e. Achene minute, 0.8 mm. wide, 0.9-1 m aay ig ea 31. R. Fernaldiit
e. Achene exceeding 1 mm. in width and 1-2 mm. in length... .f.
lace with as prominent sink or beak-like pro-
on ee
g. Bristles ‘Gmaltte to falling short of the tubercles;
tubercle broad-based, gradually tapering toward
apex Me POUete eo 32. AR. gracilenta.
g. gepren ately aren the achene; tubercle basally
t abruptly contracted into a broad
hin Chek BONS Ti ME Re Sage ee ee 33. R. Wrightiana.
Ko, oe Tubercle deltoid to deltoid-subulate, not prolonged. . . .h.
h. Bristles rudimen ay to exceeding the achene;
culms erect, often coarse................ 34. R. fascicularis.
h. Bristles rudimentary culms filiform, loosely ascend-
ati Uo prOeimabenGs ys Se, ok eS 35. R. debilis
_ Scales prominently aristate, dark brown, often blackened, tightly
imbricate: stamens 4: bristles 8, upwardly hispidulous; the tips
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 179
connivent around and exceeding the tubercle, plumose at their
bases: achene elliptic to suborbicular in outline, strongly bi-
convex, 1.6-1.8 mm. wide, 1.6-1.8 mm. long; surface smooth,
dull brown: tubercle deltoid-subulate, broad-based, nearly
smooth to setose, usually pale, 1.4-1.8 mm. high. PLATE 824,
rics. 1A and 1B; Map 30.—C. Wright in Sauvvalle Anal. Acad.
Ci. Habana, viii. 84 (1871) and FI, SCab. 180 (1 873); Clarke in
Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 124 (1900); Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana
Hist. Nat. ii. 195 (1916); Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov.
xxiii. 209 (1926); usually as “leptorrhyncha. ” R. leptorhyncha
var. laevirostris Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 209
(1926). R. gracilenta sensu Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 126
(1900), non Gray. R. tetrandra C. Wright msc. ex Clarke in
Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 127 (1900), pub. in syn. of R. gracilenta
sensu Clarke, non Gray. Phaeocephalum leptorhynchum House,
Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920).—Near or in shallow water,
western Cuba and the Isle of Pines. Cusa: Wright, no. 3784 (G,
TYPE; NY, US, probable 1sorypsEs)!; Wright, no. 3787 (G. This
sheet of the number listed by Wright for R. odorata is R. lepto-
rhyncha); in ponds, pinales, jurisdiccion Pinar del Rio, Oct.,
62 }
and Coloma at 11 geese eae no. “18252 NY, US.
Cited by Kiikenthal with other Ekman numbers in ty pe-descrip-
tion of R. leptorhyncha var. pace lave in pebbly pinelands, La
Siguanea, Isla de Pinos, Ekman, no. 12187 (NY).
Specimens in the Wright oi without number but
labeled R. tetrandra are undoubted R. leptorhyncha. The fact
that Wright never published a species tetrandra suggests that
he also realized this fact.
C. B. Clarke in Urban’s Symbolae Antillanae, ii. page 127,
erroneously refers R. tetrandra to R. gracilenta Gray. On a basis
of this misidentification, Britton‘, in his publication on Cuban
Rhynchospora provisionally lists R. gracilenta, but states that
the Wright material of R. tetrandra in the Herbarium of the New
York Botanic Garden is R. leptorhyncha.
I am not keeping up Kiikenthal’s var. laevirostris. As the
name indicates this variety is based on specimens, the achenes
1 No. 3784 is also listed by Wright under R. gracilis. There is one sheet of this no
? See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. ak "297 (1 (1905).
* Also one Gray Herbarium sheet, C. Wright, no. 3787, labeled R. odorata is R.
gente A
m. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 196 (1916).
180 Rhodora [May
of which have a smooth, rather than setose, tubercle. However,
even in the specimens of sheets cited by Kiikenthal, I find this
character to be inconstant; for individual achenes from the
same inflorescence vary considerably, some having nearly smooth,
others rather densely setose tubercles.
28. R. Gacerti Britt. Densely caespitose with thick, often
fibrous bases: leaves setaceous, canaliculate, firm, arched-ascend-
ing, 1.8-3.3 dm. high: culms filiform, terete, ascending or some-
what arched, varying within a tuft from 0.5-2.2 dm. in height:
terminal cyme fasciculate, compact, ovoid, small (0.9-1.2 mm.
long, 0.6—-1 cm. wide) rarely containing more than 15 spikelets,
exceeded by a setaceous, recurving bract 0.4—1.3 dm. long which
has the appearance of continuation of the culm: spikelets ovoid,
crowded, 1-flowered with the achene terminating the axis, sessile,
mostly ascending, closely approximate, 3-4 mm. long: scales
aristulate, tightly imbricate, castaneous: stamens 3-4: bristles
6-8, delicate, upwardly serrulate, connivent around the tubercle
which they fall short of to slightly exceed, bearing at their bases
a few silky hairs which are 0.6 mm. in length: achene broadly
ovoid, strongly biconvex, not umbonate, surface evenly browned,
smooth, occasionally lustrous, 1.3-1.6 mm. wide, 1.4—-1.7 mm.
long: tubercle subulate-attenuate, compressed, smooth or rarely
slightly setulose at the base, whitish, 0.9-1.1 mm. long. PLATE
824, ries. 3A and 3B; Map 31.—Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat.
li. 196 (1916). R. longifrons var. @. reducta Kiikenthal, Fedde
ep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 209 (1926).—-Moist savannas, Isle of
Pines; western and central Cuba. Cusa: in white sand of
Sabana de los Indios, Isle of Pines, Leén, no. 17501 (G); Hacienda
San Julian, south of Mendoza, Pinar del Rio, Leén & Roca, no.
6955 (NY); in moist places, Mateo Sanchez, Pinar del Rio City,
Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 17939 (G, US. This number cited by
Kikenthal as R. longifrons Kuk. var. reducta); Colpothrinax
savanna, vicinity of Herradura, Pinar del Rio, Britton, Britton,
Earle & Gager, no. 6618 (NY, TypE; US, 1soryprr); savannas at
La Ciega, Coabilla, Camaguey, Acufa, no. 4396 (NY).
29. R. Joverornsis Britt. Densely caespitose with stiff
quill-like bases: leaves 1-2 mm. wide, 3.9-6 dm. long, canalicu-
late, stiffly ascending, with arched filiform tips; upper margins
setiferous: culms terete, rigidly erect, 2.6-4.5 dm. tall: cymes
congested-spiciform; the terminal one 0.5-1 em. wide, 2.5-4 em.
long, exceeded by a setaceous recurving bract 1.8-2.5 dm. long;
the lateral smaller, on an included peduncle: spikelets ovoid,
3.5-4 mm. long, extremely compact, sessile, 1-flowered, with the
achene terminating the axis: scales aristulate, tightly involute,
castaneous: stamens 3-4: bristles 6-8, delicate, upwardly serru-
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 181
late, connivent at their tips, approximating the tubercle in
length: bases without prominent hairs: achene obovoid, lenticu-
wide, 1.4-1.5 mm. long: tubercle deltoid-compressed, with
heavily ta margins, 0.6—-0.8 mm. long. PLarer 824, Frias. 4A
and 4B; Pp 32.—Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 195 (1916).
R. reieme ‘Kakenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 209 (1926).
—Lake margins, western Pinar del Rio, Cuba. CuBA: wet sand,
Laguna Jovero to Laguna del Bufeo, Pinar del Rio, Shafer, no.
10992 (NY, TtypE; G, US, isorypEs); Hacienda San Julian, south
of Guane, Pinar del ‘Rio, Leon & Roca, no. 6935 (NY); shore .
Laguna El Punto, Pinar ‘del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Ekman,
18263 (NY. One of several Ekman numbers cited by Kikenthal
after type-description of R. longifrons); banks of south Lagoon,
anta Maria, near San Luis, Pinar del Rio, Leén, no. 19627 (G).
30. ALDWINII Gray. Forming a coarse clump: radical
leaves commonly short, flat becoming carinate, 3-4 mm. broad,
tips acutely triquetrous due partially to development of the keel:
upper margins and keel finely serrulate: culms triquetrous, erect,
becoming flexuous, 0.5—1 m. high: terminal fascicle corymbiform,
cm. wide, rarely accompanied by a small fascicle on a short
stiff erect branchlet: lateral fascicles smaller, simple, exsertly
pedunculate: spikelets ovoid, 1—3-flowered, 1—2-fruited, sessile,
bursting, 5-5.5 mm. long: scales aristate, caducous, castaneous
to dark brown: ppatles 12, slender, typically convergent, up-
subrotund, lenticular-compressed, emarginate, dark brown, with
a pale disc, smooth to minutely pitted, dull, 1.8-2 mm. wide,
2—2.5 mm. long: tubercle deltoid-compressed, whitish, 0.8-1 mm.
long. PuaTE 825, rics. 4A and 4B; Map 33.—Ann. Lyc.
iil. 210, pl. 6, fig. 18! (1835); Cha apman Fl. So. U. S. 526 (1860);
Small, Fl, 196 (1903) and Man. 182 (1933). Phaeocephalum
Baldwinii House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 201 (1920).—Peaty
savannas and low pine barrens of the Coastal Plain from North
Carolina southward through the peninsula of Florida and west
to Mississippi. NorrH CaroLina: savanna near Jacksonville,
Onslow Co. Wadia. ~ 5822 (G); savanna near Burgaw, Pender
Co., Godfrey, no. 4737 (G, NC); long-leaf pine and wire grass
savanna, Carolina Beach, ‘New Hanover Co., Godfrey, no. 4685
(G, NC). SourH CAROLINA: peaty excavated area in savanna at
side of road, 12 miles north of Georgetown, Georgetown Co.,
Godfrey & Tryon, no. 8 (G, NY); in damp stiff soils, Santee
Canal, "hosel (G). Geroreta: rather dry pine barrens between
1 Figures 19 and 18 were apparently reversed in the printing; R. Baldwinii is fig. 18,
not 19 as listed.
182 Rhodora [May
Guyton and Springfield, Effingham Co., Harper, no. 934 (G, NY,
S); sandy bog, Bullock Co., Harper, no. 852 (NY); moist pine
barren 2 miles west of Glennville, Tatnall Co., Eyles, no. 6435
(CU); Dr. Baldwin, fragment from Herb. Schweinitz (NY,
TYPE). FLORIDA: moist pine lees near Jacksonville, Duval
Co., Curtiss, no. 4868 (G, NY, US); Hastings, St. Johns Co.,
Tracy, no. 9286 (iS, NY) US): Tampa, Hillsborough Co., May,
1876, Garber (US); prairie, ve miles east of Okeechobee City, St.
ucie Co., Small et al., no. 3 (NY); wet places, Bear Creek,
Gadsden Co., June 1841, Hse (G, in part) ; wet pine barrens,
Apalachicola, Franklin Co., Chapman in Biltmore H erb.,
256a (G, NY, US); pine barrens 8 miles west of Apalashiaets
Gulf Co., Eyles, no. 5783 (CU); swamps, Walton Co., 1885,
rou (NY ). AtaBaMa: low pine barrens, Mobile, Mobile Co.,
ne, 1870, Mohr (NY); Sartwell (G). Mussissrprr1: Biloxi,
Fickich Co., Tracy, no. 4894 (NC, NY, US). Lovrstana: New
Orleans, Drummond (G)
31. R. Fernaldii, sp. nov. Planta caespitosa: foliis basilaribus
1—1.5 mm. latis planis marginibus laevibus vel subtiliter serru-
latis, apicem versus triquetris: culmis teretibus tenuibus rigide
erectis 2.5-5.2 dm. longis: fasciculis 1-2 congestis corymbiformi-
bus; lateralibus one pedunculatis; pedunculis erectis: spiculis
ovoideis 2-2.5 m m. longis sessilibus confertis erectis vel patenti-
bus 3—4-floris 2-3-carpis: squamis aristulatis laxe imbricatis
fuscis: setis 6 antrorse hispidulis rigide erectis, achaenio fere
ry eepeatres achaenio lenticulari-obovoideo, biconvexo, parvo
mm. lato 0.9-1 mm. longo) laevi furvo; disco leviter pallid-
iore: tuberculo compresso-deltoideo, 0.2—0. 3 mm. alto. PLATE
825, Frias. 3A and 3B; Map 34.—Pine barrens of southern Georgia,
northern Florida and coastal Alabama. GroraiA: rather dry
sandy road in pine barrens near Camp Cornelia, Charlton Co.,
Aug. 8, 1902, Harper, no. 1487 (G, TypE; NY, ‘US, IsoTYPES) ;
near Lem Griffin’s Camp, Okefenokee Swamp , Clinch Co., Oct.
1938, Eyles, no. 164 (CU); piney woods, Billy Island, Charlton
Co. July 7, 1912, Bradley, no. 4 (P). FLORIDA: in a low pineland,
7 miles southwest of St. Augustine, St. Johns Co., Aug. 8, 1929,
O'Neill (CU); Sanford, Orange Co., Aug. 23, 1899, Pieters, no.
301 (US); in low pinelands, Alva, Lee Co., Oct. 30, 1917, Francis,
no. 41 (US); low pine barrens near the seashore, Apalachicola,
Franklin Co., Oct. 27, 1895, Mohr (US); pine barrens, Apalachi-
cola, Franklin Co., July, 1870, Chapman (US); low pine barrens,
Apalachicola, Franklin Co., Chapman in Biltmore H erb., no. 9
(G, NY; US, in part) ; Chapman (P, no locality given), ALABAMA:
Buckley, no. 35 (NY).
In habit, R. Fernaldii suggests a dwarfed state of R. fascicu-
laris var. distans. The plant is tufted, the slender culm is stiffly
a ;
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 183
erect, and the small terminal fascicle is corymbiform and fre-
quently accompanied by a lateral fascicle on a slender peduncle.
However, among the members of this series the spikelets and
achenes of this species are unique in their minuteness. The
former measure only 2—2.5 mm. in length and the tiny blackish
achene varies from 0.9-1 mm. in length. I suspect that this
character was in part responsible for the long neglect of this
species, for at first glance the inflorescence does suggest an un-
developed state of var. distans. This species has been named in
honor of Professor M. L. FERNALD.
32. R. GRACILENTA Gray. Caespitose: radical leaves filiform,
about 10 mm. high, cauline leaves filiform to usually 1-2.5 mm.
wide, flat; upper margins serrulate; tips triquetrous: culms terete,
slender, erect to flexuous, 0.3—1 m. in height: terminal cyme a
single fascicle, irregular in outline to corymbiform, with few
spikelets, 0. 8-1. 2 cm. wide; or less often several fascicles on stiff
branchlets: lateral fascicles 1-2 (rarely 3) on exserted peduncles:
spikelets ovate, split open by the developing achenes, bearing
2-3 florets, the lowermost of which is often abortive, 1—2-fruited,
sessile, 3-3.5 mm. long: scales aristate, castaneous: bristles 6,
delicate, upw atdly serrulate, falling short of to slightly exceeding
the tubercle: achene oval to suborbicular in outline, 1.1—1.7 m
wide, 1.3-1.8 mm. long, compressed, umbonate, ‘smooth, dull
dark brown at maturity, often with a conspicuous light disc:
tubercle broad-based, with a long slender strap-like terminal
extension, strongly compressed, 1-2.6 mm. long. Pxate 826,
rics. 6A and 6B; Mar 36.—Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 216, pl. 6, fig. 27
(1835) ; Chapman, FI. "So. U8. ‘507 (1860); Britton & Brown, Il.
Fl, i. 279, fig. 657 (1896); Britton, Man. 186 (1901); Small, Fl.
195 (1903) and Man. 182 rere Robinson & Fernald in Gray,
Man. ed. 7: 200, fig. a (19 08); Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana
Hist. Nat. ii. 196 (i9 16); Kikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov.
xxi. 208 (1926). R. gracilenta var. diversifolia Fernald, Ruo-
DORA, XXXVii. — ( coe R. fusca sensu Gray, Gram. et Cyp. i.
no. 93 (1834 ), in part.1 R. Drummondiana Boeckeler, Fl. xli.
644 (1858). R. ieichomhe Fernald, Ruopora, xxxix. 389 (1937).
Phaeocephalum gracilentum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202
(1920).—Bogs and moist areas in swales, common along the
Coastal Plain from New Jersey to southeastern Virginia; ap-
parently more scattered southward in the Carolinas Hed Georgia;
0. 93 was apparently made up from a mixed collection. In the volume belonging
to the. library of the New York Botanic Garden, no. 93 is R. gracilenta, as sta
Gray in an appended correction; but in the volume seem, to the Gray Herbarium,
no. 93 is R. fusca (L.) Ait. f., as stated on the original I
184 Rhodora [May
westward along the coast to eastern Louisiana; infrequent inland
stations in the mountains of Virginia, North Carolina and
Tennessee, and in central Arkansas and eastern Texas. The
citation of the bulk of specimens from New Jersey and states
south to Virginia has been omitted. Nrw Jersey: ‘pine barrens
of N. J., Aug.—Sept.”’ in Gray’s handwriting (NY, Type). Vir-
GINIA: cranberry-meadow in wet spots, Stuart’s Draft, Augusta
Co., Carr, no. 303 (G). Norra Caro.ina: wet grassy pineland,
12 miles west of Swan Quarter, Hyde Co., Oosting, no. 22 :
low pineland at Dunn, Harnett Co., Godfrey, no. 6140 (D, G);
sphagnum swamp, vicinity of Black Mt., Buncombe Co.,
Standley & Bollman, no. 10464 (US); dry sandy soil near Supply,
Brunswick Co., Blomquist, no. 11266 (D, G). SourH CAROLINA:
grass-sedge bog or savanna, 12 miles north of Georgetown,
Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 60 (D, G, NY); grass-
sedge bog or savanna, 1 mile west of Chicora, Berkeley Co.,
July 24, 1939, Godfrey & Tryon (G); Sumter, Sumter Co.,
. 3740 (P); Aiken, Aiken Co., July—Aug., 1866,
Ravenel (G). Grorata: pine barren, Pooler Road near Ogeechee
Canal and Little Ogeechee River, Chatham Co., Eyles, no. 6239
(CU); moist pine barrens, Rushing Pond, near Statesboro,
Bullock Co., Eyles, no. 6185 (CU); moist meadow, Leslie, Sumter
Co., Harper, no. 414 (G, NY, US). FiLoria: sphagnous swamps
near Jacksonville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 5072 (CA, NC, NY,
US); Marianna, Jackson Co., Tracy, no. 4887 (US); wet pine
barrens, Apalachicola, Franklin Co., Chapman in Biltmore Herb.,
no. 4478a (G, NY, US). Atapama: Lee Co., June 29, 1897,
Earle & Baker (NY); in a wet place, Perdue, Coffee Co., Blanton,
no. 84 (G, US). TENNESSEE: permanently moist meadow with
ox-bows of Abrams Creek, west end of Cades Cove, Blount Co.,
Great Smoky National Park, alt. 1700 ft., Camp, no. 1993 (US);
grassy borders of small pond south of Altamont, Grundy Co.,
Svenson, no. 9181 (G); bogs between Tracy City and Coalmont,
Grundy Co., Svenson, no. 9568 (G). Muisstssrpp1: Ocean Springs,
Jackson Co., Pollard, no. 1005 (G, NY, US); Biloxi, Harrison Co.,
Tracy, no. 7003 (G, NY); Bay of St. Louis, Hancock Co., Sept.
13, 1883, Langlois (G, NY). ArKANnsas: sandy bogs, Malvern,
Hot Spring Co., Palmer, no. 8095 (CA, Mo, P, US). Louisiana:
vicinity of Covington, St. Tammany Parish, Arséne, no. 11735
(Mo); dampish soil, 2 miles west of Hammond, Tangipahoa
Parish, Trotter & Chilton, no. 153 (La); New Orleans, Orleans
Parish, Drummond, no. 397 (G, 1soryrE of R. Drummondiana
Boeckeler). Trxas: swamps, Swan, Smith Co., Reverchon, no.
2921 (Mo) and no. 2918 (Mo); ponds, Hempstead, Waller Co.,
Hall, no. 717 (G).
A study of specimens of R. gracilenta selected to represent its
——
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 185
entire range tends to minimize the significance of var. diversifolia
Fernald. This variety was defined on a basis of its “stiffer habit,
broadish cauline leaves, and longer spikelets, fruits and tuber-
cles.”’ However, a stiffer habit and broader cauline leaves are not
always accompanied by spikelets with larger achenes, and vice
versa; nor would it be practical to re-define var. diversifolia
solely upon the size of its achene, for the common occurrence
of achenes of intermediate sizes would make the choice of defini-
tive measurements purely arbitrary.
R. trichophylla Fernald was based on a peculiar colony in
Sussex Co., Virginia. Identical in habit with the more robust
specimens of FR. gracilenta, this material bears achenes dis-
tinguished by bristles which barely equal the slightly prolonged
deltoid tubercles. Typical achenes of R. gracilenta, on the other
hand, have long bristles often exceeding the long strap-like
tubercle. However, a close study of the material of R. gracilenta
reveals that short bristles as well as the deltoid-attenuate
tubercle of R. trichophylla fall within the range of achenial
variability of the former species.
33. R. WricgutiaAna Boeckl. Densely tufted: leaves usually
filiform to rarely 1.3 mm. wide, ascending to loosely spreading:
culms filiform or very slender, wiry, stiffly erect to weakly ascend-
ing, leafy, 1-4.6 dm. high: fascicles 1-2, rarely 3, with 1-few
spikelets, not ue 1 cm. in width; lateral fascicles on subex-
serted peduncles: bracts setaceous, several well exceeding the
fascicle: spikelet ovoid, usually split, revealing the tubercle and
upper portion of the achene, 1—2-flowered, with a rudimentary
floret terminating the axis, Ma 2-fruited, sessile, 3-3.5 mm. long:
scales mucronate, castaneous, caducous: bristles 6, variable in
height but rarely exceeding the achene, upwardly serrulate:
achene elliptic in outline, biconvex, 1.2- 1.3 mm. wide, 1.3—-1.5
mm. long, smooth, dark brown; a somewhat paler dise indistinct
or lacking: tubercle triangular-compressed, 0.6-0.8 mm. long,
the tip prolonged as a broad, blunt beak. PLaTE 825, FIGS. 5A
and 5B; Map 37. —Flora, lxiv. 78 (1881); Britton, Mem. Soc.
Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 197 (1916); Britton & Wilson, Sci. Surv.
Porto Rico and Virgin Isl. v. 104 (1923); Small, Man: 183 (1933),
excl. syn. R. brachychaeta Sauv. R. graci illiima C. Wright in
Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 85 (1871) and Fl. Cub.
181 (1873). R. tenuis Baldwin ex Gray, Ann. pode ee yo.
217 (1835), publ. in syn. of R. distans var. $., non Link. R.
distans var. 8. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 217 (i835). i distans
186 Rhodora [May
ANA, Var. T
yrica; 53, R, LInDENIANA, var. BAHAMENSIS; 54, R. Grayu; 55,
R. cunrxa; 56, R. cupensis; 57, R. STENOPHYLLOIDEA; 58, R, MEGALOCARPA,
59, R. Harveyi.
2
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 187
var. tenuis (Baldwin) Britton, Trans. N. Y. Aead. Sci. xi.
(1892). R. brachychaeta sensu Small, Fl. bat (1903), non C.
Wright in Sauvalle. &. pallida sensu Clarke in Urban, Symb.
Ant. 11. 126 (1900), in part, non M. A. Curtis. R. distans (Michx.)
Vahl var. y. gracillima (C. Wright) Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec.
Nov. xxiii. 208 (1926) and xxxii. 77 (198 3).— Wet sand or peat
of ditches, swamps, ponds or pockets in pineland of the Coastal
Plain from southern North Carolina south to the Florida Penin-
sula and westward in coastal Alabama; also ponds of Cuba and
mountains of Puerto Rico. Norra Carouina: wet sand, Fort
Caswell, Brunswick Co., Godfrey & Shunk, no. 4140 (G, imma-
ture). SourH CAROLINA: peaty pocket in pine barren, 5144
miles south of Georgetown, Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon,
no. 201 (G, NY, P); peaty pocket in pine barren, 5 miles north-
west of McClellanville, Charleston Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no.
1120 (G, NY); gum-pond i in pine barren, 4 miles west of Bonneau,
Berkeley Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1625 (G, NY); margin
of barrow-pit near Savannah Rives Refuge, Jasper Co., Eyles,
no. 6123 (CU). Groreta: drainage-ditch, Wilmington ‘Island,
Chatham Co., Eyles, no. 4380 (D); pine barrens, Bethesda
Church, Effingha am Co., Eyles, no. 6104 (CU); moist sandy place,
Bullock Co., Harper, no. 897 (NY, US); margin of pine-barren
pond about 2 miles northeast of Hawkinsville, Pulaski Co.,
Harper, no. 1376 (G, NY); sandy — along railroad near Douglas,
Coffee Co., Harper, no. 684 (NY, US). Fuioripa: moist pine
buries heat a ri Nees, Duval Co. Curtiss, no. 4946 (G, NY,
US) and 3152 (CU, D!, G, NY, P, U 8); low pineland, vicinity of
Eustis, Lake Co., Nash, no. 662 (G, NY, P, US) and no. 642
(G, NY, US); grassy swamp, Okeechobee ‘Region, Brevard Co.,
Fredholm, no. 5750 (G, NY, immature); prairie, ft ae east of
Okeechobee City, St. ee Co., Small et al., no. 9304 (NY); wet
place, Hardin Co., July 2 , 1940, Schallert (G, ae nes ALA-
BAMA: Mobile, Mobile Rae ” July 16, 1897, Mohr (CU). CuBa:
swampy place, pinelands at km. 12 of the highway 4 La Coloma,
Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 17824 (NY); shore
f Laguna de Junco, Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Ekman,
no. 17861 (G, US); “sobre tembladeras en medio de lagunas, en la
Vuelta de Abajo”, Wright, no. 3781 (G, rrpg; NY, US, probable
ide Bees Puerto Rico: plants of the Luquillo Mt., Wilson,
7 (NY); in monte Jimenes, S* de Luquillo, Sintenis, no.
i381 (NY, US).
This species was originally described by Wright in 1873 under
the name of R. gracillima. Boeckeler, however, in 1881, noting
' One sheet of this number _ Duke University is R. fascicularis (Michx.) Vahl
~ var. distans (Michx.) Chapma:
2C. Wright in Sauvalle, FI. Gab. 181 (1873).
188 Rhodora [May
an earlier application of this name by Thwaites' in 1864 to a
species from Ceylon, renamed the West Indian species R.
Wrightiana, in honor of its collector. Subsequently its status
was confused by C. B. Clarke who mistakenly placed R. Wrighti-
ana in the synonymy of the Atlantic coastal species R. pallida
M. A. Curtis. With R. brachychaeta it formed the basis for
Clarke’s report of R. pallida from the West Indies. The plant
which extends northward into southeastern Virginia and which
ey fe passed as R. Wrightiana is R. debilis.
. R. rascrcunLaris (Michx.) Vahl. Caespitose, often coarse-
Ms so: eae leaves 1 (rarely less) to 4 mm. wide, curling to erect,
oe: margins and keel finely serrulate: culms subterete and slender
stout and obtusely 3-angled, stiffly erect, becoming flexuous,
0. 4 (rarely)—1.3 m. high: terminal fascicle simple or corymbosely
compound, 1—5.5 cm. wide, the ultimate densely fasciculate
clusters borne on stiff erect peduncles, lateral fascicles 1—3 or none,
simple or less commonly compound, distant, exserted to subex-
serted on short erect peduncles: bracts several, foliaceous to
setaceous, exceeding the fascicles: spikelets lance-ovoid to ovoid,
3-4.5 mm. long, erect, sessile, 2—4-flowered, with a terminal
rudimentary floret, 1-3-fru ited: scales ovate to lanceolate,
prominently mucronate to aeistate, caducous, 3-4 mm. long:
bristles 5—6, rudimentary and short to well developed and exceed-
ing the achene, stifly erect, antrorsely serrulate: achene ovate
to orbicular or elliptic, smooth, chestnut- to blackish-brown,
evenly biconvex to oe with . without a pale disc, ob-
scurely marginate, 1.1-1.5 mm. wide, 1.3-1.5 mm. long: tubercle
ese but sagas deltoid to Hci eabnilate. 0.4-0.7 mm.
34a, Var. typica. Habit usually very robust: spikelets
usually with a conspicuous recurved mucro: achene ovate to
saianaare rarely elliptic, dark to blackish brown, umbonate,
usually relieve by a prominent pale disc, 1.2-1. 5 mm. wide,
1.4-1.5 mm. long: tubercle variable but essentially deltoid to
deltoid-subulate. PLatE 825, Frias. 1A and 1B; Map cer
Britton, Mem. Soe . Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 197 (1916). Schoenus
fascicularis Michaud , Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 37 (1803). R. ona var.
6. fascicularis Kikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxi . 208
1 Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 435 (1864).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 189
(1926). Phaeocephalum fasciculare House, Am. Midland Nat.
vi. 202 (1920).—Roadside-ditches, peaty. savannas, low pine
barrens and lake-margins, Princess Anne County in southeastern
Virginia, and common southward on the Coastal Plain from
North Carolina to the Peninsula of Florida; less frequent in the
coastal states west to eastern Texas; also in western Cuba,
amaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Central America. Vir-
GINIA: wet peaty depressions in sandy pineland, The Desert,
Cape Henry, Princess Anne Co., eee & Long, no. 3790
(G, P). Norra Caro.uina: New B ern, Craven Co., T. H.
Kear rney Jr., no. 1974 ee Soi at sea-level, Carteret Co.,
Codkrey, no. 6408 (G, N Y); pineland, White Lake, Bladen
Co., Godfrey, no. 5982 (D a): drainage-ditch at Carolina Beach,
New Hanover Co., Godfrey, no. 4724 (G); savanna, 7 miles
southwest of Wilmington, Brunswick Co., Godfrey. & Shunk, no.
4113 (G, NC). SourH Caro.ina: sandy drainage-ditch, 2 miles
west of Salters, Williamsburg Co, Go dfrey & Tryon, no. 512 (CU,
DG, SY, P); shallow peaty pond in pine barrens, 9 ee
north of Fea each Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, n
758 (D, NY); drainage-ditch, 3 miles north of MeClellan.
ville, Siicun Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 683 (G); grass-
sedge bog or savanna, 3 miles southwest of Manning, Clarendon
Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 940 (G, NY); grass-sedge bog or
savanna, 1 mile west of Chicora, Berkeley Co., Godfrey & Tryon,
no. 842 (G, NY); wet sand pockets, 5 miles north of Ridge-
land, Jasper Co., Wiegand & Manning, no. 599 (G). CaroLina,
uin, Michaux Herb. (G, TyYPE-PHOTO.; NY, TYPE-FRAGMENT
from Michx. Herb.). GroroGia: moist sandy roadside in pine
barrens, Bullock Co., Harper, no. 878 (G); Wilmington agri
Chatham Co., Eyles, no. 4891 (CU); Wayne Co., Baldwi i
green sphagnum swamp, 9 miles north of Darien on U.S. Rou te
17, MacIntosh Co., Hylan, no. 6439 (CU); pine woods, Kingsland,
Camden Co., Small & D eWinkler, no. 9682 (NY); pineland-pool
just east of the Clinch Co. line on U. §. Route 84, Ware Co.,
Eyles, no. 6327 (CU); hammock at edge of swamp on Billy’s
Island, Okefenokee Swamp, pene Co., Eyles, no. 635644
CU}; m margin of pees en pond n r Downing, Coffee Co.,
Harper, no. 1440 (G, NY, US); moist ne barrens, Thomas Co.,
Harper, no. 1173 (G, U8). FLoripa: moist pine barrens near
Jacksonville, Duval Co., Curtis, no. 4945 (G); low pineland, Lake
City, Columbia Co., O'Neil no. 7675 (CU); Hibernia, Clay Co.,
Mar., 1869, Canby (G US); ditch near Clyatt’s Station,
Gainesville, Alachua Ce: me 13, 1940, Arnold (CU); wet flat-
woods, Welaka, Putnam Co., Laessle, oun 15 (CU); dry sand,
high pineland, vicinity of Eustis, Lake Co., Nash, no. 641 (G,
NY, US); near Sanford, Seminole Co., Aug. 1931, Rapp (NY):
in a low pineland, Bithlo, Orange Co., O'Neill, no. 5268 (CU);
190 Rhodora [May
prairies near Lake Washington, coke ard Co., Small e he —
no. 9741 (NY); Kissimmee, Osceola Co. . May 10, , Mearn
(US); ditch, Polk Co., July 27, “ner Schallert ne in as ditch,
Lake Jovita, Pasco Co., Britton, no. 2609 (CU); near water, near
St. Petersburg, Pinellas Co.,: Mre.-C 4. Deam, no. 2899 (G);
pinelands near Fellsmere, Indian River Co., Small, no, 8868
(NY); Okeechobee Prairie north of Okeechobee City, Okeecho-
bee Co., Small et al., no. 9238 (NY); Palma Sola, Manatee Co.,
Tracy, no. 6996 (G, NY, US); ditch, Sarasota Co., July 29, 1940,
Schallert (G); pinelands, east of Punta Gorda, Charlotte Co.,
Small, Mosier & DeWinkler, no. 10928 (NY); around ponds,
Myers, Lee Co., Hitchcock, no. 423 (G, NY, US): low pineland,
5 miles south of Stuart on east coast, Martin Co., O’ Neill, no.
5265 (CU); St. Vincent Island, Franklin Co., M cAtee, no. 1806
(US); low pine barrens, Apalachicola, Franklin Co., "Chapman
in Biltmore Herb., no. 4469 (G, NY, US); Lake Gentry, Santa
Rosa Co., Howell, no. 1092 (US). Atasama: low pineland about
Miflin Creek, Elberta, Baldwin Co., Aug. 25, 2 Wolf (StB);
low swampy pine barrens, Mobile, Mobile C July, 1872,
Mohr (US). Tetons Ocean Springs, ae Co., Pollard,
no. 1016 (D, G, NY, US); Long Beach, Harrison Co., ’ Aug. 25,
1896, Joor (Mo): Cat Island, Hancock Co. , Lloyd & Tracy, no.
359 (NY). LOUISIANA: In pine wood clearings, Slidell, St.
Tammany Parish, Oct. 5, 1891, Langlois (NY); near Indian
Village, east of New Orleans, Orleans Parish, Killip, no. 13968
(US). Trxas: Jefferson Co., Tharp, no. 3055 (U S). CupBa: in
savannas, towards Bibijaguas, Nueva Gerona, Isla de Pinos,
Ekman, no. 12535 (G, US); dry ground, Laguna Jovero and
vicinity, Pinar del Rio, Shafer, no. 10752 (G, NY); sabanas, El
Sabalo, Finca Sabanalamar, Pinar del Rio, near sea level, Killip,
no. 32260 (CU); palm barrens west of Guane, Pinar del Rio,
aguna Santa Maria, Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 17274 (US):
sandy pine woods (damp) Pinar del Rio, Oct. 1863?! C. Wright,
no. 3392? (NY); on edge of laguna, Herradura, Pinar del Rio,
Ekman, no. 11585 (G); low savannas, Chirigo ota, Pinar del Rio,
Oct. 26, 1863? Wright, no. 339922 (US); low wood at 420 m.,
north slope of Loma Pelada de Buenavista, Cayajabos, Pinar del
Rio, Leén, no. 13561 (NY). JaMArIca: summit of Bull Head,
Chapelton to Bull Head, Middlesex, Underwood, no. 33646 (NY).
Hispantoxa: laterite soil at Dutreuil, Corail, Western Group,
Massif de la Hotte, Dept. du Sud, Haiti, c. alt. 250 m., Ekman,
1 See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 297 (1905).
2 The penciled number 3399 appears on 3 Wright sheets, the specimens of which
are for the most part R. fascicularis. These are undoubtedly no part of the original
‘Cuba or. (Wr. 3399)"’ on which Grisebach based in part his description of R. deflera.
’ See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 297 (1905).
1944) Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 191
no. 10741 (US); in savannas, El Valle, Sabana de la Mar, prov.
de Samana, Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic, Ekman, no.
15667 (NY); forming colonies, in Sabana de Ponton, toward
Cotul, Rinc6n, prov. de la Vega, ae del Cibao, Dominican
Republic, Ekman, no. 14623 (G, US). Purrrto Rico: in sphag-
num, western end of Laguna Tortuguero, Britton & Britton, no.
7872 (NY, US); wet white sand, vicinity of Vega Baja, Britton,
Britton & Brown, no. 5788 (NY); moist sandy sojl, Santurce,
Heller & Heller, no. 583 (NY, US).
. Var. DISTANS (Michx.) Chapm. Habit more slender
than that of var. typica: spikelets mucronulate: achene elliptic
in outline, gradually biconvex, not umbonate, chestnut to dark
brown, without a well-defined central disc, 1.1-1.8 mm. wide,
1.3-1.5 mm. long: bristles 6, always exceeding the achene:
tubercle compressed, triangular-subulate with a narrow base.
PLATE 825, Frias. 2A and 2B; Map 40.—FI. So. U.S. 527 (1860).
Schoenus distans Michaux, Fl. Bor. ea 1.36 (1803). R. vcore
Vahl, Enum. ii. 235 (1806) ; Elliott, Sk. me fer Car eee Ga.
59 (1816): Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iii. 216, 6, fig. 28 (1 835):
Clarke in Urban, Symb. hat. ii. 125 (1900); Fal FL. oe (1903)
and Man. 182 (1933): Britton, Fl. Bermuda 53, fig. 81 (1918);
Britton & Wilson, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Isl. v. 103
(1923) ; Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 208 (1926).
R. dommucensis A. H. Moore, List of Pl. Coll. in Bermuda, 1905:
6, pl. 1 and 2 (1906). Phaeocephalum distans House, Am. Mid-
land Nat. vi. 202 (1920). Dichromena distans Macbride, Field
Mus. Pub. Bot. xi. 5 (1931).—Moist. sandy or peaty pineland
from southeastern Virginia southward along the Coastal Plain
to the tip of Florida and west to Mississippi; also Bermuda.
VirRGINIA: moist sandy and peaty pine barrens, south of Lee’s
Mill, Isle of Wight Co., Fernald & Long, no. 12273 (G, P); wet
peaty pine barrens, east of Cox Landing, south of ete Quay,
Nansemond Co., Fernald & Long, no. 10551 (CU, G, NY, P)
Nortu CAROLINA: savanna, Chocowinity, Beaufort Co. , Godfrey,
no. 5417 (G); ee 5 miles west of Clinton, Sampson n Co.,
Godfrey, no. 4502 (D, G); moist boggy places, north side of White
ake, Bladen Co., Blomquist, no. 10863 (D); pineland fons
Carolina Beach, New Hanover Co. , Godfrey, no. 4708 (G, NC).
Sourn CaRroLina : peaty pocket in pine apa 5 miles northwest
of McClellanville, Charleston Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1122
(DG, PR, NY), Canora: Michaux G, TYPE-PHOTO; NY,
TYPE-FRAGMENT from Michaux Herb.). Groreta: shady woods
Leas Sry ies and Springfield, Effingham Co., Harper, no.
6 (G, NY, US); border of pond near Middleground Road,
ie Co. , Eyles, no. 6228 (CU); moist sandy roadside in pine
barrens, Bullock Co., Harper, no. 878 (C, NY, US); margin of
shallow ‘pond i in sandhills of Satilla River, Coffee Co., Harper, no.
192 Rhodora [May
1447 (G, NY, US); sphagnous bogs near Bugaboo Island,
Okefenokee Swamp, Charlton Co., Harper, no. 1477 (G, N
US); pine barren near Lem Griffin’s, Okefenokee Swamp, Clinch
Co., Eyles, no. 6373 (CU). FLorIpA: damp shady woods near
Jacksonville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 5072¢e (G, NY); low moist
ground, Welaka, Putnam Co., Laessle, no. 20 (CU); flatwoods,
Lake Helen, Volusia Co., Apr. 29, 1911, Hood, (G): marsh,
Bithlo, Orange Co., O’ Neill, no. 5117 (CU); “Bayhead” i in wet
soil, vicinity of Eustis, Lake Co., Nash, no. 802 (CU, G, NY,
US); cypress swamp, northeast of Labelle, Lee Co., April 24,
1921, Small & DeWinkler (NY); eerie: east of Sebring,
DeSoto Co., Small & DeWinkler, no. 9074 (NY); ancient sand
dunes about Lake Jackson, Leon Co., Small Mosier & De-
inkler, no. 10874 (NY). ALABAMA: low pineland about
Miflin Creek, Elberta, Baldwin Co., Aug. 25, 1926, Wolf (StB).
BERMUDA: Pembroke “Marsh, Brown, Britton & Bisset, no. 2122
(NY); Devonshire Marsh, Brown & Britton, no. 170 (NY);
Devonshire Marsh, A. H. Moore, no. 3004 (G, type of R. dom-
mucensis A. H. Moore; NY, 1soryPe).
The variability of this species, both in habit and appearance
of the achene, was undoubtedly responsible for its original
sepsration by Michaux into two distinct species, Schoenus fas-
cicularis and S. distans. In 1805, Vahl transferred both species
to Rhynchospora; and later Gray, following established precedent,
also recognized both R. fascicularis and R. distans. However, in
1860 Chapman reduced R. distans to varietal rank under R. fas-
cicularis, and in the third edition of his Flora dismissed it as
“R. distans Nutt. the form with longer bristles.’ In 1926,
Kiikenthal, although apparently unfamiliar with the Flora of
the Southern United States, reached a conclusion similar to that
held by Chapman. The former, however, preferred to keep R.
distans as the species and subordinated R. fascicularis as R.
distans var. fascicularis. Obviously this was an unfortunate
choice since, by International Rules, if the varietal rank is to be
maintained the earlier decision of Chapman to preserve R. fas-
cicularis and reduce R. distans must be followed.
Along the coastal plain from Virginia to Florida and west to
Louisiana, R. fascicularis has been identified as a caespitose
plant with a shock of coarse, often curling basal leaves 2-4 mm.
wide, much shorter than the stiffly erect, subtriquetrous culms.
The terminal cyme is nearly always irregularly compound, the
spikelets 3-4.5 mm. long and composed of prominently aristate
a ee ee ee ee eee
SL eee ee eee ee
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 1938
scales 3-4 mm. in length. The achene is usually ovate to orbicu-
lar in outline, less frequently elliptic. Its surface is consistently
smooth, blackish-brown, with a prominent pale disc. On
smaller achenes, however, the disc may be indistinct or absent.
Specimens from Virginia and Carolina have short rudimentary
bristles not exceeding 144 the achene in height; but in Georgia
and Florida occasional specimens occur in which the bristles
may equal or exceed the achene.!
R. fascicularis in Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico
is usually represented by comparatively poorly developed speci-
mens with reduced inflorescences. The achenes of these speci-
mens are, however, both long- and short-bristled, and are indis-
tinguishable from those of the mainland.
All specimens with long-bristled achenes were formerly as-
signed to R. distans. According to previous definition, in addi-
tion to the increased length of its bristles, R. distans was separable
from &. fascicularis by its consistently more slender habit.
However, typically robust specimens of R. fascicularis from
Florida and Georgia bear achenes with the long bristles of R.
distans; and, vice versa, many of the more slender plants of the
West Indies have rudimentary bristles, indicating R. fascicularis.
To discriminate between R. fascicularis and R. distans on the
basis of bristle-length or comparative size is to set up an arbitrary
distinction.
On the other hand, slender specimens from Virginia, Bermuda
and Carolina south to the tip of Florida and west to Mississippi,
bear achenes which are consistently long-bristled, smaller in
size, characteristically elliptic in outline, with evenly browned
surfaces, and narrow-based, triangular, subulate tubercles.
To this category belong the fragments of S. distans from the
Michaux Herbarium secured by Dr. Torrey and now in the
Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, so that the name,
Rk. fascicularis var. distans (Michx.) Chapm. is properly applied
to them. The coarse plants with strongly mucronate scales but
dark ovate achenes and well developed bristles may be con-
' The original description of S. fascicularis was possibly based on a ‘ge Rages
individual, for Michaux states ‘‘setulis semine laevi pain longioribus.’’ Asa Gra,
however, reports that achenes from the Michaux type have ¢ short radixieantary bristles,
which is true of the fragment from the Michaux Herbarium now in the Herbarium of
the New York Botanical Garden
194 Rhodora [May
sidered as possibly transitional between this variety and the
di ate short-bristled, widely-spread R. fascicularis var. typica.
R. debilis, sp. nov. oo. foliis vel filiformibus
debilibus ascendentibusque vel 1 mm. latis erectis planis; mar-
ginibus apicem versus subtiliter serrulatis: culmis filiformibus
rigidisque subteretibus, laxe ascendentibus vel procumbentibus,
2.5-4.4 dm. altis: fasciculis 1— (rare)2; fasciculo terminali con-
gesto acim! parvo (0.5-1.1 em. lato) : spiculis late ovoideis
2.5-3.2 m Sear sessilibus, confertis, 2-floris, tertio rudi-
mentario ree pis, saepe a achaenio maturante apertis:
squamis slic "fissilibus, quam achaenio brevioribus, valde
caducis, castaneis vel fuscis, costis pallidis; setis 5-6 quam
achaenio duplo Secnoubad aut minus, antrorse serrulatis:
achaenio late ovato vel orbiculari, lenticulari biconvexo 1.4-1.6
mm. lato 1.3-1.5 mm. longo laevi castaneo; disco pallidiore
saepe obscuro; tuberculo compresso-deltoideo saepe apiculato
0.3-0.4 mm. alto ; basi lato. PLatr 826, rigs. 5A and 5B; Map
38.—? R. fascicularis var. trichoides Chapman, Fl. So. U. S. 527
(1860), non R. trichodes Clarke-—Damp sandy or peaty clearings
of the Coastal Plain from southeastern Virginia south to northern
Florida and west to Alabama, with an inland station in the
Alleghanies of Aa a VIRGINIA: exsiccated argillaceous
Y, P); wet pineland south of. Petersburg, Prince George Co.,
Tul 13, 1938, Fernald & Long, no. 8602 (G, P); wet peaty clear-
ing about 1 mile northeast of Burgess, Dinwiddie Co., Sept. 13,
1937, Fernald & Long, no. 7355 (G, P); sandy and peaty bor der
of Cat Pond, south of Benns Church, Isle of Wight Co., June 15,
1938, Fernald & Long, no. 8118 (G, P, immature); damp sandy
and peaty depressions back of the dunes, Rifle Range, south of
Rudy Inlet, Princess Anne Co., July 30-31 and Aug. 4, 1934
Fernald & Long, no. 3797 (G, P): peaty and argillaceous clearing
in pineland east of Courtland, Southampton Co., June 10, 1938,
Fernald & Long, no. 8119 (CU, a. immature); depressions in
argillaceous field north of Littleton, ‘Sussex ae July 22, 1936,
Ferna Long, no. 6085 (G, TYPE: NY, US, ISOTYPES);
argillaceous and sphagnous meadow Beat ‘of Taylor’ s Mill-
He! Greensville Co., June 12, 1939, Fernald & Long, no. 10145
(G, P). Norra CAROLINA: Curtis (P, no locality given); damp
open sand 5 miles west of Swanquarter, Hyde Co., June 22, 1927,
Wiegand & Manning, no. 598 (G); moist rich soil, low eround
along main highway gee Carteret Co., July 17, 1922, Ran-
dolph & Randolph’ no. 8 (G). Sourn CAaRoLINa: cartroad
through slg. 5 miles south of Andrews, George-
town Co., Aug. 11, 1939, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1376 (D, G, NY);
PEE ey ee) aS See ae ae SSPE See ee nae ae Fee ae
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 195
ney Mag aoe cr 2 miles west of Salters, Williamsburg
Co., July 14, 1939, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 513 (G, NY); damp
soils, Aiken, Aiken Co., Aug., 1866, Ravenel (G). Grorata:
roadside, 5 miles east of Statenville, Echols Co., Dec. 31, 1937,
Eyles, no. 2682 (CU). Fiorina: Chapman (US, no. 61756).
ALABAMA: wet situation, low woods, St. Bernard, Cullman Co.,
July 17, 1909, Wolf, no. 479 (StB); Mobile, Mobile Co., May,
1845, Sullivant (G); May, 1841, Buckley (G).
R. debilis, R. Wrightiana and the two varieties of R. fascicularis
probably constitute the most difficult group of species within
the Section Eurhynchospora. Both R. debilis and R. Wrightiana,
for which R. debilis has been mistaken, are characterized by
their wiry, filiform to slender culms which tend to become pro-
cumbent. The basal leaves of R. Wrightiana are typically fili-
form and sinuously ascending, often equalling the culm in height;
rarely they are 1.3 mm. wide and stiff. The reverse is true of R.
debilis. Its leaves are more often 1 mm. wide, flat, stiffly as-
cending and shorter than the culms. Occasionally, however, they
are filiform, and then indistinguishable from those of R. Wrighti-
ana. Similarly the fascicles of both species may be identical in
appearance but, whereas those of R. Wrightiana are often
reduced to 1 or 2 spikelets, those of R. debilis are typically
corymbose and congested. A comparison of the achenes gives
the most certain means of discrimination. That of R. debilis
is round-ovate to orbicular, slightly umbonate, normally pale in
the center, with dark brown somewhat depressed sides and blunt
margins. It is surmounted by a deltoid broad-based tubercle
which may be apiculate. The 5-6 subtending bristles are rudi-
mentary, uneven in length, and rarely equalling 44 the achene.
The achene of R. Wrightiana, on the contrary, is elliptic to sub-
orbicular in outline, evenly biconvex, not umbonate, homo-
geneously brown or nearly so, and immarginate. The tubercle
is basally deltoid but, unlike that of R. debilis, is apically pro-
longed into a broad blunt’bill. The six bristles, although uneven
in length, are well developed, often equalling the achene.
R. fascicularis is, by comparison with R. debilis and R. Wrighti-
ana, a coarse, robust species. Of its two varieties only the weaker
specimens of var. distans, with their narrow leaves, attenuated
culms and reduced corymbs, might be confused with the more
robust specimens of R. debilis or even R. Wrightiana. However,
196 Rhodora [May
the culms of normal specimens of var. distans are rarely, if ever,
procumbent, the basal leaves are coarse, often spreading and
curling, never filiform, with some of them at least 2 mm. wide,
and in no case approximating the culm in height. The achene
of R. distans most closely resembles that of R. Wrightiana. It is
elliptic in outline, 1.1-1.3 mm. wide, 1.3-1.5 mm. long, evenly
browned, and surrounded by six well developed bristles which
frequently exceed the achene in height. However, the tubercle is
merely triangular-attenuate, without the broad bill-like exten-
sion characteristic of R. Wrightiana. It is this difference in the
character of the tubercle, coupled with the difference in habit,
which leads one to believe that R. Wrightiana is a good species,
and not merely a delicate state of R. fascicularis var. distans.
The filiform (rarely 1 mm. wide) leaves and culms, both of
which are characteristically lax to procumbent, the small spike-
lets with their round-ovate caducous scales, and its suborbicular
achenes distinguish FR. debilis from the much coarser R. fascicu-
laris var. typica. In habit it more nearly approaches R. fascicu-
laris var. distans; but, unlike the latter, does not possess the
broad radical leaves, the stiffly erect culms, and the bristles
which in var. distans equal the elliptic achene and occasionally
exceed the tubercle.
k. debilis has, however, been most commonly confused with
R. Wrightiana Boeckl. The latter species, first collected in Cuba
by Wright, has since been found on the Coastal Plain from Flori-
da to North Carolina. Like R. debilis, it has a weak, lax habit
coupled with strictly filiform leaves and culms. The fascicles of
h. Wrightiana, however, contain even fewer spikelets than those
of R. debilis, and rarely form the small corymbiform glomerules
characteristic of the latter. The essential distinction appears
upon a comparison of the achenes. The achene of R. Wrightiana
is commonly elliptic, exceeded by the six bristles, and surmounted
by a deltoid-attenuated tubercle 0.7-0:8 mm. high. That of R.
debilis is suborbicular, accompanied by 5-6 abortive bristles
which do not exceed Y the achene in height, and is topped by a
short deltoid tubercle only 0.3-0.4 mm. high.
This entity was probably singled out by Chapman under the
name f. fascicularis var. trichoides; but since Chapman’s types
are obscure, and the name frichoides is not available for transfer
.
1944] Gale,— Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 197
to the species, being already preémpted by Clarke for a West
Indian species, R. trichodes, it seems best to treat the plant as a
new species, and to designate a type. I have selected as descrip-
tive of the lax to procumbent habit the epithet, ‘‘debilis”” which
is taken from a memorandum written in Chapman’s hand and
attached to a sheet of this species in the Gray Herbarium.
(To be continued)
oe
of
De ate
te one
-
ay
ae
ae
1944] aale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 207
RHYNCHOSPORA, SECTION EURHYNCHOSPORA, IN
CANADA, THE UNITED STATES AND THE
WEST INDIES
SHIRLEY GALE
(Continued from page 197)
Series 6. Rariflorae, ser. nov. Foliis culmisque filiformibus
erectis vel debilibus: cymis pluribus parvis patentibus: spiculis
paucis remotis saepissime longe pedicellatis: setis antrorse ser-
rulatis: achaenio ovoideo valde biconvexo castaneo vel pallido
cancellato vel striato rugoso; rugis acutis.
xrowing in bogs and on pond-margins of the Coastal Plain—
R. rariflora infrequent inland and also occurring in the West
Indies and Central America. Habit caespitose: leaves and
culms filiform, erect to reclining: inflorescence of several small,
open cymes: spikelets few, remote, mostly long-pedicellate:
bristles upwardly serrulate, fragile: achenes ovoid, strongly
biconvex, abruptly ridged, cancellate to striate, castaneous or
pale, with 2 small whitish tongues of spongy tissue pushed out
on either side at the base: tubercle deltoid, compressed.—Rhyn-
chospora V. Glomeratae Small, Man. 175 (1933), in part. hyn-
chospora, Series B. Diplostyleae, Sect. 4. Fuscae Clarke in Urban,
Symb. Ant. ii. 105 (1900), in part.
Key To SPECIES OF SERIES RARIFLORAE
Spikelet 2—4-flowered, the achene when solitary accompanied
by a sterile floret; bristles shorter than the achene; tubercle ;
0.4-6.6 sm. Nigh. fo. or we a aes ae tas 36. &. rariflora.
36. R. rartrtora (Michx.) Ell. Densely tufted: leaves fili-
form to 1 mm. wide, involute at least on drying, loosely erect;
upper margins finely serrulate: culms filiform to very slender,
wiry, flexuous to reclining, 2.4-5.6 dm. high: eymes 1-3, small,
lax, open, with few spikelets, corymbiform, the capillary branch-
lets ascending to spreading; spikelets broadly ovoid, rarely
sterile, remote, long-pedicelled, 2—4-flowered, 1—3-fruited, 3-4
mm. long: scales round-ovate, obtuse, castaneous, often pushed
apart at maturity: bristles 6, upwardly serrulate, unequal in
length, the longest shorter than the achene: achene obovoid to
rotund, strongly biconvex, 1.1—1.4 mm. wide, 1.3-1.4 mm. long,
castaneous, traversed by abrupt ridges, striate to oblong-
cancellate between the ridges; two small whitish ascending
tongues of spongy tissue pushed out on either side at the base:
tubercle compressed, deltoid, 0.3-0.6 mm. high. Pare 828,
208 Rhodora [JuNu
rics. 4A and 4B; Map 49.—Sk. Bot. 8. Car. and Ga. i. 58 (1816) ;
Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 197, pl. 6, fig. 3 (1835); Chapman, Fl.
So. U. S. 524 (1860); Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 92
(1892); Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 130 (1900); Small, Fl.
196 (1903) and Man. 183 (1933); Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana
Hist. Nat. ii. 197 (1916); Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spee. Nov.
xxxii. 78 (1933). Schoenus rariflorus Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. 1.
35 (1803); Muhlenberg, Descript. Gram. 10 (1817). &. setacea
sensu Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 243 (1866); C. Wright in Sauvalle,
Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 84 (1871) and Fl. Cub. 180 (1873);
non Vahl. Phaeocephalum rariflorum House, Am. Midland Nat.
vi. 202 (1920).—Open peaty depressions, bogs, or pond-margins
of the Coastal Plain from New Jersey and southeastern Virginia
south to the Florida Peninsula and west to Texas, with isolated
inland stations in the mountains of Georgia, in central Tennessee
and northern Texas; also in western Cuba, the Isle of Pines,
Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, and Central America. NEw
JeRSEY: clay-bottomed bog, Cold Spring, Cape May Co.,
Gershoy, no. 168 (G). VirGcinia: boggy swale, Otterburn, about
1 mile west of Amelia Court House, Amelia Co., Fernald & Long,
no. 8986 (G, P); sphagnous bog about 1 mile northeast of Burgess,
Dinwiddie Co., Fernald & Long, no. 7354 (G, P); argillaceous and
siliceous boggy depressions about 3 miles southeast of Peters-
burg, at head of Poo Run, Prince George Co., Fernald, Long &
Smart, no. 5656 (G); wet peaty margin of pine woods about 3
miles southeast of Zuni, Isle of Wight Co., Fernald & Long, no.
6083 (G, P); damp peaty meadows behind dunes, Rifle Range,
south of Rudy Inlet, Princess Anne Co., Smith & Hodgdon in Pi.
Exsic. Gray. no. 624 (CU, G, NY, P, US); peaty openings
bordering wooded swamp along Mill Creek, about 1 mile north
of Skippers, Greensville Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8601 (G, P).
ORTH CAROLINA: open pine forest, used soil south of Bennett
Memorial, west of Durham, Durham Co., Blomquist, no. 9803
(D); edge of swamp, 14 mile within west boundary of county,
highway 264, Nash Co., Blomquist, no. 7686 (D); rich moist low
soil near Chocowinity, Beaufort Co., Correll, no. 1589 (D);
no. 11 ouTH CarRoLINA: Aiken, Aiken Co., July,
Ravenel (G); sunny banks near pond, Lotus Pond, Savannah
River Refuge, Jasper Co., Eyles, no. 60 GEORGIA:
woods about 2 miles west of Wrightsville, Johnson Co., Harper,
no. 1345 (NY, US); low grounds near depot, Millen, Jenkins Co.,
Se Sg
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 209
Harper, no. 781 (G, NY, US); moist sandy roadside, Bullock
Co., Harper, no. 879 (G, N ¥, US); pine barren, 13 miles north
of Waycross, Ware Co., Eyles, no. 7027 (G); low wet edge o
woods between Folkston and Mattox, Charlton Co., Correll, no.
5520a (D); moist pine barrens, near Huntington, Sumter Co.,
Harper, no. 13896 (G, NY, US); damp margin of cypress-pond
about a mile north of Jakin, Karly Co., Harper, no. 3629 (P, US);
Michaux Herb. (G, TypE-PHOTO; NY, TYPE-FRAGMENT from
Michaux Herb.). FLorrma: moist pine barrens near Jackson-
ville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 4870 (G, NY, US); Eustis, Lake Co.,
Nash, no. 438 (CU, G, NY, US); in a wet ditch in low pineland
at the crossroads east of Fivay, Paseo Co., O'Neill, no. 2613
(CA, CU, US); Tampa, Hillsborough Co., Oct., 1877, Garber
(G, P, US); in moist ditch along roadside, about 5 miles north of
Parish, Manatee Co., Moldenke, no. 1053 (D, NY); cut-over
flatwoods 5 miles east of Lake Rudy, vicinity of Polk Co.,
McFarlin, no. 5145 (CU); Istokpoga Prairie, between Lake
Istokpoga and Kissimmee River, Okeechobee Co., Small &
DeWinkler, no. 9058 (NY): Alapittah Flats, St. Lucie Slough to
Lake Okeechobee, St. Lucie Co., Small &- ‘DeW inkler, no. 9513
(NY); low grassy pine barrens, Apalachicola, Franklin Co.,
Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 259a (NY, US). ALABAMA:
Auburn, Lee Co., July 3, 1897, Earle & Baker (NY); boggy ser?
slope near Jasmine (on M. an nd O. R. R.), Chilton Co., Apr.
1921, Harper (NY; US with collector’s no. 171); Mobile, Probile
Co., May, 1845, Sullivant (G). TENNESSEE: swamps between
Spencer and Cagle, Van Buren Co., son, no. 9644 (G)
Mississtppr: Ocean Springs, Jackson Co., Tracy, no. 4863 (NY,
US); Biloxi, Harrison Co., Tracy, no. 489 NC, NY, US)
LovtstaNna: in low pine barrens near Mandeville, St. Tammany
Parish, May 1, 1893, Langlois (G, Mo, US); in cut-over pines
four miles west of Hamm ond, Tangipahoa Parish, Trotter &
Chilton, no. 141 (La); New Orleans, Drummond, no. 414 (G);
in low prairies, Pointe aux Loups, Acadia Parish, Sept. 17,
1894, Langlois (CU, US); wet prairies, Sulphur, Caleasieu
Parish, Palmer, no. 7712 (CA, P, US). Texas: along road
on dry sandy soil, West Orlando, Orange Co., Apr., 1936,
Shee! (CU); bogs, Hempstead, Waller Co., Hall, no. 716 (G,
y NE; US); San Antonio, Bexar Co. | Sept. 20, 1891, Plank
(NY); e. Texas, Wright (G); Hookley Co., Thurow (US). Cua:
white sand, vicinity of Los Indios, Isle of Pines, Britton, Britton
& Wilson, no. 14175 (NY); Isle of Pines, Taylor, no. 59 (G,
Ny, US); Colpothrinax savanna, between Pinar del Rio
no. 3400 (G); Hacienda San Julian, south of Guane, Pinar
el Rio, Leon & & Roca, no. 6937 (NY): eee places, Mateo
210 Rhodora [JUNE
Sanchez, Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 17935
(NY); common, moist places near rivulets in pinelands, Herra-
dura, Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 17719 (US). Jamatca: in the
morass, Pedro Morass, Upper Clarendon, alt. 3000 ft., Harris,
no. 11223 (NY, US). HIsPaNIoLa: slightly moist places, Pimen-
tal, prov. Duarte, Valle del Cibao, Santo Domingo, Ekman, no.
13328 (G, US); in savanna, El Valle, Sabana de la Mar, prov. de
Samana, Cordillera Central, Santo Domingo, Ekman, no. 15700
(NY, US
37. R. STENOPHYLLA Chapm. Tufted: leaves filiform, strongly
involute, flexuous, ascending, upper margins minutely serrulate:
culms filiform, wiry, flexuous, 3.1-9 dm. tall: cymes 1—2, small,
weak, lax, corymbiform, bearing only 1-5 fertile spikelets on
capillary ascending to divaricate branchlets: fertile spikelets
eng to lanceolate in outline, usually 1-flowered, 1-fruited, 3-5
long, remote; sterile spikelets frequent, smaller, fusiform:
scales lanceolate, pale, tightly imbricate: bristles 6, delicate,
darker than the achene, with few antrorse serrulations, unequal
in height, shorter than or exceeding the tubercle: achene obovoid,
strongly biconvex, with surface transversely ridged, cancellate,
pale, 1-1.3 mm. w ‘ide, 1.3-1.5 mm. long, with two small whitish
ascending tongues of spongy tissue 0.4 mm. in height, pushed
out on either side at the base: tubercle See aoa deltoid-
pare ‘Gee 4 mm. long. Puarr 828, rics. 5A and 5B;
Map 41.—F ie S. 525 (1860); Small Fl. 198 (1903) and
Man. 186 eae Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 92 (1892),
excl. syn. R. tenuifolia Griseb. Mal-ecuent 3 in swamps or boggy
ground, often in pine woods, Coastal Plain of the Carolinas,
northwest Florida and Alabama. NortH CAROLINA: boggy
ground ca. 3 miles north of Hampstead, Pender Co., Blake, no.
11906 (G, US). Sour Carouina: Aiken, Aiken. Co., July,
1866, Ravenel (G, NY). Fuoripa: Apalachicola, Franklin Co.,
Chapm man (NY); low grassy pine barrens, Apalachicola, F as
Co., Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 4479 (US); swamp nea
Argyle, Walton Co., Curtiss, no. 5945 (G, NC, NY, US); fer rile
pine woods, Walton Oo. Curtiss, no. 3174 Cu, ’P, US) 5, Warring-
ton, Escambia Co., Trac y, no. 8613 (G, Y, US). ALABAMA:
Great Bog, Mobile Co., July, 1889, Mohr “8; Bigelow (G).
In contrast to R. rariflora (Michx.) Vahl, which it closely
resembles, R. stenophylla has pale lanceolate scales with acute
tips which, in the fertile spikelets, are closely imbricated about
the solitary achene. A number of spikelets are characteristically
erect, sterile, and fusiform. The scales of R. rariflora, on the
other hand, are castaneous, broadly ovate, rounded or obtuse
at the tip. Frequently the 2-several-flowered spikelet of the
pS or ae eee ees
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 211
latter matures 2-3 achenes which, during growth, cause the
scales to separate. Unlike the condition in R. stenophylla, the
spikelets of R. rarzflora are usually fertile and distant on wiry
capillary pedicels.
Two sheets of R. stenophylla from Chapman’s Herbarium
(both of which are now at the National Herbarium, no. 968501
and Biltmore Herbarium, no. 4479) have specimens the spikelets
of which are comparatively numerous and more than 1-flowered.
However, none of these spikelets have mature achenes, and,
although they may have been merely immature when collected,
there is also the possibility that a are pathological.
Series 7. Cernuae, ser. nov. Plantae valde caespitosae saepe
veep basibus saepe densis abrillosegue foliis setaceis saepe
sis: setis antrorse serrulatis vel laevibus: achaenio parvo sub-
tiliter ruguloso vel rugoso nitido et fusco vel castaneo ab valde
corrugato et pallido.
Small plants (with exception of R, nipensis) growing in ex-
siccated locations, such as rocky crevices of stream-beds and
dry pine barrens, ‘mostly restricted to the Selb of nan
uba. Strongly. caespitose, often depressed: bases often dense,
occasionally fibrillose, due to the fraying out and the persistence
of the fibro-vascular strands of the old cauline leaves: leaves
filiform, setaceous, often curling, or broad, flat and subcoriaceous
with the upper surfaces exasperate or pruinose: cymes small,
ovoid-capitate, spiciform or weakly corymbiform: spikelets :
fruited: scales often pale, with obtuse apices, frequently short,
leaving the upper portion of the achene and tubercle exposed:
bristles 6, extremely fine, weakly ascending; antrorse serrulations
sometimes imperceptible: achenes small, their surfaces finely
rugulose, glossy dark brown to castaneous and rugose, or pee
and heavily corrugate: tubercle compressed, deltoid.—Rhyncho-
spora, Series B. Diplostyleae, Sect. 5. Glaucae Clarke in Urban,
Symb. Ant. ii. 106 (1900), in part.
Key To Species in Serres CERNUAE
a. ee of 1-3 loosely genre cymes or a solitary
spreading; upper s vid ige pruinose..........-..+-. a pruinosa,
b. Radheal I leaves capill if 1 mm. wide flat, attenuate,
approximating the culm in length, ascending; upper
surfaces smooth. .. .
212 Rhodora [JUNE
c. Inflorescence loosely ae spikelets erect to ascend-
ing; leaves capillary... .
d. Plants Orne depressed tufts; bases hard, fibrous;
leaves short, 0.6 dm. in he ight o r less, circinately
ones reais 0.2-0.9 im. tall; achene obovate, 1
ele ca eS ee ek ne ee ne 39. RK. crispa.
d. Plants rea erect tufts; bases not fibrous; aie
ed
n he ight, sinuously ascending to erect;
cule 2-3. 3 dm. high; achene slenderly er ser
m. m. long PED A ne aia et ares «et 40. R. Shaferi.
.3-1.4 m
ce. Inflorescence of 1-2 dense, ovoid capituli; spikelets erect,
ivergent and reflexed, the lowermost nodding in
cernua; sth filiform to 1 mm. wide... .e.
e. Leaves 1 m phe ascending, attenuate, approxi-
fated 3.5 Bai length, nearly equalling ‘to exceed-
to divaricate, occasionally reflexed; achene elliptic-
ovoid, 0.8-0.9 mm. wide, | Sian mm. long... 2. 41. R. nipensis.
e. Leaves filiform, curling, short, 0.15-0.8 dm. in length,
less than V the height of the culm; capituli 1—
(rarely)2; spikelets erect to nodding on _ short
curved pedicels; achene obovoid, 0.8 mm. wide,
BAUME oe Sl fee Ag Cha eee ae 42. R. cernua.
a. incre consisting of 2 terminal, small, spreading cyme
eral cymes; or, if cymes are poorly developed,
of ae Spe echicallate: bases of the caespitose
tufts not ae
f. Mature Eanes oe ‘bristles Pag the former flattened,
corrugate and stipitate. ...
g- Gre forming Geared sed tufts: (nl 1-1.5 dm. or
eak; scales whitish; achen e 0.7 m wide, 1.2 m
tong; bri stles shorter than the BHNENE (ee ew 43. R. depressa
g. Plants forming erect tufts, not genoa ed; culms 2.4—4.4
dm. enderly erect; “petllen light brown; achenes
aii wide, 1.3-1.4 mm. long; bristles exceed- :
Sail oe 44. R. tenutfolra.
f. Mature achenes and bristles castaneous to dark brown, e
ormer strongly biconvex to plano-convex, ly t
obscurely rugulose, not Pl a stipitate. cucu
h. Radical leaves usually exasperate on the upper ony
5-2 mm. wide; the sho oad,
achene dark ply biconvex, with the
bristles equally iatibited On Doth ides ss 45. R. scabrata.
h. Radical leaves smooth-surfaced, 1 mm. wide, usually
R. Lindeniana.
38. R. pruinosa Griseb. Caespitose, often Ges basal
leaves commonly short, 1.5 (rarely)—3 mm. wide, canaliculate,
marginally revolute, with the ha Eee upper surface and the
small white inclusions in many of the epidermal cells producing 4
silvery to rimy effect; culms triquetrous, slender, erect, 3
m. high, seldom bearing more than two short divaricate leaves:
inflorescence of 1-2 (rarely 3) small glomerules which are oblong-
\
Sa at
—
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 213
ovate in outline, 3-6 mm. broad; the smaller axillary glomerule
subexserted to exserted on a slender erect peduncle: the bract
subtending the terminal glomerule occasionally setaceous and
inconspicuous, but more often short and leafy: spikelets ovoid,
2—2.5 mm. long, compact, turgid, 1-fruited with the tubercle of
the achene protuberant: scales suborbicular, tightly imbricate,
pale: bristles 6, delicate and weakly ascending, upwardly serru-
late: achene broadly obovoid, biconvex, 0.7—0.9 mm. wide, 1—1.4
mm. long, gleaming dark brown, with barely discernible rugu-
losities: tubercle subulate-triangular, 0.4-0.6 mm. long. PLATE
826, rics. 3A and 3B; Map 42.—PI. Wright. pars 2: 535 (1862),
preprint of Mem. Am. Acad. Sci. new ser. vill. 535 (1863):
Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 243 (1866); C. Wright i ~ Sad alle, Anal.
Acad. Ci. "Habana, vill. 84 (1871) and FI. Cub. 9 (1873), excl.
syn. FR. scabrata Griseb. : Clarke in Urban, ae Ant. ii. 132
(1900), exel. syn. R. scabrata Griseb. ; Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana
Hist. Nat. ii. 198 (1916), excl. syn. R. scabrata Griseb. —Damp
woods or thickets often bordering brooks, mountains of eastern
Cuba and northern Dominican Republic. CuBa: in woods, Gato
Mts., Cobre Range of Sierra Maestra, alt. 1000 m. , Leon, Clement
& Roca, no. 10424 (NY); in umbrosis, Loma Mensura, in cacum-
ine montis, Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, alt. 1000 m., Ekman, no.
9936 (NY): road to pinal, Mayari Abajo, Aug. 6, 1860," Wright,
no. 1532 (G, type-number cited without jakalicy ‘by Grisebach);
damp banks of stream in thickets, Sierra Nipe near Woodfred,
Oriente, alt. 450-550 m., Shafer, no. 3488 (NY, US); Camp La
Gloria south of Sierra Moa, Oriente, Shafer, no. 8084 and no.
8085 (NY); banks of rivulets, pe villam Monte Verde dictam,
Jan—Jul., 1859, Wright, no. 1532 (G, NY; type-number cited
without locality by Grisebach) and no. 729 (G); Wright, ne 3391
, US; also the number of the type-collection of R. scabrata).
HISPANIOLA: rare, in forest, Loma Quita Espuela, prov. Duarte
(formerly Pacificador), Cordillera Septentrional, Santo Domingo,
alt. 800 m. Ekman, no. 12269 (NY).
39. R. crispa, sp. nov. Caespites parvos valde depressos
formans; basibus saepe fibrillosis: foliis basilaribus brevibus
cireinnatis: culmis filiformibus flexilibus ascendentibus 0.2-0.9
dm. altis, fasciculis 1-2 rare 3 parvis laxe spiciformibus; spiculis
paucis; fasciculis axillaribus minoribus gracillime pedunculatis:
bracteis et squamis imis setose prolongatis: setis 6, subtilissimis
inaequalibus quam achaenio saepe longioribus fere laevibus:
achaenio obovoideo biconvexo transverse ruguloso pallide cas-
taneo 0.8 mm. lato, 1 mm. longo: tuberculo anne conico 0.6
mm. longo. PLATE 827, rics. 4A and 4B; Map 43.—Wet rocks
of the mountain streams, Sierra Nipe, eastern Cuba. CuBA: in
wet crevices of rock subject to overflow, Arroyo del Medio above
: ‘See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 295 (1905).
214 Rhodora [JUNE
the falls, Oriente, Dec. 22, 1909, Shafer, no. 3266 (NY, TYPE);
in pinetis (et carrascales) Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, July 24, 1914,
Ekman, no. 2171 (NY); banks of upper Sojo River ~ 600 m. alt.
Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, May, 1940, Carabia, no. 3731 (G); Pinal
Mayari, 700 m. alt. Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, April 7, 1941, Leon
& Victorin, no. 19906 (G, in part).
The Ekman sheet, no. 2171, in the Herbarium of the New York
Botanical Garden bears the copied annotation “R. cernua Gris.
det. Kiikenthal, 1926.’ Considering the evident similarity of
R. crispa and R. cernua, it is not strange that Kiikenthal failed
to distinguish the one from the other. Both form small depressed
tufts of curling leaves (although the leaves of R. crispa are
apparently more tightly and usually inwardly rolled), from which
short, capillary, wiry culms arise. Both have characteristically
pale spikelets and the stubby ovate achenes with an identical
pattern of surface-elaboration. The cymes of R. crispa, however,
are strictly elongate, and are composed of more or less distant
and erect—never crowded and pendulous—spikelets. The long
setose subtending bracts pass by gradations into the shorter,
less strongly setose, basal scales of the spikelets proper. The
upper scales of R. crispa appear to be acute with aristulate tips,
although from the over-ripe condition of the only available
specimens neither this fact, nor the degree of protuberance of
the achene from the spikelet can be satisfactorily determined.
The small ovoid congested capituli of R. cernua, on the other
hand, bear erect to pendulous spikelets, and are exceeded by only
1-2 setaceous bracts at the most, which are sharply differentiated
from the poorly developed lower scales. The uppermost scales,
beyond which the tubercle and the upper end of the achene
protrude, are characteristically emarginate with a short central
mucro.
Although the achene of R. crispa is of the same shape and size
as that of R. cernua, it is. exceeded by several of the slender
bristles and surmounted by an elongate flattened tubercle;
whereas the achene of R. cernua is short-bristled, with a low
conic tubercle.
Shafer’s sheet, no. 3266, which I am designating as the TYPE
of R. crispa, was identified by Britton as R. Berterii Clarke
(R. pusilla Griseb.); but the two species are so utterly different
in all but their general size and the bleached appearance of their
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 215
spikelets that it is improbable that such a misidentification
should reoccur. FR. pusilla is a lax little plant with flat, soft-
textured, spreading leaves which are rarely filiform to 2 mm.
wide—very different in appearance from the thick hard-based
tufts of R. crispa with their strictly filiform subcoriaceous and
inwardly coiling leaves. |
40. R. SHarert Britt. Forming dense, upright tufts: basal
leaves capillary, wiry, attenuate, flexuous, ascending; cauline
eaves few, attenuate, approximating the height of the culms:
culms many, capillary, wiry, flexuous-ascending, 2—3.3 dm. high:
cymes solitary, small, loosely spiciform, 3-4 mm. wide, each
exceeded by an upright, setaceous bract: spikelets ovoid, sessile,
erect or ascending, 1—2-fruited, 2.4-2.6 mm. long; the tubercle
and 14—\% the achene exposed: scales broadly ovate, pale; the
apex rounded, with the midrib slightly, or not at all projecting:
bristles 6, not equalling the achene in height, upwardly serrulate:
achene slenderly ovoid, lenticular, compressed, transversely rugu-
lose, castaneous, 0.8 mm. wide, 1.3-1.4 mm. long: tubercle conic-
subulate, compressed, 0.5 mm. high. PLaTe 827, Frias. 2A and
2B; Mar 44.—Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 197 (1916). R.
lingulata Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spee. Nov. xxiii. 211 (1926).—
hin soil, rocks on banks of mountain streams, Sierra Nipe,
eastern Cuba. Cua: thin soil near base of mountain, Loma
Mensura, Oriente, alt. 680 m., Shafer, no. 3797 (NY, Type; US,
ISOTYPE); on the edge of Arroyo Machete, Sierra de Nipe,
Oriente, Ekman, no. 15121 (NY, this number cited by Kiikenthal
in type-description of R. lingulata); in carrascales-pinetis, Sierra
de Nipe, Oriente, Ekman, no. 2172 (NY, US; this number cited
by Kiikenthal in type-description of R. lingulata); rocks, bank of
stream, Arroyo del Medio above the falls, Sierra Nipe, Oriente,
alt. 250-500 m., Shafer, no. 4477 (NY); carrascales at Rio Pedra,
Sierra, Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, alt. 200-300 m., Ekman, no.
19107 (G, US), and same locality, Ekman, no. 10010 (G, this
number cited by Kiikenthal in type-description of R. lingulata).
41. R. nrpensis Britt. Densely caespitose with thick often
heavily fibrous bases: roots coarse, sparingly branched, spongy:
radical leaves 1 mm. wide or less, subcoriaceous, flexuous,
ascending, approximating the culms in height; the tips flat and
blunt, the margins finely serrulate: culms few, slender, erect,
3-3.5 dm. high, bearing 1-2 short, blunt-tipped leaves and ter-
minated by a small ovoid dense capitulum of spikelets: bracts
few, short, filiform, divergent: fertile spikelets ovoid, 1-fruited,
sessile, ascending to divergent, 2.5 mm. long; the tubercle and
upper portion of the achene protruding; sterile spikelets numer-
ous, small, fusiform: fertile scales ovate, short, with rounded
216 Rhodora [JUNE
apices: bristles 6, extremely tenuous, loosely ascending, antrorsely
serrulate: achene elliptic-ovoid, compressed, often slightly asym-
metric, 0.8-0.9 mm. wide, 1.3-1.4 mm. long; mutates dull pale
brown, transversely rugulose, the rugulosities conspicuously
striolate: tubercle seemingly confluent with the apex of the
achene, conical-acuminate, 0.6 mm. long. PLarr 826, rias. 4A
and 4B; Mar 45.—Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 197 (1916),
non Kikenthal, R. fibrillosa Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov.
xxill. 212 (1926).—Rocks bordering mountain streams of the
Sierra Nipe, eastern Cuba. Cusa: rock ravine, dry but subject
to overflow after heavy rain, Sierra Nipe, along ‘trail from Piedra
Gorda to Woodfred, Oriente, alt. 400-500 m., Shafer, no. 3103
(NY, TYPE); ad ond sve fluvii Rio Piloto, Sierra de Nipe,
Oriente, Ekman, no. 3244 (NY, cited by Kiikenthal in type-
description of R. fibrillosa); on rocks of the high cascades of
Rio Piloto, Sierra Nipe, Oriente, ca. alt. 700 m., Ekman, no.
15173 (NY, cited by Kiikenthal in type-description of R. fibril-
losa); in rock fissures, carrascales at Rio Piloto, Sierra de Nipe,
ca. alt. 375 m., Ekman, no. aa (G, US; cited by Kiikenthal i in
type-description of R. fibrillos
42. CERNUA Griseb. Depressed, the basal leaves forming
dense curly tufts with more or less fibrous bases: leaves filiform,
setaceous, wiry, sparingly serrulate, much shorter than the culms:
culms filiform, erect, 1—2-leaved, 0.4-2.5 dm. high: inflorescence
1 (rarely 2) small, ovoid capituli 3-4 mm. wide; lateral capituli
exserted on long filiform ascending peduncles: ‘spikelets ovate,
mm. long, subsessile, erect to pendant, 1-fruited; the achene
and tubercle protruding: scales obovate, notched at the apex,
with the midrib slightly prolonged, stramineous to whitish:
bristles 6, upwardly serrulate, height variable but falling short
of the achene: achene obovoid, biconvex, transversely rugulose,
Leieegion 0.8 mm. wide, 1 mm. long: tubercle a stubby cone
0.3-0.4 mm. high. PLaTE 826, Figs. 2A and 2B; Map 46,—Cat.
Pl. Gib. 248 (1866); C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Ci.
Habana, viii. 87 (1871) and Fl. Cub. 182 (1873); Clarke in
Urban, By mb. Ant. ii. 133 (1900), excl. syn. R. brevirostris
Griseb.; Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 197 (1916).—
Open places in pineland, mountains of eastern Cuba. CUBA:
pinal near Baracoa, Oriente, June 15, 1861?,2 Wright, no. 3413
¥, fragment. from Gray Herb. This number cited by
Grisebach in type-description); 1860-64, Wright, no. 3365 (G.
This number cited by Grisebach in type-description) ; forming
small clumps in open places, Sierra Nipe near Woodfred, Oriente,
BS B. Clarke lists R. brevirostris in the synonymy of R. cernua, due to a misprint
in Griseb. which gives the Wright pole no. of R. brerirostris as 3414 (instead of 3410),
making it the same as coll. no. of R. ¢
2 See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. os atm 295 (1905).
Se SEE ET ER er Te ee ee ee ee ST ee ON I ee ne ee
Pe nae oa
Fae Pe Re Te Serer ee ee ee
Se ore
ee ee
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 217
alt. 500-650 m. NYG no. 2995 (NY, in part); same locality,
pans no. 3048 '(N US); on bank of stream, Rene ae a Gloria,
uth of Sierra Mek ’ Oriente, Shafer, no. 8218 (NY); baike of
Smal stream, Aserrio de Moa, Oriente, Leén, no. 20254 (G).
On a basis of his new species, R. cernua, Grisebach! drew up
the section Microchaeta to contain those species which possessed
tripartite styles. However, the specimens of R. cernua which I
have examined have the typically bifid styles. Grisebach’s
description was probably based upon an anomalous specimen
with a tricarpellary gynoecium, a condition which occurs spo-
ae throughout the Section Hurhynchospora.
R. depressa (Kiik.), stat. nov. Growing in depressed
Gite leaves filiform, canaliculate and wiry, erect or somewhat
arching with the apices rounded and sparingly serrulate: culms
wiry-filiform, subterete or flattened, 1-1.5 dm. high, with 1-2
nodes towards their apices; cymes ix 2, strictly acelin the
terminal cyme limited to 1-2 branchlets each of which bears
either a pair of spikelets, the one subsessile, the other slenderly
pedicellate, or a central sessile and two lateral pedicellate spike-
lets; lateral cymes smaller, exsertly pedunculate, erect: bracts
attenuate, setaceous, paralleling the culm, serrulate: spikelets
2.2m m. long, erect, approximate, sessile or slenderly pedicellate,
1 atk with the tubercle of the achene slightly protuberant:
scales ovate, with the midrib extended slightly from a rounded,
emarginate apex, papery, whitish, flecked with cinnamon toward
the apex: bristles 6, shorter than the achene, with the fine up-
ward serrulations somewhat prolonged and silvery toward cons
bases: achene slenderly obovoid, lenticular, biconvex, 0.7 m
wide, 1.2 mm. long, corrugate with fine | ongitudinal Oxi
yellowish- brown: tubercle eed -based, pike-like, 0.4 mm. long,
pale, scurfy. PiaTE 826, -lAa nd 1B; Map 48.—R. Lin-
UBA: ad marginem rivuli, Minas de Iberia (a Taco Bay),
Oriente, Ekman, no. 3808 (NY, US. This number cited by
Kiikenthal in type-description of R. Lindeniana var. depressa).
R. depressa was described by Kiikenthal in 1926 as a provi-
sional variety of R. Lindeniana Griseb. Following the brief
description the author stated that the specimens at hand were
over-ripe and did not permit of a more reliable diagnosis. I
have examined two sheets of the original collection, and, after
careful comparison of these with specimens of R. Lindeniana,
'Cat. Pl. Cub. 248 (1866).
“
218 Rhodora [JUNE
believe that Kiikenthal’s variety is not conspecific with Grise-
bach’s plant. The matted, depressed habit, emphasized by the
name, and the dense wiry filiform leaves distinguish the former
from both R. Lindeniana var. typica and var. bahamensis (Britt.)
Gale.
Most fundamental, however, are the differences of inflores-
cences and achenes. In R. depressa the cymes are of few spikelets,
delicate, strictly ascending, and the scales are silvery white,
flecked with cinnamon, emarginate, with short mucronulate
tips. The cymes of R. Lindeniana, however, are congested, often
irregularly corymbiform, and the scales, although often margin-
ally bleached, are definitely castaneous to dark brown, with
rounded or acute apices. The achene of R. Lindeniana is ovate
to oblong-ovate in outline, plano-convex, indistinctly to finely
rugulose, and a glossy dark brown at maturity. The base of
the tubercle includes the summit of the achene. The achene of
R. depressa, however, is obovate and so flattened as to be only
slightly biconvex; its surface is banded by a few pale yellowish-
brown corrugations. The narrow base of the tubercle of R.
depressa does not include the summit of the achene, and extends
to form a small pike-like projection.
The type-locality, Taco Bay, Oriente, tends to strengthen the
argument for the specificity of R. depressa, for the high rate of
endemism in this province is well-known.
44. R. renvurrouia Griseb. Tufted: basal leaves filiform to 1
mm. wide, short, often curling, triquetrous and sparingly serru-
late at the tips: culms filiform, loosely ascending, leafy, 2.4-4.4
dm. high: cymes 2-3, 6 mm. wide or less; the filiform branches
erect, approximate, with few spikelets; lateral cymes distant on
subexserted peduncles, the lowermost not far from the base of
the culm: spikelets lanceolate-acuminate in outline, 3.5-4.5 mm.
long, 3-flowered, 1-fruited, erect on slender pedicels: scales
slenderly ovate, acute, light brown, papery, loosely imbricate,
promptly caducous: bristles 6, pale, extremely delicate, ascend-
ing, heavily and upwardly serrulate, exceeding the tubercle:
achene slenderly oblong-ovate, strongly flattened, broadly and
heavily corrugate with fine longitudinal striae, pale, frequently
dar brown in the narrow interstices between the corrugations,
conspicuously stipitate, 0.7-0.9 mm. wide, 1.3-1.4 mm. long:
tubercle attenuate-subulate, pale, 0.7—0.9 mm. high. Pate 827,
rigs. 1A and 1B; Map 47.—Cat. Pl. Cub. 244 (1866); non R.
tenuifolia Benth. (1878); C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Ci.
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 219
Habana, viii. 86 (1871) and Fl. Cub. 181 (1873). R. pee g
sensu Boeckeler, Flora, lxiv. 78 (1881), non Torrey. R.
phylla sensu Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 92 (1802), in
part, non Chapman; Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii.
200 (1916), non Chapman. R. stenophylla sensu Clarke in
Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 130 (1900), exel. syn., non Chapman.
R. stenophylla Chapm. var. albescens Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep.
Spec. Nov. xxiii. 211 (1926).—River-banks and moist open wood-
lands of northwestern Cuba. UBA: in dense tufts, banks of
rivulets San Marcos, jurisdiccion Bahia Honda, Pinar del Rio,
Apr. 17, 1863?! Wright, no. 3393 (NY: US, without locality. This
number cited ae eee in type-description.)?; 1865, Wright,
no. 313 ane no. 315 (NY); in cuabales, Minas, Habana, Ekman,
no. 1313 8 (NY); Con Hill, Campo Florido, Havana, Leén, no.
4733 (NY); in a clearing ‘of a wood, Loma de la Pita, San
Miguel de Casanova, Havana, Leén, no. 11547 (NY); very
sterile locality, in cuabales towards Canasi, Ceiba Mocha, Matan-
Ekman, no. 18597 (US); Guabal del Espinal south of San
aca station, Matanzas, Leén & Roig, no. 4142 (NY).
Grisebach followed the original description of R. tenuifolia
with the citation of the Wright numbers 3392 and 3393. The
only sheet of number 3392 which I have seen is at the Gray
Herbarium. On it are mounted three specimens; the central and
largest one is R. setacea which Grisebach mentions as growing
with R. tenuifolia. The other two specimens, which have fili-
form leaves and culms, are R. Lindeniana, easily distinguished
from R. tenuifolia by the finely rugulose rather than deeply
rugose achene.
According to Grisebach, R. tenuzfolia occurs in both eastern
and western Cuba. However, the specimens which I have seen
come exclusively from the western half of the island, that is, if
the memorandum on Wright’s no. 3393 in the Herbarium of the
New York Botanical Garden can be taken to apply also to no.
3393 in the National Herbarium. However, the misidentified
no. 3392 at the Gray Herbarium is from the vicinity of Baracoa,
Oriente, suggesting the possibility that, if the sheet of no. 3392
which Grisebach saw was similarly mixed, the inclusion of
eastern Cuba in the range of R. tenuifolia is erroneous.
R. tenuifolia Griseb. is the basis of the reports of R. stenophylla
Chapm. from the West Indies. soee R. tenuifolia is very
‘See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii 297 (190
*The sheet bearing numbers 3393 and 3392 at pee Gray Herbarium consists of
two specimens of R. Lindeniana Griseb. and one of R. setacea Vahl.
220 Rhodora [JUNE
like Chapman’s species in appearance, both having the caespitose
habit, filiform leaves ‘and culms, and small, weakly corymbose
cymes of pale pedicellate spikelets, the organization of the
spikelets and the appearance of the achenes are strikingly dissimi-
lar. The spikelet of PR. tenwzfolia is 3-flowered, the lowest floret
not maturing and the upper remaining rudimentary. The soli-
tary achene, during its growth, forces apart the rather loosely
imbricated, promptly caducous seales. The achene itself is
slenderly oblong-ovate in outline, strongly flattened, pale, and
broadly and heavily corrugate with the cancelli reduced to very
fine longitudinal striae. Frequently the narrow interstices
between the corrugations are dark brown, the tubercle narrowly
attenuate-subulate, and the bristles extremely delicate (as is
true in general of the Series Cernuae) pale and heavily serrulate.
The spikelet of R. stenophylla, however, is usually 1-flowered
(rarely 2-3). The solitary achene is tightly enclosed by the per-
sistent scales. The achene, unlike that of R. tenuzfolia, is ovoid,
prominently biconvex, and traversed by abrupt ridges between
which occur the oblong cancelli. The surface is uniformly pale,
except for two small tongues of whitish spongy tissue which
occur, one on either side, at the base. The tubercle is triangular,
and the bristles, which are heavier than those of R. tenwifolia, are
only sparsely serrulate.
45. R.scaBrata Griseb. Caespitose: basal leaves tufted, 1.5-2
mm. wide, short, with obtuse to acute tips; margins serrulate;
upper surfaces smooth to exasperate; cauline leaves few, short-
bladed, ascending to divaricate: culms obscurely triquetrous,
slender, flexuous, erect, 2.3-3.8 cm. high: cymes 2-4, corymbi-
form, small (0.8-1 cm. wide), congested; more loosely organized
cymes occurring on later-formed shorter culms; lateral cymes on
included peduncles: spikelets ovoid, 3-3.5 mm. long: scales ovate
to lanceolate, tightly imbricate, pale to castaneous, papery:
bristles 6, extremely delicate, weakly ascending, upwardly
serrulate, falling short of the tubercle: achene ovoid-ellipsoid,
biconvex, gleaming dark brown, transversely rugulose, 0.9-1 mm.
wide, 1.4 mm. long: tubercle attenuate-subulate, whitish, 0.9-1
mm. long.
45a. Var. typica. Basal leaves obtusely tipped, 1.5-2 mm.
_ wide; upper surfaces exasperate: scales pale, concealing the
tubercle. Puare 827, rics. 3A and 3B; Map 50.—R. scabrata
Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 243 (1866). R. Randii Britt. Mem. Soc.
Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 198 (1916).—Moist, shaded spots, moun-
)
a a ee Smet ee ae ne eteeee emer’ na ‘ =
TIS OM Re eae oe RL Te NN Ne Se, Le: ea eae ea ee ogee ee ene eA eee et Pay ae
ES a ee Sele ee in he ee
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 221
tains of eastern Cuba. CuBa: pinal of Monte Libano, Oriente,
Oct. 7, 1861," and pinal of Mayari, July 24, 1860,2 Wright, no.
3391 (G; NY, US, without locality, this typE-NUMBER cited
without locality by Griseb.); shaded bank of small ye Sierra
Nipe near Woodfred, Oriente, Schafer, no. 3077 (NY, e of R.
Randi Britt.) ; Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, Carabia, no. S08 (G);
inal Mayari, East of ae Mensura, Sierra de Nipe, Oriente,
Leén & Victorin, no. 19934 (G); open pineland, La Casimba,
Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, 700) m. alt. Leén & Alain, no. 19241 (G).
Since the publication of Sauvalle’s Flora Cubana in 1871, R.
scabrata has been considered synonymous with the earlier R.
pruinosa Griseb. This confusion may have had its origin in an
unfortunate mixture of both species within the type-materia!
(Wright, no. 3391) of R. scabrata; for one of Wright’s specimens
of this number, at the National Herbarium, is undoubted R.
pruinosa, label and citations to the contrary notwithstanding.
And possibly the perpetuation of the confusion may have been
due to the superficial similarity existing between the two species.
Both are caespitose, often depressed, with a tuft of coarse, flat,
basal leaves which are subject to degrees of the same peculiar
roughness, and from which arise the slender, triquetrous culms.
The similarity ends, however, with the inflorescence. The
cyme of R. scabrata, although small, is spreading and corymbi-
form, and the scales cover the tubercle or, in the case of var.
laevifolia, the tubercle protrudes but does not extend beyond the
lanceolate scales. The cyme of R. pruinosa, on the other hand,
is glomerulate, ovoid-oblong in shape, and so congested as to
simulate a small spike; while the characteristic suborbicular
scales of the spikelet are exceeded by the wholly exposed tubercle.
Then, too, the pronounced transverse rugulosities on the achene
of R. scabrata are not at all like the fine almost indistinct sculp-
turing on the achene of R. pruinosa.
Britton apparently followed previous opinion in reducing #.
scabrata to the synonymy of R. pruinosa and, accordingly, the
Wright sheet, no. 3391, at New York bears his annotation “ R.
pruinosa.” However, for identical material, also collected in
Oriente, Britton published the name R. Randii which, now that
R. scabrata is given rightful recognition, becomes a synonym of
that species.
1 See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 296 (1905).
?See Underwood, loc. cit. 295
222 Rhodora [JUNE
45b. Var. laevifolia, var. nov. Foliis basilaribus acuminatis,
1.5 mm. latis, supra laevibus vel minute granularibus; squamis
castaneis; tuberculis squamas superantibus. AP 51.—Moun-
tains of eastern Cuba. Cusa: moist places, side of trail, Sierra
Nipe, along trail Piedra Gorda to Woodfred, Oriente, Dec. 8,
1909, Shafer, no. 3098 (NY, TYPE).
The leaves of var. laevifolia and var. typica are short, approxi-
mately 1.5 mm. wide, and basally tufted—identical except in one
_ detail: whereas those of the latter have the peculiar exasperate
upper surface, from which the specific name scabrata derives,
those of the former are smooth or only minutely granular.
It is notable that the achenes of both var. laevifolia and var.
typica, although inseparable, are, at best, very similar to those
of R. Lindeniana. Possibly the one specimen by which var.
laevifolia is typified is the result of hybridization between the
two very closely related species.
46. R. Linpeniana Griseb. Densely caespitose: leaves lax,
setaceous, 1 mm. wide or less, flat, marginally scabrous toward
the often rounded apices; cauline leaves long-attenuate, erect:
culms obtusely trigonous to subterete, slender to filiform, flexu-
ously ascending, sometimes weak, 1.5 (depressed)—7 dm. tall:
cymes 2-5, remote, with few spikelets; uppermost cyme small,
congested, corymbiform, with many of the spikelets undeveloped
and sterile; lowermost cyme not far from the base of the culm,
loosely ascending; axillary bracts slender, equalling or exceeding
the height of the cymes: spikelets ovoid to rotund, 2-3.2 mm.
long, 1-3-flowered, 1-fruited; the tubercle protruding: lower
scales mucronate; upper scales acute to obtuse, papery, castane-
ous to ferruginous: bristles 6, extremely fragile, weakly ascend-
ing, upwardly serrulate, assembled on the flat side of the achene:
achene ovate to oblong-ovate in outline, plano-convex, 0.7—0.9
mm. wide, 1.1-1.4 mm. long; surface indistinctly rugulose,
glossy, castaneous: tubercle triangular-acuminate or sometimes
prolonged and subulate, compressed, whitish, 0.8-1 mm. high.
46a. Var. typica. Spikelets ovoid, 3-3.2 mm. long, with the
tubercle protruding: scales castaneous, acute: achene ovate in
outline, 0.7-0.9 mm. wide, 1.2 (rarely)-1.4 mm. long; tubercle
prolonged, subulate, 0.8-1 mm. high. PLatTe 827, rics. 5A an
5B; Map 52.—R. Lindeniana Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 244 (1866);
Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 126 (1900), in part var. baha-
mensis; Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 196 (1916);
Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 211 (1926).—Moist
woodland in western and eastern Cuba. Cuba: low woods
bordering manglares, Toscano, Pinar del Rio, July 29, 18637,
1 See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 297 (1905).
1944] rale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynehospora 223
Wright, no. 3393! (G, in pert 1843-44, Linden, no. 1945 (G,
IsoTyPE; NY, drawing of no. 1945 from Mus. Bot. Berol. with
data ‘‘ Mt. Lebanon sur les soaee endroits couverts alt. 600 f. v.
1844 leg. Linden’’)?; moist bank of trail, Sabanilla to Yamuri
Arriba, Oriente, Shafer, no. 8428 (NY); Yamuri Arriba to Berme-
jal, Oriente, Shafer, no. 8455 (NY, US); Camp la Gloria, south
of Sierra Moa, Oriente, Shafer, no. 8086 Ne); Baracoa to Flori-
da, he Shafer, no. 4328 (G, NY,
Var. bahamensis (Britt.), stat. nov. Similar to var.
typica in habit, but the spikelets more nearly rotund, 2-2.4 mm.
long, with tubercle and achene protruding: scales often ferru-.
ginous, usually white-margined; the uppermost blunt: achene
oblong-ovate in outline, 0.8 mm. wide, 1.1—1.2 mm. long: tubercle
triangular-acuminate, 0.5-0.7 mm. long. PLATE 827, FIG. 5C;
Mar 53.—R. bahamensis Britton, Torreya, xiii. 217 (1913);
Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 198 (1916); Britton &
Millspaugh, Bahama Fl. 55 (1920); Britton & Wilson, Sei. Surv.
Porto Rico and Virgin Isl. v. 105 (1923).—Open to shady brook-
margins and damp slopes of the Bahamas, eastern and western
Cuba, eastern Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. BAHAMAS: along
path in coppice, Soldiers Road, New Providence, Britton &
Brace, no. 588 (NY, tTyPE of R. bahamensis); vicinity of Blue
Hills, “New Providence, Wilson, no, 8241 (NY, US); mudholes of
mangrove swamp, Deep Creek Andros, Brace, no. 5195 (NY).
Cusa: in cuabales, Loma de Cajalbana, Pinar del Rio, Ekman,
no. 12710 (G); dry open place, Loma Pelada de Buena Vista,
Cayajabos, Pinar del Rio, alt. 400 m., Leén, no. 13797 (N Y):
bushy savanna near Loma de la Pita, San Miguel de Casanora,
Havana, Dec. 6, 1923, Leén (NY); in humidis, secus Rio Piedra,
Sierra de Nipe, “Gusie Ekman, no. 1796 (G, NY). HISPANIOLA:
very steep open mountainside, M. Bonpere, Gros-Marne, Massif
du Nord, Haiti, Ekman, no. 4959 (G, NY, US). Purrro Rico:
rocky slopes, Maricao to Monte Alegrillo, alt. 650-750 m.,
Britton, Stevens & Hess, no. 2552 (NY); Rio de Maricao, Hess,
no. 559 (NY).
The specimens of R. Lindeniana which I have studied fall into
two groups. That to which the Gray Herbarium isotype, Linden,
no. 1945, belongs, I am designating as var. typica. The other
group, var. bahamensis (Britt.), includes Britton’s species R.
bahamensis.
Extremely diverse in habit, both varieties range from subde-
pressed, filiform tufts to robust caespitose clumps. The spikelets
‘This is the type-number of R. tenuifolia C. Wright and as such was obviously
misapplied to the specimens on this sheet.
seg scopulosis montis Liban.” as cited by Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 126
224 Rhodora [JUNE
of var. typica, however, are ovoid, acute, 3-3.2 mm. long, and
1-fruited. The solitary achene is oblong-ovoid and slender,
1.2 (rarely)—1.4 mm. long, completely enclosed by the castaneous
scales, although the tubercle may protrude.
The spikelets of var. bahamensis, by contrast, are nearly
rotund, 2-2.4 mm. long, and often 2-fruited. Their scales are
characteristically stubby and usually white-margined. Beyond
them protrudes the upper portion of the ovoid achene which is
1.1—-1.2 mm. long.
Series 8. Cubenses, ser. nov. Spiculis ovoideis apicem versus
tenuiter prolongatis pedicellatis; pedicellis longis, tenuibus,
divaricatis vel reflexis: squamis dense imbricatis: achaenio fusco
longitudinaliter irregulariter rugoso sive contracto et transverse
laevissime ruguloso: tuberculo prolongato.
rowing on damp, usually shaded hillsides, endemic in the
West Indies. Coarsely caespitose: bases hard: leaves 2-4 mm.
to reflexed, forming a globose network 2.5 em. wide; lateral
cymes on included peduncles: spikelets basally ovoid with a
prolonged, acute tip, borne on long, slender, divaricate to reflexed
peduncles: scales tightly imbricate: achenes dark brown_ to
black, longitudinally wrinkled as if shrunken, transversely but
slightly rugulose: tubercle prolonged.—Rhynchospora, Series B.
Diplostyleae, Sect. 5. Glaucae Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. il.
106 (1900), in small part.
Key TO SPECIES IN SERIES CUBENSES
; ; 1.4-1.6 mm. long;
bristles equalling to exceeding the tubercle; species limited to :
Gat ek eC, Me wee Ae Gogoi e ox Seta Oke 7. BR. cubensis.
Achene rhombic-elliptic in outline, conspicuously flattened,
-1. . wide, 1.6-1.8 mm. long; bristles usually shorter :
than the tubercle; species limited to Hispaniola. ...48. R. stenophylloidea.
47. R. cupensis A. Rich. Coarsely caespitose with hard
bases: leaves 2-3 mm. wide, flat, attenuate, loosely ascending,
with acutely triquetrous scabrous tips: culms 3-angled, slender,
leafy, loosely ascending: cymes 2-4, compound or decompouna,
the wiry filiform, stiffly divaricate to mainly reflexed branchlets
forming a globose network, 2-5 em. wide; lateral panicles on
_ included peduncles: bracts foliaceous: spikelets basally ovoid with
a prolonged acute apex, often split open by the maturing achene,
1-fruited, 5-6 mm. long, solitary on slender divaricate to reflexed
pedicels: lower fertile scale ovate-aristate, upper scale lanceolate-
acuminate and tightly convolute about the prolonged tubercle,
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 225
papery: bristles 6, extremely tenuous, irregularly ascending,
upwardly serrulate, equalling to exceeding the tubercle: achene
ovoid, swollen, 1.2-1.4 mm. wide, 1.4-1.6 mm. long, dark brown
to black, longitudinally wrinkled as if shrunken, especially
toward the apex, faintly rugulose from side to side: tubercle 1.1-
1.8 mm. long, whitish, encrusted at the base, abruptly narrowed,
then stoutly prolonged to a blunt apex. PLarr 828, Frias. 1A
and 1B; Mar 56.—FI. Cub. Fanerog. ii. 294 (1853); Clarke in
Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 131 (1900), in part R. stenophylloidea
(Kuk.) Gale; Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 199
(1916), in part R. stenophylloidea (Kiik.) Gale. R. deflexa Grise-
bach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 243 (1866); C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anel.
Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 84 (1871) and Fl. Cub. 179 (1873).—
Damp usually shaded hillsides of eastern and western Cuba.
Cusa: in a low wood, north slope of Loma Pelada de Buenavista,
Cayajabos, Pinar del Rio, alt. 420 m., Ledén, no. 13565 (NY);
La Magdalena, Cayamos, Havana, Boker, no. 4644 (NY); Bafios
de Casanova, Loma de la Pita, San Miguel de Casanova, Havana,
Leon, no. 12480 (NY); Loma de la Coca, near Campo Florido,
Havana, Leén, no. 2939 (NY); along brook, vicinity of Madruga,
Havana, Britton, Britton & Shafer, no. 709 (NY); edge of creek-
bank, dry open serpentine savannah, 10 kilometers west o
Santa Clara, Santa Clara, Howard, no. 5089 (G, A); deep woods,
limestone outcrop, Loma Ventana, Trinidad Mt., Santa Clara,
Howard, no. 6533 (G, A); grassy shaded hillsides, Jucaral, Cien-
fuegos Bay, Santa Clara, Britton & Wilson, no. 5742a (NY); not
uncommon in wet shaded grassy lands, Cieneguita, southwest
district of Cienfuegos, Santa Clara, Combs, no. 419 (G, NY);
Monte Verde, Oriente, Aug. 28, 1859?! and Mayari-Abajo,
Oriente, Wright, no. 3399 (G. This number cited without locality
by Grisebach in type-description of R. deflexa); in tall clumps,
gorge of the Rio Yamuri, Oriente, Shafer, no. 7809 (NY); dry,
rocky hillsides, Sierra Nipe along trail Piedra Gorda to Woodfred,
Oriente, Shafer, no. 3315 (NY); hills about Tabajo, base of El]
Yunque, Oriente, Shafer, no. 8370 (NY); prope litus, prope
Baracoa ad Navas, Oriente, Ekman, no. 3853 (NY).
Grisebach apparently described R. deflexa in ignorance of the
already existing R. cubensis A. Rich. He cited as the type,
Wright no. 3399. The Wright sheet of this number at the Gray
Herbarium bears two specimens, both of which are R. deflexa
Griseb. (R. cubensis A. Rich.) as labeled; but no 3399 at the
National Herbarium, although similarly labeled, bears by some
mischance several specimens of the utterly different R. fascicularis
(Michx.) Vahl, var. typica.
See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot, Cl. xxxii, 294 (1905).
226 Rhodora [JUNE
48. R. stenophylloidea (Kiik.), stat. nov. In habit identical
with &. cubensis, caespitose with hard bases: leaves 1.5-2.5 mm.
wide, flat, long, slender, flexuous-ascending; the tips triquetrous
with serrated angles: culms obtusely 3-angled, 0.3-1 m. high,
lax, wiry, often extremely tenuous, with the upper of the long
internodes filiform: cymes 2-3, compound to decompound, 1-3
em. wide, loosely globose, subtended by a foliaceous bract; the
wiry filiform branchlets divaricate to reflexed; lateral panicles on
subexserted peduncles: spikelet 4-5 mm. long, basally ovoid
with a prolonged acute apex, 1-fruited, with no trace of a suc-
ceeding rudimentary floret, solitary on slender divaricate to
reflexed pedicels: lower fertile scale ovate-aristate; upper scale
lance-acuminate and tightly convolute about the prolonged
tubercle, papery: bristles 6, extremely fragile and tenuous,
irregularly ascending, upwardly serrulate, variable in length,
the tallest approximating the tubercle: achene rhombic-elliptic
in outline, conspicuously flattened, longitudinally wrinkled as
if shrunken, faintly rugulose from side to side, 1-1.2 mm. wide,
1.6-1.8 mm. long: tubercle slenderly conical or slightly com-
pressed, somewhat sunken at the base, whitish, 1—-1.6 mm. long.
PLATE 828, ric. 2A; Map 57.—R. cubensis A. Rich., var. steno-
phylloidea Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxxii. 78 (1933) .—
Mountainsides on northern coast of Hispaniola. HispANioLa:
edge of the Estére, Le Borgue, Massif du Nord, Haiti, Sept. 18,
1925, Ekman, no. 4853 (G, US); in sylvestribus ad J yet Santo
Domingo, alt. 150 m. , June 23, 1887, Eggers, no. 2600 (NY, US);
mountainside, M. Bo onpere, Gros-Morn ne, Massif du Nord,
Haiti, c. alt. 800 m. , Sept. 30, 1925, Ekman, no. 4958 (NY); in
fruticetis ad Isabel de Torres, Apr. 23, 1887, Eggers, no. 1658
Kiikenthal described R. cubensis var. stenophylloidea of His-
paniola thus: ‘‘Corymbi perparce spiculosi, nux oblonga (haud
late ovalis sicut in forma typica) enervis (non longitudinaliter
striata), setae hypogynae 3 breves nucem superantes (nec 6 cum
nuce aequilongae).” He concluded with “ Vielleicht eine gute
Art, aber das vorhandene Material reicht nicht aus, um diese
Frage zur entscheiden.”’
According to this description Kiikenthal’s specimens differed
from the material which I am designating as R. stenophylloidea
with regard both to the bristles and the longitudinal wrinklings
on the nut. It is possible, therefore, that Kiikenthal’s type,
Ekman, no. 14873, which is not available at the present time, is @
different entity. But the fact that this specimen came, as it did,
from Hispaniola, to which island my species is apparently
1944 Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 227
Rsond
limited, and had a “‘nux oblonga,” described above as rhombic-
elliptic but which is in any case larger than that of the typical
R. cubensis, makes me suspect that the two are conspecific.
Possibly three of the six extremely fragile bristles may have
broken off at their bases prior to the time of Kiikenthal’s exam-
ination; for when this occurs it is nearly impossible to ascertain
their place of previous attachment. Kiikenthal’s statement as
to the comparative length of the bristles is inaccurate, for those
of R. cubensis equal or even exceed the tubercle in length and
are longer than the bristles of the new species. The achenes of
the specimens I have examined are, in all cases, more or less
longitudinally wrinkled as if shriveled. I cannot suggest why
this feature should be absent on the achenes seen by Kiikenthal
unless they were in this respect atypical.
Series 9. Harveyae, ser. nov. Culmis rigide erectis: cymis
rigidis vel diffuse fasciculatis vel congestis ragga pe
squamis pallidis vel castaneis: spiculis rity monocarpis:
setis antrorse serrulatis: achaenio saepissime eta a tumido,
infra compresso fusco leviter alveolato (ies lenticulari ruguso):
tuberculo conico; basi haud discoideo sed saepe in achaenii
apicem intruso
Often growin on white pera - the Coastal Plain from
North Carolina to Florida and west to Texas; inland in the
southern and irwshers states; vate in Cuba. Stoloniferous or
caespitose: leaves 1.5-7 mm. wide, not filiform: culms sti
erect: cymes stiff, diffusely { fasciculate or congested and eles
late: scales pale or castaneous: spikelets turgid, 1-fruited:
bristles iiiandig serrulate: achenes usually tumid above and
compressed below, dark mahogany in color, lightly pitted or
cancellate in a ones te mk: pattern, rarely lenticular and ridge
With oblong alveoli: tubercle always grayish or whitish, conical,
not projecting at the base but slightly rina — overgrown
y the summit of the achene.—Rhynchospor Glomeratae
Small, Man. 175 (1933), in part. Paka Series
Diplostyleae, Divisio 5. Eu- rr ogen satinge Sect. iii. Fuscae
Key To Species IN Serres HARVEYAE
Spikelets 6-7 mm. long, remote, some if not all slenderly pedicel-
ate; achenes large, 2. cai mee wide, 3-4 mm. long. .49. i megalocarpa.
Spikelets not exceeding 5.5 mm, n length, sessile in small c
pact glomerules; a eons not exicedtl ng 2.2 mm. in width a
2.4 mm. in len gth.
228 Rhodora [JUNE
Achene suborbicular to broadly ovate in outline, tumid above,
ape ae sed below, the entire surface mahogany-brown at
Spikelets 4-5.5 mm. long; bristles caning 1% the achene
- ie the tubercle; achene 1 2 mm. wide, 2—2.4
ep re link wg EOE ne ep es 50. R. Grayit.
Spikelets 2 paca ve m. long; bristles equalling or shorter than
1% the achene; aed 1.3-1.6 mm. wide, 1.5-1.8 mm. long
51. R. Harvey.
Achene obovate, slenderly lenticular, not tumid, surface
crossed by pale irregular transverse ridges.............. 52... R. culiza,
R. MEGALOcARPA Gray. Stoloniferous, the bases swollen
and covered by short rusty imbricated scales: leaves rigid, sub-
coriaceous, flat, 4-7 mm. wide, becoming conspicuously chan-
ices on slender tory lateral cymes on long exserted
slender ascending peduncles: spikelets ovoid, plump 5 bursting,
some if not all pedicellate and remote, mainly ascending, 1-
flowered, 1-fruited, 6-7 mm. long: scales mucronulate, chestnut-
rown: stamens 10-12: bristles 6-8, very tenuous and scarcely
thickened at the base, brittle, upwardly hispidulous, falling
short of to barely exceeding the achene: achene round-ovoid,
turgid in the upper portion, compressed below, 2.8-3.4 mm. wide,
3-4 mm. long, emarginate, mahogany-brown.to blackish, glossy
Bisentaiie where covered with a honey-combed surface-pattern
of minute, extremely shallow pits: tubercle buttressed and some-
what encrusted by the summit of the achene, conic-apiculate,
grayish or often white, 0.7-1 mm. high. PLaTE 829, FIGs
and 1B; Map 58.—Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 208, pl. 6, fig. 16 (1835);
Torrey, "Ann . Lyc. N. Y. iii. 368 (1836) ; Chapman, Fl. So. U
526 (1860); ‘Bacek alas Linnaea, xxxvii. 606 (1873). AR. wie
candra Baldwin ex Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 207, pl. 6, fig. 15
(1835); Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 90 (1892); Small,
Bl. 196 (1903) and Man. 183 (1933). R. pycnocarpa Gray, Ann.
Lye. N. Y. iii. 208, pl. 6, fig. 17 (1835). eaten dode-
candrum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 20).—Deep
Ww ners sand-ridges of the Coastal Plain from North Carolina
poclahage: becoming frequent on the Florida Peninsula; less
soataien est to Mississippi and inland along the Mississippi
River reais collecting). Nortu Carona: sand-ridge at Carolina
Beach, New Hanover Co., Godfrey, no. 4675 (G, NC); Wilming-
ton, New Hanover Co., Mr. Curtis (NY, type of R. pycnocarpa) ;
near White Lake, Bladen Co., Oosting, no. 33080 (D); dry open
sand-barrens, 14 miles southeast of Lumberton, Robeson Co..
Wiegand & Manning, no. 597 (G); sandy ee tasiok Oak Island
| Oe eS eee en
SN SS de “
_ im Biltmore Herb., uo
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 229
off Southport, Brunswick Co., Blomquist, no. 5613 (D). SourH
CAROLINA: excavated area in coarse white sandy pine barren, 5
miles “ges of pave Williamsburg Co., Godfrey & Tryon,
no: 676 (CU; DG, NY, P): rarer: very dry sand-hills along
Fifteen Mile Creek, Emanue 1 Co., Harper, no. 977 (G, NY);
common, sand- scrub, Floyd’s [sland, Okefinokee Swamp,
Charlton Co., J. S. Harper, no. 700 (G); very dry white sand
south of open pond, Decatur Co., Harper, no. 1216 (G, NY,
US). FuLoripa: Fort George, Duval Co., Dr. Baldwin (NY,
TYPE); Baldwin (NY, type of R. dodecandra, immature; anno-
tated by Gray); dry sandy soil near Jacksonville, Duval Co. ‘
Curtiss, no. 83161 (CU, D, G, P, US); in a serub, 18 miles north
of St. Augustine, St. Johns Co., O’ Neill, no. 7688 (CU); Palatka,
Putnam Co., April, 1869, Canby (G, NY); ; Gainesville, Alachua
Co., April 12, 1897, Crawford ( He dry er in scrub, vicinity of
Eustis, Lake Co., Na sh, no 2 (G, NX, US); Lake Butler,
Orange Co., Beckwith, no. 556 (US); Ms pine barrens, Okeecho-
bee Region, Brevard Co., Fredholm, no. 5734 (G, US); in a low
pineland, Kissimmee, Osceola Co., O’Neill, no. 5121 (CU);
scrub near Gadsen Hammock, vicinity of Winter Hav en, Polk
Co., McFarlin, no. 4741 (CA); sand-barrens, Ballast Point,
Tampa, Hillsborough Co., March 28, is Churchill (G);
Dunedin, Pinellas Co., Tracy, no. 6995 (G, Y, US); scrub near
Sebastian, Indian River Co. Small, DeWenklor & Mosier, no.
11120 (NY): ; in ascrub, 2 miles north of Ft. Pierce, St. Lucie Co.,
O'Neill, no. 7689 (CU); in a scrub, 8 miles east of Lake Placid,
Highlands Co., O'Neill, no. 7687 (CU); sandy ridge beside
stream in pineland, 6 miles east of Manatee, Manatee Co.,
Oosting, no. 170 (D); Indian Mound near Citrus Center, DeSoto
Co., Small, no. 9914 (NY); flatwoods, Alva, Lee Co., Hitchcock,
no. 417 (G, NY, DB): sterile pine woods, Lantana, Lake Worth,
Palm Beach Co., Curtiss, no. 5389 (G, NY, US); in serub-land
9 miles north of Miami, Dade Cu., 0’ Weill, ‘no. 7691 (CA, CU);
dry sand along the coast, ere Franklin Co., Chapman
60 (G, NY, US); Port St. Joe, Gulf Co.,
Eyles, no. 3723 (CU): i in a high ee Pensacola, Escambia
Co., O'Neill, no. 6091 (CU, US). ALABAMA: Fort Morgan,
Baldwin Co., Tracy, no. 7684 (G, NY, US). Mi£ssissrppi:.
Avondale, Bolivar Co., Tracy, no. 4840 (G, NY); moist sandy
soil west of bay, Biloxi, Harrison Co., Pennell, no. 4388 (NY, P);
Cat Island, Hancock Co., Lloyd & Tracy, no. 361 (NY).
R. dodecandra Baldwin, R. pycnocarpa and R. megalocarpa
Were simultaneously described by Gray in 1835. The type-
specimen of the first was admittedly immature; that of the
- second only somewhat so. A year later, in his revision of the
North American Rhynchospora for Dr. Torrey’s' North Ameri-
‘Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii, 368 (1836).
230 Rhodora [JUNE
can Cyperaceae, Gray placed R. pycnocarpa in the synonymy of
R. megalocarpa with the remark: ‘‘ More perfect specimens com-
municated by Mr. Curtis and Dr. Chapman have enabled us
satisfactorily to ascertain that R. megalocarpa and R. pycno-
carpas.. are different states of the seme species.”” He
also added that: “It (R. megalocarpa) approaches R. dodecandra
with which it also agrees in the prevalent number of its stamens.”’
Twenty-four years later Chapman, publishing his first edition
of the Flora of Southern United States, reduced R. dodecandra
to the status of a synonym under R. megalocarpa; and, in so
doing, established a precedent for the use of the specific name,
megalocarpa. However, in 1892, Britton!, in his list of North
American Scirpus and Rhynchospora, gave preference to the
specific name, dodecandra, and that name has recently come into
general use. I have examined the types of R. pycnocarpa and R.
dodecandra, as well as that of R. megalocarpa. With the mass of
material now available for comparison, they are unquestionably
referable to one species. Applying the rules of priority, the name
R. megalocarpa, as selected by Chapman in 1860, must be rein-
stated.
50. R. Graym Kunth. Coarsely tufted: leaves arching, flat,
2-4 mm. wide, smooth, becoming carinate; the upper margins
and keel minutely serrulate; the midrib prominent: culms ob-
scurely triquetrous, smooth, stifly erect, 0.4-7.5 dm. tall, with
elongated internodes: the terminal cyme 1-1.5 cm. wide, com-
pounded of 1-3 glomerules of few spikelets on short, erect to
spreading peduncles; lateral cymes 1—4, consisting of a single
small glomerule on an exserted peduncle: spikelets plumply
ovoid, compact, 2-3-flowered, 1-fruited, 4-5.5 mm. long: scales
mucronate, sandy to castaneous, tightly imbricate and entire at
maturity: stamens 3— (rarely)6: bristles 6, upwardly hispidulous, ~
brittle, varying in length from equalling 14 the achene to exceed-
ing the tubercle: achene suborbicular in outline, tumid toward
‘the summit, with a more or less compressed base, the surface
honeycombed with minute shallow pits, mahogany-brown,
1.8-2.2 mm. wide, 2-2.4 mm. long: tubercle conic-apiculate,
0.4-0.6 mm. high, buttressed and partially encrusted by the
narrowed apex of the achene. Piare 829, Frias. 3A and 3B;
Map 54.—Enum. ii. 539 (1837); Chapman, Fl. So. U. S. 526
(1860); Small, Fl. 196 (1903) and Man. 183 (1933); Britton,
Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 197 ( 1916). R. distans Elliott, —
1 Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi, 90 (1892),
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 231
Sk. Bot. 8. Car. and Ga. i. 59 (1816), non Vahl. R. Elliottii Gray,
Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 204, pl. 6, fig. 12 (1835), non Dietrich.
Schoenus distans Muhlenberg, Descrip. Gram. 11 (1817).
Schoenus fuscus Muhlenberg, Descrip. Gram. 6 (1817). Phaeo-
cephalum Grayt House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920). Rare
in Virginia (one collection); common southward on sandy pine-
lands of the Coastal Plain from North Carolina to the tip of
Florida and west to eastern Texas; also western Cuba. VIRGINIA:
Norfolk, Norfolk Co., Read (P). Norru Caroxiina: Minnesat
Beach, near Arapahoe, Pamlico Co., Oosting, no. 33208 (D);
dry sandy soil near Wilmington, New Hanover Co., Biltmore
Herb., no. 239g (CU); dry sandy pine woods, 2 miles southeast
of Fair Bluff, Columbus Co., Wiegand & Manning, no. 606 (G);
pineland at Roseboro, Sampson Co., Godfrey, no. 5723 (G);
sandhill, 12 miles north of Laurenburg, Scotland Co., Godfrey,
no. 5044 (D, G); Southern Pines, Moore Co., May 18, 1895,
Blankinship (G). SoutH CaroLina: swampy spots in sandy
land along stream, sandhills north of Hartsville, Darlington
Co., Mar. 20, 1921, Norton (NC); Florence, Florence Co., May
18, 1912, Bartram (P); Columbia, Richland Co., May 16, 1912,
oe (P); 10 miles east of Paxville, Clarendon Co., Godfrey
?
Yard, Charleston, Charleston Co., Robinson, no. 259 (G).
GrorGia: about Augusta, Richmond Co., June 27-July 1, 1895,
Small (NY); sandy pinelands at Magnolia Springs, Jenkins Co.,
Eyles, no. 6255 (CU); dry pine barrens near Graymont, Emanuel
Co., Harper, no. 806 (G, NY, US); dry sand-hills along Big
Lott’s Creek, Bullock Co., Harper, no. 916 (G, NY, US);
sand-hill west of Altamaha River on State Route 38, west of
pine barren, just north of Ashim, Turner Co., Eyles, no. 5569
(CU). Fioripa: dry pine barrens near Jacksonville, Duval Co.,
Curtiss, no. 4801 (G, NY, US); sand-hills, Welaka, Putnam Co.,
Ie Rhodora [JUNE
Dade Co., Moldenke, no. 607 (D, NY); near Tallahassee, Leon
Co., summer, Berg (NY); dry pine barrens, Apalachicola, Frank-
lin Co., Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 239a (G, in part; NY,
US); DeFuniak, Walton Co., Tracy, no. 9010 (G, NY, US).
ALABAMA: Tensaw, Baldwin Co., Tracy no. 8028 (G, NY, US);
common in woods, Spring Hill, Mobile Co., Bush, no. 335 (NY,
US). Musstssrppi: Biloxi. Harrison Co., Baker, no. 1129 (NY).
Louisiana: Hale (G). Texas: Liberty, Liberty Co., Mar. 25,
1892, Plank (NY). Cusa: Laguna Los Indios and vicinity,
Pinar del Rio, Shafer, no. 10820 (NY).
Gray in his monograph pointed out that Elliott’s R. distans,
as described in the Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and
Georgia, is not Schoenus distans Michx. on which it was nomen-
claturally based. Accordingly Gray designated the former species
R. Elliotizi in commemoration of its discoverer. He then placed
in its synonymy two of Muhlenberg’s species, Schoenus distans
and S. fuscus, with the explanation that, as the Muhlenberg
Herbarium contains no specimen labeled S. distans, Muhlenberg
probably derived his material from Elliott. 3S. fuscus Muhl., on
the other hand, is represented in the herbarium by a specimen
labeled “S. fuscus Elliott.” This, Gray states, is definitely P.
Elliottii Gray. That Muhlenberg himself apparently suspected
S. distans and S. fuscus to be conspecific (and incidentally that
he also perpetuated Elliott’s mistaken reference to Michaux’s
species) is evident from his suggestion, appended to the descrip-
tion of S. fuscus: ‘An S. distans Michaux?”
The legitimate name, R. Grayii, came from Kunth who, in
1837, on the basis of the priority of Dietrich’s R. Elliotti 1833,
renamed the species in honor of Asa Gray.
51. R. Harveyrt Wm. Boott. Caespitose: leaves flat, obscurely
carinate, with upper margins finely serrulate, ascending to curly,
1.5-3 mm. wide: culms obtusely triquetrous, stiffly erect, smooth,
0.3-1.1 m. high: terminal cyme 0.8-2.2 em. wide, usually com-
pounded of 1-4 small glomerules on stiff ascending to spreading
peduncles; lateral glomerules 1-2, usually solitary on wiry erect
peduncles: spikelets ovoid, turgid, castaneous, 2-flowered, 1-
fruited, 2.5-3 mm. long: scales with midribs continuing into
conspicuously recurved mucros: stamens 3: bristles 6, delicate,
equalling to falling short of 14 the achene, upwardly hispidulous:
achene broadly ovate to suborbicular in outline, tumid above,
somewhat compressed below, 1.3-1.6 mm. wide, 1.5-1.8 mm.
long, rich mahogany-brown when mature; the surface honey-
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 233
combed by small shallow isodiametric pits which may be ob-
scured, appearing as faint rugulosities: tubercle squat, conic-
apiculate, 0.4-0.5 mm. long, grayish, buttressed by the nar-
rowed apex of the achene. PLatTEe 829, Fias. 2A and 2B;
Map 59.—Bot. Gaz. ix. 85 (1884); Small, Man. 183 (1933).
R. Earlei Britton ex Small, Fl. 197, 1328 (1903) and Man. 184
(1933); Fernald, Ruopora, xxxix, 338 (1937) and xl. 398 (1938).
R. Plankii Britton ex Small, Fl. 196, 1328 (1903); Small, Man.
183 (1933), in syn. of R. Harveyi Wm. Boott. Phaeocephalum
Plankit House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920). Phaeocephalum
Karlet House, 1. e.—Low or frequently dry open areas in pine-
lands of the Coastal Plain from southeastern Virginia to Florida
and west to Texas; scattered inland stations in the coastal states,
in western Tennessee, and on the lower drainage of both the
Missouri and Arkansas Rivers, and on the Sabine River. Vir-
GINIA: argillaceous and siliceous boggy depressions about 3 miles
southeast of Petersburg, at head of Poo Run, Prince George Co.,
Fernald, Long & Smart, no. 5647 (G, NY, P); pinelands at western
side of Wilcox Lake, Petersburg, Dinwiddie Co., Fernald & Long,
no. 8596 (G, in part, P); very local, open pineland near Mason’s
Siding, about 1 mile north of Henry, Sussex Co., Fernald & Long,
no. 13274 (G); depression in dry open sandy pine and oak thickets
near County Line, north of Emporia, Greensville Co., Fernald &
Long, no. 8114 (G, ORTH CAROLINA: moist humus soil,
open woodland 4 miles southeast of Wilson, Wilson Co., Randolph
& Randolph, no. 723 (G); savanna, 1 mile east of Middlesex,
Nash Co., Blomquist, no. 6358 (D); sandy soil, Cumberland Co.,
Biltmore Herb., no. 239f (CU); damp sand near brook, Pinehurst,
Moore Co., Wiegand & Manning, no. 595 (G); Winston-Salem,
Forsyth Co., Denke in Botanical Science Series, no. 5003 (D).
SourH Carouina: cart-road through pineland-clearing, 5 miles
south of Andrews, Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no.
1371la (G, NY); pine barren, 2 miles west of Pineville,
Berkeley Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 619 (G, NY, P). Grorata:
Marshallville, Macon Co., Earle, no. 2977 (NY, type of R.
Earle?) and same locality, no. 2976 (NY, annotated as isotype
of R. Earlei); rather dry pine barrens near Cobb, Sumter Co.,
Harper, no. 2217 (G, NY, US). Forma: 1839, Torrey (G).
ALABAMA: low pineland, Elberta, Baldwin Co., Aug. 13, 1926,
Wolf (StB); Mobile, Mobile Co., May, 1845, Sullivant (G).
TENNESSEE: dry hill, Henderson, Chester Co., Bain, no. 244 (G).
Missourt: ferruginous sandstone glade south of Birdsong, St.
Clair Co., Steyermark; no, 13416 (Mo). ARKANSAS: Benton Co.,
1899, Plank, no. 29 (NY, type of R. Plankii); Grand_Prairie,
eastern Arkansas, Harvey, no. 2 (G, TYPE). OKLAHOMA: Sapulpa,
Bush, no. 656 (G, Mo, NY). Lovrstana: vicinity of Covington,
St. Tammany Parish, Arséne, no. 11879 (US); along drain in
234 Rhodora [JUNE
Seymour Prairie, north of Bastrop, Morehouse Parish, Brown
no. 6510 (La); Tong-leaf pine-hills, north of Po lock, Grant
Parish, Brown, no. 6458 (La). Trxas: sandy woods, Mineola,
Wood Co., Reverchon, no. 2278 (Mo, NY); damp sands, Will’s
Point, Van Zandt Co., Reverchon, no. 2277 (Mo); Angelina Co.,
Tharp, no. 3056 (US); 144% miles northwest of White Ranch,
hambers Co., Cory, no. 22402 (CU, G); 2 miles northwest of
Benchley, Robertson Co., Cory, no. 21682 (CU); moist sandy
soil, Kurten, Brazos Co., Walece. no. 13486 (Mo); low prairie,
Hempstead, Waller Co., Hall, no. 714 (Mo, NY, US); Alvin,
Brazoria Co., Apr. 20, 1894, Plank (NY); in wet ditch in red
sand on clay subsoil; in railroad right-of-way cut through oak
woods just east of Elgin, Bastrop Co., Innes, no. 874 (G); %
mile south of Kicaster School, Wilson Co., Parks, no. 18795 (G);
Indianola, Calhoun Co., Ravenel, no. 139 (NY).
William Boott published R. Harveyi in the Botanical Gazette
of June, 1884, and cited ‘‘Grand Prairie, E. Arkansas, F. L.
Harvey, 1883.” At the Gray Herbarium are three Harvey
collections of this species from this locality. One of these is
dated July, 1884, so could not have been the original material
seen by Boott. The two remaining specimens are not dated;
one is unnamed. The other, however, is labeled R. Harveyi in
Watson’s hand. This I take to be the -type, presuming the
material collected by Harvey to have been sent to Watson and
finally turned over to Boott for study.
The achene of R. Earlei Britton ex Small has a low conic
tubercle which is uplifted by the narrowed summit of the mahog-
any-brown achene. These characters, seen in conjunction with
the general size of the achene, indicate at once the close relation-
ship of this plant to R. Harvey’. Unfortunately R. Earlei was
published in Small’s Manual, and thus appeared without a word
of discussion. Nor does its position between R. Torreyana and
R. Edisoniana (R. microcarpa Baldw. ex Gray) in the text of
that work give an indication that its relationship with R. Harveyt
was appreciated. In the key, R. Earlei is separated from the
former by the following character: “achenes transversely
wrinkled” as against ‘“achenes cancellate.”’ However, in R.
Harveyi the shape of the alveoli, on which the degree of wrink-
ling depends, is subject to considerable variation. Typically,
the alveoli are shallow and isodiametrie without any accentua-
tion of the transverse walls, but occasionally they are crowded
1944] xale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 235
into irregular transverse rows and take on narrowly oblong out-
lines, the shorter horizontal walls of which are then accentuated
and appear as fine ridges. More rarely the alveoli are nearly
obliterated and the surface becomes as smooth and glossy as
that of the achene of R. megalocarpa Gray. LEarle’s specimen
from Marshallville, Georgia, was one with a finely ridged achene,
and I presume that Britton, in recognizing it as a new species,
was unacquainted with the amount of variation in the achenes
of R. Harvey.
However, the decompound, somewhat lax cyme of R. Earlei
does vary from the smaller, stiffly upright, capitate cyme of
typical R. Harveyi. This larger, looser inflorescence appears to
be the only possible basis for segregation. Further collections
from Georgia and Florida will be necessary in order to determine
whether or not plants which were the basis of R. Earle: should
receive recognition as a variety of R. Harveyt.
52. R. culixa, sp. nov. ?Caespitosa: foliis basilaribus 2 mm.
latis planis interdum brevibus et crispis; apicem versus leviter
carinatis et subtiliter serrulatis; foliis caulinis brevibus: culmis
triquetris gracilibus attenuatis crectis, cirea 3-foliatis; internodis
ongis: glomerulo terminali circa 1 em. lato; glomerulo laterali
minore pedunculato; pedunculo erecto: bracteis setaceis brevibus:
spiculis late ovoideis tumidis 2-floris l-carpis 3 mm. longis
dense aggregatis: squamis late ovatis, pallide castaneis dense
imbricatis; apicibus fissilibus, mucronulatis: setis 6 antrorse
serrulatis, achaenio duplo brevioribus aut minus; achaenio
lenticulari-obovoideo biconvexo 1.2 mm. lato, 1.4 mm. longo,
alveolato fusco; inter alveolas rugis transversis prominentibus
pallidis: tuberculo breviter eonico, interdum apiculato, 0.3 mm.
alto. PLaTE 828, rics. 3A and 3B; Map 55.—Rare in southern
Georgia and northern Florida. GEorGIA: Irby, Tift Co., Aug.
28, 1890, Tracy, no. 1498 (US, TYPE). FLorrpa: Chapman
in part).
The two specimens which I have designated as R. culixa
differ from those of R. Harveyi Wm. Boott and R. globularis
(Chapm.) Small, var. recognita Gale in the attenuate appearance
of their slender culms, in the abbreviated cauline leaves and the
compact, unbranched, small, terminal glomerules. Specimens
of R. Harveyi and R. globularis, var. recognita are, when well
developed, robust, with stiffly erect culms, linear-attenuate
cauline leaves and usually compound, stiffly branched ultimately
glomerulate cymes.
236 Rhodora [JUNE
The achene of R. culixa combines characters of both R. Har-
veyi and R. globularis, var. recognita. It has the unmistakable
grayish, squat, conical tubercle of R. Harvey: but the achene,
like that of R. globularis, var. recognita, is obovate, lenticular,
biconvex, not swollen above, and the transverse walls of the
prominent alveoli are accentuated as ridges. However, unlike
the ridges on the achene of var. recognita, those of R. culixa are
pale, broader, and developed at the expense of the alveoli which,
in the central area, have been rounded and thrown out of the
orderly parallel alignment so conspicuous in the achene of var.
recognita.
Series 10. Globulares, ser. nov. Culmis rigide erectis vel
rare tenuibus et laxe ascendentibus: cymis saepissime rigidis,
glomerulosis vel fasciculatis; cymis lateralibus pluribus: spiculis
turgidis, 1~3-carpis: squamis dense imbricatis: setis antrorse
serrulatis saepe achaenio duplo brevioribus: achaenio late ovato
vel suborbiculato ruguloso vel valde rugoso, cancellato vel
striato, emarginat Oo.
Growing in low peaty areas, often in pineland, of the Coastal
Plain; inland in the midwestern states; also in the West Indies
and Central America. Habit often coarse: leaves never filiform,
1.5-5 mm. broad, often forming a coarse basal tuft: culms usually
stiffly erect, rarely slender and loosely ascending: cymes glomer-
ulate or fasciculate, usually stiff: lateral cymes several: spikelets
turgid, 1—-3-fru ited: scales tightly imbricate: bristles upwardly
serrulate, often poorly developed: achenes broadly ovate to
suborbicular, rugulose to ridged (with the exception of R. globu-
laris var. pinetorum), cancellate to striate, emarginate, com-
pressed or swollen in the upper portion: tubercle wee basally
conical.—Rhynchospora V. Glomeratae Small, Man. 175 (1933),
in part. Rhynchospora, Series B. Diplostyleae, Sect. S Glaucae
Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 106 (1900), in part.
Key To Species 1n Series GLOBULARES
a. ar wap nw flat or acon sunken; habit coarse; the basal leaves
b. Tubercle with a subulate apex rising abruptly a a pro-
nounced basal flange; achene dark reddish-brown. .53. R. compressa.
d. bd conten deltoid-apiculate, the base somewhat esha
pores: s achene castaneous 54.
a. eae icon somewhat plano-convex, castaneous;
habit slender or divides the bas. idea 2h 4 mm. wide or less... .¢.
c. Bristles exceeding the achene i 8 height. ...
d. Achene 1.2-1.3 mm. wide EGE oa tone the trans-
verse ridges numerous: tubercle depressed, discoid-
55.
R. punctata.
OU. oi es a Uh tee eos R. saxicola.
d. Achene 0.8 mm. wide, 0.9 mm. long, the transverse
ridges less than 6; tubercle Saab comicesmuent See es 56. R. sulcata.
a a a a al aA a
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 237
c. Bristles not exceeding 24 the achene....
é. ae imited to western Cuba; pertieh 0.8 mm. wide,
MAT. FONG aces = rw Nee eee oa ge 7. R. Brittonii.
F3 a vansverse Bak widening, becoming lighter and ob-
scuring the alveoli over the central portion of the
eae scikeleth ascending, not more than 6 in
mall ultimate fascicles... .2..0) 2. eos eae n se 58. R. obliterata.
2 Ticncas ridges pate adokiia r becoming light-
colored, the alveoli not less aeenet over the orca
area of the achene; spikelets ascending to diver
and numerous in afennhte fascicles or glomerules 59. ar 4 globularis.
53. R. compressa Carey ex Chapman. Caespitose: basal
leaves flat, smooth or with margins Snel serrulate, 4-5 mm
wide, forming a coarse rigid tuft: culms obtusely trigonous,
stiffly erect, leafy, 6.6-9.6 dm. high: cymes 2-4, 1.8-3 cm. wide,
densely bracteate, consisting of several glomerules on slender
erect to spreading branchlets; lateral cymes remote, exserted on
slender erect peduncles: spikelets ovoid, with a slightly irregular
contour, 2—3-flowered, 1—2-fruited, castaneous, 3.5-4 mm. long:
scales papery; the lowest mucronulate, the others acute: bristles
6, upwardly serrulate, stiff, rarely equalling, never exceeding,
the achene: achene obovate to nearly orbicular, 1.4-1.6 mm. wide,
1.4-1.7 mm. long, characteristically flattened, often centrally
depressed; the dark reddish-brown surface cancellate and trans-
versely ridged: tubercle compressed-subulate, 0 0.6-0.8 mm. high,
abruptly rising from a conspicuous ee collar. PLaTE 830,
Fics. LA and 1B; Mar 64.—FI. So. U. S. 525 (1860); Small, Fl.
197 (1903) and Man. 184 (1933); Robinson & Fernald in Gray,
Man. ed. 7: 199, fig. 316 (1908). R. cymosa var. compressa
toes tear Clarke ex Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 91
(1892). Phaeocephalum compressum House, Am. Midland Nat.
vi. 201 (1920).—Low pinelands and swamps, southern Georgia,
Florida and west to eastern Louisiana. Gworata: flat pine
barrens east of Ocilla, Irwin Co., Harper, no. 1414 (G, NY, Us).
FiLoripa: Carey (G); low pine ‘barrens, Apalachicola, Franklin
Co. 1 So (Pp). Knalachieahe Franklin Co., Chapma ).
ae ama: Wilcox Co., May, ie Buckley oe brackish
. Lovur
Arséne, no. 11750 NY US).
Old records from Missouri were based on misidentifications.
238 Rhodora [JUNE
54. R. puncrata, Ell. Caespitose, with a large clump of
coarse basal leaves: leaves 5 mm. wide, carinate, becoming
triquetrous at the tip, with setaceous margins: cauline leaves
short, erect: culms stiffly erect, triquetrous, smooth, approxi-
mately 7.6 dm. high: cymes 4, decompound, the stiff wiry
ascending branchlets of varying lengths and terminating in
small glomerules; terminal cymes 4 cm. wide; lateral cymes
smaller, on long slender ascending peduncles: spikelets ovoid,
5 mm. long, approximately 4-flowered, 1—2-fruited: scales pale
chestnut, frayed; the midribs of the lower scales free at their tips
and slightly projecting: bristles 6, equalling 14 the tubercle in
length, upwardly hispidulous, ascending: achene obovate to
suborbicular in outline, extremely compressed, cancellate, with
fine transverse rugulosities, pale chestnut, 1.8 mm. wide, 2.2
mm. long: tubercle deltoid-apiculate, compressed, pale, 0.9 mm.
high. Puate 830, Frias. 2A and 2B; Map 65.—Sk. Bot. 8. Car.
and Ga. i. 60 (1816); Gray, Ann. Lyc. N.Y. iii. 203, pl. 6, fig. 11
(1835); Chapman, Fl. So. U. S. 526 (1860); Small, Fl. 198 (1903)
about 1 mile southeast of Douglas, Coffee Co., Harper, no. 2200
(G, NY, US). Fuorma: St. Mary’s, Baldwin (NY); “St.
Mary’s & Savan,”’ Baldwin (P).
55. R. saxicota Small. Caespitose: basal leaves forming a
coarse curly tuft; cauline leaves 1.5-3 mm. wide, harsh, mostly
erect, flat, becoming trigonous near the summit; margins finely
serrulate: culms triquetrous, slender, erect, short, 2.6-3 dm.
high: inflorescence of 2-4 cymes; the terminal one 1.3-2 cm
wide, with a few slender erect branchlets bearing small clusters
of sessile spikelets: bracts short, inconspicuous: scales tightly
imbricate, castaneous; lowermost mucronate and usually split:
spikelets ovoid, turgid, 3-flowered, 1-2-fruited, sessile, 3.5-4 mm.
long: bristles 6, fragile, well exceeding the tubercle, upwardly
serrulate: achene obovoid, compressed except for the slightly
swollen region of the umbo, finely cancellate, ridged, castaneous,
1.2-1.3 mm. wide, 1.3-1.5 mm. long: tubercle depressed, conic-
apiculate, with a discoid base, 0.2-0.3 mm. high. Pxiate 830,
rics. 3A and 3B; Map 66.—Man. 185, 1503 (1933).—Granite
outcrops in the Piedmont of Georgia. Groreia: boggy slope on
south side of Little Stone Mt., DeKalb Co., Harper, no. 2308
(NY, type; US, 1soryre), and no. 2309 (NY); dry thickets on
flat granite rocks, 1 mile east of Logansville, Walton Co., Pyron
& McVaugh, no. 549 (US); shallow soil about granite outcrops,
9 miles southeast of Greensboro, Greene Co., McVaugh, no.
53828 (USNA); shallow soil about granite outcrops, 4 miles
southeast of Sparta, Hancock Co., McVaugh, no. 5345a (USNA).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Kurhynchospora 239
a8
ca
Mee
ts ee
oe
a
<
Range of 60, Ruyncnospora cALIFoRrNIcA; 61, R. Mariscuius; 62, R.
CACUMINICOLA; 63, R. RuGosA; 64, R. compressa; 65, R, puncrata; 66,
R. saxicona; 67, R. Brrrront ; 68, R. opniTeRATA; 69, R. suLCATA; 10, te.
GLOBULARIS, var, TYPICA; 71, R. GLOBULARIS, var. PINETORUM; 72, R. GLOBU-
LARIS, var. RECOGNITA; 73, R. oporaTA; 74, R. mi~tacea; 75, R. INEXPANSA;
76, R. capuca
240 Rhodora [JUNE
The habit of R. saxicola has little to distinguish it from that
of R. globularis (Chapm.) Small, var. typica. However, its
spikelets are usually a millimeter longer and tend to be erect in
clusters, rather than erect to divergent in glomerules or fascicles.
The most obvious character by which to separate the achene of
R. saxicola from that of R. globularis, var. typica is, as empha-
sized in the key, the comparative length of the bristles. Those
of R. saxicola are 6 in number, and, although extremely frail and
apt to be broken off, do, when entire, exceed the achene and often
the tubercle. Those of the former, however, rarely equal 1% the
achene in height. The alveoli of R. saxicola also differ from the
usually dull alveoli of R. globularis, for the former are so narrowly
oblong as to appear merely as fine glistening striae running
between the transverse wrinkles. The ‘‘depressed conic or
disc-like tubercle’’, as described by Small, is not too dependable
a character; for, although the average tubercle of R. globularis
is short and conical, it may less frequently be depressed and even
basally discoid.
R. saxicola is peculiar in being strictly limited, so far as is
known, to margins of shallow ephemeral pools on the granite
outcrops in the Piedmont of Georgia.
56. Re sulcata, sp. nov. Planta caespitosa: foliis 1-2.5 mm.
latis laxis planis; apicibus trigonis: culmis 3.6-6.5 dm. altis
turgidis 1-6-carpis 3 mm. longis: squamis fere orbicularibus
castaneis deciduis: setis 6 fragilibus, achaenio aequalibus,
antrorse et minute serrulatis: achaenio parvo (0.8 mm. lato 0.9
mm. longo) subgloboso nitido castaneo profunde transverse
sulcato; sulcis valde longitudinaliterque striolatis: tuberculo
compresso-deltoideo albescente 0.2 mm. alto. PLaTE 831, FIGS.
3A and 3B; Map 69.—Infrequent along streams, on pond-
shores, and in low places of the Coastal Plain from Southern
South Carolina to northern Florida. Sourn CaroLina: damp
soils, Santee Canal, Berkeley Co., Sept., Ravenel (G); sedge-
1939, Eyles, no. 6465 (CU). Gxorata: pond near Luciene Bay,
Effingham Co., July 25, 1939, Eyles, no. 6378 (G, TYPE; CU,
ISOTYPE); sandy shore of Open Pond, Decatur Co., Aug. 12,
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 241
1901, Harper, no. 1204 (G, NY, US). Fiorrpa: Quincy, Gadsden
0., Chapman (NY, in part): Tologee Creek, in John Carey’s
handwriting (G).
R. sulcata is closely related to both R. Brittonit Gale of Cuba
and R. microcarpa Baldw. ex Gray of the southern United States
and the Greater Antilles. The danger of confusion with R.
Brittonvi is small due to the geographical separation of the two
species, but the similarity in habit is so striking as to deserve a
short discussion. Both species have in common slender flexuous,
_culms which customarily bear small cymes at every node includ-
ing the first. The lax branchlets in R. sulcata are, however,
spreading to divergent so that, as a result, its panicles do not
have the somewhat congested appearance of the inflorescence,
with spikelets borne on the mainly ascending branchlets, of R.
Brittonii. The achenes of R. Brittonzi are slightly larger than
those of R. sulcata. Both are ridged, but those of the latter more
abruptly so and with the concomitant grooves deeper. Lastly,
the 5-6 bristles surrounding the achene of R. Brittonii are short,
not exceeding 14 its height; whereas the achene of R. sulcata is
surrounded by 6 bristles which equal it in height.
R. microcarpa, on the other hand, is found within the range of
R. sulcata, and in its smaller attenuated specimens simulates the
typical habit of the latter. In R. sulcata, however, as mentioned
above, the second, if not the first, node of the culm bears the
first lateral panicle, so that the inflorescence occupies 24-34 the
length of the culm. In R. microcarpa the first, second, usually
the third, and often the fourth nodes are barren, and the inflores-
cence occupies only the upper 14, rarely 4% the culm. A com-
parison of the sculpturing on the surface of the achenes of the
two species is even more conclusive, for that of the new species is
emphatically ridged, whereas that of R. microcarpa is typically
pitted, with the transverse walls only rarely accentuated so as to
produce a rugulose effect.
57. R. Brittonii, sp. nov. Planta caespitosa: foliis 1 mm.
latis aut minus, planis, apicem versus trigonis et minute serru-
latis: culmis vel obtuse trigonis gracilibus vel filiformibus tereti-
busque, flexilibus, 2.8-5 dm. altis: paniculo terminali decomposi-
to, leviter congesto, 0.8-1 em. lato; ramulis ascendentibus vel
divergentibus: paniculis lateralibus exsertis pedunculatis: “igunon
rotunde ovoideis, turgidis, 3—5-floris, 2—4-carpis, 2-2.56 mm
aes MD i a Ni aaa
242 Rhodora [JUNE
longis: squamis fere orbiculatis dense imbricatis fuscis: setis
5-6 achaenio duplo brevioribus, antrorse et minutissime serru-
latis: achaenio subhemisphaerico, parvo (1 mm. lato, 1 mm.
longo) inter rugas paucas profundas transversas hares tem oni
striolato: tuberculo compresso-deltoideo, 0.2 mm. alto. PLATE
831, rias. 2A and 2B; Map 67.—Borders of lata Isle of Pines
and western Cuba. CusBa: savanna, San Pedro and vicinity,
Isle of Pines, Feb. 12—Mar. 22, 1916, Britton & Wilson, no. 14301
(NY, US); shore of Laguna de Junco, Pinar del Rio City, Pinar
del Rio, Oct. 31, 1923, Ekman, no. 17862 (US); lagoon in savanna,
vicinity of Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Mar. 8-15, 1911,
icin no. 10023 (NY, Typx; US, 1soryPs); dryish sand,
aguna ero and vicinity, Pinar del Rio, Dec. 12 --3O1t,
Shater, ioe 1090 (NY); border of lagoon, vicinity of Pinar del
Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Sept. 5-12, 1910, Britton, Britton &
Gager, no. 6946 (NY); Laguna de la Maguina, south of Pinar del
(a City, Pinar del Rio, Nov. 28, 1940, Leén & Alain, no. 19410
This species has been named in honor of Dr. NATHANIEL
Lorp Brirron. It is most closely related to R. sulcata Gale, and
the discussion of the two species follows the description of the
latter.
58. R. obliterata, sp. nov. Planta caespitosa: foliis 1.5-2
mm. latis planis setaceis ascendentibus; marginibus sparse
serratis: culmis trigonis gracilibus, 5.9—9. 2 dm. altis, apicem
versus flexuosis: fasciculis 2-3 decompositis corymbiformibus
2-3 mm. latis; lateralibus compositis minoribus erectis peduncu-
latis exsertis: spiculis ovoideis, 1—3-floris, 1-2-carpis, 3.5-4 mm.
ongis: squamis aristulatis, laxe imbricatis: setis 6, achaenio
duplo brevioribus vel saepe rudimentariis, antrorse ’ serrulatis:
rapist late feast lasicobovaiden biconvexo 1.2-1.3 mm. lato
1.2-1.3 mm. longo nitido castaneo; alveolis in medio a rugis
validis pallidis regained obscuratis: tuberculo hones apicu-
lato 0.3 mm. alto. Pare 830, rigs. 4A and 4B; Map 68.—
Borders of ponds in pe ae and southeastern tae ARKAN-
sas: borders of ponds, BE. Ark.! J 1884, Harvey, no. 12 (G).
Texas: Cypress City, Harris Co., in 1877, Boll, no. 793 (Mo);
pende: Rates, Waller Co., April 16, 1872, Hall, no. 709
(G, eae oe S, ISOTY YPES); prairie near Indianola,
Calhoaa zoe 1869, Ravenel, no. 144 (NY, in part R.
globularis ‘Ghaaesn ‘Saal var. recognita Gale).
The specimens of R. obliterata cited above were segregated
from collections of R. globularis (Chapm.) Small, var. recognita
Gale (R. cymosa). They differ in general from the latter species
‘ Located on the map as in the vicinity of Grand Prairie.
1944] Gale,— Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 243
both in their cauline leaves, which are narrower and setaceous,
and in their lack of a coarse, curling tuft of basal leaves. The
inflorescence of R. obliterata is loosely fasciculate. The numerous
small clusters of spikelets, each borne on a flexuously ascending
branchlet, are inconspicuously bracteate. The inflorescence of
R. globularis var. recognita, on the other hand, has comparatively
short, stiffly erect to divergent branchlets bearing tight ultimate
corymbs or glomerules which are penetrated by short. stiff
bracts. The lenticular achene of R. obliterata has a precise,
broad-obovate outline. The transverse walls of the alveoli are
aligned and pushed up into small ridges which, over the central
portion of the achene, become conspicuously wider and paler,
obscuring the alveoli. The achene of R. globularis var. recognita
is by contrast irregularly obovate to suborbicular in outline,
_ and tends to be more tumid above. Its small ridges are evenly
continued across the face of the achene, and the alveoli of the
central portion remain undiminished in size. The name of the
new species derives from the characteristic blotting out of the
central alveoli.
compressed below, cancellate, transversely ridged to rugulose,
castaneous, 1-1. . wide, 1.2-1.6 mm. long: tubercle conical,
with or without a compressed apex, 0.3-0.6 mm. high.
Key to Varreries oF R, GLOBULARIS
Achenes transversely ridged or rugulose, their cancelli oblong.
Habit frequently depressed; branchlets of the cymes termina-
ting in pias 4 i I :
spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; achenes 1-1.2 mm. wide, 1.2-1.
var. typica.
m. long,
coarsely cancellate to striate, transversely ridged. .59b. _ var. recognita,
a0 es 6 Be eo a ace 0 eee be be bn ae we ee eee Le ae
244 Rhodora (JUNE
59a. Var. typica. Leaves 1.5-2 mm. wide: culms often short,
but ranging from 1.4-6.8 dm. in height, slender, obtusely tri-
gonous to subterete, often attenuate, wiry and flexuous: branch-
lets of the cymes terminating in small knobby capituli of 3-8
spikelets: bracts inconspicuous: spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, 1-2-
fruited: bristles 5 (rarely 6), usually less than 14 the achene in
height: achene finely cancellate, transversely ridged to rugulose,
1-1.2 mm. wide, 1.2-1.3 mm. long: tubercle short, conical.
Puate 831, rics. 1A and 1B; Map 70.—R. globularis Small,
Man. 184 (1933). R. cymosa var. globularis Chapman, FI. So.
U. 8. 525 (1860); Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 91 (1892);
Small, Fl. 197 (1903); Fernald, Ruopora, xxxvii. 380, 405 (1935)
and xxxix. 391, 480 (1937).—Sandy or peaty depressions from
Delaware south along the Coastal Plain to the tip of Florida and
west to eastern Texas; inland to the upper Sabine and the Red
Rivers; also in swamps of the coastal ranges of northern Califor-
nia. DELAWARE: swamps, Newport, New Castle Co., July 12,
1863, Commons (NY). Viratnra: ledges along Potomac River,
Great Falls, Fairfax Co., Blake, no. 5277 (US); low woodroad
north of Savedge, Surry Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8121 (G, P);
sandy and peaty depression (exsiccated shallow pond) about 4
miles northwest of Homeville, Sussex Co., Fernald & Long, no.
6071 (G, P); wet argillaceous depressions south of Petersburg,
Dinwiddie Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8120 (G, P); peaty and
argillaceous clearing about 4 miles southeast of Emporia, Greens-
ville Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8122 (G, P); near Northwest,
Norfolk Co., Kearney, no. 1536 (US); sandy barrens, Rifle
Range, south of Rudy Inlet, Princess Anne Co., Smith & H odgdon
in Pl. Exsic. Gray., no. 625 (CU, G, NY, P, US). Nort Caro-
LINA: argillaceous-siliceous clearing, 2 miles east of Conway,
Northampton Co., June 14, 1939, Godfrey, (CU, D, G, P); open
pine woods, acid soil, south of Bennett Memorial, Durham Co.,
Blomquist, no. 9799 (CU, D); damp thickety school yard, 7
miles east of Lumberton, Robeson Co., Wiegand & Manning,
no. 614 (G). Sourn Caroxina: sand pit, Combahee River,
south of Hendersonville, Colleton Co., Wiegand & Manning, no.
617 (G). Gxorera: Smithville, Lee Co., Earle, no. 2979 (NY);
low grounds between Millen and Ogeechee River, Burke Co.,
Harper, no. 792 (G, US); rather dry sandy roadside in pine
barrens, Bullock Co., Harper, no. 880 (G, NY, US); margins,
Bouhin’s Pond, Chatham Co., Eyles, no. 6093 (CU); ditch along
U.S. Route 17 south of Ways, Bryan Co., Eyles, no. 6286 (CU);
dry open sink between Newton and Elmodel, Baker Co., Eyles,
no. 7067 (Hermann Herb.). Fiorrpa: near Jacksonville, Duval
Co., Curtiss, no. 4105 (US); Manavista, Manatee Co., Tracy, n0-
6991 (US); in moist sandy ditch along roadside, Rialto, Lee Co.,
Moldenke, no. 1011 (US); in hammocks and pine lands, Black
ia ;
| 0 SLES ee er
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 245
Point, below Cutler, Dade Co., Small & Carter, no. 880 (NY);
Chipola River swamp, Jackson Co., Curtiss, no. 3 (G); swampy
thicket, Washington Co., Curtiss, no. 3149 (CU, P, US). Mis-
SISSIPPI: Picayune, Pearl River o., May 24, 1940, Sargent
satpent Herb.). LovistaNna: in grassy soil, ‘Covington, St.
mmany Parish, July 17, 1884, Langlois (CU); low prairies,
jeaniaee Jefferson Davis Parish, ’ Palmer, no. 7624 (CA); infre-
quent, low prairies, vicinity of Lake Charles, Caleasieu Parish,
Mackenzie, no. 400 pe a EXAS: common in swamp,
Big Sandy, Upshur Co., Reverchon, no. 2460 (Mo, NY); damp
places, Dallas, Dallas Go, Reverchon, no. 3603 (G, US); wet sandy
ground, Jacksonville, Cherokee Co., Palmer, no. 7905 (CA, Mo,
P); springy places north of Palestine, Anderson Co., June 8, 1899,
Eggert (Mo); low prairie, Hempstead, Waller Co., ’ Hall, no. 71 12
(NY, US). Cauirornia: Pitkin Marsh, 5 miles north of Sebas-
topol, Sonoma Co., Howell, no. 126 (G).
59b. Var. recognita, nom. nov. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide: culms
1.5 (rarely)—9.2 dm. in height, robust, trigonous and erect to
attenuate, obscurely trigonous and flexuous: terminal capituli
usually heavily crowded with spikelets: the pale bracts usually
conspicuous: spikelets consistently larger than those of var.
typica, 3-4 mm. long, 1-3-fruited: bristles 5-6, 44-14 height
the achene in length: achene sootian ds cancellate to striate, trans-
versely ridged, 1.2-1.5 mm. wide, 1.3-1.6 mm. long: tubercle
0.6 mm. high, conic to triangular with the apex compressed.
PLATE 831, rics. 4A and 4B; Map 72.—R. cymosa sensu Torrey,
Fl. N. and Mid. St. no. 1: 56 (1823) and later authors to the
present; Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 196, pl. 6, fig. 1 (1835); Tor-
rey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 364 (1836); ‘Gray, Man. 532 (184 8)
. Chapman, FI. So. U. 8. 524 (1860); Britton, Trans. N. Y. Aca
‘ Sci. xi. 91 (1892), excl. syn. R. Harveyi Wm. Boott (R. Aes.
q in error); Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. * 280, fig. 658 (1896); Clarke
7 in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 129 (1900), excl. es Britton, n.
4 186 (1901): Small, Fl. 197 (1903) and Man. 184 (1933); Robinson
& Fernald in Gray, Man. ed. 7: 199, fig. 315 (1908); Britton,
Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. i98 (1916); Britton & Wilson,
Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Isl. v. 104 (1923); non Elliott.
R. gracilis sensu Grisebach, Cat. PI. Cub, 243 (1866), in part;
C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 84 (1871)
and Fl. Cub. 179 (1873), i in part; non (Swartz) Vahl. R. Torrey-
ana sensu Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 243 (1866); C. Wright in
Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 84 (1871) and Fl. Cub.
179 (1873); non Gray. Schoenus cymosus Muhlenberg, Cat.
(1818), nomen nudum, and Descrip. Gram. 8 (1817); non Willde-
now. Phaeoc ephalum cymosum ae se, Am. Midland Nat. vi.
201 (1920). Dichromena cymosa Mcbride: Field Mus. Pub. Bot.
xi. 5 (1931).—Low open places on the Coastal Plain from New
246 Rhodora [JUNE
Jersey to northern South Carolina and inland to the mountains
of the Carolinas, Georgia and Alabama; westward through
Tennessee, with a few stations on the southern shores of Lake
Michigan and Lake Ontario; also in coastal ranges in northern
California; distributed along the Mississippi southward on the
lower drainage of its western tributaries, the Missouri, Arkansas,
and Red Rivers; scattered in eastern Texas, Louisiana and the
coastal counties ‘of Mississippi and Alabama; also on the penin-
sula of Florida, the Greater Antilles, the island of Dominica and
in Central America. The citation of representative specimens is
omitted because this common and widely spread variety has been
so well known under the misapplied name of “ R. cymosa Ell.”
However, since the nomenclatural history of the plant has been
So confused it seems best to designate a type, and that is cited
below. Vrrcrnia: dry pinelands about 4 miles northwest of
Waverly, Sussex Co., July 26, 1936, Fernald & Long, no. 6070
(G, TYPE; P, 1soTy PE).
In 1798 Willdenow published in his revision of the Cyperaceae
for the Species Plantarum a new species, Schoenus cymosus.
The abbreviation v. s. (vidi siceas)' appended to his description
indicates that at that time a dried specimen of the same existed
in his herbarium.
Forty-one years later Kunth relegated S. cymosus Willd. to
the synonymy of Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl. In so doing he added
to his citation of Willdenow’s Species Plantarum, i. page 265 the
herbarium number 1247 of the Willdenow type.
Recently Kikenthal,? in his treatment of Schoenus as part of
his projected monograph of the Rhynchosporoideae, lists Schoenus
cymosus Willd. as equivalent to Rhynchospora cymosa Ell.
The original description of Willdenow does not mention either
style or achene. Due to the present international situation, it is
impossible to confirm or refute by an examination of these details
in the type-specimen itself either the diagnosis of Kunth or the
more commonly held opinion of Kiikenthal. However, not only
was Kunth personally in a position to study the Willdenow type,
but his citation of the not otherwise published herbarium number
1247 seems to indicate that he availed himself of this opportunity.
Also, as will be indicated in the following paragraph, Kunth was
well aware of the confusion surrounding Elliott’s application of
the specific name a to Rhynchospora. Kiikenthal, on the
1 Willdenow, Sp. Pl. (1797).
* Fedde, Rep. Spec. a xliv. 187 (1938).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 247
contrary, gives no indication that he has as yet either personally
examined the Willdenow type or studied in detail Elliott’s
description of R. cymosa. I am, therefore, assuming S. cymosus
Willd. to be correctly placed by Kunth in the synonymy of
Scirpus polyphyllus.
In 1813 the name Schoenus cymosus appears again, this time
in the list which constitutes Muhlenberg’s Catalogue. Muhlen-
berg’s description of his new species, a necessity to the valid
publication of every new species, did not follow until the publi-
cation of his Descriptio Uberior Graminum, 1817. When the
description appeared, however, it unquestionably applied S.
cymosus Muhl. to the plant which now passes under the name of
Rk. cymosa. Technically, since the Willdenow species and the
Muhlenberg species are not identical, Muhlenberg’s name be-
comes a later homonym of the earlier, and, as such, is illegitimate
under Schoenus according to the International Rules.
In 1816, while the status of S. cymosus Muhl. was that of a
nomen nudum, Elliott published the first pages of his Sketch of
the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia. Here he described
in detail a Rhynchospora cymosa which he supposed to be S.
cymosus of Muhlenberg, but, in reality, Muhlenberg’s species
was not validly published until a year later, when it was accom-
panied by its description. Elliott made, therefore, not a new
combination, but a new species. Consequently it is imperative
to determine the identity of his specimen which is obviously the
type of Rhynchospora cymosa.
Kunth in his Enumeratio Plantarum assigns R. cymosa
Elliott to R. distans (Michx.) Vahl, basing his determination upon
a specimen ‘a Beyrichio misso.”” Both Torrey and Gray had
previously suspected that Elliott’s description did not ayply to
the plant which they knew as R. cymosa and which they errone-
ously attributed to Willdenow.
To come at the bottom of this confusion, Prof. M. L. F penile
during the spring of 1938, kindly examined the Elliott tyre for
me, and he states that, although immature, it is undoubtedly
R. glomerata (Michx.) Vahl. The name R. cymosa, then, since
it has no connection with S. cymosus Willd., properly dates
from Elliott, belongs in the synonymy of R. glomerata, and cannot
be rightfully used to designate any other entity.
ba] Gee ee, a eer
248 Rhodora [JUNE
This conclusion necessitates for the plant which was the basis
of Muhlenberg’s S. cymosus and which has until the present
passed as ?. cymosa, another name. Chapman in 1860 set apart
and described the smaller R. cymosa, var. globularis. Small in
1933 raised this variety to specific rank. Since in my judgment
no boundary exists which specifically delimits the larger from
the smaller plant, I am accepting Chapman’s interpretation
rather than that of Small. R. globularis, therefore, becomes the
correct specific name. Var. typica is the small rlant originally
set apart by Chapman as var. globularis, and to the plant for-
merly treated as R. cymosa, I am giving the name R. globularis
var. recognita.
After this discussion of R. cymosa was yut into final form,
Professor Fernald received, through the kindness of Professor
Diels, Director of the Botanical Museum at Berlin, a photo-
graph of Schoenus cymosus, no. 1247, in the Willdenow Herbari-
um. The specimen! was clearly a young state of Scirpus poly-
phyllus, as stated in Kunth’s annotation on the right-hand side
of the sheet. The specimen-cover bore in the left-hand corner
the no. 1247, and on the right, in Willdenow’s hand, ‘‘Schoenus
cymosus Sp. Pl. Habitat in America boreali.’”? This was accom-
panied by a diagnosis of Schoenus umbellatus copied from Walter,’
in which the name S. umbellatus has been replaced by that of
Scirpus polyphyllus.
_59c. Var. pinetorum (Small), stat. nov. Leaves 1.5-2 mm.
wide: clums obtusely trigonous, slender, erect, becoming flexu-
ous, 2.7-6.9 dm. in height: inflorescence 1-4 weak glomerulose
cymes: bracts inconspicuous: spikelets nearly globose, 2-flowered,
1-fruited, compact, 2.5-3 mm. long: scales mucronulate or obtuse:
bristles 6, not exceeding 24 the height of the achene: achene 1.4
mm. wide, 1.3~-1.4 mm. long; the pale flat surface covered with
a dark nearly isodiametric reticulation: tubercle triangular, 0.4—
0.5 mm. high. Puatre 831, rig. 5A; Map 71.—R. pinetorum
Britton & Small, in Small, Man. 183, 1503 (1933).—Moist areas
in pinelands and savannas, the Peninsula of Florida, west along
the coast to Louisiana; also in western Cuba and Jamaica.
FLormA: moist pine barrens near Jacksonville, Duval Co.
Curtiss, no. 4871 (G); prairie near St. Johns River, Osceola Co.,
McFarlin, no. 4908 (CU); in a low pineland, Aripeka, Pasco Co.,
O'Neill, no. 2611 (CU, NY); Manavista, Manatee Co., Tracy,
' Now, with the complete herbarium at Berlin, presumably lost.
2 Walter, FI. Car. 70 (1788).
1944) Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 249
no. 6991 (G); pinelands west of Punta Gorda, DeSoto Co.,
Small, Mosier & DeWinkler, no. 10912 (NY, Type of R. pine-
torum Britton & Small); in moist sandy ditch along seadiade:
‘ Rialto, Lee Co., Moldenke, no. 1011 (D, NY); glade, Cutter &
Black Pt., Dade Co., Small & Carter, no. 885 (P); swampy
thicket, Washington Co., May, Curtiss, no. 3149 (NY). Lovtst-
awa: low prairies, Jennings, Jefferson Davis Parish, Palmer, no.
(
Pinar del Rio and Caloma, Pinar del Rio, Britton, Britton &
Cowell, no. 10084 (NY). JAMAICA! along rivulets at ’Moneague,
1850, Alexander (G).
R. pinetorum Small is superficially identical with the weaker
state of R. globularis, var. recognita found in the western States
and the Greater Antilles. It has the same attenuated appear-
ance, the same weak cymes, turgid spikelets, inconspicuous
bracts and nearly orbicular short scales. Even its achene is
similar in shape, size and tubercle. Its only claim to specific rank
depends upon the surface sculpturing of the achene. This con-
sists of a brown nearly isodiametric reticulation over a flat,
usually pale background. R. globularis and the var. recognita
have, by contrast, an elongate reticulation with the shorter
sides of the alveoli accentuated so as to form transverse ridges on
the surface of the achene. A study of the whole globularis-
complex in Florida and Cuba, however, reveals that in this
region transitional stages between isodiametric and elongate
pitting with a ridged surface occur. Such are the achenes from
the collection of Tracy, no. 7001, from Florida, and of Curtiss,
December, 1903, from the Isle of Pines. It seems best, therefore,
to reduce Small’s entity to the status of a variety.
(To be continued)
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 255
RHYNCHOSPORA, SECTION EURHYNCHOSPORA, IN
CANADA, THE UNITED STATES AND THE
WEST INDIES
SHIRLEY GALE
(Continued from page 249)
Series 11. Caducae, ser. nov. Cymis decompositis saepissime
valde fasciculatis patentibus corymbiformibus: spiculis 1-10
(semper fere 4—5)-carpis: squamis laxe imbricatis: setis 1-6
antrorse serrulatis saepissime validis (R. perplera et R. micro-
carpa exceptis): achaenio elliptico-obovato vel late obovato vel
suborbiculari saepissime rugoso cancellato vel striato, obscure
marginato.
Growing in damp depressions, swamps, pond-margins and
shallow water of the pine barrens, savannas and open woodland
of the Coastal Plain; infrequent inland; also in the West Indies.
Caespitose: leaves 1 ‘(rarely)-7. 5 mm. wide: culms of well devel-
oped specimens approximately 1 m. high, usually erect, becoming
flexuous toward the summit, less often weakly ascending: cymes
decompound, those of most species corymbiform, densely
fasciculate, less often weakly spreading and with few spikelets
or forming a globose net in R. miliacea: spikelets oe
1—mostly 4-5 (less often 6-10) achenes: scales loosely imbric
bristles "udually well developed (1-3 and rudimentary in wt
perplexa), antrorsely serrulate: achenes ellivinababnte to broad-
ly obovate or suborbicular in outline, usually ridged, always
cancellate or striate, obscurely marginate: t tubercle basally
deltoid.— Rhynchospora V. Glomeratae Small, Man. 175 (1933),
in part. ah faiier snk Series B. Diplo styleae, Sect. 5. Glaucae
Key To Species IN SERIES CADUCAE
a. Bristles equalling or exceeding the achene... .b.
b. Achene slenderly ellipsoid-obovoid, 2-2.2 mm. in length
R. inexpansa.
b. Achene bersasceaiied to broadly obovoid or subglobose, less
than 1.8 . in length....
c. Branchlets of the 6-9 cymes stiffly divaricate or reflexed,
giving the ais nesta of a se web; achene pale se
Fellow heowi yk Pia as a eee 1. R. miliacea.
c. Ecanckiats of the 2-5 cymes ascending to spreading, if
divaricate never stiffly so; achene castan pee &
d, y anton broadly cheeate to eabbetiedlar = ee
n above, comp ae 2
wide or wider, 1.4 mm. long or rang ee
e. Achenes striate, castaneous, 1.4-1.6 mm. wide, i r=
.7 mm, long, with a evi, groies terete stipe
which is 0.3-0.4 mm. in length; stamens conspicu-
ously anpeceeenk eat Cue eels beer reas 62. R. odorata
256 Rhodora : [JULY
e. Achenes Lard cancellate, 1.2-1.6 mm. wide, 1.4—
m. long, with a short thick inconspicuous
ent....63. FR. caduca.
d. Achenes slenderly ronan or, if dante to suborbicu-
ar in outline, small, gradually biconvex and not
ee reey swollen “above, 0.8-1.2 mm. wide,
1-1.4
ong....
f. Cymes loose, spre eadin ng, the lax mango branchlets
widely divergent; spikelets few... .
g. Bristles well exceeding the “wuberele; tubercle
deltoid-attenuate with setose margins........ 53, dt. mnecla.
g. Bristles equalling the achene taherdis deltoid,
hat decurrent, the eres bare : se decurrens.
ridges: bristles irregularly spreading... .66. R. schoenoides.
h. ——— moderately biconvex, the alveoli subiso-
diametric to broadly oblong, rugulose to only
Slightly ridged; bristles amially aired erect and
6
closely connivent around the achene.. . R. microcarpa.
a. Bristles shorter than the achene or failing... .7 ;
z. Achene strongly flattened, prominently ced, aa ede Ne
j. Bristles 6, not exceeding the achene; transverse ridges
of the achene approximately 12, closely spaced; tuber-
: cle decurrent; spi genes 4mm. long As FOE Bee 68. Rk. Torreyana.
j. Bristles none or 1-3 ru c pinks transverse ridges of the
achene less than 8, wid ery separated. os ey 69. R. perplexa.
zt, Achene biconvex, slightly if at all ieee. the alveoli sub-
isodiametric to broadly ODIONG ss ssh os ee ea e058 67. R. microcarpa.
60. R. 1nexpansa (Michx.) Vahl. Fg any often forming
stools of several—15 culms: leaves flat, 2-3.5 mm. wide; margins
finely serrulate; tips triquetrous: culms shelisel triangular,
becoming slender, flexuous, 0.3-1.2 m. high: inflorescence 3-
strictly elongated decompound fasciculate cymes, 0.6-1 dm. in
length, the filiform arching branches approximate; lateral cymes
on exserted peduncles: spikelets fusiform, sessile or setae
strongly ascending, 2—5-flowered, 1—4-fruited, 4.5-6 . long:
scales castaneous, acute or aristulate, caducous: bristles 6, up-
wardly hispidulous, capillary, erect, once again as high as the
tubercle: achene slenderly Slipaotdoboveid, narrowing toward
the base, extremely flattened, transversely ridged, castaneous,
0.8-1 mm. wide, 2-2.2 mm. long: tubercle ee, compressed,
0.9-1.2 mm. long, pale, with thickly setose margin LATE
Frias. 1A and 1B; Mar 75.—Enum. ii. 232 (1806): Elliott, Sk.
Bot. S. Car. and Ga. i. 61 (1816); Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 200,
pl. 6, fig. 6 (1835) and Man. ed. 2, 505 (1856) ; Pear aty Fl. So.
U.S. 525 5 (1 ~~, ; Britton & Brown , Ll. FI. i. 280, fig. 660 (1896) ;
Britton, Man. 186 (1901); Small, Fl. 198 (1903) and Man. 186
(1933); eatin & Fernald in Gray, Man. ed. 7: 200, fig. 318
(1908). Schoenus inexpansus abies FI. Bor. -Am, i. 35 (1803) ;
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 257
Muhlenberg, Descrip. Gram. 9 (1817). Phaeocephalum inex-
pansum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920)——Common in
low or exsiccated ground in open areas of pinelands on the Coastal
Plain from southeastern Virginia to Georgia and west to eastern
Texas; inland localities in northern Alabama, northwestern
Arkansas and along the Red River. Citation of specimens of
this unique and well known species is not considered necessary in
this paper.
61. R. mrtracea (Lam.) Gray. Stoloniferous: leaves narrowly
linear, 6-7.5 mm. wide, erect, flat, carinate; the keel and margins
scabrous to smooth; tip triquetrous: culms 3-angled, leafy,
slightly arching or more commonly stiffly erect, 0.9-1.4 m. high:
cymes 6-9, decompound, the long wiry capillary branchlets
stiffly divaricate or often reflexed, giving to the cyme a loose,
web-like appearance, 0.7—1 dm. wide: lateral cymes on subex-
serted peduncles: spikelets ovoid, turg id, 3-4 mm. long, distant
on elongated slender pedicels, rag etl 3-10-fruited: scales
aristulate, loosely imbricate, promptly caducous exposing a
‘‘spikelet’’ of naked achenes: bristles 6, fragile, spreading, up-
wardly serrulate, exceeding the tubercle: achene broadly obovoid,
biconvex, ae ridged to rugulose, longitudinally striate,
pale, 0.9-1. mm. wide, 1-1.38 mm. long: tubercle depressed-
conic, often ares 0.2-0.4 mm. long. Pair 833, FIGS. 2A
and OB: Map 74.—Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 198, pl. 6, fg. 4 pees
Cheon Fl. So. U.S. 526 (1860); Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 243
(1866); C. Wright in Saye Anal. Acad. Ci. eae vill. 84
(1871) and FI. Cub. 1 179 (1873); Small, Fl. 198 (1903) and Man.
186 (1933); Britton, Mem. Soe. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 199 (1916);
Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 211 (1926). Schoenus
miliaceus Lamarck, Ill. Gen. i. 187 (1791). &. sparsa Vahl,
sparsus Michaux, Fl. Bor. EO o 35 Maa. Muhlenberg,
Descrip. Gram. 7 (1817). Phaeocephalum miliaceum (mispelled
mailaceum) House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920).—Often
standing in water of swamps of the Coastal Plain from south-
eastern Virginia and North Carolina (rarely) southward to the
Florida Peninsula, and west to Louisiana; also in the western
provinces of Cuba and in eastern Hispaniola. Virainta: Read
, as ‘‘Schoenus sparsus”’), presumably from Norfolk Co.
Nortu Carona: swamp at Newport, Carteret Co., Godfrey,
no. 4412 (D, G); peaty grass-sedge savanna at Carolina Beach,
New Hanover €o.. Godfrey, no. 4684 (G, NC); edge of swamp,
Southport, Brunswick Co., Jan. 28, 1922, Bartram (G, P).
ouTH CAROLINA: swamp, 1% miles west of Andrews, George-
town, Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 541 (G, NY);
258 Rhodora [JuLy
wet places along Santee Canal, Berkeley Co., Ravenel (G).
CAROLINA: in umbrosis Carolinae, Michaux Herb. (G, type-
photo of Schoenus sparsus); east Carolina, D. Fraser in Herb.
Leonard (G, TypE-pHoto of Schoenus miliaceus). GEORGIA:
shaded pool of clear cold water, Leslie, Sumter Co., Harper, no.
1017 (G, NY, US); semi-calcareous swamp of small creek about
Y mile east of Cedar Springs, Early Co., Harper, no. 3635 (G,
P, US). FLoripA: swamps aes Jacksonville, Duval Co.,
Curtiss, no dre (CU; DG, NY, PF, US); Devils Mill Hopper,
lime-sink near Gainesville, Alachua Co., O’ Neill, no. 586 (US);
rooting under water, Silver Springs, Marion Co., O’ Neill, no.
2606 (CU); damp places, Ormond, Volusia Co., Fuller (G);
Eustis, Lake Co., Nash, no. 1845 (G, NY, P, US); in mud of bog
in open woods near Oviedo, Seminole Co., Correll, no. 6361 (CU,
D, G); in moist woodland, south of Aripeka, Hernando Co. ra
Moldenke, no. 1065 (D, NY): rooting under water in a spring,
pasture hammock, Lake Jovita, Paseo Co., O'Neill, no. 1060
U, US); swamp, between Shingle and Bonnet Creek, Kissim-
mee, Osceola Co., Mar. 13, 1938, Singletary (D); in a swamp,
Polk City, Polk Co., O'Neill, no. 7682 (CU); sand-barren swamps,
Tampa, Hillsborough Co., Apr. 11, 1923, Churchill (G); oe
Okaloacoochee Slough, Big Cypress, Lee Co., Small, no. 8311
(NY); in everglades near Camp Long View, Dade Co., Small &
Wilson, no. 1644 (NY); bogs and deep miry ‘places, Apalachicola,
Franklin Co. , Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 231a (G, NY, US).
ALABAMA: deep loa springy places, " eastern shore, Mobile
Bay, Point Clear, Baldwin Co., June 10, 1879, Mohr (US).
LovisiANA: abundant in cypress-tupelo swamp, Rone Ferry on
Tickjaw River, Livingston Parish, Brown, no. 6573 (La); New
Orleans, 1832, Drummond (G); sandy ditch near swamp in
Zapata, Santa Clara, Acufia, no. 4305 (NY); in coastal swamps,
in a wood of Peralta Estate, "Batabano, Havana, Leén, no. 14195
Sher Wright, no. 3788 (G, US). Hispanroua: Macary in
tang Soe Marigot, Massif de la Selle, Haiti, Ekman, no.
5978 (NY, U;
2. Fes see ee C. Wright ex Griseb. With short stolons:
leaves 3.5-6 mm. wide, arching, carinate, smooth, becoming
triquetrous at the tip, with finely serrulate angles: culms stocky,
becoming flexuous at the summit, 3-angled, smooth, 0.7—1.8 m.
high: cymes 3-4, decompound, "densely fasciculate, 3-4 cm.
wide, 3-7.5 cm. long; branchlets mainly arched-ascending:
spikelets ovoid, 3-11-flowered, 1-7-fruited, 6-9 mm. long:
scales acute-aristate, loosely imbricate, ferruginous, caducous:
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 259
Range of 77, RHyNCHOSPORA MIXTA; 78, R. DECURRENS; 79, R. SCHOENOIDES;
0, RR: TORREYANA; 81, R. PERPLEXA; 82, He MICROCARPA.
stamens conspicuously marcescent: bristles 6, irregularly ascend-
ing to spreading, slenderly attenuate, usually well exceeding the
tubercle, upwardly serrulate, 3.2-4.2 mm. long: achene orbicular
in outline, strongly biconvex, transversely ridged and strongly
marked by longitudinal striae, castaneous, 1.4-1.6 mm. wide,
14-4, A mm. long, with a conspicuous persistent stipe, 0. 3-0.4
mm. long: tubercle deltoid-compressed, somewhat peace
usually dark with setose margins. PLaTe 833, Fries. 3A and
Map 73.—Cat. Pl. Cub. 242 (1866); C. Wri ght in Sauvalle
Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 83 (1871) and FI. Cub. 179 (1873).
R. stipitata Chapman Fi. So. U. S. ed. 2: 660 (1883); Hemsley,
Rep. Sci. Res. Voy. Challenger, Bot. i. 76, pl. 10 (1885); Clarke
in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 129 (1900); Sinall Fl. 198 (1903) and
Man. 186 (1933); Britton, FI. Bermuda, 53, fig. 82 (1918).
Rk. Marisculus sensu Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 132 (1900),
in part. &. Marisculus sensu Britton, Mem. Soe. Cubana Hist.
Nat. ii. 200 (1916), in part, excl. syn. R. jubata Liebm. R. Maris-
culus sensu Britton & Millspaugh, Bahama Fl. 56 (1920); non
Lindl. et Nees in Mart. R. caduca sensu Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep.
pec. Nov. xxiii. 210 (1926) and xxxii. 77 (1933); non Ell.
Phaeocephalum stipitatum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202
(1920). —Swamps of the Coastal Plain a North Carolina
(one collection from Carteret Co.) to the Florida Peninsula,
Bermuda, New Providence of the Bahamas and the Greater
Antilles. Norra Caro.ina: sand banks near Beaufort, Carteret
Co., Lewis, no. 76 (NY). Gerorara: Baldwin (P). Forma:
low rich places near Jacksonville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 3141
(P); swamp near Mosquito Inlet, Volusia Co., Curtiss, no. 3174
260 Rhodora [JoLy
Guane, Pinar del Rio, Dec. 23, 1863?!, Wright, no. 3394 (G); in
Clara, Cuesta, no. 764 (NY); al norte de la Bahia de Cochinos,
Santa Clara, Leén & Loustalot, no. 9506 (NY). Jamaica:
marsh, 1 mile west of Black River, Cornwall, Britton, no. 1356
(NY); border of Great Morass, Negril and vicinity, Cornwall,
Britton & Hollick, no. 2116 (NY). H1spanroua: coastal swamp
at Carbarete, Tosua, prov. Puerto Plata, Cordillera Septen-
trional, Santo Domingo, Ekman, no. 14535 (G, NY, US). PuERTo
Rico: Point Congrejos, Stevenson, no. 1706 (NY, US).
63. R. capuca Ell. Spreading by means of short stolons,
occasionally forming dense stools: leaves 4-7 mm. wide, flat,
slightly carinate, mainly ascending; tips triquetrous, with minute-
ly scabrous angles: culms robust, acutely 3-angled, erect, becom-
ing flexuous at the summit, 0.7-1.2 m. high: cymes 3-5, decom-
pound, strict, 0.5-1.2 dm. long, usually densely fasciculate and
often arching, but attenuated specimens occurring with scattered
spikelets on weak, spreading branchlets: spikelets ovoid, fas-
ciculate and sessile or single and slenderly pedicellate, 3-6-
flowered, 2-5-fruited, 4-4.5 mm. long: scales acute to aristulate,
caducous, dark brown, loosely imbricate: bristles 6, brittle, well
exceeding the tubercle, upwardly hispidulous: achene obovate to
rotund in outline, strongly umbonate, 1.2-1.6 mm. wide, 1.4-1.6
mm. long; entire surface cancellate with the horizontal walls
of the oblong alveoli contiguous, accentuated and forming
horizontal ridges: tubercle deltoid, compressed and slightly
epressed, usually pale, setose, 0.6-0.8 mm. in height. PLATE
‘ See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii, 297 (1905).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 261
833, rics. 4A and 4B; nage 76. woe es . a and ie i.
(1816); melts Ann. Lye 6. fig. 5 (iss
Chapman, FI. So. U. S sn (i860); Small Pi 197 Ane and
Man. 185 Fess R. patula Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 201, pl. 6
fig. 8 (1835), for the most part. Phaeocephalum pn House,
Am. Midland Nat. vi. 201 (1920).—Frequent in meadows and
marshes on the Coastal Plain from southeastern Virginia south
to Florida and west to eastern Texas; known inland only from a
few localities in the mountains of Georgia and Alabama and in
northwestern Arkansas. Virainia: border of damp sandy pine
woods east of Gloucester, Gloucester Co., Fernald & Long, no.
61
border of brackish to fresh marsh along Back Bay at eastern
margin of Long Island, Princess Anne Co., Fernald & Long, no.
10555 (G); boggy swale by Northwest River, near Northwest,
Norfolk k Co., Fernald, Griscom & Long, no. “4578 (G); swaley
t
Beach), Southampton Co., Fernald & Long, no. 10148 (G, P);
exsiccated argillaceous pineland, about 2 miles east of Stony
Creek, Sussex Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8999 (G, P). Norra
Carouina: in bogey soil near Elizabeth City, Pasquotank Co.,
soley, no. 2110 (D); marsh at Sligo, Currituck Co., Godfrey, no.
283 (G dfrey, no. 5340
262 Rhodora [JULY
Johns Co., June 7, 1940, West & Arnold (CU); St. Vincent Island,
Franklin Co., McAtee, no. 1820a (US); in low pineland, Lake
City, Columbus Co., O'Neill, no. 7674 (CU); wet hammock,
vicinity of Eustis, Lake Co., Nash, no. 139 (G); in edge of low
woods near Mabel, Sumter Co., Curtiss, no. 6631 (G, P); swamps,
Myers, Lee Co., Hitchcock, no. 422 (G); moist open ground, 1
mile west of Arcadia, DeSoto Co., Blomquist, no. 8958 (G, D);
near Tallahassee, Leon Co., Berg (NY); Herb. Baldw. (NY,
annotated as R. patula by Gray). ALAaBamMa: Auburn, Lee Co.,
Earle, no. 859 (NY); pine woods, Ball Play, Etowah Co., Mohr
(US). Musstsstpr1: Saratoga Co., Tracy, no. 8464 (G). ARKAN-
sas: Benton Co., Plank, no. 17 (NY). Lovistana: in prairies,
Rouge Parish, Trotter & Chilton, no. 42 (La); low prairies, Jen-
nings, Jefferson Davis Parish, Palmer, no. 7625 (CA, Mo, P).
Texas: Palestine, Anderson Co., Apr. 19, 1895, Plank (NY);
Chambers Co., Cory, no. 22404 (G); Cypress City, Harris Co.,
Boll, no. 884 (G); Caney Post Office, Brazoria Co., Bechdolt, no.
4 (G); banks, Hempstead, Waller Co., Hall, no. 711 (G, Mo);
Burnet, Burnet Co., Sept. 14, 1892, Plank (NY); prairie near
Indianola, Calhoun Co., Ravenel, no. 159 (NY); coastal prairie,
Midfields, Matagorda Co., Tharp, no. 2139 (US).
64. R. mixta Britt. ex Small. Stoloniferous: leaves 3-4 mm.
wide, flat, subcarinate, becoming triquetrous at the tip; margins
minutely scabrous: culms triangular, slender, becoming filiform
and arched toward the summit, approximately 1 m. in height:
cymes 4-6, decompound, fasciculate, 2.5-5.5 cm. wide, often
extremely lax and flexuous in appearance due to the attenuated
pedicels which may be strongly divergent; axillary cymes on
exserted peduncles: spikelets ovoid, 2 (rarely)—10-flowered, 1
(rarely)—10-fruited, 4-6 mm. in length, commonly distant:
scales mucronulate or acute, loosely imbricate, characteristically
caducous, castaneous: bristles 6-8, extremely slender, brittle,
well exceeding the tubercle, upwardly hispidulous, 2.2-2.8 mm
long: achene slightly compressed, otherwise slenderly obovoid,
0.8-0.9 mm. wide, 1.3-1.4 mm. long; surface pale and dull but
covered with a brown isodiametric reticulation, the transverse
walls of which are barely if at all elevated: tubercle deltoid-
attenuate, 0.4-0.9 mm. long, compressed, with a conspicuously
setose margin. PLATE 832, rics. 4A and 4B; Map 77.—F. 197,
1328 (1903) and Man. 186 (1933). R. prolifera Small, Fl. 198,
1328 (1903) and Man. 186 (1933). Phaeocephalum mixtum House,
Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920). Phaeocephalum proliferum
House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920).—Swampy woodlands
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 263
of Coastal Plain from North Carolina to northern Florida and
west to eastern Texas. Norra Carouina: Elizabeth City,
Pasquotank Co., Kearney, no. 1993 (US): ditch, Beaufort Co.,
Blomquist, no. 5614 (D); stream-margin, Holden Beach, Bruns-
wick Co., Blomquist, no. 5614 (P). Sours CAROLINA: wet
swampy woodland, 12 miles north a Georgetown, Georgetown
Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 111 (D , P). Grorata: moist
shaded ar place in Ogeechee River swamp, Burke Co., Harper,
no. 768 (G, NY, US); bank of Ocmulgee River, Hawkins-
ville, aon Co. , Harper ssh 1385 (G, NY, US); Marshallville,
acon Co., Earle, no. 3 (NY, TYpPe); rich woods i in south-
eastern part of Sumter git Harper, no. 490 (N ae moist
sandy places, Leslie, Sumter Co., Harper, no. 408 (N Y, type o
Rk. prolifera Small; US, isotype) ; swamp of Chickasawhatchee
Creek at Johnson Bridge Ne) Elmodel, Baker Co., Eyles, no.
7059 (Hermann Herb.). FLORIDA: wet sandy soil near Perry,
Taylor Co., Palmer, no. 27285 (G); low ground, Marianna,
Jackson Co., May 26, 1940, Sargent (Sargent Herb.); river
swamps, Apalachicola, Franklin Co. ., Chapman in Biltmore
Herb., no. 4471 (G, NY, US); swamps, Walton Co., 1885,
Curtiss (NY); swampy woods along Yellow River near Milligan,
Santa Rosa Co., Curtiss, no. 6854 (G; US, in part). ALABAMA:
palmetto sw ramp, vicinity of Auburn, Lee Co:, Pollard & Mazon,
no. 42 (G, NY, US). Mrsstssterr: Ocean Springs, Jackson Co.,
Tracy, no. 114 (NY). Lovrstana: vicinity of Covington, St.
Dee Parish, Arsene, no. 12307 (Ue) mixed a and pal-
Baton Rouge Parish, May 19, 1874, Joor (us Texas: in bed
of brook in high mixed forest, 5 miles south of Nacogdoches on
Lufkin Road, Nacogdoches Co., Lundell & Lundell, no. 9643
(CU); 1883, N Serle no. 28 (NY US); East Texas, Wright (G).
f. mixta has a culm which, in common with so many members
of this series, varies in degree of flexuosity from upright, with a
curving distal internode, to weak, attenuated and nearly pro-
cumbent. Specimens of the latter extreme have open fascicles
with long filiform divergent branchlets; those with the greatest
stiffness, however, have flexuous but not open fascicles, the
branchlets of which are often shorter, usually ascending, causing
a closer approximation of the spikelets. As in the closely related
fk. miliacea, the number of achenes in a spikelet is very variable.
I consider that Small, in designating those specimens which have
spikelets bearing from 8-10 achenes as R. prolifera, set up an
artificial boundary which alone delimited that species from R.
mixta of Britton.
264 Rhodora [JULY
R. DECURRENS Chapman. Caespitose: leaves flat, 3 m
wide, smooth, soft, with 3- angled setaceous tips: culms obtuisely
trigonous, smooth, slender, becoming flexuous, leafy, approxi-
mately 0.8-1.1 m. high: cymes 4-5, decompoun d, loose, some-
what okie. 2-5 em. wide, the filiform branchlets lax or
drooping, bearing a few scattered or somewhat congested spike-
lets; lateral cymes distant, on exserted peduncles: spikelets
rotundly ovoid, 3 mm. long, 3—4-flowered, 2—3-fruited, scattered
or somewhat congested on capillary pedicels: scales mucronulate
or muticous, chestnut-brown, caducous: bristles 6, extremely
tenuous, fragile, upwardly hispidulous, equalling the achene in
height: ‘achene obovoid, slightly biconvex, bright chestnut, 0.9
mm. wide, 1.3 mm long; the surface pitted, tending to become
transversely rugulose: tubercle deltoid, compressed, somewhat
decurrent, not setose. PLatTEe 832, rigs. 1A and 1B; Mar 78.—
Fl. So. U. 8. 525 (1860); Small, FI. 198 (1903) and Man 185
(1933). Phaeocephalum decurrens House, Am. Midland Nat. vi.
201 (1920).—Swamps and marshy stream-banks, Columbus Co.,
orth Carolina (one collection) and Florida. Norra CAROLINA:
edge of swamp, 1 mile east of Old Dock, Columbus Co., Blom-
quist & Correll, no. 9444 (D). FiLorripa: in swamp, Callahan,
Nassau Co., O'Neill, no. 6017 (CU); south branch, St. Mary’s
River, summer, 1885, Curtiss (NY); marshy banks of streams,
Dead ‘Lakes, Calhoun Co., Mohr. no. 68 (US)
lakes and rivers, Wewahitchka, Calhoun Co., Chapman in Bilt-
mor ; .
Heinen Rie damp thickets, bank of Chittahachee River,
onro , June 25, 1880, Mohr (US, in part); swamps, western
Florida, fie 20, 1880, Mohr (NY).
R. decurrens is most closely related to R. mixta Britt. This is
at once apparent in the habit which is indistinguishable from
that of R. mixta, for the plant has the same lax and drooping
aspect with the typical flat soft leaves, and the loose cymes with
their spreading or drooping filiform branchlets. The distinction
between the two species depends upon achenial characters. The
six bristles surrounding the customarily pale chestnut achene of
R. mixta exceed the deltoid-attenuate tubercle which is 0.4
(rarely)—0.9 mm. high and marginally setose. The achene of
R. decurrens, however, while similar to that of R. mixta in pitting
and general outline, is a brilliant chestnut, surrounded by six
bristles in height not equalling the tubercle, which is short (not
exceeding 3 mm. long), broadly deltoid, and without a trace of
marginal setae.
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 265
66. R. scHorNnorpEs (Ell.) Wood. Coarsely caespitose:
leaves 4.5-5 mm. wide, flat, toward the apex becoming carinate
and finely serrulate along the margins, triquetrous at the apex:
culms 3-angled, becoming slender and flexuous, 0.8-1.5 m. high:
cymes 2-5, decompound, densely fasciculate, irregularly corym-
biform, 2-6 em. wide; the branchlets approximate, arching,
terminating in glomerulate clusters of spikelets; lateral panicles
subexserted on slender peduncles: spikelets rotundly ovoid,
turgid, 3-6-flowered, 2-—4-fruited, 2.5-3. . long: scales
mucronulate, loose, caducous, dark brown: bristles 6, exceeding
the tubercle, upwardly hispidulous, tharacteristically divergent:
achene pyriform, extremely flattened, heavily striate between
the few well-spaced transverse ridges, often pale to castaneous,
m. wide, 1.2—-1.3 mm. long: tubercle deltoid, sometimes
apiculate, compressed, 0.3-0.4 mm. high. Pate 834, Frias. 2A
and 2B; Map 79.—Class-Book of Bot. 744 (1861); Britton, Trans.
N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 92 (1892); Small, Fl. 198 (1903) and Man.
185 (1933). Scirpus schoenoides Elliott, Sk. Bot. 8. Car. and
Ga. i. 89 (1816). R. Elliottii Dietrich, Sp. Pl. ed. 6: ii. 69 (1833),
non Gray; Chapman, FI. So. U. 8. 525 (1860). R. multiflora
Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 200, pl. 6, fig. 7 (1835). Phaeocepha-
lum schoenoides House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920).—
Roadside ditches and low ground in pine barrens and prairies of
the Coastal Plain from North Carolina south to Georgia and
west to eastern Texas. Norto Caro.ina: sandy grassy pine-
., Wiegan Manning, no. 627 (G); Leroy,
Washington Co., Bequaert, no. 11521 (G); Drummond, no. 251
266 Rhodora [JuLy
(G). Muississiprr: Ocean Springs, Jackson Co., Pollard, no. 1124
(G, NY, US); Pass Christian, Harrrison Co., Dec. 18, 1919,
Bartram (P). Lovisiana: stream-bottom south of Franklinton,
Washington Parish, Brown, no. 6446 (La); vicinity of Covi ngton,
St. Tammany Parish, Arsene, no. 11066 ; same locality,
Arséne, no. 12220 (Mo, US); plentiful i in pools along road in pine
flats 2 miles west of Hammond, angipahoa Parish, Hester,
no. 808 (La); New Orleans, SDeiiacni in Herb. Hook., no. 367
Y); common in Dasara west of Crowley, Acadia Parish,
Brown, no. 581 ; common in low prairies, vicinity of Lake-
Charles, Caleasieu Parish, Mackenzie, no. 44 (Mo, NC). TrExas:
grows in a pond 3 miles below Town Bluff, Tyler Co., Wright
(G); 2.6 miles east of Camp Jackson, Hardin Co. , Cory, no. 19714
(CU); near Liberty, Liberty Co. . Bequaert, no. 11500 (G).
7. R. microcarpa Baldw. ex Gray. Caespitose or solitary:
aces 1-3 mm. wide, rarely narrower, flat; upper margins ser-
rated; tips 3-angled: culms obtusely triangular, leafy, ascending,
becoming tenuous and flexuous above, 5-8 dm. high: cymes 1-4,
decompound, fasciculate, often densely so, eamatly corymbi-
form, 1-6 cm. wide; lateral fascicles short-pedunculate: bracts
leafy: spikelets ovoid, sometimes rotundly so, 3-4-flowered,
2-3-fruited, congested, sessile, 2.5-3 mm. long: scales aristulate
to acute, dark brown, more or less loose: bristles 6, varying in
length from Y% the achene to equalling the tubercle, stiffly erect:
achene obovoid, slightly biconvex, glistening bright brown,
deeply alveolate, with the pits subisodiametric to broadly ob-
long, only slightly ridged, 0.8-1.2 mm. wide, 1—1.2 mm. long:
. ie ye. N. Y. iti. 202, pl.
fig. : (1835); Chapman, Fl. So. U. 8. 525 (1860) ; Britton, ‘Trans.
. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 92 (1892); Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. il.
sy boo: Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. i. 199 (1916);
Small, Fl. 198 (1903) and Man. 185 (1933); Britton & Mills-
paugh, Bahama Fl. 55 (1920); Kiikenthal, Medde Rep. Spec.
Nov. xxiii. 210 sate in part. &. patula Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y.
iii. 201, pl. 6, fig. 8 (1835), in small part. R. Torreyana Gray,
var. hack: Grisebach, Cat. PI. Cub. 243 (1866). &.
gracilis sensu C. Wright in Sauvaile, Anal. Acad, Ci. Habana,
vili. 84 (1871) and FL Cub. 179 9 (1873), in part; non (Swartz)
Vahl. 2. involuta C. Wright in herb. ex Clarke in Urban, Symb.
Ant. ii. 130 (1900). R. perplexa sensu Britton & Millspaugh,
Bahama FI. 55 (1920), not as to type, R. perplera Britton ex
Small. &. Edisoniana Small, Man. 184, 1503 (1933). Phaeoce-
phalum microcarpum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (192 :
Phaeocephalum patulum (misspelled palulum) House, Am. Mid-
nd Nat. vi. 202 (1920), in small part——Swamps and
margins of North Canin one saleeaan: southern Georgia
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 267
and Florida westward along the coast to Louisiana; also on the
Bahamas, and in the western provinces of Cuba and Puerto Rico.
Nortu Carouina: Wilmington, Curtis (NY, cited by Gray in
type-description). Grorara: in shallow pools along Aucilla
Creek near Boston, Thomas Co., Harper, no. 1636 (G, NY, US).
FLORIDA: swampy pine barrens near Jacksonville, Duval Co.,
Curtiss, no. 5415 (G, NC, US); vicinity of Eustis, Lake Co.,
Nash, no. 437 (G, NY, P, US); moist pine barrens, Merritt’s
Island, Indian River, Brevard Co., Curtiss, no. 3149 (CU, G,
NY, P, US); ‘‘wet weather pond” near Oakland, Orange Co.,
Curtiss, no. 6625 (G, NY, US); hammock, north of Eagle Bay
near Kissimmee River, Osceola Co., Small, no. 9911 (CU);
hammock, 12 miles east*of Okeechobee City, Saint Lucie Co.,
Small et al., no. 9292 (NY); everglades along the Palm Beach
Canal, Palm Beach Co., Small, no. 8270 (G, NY); everglades
along Tamiami Trail west of Miami, Dade Co., Small, no. 8835
(NY, type of R. Edisoniana); swamp, Big Pine Key, Monroe
Co., Killip, no. 32075 (CU, G, NY); in everglades south of
Tamiami Trail, Collier Co., Moldenke, no. 879 (D, ; in
pineland, vicinity of Fort Myers, Lee Co., Standley, no. 227 (G,
NY); Indian Mound near Citrus Center, DeSoto Co., Small, no.
9911 (NY); in a pine barren pond, north of Palma Sola Bay,
Manatee Co., Simpson, no. 122 (G); swamp, Polk Co., Fredholm,
no. 6229 (US); Tampa, Hillsborough Co., May, 1876, Garber
US); in wet soil near Lake Butler, Pinellas Co., O'Neill, no.
2615 (CU); in a low pineland, Pasco, Pasco Co., O'Neill, no.
2616 (CU); margins of ponds in the pine barrens, Apalachicola,
Franklin Co., Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 21la (G, US);
open moist soil on St. Vincent’s Island, Franklin Co., Correll,
no. 5604 (D). Mussissrppr: Horn Island, Jackson Co., Tracy,
no. 2329 (NY); same locality, Tracy, no. 7682 (G); Ship Island,
Harrison Co., June, 1886, Underwood Herb. (NY). Louisiana:
in pine barrens, Mandeville, St. Tammany Parish, May, 1893,
Langlois (Mo); west end of Grand Morais near New Iberia,
Iberia Parish, Brown, no. 6383 (La). Banamas: edge of fresh-
water marsh, Southwest Bay, New Providence, Britton & Brace,
no. 510 (NY); grows in tufts 5 miles west of Fresh Creek settle-
ment, in a pothole a few rods from shore of a salt creek, Andros,
Wight, no. 241 (G); pineland swamps, Eight Mile Bay, Abaco,
Brace, no. 1863 (NY); water holes, West End, Great Bahama,
Brace, no. 3533 (NY, US); marsh, Glass Window to Harbor
Island, Eleuthera, Britton & Millspaugh, no. 5395 (NY); water
hole, Orange Creek and vicinity, Cat Island, Britton «& Mills-
paugh, no. 5781 (NY); Hog Island, Wilson, no. 8429 (NY);
water hole, Stopper Hill, Crooked Island, Brace, no. 4832 (NY).
Cusa: edge of coastal swamps, La Coloma, Pinar del Rio, E kman,
no. 17835 (NY); pineland ditch, Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del
268 Rhodora [JULY
Rio, Britton, Britton & Gager, no. 7250 (NY); in coastal swamps,
Playa de Guanimar, Habana, Ekman, no. 18314 (G,
muddy soil, west coastal savanna, or aban no, Havana, Britton,
Cowell & De La Torre, no. 138349 (NY, US); in shrubbery, Cienaga
de Zapata, Santa Clara, Ekman, no. 18372 (US); Wright, no. 230
(NY, labeled by Gray ‘“R. Torreyana Gray var.” and annotated
by Britton as “R. Torreyana var. microrhyncha A. Gray co-
type’’); voes ae 3785 (G, NY, US). Purrro Rico: marsh,
The more stnisk re aap of R. aiivecenee eta be ioe
ficially distinguished from specimens of R. schoenoides. The
differences between the two species are in their achenes. That
of R. microcarpa is surrounded by stiffly erect bristles which are
shorter than the achene or equal to the tubercle in height. The
achene itself is commonly biconvex, castaneous to dark brown,
strongly and irregularly alveolate. The achenial bristles of R.
schoenoides are usually divergent, exceeding the tubercle in
height. Unlike the common condition in R. microcarpa, the
achene is strongly flattened, and pale to castaneous. The alveoli
are longitudinally sdtdneedeed and appear as nearly regular rows
of striae between a few prominent transverse ridges.
On the continent, R. microcarpa occurs most commonly in
Florida with a few collections from North Carolina, southern
Georgia, and the coastal areas of Mississippi and Louisiana.
R. schoenoides, on the other hand, occurs on the Coastal Plain
from North Carolina to eastern Texas exclusive of the Florida
Peninsula.
68. R. TorreyaNna Gray. Caespitose: leaves slenderly linear,
2-3 | mm. wide, flat or involute on drying, ane a stiff basal
decompound, Becca tees corymbiform, 1-3.5 em. wide; the
filiform branchlets somewhat pear spikelets bea 3-6-
flowered, 1-5-fruited, pedicellate, Seek ascending, 4 on
1-1.2 mm. wide, 1.7 mm. long: tubercle deltoid, siete
compressed, decurent, ssa 0.3 eng in height. Pate 834,
FIGS. BA an 0.—Ann. a. 197, a 6, ae 2
Pe ene ee eet eS eS ee
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 269
ete ree & Brown, Ill. Fl. i. 280, fig. 659 (1896); Britton,
6 (1901); Small, Fl. 197 (190 eB Mr 184 (1933);
Robinson & Fernald i in Gray, Man. ed. 7: , fig. 317 (1908);
‘Fernald, Roopora, xxxix. 327 (19387). R. arid sensu Gray,
Gram. et Cyp. i. no. 96 (1834), in part! and exel. syn. Phaeoce-
phalum Torreyanum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920).—
Sandy pond-margins and sandy and peaty depressions in pine-
lands and savannas of the Coastal Plain from Cape Cod, Massa-
chusetts, to Georgia. MassacHusrETts: damp sandy and peaty
border of Israel Pond, Barnstable, Barnstable Co., Fernald, no.
8958 (G, NE, NY, P); Sconset, Nantucket Island, Nantucket
Co., Bicknell, no. 1051 (NE, NY). Ruopr IsLtanp: sandy and
gravelly shore of small double pond east of Long Pond, South
Kingstown, Washington Co., Collins & Fernald, no. 11317
(G, NE). New York: damp meadow, Amityville, Suffolk Co.,
Ferguson, no. 7873 (G, NY). New JersEY: White Horse,
Mercer Co., Stone, no. 6756 (P); Quaker Bridge, Burlington Co.,
Aug. 1833, Gray ee TYPE); wet sandy clearing in barrens along
tracks of C. R. R. of New Jersey, 114 miles northeast of Atsion,
Burlington Co., Hermann, no. 3556 (G); boggy swale near head-
waters of Cooper Creek, Lindenwold, Camden Co., Long, no.
26371 (P); Egg Harbor, "Atlantic Co. , July 20, 1897, Lippincott
(G); sandy clayey border of pond-hole, 114 miles n. n. e. of
Olivet, Salem Co., Long, no. 47085 (P); moist pine barrens,
Swain, Cape May Co., Mackenzie, no. 7193 (NY). DELAWARE:
Felton, Kent Ge , Canby (G, P); wet een barrens near Laurel,
Sussex Co. , Aug. 5, 1874, Commons (P). RYLAND: wet thickets
along Snow Hill Road, 714% miles Sania of Salisbury, Wico-
mico Co., Tatnall, no. 4371 (G); meadows, Ocean City, Worces-
ter Co. , July, 1893, Canby (US). VIRGINIA: wet pineland south
of Petersburg, Prince George Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8609
(G, P); argillaceous and sphagnous bog (Reams Bog) south of
Burgess, Dinwiddie Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8998 (CU, G, P);
sandy and peaty depression (exsiccated shallow pond) about 4
miles northwest of Homeville, Sussex Co., Fernald & Long, no.
6076 (G, P); damp clearing in woods along Wakefield Road
northeast of Sebrell, Southampton Co., Fernald & Long, no.
10547 (G, NY, P); sphagnous bog about 1 mile northwest of
Dahlia, Greensville Co. - ahalevon & Long, no. 8609 (G,
Norra Carouina: dry savanna, 15 miles southeast of Green-
ville, Pitt Co., Blomguist, no. 11229 (D); ov pine woodland at
Nashville, Nash Co., Godfrey, no. 5155 (D, G); mossy floor of
pine woodland, Raleigh, Wake Co., Godfrey, no. 4924 (G, NC);
' No. 96 was apparently made up from a mixed collection. In the volume belong-
ing to the library of the New York Botanic Garden, no 96 is R. Torreyana, as stated
Gray in an appended correction; but in the volume at the Gray Herbarium, no. 96
is R. gracilenta Gray.
270 Rhodora [JuLy
wet open sand pits, 5 miles west of Swanquarter, Hyde Co.,
Wiegand & Manning, no. 629 (G); savanna at Chocowinity,
Beaufort Co., Godfrey, no. 5400 (G); pineland at Roseboro,
Sampson Co., Godfrey, no. 5712 (G); edge of savanna, low
ground, Big Savannah, west of Burgaw, Pender Co., Blomquist,
no. 10067 (CU, D); Wilmington, New Hanover Co., Aug. 19,
1930, Blomquist (G); dry sandy soil, Fayetteville, Cumberland
Co., Biltmore Herb., no. 5055b (US); damp open sand-pocket,
4 miles north of Hoffmann, Richmond Co., Wiegand & Manning,
no. 630 (G). SourH CaroLina: low pine woods, common,
Society Hill, Darlington Co., Curtis (G); Camden, Kershaw Co.,
House, no. 2681 (US); cart-road through pineland clearing, 5
miles south of Andrews, Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon,
no. 1329 (G, NY); grass-sedge bog or savanna, 1 mile west of
Chicora, Berkeley Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 851 (CU, D, G,
NY, P); grass-sedge bog or savanna, 3 miles southwest of Man-
ning, Clarendon Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 939 (G). GEORGIA:
rather dry pine barrens near Pulaski, Bullock Co., Harper, no.
941 (G, NY, US); pine barren at Ways, Bryan Co., Eyles, no.
6419 (CU); moist pine barrens west of Ochmalkee, Montgomery
Co., Harper, no. 1868 (G, NY, U
6 . PERPLEXA Britt. ex Small. Caespitose: leaves flat,
.3 mm. high.
oaay ee and Man. 184 (1933); Fernald, Ruopora, xl. 399
in central Tennessee; also in western Cuba and southern Domini-
can Republic. VirGINIA: exsiccated argillaceous pond-hole in
Chure
woo:
Fernald & Long, no. 8989 (G, P); wet peaty depression in pine-
lands, 3-4 miles northwest of Waverly, Sussex Co., Fernald &
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 271
Long, no. 8115 (G, P); pond-hole in pine and oak woods near
Three Creek, north of Emporia, Greensville Co., Fernald &
Long, no. 9282 (G, P); in shallow water of flat pineland, Collier’s
Yard, 214 miles south of oe Dinwiddie Co., Smith &
Hodgdon in Pl. Exsic. Gray., no. 924 (CU, G, NY, P). Norrn
CaROLINA: drained hast Bee ‘i nas east of Deleo, Columbus
Co., Wiegand & Man no. 615 (G). SoutH CARo.LINa:
common in savannas, ‘Bukiee Co., Aug. 4, 1884, J. D. Smith,
(G, US); exsiceated pine-barren pond, 7 miles southeast from
Columbia, Richland Co., Sept. 26, 1883, J. D. Smith (G, US).
GEORGIA: swamp, Augusta, Richmond Co., Ruthbert, no. 343
(NY); gum-swamp along U. 8. Route 17, south of Ways, Bryan
Co., Eyles, no. 6285 (CU); margin of pond, north of Ludowici,
Long Co., Eyles, no. 6526 (CU); dry soil, Valdosta, Lowndes Co.,
May 27, 1940, Sargent (Sargent Herb. ); wet clay holes, 5 miles
west of Tifton, Tift Co., Svenson, no. 7087 (G); shallow (now
dry) spine-barren pond near Cobb, ‘Sumter Co., Harper, no. 1403
(G, NY, US); margin of pond in pine barrens, 7 miles north of
Cordele, Dooly Co., Eyles, no. 2303 (CU). FLorIDA: Chapman,
2 (NY, TYPE); swam py places in pine barrens near Jackson-
ville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 5178 (G, US); pinelands, Starke,
Bradford Co., May, 1923, Wyman (N Y): prairies near Ft.
Shackleford, Big Cypress, Lee Co., Small, Ho. Nig (NY); nite
de Leon, Holmes Co., Curtiss, no. 6482 (G, Y, US). AaB
pond, Elberta, Baldwin Co:, July 15, 1926, ey (StB); oe wet
places, Mobile, Mobile Co., Mohr, no. 142 (US). MIssIssIPrt:
Mississippi City, Harrison Co., Llo yd & Tracy, no. 379 (NY).
TENNESSEE: wet open woods bordaaie a bog north of Man-
chester, Coffee Co., Svenson, no. 9139 (CU, D, G, NY). Lovisi-
ANA: in pine barrens near Mandeville, St. "Tammany Parish,
May 1, 1893, Langlois (CU, Mo, P, US); Lake Charles, Caleasieu
Parish, Tracy, no. 4882 (Mo, NY, US). TEXAS: in a pond three
miles below Town Bluff, Tyler Co., Wright, no. 102 (G); ponds,
Hempstead, Waller Co., Hall, no. 710 (G, type of R. microcarpa
Baldw. ?var. achaeta Hall, nomen nudum; Mo, US, isotypes).
Cusa: border of lagoon, vicinity of Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del
Rio, Britton, Britton & Gager, no. 6962 (NY); banks of lagoon, El
Punto, east km. 11 of road to La Coloma, south of Pinar del
Rio, Ekman, no. 18262 (NY. This number cited by Kiikenthal
as R. microcarpa A. Gray). Hispanroua: in the Rhexia belt,
near Laguna de los Derramaderos, Sabana Guabatico, prov.
Santo Domingo, Llana Costero, Santo Domingo, Ekman, no.
13320 (NY. Siac tip by Kiikenthal as R. microcarpa A.
ray.).
The description above differs in two important details from
the original description which appeared in Small’s Flora of the
272 Rhodora [JULY
Southeastern United States. The original reads: ‘‘perianth
bristles 6” and “achenes biconvex.”’ In his Manual of the
Southeastern Flora neither of these statements reoccur. I am
inclined to believe that they were erroneously included in the
original, probably due to a mixture in the material under study.
The type-specimen is clearly R. perplexa as described above, the
achene being extremely flat, not biconvex, and the bristles 1-3
and rudimentary.
Series 12. Glaucae (Clarke), stat nov. Growing in marshy
areas, grassy slopes, and open woodland of the West Indies
(represented by &. californica in the coast ranges of northern
California) ; also in Central and South America and warmer parts
of the Old World. Caespitose, rarely depressed: leaves 1.5-3 mm.
wide: culms slender to stout, stiffly erect or becoming flexuous:
cymes compound or decompound, fasciculate; the branchlets
rigidly erect and spreading or flexuous: spikelets sessile, 1-3-
fruited: scales loosely imbricated: bristles equalling the achene
or exceeding the tubercle, antrorsely serrulate: achenes broadly
or slenderly pyriform, a shining yellow-brown or light brown;
the surface alveoli reduced to longitudinal striae which are inter-
cepted by transverse corrugations or vague and blurred rugulosi-
ties: tubercle deltoid, compressed, often attenuated.—Rhyncho-
spora, Series B. Diplostyleae, Sect. 5. Glaucae Clarke in Urban,
Symb. Ant. ii. 106 (1900), in part.
Key To Species 1n Serres GLAUCAE
Tubercle deltoid-attenuate, well exceeded by the bristles: achene
with the transverse rugulosities and fine striae blurred to often
th.
ene 1.4 mm. wide, 2 mm. long; scales caducous: species
known only from the coast ranges of northern California.
: 70. R. californica.
Achene 1.2 mm. wide or less, 1.6 mm. long or less: scales per-
t Indies.
Habit coarsely erect: culms 0.6-1.4 m. high: fasciculate
1.6 mm. long :
Habit depressed: culms 0.3-1.2 dm. high: fasciculate cymes
decompound, small and congested, 1-1.5 em. wide wit
achene corrugate ie te Oo yatinwre is ca Fo eLAK ES OS ak 73. R. rugosa.
californica, sp. nov. Planta caespitosa: foliis 2-3
m. latis planis, apice triquetris; marginibus superioribus
minutissime dentatis: culmis fere 1 m. longis trigonis tenuibus
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 273
2 cm. lato aut minus; ultimis glomerulis in ramulis brevibus
tenuibus rigidisque gestis; fasciculis lateralibus minoribus;
pedunculis longis ascendentibus: spiculis late ovatis, floribus
tribus sed cum flore quarto terminali abortivo, dicarpis 4 mm.
longis: squamis aristulatis, valde caducis: setis 6-7, antrorse
hispidulis tuberculo longioribus basi latioribus et sparse plumo-
sis: achaenio obovato lenticulari biconvexo obscure cing it
lucido pallido obscure ruguloso 1.4 mm. lato 2 mm. longo:
tuberculo attenuato-deltoideo 1 mm. alto. PLaTE 834, Frias. 1A
and 1B; Map 60.— Marsh in the foothills of the coastal ranges of
northern California. CALIFORNIA: Pitkin Marsh, 5 miles north
a Peers he Sonoma Co., July 26, 1936, J. T. Howell, no.
9 (G, TrpE; CA, ISOTYPE),
This fine new species was collected and sent to me for study
by Mr. John Thomas Howell of the California Academy of
Science. Its large pale achene rendered conspicuous by the
caducous scales is unmistakable and unique among the species
of the United States. The light yellowish surface with the faint
blurred rugulosities recalls that of R. Marisculus Lindl. et Nees
in Mart.; whereas the habit is slighter but not unlike that of R.
rugosa (Vahl) Gale.
In all probability, if the status of specimens which have been
collected in Central and South America as well as in the warmer
areas of the Old World and which have been identified as R.
glauca (R. rugosa (Vahl) Gale), be given a much needed revision
the relationship of R. californica to the Series Glaucae could be
more clearly defined.
71. R. Mariscutus Lindl. et Nees. Coarsely caespitose:
leaves 2-3 em. wide, stiffly ascending with attenuated, rae tear
ee tips: culms stoutly ascending, 3-angled, leafy, 0. aes
m. high: cymes fasciculate, 1-3, loosely decompound,
wide, flexuous; axillary cymes on pet seorcth = Seabee
spikelets lanceolate in outline, loosely organized, 1—4-flowered,
1—2-fruited, 5-6 mm. long: scales Siete aaetiinte: loosely
overlapping, dark brown: bristles 6, upwardly serrulate, finely
attenuated, irregularly ascending to spreading and contorted,
well exceeding the tubercle in length: achene obovoid, sometimes
slenderly so, biconvex with a depressed margin, light yellow-
brown, 1-1. 2 mm. wide, 1.4-1.6 mm. long; the minute longi-
tudinal striae and transverse rugulosities blurred: tubercle
triangular-attenuate, compressed, 1.2-1.8 mm. long. Parte 835,
Figs. 3A and 3B; Map 61.—Nees, Linnaea, ix. 297 (1835),
bd
nomen nudum; Kunth, ee ii. 303 (1837), cited as ‘Sp. mihi
274 Rhodora [JULY
nonnisi nomini notae.’’; Nees in Mart., Fl. Bras. ii. pars 1: 142
(1842), first valid publication; Boeckeler, Linnaea, xxxvii. 590
(1873); C. B. Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 132 (1900), excl.
syn. R. odorata C. Wright and R. jubata Liebm.; Britton & Wil-
son, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Isl. v. 105 (1923); Kiken-
thal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxxii. 77 (1933). R. tenwiseta
Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 83 (1871) and
Fl. Cub. 179 (1873). R. borinquensis Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot.
Cl. xlii. 387 (1915); Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. 11. 200
(1916); Britton & Wilson, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Isl.
v. 104 (1923). Dichromena Marisculus Macbride, Field Mus.
valle; : , isotypes); wet soil among rocks in stream,
Arroya del Medio above the falls, Oriente, alt. 450-550 m.,
Shafer, no. 3231 (NY); damp woods near sphagnum, Sierra Nipe
near Woodfred, Oriente, alt. 450-550 m., Shafer, no. 3453 (NY);
in thickets on path from Woodfred to Piedra Gorda, Sierra de
Nipe, Oriente, Ekman, no. 15247 (US); La Prenda, Oriente,
Hioram & Manuel, no. 4671 (NY). Hispanroua: silt flats, moist
ground, Sabana Nueva, Lomas de la Mediania, San Juan, prov.
de Agua, Cordillera Central, Santo Domingo, Ekman, no. 13601
(G, NY, US); on tembladera, in a laguna, Cuenca, Santo Do-
mingo, Llano Costero, Santo Domingo, Ekman, no. 10982 (US).
Puerto Rico: open wet places in forest, Sierra de Naguabo,
Rio Icaco and adjacent hills, alt. 465-720 m., Shafer, no. 3515
(NY, type of R. borinquensis Britt.).
R. jubata Liebm. was confused by C. Wright with his R.
tenuiseta, and so continued on in the synonymy of R. Maris-
culus by C. B. Clarke. I have examined a specimen of Liebman’s
from 8. Antonio, Huatusco, which is the type-locality as given
in Mexicos Halvgraes,' and believe it to represent a distinct
species. It differs from R. Marisculus both in its pronounced
lax, more tenuous habit, and in its achene, which is distinctly
cencellate and rugulose, surrounded by six stiffly erect bristles
that equal but do not exceed the tubercle in length. Proof of
this opinion rests, however, on the examination of more Mexican
material.
An examination of the New York collections of R. Marisculus
leads me to believe that R. borinquensis Britt. owes its existence
1 Ibid. 67 (1850).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 275
to Britton’s mistaken application of the name R. Marisculus
Lindl. et Nees to specimens of R. odorata Wright.
72. R. cacuminicola, sp. nov. Planta humilis caespitosa:
foliis 1-2 mm. latis subcoriaceis leviter carinatis; apicem versus
serratis triquetris, basi confertis, culmo brevioribus: culmis
obtuse triangularibus 0.3—1.2 dm. ‘altis: cyma terminali decom-
posita; ramulis brevibus rigide erectis vel ascendentibus fasciculis
terminalibus parvis confertis; fasciculo laterali approximato;
pedunculo ascendenti: spiculis lanceolatis 4-4.5 mm. longis
2-3-floris 1—-2-carpis sessilibus congestis: squamis acutis vel fere
aristulatis ferrugineis margine erosis: setis 6-7, quam tubercu-
lum multo longioribus antrorse hispidulis: achaenio pyriformi
0.9 mm. lato 1.1 mm. longo lenticulari biconvexo marginato
luteo-castaneo, obsolete ee. pune compresso-subulato,
attenuato, 1-1.2 mm. long PuaTE 835, Fics. 2A and 2B;
Map 62.—Mar shy areas in ‘Cordillera Conteal of the Dominican
Recublic Dominican Repusuic: in pratis paludosis in valle
nuevo, prope Constanza, a 2200 m., June, 1910, Tiirckherm,
no. 3417 (NY, Type).
Von Tiirckheim’s specimen is accompanied by an annotation
which implies that this species is only an alpine variety of R.
glauca Vahl (R. rugosa (Vahl) Gale). That it is not a depressed
form of R. rugosa, however, is attested by the achene which is
smaller than that of the latter (0.9 mm. wide, 1-1.1 mm. long
as opposed to 1.2-1.3 mm. wide, 1.5-1.7 mm. long), and only
obscurely rugulose, with definite but short inconspicuous basal
stipe. Also the tubercle of R. cacuminicola, unlike the short
triangular tubercle of R. rugosa, is prolonged, with a subulate tip,
and well exceeded by the bristles.
Despite the depressed habit, the reduced stiffened inflores-
cence and its original reference by von Tiirckheim to R. rugosa,
R. cacuminicola seems more closely allied to R. Marisculus; for
in the surface sculpturing of the achene, the comparative length
of the bristles and the shape of the tubercle, its achene is to that
of the latter species a faithful although much smaller copy.
I have selected for this plant the epithet, cacuminicola, in
order to signify its mountainous habitat, originally emphasized
by von Tiirckheim.
73. R. rugosa (Vahl), comb. nov. Coarsely ay niga
leaves 1.5-3 mm. wide, coarse, ascending to reflexed, ca
inate, with trigonous serrated tips: culms eae i Poear
erect, somewhat flexuous at the summit, leafy, 0.5-1.3 m. high:
276 Rhodora [Joy
fasciculate cymes 1-3, strict, with stiffly erect or somewhat
spreading branchlets, 1-2 cm. hig h: spikelets acutely ovoid, 4.5—
5 mm. long, sessile or subscale: scales ovate-aristate, rather
loosely imbricate, ferruginous: bristles 6, upwardly serrulate,
ascending or often divergent, equal to or slightly exceeding the
tubercle: achene broadly pyriform, 1.2-1.3 mm. wide, 1.5~-1.7
mm. long, lenticular, biconvex, with depressed margins, glisten-
ing yellow-brown; the longitudinal surface-striae obscured or
nearly obliterated by the transverse broad, flattened, often pale
corrugations; the thick persistent stipe 0. 3 mm. long: tubercle
triangular-subulate, compressed, smooth or somewhat setulose
at the base, 0.6-0.8 mm. long. PLaTe 835, rias. 1A and 1B;
Map 63.—Schoenus rugosus Vahl, Eclog. Am. ii. 5 (1798). R.
glauca Vahl, Enum. ii. 233 (1806); Boeckeler, Linnaea, xxxvil.
585 (1873); Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 91 (1892), excl.
syn. R. pungens Liebm.; Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 128
(1900), excel. syn.; Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 199
See Britton & Wilso on, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Isl.
v. 104 (1923); Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spee. Nov. xxiii. Behr
(1926). R. glauca var. altior Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. N
xxxil. 77 (1933). R. gracilis pinks Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. I. 37 74
(1864), in part, and Cat. Pl. Cub 3 (1866), i in sea C. Wright
in Sauvalle, Anal. Aead. Ci. Fahoke, vili. 84 (1871) and Fl. Cub.
179 (1873); non (Swartz) Vahl. Dichvomena glauca Macbride,
Field Mus. Pub. Bot. iv. 166 (1929).—Mostly on damp open
grassy slopes of the Greater Antilles, and of the Island of Domin-
ica; also in South and Central America and Lower Mexico.
Cusa: banks of small streams, Loma Ratones, Rio San Sebas-
tian, La Cumbre, ges of San Juan y Martinez, Pinar del Rio,
Ekman, no. 18062 (NY US). Jamaica: along the trail, Mt.
ry, Mazon, no. 852 (US); in the morass, Pedro Morass, Upper
Checadine alt. 3000 1; Harris, no. 11169 (G, NY, US); on wet
eres Peckham, Upper Clarendon, alt. 2000 ft., Harris, no.
810 (G, N' , US); amongst grasses in wet hillside pastures,
Trov, alt. 2000 ft, Harris, no. 12590 (G, NY, US). HispaNioLa:
eruptive ee Haut-Piton, Port-de-Paix, Massif du Nord,
Haiti, alt. 800 m., Ekman, no. 4638 (G, NY, US); Petit Borgne
to Mt. Casse, Haiti, alt. 200 ft., Nash, no. 558 (NY); grassy
mountain trail to Citadel, vicinity of Dondon, Depart. du Nord,
Haiti, alt. 400 m., Leonard, no. 8643 (US); grassy summit of
mountain east of willage, vicinity of Marmelade, Depart. du
Nord, tee alt. 800 m., Leonard, no. 8241a (US); pineland,
gunas de Cenobi, Moncion, Monte Cristi, Cordillera Central,
Santo Domingo, c. alt. 1100 m., Ekman, no. 12762 (NY, US).
gr te Rico: in re Las Mesas, near Mayaguez, alt. 350
, Holm, no. 64 (CU), Aguada, Sintenis, no. 5742 (US); in
euininia. Lares, Sintenis, no. 5901 (G, US): low ground bac
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 277
of Catano, Heller, no. 6410 (CU, NY, US); road from Rio Piedras
to Trugillo alto, Hioram, no. 806 (NY, US); Cidra, Feb. 28, 1928,
Perkins (NY); on rock by falls in river, Rio Teaco and adjacent
hills, Sierra de Nasal, Shafer, no. 3534 (NY, US). Dominica:
common in cleared pasturelands on deep rich soils of Milton
Estate, ca. alt. 530 m., Hodge & Hodge, no. 2608 (G).. Sourn
AMERICA: America Meridionali,! Rohr in Vahl Herb, (G, TyPE-
PHOTO).
The species, Schoenus rugosus, was published with full descrip-
tion by Vahl in his Eclogae Americanae, ii. 5 (1798). However,
when, in the Enumeratio Plantarum of 1806, he transferred the
species to Rhynchospora, he unfortunately chose to give it a new
name, and it appeared as R. glauca. The old name, Schoenus
rugosus, was then given in synonymy, accompanied by the
original description and citation, ‘‘ Habitat in America meridi-
onali. von Rohr’’. Since the specific name, rugosa, is available
for use under Rhynchospora, the new combination R. rugosa
(Vahl) Gale takes precedence over R. glauca Vahl.
The range of this species has been generally given as warmer
regions of both hemispheres. However, the specimens from the
East Indies and adjacent continental lands which have been
commonly identified as R. glauca, are not, I believe, conspecific
with the authentic R. glauca Vahl (R. rugosa (Vahl) Gale) of the
West Indies, Central and South America. Although these
Asiatic plants are closely related to and have the same general
aspect as R. rugosa—the coarse growth and strict, compound
fascicles with mainly ascending, sessile spikelets in small ultimate
clusters—their achenes are larger, more nearly orbicular rather
than pyriform, and the surface of the achene is generally casta-
neous, pitted, and finely ridged, without the prominent yellowish
band-like corrugations which characterize the achenes of R.
rugosa.
The Gray Herbarium isotype of Liebman’s? R. pungens, Mira-
dor, July, bears the annotation R. glauca Vahl followed by Brit-
ton’s initials. The specimen itself is fragmentary and the surface
details of the mature achenes are obscured by what appears to
be an unnatural whitish coating. However, careful examination
seems to indicate that the achenes are normally cancellate to
1 Probably along the coast of sper or of French or Dutch Guiana. See La-
marck, Eneyel. Meth, Bot. viii, 754 (180
? Mexicos Halvgraes, 65 (1850
278 Rhodora [JULY
nearly smooth, with only a suggestion of transverse rugosity.
In addition, the tubercle is plainly spongy and tongue-shaped
rather than strongly compressed and triangular-subulate. If
these observations can be confirmed through better material,
R. pungens, although closely related to R. glauca, will retain its
specific status.
INDEX
New scientific names are printed in full-face type
Cephaloschoenus, 91
Ceratoschoenus, 91
Cladium, 90
Cyperaceae, 91, 92, 95, 97, 246
ca elisa 94; 102; alba, 121;
, 245; distans, 191; gla auca,
276: "Miceiclen: @
Eleocharis, 119; tuberculosa, 92
ees 101, 102; album,
121, var. macrum, 124; axillare, 108,
Baldwinii, 181; brachychae tum,
; caducum, 261; capillaceum,
8, dod um, 228;
Earlei, 233; fasciculare, 189; fili-
folium, 174; fuscum, 170; glomera-
“ , var. minus, 115; gracilen-
tum, 183 yi, 231; inexpansum,
; intermedium, 1 Knie-
skernii, 126; leptorhynchum, 179;
microcarpum, 266; miliaceum, 257;
mixtum, 262; fe hy 166; pa-
tulum, 266; perplexum, 270;
Plankii, 233; * Seorereeh: 131; pro-
liferum, 262; punctatum, 238;
rariflorum, 08; schoenoides, 265;
sed Ste stipitatum, 9;
m, 269
Pleargiath ya. 2
Beal Sect. ii. Pauci-Nucigerae,
Rhynchospora, subg. Diplostylis, 92,
102; subg. Distylis, 102; subg.
1a 7
munes, 102; ii. Dichostvlewe 102;
V. Glomeratae, 104, 169, 177, 207,
36, 255; I. Pusillae, 134;
§ Euriochaete, 128; sect. Eurhyn-
Hg ink 89, 91 1-93, 95, 101, 102,
sp
4, >
Eu-Rhynchospora, 102, Divi
Eu-Rhynchospora, Sect. ill. andl
227; ser. B. Diplostyleae, sect. 3.
104, 255; ser. Cernuae, 93, se 2 98,
100, 103, 211, 220; ser. Ghapm
ae, 100, 103, , 159; ser
Cubenses s, 100, 103 at se
Fasciculares, 1(3, 177, 178; ser.
] 1
(
(
ser.
Glomeratae, 95, 99, 100, 103° 104;
ser. Harveyae, 99, 100, 104, 227:
ser. Plumosae, 99, 100, 103, 128;
ser. Rariflorae, 100, 103, 207;
group Capitatae, 92, 94; group
Communes, 92; group Corymbosae,
94; group Longiros ostres, 92; alba a,
170, f. laeviseta, 123, var. macra,
95, 121, 124, 125, var. ——
12: : axillaris, 1¢ i , var.
cephala, 95, 1 06; bahaimensis, 23;
i 178, 181, pl.
25: Berterii, re aoe” 164,
165; Pa us ie i brachy-
leptocarp ar. mino 5;
yi aah a 91, 105, 107-109, 111,
119, 120, var. attenuata, 108, 110,
120, f. controversa, 110, 121
_ 98, 108, 111, 120, pl. 818,
2
oF
INDEX
f. antrorsa, 109, 121; cephalotes,
y 212, 214, 2
chalarocephala, 105, 111, 130, ay
18; Chapmanii, * 102, 132, 159,
. 821; ciliaris,
00, oe 237, 239,
of oe nies,
215, pl. 827; seg 93, 96, 1
4-227 8 st
5, 236,
reg tl pl. ope Sytem, 95,
; de
l. 826; distans, 89, 95, 162,
177, Be 193, , 230, 232, 247,
at r. B. fascicularis, 188,
pected 192, var. y.
gracillima, » var. microcarpa,
176, 177, var. tenuis, 187; di
gens, 165;
phyla, hoides,
194, 196, var. typic 03, 162,
186, . ae, oes 196, oo 8
825; 103, 132, 178, 182,
ae 620; fibrillosa, 216; filifolia, 91,
4; fuscoides, 95, 132, 169,
170, 175-177, p « O22;
» Var. Po asia 239, ’ ’
244, 245, 248, pl. 831; glomerata,
89, 91, 105, 112. 113, is, 116, 119,
247, var. angusta, 113, 114, i
var. discutiens, Bs "1 9,
i dosed oy 115, var. minor, 95,
f controversa, 119,
diseutien, 119, paniculata,
113; B: robustior, 113, var. typica,
113-115, 120, pl. 819; agracilenta,
91, 95, 177- 179, 183-186, Oe
$26, var. diversifolia, rea
gracillima, 164, 185, 187; o aailis
3, 179, 245, 266, 276; Gra ayana,
125, 126, 168; Grayii, 91, 92, 117,
118, 126, 186, 228, 230, 232, pl. 829;
‘1738, pl. 823;
824, en ar. evict "179; rh yee
ona 93, 95, 2 2, 27 219, 222, 223,
5.156, 218 oe,
neler
223, 224, pl. 827,
269; microcarpa, 91, 104, 2
255, 256, 259, 266, 268, 271, pl. 832,
91, 93, 96, 97, 104, 239, 255, 257,
3; mixta, 256, 259, 262-
, 2; ?monostachya, 92;
multiflora, 91, 265; nipensis, 186,
211, 212, "O15, pl. 826; uda, 99,
7 , 132, 159, mT 168, pl
penniseta, 93, 131;
255, 256, 259, 266, 270, 272, pl. 832;
a ai
INDEX ill
pineticola, 130; pinetorum, 248,
249; Plankii, 233; pleiantha, 132,
170, 171, 172, pl. 823: plumosa, 90,
91, 93- 95, 97, 128, 131, 132,: pl.
820, var. intermedia, 130; : prolifera,
62, 263; pruinosa, 93, 97, 186, 211,
212, 221, pl. 826; punctata, 90, 236,
238, 330.) pl. 530; pungens, 276-
215; pyenocarpa,
91, 92, 228-230; ’ Randii, 220, 221;
Rappiana, 160, 161; rari riflora, 90,
93, 103, 186, 207, 210, 211, pl. 828;
rugosa, 93, 239, 272, 273, 276,
277, pl. 835; saxiools, 236, 238-240,
pl. 830; scabrat ata, 9
0, var
a, 132, 159, 162.
20; solitaria, 96, 132,
134, 159, 161-164; sparsa, 89, 91,
96, 257; stenophylla, 165, 186, 207,
210, 211, 219, 220, var. albescens,
219; stenophylloidea, 96, 186,
224-226, pl. 828; stipitata, 259;
sulcata, 100, 236, 239, 240-242,
1. 831; ithe, 93, 99, 100, 186,
268, 269, pl. 834, var., 268, v.
microthyncha, 266, 268; ahader:
194, 196; tha phylla, 183, 185;
Wrightiana, 163, 165, 178, 185-188,
195, 196, 825
Rhynchosporeae, 94, 102
Rhynchosporoideae, 246
Sire 89, 90, 246, sts 2 albus,
21; axillaris, 108; tatus, 90;
caitlin 115-1195 ater 90,
90, ’
245-248; donates 191-193, 231,
32; fascicularis, 118, 188, 192, 193;
sp
Scirpus, 90, 119; leptolepis, 92; poly-
phyllus, 246-248; schoenoides, 91,
265
Triodon, 101: albus, 121, var. macer,
124; eapillaceus, 126; glomeratus,
1138
ae Rhodora
S.G del,
RuYNC ees CHALAROCEPHALA! FIG
achene, « 20,
. 1A, portion of inflorescence, 2; Fic. 1B
R. c APILLA ACEA: FIG. 2A, portion of ger gees ance, . 2; FIG er ac hene, x 20
R. MICROCEPHALA: FIG. £ 2 of i x 2: ria. 3B, a¢ rg ene, X 20.
R. CEPHAL ANTHA var. TYPIC A: a 9, Shaina ot eoreatons; xX 2: 1B, achene,
aD.
x 20.
Plate 818
Plate Plate 819
S, G, del,
tHYNCHOSPORA GLOMERATA Var. TYPICA: FIG. 1A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG.
LB, achene, 20.
R. KNIeSKERNII: FIG. 2A, portion of rangers gsi X 2: FIG. 2B, achene, X 20.
R. CAPITELLATA: FIG. 3A, inflorescence, X 2; 3B, ac he ane, X 20.
R. ALBA: FIG. 4A, portion of nab strated x 2: pity 4B, achene, X 20.
Pl Rhodora Plate 820
Pe
S. G. del.
tHYNCHOSPORA SOLA! FIG, 1A, inflorescence, X 2: FIG. 1B, achene, * 20
t. PLUMOSA: FIG. 2A, inflorescence, X 2: FIG. $ .
R. MAcCRA: FIG. 3A, portion of inflorescence, < 2; FIG. 3B, ac shene, x 20.
R. sivas i. FIG. 4A, inflorescence 2; FIG. x 20.
Rhodora Plate 821
‘
i) \
3 Wye we
wi
TS w
NAY ye
i
hia Mu”
iil big il ve
S. G. del,
RHYNCHOSPORA NUDA: FIG, LA. inflorescence. X 2; ric. 1B, achene. X 20.
R. OLIGANTHA, var. TYPICA: FIG, 2A, inflorescence, 2; FIG. 2B, achene, X 20.
)
R. OLIGANTHA. Var. BREVISETA: FIG, 2C. achene, & 20.
R. CHAPMANTI: FIG. 3A, inflorescence, 2; FIG, 3B, achene., x 20
R. PALLIDA: FIG. 4A, inflorescence, x 2; FIG. 4B, achene, 20.
Rhodora Plate 822
S.G. del.
RHYNCHOSPORA BRACHYCHAETA: FIG. 1A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; F1G. 1B, achene,
20
R. crurarts: ria. 2A, inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 2B, achene, X oe
R. FILIFOLIA: FIG. 3A, inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 3B, achene, x 20.
R. sourrarta: F1G. 4A, inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 4B, achene, X 20.
~ ” ee
R. Fuscorpss: Fa. 5A, inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 5B, achene, X 20.
Rhodora Plate
S.G. del,
RuyYNCHOSPORA HarPERtI: FIG. 1A, inflorescence, aa 2: ric. 1B, achene, X 20.
R. CRINIPES: FIG. 2A, portion of —— scence, X 2; r1G. 2B, achene, X 20.
R. Curtissi: ric. 3A, inflorescence, * 2; FIG. 3B, ac chene, en
R. PLEIANTHA: FIG. 4A, portion of indloncodente, x 2; PER, achene, X 20.
823
=
Rhodora Plate 824
S.G. del.
> > 9)
RHYNCHOSPORA LEPTORHY NCHA: FIG. 1A, coos ny . 1B, achene, X 20.
R. rusca: Fig. 2A, portion of oie reste: X 2; Fic. 2B, “achene, X 20.
R. GaGERI: FIG. 3A, inflorescence, X 2; 3B, ac rahene, 20.
R. JOVEROENSIS: FIG. 4A, portion of sot Selecta < 2: Fic. “4B, achene, X 20.
Rhodora Plate 825
S.G. del.
. ae Sé )- FIG.
RHYNCHOSPORA FASCICULARIS, Var. TYPICA: FIG. 1 A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FI
1B, —— <x 20. mos
R. FASCICULARIS, Var. DISTANS: FIG. 2A, portion of inflorescence, < 2; FIG. 2B, achen
R. FERNALDI: FIG. 3A, portion of inflorescence, X 2: FIG. 3B, achene, X 20.
R. Baupwintt: FIG. 4A, portion of inflorescence, . 2; FIG. ri schunes: x 20. Pa
R. WRIGHTIANA: FIG, 5A. portion of inflorescence, « 2: 5B, achene, X 20.
Pla:
Plate 826
Rhodora
ngs NCHOSPORA DEPRESSA? FIG.
2 oe
. NIPENSIS: FIG. 4A, inflo rescence,
. DEBILIS: FIG. 5A, inflorescence, X 2;
GRACILENTA: FIG. 6A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG.
S.G. del.
ie 1B, achene, 20.
—_
1A, inflorescence, 2:
CERNUA: FIG, 2A, it orescence, X 2; FIG. 2B, ac ene x2
: FIG. 3A. portion of inflorescence, X 2 3B, achene, x 20.
< 2: FIG. 4B, a x2 ys
ria. 5B, achene, X 20.
6B, achene, X 20.
Rhodora Plate 827
—
} i}
yp
OL
Ya
A
Sis
‘i
= sks
S. G. del.
. : 9). ane
RHYNCHOSPORA TENUIFOLIA: FIG, 1A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 1B, achene,
x 20.
*
R. SHAFERI: FIG. 2A, inflorescence, X 2; F1c. 2B, ac x
R
hene, 20.
SCABR: orescence, X 2; FIG. 3B, achene, 20.
R. cRISPA: FIG. 4A, inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 4B, acher hene
R. LINDENIANA, var. TYPICA: FIG. 5A, ‘portion of er vas Meat X 2; ria. 5B, achene,
: 2. LINDENIANA, var. BAHAMENSIS: FIG. 5C, achene, * 20.
Me Rhodora Plate 828
Ss. G. del,
RAYNCHOSPORA CUBENSIS: FIG. 1A, portion of inflorescence, < 2; FIG, 1B, achene
| R. STENOPHYLLOIDEA:! FIG. 2A, achene, X 20.
R. cuLrxa: rig. 3A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 3B, achene, X 20.
R. RARIFLORA: FIG. 4A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 4B, achene, X 20.
R. sreNopHYLLA: FIG. 5A, inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 5B, achene, X 20.
‘4 829
Rhodora Plate
© gt
ta
Vitti
bie pe,
1‘ Oety hy Hi
Ad y
‘i
i,!
S, G, del.
RuHYNC HOSPORA MEGALOCARPA: FIG, 1A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 1B,
achene, X 4
R. Harvevi: FIG. 2A, portion of inflorescence, x fs _ 2B, achene, 20.
R. Grayit: Fic. 3A, portion of inflorescence, X 3B, achene, X 20.
Rhodora Plate 830
S G. del.
‘HYNCHOSPORA COMPRESSA: FIG. 1A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 1B, achene,
x 20.
)
R. puNcrATA: FIG, 2A. portion of inflorescence, 2; FIG. 2B, achene, X 20.
> P . ‘eS 7 . . ~ . € ‘ . > » 4 =
R. Saxicoa: Fig. 3A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 3B, achene, x 20.
R. OBLITERATA: FIG, 4A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; ric. 4B, achene, 20.
Rhodora Plate 831
ri 2 @
SS232: oe
Seces,
SS e=4
es
SS
<a
SS
~
~'e
re aa SED
ashauanis
hs ii Re, *
WWwNwoU
RA GLOBULARIS, var. TYPICA: FIG. 1A, portion of inflorescence, * 2; FIG.
1B, cid sei
R. Brrrroni: Fic. 2A, portion of -oneeN x: 2: 2B, achene, x 20.
R. sutcata: Fic. 3A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; vie. 3B, ache ne, X 20. 4B
R. GLOBULARIS, var. RECOGNITA: FIG. “4A, portion of inflorescence, xX 2; Fie. 2
achene, X
R, GLoBu LARIS, var. PINBTORUM: FIG, 5A, achene, X 20.
Rhodora
Plate 832
S. G. dei,
RHYNCHOSPORA DECURRENS: FIG. 1A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; Fic. 1B, achene,
X 20.
R, MICROCARPA: FIG. 2A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 2B, achene, X 20.
R. PERPLEXA: FIG, 3A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 3B, achene, < 20.
R. Mixa: ria. 1A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; Fic. 4B, achene, X 20
Rhodora Plate 833
!
y
f
KS |
JN \
rere baby
p< oa ESS)
i AYU
ail
S. G. del.
Pp
SPORA INEXPANSA: FIG. 1A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; Fic. 1B, achene,
AE.
{. MILIACEA: FIG. 2A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; F1G. 2B, achene, X 20.
R. ODORATA: FIG. 3A, portion of inflorescence, X 2: F1G. 3B. achene, X 20.
R. cApucA: FIG. 4A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; F1G. 4B, achene, X 20.
Rhodora Plate 834
S. G. del.
RHYNCHOSPORA CALIFORNICA: FIG. LA, portion of inflorescence, a =: FIG. LB, achene,
X 20.
R. SCHOENOIDEs: FIG. 2A, portion of inflorescence, 2; Frc. 2B, achene, io
R. Torreyana: Fic, 3A. portion of inflorescence, X 2; F1G. 3B, achene, X 20.
Plate 835
Rhodora
S. G. del.
RHYNCHOSPORA RUGOSA: FIG. 1A, inflorescence, X 2: FIG. 1B, achene, X 20.
R. CACUMINICOLA: FIG. 2A, inflorescence, X 2; Fria. 2B, achene, X 20. 20
R. Mariscuuus: ric. 3A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; F1G. 3B, achene, K wv.
Reprinted from Ruovora, Vol. 46,
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HEI
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY |
OLD WORLD ALLIES
me ge Ya 2% ~ oe en, Ree ee eT Cana a Ry Sa eT SR re ae ra yo ser
- oo F 4 wae ras nig iL ern a epee % LE ee ea ey OE
$ m i. 2 x % acid i € 2 ip tite uy iu
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 46, October-December, 1944
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CLIT
AMERICAN THALICTRA AND THEIR
OLD WORLD ALLIES
BERNARD BolrviIN
Dares or IssuE
WOME ORT-O7 0 ee ee ee ek 11 October, 1944
Petes DOL4OR 6 Re ee ee es
Paces Dey Rae ed eg a Te Fee LS came seg 9 Me 16 December, 1944
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD
UNIVERSITY—NO. CLII
AMERICAN THALICTRA AND THEIR
OLD WORLD ALLIES
BERNARD BOIVIN
A WORLD-MONOGRAPH of this genus was published in 1885 by
J. C. Lecoyer in the Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique
de Belgique (24: 78-324. 1885) and reprinted under the title
Monographie du genre Thalictrum. It contains a history of the
genus from Dioscorides to 1885. This need not be repeated
here; I will, however, sketch the highlights of the history of our
knowledge of the American species.
History OF THE GENUS
Cornut described in 1637 a Thalictrum canadense, which, as
will be shown later, was not an American species. Morrison in
1715 reported the first three species from the Eastern United
States and Canada, but the names he proposed were not validated
by later authors and it is not surely known what species he had.
He also clearly described a European species, 7. alpinum L.,
which was to be first found in America on Newfoundland by
Banks in 1766. Again, in 1739, Gronovius in his Flora Virginica
proposed two American species and, in the first edition of the
Species Plantarum, Linnaeus validated Cornut’s species under
the name Thalictrum Cornuti and described T. alpinum, T.
dioicum and T. purpurascens. Aiton in 1789 described from
338 Rhodora [OcToBER
cultivated specimens a Thalictrum rugosum, purportedly an
American species, but Lecoyer (I. ¢. 311), who saw the type of it
along with material cultivated in many botanical gardens, made
it a synonym of Thalictrum glaucum Desf., a European species.
About 1790, Muhlenberg wrote a Flora Lancastriensis which was
never published but which contained descriptions of two new
species, 7’. polygamum and another species, the first of which was
validated in 1825. The manuscript of this flora is at the Gray
Herbarium. Michaux (Fl. Bor.-Am. 1: 322) described T’. laevi-
gatum in 1803. De Candolle’s Systema in 1817 recognized eight
species and four varieties for North America, one species for
Mexico and four for South America. To these was added T.
peltatum DC. in the Prodromus, vol. 1, published 7 years later.
From 1824 on there was to be no synoptical treatment of the
South and Central American species of Thalictrum, though
there was a large amount of work done upon the North American
species. Hooker in 1829 accepted 4 species in his Flora Boreali-
Americana, Torrey & Gray’s Flora of North America included 6
species and Sereno Watson listed thirteen species and three
varieties in his Bibliographical Index (1878). The same year
Lecoyer published a preliminary paper and seven years later in
his world-monograph of the genus he attributed twelve species to
North America, seven to Central America and three more to
South America, in all twenty species and one variety for the
Americas. A year later, in 1886, Trelease, working at the time
at the Gray Herbarium, published a monograph of the North
American Thalictra, recognizing twelve species and three va-
rieties.
For the next 25 years the history of this genus was to be
dominated by E. L. Greene, who described as new forty-five
species and seven varieties of Thalictrum. He also left many
unpublished names on herbarium sheets in various herbaria.
By the time this was over, there existed such a confusion in the
taxonomy of this genus that most local floras cautiously followed
and still follow more or less the posthumously published treat-
ment by Gray in his Synoptical Flora of North America in 1895,
in which thirteen species and four varieties were accepted. J.N.
Rose started in 1899 to monograph the Central American and
Mexican Thalictra but only part of this work was carried through
Te ee
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 339
and published. By the end of 1942, about 165 specific names
had been proposed to designate American’ Thalictra, 40 of them
for species restricted to areas south of the United States-Mexican
boundary.
VALUE OF DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERS
HEIGHT OF THE PLANT. Quite variable in tall species, more
constant in smaller ones. 7’. rhynchocarpum Dill. & Rich. of
the southern Cameroon Mountains and Fernando Po Island may
reach a height of 4 meters.
PuBEscENCE. Extremely useful characters are those based
on pubescence; for no matter whether the plant is male or female,
whether it is in flower or in fruit, accurate descriptions of the
pubescence always apply and can easily be checked no matter
how fragmentary the specimen may be. Many normally
pubescent species do, however, occasionally present glabrous
specimens and mature foliage often loses its pubescence, but the
reduced leaves in the upper part of the inflorescence will retain it,
at least up to the full maturity of the fruits. Hairs in this genus
are either unicellular or multicellular. Furthermore, multi-
cellular hairs may be uniseriate or multiseriate. Unicellular
and uniseriate hairs are normally translucent. Capitate hairs
are either unicellular or multicellular; all other types are multi-
cellular. Capitate hairs are always very small so that a good
binocular may be pretty useful to anybody attempting to identify
a Thalictrum, but this type of hair usually exudes a fetid and
sticky substance in vivo. Multiseriate hairs are usually opaque,
often whitish and sometimes diversely colored. They may
either be stiff, short and blunt or long (1 mm. or more), undulate
and attenuate. Short blunt multicellular hairs always render
the plant scabrous. In one species, 7’. inuncans nostrum, small
hooked prickles are present all over the plant. In another, T.
Standleyi Steyermark, the hairs are stellate, stipitate, and of a
brownish color. This species is also the most fetid of all.
Thus there are six types of hair, all easily recognizable either
by the naked eye, the hand-lens or the binocular, e. g.: capitate
hairs, uniseriate flecuous hairs, short multiseriate hairs, long
attenuate multiseriate hairs, small prickles and stellate hairs.
Within the same species hairs of only one of those types are
usually present, or none at all; rarely the same plant will have
340 Rhodora [OcroBER
hairs of two or three different types. Such a good character has
usually been overlooked in the past, thus rendering absolutely
impossible the exact interpretation of many a name.
Lear. An arbitrary distinction has been made between the
leaves according to whether they are attached close to or at the
base of the stem, whether they are scattered along the lower
-unbranched half of the stem or whether they subtend a primary
branch of the inflorescence. They are respectively termed folia
radicalia, folia caulinaria and folia inflorescentiae.
LEAF-pIvIsion. Contrary to pubescence, the type and degree
of division of the leaf is usually widely variable and was usually
stressed by describers of new species. Only rarely does the leaf
furnish any specific character, although each species, when well
known, may usually be recognized by the contour of the leaflets.
But these differences are not constant and not very easily put
into words. In most cases leaves vary from 3- to 5-ternate;
basal leaves are usually more divided than cauline leaves. Lower
branches of the inflorescence are in many species subtended by
1-3-ternate leaves, sometimes by simple reduced ones. Only
rarely will the secondary branches of the inflorescence, or even
the pedicels, be subtended by leaves, as in 7. sparsi elk Turcez.
and 7. Hultenii nostrum.
PETIOLE AND Petiotutes. Their length is extremely variable
and of little taxonomic value. However, some species, e. g. 7.
dioicum L., are characterized by having the lower branch of the
inflorescence subtended by a long-petioled leaf. The base of
the petiole is always more or less dilated. Even when the leaf is
said to be sessile it is not truly sessile, for this dilated part of the
petiole is always present between the stem and the leaf. Not
uncommonly this base of the petiole surrounds the stem nearly
completely.
STIPULES AND STIPELLULES. The dilated base of the petiole
is sometimes so much enlarged that its margins may properly be
termed stipules. Such stipules are not constantly present nor
is their size or contour of any taxonomic value in most American
species. Stipellules are always absent in some groups, while in
many a species, e. g. 7. Fendleri Gray, their form and size are
inconstant. Stipellules of the first degree are most common
but those of the second or third or even the fourth degree may be
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 341
encountered. In most North American species stipellules are
regularly lacking.
Root. Roots are commonly fibrous, but in a few species they
tend to be more or less tuberous, e. g. T. texanum (Gray) Small,
T. debile Buckley and T. pinnatum Watson. _ A few species, e. g.
T. confine Fern., may have horizontal underground stolons
which will at their end produce a stem the following year, for all
species of Thalictrum are perennial. The general condition is a
stem simply thickened at the base, and from that thickened base
all the roots depart and there also is produced the bud for the
stem of the following year.
INFLORESCENCE. The inflorescence is usually paniculate,
sometimes subcorymbose, e. g. 7. polygamum Muhl. var. hebe-
carpum Fern., or racemose, e. g. 7’. alpinum L. Except for the
latter all Thalictra have a more or less branched inflorescence but
are otherwise simple, there being only one inflorescence to a plant.
An exception to this is 7. madrense Rose which has no definite
inflorescence but is branched from the base, with solitary flowers
or short panicles at the end of each branch. T. occidentale Gray
var. palouense St. John sometimes has a simple raceme of mostly
geminate peduncles. A few species are pauciflorous or uniflorous.
PEepUNCLES. In most species peduncles are quite variable but
in a few they will present very constant characters. They are
shortest in 7’. venulosum Trel., longest in § CrycineriA, arching
in 7. alpinum L., or strongly recurved below the receptacle in
T. sparsiflorum Turez., T. grandifolium Watson and others.
PERIANTH. In the subgenus Lecoyerium the perianth is
typically of 4 sepals. These are usually small and fugacious,
more or less oval in contour, and a few millimeters in length;
they are of little taxonomic importance. However, in the
§ Heterogamia they are dimorphous, those of the pistillate flowers
being much smaller and narrower than those of the staminate
flowers. As to their color, they are usually greenish at first, then
more or less purplish, and generally withered by the time they
drop off.
Sex or Ptanrs anp Fiowers. All species of Thalictrum have
perfect flowers except for those of the subgenus Lecoyeriwm in
which the flowers may be dioecious, polygamous or perfect,
according to the different sections of that subgenus.
342 : Rhodora {OcTroBER
Stamens. The color and shape of the filament also charac-
terize the different sections. The exact color of the filament is
unknown for many species from Mexico and southward. In
some groups the filament is upwardly dilated or clavate, e. g.
§ Leucocoma and § Physocarpum. The length of the filament
and the anther varies within definite limits for each species;
thus it is helpful in identification. The anthers also have a
definite shape, from linear to globose, and may be obtuse at the
apex or with a more or less well developed acumen. ‘Anthers
are usually yellow and give its mass color to the staminate
inflorescence. In the § Leucocoma the filaments may be respon-
sible for this mass effect. Asa rule anthers and sepals will com-
pletely hide the ovaries, this being the source of many an errone-
ous statement on herbarium labels to the effect that the plant
is a staminate one when a dissection reveals only or mainly
perfect flowers. This error has not infrequently crept into the
literature, even in descriptions of new species. Anthers may
also be purplish, e. g. 7. polycarpum 8. Watson, or whitish, e. g.
T. clavatum DC., or even greenish, e. g. T. hypoglaucum Rydb.
The length of the anther given in the following descriptions is
always the length of the anther exclusive of the acumen and
immediately after dehiscence, for mature anthers are slightly
longer before dehiscence than after, and as they wither and
twist, they become still shorter.
Ovary. At flowering time the ovary is generally too small to
be characteristic but the stigma varies within definite limits for
each species. As the ovary matures into the fruit the stigma
usually undergoes a slight elongation, but very often drops off
altogether. In quite a number of species there is no sharp
demarcation between the style and the stigma. In such cases
the length given for the stigma also includes the base of the style.
Fruit. Nearly all species are based mainly on characters
drawn from the fruits, for in most species mature fruits vary but
little, while, on the other hand, they vary from once species to
another. Characteristic features are: shape; length and breadth;
thickness; length of stipe; number and design of nerves and
ridges; number, direction and pabeuterie = the fruits; thickness
of the fruit-wall. ~
Nerves of the fruit when raised on sitelk’ often may not be
1944] - Boivin,x—American Thalictra and their Allies 343
set off ‘from the ridge itself, but they are usually conspicuous.
Nerves are typically eight in number, one dorsal, one ventral,
and three on each side. They usually branch off at the base
and join at the summit of the fruit; they are then described as
being simple. They may run straight from the base or arch
over the central cavity or they may be simply curved, as in the
case of the lateral nerves of a strongly flattened fruit. Nerves
may also be sinuous, undulating, branching or anastomosed.
Renation BETWEEN. STaMINATE AND PIsTILLATE, FLOWERING
AND FRUITING MATERIAL
This is a problem which is not yet thoroughly worked out and
is far from being so. In many species this relation has been
established on uncertain grounds, mainly on herbarium specimens
bearing two or more fragments representing different phases of,
presumably, the same species. Sometimes intermediate stages
help indicate relation or an unusual specimen will bear both
flowers and fruits. Of course, in this problem geographic dis-
tribution is not altogether a negligible character. But many
species are still known only in fruit or in flower and it is not
impossible that the other stage has been collected and is passing
under another name.
INTERPRETATION. OF DESCRIPTIONS
Most describers, when proposing new species of Thalictrum,
have emphasized the division of the leaf, the contour, size and
figure of the leaflets, the length of petioles and petiolules, all
characters of little, if any, diagnostic value; while the type of
pubescence, the length of style, filament and anther, the type of
nervation and size of the fruit, were too often omitted. This
unfortunate neglect renders many a description unintelligible
unless one has access to the type-specimen. Consequently an
effort was made to study all types that were available in America,
for European herbaria are inaccessible for the time being. In so
doing I was fortunate enough to have access to nearly all types
of Thalictrum preserved in America. The United States Na-
tional Herbarium had stored away a large number of its types
but, except in two cases, isotypes were available. Photographs
of some 10 types or syntypes along with numerous fragments
344 Rhodora [OcTroBER
and isotypes of species described in Europe have enabled me to
understand a fairly large majority of these, while Lecoyer’s
opinions and discussions greatly helped in interpreting the
others. Unfortunately, a few names are still of dubious applica-
tion and might, when the types are studied, antedate some of
the names here accepted.
TERMINOLOGY OF TYPES
There is much variation as to the use and meaning of the
terms applied to typical material. There follow the definitions
of those terms needed and used in this paper to characterize
such material.!
Type: an herbarium specimen upon which the description of a
new plant is based. If more than one specimen was used, the
type is the specimen designated as such by the describer or by a
later student of the group.
SyntyPe: an herbarium specimen upon which the description
of a new plant is based, when there are more than one, and no
type has been selected.
PARATYPE: any specimen, other than the type and the iso-
types, upon which the description of a new plant is based.
Duplicates of PARATYPES may be termed PARAISOTYPES, but we
have preferred to extend the meaning of PARATYPE to include
such specimens in all cases when the homogeneity of the collec-
tion was not under suspicion.
Isotype: a duplicate of a Typ, usually bearing the same
collection-number.
The best discussions of type-nomenclature I have found in the
literature are: D. L. Frizzell, Terminology of Types, Am. Mid.
Nat. 14: 637-668. 1933, and C. X. Furtado, The Nomenclature
of Types, Gardens’ Bull. Straits-Sett., 9: 285, 308, both with
bibliography. Frizzell’s paper is written by a zoologist from 4
zoologist’s point of view; it is in the form of a lexicon, with 233
terms, 10 of which he more strongly recommends. The second
paper, the author of which is a botanist, proposes and defines 22
terms and 21 compounds with the possibility of a great many
more.
' Since this study was completed before the clarification of the subject by Blake in
Ruopora, 45: 481, 1943, no changes have been made in the text.—Ebs.
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 345
Such terms as LECTOTYPE, LOGOAPOTYPE, NEOTYPE, PROTO-
MEROTYPE, and many others have been proposed to express an
historical relation between the selection of the type and the date
of publication of the new taxonomic group. When it comes to
the studying of a species, it is irrelevant whether you work with
& HOLOTYPE or a LEcToTyPE. No term expressing an historical
relationship has been found necessary in this paper for the proper
understanding and concise treatment of a taxonomic problem.
Furtado also distinguishes between IsoTyPEs and HAPTOTYPES,
according to whether they were, or were not, collected from the
same plant and at the same time as the type-specimen. Truly
this is a very pertinent distinction and in many cases these
terms, no doubt, may be useful. But, unfortunately, the average
herbarium duplicate bears little or no evidence which might help
in making this very important distinction. I have thus felt
compelled to use ISOTYPE in a more general sense.
Both Frizzell and Furtado recommend the use of HOLOTYPE
for TyPE. This proposal is in accordance with the general use
amongst the zoologists and would promote uniformity. But we
have not departed in that respect from what seems to be at
present the general use amongst botanists. To other terms such
AS CLASTOTYPE, FOTOTYPE, and others, we have preferred the
corresponding English expressions: FRAGMENT OF A TYPE,
PHOTOGRAPH OF A TYPE, etc., for reasons of clarity and simplicity.
Keys
Characters in the artificial keys have been selected according
to their usefulness, while those used in the general keys to sec-
tions and species are either artificial or such as to place related
species together. The numbering of species, however, is intended
to follow natural relationships whenever possible.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank many of the people at Harvard University who
have been of great help, and especially so Dr. M. L. PeRNALp
under whose direction this work was carried out and who also
supplied photographs of type-specimens of three of the species
described in Europe, and Mr. C. A. WeatHErsy and Dr. R. H.
Wermore for their numerous and helpful suggestions. This
346 ‘Rhodora [OcroBEeR
research would not have been ‘possible without the help of the
late Brother Marie-Victor1n and a fellowship from the Govern-
ment of the Province of Quebec. The following institutions
have offered facilities for studying the herbarium material pre-
served in their collections: Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia (ANS); Brooklyn Botanical Garden (BG); Na-
tional Herbarium of Canada (C); California Academy of Sciences
(CA); Field Museum of Natural History (F) which also supplied
eight photographs of types in European herbaria; Gray Her-
barium (G); Missouri Botanical Garden (M); University of
North Carolina (NC); New England Botanical Club (NE);
‘Notre-Dame University (N-ND for the Nieuwland Herbarium
and G-ND for the Greene Herbarium); New York Botanical
Garden (NY); University of California (UC), including the
Clokey Herbarium on deposit at the University of California
(C-UC); the United States National Herbarium (US). The
letters between parentheses are the abbreviations used through-
out this paper to designate each of these institutions.
THALICTRUM
Thalictrum L., Gen. Pl., ed. 5, p. 242, 1754. Physocarpum
Bercht. & Presl, O Priroz. Rostl. 1: 14, 1823. nec Physacarpon
Necker, Elem. 2: 164, 1790, nec Physocarpus Maxim. Acta Horti
Petrop. 6: 219, 1879, nec Physocarpos Cambess. Ann. Sc. Nat.
1: 239 et 385, 1824, nee Physocarpa Raf. New Fl. Amer. 3:
73, 1836. Ruprechtia Opiz, Sez. Rost. Kve. 86, 1852, nec
Ruprechtia C. A. Meyer, Mém. Acad. St-Péters. 6 sér. 4: 148,
1840, nec Ruprechtia. Reichb. Nom. 166, 1841. Leucocoma
(Greene) Nieuwl. Amer. Mid]. Nat. 3: 254, 1914, nec Leuco-
coma Rydb. Fl. Rock. Mts. 108, 1917. Sumnera Nieuw.
Amer. Mid]. Nat. 3: 254, 1914. Plantae perennes, caule annuo
herbaceo vel suffruticoso plus minusve sulecato, caudice perenni,
vel interdum stoloniferae. Radices numerosae fibrosae, interdum
tuberosae. Folia alterna, vel raro subopposita, vel opposita
etiam, plerumque ternata et amplius composita. Floralia
saepius desunt. JInflorescentia paniculata saepius racemosa vel
subcorymbosa, nuda vel parum foliosa, ramis pedicellisque al-
ternis vel subaggregatis. Petioli basi dilatati, saepius vel am-
plexicaules vel subamplexicaules, plus minusve dilatati duarum
modo stipularum vel nonnunquam etiam stipulati et. interdum
stipellulati quoque. Flores numerosi, perfecti vel dioici vel
polygami. Calyx sepalis hinc quatuor illine quinque nonnun-
quam sex vel septem, fugax, viridis vel frequentius petaloideus.
iets deed nin a ene ee Oe |! Parke REPL STE
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 347
Corolla deest. Stamina libera plura vel numerosa, sepala fere
semper per anthesim excedentia, numero variabili. Antherae
adnatae comissura filamentis basilari nec articulatae. Ovaria
unilocularia soluta, numero in diversis diverso et variabili,
semine solitari apicali inverso. Stylus ie stigma vel
similiter elongatum vel triangulare yal punctatum ferens per
longitudinem fere totam. Carpella pauca vel numerosn, uni-
seminata indehiscentia, sicca nervosa, plus minusve inflata,
nquam stipitata, frequenter costata. Species typica:
Thalictrum foetidum L. ut imprimis Britton & Brown proposuer-
unt in Ill. Fl. 2: 118. 1913.
The proposed standard species of the Linnaean generic names
published in the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature,
p. 142, 1935, suggested that 7’. aquilegifolium L. should be taken
as a type-species; but, in view of the fact that the latter species
has been many times separated from Thalictrum to form a
separate monospecific genus, it seems preferable to adhere to the
older proposal. And, after all, T. foetidwm L. is much more
characteristic of the genus as a whole than is T. aquilegifolium L.
SUBDIVISIONS OF THE GENUS
Two genera, Anemonella and Trautvetteria have been separated
from Thalictrum and are usually accepted as distinct genera.
Many more generic segregations have been proposed at one time
or other but are not here considered worth recognition. Those
synonyms are listed under the subdivisions which were thus
raised to a generic rank.
De Candolle in his Systema (vol. 1, 1817) proposed five sec-
tions and four more subdivisions; Lecoyer (Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg.
24: 111-113, 1885) was the first to recognize the fact that a
natural classification of the genus sets the American species apart
from the Eurasian ones but, unfortunately, the names he gave
to his sections and subsections were not in Latin; Prantl (Nat.
Pfl. 3, 2: 66) in 1888 proposed nine new subdivisions for the genus
but he grouped the species in such a way that it is impossible to
ascribe to each of his new names a definite position in the scheme
actually adopted in this paper; E. L. Greene (Leaflets, 2: 49) in
1910 proposed the family Thalictraceae to include Thalictrum,
Anemone, Coptis, Aquilegia and Anemonella; and in 1914 Nieuw-
land proposed to recognize Sumnera and Leucocoma as distinct
genera.
348 Rhodora [OcroBER
KEY TO THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE GENUS
a. Owens —— — sub anthesim a ei, are persaepi
Poe Se Gy es ea eyes Subgenus Thanicoon pea 8
b. Stigma ‘bialatum deltoideum ventrale sessile. Filam
if a et saepius ad junctionem cum ce Maer paul
ulum in a rassata. Carpella aang ra costata sessilia... .
c. Carpella matura art a ee as Bectio HoMornauicrnox.
é. Carpella miahira compremea 2 0) ee Sectio UINA
b. Stigma haud sian nec eatin vel, si anguste alatum,
d. Filaments filiformia et saepius ad junctionem cum
antheris paullulum incrassata. Stigma nonnumquam
circinatum. arpella ata,
nervis tamen valde rugosis, saepius breviter sapuate
Sectio LErrostieMa.
d. Filamenta staminum plus minusve clavata, ad junc-
tionem cum antheris paullulum constricta, alba vel
fescentia, raro purpurascentia; variant antherae
globosae usque ad oblongo-lanceolatas; stigma nun-
e.
é. nso inflatus vel Goa Aiea apterus. .. .f.
ff —_ us costatus sessilis vel subsessilis nec compres-
sed nervis singulis saepius in costas elevatis.
fhaae OUR Gas o6 ck cis ks aes cas Sectio ERYTHRANDRA.
2 chico stipitatns plus minusve compressus nec
tatus, nervis tamen rugosis. . . .g.
g. sng "plus minusve compressus nervo dorsali
convexiore vel curvato modum ventralis;
stigma ventrale oe Bias nome pedicelli recti;
foha caulinaria saepius desunt........ Sect: o PHysocaRPUo.
g. Fructus valde pe a nervo ventrali pd
charg folia eS is — et 3-5-ternata
igma cylindraceum............ tio OMALOPHYSA.
é vrata: ye pi ceatrtias stipite longissimo;
WU WO a SS — io TRIPETRIUM.
a. Flores dioici vel ee raro perfecti, stylus sub anthes
sepala quaterna We i ss ek es Subge a is LmcovEnrow.
h. Flores polygamo-monoie licet perfecti, stigma filiform
elongatum, saepius cylin ee fe aap angu
i tie. ” Sepala head dimorpha. .. .
t. Ovaria pauca, solitaria, vel pacts licet raro 3-4. Pedi-
celli longissimi tempore fructuum maturitatis. Flores
: Pe a ieee sree ee sce sas ene Sectio CrNCINNERIA.
i, Ovaria numerosa. Pedicelli ad 6 cm. longi. Flores
polygamo-monoici, raro a Stigma, nisi in T.
Johnstonvi, eylin —
j. Foliolae aud PONS: oo oS Sectio CAMPTOGASTRUM. .. -k.
k. Ovaria 10 vel pauciora. Carpella matura compressa. .. ./.
U vide nervo ventrali nullo modo gibboso . Subsectio SiImPLICIA
i. Carpella nervo ven WIG ioe ces ais o GIBBOSA
k. Ovaria 18-36. wae Meco anc ong ventre globoso.
Stigma “baseaparae clavatum.......... Subsectio VENTURIANA.
Je Foliolae pelt a AS NS ee ae ta Dem gee iar .-.M.
. Foli Speer petiolis prope marginem inse
Subsectio SuBPELTATA.
m. Foliolae ampliores petiolis circa tertias insertis.
Subsectio EUPELTATA-
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 349
h. Flores — vel de cee Macon stigma breve plus sores
bialat Sepala ge rpha, floris foeminei minora. . . .n
n. Hamer piconet filiform ia, flores dioici, rarissime
polygami. Poliola apice trilobata, lobis persaepius
CrONAGS ro. ee ee Sect tio HETEROGAMIA... .0.
o. Carpella recta ventre symmetrico, nervis crassiusculis,
nec compressa nec curvata. Radices fibrosae vel
tuberosae, nec orgs igs Plantae glabrae. ...p.
p. Radices tuberosae. ...
gq. Carpella nervis simplicibus nec sinuosis sed —
4 cies weedea ig ls de Subsectio DeBILIA.
C &@ nervis bee Priel ony eee Subsectio Sinvosa.
p. ‘Radices bong es Petioluli articulati. Nervi car-
i hau MAO kg ees a Subsectio Drorca.
0. peel cena curvata vel compressa. Plantae chor ee
s, plus minusve stoloniferae. .. .
¢. spells ote crasso et firmo, sion Ls haud
mpressa, costata, nervis haud distinctis :
satin ee dorsali convexiore quam ventra
Su bsecto INCURVATA.
r, ae ee Slice minusve compressa, recta, vel bas
minusve recurvata, vel valde Gidinewiad
haves conspicuis, pariete nonnunquam mem-
branaceo. .. .s.
s. Carpella parum compressa, recta et nes Po
stipitata, nervo ventrali convexiore
QOPIREE SF is i oe on cee Su bsectio CLAVOCARPA.
8. oe subsessilia vel, si stipitata, stipite n
rvato vel nervo ventral Genie eva quam
Ee dota. vel valde comp my
12 t. Crassitudo carpelli denies latitudinis partem
1% vel attingit vel superat........... age CoMPRESSA.
ig t. Crassitudo carpelli a dimidiis latitudinis ree
@ Su ne LAMINARIA.
n. Filamenta alba saepius plus minusve clavata, flores
ol a oici. Foliola integra, vel, si apice trilobata
fobys IIS acs ie Soils Vs Mie 8 cei eee Sectio Leucocoma.
The following treatment takes into account all species attri-
buted to America, plus, when a subdivision of the group is not
confined to America, a brief world-treatment of that subdivision.
However, the § Genutna is not fully treated, for only two, or
perhaps three, of its numerous members have been collected in
America. To add a full treatment of this section to this paper
would have transformed it into a world-monograph, a study not
possible under the present conditions. Similarly § OMALoPHYSA
is incompletely treated for lack of sufficient herbarium material.
Subgenus THaticrrum (DC.) Reich. Sect. Huthalictrum DC.
Prod. 1: 12, 1824. Sect. Thalictrum DC. Syst. 1: 172, 1817.
Subg. Thalictrum (DC.) Reich. Consp. Roe. Veg. 192, 1828.
Plantae radicibus persaepius fibrosis, caule plus minusve foliosa,
foliis stipellulatis vel estipellulatis. Inflorescentia ampla, saepius
paniculata, raro subcorymbosa vel racemosa. Flores perfecti.
350 Rhodora [OcroBER
Sepala saepius 5in flore. Stigmata in eons a sepalis recedentia.
Species typica Thalictrum foetidum
ectio Homothalictrum. HH omothalictrum Fries, Sum. Veg.
Sean. 27, 1846, nomen nudum. Sec t. Camptogastrum f. Flexuosa
Prantl, Nat fl., 3: 2: 66, 1888. co Pileiuants filiformia nonnun-
quam ‘Purpurascentia. Stigma bialatum deltoideum ventrale
rpella matura costata sessilia nec compressa. Species
typica soto T. minus L. sit.
As created by Fries, his genus Homothalictrum included only
T. alpinum L.; and I was also at first under the impression that
the simple raceme was a character sufficient by itself to set off
this species from the rest of the genus. But this character must
be considered rather as an extreme, especially if one compares
this species with its nearest relatives, 7. Esquirolii Lévl. & Vant.
and 7’. isopyroides Meyer. Amongst the species to be referred
here besides T. minus L., there are: T. alpinum L., T. angusti-
folium Jacq., T. Esquirolii H. Lévl. & Vant., T. flavum L., T.
galioides Nestl., T. isopyroides Meyer, T. kemense Fries, T.
punduanum Wall., T. rugosum Ait., T. simplex L., T. squarrosum
Steph.
1. THaLicrRuM MINUs L,
To this species can be referred a specimen from the herbarium
of John Ball and preserved in the Gray Herbarium. It was
collected in Greenland by Giesecké, so says the label. C. L.
Giesecké was a geologist who, between 1806 and 1813, made
collections of plants on Greenland. His report was published in
Brewster’s Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, 10: 100-102, 1832, and
the only Thalictrum listed is T. alpinum. Thus it is not at all
improbable that the label was pasted to the wrong specimen.
That label, however, reads: Thalictrum Greenland Giesecke.
T. R. Jones, reviewing the botanical literature on Greenland
in the Man. Nat. Hist. Gr., p. 256, 18751, casts a doubt on the
accuracy of Giesecké’s list. ‘His list’’, he writes, ‘ ‘compre-
hends a large number of species, but he is manifestly wrong in
regard to many of them. Some, which may possibly be per
bers of the Greenland flora, have never been found since his day.”
Giesecké having spent eight years in Greenland studying the
mineralogy of the country, it is not impossible that he might
have chanced to botanize on peculiar spots where the local
1 See also Trans, Bot. Soc. Edin., 9, 2: 430-465, 1868.
| SSRI eet EN ee ee aR ae secs er re or eae ane eT
a ST ee ee HG Ere ze. lg BR in
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies
H
I2e 1Sb
Deraits or Ftowers or Fruits or THaAticrrvum, all X 6
(For explanation see end of paper. Notealso that the “c’’ of “14c” has been
omitted by error.)
geological formations supported an endemic flora. Greenland is
reputedly well known botanically, but as recently as 1937,
Polunin reported seven new species from the Julianehaab sector
alone and confirmed six doubtful previous reports. Although
the flora of that ‘subcontinent’? shows more affinities with
America than with Europe, the presence of T. minus sensu
amplo can not be rejected a priori, for it is a species ranging over
Eurasia and Africa from the Bering Straits to Ireland and from
Arctic Norway to central Africa. For the time being it is,
however, preferable to wait until some other field-botanist
confirms Giesecké’s specimen by collecting the plant anew.
Lecoyer in 1885 recorded over 200 synonyms of 7. minus and
no doubt many others have been coined since that time. In
view of the types of these being all in Eurasian herbaria and also
because that species is rather scantily represented in American
352 Rhodora [OcroBER
herbaria, it is preferable to leave to some other worker, who
might have access to the types, the task of disentangling, 7f
possible, the status of this species, for, as Prantl characterizes it,
very accurately indeed, it is a P iornien buon’:
2. T. Hultenii sp. nov. Planta 35-70 em.1, omnino glabra nis
in cauli. Radix ignotaest. Caulis arenoso-pr uinosus sub tempus
florendi. Folia caulinaria 2-4-ternata, internodos subaequantia,
superiora et intermedia in apice dilatationis petiolaris sessilia,
inferiora plus minusve petiolata. Stipulae auriculatae, plus
minusve laceratae. Stzpellulae desunt. Foliolae variabiles,
saepius subquadratae, apice trilobatae, ca. 1.5 cm. long. Inflo-
rescentia paniculata 5-10 cm. long., parum ramosa. Pedunculi in
axilla saepe folii ternati, saepius folii simplicis, rarissime bracteae.
Flores omnes perfecti, pauci in planta. Sepala paullulum cucul-
lata, elliptica, ca. 3.0 mm. long., supera erosa, albicantia, plus
minusve luteo-tincta. Stamina 8-15 in flore. Filamenta pallida
flavescentia ca. 3.5 mm. Antherae oblongae vel oblongo-lanceo-
latae, flavae, ca. 2.0 mm., mucrone brevi ca. 0.1 mm Ovaria
3-6 in flore, stigmate 0. 4-0.7 mm. Carpella matura ignota, fere
matura sessilia ventre ovoideo vel subgloboso. Floret Julio et
Augusto. AtasKa: Hultén 6753, Unalaska, July 20, 1932 (NY,
TYPE); Van Dyke 38, Un alaska, Makushin Bay, moist grassy
places on hillsides, July 16, 1905 (G); J. M. Macoun 115, Una-
laska, July 25, 1891 (G, NY); Hall, Unalaska, Tliuliuk, Oct. 1,
1871 (G); Harrington, Unalaska, Iliuliuk, Oct. 12, 1871 (G);
Evermann 120, Amakuak Island, Aug. 1, 1892 (F); Eyerdam 4
nalaska, Aug, 22, 1932 (NY): Kincaid, Unalaska, Sept. 1
1897 LUC); A E.& R. T. Porsild 641, Inana River, Hot Srna
64° 20’ W., recent clearings in the Nesp of recently
cick tose July 8, 1926 (G). Fie.
This species has hitherto passed as either 7. ae Fries or
T. majus L. or T. minus var. kemense (Fries) Trel. It differs
mainly in the size of the fruit and by its contracted leafy inflor-
escence. Dedicated to Ertc Huurén, the author of “Outline of
the History of Arctic and Boreal Biota during the Quaternary
Period’, a fundamental book on the phytogeography of the
Arctie-boreal floras, and of detailed works on the floras of
Kamtchatka, the Aleutian Islands and Alaska. The habitat of
the last cited specimen suggests that the plant might have been
somewhat overlooked on continental Alaska.
3. T. aLpinum L. Planta plus minusve stolonifera, erecta
1 Where not otherwise indica all measurements in descriptions apply to the
height of the plant, or the moe of: the organs concerned.
ST AW RS aC I Sin | a a TAN alt ny any wicca Saag Sle UL daa Me aMia ae
1944} Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 353
rigida, omnino glabra (0.5)-1.5-(38. 0)}-decimetralis. Radices
fibrosae. Folia bi-quadriternata, basilaria caulinarium
deest vel raro solitarium, folia inferiora hanveneiias interdum
lanceolata integra, raro trilobata, saepius desunt, superiora
semper desunt. Foliolae flabellatae, coriaceae, inferne plus
minusve glaucae, 1 cm. longae vel brevi lores, apice 3-7-lobatae,
margine plus minusve revoluto, nervis rugosis, inferne rugosiori-
bus. Inflorescentia nuda racemosa, e pedunculis alternis ante
anthesim adpressis, postea recurvatis. Sepala 1.5-2.3 mm.
longa, ovata vel elliptica. Stamina 8-15 in floribus singulis.
Filamenta ca. 3.5 mm. filiformia, ante anthesim aliquo modo
flavescentia, postea tamen purpurascentia. Antherae 1.2-2.3
mm. longae, oblongae vel lineares, apice acutae, etsi mucronatae
breviter etiam, one flavescentes deinde ee oe
pedicellis singulis, reflexa vel et a, 2.8-3.5 cm. longa, sub-
globosa vel oblanceolata basi saepius attenuata vel stipitata,
apice rotundata, nervata, nervis ca. 12, rostro ad tergum valde
eflexo. Floret a Junio ad Septembrem.
The three following varieties seem to be worth recognition,
although the characters of each are not absolutely spon
3a. T, ALPINUM var. typicum. T'. alpinum L., Sp. PIl., 1: 545,
1753. T. alpinum var. pallidum Norman, Arch. Math. aia,
8: 4, 1883. T. alpinum var. gaspense Greene, Ott. Nat. 23: 18,
1909. T. alpinum var. sour ables ne Greene, I. c. 1909. T. alpi-
num var. nesioticum Greene, l. c. 19, 1909. T. alpinum var. pudi-
cum Greene, |. c. 1909. Planta ‘stolonibus plus minusve elongatis
horizontalibus, raro caespitosa. Radices paucae saepius sparsae.
Foliolae supernae laete virides saepius valde lucidae nec glaucae.
Ovaria saepius obovata vel subglobosa, sessilia vel subsessilia.
Carpella matura stipite 0.5 mm. vel breviore vel deente.—GREEN-
LAND: Vahl. f.(G); A. E. Porsild 257, south coast of Disko Island
near Godhavn, 69° 14’, fertile slopes near the warm springs, July
27-28, 1937 (G); Seidenfaden & Ostenfeld 296, East —
northern side of the head of Husk-ax Fiord, 73° 38’, Aug. 1
1929 (G); M. P. Porsild & R. T. Porsild, Vest-Gréal. ‘Ubekendt
Eijland, Igdlorssuit, 71° 14’, 21 juli, 1929 (G); Eugenius, Groenl.
occid., ca. Neria, 61° 33’, 26 ‘juli, 1935 (G). Lasrapor: Bell 874,
Cape ‘Chudleigh (C): Fernald & Wiegand 2430, Blane eer
limestone and calcareous sandstone terraces, Aug. 6, 1910 (G).
NEWFOUNDLAND: Robinson & Schrenk 26, marsh near confluence
of Exploits River and Badger Brook, Aug. 13, 1894 ear G,
isotypes of T. alpinum var. microspermum) ; Fernald & Long
8,272, Quirpon Island, wet boggy tundra in dius Valley,
Ke 7, 1925 (G); Fernald, Long & of 1708, Old Port au Choix,
354 Rhodora [OcroBER
turfy and peaty margins of dry gravelly limestone barrens, July
22, 1929 (G); Fernald & Wiegand 5443, Millerton Junction, dry
bog, July 7, 1911 (G); Fernald, Long & Dunbar 26,690, Brig Bay,
peaty and ‘turfy knolls or slopes on limestone barrens, Aug. 6
1924 (G). Qu&Berc: Victorin & Rolland 25,441, Minganie, tle
Saint-Charles, prés de la tourbiére du lac Salé, 20 juillet, 1926
(G); Victorin & Rolland 21,156, Minganie, Grande Ile, talus
humide sur le rivage, avec Anemone parviflora, 20 juillet, 1925
(G); Pursh, Anticosti (G); Macoun 3, Anticosti, valley of Jupiter
River, Aug. 20, 1883 (C, type of T. alpinum var. nestoticum; G,
isotype) ; Victorin, Rolland & Louis-Marie 21,156, Anticosti,
riviére Vauréal, sur les talus humides le long de la riviére, 27
juillet, 1925 (G); Fernald, Gaspé Co., banks of the Grand River,
damp ledges, June 30-July 3, 1904 (C, type of T. alpinum var.
gaspense, G, isotype); Fernald & Collins 1046, Gaspé Co., Bona-
venture Island, Bonaventure conglomerate (calcareous) sea-
_ Aug. 7 & 8, 1905 (G); Pease & Smith 25,761, Matane Co.,
Juneau, eee alpine, June 30, 1 40 (C 7A: E & R. T. Porsild
789, Norton Sound, Pastolik, bor 22’ N., 163° W., coast and low
swampy tundra, growing on the sides of large “niggerheads”’ , hot
common, July 20, 1926 (G); J. P. Anderson 452, Juneau, July
4, 1917 (NY). SrBeria, PRIMORSK: Wright, Behring Straits,
Arakamtchetchene Island, 1853-1856 (G, US); Tiling, Ajan
(G). yaxutsK: Nilson, Balaganach, June 27, 1898 (US).
TRANSBAICALIA: NV. & V. Ikonnikov-Galitzky 288, montes Kentei
orientales and fontes fluvii Kerulen, July 18, 1928 (NY). YEN-
ISSEISK: Kusnezow & Reverdatto 973, distr. Turuchansk, 1914
pr sesaaboay GY). Rear Krylov, Altai, Margalinsky
prope Nishnij Uimon, June 11, 1901 (NY);
Sehisciin, Chilikina € Sumnevicz, Altai, i in jugum Terk-Tynsky
fluminis, Kostachta, July 4, 1931 (NY). TURKESTAN: Saposhon-
kov, in jugo Tian-Schan, in alpinis, Ju ne 28, pie Modif: Russia,
ARCHANGEL: Steffen 567, Vaygach Is., Aug. 16, 1926 (C). VoLe-
pa: Soczava, montes uralenses inter 62° et 64°, ‘Tuly 20, 1928 (C).
Nova ZEMBLA: Weber, 1891 (F); Tolmatschew 416, insula sep-
tentrionalis, in decliviis siccis ad flumen Notschujew in vic.
eho, ia Matotschkin, July 23, 1922 v. (G). SprrzBERGEN:
King’s Bay, July 6-8, 1935 (G). Lavrpronra: Anderson
84, 1869. SweEvEN: Ortendal, Ostersund, Jmelland, 1890 (G);
Asplund, Tornetriisk-omridet, Nuoljas nordsida, July 19, 1917
(F); Sjorgren, in alpe Areskutan, 1846 (G); Alm 6523, 'Torne
1 Abbreviated elsewhere throughout this paper as v. or g.
TE
pla cle ER i oe ie Ct DG EL tt apnea ea aha ae eee eta a NR cats Rie en Ate ess ante ace nai, ae ale
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 355
Lappmark, Jukkasjirvi s:n, in monte Kaisepakte, alt. ca. 750 m.,
Toy 18, 1926 (G): Tedenius, Herjedal bor. occid. a Malmagen,
julio ( ). ORWAY: aylor, Ruostavand, Tromsé, July—Aug.,
1907 (G); Fidtz, Opdal i Sér-Tréndelag, Kalvellafossen, Aug. 11,
1910 (G); Bocck, ee feed. Hid, Voss: Finnesleigen, i fjéra ved
Vangevalnet, 46 m “si Faro Isuanps: Taylor, Videré
Island, Videreite, "1903-19 6 (G); Hartz & ees insula
Suderé, Kvalbéfjaed, Tay. 21, 1897 (G). take
Jack, Perthshire, Ben Lin, July , 1922 (G) ; Clova, 1832 32 (CG). ENG-
LAND, DURHAM: Edmondson 4691, upper Teesdale, Widdybank,
wet places, June 27, 1909 (G). WESTMORELAND: Beanland,
Tarn Craggs, Helvellyn, June 29, 1909 (G). YorRKSHIRE: Lees,
alt. 1600 ft., June 1872 (F). ROSSSHIRE: Stables, moor behind
Rosebough, growing with Si ge among cowfields, June 1,
1843 (G). Wats: Ball, North Wales, mountains near Llan-
beris, May 30 & 31, 1859 (ry: Ball, North Wales, Carnarvon-
shire, rocks on Snowdon, 1850 (G). IceLanpb: Seidenfaden 969,
eastern Iceland, Seydisfjord, 65° 17° Lert heath, June 27, 1929
( . Sérensen, Skagafjord, July i, 0 (G); Paulsen, SW-
Iceland, Haon efjord, Hvanu, July 4, 1904 (G); ‘Scamman 1871,
Lakjamot, a farm in the north on the road between Stadur and
2-19, 1938 (G); Taylor, N. Iceland, Sula mountains nw. of
Akuseyvi, June 27, 1895 (G). Type, not seen, from Scandinavia,
presumably preserved at the Linnaean Society of London.
Fies. 3a, b and e
Var. pallidum Norman, is the early stage of the plant when the
leaflets are strongly glaucous beneath. Type not seen.
Greene’s four varieties are rather descriptions of individuals
than of taxonomic units. Types in the National Herbarium of
Canada seen, except of var. pudicum for which Greene did not
authenticate nor indicate any typical collection nor any definite
distribution. The characters stressed by Greene to separate his
varieties are mainly the following: height of the plant; average
number of leaflets per leaf; curvature of the pedicels; number of
carpels per flower; insertion of the carpel. All these characters
exhibit such a degree of variation that the isotype of var. micro-
spermum at the Gray Herbarium does not correspond to the
description of the type as to the height of the plant (10 to 14
inches), the number of leaflets per leaf (13 to 23), as to form of
leaflets (often broader than long and as often 4—5-lobed as 3-
lobed), the description of veinlets (either prominent or not),
curvature of pedicels (straight to strongly recurved), number of
356 Rhodora [OcTOBER
carpels (one or two per flower, the specimens being overmature
and most of the fruits gone), and insertion of the carpels (defi-
nitely short-stipitate). And so on.
The following year', Greene proposed seven new species, all
based on material from the western United States. Plus the
characters already discussed, he emphasized the following:
leaflets shining or dull, pale or dark green; sex of the plant; size
and form of the stamen; length of petiole; size and form of the
leaflets. Of these seven species we can say the same as has
already been said about the varieties. Two characters, however,
prove to be rather constant and characteristic of the western
American specimens. In most cases the leaves are of a pale green
and always dull on the upper surface, the latter character being
the most constant of the two. On the other hand, all the
material from Gaspé Peninsula to Greenland and from Alaska
has leaflets of a rather dark green color and definitely shining on
the upper surface. A few, very few, intermediates were en-
countered. Such an intermediate was Hall & Harbour 10, from
‘ Colorado, which happens to be the type-collection of Thalictrum
scopulorum Greene. Some specimens from the Pyrénées are
equally more or less shining on the upper surface of the leaflets.
4. T. atpinum var. hebetum, var. nov.—T. cheilanthoides
Greene, Leaflets, 2: 89,1910. 7. duriusculum GREENE, l. c. 92,
Ol. T elegantulum ‘GREENE, 1, -¢, 03, 1910. 7. leiophyllum
GREENE, |. c. 90, 1910. T. monoense GREENE, l. c. 93, 1910.
da scopulorum GREENE, l. c. 91, 1910. T. suspensum GREENE,
L¢@,.: O02, 1910. —Planta parum stolonifera, raro caespitosa,
stolonibus elongatis vel ascendentibus. Radices paucae aggre-
gatae. Foliolae superne hebetae vel raro parum lucidae, saepius
plus minusve glaucae, interdum viridulae. Ovaria obovata vel
oblanceolata, sessilia vel subsessilia. Carpella agen stipite
0.5 mm., vel breviore vel deente——Wvyomine: EF. Nelson 648,
y Co., Fox. Park, on hummocks in bogs, th 8, 1907
1 Leaflets, 2: 89-93, 1910.
EE a lll hl llr SS lS lc Sel =
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 357
& E. S. Clements 319, Seven Lakes, alt. 3500 m., 4 julii, 1901
(G); Hermann 5544, Garfield Co., 134 miles sw. of Trappers’
Lake, trail to Flat Top, low moist meadow at edge of spruce
woods, alt. 9500-10500 ft., July 31, 1933 (G); Clokey 3533,
affee Co., Grizzly Peak, moist meadow, alt. 10,500 ft., May 7,
1919 (G); Wolf & Rothrock 94, 1873 (G); Parry 75, from the head-
waters of Clear Creek and the alpine ridges lying east of Middle
Park, 1851 (G); Crandalle & Cowen 30, vicinity of Como, moist
soil along stream, alt. 9775 ft., Aug. 3, 1895 (G); Osterhout,
Laramie Co., North Park, July 25, 1898 (G); Baker, Earle &
Tracy 637 {and not 437], above Durango, Hamor’s Lake, July
24, 1898 (G-ND, type of T. suspensum; G, photograph of the
type; NY, US, isotypes; Brandegee 890, Sierra Sangre de Cristo,
ae 1879 (UC)). Uran: Porter, Uinta Mountains, July 25, 1873
ANS
358 Rhodora [OcroBER
basses Alpes, Larche, Arvet Touvet, Guiguet, ep e du Var 4
Esteine, dans les prairies tourbeuses, 16 juin, 1875 (G); Alpes
maritimes, Lac de Vens, 29 juin, 1898 (F); ae Alpes mari-
“_ St. Etienne, Lac de Rabuons, gazons humides, alt. 2410
, 7 sept., 1919 (F). PYRENEES: "Rugel, Pyrénées-Orientales,
val d’Eynes (G, NY); Suzzet, val d’Eynes, 11 juillet, 1890 (F);
Trat 51a, Pyrénées Orientales, vallée de Carol, in pascuis editiori-
bus prope Porta, 1 juillet, 1846 (NY); Bordére, Hautes-Pyrénées,
pic du Campvieil, 1891 (F); Bordére, Hautes-Pyrénées, Tré-
mouse, aotit 1864 (IF); Irat, Hautes-Pyrénées; Vignemale, ad
nives, 3 sept., 1846 (F); Pyrénées, Port de Pinéde (F). Spatn:
Bourgeau, Castanesa, Bassibes, aotit, 1847 (G).
5. T. ALPINUM var. STIPITATUM Yabe, Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 17:
20, 19038. T. marginatum Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. 1: 51, 1839. |
} ig aN we Royle, |. c. 1839, nec 7. microphyllum Anders.
c. Bot. Belg. 24: 292, 1885, nomen nudum, ex synonymis
Thalictri minoris L. var. elati Lec. T. brackeifilum Bertol. Mem.
oa oe Bolog. II, 3: 422, 1848. ? 7. acaule Cambess. ex Hacque-
t, Voy. nd. 4, Botanique, 3, 1844. ? TJ. alpinum var.
sei Ulbrich, Not. Bot. Gart. Mus. Ber. 10: 877, 1929. T.
alpinum var. microphyllum Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7, 2:
311, 1931. T. nippono-alpinuwm Honda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 53:
334, 1939.—Planta stolonifera et caespitosa, stolonibus paucis
elongatis horizontalibus, pluribus ascendentibus. Radices num-
erosae fasciculatae. Foliolae supernae saepius viridulae, non-
nunquam paululum glaucae, interdum parum lucidae. Ovaria
stipitata oblanceolata. Carpella matura stipite 0.5-2. : mm.
ongo.—Nippon, HonbDo: Takemoto 591, Sinano, Aug. 9, 1923
(G). Cuina, szEcHWAN: Rock 17,865, northeast of Kula, Mount
Siga, on alpine meadow, alt. 4600 m. , June, 1929 (F, N NY, US);
Rock 16,253, west of Muli Gomba, Mount Mitzuga, high alpine
screes, alt. 4780 m., June, 1928 (US); Rock 5554, Muli Kingdom,
alt. 16, 000 ft., June, 1922 (US); Rock 16,405b, Kondaling, Rison-
quemba, Mount Konka, on alpine meadow, alt. 4770 m., June-
hug. ., 1928 (US). yunnan: Handel-Mazzetti 4696, ad austro-
orient. pagi Dschungdien (Chungtien) in lateris occid. montis
Piepun, regione alpina, in glarea mobili, substr. calceo, alt. 4300-
4650 m., 11 aug., 1914 (US); Rock 4951, Yangtze watershed, distr.
of Likian ng, eastern slopes of Likiang Snow Range, on limestone
gravel, alt. 16,500 ft., July 8, 1922 (US); Rock 9444, Yangtze
watershed, eastern slope of Likiang Snow Range, alt. 14,000 ft.,
jay 1923 (US). Inp1a, stxxm: J. D. Hooker, regio alp. alt.
000 ped. (G). KumMaon: Strachey & Winterbottom 1, Barjikang
vee, alt. 15,000 ft., (G). Garuwat: Strachey & Winterbottom
2, Bompras, alt. 14 500 ft. (G); Duthie 3795, above steeping ae
12, 000—13,000 ft., "Sept. 16, 1885 (US). punsaB: Koelz 7
Lahul, Khaksar, alpine meadow, alt. 15,000 ft., July 29, i936
| UF et a Se Oe
——— ee
rr Fa a
1944] — Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 359
(NY); Koelz 116, Kulu, Chanduakani, ~~ Phos ae ft., _— (NY);
Koelz 8610, Chamba, Kukti Pass, alt. ft., Jul y 3, 1936
(NY); Koelz 5039, Kangra, Rotang La, ee 12, 000 {t., "tin 30-
July 1, 1933 (NY, US); Koelz 6851, Kangra, Lahul, oars
Gongma, alt. 15,000 ft., Aug. 29-30 (US). KASHMIR: Thoms
Kishtwar, regio ‘alpina, "alt. 11 ,000 ped. (G); Thomson, Ladakh
regio alp. alt. 15-16,000 ped. (G, NY); Falconer 22 (G); R.
Stewart 9776a, Sonamarg, alt. 12,000 ft., July 23, 1928 NY), B
R. Stewart 19,873, ae ee Burzi Bass, alt. ca. 14 ,000 ft.,
July 27, 1940 (N TY): 9,997, Deosai, near Mir
Panzil Pass, alt. ca. 14 060 ti san 28, 1940 (N Y); R. R. Stewart
18,275, to Gadsai from Gangabal, alt. ca. 12, 000 ft., Aug. 11,
1939 (NY); T. T. Stewart 7814, Tulion, above. Pahlgam, bree -
13,000 ft., July 13, 14, 1925 (NY); Koelz, Rupshu,
among dry rocks along stream, alt. 15,000 ft., June 30, 1931
(NY, US). Fias. 5a and b.
No type material has been available of any of the taxonomic
units concerned. Var. elatum Ulbrich was described from speci-
mens having the flowers of T. alpinum L. but the vegetative
characters of 7. Esquirolit Lévl. & Vant. The flowers of those
two-species are not very different. One flowering specimen from
the Burma-Thibet frontier, Ward 9804, can be referred here only
doubtfully until the fruits are known.
6. T. rucosum Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2: 263, 1789. T. flavum L.
& speciosum Reichard, ‘Syst. Pl. 2: 648, 1779. T. speciosum
(Reichard) Poir. Eneye. Bot. 5: 315, 1804, nec TJ. speciosum
Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 2, 1768. T. glaucum Desf. Tabl.
de l’Ecole de Bot" 2: 146, 1815, nomen nudum. T. crenatum
ae
DC. Syst. 1: 184. 1817. 7. glaucum Desf. ex DC. 1. ce. 1817.
T. rugosum Ait. @ umbelliferum DC. 1. ec. 185, 1817. T. discolor
Willd. ex Lec. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24: 367, 1885, nomen nudum.
T. purpurascens L. var. rugosum (Ait.) Farwell, Pap. Mich. Ac.
Sci. 26: 11, 1941.
T. rugosum Ait. was described from material cultivated in the
Botanical Garden at Kew and was said to have been introduced
from America. But Lecoyer, who has seen the type specimens,
states that it is T. glaucum Desf. Apparently the Kew Gardens
distributed seeds from the type-colony of T. rugosum Ait., for
John Bartram cultivated it and so did Purdue University as late
as 1924 and the Missouri Botanical Garden in 1902. Schweinitz
got the plant from Bartram for his own harbarium and Muhlen-
berg also had it as one of his four American species. There
360 Rhodora [OcToBER
seems to be no doubt that the plant was never native in America
and that Aiton’s surmise was erroneous. A. P. De Candolle also
saw the plant cultivated in a European garden under the name T.
rugosum Ait. Apparently this plant was cultivated in America
during the eighteenth century, at least in the United States,
Mexico and Peru. A photograph of the type of 7’. densiflorum
HBK. was lent to me by the Field Museum. It shows a plant
in all points similar to 7. rugosum. The name 7’. rugosum Ait.
antedates both T. glaucum Desf. and T. speciosum Poir. and
must supersede them as the oldest name of the plant of southern
Europe and northern Africa.
Sectio Genuina (DC.), stat. nov.—Sect. Thalictrum, subsect.
Genuina DC., Syst. 1: 169 & 175, 1817. Species typica 7’.
foetidum L. , typus generis, sit (p. 347).
Sectio Leptostigma, sect. nov. Stigmatibus Sea SEEN
nec alatis. Species typica 7. saniculaeforme DC. s
Among other species belonging to this group are: 7. Dalzelli
Hook., 7. Falconeri Lec., T. rotundifolium DC., T. rufum Lec.,
T. Rochebrunianum Franch., T. tuberosum L., T. virgatum Hook.
f. & Thom. None of them grow wild in America.
Sectio Erythrandra, sect. nov. Filamenta antherarum apice
clavata, alba vel rufescentia. Carpella sessilia vel breviter
stipitata, costata, inflata. Stigma nunquam alatum nec sagit-
tatum. Species typica T. petaloideum L. sit.
A section including 7. calabricum Spreng., T. Fortunei Moore,
T. javanicum Blume, T. podolicum Lec., T. sachalinense Lec., T.
thibeticum Franch. and others. This section is not represented
in ne on
T. LEUCOSTEMON Koch & Bouch., Append. Ind. Sem. Hort.
Berol 13, 1854.
This species, erroneously attributed to America, probably
belongs here. According to Lecoyer there does not seem to
exist any type for this species.
Sectio Paysocarpum DC.—Syst. 1: 171, 1817. Physocarpum
Bercht. and Presl, O Priroz. Rostl. 1: 14, 1823, ut genus.
Subg. a ook regs 8 Cons. Regn. vee 192, aN
ut genus. Clavata Small, Man. South. Fl. 524, 1933, divisio
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 361
ordo cujus indeterminatus. —Plantae saepius glabrae, foliis
eatenaliniatee: caulinariis paucis nisi desunt, radicibus nonnun-
quam tuberosis. Pubescentia, si adest, e pilis uniseriatis trans-
lucidis. Inflorescentia corymbosa, nonnunquam pauciflora, raro
elongata. lies perfecti. Sepala spathulata vel obovata
interdum unguiculata. Filamenta alba, clavata ad apicem.
Antherae athe sal pallido-luteae. Carpella matura pauca stipi-
tata nervosa, plus minusve compressa, nec costata, nervis tamen
saepius rugosis et fere simplicibus. Stigmata brevissima vel
dentia, marcescentia. Species typica 7. clavatum DC. sit
This subdivision of the genus was first created by De Candolle
as a section and all five synonyms given were based on sect.
Physocarpum DC. It included at first four species, three of
which are now in other sections. Many subsequent authors
have recognized this unit, always retaining 7. clavatum and
dropping the other three species. This procedure is followed
here, for the characters given by De Candolle clearly show that
he regarded that species as typical of his newly proposed section.
As most of the types of species belonging to this section are
not accessible, it has not been possible to give a complete synony-
my except for the American species. Furthermore, the material
7 at hand is not quite abundant enough for a thorough treatment
, : of this section. Since Lecoyer in his monograph treated only
three species of this group, it is thought desirable to give a key
to the sixteen species I recognize, cite at least some collections of
each species and give a full treatment of the American species
) only, leaving out of the picture all species for which there is no
: herbarium material available to me.
a. Folia caulinaria os 2-6, stipulis laceratis. Carpella
14 matura lignosa, ven re globoso, nervis obscuris. .. .
6. Stigma ovatum vel pd, contig semimillimetrale vel brevius
. T. baicalense.
. b. Stigma recurvatum, circinatum etiam, millimetrale lineare.
ia 9, T. baicalense, ~ megalostigma.
/ 4 a. Folia caulinaria 0-2, stipulis pesim ee matura pariete
: =
ranaceo, nervis saep’ a
c. Stigma lineare roiltenensaies Plant ae 15-40 em.. 10. 7. philippinense.
a c. Stigma ovatum vel discoideum vel globosum semimilli-
. Foliola tae, basi in e, apice acutae
olae saepius wi tegra p oe cole "
e. Foliolae —— orbiculares, - marginem totam
tae 24. T. coreanum.
bt a Re era aes © gh eee ao Ole 8 be eee, ee ee
362 Rhodora [OcroBeR
f. Foliolae oblongo-lineares integrae, nisi we a
SUA ine pal amtnieai pine cree ace. pcetr cates ead T. integrilobum.
f. Foliolae dentatae. .
. Folia caulinaria Pils opposita orbicularia simplicia.
Radix stolonibus longis................ 11. T. filamentosum.
g. Folia siege vel desunt, vel alternantia, vel 1-2
ternata sunt... .h.
h, Foliolae eteshas Semele atl
7. Carpella ventre lanceolato. ...
§: oo faleata. Foliclae iedatne sernet
hy pe FO EA cone aca) ae ee . TT. declinatum.
4 Cucpaln parum asymetrica. Foliolae basi
RS aE Se SY ghee mere te 14. T. acutifoliwm.
i. Carpella ventre obovoideo vel rhomboideo
16. 7. unguiculatum.
h. Plantae omnino glabrae... .k.
k. Carpella matura vette faleato oblanceolato
5 mm. longo, nervo ventrali concavo. .12. T'. clavatum.
k. os ae nervo ventrali convexo vel
ere ea
l. Carpella matura jonah Seg 7 a m
a; inflorescentia sub-
corymbosa he ‘longats, foliolis fere
ovatis 2-8 ¢ ongis.....
arpella faatin ventre 3
ol sta 9 mm.; antherae
ROR 55s ca hes eer 4. T. acutifolium
n, oe matura Mii 4.0-5.38 mm.
ongo; — . 3 mm.; antherae
reer a te ke . Chiaonis.
Planta 1-2 din. alta; eo ed) foliolae
ina 4-5 mm.....
0. Polioiae ee orbiculares. Banks ca.
Stigma discoideum i
Carpella matura stipite ca. 3.5 ing -
17. T. Guegueni.
o. Foliolae rhomboideae, Stamina ca. 4
mm. Stigma elongatum insertum a
styli ventrum. Carpella ee
Be ae 3S mith ss 20. . Watanabei.
gma sessile hee ate ere sy 5. 7. microgynum.
Dp. Canaie, nervo dorsali multo eeubec tad
ventrali. tigma Psi sa
insertum ad —) val styli brevis,
Stamm entri a oo: oe
q- ina mm.; carpella matura 1.0—
La ee ee 13° T- mirabile.
q. o semimetralis; stamina 5-6 mm.;
matura ventre 3-4
longo, 1 A-1.8 mm. lato....... 19. 7. tuberiferum.
T. BAICALENSE Turez. ex Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 1: 7, 1841. T.
bizalens too Paes Soc. Imp. Figs Mose. 2: 85, 1838, ie gaa
MUR: Korshinsky, Amur mediu us, 1891
( US): J Rorhaae Peeuaiiaa, 18 gate 1891 g. (G); Ririidasky,
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 363
Khabarovka (na Amurye), 22 Maya, 1891 g. (G); Maak, ad
fluvium Amur (G). Nippon, Honpo: Masamune, Nikko, July 3,
1926 (NY). Manpssurra: Schrenk 173, ad fluv. Amur, 1855
(G). Cura, KANsu: Ching 1003, vicinity of Choni, alt. 3100—
3300 m., Sept. 7-15, 1923 (US); Ching 360, Hsia Mo K’ou, near
Lichen, alt. 2000 to 2300 m., July 7-8, 1923 (US); Rock 12,862,
T’ao River basin, banks of T’ao river, opposite Choni, flowers
greenish, alt. 8200 ft., July, 1925 (G). Fie. 8.
9. T. BAICALENSE Turez. var. megalostigma, var. nov.—
Stigma lineare recurvatum, circinatum etiam, millimetrale.—
CHINA, szECHWAN: Fang 3619, Kangtin Hsien, Tachienlu, in
thickets, herb 3 ft., alt. 9000-9500 ft., Sept. 27, 1928 (G, TYPE;
US, isotype); Wang 21,377, ascending to Fu-pien Hsien, road-
side, thicket-floor, alt. 3400 m., June 19, 1930 (G), herb 3 ft.
F
1G. 9.
10. T. paiuiprrnense C. B. Robinson, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club,
35: 65, 1908.—Puriprines, Luzon: R. S. Williams 957, prov.
Benguet, Baguio, June 22, 1904 (NY, paratypes); idem 1137,
June 22, 1904 (NY, vypex; G, 1soryrr); Merrill 7767, Benguet
subprovince, May, 1911 (US). Fie. 10.
11. T. FILAMENTOSUM Maximovicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 13, 1859.
—SrBeriA, PRIMoRSK: Palczewsky, Vladivostok, Mt. Orlinoe
Gnezdo (Eagle Nest), May 5, 1905 v. (NY); Saverkina 99, June
(or July) 15, 1929 v. (NY); Topping 2060, Vladivostok and
vicinity, May—Oct., 1919 (US). amur: Maximovicz (G, iso-
type?); Komarov 725, vallis fluminis Sutar, 12 junii, 1895 v.
(NY, US); Korshinsky, 1891 v. (US); Korshinsky, Bidzhanskii,
8 June, 1891 (G). Fia. 11.
12. T. cuavatum DC. Syst. 1: 171, 1817.—Physocarpum
clavatum (DC.) Bercht. & Presl, O Priroz. Rostl. 1: 14, 1823.
T. filipes Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 38, 1838. T. nudicaule
Schweinitz ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 39, 1838. Sumnera
clavata (DC.) Nieuwl. Amer. Midl. Nat. 3: 254, 1914.—Planta
omnino glabra. Caulis luteolus glaber 1.5-7.0 dm. altus, per-
saepius solitarius et semimetralis. Radices paucae fibrosae
nigricantes, aliquantulum ad originem tuberosae. Folia cau-
linaria biternata petiolata, saepius tamen desunt. Foliolae 1.0-
5.0 em. long., 0.8-6.0 cm. lat., forma variabiles, subalbicantes
inferne. Inflorescentia subcorymbosa. Sepala spathulata alba,
2 . longa. Stamina 4-5 mm., Ca. 0. Filamen
3.5-4.5 mm., saepe crassiora quam antherae. Antherae ovoid-
pauciora per receptaculum, faleato-oblanceolata, 7-8 mm. long.,
stipite 2.2-3.0 mm., ventro 4-5 mm. long., nervo ventrali concavo.
Stigma ca. 0.3 mm., di :
ejusdem longitudinis. Floret ab Aprili ad Junium.— VIRGINIA:
364 Rhodora [OctroBER
Schweinitz, Patrick Co. (ANS, type of 7. nudicaule; NY, frag-
ment). Nort Carouina: Radford & Stewart 1787, Wilkes Co.,
growing at spring in a shady bend of the road up Pores Knob Mt.,
north exposure, July 2, 1940 (NC); Magee, Lickstone Mt., June
10, 1897 (G); Curtiss 28, Roan Mt., moist rocky ravines, alt.
6100 ft., July (G, NY); Churchill, Polk Co., Melrose, May 19,
1899 (M); Churchill, Watauga Co., Blowing Rock, Glen-Bernie,
water-fall, June 16, 1899 (M); Biltmore Herbarium 1015b, Bilt-
more, wet places, May 6th and June 18th, 1897 (G, M, NC);
M. A. Curtis, mountains of North Carolina (NY, type of T.
lipes). SoutnH Carona: Peattie, Greenville Co., Hogback
Mts. (G); J. D. Smith, Caesar’s Head, wet rocks, Aug. 1, 1881
(G). Grorera: Underwood, Taccoa Falls, Apr. 20, 1891 (NY);
Leeds 2011, Union Co., on branch of Helton Creek, 1 mile n. of
Frogtown, dripping rocks, alt. 3850 ft., June 1, 1934 (ANS).
TENNESSEE: Ruth, Thunder-Head Mt., border of streams, elev.
6663 ft., July, 1894 (M); Jennison & Sharp, Fentress Co., James-
town, Buffalo Cave, wet sand, rock, cliffs, May 17, 1931 (US);
Svenson 8901, Marion Co., Cumberland Plateau, about 5 miles
se. of Sewanee, dripping sandstone rocks, alt. 1800 ft., June 22,
1938 (G); Svenson 10,158, Grundy Co., east of Tracy City, Deer
Lick, in spray of waterfall, May 15, 1939 (ANS, G); Ruth 1799,
near Wolf Creek, along a mountain brook, June, 1896 (NC, NY);
Eggert, Franklin Co., no. of Sherwood, shady rocks, June 8, 1897
(M). Fries. 12, a-e.
The type is in the Paris Museum. It has not been studied,
but the description is clear and Delessert’s plate (Icones Sel., 1:
tab. 6, 1820), presumably drawn from the type, represents this
species beyond any doubt.
13. T. declinatum, sp. nov. Planta semimetralis, in petiolis
petiolulis foliolisque infernis pubescens. Radices fibrosae nigri-
cantes, paululum ad originem incrassatae. Folia inferiora
biternata, caulinaria desunt, inflorescentiae ternata. Foliolae
ovatae asymetricae dentatae, basi cordatae, apice acutae, ca.
em. long. et ca. 3 em. lat. Stamina ca. 3.5 mm. Filamenta ca.
3 mm., latitudinis antherarum. Antherae oblongae, 0.5-0.7 mm.
Carpella matura falcata, ca. 7 mm. longa, stipite ca. 3 mm.,
ventre lanceolato ca. 3.5 mm. longo et 1.0 mm. lato, nervo
ventrali fere recto vel parum concavo. Stigma ca. 0.3 mm.,
modo Thalictri clavati; stylus idem. Floret Junio et Julio—
CHINA, KWEICHOW: T’siang 5662 pro parte, Tze-min-an. Tuyun,
in dense shade, flower white, alt. 880 m., July 7, 1930 (NY,
TYPE). Fia. 13, a and b.
14. T. acutifolium (Handel-Mazzetti), stat. nov.—T. clava-
tum DC. var. acutifolium Hanp.-Mzt. Anz. Wiss. Wien, Math.-
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 365
nat. KI. 63: 8, 1926.—Plania 25-65 cm., glabra vel raro foliolis
infernis pubescentibus. Radices nigricantes plus minusve tuber-
osae. Folia basilaria 2-3-ternata, caulinaria saepius desunt,
inflorescentiae 1—2-ternata. Foliolae dentatae saepius et ovatae
et basi rotundae et apice acutae, ca. 5 cm. longae. Sepala
obovata vel spathulata, ca. 2.0 mm. longa. Stamina 7-9 mm
Filamenta multo latiora quam antheris. Antherae oblongo-
lanceolatae ad oblongo-lineares 0.8-1.3 mm. Carpella matura
ca. 5.5 mm. longa, stipite 2.0-2.2 mm., ventre lanceolato 3.0-
3.2 mm. longo et 0.6—0.8 mm. lato, nervis lateralibus 3 in utroque
latere, nervo basin recto vel parum convexo. Floret Martio
ad Junium.—CHin ee Dunn 2316, expedition to central
Fokien, April to ees 1905 (G); Dunn 2456A, expedition to
central Fokien, April ‘to June, 1905 (G); Chung 7761 (NY).
HUNAN: Handel-Mazzeiti 11,178, prope urbem Wukang, in monte
Yiin-schan, a eon schisto argilloso, fl. pall.-violac., alt. 600—
1300 m., June 7, 1918 la syntype); Wang-Te-Hui, March, 1919
(US). KWANGTUNG: Ko 652,821, Yu-yen, in field, June 8, 1933
de Tso 20,585 and 20, 651, Lok Chong, May, 1929 (NY).
Fig. 14, a-c.
Thalictrum clavatum DC. evidently belongs to the same section
as all these eastern Asiatic species but it is not especially closely
related to any of them. As far as it is possible to judge, with
only the original description at hand, the fruits of T. tenerum
Huth might resemble those of 7’. clavatum more than those of
any other species except T. mirabile Small.
15. T. microgynum Lecoyer in Hook. Ic. Pl. 18: 1766, 1888.—
Cuina, HUPEH: Wilson 12, western Hupeh, April, 1900 (NY,
US); Henry 3992, tp near Ichang, 1885-1888 (G, 1soTYPE).
SZECHWAN: Faber 135 (NY); Farges 496, district de T chen-Kéou,
alt. 1400 m., juin (NY). xwaneTuna: 7'so 20,651, Lokehong
district, May 24, 1929 (NY). Fre. 15.
The plate acccompanying the original description is a very
au representation of the fruiting stage of this species.
T. unguiculatum, sp. nov. Planta semimetralis. Folia
beaten biternata. Folia caulinaria desunt. Folia inflores-
centiae ternata. Petioli et petioluli pubescentes. Foliolae cor-
datae acutae dentatae, nec lobatae, inferne pubescentes. In-
florescentia paniculata. Sepala viridia, 3.0-4.5 mm. longa,
conspicue trinervata, basi appt se lamina
orbicularia. it ape matura viri mm. lo emery
longo et 0.8-1.0 mm. lato, nervis obscuris, stylo ca. 4 mm.,
stigmate ca. 0.2 mm. ad ventrum styli inserto. Floret vero-
366 Rhodora {OcroBER
similiter Junio.—Cuina, KWEIcHOW: T'stang 5662 pro_parte,
Tze-min-an, Tuyun, in dense shade, alt. 880 m., July 7, 1930
(G, Type). Fig. 16, a and b.
th ies Gueguenii, sp. nov. Planta gracillima, viridula,
omnino glabra, 1.0-2.5 dm. Caulis tenuis. Folia basilaria
biternata, inflorescentiae ternata. Caulinaria desunt. Foltolae
fere orbiculares crenatae 1-2 cm. Flores pauci, saepius 3-5.
Sepala alba spathulata ca. 2.5 mm. longa. Stamina ca. 5 mm.
Filamenta insensibiliter clavata, fere latitudinis pees sans ag
Antherae ellipticae, 0.4-0.8 mm arpella matura ayane nee ca.
mm. longa, se ot ca. 3.5 mm., ventre lanceolato ca. 3.2 mm.
longo, 0.6-0.8 mm. lato, stigmate sessili et discoideo. Floret
Aprili ad Junium _—CHINA, KIANGSI: Gressit 1455, Hing San,
ie border of Fukien, grassy rocky yt alt. 1300 m., June 23,
6 (G). HuNAN: Tsang 23,486, Yi Chang district, Ping T’ou
Shan, Pai Mu village, silt, swamp, ‘fair ly common, Apr. 1-11,
1934 (G, Type; US, ISOTYPE); Tsang 23,392, Yi Chang district,
P’ing T’ou Shan, Pai Mu village, steep slope, sandy soil, thicket,
fairly common, flowers white and fragrant, March 21-29, 1934
(G, US). Fie. 17, a-c
Dedicated to EMILE Glee GufGuEN, a former teacher of
mine, of Belgian origin, a self-effacing, conscientious hard worker.
To him I owe a good deal of what training and information were
inculeated into me while going through college; to him I also owe
a deep and permanent interest in science.
18. T. mrraBILE Small, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27: 277, 1900.
Planta glabra gracilis 15-45 em. Radices nigricantes ad originem
tuberosae. Caulis basus saepius valde incurvatus, quia planta
illa sponte crescit in locis praecipitosis et lateraliter inseritur in
fissuris murorum saxosorum. Sepala alba obovata vel spathu-
lata, 1.5-2.5 mm. longa. Stamina 2-4 mm. longa. Filamenta
crassiora quam antherae. Antherae globosae vel ovoideae,
mm. aria saepius 3. Stigma discoideum vel ellipti-
cum, 0. 1-0.4 mm. longum, insertum ad ventrum styli. Carpella
matura 5.5-7.5 mm. re stipite 2.5-3.0 mm., ventre obovato
vel semiobovato 2.5-4.0 mm. longo et 1.0-1.2 ‘am. lato to, nervis
lateralibus 3 in sete etwe. nervo ventrali fere recto vel
paululum convexo, isaac multo convexiore. Floret Maio,
(ANS); Smith, H Jae Town : Me n Co., Cowbell
Hollow, east of Berea, July 7, 1937 (F, G , NY, US); Smith &
H odgdon 3928, Wayne Co., Beaver Cr eek, ‘southwest of Monti-
cello, shady dripping. ledge, July 12-14, "1937 (ANS, G, US).
Auapama: Mohr, Winston Co., dripping rocks of mts., May 1,
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 367
1882 (US); Mohr, Winston Co., ad saxas madidas, in sylvis
rea ome radicibus tuberosis, May 4, 1881 (F); M. ohr, Winston
, Davidsons Creek, dripping rocks in the mountains, May 1,
1881 (US); R. M. Harper 3400, Franklin Co., Di smal Branch,
under sandstone cliffs on damp sandy bank, June 17, 1935 (A NS,
G, N-ND, NY, US); Earle 2212, Little Mountain, near Moulton,
under sandstone bluff, June 25, 1899 (NY, Type and 1soryPeE).
Ig. 18, a-e.
lt is surprising that this plant has not been collected at inter-
vening localities in Tennessee. Fruits and stamens of the Ken-
tucky specimens tend to be larger, but all characters overlap to
some extent.
19. T. TuBERIFERUM Maximovicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Se. St.
Pét. 22: 227, 1877 [1876].—Nipron, HONDO: T'schonoski, prov.
Senano, 1864 (G, syntype); Arimoto, Mt. Iwate, July 15, 1903
(G); Shimotsuke, Nikko, Aug. 8, 1910 (US); Enander, prov.
Shimatsuke, in radicibus montis Nantai-San in ripa lacus
Chutzanji, 14 km. procul a Nikko, Aug. 14, 1913 (G); [Watanabe?]
Shinshu, Togakushi, June 10, 1894 (G, US); [Wat tanabe?},
Shinano, Togakushi-san, Aug. 18, 1893 (G): idem, Aug. 20,
1893 (US); Hogg (NY). Corea: Komarov, distr. Sam-su,
fluvium Jalu, trajectus Shanjen, julio 7, 1897 v. (G). Manp-
CHURIA: -Komaron, prov. Kirinensis, dist. Omoso, trajectus
Sey irine julio 24, 1896 v. (NY); Mazximowiez, — estuarium
ae oe 1860 (G, syntype); Jankowski, ad. fl. Sedemi (NY).
ge T. WaTANABEI Yatabe, Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 6: 307, 1892.
ae HONDO: [Watanabe]?, Tosa prov., Nanokawa, July
1892 (US, ISOTYPE?) ; Mi garnet Tosa prov. Nanokawa,
i 11, 1893 (G). Fie. 20.
I have at hand a fairly large number of Japanese plants, the
labels of which are all in the same fashion, style and handwriting,
but there is no collector’s name on any of them. However, one
of them, 7. acteaefolium Sieb. & Zucc. from Nanokawa, Tosa,
has a second label which reads: “Plants of Japan, Coll. K.
Watanabe, Purchased 1892”. I presume all these specimens
were collected by K. Watanabe, hence I have cited them all as
[Watanabe?]. If this assumption is right, there is an IsoTYPE of
T. Watanabei Yatabe at the Smithsonian Institution and perhaps
also at the Gray Herbarium, for the labels of those two specimens
would read exactly alike were it not for the year, This simi-
larity, enhanced by the fact that the two sheets resemble each
368 Rhodora |OcroBER
other as plants from the same collection usually do, and the fact
that the original description and its accompanying plate could
have been drawn from these specimens without being in any
way different,—all this strongly suggests that both specimens
are isotypes.
T. Hayatanum Koidz. seems to be closely related to T. Wata-
nabei Yatabe, but I have not seen any material of the former.
21. T. Chiaonis, sp. nov. Planta glabra 20-40 em. Radices
nigricantes variis modis tuberosae. Foliolae saepius ellipticae,
crenatae vel dentatae. Inflorescentia corymbosa vel, si elongata,
flores in ramis singulis corymbosae. Sepala obovata ca. 2.5 mm.
longa. Stamina 3.0-3.5mm. Filamenta latitudinis antherarum
vel latioria. Antherae oblongae vel oblongo-lanceolatae, 0.4—
mm. Stigma 0.3-0.6 mm., discoideum vel ellipticum,
insertum ad ventrum styli brevissimi, vel ovarii apicalis. Car-
pella matura 6-8 mm. longa, stipite 1-3 mm., ventre lanceolato
4 mm. long. et 0.8-1.5 mm. lat., nervis lateralibus 1-3 in
utroque latere, nervo ventrali plus minusve convexo, dorsali
convexiore. Floret Junio Julioque—Corera: Uno 23,694, Kan-
rasan Saisyuto, Zenranando, alt. 1700 m., Aug. 13, 1938 (G).
CHINA, ANHWEI: Ching 8593, Wang Shan, July 15, 1925 (US).
KIANGSI: Chiao 18,719, Kuling, along rocky slope, alt. 3400 ft.,
July 27, 1928 (NY, rypx; US, isotype); Steward 2495, Lu Shan,
rocky ridge, July 17, 1922 (NY, US). Fic. 21, a and b.
22. T. iInrEGRILOBUM Maximovicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Se. St.
Petersb. 32: 477, 1888, reeditum Mél. Biol. 12: 714, 1888.—
IPPON, YEZO: Miyabe, prov. Hidaka, Samani mountain path,
June 19, 1884 (G).
23.
The status of this species is open to question and the material
at hand is not satisfactory.
Sectio OmMaLopnysa Turcz. ex Fisch., Mey. & Lall., Index
Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1: 40, 1835—Plantae pubescentes pilis
brevibus capitatis. Flores perfecti, filamentis staminum parum
apice dilatatis albis. Carpella stipitata valde compressa, cum
matura, nervis rugosis attamen nunquam elevatis in costis.
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 369
Rostrum deflexum ad tergum. Species typica: T. sparsiflorum
Turez., ut patet e descriptione originali.
It seems likely that 7. Przewalskii Max. belongs here although
we do not have any herbarium material which would permit
checking this particular point.
25. T. SPARSIFLORUM Turez.—Planta elegans plus minusve
pubescens, 30-180 (saepius 75) cm. alta. Pubescentia translucida
et minutissima e pilis capitatis. Radices fibrosae. Folia 3-4-
inert basilaria aetate florendi saepius desunt, caulinaria saepe
5 in plantis singulis, plus minusve petiolata, superioribus exceptis,
ista vero cum foliis etiam inflorescentiae omnibus semper sessilia
sunt. Stipulae auriculatae erosae. Stipellulae desunt. Foliolae
inferne paululum pallidiores, superne glabrae, circuitu variabili,
saepius tamen basi vel rotundae vel cordatae, apice vel crenatae
vel trilobatae. Inflorescentia foliosissima. Flores albi. Sepala
elliptica 3-4 mm. longa. Filamenta apice paullum incrassata
saepius dimidium latitudinis antherarum. Antherae ovatae vel
oblongae parum si vero mucronatae. Ovaria laminaria stipitata.
Stigma 0.5-1.0 mm., una cum stylo 1.0-1.5 mm. Carpella
matura valde compressa semi-obovata, nervis lateralibus non-
nunquam ramosis nec tamen sinuosis. Rostrum deflexum ad
tergum et paululum incurvatum. Floret junio julioque ali-
quandiu augusto etiam.
The type is at Leningrad and was collected in Dahuria by
Turezaninow. Not seen. The four following varieties seem to
be worth recognition, although their characters overlap to some
extent and notwithstanding an occasional intermediate specimen.
The latter are never hard to classify, for each variety has a
clear-cut geographic distribution and no two varieties occur in
the same region.
25. T. SPARSIFLORUM malig var. typicum. T. Aaa. on
Turezaninow ex Fisch., Mey. & Lall. Index Sem. Hort. Petrop
1: 40, 1825, . 7. sec eee ex Lec. Bull. Soc. Bot. Bele.
24: 317, 1885, nomen nudum pro synon., nec T. contortum L.
Sp. Pl. 1: 547, 1753.—Pedunculi omnes ex axillis foliorum 1-3-
ternatorum. Filamenta 4.5-6.0 mm. Antherae 0.8-1.0 mm
Carpella matura glabra ca. 8 mm. longa stipite ca. 1.5 mm.,
ventre ca. 4.5 mm. longo et ca. 2.0 mm. lato, apice acuto, nervo
dorsali concavo. = 6 eatin, YENISSEISK: Schipezinsky 75, distr.
Krasnojarsk, ad fl. Kas., 18 junii 1927 (NY). AMUR: Kom arov
724, vallis anes prope stationem Liubavisky, 14 junii 1895 v.
). Fie. 25, a and b.
26. T. spARSIFLORUM Turcz., var. Richardsonii (Gray), stat.
nov. T. clavatum sensu Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 2, 1829, nec
370 Rhodora [OcroBER
sensu DC. Syst. 1: 171. 1817. TJ. Richardsonii Gray, Amer.
Journ. Sci. 42: 17, 1842.—Pedunculi omnes ex axillis foliorum
1—3-ternatorum. Filamenta 3.0-4.5 mm. Antherae 0.5-1.0 mm.
Carpella matura glabra 7.5-10.0 mm. longa, stipite 1.2-3.0 mm.,
ventre 4.5-6.0 mm. longo et (2.3)-2.5-(3.0) mm. lato, apice
truncato, nervo dorsali recto vel parum convexo. —“CANADA”:
Franklin Expedition (G, paratype of T. Richardsoniz). ALBERTA:
Hitchcock 12,070, Athabasca Landing, July 28, 1914 (US);
Brinkman 4169, Slave Lake Distr., ead River (Salteau),
wettish spots in forest, June 6, 1929 (NY); Richardson, Slave
Lake, Portage la Loche (G, fragment of rypx of T. Richardsonit);
Raup, eastern edge of Caribou Mountain apes about 114° 9’
W., 58° 51’ N., muskeg along creek, July 12, 1930 (G). BritisH
Cotumsia: Kay, Lake Ailoknajik, 1883 '(G); McCabe 7678,
Omineca River, Germansen Landing, i in boggy ground i in alder,
cottonwood and small spruce woods, flowers dull white, not red,
July 4, 1940 (UC); Anderson 7566A, Hazelton, open woods,
June 19, 1925 (N-ND). YUKON: Eastwood 224, Dawson,
Bonanza. Creek, June 13, 1914 (G); Macoun 58,344, mouth of
Bonanza Creek, Aug. 11, 1902 (F, NY); Williams, mouth of
Klondike, July 9, 1899 (NY): Tarleton 64, Five Finger Rapids,
July 5, 1899 (NY). Auasxa: Coville & Kearney 2345, aa ie
aay 20, 1899 (G); yevie 128, Kodiak, 1910 (NY); Z. &
H. B. Loo k, Olga Bay, wet places i in valleys, aly 5,
1938 ‘(N- ND, NY); e H. Loof 42, Kodiak, Alitak, June—July,
1937 (G); Eyerdam 19, Kodiak, Sitkalidak Isl., Port Hobron,
July 27, 1931 (NY); Harrington ch Nagai I., San born .. 1901"
1872 (ANS, G, NY); Unalaska (NY); Kellogg 211, Unalaska,
subalpine, 1867 (ANS, G); McKay, Nushagak, island ‘above tide-
water, June 25, 1881 (ANS): Horne, Karluk, sparse but common
in rich lower banks, July, 1901 (NY); Scamman 210, Fairbanks,
Aug. 10-20, 1936 (G); Chapman 42, Anvik a end of island
in Anvik River opposite mission, Aug. 15, "190 6 (G); Anderson
6654, Hope, wet woods, June 8, 1941 (G); Anderson 2 A 293,
Boat Harbor, Lynn Canal, in grass near beach, Aug. 11, 1925
(G); Anderson 91 6, Matanuska, July 8, 1931 (G); Anderson 7079,
Manly Hot Springs, July 5, 194 1 (G); Mexia 2185, McKinley
National Park, hills west of Wonder Lake, in damp ‘hollow, alt.
800 m., Aug. 4, 1928 (ANS, G, NY); Scamman 1609, Curry, June
7 1940 (G); Martel 76, Fox Bay, stream-bank, Aug. 2, 1935 (G).
BERIA, PRIMORSK: Eyer dam, Kamtchatka australis, Savoiko,
29 julii, 1928 (G); idem, 31 julii 1928 (F); Tiling, Ajan (G).
T. Richardsonii Gray: fragment of type and a paratype at the
Gray Herbarium. Hooker and Gray at first called this plant 7.
clavatum DC. Having seen true 7. clavatum DC. during a trip
in the Southern Appalachian upland, Gray proposed the name
1944} Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 371
Deraits oF FLOWERS oR Fruits oF THALICTRUM, all X 4.
(For explanation see end of paper.)
372 Rhodora [OcroBER
T. Richardsonii for T. clavatum sensu Hooker. But later on,
probably after receiving a specimen of the same species from
Ajan, Gray, in Pl. Wright. 2: 8 (270), 1853, dropped T. Richard-
sonit in favor of T'. sparsiflorum Turcz. Fia. 26.
27. T. SPARSIFLORUM Turcz., var. saximontanum, var. nov.
T. utahense Greene ex Rydb., Fl. Rock. Mts., 289, 1918, nomen
nudum ex synonymis.—Nonnunquam pauci pedunculorum ex
axillis bractearum, ceteri ex axillis foliorum 1-3-ternatorum.
Filamenta 3.5-4.5 mm. Antherae0.5-1.0mm. Carpella matura
pubescentia 6.0-8.5 mm. longa, stipite (0.3)—-0.5-(1.0) mm.,
ventre 4.0-5.5 mm. longo et (2.2)—2.5-(3.2) mm. lato, summo
truncato vel obtuso, nervo dorsali fere rele nervis lateralibus
nonnunquam undulatis ic ramosis.—Montana: Rose 61, Carbon
Co., near Red Lodge (CA). Ipano: Rogleston 138, 980, Custer
Co., Challis Forest, Sey as Creek, Taylor’s ranch, ca. 1940 m. ‘
July 29, 30, 1917 (G); E & L. B. Payson 2109, Teton Co.,
hills southeast of Victor, en creek-banks, alt. 6200 ft., July
24, 1920 (CA, G); Macbride 593, Elmore Co., Trinity, creek-
banks, alt. 4500 ft., Aug. 12, 1910 (G); ;M acbride & Payson wa
Blaine Co., Camas Prairie, in shade of creek-bottom, alt. 5700
ft., June 29, 1916 (G); FE. B. & L. B. Payson 2018, Fremont Co.,
Henry Lake, creek-banks, alt. 6000 ft., July 14, 1920 (CA, Gy;
Macbride & Payson 3283, Custer Co., ’ Bear Creek, wet creek-
banks, alt. 6000 ft., July 18, 1916 (CA, G); Henderson 3372,
Blaine Co., near Ketchum, July 23, 1895 (CA). Wromina: L.
Williams 1671, Grand Teton National Park, Cascade Creek,
moist bottoms, "alt. 7500 ft. , July 7, 1934 (CA): L. Williams 855,
Grand Teton National Park, in timber, moist places, alt. 7000
An Sees 14, 1932 (CA, G); ‘A. & E. Nelson 6364, eer
, Lewis River, on the banks of the riv er, Aug. 8 9 (G,
fs ‘of var. saximontanum = b:O. ER R. Williams 3186, Big Horn
Co., Shell Creek, near the pe th of Ant telope Creek, sandy
rocky creek-bottom, alt. 8500 ft., June 30, 1936 (G); A. Nelson
7970, Albany Co., Little “pathhem Middle Fork, in wet willow
thickets, very common, Aug. 6, 1900 (G); Goodding 408, ee
oO 30
(G); Merrill & Wilcox 913, Lincoln Co., Leighs Lake, Jacksons
Hole, damp soil, July 24, i901 (G); A. Nelson 1548, Cummins,
alt. 8000 ft., July 30, 1895 (G); A. Nelson 1494, Cummins, July
29, 1895 (G). Cotorapo: Parry 76, from the headwaters of
Clear Creek and the alpine ridges lying east of Middle Park,
1861 (G); Parry 9, Rocky Mountain Flora, 39°-41°, 1862 (US);
Parry 76, 39°-41°, alpine and subalpine, 1862 (G); Hall &
Harbour 9, Becky Mts., ne 39°-41°, 1868 (G); Vasey 7, 9,
Rocky Mts., Grand Lake , 40°-41°, 1868 (G, US); Zobel, Middle
,
St. Vrain fives July 12, 1939 (CA); Hapeman, Poudre Canyon,
PE LO er See) Se SRT Go en le ee ee
ca . — ci
|
PTA SE ORS BTS RE Ls RINT I ACE Cl OLR ans
iui ead Nie tie
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 373
alt. 7500 ft., Aug. 24, 1986 (CA); Walker 478, San Miguel Co.,
Norwood con Reece north slope by bite alt. 7000 ft., Aug. 17,
1912 (G); Crandall 33, near Georgetown, along stream, alt.
847.4 ft. baah: Taly 20, 1892 (G); Chueh Clear Creek Co.,
Brookvale, Yankee Creek, thicket, June 22, 1918 (G); Patterson,
vicinity of Georgetown, Bard Creek near Empire, June 28—Aug.
7, 1875 (F). Uran: M. E. Jones 5731a, 5731b, Sevier Co., tog
Lake, a alt. aan ft. _ Aug. 3, 1894 (US); idem 5789, Aug. 6-7 (N
US); & L. B. Pa ayson 4970, Summit Co., Uintah Oh =
Selatan: Fork of Bear River, in deep shade near stream-bank,
alt. 8800 ft., July 15, 1926 (G); Goodman & Hitchcock 1482,
Summit Co., Uintah Mts., E. Fork of Bear River, meadow, edge
of small stream, alt. 8900 ft. , July 9-13, 1930 (G); Graham 10, 087,
Uintah Co., between Paradise Park and Chepeta Lakes, lodge-
pole-spruce. woods, along stream, alt. ” nk ft., See 20, 1935
(G). OREGON: Cusick 3357 a, Wallow p of
North Catherine Creek, very rare, alt. sect 4500 ft, ‘ne 31,
1910 (G). Fie, 27.
SPARSIFLORUM Turez., var. nevadense, var. nov.
Pedunculi nonnunquam pauci ex axillis bractearum, plurimi vel
omnes ex axillis foliorum 1—3-ternatorum. Filamenta ca. 4mm
Antherae 0.7-1.0 mm. Carpella matura pubescentia 7.5-8. 0
mm., stipite millimetri, ventre 4.5-6.0 mm. longo, 2.2-2.5 mm.
lato, summo rotundo vel obtuso, nervo dorsali convexo vel
summo convexo et basi concavo.—NEVADA, ESMERALDA:
Duran 3354, ee Mountains, Trail Canyon, alt. 9800 ft., July
20, 1932 (CA, G, UC). Caxirornia: Lemmon, Webber Lake,
Oct., 1890 (UC); Campbell, Kearsarge Pass, on east side, July
29, 1916 (CA); Michaele, Yosemite, Pohono ‘trail, July 19, 1922
(CA); Redfield, prope lacus Tahoe, in paludibus, Sept. 1, 1872
M). CALIFORNIA, LASSEN: Nutting & Baker, Pine Creek, July
12, 1894 (UC). sHasta: Eastwood 191 8, Lassen Butte region,
Battle Creek meadows, Aug. 22-26, 1912 (G, M, UC); Austin,
Big Spring, 4—6 ft. high, weak, supported by bushes, July 4, 1878
(G); Brown 6101, near Lassen Buttes, alt. 6000 ft., Aug. "1-15,
1897 (M); Austin, near Lassen Peak, Warner Valley, 1879 (G).
BUTTE: Copeland, Jonesville, above Butte Creek House, alt.
1800 m., Aug. 26, 1930 (UC). sierra: Sonne, Little Truckee
River, fls. July 10, 1892, fr. Aug. 7, 1892 (UC). NEVADA:
Heller 7056, on the Truckee River, one mile above Truckee,
July 30, 1903 (G, type; M, UC, isorypEs). PLACER: Sonne,
road to Hot Springs, fl. June, 1896, fr. July, 1896 (NY). ELDO-
RADO: Hillman, Lake Tahoe, Bijou, Sept. 15, 1894 (UC); Crum
3011, two miles southeast of Echo Lake, Echo Summit, alt.
7500, ft., subalpine zone, wet soil, shade, July 3, 1939 (UC).
TUOLUMNE: Mason 680, Sierra Nevada Mts., Lyell Fork, Aug. 1,
1923 (UC). mariposa: Babcock 281 (1097), Yosemite Nat.
374 Rhodora [OcroBER
Park, Illilouette Canon, on first branch of Illilouette Creek,
above the falls, growing in bogs, abundant here but apparently
not wore in the middle Sierra Nevada, alt. 1955 m., June 28,
1912 (CA, G, M, UC). Mono: Wright, Mono Lake, July 1 18,
1917 (CA). ‘MADERA: Congdon, Upper San Joaquin, Aug. 1
1895 (UC). Fresno: Hall & eet ye 142, Pine Ridge, alt. 5300
ft., June 15-25, 1900 (UC). «nyo: Rose 35,462, Ibex Park, E.
slope, meadows, alt. 10,300 ft., July 24, 1935 (CA); Peirson,
Rock Creek Lake Basin, margin of lake on east side of canyon
and at base of Transverse Ridge, alt. 10,700 ft., Aug. 5, 1940
(UC); Peitrson, Rock Creek Lake Basin, near Ruby Falls, in wet
locations, alt. 10,900 ft., Aug. 19, 1933 (UC); Alexander &
Kellogg 2581, Big Pine Creek, trail between 2nd and 3rd lakes,
in rank vegetation near small creek, July 16, 1941 (UC); Hal-
perin 579A, Rock Creek, alt. 10, 000 ft. July 31, 1932 (CA);
Ferris 8866, Loch Leven Fork of Bishop Creek above North
sore dry slopes in lodgepole pine forest, July 21, 1934 (UC).
RE: Hopping 352, Kaweah River Basin, Round Meadow,
Sept. 16, 1905 apt Hopping ae, Kaweah River Basin, Giant
Forest, July 20, 1904 (UC); J. T. Howell 1 ‘f — Chagoopa
Plateau, Sky Parlor Meadow, Aug. 1, 1942 (C A): J T. Howell,
15,700, East Lake, July 30, 1940 (CA); Cronquist 2132-A,
Sequoia Nat. Park, 3 miles from Giant Forest, Crescent Meadow,
alt. about 7000 ft., June 27, aoe (M). SAN ay L.
Wheeler 1186, San Bernardino ., 5. Fork Santa Ana R. sunny
stream-side, alt. 8400 ft. , Aug. oe 1932 (CA); — 2842, San
Bernardino Mts., Bear Valley, alt. 6700 ft., Aug. 1 1, 1902 (G, M);
Abrams & M cGregor 765, San Gorgonio Mt., Dollar Lake ‘Can-
yon, alt. 9000-9500 ft. , July 12, 1908 (G): 8 . B. & W. F. Parish
1 eg San B. Mts., Bear Valley, Aug., 1882 @); Munz 12,676,
B. Mts., South Fork of Santa Ana River, in meadow, a ut
ls etc., foetid plant, alt. 8300 ft., Aug. 21, 1932 (M, UC);
Munz 1 0, 617, San B. Mts., Bluff Lake Meadow, shade of willows,
with foetid odor, alt. 7400 ft., July 5, 1926 (UC); Munz 6267,
San B. M k. of Santa Ana, common in wet meadows, alt.
8000 ft. , Aug. 25, 1922 (UC); M. E. Jones, San B. Mts., Bear
Valley, alt. 6600 ft. , July 19, 1900 (CA, UC); Johnston, San B.
Mts., Bluff Lake, shaded margin of meadow, alt. 7500 ft., July
5, 1924 (G); J. T. Howell 2760, San B. Mts., Riverside Municipal
Camp, Mill Creek Road, moist partially shaded stream-bank,
7300 ft., July 10, 1927 (Ca); Grant 1287a-6351, San Gorgonio
Mt., July 24, 1904 (CA, U C); Anderson grade south of Bear
Lake, a soil, alt. 7000 ft. , July 24, 1935 (C00). RIVERSIDE:
sua toe 2259, San Jacinto Mt., in sylvis, alt. 6000 ft., julio, 1928
Se Annie Creek, idee shade, alt. 5000 ft., Jul 26, 1935
(CA, G, NY). Fic. 28. 2
a te etal tat a a ts eres ee ee) eS a ee ne Ke
i mi 3 ant oy mae cy wot 7 i Ging amit on a ail ie
ea - 7 ~
1944} Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 375
Sectio TripETRIUM DC. Syst. 1: 169, 1817. Tripetriuwm (DC.)
Bercht. Eg Presl, O Priroz. Rostl. 1: 14, 1823. Subg. Tripetrium
(DC.) Reich. Cons. Regn. Veg. 192, 1828. Ruprechtia Opiz,
Sez. Rost. Kve. 86, 1852.—Filamenta staminum dilatata. Car-
pella matura valde tri-quadrialata, longe stipitata, rostro ad
ventrum deflexo. saeiite brevius. Species typica Thalictrum
aquilegifolium L. sit
All names nipees for this group are clearly based on T.
aquilegifolium L. De Candolle himself included two species in
this section, and one of the two may be a synonym of T. aquilegi-
folium L. This species was also proposed as a standard species
for the genus Thalictrum, but there was an earlier and better
proposal: 7’. foetidum L. (See p. 347 for discussion of this topic).
This section is not represented in America.
aU. aK phi ok pp L., var. Sa yes Beck, f. Cornuti
(L.), stat. no T. Cornuti L. , sp. PL, 1: 545, 1753. T. cana-
dense Miller, Gardener * Diet. ed. 8 Pk ie confertum Moench,
Hort. Marburgensis, 297, 1794. Leucocoma canadensis (Miller)
Nieuwland, Amer. Midl. Nat. 3: a Atos ei gatas BS dca
differt filamentis stamin albis. Typ
herbarium * ra at the 1 British er aieired a Nenpat History.
Fic. 29, a a
There is in hee no species corresponding to Cornut’s
description, and the plant is not represented in the Linnaean
Herbarium, Lecoyer, however, saw the specimens under that
name in the herbaria of the Hortus Cliffortianus, of Vaillant, of
Tournefort and of the Academy of St. Petersburg, and states
that they all belong to 7. aquilegifolium L. Thus it seems that
the plant cultivated by Cornut was later widely distributed in
European botanical gardens and, although he left no herbarium
specimens, we still have good material by which to interpret
what he meant. But this has been strongly contested by many
authors,
In 1635, when Cornut published his Thalictrum canadense,
Canada had been explored from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to
the Great Lakes, a region where six species grow: 7. alpinum L.,
T. polygamum Muhl., T. dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall., T. revolutum
DC., T. confine Fern, and T. dioicum L.
If one reads Cornut’s description he will see that the height of
the plant (bicubitalis) eliminated 7. alpinum L. The color of
the stamens (mille alba filamenta ostendunt) eliminated T.
376 Rhodora [OcroBER
alpinum, T. confine and T. dioicum. The number of sepals per
flower (singuli in quinque folia divisi) eliminated all but T.
alpinum. The flowering time (julio mense singula filamenta
dum deficiunt) eliminated T. polygamum, T. revolutum and T.
dasycarpum. And the form of the fruit (triangularisque formae,
extante quadam per singulos angulos epiphysi membranea) not
only eliminated all six species but sufficed alone to characterize
T. aquilegifolium L.
If we now turn to Cornut’s plate, the stipellules, which are
very clearly represented indeed, eliminate all eastern North
American species. But the habit and the flowers suggest 7’.
polygamum. The habit and the flowers also suggest 7’. aquilegi-
folium as well. It is true that the latter has perfect flowers and
there is not a word about the ovaries in the text nor are they
represented in the drawing. But anyone who has seen 7’. aqui-
legifolium L. in bloom has not seen any ovary unless he suspected
their presence and carefully dissected a flower. For the ovaries
are few, filiform, very small and hidden in the middle of the
flower amidst the bases of the stamens. If anyone sees the plant
in bloom and comes back to it a week or two later to find no
trace of the stamens but only already well developed fruits, he
will certainly get the impression which Cornut seems to have
intended the following words to convey: “julio mense singula
filamenta dum deficiunt, in totidem semina degenerant’’.
De Candolle first seems to have realized this error and he
proposed 7’. corynellum for the American plant hitherto called
T. Cornuti L. In 1910, Greene! protested against dropping
Linnaeus’ name to replace it by the very ambiguous one coined
by Muhlenberg. He suggested that Cornut might have received
his material through Dr. M. Sarrazin and, by mistake, described
the flowers of T. polygamum but the fruits of T. aquilegifolium.
This point of view was endorsed by Farwell? and others.
As pointed out above, not only the fruits, but also the flowers
and the foliage of T. canadense Corn. differ from those of T.
polygamum Muhl. And Dr. Sarrazin’s manuscript, a copy of
which is preserved at Saint-Hyacinthe near Montréal, reads as
follows:
1 Leaflets, 1: 51, 1910.
2 Papers Mich. Acad. Sci. 26: 10, 1941.
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 377
178 Thalictrum Canadence, caule purpuras
a diets florum stomiedlons albis I. RIL H. 271.
Il oro sur ne bords des riviéres, dans les prairies.
Cornut having written in 1635, this point needs no further dis-
cussion. Indeed, Dr. Sarrazin lived from 1659 to 1734.
Greene also suggested that, Cornut’s plant having been
described from cultivated material, it might be possible to find it
in European botanical gardens. Well, what Linnaeus, Tourne-
fort and Vaillant had and called 7. canadense Corn. was T.
aquilegifolium L., but Bernard de Jussieu had in his herbarium
both 7. aquilegifolium L. and T. polygamum Mubhl. labelled T.
canadense Corn.
T. canadense Miller. The intention of Miller was certainly
not to describe a new species, for he calls it 7. canadense Cornut.
Only through the rules of nomenclature is this name attributed
to Miller.
Thalictrum confertum Moench. Described from plants culti-
vated in a botanical garden, no type being known to exist.
Moench gives 7. Cornuti L. as a synonym and his description
agrees perfectly well with 7. aquilegzfolium L. in bloom.
hus it seems probable that, through exchanges between
botanical gardens, the stock of seeds which furnished T. Cornutt
L. also furnished 7. canadense Miller and T. confertum Moench.
At any rate, it seems to be the only sensible explanation.
In his herbarium, now at the Smithsonian Institution, Mohr
had a small fragment of 7. aquilegifolium L. purportedly collected
by Prof. Riddell in 1839 in Ohio and it was identified as Thalic-
trum dioicum L., var. stipitatum T. & Gr. Undoubtedly it was
from cultivated plants.
(To be continued)
AMERICAN THALICTRA AND THEIR
OLD WORLD ALLIES
BERNARD BolvIN
(Continued from page 377)
Subgenus Lecoyerium, subg. nov. Inflorescentia paniculata,
rarissime subcorymbosa. Flores dioici vel polygami vel monoici
vel in paucis perfecti. Sepala 4—(6), superantur o
tempore anthesis. Species typica Thalictrum dioicum
Sectio Cincinneria sect. nov. Sect. Camptogastrum, b. Fost
carpa Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 3, 2:66, 1888.—Plantae elatae; in speciebus
nonnullis nitentes in proximis, ‘glabrae vel puberulentes circa nodos
aetate florendi. Folia percomposita, inflorescentiae numerosa,
folios subrotundis, apice plus minusve trilobatis vel grosse
dentatis. Pedunculi longissimi et pendentes aetate fructuum
maturandorum, brevissimi tamen aetate florendi. Flores oe
carpellis 1-4, staminibus purpureis antheris mucronatis.
Viridia (an semper?). Stigmata saepius truncata aetate relies pes
maturandorum. Fructus plus minusve recurvatus vel fere rectus,
plus minusve compressus vel, si sectus, rotundus, nervis rugosis,
T’. impexo nostro excepto, stipitatus, nec costatus. Species typica
Thalictrum cincinnatum nostru
Height attributed herewith ae the different species is based
mainly on measurements of a few nearly complete individuals
which have been folded until they fitted the Procrustean bed of
an herbarium sheet. Collector’s observations were available
only in the case of T. Mannii Hutchinson and on two herbarium
Sheets, one of 7. innitens nostrum and one of JT. Steinbachii
nostrum.
The underground system of all the species of this section is
unknown. There seems to be no fixed flowering season for the
African species, at least those from central Africa.
392 Rhodora {NOVEMBER
CLAVIS AD FLORENTIA
a. Antherae il 8-0.9 mm., sepala 1.3-2.0 mm. longa, filamenta
a b
b. Stigma A 15-3. Omm..... é.
Filamenta ca. 1.5 mm., sepala 1.3-1.5 mm. longa....30. T. aduncum.
é. Filamenta ca. 2.5 mm., sepala 1.5-2.0 mm. longa... .32. 7’. innitens.
Bt UI oi tos cea wv eae ee ee rhynchocarpum.
a. Antherae 1.2-3.0 mm., sepala 1.2-6.0 mm. longa... .d.
d. Carpella singula raro gemina in floribus singulis. . . .e.
e. Sepala 2.0-3.0 mm. longa... .f.
Sy Witte. Oh RU oi sas i ee ia 37. T. Steyermarkii.
f. Filamenta 3.0-4.5 mm.....
g. Stylus una stigmate ca. { 5 mm., stamina 13-19 in
POTTIUE DE. 0 es es ee te se = 33. T. Chapini.
g. Stylus omit stigmate 2.0-4.0 mm., stamina 5-8 in
SWANS COMMON <5 28 fo se ek bse ES . TT. impexum.
e. Sepala ca. 5.0 a MN ey ne eine fe cee ee 35. T. Stolzit.
d. Carpella 2-4 in floribus singulis. .. .h
h. Sep 3.5 mm. | ae
z. Stylus una stigmate 4-7 mm.... . Ge
4. Depere 20-30 mm. LONRA, 6c ok a 33. T. Chapinii.
] O03. i RS ei es 36. T. Steinbachit.
7. Stylus una hyp 8-13 mm.....
na cum stigmate ca. 13 mm....... 37. T. Steyermarkit.
k. Stylus ae stigmate 8-10 mm........ sb seas 38. TT. cincinnatum.
h. Sepala ee NR a ee es 39. T'. macrocarpum.
Criavis AD FRUCTUS FERENTIA
et es PR is i er ay a 2d a 34. 7. impexum.
a. Carpella stipitata....b.
b. Carpella solitaria, rarissime gemina. .. .
lla compressa, ad tergi medias valde recurvata..30. 7. aduncum.
c. Venter carpelli —— si vero recurvatum....
a. Carpelia 3-4 mm. lata. . i... on. secs ee 37. T. Steyermarkii.
d. Cavdis Leite lata... ..
e. Venter carpelli palsesebetiat ad extremas parum
PROUT VA oS ee ee 31. T. rhynchocarpum.
e. Ventrum carpelli lanceolatum vel ee
f. Stylus una stigmate 3.5-4.5 mm.............. T. innitens
i. ne una stigmate 5.0-6.0 mm............ 33 Chapini
b. Carpella nunc ier nunc gemina, nunc ternata, in
eadem planta... . ‘
g. Africanum, ca‘ TANOOOINE RG I. eee oe 33. T. Chapinn.
g. Americana vel pyrenaicum, carpellis semiovatis vel
ovatis....
h. Venter carpelli parum recurvatum 3-5 mm. lon
36. 7. Steinbachit.
h. Venter carpelli 5.0-7.5 mm. longum, nervo dorsali con-
_ exo ve el recto, tamen medias parum concavo. .. .t.
4. ae debiles ee pendentes, uisi os
lantae ela nflorescentia copiose ramosa. . . -J
j. CRU CD Wi ies oe ai an Be xs 37. T. Steyermar
de RODOD AUP NN ce ec ves s. - 38. T. pret
i. Pedunculi rigidi imetrales
ascendentes. Plantae semi
orescentia simplex vel fere simplex... .39. T. “‘macrocarpum.
T. Stolzii Ulbrich being known only from flowering material
has been, consequently, omitted from the second key.
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 393
As the fruit reaches maturity, the stigma is likely to break off
somewhere along its length. The accompanying illustrations all
represent such shortened stigmas, but unbroken ones are usually
to be found on each herbarium sheet. Vegetative characters
vary but little through the section, exception being made of 7.
macrocarpum Gren.
30. T. aduncum, sp. nov. Planta metralis vel paululum
altior. Folia bg foliali parvis. Pedunculi ca. 10 cm.,
fructubus maturis. Sepala 1.3-1.5 mm. longa. Stamin a 5-6.
Filamenta ca. 1.5 mm. Miike oblongae, 0.8-0.9 mm. nat ath
apice obtusae, breviter acuminatae. Ovaria solitaria. Stylus
una stigmate 1.5-2.0 mm., aetate maturandi 4.5-6.0 mm.
Fructus 13.5-15.5 mm. longus, compressus, ad medias valde
recurvatus, stipite 2.5-3.0 mm., ventre ca. 7.0 mm. longo, ca.
2.5 mm. lato, nervis sivaphediue —Conco: Humbert 7448,
montagnes & |’ ouest du lac Kivu, forét 4 l’W de ae alt.
2000-2400 m., février-mars 1929 (G, TYPE). Fig. 3
31. T. RHyNcHOCARPUM Dill. & Rich., Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2,
14: 262, 1841. T. lonpebanmiatens Hochst. & Steud. ex Steud.
Nom. Bot. 2: 676, 1841 ut synonymon, nec Age rues ee
dunculatum Sennen, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 73: 642, tT.
chymocarpum Dill. ex Walp. Ann. Bot. Syst. 2: 5, 1861. gh
Mannii Hutchinson ex Hubshinashs & Dalziel, Fl. W. Trop. Afr.
1: 66, 1927.—Planta sesquimetralis usque bimetralis (an metralis
usque ad quadrimetralis?). Folia ca. 5-ternata, foliolis 0.3-2.0
diametro. Sepala 1.4-1.8 mm. longa. Stamina 5-10.
Antherae ia ca. 0.9 mm. Filamenta ca. 3.0 mm
Stylus una stigmate 4.0-5.0 mm., aetate maturandi 4.5-5.5 mm.
Carpella matura 15.5-18.0 mm. longa, parum recurvata in apice
stipitis 2.5-5.0 mm. et ad apicem ventris oblanceolati nee com-
pressi 8-10 mm. longi et 1.5-1.8 mm. lati, nervis simplicibus.—
Nierrtia: according to Hutchinson, in the Pgs Mts. sig
at Buea and Fernando Po (type locality of T. M ABY
SINIA: Schimper 472, Berg Semajata, 7300 f. rey 14, ‘1862 (G):
Schimper 1137, inter Endchedcap et Schoata, 1838-1842 (G);
ipo 1183, Gerra, 7800 ft. (F). BELGIAN otilty Linder
: 6, Mt. Ninagongo, 8000-9000 ft., Feb. 16, 1927 (G). Fic.
4 a— —d.
The type of this species from Abyssinia, is presumably pre-
served at Paris and has not been seen, but the description is
clear enough and, the species being the only one found in the
mountains of Abyssinia, there is no doubt about its interpreta-
tion. The illustration in A. Richard Tent. Fl. Abyss., tabula 2,
confirms this interpretation. On the herbarium sheet of Schim-
394 Rhodora {NOVEMBER
per 1137, there is the following manuscript note: “Thalictrum
rhynchocarpum. Ach. Rich. in Ann. sc. nat., Bot., XIV (1840)
p. 262 (publ. le 24 Mars 1841)”.
Thalictrum longepedunculatum Hochst & Steud. was not given
a new description when published, it was simply a new name for
T. rhynchocarpum Dill. & Rich.
T. chymocarpum Dill. is probably an error of spelling or
printing.
T. Mannii Hutchinson. Described from flowering specimens
from Nigeria, a region from which I have not seen any Thalic-
trum. The characters stressed by the describer seem to fall
within the range of variation of 7. rhynchocarpum Dill. & Rich.
The stamens and the fruit, however, are too briefly described to
enable one to form a definite opinion about the status of this
species. As described by Hutchinson, it is a plant 1 to 4 meters
high. As far as records go, this is the tallest plant in the whole
genus.
32. T. innitens, sp. nov. Planta ca. 1.5 metrorum. Folia
usque ad septies ternata. Pedicelli ca. 10 em. aetate fructuum
maturandorum. Sepala 1.5-2.0 mm. longa. Stamina 5-6.
Antherae ovoideae breviter mucronatae, ca. 0.8 mm. Filamenta
ca. 2.5mm. Ovaria solitaria, stigmate 2.0-3.0 mm. usque ad 4.5
mm. accedente cum carpella maturant. Fructus compressus
rectus vel parum recurvatus 10-14 mm. longus, stipite 1.5-2.0
mm., = ovoideo-lanceolato 6.5-7.5 mm. longo, 2.0-2.4 mm.
lato arcuantibus simplicibus.—Nyassa: Buchanan 64,
1801 (i US); "Stolz. 148, Station Kyimbila, Bundali Gebirge, 1300-
eter Seehshe, Nov. 25, 1907 (G, US). RHopeEsiA:
Swynnerton 352, Chipete forest-patch, a climber common on
forest outskirts, ‘alt. 3800 ft., 1906 (US). Transvaau: Drakens-
berg. Pilgrim’s Rest (F 69 381). ORANGE: Cooper 1038, in woods,
862 (N ter Nata: Wylie (J. M. Wood’s no. 8128), ’Wahawag
Mtn. alt. 6-7000 ped., March 22, 1901 (US). Caps: Murray
598, in densis sylvis “Kabousie”, alt. 3500 ft., flor. dec. (G,
TYPE; F, isoTyPE). Fic. 32, a-d.
It is doubtful whether this plant really is a climber. The
herbarium specimens show no evidence to that effect. The stem
is hollow, thin and rather easily crushed and seems an inappro-
priate support for a plant of this size. The large and abundantly
branched inflorescence with its pendulous fruits is likely to
become more or less entangled in the branches of adjoining
shrubs, thus giving the plant the additional support needed.
ra
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 395
This undoubtedly holds true for most of the species of the
§ CINCINNERIA, especially the tallest ones.
33. T. Chapinii, sp. nov. Planta circa sesquimetralis.
Folia yee ae quinquies ternata. Pedicelli 5-10 mm. Sep
2.0-3 onga. Stamina 13-19. Antherae oblongo-lanceo-
latae 1. 4-9. i mm. , mucrone 0.2-0.7 mm. Filamenta 3.2-4.5 mm.
Ovaria nunc singula nune gemina, nunc ternata. Stigma,
aetate fructus maturandi, 5.0-6.0 mm. Carpella matura parum
recurvata compressaque, 13.0-14.5 mm. longa, stpite 1.5 mm.,
ventre ca. 6.5 mm. longo, ca. 2.0 mm. lato, nervis arcuantibus
simplicibusque. —Coneo: Chapin 386, ‘slope of Mt. Karisimbi,
Kivu district, alt. 11,000 ft., rather common about Kabara,
about same level, June 19, 1927 (NY, type); J. P. Chapin 518,
Kivu district, mts. s. w. of Lemera, lower Ruzizi Valley, alt.
9600 ft., July i7, 1027 ANY}. Kenya: Mearns 1850 & 1414,
western slopes of Mount Kenia, along the trail from West Kenia
Forest Station to summit, in the “giant heath” zone, at about
3630 meters, Sept. 21- 27, 1909 (1350:US; 1414 NY, US);
Mearns 1670 & 2820, western slopes of Mount Kenia, along the
trail from West Kenia Forest Station to summit, bamboo ssn
at about ge meters, Sept. 28—Oct. 7, 1909 (1670: F, US; 2320
US). Fia. 33, a-d.
Although flowering material of 7. Chapinii and T.. innitens is
distinguished easily indeed, these species become more or less
confluent as they mature their fruits.
34. T. impexum, sp. nov. Planta verosimiliter circa bi-
metralis. "Palia gi usque ad sexies. Pedunculi 5-9 cm
Sepala 2.0-2.4 mm. longa. Stamina 5-8 in floribus singulis.
Antherae chiniae-Rnaeantel: Ovaria singula rarius gemina,
— 2.0-4.0 mm., aetate maturandi, 4.0-5.0 mm. longo,
nd
"|
bo
fund
909 (595: Pi, 630: US, 630, 652, Type: US 630, 653
ISOTYPE). Fic. 3 a-d.
This species is pei for this section because of its nearly
sessile fruit. When in flower it closely recsembles T. Chapinii
which occupies about the same range at higher altitudes.
396 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
35. T. Strotzim Ulbrich, Notizbl. Berl. Gart. 10: 916, 1930.
Herba perennis erecta ad 1.25-1.50 m. alta parce ramosa caule
—§ mm. crasso, omnino glaberrimo fusco-violaceo. Folia
caulina in vaginam fere 35 mm. longam 15-20 mm. latam dila-
tato, usque ad laminae ramificationem + 12 cm. longo glaber-
rimo; lamina 3-4-pinnata foliolis + 3 mm. petiolulatis circuitu
orbicularibus vel reniformibus margine grosse crenatis crenis
subapiculatis, 10-12 mm. longis, 10-15 mm. latis, glaberrimis,
supra atroviridibus, subtus glaucescentibus, nervis reticulatis
supra inconspicuis, subtus prominentibus. Inflorescentia satis
parva decomposita contracta paniculata. Flores satis magni
lilacei pedicello brevissimo, 2-4 mm. longo, glaberrimo instructi
Leah basi bractea lineari-lanceolata + 4 mm. longa membra-
, 0.5-1 mm. lata glaberrima lilacea munita; sepala ovalia
vel "Tncecovedia + 5 mm. longa, + 3 mm. lata, obtusa, glaber-
rima + quinquenervia. Stamina +8 mm. ‘longa filamentis
filiformibus tenerrimis glaberrimis superne vix dilatatis sparsis
(5-10), anthera linear-oblonga 1-1.5 mm. longa. Ovaria
(plerumque in flore unicum, rarius 2) brevissime stipitata vel
subsessilia glaberrima anguste lineari-lanceolata cum stylo + 5
mm. longa in stylum fere 3 mm. longum rectum sensim attenuata;
stigma apice lateraliter decurrens fere 1 mm. longum. Fructus
ignotus.—‘‘Ostafrika: Nyassa-Hochland Kyimbila im Bambus-
se bei Bulongwa, ca. 2100 m ii. d. M. (blithend 17. September
913—Ap. Srouz n. 2175!).”’
“Die Art steht in der Fruchtbildung augenscheinlich Th.
rhynchocarpum Dill. und Rich. nahe, das gleichfalls nur wenige
bis 1 Fruchtblatt . . . hat aber einen sehr lockeren, sparrig ver-
zweigten Bliitenstand und sehr kleine griine Bliiten. Th. Stolzii
ist leicht kenntlich an den grossen rétlichen oder lila Bliiten in
einem (im vorliegenden Material) dicht zusammengezogenen
Bliitenstande. Leider liegen keine bis zur Fruchtreife ent-
wickelten Pflanzen vor; es ist jedoch anzunehmen, dass sich der
Bliitenstand spiter in vielleicht ahnlicher Weise wie bei Th.
rhynchocarpum streckt.
“Es ist auffallig, dass unter dem sehr reichhaltigen Material,
welches das Botanische Museum in Berlin-Dahlem aus dem trop-
ischen Afrika erhielt, diese Art bisher nicht vertreten war; sic
scheint demnach selten und bisher iibersehen zu sein.
‘“‘Anmerkung: Im gleichen Gebiete: Kyimbila, Mkinga, Mwak-
alila, Bergwiese in 2000 m ii. d. M. sammelte Ap. Strouz (8.
Januar 1914 n. 2421!) eine Pflanze, die wohl gleichfalls hierher
zu stellen ist. Diese ist nur etwa 40 cm hoch, unverzweigt mit
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 397
kleinen Blaittern und meergriinen Blattchen mit meist dreilap-
piger Spreite. Die Bliiten (es liegen nur Knospen vor) sind
gleichfalls sehr gross und nach Angabe des Sammlers weiss,
aussen rosa. Es handelt sich vermutlich nur um eine Lichtform
von Th. Stolziz, doch ist das Material leider zu spiirlich, um eine
sichere Bestimmung zu erméglichen.”’
The preceding text is a copy of the original description and
comments.
No material has been seen which could be ascribed to this
species; however the characters of the flowers contrast strongly
with all other species of this section. Ulbrich’s description of
the inflorescence of 7. Stolzii applies equally well to the flowering
stage of any species of this group. Similarly his description of
the inflorescence of 7. rhynchocarpum Dill. & Rich. characterizes
all fruiting material belonging to the § Crncrnneria. The
leaves are described as “pinnata,” but this we much doubt. If
true indeed, there should be no trouble at all to recognize the
species at any stage of its life-cycle. The fruits are not described
and it is difficult to guess what they look like. The only material
at hand from Nyassa (Stolz 148, 25 Dez., 1907), bears immature
fruits strongly suggesting those of T. snnitons but they are some-
what narrower. This latter specimen is cited under 7’. innitens.
36. T. Steinbachii, sp. nov. Planta ca. 3 m. alta. Pedicelli
5-10 cm. Sepala ca. 1.8 mm. longa, Ovaria nervosa pauca,
2-4 in flore. Stylus una stigmate 4-7 mm. Carpella matura
recurvata semi-ovata, 6.0-8.5 mm. longa, stipite 1.5-2.0 mm.,
ventre 3.0-5.0 mm. longo, 1.5—-2.0 mm. lato, nervo dorsali concavo.
Floret verosimiliter Decembri.—Botiv1a: Steinbach 869, Inca-
chaca, Prov. Chapare, age Cochabamba, Feuchte Béschung,
Meereshéhe 2200 m., Jan. 21, 1929 (G, Type and 1soTyPE; F,
Y, ANS, wont. Fig. 36, a-c
One specimen bears the following soak: ca 3 M. Ranksustande.
This plant is probably no more of a climber than T’. innitens but,
just as does the latter, probably gains additional support when
its inflorescence gets entangled in the surrounding vegetation.
37. T. SreyeRMARKII Standley, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot.
22: 230, 1940. Planta 1.0-2.5 metrorum, glabra nisi in earpellis.
Folia nonnunquam metralia, ad septies ternata, saepius con-
spicue stipellulata. Pedicelli ca. 5 em. Sepala. aguiay ver ae
purascentia ca. 3 mm. longa. Filamenta ca. 8 mm.
oblongo-lanceolatae ca. 3 mm., acumine 0.2-0.6 mm. "Stele
398 Rhodora [NovVEMBER
una cum stigmate ca. 13mm. Carpella matura firma 9-12 mm.
longa, cinerea, pubescentia. Pubescentza pilorum translucidorum
rectorum densorum arachnoideorum. Si pubescentia tactu
deleta est, carpella purpurascentia revelantur. Nervi fructuum
in costis sublati, plus minusve ramosi et anastomosi, minute ad
summas sinuosi et nonnunquam gibbosi, nervus ventralis con-
vexior et semper gibbosus, dorsalis rectus esset nisi ad medias
parum concavitas. Stipes fructus. ca. 1 mm., venter 5,.5—-6.5
mm. longus et 3.0—4.0 mm. latus, rostrum 2.5—-4.0 mm. directum,
paries 0.3-0.5 mm. crassitudinalis. Verosimiliter floret No-
vembri. GUATEMALA, SAN MARCOS: Steyermark 36,575, north-
western slopes of Voledn Tajumulco, barrancos south and west
of town of Tajumulco, moist slopes around seepage at base of
barranco, herbaceous, 8 ft. tall, leaves blue-green above, grass-
green beneath, follicles glaucous-green, alt. 2300-2500 m., Feb.
25, 1940 (F, typz, mounted on two sheets); Standley 68,465,
above San Rafael Pie de la Cuesta, Barranco Eminencia, wet
meadow, common, alt. 2100-2400 m., March 14-15, 1939 (F,
paratype); Steyermark 36,483, near southeast portion of Volcan
Tacand, between Canjula and La Unién Judrez, herb 5 ft. tall,
leaves membranaceous, grass-green above, silvery-green beneath,
Feb. 22, 1940 (F, paratypes) ; Steyermark 36,989, lower to middle
slopes of Volcdn Tajumulco, between Todos Santos and Finca
El Provenir, slopes around quebrada, alt. 1300-3000 m., March |
1, 1940 (F, paratype); Steyermark 36,191, between La Vega
ridge along Rio Vega and northeast slopes of Voledn Tacand4,
to 3 miles from Guatemala-Mexico boundary, in vicinity of San
ael, shaded banks of slopes bordering escarpment of stream,
herb 5 ft. tall, alt. 2500-3000 m., Feb. 20, 1940 (F, paratype).
QUEZALTENANGO: Standley 83,523, south of San Martin Chile
Verde, region of Las Nubes, damp densely forested barranco,
herb 2 m. tall, alt. about 2250 m., Jan. 16, 1941 (F); Standley
85,131, South of San Martin Chile Verde, region of Las Nubes,
on white sand mountain side, damp thicket, herb 1.5 m. tall,
alt. about 2250 m., Jan. 27, 1941 (F); Standley 85,680, between
San Martin Chile Verde and Colombo, above Mujuli4, in damp
dense mixed forest on white sand slopes, herb 1.5 m. tall, alt.
about 1800 m., Feb. 1, 1941 ); Standley 83,652, south of San
: 0
Standley 85,140, south of San Martin Chile Verde, region of
Nubes, ae thicket, herb 1 m. tall, Jan. 27, 1941 (F). Fie.
Planta verosimiliter ca. 3
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 399
ventre 5.0-7.5 mm. longo, 2.5-3.0 mm. lato, nervis parum ramosis
et parum anastomosis nervo dorsali fere recto nisi esset ad medias
parum concavus. Tempus florendi ignotum verosimiliter
vernale.—Botivia: Steinbach 9231, Incachaca, Prov. Chapare,
Dept. Cochabamba, Wald Meereshéhe 2300 m., Febr. 18, 1929
(G, TypE; ANS, F, NY, tsoryres). Fia. 38, a and b.
Judging from the herbarium fragments, this species is probably
as high if not higher than 7’. Steinbachit or even than 7. rhyncho-
carpum Dill. & Rich. (7. Mannii Hutchinson).
39. T. MAcRocaRPUM Grenier, Séances Publ. Acad. Sci.
Besancon 117. 1838. T. majus Gren. Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
: 2, 1836, nec T. majus Crantz, Stirp. Austr. 2: 80, 1763, nec
T. majus Jacq. Fl. Aust. 5: t. 420, 1788, nec 7. majus Tenore,
Syll. Pl. Vase. Fl. Neap. 265, 1831, nee 7. majus Dunn, Ind. Sem.
Hort. Panorm. 32, 1880. —Planta omnino glabra semimetralis.
Folia inferiora 1-3 in planta, 4-ternata. Folia caulinaria desunt.
Folia inflorescentiae inferioris 3-ternata foliolis 3-5-lobatis.
Folia inflorescentiae superioris ovata integra. Stipulae et
stipellulae desunt. Inflorescentia simplex vel, si ad basem ramosa,
ramis bi-tri-floriferis foliumque solitarium ferentibus. Pedun-
cult 5-10 em., aetate fructuum maturandorum. Flores lutei.
Sepala elliptica 5-6 mm. longa. Antherae ca. 3 mm., acumine
1.0-1.5 mm. Ovaria 2-4 in flore. Stigma 8-9 mm., in primis
rectum vel recurvatum, deinde incurvatum, alis ca. 0. '5 mm. lat.
ied aoe matura valde compressa, stzpite 0.5-2.0 mm., ventre
8.5-10.0 mm. longo et 3-4 mm. lato, nervo dorsali fere recto vel
parum convexo, ventrali multo quam dorsali convexiore, nervis
lntdrafibus conspicue ramosis et anastomosis. Floret Julio et
ugusto.— France: Cosson, Basses Pyrénées, prope Eaux-
Bonnes, in monte, montagne de Gourzi, 7 augusti, 1847 (G);
Forestier, prés les Eaux-Bonnes, pic d’Anis, 5 aofit, 1841 (G);
Philippe, Basses Pyrénées, col de Tortes, aotit, “i (G). Fria. 39.
Sectio Camprocastrum Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 3, 2: 66, 1888.
Radiz fibrosa. Folia saepe stipellulata. Follslae haud peltatae.
Pedicelli sub fructum recurvatum. Flores polygamo-monoici,
plurimi perfecti, pauci masculi, raro perfecti omnes. Masculi
nonnulli ad anthesim veniunt cum carpella perfectorum maturant.
Antherae oblongae lanceolatae vel lineares, plus minusve acum-
inatae. Filamenta purpurascentia nec clavata. Ovaria sessilia
vel stipitata, saepius, si adsunt, 4-10 in floribus singulis. Steg-
mata filiformia, nec alata. Carpella matura plus minusve com-
pressa, nonnunquam stipitata, nervis plus minusve ramosis,
saepe et anastomosantibus et pr eicta et gibbosis. Species
typica Thalictrum gibbosum Lec. sit.
Some of the species are RE in the text as having all
400 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
flowers perfect, but this is a point still imperfectly known, for
when the ovaries start enlarging the plant still goes on blooming
but these later flowers are always staminate. This stage seems
not to be represented for all species of this section. However,
T. Venturii and T. inuncans are definitely known as always
having perfect flowers.
The following key is based mainly on pubescence, notwith-
standing the fact that the fruit has furnished the main characters
on which to base each of the successive species. Only about one
third of the herbarium specimens having mature fruits, and the
flowers not being very much varied, it is not possible to build up
a natural key which would be a satisfactory tool with which to
identify herbarium material. Although this key is artificial it
is still not possible to identify all flowering specimens, but it has
been found that by comparing such flowering plants with only
those species known to occur in the region of the plant to be
named, it was usually possible to arrive at a satisfactory identifi-
cation. This is why distribution-data have been given in the key.
a. Ovaria 18-36 in flore. In Argentina.................. 71. TT. Venturi.
a. Ovaria 0-10 in flore. ...b.
b. Pubescentia diversa, aliqui pilorum aciculariformes com-
ressi triangulares et pa ae recurvati. Staminum
enta 15-17 mm. ta MU a ee cs o's 40. T. inuncans.
b. Pili aciculariformes “ recurvati de ane Staminum fila-
menta breviora. .. .
¢. — nana chet -< alta, foliis imis plurimis, folium
vel solitarium vel deest, folia inflorescen-
tine vel 1-3, vel desunt. Foliolae parvae, 3-10 mm.
longae. In ‘Hidalgo Ree ey we he cas 50. 7. pachuense.
¢. hyn caulinaria plura....
d. Foliolae ~~ dentatae, acuminatae. Pubescentia
e pilis tis stipitatis. In Guatemala...... 51. 7. Standleyt.
d. Foliolae apice trilobatae vel grosse dentatae, nec acu-
bescentia vel e pilis abs vel
e. Foliolae inferne re a osr
Bf 7 vie una cum stigma (-5) mm.....
Filamenta 3-5 mm. Carodie aitiea 27-3. 5
mm. lon, :
h, Filamenta 4-5 mm. Carpella matura ca.
mm. longa, nervis simplicibus nec re
ae a PO COR. os 41. T. Galeotti.
h. ey rang ca. 3mm. Carpella matura abd
mm. longa, nervis ramosis et anastom
santibus, nervo ventrali gibboso. In Bonork
T. parvifructum.
9. Brey 6-10 "aus Carpella matura 6-9
ae at ee
sis iene hn, Seon
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 401
7, Antherae apice truncatae, vel acumine 0.1-0.2
mm. Carpella matura gi . In Gua-
tamale. fe ee eee 52. T. Johnstonii.
7. Antherae acumine 0,5-1.0
matura non gibbosa. In Peruvi, Bolivia,
e ueeareh 5 ee ct oan s 43. T. decipiens.
A bg ba una stigmate (4—) 5-15
. Ca Lg matura nervo veuteadi nullo ee gib-
k. Nervis lateralibus parum ramosis, nec sinu-
osis, nec Peeper sina ager nce eo
i Stylus una stigmate 4-10 m
m. Carpella m ee ots 5 orth loneai In
_,, Mexico ot Costa Rita: 2 sees. . 42. T. Hintonii.
n.
nta nonnunquam glauca.
mE Peruvia, Bolivia et Meg
43. T. decipiens.
n. Carpella 3.0-3.2 mm. lata, = ger.
sali basi concavo. Stigm
ao - mH Planta cacti modo
glau Pat cee: T. viridulum,
is ide una stigmate 10-15 mm. In : Beri
7; "icscelnascsaut
ra 3 :
Colombia et Ecuador.......... 70. T. podocarpum.
o. Stipes ovarii 0-0.5 mm. gai matura
4.5-8.0 mm, longa
p. ne matura 6.5-8.0 mm. longa. In
‘amaulipas, Nuevo Lada et San Luis
Potosi i Rian Sees (ewe Pee ee 47. T. Deamit.
p. C ura 4.5-5.5 mm. longa... .¢.
q. Folia pare eel conspicue_petiolata.
by glauca. n ua,
Durango, Nuevo Leén et San Luis
Re Bee wg Poa 48. T. grandifolium.
q. Folia caulinaria sessilia in apice dilata-
—— Pegging de a nullo modo
In Guerrero....... 49. 7. Hernandezii.
j. Carpella mature ees ventral 'gibboes, nan
— saepius gibbosis. Gibbositas patet non-
eater sr gates saepius tamen in carpellis
r. Sangale mia . Pies mm. lon
semimetralis minor. ae
54. are parvifructum.
r. GO matura 4.0-10.5 mm. longa... .8.
lla matura mm. longa ;
ey
:
402 Rhodora [NovEMBER
_u, Petioluli plus age hd ascendentes.
Se
v, let matura 4-6 mm, longa,
8-2.0 m.
a
ee 64. T. peninsulare.
v. Carpella matura 4-8 mm. longa, 2-3
0.2-0.5 mm. ongus. In Ver
Cruz, Hidalgo, ees Puebla,
Morelos et Oaxaca......... 65. TT. gibbosum.
t. hay oe matura 7-8 mm. longa.
w. Carpella matura saepius apice acuta,
—8 mm. longa, 2-3 mm. lata, stipite
0.5-2.0 mm.
w. Carpella matura saepius apice obtuso,
—7.5 mm, longa, ca. 3.3 mm. lata,
oS 1.0-2.5 mm, Sepala 5-6.5
s. C lla hacer 9.0-10.5 mm. longa. ee
lombia, Venezuela et Ecuador.
. TT. podocarpum.
e. sae inferne plus minusve pubescentes. . . .
mtia caulinaria e pilis opacis i Ghiitdadis
acuminatis 1-4 millimetralibus. Foliolae in-
ferne sparse dahane entes. In Oaxaca et
WMO rs fae a ay a As 53. 7’. lanatum.
x. Pubescentia caulinaria e ae millimetralibus vel
brevioribus vel deest. . . .
y. Pubescentia foliorum paginae inferioris e -
omnibus capitatis... .
z. Planta omnino pu hak carpellis
ca. 6.5 mm. longis, 2.0-2.2 mm. ‘ae ps
45. '. panamense.
z. — lee super glabrae ae 3 fe hares. eis
et rameales uniseriati et
Jonga. In eee Ce T. Pennellii.
6. C a glabra is * Vase Crus, ae
Federal et Oaxaca........
T. Conzattit.
6. Epes tet woe, cs ens
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 403
«. Folia caulinaria conspicue _petiolata.
Carpella matura 3.3-5.0 mm longa.
In Tallse 0, Hidalgo et Maticankes
. TT. pubigerum.
e. Folia caulinaria. sessilia vel fere sessilia
in apice dilatationis ae es Car-
oe matura In
xico, Michoacin et ot Puebla. 6 62. T. sessilifolium.
y. Pubescentia e pilis omnibus crassiusculis
acis coloratis, vel aliis crassiusculis
er amg opacis obtusis. interdum acu-
iieriey ot
c. Carpets penta 7-3.0 mm. longa. Stylus
una. sti te 3-5 mm. Planta semi-
metralis Gel brevior. me Pindrancgs 55. T. parvifructum.
¢. Carpella matura 3.5-8.0 mm. longa... .7.
ruZ, go i
Federal et Michoacin...... 56. “T. strigillosum.
§. Carpella matura 7-8 mm. longa. In
Bie toe a. Sa 4 oa oe T. Nelsonii.
n. Foliolae inferne sparse pubescentes. .. .
t. : oe _ mm. = Peruvia. . 66. 7. longistylum.
. Stigma eee
is Carpella ma matura. 5-6.5 mm. longa.
n Peruvia....d.
me Carpe matura stipite 0.5-1.0
kw pin gL Ote. Ue ep wears 58. 7’. lasiostylum.
X. Canela matura stipite ca.2mm __
o. T. rutidocarpum.
C. la Sato 7-8 mm. longa.
. a Oagnea Se 69. 7. Nelsonit.
This section is restricted to the mountains of Mexico, Central
America and South America. In general, the species are based
on the different types of fruits, for the flowers offer but few
specific characteristics. However, two species, 7. gibbosum Lec.
and T. decipiens nostrum, show a high degree of variation in their
fruits and they are pretty hard to characterize. A key to the
flowering specimens would leave about 8 or 10 species, all
glabrous, which could not be otherwise separated were it not for
the fact that their ranges do not overlap in general. The inter-
pretation of the different names already published is based on
types or isotypes or syntypes or photographs of types or frag-
ments of types. Only in two cases, 7. Hernandezii Tausch and
T. lasiostylum Presl, was it necessary to form an opinion on the
original description only. Lecoyer did not have the opportunity
of studying the types of those two species and considered them
aS synonyms.
404 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
Subsectio Simpricia, subsect. nov. Plantae glabrae, Thalictro
inuncante nostro excepto. Ovaria 10 vel pauciora in flore.
Carpella matura compressa nervis simplicibus vel parum ramosis
anastomosantibus et reticulatis, nec gibbosis, raro sinuosis.
40. T. inuncans, sp. nov. ’Planta verosimiliter 1.5-2.0 m.
alta. Pubescentia caulis ramorum petiolorum petiolulorumque
densa e pilis aliis capitatis translucidis, aliis crassiusculis tri-
angularibus compressis recurvatisque. Foliolae superne g abrae,
inferne puberulentes pilis Seager translucidis vestitae. Flores
perfecti (!) glabri. Sepala ovata ca. 5 mm. longa. Antherae
nonnunquam faleatae ca. 4 mm., vel apice truncatae, vel ob-
tusae cum acumine 0.1-0.2 mm. Filamenta mm., con-
spicue purpurascentia. Stylus una cum stigmate 6-11 mm.
Stigma paullo et regulariter a ap incrassatum. Fructus mihi
ignotus. Floret Decembri—Botivia, Tarisa: Fiebrig 2440,
Tecumilla bei Tarija, alt. 2000 m., Des. 20, 1903 (G, Type and
ISOTYPE: US, isotypr). Fia. 40, a-c.
Although known only from one collection and at flowering
time, this species should be easily recognized by its dense covering
of very small recurved prickles, the only such case known to me
in this genus. The filaments of the stamens are also longer than
in any other species of Thalictrum. This species shows some
relationship with T. Venturii, but its position is dubious. Both
of these species have perfact flowers, obtuse or truncate anthers
and somewhat clavate stigmas.
41. T. Gatzorri Lecoyer, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24: 121, 1885.
Planta omnino glabra altitudinis ignotae, verosimiliter metralis
vel brevior. Flores forsan omnes perfecti. Sepala 3 3.5-4 mm.
longa. Antherae 1.2-2.0 mm., oblongo-lanceolatae, in apice
truncatae, vel acumine 0.1 mm. Filamenta 4-5 mm. Stylus
una cum stigmate 3-4 mm. Carpella matura subsessilia vel
sessilia, ca. 3.5 mm. longa, ca. 1.5 mm. lata, nervis lateralibus
parum ramosis nec undulatis nec gibbosis, nervo. dorsali fere
recto, ventrali convexo. Tempus florendi ignotum.—MExIco,
VERA CRUZ: Galeotti 4541, pic d’Orizaba, fl. blanches, alt. 10,000
p-, Juin-oct., 1842 (syntype at the Conservatoire Botanique ~
>i F, photograph of this syntype; G, syntype). Fie
Naturally, I have not seen the syntype in Switzerland, but I
cannot find anything which matches either the photograph or the
syntype at hand. The other syntype is no. 4570 from Xalapa
by the same collector. Judging from Lecoyer’s drawing, which
naturally was made from one of those syntypes, and the photo-
pe oy Ne See We ne RON RO a
) ea MEAL eer ee ore Cercnen nee ner nr en ena, eee
i
i a
Pa
1 =
be a
hie
ee
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 405
graph at hand, the fruit resembles pretty much that of what we
are calling 7’. Hernandezit Tausch, but it is much smaller. The
anthers and stigmas also rank amongst the smallest in that
section of the genus.
42. T. Hintonii, sp. nov. Planta omnino glabra 40-120 cm.,
radicibus fibrosis. Stipulae parum dilatatae. Foliolae fere
orbiculares, basi cordatae, apice trilobatae, lobis rotundis
mucronulatis, nonnunquam figura Hepaticae americanae, varia-
biles tamen. Inflorescentia 1-3 dm. longa, plus minusve secunda,
pedunculis vel rectis vel parum recurvatis. Flores non satis
notae, sepalis tamen ca. 4.5 mm. longis, antheris ca. 5 mm.,
acuminibus ca. 1.0 mm. Carpella matura fere orbicularia vel
semi-ovata, 4.5-5.5 mm. longa, stipite 0.1 mm., ventre ca. 4 mm.
longo 2.0-3.2 mm. lato, nervis parum ramosis nec gibbosis, nervo
dorsali recto vel vario modo convexo, ventrali convexiore quam
dorsali. Floret tempore mihi ignoto.—MExico, MExIco: Hinton
6743, Temascaltepec district, Acatitlin, in the water, Oct. 12,
1934 (US, type; F, G, M, NY, isotypes). GUATEMALA,
QUEZALTENANGO: Standley 67,887, southwest of San Martin,
Chile Verde, Cumbre de Tuilacdn, sandy Alnus forest, alt. about
2400 m., March 8, 1939 (F). Costa Rica: Standley 35,247, near
the Finca del Voledin de Turrialba, southern slope of Volcan de
Turrialba, wet thicket, herb 3-4 ft., alt. about 2000 to 2400 m.,
Feb. 22, 1924 (US). Fic. 42.
Dedicated to the late G. B. Hinton whose abundant and well
prepared Mexican specimens form a large proportion of and are
among the best of the material at hand.
43. T. decipiens, sp. nov. Planta omnino glabra, 4-15 dm.,
plus minusve glauca, radice forsan tuberosa et solitaria. Inflores-
centia saepius foliosissima. Pedunculi sub fructum recurvati.
Sepala 3-7 mm. longa, elliptica vel orbicularia. Flamenta 6-10
mm. Antherae 2.5-5.0 mm., acumine 0.5-1.0 mm. Stylus una
cum stigmate 4-8 mm. Carpella matura obovata vel semiobo-
vata, 6-9 mm. longa, stipite 0.5-1.5, ventre 3.5-6.5 mm. longo,
2-3 mm. lato, nervis vel simplicibus vel ramosis anastomosanti-
busque nec gibbosis, nervo dorsali fere recto vel plus minusve
convexo, ventrali convexiore quam dorsali, rostro nonnunquam
recto saepius tamen ad tergum deflexo. In Peruvia floret a
Novembri ad Januarium, in Bolivia Novembri et Decembri et
in Argentina a Septembri ad Decembrem.—PERU: Soukup 140
(F); Ball, ex saxosis Andium, juxta pagum Chicla, 12—-13,000 p.
8. m., apr. 21-23, 1882 (NY). sunin: Killip & Smith 22,125,
near Huancayo, open rocky hillside, herb to 5 ft., alt. 3300-3500
m., Apr. 26, 27, May, 25, 1929 (F, NY, US); Kalenborn 94,
Vicinity of Oroya, among rocks, alt. 10-17,000 ft., 1918-1919
406 Rhodora [NovEMBER
(M, NY, US). uma: Killip & Smith 21,758, Rio Blanco, open
Ailide, herb 2-4 ft., alt. 3000-3500 m., Apr. 15-17, 1929 (NY,
US); idem 21,752, herb 1-2 ft. (F, NY, US). PAUCARTAMBO:
Herrera 1047a, Hacienda Churu, alt. 3500 m., Jan., 1926 (US,
typE; F, G, NY, 1sorypss). cuzco: Pennell 13 ,040, Quiquijana,
grassy wayside, herb, alt. 3220 m., Apr. 23, 1925 (ANS, F);
Soukup 40, Urubamba, entrada al valle Lares, Jan. 3, 1936 (F);
Vargas 702, Hda Urco, alt. 2940 m., 1938 (F); Herrera 829,
Sazaihuamén, hills, alt. 3200-3600 m., Dec., 1928 (F); Soukup
254, near Puno, alt. 4000 m., Jan., 1936 (F). Boxrtvra: Kuntze,
alt. 3600 m., Apr. 1-4, 1892 (NY). COCHABAMBA: Steinbach
8799, valle de Cochabamba, alt. 2600 m., 27 Dez., 1928 (ANS).
LA Paz: Buchtien 6289, Cotafia am Ilimani, an Wassergriiben,
alt. 2500 m., Nov., 1911 (F, US); Bang 1314, vic. Sorata, 1892
(ANS, F, G, NY, US); Rusby 601, Sorata, alt. 10,000 ft., 1886
(ANS, G, M, Us). ARGENTINA, SALTA: Eyerdam & Beetle
22,631, 14 km. west of Manuela Pedraza, Tartagal river, moist
sand, stream -bank, semi-shade, perennial herb 1-1.5 m., alt.
900 m., Oct. 26 , 1938 (G). [N. B. This specimen is the only
one complete with underground system, a tuber about 3 inches
long.| TUCUMAN: xe 930, dept. ee cave Buena, en una
quebrada con agua, altura “ ‘la plant , flor amarilla, alt.
700 m., Sept. 24, 050 (F, M, US); Venturi 3996, dept. Chicli-
gasta, ‘Estancia ‘Las Pavas, en los prados, flor ’ amarilla, alt.
1700 m., Die. 11, 1926 for 19257] (G, 08); Job 1425, Clavillo de
Aconquija, flor verde, alt. 2800 m., 1937 (NY). CATAMARCA:
Jérgensen 1304, El Candado, alt. 2700 m., Oct. 2, 1916 (G, M).
cérDoBA: Hieronymus, am Ufer des Rio Primero bei Cérdoba,
Nov. 17, 1877 (F, US); Kurtz 2707, Cérdoba, Rio I Cerro del
Pueblo, Nov. 29-30, 1885 (NY); Job 429, La Falda, Cerro El]
Charrito, alt. 950 m., Jan., 1936 (US); Kurtz 342, San Virente,
~ umbrosis humidis frequens, Oct. 11, 1884 (NY); ’ Burkart 7198,
a Reducién, Cérdoba, orilla de arroyos, hasta 2 m. de altura,
Des. 27, 1935 (G, US). Fia. 43, a and b.
This species is railed heterogenous but the herbarium material,
although abundant, is rather unsatisfactory; most collections at
hand are either unicates or made up of duplicates collected at
different dates and localities; of a hundred or so herbarium sheets,
only one had the underground system and even so it was dam-
aged. Further segregations might well be possible, although I
attempted it many times unsuccessfully.
44. T. viridulum, sp. nov. Planta viridula omnino glabra
nullo modo glauca. Folia caulinaria perfecte 5-ternata, petiolulis
rectis. Flores polygamo-monoici, plurimi perfecti, pauci masculi.
Sepala viridula ca. 4 mm. longa. Antherae acumen 0.5-1.0 mm.
1944] © Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 407
Stylus una cum stigmate 8-10 mm. Carpella matura nullo
modo gibbosa, ca. 7 mm. longo, stipite 0.7-1.0 mm., ventre
5.0-5.5 mm. longo, 3.0-3.2 mm. lato, nervis lateralibus plus
minusve ramosis anastomosantibusque, nervo dorsali basi parum
concavo, apice fere recto, ventrali convexo, rostro ad ventrum
deflexo. An floret Junio et Julio?—Pa ANAMA, CHIRIQUI: Sezbert
204, valley of the upper Rio Chiriqui Viejo, vicinity of Monte
irio, growing in rocky gorge, 1—1.5 m. tall, fls. green, styles and
sa aee Dee ae alt. 1300-1900 m., June 27—July 13,
1935 (NY, typr; G, N-ND, tsorypss). Fig. 44.
45. T. ee Pintle Standley, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub. Bot.
22: 19, 1940. Planta 6-12 dm., caule ramis petiolisque plus
minusve glaucis, omnino pubescens. Pubescentia e pilis jon nc
translucidis. Folia caulinaria 4-5-ternata. Stylu
stigmate ca. 8 mm. Carpella matura sigmoidea nec gibbosa, fe.
6.5 mm. ae stipite ca. 1 mm. ventre ca. 4.5 mm. longo, 2.0—
2.2 mm. lato, nervis lateralibus simplicibus vel parum ramosis,
nervo dorsali baso concavo, apicali convexo; ventrali convexiore
quam ag rostro ad ventrum deflexo. An floret Junio?—
PANAMA, CHIRIQU{: Davidson 791, Boquete, flowers oe 2
to 4 ft. baph alt. 4500 ft., June 26, 1938 (F, ryPE). Fia.
46. T. Macbrideanum, sp. nov. Planta elata omnino Cane
ad 12 dm. attingens et verosimiliter arcuans. Caulis subteres.
Folia inflorescentiae estipellulata 3—4-ternata. Injlorescentia
ampla paniculata (an secunda?), ramis divaricantibus gerbe
foliosis. Peduncult 2-3 cm. ad aetatem.florendi, 4-5 et
parum curvati cum fructus permatuerunt, nee sub Biche hme oo
reflexi. Flores perfecti cum staminibus 16-20 et pistillis 3-6.
Sepala quatuor, late ovalia, 5.0-6.5 mm. longa. Stamina fila-
mento 6-8 mm., antheris 2.5 mm. oblongo-lanceolatis, mucrone
0.3-1.2 mm. longo. Stylus una cum stigmate 12-15 mm. non-
nunquam persistens. Carpella matura valde compressa, fere
laminaria, semi-orbicularia, praca nec gibbosa, stipite ca. 2
mm., ventre ca:’4.5 mm. lon o, ca. 2.5 mm. lato, nervo ventrali
semi-circular, dorsali subrecto, “lateralibus conspicuis rugosis
curvatis nec ramosis nec sinuosis, rostro ad tergum deflexo.
Floret Junio.—Prrvu: Macbride 4466, Tambo de Vaca, June 10—
24, 1923, in ee to 4 ft. high, pistils purple, anthers a
alt. a about 13,000 ft. (G, Type: F, NY, US, isotypes). Fic.
The type specimen is made up of three fragments evidently
homogeneous, one with mature fruits, the second with half-open
flowers, the third one larger, with flowers in full bloom. For
this unusually fine herbarium specimen, we are thankful to the
collector, J. Francis Macsring, and it is a pleasure to dedicate
to him this new species. The length of the usually persistent
408 Rhodora [NovEMBER
style sets this species apart from any other Thalictrum we know
of. And before the stamens reach the length of the sepals, the
style is already full grown.
47. T. Deamii, sp. nov. Planta omnino glabra. Sepala
viridula ca. 25 mm. longa. Filamenta ca. 5 mm. Antherae ca.
4 mm., acumine ca.0.5 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 8.5-10.5
mm. Carpella matura ovato-lanceolata, 6.5-8.0 mm. longa,
stipite usque ad 0.8 mm., ventre 6-7 mm. longo, ca. 2.5 mm. lato,
nervis rugosissimis valde anastomosantibus parum undulatis nec
tamen gibbosis, nervo dorsali fere recto vel parum convexo,
ventrali convexiore quam dorsali. Tempus florendi ignotum.—
Mexico, TAMAULIPAS: von Rozynski 558, Sierra near San Lucas,
Jamauve, July, 1982 (F, US). Nurvo Lré6n: Kenoyer 120,
Monterrey, field, Sept. 18, 1937 (F). San Luis PoTost: Pringle
5071, Las Canoas, June 23, 1891 (G, TyPK). Fic. 47.
Dedicated to a botanist whom we admire very much for his
patient and painstaking work, namely his herbarium specimens
and his publications on the flora of Indiana. His Flora of
Indiana contains the best key that was ever published to separate
three very litigious species: T. dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall., T.
polygamum Muhl. and T. revolutum DC.
48. T. GRANDIFOLIUM Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 267, 1888,
nec T. grandifolium Rose, Contrib. U. §. Nat. Herb. 5: 143, 1897.
T. grandiflorum Watson ex Rose, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 5:
188, 1899, nee T. grandiflorum Maxim., Act. Hort. Petrop. 11:
11, 1889, nec 7. grandiflorum Rose, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 5:
188, 1899 .-—Planta verosimiliter semimetralis ad senior aoe
parum jncurvatus, in apicem valde recurvatus. Flores omnes
perfecti (?) vel plurimi pesioehs pauci masculi. Sepala 3-5 mm.
longa. Filamenta 4.0-5.5mm. Antherae 3.5-5.0 mm., acumine
0.5-1.5 mm. "Sip lus una cum stigmate 5-10 mm. Carpella
matura suhatinitets. apice acuto vel saepius rotundo vel etiam
prope rostrum retuso, 4.5-5.0 mm. longa, ventre ca. 4 mm. longo,
2.5-3.2 mm. lato, nervis valde ramosis anastomosantibusque
nervo dorsali aliquid convexo, ventrali convexiore quam do i.
Floret a Junio per Julium ad ‘Augustum —MExIco, CHIHUAHUA:
Pringle 1513, Sierra Madre, under cliffs, Oct. 17, 1887 (G, TYPE:
ANS, CA sf, M, NY, UC, US, 1 SOTYPES): Nelson 6007, in the
Sierra Madre, June 21-July 29 ."1899 (G, US); Hartman 761,
FLOWERS OR Fruits oF THALICTRUM, all X 4, except 51a and
4q Gn tae
3 (For explanation see e end of paper.)
410 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
Pilares, Strawberry Valley, Sept. 22, 1891 (G); M. E. Jones,
Soldier Canyon, alt. 6500 ft., Sept. 16, 1903 (CA, F, M, NY, UC,
sie LeSueur 1323, Rio Negro, Aug. 29, 1937 (F): Townsend &
arber 47, near Colonia Garcia, alt. 7500 Ft, June 23, 1899 (F,
6 M, NY, US). puranao: EH. Palmer 357, Durango and
vicinity, Apr. to Nov., 1896 (F, G, M, NY, UC, US). NUEVO
LEON: C. H. & M. T. Mueller 899, Cieneguillas to Puerto Santa
Ana, about 15 miles SW of Galeana, commonly scattered Ay
dense moist wood, flower straw with lavender stamens, June 2
1934 (F). san Luis Potosi: Pennell 17,910, Las Canoas, rocky
limestone hill, flowers purplish, alt. 100-1200 m., Aug. 6-7, 1934
ae ee Fic. 48.
T. Hernanpezu Tausch ex Presl, Rel. Haenk. 2: 69, 1835.
T. rabicutane Aschen ex Lecoyer, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24: 306,
1885, nomen subnudum cum synonymis editum. Planta
omnino glabra viridula nec glauca, metrum approximans.
Flores polygamo-monoici, pauci masculi, alii perfecti. Sepala
3-4 mm. longa, nonnunquam viridula. Filamenta ca. 5 mm.
Antherae 3-3.5 mm., acumine circa millimetrali. Stylus una
cum stigmate 8.5-10.0 mm. Carpella matura glauca semiovata
ca. 5 mm. longa, stipite 0. 2-0. 5 mm., ventre ca. 4.5 mm. longo,
3.3-3.6 mm. lato, nervis plus minusve ramosis anastomosantibus-
que, nervo dorsali paululo convexo, ventrali conspicue convexiore
quan dorsali. Floret Julio. —Mexico, GUERRERO: R. Q. sen
, Taxco, rank-growing, in damp or ’ shady places, 1 meter 0
2 al tall, , July 18, 1936 (G); idem, 237 and 238, July 12, 1937 (G).
aa icc of this specific name is not quite certain. It
might well apply to 7. gibbosum Lec. I have not seen the type,
which is at Prague in the herbarium of the Museum. Lecoyer
had not seen it either, but Dr. M. Willkomm studied it for him.
The original description refers to a glabrous plant two feet high,
from western Mexico, with ternate leaves, dioecious flowers and
the nerves of the frail oblique and uneyen. There is no such
Thalictrum amongst the thousands of specimens at hand. If the
dioecious character is discarded, then it may be either 7’. gibbosum
Lec. or the species just described above. Presumably Lecoyer
had studied T. Hernandezii Tausch carefully enough to ascertain
that it was not the same thing as his own T. gibbosum. Sensu
Lecoyer, T. Hernandezii is what I am calling T. Nelsonii or T.
strigillosum. I cannot agree with his interpretation, for
Tausch very clearly says: “Caulis . . . una cum foliis flori-
busque glaber’’.
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 411
Subsectio Gibbosa, subsect. nov. Sect. Camptogastrum, d.
Podocarpa PRANTL, Nat. P Pfl., 3, 2: 66, 1888. Plantae glabrae
vel pubescentes. Ovaria 10° vel pauciora in flore
matura compressa nervis ramosis anastomosantibusque saepius
sinuosis et reticulatis, nervo ventrali, licet dorsali lateralibusque,
gibbosis. Species typica Thalictrum gibbosum Lec. sit.
0. T. pPacHUENSE Rose, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 5: 188,
1899. Planta 20-50 cm., ‘radicibus fibrosis, nonnullis istorum
parum in locis incrassatis. Caulis basis subterraneus directus
aphyllus, ad transitionem saepius ramosus et foliis numerosis
munitus. Caulis aerius nonnunquam aphyllus, frequentius
tamen cum folio caulinari solitario et cum 1-8 foliis inflorescen-
tiae. Pubescentia deest, nisi interdum inferne, si adest e pilis
incrassatis brevibus coloratis et in fructubus e pilis capitatis
minutissimis translucidis. Foliolae 1 em. longae vel minores.
Inflorescentia reducta. Pedunculi, fructubus maturis, paululum
incurvati et sub receptaculo maxime recurvati. Flores omnes
perfecti purpurascentes. Sepala 3-4 mm. longa. Filamenta
5-6 mm. Antherae 2.5-4.0 mm., acumine 0.2-0.5 mm. Stylus
una cum stigmate 5-9 mm. Carpella aietne 4-5 mm. longa,
oblique clavata, interdum parum gibbosa, stipite 0.5-1.5 mm.,
ventre 3.4-3.6 mm. longo, 1.6-2.0 mm. lato, nervis sey en
ramosis anastomosantibusque, nervo dorsali concavo. Flor
Julio Augustoque.-—Mexico, HipaLeo: Pringle 6880, Sierra i
Pachuca, open woods, alt. 9000 ft., July 16, 1898 (US, TYPE;
AN _ US, 1soTyPEs); Pringle 9678, Sierra de
Pachuca, alt. 9500 ft.., Aug. 22, 1902 (F, G, M, NY, US); Rose &
Hay 5585, Sierra de Pachuca, 4 “is 21 & 22. 1901 (US). Type
in foliolis supernis. Pubescentia e ‘pilis saepius paces inter-
dum translucidis, aliis uniseriatis aliis stellatis stipitatisque.
Folia 2—4-ternata. Foliolae profunde cordatae, apice acumina-
tae, saepius parum as symmetricae, raro trilobatae, per marginem
totam dentatae, dentibus serratis apice rotundis mucronulatis,
sinubus acutissimis. Pedunculi variis modis recurvati. Flores
polygamo-monoici, alii perfecti, alii masc Sepala oblonga
6.0-7.5 mm. longa. Filamenta 7-8 mm. Antherae 4.0-4.5 mm.,
acumine 0.6-0.8 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 9-11 mm.
Carpella matura viridia carnosa obovata 4.5-5.5 mm. longa,
stipite 0.2-1.0 mm., ventre 4.0-4.5 mm. longo, 2. 5-3.0 mm. lato,
nervis obscuris copiose anastomosantibus, nervo dorsali ad basem
et superne paululum concavo, ad medias parum convexo, ven-
trali valde convexo. Rostrum dorsale ad superas insertum et
deflexum adtergum. Floret Februario et Martio.—GuaTEMALa,
SAN MaRcos: Standley 86,335, Barranco Eminencia, road
412 Rhodora [NovEMBER
tween San Marcos and San Raphael Pie de la Cuesta, in upper
pest of the barranco pee Finca La Lucha et Buena Vista,
wooded quebrada, herb 1 m. tall, rare, alt. 2500-2700 m.,
Feb. 6, 1941 (F); Steyermark 26 § 858, Rio Vega, near San Rafael
and Guatemala-Mexico boundary, Voleén Tacanad, herb 5-8 ft.
tall, leaves dull green above, grass-green beneath and rugose,
sepals green, at bas e purplish, anthers pale yellow turning
purplish, filaments light green, style purple, sepals erect, anthers
expanding first, the pistils later, flowers olygamo-monoecious,
stem-nodes purplish, alt. 2500-3000 m., Feb. 20, 1940 (F, TyPx);
Steyermark 37,067, trail between Finca el Porvenir and San
Sebastidn, Voledn Tajumulco, alt. 1300-1400 m., March 1, 1940
(F, paratype); Steyermark 36,821, between town of Tajumulco
and Tecutla (9 miles south and west of Tajumulco), northwestern
slopes of Voledn Tajumulco, shaded thickets along quebrada,
near top of barranco, herb 5-8 ft. tall, leaves membranaceous,
rich green above, gray beneath, alt. 1800-2500 m., Feb. 27, 1940
(F, paratype). QUEZALTENANGO: Standley 66 ‘346, mountains
southeast of Palestina, damp dense forest, herb 5 ft., alt. about
2700 m., Feb. 22, 1939 (F, paratype); Standley 66, 338, mountains
southeast of Palestina, damp dense forest, tall coarse herb, alt.
about 2700 m., Feb. 22. 1939 (F, paratypes); Standley 8), aie
mountains southeast of Palestina, on old road to San Jus
Ostuncalco, damp sandy hillside forest, herb 1-2 m an common,
alt. 2550-2850 m., Jan. 21, 1941 (F); ‘idem 84, 258 ‘: Standley
84,271, mountains southeast of Palestina a, on old r oad to San
Juan Ostuncalco, damp sandy peng forest, herb 1- ‘L. 5 m. tall,
Jan. 21, 1941 (F). Fig. 51, aa
52. T. JonNsToNt Standley & Steyermark, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist. Pub. Bot. 22: 229, 1940. Planta omnino glabra, 6 dm.
alta vel altior. Florum plurimi perfect pauci masculi. Sepala
.> mm. longa. Filamenta 7-10 m Antherae 1.2-3.5 mm.,
acumine 0-0.2 mm. Stylus una cum Calon anguste bialato
—4 mm. Carpella matura ignota, fere matura 6-7 mm. longa,
stipite ca. 1 mm., nervis lateralibus valde reticulatis, nervo
dorsali ——_ concavo, ventrali gibboso. Floret Majo et
Junio. GUATE ALA, HUEHUETENANGO: C. & E. Seler 2935,
Facaltenango, a1 juni 1896 (G, NY, US). ex quicus: Heyde
Lux 2977, Nebaj, alt. 6000 p., maj. 1892 (G, NY, US). SAN
MARCOS: Salas 368, “Culantro de monte’”’, San Cristobal Cucho,
alt. 1920 m. , June, 1923 (US). CHIMALTENANGO: XS rs lan: ston
1 an Desconsuelo, June 20, 1940 (F, Type). Fie.
T. LANATUM Lecoyer, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 9A: 499, "1885.
Plante omnino pubescens nisi per foliolas supernas et in floribus.
Pubescentia e pilis 1-4 mm. flexuosis acicularibus opacis, densis-
simis in caule. Carpellorum tamen pubescentia e pilis capitatis
translucidis sparsis. Radix fibrosa. Flores polygamo-monoicl,
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 413
oe perfecti, alii — Sepala 3. 2-4.5 mm. Filamenta 3.5-
m. Antherae 2.5-4.0 mm., acumine 0.5-0.7 mm. Sarvs
= Tabi, vet 3. 5-8. Omm. Carpella sic sessilia gibbosa
longa, ca. 1.8 mm. lata, nervis sinuosis selvalaieaae
rare aes Fi fere recto vel Spit Floret Majo et Junio.—
Mexico, PUEBLA: Purpus wee Cerro de Gentile, southwest
Puebla, rocks, Aug., 1907 (UC). oaxaca: Purpus 27140,
vicinity of San Luis Tultitlanapa, Las Naranjos, May, 1908
Gh, Ie , US); Galeotti 4575, Oaxaca (syntype in the
Paris Herbarium: F, pho wa i. this syntype) Conzatti
Gonzalez 1208, Huauchilla, alt. 2500 m., June 1 (G); Conzatti
ot fs Acmmioe a de San Felipe, oe alt. 1700 m., junio 9
7 (F). Fie
oe pubescence is longer than in any other species of Thalic-
trum. The fruits of 7. lanatum, T. parvifructum and T. Pennellii
are the smallest in this section of the genus. Other syntypes are
Galeotti 4548 pro parte, from Sola, and Andrieux 1834, from
Mitla. Nothing of those two has been seen by me.
54. T. Pennellii, sp. nov. Planta verosimiliter submetralis,
caule basi, foliolis superne et floribus exceptis, pubescens
Pubescentia translucida minutissima e pilis capitatis per foliola-
rum paginam inferiorem, alio translucida densa e pilis uniseriatis.
Radices ignotae. Pedicelli directi centimetrales, attamen sub
receptaculum recurvati. Carpella matura glabra, subsessilia
refracta ovata, ca. 3 mm. longa, ca. 1.8 mm. lata, apice acuto-
rostrata, nervis lateralibus ramosis et anastomosantibus, nervo
dorsali convexo, ventrali convexiore quam dorsali et saepius
gibboso quidem. Tempus florendi ignotum, item flores.—
Mexico, purRANGO: Pennell 18,505, El Salto, Aserraderos, rocky,
andesitic, pineland canyon, alt. 2500-2530 m., Aug. 31, 1934
(ANS, Type). Fia. 54.
Dedicated to Dr. Francis W. PENNELL of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
55. T. parvifructum, sp. nov. Planta 3-5 dm., pubescens
saepius per foliolas inferne, nunquam superne, interdum aliis
locis. Pubescentia pilorum crassiusculorum opacorum colorato-
rum nonnunquam cum pilis capitatis translucidis intermixtorum
Flores polygamo-monoici. Sepala elliptica ca. 3 mm. longa.
Filamenta ca. 3 mm. Antherae 2.5-3.0 mm., acumine 0.2-0.4
mm. Stylus una cum gthasiats: 3.0-5.5 mm. Carpella matura
rostrata glabra obovata subsessilia 2.7-3.0 mm. longa, 1.6-1.8
mm. lata, nervis lateralibus ramosis undulatis anastomosanti-
busque, nervo dorsali convexo, ventrali convexiore quam dorsali
et gibboso. Floret Julii mense—Mexico, sonora: Pennell
414 Rhodora [NovEMBER
19,556, ridge south of Arroyo Gochico, east of San Bernardo,
base of cliff near summit, alt. 1050-1150 m., Aug. 5-9, 1935
(ANS, type); Gentry 1463, Rio Mayo, Bakachaka, upper ’Sono-
rian, riparian, inconspicuous along the stream bank, a tolerant
herb, July 5, 1985 (ANS, F, G, M, NY, UC, US). Fie
56. T. STRIGILLOSUM Hemsley, Diag. Pl. Nov. 1, nhs
papillosum Rose, Contrib. U. 8. Herb. 5: 188, ig
jalapense Rose, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. “Herb, 8: 28, 1003. "eae
nonnunquam omnino pubescens 2-10 dm. Pubescentia varia
variabilisque semper tamen densa inferne in foliolis. Pubes-
centia caulinaris, si adest, vel e pilis capitatis, vel e pilis milli-
metralibus flexuosis acieularibus opacis, vel iisdem intermixtis.
Pubescentia foliolarum superne e pilis capitatis cum adest,
inferne e pilis crassiusculis ib eibues coloratis densissimis, non-
nunquam pilis capitatis intermixtis. Pubescentia carpellorum
vel deest vel e pilis capitatis translucidis. Radices fibrosae.
Pedicelli parum incurvati, sub fructum valde recurvati. F lores
plurimi perfecti pauci masculi. Sepala 3.0-6.5 mm. longa.
Filamenta 4.5-6.0 mm. Antherae 2.5-4.0 mm., acumine 0.4-0.5
mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 5-13 mm. ‘Carpella matura
3.5-4.5 mm. longa, stipite 0.3-1.0 mm., ventre 2.5-4.0 mm.
longo, 1.6-2.2 mm. lato, nervis gibbosis reticulatis, nervo dorsali
fere recto, vel parum convexo, saepius mwas co ssi hes
Floret Majo, Junio, Julio et ‘Augu sto.—MEXICcO, COAHUIL
Palmer, 9, Lerios, Feb. to Oct. 1880 (ANS, US); Gregg 404, near
Pave San Antonio, Sept. 2, 1848 (M’ . SAN LUIS PorTost:
5361, Minas de San Rafael, May, 1911 (F, M, NY, UC).
steak ieee ‘Rose 2658, near Monte Escobede, ‘Aug. 27, 1897
(US, type of T. papillosum; G, US, isotypes). VERA CRUZ:
Rose & Hay 5674, Mount Orizaba, July 25 and 26, 1901 (NY,
US); Rose & Hay 6188, near Jalapa, Aug. 17, 1901 (US, type of
T. jalapense; G, US, isotypes). HIDALGO: Coulte ter 652, Zimapan
(G); Purpus, Ixmiquilpan, Sierra de la Mesa, July, 1905 (UC);
Clokey 1855, Real del Monte, bank of stream, Oct. 1, 1910 (M,
C-UC); Pringle 6929, Sierra de Pachuca, alt. 9000 ft., July 28,
1898 (ANS, F, G, M, NY, UC, US). mextco and. DISTRITO
FEDERAL: Rose, Painter & Rose 8440, Hacienda de la Encarna-
cion, July 7, 1905 (G, NY, US); Rose & Painter 7185, neat
Cima, Sept.’ 19, 1903'(G, NY, US); Pringle 6422, valley_of
Mexico, Pedrigal (lava beds), 1-3 ft., alt. 7800 ft. ‘Aug. 1896
ANS, F, G, M, NY, UC, US); Schaffner 11, vallée de Oi ies
1870-1880 (G, NY); "Mexia 2685, Monte de Rio Frio, kilometer
49, road from Mexico City to Puebla, pine forest on slopes, 12
shade of thick pines, suffrutescent, spreading, up to 1 m., flowers
yellowish, alt. 4000 m. , July 31, 1929 (F, M, NY, UC); Bourgeau
276, vallée de Mexico, juin, 1865-66 (G, US, syntypes of T-
strigillosum). MicHoAcAN: Arséne 5677, vicinity of Morelia
alt. 2800 m., 1910 (US).
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 415
The type of this species has not been selected. Other syn-
types, not seen, are Andrieux 546 and Schaffner’s collection from
Tacubaya. The types of the two species given as synonyms
have not been seen either, but isotypes of both were available
for study. Fie. 56.
Except as to the type of pubescence and the size of the fruit,
there is not much difference between 7. strigilloswm Hemsl. and
T. lanatum Lee. They have, however, different ranges.
. T. laeteviride, sp. nov. Planta 3-12 dm., omnino pubes-
Stork ‘nisi in foliolis superne et in floribus. Pubescentia e pilis
capitatis translucidis interdum tamen intermixtis in_foliolis
infernis cum pilis opacis gist a capitatis. Radices fibrosae.
Pedunculi parum incurv fructum valde recurvatum.
Sepala viridula ca. 3 mm. ae Antherae 2-3 mm., acumine
.3-0.4 mm. Stylus una stigmate 6-10 mm. Carpella matura
sessilia 5.0-5.5 mm. longa, 3.5-3.8 mm. lata, nervis ramosis et
reticulatis, nervo dorsali convexo, ventrali gibboso convexiore
quam dorsali, rostro ad frontem deflexo. Floret Julio et Augusto.
—Mexico, coanvuiLa: Johnston & Muller 463, Sierra del Pino,
Vicinity of La Noria, open valley with scrub oaks and scattered
pines, shaded arroyo-banks, 1 1-4 ft. tall,, Aug. 20-26, 1940. (G,
TYPE); Stanford, Retherford & Northeraft 387, lat. 25° 3’, long.
101° 18’, in arroyo on south slope of mountain, 24 kilo. northwest
of Fraile, great variation of vegetation with many vines an
other types of more southerly on plant 18-24 inches tall,
alt. 2900 m., July 15, 1941 (G, M); R. M. Stewart 2291, north of
La Noria, high central parts ‘of the caleareous Sierra del Pino,
north of high eastern ridges, frequent on — sunny slopes, be-
coming 8 dm. tall, Aug. 26, 1942 (G).
T. LASIOSTYLUM Presl, Rel. amis 3: "20, 1835. Planta
40-65 cm. glabra nisi in foliolis inferne. Pubescentia sparsa e€
pilis crassiusculis coloratis brevibus. Radix ignota. Flores
verosimiliter polygamo-monoici. Stylus una cum stigmate 5.0-
6.5 ren . long. Carpella matura 5.0-6.5 mm. longa, atipile 0.5-1.0
mm., ventre 4-5 mm. longo, 3.0-3.5 mm. lato, nervis lateralibus
alincns reticulatisque, nervo dorsali fere recto vel convexo,
ventrali gibboso et convexiore quam dorsali. Tempus florendi
mihi ignotum est—Prru, trma: Macbride & Featherstone 269,
Matucana, perennial among large rocks on steep northern
canyon slope, about 8000 ft., Apr. 12-May 3, 1922 (F, ae
Pennell 14,388, Canta, open rocky slope, herb, alt. 2700-3200 m
June 11-19, 1925 (ANS, F, G). Fie. 58.
Type, not seen, in the herbarium of the Botanical Garden at
Prague. Lecoyer assumed this specimen to have been errone-
416 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
ously attributed to Peru, that it was a Mexican specimen of T.
Hernandezii Tausch. Indeed he had no other collection of T.
lasiostylum Pres] from Peru and both species are no doubt closely
related. But as we have now two other collections it becomes
clear that they are probably different enough to be kept specifi-
cally segregated.
59. T. SUBPUBESCENS Rose, Contrib. U. 8S. Nat. Herb. 8: 28,
1903. Planta submetralis vel sesquimetralis per foliolas inferne
pubescens, aliis locis nunc glabra tum pubescens. Pubescentia
densa e pilis capitatis translucidis. Flores polygamo-monoici,
plurimi perfecti, pauci masculi. Sepala 3.8-4.5 mm. longa.
Filamenta 5-6 mm. Antherae 2.8-3.5 mm., acumine 0.2-0.4
mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 7-10 mm. Carpella matura 4-5
mm. long., 2.3-2.9 mm. lat., stpite 0.5 mm. vel breviore vel
eente, nervis lateralibus ramosis reticulatisque, nervo dorsali
fere recto vel parum convexo, ventrali gibboso convexiore quam
orsali. Floret Julio et Augusto.—Mextico, mexico: Pringle
1896, Sierra de las Cruces, ao Lecre 3-5 ft., alt. 10,000 ft.,
Aug. 14, 1896 (US, rypn; ANS, F, G, M, NY UC; US, ISOTYPES) ;
Pringle ‘11 ,917, bluffs of barranca below Ozymba, alt. 8000 it.,
Sept. 24, 1904 ‘(F, G, US). Fie. 59.
Type not seen, but there is an abundance of isotypes at hand.
60. T. puBIGERUM Bentham, Pl. Hartw., 3: 285, 1857. T.
tomentellum Robinson & Seaton, Proc. Am. Acad. 28: 103, 1893.
Planta submetralis vel subbimetralis omnino pubescens. Pubes-
centia e pilis uniseriatis translucidis densissimis. Radices fibrosae
in locis paululum tuberosae. Folia caulinaria petiolis 2-8 cm..,
dilatatione petiolari exclusa. Sepala 3.7-4.5 mm. longa. Fila-
t ? Antherae 2.0-3.5 mm., acumine 0.5-0.7 mm.
Stylus una cum stigmate 5-7 mm. Carpella matura pubescentia,
3.5-5.0 mm. longa, 2.0-2.5 mm. lata, stipite 0-0.5 mm., nervis
rugosis sinuosis reticulatisque, nervo dorsali parum convexo,
ventrali convexiore quam dorsali. Floret Majo, Junio et Julio.
—Mexico: T. C. & E. M. Frye 2640, -actareae Desierto de los
Liones, alt. 3000 m., May 20, 1939 (M C-UC); Plunkett 26,
esert of the Lions, along stream, Roh lL July 8, 1932 (F).
JALISCO: eg 2 9679, slopes of ge hae of Guadalajara,
alt. 5000 ft., July 16, 1902 (F, G, M, NY, US); Pringle 2479,
hillsides near Guadalajara, June 29, 1889 (ANS, F, G, M, NY,
C, US); Rose & Painter 7360, near Guadalajara, Sept. 28, 1903
(US); Rose & H ough 4744, near eyo July 5 and 6 6, 1899 (G,
NY, UC, Ui HIDALGO: Pringle 7489, valley near Tula, June
24, 1897 (G). MIcHOACAN: Pringle 4143, low lands about Lake
Patzcuaro, July 15, 1892 (G, type of T. tomentellum; ANS, F, M,
NY, UC, US, isotypes). Fre. 60.
q
a
1944] Boivin,j—American Thalictra and their Allies 417
The tyPx of 7. pubigerum Benth. is Hartweg 1591, ad fluviorum
margines prope Lagos. It has not been seen.
61. T. Conzattii, sp. nov. Planta metralis omnino pubescens,
nisi in carpellis. Pubescentia e pilis uniseriatis translucidis.
Flores polygamo-monoici, plurimi perfecti, pauci masculi. Sepala
8-3 } ta 3.5-4.0 mm. Antherae 2.0-3.3
mm., acumine 0.3-0.7 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 5.0-6.0
mm. Carpella matura glabra 3.5-4.5 mm. longa, stzpite ca. 0.5
mm., ventre 2.9-3.5 mm. longo, 1.8-2.2 mm. lato, nervo ventrali
gibboso, lateralibus gibbosioribus et reticulatis, dorsali paululum
concavo, vel subrecto. Floret Julio et Augusto.—MeExico:
VERA cruz: Bourgeau 2726, région d’Orizaba, 17 juillet, 1865—
1866 (G); G. L. Fisher 298, Orizaba, alt. 4500 m., Aug. 9, 1924
(F, M, US); Miuiller, Orizaba, 1855 (NY); Mohr, Huatusco, July,
1857 (US); Mohr, Orizaba, in pratis et graminosis, sylvaticis
(ANS); Mohr, Orizaba, julio, 1857 (US); Mohr, Orizaba, in
sylvis montanis ad saxas calcares, julio, 1856 (US). MExIco
and DISTRITO FEDERAL: Hinton 4200, distr. Temascaltepec,
Comunidad, alt. 2480 m., July 6, 1933 (M); Hinton 3851, Temas-
caltepec, Comunidad, by the river, alt. 2480 m., Aug. 5, 1933
(G, NY); Langman 2509, 4 mile s. of Contadero, thickly wooded
slopes, July 27, 1940 (ANS). oaxaca: Conzatti & Gonzalez 314,
Etla, Canada de San Gabriel, alt. 3000 m., Aug. 8, 1897 (G,
TYPE; US, 1soryez). Fic. 61. 2
62. T. sessilifolium, sp. nov. Planta metralis vel altior omnino
pubescens. Pubescentia e pilis uniseriatis translucidis. Folia
caulinaria sessilia vel fere sessilia in apice dilatationis petiolaris.
Sepala 4.2-5.0 mm. Filamenta 6.0-7.5 mm. Antherae
m., acumine 1.0-1.2 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 5-12 mm.
Carpella matura pubescentia, 5-6 mm. longa, ca. 2.5 mm. lata,
stipite 0-1 mm., nervis lateralibus valde reticulatis, nervo ven-
trali gibboso, dorsali suberecto vel concavo. Floret Majo,
Junio, Julio et Augusto.—Mexico, mexico: Harshberger 76,
Salaza, Sierra de las Cruces, alt. 11,000 ft., Aug. 13, 1896 (M,
TyPE; ANS, G, NY, US, 1sorypEs). MICHOACAN: Leavenworth
250, west of Tancitaro, on edge of arroyo, herb 5-7 ft., alt. 6660
ft., July 15, 1940 (F, M, NY). puxsia: Nicolas, rancho Posa-
das, Hacienda Alamos, 1 aoft, 1909 (F, NY, US); Arséne &
Nicolas 5168, prés Puebla, Hacienda Noria, sur l’Atoyae, alt.
2170 m., 20 mai, 1910 (G, M, NY). Fic. 62. |
63. T. refractum, sp. nov. Planta glabra metralis vel sesqui-
metralis. Radices fibrosae. Rami petiolorum paululum in-
curvati valde divarieati, saepius refracti. Flores polygami-
monoici, plurimi perfecti, pauci masculi. Sepala 2.5-4.5 mm.
Filamenta ca. 5 mm. Antherae 1.8-3.0 mm., acumine 0.5-1.0
mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 5-10 mm. Carpella matura
418 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
6.0-6.5 mm., sizpite 0.5-1.0 mm., ventre 4-5 mm. longo, 3.0-3.2
mm. lato, nervis lateralibus sinuosis reticulatisque, nervo dorsali
parum concavo, ventrali gibboso valde convexo. Floret a
mense Junii usque ad Octobris—CoLOMBIA, CUNDINAMARCA:
Cuatrecasas 9664, Cordilleria Oriental, vertiente oriental, cerca
de Machetd, hierba de 1 metro, calis verde blanquecino con
venas violdceas, antheras amarillas, alt. 2200 m., June 29, 1940
(US, Fae : Pennell 2398, 2-3 m. sw. of Sibate, fl. ’purplish-green,
alt. 2700-2800 m., Oct. 13-15, 1917 (G, NY, US). Fie. 63, a
an
64. T. PENINSULARE (Brandegee) Rose, Contrib. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 8: 28, 1903. 7’. vesiculosum Lec., var. peninsulare Brande-
gee, Zoe, 4: 399, 1894. Planta omnino glabra submetralis.
Radices fibrosae. Foliolae membranaceae discolores, saepius
trilobatae, basi cuneatae raro rotundae. Flores polygamo-
monoici. Sepala 2.5-3.5 mm. long. Filamenta 3-6 mm. An-
therae 3.0-3.5 mm., acumine 0.5-0.8 mm. Ovarii stipes 0.5-1.0
mm, Stylus una cum stigmate 5-8 mm. Carpella matura gib-
bosa 4-6 mm. longa, st7pite 1-3 mm., ventre 3-4 mm. longo, 1.8-
2.0 mm. lato, nervis lateralibus gibbosis ramosis anastomosanti-
busque, nervo dorsali basi concavo, superne convexo, nervo
ventrali convexo et gibboso. Floret Septembris mense. An
etiam Augusti?—Mexico, BAJA CALIFORNIA: Brandegee, Saltillo,
Sept. 17, 1893 (UC, rypr and tsotyrr); Brandegee, El Taste,
Sept. 13, 1893 (G, NY, US, paratypes); Brandegee, Sierra de
San Francisquito, Oct. 18, 1890 (UC); ees egee, Sierra de
Laguna, Jan. 23, 1890 (UC); s 27,027, Laguna
Mountains, The a 7 Sept. 22, 1930 (G, MM, NY, UC, ae
vel trimetralis, omnino glabra, plus minusve glauca. Radices
fibrosae. Flores polygamo-monoici, plurimi perfecti, pauci
masculi. et 3-5 mm. Jigs Filamenta 3.5-6.0 mm. pal .
anastomosantibus, nervo dorsali “Sei concavo, superne convexo,
nervo ventrali gibboso. Floret a Maji mense usque ad Novem-
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 419
bris.—MExXIco, MEXICO and DISTRITO FEDERAL: G. L. Fisher 394,
Amecameca, July 24, 1924 (F, M, US); Hinton et al. 6412, dist-
Temascaltepec, Crucero, 1.5 m. high, Aug. 28, 1934 (F, G, NY,
US); Hinton 5283, dist. Temascaltepec, La Labor, oak woods,
alt. 2100 m., Nov. 30, ra; (M); O. Kuntze 23,655, ’ Amecameca,
alt. 8600 ft.. , Aug., 1904 (NY). MORELOS: G. L. Fisher 35, 229,
Tepoztlan, alt. 7500 ft., July 14, 1935 (F, NY, US) ; Lyonnet 584,
Huizilac, Aug. 1930 (G, M, NY, US); Rose & Painter 6966, near
Cuernavaca, Sept. 10, 1903 (NY, US); R ose & Rose 11,121, near
El Parque, Aug. 15, 1906 (US); Pringle 11,338, near Cuernavaca,
Gautepec, limestone hills, alt. 4000 ft., Oct. 27, 1902 (G, US):
Pringle 11,918, Cuernavaca, barranca bluffs, 4-6 't., alt. 5000 ft.,
July 20, 1904 (F, G, US); Pringle 13,771 Cuernavaca, wet
places, 4-6 ft., alt. 5000 ft., July, 1906 (G, US); Pringle 651 1, wet
barranca above Cuernavaca, 6-10 ft., alt. 6500 ft., Sept. 21, 1896
(US, type of T. stipitatum Rose; ANS, F, G, M, NY, UG, US,
isotypes) ; Pringle 6392, near Cuernavaca, wet ’ shaded places,
five to eight feet high, stem leaves four to six, alt. 5000 ft., July
28, 1896 (US, type of 7. grandifolium Rose and T. grandiflorum
Rose; ANS, F, G, M, NY, UC, US, isotypes). peurBia: Amable
& Arséne 2022, dist. Tepeaca, Acatzinco, alt. 2110 m., julio 1907
(US); Arséne 1446, prés Puebla, barranca de l’Alseseca, Hacienda
de Batan, prés de Totimehuacan, alt. 2120 m., June 13, 1907
(G, US); Arséne 2258, dist. Tepeacan, La Barranquilla, alt. 2110
m., July, 1907 (M US): Pringle 9541, Amozoc, bluffs of wie
alt. 7000 ft., Sept. 10, 1901 (US, type of T. obliquum; F, G, M
isotypes). OAXACA: Galeotti 4549 pro parte, Juquila del Sur
(Paris Museum, rypE of T. A Falta: F, photograph of the type) ;
Pringle 5821, cuesta de San Juan del Estado, Aug. 20, 1894 (G);
E. W. Nelson 1579, valley of Oaxaca, alt. 6500-7800 ft., Oct. 3,
1894 (US). Fia . 65.
The types of none of the species listed above have been seen.
However, I have at hand a photograph of one of them, furnished
by the Field Museum, and numerous isotypes of the others.
The material listed under the name 7. gibbosum Lec., is fairly
heterogeneous, but all attempts to segregate it along satisfactory
lines have been unsuccessful.
66. T. LoncistyLuM HBK. ex DC. Syst. 1: 171, 1817. Planta
12 dm., glabra nisi per foliolas inferne. Pubescentia sparsa e
pilis crassiusculis, brevibus, opacis. Caulis teres flexuosus nodis
inflatis, sulcatus, validissimus tamen nec facile compressione
pertritus. Sepala 3-5 mm. Filamenta 4-5 mm. Antherae
2.5-4.0 mm., acumine ca. 0.4 mm. Carpella stipitata gibbosa
dorso_ basi concavo, parte apicali convexo. Stylus una cum
stigmate 8-10 mm. Carpella matura ignota. Floret Aprili,
420 Rhodora [NovEMBER
Majo, et verosimiliter Martio—Prru: Dombey (Paris Museum,
TYPE; F', isoTyPe and a photograph of the type). Lima: Mac-
bride & Featherstone 409, Matucana, in shrubby thicket on
western slope, 4 ft. high, bracts rose-green, anthers yellowish,
alt. about 8000 ft., Apr. 12-May 2, 1922 (F, NY)
It is possible that the flowering material at hand might belong
to some species already described from the fruiting stage, but the
material is still too scanty to elucidate this point.
67. T. ruTrpocarPpuM DC. Syst. 1: 172, 1817. Planta 8-13
dm., glabra, foliolis inferne exceptis. Pubescentia sparsa e pilis
crassiusculis brevibus opacis. Caulis sulcatus facillime pertritus.
Flores polygamo-monoici, plurimi perfecti, pauci masculi.
epala 4-5 mm. longa. Filamentaca.6mm. Antherae ca. 3 mm.,
acumine 0.3-0.4 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 3.5-6.5 mm.
Carpella matura 5.5-6.0 mm. longa, stipite ca. 2 mm., ventre sub-
rhomboideo ca. 4 mm. longo, ca. 2.8 mm. lato, nervis lateralibus
paucis ramosis et anastomosantibus, nervo dorsali ad basem et
superne concavo ad medias paululum convexo, ventrali gibboso et
convexo. Floret Januario et Februario—PrErvu: Dombey (Paris
useum, TYPE; I’, photograph and fragment of type). APURIMAC:
Stork & Horton 10,693, prov. Andahuaylas, Pincos, rainy-green
shrubland, humus over sand, annual herb 1.3 m., monoecious,
general color of fl. variable green to purple, fr.an immature follicle,
alt. 2700 m., Feb. 19, 1939 (F). HuaNcavetica: Stork & Horton
10,268, prov. Tayacaja, Saleabamba, part shade, among shrubs,
annual herb reaching 1 m., monoecious, stamens greenish yellow,
sinter follicles partly mature, alt. 3250 m., Jan. 7, 1939 (F).
1G. 67.
ovata. Antherae 3.0-3.5 mm., acumine ca. 0.5 mm. Frlamenta
ca. 7mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 7-10 mm. Ovarii stipes
0.5-1.5 mm. Carpella matura 7.0-7.5 mm. longa, stipite 1.0-2.5
mm., ventre 4.5-5.3 mm. longo, ca. 3.3 mm. lato, nervis laterali-
bus ramosis anastomosantibusque, nervo dorsali ad basem con-
cavo ad medias et superne parum convexo, ventrali convexiore
quam dorsali et gibboso. Floret a mense Martii usque ad Julii.
—KEcuapor: Spruce 5470, in Andibus, 1857-1859 (NY, syntype);
Jameson (US); André 2100, San Juan, Quindio, 8 martii, 1876
(F, NY); Jameson 130, Quitensian Andes at 11,000 feet of eleva-
tion, July, 1859 (NY). picnincna: Firmin 157, Cerra del
Cinto, Ugshu-Cinto, Camino, alt. 3250 m., Jul. 28, 1927 (US);
Jameson, Pichincha, alt. 11,000 feet of elevation (NY); Fzrmin
680, borde del camino de La Magdalena al Cinto, pl. algo frecu-
ee
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 421
ente en los matorrales, me 3100 m. [?], Oct. 25, 1928 (US).
BOLIVAR: Penland & Summers 589, Hacienda Talahua, 1 1 m. tall,
alt. 330 m., May 1, 1939 (F. bea Panes and caXar: Hitchcock
21,674, between Cuenca and H a, moist shady ravine, alt.
2700-3000 m. , Sept. 11-13, 1903 (Ue), ee eee mers 1014,
Tipococha, up to 1% meters, alt. 3200 m., July 11, 1939 (F, US).
Perv, cuzco: Herrera 3070, Sceiake! ‘Valley, “Pinco”, 1931
(US). Fia. 68.
Other syntypes not seen are Mandon, Sorata; Jameson 212;
Hieronymus, Sierra Chica, Rio primero; Goudot, Bogota; Jameson,
Artisana. These syntypes might be heterogeneous for they in-
clude a far greater range than the one we have accepted. There
seems, however, to be some material of this species from Bolivia
amongst Rusby 501-502, but we do not dare try to disentangle
ge mixture.
T. Nelsonii, sp. nov. Planta elata omnino pubescens.
Puhciecata: e pilis capitatis translucidis nisi in foliolis inferne ubi
pili capitati cum pilis brevibus opacis truncatis intermixti sunt.
Flores polygamo-monoici, plurimi -perfecti, pauci masculi.
ee ca. 5 mm. longa. Filamenta ca. 8 mm. Antherae ca. 3
m., acumine ca. 0.5 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 6-7 mm.
Carpella matura conspicue gibbosa, 7-8 mm. longa, stipite 1.5—
2.0 mm., ventre ca. 6 mm. longo, ca. 3.5 mm. snes nervis laterali-
bus gibbosis reticulatis, nervo dorsali ad basem concavo, ad
medias et superne convexo, ventrali convexiore et gibboso.
Floret a Junio usque ad Octobrem.—MeExico, oaxaca: Nelson
1788, near Rayes, alt. 6700—-10,000 ft., Oct. 20, 1894 (G, TYPE;
US, ISOTYPE); Conzatti & Gomez 2424, dist. Cuycatlan, Cuyamec-
alco, alt. 1800 m. , junio 23, 1909 (F, US).
. 'T. popocarrum HBK. ex DC. Syst. 1: 71, 1817. Physo-
carpum dei m (DC.) Bercht. & Presl, O Priroz. Rostl. 1:
15, 1823. T'. cordifolium Willd. ex Lec. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24:
262, 1885, nomen nudum ut synonymon. Planta circa sesqui-
metralis omnino glabra. Flores polygamo-monoici, plurimi
perfecti, pauci masculi. Sepala ovata 4-7 mm. longa. Fila-
menta 3- ntherae 3.0-4.5 mm., acumine 0.3-1.0 mm.
Ovarii stipes 0. 5-1.5 mm. Carpella matura caesia valde _—
pressa apice acuta 9.0-10.5 mm. longa, stipite 2.5-3.0 m
ventre 6.0-6.5 mm. longo, 2.8-3.3 mm. lato, nervis latarabibas
reticulatis nullo modo gibbosis, nervo dorsali ad basem concavo
ad medias superneque vel fere recto vel parum convexo, ventrali
convexo saepius gibboso. Floret Junio, Septembri, Decembri
et aliis—VENEZUELA: Cardona 299, Tachfra, Péramo de Tamé,
alt. 3100-3300 m., July, 1939 (US); Gehriger 180, Mucuru
quebrada vel pueblo, en las orillas y vegas de un riachuelo, cerca
422 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
de la casas, planta de 1.50 m., n. v. Colanillota, alt. 2500 m.,
ages 18, 19380 (ANS, F, M, NY, US); Linden 362, hautes Andes
ruxillo et de M erida, ‘depuis 4000 jusqu’a a 14, 500 pieds de
Pc 1842 (F). a ecaang Bonpland (Paris Museum, TYPE;
F, photograph and a few leaflets from the type); Weddell 3808,
prov. Tomina, dépt. Chuquisaca, déc., 1845-janv., 1846
Triana, Andes de Bogota, Quindio, vulgo “lutantillo” [?], alt.
2000-2700 m., 1851-1857 (NY); Pennell 10,332, dept. Caldas,
Rio San Rafael below Cerro Tatama, clearing along stream, alt.
2400-2600 m., Sept. 7-11, 1922 (ANS, G, US); hb. Parseval-
Grandmaison, Mt. Serrate ‘pres Bogota, 1861 (G); Pennell 6898,
dept. of El Cauca, above Papayan, along stream, ee flowers
greenish-white, alt. 1750-1800 m., June 19, 1922 (AN 8, G, US);
Killip & Smith 16,017, dept. Santander, vicinity of Ps Vegas,
thicket, coarse herb, sepals pee anthers yellow, alt. 2600-3000
m., Dec. 21-23, 1926 (G, NY, US). Ecuapor: Jameson 202,
Quito (US). Fia. 70, a on b.
Subsectio Venturiana, subsect. nov. Flores perfecti (').
Antherae apice truncatae. Ovaria 18-36 in flore. Stigma paululum
clavatum. Carpella matura globosa nervis sinuosis gibbosisque.
T. inuncans nostrum might, perhaps, just as well belong to this
group, but until the fruits of that species are known, it is not
possible to settle this question. Its ovary is perfectly smooth,
a fact suggesting that the fruit may not be gibbose at all, but
this relation does not always hold true.
71. T. Venturii, sp. nov. Planta omnino glabra, 5-9 deci-
metrorum. Radices fibrosae paucae, parum tuberosae. Folia
estipellulata, 3-4-ternata petiolulis arcuantibus, stipellis reduc-
tis. Foliolae tenues. Inflorescentia foliosa, pauciflora, panicula-
ta nec apice racemosa. Flores lutei perfecti (!), 6-12 in planta.
Sepala ovalia, nec satis nota. Stamina 12-20 in flore. Fula-
menta capillacea subrigida, 5.5-7.0 mm. Antherae luteae, ob-
longo-lineares, apice squarrosae vel retusae, 2.0-2.5 mm. Pistilla
numerosa 18-36 in flore, stipitata, inflata, stigmate 2. 5-6.0 mm.,
parum clavato, apice obtuso, aliquandiu persistente. Carpe
matura numerosa ventre globoso 2.0-2.5 mm., nervis gibbosis et:
sinuosis, nervo dorsali fere tam convexo quam ventrali. Floret
Decembri.—ARGENTINA, SALTA: Venturi 10,026, dept. ee
Alemania, bajo bosque’ alto, flor amarilla, Dic. 15, 1929 (G,
trPE; M, NY, US, ISOTYPE). SEvCMEN: Venturi 7718, gers
Burroyaco, Cerro del Campo, en el alisal, flor amarilla, Dec. 15,
1928 (F, G, US); Venturi 3995, fea j “dah Chicligasta,
aaa. Las poy en los prados, flor amarilla, Dec. 11, ve
CATAMARCA: Jérgensen 130 ars), dept. Andal
Candada (US). Fia. 7A. a-c. uns zal,
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 423
Booties Pelteria sect. nov. Planta glabra, vel pubescens, non-
unquam glauca vel lucida vel scabra, radicibus fibrosis. Folia
+6 tarot: foliolis peltatis. Flores omnes perfecti vel poly-
gamo-monoici, cum alii perfecti alii meres sunt. Pedunculi
sub fructu reflexi. F%lamenta filiformia purpurascentia. Sepala
ile Beer ise vel plus minusve purpurascentia. Stigmata
in flore, decidua. Carpella matura compressa
seunciuilatoealin: seg vel stipitata. Species typica Tha-
lictrum peltatum DC. s
This section is eee to the mountaineous regions of
Mexico and Central America. Other species with peltate leaflets
also occur in Eastern Asia, but they belong to another subgenus.
In most sections of the genus, the vegetative characters are
highly variable and furnish but few characters to distinguish
species. Contrariwise, in this section a most satisfactory key
can be drawn up entirely on vegetative characters. As for the
flowers, they offer but few instances of good characters permit-
ting separation of the species from one another. The fruits
offer much better characters but they are deceptive in that the
immature fruit may be larger, longer, more compressed, more
recurved and less stipitate than the mature one.
Full many a species of this section has been described as polyga-
mous or dioecious. With the help of a good binocular, thorough
examination was undertaken of all the flowering material and it
failed to reveal any pistillate or staminate plant. In many
species all flowers are perfect, in others each plant bears both
perfect and staminate flowers. Staminate flowers tend to bloom
later than the perfect ones.
Subsectio Subpeltata, subsect. nov. Planta glabra vel
pubescens vel scabra. Folia 3-6-ternata, petiolata. Foliolae
prope marginem insertae 3-7-lobatae, vel grosse 3-7-dentatae.
Flores omnes hermaphroditi, vel plurimi gee ok et pauci
masculi in bate
a. Pauci pil 1 illimetrales vel longiores
pilorum aie ares semimillim ngi rage
T. Lanxestert Standley, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub. Bot.
18, as: 1937. Planta glabra nisi per foliolas, verosimiliter
metralis. Pubescentia e pilis capitatis vel crassiusculis brevissi-
mis. Radix fibrosa. Antherae ca. 2.5 mm., acumine 0.5-1.0
424 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
mm. Filamentum ca. 3.5mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 8-10
mm. Carpella matura compressa, glabra vel pubescentia, ca. 6
mm. longa, ventre 4.5-5.0 mm. longo, 2.2-2.5 mm. lato, stipite
0.5-1.0 mm., nervis lateralibus valde anastomosantibus nervo
dorsali fere recto. Floret Junio.— Costa Rica: Brenes 14,506,
prés San Ramon, pentes rocheuses du cerro de San Isidro, alt.
1300 m., 14 junio, 1901 (G, US); Solis 297, Icsasu, cerro de
Molti, alt. 1800 m., Aug., 1935 (F, M); Tonduz 8951, La Verbena,
Aug., 1894 (US); C. H. Lankester 337, salen rocky slopes,
July, 1919 (F, Type and isotype). Fia. 72,
73. T. Torresii Standley & Boivin, sp. no os Planta metralis
omnino ‘pubescens, nisi in ecarpellis cum pubescentia est e pili is
capitatis. Folia caulinaria sessilia in apice dilatationis petio-
laris. Sepala elliptica 2.5-3.0 mm. longa. Antherae ca. 3.5 mm.,
acumine millimetrali. Filamenta ca. 5.5 mm. Stylus una cum
stigmate 5.0-7.5 mm. Carpella matura compressa sessilia ca.
.5 mm. longa, ca. 2.0 mm. lata, nervis fere simplicibus, nervo
dorsali concavo.—Costa Rica: Torres 187, Santa Lucia, Paraiso,
terreno pedregoso, altura planta 1 m., tiene en las hojas una sus-
tancia pegajosa, 28 julio, 1927 (US, TYPE); iene 1632, asaiige,
alt. 1700 m., July 1, 1937 (F). Fic. 73
74. T. GUATEMALENSE GC. DC. & re Contrib. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 5: 88, 1899. T. peltatum, var. 8 hirsutum Loes., Bull.
Herb. Boiss. 2° série, 3: 89, 1903. T. hondurense Standley ex
Yuncker, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. 17: 362, 1938. Planta
omnino pubescens, plus minusve scabra, 8-12--(20) dm. Pubes-
centia e pilis aliis capitatis crassiusculis truncatis aliis elongatis
flexuosis. Radix fibrosa. Folia caulinaria saepius 4-ternata
petiolo brevi, vel sessilia in apice dilatationis petiolaris. Pedicelli
plus minusve recurvati. Sepala elliptica 3.0-3.5 mm. longa.
Antherae 4-5 mm., acumine 0.5-1.0mm. Filamenta 3.5—4.0 mm.
Stylus una cum stigmate 6-9 mm. Fructus compressus 3.5-5.5
mm. longus, ventre 3.0-4.5 mm. longo, 1.5-2.0 mm. lato, stipite
0-0.5 mm., nervis parum ramosis reticulatisque, nervo ’ dorsali
fere recto vel concavo. Floret Junio vel Julio vel Augusto.—
Mexico, Mexico: Hinton et al. 4263, Temascaltepec, Tejupilco,
llano, stalks 1 m., July 31, 1935 (M); Hinton 4530, Temascalte-
pec, Laver in sears water, 2m. high, — 15, 1933 a: at
(G, M, NY, US); Leavenworth & Hoogstraal 1282, Tancitaro
region, two miles south of Uruapan, rocky la ry hirsu
almost prickly, very common, alt. 5577 ft. a 29, 941 (F, ee
Y). cHrapas: Matuda 4889, near Siltepec, Honduras
encinal, alt. 1500 m., July 9, 1941 (M); Purpus 6798, Cerro del
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 425
Boqueron, Sept., 1913 (UC); HE. W. Nelson 3236e, near San
Cristobal, alt. 7000-8000 ft. , Sept. 18, 1895 (US). GUATEMALA:
ayes, Las Vacas barranca, June 1860 (G, US). HUEHUETE-
NANGO: C. & EL, Seler 3158, unter Gebiisch auf dem Coes von
Zac-ulen bei Huehuetenango, 17 juni, 1896 (G, NY, US, iso-
types of 7. peltatum var. 8 hirsutum); C. & E. Seler 2857, Checulé,
auf den mit Busch u. Wald bewachsenen Steinfalzungen alter
Bauten, 28 aug., 1896 (G, NY, US); Standley 81,212, Se emg
west of Aguacatdn on the road to "Huehuetenango, oa
herb 1 m. tall, alt. about 1950 m., Dec. 27, 1940 (F); Standen
81,566, near Puente de Xinax6, along road 13 km. west of geal
tenango, pine-oak forest, herb 1 m. tall or less, commo out
of flower, alt. about 1800 m., Dec. 30, 1940 (F): Standley 81 8.
along Aguacatdn road east of Huehuetenango at km. 13-14,
damp forested quebrada, common, alt. about 1950 m., "Jan. 2,
1941 (F); Standley 83,010, east of San Rafael Pitzal, near crossing
of Rio San Juan Ixtén, — oak forest, herb 1 m. tall, common,
alt. about 1730 m., Jan. 9, 1941 (F). Basa VERAPAZ: Cook &
Doyle 254, Santa Rosa, May 28, 1904 (US); von Tiirckherm 1313,
Santa Rosa, im Walde, alt. 5000 p., Juli, 1887 (F, G, US); von
Tiirckheim 2307, ae ae Rosa und Patal, Wald, alt. 1600
m., Juli, 1908 (F, G, NY, US). zapaca: Steyermark 29,676,
Sierra de las Minas, dialed Rio Hondo and Finca Alejandria,
moist forested slopes, alt. 1700-2000 m., Oct. 11, 1939 (F);
Steyermark 29,654, along trail between Rio Hondo and summit
of mountain at Finca Alej tas Lyrae slopes, rocky
places, alt. 1000-1500 m., Oct. 11, 9 (F). CHIMALTENANGO:
Standley 57,897, along road from Silene to San Martin,
ies thicket, common but past fruit, herb 3-4 ft., alt. 1500-1900
Nov. 25, 1938 (F); Standley oi, ot eode m, damp forest,
heck 3 ft., alt. 1500-1900 m., Nov. 2 1938 (F); Standley 61,561,
southeast of Patztiim, barranco de te Sierra, pine and oak orest,
herb 3-4 ft., common, alt. about 2100 m., Dec. 31, 1938 (F);
Standley 80, 039, southeast of Chimaltenango, along Rio Guaca-
late, oak forest, common but past flowers, alt. about 1700 m.,
Dec. 14-23, 1940 (F). SACATEPEQUEZ: Gomez 794, Santiago,
alt. 6500 p., 1891 (G, US, paratypes of T’. guatemalense) ; Stand
58,980, cuesta de la Canas, above Antigua, damp thicket, nd
4 ft., alt. about 1950 m., Dec. 6, 1938 (F); Standley 80,994, ‘along
Rio ‘Guacalate, on road between Antegua and Chimaltenango,
alt. about 1660 m., Dec. 23, 1940 (F). GuaTEMALA: Deam 6096,
on top of mountain, growing among rocks, June 1, 1909 (G, US);
Tonduz 657, eo de Se age dans les broussailles des collines,
juin 1921 (G : US); Aguilar 249, 1939 (F). SANTA er
Heyde & Lux sae Cenaguilla, alt. 4000 p., Sept., 1892 (G, M
NY, US). savapa: Steyermark $2,641, Cerro Alcoba, just e east
of Jalapa, oak woods, alt. 1300-1700 m., Dec. 2, 1939 (F);
426 Rhodora [NoVEMBER
Standley 76,810, 76,828, on hills northeast of Jalapa, rocky scrub-
oak forest, herb 1 m. tall, alt. = se bt m., Nov. 10, 1940 (F).
Honpuras, comayacua: Yu ncker, Dawson & House 5796, near
Siguatepeque, on rocky hillside, otanes odut 4 ft. tall, more or
less viscid and with pungent odor, roots a rich yellow color, June
. 5p Pee 1936 (F, type; G, M, NY, US, isotypes of 7. hondurense).
IG a-d
The type of T. guatemalense C. DC. & Rose (Heyde 164) was
stored away and could not be seen.
Subsectio Eupeltata subsect. nov. Planta glabra vel pubes-
cens e pilis multiseriatis translucidis, vel crassiusculis opacis
truncatis, nonnunquam glauca vel valde lucida. Foliolae
ampliores rotundae vel obovatae, petiolis circa tertias insertis.
Flores polygamo-monoici, plurimi perfecti, pauci masculi, nisi
Thalictro Treleasit nostro cujus omnes perfecti sunt. Species
typica Thalictrum peltatum DC. sit.
Whether the leaves are dull, shining or glaucous can not be
relied upon as a specific character in this section, if we judge by
what occurs in 7. Pringlei Wats. None of the other species has
been collected at all stages throughout the year, but they are
likely to follow a course of development parallel, if not similar,
to that of 7. Pringlei.
a. boli om ra, petiolate, petiolo ba o modo scabra....b.
ee ee a tato....c.
a Foliise ‘ieimbranaceae, marginem fere totam
, crenis ca. 20 i = folio Beet pie vets 75. TT. Treleasit.
d. oxigen coriacose, ad apicem grosse dentatae vel
6s
oe rT. Prine, hou reticulatum.
b. F olia omnia, nisi inflorescentiae redu: sessilia in
iat tationis 9 i Fo ie cu
yi — 9 Be oliis caulinaribus et in inflores-
Bee orek se he eS hoe EE 79. T. Roseanum.
eee orci: Shep Os ye tise bees os 80. 7’. Arsenii
g: pe carpella matura cae _
ge Ae ee ae > ee eee 81 jaliscanum.
a. Planta scabra pubescens, nullo modo glauca... .h. :
. a faciem eae § Sees Cee.
hia i A Xi act aie echoes ee .
er nt eae PSPS ee as Cee i. SP ee Awe Parone BE
7 i pas si Ba oie a alia ‘i
ae
Seat Sey
goa tro rai nisi
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 427
75. T. Treleasii, sp. nov. Planta glabra circiter 6 dm. alta.
Folia petiolata. Foliolae membranaceae per marginem fere
totam crenatae, crenis 20 admodum. Sepalaca.4mm. Stam-
ina 20-30 in floribus singulis. Filamenta 5-6 mm. Antherae
4.0-5.5 mm. Acumen antherae 0.5-0.7 mm. Ovaria 3-6 in
flore: Stylus una cum stigmate 6-9 mm. Fructum auctor non
cognoscit, consimilem Thalictro Pringlet er esse videtur.
Floret Junio.—Mexico, Gurrrero: Langlassé 1061, Sierra
Madre, alt. 1000 m., juin 16, 1899 (G, Kat US ISOTYPE).
Fie. 75, a and b
Dedicated to Prof. W1LLIAM TRELEASE who in 1886 published
a monographic paper on the genus as represented in America
north of Mexico.
76. T. pettatum DC. Prod. 1: 11, 1824, nec sensu J. N. Rose,
Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 5: 186, 1899; nec T. peltatum Sessé &
Moc., Fl. Mex. 134, 1894. Planta fere metralis, parum si vero
glauca. Foliolae plus minusve coriaceae basi rotundae, ad
apicem grosse dentatae vel crenatae, crenis vel ponrerne ® 3-10 in
foliola. Sepala 3.3-4.5 mm. longa. Filamenta 5-7 m An-
therae 1.9-4.0 mm., acumina 2.0-6.5 mm, subaequantes. 5 Onde
0-5 in flore, stylo una cum stigmate 8-13 mm. Carpella matura
ignota, verosimiliter (ex immaturis) ca. 5.0 mm. longa, 2.0 mm
lata, semi-obovata, parum si vero stipitata, ista Thalictri Pringlet
Wats. approximantia. Floret Augusto.— Mexico, Mexico: Hin-
n 4547, distr. of Temascaltepec, Nanchititla, oak woods, Aug.
18, 1933 (M, US); Alaman, [probably near Mexico city], 1811
[or 1821?!] (vyPEi in Delessert Herbarium; F, photograph of same).
MICHOACAN: Hinton 15,071, distr. Barroloso, Coaleoman, woods,
alt. 13800 m., Aug. 7, 1939 (G). Fic. 76, a-c.
DeCandolle’s original description applies well to all species
of subsect. Eupeltata. In 1899, J. N. Rose (Contrib. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 5: 186) with the help of C. De Candolle solved the problem
by comparing specimens from five different species with the
actual type. Since 7’. peltatum DC. had been collected but once
until as late as 1933, it is not surprising that the name was
applied to its closest related species, for which we are now pro-
posing the name 7’. Roseanum. But as we now have a very good
photograph at hand it becomes possible even to take measure-
ments of the actual type, e. g.: sepal 3.3 mm., acumen 2.3 mm.,
anther 1.9 mm., filament 5.1 mm., stigma 10.5-13.0 mm., fruit
5.0 x 2.1 mm., ete.
1 Notes of the author.
428 Rhodora [NovEMBER
7. T. Prineper Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25: 141, 1890.
Planta glabra, saepius sub florendi tempus caeca, deinde : saepius
glauca cum fructus maturant, sub maturandi saepius lucida,
posteaque lamina lucida exfoliatur, et planta pallida caeca
revelatur. Radix fibrosa. Folia petiolata 2-4-ternata. Folli-
olae margine vel integra vel sinuata vel crenata vel grosse
dentata, dentibus vel crenis 0-7 in foliola. Sepala 3.0-4.5 mm.
longa. “Stamina 30-50 in flore. Filamenta 3.0-3.5 mm. An-
therae 3-4 mm., acumine 0.5-0.8 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate
9 mm. Carpella matura subsessilia semi-ovata, nervis sim-
plicibus vel ramosis et anastomosantibus, nervo dorsali fere
recto vel parum concavo. Floret Junio Julioque.—MExIco,
nayariT: M. E. Jones 22,843, Tepic, Feb. 15, 1927 (F). MExico:
M. E. Jones 85, La Palma. June 9, 1892 (UC, US); Sarton,
Tolucea Mts., 1852 (US). micHoacan: Leavenworth & Hoog-
straal 1823,Tancitaro region, Apatzingan, common in open pine
forest above Acahuato, sometimes in pure stands, alt. 3500—4000
ft., Aug. 23, 1941 (F); Leavenworth 395, Tancitaro on the road
from Tancitaro to Apatzingan, here 9/4, common on rocky
anks in Boo woods from 4000-6000 ft., alt. 5000 ft., July 30,
1940 (F, M, NY); Leavenworth & H oogstraal 989, Tancitaro, west
of Santa Clara, erry bank near stream, open pine forest, alt.
ft., July 11, 1(F, M). JALIsco: Pringle 2478, slopes of
the barranca near Gasielios June 29, 1889 (G, TYPE; ANS,
Guadalajara, in one a July "9, 1899 (US); Reke 4581,
Guadalajara, Barranca Ibarra, alt. 1400 m., Nov., 1922 (US);
Mexia 1412a, Sierra Madre Mtns., San Sebastian, trail to
ascota, damp ravine in open pine forest, prominent on forest
Hoos, alt. 1425 m., Jan. 7, 1927 (F, G, M, NY, UC). Fig. 77,
a
78. T. Private: Wats., var. RETICULATUM Rose, Contrib. U.
S. Nat. Herb. 5: 188, 1899. Planta 35-40 cm., pubescens nisi
in pagina superna foliolarum. Foliolae vel crenatae, vel repan-
dae, vel integrae, per ambas paginas rugosae nervis conspicue
reticulatis—Mexico, NAYARIT: Rose 1985, Territorio de Tepic,
between Pedro Paulo and San Blascito, Aug. 6, 1897 (US, TYPE;
G, 1soTyPE); Rose 1985a, Territorio de Tepic, ‘foothills between
Pedro Paulo & San Blascito, Aug. 4, 1897 (US); Rose ile
Territorio de Tepic, between Dolores & Santa Gertrudis, Aug. 7
1897 (US).
The type of this variety was stored away and hence it has not
been seen. With better flowering material and fully mature
fruits, this variety might prove specifically different from the
typical form.
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 429
74b
() 75
yA\\)
75
: 76a 76b76c 77> 87 86 89a 89b89c
Deratts oF FLowers or Fruits oF THatictrum, all X 4.
(For explanation see end of paper.)
430 Rhodora [NovVEMBER
79. T. Roseanum, sp. nov. T. peltatum Sessé & Moc. FI.
Mex., 2: 134, 1894 nec 7. peltatum DC. Prod. 1: 11, 1824.
Planta glabra, saepius conspicue glauca, metralis vel altior.
Folia biternata, sessilia in apice dilatationis stipularis. Foliolae
majores orbiculares, ad apicem crenatae vel grosse dentatae.
Sepala 5.0-5.5 mm. longa. Antherae 2.2-3.2 mm., acumine
1.0- mm. Filamenta 4-5 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate
6.5-9.0 mm. Carpella matura compressa 5.6-6.5 mm. longa,
stipite 0.5-1.5 mm., ventro 4.2-4.5 mm. longo, 2.2—-2.6 mm. lato,
nervis honnunquam parum ramosis anastomosantibusque, nervo
dorsali convexo, ventrali convexiore quam dorsali. Floret
Julio mense. An etiam Junioque?—Merxico, MORELOS: Pringle
7448, bluffs of barranca above Cuernavaca, alt. 6500 ft., Aug. 23,
1897 (G, typy; M, US, tsotypses); Pringle 8261, blufis of moun-
tain canyon above Cuernavaca, alt. 6500 ft., Sept. 30, 1899
(ANS, F, G, M, NY, UC, US); Pringle 7205, bluffs of barranca
rae Cuernavaca, alt. 6000 ft., Jul. 28, 1896 (G, US). Fia. 79,
a-d.
Dedicated to the late JoserpH Netson Rose who laid the
foundations for our understanding of the Mexican species of
Thalictrum.
T. peltatum Sessé & Moc. is a heterogeneous species as can be
easily seen by what is preserved of it at the Field Museum. How-
ever the description seems mainly based on 7. Roseanum. The
fragments can not be identified with certainty.
prise d’eau, alt. 2000 m., 19 sept., 1909 (US); Arséne 5470
vicinity of Morelia, Rincon, alt. 2000 m., 14 aa 1910 (G,
TrPE; M, NY, US, 1sorypxs); Kenoyer A-482, Morelia, Aug. 17,
ah rant pe tig - (F ij Be ise 8, Morelia, talus, 8 a
» Arsene 13, Morelia, Rincd . 2000 m., 14 aodt
1909 (F). Fig. 80, a-c. oe 556i
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 431
Dedicated to Brother G. ArsiNE, an enthusiastic field-botan-
ist. His Mexican collections are both abundant and well pre-
served and form a high percentage of the herbarium material at
hand for study.
81. T. satiscanum Rose, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 5: 187,
1899. Planta glabra saepius valde glaucescentia, sesquimetralis
usque bimetralis. Folia 2-6-ternata. Fiololae orbiculares vel
obovales, ad apicem crenatae vel grosse dentatae. Sepala 3
.5 mm. longa. Stamina ca. 30 in flore. Antherae 2.2-2.5 mm.,
acumine 1.2-1.7 mm. Carpella matura compressa, 5.5—7.5 mm.
longa, ventre 5.0—-5.5 mm. longo, 2.0-2.5 mm. lato, stipite 0—-1.5
mm. longo, nervis ramosis anastomosantibusque, nervo dorsali
convexo, ventrali convexiore quam dorsali.—MrExiIco, MEXICO:
Hinton 42 59, Temascaltepec, Telpintla, alt. 1840 m., July 28,
1933 (G, NY); Hinton et al. 6557, Temascaltepec, Rincon del
Carmen, edge of oak woods, 1.5 m. high, Sept. 6, 1934 (G, NY,
US); Hinton 1078, Temascaltepec, Volcan, rolling prairie, 2 m.
high, alt. 1410 m., July 18, 1932 (F); Hinton 6740, Temasealte-
pec, Platanal, hill, 1.5 m. high, Oct. 11, 19384 (N Y). JALISCO:
Rose & Hou gh 4786, near Tequila, July 5 and 6, 1899 (US);
Goldsmith 28, pes of =e Colima, wooded hills, "alt. 5000 ft.,
July 13, 2 905 (G); Rose & Painter 7519, near Etzatlan, Oct. 2,
1903 (NY, US); Rose ‘& Painter 7648, near Chapala, Oct. 5, 1903
Lislh Diquet (NY): Mr. & Mrs. J. G. Lemmon 157, lake Chapala,
5 (F, G, UC). Fie. 81, a-c.
The type (Rose 2840) has not been seen but the original
description is clear enough. One label states that the plant is
3.4 m. high. Such a height is not impossible, but the way the
number presents itself suggests the possibility of an error.
82. T. currNnavacaNnuM Rose, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 5:
187, 1899. Planta omnino scabra, 7-12 decimetrorum, nullo
modo glauca. Folia 2-3-ternata, petiolate, dilatatione petiolari
reducta. Foliolae orbiculares, per marginem fe fere totam crenatae.
Stamina ca. 30 in flore. Antherae 2.5-5.0 mm., acumine 0. 07-1. 2
mm. Filamenta 4.0-5.5mm,. Stylus una cum stigmate 4-9 mm
Carpella paaucbe compressa 3-5 mm. longa, 1.5-2.8 mm. lata,
stipite 0-0.5 mm., nervis simplicibus vel parum ramosis an
mosantibusque, nervo sc vse recto vel paululum convexo.
oret Junio et Julio—Merxico, MorELOS: Rose 6860, near
Cuernavaca, Sept. 8, 1903 NY, US); Pringle 7238, near Cuer-
navaca, ea, rocky bluffs of barranca, alt. 5000 00 ft., July 26, 1896
( F, G, M, sorypss); Pringle 6878, above Cuernavaca,
lava fields, alt. 7000 ft., yt 27, 1898 (ANS, F, G, M, NY, UC,
US, paratypes). Fie. 82, a-d
432 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
Type not seen, but there is an abundance of isotypes and
paratypes at hand.
83. T. cumRNavacaNuM Rose, var. supraglabrescens, var.
nov., Morton in litt. Foliolis supra glabris nec scabris.—MEx-
ICO, GUERRERO: Rusby 153, Limon Mtn., alt. 4000 ft., July 28,
1910 (US, type and 1sotyPrE; NY, ISOTYPES) ; ; Lyonnet 304, Taxco,
julio, 1929 (US); Kenoyer A-481, Taxco, July 20, 1938 (F).
Sectio Heterogamia, sect. nov. Sect. Thalictrum, 1. Hetero-
gama DC., Syst., 1: 172, 1817. Plantae glabrae vel pubescentes.
Pubescentia, cum adest, pilorum capitatorum translucidorum.
Flores dioici. Sepala dimorpha, floris masculi majora saepius
colorata, foeminei minora viridia vel raro purpurascentia. Fila-
menta imprimis lutea deinde nonnunquam purpurascentia, nec
clavata sed filiformia et sub antheris paullulum dilatata. Stigma
plus minusve bialatum. Species typica Thalictrum dioicum Li,
sit.
Group confined to Mexico, United States, Canada and the
French Islands of St.-Pierre et Miquelon.
Subsectio Debilia, subsect. nov. Plantae glabrae, foliis
ternatisectis, radicibus tuberosis fusiformibus haud stoloniferae. °
Caulis basis decumbens. Folia inferiora anges nisi reducta
velis vaginis, intermedia plurima conferta, superiora pauca
sparsa, inflorescentiae minora. Stipellulae’ desunt. Inflores-
centia elongata pauciflora paniculata. Carpella matura subses-
rs recta haud compressa, ventre symetrico pariete membrana-
eo, nervis simplicibus convexis nec sinuosis. Species typica
Thalictrum debile Buckley sit.
a. Carpella matura ovoidea; stigma 0.5-1.0 mm. Planta
ah radicibus ng pie Se ge es Oia Ok races 84. T. teranum.
a. sep oe -0 mm. Plantae decumbentes radicibus brun-
4 Patil matura elliptico-lanceolata, 0.7-1.2 mm. lata....85. T'. debile.
b. Carpella matura ellipsoidea, 1.5-2.0 mm, lata..... 86. T. arkansanum.
84. T. rexanum (Gray) Small, Fl. Se. U. S. 446, 1903. T.
debile Buckley, var. texanum Gray ex E. Hall, Pl. Tex. 3, 1873,
nomen nudum; Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. 1: 18, 1895. Planta
rigida 10-45 cm. Radices nigricantes, cum siccatae, haud
tae irregulares. Sepala floris maris 1.7-3.0 mm.,
oe 0.7-1.5 mm. longa. Filamenta ca. 1.5 mm. Antherae
2.0 mm. Stigma 0.5-1.0 mm. Carpella matura ovoidea,
acpi 0.1-0.3 mm., ventre 2.7-3.7 mm. longo, 1.4-1.6 mm. lato,
apice acuto, basi rotundo, nervis 6-8 in fructu. Verosimiliter
floret Februario et Martio.—Texas: Wright 170, Fayette Co.
Cumming’s Creek, May 10, 1849 (ANS, G); Hall, Houston,
April, 1872 (F, paratype): Hall 3, Houston, moist prairies,
aba Sh =e CE ST tag ah eh a Ee ERs
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 433
March 28, 1872 (G, type; ANS, F, M, NY, US, 1sorypss).
Fig. 84, a-f.
DEBILE Buckley, Amer. Journ. Sci. 45: 175, 1848.
Plania innitens, 10-40 cm. Radices brunneae, cum siccatae,
costatae. Sepala floris maris obovata, ca. 1.7-2.0 mm., foeminei
saepius nc nee ca. 1.00 mm. Filamenta ca. 2.0 mm oe
therae 1.7—2.0 mm., acumine 0.1-0.3 mm. Stigmata 1.3-2. Om
Carpella matura oblongo-lanceelata, stipite ca. 0.1 mm., i
per ambas apices rotundo 3.0-3.7 mm. longo, 0.7—1.2 mm. lato,
nervis 8-10 in fructu. Floret Aprili —GrorGIA: Chapman,
conc 1882 (F, G, US); Chapman, Mts. of Georgia (M, US).
wr Nieuw wland, Blount t Co., Warnock Peak, April 12,
1930 (N-ND); Buckley, Wilcox Co., woods, rich alluvial soil,
ees April, 1840 (NY, US, paratypes) ; ; Buckley (ANS,
G, paratypes): Buckley, April (M, eee uckley, Wilcox
Co., near Allenton, rich woods, April, ps (M, TYPE); Buckley,
April, 1841 (M, NY, paratypes). Pre. 8
86. T. arkansanum, sp. nov. Pianta erecta 20-40 cm.
Radices brunneae nonnunquam, cum siccatae, costatae. Sepala
floris maris ovata vel elliptica 2. a 0 mm. longa, foeminei ovata
1.0-1.5 mm. longa. Filamenta 2.0-3.0 mm. Antherae 1.8-2.3
mm., acumine 0.1-0.4 mm. Stigma (1.5)-2.3-3.0 mm. Car-
pella matura sessilia ventro ellipsoideo 3.5-4.5 mm. longo, 1.5-
2.0 mm. lato, nervis 10-12 in fructu. Floret Aprili et Majo.—
Arkansas: Canby, Sargent, Trelease & Bush, Fulton, rich woods,
Apr. 18, 1901 (ANS); Bush 2445, Fulton, low ground, Apr. 26,
1905 (M, TYPE); E. J. Palmer ies Hempstead Co., Fulton’
upland open woods, Apr. 8, _ ie ig og E. J. Palmer 7161,
Fulton, upland woods Apr. 5 : 5 (NY . US); > fe $4 Kellogg,
Arkansas Post, March 14, 1909 aD: Bush 51 1, Fulton, common
in low ground, Apr. 4, 1900 (G, M, US); Nuitall (ANS); Bush
2271, Toxetane:. in "rich woods, Apr. 8, 1905 (M). Fie. 86.
Subsectio Sin sa, subsect. nov. Plantae glabrae, raro
paululum pabendehien pilis capitatis. Radices tuberosae. 7a
sparsa foliolis parvis. Stigma sagittatum. Carpe ella matura
recta basi rotunda, apice acuta, nervis simplicibus sinuosissimis
et crassiusculis, nec costata. Species typica Thalictrum pin-
natum Wats. sit.
a. Folia ternata vel raro subpinnata.. .. -
b. Caulis basis procumbens aphyllus, folia ternats... 65.05% 87. TT. pudicum.
b. Caulis rigidus erectus, ce oa har eis vel subpinnata,
licet folia ramorum ternata. . ..
c. Caulis a basi ramosus, auntie iciiosiotlinin, foliis 2-ternatis
. T. madrense.
ce. Caulis foliis caulinariis eigen a vel subpinnatis, ramo-
rum plurimis vel omnibus a
‘ id T. pinnatum, var. subternatum
a. Folia pinnata, pinnis ternatis............-...++++5+> 8.22%. pinnatum.
434 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
87. T. pudicum Standley & Boivin, sp. nov. Plania glabra,
5-25 cm., ramosa, ramis foliosis. Caulis gracilis erectus nisi
basis procumbens. Folia ternata et fere omnia sessilia. Infe-
riora desunt vel stzpulae istorum adsunt, quae stipulae oppositae
lanceolatae et 2-4 mm. longae sunt. Stipulae foliorum fere
omnes auriculatae et erosae. Pedunculi 2.5-5.0 cm. Flores
singulae in ramis singulis. Sepala floris maris viridia ovata ca.
of ¢
soil, open situation, less than 1 ft. high, alt. 6000 ft. re 19, 1941
(F, type; M, 1sotypr). Fia. 87.
88. T. MADRENSE Rose, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 5: 188,
1899. Planta glabra ramosa rigida 20-30 cm., ramis foliosis.
Ovaria tamen interdum puberula, pilis capitatis translucidis
minutissimis. Folia ramorum 1—2-ternata cetera 2-(3)-ternata.
Stipulae integrae. Pedunculi 1.5-3.0 cm. Flores in paniculis
angustis caulem et ramos definientes. eA foeminei lanceo-
lata 1-2 mm. longa. Stigma 1.0-1.5 mm. Carpella matura
ventre 3-4 mm. — et 1.5-1.8 mm. lato. Planta mascula et
tempus florendi ignota.—Merxico, puRANGO: Rose 3505, Sierra
Madre, alt. 5200 ft., Aug. 15, 1897 (US, paratype). NAYARIT:
Rose 2232, Territorio de Tepic, i in the Sierra Madre, near Santa
Tec. Aug. 13, 1897 (US, typr; G, isoryrr). Fia. 88.
Type not seen.
89. T. prnnatum Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 267, 1888.
Planta erecta rigida glabra, 2-8 dm. alta. Radices tuberosae.
Folia caulinaria pinnata, pinnis ternatis vel simplicibus raro
pinnatis. Stipulae integrae. Foliolae parvae, basae cuneatae,
apicales saepius trifidae. Sepala floris maris elliptica, 3.5-6.0
mm. longa, foeminei pee ars vel linearia 1-2 mm. longa.
Filamenta 3-4 mm. Antherae 2.5-4.5 mm., acumine 0.3-0.7
mm. Stigma 0.6-1.5 mm. Carpella matura 3.5-5.0 mm. eta
stipite 0.2-0.4 mm., ventre 2.5-3.0 mm. longo et 1.5-1.7 m
lato, nervo dorsali asso al higacho ventrali 5 ices:
Floret Junio Julioque—Mexico, curmvanva: LeSueur 1059,
Culebra Mts., Aug. 18, 1936 F. "G): S. S. White 2255, 4 miles
northwest Chihuahua, Majalea (Pilares), alt. 6800 ft. , Aug. il,
1939 (G); M. E. Jones, Sierra Madr = Mts., Soldier Canyon, alt.
6600 ft., Sept. 16, 1903 (CA, UC); T ownsend & Barber 134, in
the Sierra Madres, n near Colonia Garcia, alt. 7500 ft., July 15,
1899 (F, G, M, NY, UC, US): ic ew 110, July 6 (F, M, NY, US);
Shreve 9050, summit of Santa Clara Mts., in pine forest, alt.
7100 ft., Aug. 13, 1939 (G); Pringle 1568, Sierra Madre, alt.
7000-8000 ft., Oct., 1888 (UC); Pringle 1 887, base of the Sierra
EN RES TP ee ee ee TR ea ee ae ee RE TD eT ETT
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 435
Madre, pine pane, Sept. 20, 1887 (G, rypz; ANS, F, NY, US,
ISOTYPES) ; Nelson 6087, in the Sierra _ Madre, June-July, 1899
(NY, US); ps 7997, 6 mi. w. of C.G in open
pine forest, alt. 7100 ft. ee 25, 1937 (F); Ean sue, Sen
Juanito, July 20, 1938 (F): Hartman r72, near canyon de St.
lego, moist places on high mountains, “Culantrio”, Sept. 17,
me (G, US). sonora: Pennell 19, 611, Cerro Saguarivo, east
f San Bernardo, on rocks, alt. 1500-1600 m., Aug. 7-8, 1935
(ANS): Schott 3, Sierra del Najarito, June 28, 1855 (F). DURAN-
Go: E. Palmer 381, Otinapa, July 25—Aug. 5, 1906 (F, G, M, NY,
UC, US); Garcia 341 (US); Nelson 45641, r El Salto, alt.
8000-8700 ft., July 12, 1898 (US); Pennell 18, ‘324, El Salto, dry
open pineland, herb, ‘alt. 2570-2600 m., Aug. 28, 19384 (ANS).
Iq. 8
90. T. ye ATuUM Wats., var. subternatum var. A
varietate typica differt folits caulinariis subternatis vel as
ternatis foliolisque membranaceis. Plania humilior est, 1-4
dm. alta, et crescit iri locis humidosioribus. Floret Julii mense.—
Mexico, CHIHUAHUA: Gentry 1526, Sierra Charuco, Rio Fuerte,
transition, herb scattered along rocks in spring in meadow,
July 25, 1935 (F, trypr; ANS, G, M, UC, US, 1soryPss); LeSueur
1211, Chuichupa, Aug., 1936 (G). DURANGO: Pennell 18,378,
7" Salto, edge of marsh, herb, alt. 2530-2540 m., Aug. 28, 1934
NS)
Subsectio Dioica (Prantl), stat. nov. Sect. Camptogastrum,
KE. Dioica Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 3, 2: 66, 1888. Plantae glabrae.
Radices fibrosae. Caulis erectus rigidus. Stipulae integrae.
Stipellulae desunt. Petioli articulati in insertione. Carpella
matura_ sessilia inflata, ventre’ symmetrico nec compresso,
pariete firmo, nervis simplicibus et directis. Species typica:
Thalictrum diotcum L. ut patet e Prantl.
This group is made up of only one very distinct and little
variable species.
91. T. piorcum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 545, 1753. 7’. laevigatum Michx.
Fl. Bor.-Am. 1: 322, 1803, 7. pauciflorum Rafinesque, Atl.
Journ. 1: 151, 1832, nee T. pauciflorum Royle, Ill. Bot. Him. 52,
1839, nec T. ’ pauciflorum Schur, Verh. Sieb. Ver. Nat. 3: 84,
1852, nec 7’. pauciflorum Steph. ex Lec., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24:
302, 1885. TT. — L., var. genuinum Lee., Bull. Soc. Bot.
Pian Greene, ‘Le. * 1908. r dioicum, L. var. ig ian ee
Greene, |. ¢. 40, 1909. Leucocoma dioica (L.) Nieuwland, Amer.
Midl. Nat. 3: 304, 1914.—Planta omnino glabra erecta rigida,
3-8 dm. Radices fibrosae. Folia supraternatisecta, basilaria
436 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
0-3 in planta, caulinaria 0-1, inflorescentiae plurima. Folium
inferius inflorescentiae petiolo 3-8 cm. Sepala floris maris
ovata vel elliptica 2.5-4.0 mm. longa, foeminei ovata vel obovata
1.8-2.2 mm. longa. Firlamenta lutea 3.5-5.5 mm. Antherae
luteae oblongo-lanceolatae vel lineares 1.4-4.0 mm. longae,
acumine 0-0.2 mm. Stigma 1.0-2.5 mm. Carpella matura 4-5
mm. longa, stipite 0.3-0.4 mm., ventre ovoideo vel ellipsoideo
3.4-4.3 mm. longo, 1.5-1.8 mm. lato. Nerv carpellorum
maturorum parum a costis distincti, pariter arcuantes vel
interdum nervus ventralis quam dorsali convexior. Floret
Aprili, Majo, Junio, Julioque.-—“Canapa”: Kalm (Linnean
Society Lond., TYPE ‘of T. dioicum; G, photograph). Unrrep
STATES (without localization): Michaux, in Pensylvania et
montibus Carolinae (Paris, National Museum, type of 7’. laevi-
gatum; G, photograph). Saint-Prerre ET MIQUELON:
Arséne 238, Saint-Pierre, sgh es de la ferme Maillard, lieux
herbeux et ‘humides, 8 juillet, 1902 (NY); L. Arséne 263, Saint-
Pierre, anse & Ravenel, lieux herbeux et humides, bois, 8 et 20
juillet, 1900 (G). Shae Peers, Montreal, Mt. Royal, May
11, 1941 (CA); C. H. Knowlton, ’ Missisquoi, Philipsburg, dry
calcareous woods, 10-11, 1923 (G); Macoun & Malte 88,011,
Hull, north end of Fai airy Lake, May 04 (C).
Fernald, Penobscot Co., Orono, rocky woods, May 19, 1890
(NE); C. A. E. Long 858, Knox Co., Rockland, rocky bank,
Rand ‘é Robinson 458, Cheshire Co., Troy, Gap Mt., becky
_ woods, June 13, 1898 (G, NE). Vermont: C. H. Knowlion,
—- Co. , Newbury, slaty woods, ned 17, 1932 (NE); E. E.
shire oe Mount pert dry open eer “May 30, 1919
(NE); @. Gilbert, Newton, Pine Grove, May 6, 1894(G). RHODE
Istanp: Leland, Johnston Co., Snake Den, May 13, 1899 (NE);
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 437
a B. Simmons, Newport Co., Middletown (NE). Connecti-
uT: Woodward, New London Co., Rachel’s Hut, rocky woods,
Nii 27, 1905 (NE at. Spalding, Hartford Co., East proper eh
May, 1920 (NE); Safford, New Haven Co., New Haven, East
Rock, June 2, 1884. (US). New York: 0. P. Phelps 160 ee 461,
Canton, woods, May 19, 1914 (G); Burnham, Washington Co.,
% mile east of Tripoli schoolhouse, rocky copse, May 13, 1914
(G); McVaugh 4107, Columbia Co., Ghent, moist rocky banks,
May 1, 1986 (G); Raup 8105, Orange Co., Black Rock Forest,
ravine of Canterbury Brook, May 18, 1937 (G); Eames & M et-
calf 2301, Tompkins Co., Ithaca, gravelly soil, side of gully,
May 7, 1904 (G); E. B. Ba rtram, Monroe Co., Rochester, moist
woods, May 15, 1910 (G); Peck, ‘St. Lawrence Co., Rossie, June
10, 1909 (US). New JERsrEy: ‘Carey, Bergen, ravine, May 24,
1842 (G); Fogg 12,313, Somerset Co., Sourland Mts., about 4 m.
n. w. of Blawenburg, July 7, 1937 (G); B. Long 39,9838, Hunter-
don Co., Treasure Island, steep wooded meng along Delaware
oe May 21, 1933 (G). PrNNsyYLvaAntia: Fogg 6502, enters
Co. f Swa rthmore, wooded atten along creek, May 17,
1934 (G); Heller, rig ya see on the Conestoga near Binkley’s
Bridge, in limestone, May 1901 (G); Galen 24, Lancaster Co.,
Apel May. 1885 (G); Wal 643, Elk Co., 3 mi. W. of serene
ag roadside, June 2, 1940 (G); Fender 1500, Union Co.,
of Lewisburg, along West Branch of Susquehanna Riven
pie 15, 1936 (G); E. B. Bartram, Chester Co., Frazer, April 23
& 30, 1910 (G); Fogg 14,478, Bradford Co., 1.5 mi. n.-nw. of
Wyalusing, along Susquehanna River, wooded crest of cliffs,
June 8, 1938 (G). District or Cotumsra: T. A. Williams,
Rock Creek, May 1, 1898 (G). West Virarnia: Eggleston 4344,
White Sulphur Springs, May 17-18, 1909, (G). Virernia:
Small, Smyth Co. E. Marion, on Stalie’s Knob and Stalie’s
Hot Spri rings, woods , May 1 1916 (G): Ae Hd. Curtiss, Bedford
Co., Apel 15, 1871 (G); ott 14,589, Giles Co., 214 mi. ne. of
Mountain Lake Por , Salt Pond Mt., ‘alt. 3800 ft., June 22, 1938
ref Churchill, Rockbridge Co., Goshen, rocky woods, April 28,
5 (M). NortH CAROLINA: "Ashe, Mitchell Co., Frank re,
May 11, 1893 (NC); Peattie 1667, Polk Co., Tryon, in cool
mountain woods, April 20, 1922 (NC); Barksdale, Bat Cave
Mountain, April 19, 1937 (NC). SoutH CAROLINA: House 2064,
Oconee Co., Tamassee Falls, May 5, 1906 (M); House 1856,
Oconee Co., Clemson College, near Seneca River, low woods,
April 16, 1906 (M ). Groraia: Leeds 2012, Union Co., 1 mile n.
of Fro ogtow n Gap on branch of Helton Creek, June 1, 1934
(ANS); Churchill, Lookout Mountain, near the line between
Tennessee and Geo orgia, April 19, 1906 (G). Onrarro: J.
Macoun 33,609, Niagara, May 9, 1901 (C, G); T. M. C. Taylor
438 Rhodora [NovEMBER
et al. 2277, Algoma District, Carp River, mixed woods, bottom-
lands, July 15, 1935 (C); J. Macoun 72,515, near St. Thomas,
woods, June 24, 1907 (C, type of 7. dioicum var. adiantinum) ;
J. Macoun 83, 608, Lake Huron, Pt. Edward, June 12, 1901 (G,
NY). Micuican: Greenman 3356, Sawyer Beach, Hemlock
Dune, May 5, 1912 (G). Onto: Clavenger, Columbus, June,
1903 (US); Gleason, north of Columbus, rich wooded hillsides,
May 13, Sto (G); Webb 496 & 497, Portage Co., Nelson Ledge,
May 3, 1902 (G). Inprana: Deam 16,861, Noble Co., about 4
mi. northwest of Kendallville, in woods, June 6, 1915. (G).
Kentucky: Demaree 11,252, ah ie Co., South Portsmouth,
fertile river-hillsides, April 21 1935 (M); W. A. Anderson 407,
Fayette Co. , Elklick, March 26, 1927 (G); "Blumer 238, Louisville,
River Road, woods, ’ April 2, 1933 (G); W..A. Anderson 9, Hen-
derson Co., Robard, April, 1923 (G). TENNESSEE: Ruth 888,
Knoxville, "Tennessee River, bluffs, May 20, 1894 (G); Ruth,
Knoxville, rocky woods, April, 1896 q M); Eyles 7718, Obion Co.,
near Walnut Log, bluff, April 25, 1941 (G). ALABAMA: Mohr,
Huntsville, Mount Sano, i in sylvis umbrosis, May 8, 1881 (F);
Mohr 66, near Huntsville, Mount Sano, upper districts, rich
woods, May 1, 1881 (US); Harper 3840, Jackson Co., southeast
of Scottsboro, ‘northwest slope of Sand "Mountain, among lime-
stone rocks in woods, April 17, 1935 (G, NY, US). ILLINOIS:
Pease 11,831, Champaign Co., Urbana, “moist bank near Crystal
Lake, April ; 27, 1909 (G); Gleason §27, Urbana, hillside, April 28,
1899 (G). MINNESOTA: Pammel 204, Cass Lake, abundant in
pine woods with Hard Maple and Basswood, July 28, 1925 (G);
M. L. Grant 2703, Clearwater Co., Itase a Park, near campus,
woods, sand, ie! 9, 1929 (Q); Sandberg 1148, Itaska Lake, along
stream, July 6 ; 1 (US). Iowa: Pammel, Ames, College Park,
May 28, 1927 (ANS); Fink, Fayette, prairies, 1894 (G); F ink,
o1 (US); Fink ee Fayette Co., May 15, 1894 (US). Muis-
a Steyermark 11,569, Wayne Co., west of Grenville, along
St. Francis River, July 9, 1936 (M); ‘Steyermark 11,220, Barry
Co., south of Shell Knob, Smith Pond, wooded lime slopes,
mg 26, 1936 (M); E. J. Palmer 35 ,966, Benton Co., Fredonia,
rich woods along bluffs of Osage River, May a 1929 (G); E. J.
Palmer 22,826, Stone Co., Sarr limestone bluffs of the James
River, rich woods, May 27, 3 (M); Bush 753, Jackson Co.,
Courtney, May 2, 189 6 (M, US) i. Bush 98, Sheffield, common on
rocky hill, May 12, 1898 (G,M US).
Specimens collected in July ‘a Saint-Pierre are in flower, while
in Georgia and Alabama this species matures its fruits in May
or June. No specimens were seen either from eastern Québec or
from the Maritime Provinces. We do not know if there is any
type in existence of 7. pauciflorum Raf.
Ge
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 439
Subsectio Incurvata subsect. nov. Plantae stoloniferae gla- .
brae vel pubescentes. Pubescentia si adest e pilis capitatis
minutis translucidis. Folia supraternatisecta. Injlorescentia
aphylla vel, parum si foliosa foliis sessijibus, paniculata, apice
acuta. Flores dioici, rarissime polygami. Sepala dimorpha,
floris masculi majora. Filamenta colorata. Carpella matura
subsessilia costata apice incurvata, nervo dorsali convexiore
m ventrali, pariete saepius incrassato. Nervi carpellorum
costis parum distincti. Species typica Thalictrum venulosum
Trel. sit. :
a. Carpella matura haud compressa... .b. ; f
b. Stigma (1.0-) 1.5-2.0 (-2.5) mm., venter carpelli maturi
mm. longus, 1.8-2.4 mm. latus........... ---92, T, venulosum.
b. Stigma (2.0-) 2.5-4.0 (-5.0) mm., venter carpelli maturi
4-6 mm. longus... .c.
c. Venter carpelli maturi 2.5-2.7 mm. latus............ 93. 7’. confine.
c. Venter carpelli maturi 2.0-2.3 mm. latus.
T. confine, var. Greeneanum.
a, Carpella matura paullum compressa. . . 05. T. confine, var. columbianum.
92. T. venvuLosuM Trelease, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 23:
302, 1886. TT. campestre Greene, Erythrea, 4: 123, 1896. T.
Lunellii Greene, Midl. Nat. 1: 102, 1909. T. thyrsoideum
Greene, Mid]. Nat. 1. c. 1909. TT. thyrsoideum sylvanum Lunell,
Amer. Midl. Nat. 2: 157, 1912. Leucocoma Lunellii (Greene)
Lunell, 1. c. 4: 361, 1916. JL. thyrsoidea (Greene) Lunell, |. c. 361,
1916. L. thyrsoidea sylvana (Lunell) Lunell, 1. c. 361, 1916.
Planta 20-75 em. Folza basilaria 1-2, caulinaria 1-3 in planta.
Pedunculi fructuum 0.3-1.5 em., conspicue ascendentes vel ap-
pressi, saepius gemini. Sepala floris masculi 3.5-4.0 mm. longa,
foeminei ca.2mm. Filamenta 3-4 mm. Antherae (2.0)—2.5-3.
m., acumin . 0.1 mm. Stigma (1.0)-1.5-2.0-(2.5) mm.
Carpella matura stipite 0-0.3 mm., ventre 3-4 mm. longo et
1.8-2.4 mm. lato. Floret Majo, Junio, Julioque-—NorTHWEST
America: Franklin Expedition (G, tTrpn of T. venulosum);
Richardson 207 (G, paratype). Quésec: D. Potter 380, James
Bay, mouth of the Abitibi River, bank opposite Allen Island,
June 30, 1929 (G); Roy, comté de Labelle, Bellerive, 9 juin 1935
(G). Onrarto: C. S. Williamson 2028 & 2032, vicinity of Fort
illiams, Kaministiqua, Aug. 2, 1912 (ANS); D. Potter 379,
SIN: Griscom, Sawyer Co., R. R. right of way north of Hayward,
June 11, 1928 (G). Manrropa: E. L. Greene, near Carberry,
prairies, 1890 (G-ND, type of 7. campestre; G, photo of type;
NY, isotypes); Scamman 2892, Riding Mountain National Park,
Clear Lake, alt. 2016 ft., Aug. 29-Sept. 2, 1941 (G); Macoun &
Herriot 69,804, 6 mi. east of Forest, June 19, 1906 (G); Herriot
440 Rhodora [NovEMBER
69,803, Portage La Prairie, May 31, 1906 (G). MINNESOTA:
Chandonnet, Ottertail Co., Ottertail Lake, prairies, June 8, 1910
(N-ND). Norta Dakota: Stevens 17 77, Cass Co. , Fargo, open
places in woods, June 30, 1936 (G, F); ees ’ Benson Co.,
peninsula of Lake Ibsen, in woodlands, May 30, 1910 (NY, syn-
type of T. thyrsoideum sylvanum); idem, May 28 (N-ND, syn-
type of T. thyrsoideum sylvanum); idem, May 24 (F, NY, syn-
types of T. thyrsoideum sylvanum) ; vere Ward Co., Mi not,
along Mouse River, in timber, July 1, 1909 (G-ND 14394, type
of 7. Lunellii; G, ‘photo of type; N-ND, isotype) ; Lunell 76,
Benson Co., Lees, in dry soil on the prairies, June 10, 1909
(G-ND, type of T. thyrsoideum; G, photo of type; N-ND, NY,
isotypes). SoutH Dakota: i Pal mer 27,198, Lawrence Co.,
Boulder Canyon near Deadwo rocky ground along brook,
June 12, 1929 (G); Hayward pea Teh 1840, 2060, 2200, 2304
& 2410, Black Hills, various localities, 1927 (F). SASKATCHE-
WAN: Bourgeau, 1857-58 (G, paratype of T. venulosum);
Macoun 2952, Crane Lake, June * tg (G); Macoun & H Aad
69,802, Tramping Lake, Aug. 4 6 (G); ‘J. Macoun 12,316,
near Prince Albert, lat. 53°, ja 1896 (G). Auperta: J.
Macoun 59,624, Burnt River, north of Peace River, open prairies,
July 19, 1903 (G); Moodie 9386, Red Deer Valley, vicinity of
Rosedale, low ground, alt. 2200-2500 ft., June 1, 1915 (F, G);
Raup 2480, 2488, 2434, 2486a, 2439, 2440, fue & 2444, Wood
Buffalo Park, various localities, 1928-29-30 (G). MOonrTANaA:
B. J. Jones, Gallatin Co., Sedan, June ig 1901 (G); Flodman
485, Gallatin Co., East Gallatin Swamps, alt. 5000 ft. , July 24,
1896 (US). Wromine: Clifford Richardson, Alkali Co., Branch
of Sandy R., 1878 (G, paratype of 7. venulosum); A. Nelson
7307, Albany Co., Chug Creek, on the open bottoms, June 29,
190 Ci Schubert, Albany Co., Bear Creek about 2 miles
from Eagle Peak, and 4 miles from Laramie Peak, Aug. 22, 1899
(US) ; Forwood, Wind River, July 24, 1882 (G).
British CoLuMBIA: Raup & Abbe 3557, north bank of Peace
— at ap oe Flats, dry bluffs, about 56° 8’ N., 120° 40’ W., alt.
-, June 12, 1933 (G); McCabe 674, Chezacut, very abun-
dent ne in dry si tes, Aug. 30, 1983 (UC); S. Brown 960 & 972,
North Branch Saskatchewan, ‘Kootenay Plains, June 17, 1908
(G). Fig. 92, a-e
93. T. CONFINE Fernald, Ruopora, 2: 232, 1900. T. purpur-
ascens L. sensu DC. Syst. 1: 174, 1817. T. purpurascens L., @
monoicum DC. Syst. 1: ae 1817. T. dioicum X pur purascens
Trel., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 23: 301. 1886. Planta 25-
120 em. Folium basilarium vel solitarium vel deest, caulinaria
1-5 in planta. Pedunculi fructuum AG a —1.5-2. 5-(3. 0) cm.
ascendentes. Sepala floris maris 2.5— longa, foeminei
1.5-2.4mm. Filamenta 3.0-4.5-(5.5) er invA ntherae (2.0)-3.0-
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 441
4.0 mm., acumine ca. 0.4 mm. Stigma (2.0)—2.5-4.0-(5.0) mm.
Carpella matura stipite 0.1-0.2 mm., ventre 4-6 mm. longo et
2. . lato, nervis nonnunquam ramosis ate im)
Foret Junio vel Julio et interdum Augusto.—LaBRapor:
Fowler, Lower East Main Coast, Aug. 20, 1892 (US). Gratis:
D. Potter 382, James Bay , East’ Main, marshy river bank, July
11, 1929 (G); Williams - Fernald, Témiscouata Co., Riviére-
du-Loup, rocky bank of the St. Lawrence, Aug. 2, 1902 (G);
Rousseau 26,423, comté de Rimouski, pointe du Vieux-Bic, sur
les schistes, 30 juin, 1927 (G); Fernald & Pease 25,074, Matane
Co., Ste. Félicité, Sattaera July 17, ler (G): Victorin &
Rolland 18,777, archipel de Mingan, fle au Mart rteau, sur les
rivages calcaires, 15 juillet, 1924 (G); Victorin 4288, y Paring
cap a |’Ours, Aug. 23, 1917 (G); Victorin 28,156, Boucherville,
bordant le rivage de oo des files, avec Carex intermedia et
Carex nutans, 1 sept., 8 (G); Victorin 3233, St.-Eustache,
Aug., 1916 (G): Ou ca 7 Fassett 18,100, Gatineau Co., Hull,
June 29, 1934 (C); C. H. Knowlton, Philipsburg, dry open woods,
shale ledges, July 18, 1931 (G). New Brunswick: Chalmers
hg Restigouche, Eel River, woods, July 29, 1876 (C, 2
release T. dioicum X purpurascens; G, sam e note); J
M. acoun 21,136, along the St. John, above pr deere July 3
1899 (C, G); Williams, Collins & Fernald, Gorge of Aroostook
River, Andover, talus from calcareous cliffs, July 17, 1902 (G);
Pease & Edgerton 27, weet i ig Mangerville, alluvium by St.
John R., June 29, 1939 (G 3G Hay, St. John, Aug., 1890 YG).
MAINE: Fernald, ’ Aroostook Co., ees Fairfield, fruits from plant
in river-thicket, ‘Sept. 19, 1900 (G, TYPE of T. ‘confine; e; C 69,609,
ISOTYPE); Fernald 215, Fort Fairfield, abundant in alluvial
thickets, fl. June 6, 1901, fr. July 16, 1902 (G, NE). VERMont:
Eggleston 4869, Ferrisburg, Gardener’ s Island, July 17, 1909 (G);
Flynn, Chittenden Co., Burlington Bay, rocky shore of Lake
Champlain, Sept. 8, 1909 (G, NE); C. H. Knowlton, Franklin Co.,
Lake Champlain, Swanton, sandy shore, July 24, 1926 (NE);
C. H. Knowlton, Grand Isle Co., Grand Isle, swampy woods near
Lake, Faly 24, 1935 (NE). New York: House 1 10,323, Essex Co.,
Port Henry, rocky shore of Lake Champlain, July 12, 1924 (G,
US). rman J. Macoun 2956, Ottawa, Rideau Hall, ao rneen
Aug. 8, 1894 (C, paratype); D. ’Potter $81, James Bay,
River, ‘north end of Saw Pit Island, marsh, July 1, 1929 (G):
Pease & ji stty 23,557, Thunder Bay District, W. side of Jack
Fish Bay, beside a brook, July 8, 1933 (C, G); Taylor, Losee &
Bannan 905, Thunder Bay District, Sibley Tp., Talus Bay,
gravelly beach, June 24, 1936 (C). Micuican: Fernald &
Pease 3306, Schoolcraft Co., east of Manistique, glades and
Openings in thicket bordering calcareous beach of Lake Michigan,
July 9, 1934 (G). Manrropa: Bourgeau, Lake Winnipeg Valley,
442 Rhodora [NovEMBER
1857 (G); G. Gardner, nae Ba ae South Shore, 19 juin,
1932 (ANS). Minnesota: Lakela 1408 be 1428, a June
11 & 19, 1936 (ANS); idem, “ene 17, 1938 (G). Fria. a-f.
Thalictrum dioicum X purpurascens Trel. also sue 1 oe
coriaceum (Britt.) Small. Trelease referred to those plants being
“hybrids of 7. diotcum L. with T. purpurascens L. or polygamum
Muhl.”” No specimen has been found marked by Trelease T.
dioicum X polygamum. Oddly enough, one of these supposedly
hybrid plants comes from a region where the only other Thalic-
trum yet known to occur is T. polygamum.
94. T. CONFINE Fern. var. Greeneanum, var. nov. Planta
30-70 em. Folia basilaria 1-3, caulinaria 1-2 in planta. Fuila-
menta 2.5-3.2 mm. Antherae 2.5-3.0 mm., acumine 0.3-0.7 mm.
Stigma 2.0-3.0 mm. Carpella matura ventre 4.5-5.0 mm. longo
et 2.0-2.3 mm. lato. Floret saepius Julio, interdum Junio.—
Cotorapo: Parry, Middle Park, July, 1864 (G, paratype of T.
venulosum); Vasey 10B, Middle’ Park, 1868 (G, paratype of T.
tioned Baker 561, Gunnison, alt. 7680 ft., July 23, 1901 (G,
NY, US, ISOTYPES) ; idem 556 (G, US); "Hall & Harbour 8,
lat. "39 O41? 1862 (F); Coulter, Weston’s Pass, alt. 11,000 ft.,
July 18, 1873 (US); Patterson, Middle Park, west end, damp
plains, July 27, 1875 (F); B. H. Smith, Archuleta Co., Pagosa
Springs, June 15, 1894 (ANS): Boi; Smith, Mineral Co., Wagon
Wh Gap, July, 1882 (ANS). Urau: Pennell & ’ Shaeffer
22,522, Wasatch Co., head of Daniels Canyon, northeast of
Hebert, below Daniels’ , rocky slope, alt. 7900-8000 ft., July 1-2,
1938 (ANS); Watson 9, ’ Wahsatch, Provo Canon, July 1869 (US).
E. L. Greene left two unpublished names on sheets of this
variety.
95. T. CoNFINE Fern., var. columbianum (Rydb.), stat. nov.
T’. fissum Greene, Pittonia, 4: 233, 1901. TT. columbianum Ryd-
berg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 39: 320, 1912. T. occidentale Gray,
var. columbianum (Rydb.) St. John, Fl. South. Wash. & Adj. Id.
156, 1937. Planta 50-80 cm. Folia basilaria 0-1, catilinasin
1-3 in planta. Pedicelli 0.5-2.5 cm. aetate fructuum maturan-
dorum. Filamenta 3-6 mm. Antherae 1.5-4.0 mm. Stigma
2.0-3.0 mm. Carpella matura ventre paullulum compresso, 3-6
mm. longa et 1.8-2.5 mm. lata. Floret Majo, Junio Julioque.—
Ipano: Mulford, De Lamar, alt. 7000 ft., July 7, 1892 (G, para-
type of T. columbianum). Onrxcon: Cusick 1187, 1886 (NY,
paratype of T. columbianum); Cusick 1837, Mts OB Oregon, &
form not common in the mountains, Jone: "July, 1886 (G, NY,
paratypes of 7. columbianum); Henderson 9056, Harney
Steins Mts., near Sheep Camp, moist bottoms in aspen woods,
OE AES EE SEC eS oF F
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 443
alt. 5500 ft., June 15, 1927 (CA); Henderson 9058, Harney Co.,
15 miles above Bu urns, up Silvies River, moist sunny flats, June
13, 1927 (CA); Cusick, Stein’ s Mountains, at the head of Wild
Horse Creek, July 14, 1898 (G-ND, type of T. fissum; G, photo-
graphs of the type). Wasnincron: Elmer 599, Okanogan Co.,
Loomiston, Mount Chapaca, wide g ge in the meadow on the
south slope, Aug., 1897 (NY, Type of 7. columbianum; BG, US,
ISOTYPES); G. R. Vasey 155, 1399 (G, NY, US, paratypes of T.
columbianum oH Henderson 2367, Yakima Co., June, 1892 (G);
Piper 1467, Withman Co., Pullman, June 26, 1893 (G); Lyall,
Pend d’ Oreille River, 1861 (G).
BRITISH CouuMBIA: Raup & Abbe 2642, vicinity of Hudson
eed south slopes of Peace River Valley, about 56° 1’ N., 121°
3’ W., June 21, 1932 (G); ; McCabe oer, —_ a north of
oe moist hollow in open range, June 13, UC);
McCabe 8232, one see: ag southeast of Here Ha nis yet ope
forest edge, border of bog, in - 1940 (UC).
Subsectio Clavocarpa subsect nov. Plantae glabrae elatae
rigidae. Species duae, alia teloitaes alia haud. Caulis saepius
glauca. Folia, nisi inferiora, sessilia in apice dilatationis
petiolaris. Inflorescentia paniculata copiosa. Sepala lanceolata.
Stigma bialatum. eek orien os recta stipitata, nervis
exsertis sublatis in costis obtusis, nervo ventrali convexiore quam
dorsali. Species typica Thalictrum pases ove (Britt.) Small sit.
Planta eeepc) a; anthers luteae vel viridulae; carpella —
ven PAIWRIE 5 ats eG ey ena cx eh eben T. Steeleanum.
Plan a bad Molentierk: stamina imprimis lutea, deinde purpur-
ascentia; carpella matura ventre ovoideo.............. 97. T. coriaceum.
96. T. Steeleanum, sp. nov. Planta ane stolonifera 1.0-
15 m. Foliolae majusculae, 2.5-7.0 cm. latae, interdum sub-
quadratae. Sepala mascula 4-5 mm. longa, alate ovata ca.
2mm.longa. Filamenta saepius lutea, interdum purpurascentia
4.0-4.5 mm. Antherae saepius luteae, interdum viridulae,
lineares, 3.2-4.5 mm., acumine 0.4-1.0 mm. — 2.0-2.8
er,
June 3, 1899 (ANS). MARYLAND: Steele, C. & O. Canal, pete!
5 OR 903 ve nee bank of Potomac above D.C., July 23, 1902
G, Y); , Potomac, near the Md. line, ‘Feeder "Dam
Island, Suly 10, "1902 (N Y); ee idem, May 1 0 (G, NY);
Steele, ‘bank of Potomac, above D Wa Cad 26, 1902 (G, NY); E.
orris 1527 , Montgomery Co., Plummers Island, alluvial
woods, May 18, 1902 (BG); Long ‘& ree 1292, Cecil Co.,
444 Rhodora [NovEMBER
north of Conowingo, woods, June 1, 1913 (G, TYPE); idem 1287
& 1289 (ANS); Hitchcock 12,902a, Great Falls, woods along canal,
June 21, 1917 (G); Shriver, Cumberland, 1894 (NY). VuirGinia:
Allard 2873, Fauquier Co., near Markham, woods at top of
Rattlesnake Mountain, abundant and in full bloom, under-
ground rhizomes a rich golden yellow, May 30, 1937 (G); #. L.
Morris 2361, Falls Church, dark woods, May 1896 (BG); Camp
1174a & 1174b, Shenandoah National Park, south and southeast
of Skyland, alt. about 3500 ft., May 25, 1986 (NY); Rawlinston
16, Madison Co., near Hoover’s Camp, June 22, 1934 (US);
Wherry & Pennell 13,3844, Page Co., southeast of Luray, Stony
Man Mountain, Aug. 24, 1927 (M). Fie. 96, a-d.
97. T. corraceum (Britt.) Small, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 4:
98, 1893. T. dioicum L., 8? stipitatum Torr. & Gray, FI. N.
Amer. 1: 38, 1838. TT. dioicum L., var. stipitatum Lecoyer, Bull.
Soc. Bot. Belg. 24: 142, 1885, pars. TT. diotcum L., var. cortaceum
Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 25: 136, 1898. 7. caulophylloides
Small, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 25: 136, 1898. Planta glabra,
haud stolonifera, 65-100-(150) cm. Foliolae (1)-3-(7) cm.
latae. Sepala floris masculi 3.5-4.0 mm. longa, foeminei fere
lanceolata 1.5-2.0 mm. longa. Filamenta 4.5-5.0 mm. An-
therae 2.0-3.5 mm., acumine ca. 0.4 mm. Stigma 1.5-2.5 mm.
Carpella matura stipite 0.3-5.5 mm., ventre ovoideo 2.3-4.0 mm.
longo et 1.3-2.0 mm. lato, nervis paululum sinuosis. Floret
unio, rarissime Majo vel Julio—Werst Vireinia: Brition,
White Sulphur Springs, May 16, 1897 (NY). Vzireria: Small,
Smyth Co., slope of White Rock Mountain, alt. 3500-4000 ft.,
June 21, 1892 (F, M); A. H. Curtiss, Bedford Co., 1871 (F, G, M);
E. 8. & Mrs. Steele 146, near Luray, Stony Man Mountain and
vicinity, alt. 3600 ft., Aug. 18, 1901 (G, M, NY, US); Steele,
Augusta Co., vicinity of Augusta Springs, over meter high, alt.
+ 1200, Sept. 8, 1908 (M, US). Norra Carona: M. A.
Curtis, Bald Mt. (G, type of T. dioicum @? stipitatum Torr. &
Gray); Small & Heller 268, Watauga Co., Blowing Rock Moun-
tain, alt. 4000 ft., July 29, 1891 (NY, Type of 7. dioicum, var.
coriaceum; US, 1sorypr); Porter, Mtns., June 28, 1880 (ANS,
NY, paratypes of var. coriaceum) ; Small & Heller, Blowing Rock
Mountain, alt. 4000 ft., June 10-20, 1891 (F, NY, paratypes of
var. coriaceum); Small & Heller, eastern slopes of Blowing Rock
Mountain, July 7, 1891 (F, paratype of var. coriaceum); idem
491 (ANS, F, M, paratypes of var. coriaceum); Small & Heller,
on the road between Blowing Rock and Shull’s Mill, June 16-17,
1891 (F, M, NY, paratypes of var. coriaceum); Small & Heller
491. Caldwell Co., summit of Stone Mountain, July 9, 1891
(ANS, US, paratypes of var. coriaceum); House 4346, Transyl-
vania Co., Pisgah Ridge, alt. 4000-5000 ft., July 4, 1909 (US);
Biltmore Herbarium 6043a, Buncombe Co., slopes of Cedar Cliff
ee
i al mI Meas Penge foe pits
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 445
Mountain, rich soil, May 24, 1898 (NY); Mohr, Grandfather
Mountain, rich woods, uly 27, 1894 (US). GrorGIA AND
Carouinas: Buckley, in mountibus Carolinae et Georgiae (M,
paratype of 7. dioicum X purpurascens); Wright, N. Georgia,
1875 (G). Kentucky: Kearney 290, Harlan Co., Big Black
Mountain, Aug., 1893 (G, NY). TENNESSEE: Svenson 8309,
Sevier Co., Thom as Ridge, south of Indian Gap, Aug. 12, 1935
(BG): Ruth 1800, Blount Co., Cade Cove Mountain, mountain-
sides, July, 1892 (NY, type of T. caulophylloides) ; Eggert, David-
son Co., woods, July 13, 1897 (M, NY). Fie. 97.
(To be continued)
AMERICAN THALICTRA AND THEIR
OLD WORLD ALLIES
BERNARD BoIvin
(Continued from page 446)
Subsection woe alee subsect. nov. Planiae erectae rigidae.
adix
orsalis apex convexior quam ventralis apex. Species typica
Thalictrum occidentale Gray sit.
a. Crassitudo carpelli maturi dimidias latitudinis aequat.
“lat nter ejusdem ovatus costatus, sesquies aye “ee
u
tie bees
©) a Oe eee Oh oe ee ye Re Oe ee ee ee Ee ee ere, a OR OT
5. nervosa, ter vel pes pager quam la lata...
Carpella matura divaricata stipitata, ventro lanceolate.
orescentia ampla ad 50 cm. pyret et s 7% josa....
. - Stigma 3 S648 tii. 6 ox ined cs
mm
aé ca. 3mm., acumine ca. 0.4mm. Stigma 3-4 mm. Carpella
matura compressa et costata, valde Oa stipite 0.2-0.3 mm.,
454 Rhodora [DECEMBER
ventre ovato 4-5 mm. longo, 2.5-3.0 mm. lato et ca. 1.5 mm.
crasso, nervis a costis parum distinctis. Nervus ventralis con-
vexior quam dorsalis. Tempus florendi a lectoribus ignotum,
verosimiliter tamen Junium.—SovuTH Aa ieest hades P. Carr 135,
Deadwood, shady woods, July 31, 1913 (C ae eee SF
ISOTYPE ES); Hayward 847 (in part), Black Hills, Weed Creek &
Dark Canyon, ¥1927 (F); Hayward 1331, Black Hills, Spearfish
Canyon, lower 7 miles above fish hatchery, 1927 (F); Hayward
1337, Black Hills, Deadwood, near Pinecrest Camp, 1 1927 (F).
99. 'T. OCCIDENTALE Gray. T.dioicum L., var. paper Lec.,
Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24: 142, 1885, pars, nec T. m, 6?
stipitatum Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 38, 1838. or “deen
L., var. oxycarpum T: Bot. Wilkes Expe d. 17: 212, 1874.
Planta atin vel vibetviens. Pedunculi divaricati (1)-2-(5)
em. Sepala floris masculi 3.5-5.0 mm. longa et foeminei 1.5-2.
mm. longa. Filamenta (5)-6-7-(10) mm., purpurascentia.
Antherae 2-4 mm. Carpella matura nervosa, vel nervo dorsali
Sanaa et ventrali convexiore, vel dorsali basi concavo et apice
con
The an of the fruit is highly variable in this species and
transitional forms to other species occasionally occur. This
also seems to hold true for the Incurvata and Laminaria. These
intermediates seem to point toward the following series: T’.
venulosum—T. confine—T. occidentale—T. Fendleri—T. poly-
carpum in which each species is most closely related to the two
adjoining ones. The two varieties given in synonymy cannot at
present be related to any of the following three.
99. T. occIDENTALE Gray, var. typicu “as be apes
Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 372, 1873. Planta 60-120 ¢
Inflorescentia 20-50 cm. longa, foliosa, foliis nonnullis saticlntie
et triternatis. Ovaria ventro lanceolato, interdum ato.
Stigma 3.04.5 mm. Carpella matura divaricata, stipite 0.4-1.2
mm., ventre lanceolato 6-10 mm. longo, 1.6-2.5 mm. lato.
Floret Majo et Junio.— WasHINGTON AND OreEGoN: Hall, 1871
(G, tyre; F, tsorrpe); J. Howell, Cascades, June, 1879 (G);
J.& T. owell, near Cascades, in rich woods, May-June, 1880
(ANS, F, US); T. Howell, Cascades, May, 1882 (NY); Sukadorf
339, ‘Skamania Co ., near lower Cascades, May 30, 1886 (G);
Epling 5533, Benton Co., Corvallis, May, 1922 (F); F. E. Lloyd,
orest Grove, low w grounds, June 1, 1894 (NY); Henderson 8,
Sandy River, warm rich hillsides, May 21-June 12, 1883 (NY);
Henderson 87 7, near Columbia River, ie creeks, moist rather
open woods, May 27, 1924 (G). G.
100. T. occriDENTALE Gray, v. pitas var. nov.
80-125 cm. Hila ee Adlecwsivonceth Se pedie )-
Se ee ne TT.
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 455
3-(5)em. Ovariaventrolanceolato. Stigma5-6mm. Carpella
matura stipite ca. 0.5, caeteris ut praecedentis. Floret Junio.—
British CotumBia: J. Macoun 77,395, Vancouver Island,
Koksilah River, near Cowichau, July 30, 1908 (NY, TyPE; C,
ISOTYPE); Newcombe 8, Pr. of Wales Isl., Karta Lake, 1901-02
(F); Newcombe 416, Victoria, June 4, 1896 (F); Lyall, Vancouver
Island (NY); J. Macoun, Vancouver Island, Nanaimo, June 10,
1887 (US); Carter 157, Vancouver Island, Alberni, Roger Creek,
creek-bottom, May, 1915 (G); Rosendahl 1988, Vancouver
Island, Cameron River Valley, alt. 600 ft., June 28, 1907 (US);
J. Macoun 22, Vancouver Island, borders of streams, July 10,
1887 (G); C. B. Wood, Vancouver’s Island, 1859 (G); J. Macoun
849, Sproat, woods, June 24, 1890 (C).
101. T. occipenTALE Gray, var. PALOUENSE St. John, Fi.
South. Wash. & Adj. Id. 158, 1937. 7. heterophyllum Nutt. ex
Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 372, 1873, ut synonymon dubium,
nec 7’. heterophyllum Lej., Rev. Fl. Spa, 109, 1824, nec T. hetero-
phyllum Schur ex Verh., Naturf. Ver. Bruenn, 15, 2: 20, 1877, nec
T’. heterophyllum Turez. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 727, 1843. T.
propinguum Greene, Fedde, Rep. Nov. Spec. 7: 254, 1909.
T. rainierense St. John, Madrofio, 4: 114, fig. 1, 1937. Planta
aspen groves, alt. 6000 ft., July 14, 1920 (CA, G); Piper 1468,
Latah Co., Cedar Mountains, July 7 (G); Macbride 420, Owyhee
Co., Silver City, slopes along streams, alt. 7000 ft., July 18, 1910
(G). Wrommne: L. O. & R. P. Williams 3028, Big Horn Co.,
10-15 miles east of Kane, west slopes of the mountains, alt.
8000 ft., June 19, 1936 (G); Goodding 1971, Carbon Co., Bridger
456 Rhodora [DECEMBER
Peak, moist timbered flats, Aug. 24, 1903 (G); L. 0. :& Bak,
Williams 3639, Park Co., Beartooth Lake, in pine woods, alt.
9000 ft., July ‘21, 1937 (G): idem 3562, Crazy Woman Creek,
July 14” (G); E. 'B. & L. B. Payson 2999, Sublette Co., Gros
Ventre Mountains, mg sre northeast of Bondurant, yao slopes,
Aug. 13, 1922 (F, G, US); Williams & Pierson 652, Teton Co.,
vicinity ‘of Hoback Canyon, spring-bank, alt. 7000 ft., eee 19,
1932 (CA, G). Nevapa: Nelson & Macbride 1936, Elko Co.,
Jarbridge, aspen copses, seo 7000 ft., July 6, 1912 (G, NY);
Nelson & Macbride 2210, Elko Co., ‘ Mountain City, aspen
copses, alt. 7000 ft., Aug. 14, 1912 (G, NY, US); Maguire &
Plage one x nie along Ole Creek, woodlands, June 28, 1934
(G). . S. Rose 36,476, Wallowa Co., 1 mi. s. Wallowa
a alt. 4600 ft., July 18, i936 (CA); Thompson 13,340, Baker
near Lornucopi ia, rocky slopes of Wallowa Mts., July 18,
1988 (ANS, NY); Henderson 5154 & 5658, E. Grant Co., Austin
Ranch, 1925 (CA, G); Nuttall, Columbia Woods (ANS, G, NY)
with Thalictrum heterophyllum i in Nuttall’s handwriting). WasH-
INGTON: Piper 2022, Mt. Rainier, rich meadows, alt. 6500 ft.,
Aug. 1-15, 1895 (G, isotype of T. rainierense); Piper, Walla
Walla Co., Blue Mts., along streams in woods, July 17, 1896
(G, ISOTYPE of oD: occidentale var. palouense) ; Thompson 6945,
Okanogan Co., moist shaded slopes by road to Salmon Meadows,
alt. 3500 ft. tome "35, 1931 (G); Thompson 77938, Chelan Co.,
Wenatchee Mts., below Stuart Pass, moist alder groves, alt.
prea ons Sta 27-31, 1931 (ANS, G). British Cotumsia: J.
M. M n 33,606, Tami i Hy Mt., Chilliwack Valley, alt. 5000
ft., July 3 30, 1901 (G- ND, type of T. She nquum); Heacock 53,
Emerald Lake, nakng he Path, alt. 4400 ft., June 29, 1904 (G,
Y, US, p a or 7. propingwum); Shaw 970, in the Big
Bend district, wien 118° 20’ W., 51° N., alpine meadow, alt.
meet July 24, 1905 (G, shee NioCabe $08, aa River Road, 17
north of Natal, edge of o of green spruce timber,
Sept. 8, 1937 (UC); Raup é Abbe 3 3867, sige & Wicked R., near
ye Peace, about 56° 4 N., 123° 39’ W., open woods, July 18,
32(G). Fie. 101, a-e
he type of T. viii Greene is not in the Herbarium of
the Canaan Geological Survey as stated in the original descrip-
tion; similarly with the types of T. tortuosum Greene, 7’. Mortont
Greene and T. glaucodeum Greene. In his last letter to J. M.
Macoun, Greene wrote:
April 28, 1915.
Another parcel of your Thalictrum went last night; only a small
parcel, Uf shanks on Whdck T hast cues sake esate TEmMains.
e588 ee ak ee
2 Ae Oe Rice
ae ee Ee
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 457
That “small parcel” apparently was never sent, for 66 of the
numbers of the Herbarium of the Geological Survey which are —
represented in the herbarium at Notre-Dame University, are all
missing in the National Herbarium of Canada.
Subsectio Laminaria, subsect. nov. Plantae persaepius plus
minusve stoloniferae. Carpella matura valde compressa vel
laminaria, nervis rugosis, haud costata, vel, si costata, costis
acutis. Crassitudo carpelli a dimidiis latitudinis ejus recedit.
Species typica Thalictrum Fendleri Gray sit.
a, Carpella haud reflexa, ovata ad lanceolata, viridia vel brun-
nea, plus minusve pubescentia vel interdum glabra, nervis
lateralibus raro ramosis et sinuosis, nunquam minute sinu-
osis, nec anastomosantibus, reticulatis. Planta nunquam
pruinosa nec caesia nec glauca. Cauli tamen interdum
urpurascens. .. .b. :
b. Nervi laterales 3 conspicui. Planta pubescens. ...... 102. 7. Fendieri.
b, Nervus lateralis solitarius vel, si ternatus, medius con-
spicuor et multo crassior quam duo alii. Plantae
saepius glabrae. .. .c.
¢. Carpella ventre ca. 2.5 mm. longo... .d. : Ste
d. Nervi haud sinuosi T. Fendleri, var. Wrightit.
d. Nervus ventralis, licet alii, valde sinuosi. : :
04. T. Fendleri, var. sinuosum.
ee ee '°
c. Carpella ventre ca. 5 mm. longo.
105. T. Fendleri, var. quadrinervatum.
. pupae plura vel omnia reflexa, obovata vel semiobovata,
plus minusve pruinosa glauca, nervis lateralibus saepius
ramosis anastomosantibus reticulatis minute sinuosis.
Planta glabra pruinosa et plus minusve glauca vel caesia.
Ovaria ventre compresso orbiculari et nunquam rugoso.
106. ZZ. polycarpum.
Practically, 7’. polycarpum Wats. is always glabrous while 7.
Fendleri Engelm. is always more or less pubescent, at least within
the range of the former. Ovaries, fruits and under surface of
upper leaves always show this character clearly. The fruits of
ese two species are endlessly variable. Some of these varia-
tions are more frequent in one part of the range, but they are
liable to be found anywhere throughout the range and none of
them is clearly cut from the other variations. However, three
variations of 7. Fendleri have a geographic range of their own
and outnumber the intermediate forms.
102. T. Fenpiert E . ex Gray, Pl. Fendl. 5, 1849. T.
Fendleri, var. ehicaineces Tel Piso. Bost Soc. Nat. Hist. 23:
304, 1886. 7. platycarpum (Trel.) Greene, Pittonia, 1: 166,
1888, nec. T. platycarpum Hook. f. & Th., Fl. Ind. 1: 13, 1855.
T. hesperium Greene, Pittonia, 2: 24, 1889. polycarpum
458 Rhodora [DECEMBER
ness var. Maceo (Greene) Jepson, Fl. W. Midd. Cal. 202,
T.0 m Greene, Fedde, Rep. Sp. Nov. 7: 254, 1909.
r ious Teabere Fl. "Rocky Mts., 290, 1918, nec T’. stipi-
tatum Rose, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 8: 28, 1903. TT. Fendleri,
var. hesperium (Greene) plates Fl. Calif. 1: 530, 1921. Planta
pubescens, raro subglabra vel glabra etiam, nunquam pruinosa
nec caesia nec glauca, caulis tamen interdum purpurascens, 60—
150 em. Radix plus minusve stolonifera. Sepala erosa, floris
maris ovata vel elliptica 3-5 mm. longa, foeminei ovata vel
rhomboidea vel late lanceolata (1.0)—1.5-(2.0) mm. longa.
Filamenta 4.0-7.5 mm. lutea. Antherae oblongae vel lineares,
luteae, 2.2-3.4 mm., acumine 0.1-0.8 mm. Stigma 1.5-4.0 mm.
Ovaria dense viridia, ventro ovato ad lanceolato, saepius densis-
sime pubescente. Carpella matura haud reflexa, ovata ad
lanceolata, viridia vel brunnea, en minusve pubescentia vel
ae glabra, stipite (0.1)-0. 5-(2 (2.0) mm., ventre 2.7-9.0 m
longo, 1.8-4.5 mm. lato, nervis lateralibus raro ramosis et sinuo-
sis, nunquam minute sinuosis, nec anastomosantibus, nec
reticulatis, nervo ventrali hice quam dorsali. Floret ab
Aprili ad Septembrem.—Texas: Ferris & Duncan 2569, Jeff
Davis Co., Davis Mts., hewccai Peak, July 9-12, 1921 (CA,
M); Havard. 138, Jeff Davis Co., Limpia Mts., July, 1883 (G);
Moore & Steyermark 3566, Culbertson Co., Guadalupe Moun-
tains, McKittrick pvnhee’ ’ shaded rocky woodland, alt. 2000 m.,
July 22, 1931 (G, M). Wyromine: Tweedy 4244, Carbon Co.,
forks Battle Creek, alt. 7200 ft., Aug. 15, 1901 (US, type of T.
omissum; NY, i sotype); A. Nelson 766 0, "Alban ny Co., Tie City,
in a canon, Jay 20, 1900 (G); Payson & Armstrong 3608, Lincoln
Co. , Alpine, on the Snake River near the Idaho boundary, Wolf
Creek, — groves, July 25, 1923 (G). Cotorapo: Hall &
Harbour 8, lat. 39 °—41°, 1862 (BC, G, M); E. L. Greene 598,
Golden City &e., 1871 (G, poate of . Fendleri var. platy-
carpum); F. E. & S. 8. Clements 248, El Paso Co., Minnehaha,
alt. 2600 m., 1 julii, Sap (NY, type of 7. pr noes G, toot peel
Baker, Earle & Trac 343, Montezuma Co., W. La Plata Mts.,
Chicken Creek, scaerien, alt. 9000 ft., July 6, 1898 (G); "Rollins
1808, Las Animas Co., 26 —- northwest of Trinidad, 2 miles
north of the Pe rgatore River, dry hillside, stems single, alt.
7500 ft., July 3, 1937 (G); romero Clear Creek Co., Brookvale,
road Creek Canyon, June 17, 1918 (G); Hermann 5399, Garfield
, Trapper’s Lake, n. shore, open spruce-fir grove, a alt. at ae
ine 29, 1933 (G). Uran: M. E. Jones 1194, Salt Lake C
Wahsatch Mts., Alta, alt. 10,000 ft., Aug. 5, 1879 (CA); Good.
man & Hitchcock 1891, San Juan Co. , Abajo Mts., n. slope, ’ beside
small stream, alt. 8500-11,000 ft. , July 1-2, 1930 (C A): E. B. &
be BB. Payson 4883, iia Co., foothills of Uinta Mts., near
Mill Creek, dry clay slope, alt. 8200 ft. , July 4, 1926 (G, US);
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 459
McKelvey 4204, Washington Co., Zion Natl. Park, Zion Cajon,
alt. 4000-5000 ft., May 7, 1934 (G). Nevapa: Clokey 5462,
Clark Co., Lee Cafion, gravelly flat, with Pinus scopulorum and
Populus aurea, alt. 2670 m., Aug. 1, , G, UC); M. E.
Jones, Humboldt Co., East Humboldt Mts., alt. 10,000 ft., Aug.
13, 1897 (UC); P. B. Kennedy 1923, Washoe Co., Hunter Creek,
elev. 6000 ft., Aug. 2, 1912 (CA, G); Baker 1823, Ormsby Co.,
head of Fall Creek, alt. 2460 m., July 15, 1902 (G, NY). New
Mexico: Standley 4257, Pecos River National Forest, Windsor
Creek, alt. ca. 8600 ft., July 8, 1908 (G, M); Wright 1851 [Wright’s
mss.: 151, Grant Co., hillsides of Coppermine Creek, 2-4 ft.
tall, Aug. 4] (G, NY, US); Metcalfe 248, Socorro Co., Mogollon
Mts., on Mogollon Creek, alt. ca. 8000 ft., July 17, 1903 (G, M,
UC, C-UC); Wooton 228, Lincoln Co., White Mts., alt. 6300
ft., July 28, 1897 (M, UC); Fendler 13, 1847 [Fendler’s mss.: 13,
anta Fe, Creek-valley, shady places, margin of irrigation ditches
at the foot of perpendic. rocks, 13th June-Ist July in flower,
19th July in fruit. Flowers dioecious] (G, TYPE and ISOTYPES
of T. Fendleri; ANS, M, NY, 1soryrss); J. M. Bigelow 963, San
Antonita, Camp B, mt. arroyos, Oct. 9, 1853 (G, NY, US, para-
types of T. Fendleri var.? polycarpum). Arizona: Blumer 3309,
Rincon a eames Spud Ranch, rocky places, alt. 2260 m., Aug.
M
US); Munz & Johnston 8696, San Bernardino Co., 1 mile south
of Oak Glen, alt. 4500 ft., July 17, 1924 (G); Lemmon, San
Bernardino Co., woods near Grayback, July, 1879 (G, paratype
of T. Fendleri var. platycarpum); A. Gray, Santa Barbara, Feb.—
ay, 1885 (G, paratype of 7. Fendleri var. platycarpum) ;
oulter (G, US, paratypes of T. Fendleri var.? polycarpum).
OREGON: Cusick 2086a, Eastern Oregon, 1898 (G); Eastwood &
owell 1614, Lane Co., McKenzie Highway, near Blue River,
460 Rhodora [DECEMBER
Apr. 17, 1984 (CA); Constance, Lane Co., Eugene, Young’s
Grove, Apr. 12, 1924 (G); Henderson 9057, Harney Co., Stein
Mts., above Fish Lake, in aspen woods, alt. 6500 ft., July 20,
1927 (CA); M. E. Peck, 14,202, Stein Mts., above Alberson,
along stream, alt. 7000 ft., July 4, 1925 (ANS). Mexico, BAJA
CALIFORNIA: Orcutt, n. Lower Cal., Topo Cafion Mts., July 30,
1883 (F). Fre. 102, a-e.
Trelease did not authenticate every Thalictrum he saw at the
Gray Herbarium where he prepared his monograph of the genus;
only four herbarium sheets bear his identification. These are
the specimens he cited as T. venulosum. On about half a dozen
other sheets are to be found pockets containing a smaller pocket
on which he briefly copied out the label of the specimen, probably
in order to be able to replace those pockets where they belong
after the drawings were made, for these pockets contain dissected
fruits, presumably the very ones from which the illustrations of
his monograph were drawn.
It seems that, at the Gray Herbarium, Dr. B. L. Robinson
went over Trelease’s work, wrote the new species-covers needed
and pasted all the revision labels as Trelease would have done,
for all the names written by Robinson on sheets or covers in the
genus Thalictrum are in perfect accordance with Trelease’s treat-
ment of that genus. Nearly all of the Thalictra bearing a revision
label in Robinson’s handwriting were collected prior to 1886.
Very few indeed of the specimens collected after that date were
revised by Robinson. The later specimens were obviously not
accessible to Trelease for his monograph. Furthermore, a few
specimens might have been collected prior to 1886, but mounted
and revised by Robinson only later on. These can not be dis-
tinguished from those Trelease had on hand in 1886, and they
introduce some uncertainty as to the correspondence of Robin-
son’s labels with Trelease’s opinions in the genus. However,
in the absence of any better criterion, the revision of the former
has been considered as representing the opinion of the latter,
provided the specimens were collected prior to 1886 in a locality
within the range given by Trelease in his monograph of that year.
There is no authenticated specimen of 7. Fendleri, var. platy-
carpum Trel. except for one specimen from the Smithsonian
Institution which bears the following note in Trelease’s hand-
writing: “7. Fendleri v. platycaroum or nearly that’, but six
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 461
specimens at the Gray Herbarium bear a revision-label in
Robinson’s handwriting, stating that these are J. Fendleri
Englm., var. platycarpum Trel. All six are from California and
were collected in or before 1885. In view of this variety having
been published in 1886 with California given as its range, it
seems likely that these labels represent Trelease’s opinion rather .
than Robinson’s. The Tyrr was selected from among these six
specimens. It bears in a pocket a fruit dissected by Trelease
and this apparently is the very fruit from which he made the
drawing he published to illustrate 7. Fendleri var. platycarpum
in the paper where he published that variety. A drawing was
made of this fruit (our fig. 102d) and one can not fail to note some
similarity of pattern of this drawing to Trelease’s drawing. Such
sinuose lateral nerves are rather exceptional in 7. Fendleri.
103. T. FenpLERI Engelm. var. WRIGHTII Sao Trel., Proc.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 23: 304, 1886. T. i Gray, Pl
Wright. 2: 7 (269). 1853. Planta saepius ga a omnibus
partibus minor, haud stolonifera, (25)—50-(90) cm. Stigma ca.
mm. Carpella matura ovata ca. 2.5 mm. longa, nervis haud
sinuosis, nervo dorsali convexo, ventrali convexiore quam dorsali.
Nervus lateralis singulus, vel, si ternati, nervus medius conspicuor
et multo crassior quam duobus aliis intocmneare Floret Au-
gusto et interdum Julio vel Septembri.—Arizon . E. Jones,
Santa Rita Mts., alt. 4500 ft., hte. 24, 1903 (CA A. UC); Darrow
& Arnold, Santa Rita Mts., alt. 5500 ft., Aug. 23, 1936 (UC);
Harrison & Kearney 8907, Santa Rita Mts., ae 20, 1932 (US).
Mexico, CHIHUAHUA: Barlow, Sierra Madre ridge besos Rio
Ww f Min ca, dry
rocky 7 ay herb, alt. 2900-2400 m., " Gaps, 16-17, 1934 “(ANS):
LeSueur 1211, Chuchichupa, Aug, 1936 (F); Pringle 1131,
ie Mts., alt. 7300 ft. Bree
fete
oe
ee
ae
Ss
3
oS
Bo
_ NY,
Sonora: Hartman 1 21, Los Pinitos, alt. 6100 f , Oct. 12, 1890
(G, NY, US); Wright 834, mountain ravine at sacita Cruz, Sept.,
1851 (G, TrPE; ANS, G, M ky UC, 1sorypEs); Mearns 1605,
summit of San Jose Mes Aug. 3 , 1893 (US); S. ’S. White 3081,
e las Estacas, July 30, 1940 (G). sInALoa: Penne li
‘ along
on pineland, alt. 1800-1900 m., Aug. 29-30, 1935 (ANS);
Gentry 6266, Sierra Surotato, Ocurahui, Pine Forest area, steep
ft. ist shady canyon slope with mixed dominants, alt. 6000-7000
» Sept. 1-10, 1941 (ANS, M, NY). Fie. 103.
462 Rhodora [DECEMBER
The number 834 in the manuscript of Wright is an Artemisia.
But it is known that Gray changed Wright’s collection-numbers.
The manuscript of the latter enumerates three collections of
Thalictrum:
178. Thalictrum, Cummings’ Creek, May 10, 1849.
151. eager rum, a of Coppermine Creek, 2-4 ft. tall,
ug. 4, 1
639. Thatictrum, "Mowxtaia ravines at Santa Cruz, Sept.
23, 1851.5
At the Gray Herbarium there are three herbarium sheets of
Wright’s collections. The labels read as follows (Gray’s hand-
writing is in italics, the printed caption in roman):
First specimen:
=)
le,
Texas, Mr. Charles Wright.
Second specimen:
No. 833 C. Wright, np N. Mex. 1851.
Thalictrum Fendleri, E ngelm
Third specimen:
No. 834 C. Wright, vip N. Mex. 1851.
tit n.
Thalictrum Wri
Santa Cruz, Sonora.
Comparing these with what Gray published in Pl. Wright. 2:
7 (269), 1853, it seems clear that these three specimens correspond
respectively to Wright’s field numbers 178, 151, 639.
104. T. Fenpieri Engelm., var. sinuosum, var. nov. Planta
similis praecedenti, fructubus tamen nervis sinuosis. Floret
Augusti mense.—Merxico, cHrHuAHUA: Goldman 126, -
Parral, alt. about 6500 ft., Sept. 20, 1898 (G, US). puRAN
Pringle 18,701, Sandia Station, Oct. 12, 1905 (G, US); Pennell
18,448, north of Cueva, Metates, ravine at warcealh alt. 2600-
TYPES). SAN LUIS POTOSf: Scha er 26, ex sini“ San
Potosf, in sylvis montibus San Miguelito, 1876 (G). Fic. 104.
to a manuscript at the Gray Herbarium Rema ts I. M., Field Notes
of Foon Wright, 1940), this ri ae Se County, Texas
*Eodem. Grant County,
3’ Eodem. exico
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 463
105. T. FenpLert Engelm., var. quadrinervatum, var. nov.
Planta pubescens verosimiliter metrum superans. Stigma ca.
mm. Carpella matura ventro ca. 5 mm. longo et ca. 2.5 mm.
lato, nervis rectis vel sinuosis, ventrali convexiore quam dorsali.
Nervi laterales carpelli vel tres vel singulus in utroque latere.
Si tres, intermedius quam duo alii multo conspicuor et crassior
est. s ignoti—MEeExiIco, BAJA CALIFORNIA: Wiggins &
Demaree 4941, Sierra San Pedro Martir, La Encantada, margins
of meadow and adjacent slopes, alt. 2200 m., Sept. 20, 1930 (G,
Type; F, NY, UC, , IsoTYPES). Fie. 105.
106. T. potycarpum (Torr.) Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 14:
288, 1879, nec T. polycarpum Loret, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 6: 16,
1859, ut nomen provisorium alternativumque editum. T.
Fendleri Engelm., var.? polycarpum Torr., Pac. R. R. Rep. 4:
5 (61), 1857. 7. caesium Greene, Fl. Franc. 3: 309, 1892, nec
T. caesium Blocki, Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. 37: 286, 1888. T.
bernardinum Greene, Fedde, Rep. Nov. Sp. 7: 252, 1909. T.
campylopodum Greene, 1. c. 253, 1909. 7. coreospermum Greene,
l.c. 1909. 1. lentiginosum Greene, 1. c. 1909. T. papyraceum
Greene, 1. c. 1909. 7. ametrum Greene, Muhlenbergia, 5: 129,
1909. 1. latiusculum Greene, 1. c. 130, 1909. 7. magarum
Greene, 1. c. 1909. 7. mendocinum Greene, 1. c. 129, 1909. T.
letocarpum Greene, 1. c. 130, 1909, sicut nomen provisorium et
alternativum praecedenti editum, nec 7. leiocarpum Fries,
Linnaea, 29: 731, 1857 sive 1858. TT. polycarpum Wats. var.
caesium (Greene) Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 530, 1921. Planta
stolonifera omnino glabra, saepissime cauli, ramis, ramulis,
fructubusque pruinosis vel glaucis vel caesiis, 50-150 em. Se-
pala floris maris elliptica 3-5 mm. longa, foeminei orbicularia vel
ovata vel saepius late ovata 1.0-2.5 mm. longa. Filamenta 5-6
Antherae 2-4 mm., acumine 0.1-0.5 mm. Stigma 1.5-4.0
mm., filiforme. Carpella matura reflexa et valde compressa,
hunquam costata, stipite (0.1)—0.2-(1.0) mm., ventre oborbicu-
lari vel obovato-lanceolato vel saepius obovato 4-6-(8) mm.
longo et (2.2)-3.5-(4.5) mm. lato, nervis lateralibus valde sinuo-
Sis ramosis anastomosantibusque, nervo ventrali interdum gib-
boso et semper quam dorsali convexiore. Floret Martio Aprili
Majo et Junio.—CatrorNnia: Chesnut 33, Mendocino Co.,
Round Valley, alt. 440 m., May 20-June 20, 1898 (US, type of
a of
464 Rhodora [DECEMBER
coreospermum); Alderson, San Diego Co., Witch Creek, April,
1894 (G-ND, type of 7. magarum; G, photo of type); Greene,
Chico, June, 1889 (G-ND, type of 7. caesium; G, photograph of
the type; UC, NY, isotypes); L. E. Smith 306, Shasta Co., Pitt
River, May 28, 1913 (CA); Bidwell, Chico, Apr., 1879 (G); idem,
May, 1878 (G); Mrs. R. M. Austin, Plumas Co., 1877 (G); G. BR
Vasey, Sancelito, 1876 (G) [These last four specimens were
authenticated by Watson]; J. M. Bigelow, Napa Valley, 1853-
1854 (G, type of T. Fendleri var.? polycarpum; NY, 1soTyPe).
Orecon: J. Howell, Tualitin Plains, damp shady woods, along
creek, July, 1877 (G); J. Howell, Sauvie’s Island, July 1877 (F,
type of 7. papyraceum); T. Howell, along wooded streams, June
1881 (ANS, F, isotypes of T. campylopodum); J. C. Nelson 1118,
Polk Co., W. Salem, woods near river, May 8, 1817 (G); Hast-
wood & Howell 1487, Douglas Co., 4 miles n. of Oakland, Apr. 13,
1934 (CA); J. C. Nelson 2701, Marion Co., State School, low
ground, June 21, 1919 (G); 7. Howell, Washington Co., by creeks,
May, 1880 (F); idem, May, 1881 (ANS). Fie. 106, a-c.
The validity of 7. polycarpum Wats. against the earlier T.
polycarpum Loret has been argued pro and con many times.
First, Greene noticed that there were two species called 7’. poly-
carpum and proposed the name 7. ametrum to supersede T.
polycarpum Wats. See Muhlenbergia, 5: 129, 1909.
Second, L. C. Wheeler pointed out that T. polycarpum Loret,
being a “nomen provisorium’”, was not validly published and
thus could not invalidate a later homonym. Hence T. poly-
carpum Wats. was the correct name for the plant discussed. See
Ruovora, 40: 319, 1938. Third, Leon Croizat in Madroijio, 7:
1, 1943, in an article which I find much harder to follow through
than Loret’s “stiff french”, contested the following points: 1,
that it has not been made clear yet which of Loret’s names, 7’.
polycarpum and T. multiflorum, is a “nomen provisorium”.
that T. polycarpwm Loret was published as a synonym of T.
multiflorum Loret, hence it is invalid (Amsterdam Code, Art. 40).
3, that T. polycarpum Loret is illegitimate, invalid, has been
treated as a synonym on taxonomic grounds, and is an earlier
homonym. ‘Thus, according to Article 61, it renders illegitimate
T. polycarpum Wats.
To this one may answer: 1, that both T. multiflorum Loret and
T. polycarpum Loret are “nomina provisoria”. If not, what 1s
the meaning of “nomen provisorium”? There does not exist
yet any officially published definition of that term, but in the
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 465
meantime we will take it in its common, everyday sense, hoping
that it will not turn out that the 1935 International Congress
had some esoteric meaning in mind. 2, that T. polycarpum
Loret was not published as a synonym of T. multiflorum Loret,
but as a “nomen alternativum”. As ruled by the 1935 Congress,
when names are published as ‘‘nomina alternativa” that does not
render them invalid, but they are invalid if published as ‘nomina
provisoria”. Hence both T. polycarpum Loret and T. multi-
florum Loret are not validly published. See Journ. Bot. 74: 75,
1936. 3, that Article 61 mentions 4 conditions as necessary,
that a homonym might be invalidated by another homonym,
namely, that a homonym must be “previously and validly pub-
lished for a group of the same rank based on a different type
[italics mine]’. 7. polycarpum Loret does not fulfill the second
of those conditions. Hence it cannot render T. polycarpum
Wats. illegitimate. Article 61 speaks of “illegitimate names”
and of names “treated as synonyms on taxonomic ground” only
to specify that those two qualities are of no effect in the solution
of the problem.
4 and 5, Cronquist and Weatherby, in two different articles
published on the same page, both pointed out that “nomina
provisoria” have been ruled out as not being validly published,
and that the other half of Article 61, cited by Croizat, explicitly
states that an earlier homonym must have been validly published
in order to invalidate a later homonym. Now, Croizat himself
admits that 7. polycarpum Loret was not validly published,
hence there is no reason why we should not keep T. polycarpum
Wats. (Madrofio, 7: 83, 1943).
The type of T. Fendleri Engelm., var. ? polycarpum Torr., is
evidently not at New York, but at the Gray Herbarium. The
of the original description suggests that Coulter’s plant
should not be selected as a type. It is represented by two sheets,
one at the Gray, the other at the National Herbarium, and both
were originally labelled 7. dioicum L. in John Ball’s handwriting.
The specimen at the Gray bears the following successive anno-
tations in Gray’s handwriting:
>
Fendleri
T. polycarpum Torr. = Fendleri var.
?. polycarpum
466 Rhodora [DECEMBER
Both specimens are densely pubescent individuals of T.
Fendleri and they agree only in part with the original description
of T. Fendleri, var. ? polycarpum Torr.
J. M. Bigelow’s collection from San Antonita, New Mexico, is
represented at the Gray Herbarium, at the New York Botanical
Garden and at the Smithsonian Institution. All three are good
ordinary 7. Fendleri with a large, open and compound panicle
and with pubescent fruits and leaflets. Although cited by
Torrey, this collection does not agree at all with his description.
The specimen at New York is labelled Thalictrum Fendleri
Engelm. in Gray’s handwriting and so is the specimen at the
Gray Herbarium, but to this one Gray himself added later
fere var. Wrightii. The third specimen is labelled Thalictrum
Fendleri Engelm. in Torrey’s handwriting. The New York sheet
has the original label: Camp B, San Antonita, Octo. 9, 1853, 963
Thalictrum sp., mt arroyos, JMB.
At the Smithsonian Institution there is also a specimen of T.
polycarpum which was first labelled Thalictrum dioicum L. ?, but
Torrey changed it later to polycarpum. It was collected by E
Samuels in Sonoma Co., California. Although authenticated and
agreeing with the original description, this specimen was not cited.
J. M. Bigelow’s collection in Napa Valley is represented both
at the Gray Herbarium and at the New York Botanical Garden.
The New York specimen is identified Thalictrum Fendlert
Engelm. in Torrey’s handwriting. It is an immature pistillate
plant. The label of the specimen at the Gray Herbarium reads
as follows:
carpum
Napa Valley Calif. n. sp. Torr.
Bigelow eal
Gray’s handwriting is indicated by italics, Torrey’s by bold-
face characters. This latter specimen is made up of a staminate
inflorescence and a complete pistillate specimen with immature
fruits. This Bigelow collection is very clearly T. polycarpum
(Torr.) Wats. and agrees perfectly well with the original descrip-
tion of T. Fendleri Engelm. var.? polycarpum Torr. The speci-
men to be selected as a TYPE is evidently J. M. Bigelow’s speci-
men at the Gray Herbarium, from the Napa Valley collection.
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 467
92a92b
Ze
iW
106c > 107b |
= 107a 1076 Na
\
i" Q |
aay." 108c 109a
0b
10la 10lc 102d Sa
Derams or Frowers or Fruits or THALICTRUM, all X 4; except 10le,
X \, and 110e and 113a, these X 3.
(For explanation see end of paper.)
468 Rhodora [DECEMBER
rf
It is the only specimen which is at the same time cited, authenti-
cated and agreeing well with the original description. It is also
the most complete specimen and a well preserved one. This
problem had already been outlined by L. C. Wheeler in Ruopora,
40: 319, 1938, but no definite conclusion-was given.
When Watson published his 7’. polycarpum he gave T’. Fendlerz,
var.? polycarpum as a synonym “in part”, without specifying
which of Torrey’s specimens were included. But the description
of Watson eliminates both Coulter’s and J. M. Bigelow’s New
Mexican collections; only the Napa Valley specimen agrees with
the description. Thus 7. polycarpum must be considered as a
new status for 7’. Fendleri Engelm. var. ? polycarpum Torr. “
part including the type specimen” and there is no need to select a
new type for T. polycarpum, but we must write 7. polycarpum
(Torr.) Wats.
L. C. Wheeler has expressed a different opinion in RHopora,
40: 317, 1938. To him it is not clear what of Torrey’s variety
Watson included in his species. He thus naturally comes to the
conclusion that one must write 7’. polycarpum Wats. and must
select the type of that species independently from the type of
Torrey’s variety. To this we may say that Torrey’s variety
included two different species but his and Watson’s descriptions
agree well only with the Napa Valley collection. Watson had
all three syntypes at hand and could easily settle that point.
Anyhow, there are at the Gray Herbarium 5 collections of T.
polycarpum (Torr.) Watson authenticated by Watson himself.
All agree well with the description, are within the range given,
and were collected from 1876 to 1879. As a matter of fact, all
5 labels are entirely in Watson’s handwriting. If one should
follow Wheeler’s opinion, one of those 5 specimens should be
taken as the type. There is ample choice: one specimen is made
up of 2 staminate inflorescences, another of a pistillate inflores-
cence, a third one of two pistillate and one staminate inflores-
cence, a fourth is the upper half of a plant with fully mature
fruits, and the fifth one, the best specimen, a nearly complete
plant with also fully mature fruits. The latter is the only spect-
men cited by Watson. Its label reads as follows:
Thalictrum polycarpu
(T. Fendlert, var. saree ey Torr.)
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 469
Damp shady woods along creeks,
near Tualitin Plains, Oregon
J. Howell, July 1877.
Oddly enough, Wheeler selected J. M. Bigelow’s Napa Valley
collection as the type of T. polycarpum, the very type of T.
Fendleri Engelm. var. ? polycarpum Torr. I see no reason to
write T. polycarpum Wats. rather than T. polycarpum (Torr.)
Wats., if the type of both units is the same specimen.
Sectio Leucocoma (Greene), stat. nov. Subg. or Sect. Leu-
cocoma Greene, Leaflets, 2: 54 and 56, 1910, subaivisio on 3
. me
coma Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 108, 1917. Plantae haud stoloni-
ferae, sed radicibus fibrosis et numerosis. Flores polygami, sexu
variabiles modo mirabili. Sepala erosa maris majora. Fila-
menta alba in nonnullis clavata. Antherae fere ovoideae ad
tins linearee: pallido-fuscae, apice truncatae vel acumine
brevi. Stigma breve plus minusve bialatum. Carpella p ariete
This section is vophuestad from Labrador to British Columbia
and also in Newfoundland, Saint-Pierre et Miquelon and in the
United States except in Mississippi, California, Utah and
Nevada.
A key to the species of the section is not a workable one if it
takes into account the full variation of each species. With
more than a thousand herbarium sheets at hand one finds that
occasional specimens will agree with the species to which they
belong but for one character. To take such specimens into ac-
count would render the description so full of perhaps, sometimes, |
rarely, or, even, that they would not be descriptions any more.
The following keys and descriptions are built upon specimens
which I consider typical.
CLAVIS AD FLORES MASCULOS FERENTIA
a. Pubescentia pilorum og hag vel rarissime deest; a
therae 1.6-2.8 mm.; foliolae coriaceae et margine
minusve revolate.. 6s cis so a ea ts 107. TP, revolutum,
* -s atia vel dest vl piioram uniseriato Soe
& Antherne 0.5-1.4 mm.; filamenta apice dilatata sub an-
eris co
eee ee
470 Rhodora [DECEMBER
c. F Cretia gt merit et pe 4 integrae 0.5-1.5 cm. longae.
1
brae. oe 3.0-5.0 mm..... d.
d. tae oa prelate ees. 4s. 108. 7. macrostylum.
Filamenta debilia. Planta reclinans........109. T. Fabeatundies,
c. Foliolae fere omnes apice trilobatae 1.5-4.0 c m. longae.
Plantae — pubescentes. Wilaneate 3.5-8.0
MM, . 2. e.
e. Antherae ca. 1 mm BP pis gracillimi. Inflor
centia cuibalate ilamenta 3.5-5.0 mm. .110. ks polygamum.
e. puiberee ca. 1.2 mm.; unculi crassiusculi;
.0-8.0 mm.; gp omnia subco:
1 a. Berean ery fal hebecarpum.
b. Antherae 1.5-3.2 mm.....
f.
J ae 1.5-2.5 mm. Plantae pubescentes. .. .g.
. Antherae 1.5-2.0 mm. Titonmentia | pice rotunda.
ygamum, var. intermedium.
g. Antherae 1.8-2.2 mm. Planta fate ata
ee et margine revoluto. amebicooas Peer
Pes Se OLIN CORN US Eb de ees T. dasycarpum.
> Antheras 2.2-3.2 mm. Plantae ee ius ae
114. TT. dasycarpum, var. hypoglaucum.
CLAVIS AD FLORES FOEMINEAS FERENTIA
a, Foliolae glabrae saepe integrae 0.5-1.5 em. longae. . . .b.
—) 1.0 (-1.5)
b. Stigma (0.7- mm. Foliolae hee mits integrae
saepius apice chip” cy has coriaceae...... 7. macrostylum
b. Stigma 1 liolae fere omnes integrae, saepius
ee bo a a ee Soe: ve T. subrotundum
. Inflorescentia panic ata apice acuta....
e. Foliolae coriaceae pubescentes. ee ata’ 2-3 mm
113. “|. dasycarpum.
e. Foliolae saepius membranaceae. —— .5-5.0 mm
114. T. dasycarpum, var. penance
d. Inflorescentia apice rotunda vel " subcorymbosa ape
f. Inflorescentia subcorymbosa, pedunculis cr. ante
Lit... ZT. aplninaen: vax hebecarpum.
f. Inflorescentia paniculata................... 430, 2 emcee?
112. 7. polygamum, var. intermedium.
CLAVIS AD FRUCTUS FERENTIA
a. — —. — bi tiahen ‘Gaim nervis valde gw
fa) rae et inte ti
pee ve Res jena egies htnnen, IO T subrotundum.
‘ ng omnia SMe Lae Receptaculum ad basem
capitis fructuum. .. .
c a apice aeuininata + incurvata nervis valde
sinuosis; stigma ca. 1.0 mm.; foliolae glabrae, inferne
albicantes, ca. 1 cm. longae................ 108. 1’. macrostylum.
c. Stigma 2-3: mm. Plamtas de dense pubescentes et ase:
Ch. 2db O08, JONG a oe 113. 7. dasycarpum.
b. Receptaculum ad centrum capitis fructuum. Carpella
se ee
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 471
d. Bybeeceate pilorum rigidorum capitatorum, rarissime
dee Foliolae coriaceae margine valde revoluto
107. a revolutum.
d, Pubescentia saepius adest pilorum ee et -
seriatorum. Foliolae saepius membranaceae....
e. Inflorescentia subco. osa pedunculis paced eae
Saas ventre saepius oblanceolato
111. T. polygamum, var. hebecarpum.
anuenios quam dors:
. T. dasycarpum, var. hypoglaucum.
4; — carpelli ovatum vel obo vatum vel ellipsoi-
deum vel lanceolatum, stipite 0.2-0.5 (-1.0) mm
110. . ?. Sac
112. T. polygamum, var. intermedi
107. T. REvoLuTum DC. Syst. 1: 173, 1817, nec T. revolutum
ong Oestr. Bot. eae 23: 254, 1873. T. revolutum DC.,
Risiohen Willd. ex ee a Bull. Soe. Bot. le ve 253, 1885,
. oh depts on ex Trel., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
23: 3 , ex a dette ae Cornuti L., var. macrostylum
Shuttly. j in Binal & Heller, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 3: 8, 1892,
ut synonymon editum. T. Cornuti L., var. brevifolium Rugel in
Small & Heller, 1. c. 9, 1892, nomen ut synonymon editum nec
T. Cornuti L., var. brevifolium Shuttlw. in sae Syn. Fl. North
Am. 1, part 1: 17, 1895. 7. amabile Greene, Am. Midl. Nat.
2: 294, 1912. 1. revolutum DC., f. glabra isicl Pennell, Bartonia,
12: 12, 1931. Planta circa metralis, fere semper pubescens per
foliolas inferne, sepala, pedunculos et ovaria. Aliter semper
glabra. Foliolae coriaceae margine valde revoluto, saepius
obovatae, apice trilobatae, lobis saepius rotundis. Sepala ovata
vel oblanceolata 3-4 mm. longa, floris foeminei 2.0-3.5 mm.
onga. Filamenta debilia paululum apice incrassata, sub ee
oblongo-lanceolatae ad oblongo-lineares 1.7-2.8 mm., acumine
0.2-0.5 mm. Stigma 2.0-3.5 mm. alis saepius conspicuis et pilis
minutissimis, in nae saepius incurvatum. Carpella matura
stipite 0.2-0.5 mm., ventre ellipsoideo_ad lanceolato. Recepta-
Julio.—Quesec: J. Macoun 72,578, our Co., Percé, Aug. 30,
1907 (C, G).. ‘ah aa caetoen: Fernald & Weat herby 16,807,
Barnstable Co., Falmouth, roadsides in Aud north of Wood’s
Middlesex Co., Stoneham
rocky woods, June 18, 1894 (NE); W. Boott, south end of Mystic
Pond, wood, daly, 1869 (G); Pease 3782, Essex Co., N. Andover,
(NE Ru ODE ISLAND:
).
J. F. Collins, Pevidanes. n. of Cat Swamp, June 26, 1892 (G);
472 Rhodora {[DEcEMBEK
Lownes & Collins, Washington Co., South Kingston, July 11,
1930 (NE); Fernald 9518, Providence Co. .. Lincoln, Wilbur
Crossing, dry thicket, July 17, 1913 (NE). CoNnNecticuT:
vee by 6779, Tolla nd Co. sy Somers, roadside thicket, June 22,
5 (NE); Bi issell §4, Hartford Co., Southington, dry rocky
ok frequent, June 15, July 10, July 30, 1893 (NE); Wood-
ward, Franklin, dry bank, June 24, 1911 (G). New Yorx: Muh-
lenberg 795 (ANS): ; Eames, Randolph & beg dein 12, — Ontario
o., Phelps-Waterloo townline, Sept. 6, 1919 (G); B urnham,
Warren Co., Lake George village, Sept. 3, 1897 (G); Bi
25,018, Albany Co., so. of Kamer, sand plains, Aug. 24, 1937
(NY). New JERSEY: Austin, Closter, June 5-15 (G, ae of
T. purpurascens var. ceriferum) ; Austin, ( Closter, 1866 (G, para-
ype of 7. purpurascens var. ceriferum); A ustin, Ne. New J ersey,
uplands (G, paratype of 7. purpurascens var. ceriferum) ; Austin,
Palisades, 1858 (G, F); Austin, Closter, June, 1865 (F, paratype
of T. purpurascens var. ceriferum). PENNSYLVANIA: Pennell
8956, Chester Co., Nottingham, serpentine barren, Sept. 14,
1916 (ANS, paratype of 7. revolutum, f. deviate Small, Perry
Co., vicinity of Marysville, June 25, 1888 (F); Schweinitz,
Bethlehem (ANS); Meredith, Bucks ond e 14 miles west of
Union School House, open hedge-row, May 30, 1921 (G); Muhlen-
berg 598 (Willdenow Herb., paratype of 7’. polygamum 2) DEL-
AWARE: Commons, near Centreville, banks of streams, July 5, 1872
(ANS). Manryzann: J. D. bbe Garrett Co., Oakland, copses,
borders of glades, July 13, 83 (G). DistTRIctT OF CoLuMBIA:
Steele, Chain Bridge flats, ‘Tuly 4, 1904 (US); L. F. Ward, June
23, 1878 (F, NY). West Vircinia: Miilspaugh 336, 1890-1899
(F); Gilbert 482, Cabell Co., Pleasant Valley, open oak woods,
July 8, 1936 (G, NY); Core, ‘Monongalia Co., near Halleck, July
1}; 1931 (G). Virani: Fernald & Long 11 835, Greensville Co.,
Emporia, bs deciduous wooded slope, May 11, 1940 (G);
Small, Smyth Co., Walker Mountains, Shannon nae alt. 3
ft. , June 20, 1802, G (F, G, ese ee ap Rockbridge Co., Glasgow,
June 1, 1891 (M). TH Carouina: Small & Heller 264, on
road between Blowing. Rock and Shull’s Mill, June 16-17,
1801 (ANS, F, M, NY, US); mine ees Polk Co., Tryon, open
sides, May 22, 1899 (M); Churchi Ul, Madison Co., Hot
Springs, June 1, 1899 (M). Sours Caroxina: Saint Andrews,
May, 1855 (G); B. E. Smith, Darlington Co., Lauther’s Lake,
low a _ 3, 1940 ged House 2226, Oconee Co., Fort
May 24 906 (BG, M , US). Gronera; — 2018, Lumpkin
Co., Blo od M ock Gap, moist edge of exposed ’rock slide,
June 2, 1934 (ANS): r Cutlber 516 & 551, Augusta, May 17, June
18, 1901 (NY); Pollard & Mazon 521, Dou ghe rty Co., vicinity
of Albany, Aug. 13, 1900 (G, US); Churchill, Chickamauga Park,
near Lookout Mountain, May 8, 1906 (G, M); Green, Macon
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 473
(ANS, labelled 7. Cornuti, var. brevifolium Rugel and paratype
of T. macrostylum). Fiorina: Chapman (G, NY); Rugel, prope
St. Marks, inter frutices (Magnolia-Chamaerops), jun. 1843
(NY, labelled 7. Cornutt var. macrostylum and paratyp 7:
macrostylum). Ontario: J. Macoun 23,615, Amherstburg, July
31, 1901 (G). Onto: Wilkinson 228, Mansfield, waste places,
June, Aug., 1895 (US, type of 7. amabile); Moseley, Erie Co.,
Perkins, July 8, 1895 (G); Lea, Hamilton Co., June 14, 1838
(ANS). Inprana: Peattie, Porter Co., Tremont, sandy field and
along roads in the dunes, Sept. 4, 1920 (G). Kenrucxy: Smith
& Hodgdon 3865, Monticello, Beaver Creek, rich wooded slopes,
July 12-14, 1937 (G); Short, Lexington (ANS); McFarland
James 5, Whitley Co., 3 miles west of Corbin, low swampy field
near edge of ditch, July 25, 1941 (M). TEnNEssEE: Ruth 1808,
Knoxville, groves and open woods, June, 1897 (NC, NY);
Svenson 10,564, Cheatham Co., Pegram, dry shale, Aug. 22, 1940
(BG); Eggert, Dickson Co., near White Bluff, Aug. 19, 1897 (M).
AvaBaMa: Eggert, De Kalb, Collinsville, June 29, 1897 (M).
Inurnors: Gleason 9131, Champaign Co., Champaign, wet
prairie along railway, July 3, 1940 (NY); Gleason, Urbana, wet
woods, June 27, 1906 (G); Greenman 3688, vicinity of Chicago,
June 15, 1911 (G). Mussourr: Standley 9802, Webster Co.,
vicinity of Rogersville, thin woods, Sept. 3, 1912 (US) ; Letterman,
near Allenton, 1893 (ANS, M, US); Emig 268, Elmont, May 23,
1914 (M). Fie. 107, a-f.
The specimen from Percé is only tentatively identified as T.
revolutum. It is from far out of range and in a very different
floristic area.
The correct name for this species is still unsettled. Two
nomina dubia antedate 7’. revolutum and when better understood
might replace it: T. purpurascens L. and T. pubescens Pursh.
474 Rhodora [DECEMBER
(0.7)—1.0-(1.5) mm., alis obscuris. Carpella matura haud com-
ae nec costata, ‘abrupte stipitata et apice incurvato, stipite
a. 0.5 mm., ventro ca. 3 mm. longo et 1.5 mm. lato, nervis gins
iin et no nnunquam sinuosis. Receptaculum ad_ bas
capitis fructuum. Floret Junio, Julio et Augusto. bias pho
Fernald & Long 9050, Henrico Co., west of Elko Station, sphag-
nous springy swales bordering Whiteoak Swamp, Aug. 17, 1938
(G); idem 8711, July 23, 1938 (G, M); idem 8710 (G); Fernald,
ong & Smart 5778, on headwaters of Blackwater River, abou
3 miles southeast of Petersburg, swampy woods, June 25, 1936
(G); L. F. & F. R. Randolph o boreae Anne Co., Pungo, open
swampy land along West Neck Creek, June 29, 1922 (G).
NortuH CAROLINA: whee & Holler, ia Co., n. of a
swamp, June 25-26, 1891 (NY, Type and isotypes of T. m
stylum; F, ISOTYPES) ; idem 428 (ANS, NY); Rugel, Swanane ie
pratis vallis, Aug., 1841 (G, T. Cornutt var. brevifolium) ; Heller
1015, ape wha Co., near Hickory, June 23, 1893 (ANS, F, G, M,
NY US); Biltmore Herbarium 1 024, Flat Rock, low grounds,
June 6, 1905 (NY, US); Wiegand & Manning 1216, Martin Co.,
June 21, 1927 (); Godfrey 4384, Beaufort Co., ’ Washington,
marsh, June 9, 1938 (G); Godfrey 4875, Hyde Co., ’ Swanquarter,
June 9, 19 < (GQ); Godfrey 4449, Cartaret Co. , Newport, marsh,
oe 10, 193 8 (G); Feri 4318, Pisgah Forest, "alt. 2500 ft., June
29, 1909 (US); Peattie 1317, Polk Co., The Sho als, low wet woods,
Aug. 20, 1921 (F); Peattie 1313 & 1313 13A, Polk Co., east of Colum-
bus, edge of a M. agnolia virginica swamp, Aug. 20, 1921 (NC).
The two herbarium sheets on which Small and Heller picked
up the two synonyms given in the original description belong to
T. revolutum DC.
109. T. subrotundum, sp. nov. Planta omnino gishes,
Godfrey & Tryon 121, Georgetown Co., 4 miles west of i
town, creek-bottom dustak rich lowland woods, June 27, 1939
(G, NY); Eggert, Aiken Co. , sandy swamps, Aug. 8, 1 1898 (M);
Godfrey & Tryon 584, Berkeley Co., 3 miles southeast of Pine-
atatnndbeaneaenenemaneaantiie ini.
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 475
e
of Muckalee Creek, Aug. 2, 1902 (NY, US). Fiorrpa: Berg, near
Tallahassee (NY). AwtaBama: Earle, Lee Co., Camp Hill,
June 23, 1897 (M, NC, NY); Harper 3525, Autauga Co., about
2 miles southeast of Booth, swamp of Bridge Creek, June 15,
1936 (ANS, BG, F, G, M, N-ND, NY, US). Fic. 108, a-d
110. T. pouygamum Muhl. ex Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 2: 671,
1825. T. polygamum Muhl. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 3: 172,
T. divergens Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 92, 1822. T. harsutum
b
Syst. 1: 174, 1817. T. altissimum Greene, Leaflets, 2: 58, 1910,
nec 7’. altissimum Wender, Flora, 9: 358, 1826, nec T. altissimum
Thomas ex De Massas, Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, 9: 369, 1838.
Farwell, Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts & Lett. 26 (1940): 11, 1941.
Planta statura variabili, saepius pubescens. Pubescentza pilorum
uniseriatorum flexuosorum. Foliolae membranaceae variabiles
(1.0)-2.5-(7.5) em. longae, obovatae vel oblongae, apice trilo-
atae lobis integris. Inflorescentia paniculata, apice rotunda,
pedunculis tenuibus. Filamenta rigida 3.5-5.0 mm., apice
clavata et sub antheris constricta. Antherae saepius oblongae
ca. 1.0 mm. long. Stigma 0.5-2.0 mm., alis obscuris et pilis
crassiusculis. Carpella stipite 0.2-1.0 mm., ventre saeplus ovato
vel obovato vel ellipsoideo, nervis raro parum sinuosis. Floret
Junio, Julio et Augusto.—NewrounpLanp: Fernald, Long |
Fogg 269, Bay of Islands, southern slope of Lark Mountain,
476 Rhodora [DECEMBER
peaty and turfy subalpine sap gag ee 1, 1926 (G); Howe &
Lang 1006, Bay St. George, Aug. 5-7, 1901 (G); H. Bishop 319,
near Bonne hago Neddy Harbor, worded banks of stream, Aug.
28-30, 1928 (G). ‘“Canapa”: Kalm [?] (Linnaean Society
Lond., veraty pe of T. dioicum; G, photograph). Saint-PIERRE
et MrquEto : L.-Arséne 264, Cha apeau de Miquelon, 31 juil.,
1901 (G); L. A fsing 239, Langlade, vallée de la Belle-Riviére,
aotit, 1901 (G). QuEBEC: Victorin, Rolland, Brunel & Rousseau
17; 47, Percé, sur les corniches de conglomérat, 24 juil., 1923
(G); J. Macoun 66,630, 66,631 & 66,682, Cap a l’Aigle, Aug.,
1905 (G); Senn 396, near Wakefield Lake, — July 24,
1938 (G). Prince Epwarp Istanp: J. Macoun 869, Tignish,
July 25, 1888 — type of T. glaucodeum; G, rpliotoerenhe of
ame); "J. Mac Mt. Stewart, July, 1888 (US); Fernald,
Bartram, Long & St. John 7498, Mt. St tewart, springy ditch by
railroad, July 30, 1912 (G). New Brunswick: Rousseau &
Bonin 32,047, junction of Restigouche and Matapedia Rivers,
gravelly banks, hed oa 1929 (G); Chadbourne, King’s Co.,
Rothesay, July—-Aug 1883 (G); Fowler, Kent Co., Bass River
(F). Nova Satta: tdi Macoun 19, 006, Cape Breton Island,
Baddeck, thickets, July 28, 1898 (G-ND, type of 7. tortuosum;
G, photographs of the same); ; Fernald & Long 23,8658, Yarmouth
Co., Parr Lake, thicket at upper border of cobbly beach, Aug.
12, 1921 (G); Fernald & Long 23,852, Digby Co., Little Meteghan
Lake, thicket, Aug. 9, 1921 (G); Perry, Wetmore, Hicks & Prince
10,140, Antigonish Co., Salt Springs, along brook, Sept. 11, 1925
(G). aero B. L. Ro binson, Rangeley Lakes, Middle Dam,
Aug. 2, 1903 (G); Solar Penobscot Co., Orono, rocky bank,
July 12, "1802 (G, NE); Fernald 8, Aroostook Co., St. Francis,
low thickets, Aug. 15, 1893 (G). New Hampsuire: A. H. Moore
4082, Coos Co. , Colebrook, foot of Lombard Hill, east of Monad-
nock phate shaded r oadside, July 20, 1907 (G); ; Batchelder,
Cheshire Co., Biniatond, shore of Sandy Pond, Sept. 3, 1916
E). Ver RMONT: Day 11 , Bennington Co., Manchester, June
rb July ocean (G, NE): Williams, Ripton, Bread Loaf Inn,
J . Massacuusetts: Churchill, Berkshire Co.,
heficld. low ground, July 19, 1920 (NE); Fern
18,470, me wich, Spring rg low thicket
a Ruope Isuanp: Fernald, Kent roe ., Warwick, ao!
ae June 25, 1910 (G, NE): Ware & Fernald. d, Washin
esterly , boggy swale north of Babcock Pond, Aug. 31,
1919 (NE); below East Providence, sta . 1929 (NE). Con-
NEcTicUT: Bissell, Southington, July, 1897 (G-ND, fragment
from type of T. Bissellii; G, tay Saas of this fragment) ;
Meredith, Litchfield Co., Kent Falls, brookside, Aug. 2, 1927
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 477
(ANS); Wright, Meriden, July 21, 1879 (NE). New York:
Lucy 227, Chemung Co., Elmira, July 2, 1896 (G-ND, fragments
Oswego, Mud Pond, swampy woods and _ thickets overlying
Silurian sandstones, Aug. 23, 1922 (G). New Jersny: EL.
1930 (G); Greenman 368, Randolph Co., Big Run, Sept. 14, 1904
(F, G). Virernta: Fernald & Long 8267, Surry Co., James
Co., river banks, May 3, 1932 (G); Biltmore Herbarium, Madison
Co., near Marshall, banks of Big Ivy Creek, Aug. 8, 1898 (G, M,
Y, US). Gzorara: Ruth 10, Blue Ridge, swamps, July 10,
ensum; G, photographs of the type and of one isotype) ; idem,
june 12, 1909 (G-ND, paratype of 7. perpensum). Outo: F. EB.
Leonard 87-11214, Elynia, July 14, 1887 (US). INDIANA:
=o
|!
Rene, Floyd Co., New Albany, Aug. 23, 1923 (N-ND).
Kentucky: Smith & Hodgdon 3929, Wayne Co., southwest of
Monticello, Beaver Creek, shady ledge, July 12-14, 1937 (G);
Smith & Hodgdon 3695, Rockcastle Co., between Berea and Mt.
478 Rhodora [DECEMBER
Vernon, slough, July 8, 1937 (G, NY); Short 2, alluvium of the
Kentucky River (ANS); Lea 3, Kenton Co., Banklick Creek,
1834-44 (ANS). TreNnNeEsSEE: Kearney 602, Cocke Co., near
Lemon’s Gap, Sept. 3, 1897 (G-ND, type of T. perelegans; M,
NY, US, isotypes) ; idem 60214 & 603, Sept. 8 (M, NC, NY, US);
Svenson 4050, Morgan Co., Rugby, mossy banks of stream,
Aug. 19, 1930 (BG). Fig. 110, a-c.
Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. is antedated by two other
validly published names and perhaps by four. Although we
know that this name is not the right one for the species, it seems
preferable to keep it until we make sure of the right name to take.
Gray gives 1813 (Cat. Plant. Amer. Sept., p. 54) in his Synop-
tical Flora as the right date for the valid publication of T. poly-
gamum Muhl. He considered the two words “smooth, polyga-
mous” as a valid description. Actually these were not intended
to be a description, but common names, that is ‘smooth meadow-
rue, polygamous meadow-rue”, as stated at the beginning of the
Muhlenberg’s Catalogue. The first valid publication is, then,
Sprengel’s in 1825, later than 7. corynellum DC. 1817, T. diver-
gens Link 1822, T. pubescens Pursh 1814, and T. purpurascens
L. 1753.
111. T. poryeamum Muhl., var. HEBECARPUM Fern., RHODORA,
10: 49, 1908. T. leucocrinum Greene, Ott. Nat., 24: 29, 1910.
T. zibellinum Greene, |. c. 30, 1910. 7. labradoricum Greene,
1. c. 53, 1910. TT’. terrae-novae Greene, 1. c. 52, 1910. T. cana-
dense Miller, var. hebecarpum (Fern.) House, Bull. N. Y. State
Mus. 254: 346, 1924. Planta robustior saepius pubescens et
sesquimetralis. Inflorescentia ampla subcorymbosa, pedunculis
crassiusculis et nonnunquam incurvatis. Filamenta saepius 5.0-
6.5 mm. conspicue clavata. Antherae ca. 1.2mm. Stigma 1.5-
3.5 mm. Carpella matura saepius oblanceolata. Floret Julio
et Augusto.—Lasrapor: H. Bishop 318, Petty Harbor, 52° 25’
N., 55° 40’ W., sphagnous spruce woods, July 12, 1928 (G);
Fernald & Wiegand 3438, Blanc Sablon, by brooks, Aug. 6, 1910
(G). NewrounpLanp: Robinson & Schrenk 187, St. John’s,
Rennie’s River, rocky banks, Aug. 4, 1894 (US, type of Tr.
terrae-novae; ANS, F, G, NY, isotypes); Fernald & Wiegand 3437,
Port Saunders, gravelly shore, Aug. 6, 1910 (G); Fernald & Long
28,274, Bard Harbor Hill, meadow below limestone escarpment,
Aug. 21, 1925 (G). Qursec: Williams & Fernald, Témiscouata
Co., Riviére du Loup, gravelly thicket by the Saint Lawrence,
Aug. 2, 1902 (G, typr of T. polygamum var. hebecarpum);
Fernald, Bartram, Long & St. John 7492, Magdalen Islands,
Grindstone Island, Grindstone, wet clearing, July 22, 1912 (G); _
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 479
Richardson 867, Lake Mistassini, wet meadows around springs
and along rivulets, July 15, 1870 (C); Churchill, Terrebonne Co.,
Lac Tremblant, July 18, 1922 (G). Prince Epwarp Isuanp: J.
Macoun, Mt. Stewart, Aug. 17, 1888 (G). New Brunswick:
J. D. Smith, Campobello Island, July 17-Aug. 20, 1888 (US,
type and isotype of 7. leucocrinum); F. T. Hubbard, Shediac
Cape, rich meadow, with alder, July 21, 1914 (G); Fowler 2, St.
Andrew’s, July 3, 1900 (G); Fernald & Long 13,641, Carleton Co.,
Woodstock, gravelly river-thickets and bushy terraces, July 14,
1916 (G). ova Scotia: J. Macoun 21,134, Sable Island, not
uncommon on the old land, July 24 & Aug. 2, 1899 (G, isotype of
T. zibellinum); Perry & Roscoe 217, St. Paul Island, between
Petries Pond and White Spring, Aug. 3, 1929 (G); Long & Linder
21,256, Yarmouth Co., Tusket, peaty spruce and alder thickets
bordering swales, July 15, 1920 (G). Marne: C. A. E. Long,
111, a an
This variety is not a well cut unit but a rather well marked
extreme commoner than the typical in northern parts of the
range of the species. The following variety exhibits a similar
behavior but the relation between the staminate and the pistillate
plants has not been made yet. A third variety is perhaps worth
recognition in the southern Appalachian upland (T. altissimum
Greene and T. perelegans Greene).
112. T. ponycamum Muhl., var. intermedium, var. nov.
? T. viride Greene, Leaflets, 2: 56, 1910. Planta metralis pu-
480 Rhodora (DECEMBER
bescens. Foliolae subcoriaceae et revolutae. Inflorescentia pa-
niculata. Antherae 1.5-2.0 mm. Ruope Istanp: F. S. Collins
2854, Bristol, July 12, 1918 (NE). _ CONNECTICUT: Woodward,
The bos: of T. viride Greene has ait been seen by me.
113. T. pasycarpum Fischer & Lall. ex Fisch., Mey. & Lall.
Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 8: 72, 1842. T. Co rnuti L., var. @
hg Mey. & Lall. 1. c. 72, 1842. T. virginicum Drege. ex Lec.,
Bull. Soc. fe Belg. 24: 323, 1885, nomen ex synonymis. T.
purpurascens L., var. dasycarpum (Fisch. & Lall.) Trel., Proc.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 23: 301, 1886. T. vegetum Greene, Midl.
Nat. 1: 103, 1909. T. albens ’Greene, Amer. Midl. N : 292,
1912. T. Moseleyi Greene, |. c. 294, 1912. T. Nortoni i Greene C.
, 1912.
Nieu wland, Amer. Midi. Nat. 3: 324. 1914. L. albens (Greene)
Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 361, 1916. L. vegeta (Greene) Lunell,
l. c. 1916. Planta metralis et ’ pubescens. Pubescentia ag 8
densa pilorum uniseriatorum et flexuosorum. Rami et folia
plus minusve conferta. Foliolae coriaceae, margine revoluto,
oblongae, apice trilobatae, lobis acutis. I nflorescentia paniculata
ae acuta. Filamenta capillaria et sub antheris paululum
dilatata nec constricta, ca. 4 mm. Antherae 1.5-2. = mm.,
oblongo-lines aria, acumine 0.1-0.4 mm. Stigma 2-3 m Re-
eptaculum ad basem cnapiie fructuum. Carpella. ‘tint
stipite 0.1-0.3 mm., ventre saepius ovato, apice nonnunquam
incurvato, nervis — sinuosis. Floret Junio Julioque.—
Russia (cultivated): x horto botanico petropolitensi (US,
presumably from type ae in the garden). NortH AMERICA:
el Expedition te Ontario: C. F. ee 1 at
& Leslie 2280, Al goma District - tke adenehon birch
association, July 35, 1935 (C)j Teor Losee & Bannan 904,
Thunder Bay District, Marie Louise Creek, along —— Aug.
13, 1936 (C); W. S. 62, 298, Aine vanary, July 15, 904 (C).
Micuican: W. F. Wight 118b, Alle egan Co., along Fes Rea R.
at Allegan, Sept. 11, em (US, type, on two sheets, of T. Wights-
anum); Barlow, M. ette Co. ., Turin, by flowing water, July 8,
1901 (G); Fernald & ibe 307 Houghton Co., southwest of
Houghton, border of swamp, July 3, 1934 (G); 'L. H. Bailey,
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 481
near Lansing, June 13, 1886 (G). Onto: Webb 491, Portage Co.,
Garrettsville, June 24, 1901 (G); Moseley, Erie Co., Oxford Tp.,
W. Edmonds, Vilas Co., Eagle River, 1926 (NY); Fassett &
Wilson 4301, Buffalo Co., Fountain City, sandy R. R. embank-
ment, Aug. 25, 1927 (G); Schuette, Brown Co., Dach’s Creek,
July 11, 1895 (G, NC). Ixxrots: Bebb, Fountaindale, 1867
; G
5, 19
Pammel & Zimmerman 275, Feinback, June 23, 1925 (G); Ball 2,
Ames, July 18, 1896 (G). Missouri: E. J. Palmer 18,991,
: r
north-facing wooded bluff of Little River, July 5, 1933 (M
ortH Daxora: Lunell, Ramsay Co., Devil’s Lake, in woods,
July 16, 1902 (G-ND, type of T. vegetum; G, photographs) ;
Lunell, Devil’s Lake, July 1, 1905 (G-ND, paratype get
Hayward 1694, Black Hills, Hot Springs, mixed prairie, 1927 (F).
Nepraska: Tolstead 5138a, Valentine, along the banks of the
Niobrara river, July 27, 1936 (G); F. Clements, St. James, June
24, 1893 (G, US); Rydberg 1413, on South Fork of Dismal River,
in meadow, Aug. 14, 1893 (G). Kansas: J. B. Norton 4a, Riley
Co., 1896 (US, type of T. Nortoni; G, M, eer
White, Cowley Co., June, 1898 (M); Rydberg & Imler 44, a
Co., between Olathe and Pleasanton, June 18, 1929 (NY).
SaskatcHewan: Bourgeau, 1857-1858 (G); Herriot 69,8014,
Yorkton, damp thickets, July 6, 1906 (G). Anperta: Herriot
Ipano: Leiberg 1576, Clarks Fork Valley, below Weeksville, alt.
482 Rhodora [DECEMBER
650 m., Aug. 23, 1895 (G). Wyomine: F. L. Bennett 827, Black
Hills, Sand Creek Canyon, shady flood-plain, alt. 3800 ft., June
24, 1938 (CA); A. Nelson 8338, Laramie Co., Badger, thickets
on ’ river-banks, July 1, 1901 (U 8). Cotorapo: Cowen 27 & 82,
Fort Collins, river-bank, alt. 5000 ft., July 1, 1895 (G, US).
New Mexico: Standley 13,541, Colfax Co. wf vicinity of Ute
Park, meadow along creek, alt. 2200 to 2900 m., Aug. 22, 1916
(US); Arséne “e x 17 ,431, vicinity of Watrous, alt. 1950
m., Aug. oT, 6 (CA, US a: Vasey, Las Vegas, 1881 (US).
ARIZONA: Haugh, havin, July 14 (US). Fie. 113, a and b.
A study of the polygamo-dioeciousness of this species was pub-
lished by J. H. Schaffner in the Ohio Journ. Sci. 20: 25, 1919.
T. pasycarpum Fisch. & Lall., var. hypoglaucum
(Rydbers), stat. nov. 7. hypoglaucum Rydb. Brittonia, 1: 88,
1931. 1. macrostigma Torr. ex Trel., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
23: 301, 1886, ut synonymon. T. amphibolum Greene, Fedde,
Rep. Nov. Spec. 7: 255, 1909. 7. dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall., a
hypoglaucum Steyermark, RHopora, 40: 178, 1938. Planta
saepius glabra. Foliolae saepius membranaceae. Filamenta
4-7 mm. Antherae 2.2-3.2 mm. Stigma 2.5-5.0 mm. Recep-
taculum ad centrum capitis fructuum. Capella matura recta
ventre lanceolato et nervo ventrali paullulum convexiore quam
orsali. Floret Majo et Junio. Mussourr: Standley 9298,
Greene Co., creek-bottom, vicinity of Ash Grove, Aug. 24, 1912
(US); £. J. Palmer 36 ,684, Johnson Co., Columbus, thickets,
limestone hills and low woods, June 21, 1930 (G); Bush 4,
Independence, June 26, 1895 (NY); Steyermark 5 5938, Nodaway
Co., Parnell, att open woods of Bunker Hill, June 20, 1938 (F).
peop EP soln ech Fort Cobb and Fort Arbuckle,
68 (NY, U; stigma); Bush 2479, Miller Co., woods,
kon 27, Joos a) : Fabiett 19,760, Hempstead Co., Hope; April
se 1938 (G). Lovtstana: Hale, Alexandria, 1840 (NY, US, 7.
acrostigma). Sours Daxota: T. A. Williams, Big Stone, Aug.
7. 1895 (US); Hayward 135, Spearfish Canyon, streamside, Aug.
, 1926 (NY); Brenckle 41 -27, east of Malette, river-bottom, in
oods, June 16, 1941 (G). NEBRASKA: Bates, Red Cloud, June
iL 1906 (G); E.S. Bacon, Neligh, June 15, 1896 (G). KANsas:
Hal, ees 1870 W); Kellerman, Manhattan, 1887 (M). OKta-
“Pega Washin ngton Co., Copan, in moist
shady mt rear a2 13 (G); Merrill & ican 546, Platt
National Park, June 3 1935 (F, US); G. W. Stevens 920, ‘Cadd ty)
Co., Hinton, bottoms of Devil’s. Canyon, June 15, 1913 (G, US);
J. Clements '11 ,083, Comanche Co., Fort Sill, June 2, 1916 (G).
aoe Hall 2, Dallas, creek-banks, 1872 (NY, vyPE of T. hypo-
ucum; F, G, M, US, ISOTYPES) ; Eggert, Mowie, woods, June
13, 1898 nn NY, paratypes of T. hypoglaucum) ; Lindheimer,
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 483
Houston, April, 1842 (G, US); Lewton 57, Victoria Co., Victoria,
March 23, 1905 (US). Montana: Spragg 369, Square Butte,
canyons, July 15, 1901 (G); Watson 7, near Frenchtown, Aug. 4,
1880 (G, US); M. E. Jones, Ravalli, Middle Temperate Life Zone,
: (CA, UC). Coxrorapo: Cowen 32,
Fort Collins, river-bank, alt. 5000 ft., July 1, 1895 (G); Bethel,
Platte, July 31, 1916 (US). Arizona: J. W. Lead 1511, White
Mountains, meadows, July 30, 1935 (US); Rusby, Oak Creek,
1883 (ANS, F, G, NY, US). WasHINeTON: Kreager 377, Box
- Canyon, Aug. 2, 1902 (US). Brivis Cotumsia: J. Macoun
10,059, Waterton Lake, thickets, July 27, 1895 (C); J. Macoun
860, Warm Springs, open places, July 5, 1890 (C). Fria. 114,
a and b.
The carpel is not always perfectly closed in the genus Thalic-
trum. Near the base of the style the ventral nerves are free for
a short distance and not infrequently there is a transition in the
tissue of the carpel between the two ventral nerves. This is more
easily seen in nearly mature fruits of T. dasycarpum Fisch. &
Lall. var. hypoglaucum.
SPECIES HAUD SATIS COGNITA
foliolis ambitu suborbicularibus, subquadratis v. rhomboideis,
raro usque infra medium 3-sectis, plerumque antice trilobis v.
tricrenatis, glabris; inflorescentiis 1-2-floris; sepalis 3.5 mm.
ongis, albis, subtus violaceo-maculatis; antheris ovatis obtusis;
acheniis sessilibus anguste lanceolatis, longitrorsum striatis,
rostro uncato excepto cr. 3 mm. longis, 0.7 mm. latis.
Caules debiles, verisimiliter plantis aliis incumbentes, inferne
usque 1.5 mm., medio vix supra 0.5 mm. crassi, teretes v. obtusan-
guli. Stipulae semiovatae, inferae usque 4 mm. longae, superiores
sensim decrescentes, margine saepius dentatae, marcescentes.
feste nervosa. Flores primarii (terminales) 10-12 mm., secun-
darii (ex axilla folii simplicis v. bracteiformis abeuntes) usque
em. longe pedicellati. Sepala non unguiculata, ovata v.
ovalia, apice obtusa, 2 mm. lata. Stamina er. 10; filamenta 2
484 Rhodora [DECEMBER
Hab. in Haiti in Morne la Selle prope fontem Riviére Blanche
de Jacmel 1800-1900 m. alt., m. Aug. flor. et fruct.: Christ n.
1848, 1848b.
Obs. Species hujus generis prima ex Antillis cognita, pecu-
liaris, habitu foliorum Th. Fendleri Engelm. et Th. Wrighti
Gray (ex. America sept.) in memoriam revocans, sed ab iis
statura, inflorescentia, antheris, acheniis omnino diversa.
The preceding text is a copy of the original description. I
have not seen any material of this species but it seems to differ
from the continental species and probably belongs to the Debilia.
NOMINA DUBIA
T. purpurascens L., Sp. Pl., 1: 546, 1753. 7. dioicum L.,
var. « purpurascens ens (L.) Povanoling Fl. Can. 1: 5, 1862.
Of the type of this species in the herbarium of Linnaeus I have
seen only the negative of a 35 mm. photograph. It is the upper
half of a staminate plant collected in early bloom and looks
pretty much like 7’. revolutum DC., but could be just as well 7’.
polygamum Muhl.
T. puspescens Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 388, 1814. T.
polygamum Muhl., var. ‘pubescens (Pursh) K. C. Davis, Minn.
Bot. Stud. 2: 514, 1900.
The descriptions of Thalictra given by Pursh in his Flora are
all more or less obscure to me and there are a few too many. I
have seen five of Pursh’s collections from the B. S. Barton her-
barium. But that did not elucidate the problem. I suspect the
type to be in the Delessert Herbarium and to belong either to
T. polygamum Muhl. or to 7. revolutum DC. .
T. CAROLINIANUM Bose and var. (ht tee She tha Syst. 1:
174, 1817, nee T. carolinianum Walter, Fl. Car., 157, 1788.
I have not seen any typical material of this aes and its
variety, and Lecoyer, who has seen the type specimens in the
Delessert herbaritim, considers them as synonyms of 7’. polyga-
mum and T’. dasycarpum, but his account is not very pagan |
De Candolle’s description i is not very clear, but as the name
carolinianum Bose is already preoccupied by one of Walter’s s
species, its correct interpretation is of little one ret
T. mecacarpum Torr. Cat. Pl. Fremont Exped. 87, 1845.
nomen nudum. 7. megacarpum Torr. ex Rydberg, in Rocky
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 485
Mts. 290, 1918. TT. occidentale, var. megacarpum (Torr.) St.
John, Fl. South. Wash. & adj. Idaho, 158, 1937.
The type of this species I have seen, but it greatly puzzles me.
The foliage is typical of 7. occidentale Gray var. palouense St.
John; its inflorescence is pretty much like that of T. confine
Fern. var. columbianum (Rydb.) nostrum, and the fruit, although’
closer to certain forms of 7. Fendleri Engelm., also recalls that
of T. occidentale Gray var. typicum. Such a specimen I consider
as being either abnormal or of hybrid origin.
Other names have been discarded for various reason but none
of them is likely to be entitled to supersede any of the names:
adopted in this paper. The list of these names follows:
Sect. campronotum Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. 3, 2: 66, 1888.
ect. CAMPTONOTUM, ¢. PETALOIDEA Prantl, lc.
Sect. CAMPTOGASTRUM, C. PLATYCARPA Prantl, 1. ¢.
aa pasa pg DC. Syst. 1: 187, 1817, nomen provisorium.
T. Cornutt L., var. MONOSTYLA [author?], Bot. Zeit. 3: 218-
219, 1845, peitiegts nudum
T. PURPUREUM K. C. Davis, Minn. Bot. Studies, bt 1900,
nomen ex synonymis Thalictri purpurascentis L., 7. pur-
pureum Schang ex Pall., N. Nord. Beitr., 6: 42.
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
Fias 2—25 (p. 351), all X 4
Fig. 2. Taaticrrum Hvuirenu Boivin: — Everman :
ALPINUM sees var. Typicum: a) sepal, Blaisdell. 800; b) stamen, » a
a 1935; s) ovary, Pease & Smith 26, 761; @)! ) brac peduncle and fruit,
Fidiz, Aug. 11, 1910. 5. TT. aALPINUM L., var. sT rraTum ‘Yabe: a) ovary,
Rock 17 si; ) fruit, Takemoto 591. igs ie ee AICALENSE Turez.: fruit, Hsia
2310. 9. AICALENSE Turcz., var. ama Boivin: fruit, Fang.
3619, 10. ee crtyeracrnaee Cc. ot Robinson: a: fruit, OV illiams 1187. 11.
Aw coor tht yaa gg Akg Mazi cz, Amur. 12. T. cLAVA og ee a)
uncle and sepal, M agee, Tgadortone’ one; .) peduncle and anther, id.; ¢) seed,
er, Cullowhee; d) section of fruit with — M oe ckstone; e) peduncle
fruit, id. id. Pca T. pecurnatom Boivin: Lam 0 Teint onde Mozset b) fruit,
Hand.-Mazz.) Boi andel-M
11,173; b) stamen, ks 3c) ae & Ko &2, S21. (The Mane “ ee tee aatted
byerror.) 1 oe ener s fruit, Henry $982. 16, 'T. UNGUICULATUM
Boivin: ayes fruit, id. — - yr ae Boivin: ‘a)
Sepal, Teang. 28 $186; b) 0) ether Ps c) frui T. MIRABILE Small:
sanen, Bath Hodgdon 39 6) fruit, gry £2 frit Earle 2212. Fig. 18cis
esctiorally Mg x Tw i, ry. ntaber f oa. shoatil: Nan seen
aie a ,
1892. 21. T. Caraonts Boivin: a) stamen, res a0 18,71 719; ides = id, 23; T.
Secoeat rte Lec.: fruit, Wilson 492. 25. T. + Var.
CUM: a) stamen, Komarov 724; b) fruit, id.
486 Rhodora [DECEMBER
Fics. 26-43 (p. 371), all x 4
Fic. 26. T. sPARSIFLORUM Turcz., var. RICHARDSONII (Gray) Boivin: fruit,
Kellog 211. 27. T. SPARSIFLORUM Turez., var. SAXOMONTANUM
36.
g
fruit, Nelson 6864, 28. T. sPARSIFLORUM Turcz., var. NEVADENSE Boivin:
fruit, Heller 7056. 29. T. "AQu UILEGIFOLIUM L,: a) section of fruit and seed,
ae Chablais; b) peduncle and fruit, id. 30 D ivin: a) sepal,
en, id.; c) ovary id.; d) peduncle and fruit, id. 31
guciceocasie D ich.: a) stamen, Linder 2116; b) sepal, id.; c) ovary,
id.; d) peduncle and fruit, Schimper 472 . INNITENS Boivin: a) sepal,
= on en, id.; c) ovary, id.; d) peduncle and fruit, Owan 598
T. Cuarini Boivin: a) sepal bar 6; b) stamen, id.; c) ovary, id.; d)
peduncle and fruit, Mearns Le - IMPEXUM Boivin: a) sepal, Curtis
39; b) stamen, id.; c) Rak gh 8 : d) fru sig dyiey 630. 36. T. STEINBACHII
Bovis a) sepal, Ste inbach 8. ‘apodiond .; ¢) fruit, id. 37. T. Sreyer-
MARKII Standley: a) ovary, hte 85 140; i fruit,id. 38. be paso ie
Boivin: a) ovary, Steinbach 9231; b ruit id. 39. T. MACROCARPUM
fruit, Cosson, Gourzy. 40. a INUNCANS Boivin: a) sepal, Fiebrig 2440; 'b)
ovary, id.; c) stame n, id. . T. Gateorri Lec.: a) stamen, Galeottt 4541;
ovary, id.: 3c) fruit, id. Fig. ‘41a and 41b 4 were drawn Pasa actual eee
fig. 4le from a photograph of the type. 42. T. Hivronm Boivin:
inton 6743. 43. T. pecirrens Boivin: a) ovary, Herrera 1047a; b) fruit, ad
a 44-69 (p. 409) all x 4, except 5la and 68a, these 1/5
Fig . T. virmuLum Boivin: fruit, Seibert 204. 45. T. PANAMENSE
Standiey: ‘fruit, Destin Vol 46, "Macs CBRIDEANUM Boivin: io sepal,
Macbride 4466; fag pemgrre ng a A! __. id.; d) fruit, id. 47. DeaMIii
le 507.
Boivin: ae Pring GRANDIFOLIUM Wa f: nik Jones,
Soldier Canyon Muamesi Tausch: fruit, Abbott 288. 50. T.
PACHUENSE —= ge Beg 96 51, STaNDLEYI Steyermark: a)
leaflet, Sta tandley
Stand. & Stever.- ay ace ars | = Pang sb) stamen, Johnston 1643;
¢) nearly orga a T
had seo fabled
E gee :
ovary, id.; d) peduncle and fruit, id. 65. T. crsnosum Lec.: — and
fruit, pabonoe 6611. 67. T. aesroasesren DC.: fruit, Dombey, } Drawn
from a photograph of the type. 68. T. vesicuLosum Lec.: fruit, Penland
Saanies 1014. 69. T. Netsonn Boivin. a) ovary, Nelson ‘1788; '» fruit, id.
Fics. eae (p. 429), all x 4
Fic. 70. T. popocarrum HBK.: a) ovary, a & Smith 16,017; hey
pecenee and fruit, id. 71, T. pa hs Boivin: a) peduncle and stam
enturt 10,026; b) ovary, id.; ¢) fruit, id. 72. T. LANKESTERI Standley: )
ret ey & Boivin: a) sepal, Torres 187; b) stamen, id.; ¢)
ovary, id.; d) fruit,id. 74. T.c MALEN DC. & ) sepal,
— 7b) stamen, id.; c) o , id.; d) fruit, Hayes, Las V: 75. T, Tar
Me > , Langlassé 1061; b) = ie T rarer DC
sepal e ; : -:
eee anal nton 4547; b) stamen, Alaman, Mexico; c) ov: ton 4547.
Fig. 76b wae drawn from the photograph of the type... 71. I. Sree gee nr Wate.:
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 487
a) ape, Pringle on a — id.; c) ovary, i id.; d) fruit, Leavenworth &
Hoogstraal 989. EANUM m Boivi n: a) a "Pringle 7205; b) stamen,
id.; c) ovary, iaste This; a) fruit, Pringle 8261. 80. T. Arsenu Boivin: a)
sepal, Arséne, Jaripeo; b) stamen, ‘Arsen e 5470; c) fruit, id. 81. T. JaLisca-
num Rose: a) sepal, Hinton ton 4259; b) stamen, id.; c) fruit, Hinton 6557. 82.
. DEBILE ick: : fruit, ile Alabanik 86. . ARKANSANUM Boivin:
fruit, Bush 2445. 87. T. pupicum Standle ey & Boivin: portion of stem with
stipule and base of petiole, piety & H oogsiraal 1 1 an 88. T. MADRENSE
Rose: fruit, Rose 2232. 89. T. prnnatum Wats.: 4 al of staminate flower,
Townsend & Barber 134; b) sepal of pistillate flower, id a fruit, LeSueur 1059.
Fias. 92-114 (p. 467), all X 4; —— bos < 1/5, and 110c and 113a,
t x
Fic. 92. T. vencLosum Trel.: a) sepal of ee pt rit —
b) ovary, id.; c) sepal of staminate flower, Potter 0; d) stamen, Herriot
69,803; e) fruit, Scamman 2892. 93. T. connie Fern : a) se fg of pistillat
: wi
; age Joivin: a) sepal of pistillate
gl Morris 1527; b) sepal of staminate flower, Steele, Feeder pale Island,
July 10; c) stamen, Steele, Feeder Dam Island, May 10; d) fruit,
yo ibe 1292. 97. T. contaceum (Britt.) Small: ar aes Bedford Co.
Engelm.: a) peduncle and stamen, Metcalfe 248; b) section of fruit and seed
Munz 8696; ¢) fruit, id.; d) fruit, Parish 1483; e) fruit, Heller 11, 669. 103.
T. Fenpierr Engelm., var. WricuTu (Gray) Trel.: fruit, Wrig Wright 834. 104.
elson
Fenpiert Engelm., var. QUADRINERVATUM spaah es fruit, Wiggins & Demaree
4941. : Sige adm (Torr.) Wats.: sepal of pistillate flower,
aces 2 & Harford 3; b) stamen, Hansen 563; ne fruit, Smith 306. 107. T.
REVOLUTUM DC.: a) stamen, Pease 3782; b) sepal of s staminate flower, id.; ¢)
sepal ey pistillate flower, Rich, Stoneham; d) ovary, id.; e) seed, Fern ald &
Wea 16,807; {) frait, id. 108, T, MacrosryLum Small & Heller: a)
sepal of pistillate flower, Small & Heller, Hickory; b) sepal of staminate flower,
Small & He “ . tam &
Heller 1015. 109. T. susroruNDUM Boivin: a) ovary,
b) stamen, id.; c) etal and fruit, id. 110. T. pouycamum Muhl.: a
stamen, Burnham, pes ipoli; ye os Robinson, Rangeley Lakes; ¢) head of
mature carpels, M uenscher & Clausen 4649. 111. T. POLYGAM
: Fern.: a) s og Tans
fruit, Fernald & Long, 28,274. 112. T. roLYaaMoM Muhl., var. INTERMEDIUM
ivin: stamen, Woodward, Franklin. 113. T. DASYCARPUM Fise
a) head of mature carpels, Lunell. Lake Ibsen; b) stamen, Mos tak Oxfo
114, T, vere ae isch. & tak. . HYPOGLAUCUM om (Rydb,) Bi Boivin: a)
ventral side of an immature fruit ae the fully expanded sti and the
small hole in the = of the ovary near the base of the style, uous 920; b)
stamen, Palmer 3.
es
pie
hi
i TEN iia NNNINRNSS —nikiicaiiiiiisiiaiin,. -
ne
OC EE 7 hast,
INDEX
New scientific names are printed in full-face type
Anemone, 347
onells, 347
Aquilegi:
Raatanis, 162
Clavata, 360
>. ir alma 360
Coptis
Hepatica americana, 405
Homothalictrum, 350
Leucocoma, 346, 347, 469; albens,
480; canadensis, 375; dasycarpa,
480; dioica, 435; Lunellii, 439;
cadre 439; thyrsoidea sylva-
, 439; vegeta,
Physocarpa, 346
Physocarpon, 346
Physoc Bocarpum, 346, 360; clavatum,
um, 421
ei ay 346
Ruprechtia, 346, 375
Sumnera, 346, 347, 360; clavata, 363
Thalictraceae, 347
Thalictrum mabe. Lecoyerium, 341,
g
. Physo-
348, 360, 361; sect.
Thaletrun 349, l. Heterogama,
432; t. Tripetrium, 348, 375;
pag Clavooarps, 349, 443;
subsect. Compressa 349, 453;
subsect. Debilia, 349 432, 484;
subsect. Dioica, 349, 435; subsect.
rays 348, 426, 42 7; subsect.
uina, 360; su t dibboos,
348, “411: subsect. poner 349,
subsect.
349, 454, 457; subsect. Simplicia,
34 ; osa, 349,
80; alpinum, 337, 341, ) 302,
353, 375, 376, var. elatum, ‘
9, var. gaspense v
pallidum, 353, 355, var. pudicum
53, 355, var. stipitatum, 358, nary
var. typicum : altiss
mum, 475, 479; amabile, 471, 473:
am hibolum
444,
» 392, 395, 436 486; cheilanthoides,
7: Chiaonis, , 368, ;
chymoca rpum. cincin-
393, 394;
~ natum, 391, 392, 398, 486; clava-
tum, 342, 361-365, 369, 370, oie;
ar. acutifoli - colum-
490
zattii, 402, 417, oat cordifolium,
421; coreanum, 361 3, coreo-
oxycarp a. p
cens, 484, ray idoitatend, 444, "454,
var. stipitatum, 377, 444, 454;
oss 4 ame um, 442; dioi-
purpur: 4 2,
445; divergens, 475, “ATR: doming-
, 483; uriusculum m, 356, 357;
elegantulm = 357; Esquirolii,
ri, 360; Fe an
468, 469, beac, Henle gr 468,
var. quadrinervatum ; 457, 463,
487, 457,
487, Pate * Wright at 457, 461, 466,
487; filamentosum, 362, 363, 85;
eottii
50; gibbosum, 399,
402, 403, ages 411, fs, 419, 486;
glauc 47 ’ ; glau-
cum, 338, { 359, 360; grandiflorum,
408, 418, 419; grandifolium, 341,
a 408, — 419, 486; graveolens,
INDEX
486; hirsutum, 475; hondurense,
424, 426; Hultenii, 340, 352, 485;
ypoglaue cum, 342, 482; ichang-
361, 85; impexum,
391, ” 392, 395, "486; integrilobum,
362, 368; innitens, 391, 392, 394,
395, 397, 486; inuncans, 339, 400,
2°, 486; isopyroides, 350;
jalapense, 414; jaliscanum, 426,
431, 4 Aptarere ; John-
stonii, 348, 401, 412, 486; kemense,
-* eg aig Berea 478; lae
4 6; lae evigatum,
1
464; majus, 352,
393, 394, 399; marginatum, 358
megacarpum, : en
i 6
“ee
485; monoense, 356, :
456, 475, 477; Moseleyi, Se ot
434, 487, var. su
INDEX 491
433, 435; platycarpum, 457; podo-
carpum, 401, 402, 421, 486; podo-
polygamum, : 338,
442, 469-472; 475, 477, 478, 484,
0,
485; rainierense, 455,
AB6: yetractuns, 401, 417, 486;
revolutum, 375, 376, 4 408, 469-471,
473, i Saag spl q. glabrum, 471,
72: ubglabrum, 471;
Fhynehocarpu, 339, 392-394, 396,
pl 486; Richardsonii, 370,
Tae cin omen , 360; Rose-
, 430, 487; rotundi-
lorum, 356; sessilifolium, 4
417, 486; sis vireo 475; simplex,
350; sparsiflorum, 340, 341, =
372, var. nevadense,
rier 369, 485; specios'
359, 360; squarrosum, 350; Sta mr
leyi, 339, 400, 411, 486; Steelea-
: Stei
sum,
subpubescens a6, 416, 48
ee rte 474, 487; suspen-
tene:
a:
o
utahense, 372; vegetum, 480,
Venturii, 400, 404, 422, 486; ‘venu-
Wightianum, 480; Wri
, 484; zibellinum, 478, 4
Trautvetteria, 34
Fy ;
5
:
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 47, January—March, 1945
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM
3 OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CLIII /
RUELLIA IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES
M. L. FERNALD
Dates or IssuE
poets 1-38 and Plates 839-850... ....----- sere i
. Pages 47-63 and Plates 851-860. .......5-+-++ RC ee Y 3 Haesunald 1945
Pages 69-90 and Plates 861-875: .......--¢-+-200r terete 19 Mareh, 1945
pr! BOTA .
Soy CEIY wc
eer” Fa”
AUG 17 1945
wer ee ~ &
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 47, January—March, 1945
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CLIII
RUELLIA IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES
M. L. FERNALD
pases 1-88 and Plates 839-850... 0-00 --0s rr 11 January, 1945
mim, eae
Pages 69-90 Late a ° 19 March, 1945
‘silliest. cunpiemiiaiiaiiiibas ii ae
. EEE _——_ @—-_ —
poets SU es se mes . eeenneiateineenaeenntee
OONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD
UNIVERSITY—NO. CLIII
RUELLIA IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES
M. L. FERNALD
(Plates 839-875)!
Aways a difficult genus to understand, Ruellia, as it occurs
in the eastern United States, is quite as baffling as elsewhere.
Field-experience for several seasons in eastern Virginia has
demonstrated to Mr. Bayard Long and me that too often plants
growing side-by-side will differ very strikingly in the degree of
pubescence or its length on stem or calyx and that, to some ex-
tent, the specimens from a single small colony have to be arbi-
trarily sorted in order that those of a single number may be
tolerably uniform. The accumulated collections have been al-
lowed to wait, with the hope that some ambitious student would
care to hunt for stable characters. Finally, however, the
familiar “let Fernald do it” has prevailed and I have found it
necessary to seek fundamental characters in the plants of the
“Manual range”. In doing so it soon became evident that,
since names originally given to plants of Georgia, Carolina,
Virginia, Kentucky or Arkansas were being currently used for
species growing only far from the type-localities, it would be
necessary to consider all species occurring fro
coast to Nebraska, Kansas and eastern Texas. Happily for me
the polymorphic Mexican and Texan series centering about /.
luci defrayed through a gift from Mr. Bararp Lone.
m the Atlantic
Th i £ + 1
: tho pie
2 Rhodora [JANUARY
nudiflora does not extend into the area specially covered, and the
relatively simple R. Drummondiana and R. Parryi are likewise
excluded from the present study. I have been concerned only
with the species which are definitely eastern or which extend
eastward into the “‘ Manual range”’.
In studying these relatively few species it has become evident
that much recent publication upon them has rather glibly passed
by the need even to look up the original descriptions of the earlier
recognized species. Thus, although R. humilis Nutt. was de-
scribed from “rocks in the upland forests and prairies” of
Arkansas, a plant with oblong-ovate and sessile leaves, the name
has been transferred by Small and others to a species with rosu-
late and chiefly spatulate leaves occurring, to quote Small, in
“Sandy soil, Coastal Plain, Fla. to Miss. and Ga.”’; and the latter
author says “Stem 1-3 cm. tall’ but correctly identifies as R.
humilis, in his sense, specimens up to ten times that height!
Again, R. hybrida Pursh came from Savannah, Georgia, but
Small restricts it to ‘‘ Pinelands, Fla.”’. As striking a case as any
is R. parviflora (Nees) Britton, given by Small the range ‘‘Sandy
soil, ~oantes Plain and adj. provinces, Fla. to Tex., Ind. and
; the case striking because Dzpteracanthus caliontts. 7.
nena Nees, basis of Britton’s binomial, came from far
away from the Coastal Plain, “Ad Ky. fluvium, Julio (Short!
in herb. Hook.)”’. Incidentally, Nees described it with petioles
3-6 inches long—‘coroll& vix pollicari, foliis paulo longiori —
petiolo (3-6-pollicari).”” Such a description can hardly apply
to a plant with petioles rarely 1.5 cm. long! Nevertheless the
misbegotten name, R. parviflora (Nees) Britton, promptly came
into vogue for almost anything, with either petioled or sessile
leaves and no matter where it grew, until Blake revived KR.
caroliniensis (Walt.) Steud., which was based in a roundabout
way upon Walter’s clear description of a characteristic Carolina
plant. When R. caroliniensis came to the front it replaced R.
parviflora as a blanket-name for anything, just as, still earlier,
the name R. strepens L. had covered almost every species in the
United States.
The greatest complexity is in the two series of variations which
together make up the northernmost or, at least, the most north-
ern-ranging species, R. humilis and R. caroliniensis, for a number
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 3
of strictly southern species are relatively stable. The latter
series of plants, relatively comforting to work with, includes R.
pedunculata Torr., a clear-cut species radiating from the Ozarkian
region southward into Louisiana and eastern Texas; two habitally
similar but morphologically distinct new species, one of pine
barrens of the Coastal Plain from’ South Carolina (possibly
Virginia) to Louisiana, the other centering on the Blue Ridge
and Alleghenies; another newly described species concentrated
in southern Florida; R. ciliosa Pursh (as I interpret him), the
characteristic rosulate-leaved plant of central Florida, north to
South Carolina and west to Louisiana, the species treated errone-
ously by Small as R. humilis Nutt.; the fleshy plant of sub-
tropical Florida, R. succulenta Small; and the local and amazingly
clear long-flowered and large-fruited R. noctiflora (Nees) Gray,
occurring from eastern Georgia to northwestern Florida, thence
to southern Louisiana. There is no trouble in separating these
relatively stable species nor in promptly recognizing the conti-
nental R. strepens.
The great difficulty is to find stable characters within the two
polymorphous species, R. caroliniensis and R. humilis. The
latter, characterized by somewhat uniform sessile or essentially
sessile leaves, many flowering nodes and a strong tendency to
bushy branching, is found through much of the prairie region,
but in some of its variations it extends eastward to the Blue
Ridge and in one variety even to northwestern Florida. In some
areas the corolla may be only 2 cm. long, in others up to 8 cm.
Whether the corolla is short or long the leaf-outlines present two
parallel trends, on the one hand elliptic-oblong to oblong-
lanceolate and (the larger ones) only 1—2.5 cm. broad, on the
other hand ovate, oval-oblong or elliptic and 2-4 em. broad.
Furthermore, the pubescence varies from a copious wide-spread-
ing hirsuteness to glabrescence (the latter especially on the
Cumberland Plateau). Search at long and baffling periods
through eight months has failed to bring to light any stable
characters. The series is certainly an unstable one. I have, as
the best I can yet do, suggested its recognition as a number of
more or less segregated geographic varieties with some minor
forms.
Similarly with R. caroliniensis, trials of first one character,
4 Rhodora [JANUARY
then another, from June to February, have led to optimistic
moments, these always followed by despair. At one time the
reactions of the seeds in the diverse trends within the mass of
material looked like a hopeful character. In Ruellia (at least in
all of ours) the thin and discoid seeds are superficially very simi-
lar. When soaked for a few seconds in water they give an im-
mediate reaction. They promptly send out from the margin a
continuous film of mucilage and the flat surfaces become covered
with minute processes. When watched for a minute or two they
broaden the marginal band of mucilage and the minute processes
prolong as flexuous mucilage-spiracles, these visibly shooting out
(as seen by a microscope) and often suggesting slender flames.
Eventually (after many minutes) the whole surface is plush-like
and the marginal band breaks up (on drying) into innumerable
slender spiracles; and finally the spiracles somewhat collapse,
fall together as domes and eventually subside. During a full
week of soaking and watching the behavior of seeds, with thou-
sands of objects to study, I had great hopes that the different
species and varieties would yield in the behavior of moistened
seeds something diagnostic. When, however, the whole series
was comparéd I was forced to give up; the possibility that, in
spite of its history and development, taxonomy, through Ruellia,
was entering the field of experimental physiology, was dis-
couragingly abandoned. I have, then, as the best I can do,
treated the polymorphous Ruellia caroliniensis as a series of
geographic varieties, some with pretty definite areas of develop-
ment, others overlapping, and within these varieties, minor local
forms in which the abundance, scarcity or length of pubescence
strikingly differ.
In this unusually protracted study, in view of the small number
of species involved, I have had not only the accumulated ma-
terial of the Gray Herbarium but that of several of the larger
herbaria and of a number of smaller ones, to the officers or owners
of which I extend my cordial thanks for the use of their material.
Throughout the work, both in bibliographic details and in making
the plates I have had the unlimited and most valuable aid of
Dr. Bernice G. Scnusert. Even if the keys and descriptions
fail to convey my ideas of a still perplexing group her photo-
graphs will make quite clear the chief diagnostic characters.
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 5
In the citations, specimens which are in the Gray Herbarium
are rarely designated as being there, then by G. The other
herbaria cited are as follows:
E. Lucy Braun (Braun)
DuKe University (Duke)
F. W. HunneweE .t (F. W. H.)
Missourt BOTANICAL
GARDEN (Mo)
New York Botanica
GARDEN (NY)
University oF NorTH
Carouina (NC)
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA (Pa)
PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY
oF ScreNcEs (Phil)
Dr. P. O. SCHALLERT
(Schallert)
Unitep States NATIONAL
Arporretum (USN
Unitep. States NATIONAL
Hersarium (US)
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC
InstiTuTE (VPI)
As I understand these species they are as follows.
Key to RuUELLIA IN THE EASTERN UnitEepD STATES
a. Main iy terminating in a prolonged i leafy tip, “~
1-few at leafy-bracted summits of bran ches or 0
getatene from the median or jeer ee or ibe pian
inflorescence much
b. rte chiefly iematodiienr: bracts of loose cyme linear
r linear-lanceolate; garden-escape in the Gulf States. Oe
R. Brittoniana.
b. Leaves. Lereyeay oblong, elliptic wh ov peduncles
y dilated bracts; indige
c. Calyx-sogments — = iance-linear, flat tb the tip,
mm psule glabrous; larger
ees with Shades 718. em. ne and 3-9 cm . broad. .2.
ce ee
R, strepens.
road. over branching, t the branches
simple or forking, 0 bo simple to but slightly
branched; peduncles from axils 0
Ww ase slender
Calyx, abel — ae pilose with slender tpped
ubesce of Ozarkia
‘naa nol peruse popes rues 3. R. pedunculata.
and partially
ersed slender cystoliths Toker? and ee 28
oasta
wakioul: plant of southeastern cere
d, Stem sew or with say ascending branches; peduncles
1-flowered, ae or 2(-4) n
+ aime
Ba
&
28
linear, 0. 71.
thence to apex, minutely Rampant ont ae
eastern Piedm
pilose-hirtellous ; Appalachian r SR Purehiond.
species ee eh a EY eet ee
6 Rhodora : [J ANUARY
a, Main axis with sessile or very short-peduncled momeruies: or
owers in the axils of the upper (sometimes median and
lower) leaves, or the terminal pairs 0 of leaves snreted and
é. segs ee gas flat, lanceolate, 2-4 mm .. wide, shorter than
slightly exceeding ac att ‘flowers chie fly or
wholly cleistogamous, with small closed corollas; wides
anging erect simple or bat slightly’ ereet-branchin
ecntinental WES feces as 2a.. R.. strepens, rae cleistantha.
e. Calyx-segments narrowly gd with croloaged pup slender
sailors st bristleform tips mostly overtopping the cap-
; flowers. rarely cleistogamous (except in nos. 5a.
and 67. mostly showy and expanding....
5 Plant arn dimorphic or hetersincrehic: the vernal
(sometimes later) Pye ao rect and simple or slightly
branched, poe 1-3 sho leat from axils of 1-3
ot leaves; later trailing or decumbent
branches prolonged and bearing dense glomerules ; Of
anit eisbrons capsules; leaves elliptic, oblong, sie meitet
olate or narrowly obovate, 1.5—5.5 cm. long, definitely
short-petioled, firm, with one or bak joie often
cee covered with slender Sher : ee
z Plant 1 sak strongly or not at all ina ag flowers all o
nearly all with expanded corollas or, if most or all
broad; veins of leaves and usually the
ae odes white-villous; species of spathenr Costal
be ae agen ee she kek Cale ws a Aedes od diene we 7. &. ciliosa.
not ap
ret epee in no. a fhe wth only minutely
tem fleshy, often hollow, streak wile simple
or with strong] ascending branches; leaves fleshy,
ob
verglades region of southern Florida....8. R. succulenta.
h. Stem fe fleshy, solid, firm, eubeteant to rarely
; leaves membranaceous to firm, - sat
eshy, rarely cong el linear-lanceolate to broadly
—— ob long, vee or ovate, pono ig
Dag
H
oF
= a
Bs.
an
Te
c
or
omy
eg
af
2"
bene)
a
5
“Hl:
Ss
); prim
with 3-10 remote pairs of saw Sane selade
to ce- or elliptic-oblong submembrana-
1945)
longis 0.5-2 em
foliosis
bus; bracteis bracteolisque lineari- vel anguste lanceolato-su ; calycis
subrigidis an
hirtellis s supra
Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 7
ceous puberulent or ey hirtellous leaves
ng to apex; flowers 1—few from 1—4 upper
nodes; calyx 2.5-4. yak long, cinereous-
puberulent or minutely hispidulous; corolla
c
m.
R. noctiflora.
habit; gine narrowly oblong-lanceolate to
broa dly Ov: , coriaceous, with blunt
a ane isch tine, often anal to coarsely
0 ~ rs on well dev
glabrous, 1.2-1.5 cm - long; plant of Great
Aas ins, eastward to Blue Ridge and, an'/
western PIGndA, <5. 55 0.
1. tae. or ras least thé: nrinclial ones, tapering te
definite petioles (up to 2 gee long), spreading to
ascending; primary axis 4 flowering
nodes or, if more, with pais often undulate-
entate.
Upper internodes para fi abbreviated, villou 5;
Thisaaite, puberulen gla brescenti upper
pairs of leaves approximate or crowded;
sho
R. humilis.
near :
ae the plant with senonos d villous upper eae
ternodes, le say! paths ca. R. caroliniensis.
Upper internodes ongate, ai nutely _pilose-
p of leaves distant;
Se 8 6h 97s
becca u
-above; capsules pi dhSecsery
: oa. , Purshiana, forma claustroflora.
‘Rurtura BrirrontaAna Leonard, emended and validated.
Steins
early or
1 Validated
RveLiia re hatc Leonard, caulibus subligneis adscendentibus 3-10 dm. altis,
einde ram
sually several, subligneous, 3-10 dm. high, subterete,
quite — glabrous, soon ‘branching, saboowriboscly
by the following Latin diagnosis:
eari-lanceolatis utrinque
m.
. latis integris vel obscure undulatis; infl
pedunculis rigide adscendentibus quam foliis subtendentibus 1/3-1/2 breviori-
segmen
anguste Janceolatis attenuatis ad apicem © rsaaeigeinie elabris ve. Sees
libulif. xtus glabro ~s Slee supra 0.9-1.5 cm. lato,
limbo (expanso) 2.5-5 em. lato; capsulis lan
longis, retinaculis 14-24; seminibus sa bortiousaetiie 2-2.5 mm. diametro.
8 Rhodora [JANUARY
mm. long: corolla Panels ong; cylindric Sele 8-13
mm. ; the broadly erhinaibalifotin throat pli to but
aan pilose without, 1.2-2 cm. long, 0.9-1.5 em. broad at
summit; limb (laid o pen) 2 5-5 em. bead, with sed rounded
lobes; capsule lance-fusiform, pate 2-2.7 om. long; retinacula
14-24; seeds ore en 2-2.5 n diameter.—Journ. Wash.
Sci. xxxi. 96, fig. 1 (1 041) 9 wana ctaknodil but accepted
oe here validated as ‘ho type, Cryphiacanthus angustifolius Nees
in DC. Prodr. xi. 199 (1847) in part (the Galeotti specimen from
Jalapa); not R. angustifolia Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 93
(1788). R. spectabilis Britton in Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vii. 192
(1893), without diagnosis, only as the Mexican plant was poles
in his rhage He the type, Cryph. angustifolius Nees, 1. c.
not as to Par cer ey cited; not R. spectabilis ese ne
Gard. Dict. iii. 334 (1886). R. malaco <efiiea sensu Small, Man.
Se. Fl. 1229 (1933), not Greenman in Proc. Am. Acad. xxxiv.
572 (1909).—Native of eastern Mexico; cultivated and spread
we eben — meres cultivated ground, borders of ditches,
fro orida. FLoripa: open places, Arcadia,
918, Small, ae O00 (NY) as R. patios: Glen St. Mary,
June, 1923, C. R. Stevens (Mo); roadsides, Ft. Myers, Aug.,
W. M. Buswell (NY) as R. malacosperma. ad ps
ee gees soil, Houma, Aug. 31, 1913, E. C. Wurzlow (Mo
US) as R. spectabilis, hole 10, 1913, Wurzlow (NY), ‘dentified ‘ae
Small as R. malacosp a, by Leonard as R. Tweediana Griseb.
TEXAS: Sadaed fron: gente San Antonio, Sept. 20, 1901,
Bush, no. 864 (Mo); orm poe near Polytechnic, Oct. 10, 1916,
A. R. mb ere (US) as tabilis; Houston, July 10, 1934,
Sok 11,330, as R. Pond na. SAN Luis Potosi: wet ledges
hake tog “Micos, July 31, 1891, Pringle, no. 5043, as R. Tweediana;
eeveig ie rocky sand near river, alt. 200 "feet, near Axtla,
June 27, 1942, J. N. Weaver, no. 658, as R. Tweediana, corrected
to R. Brittoniana. Vera Cruz: in the bed of the Colobozo near
Tantoyuca, April, May, 1858, Ervendberg, no. 104, identified mY
Asa Gray as Orvphsecoieas angustifolius, by Leonard as
1945) Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 9
Tweediana; along streams, Tenera, Zacuapan, Dec., 1912, Purpus,
no. 6162, identified by Leonard as R. ediana; Barranca de
Panoya, Sept., 1919, Purpus, no. 8409, identified by Leonard as
R. Tweediana. GuaTEMALA: cultivated, vicinity of Quirigué4,
Dept. Izabel, Standley, no. 24,307, as R. malacosperma, another
number (72,225) cited by Leonard as R. Brittoniana in publishing
that unclarified name. N. B. e Mexican material in the
Gray Herbarium only here cited. PLATE 839.
So far as I can find the specific characters of Ruellia Brittoniana
have never been clearly stated, except partially by Nees who,
under the name Cryphiacanthus angustifolius, had two quite
distinct but by him undifferentiated species, and partially by
Small, who described and had before him R. Brittoniana but
misidentified it as R. malacosperma. In fact, the entire history
of the names and the recognition of specific lines in the two
plants, inadequately treated by Nees in 1847 as a geographically
bi-centric species, Cryph. angustifolius, is one of discreditably
opportunist shiftings, without any evident attempt at clarifica-
tion. The original treatment of the two confused species by
Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 199 (1847) was
C. ancustiroiius, caulescens, foliis lanceolato-linearibus acutis
integerrimis sessilibus glabris, pedunculo subbifloro folio breviore,
calycis laciniis subulatis scabris. 2| Ad Xalapa (Galeotti! in h.
ook.), Entre Rios (Tweedie!). Corolla pollicaris. Capsula 9 lin.
longa, lanceolata, 16-20-sperma. (v. in h. )
The first separation of the Mexican (Xalapa or Jalapa, Galeotti)
plant and the Argentinian (Tweedie) elements was in 1879 when
Grisebach, in his Symbolae ad Floram argentinam, in die Abhand-
lungen Kéniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gdtt-
ingen, xxiv. 259 (1879), took out the Argentinian element, as
Ruellia Tweediana Griseb. :
late v. ovato-lanceolata —E [i. e. Prov. Entrerios, as explained by
Grisebach on his p. 4, Nees having originally cited “Entre Rios”’].
In other words, Grisebach, concerned only with the flora of
Argentina and not the Galeotti specimen from Xalapa (or Jalapa)
in the state of Vera Cruz, Mexico, based his Ruellia Tweedia ea
(without adequate description) on the Tweedie specimen cited
by Nees. Since Grisebach did not use trinomials but regularly
designated varieties as “‘var.’’ (see the synonym of R. geminiflora”
10 - Rhodora [JANUARY
Kunth given by him on the same page as ““R. geminiflora var.
humilis Gr.”) it may reasonably be inferred that his typonym of
R. Tweediana “Syn. Cryphiacanthus angustifolius Tweedianus
Ns.” was intended to mean the Tweedie element of C. angusti-
folius, Grisebach thus leaving out the Galeotti plant, which, by
the very sensible but commonly ridiculed “doctrine of residues”’
remained as true C. angustifolius. If it be argued otherwise the
result is somewhat the same, for there was already a Ruellia
angustifolia Swartz (1788), so that R. T weediana is the first valid
name under Ruellia. Hemsley, in his monumental Biologia
Centrali-Americana (Botany), ii. 508 (1882), seems to have
suspected that the Jalapa (Mexican) plant was not identical
with the Argentinian element, for he entered
Ruellia tweediana, Griseb. Symb. ad Fl. Arg. p. 259?
Cryphiacanthus angustifolius, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. p. 199, saltem
pro parte
SourH Mexico, Jalapa (Galeotti). Hb. Kew.
The Argentine plant may be a different species.
But Hemsley did not note any specific differences. Neither
have those who have rather easily and very carelessly rushed
into print with substitute-names. Thus, when, in 1893, in an
enumeration of plants of Paraguay, Britton substituted for
Cryphiacanthus angustifolius Nees the name Ruellia spectabilis, °
he obviously intended the plant of temperate eastern South
America, not the Mexican element, but Britton’s item was 0
hastily prepared that it is evident that he did not stop to gain a
clear understanding of specific lines, nor had he gone carefully
into the literature. His treatment was as follows:
Ruellia spectabilis, Britton.
Cryphiacanthus angustifolius, Nees in D.C. Prod., xi, 199, not
Ruellia angus{tlifolia, Sw.
Caballero (461). January.
This species has branching stems 10-12 em. high, linear, sessile leaves,
and flowers larger than in no. 323 [Ruellia Morongii Britt., new name
for Cryphiacanthus acaulis Nees, not R. acaulis R. Br.], otherwise much
the same. Occurs on the railway track.
Since Cryphiacanthus angustifolius (in its inclusive sense) con-
sists of erect, caulescent plants up to 1 m. high, with remote
pairs of linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate leaves and
glabrescent to only minutely glandular-hirtellous calyx about
half the length of the capsule or shorter, while Cryphiacanthus
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 11
acaulis Nees, basis of Ruellia Morongii, is, as described by Nees
and partly by Britton and as shown by all specimens, acaulescent,
“Habitus Primulae” (Nees), with the basal rosulate leaves
oblong-ovate, -obovate or subspatulate, and the calyces copi-
ously villous-hirsute and equaling to exceeding the capsule,
Britton’s characterization of the two as “much the same”’ indi-
cates a rather offhand understanding of a few conspicuously
different species. Dr. Britton also overlooked the fact that, in
his well known Dictionary of Gardening, iii. 334 (1886), George
Nicholson had published a R. spectabilis (Hook.) Nicholson,
based on Dipteracanthus spectabilis Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4494
(1850), an Andean plant of a different section, with flowers ses-
sile in the axils of ovate leaves, ete. Furthermore, Britton
evidently overlooked R. Tweediana Griseb. (1879), the name he
should have taken up for the Paraguayan as well as Argentinian
Cryphiacanthus angustifolius. Had he looked up Grisebach’s
Symbolae he would not, on the same page with his R. spectabilis,
have published as new R. Tweedyt (Nees) T. Anderson in Herb.
Kew., based on Blechum Tweedyi Nees, for, by the rules promul-
gated and followed by Britton, the substantive-genitive personal
names (such as Tweedyi) and the adjectival forms (such as
Tweediana) could not both be used. By the International
Rules, vigorously fought by Britton, his combination R. Tweedyi
(Nees) T. Anderson ex Britton is rescued. Whether the type of
R. Tweedyi is a Ruellia is much more doubtful. The genus
Blechum is so very different from Ruellia that it would be sur-
prising if Nees, who monographed both genera, did not know it.
Incidentally, but of real importance, the original Blechum
Tweedyi came from Panama. It would be very surprising, to
say the least, if the same species (even if not a Blechum, a genus
apparently unknown in Paraguay) were found also in Paraguay.
The next step in the tortuous history of the much abused
typonym, Cryphiacanthus angustifolius Nees, was when Leonard,
noting that Britton had slipped in publishing a second Ruellia
spectabilis, gave, in Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. xxxi. 96, fig. 1
(1941), another name:
ia brittoni . NOV. Fig. 1
joint, peukeee Soar DC. Prodr. 11: 199. 1847.
I 788.
Ruellia spectabilis Britton, Ann. New York Acad. 7: 192. 1893; not
Nichols, 1886.
12 Rhoders [JANUARY
A single cultivated plant, from Guatemala, was cited and a
very characteristic figure of the Mexican plant, with long-
attenuate upper leaves inclined to overtop the subcorymbiform
inflorescence, was given as fig. 1. Leonard gave no statement of
characters nor any indication as to whether he was accepting
Cryphiacanthus angustifolius in the original inclusive sense of
Nees or whether he restricted it to the Mexican element left to
stand for it when Grisebach withdrew the Argentinian element as
Ruellia Tweediana. It is unfortunate, if he intended R. Brit-
toniana (Britton having published only on the Paraguayan plant)
to stand exclusively for the quite different North American
species, that he did not give any word of clarification, for the
North American species, at least in the Gray Herbarium and the
Britton Herbarium, had been annotated by Leonard as R.
Tweediana. Incidentally, had he looked up the first publication
of R. spectabilis he would have found that its author was Nichol-
son, not “Nichols”. Only by accepting the possible and perhaps
probable interpretation that, by removing the Tweedie element
from the mixed originals of Nees as R. Tweediana, Grisebach had,
by the “doctrine of residues”’, left the Mexican element as true
Cryph. angustifolius—only by this interpretation can we possibly
save for the Mexican plant the inappropriate name R. Brittoniana,
which may or may not have been intended for it. I am following
this interpretation merely in order to avoid publishing still
another name and thus further increasing the confusion. If the
alternative reasoning were adopted the Mexican species (culti-
vated and naturalized eastward to Florida) would require a new
and clearly applied name, since none of the authors, from Grise-
bach on, who have hastily proposed new names in this relatively
simple pair of species, has recognized the elementary requirement
of sound taxonomy, of accurately defining their species and ex-
plaining what they meant.
I have stated above what I consider the specific characters of
Ruellia Brittoniana as here validated, and in PLATE 839 its diag-
nostic characters are shown. In pLaTE 840 I have shown some
of the differential characters of R. Tweediana; and in the following
paragraph I indicate some of its other claims to recognition as an
endemic species of temperate eastern South America, the name
R. Tweediana thus being validated:
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 13
R. Tweepiana Grisebach, caulibus glabris; foliis inferioribus
lanceolatis vel lanceolato-ovatis , Supernis lanceolatis subacutis
vel obtusis saeco ciliolatis, majoribus 5-12 cm. ionate in-
tegris vel undulatis; inflorescentiis elongatis subthyrsoideis;
calycibus glautiiloso hictallis segmentis lineari-subulatis a,
atis ad apicem acutum hirtum; vbr 3-4 em. longis e
valde pilosis, fauce supra 5-10 mm. lato; capsulis AE BeolAe
fusiformibus 2—2.5 cm. longis abu 40.
Since Ruellia leiidoktien has been mnistalean by Small and his
followers for R. malacosperma Greenm. it should be noted that
the latter species differs in the following characters: young inter-
nodes of stem and young leaves villous-hirsute, becoming glab-
rate; leaves oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, often undulate-dentate,
the primary ones slender-petioled, strigillose-lineolate; calyx
lineolate, with lance-attenuate sharp-pointed segments becoming
1.5-2 em. long; corolla 3.5-5 em. long, essentially glabrous with-
out; capsule 2.5-3 cm. long; seeds orbicular, broadly obovate or
elliptic, 2.8-3.3 mm. long. The plant called R. malacosperma by
Small (as represented in the Britton Herbarium) is not that
species; all that I have seen of it belongs to the frequently
cultivated R. Brittoniana.
2. R. strepENS L., as emended by L. in nk 1. Stems 1-few
from a knotty rhizome, 0.2-1.1 m. high, simple or with few
ascending branches, Signage shale. Enc pilose (often in
14 Rhodora [JANUARY
elxxii. (1791); Willd. Sp. iii. 363 (1800); Pursh, Fi. Am. Sept. ii.
420 (1814); LeConte in Ann. Lye. N. Y.i. 1 40 (1824) ; and later
os Ayia Dip teracants strepens (L.) Nees in Linnaea,
xvi. 292 (1842) and in DC. P rodr. xi. 121 (1847), including var.
ae ahi Nees, 1. c. (1847), see Loghhgerry Haley l. ¢, (122
(1847) and var. strictus (Nees) Nees, 1. c. (1847), in ee D.
strictus Nees in Linnaea, xvi. 293 (1842). R. biflora Balbis ex
Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 122 (1847) in synonymy, nomen only.
R. foliosa Schweinitz ex Nees |. c. in synonymy, nomen only.
R. oblongifolia Kinn ex Neen. ]. c. in synonymy, nomen only. R.
vincaeflora ex Nees, 1. c. in synonymy, nomen only.—Low
woods, bottomlands, wooded swamps, etc., chiefly in basic or
calcareous soils, South Carolina to eastern Texas, northeast and
north to north-central New Jersey, southern Pennsylvania,
central Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, southern Iowa and eastern Kansas.
Fl. mid-M ay—July (rarely — —Octob er). The following, from a very
much larger series, are characteristic. New JERsEyY: New
Brunswick, ‘‘common”’ June, 1894, F. H. Blodgett (NY). PENN-
sylvania: LANCASTER Co.: rich wooded hillside along Conestoga
ie 1 mile south of Bausman, Louise F. A. Tanger, no. 3270
(Pa, Phil); banks of Conestoga, near Lancaster, 1838, W. W.
raat (Phil), June 17, 1859, Porter: near Columbia, S. W. Knipe
Phil); ‘fon an excursion to ‘Safe Harbor”, June 18, 1859, Joseph
Crawford (Phil). CUMBERLAND Co.: creek-bankside, Camp ill
Borough, H. L. Plasterer, as D. E. and Dorothy Wade, no. 1727
(Pa). FRANKLIN CO.: Mercersburg, June, 1844, Porter (Phil).
DELAWARE: without statement of locality, 'N’ uttall (Phil).
MARYLAND: CECIL co.: Bald Friar, July 4, 1907, EF. B. ates el
hee MONTGOMERY CO.: banks of Potomac, June 6, 1881,
J. D. Smith; nehere Falls, C. S. Williamson; High I Island, June 6,
1881, C. S. Sheldon (US). District oF CoLUMBIA: Potomac
Flats, Chain Brides, June 13, 1897, Kearney (NY); Canal
District, June 9, 1897, Steele (US). West VIRGINIA: JEFFERSON
Co.: along Shenandoah River, near Charlestown, R. F. Martin,
= 200 (USNA). caBELt co.: dry hillside, Huntington, Gilbert,
0. 123 (Mo, Pa). wayYNr - Buffalo Creek, Plymale, no. 445.
poate ISLE OF WIGHT Co.: base of rich calcareous wooded
slo opes by Burwell’s Bay, sae River, below Rushmere (Fergus-
son’s Wharf), Fernald & Long, no. 13 463. PRINCE GEORGE CO.:
swampy woods, bottomland of Powell’s Creek, Garysville,
Fernald & Long, n nos. 8472 and 8854. cLARKE co.: Castleman
Ferry, June 13, 1937, O. M. Freeman (USNA). FREDERICK CO.:
low woods, Cedar Creek, Meadow Mills, Hunnewell, no. 13,712.
SHENANDOAH CoO.: along stream, north of Short Mt., Allard, no.
5087. PAGE Co.: rats soe eastern foothills of Massanutten
Mountain, W. H. Camp, no. 1386 (NY). ROANOKE co.: Roanoke
River, south of Roaioks Small & Heller, no. 431 (Phil). MoNntT-
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 15
GOMERY Co.: limestone soil, edge of woodlands just north of
Price’s Station, A. B. Massey, no. 5065. SourH CaRoLiNa:
BERKELEY CO.: oes oe May, H. W. Ravenel rie
co.: Aiken, Sept. 17, 1885, H. W. Ravenel. Grorata: withou
stated locality: ‘of te Savannahs”, ie Conte Phi; “Mts. 2
Georgia’, Chapman (US). WALKER co.: dry round, Chicka-
mauga Park, May 25, 1911, J. R. Churchill. euetinom from
Polk County, Florida, Mrs. J. M. Milli gan (US) were presumably
of ape ees Chapman canhadoe ‘Florida”’ in his stated
range, but his “‘ R. strepens’’ was made up of several other species.
There is no raietal from Florida in the Britton Herbarium, rich
in specimens from that state.) OHIO: ATHENS CO.: Atl ens,
J. P. Drushel, no. 6623 (Mo). LAWRENCE Co.: open woodlands,
Coal Grove, "Biltmore Herb., no. 4500 (US). FRANKLIN CO.:
Columbus, Sullivant MONTGOMERY co.: Dayton, July 7, 1879,
L. V. Morgan (US). BUTLER CO.: moist woods, Oxford, June 30,
1910, Cuerhalts (Mo). HAMILTON co.: near Cincinnati, June 15,
18 879, C. G. Lloyd (NY, aay open woods on hillsides, Anderson’ s
Ferry, June 14, 1905, Braun (Braun). (Specimens with
the label “Plants of ee Gk Ohio’’, and marked as from Lucas
County, bear the memorandum “Obtained from Mr. Burger of
Toledo; never found it in northern Ohio”’.) INDIANA: WELLS.
Co. : moist banks of Wabash River, June 21, 1905, Deam (US).
MONTGOMERY CO.: Crawfordsville, June 23, 1892, Rose (US).
MARION Co.: woods along White River, Scott McCoy, no. ee
viGo co.: Terre Haute, June 1, 1889, B. W. Evermann (US).
BARTHOLOMEW Co.: creek-bottom north of Elizabethtown, Deam,
no. 34,266. JEFFERSON co.: Hanover, 1874, Coulter (Phil).
KENTUCKY: ScorT Co. : along Elkhorn Creek, Stamping Ground,
J. W. Singer, no. 219 (US). FRANKLIN Co.: open woods, Farm-
dale, June 16, 1879, H. R. Bassler Mars SPENCER CO.: near
High Grove, E. L. Braun, no. 3259 (Braun). WARREN CO.:
Mo).
oa a: 345, LYON me ; Kuttawa, Eggleston, no. 4524
TENNESSEE: KNOX CO.: woods, Knoxvi e, Ruth, no. 591
(Mo) and 721 (US), Pence no. “1, 301 (Phil). genta co.:
Chickamauga Park, May 27, ae R. Churchill. DAVIDSON
co.: bluffs below Nashville, ienianes Herb., no. 4500¢ (US);
Nashville, Eggleston, no. 4444: limestone cliff of Cumberland
River, Nashville, thera: no. 11,411 (Phil). eee co.:
limestone bank, Erin, E. B. Harger, no. 7866. LAKE Co.: dense
shade of sandy woods, Reelfoot poet < R. Sieolion, no. 2159
(US). ALABAMA: JACKSON co.: dry Stevenson, Biltmore
Herb., no. 4500 (US); Sand ioeniai ies Herb., no. 45004
16 Rhodora [JANUARY
(US). CLARKE co.: dry copses and hillsides, Thomasville, April
27, 1888, C. Mohr, as R. ciliosa, var. ambigua (US). Misstss1prt:
LEE CO.: Tupelo, 1914, Henshaw (U SNA). OKTIBBEHA Co.: low
woods north of | Starkville, C. A. & Una F. Weatherby, no. 6309.
ILLINOIS: KANKAKEE CO.: Kankakee, C. C. Crampton, no. 212
(US). PEORIA co.: rich rg Peoria July, 1903, F. EF. Mc-
Donald. HANCOCK co.: Augusta, S. B. Mead. MACON CO.: 3
miles east of Decatur, lobey. ¢ ox 2486. PIKE Co.: Mississippi
levees, East Hannibal, June 3, 1913 (Mo). RICHLAND Co.:
Parkersburg, June 9, 1902, Robt. Ridgway (US). MARION co.:
Salem, June, 1860, M.S. Bebb (P hil). sv. CLAIR co.: woods, St.
Clair Co. , Sept. 20, 1878, Eggert; Cahokia, June 11, 1890, AS
Hitchcock (Mo); East Carondelet, June 4, 1875, Eggert (Mo, US).
JACKSON 0.: black rich soil, bottoms of Big ‘Muddy and Crab
Orchard Creeks, John McCree, J¥.; D0. 775 (Mo.). Iowa:
904, J.
0). LINCOLN co.: rich soil, Winfield, June 7, 1916, John
Davis, no. 1406 (Mo). Marton co.: Scipio Bluffs, north of Hanni-
, John Davis, no. 1491 0). ST. LOUIS co.: Creve Coeur
Lake, June 12, 1914, M. W. Lyon (Mo); Meramec Highlands,
June 13, 1909, W.W. Ohlweiler (Mo); Allenton, G. W. Letterman,
many collections (Mo); rich woods, Allenton, May 29, 1918,
J. R. Churchill. serrerson co.: D eSoto, June, 1887, ok
Hasse; hee Jo. Hi; ieee p no. 2005 (Mo). FRANKLIN CO.:
Pacific, Greenman, no. 3895 (Mo). SHELBY co.: rich woods near
pale Palmer & Steyermark, no. 40,908 (Mo). BUTLER CO.:
w woods along Mud Creek, northwest ‘of Rombauer, Steyermark,
si 11,420 (Mo). Boone co.: Rock B Bridge, er 1926, H.
Ricket fone PHELPS Co.: Jerome, June 1, rie 8 H. Kellogg,
4 (Mo). SALINE co.: Sweet Springs, Pde 20, 1886, Wm.
7, lai (Mo). GREENE co.: Springfield, June 11, 1887, J. 8%.
Blankinship (Mo). stone co.: rich hillside woods, Galena,
E. J. Palmer, no. 5774 ory US). pavigss co.: dry banks,
Pattonsburg, Bush, no. 13,587. JOHNSON co.: rich woods
and thickets, limestone bill Columbus, EZ. J. Palmer, oi
36,697 ( Mo). BARRY CO.: barrens, Shell Knob, Bush,
15,596 (Mo). Jackson co.: Independence, Bush, no. 39 (Pa),
CASS CO.: bottoms, June 23, 1864, G. C. Broadhead (Mo). JASPER
co.: woods, Webb City, Bush, no. 528 (Mo), H. J. Palmer, no.
528 (Mo). ARKANSAS: CRITTENDON CO.: bottomland, Hulbert,
Demaree, no. 11,372.’ PHILLIPS co.: Crowleys Ridge, Helena,
le
Demaree, no. 19 ,240 (NY, Mo). putaski co.: Little Rock,
H. E. Hasse (NY); swampy Arkansas bottoms, Little Rock
Demaree, no. 17,321 (Mo). KANSAS: LEAVENWORTH Co.: woody
ravines, Fort Leavenworth, June, 1854, F. V. Hayden (Mo).
WYANDOTTE Co.: low woods, May 30, 1897, K. K. Mackenzie
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 17
(NY). CHEROKEE Co.: woods along Shoal River, near Schimmer-
oo Pk., no. 20,178, from Kansas State College (NY). RILEY
: low woo ods, JB. Norton, no. 387; Manhattan, June, 1886,
Sagar dasa Se mouth of Illinois River, Goodman & Barkley,
RE Co.: low woods, Poteau, E. J. Palmer, no.
3075 (Mo). nak co.: Sapulpa, June 2, 1924, Cie: Willkame
KAY co.: woods, Tonkawa, G. W. Stevens, no. 1869. OKLAHOMA
co.: wooded creek-bottom north of Edmond, Waterfall, no. 1975.
POTTOWATTOMIE CO. : in small valley, St. Louis, Mortimer Faulkner,
no. 106 (Mo). MurRRay co.: Davis, W. H. Ennig, no. 683 (Mo).
Texas: without stated locality, Drummond, no. 259 (cited by
Nees under his Dipteracanthus strepens, vars. strictus and peduncu-
latus and under several other species and varieties!); Coombs
Branch, Reverchon (Mo). DALLAS co.: woods, Dallas, May 6,
ey Beverchon (Mo); moist woodlands, Dallas, Biltmore Herb,
no. eee vicinity of Dallas, Mc ary R. Stephenson, nos.
91 Gk a (US). TARRANT CO.: rich woods near Trinity River,
Lake Worth, Ruth, no. 318 (Pa, Phil, US). Frorr BEND Co.:
Richmond, W. L. Bray, no. 118 (US). Puate 841; map 1.
Forma CLEISTANTHA (Gray) 8S. McCoy. Flowers and
abundant fruits borne in sessile or subsessile glomerules from the
upper and often from most pat of the axils, es stem only
occasionally branching: calyx-segments often more pubescent
and much shorter than te but Tittle longer than eles ae
relatively small, usually reduced to a slender closed tube
em. long, pale ‘to creamy, but sometimes partially ede
or even eee and terminal: capsules abundant, usually plumper
and shorter than in typical form of ane) retinacula mostly 6
or 8: seeds suborbicular to elliptical, 3-4 mm. a Oe —Am. Bot.
xlili. 24 (1937). Dipteracanthus paca tig Engelm. & Gray in
Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. (Pl. a amigo , 49 (1845).
Hygrophila illinoiensis Wood in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. v. 41 (1874).
Var. cleistantha rok Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 327 «iszs). R. oc
EST VIRGINIA:, “OHIO co.: thickets near Wheeling Creek, east of
Wheeling, July 22, 1909, Mac Elwee (Phil). VirGINIA: CHARLES
18 : Rhodora [JANUARY
city co.: alluvial woods along is ate Harrison Point,
' Fernald & Long, no. 9150. PRINCE GEORGE COo.: wooded swamp
by James River, south of Indian Point, Fernald & Long, no.
. Riv
Hunnewell, no. 17,872 (stems, deeply covered by freshet-silke
subligneous, with strong branches, and shortened and firm
leaves). ROCKBRIDGE co.: Natural Bridge, Sept. 14, 1907,
E. B. Bartram (Phil). Onto: FRANKLIN co.: Gahanna, Oct. 19,
1903, O. E. Jennings. WARREN CO.: moist rich soil along Little
Miami River, South Lebanon, H. B. Harger, no. 8010. INDIANA:
GIBSON Co.: low woods bordering Eggwood Pond, Deam, no.
: SON CO.: woode
hapin, Wherry & Pennell, no. 13, 673 (Phil). EDMONSON CO.:
wooded alluvial flat of Green River, Mammoth Cave, #. L.
SEE: SHELBY Co.: Memphis, Oct. 20, 1850, Fendler. ALABAMA:
WITHOUT STATED LOCALITY: Buckley (paratype of Dipteracanthus
micranthus Engelm. & Gray). Ler co.: “N. W. of Lee Co.”,
June 24, 1897, F. 8. cae (NY). ILLINOIS: CHAMPAIGN CO.:
Urbana, Oct. 4, 1880, A. B. Seymour (Duke). wasasH co.: Mt.
wo: 1874, J. Schneck: (isotypes of Hygrophila illinoiensis
. HARDIN CO.: low woods, Elizabethtown, FE. J. Palmer,
mete 17 5023 (Mo). Iowa: HENRY co.: Mt. Pleasant, Ec dhs Mills,
no. 1854 (Mo). Missouri: ST. CHARLES CO.: Watson, Wm.
Trelease, no. 453 (Mo). st. Louis co.: St. Louis, Sept. 1845,
Engelmann (paratypes of Dipteracanthus micranthus). IRON CO
moist shady ground, Iron Mountain, Sept. 1897, Colton Russell
(Mo). MISssIssIPPI co.: rich swampy woods, Three States Timber
Tract, southwest of Wolf Island, Steyermark, no. 8761 (Mo).
OZARK Co.: thickets along creek, near Bakersfield, E. J. Palmer,
no. 32,872 (Mo). TANEY Co.: woods, Swan, Bush, no. 697 (Mo).
SULLIVAN CO.: Pawpaw Junction, Sept. 15, 1893, Bush (Mo).
HICKORY Co.: low woods along Pomme de Terre River, northeast
of Elkland, Steyermark, no. 24,514 (Mo). stv. cLAR co.: low
woods around White Sulphur ‘Spring, Steyermark, no. 24,401
(Mo). pawuas co.: base of slope apy Mangua River, south-
west of Long Lane, Steyermark, no. 24,231 (M a) VERNON CO.:
low open woods along creek, near Deerfield, Palmer & Steyer-
mark, no. 42,140 (Mo, NY). mcponaxp co.: low ground, Noel,
almer, no. 4069 (Mo, US). ARKANSAS: MARION CO.:
bottoms of White Ri iver, Flippin, Demaree, no. 20,640 (Mo, pre
(US). carRoxt co.: Eureka Springs, E. J. Palmer, no. 4439
(Mo). HEMPSTEAD co.: woods, Fulton, Bush, no. 984 (Mo).
LAFAYETTE Co.: Spirit Lake, AA. ee Heller, no. 4118.
ens
me i mnmiieiiiniiiimmniietn, _.ommmamguimeimmmiiiemmamm., _ceupmmmmmmmantn =
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1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 19
LOUISIANA: WEST FELICIANA PARISH: deciduous woodland,
Catalpa, Pennell, no. 4308 (NY). OKLAHOMA: ROGERS CO.:
Aa Nata Bush, no. 429 (Mo). JOHNSTON CO.: open woods near
Tishomingo, . Houghton as Stevens, no. 3342. PAYNE oo
Stillwater, Eugene Blea. no. 90 (Mo). TEXAS: WITHOU
STATED LOCALITY: Drummond, no. 202 Gere en hat following).
HARRIS Co.: rich shaded bottoms around H n (data wit
sheet in Herb. Mo), Lindheimer, Fasc. I], no. 300. (type ay
isotypes of GREEN micranthus). BRAZORIA CO.: WoO
Columbia, Bush, no. 1842 (Mo); San Bernardo, June 28, 1923,
Tharp. JACKSON co.: Lavaca River, Aug. 29, 1941, Tharp.
PLATE 842,
* As originally published in Species Plantarum (1753) Ruellia
strepens (from strepo, to rustle, presumably from the dehiscing
of the capsules) was a mixture. The plant of the Linnean Her-
barium, which Linneaus had before him, has not been available
and cannot be until after “‘the duration”. Neither can I discuss
the specimens cited in other Linnean works. The name was
taken over from Ruellia strepens, capitulis comosis of Dillenius,
Elth. ii. 330 (misprinted by L. as 300), t. 249, fig. 321 (our
PLATE 863), a wholly different plant from that here treated, one of
the species (our no. 11) with relatively low hirsute stem, pubes-
cent oblong leaves, dense glomerules of relatively small flowers
crowded in the upper axils, and the calyx-segments narrowly
linear. The confusion prevailed for some decades (before and
after 1753) but in 1771, in his Observationes in Species Plantarum
cum Emendationibus et Animadversionibus, Mantissa Altera, pp.
315 et seq., Linnaeus redefined Ruellia strepens (p. 422) to stand
only for the present species «|. Peduncult oppositi,
laterales breves, triflori. prion 2 oppositae, etiam 2 sub
singulo flore lateral: Calyx 5partitus, lanceolatus” etc. He
thus threw out the wholly different plant of Dillenius (with
abundant fruit which, when pressed, promptly rustles) and re-
stricted the name to the showy-flowered and usually infertile or
only weakly fertile typical R. strepens which, except in the cle-
istogamous state (unknown to Linnaeus), rarely gets a chance
to rustle! Schkuhr, Willdenow, Pursh, LeConte, Torrey, Gray,
Engelmann, Nees, Britton and all others have consistently
adopted the redefinition made in Mantissa Altera, and only con-
fusion would result if the pre-Linnean and confused application
of the name were forced. Our species, preeminently of calcare-
20 Rhodora [JANUARY
ous bottomland and bases of limestone bluffs, with great con-
centration in the Mississippi Basin (map 1), pushes down to the
Atlantic area along the Susquehanna, Potomac, James, Santee
and Savannah River systems. It is on the upper Roanoke, and,
presumably, search may bring it to light farther down that
valley, even in northeastern North Carolina. In the great ac-
cumulation of material before me, from some of the more repre-
sentative larger herbaria, there is no evidence that it is common
in either North or South Carolina; and from Georgia I have seen |
it only from tributaries of the Tennessee (thence the Mississippi)
River, although (since it has been found at Aiken) it is probably
along the Savannah in Georgia. The Ruellia strepens, capitulis
comosis of Dillenius was raised from seed sent from Carolina
and flowered in 1726: ‘Nata fuit haec species e seminibus
Carolinensibus, & Septembri mense primum floruit anno 1726,
sequentibus autem annis tota fere aestate’. This plant (our
no. 11), abundant in eastern North and South Carolina as well
as reaching eastern Virginia, is inclined to grow in slightly dry and
rather acid soils.
It is a very striking fact that the accumulated material before
me shows forma cleistantha regularly and abundantly fruiting,
while the typical form, with few peduncles from a few median
axils and few showy, expanded flowers, is largely sterile. Of the
270 sheets of typical R. strepens before me only 12 (42% per cent.)
show 1 or 2 developed capsules (PLATE 841, Fig. 4); all of the 168
sheets of forma cleistantha are loaded with fruit or show the
possibility of it.
When he reduced Gray’s var. cleistantha to the rank of a form
Mr. Scott McCoy reported on plants brought into the garden:
“Each June it bloomed as the species and each fall it bore
cleistogamous flowers as does the so-called variety cleistantha
Gray.” Further checks should be made in other regions for, if
all the material in the United States National Herbarium, the
Torrey and Britton Herbaria of the New York Botanical Garden,
the herbaria of the Missouri Botanical Garden, the Philadelphia
Academy of Sciences, the University of Pennsylvania and several
smaller collections, added to the representation in the Gray
Herbarium, can be taken (and I believe it can) as a fair average,
there are some very important characters distinguishing the two
;
)
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1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States a1
plants which one would not expect to find if forma cleistantha
always develops from individuals which early in the summer
were typical R. strepens. Typical showy-flowered R. strepens
bears 1-3 flowers on few leafy-bracted peduncles from the median
axils; forma cleistantha has the flowers more densely crowded in
nearly sessile glomerules, usually from many, including the upper,
axils. Of the 270 sheets of typical R. strepens before me 145
(nearly 54 per cent.) have elongate median peduncles 2-10 cm.
long; when rarely such plants fruit (July 25, Va., Fernald & Long,
no. 13,463; July 22, Ky., Braun, no. 3259; June 25, Mo., Hasse,
no. 1094; July 7, Mo., Steyermark, no. 11,420; July 13, Mo.,
Palmer, no. 8275; August 27, Kans., Norton; etc.) they show no
incipient sessile glomerules in the upper axils, such as one would
expect if they always change to forma cleistantha. The peduncles
are still there, up to autumn. Of the 168 sheets of forma cle-
istantha only 20 (11.5 per cent.) have such peduncles (not counting
branches with subsessile glomerules). Furthermore, very many
specimens with only glomerulate fruits in the middle and upper
axils were collected pretty early in the season, June 17-August 18
(W. Va., McElwee; Ky., Price; Ill., Eggert; Mo., Palmer, no. 1310;
Ark., Heller & Heller, no. 4118), their fruiting period overlapping
the flowering period of typical R. strepens. It must be evident,
then, that not always do typical early and showily flowering
plants of R. strepens change late in the season into forma cle-
istantha; if they did so a much larger percentage of the latter
would retain the elongate peduncles of the former, and the
former, late in the season, would regularly bear crowded fruits
in the upper axils. The problem is a promising one for the ex-
perimenter. Do the abundant seeds of the cleistogamous plant
reproduce only the cleistogamous form or do they equally yield
the typical showy-flowered and largely infertile plant? Carefully
checked and numerous cultures are necessary before we can say
with finality.
. R. pepuncunata Torr. Stem 1-7.5 dm. high, slender,
firm, obtusely quadrangular or subterete, puberulent or minute
: .
habit: leaves ovate to ovate-oblong or lanceolate, short-petioled,
tapering from slightly above base, pale green, puberulent,
22 Rhodora [JANUARY
entire or very shallowly undulate; those of primary axis (above
the rounded or obovate lowest ones) 3-11 em. long and 2—4.5 em.
broad, the rameal smaller: ees solitary at tips of simple 2-
bracted peduncles or loosely cymose on the ee the cymes,
when developed, 2-several-flowered: calyx ments linear-
filiform, 0.5-1 mm. wide at base, thence baaititg to very slender
often flexuous tips, in maturity 1-3 om. long, closely ¢ age
hirtellous. with Bender upped spreading pubescence: coro
blue-violet, 2.5-5.5 em. long; the ce tube about ound
the ampliate ‘brat OvAEY a and capsule ee
the capsule 1-2 cm. long; a tinea iaialky 6 or 8: seeds orbicu-
lar or suborbicular, cinereous, 2:5-3.5 mm. dati —R.
pedunculata Torr. ex Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. iit, 325 (1878).—
‘Woods, bluffs, rocky slopes, Baars open fields, etc., in calcare-
ous to circumneutral soil, western n Louisiana and eastern Texas,
north to southern Illinois, eastern and south-central Missouri
and eastern Oklahoma. The dolléwing are representative.
ILLINOIS: JACKSON co.: Murphysboro, Benke, no. 4648 (US);
mesophytic woods, ne June 20, 1903, ’ Gleason; dry up-
land or rocky woods, Grand T Tower, Gleason, nos. 1793, 2654,
2655 (all as R. strepens) ; dry rocky. pneeione hillsides, ‘Grand
Tower, Gleason, no. 9007 (NY). JOHNSON Co.: rocky, tei
Tunnel Hill, June 27, 1902, eee Sehneck (NY), tol fae
sandstone bluff, Cobden, May 1902, F. S. E tiny).
(In Herb. Duke Univ. the ere is a pacman of R. ooduacuieie:
bearing a label, “Ruellia strepens, Nees. oe Ill. Oct. 4, 1884,
W.” with the hea ading “Herbarium of Bhi n B. Waite” and,
print dod above it, “Herbarium of A. Be Bomoni?. Since R.
strepens is well known from the region ‘of Ur bana, where fre-
quently collected, while there is no other evidence of R. peduncu-
ata from northeast of the southwestern corner of Illinois, it is
probable that in the wanderings of this material some transfer o
abels has occurred]. Missouri: JEFFERSON Co.: rich woods in
ravine, southwest of Crystal City, =e teks no. 1357. Leenel
dry copses, DeSoto, May 30 1887, Has e (Mo, US). SsTE
GENEVIEVE CO.: Bloomdale, J: #: 'Kellogg, no. 2004. CAPE
GIRARDEAU Co.: wooded limestone slopes, Hickory Ridge, west
of Delta, Sesernaek no. 20,811 (Mo). puNKLIN co.: Campbell,
unc 0. 34
ncommon, Bush, 3 (Mo, NY). Manson co.: rocky open
woods, near Fredericktown, E. J. er, no. 31,608 (Mo)
Ww co.: low woods in Happy Hollow, north of Kime; Steyer-
no. 11,422 (Mo). tron co.: Arcadia, Greenman, no. 3750 (Mo,
Phil); rocky open woods near Iro nton, LH. J. Palmer, no. 18,111.
REYNALDS Co.: cherty slopes, south of Oates, Steyermark, no.
neem
TT "
-_ —".' - ins - ahneites
oa — mien a oe a _— fo “ai - ~ -~
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 23
19,724 (Mo). carrer co.: rocky woods, Van Buren, J. H.
Kellogg, no. 15,300 (Mo). PHELPS co.: Jerome, June 11, 1914,
Kellogg (Mo). SHANNON Co.: rocky woods, Monteer, Bush, nos.
6401 and 6401 A. tTExas co.: wooded limestone slopes at base
of bluffs along oe ae River, southeast of Prewitt Spring,
Steyermark, no. 7 (Mo). oREGON co.: stony grove, Thayer,
F. W. Pennell, no. ot ,521 (Phil). ozarx co.: cherty limestone
slopes on top of bluff ‘along White River, northeast of Dormio,
Steyermark, no. 10,417 (Mo). povuauas co.: limestone glade and
cherty open woods, between Roosevelt and Richville, i i
no. 19,165 (Mo). Miho co.: open hillside, west of
O. E. Lansing, no. 3020. LACLEDE co.: cherty pokes of Pine
Creek Hollow, ued of Nebo, Steyermark, no. 25,159 (Mo).
WEBSTER a limestone outcrops, south of Fo rdland, Steyer-
mark, no. 239 (Mo). TANEY CO.: common in woods, Swan,
Bush, n " 336 (Mo, US); open rocky ground near Gretna, EF. SA
Palmer, no. 19,224. sToNnE co.: dry rocky hillside oy. "James
Riv r, E. fi Palmer, no. 5831 (Mo, US). BARRY Co.: dry woods
Senna Eagle Rock, Sept. 24, 1896, K. K. Mackenzie (Mo, NY);
Eagle Rock, Bush, nos. 78 and 1551 (Mo, NY, US). MCDONALD
co.: dry ground, ’ Bush, no. 283. ARKANSAS: CRAIGHEAD CO.:
open sandy soil, Jonesboro, F. W. Pennell, no. 11,510, as R.
one Sale open woods, Bono, Demaree, no. 3519 sae
(NY, Phil). LONOKE Co.: fallow fields, Carlisle, Demaree, no.
17,516 (Mo, NY). prREw co.: woods, Monticello, Demaree, no.
14,969 (Mo, NY). cee os Hino sit Conway, as R.
ciliosa, Flora A. Hass, no. 1746 (US). AND co.: near Hot
Springs, Runyon, nos. 1142 (NY) and 1430 ‘(US ). PULASKI CO.:
low ridges, Fort Roots, Demaree, no. 17,301 (Mo, NY); Little
Rock, Demaree, nos. 17, 325 (Mo, N a and 17,516 (Mo, NY).
POPE CO.: Nogo, Geo. M. Merrill, no. 342 (Mo y. eae Co.:
southeast of piven ane 3, 1912, Mabel P. Hollister (US).
CARROLL Co.: dry ground, Eureka Springs, HZ. J. Palmer,
nos. 4378 (Mo, US) and i 0,483 (NY). HEMPSTEAD CO.: near
cNab, Greenman, no. 7 (Mo). FRANKLIN co.: rocky hill-
side, Ozark, F. W. aire no. 10, Es (NY, Phil). HOWARD Co.:
Baker Springs, Oct. 5, 1909, Ey aes ellogg. BENTON co.: 1889,
N. ata k (NY). WASHINGTON co.: Savoy, May 18, 1922,
ET. Wherry (US). smBasTIAN co.: Fort Smith, 1853-4, J. M.
Bigelow, wal fete (US). LovistANA: WITHOUT CITED STATION:
Hale, IsoTypk. NATCHITOCHES PARISH: dry wee pound.
Natchitoches, E. J. Palmer, no. 7511 (Mo, NY, U
LANDRY PARISH: dry woods, Opelousas, Carpenter & Hale (US).
JEFFERSON DAVIS fies knolls in low prairies, Welsh, E. J.
24 Rhodora [JANUARY
Palmer, no. 7649 (US). OKLAHOMA: LE FLORE CO.: woods, near
Page, G. W. Stevens, no. 1423. McCURTAIN CO.: woods near
Idabel, H. W. Houghton as G. W. Stevens, nos. 3625 and 3638.
TEXAS: BOWIE co.: near Texarkana, A. ie & E. G. Heller, no.
4171 (Mo, NY, US). HARRISON co.: woods, Mar shall, Bush,
no. 781 (Mo). cass co.: rocky svoddiaaid: Hughes Sheinae Bilt-
more Herb., no. 10,6799 (US). CHEROKEE co.: dry sandy ground,
Jacksonville, x. J. Palmer, no. 8600 (Mo, ; LS). ANDERSON
co.: Palestine, April 19, 1895, E. N. Plank k (NY). UPSHUR CO.:
sandy woods, Big Sandy, May 28, 1901, Reverchon (Mo); com-
mon in sand, Big Sandy, Reverchon, no. 2535 o, NY). SAN
AUGUSTINE CO.: eas woods, Geo. L. Crocket (US). HARRIS CO.:
Houston, 1917, Ada Hayden. PLATE 843; MAP 2.
In view of its very definite characters it is remarkable that the
earlier collectors seem not to have secured Ruellia pedunculata
and that it was not described until 1878. It is not improbable
that Nees included it in his complex and chiefly tropical Cryphi-
acanthus barbadensis. In his treatment in DC. Prodr. xi. 197
(1847) Nees gave the broad range of the latter as tropical Amer-
ica, thence to Virginia, Carolina and Texas (‘‘In Americae
calidioris . . . inde a prov. Virginia, Carolina et Texas”’)
but under the citation of specimens he gave nothing from the
United States. Since his C. barbadensis had long peduncles with
cymes, subovate leaves, and subulate-acuminate calyx-segments,
the Texan element was presumably R. pedunculata. The rep-
resentatives of the latter in Virginia and Carolina are the two
following, only the first of which has ‘‘pedunculis subcymosis”’.
R. pinetorum, sp. nov. (tab. 844), planta habitu R. pe-
dunculatae; caule 1-3 dm. alto puberulo obtuse quadrangulato
vel subtereto subsimplice vel divergenter ramoso vel ramosissimo
internodiis elongatis; foliis oblongis vel elliptico-lanceolatis
breviter petiolatis obtusis vel subacutis subcoriaceis minute
lineolato-puberulis vel care pes tesa vel undulatis, majoribus
2-3.8 cm. longis 0.8-1.8 cm. latis; pedunculis axillaribus
3 cm. longis 1-3-floris, biravtedtis oblongis seers ogi
brevioribus; calycis laciniis lineari-acicularibus 3-2 ¢
longis a basi 0.5-1 mm. latis attenuatis dses eystolithos
em. longis; seminibus orbicularibus 3 mm. diametro.—Low pine
barrens of the Coastal Plain, South Carolina (possibly Ae sat
to northern Florida and Louisia ana, apparently local.
CAROLINA: HORRY Co.: low pine barrens, July 28, 1936, Pr. 6.
emt ee A
2 enna
“ need
- eeeahtaateeanaeennt en ST
| remnant,
oo cceceneteeneneeeemeonnndllltememememeeneennentill
Pa ae =
2,
of Ruetuia. Map 1, R. sTREPENS; 2, R. PEDUNCULATA;
?
R. , ,
, ? HIANA , 5, Re HETER ? ,
, .
PANSA*‘ 13 R LINIENSIS, Var :
H . es :
, ILIS, ar. CALVESCENS; 14, fe CAR ’
? - UM V 0. TYPICA
CHELO?! V ; . CAROLINIENSIS, V
. 7 R. CAROLINIENSIS, ar. N LLA , 7 : :
, V
26 Bhodora [JANUARY
parahed no. 800, TYPE in U.S. Nat. Herb. FLorIDA: CALHOUN
low grounds, Iola, May, 1896, Chapman, three specimens, one
shaman one marked oh. a. ”” with entry of an unpublished
name which appears in American herbaria on sheets of at least
two other and uke different species (therefore unwise to take
up), the third marked “sp. nov. affin. R. pedunculata” (Mo).
ALA ASHINGTON Co.: Fruitdale, July, 1904, as R. peduncu-
lata, Southern Floral Seuest oe (Mo ). MISSISSIPPI: WAYNE CO.:
Wayn renal he 8-9, 1896, C. L. Pollard, as R. eae no.
1220 (Mo, US). ane CO.: Cuevas, Sept. 8, 1900,
Lloyd & ite no. 346 (NY), LovurIsIANA: ST. TAMMANY PARISH:
‘Covington, Sept., 1919, as R. parviflora, G. eee no. 11,687
(US). ORLEANS ’parisH: New Orleans, 1832, T. ’Driimmond,
nos. 257 in part (as R. strepens); 258 in part and 259 in part (as
R. longiflora), the numbers inextricably confused, two of them
appearing on one label. ‘cALCASIEU PARISH: vicinity of Lake
Charles, May 28, 1904, and other dates (not given) in 1904,
Andrew Allison, nos. 57, 261 and 297, all as R. pedunculata
(all US). Map 3.
Ruellia pinetorum is the southeastern Coastal Plain representa-
tive of R. pedunculata and most of the few specimens seen were
identified with that species which centers on the Ozark Upland.
Chapman correctly understood it as a new species of this relation-
ship but, as explained, the name he proposed but did not publish
has been entered as a wholly new name on many sheets of at
least two other species and should not be taken up. The finest
material is that in the National Herbarium collected by Mr.
Tarbox in low pine barrens of Horry County, South Carolina.
I am, therefore, treating this as the type. In the chiefly Ozark-
ian R. pedunculata the leaves are more ovate, the primary ones
3-11 cm. long and 2-4.5 cm. wide; in R. pinetorum the leaves are
oblong to elliptic-lanceolate and only 2-3.8 cm. long by 0.8-1.8
em. wide. In R. pedunculata the broad bracts, especially in the
simpler-stemmed plant with peduncles bearing solitary terminal
flowers, nearly equal to greatly exceed the calyx; in R. pinetorum
the narrow bracts are much shorter than the calyx. In R.
pedunculata the calyx is copiously hirtellous with divergent
sharp-tipped trichomes; in R. pinetorum glabrous or nearly so
and closely invested with elongate and partially imbedded cysto-
liths. In R. pedunculata the corolla-tube and the. ampliate
throat are subequal in length; in R. pinetorum the tube is much
longer than the less ampliate throat. In R. pedunculata the
capsule is cinereous-puberulent; in R. pinetorum glabrous.
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 27
The very few specimens assembled indicate that Ruellia
pinetorum is a very local plant. Now that attention is called
to it, it is hoped that fuller material will become available. As
noted under R. pedunculata, it is probable that this is the plant
intended by Nees when, in DC. Prodr. xi. 197 (1847), he noted
his quite different tropical Cryphiacanthus barbadensis as ex-
tending northward to Virginia and Carolina. No other plant
known in the East satisfies his ‘‘pedunculis subcymosis petiolo
longioribus vel et folium aequantibus superantibusve”. We do
not now know R. pinetorum from Virginia but so many species
are now known to “jump” from eastern South Carolina or south-
eastern North Carolina to southeastern Virginia that R. pine-
torum may well (before the destruction of most of the pine
barrens) have been one of them. Really quite as closely related
to the Ozarkian R. pedunculata, as is the Coastal Plain R. pine-
torum, is the following beautiful species which centers on the
Appalachian Upland.
5. R. Purshiana, sp. nov. (ras. 845 et TaB. 846, FIG. 3),
planta habitu plantae simplicissimae R. pedunculatae; caule
simplice recto vel ramis erectis paucis gracile 1.5-6 alto
cinereo-puberulo internodiis elongatis; foliis membranaceis
.7-1.2 mm. latis apice attenuatis minute cinereo-pilosis vel
-hirtellis deinde 1.6-2.8 cm. longis; corollis 3-5 cm. longis
caeruleo-purpureis vel pallide purpureis vel albescentibus, tubo
cylindrico 1.5-3 em. longo, fauce ampliato supra 0.8-1.4 cm.
diametro, limbo (expanso) 3—4 em. lato; capsulis minute strigoso-
hirtellis vel pilosis 1.5-1.8 em. longis; retinaculis 8.—R. ciliosa,
var. hybrida Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii!. 326 (1878) in part only.
. parviflora sensu Britton in Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2, m.
241, fig. 3891 (1913) at least as to fig., not R. parviflora (Nees)
Britt. (1901) at least as to basonym, Dipteracanthus ciliosus,
var. parviflorus Nees (1842)—Dry to moist woods, bluffs,
granitic or calcareous slopes, etc., western Maryland, south
along the mountains and locally on the Piedmont to eastern
Virginia, central South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama. Mary-
LAND: FREDERICK co.: W. E. A. Aiken, as R. strepens, altered
28 Rhodora [JANUARY
to R. caroliniensis ee VIRGINIA: FREDERICK CO.: woods,
Cedar Creek, June 2, 1929, Hunnewell, no. 11,135 (F WH):
limestone cliffs, Cedar Creek, June 5, 1936, Hunnewell (VPI);
both as R. caroliniensis, var. parviflora; Meadow Mills, June 9,
1935, O. M. Freeman (USN A), as R. pie ROCKINGHAM CO.:
Paul’s Fort, Frederick Pursh (Phil). RocKBRIDGE co.: Natural
Bridge, May 28 and 29, 1909, HZ. B. Bartram, as R. pare viflora,
one sheet (Gray) changed by later student to R. humilis ‘ ‘Pursh’’,
another (Phil) to R. caroliniensis; ‘ he tl June 1, 1891, J. R.
Churchill, as R. ciliosa, var. ambigua (Mo). BOTETOURT CO.:
Indian Rock, June, 1887, H. E. Wetherill, as R. strepens (Pa).
daagetpoag co.: shaly banks, vicinity of Mendot a, L. G. Carr,
. caroliniensis. ROANOKE CO.: Decne May 29,
1000; Brown, Hogg, Vail, Timmerman, Britton & Britton, as
R. ciliosa, var. ambigua ( Y); wooded limestone Bs along
Roanoke River at Dixie Caverns, July 6, 1942, C. E. Wood, Jr.,
no. 3673, as R. caroliniensis. BEDFORD CO.: July 8, i871 Bod.
Curtiss, one of the several quite dissimilar dhaets marked by
Gray as his R. ciliosa var. ambigua, one of the Curtiss specimens
tagged by a later student as R. caroliniensis, the other as R.
hybrida. AMELIA CO.: mnie 5, 1937, J. B. Lewis, no. 626, as R.
jlpans ibe parviflora (VP I). HENRICO CO.: "Richmond, De
as R. speceusouieia (US). NortH CAROLINA: ORANGE
00. : pire poem Upper New Hope Creek, Duke Forest, May 27,
1932, Blomquist, no. 4911, as fig caroliniensis (IT uke); New Hope
Creek, Duke Forest , May 20 1933, Blomquist & Oosting, no.
3364, as R. parviflora (Duke); dry bank near University Lake,
on Neville’s Cree k, northwest of Chapel Hill, May 29, 1940,
Radford & Stewart, no. 654a, as R. ciliosa (NC). GUILFORD CO.:
acer High Point, May 22, 1902, Biltmore Herb., no. 147184, as
R. parviflora (N Y, US). ForsyTH co.: Salem , Schweinitz, as R.
strepens, altered by others, first to R. ciliosa, later to R. carolini-
at woods, Winston-Salem, Aug . 20, 1921, P. D. Shal-
lert, as R. adie. May 30, 1934, Schallert; no. 6! 509, as R. strepens
(Schallert). RUTHERFORD CO.: Cuba, June 27, 1887, L. W. Lynch,
no. 36, as R. strepens (NC). MADISON Co.: ’ Marshall, May 28,
N. H. E. SONY). Lee. co.: Keowee, May 20, 1906, H. D.
House, no. 2171, as R. parviflora (NY). GEORGIA: WITHOUT
STATED LOCALITY: banal wa: of Georgia, R.
ciliosa, var. ambigua (Mo). BURKE CO.: woods, Shell Bluff on
Savannah River, ‘April 23, i936, Leeds & Harper, no. 2756, as R.
parviflora (Phil). OGLETHORP co.: granite outcrop west of Lex-
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 29
ington, May 28, 19384, Francis Harper, as R. parviflora (Phil).
DEKALB CO.: Stone Mountain , May 23, 1897, Henry Eggert (Mo);
mixed woods, Emory University campus, ‘April 30, 1936, Don
Silver Creek, May 11, 1899, Biltmore Herb., no. 8494, as R. ciliosa
(TYPE in Herb. U. 8. National Herb.). TENNESSEE: KNOX CO.:
Knoxville, May ‘14, 1889, Lamson-Scribner, as R. strepens,
changed by later students to R. ciliosa and to R. parviflora (US);
woods and groves, Knoxville, July, 1897, Ruth, no. 9572, as R.
strepens (NY); woodlands, Knox Co unty, May, 1898, Ruth, no.
737, as R. strepens (NY ‘i ALABAMA: BLOUNT CO.: rocky wood-
lands, Bangor, May 20, 1902, Biltmore Herb. no. 14,718, as
ctliosa, var. parviflora (US). JEFFERSON CO.: Birmingham, a
24, 1901, ee. Rosle, as R. parviflora (NY). Map 4.
orma claustrofiora, f. nov. (TAB. 846, Fic. 1 et 2), floribus
in glomerulis axillaribus aggregatis, glomerulis ad nodos omnes
gestis; corollis tubulosis clausis 4-8 mm. longis apice dense pilosis;
capsulis numerosis.— VIRGINIA: sin tai hee lag LOCALITY: 1843,
Gray a een Ys as ee strepens. ROCK E CO.: “ex umbrosis
Betiged to o R. parviflora; Natural Bridge, Sept. 4, 1885,
COCKE CO.: within three miles of Wolf Creek Station, Aug. 31,
1897, Kearney, no. 863, as R. ciliosa, var. hybrida (Mo and NC),
TYPE in Herb. Missouri Botauicel Garden.
Ruellia Purshiana, named for Frepertck Pursu, who first
collected the species in the mountains of Virginia, is, when as-
sembled from the very miscellaneous covers in which it has been
confused, under 11 misidentifications, with no less than 7 species,
stands out as a remarkably definite species of the Appalachian
Upland. Although this is doubtless the plant chiefly intended
by Gray when he conceived his R. ciliosa, var. ambigua, “‘as if &
hybrid between R. ciliosa and R. strepens, with the aspect of the
latter, but the calyx of the former”’, it can not be overlooked that
Gray promptly last his bearings in applying the name R. ciliosa,
var. ambigua, for sheets carrying the printed annotation-slip
“Syn. Fl. N. Amer.” and marked by Gray as R. ciliosa, var.
ambigua belong to no less than five species: the present one (in
Herb. Gray); a Floridan sheet in Torrey’s Herbarium containing
at least three species, none of them like anything else included by
Gray in his var. ambigua; and a mixed sheet in Herb. Gray, con-
30 Rhodora [JANUARY
taining a sprig of R. pedunculata Torr. from Arkansas and the
top of a plant of the very different Texan R. Drummondiana
(Nees) Gray (this mixed sheet later misidentified as R. ‘‘caro-
liniensis”’). I have not located the Kentucky plant included by
Gray under R. ciliosa, var. ambigua. Even though we can infer
that by his description and note Gray meant chiefly the plant I
am here calling R. Purshiana, it is evident that, as he originally
labelled specimens, the name R. ciliosa, var. ambigua was em-
phatically a nomen ambiguum. The name has subsequently been
further misapplied. I am, therefore, assigning to the species
with somewhat the aspect of R. strepens but with much more
slender calyx-segments a new name, typified by a characteristic
sheet of specimens. ;
That Ruellia Purshiana simulates very extreme plants of R.
strepens with short leaves there can be no question. Some speci-
mens of the latter, especially those from upland and dry habitats,
consequently with greatly reduced stature and abbreviated
leaves, are superficially similar (such specimens as the following:
dry ground, Chickamauga Park, Georgia, May 25, 1911, Churchill
(G); open woodlands, Coalgrove, Ohio, Biltmore H erb., no. 4500°
(US); dry ground near Chattanooga, Tennessee, May 27, 1911,
Churchill; and dry soil, Stevenson, Jackson County, Alabama,
Biltmore Herb., no. 4500* (US)). There the resemblance stops,
except for the possibly significant fact that both species have the
showy flowers mostly solitary on few axillary peduncles and
rarely producing fruit, and also have cleistogamous forms with
glomerules of several highly fertile flowers in many of the upper
axils. In R. strepens the stem is glabrous, pilose in lines or rarely
over the whole surface; the lanceolate calyx-segments are: flat to
the tip, 2-4 mm. broad, and conspicuously villous-ciliate; and
the capsules glabrous. R. strepens is usually a plant of rich
calcareous woods, oftenest on wooded bottoms, with its greatest
concentration in the Mississippi Basin (Map 1). R. Purshiana
(MAP 4) is a plant of dry rocky or upland habitats, sometimes on
limestones but often (as on Stone Mountain) in granitic or some-
what acid soils. Its stem is closely cinereous-puberulent; its
calyx-segments linear and only 0.7-1.2 mm. wide below the
middle, thence tapering to almost thread-like tips, and its sur-
faces are densely cinereous-hirtellous. The capsules. too. are
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 31
closely and minutely hirtellous. R. Purshiana was illustrated,
erroneously as R. parviflora, in Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2,
iii. fig. 3891. It certainly has nothing to do with the type of
k. parviflora, which rests upon Dipteracanthus ciliosus, var.
parviflorus (see p. 2).
In its minutely puberulent and slender stem, its slender calyx-
segments and pubescent capsule Ruellia Purshiana is similar to
the simpler-stemmed and least floriferous states of the chiefly
Ozarkian R. pedunculata (map 2); but in these least branching
plants of R. pedunculata (PLATE 843) the peduncles are soon
widely divergent; the linear-acicular calyx-segments taper from
base to apex; the showy flowers are quite fertile and regularly
followed by capsules. So far as we know R. pedunculata does
not have a cleistogamous form.
Although Ruellia Purshiana has often been identified as R.
ciliosa Pursh, R. caroliniensis (Walt.) Steud., R. parviflora (Nees)
Britton, R. hybrida Pursh, and even as R. humilis N uttall, such
identifications merely reflect the general lack of clarity regarding
specific characters and the current and still inevitable vagueness
about the early-proposed species. The earliest of these names or
their basonyms is Anonymos caroliniensis Walt. Fl. Carol. (our
no. 11). Although no specimen now exists as type of Walter’s
species, his remarkably detailed description, ‘‘caule tetragono
hirsuto; foliis . . . hirsutis, . . . ; floribus sessilibus
purpureis”’, surely does not apply to R. Purshiana. R. ciliosa
Pursh (our no. 7) from near Savannah, was a branching plant,
with subsessile ovate-oblong (really, apparently, obovate) leaves
with margins and veins ciliate with long white hairs, the calyx-
Segments four times shorter than the corolla-tube (calycis laciniis
subulatis tubo corollae quadruplo brevioribus). Such a plant
could not be R. Purshiana; in fact, when Pursh twice collected
the latter in the mountains of Virginia, he did not venture to
name it. R. hybrida Pursh (see discussion under no. 11) also
from Savannah, is quite as remote: much branched (ramosissima)
and hirsute with white hairs, the oblong leaves densely hirsute,
etc. R. humilis Nutt. (our no. 10), an essentially sessile-leaved
and usually freely divergent-branched plant, originally from
Arkansas, has nothing to do with R. Purshiana; and as to R
parviflora (see p. 2), that ill-defined name goes back to Dip-
32 Rhodora [JANUARY
teracanthus ciliosus, var. parviflorus Nees, from the Kentucky
River, and with an impossible description for any North American
member of Ruellia: with petioles 3-6 inches long—foliis paulo
longiori petiolo (3—-6-pollicari)! Only by substituting for “peti-
olo”’ the word “pedunculo”’ could one make much sense out of
Nees’ diagnosis (if his plant was a Dipteracanthus and related to
D. ciliosus) but even then his var. parviflorus remains wholly
vague. It is not a good basis for the name of a common species
with petioles rarely 1 cm. long, and surely it was not R. Pur-
shiana.
6. R: heteromorpha, sp. nov. (Tas. 847 et 848), planta di-
morpha vel plus minusve heteromorpha. CAULIBUS VERNALIBUS
1-3 basi plerumque decumbentibus jam adscendentibus simplici-
bus vel divergenter ramosis 0.4-4 dm. altis puberulis plus minusve
patenter villoso-hirsutis, nodis 3-5 (—10), internodiis 0.5-5 cm.
ongis; foliis membranaceis obovatis vel ellipticis vel oblanceo-
latis breviter petiolatis integris vel obscure undulatis plus
minusve lineolato-strigillosis supra villoso-strigosis basin versus
villoso-ciliatis subtus strigoso-hispidis glabratisve, laminis ma-
turis 1.5-4.5 cm. longis 0.8-2.5 cm. latis; pedunculis perbrevibus
axillaribus ad 1-3 nodos superiores bracteatis; bracteis oblongis;
calycis segmentis lineari-attenuatis vix 1 mm. latis villoso-
cleistogamicis 1-3 cm. longis, vel corollis expansis reductisque;
seminibus subrotundis 2.5-3.5 mm. diametro. R. hybrida sensu
Small, Fl. Se. U. 8. 1084 (1903), presumably not Pursh, Fl. Am.
and Everglades, north to east-central FLORIDA: VOLUSIA CO.:
moist pine barrens, near Seville, Aug. 1, 1900, A. H. Curtiss, no.
6701A (US), July 30, 1909, Curtiss, no. 6701, as R. ciliosa, var.,
vernal fl. BREVARD Co.: scrub, south of Eau Gallie, Dec. 1,
1919, Small, Britton & De Winkeler, no. 9200 (NY, US), later
state, as R. parvi CIE
sis, with an unpublished varietal name); Indian River, Edw.
Palmer, no. 348 (Mo), as R. strepens. DE SOTO Co.: dry gravelly
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 33
E CO.: Oa March 18, 1907, ellogg, vernal fl., as
R. ciliosa, later annotated as sindaserihed var. of R. caroliniensis;
Jeanette P. Standley, no. 70, vernal fi., as R. humilis later
annotated like the last (G) and as R. parviflora (US) and as an
ied species (Phil); in pineland, vicinity of Fort Myers,
May 4, 1916, J. P. Standley, no. 425, vernal 8), as R.
humilis, later annotated as k. parviflora; in pineland, Mullock
Creek District, about 8 miles southeast of Fort Myer, iar
June, 1917, J. P. Standley, no. 444, vernal f.,
annotated (G) as an unpublished var. fe R. snl ehienais: “Phil
as an unpublished species, and (US) as R. parviflora; sandy pine
woods along road to Coconut, April 4, 1930, Moldenke , no. 968,
vernal fl. (Duke, Mo, NY). DaApDE co.: dry sandy soil among
palmettos, Buena Vista, Jan. 17, 1930, Moldenke, no. 426 (Duke,
Mo, N Y), as R. hybrida, vernal fl. and i: pinelands near Little
River, Feb., 1917, W. E. Safford (US), as R. hybrida, later
annotated as R. parviflora; Miami, April 4-7, 1898, Pollard &
Collins, no. 233 (US), as R. humilis, later annotated as R. parvi-
flora, April 1, 1903, vernal fl., V. L. Britton (US), as R. hybrida,
later annotated as an unpublished var. of R. caroliniensis,
March 14, 1917, H. B. Meredith (Phil), vernal fl. passing to
later stage, as R. ciliosa, later annotated as an unpublished
species; pinelands between Miami and Kendall Station, Nov. 5,
1906, Sm all & nosivbi no. 2603 (NY), later stage, as R. hybrida,
later. Soactated as s unpublished var. of R. caroliniensis; pinelands
etween Cocoanut Grove and Cutler, Oct. 31-Nov 903,
Small & Carter, a 1273 (NY as R. hybrida, Phil as R. parviflora,
the former later annotated as an undescribed species), later
Stage; pinelands about Sykes Hammock, Everglade Keys,
a
sis—rypE of R. heteromorpha in Herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard., vernal
fl., passing to later stage; pinelands about Goodburn Hammock,
Everglade Keys, June 31, 1915. Small & Mosier, no. 6381 (NY);
pinelands between Cutler and Longview Camp, Nov. 9-12, 1903,
Small & Carter, no. 1097, later state, labeled and annotated
like the last: : pinelands between Long Prairie and Camp Longview,
Oct. 31, 1906, Small & Carter, no. 2695 (NY), later state, labeled
and annotated like the last; ‘between Peter’ s and Long Prairie,
Nov., 1906, J. J. Carter, no. 173 (Phil), as R. parviflora, _—
annotated as an undescribed species; pinelands about Humbugu
Prairie, Feb. 28, 1915, Small & Mosier, no. 5555 (NY), fate!
State, as R. hybrida, later annotated as a var. of R. caroliniensis;
pinelands between Peter’s Prairie and Homestead, Nov. 10,
34 Rhodora [JANUARY
1906, Small & Carter, no. 2701 (NY), later state, named as the
last; pinelands about Ross-Costello Hammock, Everglades Keys,
June 24, 1915, Small, Mosier & Small, no. 6552, later state, as
R. hybrida. MONROE Co.: woods, Pine Key, Blodgett, later state;
pinelands, Big Pine Key, May 1, 1917, Small, no. 8142, vernal
. a8 R. humilis. Map 5.
Although most often, following Small, identified as Ruellia
hybrida Pursh, it can hardly be overlooked that R. heteromorpha
is a species of southern Florida, most abundant in the subtropical
Everglades and Keys regions, that its branches, as soon as de-
veloped, trail and greatly elongate, that the lower surfaces of its
petioled leaves are glabrescent or nearly glabrous from the first
(except for lineolate cystoliths and closely appressed strigae)
while the upper surfaces are strigose, and that the tube of its
fully expanded corolla is usually twice as long as the calyx-
segments. fk. hybrida, from Savannah, Georgia, was described
as erect and very much branched, hirsute with white hairs; the
subsessile oblong leaves densely hirsute; the calyx-segments scarcely
shorter than the corolla-tube. That is not a good diagnosis of the
present species. Furthermore, Savannah is about 180 miles (a
significant distance) north of the northernmost known station for
R. heteromorpha; and it is surely significant that Nees in DC.
Prodr. xi. 123 (1847), indicating by a mark of affirmation that
he had seen the Pursh material, cited as belonging with it Drum-
mond’s nos. 258 and 259, both of which belong in the essentially
sessile- and oblong-leaved copiously white-villous-hirsute plant
which Nuttall described from Arkansas as R. humilis, a species,
moreover, which is unknown in eastern Georgia. Nevertheless,
one can hardly pass by this identification by Nees, especially
since the description of R. hybrida does not closely suggest R.
heteromorpha. In view of his lack of material and his “lumping”
of many different American plants as so-called varieties of his
all-inclusive Dipteracanthus ciliosus, one can hardly accept. the
identification of Nees as final. Similarly, R. ciliosa Pursh,
originally described as with subsessile, ovate-oblong leaves with
margins and veins long-ciliate with white hairs, and also from
Savannah, was by Nees, who evidently saw the original material,
matched with the broader-leaved and longer-flowered extreme of
the species which Nuttall described as R. humilis. Several of
the numbers cited by Nees are before me. They are uniform and
|
|
|
|
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 35
have nothing to do except generically with R. heteromorpha nor
with any plant known from the Savannah region; R. parviflora,
as already sufficiently emphasized (see p. 2), was a misbegotten
name for some plant (surely not the present) with “petioles 3-6
inches long’’; while R. caroliniensis goes back to Walter’s re-
markably clear description of a plant extending hundreds of
miles north of R. heteromorpha, with distinctive characters which
do not belong to the latter: ovate-lanceolate and hirsute leaves;
throat of corolla campanulate, etc. When many of the speci-
mens were annotated by an earlier student as an unpublished
new species, they were given a name previously used by Nuttall
for a quite different species (with rosettes of spatulate leaves,
the plant I take to be Pursh’s R. ciliosa, the R. humilis sensu
Small, not Nutt.), but identical material of the same numbers
was likewise annotated with 2 or more additional names. Under
these circumstances it seems wiser to avoid publishing names so
vaguely understood by their author and to start anew.
In its vernal showily flowering state, with simple or subsimple,
erect stems (PLATE 847, FIGs. 1-3) Ruellia heteromorpha is so un-
like the later state of the plant (PLATE 848, Figs. 1-3), with trail-
ing and elongate heavily fruiting and freely branching stems,
and with smaller or even closed and cleistogamous flowers, that
the two might be mistaken for two species. Transitions between
the two states are, however, very numerous. |
7. R. crt1osa Pursh. Rosulate copiously villous plant, either
with main axis abbreviated (0.5-5 cm. long) or elongate _ to
dm. high, the internodes copiously white-villous, the pairs of
leaves in the abbreviated plants crowded, in the more open and
elongate individuals the 2-5 pairs remote, the stem often di-
vergently branched, especially at base: lower subrosulate leaves
oblong, oblong-obovate or oblong-oblanceolate to lance-spatu-
late, prolonged to subsessile bases, obtuse to rounded at summit,
copiously lineolate and more or less villous-hirsute, the larger
ones 2-10 cm. long and 1-3 em. broad; the median leaves often
much longer; the upper reduced and often crowded, both median
and upper more definitely petioled, their margins often undulate:
flowers mostly solitary in the axils, short-peduncled, the heavily
villous peduncle terminated by 2 small oblong to lanceolate
bracts: calyx-segments linear-acicular, copiously villous, 1.5-2.5
em. long: corolla bluish or lavender to nearly white, 2.5-5.5 cm.
long; the slender tube 1.3-3 em. long, the slenderly obconic
throat 5-10 mm. in diameter at summit, the expanded limb
36 Rhodora [JANUARY
2.5-5 cm. broad: capsule 1.3—2 es long, glabrous; retinacula 6
or 8: seeds suborbicular, about 3 mm. in diameter.—
ae ii. 420 (1814), not most aps auth. Dipteracanthus ciliosus
h) Nees in Linnaea, xvi. 204 (1842), not in DC. Prodr.
122 (1847), which was a hopeless mixture. R. humilis sensu
Small, Fl. Se. U. S. 1084 (1903), not Nutt.—Dry pine barrens
and sands, South Carolina to central Florida and southeastern
arg SoutH CAROLINA: lage STATED LOCALITY:
ab. in Carolina”, H. M. Altorp (Mo). DARLINGTON CoO.:
sandy soil in Sheep Pasture Savaninh x Hartsville, B. E. Smith,
no. 1651 (NC), dwarf state, as R. humilis; sandy soil between
Darlington and Hartsville, B. nt Smith, no. 916 (NC), tall state,
as R. hybrida Pursh. SUMTER Co.: pine barrens near Cane
Savannah, Witmer Stone, no. 496 (Phil), as R. humilis. Groreta:
WITHOUT STATED LocaLity: Nuétall, as an unpublished new
xe (Phil); Boykin (Phil). camprENn co.: lowland, Grace
llert, no. 13,127 (Schallert). CHARLTON co.: “Extreme
eciteht conditions” Gopher ware Mere ag near Sterling
Branch, Jean Sherwood Harper, no. 419 (Phil), as R. humilis.
WORTH CO.: vicinity of Poulan, Polterd i; Maxon, no. 574, as R.
humilis, later annotated (G) correctly as R. ciliosa. MITCHELL
co.: Camilla, S. M. Tracy, no. 3532 (Mo), as R. strepens. FLORI-
DA: DUVAL Co.: dry pine barrens, A. H. Curtiss, no. 1944*, as an
unpublished var. of R. strepens, in some herbaria altered to R.
ciliosa, in others to R. humilis; Jacksonville, 1875, A. H. Curtiss
(US), correctly as R. ciliosa, annotated as R. humilis; dry pine
barrens, Fredholm, no. 5085, as R. ciliosa, var. longiflora Gray.
ST. JOHNS CO.: near St. Augus tine, June, 1883, T. F. Seal (Phil).
ORANGE Co.: sand, Winter Park, Apri il, 1900, A. M. Huger (NY),
as R. humilis; sandy pine barren, Lake Brantley, C. 8S. William-
A. J. Pieters, no. 120 (US). LAKE co.: Okahumpha, wong
1888, Isaac Burk (Phil); vicinity of Eustis, Nash, 183.
eageee co.: dry sandy woods, Brookeville, M plidsite: no.
8 (NY). pasco co.: high pineland, Blanton, Barnhart, no.
phe (US), as R. humilis. HILLSBORO CO.: Tampa, June—Aug.,
1898 M. Ferguson ne MARION Co.: turkey-oak woods,
east of Citra, April 14, 1940, W. A. Murrill (Mo), as R. humilis.
ALACHUA Co.: Gainesville, G. S. Miller, no. 437 (US) as R.
W. A. Murrill (Mo), as R. humilis. suwANEE Co.: Live Oak,
S. M. Tracy, no. 6684 Ree as R. humilis. GADSDEN CO.: in
pinetis, prope Quincy, Mai—Jul. 1843, Rugel (NY), as R. arene
grassy, white sandy dry field under. pine, River Junction, Wze-
gand & Manning no. 2927, as R. humilis. Liperry co.: Bristol,
Chapman (Mo, US). caLHoun co.: Wewahitchka, Chapman
(Mo). HOLMEs co.: Ponce de Leon, June 20, 1905, J. M. Mac-
BS Et, A —.neemnmnSmtE
1945} Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 37
farlane (Pa). hea co.: dry open woods, Crestview, A. H.
Curtiss, no. 6489, in part, as R. humilis. OKALOOSA Co.: near
Camp Pinchot, Fon 21, 1928, O. M. Freeman (USNA), as R.
humilis. ALABAMA: WITHOUT STATED LOCALITY: R. Haines, from
5 (US), as R. humilis. WasHINGTON co.: Fruitdale, July,
i001. 86 Floral fies Co. (Mo), as R. humilis. BALDWIN CO.:
dry woods, Magnolia Springs, June 25, 1909, Schallert (Duke);
dry open woods, Point Clear, 1896, Mohr (US): dry pine barrens
olles 4 mile west of Elberta, R. M. Harper, no. 3795. MOBILE
dry pine woods, Mobile, July, 1877, (US); pine
tag Spring Hill, E. W. Graves, no. 498 (? or 948), in part
only (Mo, US), as Re. humilis. MUIssissiprt: cme co.: Heidel-
ae Tracy, no. 3324 (US), as R. humilis. WAYNE co.: Waynes-
boro, Pollard, no. 1221 (Mo, NY, US), as R. humilis. HARRISON
flora. LOUISIANA: ORLEANS PARISH: New O rleans, Drummond.
POINTE COUPEE PARISH: dry sandy soil, Red River, Hale. PLATES
849 and 850; map 6.
Among the very diverse plants which have been identified with
Ruellia ciliosa Pursh the present species seems to me most likely
to be what he had from Savannah. His description, emphasizing
the subsessile ovate-oblong leaves (remembering that Pursh used
“ovate’’ for truly ovate and for obovate outlines) with long white
ciliation, the bracts lanceolate, the subulate calyx-segments one
fourth the length of the corolla-tube, was better for this plant
than for most of the species (with ovate or lanceolate and petioled
leaves) to which the name has been applied. Pursh’s account
was as follows
fates. 1 md ee ry
ciliosa. 4. R. erecta, ramosa ;
sa:
albis longe ailtaae rabbis lanceolatis
brevibus, calycis laciniis sehen tubo
corollae quadruplo breviori
Near Savannah, Georgia. 2. fy. v.s. in Herb.
Enslen
Since this is the éeiy plant which approximately satisfies the
diagnosis and since it extends northward across South Carolina,
I am retaining the name Ruellia ciliosa for it. When the actual
type can be examined some revision may be necessitated. In
DeCandolle, Prodr. xi. 122 (1847) Nees introduced a confusion
38 Rhodora [JANUARY
which has lasted for nearly a century, by citing under Dipteracan-
thus ciliosus a number of Drummond and other specimens, from
Texas to Missouri, which belong to the wholly different R.
humilis Nutt. The latter, of which a type or isotype is before me,
is a definite and wide-ranging inland species, quite unknown on
the Atlantic slope of South Carolina and Georgia, with essentially
sessile, oblong, ovate or lanceolate leaves with none of the su
spatulate or obovate tendency of R. ciliosa and never, so far as I
have seen, with the slightest rosulate tendency. The type of R.
humilis was from Arkansas. Nevertheless, Small, clearly de-
scribing as R. humilis only the dwarfer plants of R. ciliosa, gave
it, as R. humilis, the range: ‘‘Georgia and Florida to Mississippi”,
thus excluding the type-region. By Small’s account, his “R
humilis” had the “Stems very short, 1-3 em. long’. The ma-
jority of collections show some individuals with stems 0.3-3 dm.
high, many of them from Florida; I cannot make out how Small
disposed of them, for their leaf-outline and extreme villosity keep
them out of his other categories.
(To be continued)
nea NR a RM
ener eeeencenmcmanaael x —
RUELLIA IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES
M. L. FERNALD
(Continued from page 38)
In northwestern Florida there occurs a localized variety which
differs from wide-ranging Ruellia ciliosa in suppression of the
pubescence, the internodes being merely cinereous-puberulent,
and the calyx-segments, though long-ciliate, covered on the back
with cinereous pulverulence. This should be called
aoa c Rm tI orm RCA — mins RTT ET (mea i ane
48 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
Var. cinerascens, var. nov., caulis internodiis cinereo-puberulis; :
calycis laciniis dorso cinereo-pulverulentibus margine villoso-
ciliatis NORTHWESTERN FLORIDA: WALTON CO.: dry open
woods, Crestview, July 22, sy A. H. Curtiss, no. 6489 in part,
distrib, as R. humilis (Mo, N US (TYPE in U.S. Nat. Herb. )).
SCAMBIA Co.: Fisherville, oa Pensacola, June 17, 1905, J. M
M varies (Pa).
R. succuLenta Small. Erect or nearly so, with simple
sale and fleshy stems or erect branches 1.5-7.5 dm. high, the
internodes sparingly puberulent or generally glabrous, purplish:
leaves succulent, purplish, oblanceolate, narrowly obovate or
oblong, narrowed to definite ticles glabrous or minutely
hirtellous and glabrate, undulate, the surfaces more or less
lineolate; larger blades 3-6 cm: long and 0.7—2 cm. wide: flowers
1-3 on very short aban axillary peduncles: bracts small,
ae ge or oblong, glabrous: calyx-segments linear-filiform,
ong, glabrous or sparsely ciliate: corolla blue-purple,
y 54.5 cm. long, or the latest ones smaller; the slender tube
1.5-2.5 em. long, the slenderly campanulate throat 0.7-1 cm. in
diameter at summit, the expanded limb 2. em. broad: capsule
5 eves rarely strigose, 1-1.5 cm. long, longer or orb
shorter than calyx.—Bu i. N. Y; Bot. Gant iii. 437 (1905).—
ine ah region of southern FLoripA: pEsoTo co.: sandhills,
~ Park to Sebring, Small & DeWinkeler, no. 9047 (NY).
co.: hammocks, Myers, Hitchcock, no. 261. DADE Co.:
bordee of wet prairie, Bay Biscayne, A. t Curtiss, no. 5500E;
near Cutler, A. A. Eaton, no. 257; in everglades near unfinished
railroad grades, between Coconut Grove and Cutler, Small &
Carter, no. 1721 Lee el eer pal of edits Small &
(NY); Rages about Sykes Hammock, Small, Mosier & Small,
no. 5659 (Du NY); hammocks on prairie east of Florida
City, Se: nee "8080 0 (NY); near the Homestead Trail, Small,
no. 225 6 (NY ); west of Camp Jackson, Small & Wilson, no. 1844
(NY); Cues Jackson to Camp Longview w, Small, Carter & Small,
no. 3490 ibis basta gas and vicinity, Saffo rd & M osier, no.
207 (US). OE everglades, intersecting Long Key,
Small & Nea cn 3017 (NY). PLATE 851; MAP 7.
In its stiffly upright habit, glabrescent and more or less fistulous
stems, fleshy purplish leaves and relatively short calyx Ruellia
succulenta is not likely to be confused with more northern species.
rd
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 49
Small contrasted it with R. “parviflora”, but that name, as cur-
rently used, applies to as diverse an aggregation of plants as can
be imagined, the name, as originally applied, belonging to nothing
readily identifiable. In some characters, especially in habit and
foliage R. succulenta might, superficially, be mistaken for the next.
9. NOCTIFLORA (Nees) Gray. Stems erect or arched-ascend-
ing (rarely divergently pole from base—presumably after
injury), 1.5-6 dm. high, cinereous-puberulent or minutely
cinereous-pilose, glabrescent, ‘with elongate internodes and 3-10
pairs of leaves on main axis: leaves narrowly lanceolate to lance-
or elliptic-oblong, submembranaceous, Ratna: or minutely
hirtellous, ee to rae or subacute apex and to sessile to
of leaves, very short, gnome erulent; the 2 cinereous
bracts linear-lanceolate and undulate-dentate: calyx-segments
slenderly linear, cinereous-puberulent or minutely cone
.O-4.5 em. long: ¢ orolla bluish to nearly white, expandin
the night, 6-11 cm. long; slender tube 4.5-8 em. long; ihe
slender throat only 1-2 cm. long and 5-10 mm. thick; the ex-
panded limb 3.5-6 cm. ae capsule cinereous-puberulent,
2.25-3.5 cm. long.—Syn. Fl. N. oe ii!, 326 (1878). Cee ey
LeConte in Ann. Lye. iv Y. 1. ae not HBK. (1817).
wet pine barrens, evidently local, eastern Georgia to north-
western Florida, ‘west to southwestern Louisi ~ a. GEORGIA:
WITHOUT STATED LocaLiTy: LeConte (Mo, NY); savannas,
LeConte? (Phil); these perhaps portions of original collec
tions, at first called R. longiflora (not R. longiflora Richard,
1792) but on en sheets altered i R. A LeConte in his
seo a poptrs ‘“‘TInhabits in the savannahs of the Altamaha”’.
RICHMON : “Altamaha, Bath”, LeConte (Phil). Fistor co.:
near Sonbis Lalioite (NY); wet peaty pine barrens, 14 miles
southeast of Ludowici, one Co. & Manning, no. 29 928 (errone-
ously noted as from “Lon Co.”). MCINTOSH CO.: at sea-level,
about Darien Junction, “Jane 35-27, 1895, J. K. Small (NY).
FLORIDA: WITHOUT STATED LOCALITY: Florida, LeConte (Phil);
Florida, Chapman, eal collections (Mo, NY, Phil, US);
est Florida, Chapman, rota begreer age WAKULLA CO.
“Dizygandra noctiflora Shuttl. , In campis graminosis,
1 Sunbury, not eg on modern maps of cur, was thus described in Lippincott’s
Gazeteer (1856): ecayed town of Liberty co., Georgia, on the Medway River,
about 30 miles S. Mycteare of Savannah
50 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
inter St. Marks et Port Leon, Florida, legit Rugel, Jun. 1843
(Mo, NY), 1soTyPes of Dipteracanthus noctiflorus Nees. FRANK-
LIN CO.: Apalachicola, Chapman, with note, ‘‘The flowers open
in the night and fall off by morning”; low prairie, Apalachicola,
1867, B. F. Saurman; ae gra y Pie barren, Apalachicola,
Chapman, distr. by Biltmore Hans . 4501*; low pinelands,
Port St. Joe to Aneinsticoln. Small, Small & DeWinkeler, no.
11,417 (NY, US). Atasama: low meadows on the coast, Porters-
ville, Sept., 1892, Mohr (US)—locality not definitely located,
since Portersville in DeKalb County is not on the coast. CULL-
ss m ek
1892, Mohr (NY, US). Mussissrprt: Deer Island, A. B. Seymour,
no. 197 (loosely branched, presumably injured, the oe
leaves with unusually long petioles). HARRISON CO.: Bilo
June 22, 1899, S. M. Tracy, some specimens as no. wpe others as
no. Mo, NC, NY, US). HaANcocK co ne_ barren,
Prete & Schery, no. 51 (Mo); Bay St. Louis, foal Is (NY).
LOUISIANA: CALCASIEU PARISH: vicinity of Lake Charles, 1904,
y oa Allison (US). Puiarns 852 and 853; map 8.
Ruellia noctiflora is one of the most distinctive and, at the same
time, highly localized American species. In view of the great
amount of collecting in the Southeastern States, it should, if at
all common, be better represented in herbaria. LeConte’s state-
ment, when he originally published it as R. tubiflora, that it
“Tnhabits in the savannahs of the Altamaha’’, suggest localiza-
tion. When he renamed the species Dipteracanthus noctiflorus,
Nees, as usual, had very mixed ideas, for he included with the
LeConte plant and that from St. Marks, Florida, material from
Texas of the wholly different R. humilis Nutt.; in fact he made
R. humilis a variety of D. noctiflorus, and he went so far in his
general misinterpretations as to note that the wonderfully differ-
ent Dipteracanthus noctiflorus “vix a D. cilioso Purshii differret”’.
Aside from the minutely canescent pubescence which covers most
parts of R. noctiflora, this species has the longest corolla and calyx
of any of our species, and its very long (up to 3.5 cm. long)
ee is cinereous-puberulent.
R. numitis Nutt. Stem often at first simple, soon with
ed ing to horizontally divergent or reclining branches;
the main axis 1-7 (-8.5) dm. high; the rather short internodes
berate! or can pant ioe to pkneinemen quires
with 4-12 pairs of leaves longer than the internodes, and 4-10
mse floriferous: leaves coriaceous, often hirsute to ’ villous on
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 51
nerves and margin, oblong or oblong-lanceolate to ovate, _—
or subsessile, nearly uniform or but slightly reduced upward:
flowers few in the axils: bracts lanceolate, oblong or elliptic:
calyx-segments 1.5-2.5 cm. long, linear-attenuate, mostly
hirsute- to villous-ciliate: corolla 2-8 ¢ . long, lavender to
bluish (rarely white), the slender tube 0. 75 cm. long, the throat
campanulate; corolla reduced, closed and tubular in rare cleisto-
gamous individuals: an a aarreabias 1.2-1.5 cm. long: ~
suborbicular, 3-4 m n diameter.—A wide-ranging polymor-
phous species, of Teh: the following are the more sanidenat
varieties.
ong.
oe leaves of gore! axis elliptic-oblong to ae
lanceolate, 1-2. road, obtuse to subacute.
aiverwent heiress oe pes Var. typica.
rounded at summit, 2.5-4 cm. bro a eee oes 100. Var. expansa.
a. Younger internodes of stem nae glabrescent or with
only few scattered hairs on the angles; leaves glabrous,
piabiessaiit or only soni ely short-hirsute on
neath and margin, narrowly e ce Boo ashy to oblong-
lanceolate, the otf ones 1-3 cm. broad and 2-6 em. long;
corolla 2-3.5 em. long, its tube 0.7-2.3 cm. long; plant
chiefly of Cinnbertand TIMOR 2 oe ee 10f. Var. calvescens.
10a. Var. typica. R. hirsuta Ell. Sk. ii. 109 (1822), not Vell.
(1790). R. humilis Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v. 182 (1837).
Dipteracanthus noctiflorus, @. Mania Ne ees in DC. Prodr. xi. 123
< mae - least as to basonym. R. ciliosa, var. ice Gray,
. Am. ii!. 326 (1878) in part only. liosa, var.
“thle (N ut.) Britton in Trans. N. Y. Acad. Ae ix. 185 (1890),
at least as to basonym.—Dry prairies, rocky slopes, open woods
etc., southern and eastern Iowa to Texas, east to the Mississippi
land, western Virginia, ssee a 0 stern Alabama.
The following are characteristic (all, unless eeu called
R. ciliosa Purs NIA: FRANKLIN ‘abundant
h).
and common”, iaatentes July 24, 1896, Thos. C. Porter
52 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
(NY, Phil), variously as R. ciliosa, R. ciliosa, var. parviflora and
R. strepens, var.; dry ground, among grasses, near Baker Cavern,
south of Williamson, Hans Wilkens, no. ey Be Mercersberg,
co
1846, Ruel (Phil), as R. strepens. MARYLAND: WASHINGTON
Potomac River, Williamsport, Aug. 1849, Porter (Phil), as
hg eaagy ‘stre repens. Wrst VIRGINIA: HARDY co.: Lost
River, Aug. 18, 1931, Core (NY). Virernta: GILEs co.: Ripple-
August 4E 1937, ‘Lena Artz (Mt ie OHIO: CUYAHOGA CO.: near
Blue Rock S$ prings, Cleveland, oe 000 no. 1542. INDIANA:
ry, 8
n, R. M. Tryon, Je no. 2698 Deke. as R. caroliniensis.
ots co.: rocky woods between Duncan and New Albany,
Deam, no. 13,995 (NY). CRAWFoRD co.: rocky, exposed wooded
hillside southwest of Milltown, Deam, no. 16,422. KrntTucKY:
LOGAN Co.: limestone ledges and barrens, near Russelville, EZ. J.
Patines no. 17,758 (Mo), . ie parviflora (transition to var.
calvescens). TENNESSEE: DAV : copses, vicinity of Nash-
ville, Gattinger; West Nashville, Mosleson, no. 5160. FRANKLIN
co.: Cumberland Mts ; Cowan, Ruth, no. 564 (US). ALABAMA
FRANKLIN CO.: small flat cedar glade just north of Isbell, R. M.
Harper, no. 3887 (US, VPI), as R. caroliniensis (transition to
var. calvescens). MISSISSIPPI: LOWNDES Co.: sandy, open places,
banks of Tombigbee River, Columbus, June 15, 1892, C. Mohr
(US), as R. ciliosa, var. hy brida. WARREN CO.: near Vicksburg,
Paul J. Schallert, Jr. no. 13197 (Schallert). ILLINOIS: COOK CO.:
limestone cliffs, Le emont, July 20, 1912, H. L. Braun (Braun).
).
co.: river-bank, vicinity of Kankakee, C. C. Crampton, no. 568
(US). RICHLAND co.: southwest of Calsmin. Robt. Ridgway, no.
3183, in part (Phil). KENDALL co.: Yorkville, oy doar 1884,
T. E. Boyc LEE co.: Dixon, July, 1861, Wm. B oot (Phil), as
Dipteracanthus ciliosus, correctly annotated as R. haonilis. WASH-
tincTon co.: Ashley, F. Beckwith, no. 47 (Mo). JACKSON CO.:
gumbo soil, woods, Bie Muddy River, John McCree, Jr., no. 833
(Mo). UNION CO.: ona V tp of Lick Creek, Oct. 7, 1939, E.
Anderson & Wm. Bauer (Mo). Iowa: cosa 3 CO,! Lyons am
mel, no. Je te saab co.: Mt. Pleasant, C. R. Ball, no. 1564
ohn Davis, no. 978 (Mo). RALLS CO.: ie hillsides, west of Hanni-
bal, John Davis, no. 4646 (Mo). prKE co.: Eolia, Aug. 26, 1916,
John Davis (Mo). ST. LOUIS co.: Meramec Highlands, July 29,
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 53
1905, A. G. Johnson (Mo); West Webster, Uphof, no. 3803 (Mo).
JEFFERSON co.: Cedar Hill, John H. Ke llogg, no. 1185 (Mo).
FRANKLIN Co.: Pacific, Sept. 18, 1910, Moses Cratg (Mo). BUTLER
co.: woods, Bush, no. 3739 (Mo, NY, US), as R. parviflora. SHAN-
NON CO.: Bush, no. 70, identification correctly altered to R. humilis.
COOPER CO.: rocky woods, Bush, no. 15,137 (Mo). MORGAN co.:
rocky woods, Bush, no. 15, 147 Mo). WEBSTER Co.: upland lime-
nae glade, north of Forkner’s Hill, Steyermark, no. 23,854 (Mo),
s R. caroliniensis. OZARK Co.: rocky 4 ground (dolomite),
Bacies of “Bald Jesse”, near Gainesville, Z. J. Palmer, no. 33,073
(Mo). pores co.: Cole Cam mp, Trelease, no. 439 (Mo). BARRY
CO.: s, Bush, no. 15,007 se as R. parviflora. CLAY CO.:
Phxadier z fee 29, 189 qd: A. C'. Magruder (Mo), as R. ciliosa,
var. humilis. JACKSON CO.: rocky barrens, Greenwood, Bush, no.
9745 (Mo, a as R. parviflora; Rocky Bluff, south of pute:
pendence, K. K. Mackenzie, no. 1065 (NY), as R. ciliosa, var.
humilis. iyo co.: chert barrens, Joplin, E. J. Palmer, no.
1309 (Mo) and no. 18,451 (NY), the latter as R. sin a
NEWTON Co.: chert barrens, Reding’s Mill, #. J. Palmer, no
1532 (Mo). McDONALD co.: July 24, 1893, Bush (Mo). ARKAN-
SAS: WITHOUT STATED LOCALITY: “on rocks in the upland forests
and prairies’, Nuttall, Type or isotype (NY), the specimen
marked by Britton R. ciliosa Pursh. cuay co.: woods, Moark,
Bush, no. 3746 (Mo), as R. pt ees a. LONOKE Co.: fallow fields,
Carlisle, Demaree, no. 17,613 (Mo), as R. caroliniensis. PULASK
CO.: rocky ridges, ae Mt., Demaree, no. 19,797 (Mo), ie
R. caroliniensis. CARROLL co.: rocky slopes, Eureka Springs,
E. J. Palmer, no. 4426 (Mo). BENTON co.: Decatur, 1899, E. N.
Plank (NY). JOHNSON co.: ridges, Knoxville, Demaree, no.
19,933 (Mo), as R. caroliniensis. FRANKLIN Co.: low ridges,
ranch, Demaree, no. 17,786 (NY), as R. caroliniensis. YELL
co.: dry rocky ridges, Tones Mt., Dardanelle, Demaree, no.
20,006 (Mo, NY). scorr co.: dry low hills, Mansfield, Demaree,
no. 18,171 (NY). LOUISIANA: CALCASIEU PARISH? Lake Charles,
. Tracy, no. 3468 (NY). Kansas: Fy ican co.: 6
west of Pittsburg, Rydberg & Imler, no. 164 (NY). LABETTE 60.
bluffs north of Oswego, Rydberg & I wiler, no. 359 (NY). MONT-
GOMERY Co.: northeast of Caney, Rydberg & Imler, no. 401 (NY).
OKLAHOMA: OTTAWA Co.: woods, Miami, G. W. Stevens, no. 2304.
MCCURTAIN CO.: woods, near Idabel, H. W. Houghton as G. W.
Stevens, no. 3633. semen co.: dry knoll, near haa a G. W.
Stevens, no. 1931. YNE CO.: ny) Rane Waugh, no. 144 (Mo);
sandy clay soil, oth of Sele Robert Stratton, no. 141
(Mo). Exuis co.:sand, Arnett, L. F. Locke, no. 25 (US). Texas:
WOOD co.: sands, Mineola, yest (Mo). JEFFERSON CO
west of Beaumont, April 11, 1921, E. T. Wherry (US), correctly
identified. HARRIS CO.: prairies, ’ Laporte, Reverchon, no. 3938
54 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
(Mo), as R. parviflora. Brazos co.: College Station, R. G.
Reeves, nos. 167 and 168 (US). pauuas co.: dry places, Dallas,
July, 1877, Reverchon (NY). BELL co.: dry woods, near Temple,
S. E. Wolff, no. 2288 (US). TARRANT Co.: sandy post-oak woods
between Grapevine and Ft. Worth, heey & Lundell, no. 9516
(US). FAYETTE co.: Crawford, 1892 (Mo). Lavaca co.: Hal-
a G. L. Fisher, no. 100 (US). Bexar co.: bank of
elot ae northwest of San Antonio, Sister Mary Clare
Mite. no 9 (NY). KERR Co.: hillside woods, Lacey’s Ranch,
E. J. Pale, no. 9994 (Mo). Puarss 854 and 855; MAP 9.
The minor form ay white corollas is
Forma alba (Steyermark), comb. nov. £&. caroliniensis, forma
alba Steyermark in RuHopora, xli. 585 (1939). —Typr from
Missouri: prairie-slopes above limestone bluffs along Long
Creek, 1144 miles south of Shae Caldwell County, Steyer-
mark, no. 3058 (IsoTyPpE Mo
Although the description of forma alba, as a form of Ruellia
caroliniensis (a strikingly different species not found in Missouri),
gave no indication that it is an albino of the sessile-leaved
species of the prairie-region and not at all of R. caroliniensis, the
isotype is quite like typical R. humilis except for its white corolla.
Forma grisea, f. nov. (raB. 856) caulis internodiis griseo-
puberulis vel cinereo-pilosis, Me hirsutis.—Scattered through the
range of var. typica. OHIO: PICKAWAY co.: Aug. 9, 1912, R.
Lebo (Phil). finmioia® aSEOGN co.: gravelly hillside,
ower, Aug. 28, 1900, Gleason, no. 1803. MussourRt:
eeiea co.: Jerome, Oct. 5, 1913, John H. Kellogg, no. 157 (Mo).
JACKSON Co.: dry open bank, Kansas City, Sept. 15, 1916, Ralph
Hoffmann (Mo). McDONAL .: dry ground, uncommon, July
24, 1893, Bush, no. 281 Geren | bs | Herb. Gray.; ISOTYPE in Herb.
Britt tt.). LOUISIANA: JEFFERSON DAVIS PARISH: knolls in low
prairie, May 17, 1915, E. J. Palmer, no. 7649 (Mo). CALCASIEU
PARISH: Lake Charles, Aug. 7, 1897, S. M. Tracy, no. 3469 (US).
OKLAHOMA: OTTAWA CO.: pasture near eee Aug. 31, 1937,
Rk. Fosberg, no. 14,289 (Penn). EXAS: VAN ZANDT CO.:
Grand Saline, Oct. 18, ——, sais Mo).
Var. frondosa, var. nov. (ra AB. 857), vencbopiac valde villoso-
irsutis; axis primarii foliis majoribus ovatis vel ovali-oblongis
vel late ellipticis, 3.5-8 cm. longis 2-4 em.. hee a
obtusis; corollis 3-4.5 (-5) em. longis tubo 1.2-3 em. longo.—
Southeastern Nebraska to eastern Texas aad Louisiana, “cant
ward to south-central Pennsylvania and western Virginia; speci-
mens, unless otherwise noted, originally called R. ciliosa, in a
few cases corrected to R. humilis. PENNSYLVANIA: FRANKLIN
co.: Chambersburg, Aug. 27, 1897, Thos. C. Porter. V1rGINIA:
i ome et ree e
sated - at: CT: eeemenaant
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 55
SHENANDOAH Co.: rocky (limey) woods, near Strasburg, Hunne-
well, no. 12,037 (FWH), as R. caroliniensis; limestone barrens
near Strasburg, June 6, 1936, Hunnewell (VPI), as R. carolinien-
sis; damp thicket near Meadow Mills, Hunnewell, no. 17,837
FW 0, F
WYTHE Co.: banks, Reed Creek, June 28, em as
es: es site tie co.: Euclid Heights, Cleveland, Green-
man, 353; r Blue Rock PpRngs, mea oe Greenman,
nos. 1541 and 1542 (U S). GREEN CO.: a, July 10, 1883, H.
A. Young; open bottoms, Yellow aes July 10, 1935, Demaree,
no. 11,486 (Mo, Phil); ’ Cedarville, July, 1906 "J. F. Cleven nger
(US). MonTGomERY co.: Dayton, John W. VanCleve (Phil), as
R. angele CLERMONT Co.: sandy soil, gravel terrace, Mul-
ford, June 17, 1916, H. L. Braun (Braun). HAMILTON Co.: gravel
banks, ligeeat Fernald, July 19, 1914, #. L. Braun (Braun). Inp1-
N CO.: prairie north of "Tab, August 31, 1916, Deam,
a “art 613 (NY): high bank S Pine Creek, west of Kramer, July
8, 1918, Deam, no. 25,843. MARION co.: abundant among tall
weeds between Indianapolis se Carmel, Aug. 8, 1942,
Friesner, no. 17,202 (type in Herb. Gray. ; ISOTYPE in Herb.
Butler Univ.), distrib. as R. caroliniensis; same station, August 5,
1944, Friesner, no. 18,579 (topotypes).. HARRISON co.: bluff,
south side of Buck Creek, southeast of Corydon, June 15, 1940,
Friesner, no. 14,369 (D NY), as R. caroliniensis. KENTUCKY:
PENDLETON C0.: dry fea bank, south of Peach Grove, July 8,
1941, EZ. L. Braun, no. 4037. ‘TENNESSEE: DAVIDSON Co.: West
Nashville, May 26-27, 1909, Eggleston, no. 4436 (Phil). Ittrots.
COOK co.: Chicago, Se H. Babcock (US); Flossmoor, Aug. 1, 1909,
Greenman, no. 2816. DUPAGE co.: introduced along roadside,
Naperville, Aug. 1, 1897, L. M. Umbach (US). WILL co.: ro ad-
side, Romeo, June 25, 1896 (Phil), July 26, 1897 “(US), Ss)
WINNEBAGO CO.: Rockford, July 11, 1926, Pammel & Fisk,
293 (Mo). RICHLAND co.: Larchmount, Aug. 1, 1914, Robt.
idgway. CHAMPAIGN Co.: vicinity of Urbana, Aug. 10, 1910,
Steele (US). sTarxk co.: gravel slope, near Wady Petra, July 9,
1900, V. H. Chase, no. 673 (Phil). HANCOCK CO.: Augusta,
1845, S. B. Mead, as R. strepens. sv. CLAIR co.: dry ground,
June 28, 1875, Henry Eggert (Mo). Iowa: cLinTon co.: Clinton
(Lyons), Sept. 4, , Pammel, no. 77. WARREN CO.: Indianola,
July 6, eer Paina Welbus & J acques. MISSOURI: CLARK C
pene u ush (Mo). st. LOUIS co. collines arides,
6205 (Mo). NODAWAY co.: geet ngs, n
Parnell, June 20, 1938, eae no. no. 5936 (Mo). TACKSON ee
56 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
dry grounds, Waldo Park, June 10, 1896, K. K. Mackenzie (US).
JOHNSON Co.: sandstone hillside, Warrenburg, Aug. 27, 1916, G.
W. Stevens, no. 4106 (NY). GREENE co.,: northeast of Spring-
field, Aug. 29, 1911, P. C. Standley, no. 8390 (US). JASPER co.:
chert barrens, northwest of Joplin, Aug. 16, 1908, E. J. Palmer,
no. 1309 (Mo). mMcpona.p co.: dry open ground, Noel, Sept. 7,
1913, E. J. Palmer, no. 4164 (Mo); chert slopes west of Noel,
May 31, 1938, Steyermark, no. 562 (Mo), as R. caroliniensis.
ARKANSAS: FAULKNER Co.: rocky glade, Guy, Sept. 4, 1934,
Demaree, no. 10,963 (US). puLAsKi co.: Little Rock, July, 1886,
H. E. Hasse (NY). carrout co.: Eureka Springs, July 17, 1898,
N. M. Glatfelter (Mo). LovtstaNa: RAPIDES PARISH: pine woods,
vicinity of Alexandria, June 6, 1899, C. R. Ball, no. 655, in part
0, US). NeBRASKA: LANCASTER CO.: roadsides, Lincoln, Aug.
=e H. J. Webber (US). Kansas: pouaLas co.: Lawrence,
en
through wooded area, southeast corner of county, July 23, 1937,
. B. Jacobs, no. 134 (NY). cowLEy co.: 1895, C. M. Gould
NY). OKLAHOMA: ELLIS Co.: east of Harmon, June 17, 1932,
em. broad and 3-6 em. long, obtuse to subacute: corolla 5-8 em.
ong; = tube 3-5 cm. long.—R. ci tosa, var. longiflora Gray,
yn.
as R. ciliosa, more rarely as R. humilis, ILLINOIS: RICHLAND CO.:
Parkersburg, June 14, 1902, Robt. Ridgway (US). MACOUPIN co.:
Piasa, Aug. 5, 1905, G. E. McClure (Mo). WILLIAMson co.: dry
soil, Bush, John McCree, Jr. no. 881 (Mo). Missourt: MARION
co.: dry soil, near Mark Twain Cave, John Davis, no. 4101 (Mo).
LINCOLN Co0.: Silex, John Davis, no. 3887 (Mo). st. Louis co.:
Windsor Springs, July 1, 1890, A. S. Hitchcock (Mo). JEFFERSON
co.: stony hills north of Hematite, July 7, 1891, Henry Eggert,
(Mo); dry limestone glade southwest of Crystal City, Steyer-
mark, no. 1114 (Mo), as R. caroliniensis; Festus, July 11, 1925,
Woodson (Mo); south of Festus, Mildred M athias, no. 700 (Mo).
WASHINGTON CO.: Potosi, July 24, 1885, Frederick Wislizenus
0). COOPER co.: rocky barrens, Bush, no. 13,673 (Mo).
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 57
GREENE Co.: dry hills near Fulbright Spring, P. C. Standley, no.
9567 (US). TaNrEyY co.: Forsythe, Trelease, no. 440 (Mo), as
R. ciliosa, var. longiflora. JACKSON Co.: rocky hillside, June 15,
1864, G. C. Broadhead (Mo). BENTON co.: Mora, Trelease, no.
438 (Mo). ST. CLAIR CO.: rocky woods, Osceola, Bush, no. 12, 819
(Mo). JASPER co.: Aug. 16, 1893, Bush (Mo), as R. ciliosa, var.
longiflora. Amesarais: CRAIGHEAD CO.: open woods, Lake City,
Demaree, no. 3391 (Mo). SHARP Co.: Hardy, Greenman, no.
1524 Mo). pete co.: prairie-thickets, Mist, Demaree, no.
15,096 (Mo). FAULKNER co.: rocky hillsides, Guy, Demaree, no.
10,963 (NY). conway co.: Petit Jean Mt., Morrilton, June 25,
1937, John K. Edwards (Pa). LOGAN CO.: rocky, dry situations
at 2800 ft., Magazine Mt., Demaree, no. 17,720 (Mo, “yet as
R. caroliniensis SEBASTIAN co.: Fort Smith, 1853-4
eo Herb. (NY). NATCHITOCHES PARISH: dry open ati)
Soecte mag mee E. J. Palmer, no. Pee Y); dry sandy ground,
Chopin, EF. J. Palmer, no. 7565 (Mo); long-leaf pine pendhills,
fake 20, 1930, Caroline Dorman (NY). RAPIDES PARISH: Alex
andria, Josiah Hale (NY). JEFFERSON DAVIS PARISH: knolls on
low prairies, Welsh, E. J. Palmer, no. 7649 (NY). marisa 4
PARISH: low grassy soil, 1 mile east of Lake Charles, D. S. & H
Correll, no. 9652. KANSAS: WITHOUT DEFINITE LOCALITY i
tween Neusha and Red Fork, Sept., 1849, Marcy Exped. RILEY CO:
Manhattan, Pek 29, 1884, M. A. Carleton (Mo). LYON co.: ae
poria, July 13, 891, E. C. Sm ith (Mo). MONTGOMERY CO.:
prairie, one September 16, 1900, Frank W. Johnson (NY).
SEDGWICK co.: Wichita, 1892, H. R. Rose. OKLAHOMA: CRAIG CO.:
north of Vinita, G. J. Goodman, no. 3047. osaGeE co.: dry knoll,
Pawhuska, G. W. Seta no. 1931. CREEK Co.: fag ‘bi it oe
428 (Mo). TExas: WITHOUT STATED LocALITy: Drum , No
219 and 220 (amas ean) and 258 (nos. 220 and 258 praing Hae of
Rboeceacaae! reas Torr. & Gray); Lindheimer, no. 158;
everchon, no. 725 (Mo). TYLER CO.: Jct south of Woodville,
Lundell & leandats no. 11,544 (US). HARDIN co.: east of Camp
Jackson, Cory, no. 19, 793. HOUSTON sos cm open ground, La-
texo, EZ. J.P. Palmer, no. 12, sig eT NY). WALKER co. seme agy of
co.: Dallas, June, 1874, Reverchon, no. 410, PARATYPE; vicinity
58 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
rocky ground, Aug. 10, 1924 (NY)). TRavis co.: Austin, Tharp,
no. 1384 (US). Bastrop co.: McDade, Va. Collins, no. 266. pxE
witT co.: hillside, July 30, 1941, Marguerite Riedel. BEXAR Co.:
hills north of San Antonio, Sept. 1, 1900, Henry Eggert (Mo).
TOM GREEN Co.: Knickerbocker Ranch, Dove Creek, May, 1880,
Frank Tweedy (US), as R. ciliosa, var. longiflora. PLATE 858;
MAP
Lakes, Chapman (Mo). Mrcutcan: old specimen marked b
Asa Gray “ Michigan coll.”. Wisconsin: RocK co.: Beloit, 1860,
(US). Intinots: coox co.: Chicago, July 7, 1873, H. H. Babcock
(US); prairie, Streator, Aug. 11, 1929, Howard K. Henry, no. 130
(Pa); between the Sag and Palos Park, Sept. 1, 1908, Caldwell &
Greenman, no. 3584 (Mo); Riverside, June 29, 1871, H. H. Bab-
cock (NY), July, 1888, E. L. Sturtevant (Mo). wit co.: Joliet,
July 4, 1900, H. P. Skeels (USNA). wINNEBAGo co.: Fountain-
dale, M. S. Bebb, as Dipteracanthus strepens. WoopFORD CO.:
Minonk, Aug. 13, 1895, Chas. Thom (USNA). PEORIA Co.: Peoria,
68, J. T. Stewart (Phil); dry barrens, Peoria, June, 1887, F. E.
McDonald; dry prairies, Peoria, July, 1903, and July, 1904, F. £.
McDonald. Mason co.: Havana, Aug. 17, 1904, Gleason. HENDER-
MACON CO.: openings in timber, Stevens Creek at Wabash, July 1,
1915, I. W. Clokey, no. 2429 (TyPE in Herb. Gray; 1sorypEs in
. : : us ee ~ Ree, _ tenn, ey annem eee osememmeme si Pon
4
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 59
1877, A. B. Seymour (Duke). st. cLAIR co.: woods, Belleville,
July, 1846, Th. Hilgard, Jr. (Mo)—plant 8.25 m. high. RANDOLPH
co.: Red Bud, June 30, 1888, L. H. Pammel (Mo). Muississiprt:
OKTIBBEHA CO.: Agency, May 31, 1897, S. M. Tracy, no.. 3203
(NY). Iowa: JOHNSON Co.: Aug. 13; 1909, M. P. Somes, no.
vg (US). VAN BUREN CO.: open woods, Bentonport, July, 1920,
LE. W. Graves, nos. 1687 and 1957 (Mo). WwayNE co.: July, 1885,
R. KB. (Phil). GREENE Co.: Jefferson, July 24, 1867, J. A.
Allen. MaApIsON co.: Peru, June 20, 1897, D. E. Hollingsworth,
no. 577. RINGGOLD Co: Mount Ayr, July 24, 1926, Ada Hayden
1925, L. H. Pammel, no. 733. MissouRI: MARION. Co.: dry woods,
Hannibal, Aug. 7, 1912, John Davis (Mo). PIKE co.: dry mea-
dow, near Clarkesville, June 15, 1914, John Davis, no. 2677
0). ST. LOUIS CO.: limestone hill, Pacific, June 8, 1918, MGS 5
Churchill (Mo). WASHINGTON CO.: Irondale, June 30, 1893,
.2 Toc
July 6, 1914, E. J. Palmer, no. 6205. PHELPS CoO.: ss
June 16, 1914, John H. Kellogg east iy OONE Co.: banks
Missouri River, Rocheport, July 4, H. W. Rickett (Duke.
WRIGHT CO.: open woods, east of Manchold, June, 1911, O. E.
Lansing, no. 3180. MORGAN co.: rocky woods, June ee 1934,
Bush, no. 13,708 (Mo, Pa). HICKORY Co.: cherty limestone
slopes, east of Jordan, July 10, 1934, Steyermark, no. 13,216 (Mo).
GREENE Co.: Springfield, July, 1904, P. C. Standley (U8). JACK-
SON co.: Independence, June 10, 1894, Bush, no. 349; barrens,
Independence, July 6, 1900, Bush, no. 775 (Mo, US) and several
other nos. (one of them with the penciled memorandum, “type
of R. ciliosa”, a difficult proposition to defend since Pursh’ s
species was from Savannah, Georgia!). BARRY Co.: fields,
Eagle Rock, June 29, 1897, Bush, no. 506 (Mo). JASPER Co.:
dry prairies, Carthage, July 13, bai Bush, no. 356 (Mo).
MCDONALD co.: dry ground, Bush, no. 282 (NY), as R. ciliosa,
var. three ARKANSAS: WITHOUT STATED LOCALITY: Arun-
holdt, no, 24. pRArRIE co.: Hazen, Grand Prairie, June 29, 1941,
Tenipres. no. 23,304 (Mo), as R. caroliniensis. CARROLL Co.:
Eureka Springs, ‘July 7, 1898, N. M. Glatfelter (Mo). BENTON
CO.: prairie-like thickets, Willow Springs, Aug. 9, 1941, Demaree,
no. 22,380 (Mo), as R. caroliniensis. LOUISIANA! RED RIVER
PARISH? J. Hale as R. etre Ell. NATCHITOCHES PARISH: eed
60 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
ELLIS co.: Cyril Zeller (Mo). OKLAHOMA: OTTAWA CO.: pasture
near Narcissa, Aug. 31, 1937, F. R. Fosberg, no. 14,289 (Pa).
at aay co.: rocky woods west of McAlester, May 27, 1920,
W. Pennell, no. 10,600 (Phil). PAYNE Co.: Stillwater, June
3 1926, Robt. Stratton, no. 622 ( slg oe soil north of Still-
water, June 6, 1937, Darrell McLean n, no. 3 (Phil). BRYAN CO.:
Colbert, June. 15, 1891, C. S. Sheldon, no. 14 (US), as R. ciliosa,
r. longiflora. CLEVELAND CO.: Norman, Sept. 25, 1914,
fa no. 522 (Mo), as R. parviflora. CADDO CO.: ‘between Fort
obb and Fort Rebuekle 1868, Edw. Palmer (US), as ae
canthus strepens. on i co.: Fort Sill, May 29, 1916,
Joseph Clemens. TEXAS: NEWTON CO.: Autreville, "1857, 'C. GC.
Fosberg (Phil). camp pa Pittsburg, Sept. 13, 1923, Tharp
(Phil). Greee co.: July, 1939, C. L. York. woop co.: post-oak
woods, July 6, 1924, Tharp (US). HARRIS co.: barren bluffs,
Houston, Sept., 1 843, Engelmann (Mo). DALLAS CO.: vicinity of
Dallas, July 3, 1929, Mary R. Stephenson, no. 96 (US). PARKER
ce : Weatherford, July 4 1902, S. M. Tracy, no. 8078. TRAVIS
: Austin, July 20, 1940, Tharp (transition to var. Sy gldtae
och co.: near Corpus Christi, March, 1894, A.
(NY). COMANCHE co.: DeLeon, June 16, 1941, Tharp. eb a
Var. calvescens, var. nov. (TAB. 860), caulibus 1-4 dm. altis,
amosis, ramis plerumque divergentibus, internodiis glabris vel
glabrescentibus vel sparse breviterque hispidis; foliis glabris vel
glabrescentibus vel ad venas remote hirtellis, anguste elliptico-
oblon vel oblongo-lanceolatis, majoribus 2-
0. 7-2.3 em. latis; corollis 2-3.5 cm. longis, tubo 0.7—2.3 cm.
longo.—Cumber land Plateau of Kentucky and Tennessee, over-
lapping slightly into southern Indiana and southern Ohio,
locally in Alleghenies of northwestern Virginia, Great Smoky
untains of eastern Tennessee and mountains of northern
Georgia and Alabama; specimens, unless otherwise noted, dis-
tributed as R. ciliosa or R. aie re hog i a IA: FREDERICK CO
aa seine Middletown, Sept. 1 1, Hunnewell, no. 17, 361,
as Dyschoriste oblongifolia (ieadteassiotaien ea in e). SHENAN-
DOAH co.: dry limerock barrens, 1 pis forthanat of Strasburg,
Aug. 30, 1927, Wiegand & Manning, no. 2934; rocky field near
anda, July 27, 1942, Rane; aa 17 721 (FWH), as
Dyschoriste oblongifolia. GEORGIA: WALKER CO.: Chickamauga
Park, Biltmore Herb., no. 849 (US): Onto: HIGHLAND CO.:
Sept., eng figex M. Roads, September, 1928 (US). InpIANA:
CRAWFOR : in shallow soil on washed limestone slope, jus
north of Leavenworth Oct. 5, 1920, Deam, no. 33,429 (Pa).
KENTUCKY: WITHOUT STATED nega 1916, Anna King, no.
310 (Duke and, in Part US); hills of Kentucky River, Aug. 15,
1895, H. Garman & J. N. Rose (TYPE in Herb. Gray; ISOTYPE in
U. 8. Nat. Herb. ), distrib. as R. strepens. FLEMING co.: dry soil
cg ity =
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 61
east of Hillsboro, Aug. 21, 1940, #. L. Braun, no. 3364 (Braun).
ROBERTSON Co.: dry slopes, limestone soil, west of Blue Licks,
July 8, 1941, Z. L. Braun, no. 4044. NIcHOLAS Co.: open woods,
Blue Lick Springs, Sept. 17, 1936, F. J. Scully, no. 814 (US), as
R. parviflora; dry soil, open red cedar, south of Fairview, Sept.
22, 1939, HE. L. Braun, no. 2684 (Braun). scotr co.: dry woods,
Stamping Ground, July 27, 1931, J. W. Singer, no. 145 (US), as
. parviflora. PULASKI co.: bluffs near Burnside, Aug. 22, 1903,
Biltmore Herb. no. 849* (US). NELSON co.: prairie patches,
Balltown, July 22, 1940, #. L. Braun, no. 3248 (Braun); dry
limestone slope, prairie patches, west of Bardstown, Aug. 18,
E. L. Braun, no. 4085. HARDIN co.: thin soil over limestone,
Howe Valley, Sept. 6, 1927, Wherry & Pennell, no. 73,642 (Phil).
HART CO:. sandy roadside, 2 miles southeast of Horse Cave,
Sept. 4, 1930, Svenson, no. 4418. Grayson co.: Leitchfield,
TENNESSEE: SEVIER co.: between Gatlinburg and Maryville,
July 27, 1936, W. C. Coker (NC). witson co.: dry cedar glades,
Lebanon, Aug. 11, 1900, Biltmore Herb. no. 8498 (US). DAvID-
SON co.: cedar barrens, common, Gattinger (Mo); Nashville,
Aug., 1879, Gattinger (Mo); West Nashville, May 26-27, 1909,
Eggleston, no. 4436 (US), Sept. 24-25, 1909, Eggleston, no. 5160
(NY, Phil). corree co.: near Manchester, Aug. 14, 1899,
Biltmore Herb., no. 849 (US). RUTHERFORD CO.: near Lavergne,
Aug., 1897, Henry Eggert (Mo). FRANKLIN co.: Cumberland
Mts., Cowan, July, 1898, Ruth, no. 556 (NY), no. 590 (Mo).
ALABAMA: MADISON Co.: ad montes, prope Huntsville, Oct., 1843,
Rugel (NY), with unpublished but quite appropriate varietal
name. Map 13. a
When sorted out from the very diverse species with which it
has been confused, Ruellia ciliosa, R. caroliniensis, and even the
wholly different R. strepens and the apocryphal R. parviflora,
Ruellia humilis becomes a very consistent species of wide inland
range. By the singular and not very edifying fatality which has
obscured the clarification of even the simpler of our species of
Ruellia the great bulk of material of the continental R. humilis
(including its varieties) has very generally passed as R. ciliosa
Pursh, its type from Savannah, Georgia, although there is no
evidence in any of the larger American herbaria that the present
species approaches Savannah nearer than the Shenandoah Valley
62 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
of Virginia, the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee, the
mountains of northwestern Georgia, and the northwestern corner
of Florida. Conversely, although R. humilis was described from
‘rocks in the upland forests and prairies’ of Arkansas, the name
R. humilis has been consistently used by Small and his followers
for true and strikingly different R. ciliosa Pursh and given a range,
“Sandy soil, Coastal Plain, Fla. to Miss. and Ga.’’, through a
country without the dry limestone rocks where true R. humilis
prevails, and entirely excluding the type-region of the latter!
There is great probability that Ruellia hirsuta Ell. Sk. 11. 109
(1822) was typical R. humilis Nutt. Elliott, familiar with the
more eastern plants, went beyond the stated limits of his Sketch
to describe a remarkable new species from “near the Alabama
River in dry soils”: “‘ Hirsute, branching, leaves oval-lanceolate,
nearly acute, sessile, segments of the calyx subulate, hispid, a
little longer than the tube of the corolla Tea re ewe
very hirsute. Leaves . . . almost hispid’. Elliott’s type is
lost; furthermore his name was antedated by R. hirsuta Velloso
(1790).
As the TYPE or IsoTYPE of Ruellia humilis (until a possibly
more authentic type is found) I have taken an Arkansas speci-
men from Nuttall, in the Torrey Herbarium. This (PLATE 854,
Fic. 1) is of the relatively short-flowered series with narrow
leaves, a plant (Map 9) prevailing west of the Mississippi, south-
ward into Texas, but scattered eastward even to the mountains
of south-central Pennsylvania, western Maryland and western
Virginia. This plant passes through obvious transitions into a
coarser and broader-leaved extreme of similar range (map 10),
which might perhaps be considered an ecological variety were it
not that in their morphological characters they exactly parallel
the two plants with greatly prolonged corolla-tube (the longest
corolla of any of our species except the southeastern Coastal
Plain R. noctiflora). Although the very long-flowered plants
have similar areas of development, the narrow-leaved var. longi-
flora (MAP 11) is more restricted, its eastern range stopping
essentially at the Mississippi, with northern limits in southern
Illinois and Missouri; the broader-leaved var. erpansa (MAP 12)
with outposts eastward to northwestern Florida, northeastern
Alabama and in Indiana and Wisconsin and, farther west,
1945] Whelden,—Marine Algae of the Monterey Peninsula 63
extending well into Iowa. These two plants, although merging,
seem fairly well defined. In Texas and Louisiana var. longiflora
has often been mistaken for the more eastern Coastal Plain R.
noctiflora. It is promptly distinguished, however, by its greatly
developed villous-hirsute pubescence, R. noctiflora being puberu-
lent; by its short and strongly hirsute-ciliate calyx-segments,
those of R. noctiflora prolonged (2.5-4.5 em. long) and puberu-
lent; and by its short and glabrous capsule, the very long
(2.25-3.5 em. long) capsule of R. noctiflora pubescent.
As extreme as any variation of Ruellia humilis is var. calvescens
(mar 13), concentrated on the Cumberland Plateau, with
colonies along the Alleghenies and the Great Smokies. Smaller
in all parts than most members of the species and nearly glab-
rous, it has been mistaken (by the writer among others) for
Dyschoriste oblongifolia (Michx.) Ktze. In their more upright’
extremes the two plants are often superficially similar, but the
technical differences of calyx-segments and anthers hold. Fur-
thermore, when the ripe seeds of R. humilis, var. calvescens, like
those of all our species of Ruellia, are moistened they promptly
exude mucilage which soon takes the form of prolonging and
streaming spiracles which finally give the seed a more or less
plush-like surface. Many tests of seeds of Dyschoriste oblongi-
folia have shown no such mucilage-spiracles there. The latter
species, furthermore, is a plant of southern Coastal-Plain pine
barrens and fall-line sands, northward to South Carolina (the
old and doubted basis for it as Virginian, in the Gray Herbarium,
being a specimen with copied—not original—label, reading
“Southern States. Virginia’’), not of calcareous upland.
(To be continued)
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 71
elongate floriferous ascending basal branches; median
leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, ovate or elliptic, sub-
equal, subcoriaceous, often undulate-dentate...... 11]. Var. dentata.
lla. Var. typica. Stem when well developed 1.5-7 dm. high,
simple, or with divergently to horizontally spreading elongate
branches mostly flowering at tips, obtusely angled, canescent-
pilose to copiously white-villous; middle and lower internodes
greatly elongated (5-18 cm. long), the uppermost greatly. abbre-
viated: principal leaves elliptic, subrhombic, oval, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, membranaceous, slender-petioled, obtuse to
acute, white-villous to villous-hirsute or canescent-pilose be-
neath when young, closely strigose above; the blades 3-10 cm.
long and 1.5—4 cm. broad, with somewhat undulate surface, thus
crumpled or puckered in drying: glomerules very short-peduncled,
trom 1-3 approximate or subapproximate upper nodes and at
tips of longer branches, 2-many-flowered: bracts oblong-lanceo-
late to narrowly elliptic, nearly equaling to shorter than calyx:
calyx-segments linear-setaceous, white-villous or canescent-
pilose on back, villous-ciliate, 1.3-2.3 cm. long, usually con-
siderably shorter than corolla-tube: corolla bluish-lavender,
2.5-5 cm. long; the slender tube 1.3-2.7 em. long, the campanu-
late-obconic throat 1-1.5 cm. thick at summit; expanded limb
2.5-3.5 cm. broad: capsule often densely pilose-hirtellous,
sometimes glabrous, 1.4-1.7 cm. long.—R. strepens, capitulis
comosis Dillenius, Hort. Elth. ii. 330, t. 331 (1732). KR. strepens
L. Sp. Pl. 634 (1753), in part, not L. Mantiss. Alt. 422 (1771).
Anonymos caroliniensis Walt. Fl. Carol. 168 (1788). Pattersonza
Lyc. N. Y.
(1824), in part only; Small, FI. Se. U. S. 1084 (1903) and Man.
1229 (193
eme
change of spelling of both names) directly from J. F. Gmelin;
Blake in Ruopora, xxii. 134 (1915), in part, excluding R. ciliosa
and R. carol. var. parviflora (Nees) Blake and all synonyms
anus Nees 1. ec. (1847). R. ciliosa, var. hybrida (Pursh) Gray, ae
Fl. iit, 326 (1878), in part—Sandy woods, Florida, north to
eastern South Carolina; Tennessee, Kentucky ‘bu ou R.
Arkansas (unless otherwise noted, specimens erat hillside, 40-
70 Rhodora [Marcu
pono Ss ne
upper more or less approximate nodes chiefly
longer nein those boner f entire or not very dentate; 1 or 2
(rarely 3 or 4) nodes of the main axis floriferous, the low-
pecshonasbosings ones from closely crowded to as (-15) cm.
mple, only rarely branched... .
d. oan rsaseings of the uppermost noden broadly ‘ieselete
o oval, ovate or elliptic, if lance-subacuminate 1.5-
4.5 cm. ‘broad; calyx-segments glabrous or nearly so on
ck; summit of herigaod of eal ve 7-1.5 cm. broad,
expanded lim limb 2.5-4 cage
. Leaves m Cates oock “phabie, a ovate or elliptic
to broadly lanceolate... .f.
Fae stoutish to slender, 1-5 mm. thick at base, 1-9
dm. high; larger leaves 5-12 cm. long, if obtuse
snatie Tis ore than 7 cm. long... .g
g. Leaves ee ispid on veins beneath; calyx-
segmen
inten aa stem (or some of them) copiously
spreading-hirsute............... d. Var. membranacea.
teterncdee aon eoe teh to glabrescent, at most
with remote elongate trichomes
1 Var. membr., forma breviberbis.
°
y
BS
=
g. Leaves glabrous beneath.
Calyx-segments oliates: internodes of stem se
aly acini upper surfaces of leaves
ally strigose........ 1lf. Var. einen ‘forms hypopsila.
Calyx. Hossa hl eciliate; internodes glab
pe glabrous; By tog aces of leaves sabeode
essentially so........ llg. Var Se ae forma laevior.
f. Stem fiform, 1-2 Pia thick at abe, 1-2 (-4) dm
; leaves membranaceous, elliptic to oblong,
= larger ones 32-6 em. long, obtuse to rounded at
rar malar — internodes (or some of
them) of a piously villous-hirsute with
aversen’ Bae ss es Es heard rod nanella.
alyx-segments palin: internodes glabresce
or merely puberulen oe Var. ena , forma eciliata.
e0
lance-ovate, subacuminate; stem rigid, 4.5-9
Wes a Se 11j. Var. cheloniformis.
d, iene leaves of the uppermost acme lance-
olate to Loved eg 0.5-1.5 C Cg em. broad; stem
slender, 1.5-7 dm. ; calyx-segments canescent-
pilose to glabrescent; throat of corolla 5-10 mm. broad
at summit, expanded li .5 em. broad..... 11k. Var. salicina.
c. ~~ of flowering s summit gradually much reduced i in —
es 0
all but upper internodes elongate; stem frequently with
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 71
elongate floriferous ascending basal branches; median
leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, ovate or elliptic, sub-
equal, subcoriaceous, often undulate-dentate...... 11]. Var. dentata.
lla. Var. typica. Stem when well developed 1.5-7 dm. high,
simple, or with divergently to horizontally spreading elongate
branches mostly flowering at tips, obtusely angled, canescent-
pilose to copiously white-villous; middle and lower internodes
greatly elongated (5-18 cm. long), the uppermost greatly. abbre-
viated: principal leaves elliptic, subrhombic, oval, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, membranaceous, slender-petioled, obtuse to
e, white-villous to villous-hirsute or canescent-pilose be-
neath when young, closely strigose above; the blades 3-10 cm.
long and 1.5—4 em. broad, with somewhat undulate surface, thus
crumpled or puckered in drying: glomerules very short-peduncled,
trom 1-3 approximate or subapproximate upper nodes and a
tips of longer branches, 2—-many-flowered: bracts oblong-lanceo-
late to narrowly elliptic, nearly equaling to shorter than calyx:
calyx-segments linear-setaceous, white-villous or canescent-
pilose on back, villous-ciliate, 1.3-2.3 cm. long, usually con-
siderably shorter than corolla-tube: corolla bluish-lavender,
2.5-5 cm. long; the slender tube 1.3-2.7 cm. long, the campanu-
late-obconic throat 1-1.5 em. thick at summit; expanded limb
2.5-3.5 em. broad: capsule often densely pilose-hirtellous,
sometimes glabrous, 1.4-1.7 cm. long.—R. sérepens, capitulis
comosis Dillenius, Hort. Elth. ii. 330, t. 331 (1732). R. strepens
L. Sp. Pl. 634 (1753), in part, not L. Mantiss. Alt. 422 (1771).
-) : i . e
wrongly ascribed to Walter, p. 167 (instead of 168) with a brief
summary of Walter’s generic diagnosis. 2. hybrida Pursh, Fl.
Am. Sept. ii, 420 (1814); LeConte in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i. 140
ed. 2 0
Walt.”, without further reference, this obviously copied (with
change of spelling of both names) directly from J. F. Gmelin;
lake in RHopora, xxii. 134 (1915), in part, excluding R. ciliosa
6. hybridus (Pursh) Nees 1. c. 123 (1847), in part. D. Mitchilli-
anus Nees ihe 5847), R. ciliosa, var. hybrida (Pursh) Gray,
Fl. iit. 326 (1878), in part.—Sandy woods, Florida, north to
eastern South Carolina; Tennessee, Kentucky and _
Arkansas (unless otherwise noted, specimens distributed as R.
hybrida). Souru CAROLINA: LANCASTER CO.- rocky hillside, 40-
72 Rhodora [Marcu
Acre Rock, west of Taxahaw, Dorothy Huntley, os 256 (Duke).
HORRY Co.: low woods near Myrtle Beach, July 13, 1932, Coker
& Totten (NC). GEORGETOWN CO.: sandy Done Brookgreen
Gardens, F. G. Tarbox, no. 567 (US). WILLIAMSBURG CO.: ric
woods, 10 miles southeast of Gourdin, bd & Tryon, no. 433.
BERKELEY ig ¥: Santee Canal, H. W.R enel, as R. strepens,
changed by Asa Gray to R. ciliosa, var. PAS. CHARLESTON
go; Charleston, June, 1902, Wm. Palmer (US), as R. parviflora.
BEAUFORT CO Bluffton, "1872, Mellichamp (Mo, US); St.
Helena, 1878, ‘Laura Towne (Pa), as R. ciliosa. GEORGIA:
WITHOUT STATED LOCALITY: Chapman, CHATHAM Co.: Savannah,
Mrs. Say. FLORIDA: WITHOUT DEFINITE LOCALITY: E. Florida,
Chapman (NY), as Dipteracanthus Mitchillianus. DUVAL CO.:
dry rich ground near Jacksonville, A. H. Curtiss, no. 4764 (Mo,
Y, U8), . strepens, one sheet changed to A ee
another to R. parviflora; St. Nicholas, May 12, 189 H.
Lighthipe (NY), Re R. ciliosa, April 20, 1897, J. R. Churchill:
vicinity of May and Jacksonville, 'H. ea Keeler (NY), as
R. ciliosa; pasate Fredholm, no. 5150, as R. cilvosa. st.
JOHNS co.: May 20-22, 1885, G. C. Whitlock. or co.: dry oak
woods, Green Cove Springs, April 14, 1939, W. A. Murrill
Mo), as R. ciliosa. PUTNAM CO.: Crescent City, March, 1880,
G. Marten (Phil). ice co.: open pine woods I mile north
of Newberry, E. Perot Walker, no. 1862 (Phil), as R. humilis;
high hummock, Burnett’s Lake, April 30, 1939, W. A. Murrill
(Mo); Gaineaville, 1887, M. F. Price, as R. ciliosa, var. piletgae!
May 12, 1897, Joseph Crawford (Phil. ), as R. ciliosa; hamm
near Gainesville, May 31, 1937, W. A. Murrill (Mo), as R. ilaaed:
VOLUSIA CO.: Port Orange, F. C. Straub, no. 120, as R. czliosa,
var. ambigua; sandy soil, Ormond, April 23, 1903, ‘B.A. Purdie,
as R. ciliosa, altered to R. humilis; Log growth by road, north
of Ormond, May 16, 1943, E. H. Butts & Oakes Ames ( Ames);
in shade or half-shade, Ormond Beck May 12, 1943, Butts &
le Signe dry soil, Crescent City, June 28, 943, pe oS
Butt rviflora. LAKE Co.: vicinity of Eustis, N ash, nos.
42 (Us) 7 1801, Tabs. 1894, A. S. Hitchcock (Mo); pinelands
east of Eustis, J. K. Small, no. 8667 (NY), as R. parviflora; dry
wood-border, "Hiawatha Lake, Wiegand & Manning, no. 2932,
as R. parviflora. SUMTER co.: Lake oe March 29, 187 9,
J. D. Smith (US), as R. strepens. HERNANDO CO.: rich open
woods, Brooksville. April 9, 1927, Hugh ON eill (Mo). POLK
co.: Peace Creek, March, 1 1880, J. D. Smith (US), as x strepens,
dry pineland, —) 12, 1894, L. B. Ohlinger (Mo), as R. strepens.
OSCEOLA CO.: sandy soil, Kissimmee, April 5, 1936, “M ary L.
ri cee | (Duke). ep TEE CO.: Manatee, 8. M. Tr , no.
675 , US). DADE co.: pine woods near Rockdale, J. L.
Fennell, no. ae (USNA). Kentucky: owrNn co.: about 1
: -_ actinic —_-<eniiinaniiane —reatiti———ni —, R — — — — TLS —y
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 73
mile north of Scott Co. line, EZ. L. Braun, no. 3204 (Braun).
JEFFERSON CO.: 3 miles south of Louisville, July 5, 1892, L. S.
Bergman, in part (Mo), as R. ciliosa. caLLOWAY co.: upland
oak woods just west of the Tennessee River, Gleason, no. 8950
. TENNESSEE: CocKE co.: Newport, June 6, 1925, O. M.
Freeman (USNA). KNox co.: Knoxville, Ruth, no. 101, as R.
strepens. FRANKLIN Co.: Cowan, Biltmore Herb., no. 849° (US),
as R. ciliosa; woods north of Sheridan, June 6, 1897, H. Eggert
(Mo). pDAvipson co.: Ridge Top, July 13, 1897, Eggert (Mo).
SHELBY co.: Memphis, Fendler, as R. ciliosa. ARKANSAS: ST.
FRANCIS CO.: Crowley’s Ridge, Forrest City, Demaree, no. 15,137
(Mo), possibly, when more material available, to be placed
elsewhere. Puiatses 861-863; MaP 14. oo.
11b. Var. semicalva, var. nov. (TaB. 864), var. typicae simil-
lima; caule vix villoso-hirsutis; foliis subtus glabrescentibus
vel sparse strigosis; capsulis plerumque glabris.—Of much wider
range, from central Florida to South Carolina, locally to south-
eastern Virginia, westward to eastern Texas. VIRGINIA: SOUTH-
AMPTON Co.: rich woods, Violet Hill, near Devil’s Elbow, June
23, 1936, Fernald, Long & Smart, no. 5922 (type in Herb. Gray;
IsoryPEs in Herb. Phil. Acad., etc.), as R. ciliosa; about Franklin,
Heller, no. 953 (US), as R. ciliosa. NortH CAROLINA: CHATHAM
co.: dry soil, Silver City, Biltmore Herb., no. 849! (US), as R.
ciliosa. COLUMBUS Co.: grassy woodland at Lake Waccamaw,
Godfrey & Shunk, no. 4170, as R. parviflora. NEW HANOVER CO.-
Wilmington, June, 1894, J. M. Macfarlane (Pa). SouTH Caro-
LINA: GEORGETOWN Co.: shady, weedy waste place, Georgetown,
Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1683. WILLIAMSBURG CO.: rich woods, 10
miles southeast of Gourdin, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 433. BERKELEY
co.: railroad right-of-way, south of Moncks Corner, Be
Martin, no. 1130 (USNA), as R. parviflora. CHARLESTON CO.:
near Charleston, Aug. 1886, L. R. Gibbes (NY), as R. parviflora.
ANDERSON co.: dry rich woods, Anderson, John Davis, no. 9193
O. M. Freeman (USNA). Fiortpa: LAKE co.: clay soil, vicinity
of Eustis, N oe no. ai. sumTER co.: March 29, 1879, J. =
Smith (US), as R. strepens. cITRUS co.: moist shaded rock
north of Pineola, H. J. Oosting, no. 185 (Duke). Brevarp co:
Coco, J. K. Small, no. 8727.
of Sanford, Moldenke,
N
no. 184 (Duke, Mo, NY, Pa), as R. parviflora. POLK CO.- sandy
74 Rhodora [Marcn
roadside, Winter Park, March 8, 1923, Hunnewell, no. 8732
(FWH). HILLSBORO CO.: Tampa, May, 1876, A. P. Garber
ese US), as Dipt. ciliosus. LEON Co.: near Tallahassee, Nik;
g (NY), as R. parviflora. WAKULLA Co.: prope St. Marks,
Mal 1843, Rugel, with an unpublished name (NY). CALHOUN
co.: Iola, Chapman (Mo). ‘TENNESSEE: HAMILTON CO.: si
fields, Sequach Valley, Biltmore Herb., no. 849" (US), as
ciliosa. ALABAMA: DEKALB AND ETOWAH cos.: Lookout Mt,
July 6 and 8, 1898, H. Eggert (Mo). ETOWAH CO.: Gadsden,
1878, G. R. Vasey (US), a s R. ciliosa. CULLMAN CO.: woods,
June and Sept., 1897, H. Bipers (Mo). HALE co.: Greensboro,
1857, Sereno Watson, as R. ciliosa, var. ambigua. LEE CO.: dry
pine ‘woods, J. D. Smith, no. 1940 (US), as R. strepens. MONT-
GOMERY Co.: low abandoned field near Montgomery, June 18,
1932, a K. Edwards (Pa). Dawuuas co.: 1879, Wm. Trelease
(Mo ipt. ciliosus. CONECAH co.: Evergreen, Baker
Earle, on 39 (US), as ar ciliosa. MONROE Co.: dry hills, July 23,
1885, Mohr (US), as R. ciliosa. MOBILE CO.: Mobile, 1905,
. Dukes, as R. parviflora; pine barrens, Spring Hill, £.
Graves, no. 498, in sori (Mo). MISssIssIPrr: GRENADA CO.:
moist wooded hillside, Pay West’s Lake, May 27, 1932, Vena
Millsaps (NC), as R. ‘ciliosa. OKTIBBEHA CO.: Starkvill e, July
26, 1890, S. M. Tracy, as R. strepens pale tO ccs habitally
resembling var. dentata. LAUDERDALE Meridian, S.
Tracy, no. 3271 (NY), resembling var. Sioa JACKSON
co.: Ocean Bi 3 agg ses ih puri as Seymour & Earle,
154, as R. ciliosa, var. ambig June 7, 1895, Skehan, as "R.
ciliosa (eanuleting var. Ghelandeoniay. HARRISON co.: Biloxi,
. M. Tracy, nos. 4944 (Mo —very mixed no., some
specimens nearly var. salicina), 6434 (NY, Us), 6435 (G, Mo,
NC, NY, US—some plants nearly var. salicina, others ap-
proaching var. nanella), as R. strepens. copiaH co.: Brushy
Creek, Crystal Springs, May 18, 1925 (US), as R. parviflora.
LOUISIANA: ST. TAMMANY PARISH: segremae of Covington, Bro.
Anect, no. 65 (US), as R. parviflora; Bro. G. Arséne, no. 12,240
(US), as R. parviflora. IBERIA PARISH: moist open grassy woods,
Avery Islan .S. & H. B. Correll, no. 9525. RAPIDES PARISH:
Alexpndria, Hale ake as R. strepens, corrected by Britton to
R. ciliosa. NATCHITOCHES PARISH: woods near Marthaville,
May 5, 1893, fabs (US), as R. ciliosa. Trxas: Page Co.:
sandy woods, Big Sandy, Reverchon, no. 2536 (Mo), as R. parvi-
flora. LIBERTY CO.: eee woods, Dayton, E. J. Palmer, no. 7768
(Mo), as R. parviflora (plant Heese large-leaved var.
membranacea). HARRIS cO.: Houston, G. L. Fisher, no. 81 (US),
as R. parviflora. PuaTE 864; risa or
lle. Var. SEMICALVA, forma detonsa, f. nov., caule, foliis,
calycis segmentibusque minute canescento-puberulis eis ecilia-
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 75
tis.—FLoripa: roadside, Sebring, Highland Co., March 4, 1924,
Hunnewell, no. 9044 (rypr in Herb. Hunnewell).
lid. Var. membranacea, var. nov. (TAB. 865 et 866), caule
1-9 dm. alto ad basin 1-4 mm. diametro, internodiis valde
divergenterque hirsutis; foliis membranaceis 5-12 cm. longis
supra strigosis subtus ad venas strigosis vel hirsutis, ovalibus, ©
ovatis, ellipticis vel late lanceolatis obtusis vel subacutis; calycis
segmentis dorso glabris vel glabrescentibus longe ciliatis—R.
parviflora sensu Small, Fl. Se. U. S. 1085 (1903) and sensu
Britton in Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2, iii. 242 (1913), excl.
fig., which is of R. Purshiana; not R. parviflora (Nees) Britt.
Man. 854 (1901), at least as to basonym, Dipteracanthus ciliosus,
var. parviflorus Nees.—Woods, openings and clearings, either
caleareous or subacid, north-central South Carolina to south-
central Tennessee, north to southern New Jersey, southeastern
Pennsylvania, northern Maryland, West Virginia, southeastern
Ohio and north-central Kentucky (unless otherwise noted, dis-
tributed as R. caroliniensis, ciliosa or parviflora); usually com-
moner than other vars. northward. New JERSEY: CAPE MAY
co.: woods south of Mill Lane, north of Cape May City, Aug.
10, 1918, W. Stone (Phil); north of Cape May, Sept. 13, 1901,
C. S. Williamson (Phil); Cape May Court House, Aug. 6, 1909,
Van Pelt (Phil); Cold Spring, Sept. 13, 1908, C. S. Williamson
(Phil), July 18, 1909, Van Pelt, no. 12,199 (Pa). PENNSYLVANIA:
YORK : below McCall’s Ferry, July 11, 1895, Joseph Crawford
(Phil). DELAWARE: NEW CASTLE co.: Aug. 9, 1866, A. Commons
(NY), as R. strepens. KENT CO.: moist woods west of Woodland
Beach, R. R. Tatnall, no. 1462. sussex co.: Rehoboth, July 8,
1908, C. S. Williamson (Pa, Phil); sandy woods east of Milford,
July 16, 1896, A. Commons (Pa, Phil). MARYLAND: CECIL CO.:
k Neck, June 24, 1923, W. L. Abbott (Phil); woods, high bluff
Aug. 6, 1938, Mrs. L. R. Holmes (Pa);
Leslie, July 15, 1891, Crawford (Phil); flats, Conowingo, July 29,
1924, Crawford; Conowingo, July 25, 1907, J. J. Carter Leet
NT
(US). queen anne co.: Aug. 20, 1900, {
TALBOT Co.: railroad ballast, northwest of St. Michaels, R. R.
Tatnall, no. 386 (Pa); edge of woods, west of Easton, E. C. Earle,
nos. 2251 (Pa) and 3698 (Pa). WICOMICO CO.: Salisbury, July 14,
1904 J. Carter (Phi WORCESTER co.: roadside through
(Duke). HarrorpD co.: low, moist woods, Creswell, July 28,
1883, L. W. Brosius (Pa). BALTIMORE CO.: Baltimore, Leroy
(NY). prince GrorGE co.: Hyattsville, Aug. 13, 1904, Steele
(Mo). caLverRT co.: low swampy woods, North Bay, Chesa-
peake Bay, Muenscher, no. 3867 (Mo). MONTGOMERY CO.: |
f woods, July 7, 1901, M. W. Lyon, Jr. (US). WASHINGTON
76 Rhodora [Marcu
co.: island above Harper’s Ferry, Ff. W. Pennell, no. 2430 tre
District oF CoLUMBIA: in vicinis Washington, June 29, 1884
L. F. Ward; thickets near Ivy City, June 14, 1891, F. Blanchard
(Mo), as R. strepens; open woodland, Washington and vicinity,
July 16, 1896, Steele (NY, Mo); Congress Heights, Philip Dowell,
no. 7012. West VIRGINIA: NICHOLAS CO.: dry bank, Peter
Creek, Millspaugh, no. 596 (NY). MASON Co.: along Ohio
River, near Pum Roy, E. Berkley, no. 9138 (Mo). CABELL
0.: abandoned wooded pasture, Pleasant Valley, Gilbert, no.
483. LINCOLN co.: near Mills School, EH. E. Berkley, no. 969
(Mo). WAYNE co.: dry hillside, Buffalo Creek, Lewis Plymale,
no. 95. a: gander and WYOMING Cos.: woods along Indian
Ridge, E. Morvis, a 1172 (US). VrirGINIA: FAIRFAX CO.:
Falls hah, June 23, 1872, J. J. Carter (Phil). ALEXANDRIA
co.: Naucks, ewad : no. 2456 (Phil); Fort Myer, July 14, 1895,
E. A. Mearns , as R. strepens. NORTHAMPTON CO.: ’ sandy
woods back of the hanen: Savage Neck, Fernald & Long, no.
5453. MIDDLESEX co.: bank of Rapahannock River at Gray’s S
Point, A. B. Massey, no. 2115 (VPI). MATHEWS co.: sandy op
soil along North End Branch, “Fort Nonsense”, south of Sela:
Wherry & Pennell, no. 12, 616, in part (Phil). GLOUCESTER CO.:
Beaver Swamp Creek, north of Gloucester, July 5, 1924, H. B.
Meredith (Phil). yorK co.: steep wooded bank, York River,
above Mt. Folly, Fernald & Long, no 13, 459. JAMES CITY CO.: rich
a and slopes by James River, Grove La nding, southeast of
Grove, Fernald & Long, no. 13 ABT: moist rich soil in woods, west
aida of Jones Millpond, Williamsbure, Grimes, no. 3887. CHARLES
cITy co.: wooded slope by James River, at “Four Oaks”, below
Harrison Point, ag & Long,'no. 13, 149. PRINCESS ANNE CO.:
rich deciduous woods east of Little Creek, Fernald & Long, no.
4193; sandy woods, northern end of Knott’s Island, Fernald &
Long, no. 4194, in part. NORFOLK Co.: Portsmouth, June, 1840, in
part, Rugel (NY). ISLE OF WIGHT Co.: thicket back of sandbeach
nos. 13,762 and 13,837; Heh calcareous wooded ravine near James
River, ‘northwest of Chippokes, July 25, 1941, Fernald & Long,
no. 13 ,458. SOUTHAMPTON co.: border of sandy woods south of
Applewhite’ s Church, Fernald & Long, no. 13,153. SUSSEX CO.:
border of woods near Nottoway River, Green Church Bridge,
southwest of Owen’s Store, Fernald & ong, no. 12,472 (TYPE in
erb. Gray.; ISOTYPE in Herb. Phil. Acad.). GREENVILLE CO.:
bottomland woods along Meherrin River, southeast of Gaskins,
erna ;
Olivet Church, Fernald & Long, no. 14,021. ametia co.: J. B.
Lewis, nos. 114 and 733 (VPI). ip occ co.: bottomland
é meres — eile. eat, Nl, CCT. A CO, TT TT TTT a TT: LS
¢45) Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 77
woods near Western Bridge, Meheus River, south of Edgerton,
Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,498. CAMPBELL Co.: vicinity of Lynch-
burg, July 1, 1802, Britton, Britton & ail (NY). BEDFORD CO.:
July 8, 1871, _H. Curtiss (Mo, NY). RocKBRIDGE co.: ‘‘ Near
the natural ree in rich soil along feo Pursh (Phil), correctly
called ‘‘Anonymos caroliniensis Walt.”’; - Natural Bridge, Margaret
P. Russell. Norta Carouina: PASQUOTANK co.: oak-pine-beech
woods south of Elizabeth City, Wiegand & Manning, no. 2929
TYRRELL CO.: open woodland, Columbia, Godfrey, no. 4322. PITT —
Se pine woodland near Farmville, Godfrey, no. 4278. WARREN
: Warrenton, July 19, 1924, H. B. Meredith (Phil). GRan-
ee co.: wet meadow, Oxford, M. F. Buell, no. 1404 (US).
DURHAM CO.: sided low woods, Duke Forest, Blomquist, no.
367 (US). WAKE co.: sandy bank west of Raleigh, Wiegand &
Manning, no. 2930. BLADEN co.: moist sandy soil, Biltmore
Herb., no. 849%. ORANGE co.: woods near Chapel Hill, Aug. 17,
1909, Coker (NC), June 23, 1933, Ms 7. Cameron (NC); dry
open woods, Hollow Rock, C. c. Wilson, no. zo (Mo). CHATHAM
co.: dry soil, Silver City, Biltmore H erb., . 849). FORSYTH
co.: moist woods near Mt. Carmel, Coral 3 no. 2591 (Duke).
SURRY CO.: moist shaded cove, Pilot Mt., R. M. Williams, no.
464 (Duke). ROWAN CO.: vicinity of Salisbury i no. 140
; Pha). — pee near Columbus, July 2 . 1897; Be:
Townsend (US). ON CO.: open woods, bluk along river,
Hot Springs, Coen = 34,230 (Duke). BUNCOMBE co.: Bi It-
more, Biltmore Herb., no. 849», in part (US); Weaversville,
July 8, 1933, H. B. Teague (Duke). SWAIN co.: partly shaded
roadside near Cherokee eee rare, ft. A. McLean, no. 73
of Batesburg, E. A. Me asa no. 309 (US), as R. en.
GREENVILLE cCo.: summit of Paris Mt., July, 1896, J. K. Small
Y). ANDERSON co.: damp soil, Anderson, John Davis, no.
( .
“dry ground” by B. F. Bush whose Missouri plant grows in dry
ground). oekires co.: thickets, A. P. Anderson, no. 1222 (US);
Clemson College, H. D. House, no. 2384 (NY). Gxoreta:
CLARKE CO.: roadside, Athens, L. M. Perry, no. 1083, as &.
humilis. Onto: mics co.: Letart, Sept. 10, 1985, C. H. _ Jones
NY). Kentucky: LOCALITY NOT DEFINITELY PLACED ae
river hills, mouth of Hickman Cr.”, July, 1832, C. W. Shor
R. strepens (Phil), sent to Hooker who wrote in 1833: The bs
uellia [var. nenetal with small flow® looks diff\—But Iam much
puzzled with the Genus”. ROWAN Co.: prairie patch, Clark Mt.,
Braun, no. 1930 (Braun). MENIFEE CO.: oak woods, ry
limestone slope, Red River valley, E. L. Braun, no. 2128 .
BELL Co.: rocky woodland, Pineville, Pennell, no. 11 ,804 (Phil) ;
78 Rhodora [Marcu
sandy soil, slope of Pine Mt. at Frakes, HE. L. Braun, no. 1530
Braun). ROCKCASTLE Co.: wooded gully, « south of Livingston,
Smith & Hodgdon, no. 3785 (US). OWEN co.: about 1 mile
north of Scott Co. line, E. L. Braun, no. 3004 (Braun) ; Wedel
slope, Severn stata E. L. cy no. 4578 (Braun). WAYNE
co.: Beaver Creek, E. L. Braun, no. 3099 (Braun). JEFFERSON
co.: 3 miles south of Louisville, July 5, 1892, L. S. Bergmann
(Mo). LARUE Co.: open cedar 'slope, limestone, Upton, a i
Braun, no. 1970 (Braun). TENNESSEE: SEVIER CO.:
Smoky Park, near Gatlinburg, 1932, Mrs. C. D. Walcott oy
KNOX C0.: Knoxv ille, Ruth, no. 101, as R. strepens. HAMILTON
co.: old fields, Sequachie Valley, Biltmor Sane no. 8495 (US);
Chickamauga Park, May 25, Lik. Chur ll (Mo). FRANK-
LIN co.: dry soil, Cowan, Biltmore Herb., no. at (US); woods
north of Shernwood, June 1897, H. Eggert (Mo). CHEATHAM
ner —— bluffs, tae Springs, Svenson, no. 42. Map 16.
. Var. apenas forma breviberbis, f. nov. (TAB.
8367, sal 4-6), var. membranaceae simillima, caulis internodiis
puberulis vel Biabyeiooieisbus rare ee hirsutis. Scattered
through the general range. MARYLAND: ANNE ARUNDEL CO.:
mech Ridge, July 13, 1807, °F. H: ence lion (US). West Vir-
GINIA: CABE o.: ‘dry field in clay soil, near Roland Park,
Gilbert & Gilbert, no. 259 (VPI). Norra CAROLINA! POLK CO.:
wet shaded ground, Tryon, D. C. Peattie, no. 1351 (NC). Gror-
GIA: DEKALB Co.: Stone Mountain, July, 1-8, 1886, Small (TYPE
in Herb. NY. Bot. Gard.). TENNESSEE: COCKE CO.: near
Wolf Creek, Kearney, no. 863 (US).
1lf. Var. MEMBRANACEA, forma hypopsila, , f. nov. (TAB. 867,
FIG. 1-3), var. membranaceae simillima; cualia: internodiis plerum-
que pubescentibus; foliis. subtus glabri ris vel subglabris, vix
strigosis, supra strigosis; — segmentis. ciliatis. —Oceasional
in Virginia and North Carolina. VrirGINIA: ELIZABETH CITY CO
Old Point Comfort, Bent: 15, 1895, Britton (NY). NORFOLK
co.: near Northw est, Kearney, no. 1565 (US). surRy co.:
border of bottomland woods along Blackwater River, about 1
mile southwest of Dendron, June 14, 1941, Fernald & Long, no.
13,148 (TyPE in Herb. Gray.; ISOTYPE in Herb. Phil. Acad.), no.
13 491 (fruit of preceding). soUTHAMPTON co.: dry sandy pine
woods by Nottoway River, near Carey Dadi: Fernald & Long,
no. 13,147; Borge wooded bottomland of Nottoway River:
ypress Fernald & Long, no. 8470; wooded alluvial
bottomland of hckoetn River, near Haley’s Bridge, Fernald &
0. 8471. SUSSEX CO.: bottoml mland — yt: Nottoway
ices cant of Huske, Fernald & Long, n 761.’ NortH
AROLINA: ORANGE CO.: meadow below DurkarnGhage Hill
Fade June 26, 1915, Scher & Totten, transition to next form
1945, Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 79
lig. Var. MEMBRANACEA, forma: laevior, f:.nov. (TAB. 868),
var. membranaceae simillima; caulis internodiis glabrescentibus;
foliis utrinque glabris glabrescentibusve; calycis laciniis eciliatis
vel vix ciliatis.—Loeal, Virginia and North Carolina. VrirGINia
SOUTHAMPTON CO.: wooded alluvial bottomland of Meherrin
River, near Haley’s Bridge, Fernald & Long, no. 9151. GREENS-
VILLE Co.: bottomland woods along Meherrin River southeast of
Gaskins, Aug. 3, 1941, Fernald & Long, no. 13,462 (TYPE in
Herb. Gray.; 1soTypE in Herb. Phil. Acad.). Amexia co.: July
1, 1936, J. B. Lewis, no. 114 (VPI). Nortu CaroLina: ORANGE
co.: swamp of New Hope Creek, 5 miles east of Chapel Hill,
June 30, 1931, H. R. Totten (NC); meadow 3 miles out from
Chapel Hill, on Raleigh Road, 1931, T. N. Webb (NC).
11h. Var. nanella, var. nov. (TaB. 869 et 870, FiG. 1), caule
filiformi ad basin 1-2 mm. diametro 1-3(—4) dm. alto, internodiis
valde divergenter villoso-hirsutis; foliis membranaceis, ellipticis
vel oblongis majoribus 2-6 cm. longis; calycis segmentis 1.3-2
em. longis, ciliatis dorso plerumque glabrescentibus.—Dry to
moist woods, local, eastern Maryland to Kentucky, south to
South Carolina; southern Mississippi. MARYLAND: CECIL Co.:
loamy, wooded slope, Duffy Creek, 2 miles southeast of Cecilton,
B. Long, no. 48,422 (Phil.); North East, Sept. 2, 1894, Joseph
Crawford (Phil), transition to var. membranacea. KENT CO.:
Chestertown, July 29, 1901, HZ. G. Vanatta (Phil), transition to
var. membranacea. CHARLES co.: dense woods, Tompkinsville,
Leonard & Killip, no. 838 (US). VIRGINIA: NANSEMOND CO.:
near Suffolk, Kearney, no. 1718 (US); dry sandy woods above
Nansemond River, east of Cahoon Pond, northwest of Suffolk
July 23, 1941, Fernald & Long, no. 13,461 (ryPx in Herb. Gray.;
ISOTYPE in Herb. Phil. Acad.). PRINCESS ANNE co.: Oceana,
July 2, 1923, H. B. Meredith, in part (Phil), aoe to var.
_ membranacea; dry, mixed woods, Little Neck, Fernald & Long,
no. 4195, transition to var. membranace NortH CAROLINA:
HALIFAX Co.: Weldon, July, 1875, Mac Elwee (Phil). MCDOWELL
co.: Old Fort, June, 1872, Walter Faxon. ORANGE CO.: Chapel
Hill, July, 1931, Vena Millsaps (NC). Sours CAROLINA:
DARLINGTON co.: damp shady woods near Auburn, June 27,
1909, Coker (NC). Kenrucxy: poor dry hill on the Kentucky
River, 1832, C. W. Short (Phil), this material referred to Hooker
(see note under Kentucky specimens of var. membranacea), with
the following note: “Is this plant specifically distinct from R.
strepens in another part of the Collection? Found on a poor dry
hill on the Ky river. It flowers later than the former & is much
more starved in its growth.’”’ MISSISSIPPI: JACKSON CO.. Ocean
Springs, A. B. Seymour, no. 91 8 22, as R. ciliosa. HARRISON
co.: Biloxi, Lloyd & Tracy, no. 347, in part (NY). Map. 17.
i. Var. NANELLA, forma eciliata, f. nov. (TAB. 870, FIG. 2-4),
80 Rhodora [Marcu
var. nanellae simillima, internodiis glabrescentibus vel puberu-
lentibus; foliis vix vel minutissime strigosis; calycis laciniis ecilia-
tis.—Local, southeastern VIRGINIA: SOUTHAMPTON Co.: dry sand
of open alluvial flat by Blackwater, oe southeast of Unity,
July 4, 1942, Fernald & Long, n 412 (r TYPE in Herb. Gray.;
1soTYPE in Herb. Phil. Acad. x aio per of pine and so ae
at Round Gut, southwest of Franklin, Fernald & L no
13,154. sussex co.: bushy clearing southeast of Siang ck:
Fernald & Long, no. 13,145, taller plants, transitional to var.
membr ee forma laevior. ater SIMPSON co.: Magel,
. G. Holt, no. 5 (US), as R. hum
11j. fase icienliekcda. var. nov. (TAB. 871 et 872), caule
on vix — sparse ramoso 4.5-9 dm. alto basin versus 2-5
dia o plus minusve hirsuto; foliis subcoriaceis firmis
duris lancoolati vel lanceolato-ovatis subacuminatis, majoribus
(supernis) 6-12 cm. longis 2-4.5 cm. latis, su tus ad venas
a vel ‘ispidis supra strigosis; nodis floriferis 1—4 approxi-
matis vel imis 3-15 cm. distantibus; glomerulis congestis;
calycis laciniis dorso glabris vel ee hirsutis crear. corollis
3-4.5 cm. longis.—Woods and clearings, north-central Sout
Carolina and northern Georgia, north to southern cae jener,
northern Maryland and northern Virginia, more rarely to
Kentucky and southern Indiana. New JERSEY: CAPE MAY CO
margins of fresh meadows east of Cape May Court House, Long,
no. 6685 (Phil), appr. var. membranacea; Cape May Court
House, 1886, Isaac Burk (Pa, Phil); woods, Cold Spring, July
18, 1908, Van Pelt (P hil). DELAWARE: SUSSEX a eee
July 8, 1908, Van Pelt (Phil). Maryianp: cEec : North
East, July 20, 1890, J. B. Brinton (Pa), a as R. ipepeat “hk Neck,
Mount, Pennell, no. 1591 (P a). MONTGOMERY co.: Little Falls
Brook, "Pennell, no. 2439 (Phil). a MARYS CO.: Point Lookout,
July 13, 1930, O. M. Freeman (USNA). District or COLUMBIA:
Brookland, July 17, 1897, Carrie Harrison (USNA). VrirGInta:
CLARKE CO.: woods, Boyce, Hunnewell, no. 10,742 (FWH).
NORTHAMPTON CO.: dry woods, Savage Neck, July 19, 1936, R.
- Tatnall, no. 3013 levee in Herb. Gray.). GLOUCESTER CO.:
Beaver Swamp sas north of Gloucester, July 5, 1924, H. B.
M. a Seah as R. parviflora. ELIZABETH CITY CO.: Hampton,
July 22 vd: R. Churchill, (Mo), as R. strepens. JAMES CITY
igs open ce in sre hardwood ravine, southwest of Williams-
rg, Grimes, no. 4609 (NY); Jamestown, June 24, 1924,
M. eelith (Duke). PRINCESS ANNE CO : Virginia Beach, July 3,
1892, Britton, Britton & Vail (NY); pine woods, Virginia Beach,
Ferna Long, no. oe ; sandy woods, Knott’s ee Fernald
& Long, no. 4194, in part. NORFOLK co.: Port h, June,
1840, Rugel (NY). Shenibn co.: low open caiend, thickets
SD, eS TR
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 81
and clearings just east of McKenney, Fernald & Long, no. 14,413.
MECKLENBURG Co.: roadside-thicket, 6 miles north of Clarks-
ville, F. R. Fosberg, no. 15,463. HALIFAX co.: old clearing, east
of Dan River, Fosberg, no. 15,384. Norra CAROLINA: CAMDEN
co.: low, moist bushy soil, near Shiloh, Correll, no. 2068 (Duke).
WASHINGTON Co.: moist soil near Scuppermong, Correll, no. 191
(Duke). GREENE CO.: pine woodland, Farmville, Godfrey, rey
4278 (Duke, EL lees to var. membranacea. WAKE CO.
pine woodland along Crabtree Creek, 8 miles Silnek. of
Raleigh, Giahees no. 4991, in part. HARNETT co.: Buie’s Creek,
June 29, 1938, Frances & davith Fount (NC). ROWAN CO.:
Salisbury, June, 1872, LeRoy & Ruger, in part (NY). FORSYTH
co.: woods, June 20, 1940, Schallert. ALEXANDER CO.: on bank,
(US). BuNcomBE co.: Biltmore, Biltmore Herb. no. 849>, in part,
mixed with var. membranacea (US). PouLK co.: Tryon, ‘July 22.
1897, E. C. Townsend, in part (US). SouTH CAROLINA: FLORENCE
CO.: ‘sandy, shady banks of Pee Dee River, near Mars Bluff
Bridge, Wiegand & Manning, no. 2931, as R. parviflora. CHARLES-
TON CO.: near a 1856, L. R. Gibbes (NY), as R. parvi-
flora. OCONEE CO.: Clemson College, H. a House, no. 2384
(US), as R. oat yhh a. GEORGIA: WITHOUT STATED LOCALITY:
Boykin (NY), as Dzpteracanthus stesidaok: ‘Porter, 1846 (Phil)
mid. Georgia, 1846,’ Porter, with the comment: “There is &
good deal of confusion among the Ru elias”. CLARKE CO.:
Athens, June 28, 1930, J. H. Pyron (Duke). GWINNETT CO.:
as w River, near McGuire’s Mill, July 2, 1895, Small (NY),
s R. Police changed by Small to R. parviflora; Thompson’s
Mills, Allard, no. 225 (NY, US). FLoyp co.: Rome, July, 1888,
Gerald McCarthy (US). INDIANA: JEFFERSON co.: Hanover,
July, 1875, A. H. Young (NY). CRAWFORD ae cpg ues
TUCKY: ROCKCASTLE co.: wooded gully so south ‘ot Livingston,
Smith & Hodedan, no. 3758 (G), as RB. strepens.
11k. Var. salicina, var. nov. (TA n, 873); ie abavles ve
Sparse breviterque ramosi tenui 1.5-7 dm. alto canescenti-
puberulo vel subvilloso; nodorum su
anguste lanceolatis vel lanceolato-lineari re
subtus glabrescentibus vel sparse strigosis; calycis segmen '
dorso canescenti-pilosis vel glabrescentibus ciliatis; corollis #
cm. longis, fauce supra mm. diametro.—Northern Florida
to eastern Texas, north, locally, to northern Georgia, Tennessee
and southern Indiana. GEORGIA: pits ETT CO.: oe —
Mills, Allard, no. 224 (US), as R. parviflora. FLOYD co.: decidu-
ous woodland, Horseleg Mt., Pesnd no. 4099 (Pa). ee
GADSDEN Co.: open dry woods of pine and oak, River Junction,
82 Rhodora [Marcu
Wiegand & Manning, no. 2933. LAKE co.: dense, moist wood-
sat Hawkinsville, May 7, 1910, S. C. Hood (Mo). INDIANA:
CLARK Co.: wet grassy al rocky shore, span es of Charleston,
F. J. Hermann, no. 6730. TENNESSEE: DAVIDSON CO.: copses,
vicinity of Nashville, Sept., 1885, Gatiitoe. SHELBY CO.:
Normal, C. E. be no. 69 (US). ALABAMA: BLOUNT CO.:
Blount Springs, May 5, 1898, C. F. Baker (NY), as R. peduncu-
lata. MON co.: Perdue Hill, July 22, 1885, C. Mohr (US), as
R. iisaais, 3 ie hybrida, this altered to var. ambigua, then the
sheet, in spite of petioles 1.5 cm. long, annotated as the sessile-
leaved R. humilis! MOBILE CO.: pine see and dry pastures,
Spring Hill, H. W. Ganes, no. 948, in part (US)—the sheet also
containing var. semicalva and R. ciliosa. MussisstPPt: CLARKE
co.: Enterprise, S. M. Tracy, no. 3288 (NY), as R. ciliosa,
altered é i. yes rviflora. Lae ANA: WITHOUT STATED LOCALITY:
Steinhau RLEANS PARISH: New Orleans, Drummond, no. 257,
as Divlaracantivus aia another, with no., as Calophanes
humistrata. NATCHITOCHES PARISH: open groun nd, Natchitoches,
June 10, 1915, FE. J. Palmer, no. 7945 (7 tyPE in Herb. N. Y. Bot.
Gard.; isoryPEs in Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard. and U. 8. Nat. een
RAPIDES PARISH: pine-barren hills, vicinity of Alexandria, C. R
Ball, nos. 559 (US), as R. strepens, and 655, in part (Mo)—the
atter mixed on a sheet with R. humilis var. frondosa and quite
like the other sheets of no. 559 (presumably the former mixed in
handling). IBERIA PARISH: moist open grassy woods, Avery
Island, H. B. Correll, no. 9525. TExas: UPSHUR CO.:
sandy ‘woods, Big Sandy, Reverchon, no. 2536 (Mo); damp sandy
no = andy, Reverchon, no. 1402 (simulating small var.
dentata). GREGG Co.: ric sandy woods, Gladwater, June 18,
everchon (Mo). woop co.: damp woods, Mineola, Rever-
sheets pap no., G), as R. strepens. map 19.
11]. Var. dentata (Nees), comb. nov. Stem stiff and rela-
tively strong, simple or more often with ascending branches,
- main axis 1.5-9 dm. long, hirsute to puberulent; the lower
median internodes shan eatin 4-9 nodes bearing glo merules;
paves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, ovate or elliptic, subcoriaceous,
—_ undulate-dentate, blunt or acutish, the lower and mi
nes subequal, the upper reduced and definitely smaller; she
occasionally -leistogamous; calyx-segments ciliate, 1.8-2.5
ong.—Dipt acanthus ciliosus, }. dentatus Nees in De. Prove ia xi.
123 (34) —Chi efly in dry’ woods and clearings, upland of
South Carolina, western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee,
north to Delaware, southeastern samp aeggonteg Maryland,
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 83
July 11, 1895, Crawford (Phil). DELAWARE: NEW CASTLE
north end of cedar scrub, near Taylor’s Bridge, July 28, 1801,
Commons. SUSSEX CO.: oak copse, Rehoboth, Sept. 5, 1908,
J. R. Churchill. MaryLAND: CECIL Co.: Conowingo, July
1907, J. J. Carter (Phil). BALTIMORE Co.: near Baltimore, 7966
P.V.LeR oy (NY). CALVERT co.: dry woods, Chesapeake Beach,
Hunnewel ep 5666 (FWH). wicomico co.: Salisbury, July 14,
1904, J. J. Carter (Phil). District or Co.tumsia: June 22,
1902, Steele (Duke). West VIRGINIA: NICHOLAS co.: dry bank,
Peter Creek, Millspaugh, no. 596 (NY), as R. ciliosa. VIRGINIA:
FAIRFAX CO.: woods, Great Falls, Hunnewell, no. 7027 (FWH).
JAMES CITY CO.: dry slope about 3 miles north of Williamsburg,
. Menzel, no. 30, as R. strepens. HENRICO co.: Fairwa
Ridge, near Richmond, July 10, 1928, F. H.W. PRINCESS ANNE
: pine Senge Virgini ia Beach, Sept. 25 and 28, 1900, Wm.
Pigces (US); Oceana, July 2, 1923, if. B. Meredith, in part
(Phil); open clay at ’ border of woods, east. of Little Creek,
Fernald & Long, no. 4192. NORFOLK co.: dry sandy roadside,
Ocean View, July 3, 1923, H. B. M eredith (Phil). NANSEMOND
of Zuni, Fernald & ipl no. 13, 460. SUSSEX CO.: ne sandy
woods, thickets and clearings, north of Moore’s Mill, Fernald &
Long, no. 6397; dry woods near Nottoway River, Green Church
Bridge, northwest of Owen’s Store, Fernald & Long, no. 14,020.
HALIFAX Co.: old clearing, east of Dan River, 12 miles east of
Danville, F. R. Fosberg, no. 15,384 (Pa). ORANGE CO.: field,
Orange, Killip, no. 13,248 (US). NortH CAROLINA: ORANGE
co.: Arboretum and Campus of Univ. N. C., July 1, 1914, Coker
(NC). PoLK co.: banks and meadows, “Valhalla”, Tryon, D.
Peattie, no. 626 (NC). Mapison co.: Warm Spring, Aug. 23,
1875, J. H. Redfield (Mo). rafeb ont ae rose B. L.
Robinson, no. 59, as R. strepens; Biltm Bi
849 US). ROWAN Co.: vicinity of Heilig’ s 5 Mill, Small & Heller,
no. 139 (Phil, US). sacKSON CO.: near Dillsboro, Sept. 9, 1933,
and along railroad, west of New Albany, Deam, no. 14,010.
“S Braun, no.
E.
3132 (Braun). pPpuLAsKI co.: thin soil over limestone, south of
L.
Bowling Green, July 3, Sadie
BALLARD CO.: os ous. Wickliffe, McFarland & Anderson, no.
84 Rhodora [Marcu
(Mo). TENNESSEE: BLOUNT co.: damp woods 2 miles east of
Townsend, W. M. Benner, no. 5803 (Phil). Pxuares 874 and
875; MAP 20.
Of all the species of Ruellia in the eastern United States R.
caroliniensis is the most baffling, for in different areas it is
reasonably definable as geographic varieties, but, at least in
eastern Virginia, plants with strongly spreading-hirsute stems
and others with the internodes merely puberulent or short-
pilose will occur side-by-side, while in other colonies may be
found individuals with the leaves strongly hispid on the veins
beneath almost mingled with individuals with the lower leaf-
surfaces glabrous. In general the more northern series (vars.
membranacea, nanella, cheloniformis and dentata) have the soft
villosity or pilosity of stem or leaves less marked than in the more
southern vars. typica, semicalva and salicina. In the three latter,
furthermore, the leaf-blade is rather ‘‘full’”’, so that the pressed
foliage commonly puckers or has a “‘tuck’”’ and the calyx-segments
are commonly canescent on the back. In the more northern
varieties, on the contrary, the leaf-blade is readily flattened in
pressing and the calyx-segments are glabrous or only excep-
tionally pubescent on the back. When well developed the stems
of the southern vars. typica and semicalva tend to divergent
branching, with the elongate branches floriferous at tip, but
simple-stemmed plants somewhat obscure this character. In the
northern series the branching, except sometimes (as in var.
dentata) from the base, is weak, most plants having simple stems
or few short and rarely floriferous branches.
The commoner northern plants fall into the thin-leaved var.
membranacea (with several minor forms based upon development
or lack of development of trichomes on the leaves or of cilia on
the calyx-segments), which passes insensibly, on the one hand,
into the stouter, stiffer and firmer-leaved var. cheloniformis, on
the other into the dwarf, very slender and small-leaved var.
nanella, the latter, or something very like it, reappearing in
southern Mississippi, where it passes into weak unbranched
states of the sduthern var. semicalva. In the extreme South,
furthermore, the narrow-leaved var. salicina, very definite in its
extreme development, merges into var. semicalva and strongly
suggests the narrowest-leaved extreme of the usually more
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 85
northern var. cheloniformis. Var. dentata, with great reduction
of leaves above, with the lower and median leaves nearly uni-
form, with strong tendency to develop elongate and floriferous
basal branches, and its great abundance of glomerules, is as
definite as any of the varieties, but some specimens show evident
transition to vars. salicina, semicalva, cheloniformis and mem-
branacea. In short, the species, like the usually more western
R. humilis, is evidently in a state of flux and I am unable to find
in it really stable characters.
The identifications of the past clearly show how perplexing
have been the many variations of this most complex species,
especially to those without any field-experience with it. It has
been variously known or identified as R. strepens L. (our species
2, PLATES 841 and 842), or R. pedunculata Torr. (our species 3,
PLATE 843), mixed in collections with R. Purshzana (our species
5, PLATES 845 and 846), identified as R. ciliosa Pursh (our species
7, PLATES 849 and 850) or as R. humilis Nutt. (our species 10,
PLATES 854-860).
It was described and illustrated by Dillenius (our PLATE 863)
and his description and plate were included in the R. strepens
of Linnaeus (1753), but later excluded by him. In fact, Elliott,
apparently not cognizant of the redefinition of R. strepens by
Linnaeus (1771), was puzzled by the restriction of the latter
name by authors who had Mantissa Altera. Describing in
detail Ruellia caroliniensis, var. typica, as R. strepens, “the
whole plant hairy . . . Calyx [-segments] . - - linear-
lanceolate, the upper half almost setaceous, very hispid”, and
correctly citing for his South Carolina plant the Dillenian plate
and Anonymos caroliniensis Walter, 168, Elliott thus expressed
his perplexity: “I know not how Pursh could have called [cor-
rectly following the emended description of Linnaeus in 1771]
the segments of the calyx lanceolate, they are very accurately
represented by Dill. Hort. Elth. T. 249, F. 321, excepting that
in number 5 and 6 the setaceous points are not sufficiently
extended, but in number 1 from which he derived the epithet
Comosa, the representation is very accurate.” one
Although the Walter type of his Anonymos caroliniensis, p-
168, basis of Ruellia caroliniensis, is lost, his generic description
was good and his specific description well applies to the southern
86 Rhodora [Marcu
plant, which occurs abundantly in eastern South Carolina and
about Savannah (see Map 14). Since the other strongly pubes-
cent (“hirsute”) varieties (vars. membranacea, cheloniformis and
dentata) barely reach the northern half of South Carolina from
the north (see maps 16, 18 and 20) we are quite safe in identifying
as Walter’s plant the variety which abounds in the region he
best knew. R. caroliniensis (var. typica) was next described by
Pursh as R. hybrida (1814), evidently from the strongly branch-
ing state: “R. erecta, ramosissima, pilis albidis hirsuta; foliis
; dense hirsutis, . . . calycis laciniis linearibus tubo
corollae vix brevioribus. In sandy fields near Savannah, Geor-
gia’”’, where our plant abounds. If it were not for the earlier
name of Walter the correct name of this species would be R.
hybrida Pursh, the name used for the canescent-villous extreme
by Small and others. Nees, who sadly mixed the identities of
our American species and varieties, again beautifully described
typical R. caroliniensis as Dipteracanthus Mitchillianus (1847),
emphasizing the stem “pube alb& densé incano pilisque patulis
hirsutis”, the oval-oblong to oblong and obtusish leaves decur-
rent into petioles, the blades ‘‘utrinque laxe hirsutis’’, the linear-
setaceous calyx-segments ‘‘albo-hirsutissimis’”’ and about half as
long as the corolla-tube. That was a first-rate description.
Unfortunately, in the same treatment Nees published the ill+
described D. ciliosus, ‘‘y. parviflorus, corollA vix pollicari, foliis
paullo longiori petiolo (3—6-pollicari)”, from Kentucky. As
already sufficiently emphasized, a plant with petioles 3-6 inches
long is quite impossible in Ruellia (at least in ours). Neverthe-
less, the impossible description by Nees has been made the basis
for a specific combination, R. parviflora (Nees) Britton, and for
the varietal combination, R. caroliniensis, var. parviflora (Nees)
Blake; and in recent years these ill-founded names have largely
appeared on the labels of most of the varieties and forms of R.
caroliniensis.
The confusion in the use of names is here perhaps somewhat
cleared. The presentation of the varieties and forms may later
need revision. After some years of puzzling over the misbehavior
of these inconstant trends, I have done the best I can with them.
Future and wiser students may work out a better treatment.
OL ee eee lee ee ee ee
1945] . Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 87
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLATE 839. RUELLIA BRITTONIANA Leonard: Fic. 1, summit of ce x1,
from Hours, Louisiana, Wurz FIG. 2, summit of peduncle and calyx, X 4,
from Wurzlow; FIG. 3, corolla, 1, from W urzlow; Fic. 4, calyx and capsule,
rom Wurzlow
LATE 840. ‘ EEDIANA Griseb.: Fics. 1 and 2, portions of branching
plant, < 1, from Colonia Benitez, “ice oe Argentina, A. G. Schulz, no. 778;
one basal bract removed, x 1, from near Sta e, — ay om ee
Shacklette, ae 345; Fic. 3, flower, showing broad calyx-se
no. 345; FIG. 4, long-peduneled fruit, < 1, from Powell’s , ay Gastivite,
Virginia, Fernald & nih 2
842. Ns, forma cLEISTANTHA (Gray) S. McCoy: tae be
summit of characteristic plank; x 36, from se uth Lebanon, Ohio, EZ. B.
no. 8010; Fic. 2, a terminal glomerule, X 1, from Mammoth Cave, Kentucky,
E. L. Braun, no. 3611; | pot 3, node with a cleistogamous flower, < om
Deerfield, Vernon Co., Missouri, Palmer & Steyermark, no. 42, 140; ri. 4,
terminal pier ® with 2 (upper) small cleistogamous flowers, xX 2, from
Joplin, Missouri, E. J. Palmer, no. ; Fic. 5, subterminal fruiting node,
from Natchitoches, Louisiana, E. J. Palmer, no. 7511; Fic. 2,
branching fruiting plant, x } , ; ;
FIG. 3, portion of “branching inflorescence, X 1, from near Arcadia, Missouri,
Greenman, no. 3764; Fic. 4, calyx and capsule, X 2, from Baker Springs,
Howard Co., Arkansas, October 5, 1909, J. H. Kellogg; tee 5, calyx-segments
and base of capsule, x 10, fr “an last specimen; FIG. 6, strigose surface of cap-
R. PINETORUM Focuald: ric. 1, flowering and fruiting branches,
, from TYPE; FIG. 2, portion of fruiting branch, X 1, fro ; Fic. 3,
portion of leafy base, x 1, from Lake Charis. Jom Andrew Allison, no.
; FIG. 5, surface of peduncle,
S PURSEIANA Fernald: rie. 1, md md of TYPE, X
third node f base, with solitary flower, x 1, from Cedar Cree k, ederick
0., Vi ae nnewell, no 11-135; Fic. 3, second or’ from an
‘ u .
? , Virginia, May
solitary flower, X 1, from Natural Bridge on Dixie Caverns, Roanoke Co.,
. . 2, fro:
Virginia, C. E. Wood, Jr., no. 3673; FIG. > slate of stem, X 4, from Wood,
no. 3673.
PLATE 846, Fics. 1 and.2. R. PURSHIANA, forma CLAUSTROFLORA Fernald:
Fic. 1, summit of TY tbl xX 1; Fie. 2, uppermost ae with tiny cleistogamous
A fro: ridge, V
er ore on 7, Pyle, N Boman oma
ca, rr rface, X 10, from Wood, no. ?
ae shoving pase Ree ROMORPHA Fernald. PxuatTe 847, VERNAL
: FIG. x m near Camp ens ascot do t of
Small & Wilson, no. 1700; FIGs. 2 ‘and 3, flowering tips, pucean of in eeeande
Srl Gare no; RT Tg! glas.” Paar 88, TATER cunTOGEY
onroe Co., Florida, Smali, no ‘
STAGE: FIG. 1 aelion of a long fruitin soar —< 4: ee betwee n Peter's
Prairie and Homestead, Florida, Sma & Carter, no. 2701; FI
88 Rhodora [Marcu
branchlets from more open fruiting branch, X 4, itis Ngee ors Coconut
Grove and Cutler, Florida, Small & Carter, no. 1273; ria. 4, tip of —
with two cleistogamous flowers, < 1, from Ross-Costello amanee , Dade
Florida, Small, Mosier & Small, no. 6552; ric. 5, calyces and capsules, x 3
LATES 849 and 850. R. crzi0sa Pursh: PLATE 849, Fic. 1, plant, 1, from
Cape Savannah, Sumter Co., South Carolina, Witmer Stone, no. 426; Fics. 2
and 8, plants, rom m Poulan n, Worth County, Georgia, Pollard & Maxon
Florida, A. J. Pie eters, no. eee Fic. 3, basal branch, X 1, from Duval Co.,
Florida, A. H. Curtiss, no. 194
from same collection as fig. 2; ric. 4, lower rane . leaf, oe cystoliths,
xX 10, from Bay Biscayne, Honda, oz . de rtis 0. 5500E; as. 5 and 6,
median aiid terminal flowering nodes, ries wc s a Hobe as a. te
Fic. 7, calyx and fruit, < 2, from east or "plovida City, Dade Co., Ronin:
‘8080.
Puates 852 and 853. R. Noctirtora (Nees) Gray: PLate 852, ric. 1, base
of plant, X 1, — southeast of Ludowici, Georgia, tegand & Mann ning, no.
2928; FIG. 2, ring tip, < 1, from no. 2928 - ; Fia. 3, sonar mit, X 1, of IsoTYPE,
from inter St. huis t Port Leon, Florida, Rugel; ¥ a. 4, flowering tip, X 1,
from Apalachicola, Florida, 1867, Chapman; Fia. 5, gpm of internode and
bases of leaves, < 4, fro m Apalachicola, Chasse ; FiG. 6, calyx and capsule,
x 2, from iloxi, Mississippi, . M. Tracy, no. 6500. LATE 853, Fic. l,
summit of flowering stem to show lon ng calyx-segments, x 1,
bury, Liberty Co., Georgia, LeConte Te foe nae Arh or isotype of R. flora
0 te); FIG. summit, X 1.8 t. Joe to Apalachicola,
Florida, Small, Small and De Winkeler, no. ii “417: FIG. os bract, calyx-segment
gmen
and base of capsule, x 10, from Tracy, no . 6500; FIG. ’4, surface of capsule,
x 10, from no.
PLATES ei bag 855. R. HUMMUS Nutt., var. Typrca: Pate 854, ric. 1,
TYPE Or ISOTYPE, X 1; FIG. 2, summit of primary axis, < 1, from Mercersburg,
Pennsylvania, 1846, Ruel; Fria. 3, calyces ~ capsules, < 2, from Butler Co.,
ri, Bush, n 0. 3739. PLate 855, Fic. 1, median nodes of primary axis,
x 'L 7 ren west of 3 Hannibal, Missouri Tal ohn Davis, no. 4646; FIG. 2, a ee :
internode and bases of leaves, X 4, tea m Cooper Count; Missouri
15,137; ric. 3, portion of fruiting branch, showing die a % 1. aes
vicinity ee Nas ashville, Tennessee, Thsitenaber, 1885, G
Puate 856. R. nurs, forma GRISEA Fern ss portion of TYPE,
ining Gavan habit of the species, X 1; FIG. ‘3 eiatoeas and bases of
leaves, X 4, from TYPE.
- Pyare 857. Roa HUMILIS, var. FRONDOSA Fernald: ria. 1, Trypn, X 14; FIG. 2,
summit of internode and bases of leaves, X 4, from Cleveland, Ohio, 1805,
Starr; , flowering node, X 1, from Milfor i, Ohio, June 17, 1916, E. L.
Braun; ria. 4, flowering a X_1, from Cham Pennsylvania
,, 1897, T. C. Porter; ric. 5, flowering node, x 1, a m Corydon, Indiana,
riesner, no. 14,369; FIG. “ fruiting node, x i from Clinton. m
no. 77; FIG. 7, ¢ calyx and capsule, X 2, from Champaign, Illinois, A. "8. Pease
no. 12, 420.
ATE 858. R. HUMILIS,
flowering branches, X 1, from Piasa, Illinois, 1905, G. EF. McClu ure; FIG. 2,
summit of flowering ay <_1, from Wichita, Kansas, 1892, H. R. Peas
FIG. 3, flowering summit, , x 1, fro m Huntsville, Texas, R. A. Biron, no. 377;
EI TT aL LL OTL LON LE
_ lower surfaces of leaves, x 10, from TYPE. | Fics. ay Creek,
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 89
Fic. 4, summit of internode and bases of leaves, X 4, from Willis,
L. . Warner; FIG. 5, bracts, calyces and fruits, X oF from north of rb
Texas, Lundell, no. 11 ,679.
PLATE 85 me var. EXPANSA Fernald: Fic. 1, flowering node,
from peste < 1; rie. 2, median fruiting node of primary axis, X 1, from
Oquawka, Illinois, pirat Fic. 3, internode and leaf-base, X 4, from
McDonald Co., Missouri, Bush, n 0. 282: ge 4, calyx and capsule, x 2, from
Hendrix, Illinois, August, 1904, 5 si
PLATE ae R. nuM ILIS, var. gst Fernald: Fic. 1, portion of Iso-
TYPE, X 1; Fia. 2, flowering tip, x 1, fro gaa paces Kentue ky, Biltmore
Herb., no. ‘480K: FIG. 3, internode and leaf-bases, X 4, from near Manchester,
Tennessee, Biltmore Herb., no. 849°; ric. 4, lower surface ‘of leaf, X 10, from
Middletown, steal Co., Virginia, Hunnewell, no. 17,561; Fic. 5, fruiting
ode no. 17, 561; FIG. 6, calyx and capsule, x 2, from ‘north of
Leavenworth, Crrwiood Co., Indiana, Deam, no.
PLATES 861, 862 and 8 63. R. sac ainaid orn (Walt.) $ Steud., var. TYPICA.
Puate 861, Fic. 1, portion of cape: plant, X 1, from Ormond, Florida,
H.A. Purdie; FIG. 2, dewering tip, X 1, from Brookgreen Carder Georgetown
Co., South Carolina, F. H. Tarbox, n — 567; Fic. 3, summit of internode, X 4,
from no. 567; Fic. 4, lower surface of leaf, x 10, from Green Cove Springs,
ped,
Loshon Co., Florida, E. P. Walker, no. 1862; ti a calyx se capsule, X 2,
from east of Eustis, Florida, Small, no. 8667; 3, portion of calyx and
capsule, X 10, from no. 8667. PLATE 863: copy of “the plate, slightly reduced,
of R. strepens, capitulis comosis of Dillenius.
Puate 864. R. CAROLINIENSIS, var. SEMICALVA Fernald: Fic. 1, TYPE
3/7; eae 2, — n of internode, X 10, from TyPE; FIG. 3, lower surface of
leaf, 0, from TYPE; FIG. 4, upper surface of leaf, X 10, from TYPE; FIG. 5,
calyx Rak capsule, X 2, from Iola, caer | aise, 1896, Chapman; Fic. 6,
calyx-segment and portion of capsule, X 10, ast,
LATES 865 and 866. R. porate ese pring MEMBRANACEA Fernald:
PuaTE 865, Fic. 1, Type, X 14; FIG. 2, upper surface of leaf, < 10, from Savage
Neck, Northam mpton Co., Virginia, Fernald & Long, no. 5453; FIG. 3, —
surface, x 10, from no. 5453; Fig. 4, flowering tip, X 1.7, from below Rush-
mere, Isle of Wight Co., Virginia, foemai & ae Forbesagc a ery 5, ghee
Fia. 6, frui
of oe and papas x 10, ier Lopes nee cg 866, Summits HH
show variations of aves, xX 1: Fie. 1, from Little Creek, Prine eee eae
Virginia, Fernald & Long, no. 4193; Fi. 2, from Congress Heights, srs ric be
Sag » ee eee no. 7012; ak 3, from Cold Sonne, Cape
on.
form
pial “887, ak: ey R. CAROLINIENSIS, Var. MEMBRANACEA,
HYPOPSILA Fernald: F Fic. 1, summit 1.7, of rypxE; Fics. 2 and 3, pile and
Fernald: ria. 4, internode and leaves, X 1.7, from Wol Tenaane
Kearney, no. 863; Fias. 5 and 6, upper and lower leaf-surfaces, X ‘10, from no.
: Fernald:
a E 868. R. CAROLINIENSIS, var. MEMBRANACEA forma LAEVIOR
G.1 fruiting summit, X 1.7, of TYPE; Ape 2 and 3, upper oo niche “age 10
ot leaf, X< 10, from TyPE; FIG. 4, portion of calyx-segment and ca :
rom TYPE
PLate ‘869. R. CAROLINIENSIS, var. ai feat, 10, shat ne yes ry
Figs. 2 and 3, upper and lower surfaces of le *< 10, from TYPE; FIG. ‘
portion of calyx-segment and sa Ri x i irom TYPE. d base of
TE 870, Fic. 1. R. CAROL : internode x Fernald:
90 Rhodora [Marcu
ric. 2, TYPE, X 1; FIG. 3, portion of leaf, bracts and internode, ee ha from
TYPE; FIG. 4, caiiion ‘of calyx-segment and capsule, X 10, from
Puares 871 and 872. R. CAROLINIENSIS, var. CHELONIF ORMIS. oaeeunld:
1, fr
upper ses ret leaf-surfaces, X 10, from Fernald & Long, no.
gpa R. CAROLINIENSIS, var. SALICINA Fernald: Fie. 1, TYPE, xX 4/7;
FIG. 2, whan ae of plant, X 1, from Louisiana, Steinhaur; FIG. 3, plant, x 1,
from River Junction, Gadsden Co., Florida, Wiegand & Manning, no. 2933.
TES and 87 ; CAROLINIENSIS, var. DENTATA (Nees) Fernald:
PLATE 874, Fic. 1, small plant, Res from Broadwater si aed of ee
Co. , Virginia, Fernald & Long, no. 13,460; Fic. 2, summit ne
from no. 13,460; . 3, portion of fruiting ‘ahs x &, froin “Teloboth
Delaware, Churchill. PLATE 875, Fic. 1, upper fifth of main axis, X 1,
Marsh’s Millpond, Nansemond Co., Virginia, Fernald & Long, no. 14, 414:
Fic. 2, summit of branch, X 1, from Sweeden, Edmonson Co., Kentucky,
L. Braun, no. 3593.
INDEX
New scientific names are printed in full-face type
Anonymos caroliniensis 31, 71, 77, 85
Blechum, 11; Tweedyi, 11
Calophanes humistrata, 82
Cryphiacanthus acaulis, 10, 11; an-
gustifolius, 8-12; angustifolius
edianus, 9, 10; barbadensis,
Dipteracanthus, 32; ciliosus, 32, 34
36, 38, 50, 52, 74, 8. dentatus, 82,
8. hybridus, 71, y. parviflorus, 2,
Drummondii. 56, 57; hybridus, 81;
micranthus, 17-19; Mitchillianus,
, 72, 86; noctiflorus, 49, 50, 8.
humilis, 51; spectabilis, 11; strep-
ens, 14, 52, 58, 60, 82, var. calyci-
us 4, y. Dillenii, 71, var.
pedunculatus, 14, 17, var. strictus,
14, 17; strictus, 14
Dizygandra noctiflora, 49; tubiflora,
Dyschoriste oblongifolia, 60, 63
Hygrophila illinoiensis, 17, 18
Pattersonia caroliniensis, 71
Ruellia acaulis, 10; angustifolia, 8, 10,
; biflora, ; Brittoniana, 5,
8 ‘
’
(91)
89, pl. 864, f. detonsa, 69, 74, var.
typica, 25, 69, 71, 73, 84-86, 89,
pls. 861-863; ciliosa, 3, 6, 238, 25,
28, 29, 31-38, 47, 51-54, 56, 58-62,
s. 849,
ie :
28-30, 72, 74, 82, var. cineras-
cens, 48, var. humilis, 51, 53, var.
hybrida, 27, 29, 52, 71, 72, 82, var.
longiflora, 36, 51, 56-60, var.
858, var. typica, 25, 51, 54, 88,
pls. 854, 855, f. a, 54, f. grisea,
51, 54, 88, pl. 856; hybrida, 2, 28,
31-34, 36, 71, 72, 77, 86; longiflora,
26, 49; malacosperma, 13;
Morongii, 10, 1
(eS)
—
Ww
Sg
ow
-
Ww
=
Wf
a]
a
jor)
(—)
or]
ine
~J
i
~]
A
3 :
flora, 49, 50, 88; Tweediana, 8-13,
87, pl. 840; Tweedyi, 11; vincae-
Rhodora
Plate 839
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
acne BrrrroniaNna: FIG. 1, summit of plant, X 1; FIG.
Fig. 3, corolla, X 1; FIG. 4, calyx and capsule, x 2.
2, summit of peduncle and calyx,
Rhodora Plate 840
Photo, B. G. Schubert,
tUELLIA TWEEDIANA: Figs. 1 and 2
i , portions of branching plant, x 1; Frc. 3, summit of
peduncle and base of calyx, x 4; FIG. ¢ 1
4, tip of calyx-segment, < 10; ria. 5, corolla, X 1.
Rhodora Plate 841
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA STREPE meg ric. 1, flowering median node, X 1; FIG. 2, ocep guar avon aka
removed, < 1; Fic. 3, flower, showing broad caly ‘<-segniont, x "1G ong-pe
fruit, x 1,
Rhodora Plate 842
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
UELLIA a carci forma CLEISTANTHA: FIG. 1, summit of plant, < 24; Fria. 2, terminal
glomerule, X 1; a3. ode with large cleistogamous flower, X 2; Fia. 4, terminal glomerule
with two small setcpatatas flowers, X 2; Fia. 5, subterminal fruiting node, X 2; FIG. 6,
calyx and open capsule,
Rhodora Plate 843
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RvUELLIA PEDUNCULATA: FIG, 1, small flowering plant, x 4/9; FIG. 2, aga 2 more branch-
ing whine plant, x 14: FIG. 3, portion of branchi ng inflorescence, SK 4, ealyx and
Capsule, x 2; FIG. 5, ih Etepee Leh and base of capsule, X 10; FIG. 6, Bai nirtaee of
Capsule, x 10.
Rhodora Plate 844
fas
a sm.
me gee
ee
Thro
oo
a. hs
ifr,
Photo. B. G. Schubert,
PINETORUM ge 1, flowering and fruiting — _ TYPE, X 1; FIG. 2, por-
tion of fruiting bran na x1 - FIG. 3, portion of leafy base, x 1; calyx and 1 eapsule, Xx 2;
Fria. 5, surface of peduncle, x 10; ria. 6, bases of malysaspiient na capsule, X
Rhodora Plate 845
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
Ruewxia Purswiana: FiG. 1, portions of TYPE, X 7%; FIG. 2, third node from base, X 1;
FIG, 3, § eta node from base, ' 1; FIG. 4, calyx and oa % 2: ria. 5, surface of a
x 4.
Rhodora Plate 846
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA ee - 3, summit of capsule, showing pilose surface, x 10. d
R. Purs A, fo AUSTROF : Fic. 1, summit of type, <1; F1G. 2, uppermost node,
with siualt sleiatciaceduns flowers (above) and capsule, x 2
.
Rhodora Plate 847
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA HETEROMORPHA, vernal stage: FIGS. 1-3, portions of flowering stems, X 1; FIG.
4, summit of internode and base of leaf, X 4; F1a. 5, base of calyx, X 10.
Rhodora Plate 848
be
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
is cori sit EB S branche later SF pret stage: Fic. 1, portion of long fruiting branch,
x 1; FIGs. d 3, branchlets, x } , tip of branchlet, with two cleistogamous flowers,
x 1; FIG. 5, calyces and capsules, 9
Rhodora Plate 849
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
Rvexta cruosa: FIGs. 1-3, plants, X 1; Fra. 4, summit of internode and base of cauline
leaf, x 4; ria. 5, calyx and capsule, X 2.
Rhodora Plate 850
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
R ee
beat cILIosA: Fig. 1, plant, X 1; ria. 2, basal branch, X 1; Fic. 3, large-flowered
Rhodora Plate 851
24- pig. 2, fruiting branch,
of leaves, : FIG. 4, lower surface of leaf,
is. 5 and 6, median and terminal "hewetne nodes, X 1;
RUELLIA SUCCULENTA: FIG. 1, portion of flow ering plant, x 3
leave:
X 1; Fie. 3, s
ene cystoliths, ; FIG
G. 7, calyx and fruit, X 2
Rhodora
Plate 852
oan
rrr
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
ae LLIA NOCTIFLORA: FIG. 1, base of plant, ; Figs. 2, 3 and 4, A? tips,
G. 3, ISOTYPE); FIG. 5, summit of internode pa bases of leaves, xX 4;
se sule, X 2
x1
1G. 6, calyx and
Rhodora Plate 853
*
PN bed
c
*
Ss
+
fe
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
ELLIA NOC apowues 1, summit of flowering stem of probable TYPE -
R, te 1; FIG. 2, fruiting summit, X 1.8; FIG. 3, bract, calyx-segment an
base of capsule, NS 10; ric. 4, surface of capsule, pd 10
Rhodora Plate 854
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA beep var. TYPICA: FIG. 1, TYPE Or ISOTYPE, X 1; FIG. 2, summit of primary
axis, X 1; FIG. 3, calyces and capsules, x 2
Rhodora Plate 855
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
i
HLLIA HUMILIS, var. TYPICA: FIG. 1, median nodes of primary axis. < 15 . 2, summit
of C... node and bases of leaves, X 4; FIG. 3, portion of fruiting branch, eine ‘diffuse habit,
X1
Plate 856
~ X ‘SVAvET JO
8
as
Bq PUB BpOUIE4Ul ‘Z "NIA tT Xx ‘
ad
AL
jo uory
od ‘] ‘pla
Vv
"
1G
ISIMD VULIO} ‘SITUNOH VITIAOYY
19QnyIg “YH “_ ‘olwyd
Rhodora
Rhodora Plate 857
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
Rue aye var. igo eae FIG. 1, portion of TYPE, X 7 G. 2, ee os st
node and bases of leav X 4; Fias. 3-5, ’ flowering nodes, u FIG. 6 ruiting n
oy Ag
FIG. 7, calbx ate Ci seat
Rhodora Plate 858
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA HUMILIS, var. LONGIFLORA: FIGs. 1-3, ee of flowering branches, 1
FIG. 4, summit of iitersodes and bases of leaves, * "4: . 5, bracts, calyces and trisite, x <
Plate 859
Rhodora
Photo, B, G. Schubert.
RUELLIA HUMILIS, var. EXPANSA: FIG. I, flowering node, X 1, from tye eal 2, ee
fruiting node, X 1; FIG. 3, internode and leaf-base, X 4; FIG. 4, calyx and capsule, x
Rhodora Plate 860
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA HUMILIS, var. CALVESCENS: FIG. 1, portion of isorypr, X 1; FIG. 2, flowering tip,
X 1; m1. cy internode and leaf-bases, X 4; FIG. 4, lower surface of leaf, x 10; ria, 5, fruiting
fede x 1; Fic. 6, calyx and e capsule e, x2
Plate 861
Rhodora
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, var. TYPICA: ria. 1, portion of flowering plant, X 1; FIG. 2, flower-
ace of leaf, X 10; FIG. 5, lower
ing tip, x 1G. 3, summit of internode, X 4; pig. 4, upper surf
surface of ial x 10
Rhodora Plate 862
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
LIA CAROLINIENSIS, var. TYPICA: FIG. 1, summit of plant, to show characteristic
divergen ad ching, X 1; Fic. 2, calyx and Bahl X 2; Fic. 3, portion of calyx and
capsule
Rhodora Plate 863
T COXbEA,
na Ai ; : ae
yg ?, ne Word fin O1S , capwlater COPA:
cs
Es ee
ULIS COMOSIS
Copy, slightly reduced, of the Dillenian plate of RUELLIA STREPENS, CAPIT
Rhodora Plate 864
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, var. SEMICALVA: FIG. 1, TYPE, X 2 7: BIG. 2, ‘etree of pus
node, X 10; Fic. 3, lower, and FIG . 4, upper bartate: of leaf, x 10; Fic. 5, calyx and ¢
sule, X 2; FIG. 6, calyx- -segment and portion of capsule, x 10
Rhodora Plate 865
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
1, TYPE, X } 2, upper, and F
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS aah Doe MBRANACEA: FIG, 1, ~
, lower surface of leaf, ; ;. 4, flowering tip, 1 7: aa. 5, ‘eatitin of calyx and ¢ fe
sule, < 10; ria. 6, fruiting scent oe:
Rhodora Plate 866
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, Var. MEMBRANACEA: FIGS. 1-3, summits of plants, to show leaf-
rariation, X< ;
Rhodors Plate 867
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
1, summit, X 1,
¢
D IIENSIS, var SMBRANACEA, forma HYPOPSILA: FIG.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, Var. MEMB A : er ep
of ryPE; FIG. 2, upper, and FIG. 3, lower suriace OI lea’,
Var. MEMBRANACEA, forma BREVIBERBIS: FIG. 4, internode and leaves,
and Fic. 6, lower surface of leaf, X
1.7: FIG. 5, upper,
Rhodorz Plate 868
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, sip Lag yptoaslonty EA, forma LAEVioR: FIG. 1, fru
ing summit, x , Of TYPE . 2, upper, nd F aye 3, lower surface of leaf,
x 10; Fie. 4, portion of caly X- ae mat and eine age 10
Rhodora Plate 869
Photo. B, G, Schubert.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, var. prone LLA: FIG. 1, TYPE (2 plan - riG. 2, upper, and
FIG. 3, iibiig surface of le af, ower-bud, ete Ase Tiant silty 2 calyx-segments.
x aes
xX 10; 4,
10; 5, portion of caly uamicent and capsule
Rhodorz Plate 870
eee |
Photo, B, G. Schubert.
Jr +
bellies CAROLINIE tae var. N. spe LLA! Fic. 1, reget ed ci base of _ pal,
INIENSI : ELLA, lorma ECILIATA: FIG. 2, : (3 plants), X< i. 3,
portion of leaf, br: kee ‘at poet I X 10; Fic. 4, ‘portion of sis and capsule, x 10
Rhodora Plate 871
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, Var. CHELONIFORMIS: FIG. 1, T 2: Fic. 2, corolla, X 1
FIG. 3, calyx and capsule, X 2; FIG. 4, bract, caly nin i Saban of capsule, 16
Rhodore Plate 872
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, Var. CHELONIFORMIS: FIGS. 1 and 2, flowering summits, X 1;
FIG. 3, upper and ria. 4, lower surface of leaf
Rhodora Plate 873
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, var. SALICINA: FIG. 1, TYPE, X 4/7; FIGS. 2 and 3, summits of
plants, X 1
Rhodora Plate 874
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA ne geen var. DENTATA: FIG. ¥ small plant, X 24; Fic. 2, portion of
branch, X 1; FIG. 3, porti ion of fruiting branch, X %, to show dhasanlerets branching
Rhodora Plate 875
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, var. DENTATA: FIGs. 1 and 2, flowering summits, X 1
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