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Missouri Botanical Garden

PETER H. RAVEN LIBRARY

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growths to be entirely lo
more shade than the othe
have the moisture retainec
tions. Masdevallias must
of this house, and on no at
As a rule these are very fi
tions being that the soil sh
supply of water abundant,
very little direct sunlight,
blocks in this house will 1
looking to, the young br
enclosed in them will be
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remain in the breaks, oth
very liable to damp

JjrJ GARD£MEjts

^ FLOWER GA
The beds are now well
their beauty. Where any
getting out of their places,
become too thick and crow
back or the points of the s'
ever cuttings can be had w
ing with the appearance of
in at any time how. We ge
variegated Pelargoniums,
than the scarlets and stronj
are struck in an open
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growing. Phloxes, Pentst]
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China Roses also do. w
Cloves and border Carnatiol

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

i 7 8

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-^fAuC^ST II, J 877.

THE GARDENERS CHRONIGLE.

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remarkable; the leaves are large in size, and as
healthy and clean as any one could well desire to see
them; there is not a trace of mildew or insect pests
of any kind. The few Vines that carried fruit, last
year ripeilfeMheir bunches thoroughly, and Mr. A.
p£TTiGRE\$k tfte-^gardener at Cirdiff Castle, who
takes a greatl^terest in the experiment, is very san¬
guine as to thl, crop of fruit likely to be harvested
this season. T%e Marquis of Bute is so much
encouraged in th^matter that a considerable portion
of land has been planted during the past winter, and
it is computed that*|he vineyard now comprises some
6000 Vines. Mons.|CHAVENET, the proprietor of a
large vintage at Cotijd’Or, in the South of France,
called at Bute Castle la few days ago, and expressed
himself in sanguine terrhs as to the ultimate success of
the experiment. He i%sending a further supply of
Vines for planting out at the proper season. The
soil is kept gently hoed on the surface ; it is so full
of fibrous roots that it canhpt be deeply moved with¬
out risk of injury. A gooc|mulching of manure will
be given in autumn, and each leading shoot will be
cut back to three eyes at the proper time.

-Our enterprising contemporary and for so

long a time our associate—the Agricultural Gazette ,
will publish in its next number afpoloured illustration
of the Colorado Beetle in its Various stages. In
reference to this subject we mayfpention that there
are now so many illustrations of th% Colorado beetle
that we trust our friends will not send us so many
lady-birds ! It is a great pity peopl%do not know
friend from foe.

— The Pelargonium Society his just issued
its report and balance-sheet for 1876-7, from which
it appears that the annual subscriptions amounted to
^,88 1 2s. ; that the amount of prize-money ^stributed
amongst the various exhibitors on Junet 19 was
j£87 2 s . 6d. ; and the Society has a balance in hand
of^4 2 6s. 8d. The annual meeting takes place at
Chiswick on the 15th inst. at noon, when the arrange¬
ments for the ensuing year will be discussed.

- On Monday last (Bank Holiday) no less than

58,000 persons visited the Royal Gardens, Kew,
between i p.m. and sunset.

-Judging of what we have seen in various places;

the Balsam does not prove ornamerital in the open
ground when grown on in pits and then turned out
with balls of soil. The result would appear to be
the undue development of side shoots and foliage that
retard the production of flower and cover up the fine
blooms that are first obtained on the centre stem.
On the other hand, plants taken from the seed bed
and dibbled out into the open ground soon produce
flowers with but few side shoots, and the floral
beauties of the plants are thus seen to the best
advantage. Where seed is desired the soil should
not be too rich ; when necessary the plants should be
stopped, and, if found needful, some of the side shoots
should be taken out. Thus grown we have found
the Balsam to be extremely beautiful in the open
ground, and well worthy to be classed as a bedding
plant.

- Paragraphs have been going the round of the

papers relating to the Floral Decorations on the
occasion of a grand reception on the part of Madame
MacMahon, and also on the costliness of modern
entertainments in London. We are informed that at
a ball in Belgrave Square on the 9th ult. Mr. Wills
supplied and arranged in one day 59 large Palms,
Dracaenas, &c., from 12 to 20 feet high, including
many splendid specimens of Cocos flexuosa, 15 feet
high ; 60 Palms, from 6 to 15 feet high ; 188 various
Palms and foliage plants, from 4 to 10 feet high ;
1 extra large Seaforthia elegans, 25 feet high; 292
foliage plants and Palms, from 3 to 6 feet high ;
10 large Phormium tenax, 6 by 10 feet ; 107
plants of Wills’ new hybrid Dracaenas, from 3 to
5 feet; 72 large Ferns, from 3 to 7 feet high;
84 Cyperu?, various, 683 Creeping jenny (Lysi-
machia), 2880 Lycopodium denticulatum, 84 handsome
foliaged Begonias, 209 Adiantum cuneatum, 109 A.
farleyense, 50 Sedums, 50 Panicum variegatum,
60 large Ivies in pots, 10 feet high, 20 Cocos Weddelli-
ana for centre of refreshment tables; 1416 choice
flowering plants, 150 handsome Liliums (specimens),
72 Crassula coccinea (specimens), 48 choice Orchids,
&c., 72Isolepis gracilis, 72Tradescantias, 150 various

creeping and trailing plants; total, 7271 plants,
72 spikes Tuberoses, handsome ; 6500 cut Roses,
Stephanotis, cut Orchids, &c. ; 22 tons of clear block
ice, 5 tons of Derbyshire spar, 1 ton of virgin coik
baik, 4 vanloads of green moss (equal to 1200
bunches). Large grcttos were constructed, water for
fountains, waterfalls, &c., laid on. The total cost of the
above considerably exceeded ^1000. Thus it will be
seen that the cost of such entertainments has been
much underrated by the general press. Of the taste
and good sense that prompts such lavish expenditure
we say nothing.

- The twenty-second autumn exhibition of Mit

and cut flowers at the Crystal Palace is announced to
be held on September 21 and 22.

- In reply to very numerous and still-continued

enquiries, we beg to repeat that the Rose Supple-
ment, witk the coloured plate, presented to our sub¬
s' cribers with the number for July 7, is out of print,
rnd will not be reprinted. We shall shortly issue a
coloured plate of fruit, of which due notice will be
given.

- True Dichotomy, or forking of the growing

point in flowering plants, is sufficiently uncommon to
make it worth noticing that numerous specimens of
the American Waterweed (Elodea canadensis) recently
examined presented this peculiarity. Though rare in
flowering plants, it is the common mode of division in
Cryptogams.

- Adverting to paragraphs in recent issues

relating to certain alleged malpractices at Orchid
Sales we have received the following communication
from Mr. Stevens, who has also made known to us
the facts of the cases alluded to by our correspondents
so far as he knew them or was concerned with them
as auctioneer. It is only just to Mr. Stevens to
state that not one of the correspondents who has
addressed us on the subject has cast the slightest
imputation on the good faith and upright conduct
of Mr. Stevens, which is indeed evidenced by his
letter. Mr. Stevens writes :—

“ 1 have read the correspondence and your editorial
note of last week, on the subject of Orchid sales, and
need hardly Say that it is not only my wish but that it is
greatly to my interest that my sales should be conducted
in a fair and honourable manner, and that buyers should
be able to rely upon the correct description of the plants
^vhich come under my hammer. . At the same time it
would be quite impossible for me either personally to
examine and guarantee the thousands of plants which
annually pass through my hands. Orchid growers are
aware, of the great difficulty ia describing many of the
specie| and that they pay a price at auctions commen¬
surate %vith the risk. But I shall always be glad to
assist purchasers in obtaining redress from the vendors
where t%re is just cause for complaint, .aud shall feel
grateful .%> any gentleman „who will draw my attention,
either publicly or privately at the time of sale, to any
plants abo|t which he may have reason to suppose there
can be a dc&tbt.”

- The \Messrs. Sutton are to be congratu¬
lated that whifst the Hollyhock fungus is working so
much mn chief in other places they are fortunate
enough to have % their nursery a very fine plantation
of this grand boiler flower, all the plants of which
are in rude health %nd full of vigour. The varieties
grown include all hies of colour found in the Holly¬
hock, and the flower% are of superb quality. Spring
propagation, a deepl^worked soil, plenty of manure
and room, seem to present the elements of successful
culture.

A GARDEN LOUNGE.

The figure we give of ak garden lounge may be
useful, as it is easily made, is inexpensive, and readily
adapted to the varying requirements of young and old,
short or tall. The back, as will b^seen (fig. 34), can be
raised or lowered at will, and th|Toot-board can, by
an arrangement of pegs, be adapted to the comfort of
the lounger. The back measures ^0 by 19 inches,
the length of the seat 19 inches, of the leg-rest
15 inches, of the movable foot-board Synches. The
extreme measurements of the supporting framewoik
are from the front of the seat to the end of the sup¬
ports in front, 27 inches, and from the front of the
seat to the end of the supports behind, 44 inches.
We are indebted to Mr. W. Earley, Valentines^ for
the sketch and measif&fii$fit£R>f lEiiWy^dnvehi®
garden seat. GEORGE ENGELMANN PAPEf}:

5 FUNGOID DISEASES'OF

FOREST TREES. !

By M; C. Cooke, M.A., LL.D./ &c.

^Experience has taught us that fungi may exercise
af injurious influence in at least three different direc¬
tions, viz. (1), either by permeating the soil, and in¬
juring or destroying the roots, or (2), by establishing
themselves in the tissues of the plant, and developing
themselves outwards as true endophytes ; or (3), by a
kind of external parasitism, more or less covering the
leaves and young branches, choking the stomata,
checking growth, destroying the healthy functions,
and ultimately causing death. These three modes of
attack suggest the classing of our remarks under the
heads of (1), root fungi, (2), Endophytes, and (3),
Epiphytes.

Root Fungi.— -Horticulturists and foresters in
Britain have long recognised the secret but tUleterious
influences of root fungi, as evidenced by the numerous
and oft-repeated complaints which have appeared
from time to time, over a period of many years, in
the pages of the Gardeners' Chronicle and other
journals devoted to hoiticulture. Vines have been
described as suffering from attacks of root fungi.
Shrubs withering and dying beneath "the insiduous
attacks of fungi at roots, and whole plantations of
young trees being cut off by some unseen destroyer, |
which at length was discovered in the soil. Hundreds 1
of instances are on record to substantiate the fact that
conditions of fungi, mostly in the state of mycelium,
or root-like threads and fibrils, can and do permeate
the soil, and injure or destroy growing plants to a con¬
siderable extent. There is no external appearance of
this enemy manifest, until the condition of the plant
itself gives indication that something is going wrong.

It is only by breaking and turning the soil that the
cause is revealed, and it happens not unfrequently
that the unaided eye is insufficient to detect its
presence. Causes and cure are alike too little within
the scape of human control.

Fungi of the Mushroom type are known to be deve¬
loped from a mass of delicate fibrils which penetrate
and interlace the soil, and to this filamentous material,
which to fungologists is known by the name of myce¬
lium, the common name of “spawn” is applied. It
is just this kind of substance which accomplishes all
the mischief comprised under the term of “roof
fungi.” It is not a complete and perfect fungus, but
the “mycelium” or “spawn” of some such fungus
as an Agaric, a species of Polyporus or some Thele-
phora. This kind of mycelium, or incipient fungu^,
is almost certain of development from rotting wood,
dying leaves, or vegetable matter of any kind during
decomposition. Hence all soil containing vegetable
substances in a state of decay contains the elements of
root fungi. This may be illustrated by two or three
recorded instances. Two Deodars were planted near
the Director’s house at the Royal Gardens at Kew,
one grew, the other did not, and it was afterwards »
discovered that where the latter had been planted an
old Cherry tree had been cut down; the inference
was that the fungi on the dead wood left had attacked
the living roots of the Deodar, causing the tree to fall
into ill health. This was adduced as the ttue expla¬
nation why one tree often refuses to grow where
another had stood before.*

A fine Wellingtonia gigantea, standing in the
grounds of Portnali Park, was destroyed, and after¬
wards the cause of death investigated. A sickly hue
spread over the branches, all that skill and intelligence
could devise was done for it, but alas ! its doom was
fixed, and in a short time this much-cherished favour¬
ite was a dried stick. Fungous spawn had penetrated
every part of its system, a white kind of network was
found under the bark of all its roots, and it was
believed that the enemy was some species of Poly ;, *-
porus or Thelephora, in the mycelioid condition. In
commenting upon this incident the Rev. M. J. Berke¬
ley remarks that he had a noble Cupressus maerq-
carpa affected in the same way. He recommended
that in planting on the same spot it would be prudent
to trench the ground deeply, and get out, if possible,
every fibre of the deep roots, as each fragment might
be affected, and would perhaps propagate thejmischief,
even if the new tree were planted at some distance, f

Shortly after the above was? recorded another
instance appeared in the same journal. The writer 1
jj|ays that early in the year (1865) he had some hundreds 5

' Gardeners' Chronicle, 1865, p. 462. \Ib. % p. 103;

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235

for the most part into serpentine; the garnet into minerals of the
chlorite group; while the hornblende has generally withstood
alteration. The paper of Mr. Lemberg contains a considerable
number of analyses showing the composition of the original min¬
erals, as well as of the products of decomposition.— (Zeitschrift d.
Deutsch. geol. Gesellschaft , 18V5, 531.) e. s. d.

15. Selwynite , Noumeite, Garnierite .—Mr. G. H. F. Ulrich,
in a letter dated Melbourne, Nov. 3d, 1875, states that the new
species Selwynite, described by him, is not a homogeneous mineral.
A microscopic examination shows it to consist of a felsite-like
base, through which hydrous chromic oxide is disseminated, with
occasionally a small octahedron of chromite. A similar method
of examination has shown that the new nickel minerals (noumeite,
garnierite), described by Professor Liversidge, are not homoge¬
neous. There is here a soapstone-like base, composed of hydrous
silicate of magnesia through which either hydrous oxide of nickel,
or hydrous silicate of nickel is densely distributed in small veins
and roundish patches. Some of the ore gave an assay up to
twenty per cent of nickel, and others as low as two per cent.

16. Manual of Geology of J. D. Dana. —The following changes and corrections
(besides some others merely typographical) have been made in the stereotype
plates of the work since its first publication in 1874, and are needed by the copies
of the earlier issues.

Page xv, 17 1. from top, P. C. Carpenter for J. G. Cooper. Page 3, 8 1. fr. top,
1 —1,200,000 for 1-200,000. P. 82, fig. 61f has been inverted; and the same on p.
546. P. 147, 41. fr. foot, C. for P. P. 166, under fig., 4a Trenton for “ 4 Trenton.”
P. 338, 2 1. fr. top, fig. 521, for “p. 521.” P. 344, in map, 9, 9, 9, far “ 8,” “ 8,”
“ 8,” and 8 for “ 9.” P. 345, 18 1. fr. top, east for “ west.” P. 419, 4 1. fr. foot,
southeast for “ southwest.” P. 427, 3 1. and 4 1. fr. top, over two for “ three or
four.” P. 538, paragraph beginning with “ The absence” has been changed so as
to make it state that between the meridian of 100° in Dakota and the eastern
boundary of Oregon and California the mean annual precipitation is not, with
small exceptions about the higher mountains, over 16 inches. P. 675, 15 1. and
14 1. fr. foot, former for “ latter,” and latter for “ former.” P. 699, 16 1. fr. foot,
yards for “feet.” P. 743, 18 1. fr. top, along the strike for “transverse to the
strike;” and for the closing part of the paragraph has been substituted:—an
effect due to compression by the pressure to which the rocks had been subjected
and a consequent expanding in a transverse direction. P. 756. To the first para¬
graph has been added the remark [a suggestion to the author by Prof. Terrill]
that the retaining of the warm Gulf Stream waters in the Atlantic would give the
ocean a higher temperature than it now has, and that this higher temperature
would be the occasion of an unusual amount of evaporation, and, therefore, of an
extraordinary amount of precipitation and frequency of storms along the cold
borders of the continent in the Glacial latitudes; so that the theory adopted for
the origin of the cold of the Glacial period accounts for both the cold and the
abundant precipitation. P. 589, Cetacean area removed from Cretaceous column.

1. Notes on\ Agave; by Geo. Engelmann, M.D.—This is a
modest title of a paper in the Transactions of the Academy of
Science of St. Louis, Missouri, vol. iii, December, 1875. Sepa¬
rately issued it forms a pamphlet of 35 pages, 8vo. If we mis¬
take not it begins that volume; so that the pages of the pamphlet

Scientific Intelligence .

$74?

286

are those of the volume, as ought always to be the ease, for com
venience and uniformity of reference.

-r'v 1 T _1 • 1_:_3_4.1,.- C _.4-^1^:^^

L horny margin, t

Dr. Engelmann deserves high praise and many thanks for taking ltt0 ' Qnlv now 0 \
in hand, one after the other, our difficult botanical subjects, con- F e . ^

centrating his attention upon them for a while, elucidating them to P. te( j
the full extent of his opportunity, and leaving them in such a 7 ^
state that they can be easily understood, or readily followed up ( , 011 L meng .
as occasion serves, by ordinary observers and collectors. His ; H tn<B ® , , :

latest essay of this sort was upon Yucca. He passes from that ,

to the analogous American genus, Agave , the “ American Aloe,”" Jj J rl . J
first distinguished from the old-world Aloe genus by Linnaeus, |f,lrom o. Anzon
who gave them the present name, Agave , “because that word in- utterly ialse nam
dicates something grand and admirable.” The headquarters of » A ret ® ren ?®
the genus are in Mexico, but a considerable number inhabit our )j> appended, ut
southwestern borders, and one reaches well into the northerjMtit has a stipitate «
States. There are “perhaps 100 species,”—possibly a high esti- I all species, so f
mate, but the catalogues of cultivators give twice that number darge their poller
of names. Most of them are nearly unrepresentable in the her- ires and the stigi
barium, while in cultivation they seldom blossom. The century^|ielohes of the lat
plant, A. Americana , may sometimes in our cool regions literally ithe cavity of the
answer to its popular name: semi-centennial specimens at leastintended to allu:
are not uncommon. fts which so comn

Dr. Engelmann first devotes a few important pages to the gen-; ^ated style in th
eral structure and conformation of the trunk, foliage, inflorescence^certainly are in
and fructification in the genus, and passes to a systematic arrange- m of flowers. In
ment and description of the N. American species as now knowlHiiamine species of
to him, and of a few extra-liihital species upon which he is able to aote at what hou
throw some light. They fall into three groups. 1. Singuliflorae, %, and at what
with flowers in a simple spike, a single one to each bract. Our style is at these
northern Agave Virginica is the familiar representative: there t has observed
are also A. maculosa of Texas, and A. variegata from just over bus. The time*
the border, both in cultivation. 2. Geminiflore ®, with a denser (l ower p art 0 f tlle
spike, a pair of flowers to each bract. Our species are arranged i, Structure of th
by obvious characters of the margin of the leaves, viz: with Urmdnees - par
rough serrulate margins, A. falcata , n. sp.; with filamentose m 4®Jci. Nat tome
gins, A. Schotti, n. sp., and A. parviflora, Torr.; with aculeate- iiatomical details
toothed margins, A. hetearcantha , Zucc. (which is Torrey’s A. i an almost ncoh
Lechuquilla ), and A. Utahensis , Engelm. 3. Paniculate®, the typ- rofthe l ea ves f
ical Agaves or Century-plants, with paniculate inflorescence. There illy that tho* ° ‘

is a division with tube of the perianth much shorter than its lobes. L ’ • # , r vei

Under this A. Newberryi , n. sp., is marked by the insertion of the Las tm L -
stamens on the base of the tube. The others, with stamens borne L .. m ° sis
in the throat, are A. desertion, sp., A. Parryi, n. sp. (doubtfully a lon g
regarded by Dr. Torrey as a variety, latifolia , of A. Americana T reman y iT
and A. Antillarum Dese., with orange-yellow flowers, now eluci- | atom at

dated from materials brought from San Domingo by Parry and the leaf; i
Wright in 1871. The division with tube of the 'perianth shorter L ^ e y are rest
than its lobes, and bearing the stamens about its middle, contain fc a ura or twig
a very striking species, A. Shawii , from the southwestern corner L totae groun
of California, which, having broad and deep-green leaves with an< ^ ^

Botany.

237

brown horny margin, set off by the large light red-brown spines,
is thought to be one of the finest of the genus for ornamental cul¬
tivation. It was discovered by Dr. Parry in 1850, but good
specimens only now obtained, and it is appropriately dedicated to
the founder of the Missouri Botanic Garden, from which much is
confidently expected. Finally, there is a division known by the
tube of the perianth equaling the lobes or hardly shorter, and
bearing the stamens: to this belong A. rigida Miller, with the
Yucatan doubtful variety, Sisalana , introduced nearly forty years
ago into S. Florida by the unfortunate Dr. Perrine ; A. Palmeri ,
n. sp., from S. Arizona; and A. Wislizeni , n. sp. (which has had
the utterly false name of A. scabra in Germany) in Northern
Mexico. A reference to one or two very imperfectly known spe¬
cies is appended. Of A. Americana , there is a mere mention
that it has a stipitate capsule.

In all species, so far as known to Dr. Engelmann, the anthers
discharge their pollen about forty-eight hours before the style
matures and the stigma can receive pollen. After the expansion
of the lobes of the latter, at least in A. Virginica, a viscid liquid
fills the cavity of the apex of the style, “ whether stigmatic, or
on y intended to allure insects, has not been ascertained.” The
figures which so commonly represent bursting anthers and a fully
elongated style in the same blossom are probably factitious, as
they certainly are in many otherwise excellent plates of various
kinds of flowers. In conclusion, those who have the opportunity
to examine species of Agave in flower are particularly requested
to note at what hour of the day the anthers begin to shed their
pollen, and at what time they become effete, and in what state
the style is at these periods. The anthesis, so far as Dr. Engel¬
mann has observed, is vespertine or nocturnal, as well as proter-
androus. The time and nature of the nectariferous secretion in
the lower part of the flower should also be recorded. a. g.

2. Structure of the Learns of Grasses: Histotaxie des feuilles
de Gramine'es ; par J. Duval-Jouve.— An elaborate article in
Ann. Sci. Nat., tome i, of Ser. 6, 1875, with four admirable plates
of anatomical details. It appears to be an excellent piece of work,
upon an almost neglected subject. Many of the text-books still
say of the leaves of grasses, and indeed of Monocotyledons gen¬
erally, that their veins or nerves are simple and unconnected by
anastomosis; although what was meant must have been that the
only anastomosis was by ultimate transverse veinlets. Duval-
Jouve cites a long list of grasses in which these are conspicuous;
and there are many in which the reticulating veinlets are of different
orders. The stomata of grasses are in some confined to the lower
surface of the leaf; in others divided between the two faces; in
several they are restricted to the upper face, but in these the blade
makes a turn or twist, so as for the most part to present this upper
surface to the ground. Triticum junceum, Calamrogastis ( Psam-
ma) arenaria , and Gynerium argenteum (Pampas Grass) are cited
as instances. Many grasses have under the epidermis of their upper

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Misso

Botan

Scientific Intelligence,

face, and sometimes of the lower also, rows or bands of lai
walled cells, which our author names bulliform cells,
their presence, absence, number, and arrangement, are uniform in
each species, but often quite different in the same genus, so that

Iiod like that of aninu
gfnade out of late yea]
>doa

iif tie plant is toe

I lack to a work of Li
Iitiquated, for an (

they may be used for critical specific characters; and they are, rflcegg answe ring to
invnrial»lv with the vernation of the leaf, and .i’] kni nn . m/orati

pal, being oversin
counterpart pro
I the results are give

moreover, connected invariably with the vernation
with the opening and closing (either by conduplication or convo¬
lution, according to the vernation of the species) which are so w w

prompt in many grasses. That this movement takes place m virtue| ^ ong ^ weex] ve ge
of the hygrometric expansion of these cells under moisture and their ji( ^ an(J « j®
contraction in dryness, was made plain by the behavior of sections that

of the leaf under the microscope the closed conduplieate leal ot » eoflittleeffect a „
Sesleria opening instantly upon the application of a drop of water, of ,

when these cells in a band on each side of the midrib, heioie flat- ^ , y indirect

tened or collapsed, became turgid and prominent. The leaves of - ! ? ?J® Ct (

Leersia orvyzoides are described as rolling up instantly upon be-
ing bruised or roughly handled, as if endowed with real irntifcs. “ve pieces,
bility. We trust some of our young botanists will look to this, next -y,

SU Th 1 e e split sheath of the leaves is one of the diagnostic characters;Fno direct rel
of the Graminece. Exceptions in Glyeeria, &c„ were familiar. M. ,so that one sin
Duval-Jouve states that about a fifth part of the species have entire « ■
sheaths. Also that various grasses bear two, three, and even four of JVc

leaves on one node ! . A- tffiL i. e ^ nna es des

3 Botryopteris Forensis, an interesting fossil fern, which occurs * key to the genei
with fructification preserved in a silicified state in the rich de- »e lamented Thuret,
posits of Autun and Saint fitienne, France, has recently been Wended for public
investigated microscopically by B. Renault (Ann. Sci. bl at.,**' the appended en
ser i 1875). In one plate he has illustrated the anatomy of the synonyms,
stem;’ in four others its fructification, and the anatomy, develop -’fnocladus i n China
ing fructification, &c., of a Trichomanes, a Helminthostachys ancRfmeans of pods an<
a Botrychium , for comparison. He concludes that m this tosmmadus, our Kentuc
genus we have a type intermediate between true Filices and theity of Shanghai, wh<
Ophioglossece. A * G * J8 a substitute for so

4. Silicified fossil Fruits or Seeds, from the coal beds oi ^

fitienne, are discussed by Rrongniart m a P r ® ce ^ ln ^ v0 ^ um ^ corresponding
the Ann. Sci. Nat. (with figures), and classified by the form ofit Soc. Linn
their transverse section. They are thought to be gymnospermmis.^ frasiliensis
Among those with binary symmetry, Cardiocarpus m its affinity j t ’ . k
is thought to answer to Salisburia ; Rhabdocarpus, a new genus ( arlsruh e

to Torreya : Diplotesta and Sdrcotaxns (new genera), to Cephalo{ /f T ?

taxus; Taxospermum and Leptocaryon to Taxus. Those of radi ls Gomphrcnn
ate symmetry of three, six, or eight divisions or a circular section^ ^ Wit

of various kinds, including Trigonocarpus, are conjectured t Amaral?^*
the fruit of Sigillaria, Calamodendron, and the like, which Brough H am Jt tus %><
niart takes to be an extinct type of Gymnosperms a. g. % der

5. Respiration of Plants; some Researches by Mayer am « \£,? no P

Wolkofp : a paper in Ann. Sci. Nat., in the volume above cited lQ ^ 1875 41

apparently translated from a prior publication m Hernia® * on the
which there is no direct reference. That plants have a true ^ v ^^^ e . are< ^

ms subj

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Missouri

. Botanical

cm copyright reserved garden

Botany.

lt > are uniform
ne genus, so |

■s; and they an
n of the leaf, si
ication or com
which are i
:es placeinwirti
aoistureandtli
lavior of sectb
duplicate leafs
‘ a drop of ii:
idrib, before I
). The leaves i
nstantly upon!
with real ini
look to this,!

gnostic chart
ere familiar, j
pecies have*
ee, and evn

‘era, which d
b in the rich
as recently te
nn. Sci. Nat,.

3 anatomy ofi
natomy, deveii
inthostachp
hat in this fos
i Filices anflf

A, 6

coal beds ofi
eding volume 5
by the for ® 1

gymnospermo®
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era), to C&*
Those of i#j
circular sectioj
>njectured to I
he, which Brons

by Maybe®

me above#

in German , 1
have a true

piration like that of animals, correlative with decomposition, is so
well made out of late years, (and besides is understood to be inev¬
itable if the plant is to do any work), that it was hardly necessary to
refer back to a work of Liebig fourteen years old, and even then a
little antiquated, for an enunciation of the opposite doctrine. Then
the process answering to respiration was overlooked or thought
unessential, being overshadowed by the vaster, larger and more
important counterpart process of assimilation. The researches of
which the results are given in this paper were made to ascertain
the relations between vegetable respiration, i. e., the expiration of
carbonic acid, and light, temperature, growth, &c. The results,
on the whole, were, that changes of temperature within normal
limits were of little effect and transient when the change was sudden;
that the influence of light, although generally appreciable, was fee¬
ble, and probably indirect. This action, as is well known, goes
on both in light and darkness, hut under the latter it is not masked
by the assimilative process. Growth also proceeds indifferently
under either, or, it would appear prefers darkness. But Mayer
and Wolkoff conclude (contrary to some of their predecessors)
that there is no direct relation between growth in length and
respiration, so that one should in any sense serve as the measure
of the other. a. g.

6. Classification ofi Nostochinem. —Dr. Bornet, in a recent

number of the Annales des Sciences Naturelles, has published a
most useful key to the genera of the Nostoc tribe, which wa s drawn
up by the lamented Thuret, shortly before his death. Although it
was not intended for publication in its present state, it cannot hut
he useful. The appended enumeration mentions most of the species,
with leading synonyms. a. g.

7. Gymocladus in China. —If M. Baillon is right in his identi¬

fication by means of pods and loose flowers, there is a second species
of Gymocladus , our Kentucky Coffee-tree, indigenous to China, in
the vicinity of Shanghai, where the gummy substance in the legume
is used as a substitute for soap. This is an additional instance of a
supposed monotypic genus of Atlantic North America being repre¬
sented in the corresponding part of N. E. Asia. Baillon’s notice of
it is in Bull. Soc. Linn., Paris, Jan., 1875. a. g.

8. Flora Brasiliensis , fasc. 68, issued in March, 1875, has just
come to hand. It contains the Amarantacece , by Prof. M. Seu-
hert of Oarlsruhe, with 26 plates ; and this fascicle completes vol.
v, part l. There are 13 Brazilian genera ; of which much the
largest is Gomphrena , with 66 species. The species figured
which concern the North American flora are Alternanthera achy-
rantha and Amarantus hypochondriacus.

9. Das Haustorium der Loranthaceen und der Thallus der
Rafflesiaceen und Balanophoreen ; von H. Grafen zu Solms-
Laubach. Halle, 1875. 4to. The present paper is supplemen¬
tary to an article on the vegetative organs of phanerogamic
parasites which appeared in Pringsheim’s Jahrbticher, Bd. vi.
The writer divides his subject into three parts. The first is

MISSOURI BOTANICAL
GEORGE ENGELMANN

GARDEN

PAPERS

240

Scientific r* intelligence.

devoted to a consideration of the modes of attachment of dif¬
ferent spehies of Loranthacece to the foster plant. This is accom¬
plished by the growth inward of suckers ( Saugfortsiltze ) which
penetrate through the bark to the wood. The shape which any
sucker assumes depends on the relative activity of the growth of
the sucker itself and of the cambium. In some cases, as Lor-
anthus Europceus and L. Sternbergianus , the sucker sends out
processes which penetrate into the wood itself. The writer con¬
firms the suggestion made by John Scott that the vascular bundles
of the parasites communicate with those of the plants on whic|r \
they are growing.

Part II is devoted to the vegetative organs of the Rafflesiacece ,
which had previously been studied only in Pilostyles Hauss-
knechtii Boiss. and Gytinus Hypocistus L. The writer gives the
results of his examinations of Pilostyles JEthiopica Hook., P. Blan-
chetii Gardn., and P. Caulotreti Karst., which closely resemble
one another. The vegetable organs of these species consists of
threads or, at times, flat expansions which are found in the last
and from which suckers are given off which penetrate into the
wood. The name given to the thread-like expansions is thallus,
from its resemblance to the structures of the same name in crypto¬
gams. The flower buds are produced as adventitious offshoots
from the threads of the thallus, and finally burst through the bark
of the foster-plant. Pilostyles Thurberi A. Gray, a plant of our own
country which is parasitic on species of Dalea , differs somewhat
from other species of the genus. Its thallus, which is found in the
inner bark, is not composed of threads but of flat expansions of
considerable size. They are at first destitute of vessels, which,
however, make their appearance about the time of the formation
of the flower buds. Part III is devoted to the vegetative organs
of the Balanophorece , and the writer concludes as follows: “ It is
the object of the present essay to call attention to the fundamental
uniformity of the development and conformation of the assimilat¬
ing organs of the phanerogamic parasites. This object has been
attained if we have been successful in showing that they all have
a common characteristic in the absence of any sort of differentia¬
tion of organs of vegetation such as we find in the Gormophytes ,
that their organs can be neither roots nor stems, but that we are
compelled to recognize them as thalline structures equivalent and
completely analogous to those of the Thallophytes. This would
have pleased Lindley, as indicating a structural foundation for his
class of Bhizogens. w. g. f.

10. The Movements and Habits of Glimbing Plants ; by
Charles Darwin, M.A, F.R.S,, etc. *2d ed., revised, with illus¬
trations. 208 pp. 8vo.—This work by Darwin, noticed at page
69 of this volume, has recently been republished by D. Appleton
& Co., New York.

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Botanical

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Subjects for jConstdef^ation,

1st. Railway connections of the cities of Virginia with the Great West. Postponed from
the Cincinnati Convention.

2d. Education. Postponed from the Cincinnati Convention.

3d. Central line water communications between the North and South. Postponed from the
Cincinnati Convention.

4th. Development of the Gold and Silver mines in the Pacific States and Territories.
Postponed from the Cincinnati Convention.

5th. The enlargement of the more important lines of canals in the United States, so as to
render them navigable for vessels propelled by steam. Postponed from the Cincinnati Con¬
vention.

6th. Encouragement of a reciprocal trade between the United States and Brazil, and the
other South American States. Postponed from the Cincinnati Convention.

7th. Continuous inland water line communication west from the Mississippi River along
the Gulf coast to Rio Grande. Postponed from the Cincinnati Convention.

8 th. Settled policy in the public interest in regard to the disposition of the Government
Lands. Postponed from the Cincinnati Convention.

9th. Continuous water line communication from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean.
Postponed from the Cincinnati Convention.

10th. Rail Roads generally.

11th. Department of Commerce.

12th. American Navigation interests.

13th. Revenue Reform.

14th. Immunity of private property at sea in time of war.

15th. Direct trade between Southern Atlantic cities and Europe.

16th. River Navigation.

17th. Construction of permanent levees on, and removal of obstructions from the mouth
of the Mississippi River.

18th. Finance and Taxation including civil service reform.

19th. Charges on passenger and freight traffic by rail and water lines.

20th To abolish throughout the whole country all licenses imposed on commercial
travellers

21st. Improvement of sea coast harbors.

22d. Ample railroad facilities from the Ohio River to the Central South.

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George Engelmann Papers

%'27'Z Missouri Botanical Garden
'• * . George Engelmann Papers

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Missouri Botanical Garden
6eorge Engelmann Papers

PRIX-GOURANT POUR 1874.

Agaves et autrcs plantes nouvelles.

Je crois inutile de faire des eloges de ma riche collection de ce noble
genre de plantes* vu que mon etablissement est renomme comme en
etant fourni des especes ies plus belles et les plus rares.

Sans me flatter, ma splendide culture de ces plantes est egalement
admiree par tous les amateurs; et quoique tenues en pots relativement
petits, il serait difficile d’en trouver de plus belles et de plus vigoureuses.

En relations avec I’interieur du Mexique, je regois presque tous les ans
un envoi de nouvelles ou rares Agaves. C’est grace A une beureuse impor¬
tation recente, que j’ai le plaisir d’offrir les superbes nouveautes suivantes
h des prix excessivement bas.

Agave Corderoyi brevifolia.

De grand merite!! Feuilles d’un beau vert d’emeraude, garnies de jolies
epines noir d’ebene et surmontees d’un tres fort dard de la meme couleur.
Port du tres favorablement connu Agave Bessereriana Candida, cette plante
distinguee ne pourrait manquer dans aucune collection d’Agaves ni meme
de plantes succulentes.fr. 15 a 25 »

Agave Ficquelmonti.

Tres distinguee par ses belles et larges feuilles blanchatres profondement
crenelees. Plante indispensable pour toute belle collection d’Agave. Je
l’ai dediee a M. le comte de Ficquelmont, grand amateur de ce beau genre
de plantes. 11 ne me reste que deux forts exemplaires disponibles.

fr. 100 »

Agave Gilbey.

De tout premier ordre. Espece h feuilles tres courtes et epaisses, lar-
gement rubannees, de blanc au milieu.fr. 15 a 25 »

Agave Kerchovei macrodontba.

Pas entierement nouvelle, mais tres rare. Espece a epines enormes.
Magnifique.fr. 25 «

LAURUS NOBILIS.

LORBEEREN. — SWEET BAYS.

Von Lorbeerbaiime, Kronen und Pyramiden, sind mehrere hundert
Paaren in alle starke vorrathig. Die Preise und alle gewunschte Erkundi-
gungen theile ich auf verlangen.

J’engage vivement tous les amateurs et horticulteurs a visiter mon
etablissement l’ete, pour se faire une idee de la beaute et de l’importance

$276 '

8 LOUIS DE SMET, A LEDEBERG-rLEZ-G^]^^CLfUQgs^ ^^

George Engelmann Papers

Agave hystrix (vrai) (Bonapartea).

Belles plantes ......

Tres beaux exemplaires . «

Extra forts et beaux exempl.

Ces admirables plantes, toujours tres rares et tres recherchees, se
vendent encore de 100 a 200 francs piece. Nul doute, ou maintenant
aucune collection, soit d’amateur ou d’horticulteur, ne voudra plus se pri-
ver de ces plantes si extraordinaires.

Comme en temoigne la plancbe ci-contre, les Agave hystrix sont des
plantes de port trapu et compacte a feuilles herissees, courtes, nom-
breuses, dont l’ensemble simule un veritable pore-epic. L’epine terminate
de chacune d’elles etant noire ou orange fonce, leur grand nombre con-
traste agreablement sur la coulOur bleue ou verte du reste des feuilles.

Ce sont de veritables bijoux ayant la faculte de plaire a tous.

Agave Leopoldi.

Meme section que YAgave streptacantha, mais plus remarquable et plus
brillante sous tous les rapports. Les belles epines larges ou etroites,
quelquefois en tire-bouchon, d’autrefois crochues et de couleur variant
du jaune paille et orange au rouge etau noir fonce, sont d’un effet splen-
dide sur la couleur blancbatre ou bleue des feuilles. Superbe acquisition
fr. 20 a 30 »

Agave Ousselghemiana alba picta.

(Micracantha alba picta).

Nouveaute hors ligne, depassant en beaute tout ce qni a paru jusqu’a
ce jour en Agaves. Le centre de chaque feuille esl orne d’un large ruban
blanc d’ivoire, mesurant souvent 4a 5 centimetres de largeur, ce qui pro-
duit un effet admirable sur le fond bleu de ciel, couleur naturelle des

feuilles.. fr. 50 a 80 »

Exemplaire fort et superbe. . fr. 300 »

Agave Roezli.

Noble esp^ce k feuilles tres distinguees, bordees de belles et larges '
epines serrees et surmontees d’un enorme dard couleur marron fonce.

Plus remarquable encore l’ete par sa coloration rose brillaut.

_ . _ fr. 151^5 «

Agave Troubetzkoyana.

Plante extraordinaire. Aucune description ne saurait rendre justice k
cette superbe espece qui ne ressemble a aucune de ses congeneres. Je l’ai
dediee a Son Altesse le prince Pierre Troubetzkoy, amateur zele d’horti-
culture. Forte plante . . . fr. 65 »

Un peu moins forte. . » 50 » |

N. B. — Toutes ces plantes, bien etablies en pots et fortement enracinees,
sont magnifiques. Les prix ci-dessus se rapportant k de beaux exemplai¬
res, sont etablis de telle sorle que tout amateur et horticulteur puisse
jouir de ces merveilles vegetales de l’interieur du Mexique.

glaucescens.

—' ns -dfr

) fr. les trois sortes. '

gracilis.

15 fr. la piece ou 40

country. Z'. jg, c.

Agaves m Jean Verschaffelt’s Nursery.—The

following is a list of Agaves that flowered in this
nursery dunng the past summer (1877), viz.:—1.
Agave filifera elegans, a fine variety, imported a few
years ago from Mexico; a very compact plant, dwarf,
with numerous short leaves, more abundantly thready'
(filamented) than in the usual species or varieties,,
each leaf broadly marked with pure white bands i
about 1 foot high by 18 inches in diameter. The
f tem ls about 5 feet high, covered with seed-pods,
2. filifera, a most noble specimen, about 40 inches
in diameter; the flower-stems nearly 15 feet high,
covered with hundreds of flowers, a great many of
which have been fertilised, and bearing numerous seed-
pods. 3. Xalapensis, a really fine plant, about 2 feet
high by 3 feet m diameter ; flower-stems 34 feet high.
This species seeds very freely, for every flower has
become a seed-pod. It is one of the finest green¬
leaved specimens of the Agave tribe. 4. Agave lo-
phanta, one of the very finest and most esteemed
species, but not common in the trade. The specimen
™, qU fl Stl ° n WaS perha P s the finest known in commerce.

1 he flower-stem measures quite 20 feet, and it has
continued in flower for ten weeks. This does not set
so freely, but yet, owing to the immense quantity of
flowers, a certain quantity of good seeds may be
reasonably expected. 5. Schidigera, an imported
plant, 18 inches high by 16 inches diameter;
flower-stems 3 feet high; very few s S ed-pods.
o. Aylinacantha : a fine specimen of this species threw
up flower-stems quite 7 feet high, and has now a great
number of seed-pods. Be s ide the above Agaves two or
three imported plants (trunks) of the very rare ©asy-
lirim Hartwegianum (true) have flowered during the
past season, but none of them have seeded. Several
rare species of Agaves in my collection may be ex¬
pected to flower next year. Jean N. Verschaffelt,
Ghent, Belgium % October 20.

Missouri Botanical Garden

A Cure for Root-eating Grubs.—In January last
you were kind enough to write to me in answer to my
inquiry for a cure for the “ grub” that was eating up
my Strawberry plants. I tried “ sulphur,” recom¬
mended by a correspondent of the Gardeners' Ckronicle f
without any success, as we found the vermin alive and
Well in the middle of the sulphured earth. As you
requested me to write to you on the subject, I
have now much pleasure in recommending a per¬
fect cure—viz., the copious application of quicklime
—small doses are useless. I feared at first I had
burned up my plants, but they recovered, and bare
an abundant crop, and the grub seems annihilated.
Messrs. Sutton & Sons, of Reading, suggested the
remedy. A. F.

Eriopsis biloba.—I suppose that Eriopsis biloba
is not an easy plant to grow ; l have not often seen it
in really good health. I have had two or three
plants, which I bought as they were imported ;
they all grew vigorously, and one or two flowered,
but I lost one or two of them, and have now only
one, which appears to be very healthy and to be
growing stronger and more vigorous every year.
The pseudobulbs of this plant seem to be very slow
in forming and maturing, and in the plant that died
the leaves spotted and the bulbs shrivelled and rotted
in the winter. The roots do not seem so liable to rot
as those of many Orchids. The plant which is
thriving is grown in a shallow cork basket, which it
has filled with roots, hung up close to the glass in a
Cattleya-house, and without having much water given
it at any time. It certainly, as Mr. Williams says,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

i copyright reserved

Missouri

Botanical

Garden

an Agave will yield from i to io litres daily. The
wound is kept continually open, and the juice is ex¬
hausted by means of a calabash called cocote.
When fermented the juice is called pulque, and it
contains about as much alcohol as good cider.
Boussingault found in a litre of it 74 c.c. =58.1 grams
of absolute alcohol, and 308 c.c. of carbonic acid,
besides 1.90 gram of nitrogenous substances; the
sugar was completely fermented. He calculated that
in Mexico a hectare planted with Agaves, containing
about 4000 plants, would yield 25 to 56 hectolitres of
absolute alcohol in the form of pulque , and this would
place the plant in the first rank among those culti¬
vated for alcohol. So much carbohydrate on the same
surface j>f not produced by corn, the Potato,
or the Vine. as by the
WSgtily.^This enormous produce is,^of^cSSrshTifl
reality much diminished by the Tact that the plant
only forms sugar in such quantity immediately before
the flowering, and that this does not take place until
its fifth to its eighteenth year, after which the plant
perishes. But the propagation of the Agave by shoots
from the root as well as by adventitious buds, is easy
both in Mexico and Italy. The later the plant is in
flowering the more imposing dimensions does it
attain, so that even in Italy Agaves with leaves
11 metre long are not unfrequent.

The pulque is turbid, and possesses an after-odour,
not agreeable to everybody, which appears to have its
origin in butyric and valerianic acids; the beverage
resembles kumiss (fermented milk). It is, therefore,
scarcely to be expected that this liquor would be
relished by the Italian population in the presence of
their capital wines. Nevertheless the experiment
might be worth making, whether in Italy, where the
Agave grows so luxuriantly, it could be worked indus-

0 12 3 4 5 6 7 -8 9 10 Missouri

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cm copyright reserved garden

George Engelmann Papers

TICLE. [February 16, 1878.

without bringing together all the available strength
possible, so as to get the former crop in, as more
time will be allowed for perfecting not only the
development but also the ripening of the bulbs.
For growing large ones the drills should be about
15 inches apart, and for general ends 12 inches will
suffice. It is almost needless to add that the richest
and best ground should be chosen for this crop. The
same distances between the rows will also be applic¬
able in the case of Parsnips and Carrots, and these
crops should also be put in whenever the state of the
soil will admit of its being performed in a satisfactory
manner. Parsley should be sown in drills or broad¬
cast for transplanting; in our opinion thi£ subject is
improved by means of transplanting. Shallots and
Onions for seeding may also be planted at the begin¬
ning of the next month. Amongst small seeds it will
be well to make a sowing outside of Cauliflower;, Cab¬
bage, and the different varieties of winter Greens, also jf
of Broccoli which are intended for elevated spots and®
po^^^ound ; for highly enriched gardens towards;
garden and flower very early. The stock of scarlet
and zonal Pelargoniums should be looked over, and if
likely to be deficient in the number required to furnish
the beds, propagation may now be carried on with
great facility in heated structures. The old plants will
: be considerably benefited at this season by being cut

back in order to make them more bushy, and the best
of the cuttings, which are not too soft or full of sap,
j should be selected and inserted singly in 2-inch pots
> in the usual manner. Let the soil be tolerably
moist, so as to avoid the necessity for watering,
l and place them on the shelf. The x stored roots

, of Dahlias should be looked over soon for the

5 removal of decayed matter. Small roots'giving signs
s of shrivelling should be potted at once and placed in

l a gentle heat. Any sorts, also, of which it may be

i required to increase the stock should be plunged in

1 gentle heat and the cuttings slipped off as soon as

. | they are 2 inches long and inserted singly in small
s I pots and plunged in bottom-heat. The bulk of the

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Missouri

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cm copyright reserved garden

Sr"' Botan,cal Garden

|n§elmarn Papers

-— ~ A Journey through Yucatan.— Mr. A. •:
Woeikof, who had been engaged for some time at \
Washington on Coffin’s unfinished work, entitled
Winds of the Globe , contributes to Peterman n’s i;
Geographische Mitthcilungen for June, a narrative of a [
journey through Yucatan and the south-eastern pro- !
vinces of Mexico, accompanied by a map of the country
traversed and the neighbouring regions. Contrary to i
a statement in Grisebach’s Vegetation der Erde,
Mr. Woeikof asserts that the scanty vegetation of
Yucatan is not due to the absence of summer rains,
but rather to the porous nature of the limestone
through which the water rapidly filters away. Rivers
and springs are exceedingly rare, and wealth consists
in water more than land. The rains that fall from
the end of May to the beginning of October are
sufficient for the cultivation of the soil to furnish
food for the sparse population; but water for
domestic purposes is conducted into artificial reser¬
voirs during the rains. Water also collects in sub¬
terranean natural caves, in the vicinity of which
the people build their huts. In spite of the difficulties
attending cultivation of any sort, it is j ust in the most
unfavourable part of Yucatan where the inhabitants
t make most profit out of the productions of the soil.
The principal vegetable product is the fibre of an
Agav^^^sbalana. At the present time there are
upwarai* of one Hundred steam engines employed in
the preparation of this fibre, which makes excellent
' cordage, ttyougn inferior to Hemp. It is largely ex-

I " ported to the United States, and, in fact, it is almost
the only article of export. It is very cheap. Indian
j Corn and Sugar-cane are the only other plants com¬

monly cultivated. The mode of growing Maize is the
simplest imaginable. Towards the end of the dry
season (March and April) the bush is cut down and
burnt, and the Maize sown in the ashes. No more
Sugar-cane is cultivated than is actually required,
because it needs irrigation.

S2SO

Missouri Botanical Garden
George Engelmann Papers

THE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 m.ssouri

Botan rcAL

cm copyright reserved garden

» Botanical G

6£o«G£ Engelmahh Pj

Mutations of Imported Agaves.—When these
plants are first imported they are very various in the
development of their foliage and spines—some being
short in the leaf, with strong spines; others longer,,
and with much less spine development. Some have
very flat and others concave foliage, with a very thick
base. Thus in A. horrida we get the large flat-
foliaged varieties called A. Regelii ; small concave
plants, A. De Smetiana; A. horrida, the moderate
sized plants, with broad concave foliage ; and some
pigmy forms. In about four or five years, if they
get liberal treatment, these gradually change their
characters, and take up the ordinary form of A.
horrida. In the varieties called A. Roezlii, A. Gil-
beyi, &c., we get, in the first-named, a very strong
thick-leaved plant, about 2 feet 6 inches through; A.
Gilbeyi, i foot, very sturdy; but the short one has
grown long, and the large plants (especially some)
have narrowed and elongated, until I can see the
characters of the old species, A. univittata—of which
I have no doubt they are forms—peeping out. The
same thing is going on in the forms of Agave
called Kerchovei and Beaucarnei — gradually the
foliage lengthens, and the spines grow less
vigorous, until the old A. heteracantha is shown.
A few years ago I thought we were getting a quantity
of new species of the noble plants, but now I look
upon such plants as A. Verschaffeltii, Leopoldii,
Saundersii, Scolymus, cochleata, &c., as seedling
forms of A. amcena. The same is true of forms of
which univittata is the type, others as of heteracantha.
The only plants that I look upon as new are A.
Victoriae Reginse, A. Bessereriana, A. utahensis, A.
Peacockii, and A. Seemanni. A. Parreyi is so much
like a compact applanala that I suspect it. There are
some good distinct varieties in each section, but with
time we shall find that these will grow out on flower¬
ing. We shall never see the like again, except they
be reimported. Many of the plants may be kept
dwarf, and so retain their peculiarities by exposure
and the Banting system, but give them ordinay treat¬
ment and they will follow their parents. Peculiar
climatic conditions have produced them, but give them
the conditions of the original parent and we shall
get reversion. This I have found to be the case with
Agaves, and especially with Cacti, more than any
other set of plants. Croucher , Sudbury House.

be for the suD-tropical garaen : xu a wvx
soil in the South of England, with a slight protection
of litter over the surface in winter, there is no doubt
that this plant would succeed perfectly in shelgreg Oo
situations, if not in the open garden. It would rfkkei
a charming associate with Hydrangea panicutatat 0 °
grandiflora, which conies into flower about the IsM -
time, and the rich green leaves and profuse~-tins:
florescence of both would produce a very telling §nc^
agreeable contrast, Txr rAw "

\/" "X H ^

The Gibraltar Mint.—rather singular cas© of”
mealy-bugn^tacking MenthaVulegium gibraltaricifft i|j
now to pe seen in one of the fcarpet-beds at llam^on
Court. This pe$t is quite bad enough with us #n ceij&ii^
plants mder gl%ss, but its appearance in the flcg^e#
garden is rather a surprise. I ^onfess I corild haartll^ij
believe Mr. Grahpn’s word thaftsuch a thijhg ex^eS^
until I was convinced by the evidence of my own
eyes th ,t the mealybug will not\only livt upon the
Menthz, but also t^at it seems tA enjoy ^ degree of
vitality and activity there which
in a wa mer temperature. The patfrh of Mentha
which i ly attention vras drawn was literally overrun
with th' pest, giving qne the idea a\ first sight that
the plai t was dampingtpff. Upon cl«er inspection,
howeve , the white woolly covering oAthe insect was
seen thie in quantity, land the inseats themselves
upon bemg touched movqil about syrjauatily as if they
enjoyed 4 temperature of|8o°. Tne hoi summer has
no doubt\been favourablelto them, butlthe singular
thing is that they attack a Want that is nearly, if not
quite, hardy. Mr. GrahatrLsuspecls tha bugs were
taken out-oadoors upon somi plants of Allernanthera,
and from thaji transmit^d t^the Menthal Visitor.

Tuberoses Out-of-DooA.—I can fully endorse
“Visitor’s” remarks (see p. 34b) respecting the suc¬
cessful growing of these in the Coen air. The plants
now flowering in Mr. Ware’s nuleery were!started in
a little warmth in pots in early spnpg, and jtransferred
to their present ppsition in May
flowering profusely. Those who irThstTiave single
and double white sweet-scented flowers at this season
of the year canpot do better than grow these in
quantity, as for purity and fragrance they cannot be
surpassed. I may add that some tubers of these stood
out in an open bed through the winter of 1878 and

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BOTANICAL

ENNO SANIER <S

MANUFACTURERS '

rANicAL Garden

George Engelmann Papers

MINERAl| WATERS,

129 South Eleventh Street,

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Antibes. —It may be interesting to you to receive *
some information concerning the Villa Thuret
and the neighbouring localities. The first thing \J\
to mention, and which will certainly not surprise
you, is that for nearly two months we have ex- " /
perienced an absolutely tropical temperature. In v
June the Centigrade thermometer registered a tem¬
perature of 32 0 to 35° (89 0 —95 0 F.). Since July 2 v
it has risen nearly every day to 35 0 , 36°, andvJ
37 ° ( 95 °—98°), and on one occasion to 39°.5, but
the [heat has been much more excessive at Cannes,

Nice, and Mentone, which are situated at the foot of 1 ^
the Maritime Alps, which arrest the course of the
north wind, and there the heat has been hardly bear¬
able. This would not be a misfortune for horticulture
if it were possible to give water in proportion to this
Saharan temperature, or if the storms would bring us
rain ; unhappily, since June 8, that is, for forty-seven
days, not a drop of rain has fallen. You will have
no difficulty in imagining the melancholy appearance
of all the small plants and the young insuffi¬
ciently-rooted shrubs under this implacable sun.

Where watering cannot be effected all vegetation is
arrested, it sleeps as in winter, but only awaits the
first rains to awaken energetically. Meanwhile,
many Agaves of different species have flowered, and
are still in flower. The most notable is an enormous
specimen of Agave applanata, the candelabra-shaped
inflorescenc^of which is riV thick as a man’s thigh,
and nearly 10 metres in height. The flowers are
innumerable, and of a greenish-yellow colour. Some
of them will certainly yield seeds.

c 1 \

Missouri

;r~

liciCj UUI u was Killed uie winter before last. II.
Harpur Crewe, Drayton-Beauchamp Rectory, Tring,
Aicgust 8. [It is certainly not the if. undulata of the>
Bot. Mag. ; nor is that the same a| N. longiflora, if
Sweet’s figure of the latter, referred to at p. 141, is to
be trusted; but|the latter figure,! as we ^ ave sa ^>
comes nearest t<f N. affinis of any see have been able
to consult. Eds|]

Gardeners’ |Royal Benevolent Institution.—
I beg to infofn you that up t#and including this
morning, the gaimber of responds to the appeal on
behalf of the iflnsion Augmentation Fund is 301, and
the amount contributed is ,£36$ 9*. 4 d., being an
average of a Jrifle over £ 1 4 s. fc|r each response. I
take this opportunity of stating t|kt I purpose attend¬
ing the Great Show at Manchester, on the 24th inst.,
and through the kindness of me managers of the
Gardeners' cthronicle I shall have an office there, and
I shall be ]§tppy to receive sutlicriptions, collecting
cards, &c.,io enrol new memb^s, and to afford any
informatior that
Secretary , Tavistock Roto,'Co\

W.C .

Philesi;
Dublin, ar
of it I hav
plants
side of the|fri
in diamete
grown so
hiding the
each tub h! s

proportions
clothed wi
blooming
shrubs an
also at C<

buxifolia. — This I is quite hardy in
flowers freely. By-far the finest plants
ever seen are in the fine collection of
Crawford’s, Lakelands, Cork. At each
ront door are two lai^e tubs, about 4 feet
completely filled with Philesia. It has
igorously that it ha$gs over the edges,
part of the tup, and every season
dreds of fully expanded blooms. In
reality Desfontainea fpinosa attains the
of a shrub 6 feet highland 4 feet through,
h foliage to the groind, and just now
rofusely. In the nic® collection of rare
trees got together % Mr. Gumbleton,

, is a grand plant offEmbothrium coc-
th A ftnon air. "piiHrpl v nnnrotected.

TICL E. [March 24, 1883.

PLANT NOTES.

Agaves. —Some Agaves in the Zoological Gardens
at Rotterdam indulge in curious freaks. An A..
Haseloffi of Jacobi sends out a lateral scape, an A.
Bouchei does the same, having apparently formed a
new heart before throwing up a scape, instead of
doing so after flowering. About a year ago an A.
utahensis, with a short bare stem, threw up two
minute ramified scapes from below the leaves, one of
which bore several well-formed flowers. Amongst
others that behaved in an orderly way was an A.
splendens of Jacobi, the only specimen in the coun¬
try, which flowered last year and seeded well, more
than 300 young plants having been raised. W %

Makcji 24, ^&3r.J . Dm Tll.E

GEORGE E KC-FLMAHH P^P £RS

A$£ENT OF THE VOLCAN DE

COLIMA.

The nlra^^f Benedict Roezl is familiar to most
readers of tn e^&irdeners’ Chronicle as belonging to
one of the most Ima^pid, and, in some respects, one
of the most successfuf^^plant collectors. We say
“in some respects,” becaj^fe^man who has been
“robbed of all his possessions se^n^en times” can¬
not be called successful without sonm^i|palificatory
explanation. He certainly was successful in his dis¬
coveries, and in many of his importations of plants,
which were collected over a vast stretch of country,
from California to Peru. Some particulars of his life
and travels will be found at p. 73, vol. ii. of the new

Flowering of Agaves at La Mortola.— An
unusually wet spring has tended to produce a greater
flowering of these noble plants than I have ever had
in any previous sesason. At present there are no
fewer than twenty-three in blossom, as follows Six
Agave americana, four A. mexicana picta, three A.
yucc^folia, two A. Rumphii; also single specimens of
A. glaucescens, A. angustifolia, A. mitis, A. densiflora,
A chiapensis, A. scolymus, A. applanata, and A.
ferox. The little Agave glaucescens, considering its
size, has made the most extraordinary effort of any.
The leaves of this plant are only 28 inches in length
by in breadth, yet it has sent out a flowerstalk 141
feet in length, which is twisted, and looks like a
gigantic serpent; it is not branched, but thickly
covered with yellowish-green flowers, the number of
which on a careful estimate I find exceeds 3000.
Thomas Hanbury , La Mortola , near Mentone
July 3.

BOTAN tCAL

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Missouri Ru:anical Garden
George Engelmahh Papers

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Full text of "George Engelmann :botanical notebook 37 : Agavaceae"

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