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A. de Candolle Rec. Feb. 28 Ans. May 3 1860
Geneve January 26, 1859
My Dear Doctor,

It has been a long time since I should have thanked you for the package of dried plants and papers that
you were so kind to send me by the Paris route. They arrived in good condition and now are an
interesting part of my herbarium. You also have acknowledged our move to Geneve, were you have left
excellent recollections. I hope that your return was not accompanied by any misfortune and that you
have again initiated your medical and botanical occupations, with the satisfaction of having had a
pleasant voyage.

The preparation of the two volumes of the Prodromus that should finish the Dicotyledones has occupied
me nearly completely. At this time I am finishing the Begoniacie where I have written new things, in
spite of the recent review by Klotzsch. It is true that I have been lent magnificent

materials: The herbariums of Hooker, Lindley, St. Petersburg, Berlin, Munich, Vienna and others. I will
study the brazilian species in addition to the flora of Mr. Martius as I did for the Myristica.

After the Begoniaciae I will take the Copularia. I do not know how I will get away from your American
species. Dr. AHä Gray has given me hopes that you will send me many varied types of species from the
West. Everything that you would be so kind to address to me will be studied with fruitful thankfuliness.
My herbarium does not contain many of that family which includes unique trees with large fruits.

I confided the study of the Artocarpus and the Moracea ( ? ) to a young botanist in Paris, Mr. Bureau,
that Mr. Moquiss recommended to me. Mr. Wedell will study the Urticas. Mr. Boissier will study the
gender Euphorbia and the rest of the family will be taken care of by the curator of my herbarium, Mr.
Mueller, who is an excellent curator. He will first finish certain articles he has written for Mr. Martius
and specially for Mr. Baïllon and Klotzsch, having finishe what there is to know about the Euphorbia.
You know that Baillon believes as does Payer, his teacher, that the flower of the Euphorbia is not
composite. Nevertheless, I doubt that Brown, ? Roeper and all the illustrious contemporary Botanists
have been mistaken. Baiïllon has already published a first volume on the species, with numerous and
elegant drawings. He is preparing another volume on the species, but I fear he is not consulting
sufficiently the many herbariums and books. Mr.Boissier is astonished at the number of synonyms that
one has to look for on the subject of the Euphorbia. To destroy many of the double meanings, is the
goal of the Prodromus. It has also published some new species however one is more difficult than the
other when one studies these very carefully. |

Last year Madame de Candolle and I made a trip to Germany, to Weimar, Dresden, Prague and Munich.
We were enchanted by the country and its people. I spent two most agreable days in the country

with Mr. Martius, while my wife went with one of my sons to see the Valhalla. Now we are again in the
city for the winter although there is no snow and it is not very cold.

Please give Madame Engelmann our best wishes and please take mine, my dear Doctor

Your devoted Alphonse de Candolle

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de Candolle, Alph. Rec. Aug.15th. Ans. Nov. 16th

Geneve July 25, 1860

My Dear Doctor,

[ received, at last, after months of delay, the box containing your Querus, with various plants that Dr.
Asa Gray sent me. I thank you so much for the samples, that will help me greatly in my work and also
thank you for the samples of fruit that you were so kind to give me. My trip to Italy became lengthier
than I expected and it is not until now that I begin working on the Querus for the Prodromus. I am
studying the European species and the masses of varieties that have taken so much of my time. In
regards the American species, the notes in your letter of the 1rst. of May, will be of great value. I will
always oberve them together with the samples. I fear that some of the Mexican species have been
described both by Mertens and Galeotti on one side and by Liebmann on the other. These authors have
written very short phrases, without illustrations and without researching the synonyms. I will try to
borrow some authentic samples. Already from Copenhagen I have been waiting for those from
Liebmann. If you should receive in St. Louis publications from the Universal Library of Geneve, you
will see that I included in the bulletin of the scientific portion ( Archives of Physiologic and Natural
Sciences), some extracts or abridged articles of your Memoir concerning the Cuscuta and the Cactacee.
It is proof that they arrived at their destination and I am very obliged to you.

We have had in Europe a very rigorous winter with winds from the Alps in the north. In the Midi winter
has been long and rainy. I was prevented by the rains to travel to Naples, which is what can usually be
done at the beginning of the season. Also in Palermo we expected to find a shorter spring for the month
of April. These rains are not good for my health and I had to spend 3 or 4 months, much to long for my
taste, in Naples and Sicily, to recover my health. Thankfully we left that country before the revolutions,
which, as you know are not comforting for the foreigner. One day later it would have been impossible to
leave the country, because the country retained the ships for the transport of troops. There were battles
in the hotels where we saw soldiers kill totally inoffensive people, specially, women. The general
hatred of the Sicilians against the Neapolitans, presage an explosion. However under Garibaldi the fight
could have been postponed as the Sicilians are not militaristic. They have never had conscription and do
not know how to handle arms. In Naples there is complete confusion. I do not know what the outcome
will be, but the scientists can only hope that they will be treated as real social outcasts.

On my return here I found that everyone is very irritated at the manner in which France becomes
enveloped in all areas. We deceived the Swiss in making them first believe that one would rejoin to their
territory that little portion of the Savoy between the Lake and Mont Blanc. Following we snatched it
back in spite the will of a great majority of the population. One voted under pressure and with the aid of
a thousand intrigues, for the union of all the Savoy to France, instead of allowing the different provinces
in proximity to Switzerland, to vote independently. Now we will have a considerable French population
on our soil ( the ancient Savoyard, our neighbors, became French). This mixture with the indigenous
population will bring about frequent quarrels that will perhaps cause an intervention from our powerful
neighbor and finally will cause the loss of our independence. The general restlessness is spreading
through Europe. France will evidently want to become larger. This country that is so well protected by

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nature, 1s never 1s content. The idea that the border should be the Rhine River has very little enthusiasm.
In regards to this, the ambitions of Napoleon II, are in accord with the sentiments of all the parties,
against Germany.

All this 1s not favorable for the studious and for Science. You will notice that very little has been
published, specially in France. ;

We have lost Mr. Choisy whose health has declined in the past years. Mr. Boissier is in the country.
[ read him the article in your letter in regards to the plants that got lost. He was very annoyed. I don’t
know if he wrote you about this subject.

Mrs. de Candolle thanks Mrs. Engelmann for her wishes. I join her in her compliments. I send you my
most devout ones.

Alphonse de Candolle

PS One of my friends, Mr. Molly, is studying the Diatomeis. He greatly wishes to receive from the
United States, some species that one extracts from great depths, by drilling. I do not kow if you have a
naturalist that could satisfy Mr. Molly. You will honor a very studious and interesting man who has
paralysis of the legs and who works on the assiduity microscope with perseverant assiduity.

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de Candolle, Alphonse Rec. April 23 Ans. June 27

Geneve, March 30, 1862

My Dear Doctor,

It has been a long time since I have given you signs of life. I confess my faults, however there are
circumstances that diminish them a little. My studies on the Quercus has been delayed because of the
time it took for samples to come from Madrid, originally from Nees, from Liebman in Copenhagen,
Laemann from London, Bouland form Paris and many others, which I needed, to establish a good
synonymy. During that time your samples stayed with me. I only wanted to send them to you with my
completed manuscript.

À misfortune has occured in my family. The loss of my daughter, Mrs. Richard Pietet, has discouraged
me to do any type of work. My daughter was a very happy young woman of 28 yrs. mother of a very
pleasant boy. Unfortunately her health was never good and she succumbed to consumption.

Before this event I was busy publishing a volume of my father, named Memoirs and Remembrances of
Augustin Pyranus de Candolle, written by him. This occupation was very interesting as it allowed me to
read ancient letters received by my father. It made me classify his papers 1n a definite manner; I had to
assemble his notes and remove articles that were too personal. In other words the job of editor was very
important. Ï had to rewrite a preface that contains new points of view when the studies and the
dissapointment threw me into a type of inaction. During this time Mr.Boissier published the Euphorbia
in The Prodromes. You will receive these diverse publications. I did remit to your address, via a
business in this town, a box which will travel through New York. It is marked with a DC. 6 and it
contains:

The Quercus that you lent me.

A package of dried plants that I beg you to accept.

Memoirs and Remembrances of Aug. Pyr. de Candolle.

Vol.XV, sect..2, page 1 of the Prodromus on Euphorbia.

Biographic notes from Choissy on the vegetation in Huilla in regards the cork, written by my son
Cassimir de Candolle ( first pamphlet by this young man).

[ also included for Mr.Brendel:

“On the Vegetation of the Plateau of Huilla”.

Formation of Cork by Cassimir de Candolle. |
Please thank Mr. Brendel for his writings on the Quercus, that has been of great value to me, just as
your notes and your superb samples. I had a specimen from California drawn that I will publish. You
have a sample of this; 1t is the only known one. It is my Quercus Wislizeni, a very distinct species.

In general I have very few new species, but their similarity will be new, thanks to the large number of
types that I compared. The specimens from Mexico are very numerous. Without them we would not
have doubles. Bonpland had not seen the samples from Nees, nor Galeotti those from Bonpland, nor
Liebman those of any of his predecessors, nor Seemens who came last. In our specimens from the

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United States, so well taken care of by Michaux, I noticed some changes. Your collections have labels
according to the Prodromes. I kept the fruits that you allowed me to keep.

The events in America have contributed to my discontinuing this dispatch. We were afraid of war with
England. You in St. Louis are on the limits. At a distance, we are not able to evaluate the state of affairs.
The successes of the Union armies make me hope that you are now in peace. We do not understand why
those important states that are so close together can have such different ideas from the North. They will
never be able to make a good confederation. It is much more difficult than our problems of Sunderland
of Switzerland, because these unhappy states are partially isolated and surrounded by the others.
Anyway Switzerland is too small for there to be a question of dividing it in two. What is very clear is
that all of you have to pay for all that.

In regards to this subject I would like to tell you that I own 600 bonds on the City of St. Louis. They
have delayed their payments in the past six months. Do you think they will pay more punctualy in the
future”?

Dr. Mueller works actively with the Euphorbia. He is finding new and interesting things in spite of the
studies of Baïllon and Klotzsch. The first is said to be very inexact. Mr. Boissier is busy with an oriental
flora, for which he has a large amount of material none of which is natural (?). The Euphorbia should
be studied completely and systematically. One will find them, I think, far superior to the Diagnoses,
which while passed from one family to the other, is never finished.

The first instalment of Vol. X will contain the Begoniace ( that I wrote about a long time ago), and the
Laurineae, of which Meissner finished a copy and a few other articles. I hope I can begin its printing in
two months.

There don’t appear to be many botanical works, specially in France. Chemistry is the only science that is
actively published, according to what I am told by one of the principal libraries in Paris. One needs

lucrative uses, so that a science becomes useful, and botany does not bring back anything.

While thanking you again for your letters on the Quercus, I am as always, my dear Sir, devoted to you.

Alphonse de Candolle

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de Candolle, Alphonse Rec. March 1rst.-- Ans. May 2 1865

Geneve, February 8 1863

My Dear Doctor,

[ was quite embarrassed at the errors that occurred with the enyoy or better said the envoys, that I made
to America about my work on the Oaks. Thankfully the error in regard the books was quickly corrected
as they had been placed in the box to Asa Gray. However I was worried about those Quercus that you
did not find in your herbarium. I hope that the damage is not as great as it may have seemed to you at
the beginning. Would you please investigate if your Quercus montana has not been labeled as Quercus
Primus B. Castanea?. In general they must have arrived together with the species that I placed in a
common envelope from your herbarium. The ones that had been separated you will find again when you
examine them more closely, specially when the Prodromus is finished.

You talk alot about the Quercus in Mexico ( “all my Mexican Quercus”). According to my recollection
and my carefully edited manuscript, your herbarium, the way it arrived, was singularly poor in Quercus
from Mexico.I was struck by this the moment it arrived. It stood out when comparing it with other
herbariums. There was one interesting species that I named Quercus Wislizeni. I had it drawn. The
other samples weather the Wislizeni or the Gregg were very scarce and very insignificant. Most of them
where without fruit. I saw some Gregg (equally scarce and miserable) in the Herbarium of Florence
(Webb). Mr. Boissier did not have any. It was there that I found some samples from Gregg, Num.380,
that must have come from you, because Mr. Boissier said that he did not own plants from Gregg. I laid
them aside and we will distribute them together with other plants and books. Nevertheless I kept every
herbarium separated, while collecting them but one cannot correct an error when one is dealing with
many comparable samples.

The complete loss of your Euphorbia on their return to America, is in different way much worse! It is a
misfortune similar to the loss in a shipwreck of the Chenopodiaciaes that Hooker had to lend to Bunge.
They contained typical and unique samples described by Maquin in the Prodromus. The practical but
not very agreeable conclusions are, that one must never lend single objects already described and not
lend important collections over long distances. Collectors pick many doubles that are regularly
distributed but not enumerated, therefor accidents such as I described are not so inconveniant. I know of
a traveler who brought back 500 species and 5000 samples, well enumerated. I also know of the one
who had 2500 species and 5000 samples. This occurred at the time of Bonpland and others.

The Conifers for the Prodromus are in the hand of Parlatina, in Florence. He already had described
many living ones in the gardens. His work will not be finished until the end of this year or perhaps
earlier. At this moment I am printing part one of vol. XV. After this one I will be able to print a chapter

2

for vol. XVI. It will be the one made up ofthe Amentiferae ? (wether Cupulifere, Salicinee, Betulee, etc.)
that are nearly finished. If then the Conifers are ready, one can place them in the journals in chapters that will
contain other subjects. The chapter on the Euphorbiaceae, that occupies Dr. Mueller, will not be ready until
1864. This will end volume XV. The initiation of Vol XVI ( Urticaceae, Artocarnea, Piperaceae), will be
the last. The delay in writing monographic works made me do it that way. Fortunately the the Dicotyledones
will be finished and it is not I who will want to start a similar project when I am 50.With my present
experience. [| would want it even less as the older I get the more I realize that even with direct observation and
with progress of science, there are many species that are poorly described and poorly defined. You will have
seen my way of understanding the specimens in the pamphlet that I sent you the 3rd of January 1863, through
the mail, under the title Study of the Species.

Another pamphlet named Notes on a New Characteristic Observed of the Fruits of the Oak. was also
sent to you at the beginning of November 1862. I included a copy for Dr. Brendel. I hope that the mail
will not have been intercepted. In these notes there are some interesting facts on the history of the
American Quercus.The unique fact of the knitting together of the cotyledones of the Quercus vireus
has been confirmed by Mr. Gay. It would be interesting to observe the development of their organs. In
other Quercus the cotyledones are joined side by side and look as if they were soldered together. I also
saw the cotyledones of the Quercus suber that seemed to be interwoven but were not, just like in the
Castanea vulgaris. According to this I suppose that the knitting of the Quercus virens is postgenital,
therefor of little theoretical importance; this is evidenced by the Quercus Ilex, etc.

l'am going to study the Fagus, Corylus, Carpinus to complete the Cupuliferae. It will be short in
comparison with the Quercus or Castanea. I will need to reedit the Liquidambar and the Platanus.
My son has already prepared the Juglandee and Myricacees. He thinks he will get into a more difficult
subject such as the important Piperacees.

The Royal Herbarium in Leyden was placed under the direction of Dr. Miquel, already a professor in
Utrecht,;he is a very active scholar. He will direct a large publication payed by the government, on the
new species 1n the Leyden Herbarium. It is even better if they have new beds. In regards the Quercus, I
was disappointed at the state of Botany in Mexico. The authors one after another published, usually
without seeing the plants of their predecessors, articles like the ones of the Linnaea Hartwig Plant.
Bulletin of Brussels (Mertens et al), pamphlet of the dane Liebmann, etc.etc. In this manner the
confusion was complete. What difficulties there will be to regularly and methodically destroy the
duplication of the species! Nor Galeotti nor Liebmann have been willing to admit that this is a problem.
Mr. Boissier returned to his oriental plants with more of them than ever. Without a doubt he received
some from Kotzschy, who visited us this year. Cyprus has Mount Amanus. The state of the Turkish
empire is at this time deplorable, in regards to the security of foreigners, to the degree that their
belongings are frequently missing. Even Kotzschy and Bourgeau have retreated.

Again, my dear Doctor, I send you my devout wishes.

Alphonse de Candolle

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Alphonse de Candolle Rec.March 21,1874 Ans. March 13, 1875

Geneva, March 3, 1876

My Dear Colleague,

À long time ago I received the journal Transactions of the Academy of St. Louis that I had requested from you,
and more recently the one of the Yucca. The seeds are worth taking care of. As I do not have much room in my
home I sent them to Mr. Boissier who will take them to the shore.

Last October I asked the editorial Masson to send you the Volume # XVII and the last one of the Prodromus.
After this I sent you through the mail an article of mine titled: Reflections on Writings in General.etc.

[recall the package very well, that you left at my home, when you departed Geneva. It stayed on the table for a
few weeks. Then you asked me to send it somewhere, but I can’t remember where! I think that you told me to
send 1t to Paris, where you would get it before leaving for America. I believe the message came from Reuter. I
asked Mr. Boïissier if he knew this and he told me he did not. In my correspondence I found nothing. I
remember very well having had this package and having sent it to yoù in Europe, as you asked me to. It is
unfortunate that I don’t remember where or through what route. IfI recall, the package was wrapped as if it
were going on a long trip.Perhaps it was sent through Reuter”? I looked for the remittance slip but could not find
it. Someone who you sent, came to tell me to send it again in this or that manner.

L'think it is a good idea for you to continue the study of the Quercus. They are beautiful trees and in America
they are most interesting. The paleontologists do not like the division according to the maturation and the
ovules. One understands why: they say that it is not natural, and do not agree with the characteristics of the
species. This is quite true, but if exteriorly they are not natural or visible, then one has to classify the species in
a less appropriate manner. I sometimes regret not having used, in the Prodromus, terms such as series or
subdivisions to divide the genders based on a single character. This is more artificial and comfortable than
natural.

Darwin found the sub-orders of Crucipherous and Ombellipherous in the Prodromus not natural and he
mocked it. I believe that my father would also have found them artificial, he who had always recommended to
unite them with a group of characteristics. But when this is not possible! It would have been necessary to name
them subdivisions and then note that they have a single characteristic, not well seen, but isolated and in the
Ombellipherous, not very important. |

Having finished the Prodromus I again wanted to study Botanical Geography. After thinking about it I will not
publish a 2nd edition of my work so that I can give the merit of the date (1855) to Darwin, who had mentioned
it frequently. Today the details seem to be conserved but their order will not not help me. I will be satisfied in
studying one or two new findings. If my health holds up I will begin studying the Sinilacineae and the
Dioscorideae. If you could write to me something about this group, I would appreciate it very much.

|
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copyright reserved

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My son is working on the Meliaceae for the Flora Braziliensis. Muller is deeply involved with the Rubiaceae
for the same publication. Boissier is working on the Flora of the Orient, on which he has written two volumes.
His son-in-law, Mr.Barbey, has begun studying botany and is preparing a publication on the Epilubium. Marc
Micheli, the translator of Sachs, is writing an article for the Flora Braziliensis. You can see that here we
continue working. Really we could not do otherwise, as our resources in books and plants 1s admirable.

Mrs.de Candolle thanks you and Mrs. Engelmann for your wishes. Please, I ask you to receive our compliments
which I always send you, my dear colleague. Your very devout

Alph. de Candolle

PS Do you think that your Nelumbium luteum would grow in Geneva? It would be interesting to have a
Nelumbium out of a greenhouse.

translator M. Thurmann

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de Candolle, Alphonse Rec. October 26
Geneve Sept. 4 1876
My dear Colleague,

l'am late in responding but in the meantime I thank you many times for the multiple dispatches containing
samples and brochures. Your work on the Quercus interested me very much. There is no doubt that several
species are extremely variable. As one knows certain countries better, one finds what I have seen in the
Quercus flex and Q. robur and that is, that there are multiple types, some very characteristic and others
hereditary (probably), and others adapted to the local climate. These are the complicated and unusual facts.
More detailed observations conducted in each country, from time to time, will bring about different opinions
than the ones I have. I will never be displeased. It is sufficient to know that with the materials that I had at my
disposal I accomplished everything that was possible.

At the moment I am working on a paper in regards the similarities of an immense amount of material from
herbariums in Berlin, St. Petersburg, Florence, Munich, Vienna, and a portion of the ones in Kiev, etc. In spite
of the many species, I could not find the female flowers. In this group the species are very close to each other,
but much less variable in the Quercus. My herbarium had very few of your samples from the United States.
Thankfully Mr. Boissier’s had them in good condition and well labeled.

[ received the cones of the Pinus and Agave that you sent me. A remittance has never been lost, but it is slow. I
also received the pretty volume on the Flora of California and the leaves that were in it.

The only sample of the Girandra chirondoidea(?) could not be divided, but a tracing and small drawings were
made from the plant by Dr. Muller. These could be of value to you. It would give me great pleasure to receive
from you samples of the Gentiacees that you are studying, and in general samples of new species of America.
Herbaria like mine, lack many of these plants.For example I have very few bulbous monocotyledones. In the
old times they were rarely and poorly collected.

Dr.Gray talked to me about your sojourn in the mounatins of the Carolinas. I hope that you and Mrs..Engelmann
had a pleasant time. Here, my wife and I, are also going on an excursion but of a completely different type.
Tomorrow we leave for Holland and Belgium. Those are countries that I do not know well and where I have
several friends.

The small details that I have to arrange before leaving make me stop writing this letter. I end it therefore and
pray that we stay in touch.

Your most devoted and affectionate colleague.

Alph. de Candolle

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Alphonse de Candolle Rec. June 16th. Ans Nov. 16th

Geneva. June 3 1879

My dear colleague,

It has been a.long time since we exchanged letters, but not brochures. I thank you for the American Juniper and
for the Agave shortii and more recently for several articles all in an envelope from the American Academy. I
am happy to have received this proof of your scientific activities which 1s also maintaining you healthy. You
have received from me, four small booklets in 1878 (Physiol. studies in Jordan, Leafing of Plants, Conservation
in salt water). At the moment I have nothing else to offer you but I feel that I need to send you some lines to
show you that I am still in this world and that I have not forgotten you.

Age has taken away the hearing of one of my ears and my eyes do not permit me to make observations other
than through a magnifying glass or a microscope. Therefore I let my son and my friends do the work on the
Phanerogamarum Monograph, where the second volume by Engler, will be published and will include the
Aroncieae. Instead, I occupied myself in publishing a volume on Phytography or the art to describe plants. I
hope the botanists will find this information useful, specially, the actual distribution of the herbariums of the
ancient authors and of the important travelers. If you would like me to mention certain herbariums that have
been published or collections from often mentioned travelers, you only need to send me a note. For example
you probably have the series of Fendler, Drummond, Weight, etc. In mentioming these we also recognize your
herbarium. I am mainly interested in the collections that contain at least 400 specimens.

Dr. Muller has become professor at the University and co-director of the Garden. Therefore he no longer has
much time for me. He now and then comes for purely scientific interests. I have an employee that helps me in
my physical activities. My herbarium has become enriched in the past year, by two excellent collections. One of
plants from Paraguay belonging to Balansa and the other contains the duplicates of the plants of Welwitsch.
The Portuguese have given me this collection according to the wishes of the Invalid Welwitsch.

Mr. Boissier just finished publishing the first volume of his Flora Orientalis. He is as perseverant as Mr.
Bentham in his publications.

The government of Brazil has recently approved the necessary sum of money to continue the study of the large
Flora. This will energize activities in regards to descriptive Botany. In the meantime our attention 1s always
greater in anatomical and physiologic studies.

Receive, my dear colleague, as always my most devout wishes.

Alph. de Candolle

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