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BIOLOGIA
CENTRALI-AMERICANA.
LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
BY
J
Pror. EDUARD VON MARTENS,
FOREIGN MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,
Division of Moliaaies
1890-1901.
ut
Agsonian higaess, .
SAATHSON Any
JUL 21 1985
LIBRARIES.
CONTENTS. >
Page
INTRODUCTION... ...... y Species Fruvratiuzs (con.).
Errata et CorRIGENDA. . . 2°... XXVill GASTROPODA PROSOBRANCHIA. . .
Bivatvia.
Species TERRESTRES. Drei d
reissenide. . . . . 2
GASTROPODA PULMONATA DIOICA. Unionjde
Cyclophoride . . . . . . 1 Cyrenidee
n
Cyclostomide . . . . . . 12
Helicinide . . .. .. . 21 SPECIES SUBMARINE.
GASTROPODA PULMONATA MONOICA. Auriculidee .
STYLOMMATOPHORA. Tr uncatellidee .
Oxygnatha . . . . . 104 <n a rs
r fie
Aulacognatha. 2. . 2. 126 eritina
7 B) ‘
Goniognatha. . . . . 179 Cyrenidee (Polymesoda)
iz hi . oe wl we) BS
Cylindrellidee 293 MaRinNE SPECIES LIVING at THE Movutus
: 9
Stenogyride . . . . . 289 oF Rivers oR IN MANGROVE-SWAMPS.
Pupide. . . . . . . 3825 ,
Elasmognatha 330 GASTROPODA RHACHIGLOSSA
Arionide . . .. . . 3841 BivaLvia
Limacide . . .. . . 3846 <
Loy oe SUPPLEMENT .
Veronicellide. . . . . 3850
BasOMMATOPHORA. EXPLANATION OF PLATES .
1 ad 9
Auriculide . . . . . 3d2 INDEX... ee bk ee ee
Species FLUVIATILES. PLATES.
GASTROPODA PULMONATA.
Limneide . .... . - ddd
2
INTRODUCTION.
More than ten years ago, chiefly at the invitation of my friend Dr. P. L. Sclater,
I undertook the task of compiling the Volume on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca
for the ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana.’ It is almost needless to say that the work has
taken me much longer than I anticipated, notwithstanding the previous labours of
P. Fischer and H. Crosse, H. Strebel, and myself on the Molluscan fauna of the
same region. Many species obtained by our Editors, as well as others in the Berlin
Museum, or sent to me by various friends and collectors, required further examination ;
and when this Volume was commenced the ‘‘ Mollusques ” of the ‘ Mission Scientifique
en Mexique et dans l’Amérique Centrale,’ and the ‘ Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna
mexikanischer Land- und Stisswasser-Conchylien,’ were only in course of publication.
Official occupation, too, at the Berlin Museum took up nearly all my time, so that
I could bestow very little more than my leisure hours on this work; but I have had
at my disposal the rich collection of shells and the valuable library belonging to the
‘Museum fiir Naturkunde.”
The systematic arrangement of the Mexican and Central-American forms having
been dealt with satisfactorily by the above-mentioned authors, my chief object has
been to collate all the published papers, as well as various unpublished MS. notes,
on the subject, in order to obtain a sound foundation for remarks on zoo-geographical
distribution. For this purpose the known localities for each species have been grouped
or arranged under different headings, chosen with regard to the political frontiers and
the eastern and western slopes of the central portion of each country belonging to the
region under investigation; the scheme adopted, it is true, has been slightly varied,
or rather corrected, since the publication of the first portion of the work, but it will
be, I think, easily understood in every case.
vl INTRODUCTION.
The general limits adopted for the whole fauna are the political frontier of Mexico
in the north and of that of the State of Panama in the south, not on account of
these being really natural, but because clearly-defined boundaries were needed. The
Peninsula of California has been excluded by the Editors as not coming within the
scope of their work, though its Molluscan fauna does not appear to be very different
from that of N.W. Mexico; no new material from that region was, however, available
for examination. The Tres Marias Islands, belonging politically to Mexico, are
included, as well as Utila and Bonacca, in the Bay of Honduras. <A few forms
from Cocos Island, situated between Panama and the Galapagos Is., and belonging
politically to Costa Rica, are noticed, chiefly for the purpose of figuring two of
H. Pittier’s novelties from that place, one of them being allied to a Nicaraguan form ;
its fauna, however, has, on the whole, a somewhat Polynesian character.
On the Plates, of which twenty-eight coloured and sixteen uncoloured have been
required, I have endeavoured to figure not only the new species, but also those
previously described that had not been satisfactorily illustrated before. The present
Volume, with the above-mentioned works of Fischer and Crosse and Strebel, both
indispensable to the student of the Mexican and Central-American Mollusca, will
therefore include a figure of nearly all the known species of these regions. Moreover,
I have in many cases given figures of the young state, or of individual variations,
chosen from a large number of specimens obtained at the same locality, to show the
various forms of the same species.
The historical development of our knowledge of the Mexican and Central-American
Mollusca having been. somewhat fully exposed by myself in the ‘ Malakozoologische
Blatter, xii. pp. 1-4 (1865), and, at greater length, by Fischer and Crosse in the
** Mollusques ” of the ‘ Mission Scientifique en Mexique et dans Amérique Centrale,’
i. pp. 2-9, and ii. pp. 655, 656, I shall here confine myself to some remarks concerning
the travellers whose collections have chiefly contributed to my own work on the
subject.
MEXICO.
FerpinanD Depp, a gardener of Berlin, accompanied, in 1824-25, Count von Sack
in his voyage to Mexico. He lived chiefly at Vera Cruz, Jalapa, and the City of
Mexico, and remained independently in the country until 1827. In the followine
5
year he went again to Mexico, with Dr. Chr. J. W. Schiede, for the purpose of
collecting plants and other objects of natural history, returning to Berlin, after the
INTRODUCTION. vil
death of the latter, in 1837, by way of California and the Philippines. His memory
has been preserved amongst botanists by the name Deppea, given to a genus of
Rubiacezee by Chamisso and Schlechtendal. A number of land, freshwater, and sea-
shells collected by him are preserved in the Berlin Zoological Museum.
C. A. Unpe was Prussian Consular Agent at Matamoros, near the mouth of the
Rio Grande del Norte, about 1830-45. His botanical and zoological collections,
including some land and freshwater shells (among others, Holospira imbricata, which
has not since been met with), and many marine ones, from both the east and west
coasts of Mexico, were acquired in 1862 for the Berlin Museum. It was upon this
material, together with the specimens obtained by Deppe, that my paper on the
“Mexican Land and Freshwater Shells,” in Pfeiffer’s ‘ Malakozoologische Blatter,’ vii.
(1865), was based.
Professor F. LresmMany, friend of the well-known Danish Prof. Japetus Steenstrup,
travelled in 1840 from Copenhagen to Vera Cruz and Papantia. He afterwards
crossed the country to the Pacific coast, and returned to Europe in 1843, as I have
been informed by Dr. E. Warming, of Copenhagen. Specimens of land and fresh-
water shells collected by him found their way into various private collections, as, for
instance, those of Dr. L. Pfeiffer and Dr. R. A. Philippi, of Cassel, who described them
in their works ‘ Monographia Heliceorum’ and ‘ Abbildungen und Beschreibungen
neuer Conchylien,’ and also into that of Prof. Dunker, of Marburg, whose Mollusca
have now been acquired for the Berlin Museum.
Car. PirscHen, Prussian Secretary of Legation, explored the Volcanoes of Mexico
in 1853-54 ; and afterwards accompanied the Prussian Expedition to Eastern Asia,
in 1859-62. He was honourably mentioned by A. v. Humboldt, in ‘ Kosmos,’ iv.
pp. 428, 566, &c., and is the author of an instructive paper on the Mexican volcanoes
in the ‘ Zeitschrift fiir allgemeine Erdkunde,’ vi. (1856). The Berlin Museum is
indebted to him for an interesting species of Otostomus, found at Manzanillo, on the
Pacific coast.
Dr. Kart Hermann Berenpt, born at Danzig in 1817, left his country in 1851 on
account of the political troubles of 1848. He lived for some time in Nicaragua
(1853), the city of Mexico, Orizaba, and, finally (1855-62), in Vera Cruz, practising as
a doctor. Here he met with the merchant HERMANN STREBEL, who was born in 1834
at Hamburg, and represented his father’s firm in the city of Mexico in 1849-52, and
vill INTRODUCTION.
subsequently (1853) at Vera Cruz. The younger man thus became interested in
scientific pursuits. The chief field of their common researches was, however, not the
city of Vera Cruz, in the hot coast-region, but the sugar-plantation of ‘* Mirador”
(look-out) of Mr. Sarrortus, near Huatusco (between Orizaba and Jalapa), in the
temperate region (tierra templada). The first novelties among the Mexican land-
shells sent to Europe by Dr. Berendt were described by Dr. Pfeiffer in his ‘ Malako-
zoologische Blatter’ for 1861 and 1862, among which were Cyclotus berendti, Helicina
berendti, Helix berendti, and others; also Helix hermanni (p. 128) was named after him.
STREBEL was afterwards assisted in his conchological researches by the family Sauas,
to the members of which he dedicated his genus Sa/asiella, as well as S. joaquine and
Glandina estefanie ; his own name is perpetuated in that of the genus Strebelia,
Crosse. The unsettled state of affairs preceding the French-Mexican war rendered
this scientific activity more difficult, but was the cause of the visit of the Prussian
ship ‘ Gefion,’ the doctor of which, Dr. Cart FRIEDEL, brought home some shells from
Vera Cruz, these afterwards coming into my hands. Dr. Berendt finally departed
from Vera Cruz in 1862 for the Provinces of Campeche and Tabasco, and devoted
himself almost entirely to ethnological researches till he died in 1878, in the city of
Guatemala (see his biography in the ‘ Proceedings of the American Antiquarian
Society’ for April 1879, and in the German Geographical Journal ‘ Globus,’ lix.
no. 22). Strebel left Vera Cruz in 1867, and returned to Hamburg, where he still
resides as chief of a merchant house and promoter of scientific interests among his
fellow citizens. He published there, in 1873-82, five quarto volumes entitled
‘ Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna mexikanischer Land- und Siisswasser-Conchylien,’
containing very accurate descriptions and excellent figures of about 263 species; the
numerous anatomical notes in them were contributed by Dr. Gzor@ Prerrer. The
shells collected by Strebel were given by him to the “‘ Hamburg Museum of Natural
History,” and I have had occasion to examine many of them while studying the
Mollusca for the ‘ Biologia Centrali-A mericana.’
H. Hoge collected land-shells principally in the States of Chihuahua, Puebla,
Vera Cruz, and Oaxaca, in 1879 and 1880; H. H. Smita in Central, Eastern, and
South-eastern Mexico, in 1887-1889; W. Ricuarpson in North-western Mexico, in
1889 ; and G. F. Gaumer in the Island of Bonacca, off the coast of Yucatan. The
shells obtained by these four travellers were handed to me for examination by the
Editors of this work, together with those found by F. D. Godman in Eastern Mexico
and Yucatan in 1887-88.
INTRODUCTION. 1x
During recent years additions to the Mexican land and freshwater shells have
been contributed by several North-American travellers, see Pilsbry in the ‘ Proceedings
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1891, p. 310, 1892, pp. 153, 338,
and 1899, p. 391; and Dall, in the ‘ Proceedings of the United States National
Museum,’ xviii. (1895) p. 1, and xix. (1896) p. 333.
GUATEMALA.
The first collector of land and freshwater shells in Guatemala and the adjacent
regions was ArtuuR More et, born at Dijon, France, in 1809, who travelled, mostly
on foot, in 1847, in Yucatan, Tabasco, Vera Paz, and Guatemala, visiting the ancient
ruins of Palenque and the Lake of Itzd (see A. Morelet, ‘ Voyage dans l’Amérique
Centrale,’ 1857, in two volumes, 8yvo, and the obituary notice of him by H. Drouet,
Dijon, 1893). He published two papers, containing descriptions of new species, under
the title ‘Testacea Novissima,’ 1849 and 1851, including also Cuban forms. I am
indebted to him for the opportunity of seeing and examining some of them, chiefly the
smaller-sized critical species of Streptostyla, Helix, Hyalinia, and Guppya. After his
death, on Oct. 9th, 1893, the whole collection passed into the possession of the British
Museum, when E. Smith was kind enough to compare some of his freshwater types
on behalf of this work.
Ospert SaLvin, M.A., F.Z.S., collected land and freshwater shells in Guatemala
in 1857, and again in 1861-62. A list of those found by him was given by Canon
H. B. Tristram in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London’ for 1861,
pp. 229-233, 1863, pp. 411-413, seventy-nine species being enumerated altogether.
In the second part of this paper it is stated that most of the species mentioned in the
first list were found in the immediate neighbourhood of Duefias, near Antigua (S.W.
Guatemala), and that those enumerated in the second list were chiefly from the district
of Vera Paz and the Lake of Peten (N. Guatemala). Subsequently, Salvin sent me a
number of Guatemalan shells for determination, and I gave a (third) list of them in the
‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society ’ for 1875, pp. 645-647, thirty-two species being
noticed. Through his kindness I have also had the opportunity of examining many of
the types of those described by Canon Tristram.
Dr. Orto Stout, of Ziirich, Switzerland, travelled in Guatemala in the years 1878-83.
He has written an interesting work entitled ‘Guatemala, Reisen und Schilderungen’
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1901. b
x INTRODUCTION.
(Leipzig, 1886), in which remarks on the land and freshwater Mollusca of various
localities are to be found, pp. 47 (Lake of Amatitlan), 53 (City of Guatemala),
63 (Cerro Quemado), 198, 199 (district Cholhuitz), 461 (Izabal), and 472 (Livingston).
The ninety-three shells he collected, kindly entrusted to me for determination, form an
essential and important part of the material available for this work. Some of them I
had previously described in ‘Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender
Freunde zu Berlin,’ 1886, p. 161, and 1887, p. 106. The drawings of the living
animal made by him have been reproduced on our Plates ; fortunately, we are enabled
to represent nearly all the more important genera in this manner.
Grorce C. Cuampion collected in Guatemala, in 1879-81, chiefly in Vera Paz,
where also ConrADT obtained a number of shells, some of these latter having been
acquired by the Editors of the present work and others by the Berlin Museum.
HONDURAS.
The land-shells collected in Honduras by Dyson were described by Dr. Pfeiffer in
the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London’ for 1846 and 1851, some of
them subsequently finding their way into the more important German collections.
Others obtained by the Swedish pharmacist Justus Hsatmarson, about 1858, were
partly dealt with by Dunker in the same year, these being now in the Berlin Museum.
The Island of Utila has been malacologically explored by Mr. Cuarues T. Simpson :
see Ancey, in the ‘ Annales de Malacologie,’ i. p. 237 (1886).
NICARAGUA.
Various land-shells from Nicaragua, principally from the neighbourhood of
Realejos, and found by H. Cumine in 1827, have been recorded, and specimens
from this country are to be found in the principal collections. Several interesting
Unionide from the Lake of Nicaragua were described in 1847 and 1848, in the
‘Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, by R. A. Philippi, who received them from the
French collector Lar@inLiert (the original specimens seem to have been lost), and
others, in 1868, by Isaac Lea, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, these latter having been obtained from the botanist Bripeus (see
Lea, Observ. Gen. Unio, xii. p. 56). Dr. A. S. Girsrep obtained three species of land
and five of freshwater shells in Nicaragua, which were described by Dr. Mérch in
INTRODUCTION. ml
the ‘Malakozoologische Blatter,’ vii. (1861); the types of these are in the Museum
of Copenhagen, and I have been enabled to examine and figure one of them, thanks
to the kindness of Prof. Rud. Bergh. A more complete list of Nicaraguan shells,
including thirty-three terrestrial and eighteen freshwater species, with detailed
observations on their occurrence and habits, from his own observation, has been
given by Ralph Tate in the ‘American Journal of Conchology, v. pp. 151-162
(1869-70). Some others, collected by T. Brett, in November 1877 and December
1879, and by E. Janson, between 1870-80, were contained among the shells sent to
me for examination by the Editors of this work.
COSTA RICA.
Very little was known about the land and freshwater shells of Costa Rica previous
to the researches of the late W. N. Gabb, who enumerated forty-four species from
that country in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London’ for 1879.
Three German naturalists had, however, thoreughly explored many portions of Costa
Rica, between 1853-66, but they paid no particular attention to the Mollusca:
Moritz WaGNer, in 1853-54 (see ‘Die Republik Costarica, 1856); Dr. A. von
Frantzius, in 1854-66 [see ‘ Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fiir Erdkunde zu Berlin,’ iii.
p. 289 (1868), ‘Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, xxxv. (1869), and ‘Journal fiir
Ornithologie, xvii. (1869)]; and Cart von Srepacu, Geologist, in 1864-65. To
Moritz Wagner we are indebted for the very characteristic Helix costaricensis. ‘The
Berlin Museum received in 1856 a number of shells, including a few land and fresh-
water forms, collected by Dr. Cant Horrmany, a companion of v. Frantzius, who died
in 1859, in Punta Arenas; in later times a few others were bequeathed to that
institution by v. SeeBAcH ; and still more recently various land-shells, obtained in the
interior of Costa Rica by Junius CarMion and van Parren, both residents at San José,
in 1864 and 1868 [see ‘ Malakozoologische Blatter,’ xv. (1868)|, have been added. In
1861 Dr. Morch published descriptions of one terrestrial, one freshwater, and eight
submarine species, found by Dr. A. S. GirstED on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica (see
‘Malakozoologische Blatter,’ vi. and vii.). In 1878 A. Boucard described seven new
species of Costa Rican land-shells in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London’ for that year.
Among the shells sent to me for examination by our Editors, in 1888, there were a
few specimens collected by H. Rogzrs in Costa Rica.
b2
xil INTRODUCTION.
During recent years, however, shortly after having commenced the publication of
this work, I have from time to time received for determination specimens of Costa
Rican land and freshwater shells from Henry Pirrrer and Pierre BIoLiey, both
residents in San José. These men have paid remarkable care and attention to the
Mollusca, even to the very minute forms, and they have succeeded in rendering the
conchological fauna of this country one of the best known within Central America.
H. Pittier, first employed at the observatory in San José, and subsequently appointed
a member of the Physical and Geographical Institute of that republic, commenced to
send me shells in 1890, and then nearly every year afterwards, until the unexpected
suppression of that Institute in January 1899, due to change of government.
P. Biolley, of Neufchatel, Professor and at present Assistant Naturalist at the Museo
Nacional of Costa Rica, since 1891 resident in that country, sent his shells to his old
teacher P. Godet, Director of the Natural History Museum at Neufchatel, from whom
I had most of them for determination and comparison. He has written a small
pamphlet entitled ‘ Moluscos terrestres y fluviatiles de la Meseta Central de Costa Rica’
(San José, 1897), in which fifty-nine species are enumerated.
PANAMA.
Up to the present time nothing but a few stray notes on the land and freshwater
Mollusca of the State of Panama have been published, the earliest being those relating
to H. Cuming’s collections, made in 1827 and the following years. The marine and
submarine shells have, on the contrary, been thoroughly investigated by C. B. Adams
[see ‘ Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York,’ v. (1852), and also
Carpenter’s work], who has given a special list of those collected by himself, with
accurate particulars of the localities of each species. The submarine Mollusca,
therefore, of the shores of the Bay of Panama are better known than those of any
other place in Central America or Mexico, either on the Pacific or the Atlantic
coast.
A few shells obtained in Veraguas by Warscewicz, about 1856, are preserved in the
Berlin Museum. |
For the knowledge of some additional terrestrial forms I am indebted to G. C.
CuamPion, who collected in Chiriqui, in 1881-83.
INTRODUCTION.
"TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA.
xiit
Geographical Distribution of the Species in Mexico and Central America.
GUATEMALA Honpuras
Mexico. (with Tabasco, Chiapas, AND NICARAGUA. Costa Rica. Panama.
and Yucatan). SALVADOR.
|
N.W.) Centr./S.W.| E. | Tabasco, | Yucatan. | N. | Centr.|S.W.] W. | E. Centr.| N.E.] W. |Centr.| E. | S.* | N.
Chiapas. and H. and E (W.)) (£.)
Motus). beryl PoP |? : ; aye ;
Cyclophorus (Am- |<
phicyclophorus). t 3 I | 2 l !
-(Cyrtotoma) .. 2
Tomocyclus ...... + 2 3
Choanopoma ...... 1] .. 1 a 2
Chondropoma...... 1 3 1 6 1 - 5
Diplommatina...... we fee fae a .. 1
Helicina .......... 4 2 | 14 5 3 5 9 3 9 1] 3) 2.15 1 1
Schasichila......... 1 2 1 1
Proserpina ........ 1 3
Strebelia.......... .. a .. | l
Glandina ........ ) 6 13 | 24 4 2 8 2 4 2 1 1 3,7 1 1
Salasiella ........ .. 1 1 1 a .. .. 1
Streptostyla ...... 1 2 | 21 10 3 11) 4 2 3 1 1 | 7 6 1
Omphalina ........ 3 9 2 2 a a .. . | dL 1
Hyalinia.......... . 2) 3 - 2 2 1 . 1 2 | 6 +
Guppya .......... 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 | 4 3
Pseudohyalina - 3 2 1 1 1 2
Patula et Microconus.| 2 .. .. 1 a a 1 1 a 1
Thysanophora...... 1 1/3 1 1 2 _ 1
Acanthinula ..... 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
Vallonia .......... we fee .. a 1
Trichodiscina ...... 3.) 2 2 1 / 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
Averellia.......... .. .. a .. a .. 1 1
Praticolella ...... 1 1 3 1 1 1 1
Arionta? ....... 2 .. 1 1
Pomatia .......... 1
Tysinoé ..........- 1 7 1 2 1 2471
Oxychona (costar } 2 l l 1 l l 9
censiS)......-.
Solaropsis ......-- .. a we fee . .. 1? .e 1
Polygyra.......+-- 8 5 6 | 7 4 1 Le 1
Strobila ........-- 1 1
Labyrinthus ....-. a .. we fae .. a an e 1 1 2 1
Ortalichus .......- 3 2 6 | 2 1 4 3 2 1 1 4 3 - Lf ek 2
Otostomus .....--. 6 12 | 7 | 12 5 4 10 | 5 6 1 1 5 .. | 6 11 6] 4
Bulimulus ........ 1 2 2 | 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
Rhabdotus ........ .. 1 N.E
Globulinus ........ 1
Peronseus ......-. 1
Leptomerus........ 1 | 2 3 1 2); 1 | 2 2 1 }1q71)1)i147 2
Simpulopsis ...... we fee fee 1 1.
Encalodium ...... 3 4/5 7 4
Coelocentrum ...... 1 1 | 3 4 3 1 2
* «§” corresponds to the W. (Pacific) slope and “N.” to the E. (Atlantic) slope of Central America, as a whole.
xiv INTRODUCTION.
TERRESTRIAL MoLiuscaA.— Geographical Distribution (continued).
GUATEMALA Hownpuras
Mexico. (with Tabasco, Chiapas, AND NICARAGUA. Costa Rica.
and Yucatan). SALVADOR,
Panama,
Chiapas. and EH. and EB.
N.W.) Centr. |S.W.} E. | Taba 0, Yucatan. | N. | Centr.|S.W.] W. | E. | W. | Centr.) N.E.] W. |Centr.| E.
Holospira ........ 2 5) 2) 4
Epirobia .......... ae fou. | we | 2 2 1. 4 1
Cylindrella ........ ..
Macroceramus ....| .. 1 ..
Opeas .......-.06- Le 3 2
Subulina.......... Le .s
Pseudosubulina ..
Spiraxis ........6. - a _
Tornaxis .......... .e .. a es .- .. 1
Leptinaria ........ .. a .. | 2 1 a .. _
Tornatellina ...... .. .. oe | ee Le a .. _ an re 1
Melaniella ........ .. a we |e
Cecilianella ...... .. . . | 1
Oryzosoma ........ -
Pupa ...sseeeeees 2
Pupoides.......... 1
Succinea.......... 1
Xanthonyx, |
Cryptostracon.. |
Ariolimax ........
Philomycus ......
Limacide ........ . .e ..
| Veronicella........ . .e 1
| Carychium ...... Le
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The chief zoo-geographical interest in the land and freshwater Mollusca of the
region under investigation lies in the intermingling of the North and South-American
forms within its limits (rather than in the endemic species), and the relationship of
the fauna to that of the West-Indian Islands, and also of that of the two slopes,
the Atlantic and the Pacific, the one to the other.
The most characteristic genera of land-shells inhabiting Mexico and Central
America, or those including the greatest number of species, are Helicina, Glandina,
Streptostyla, Polygyra, Ortalichus, Otostomus, Eucalodium (with the nearly allied
Celocentrum), and Holospira (including Epirodia). Each of these has a somewhat
different distribution.
HELIcINA is very rich in species in the West Indies, moderately so in South America,
INTRODUCTION. XV
where it extends, however, to the southernmost part of Brazil; a few forms
occur in North America, the genus reaching to Georgia and ‘Tennessee.
GLANDINA has its headquarters in Mexico and Central America, extending not quite
so far southward, and a little further northward, than Helicina; it is repre-
sented in the West-Indian Islands by the somewhat different groups of
Varicella and Oleacina, s. str.
STREPTOSTYLA is almost peculiar to Southern Mexico and Central America, having
one species only, so far as at present known, in the more northern parts of
Mexico, viz. S. novoleonis, very few in the northern parts of South America,
and some not very characteristic forms in the West-Indian Islands.
PotyGyra is North American as well as Mexican, and does not extend southward
beyond Honduras. In the West Indies it seems to be confined to the larger
islands of Cuba and Jamaica (P. paludosa). In North America most of the
species are restricted to the Southern United States, a few extending to the
Cumberland subregion (Tennessee and Kentucky), one, P. leporina, to Illinois
and Indiana.
ORTALICHUS is almost equally well represented in Mexico and Central America, the
West Indies, and the northern part of South America, extending southward to
about as far as the Amazon valley *. It is wanting in North America, except
in the southern part of Florida, which belongs more properly to the West-
Indian region.
Orostomus (= Goniognathmus, Crosse, nec Bulimulus = Orthotomium) is mainly
South American, extending to Southern Brazil and the Argentine Republic
(0. papyraceus) ; but it is also well represented in Central America and Mexico,
becoming less numerous in species in the West-Indian Islands, and wanting
altogether in the United States.
EycaLopium and Ca@LOcENTRUM are peculiar to Central America or the southern parts
of Mexico, but they do not extend south of Guatemala, and are therefore absent
from the South-American continent.
Ho nosrira, with Epirobia, is also almost peculiar to Mexico and the northern half
of Central America: Holospira, s. sty., extends as far north as Texas and
* The Berlin Museum has received specimens of 0. phlogerus, d’Orb., from Dr. von Steinen, from the upper
affluents of the Rio Xingu, where they are used by the Bakairi Indians as ornaments; and also some of
O. pulchellus, Spix, from the collector Rohde, from the banks of the Rio Mondego, in Matto Grosso.
Xvl INTRODUCTION.
Arizona, but is wanting in Guatemala; Hpirobia inhabits the southern part
of Eastern Mexico (State of Vera Cruz), extending southward to Kastern
Guatemala *.
Amongst the genera common to Central and South America and the West-Indian
Islands, and absent from North America (with the exception of Chondropoma, which
occurs in Florida), are Oyclotus (Neocyclotus), Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus), Chondro-
poma, and Cistula. Labyrinthus is peculiar to the southern part of Central America
(from Nicaragua southward) and the northern half of South America. The species
enumerated under the subgeneric names Praticolella, Lysinoé, and Oxychona are
characteristic of several parts of Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica; but their natural
affinities have not yet been made out sufficiently well to show whether they bear
any relationship to the fauna of Western North America or to that of the Andes of
the southern continent. Opeas is circumtropical, and Succinea has a world-wide
distribution.
As regards the smaller forms, and those which are without external shell, it must
be borne in mind that their distribution in Mexico and Central America, so far as at
present known, shows the results of collecting in particular localities rather than true
zoo-geographical data. The most fully explored district is, without doubt, the State
of Vera Cruz (E. Mexico, of our Tables); then follows Guatemala, Costa Rica,
Chiapas and Tabasco, Central Mexico and Mazatlan (N.W. Mexico), and the region
bordering the United States frontier; the least-known districts are Salvador and the
State of Panama.
The more characteristic genera and subgenera of the land-shells may be erouped
together to show their geographical relationship in the following manner :—
A. Essentially Mexican and Central-American.
a. Not extending to the greater part of North nor to South America.
aa. Not represented in the West-Indian Islands.
Tomocyclus, southward to Honduras; Streptostyla; Trichodiscina, southward to Costa Rica ;
Praticolella, from Arkansas and Texas to Costa Rica; the group of Helix costaricensis
* It has been recorded from Venezuela, but this statement requires confirmation.
INTRODUCTION. XVli
(subgen. Oxychona, infra); Eucalodium and Celocentrum, southward to Guatemala; Holo-
spira, from Arizona and Texas to South-west Mexico and Yucatan; Pseudosubulina ;
Xanthonyx, from Misantla to Chiapas.
bb. Represented in the West-Indian Islands.
Macroceramus (Guatemala).
&. Extending into the greater part of North and South America.
Glandina, Lysinoé (as restricted in this work): both absent from the West-Indian Islands.
B. Essentially West-Indian.
Choanopoma, with Adamsiella, scarcely extending to South America, absent from North America ;
Chondropoma, with Cistula, extending to South America, absent from North America;
Helicina, extending a little north of the Mexican frontier and still further in South America ;
Spiraxis.
C. Prevailing North-American.
a. Scarcely represented in the West-Indian Islands.
Omphalina, southward to Guatemala; Polygyra, southward to Honduras; Pupa, with Vertigo and
Leucochilus, southward to Nicaragua and (subgen. Leucochilus) to Panama (somewhat cosmo-
politan) ; Pupoides, southward no farther than Central Mexico.
b. Not represented in the West-Indian Islands.
Strobila, southward to North Guatemala; Rhadbdotus (group of Bulimulus dealbatus), southward to
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
D. Prevailing South-American.
a. Represented in the West-Indian Islands.
Cyclotus (Neocyclotus) ; Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) ; Ortalichus; Otostomus; Bulimulus, subgen.
Leptomerus ; Simpulopsis ; Leptinaria.
b. Essentially South-American, and not represented in the West-Indian Islands.
Labyrinthus, to as far north as Costa Rica; Solaropsis, to as far north as N. Guatemala.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1901. C
XVili
Geographical Distribution of the Species in Mexico and Central America.
INTRODUCTION.
FRESHWATER MOLULUSCA.
Mexico
(with Tabasco, Chiapas,
GUATEMALA
Yucatan, and
British Honduras).
HonpDvuras
AND
SALVADOR.
NICARAGUA.
Costa Rica.
PANAMA,
Centr.
Physa,
a. Aplecta ........
b. Stenophysa
c. Alampetis
Limnea ............
Planorbis.
. Helisoma........
. Menetus
. Gyraulus
. Spiralina
. Taphius ........
. Hippeutis
g. Planorbula
Ancylus ............
Gundlachia
Ampullaria..........
subgen. Ceratodes
Vivipara
Valvata
Cochliopa
Amnicola
Tryonia ............
Pachychilus.
a. Glyptomelania
eet ee
ee ee eo eee
eo eee eee
“Sa Qa Oa
Cr
oe eee ee eee ee
ov ee ee eeee
ee en
b. Pachychilus, s. str..
c. Oxymelania
Semisinus
Neritina.
a. Alina ......-...
b. Neritzea
Unio.
a. Crenodonta
Psoronaias ......
. Arotonaias ......
. Pleurobema......
. Sphenonaias
Nephronaias
. Simonaias
. Lampsilis
Elliptio ........
. Uniomerus
l. Metaptera
Anodonta.
| fa. Anodonta, s. str...
(|e. Patularia........
ae ce nreereee
Tp SQ tia Qeo
se ee ee
rt ©
2?
a ell NS)
mee!
1?
met
KH oo
Pee bl DWN
Or
o> bo
bo:
DH WHEE?
Yucatan,
Belize.
22
Ww.
Centr.
and EH.
N.E.
HE oo
bo bor
cata
a
io
2 (3?)
call aeis
ee
re OO
“I
2?
HHH OO
1?
1?
bo
co
INTRODUCTION. xix
Fresawater Mo.ivsca.— Geographical Distribution (continued).
GUATEMALA
. 1 . Honpuras
Mexico. (with abasco, Chiapas, AND NICARAGUA. Costa Rica} Panama.
Yucatan, and SALVADOR.
British Honduras),
W. | Centr. E. N. | Yucatan, ls. w. W. HE Centr. | N.E.| W. 8. N.
Belize. | (W.) and E. (W.) | (E.)
Anodonta (cont.).
( d. Scolianodon . .. 1
| e. Euryanodon 2 1
< f. Glabaris ........ _ 2
| g. Pseudoleila ...... 1
(hk. Pachyanodon .. 1 1 1 1?
Mycetopus .......... 7 1 1
Polymesoda.
a. Polymesoda, s. str.| 2 1(2?) 2 1 1 - 1
b, Egeta .......... 1 . 1? 1?
Neocorbicula ........ 1
Spherium .......... 1 2 1(2?)] 1 .. 1
Hupera ............ . .. .. 1 .e 1 1
Pisidium .......... 1 1 1 1
FRESHWATER SHELLS CHARACTERISTIC OF Mexico AND CENTRAL AMERICA.
Physa, sabgen. Aplecta, the species of larger size, ranging from Mexico to Peru.
Cochliopa, from LNiSenta to Costa Rica.
Pachychilus, with its four subgenera: Glyptomelania and Pachychilus, s. str.,
ranging trom Mexico to the northern part of South America, but absent
from the West-Indian Islands; Oxymelania and Potamanaz, not reaching
southward beyond N. Guatemala, but represented also in Cuba.
Unio, subgen. Psoronaias, inhabiting South-eastern Mexico and Northern Guate-
mala.
The subgenera Arotonaias of Unio and Scolianodon of Anodonta are almost
exclusively confined to the Lakes of Nicaragua and Managua.
FRESHWATER SHELLS sHowiInG A Nearctic AFFINITY.
The majority of the Limneide, chiefly the subgenus Alampetis of Physa, the
subgenera Helisoma, Gyraulus, and Planorbula of Planorbis, and the species
of Limnewa. All these are, so far as at present known, more abundant in
Mexico and Guatemala than in Nicaragua or Costa Rica; Gyraulus, Planorbula,
and Limnea extend, however, to the State of Panama.
The somewhat doubtful Vivipara and the only Valvata, but limited to Mexico.
c2
XX INTRODUCTION.
Tryonia, of the Lake of Peten, the other species of this genus being Californian.
Unio, generally, as distinct from the South-American Diplodon (in the sense of
y. Ihering and Simpson), more especially the subdivisions Crenodonta, Lampsilis,
Elliptio, and Metaptera. The genus is much better represented in Mexico and
Guatemala than in the more southern countries ; of the subdivisions mentioned,
Elliptio only is represented in Nicaragua and in Panama, and by a single
species, no Unio being known from Costa Rica.
Anodonta, in the more restricted sense, and Patularia, both reaching no farther
south than N. Guatemala and Yucatan.
It is very remarkable, however, that the family Strepomatide (Pleuroceridz), so
widely distributed in North America, from Lake Winnipeg and Montreal to Florida
and Texas, and occurring also in California, has no known representative within our
limits, not even in the northern parts of Mexico, Pachychilus schiedeanus having
been proved by Troschel’s examination of the radula to be a Pachychilus and not
a Gontobasis.
FRESHWATER SHELLS SHOWING A SOUTH-AMERICAN AND ANTILLEAN AFFINITY.
The subgenera Menetus and Spiralina of Planorbis, and the subgenus Stenophysa of
Physa, each of which is well represented in the West-Indian Islands and on
the continent of South America, all three ranging from Mexico to Nicaragua,
the last even to Panama.
Ampullaria, including the subgenus Ceratodes. Ampullaria, s. str., 1s represented
in the Southern States of North America ( Georgia and Florida) by one species
only. Within our limits it seems to be absent from the elevated tableland
of Central Mexico, ranging from the southern parts of Mexico to Panama.
In Guatemala and Honduras the species are numerous and very little inferior
in size to those of the continent of South America, whereas the genus is
somewhat poorly represented in the West-Indian Islands. Ceratodes belongs
essentially to the South-American continent, exceeding its limits only in the
adjacent islands of Tobago and Trinidad, and in Costa Rica, if the latter record
is reliable (cf. p. 425).
Semisinus, a Caribbean and South-American genus, extending within our limits
from N. Guatemala to Costa Rica.
Neritina, subgenus Nerite@a, including also Caribbean and South-American forms,
INTRODUCTION, XXxl
extends from Mexico to Nicaragua, but is absent from the elevated tableland
of Central Mexico *.
Glabaris (as understood by Simpson), or the Anodonta with deep triangular sinulus
(p. 525), a genus extending within our limits from S.E. Mexico to Panama.
Mycetopus, a genus extending as far north as S. Guatemala.
Eupera, a genus extending as far north as Yucatan.
There are scarcely any Mexican or Central-American species more nearly allied to
the West-Indian forms than to those of South America, probably because in all islands,
unless they are of very large extent (such as Madagascar, Borneo, and Australia), the
freshwater fauna is generally poor, We may mention the great resemblance of
Unio yzabalensis, of Eastern Guatemala and Honduras, to the Cuban U. scamnatus.
Amnicola coronata is widely spread in the West-Indian Islands, and also in Central
America from Vera Cruz to Nicaragua, but on the continent of South America it is
confined to Colombia and Venezuela. Menetus, Spiralina, and Stenophysa are equally
characteristic of the freshwater fauna of the West-Indian Islands, and Gundlachia also
inhabits Cuba, California, and the Potomac.
From the above analysis it is clear that the Terrestrial and Freshwater Mollusca of
Mexico and Central America, as a whole, are not altogether peculiar, neither can they
be termed North-American nor South-American ; and as regards their relationship with
the West-Indian fauna, no definite conclusion can be arrived at. But if one or two
genera only are taken into consideration, it would be easy to suggest an affinity with
the fauna of any of these main regions.
On referring to a map, we find that the long stretch of country included within the
scope of this work is narrowed in several places, so as to form four large tracts of land,
as well as a small additional piece :—
1. Mexico generally, to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, broadly connected with the
United States from the head of the Gulf of California to the mouth of the Rio
Grande del Norte. Here, of course, the resemblance to the North-American fauna
is the greatest, the species obtained in the districts explored by the ‘ Boundary
Commission ”—Sonora, Arizona, Chihuahua, and New Mexico—being almost identical ;
* On pages 472, &c., I have placed the locality Sayula urder the head of Central Mexico, but it would
perhaps be more correctly assigned to S.W. Mexico.
Xxil INTRODUCTION.
and the same remark applies to the Mollusca of the States of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon,
and Tamaulipas, as compared with those of Texas. Streptostyla novoleonis is the first
species to appear of the bright tropical fauna of Central America, and at Mazatlan an
Ortalichus is a conspicuous land-snail. On the elevated tableland of Central Mexico
the somewhat northern Polygyra, Holospira, and Helix humboldtiana are associated
with the subtropical Glandina and the more tropical Otostomus and Hucalodium ; and
in the State of Vera Cruz, not only in its hot lowlands, but also in the temperate hill-
region of Jalapa, Mirador, Cordova, and Orizaba, the Molluscan fauna approaches
still nearer to that of Central America*. Among the freshwater shells, Alampetis,
Oxymelania, and Potamanax may be named as rather characteristic. Vivipara and
Valvata are North-American forms not reaching farther south than Mexico. Among
the Bivalves, Anodonte of South-American affinity (Huryanodon and Pachyanodon)
make their first appearance in the southern part of Mexico, both east and west.
2. GUATEMALA, with Tapasco and CuHIApas (S.E. Mexico in our Tables), Yucatan,
and Betize (British Honduras), from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to the constriction
between Istapa and the Golfo Dulce. This tract of land possesses the most typical
Central-American forms: several Cyclophoride and Cyclostomide, Tomocyclus,
Helicina, and Glandina in moderate numbers, many Streptostyle, and a few Omphaline;
Trichodiscina and Praticolella are still present, Lysinoé is comparatively rich, and the
group of Helix costaricensis is already represented by H. trigonostoma with its many
varieties; Polygyra inhabits the lower districts of the Usumacinta, and Holospira is to
be found in Yucatan; Ortalichus, well-developed Otostomus, Eucalodiuwm, and Celo-
centrum are richer here than elsewhere; Lpirobia, Macroceramus, Pseudosubulina,
and Leptinaria, each with several species; and Simpulopsis takes the place of the
exclusively Mexican Xanthonyx. The characteristic Mexican forms are still visible, as
are also most of the prevailing West-Indian and South-American ones. Among the
freshwater shells numerous species of Unio of North-American affinities are present,
but the large-sized Ampullarie and Pachychili give a tropical character to the
whole.
3. Honpuras, Satvapor, Nicaragua, and Mosquito Coast, from the re-entering
* Fischer and Crosse (Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 673) were therefore justified in uniting the whole
Atlantic slope of Mexico, from Tamaulipas in the north, with Yucatan, British Honduras, and Guatemala,
into one geographical subregion.
INTRODUCTION. XXill
angle of the Gulf of Honduras with the Golfo Dulce to the depression of the Lake of
Nicaragua. Here a comparative impoverishment of the fauna commences: Eucalodium,
Celocentrum, and Omphalina are absent; Polygyra is represented by one species only ;
and the Cyclophoride, Glandina, Streptostyla, and Ortalichus diminish in number.
Among the freshwater shells, the species of Unio are fewer in number and of smaller
size; the true Anodonte of northern affinity have disappeared; and the subgenus
Arotonaias is nearly, and Scolianodon quite, peculiar to the basin of the Lake of
Nicaragua.
4. Costa Rica, with Curriqur and Vreracuas, from the depression of Nicaragua to
the Isthmus of Panama. The general features are about the same as in no. 3, but the
number of known species is greater, for which we are indebted to the recent exertions
of H. Pittier and P. Biolley; but the increase consists chiefly in small-sized repre-
sentatives of more widely-distributed genera. ‘The impoverishment of conspicuous and
characteristic forms still continues: the Cyclostomide and Tonocyclus are apparently
absent, and Polygyra also; Helix ghiesbreghti is replaced by the group of H. costari-
censis, including three species; the Cyclophoride, Glandina, Streptostyla, Trichodiscina,
Ortalichus, and Bulimulus are well-represented; and new strictly South-American
forms, like Labyrinthus and Solaropsis, make their appearance. Trichodiscina and the
eroup of Helix costaricensis are the only subgenera which are not to be found in any
part of South America. The total absence of Unionide in Costa Rica, if real and not
simply due to imperfect research, may be attributed to the absence of large slowly-
flowing rivers and great lakes.
5. The small portion of the Stare or Panama east of the Isthmus. This region
seems to have a fauna like that of the northern part of the South-American continent.
I should have preferred the Isthmus as a limit in my Tables and for the whole work,
but I have been constrained to adopt the political boundary of the State of Panama
(which includes also the Isthmus of Darien), because authors give for many species
simply “‘ Panama” as locality. These species can be enumerated safely as found within
the State of Panama, but I have no means of knowing whether east or west of the
deepest notch of the Isthmus.
The facts stated show that neither the Isthmus of Tehuantepec nor that of Panama
affords a satisfactory boundary-line between the North- and South-American fauna ;
XX1V INTRODUCTION.
the general resemblance of the land-shells of the Mexican State of Vera Cruz to
those of Northern Guatemala forbid the former, the strictly South-American forms
in Costa Rica the latter. The longer tracts of the Nicaraguan depression, or even
that of the Golfo Dulce (as regards Eucalodium), will serve the purpose perhaps a
little better, if we want a separating-line between the South-American and the Mexico-
Guatemalan fauna. As a matter of fact, however, there is no definite limit between
these zoo-geographical regions, no more than there are between the North- and
South-European, and the Palearctic and Oriental or Indian region. The main
divisions used in zoo-geography, radiating from one centre and extending their dominion
until they meet another, with which it would intermingle only in a comparatively
narrow border-zone, do not really exist; but each of them, the Nearctic as well as
the Neotropical, or any other, includes an abstract compound of families and genera of
very different geographical extension, all having their peculiar conditions of life, and
therefore also succeeding more or less in the common endeavour of extending their
habitat. For instance, a considerable part of the Nearctic fauna is formed of families,
genera, and even species which live also in Northern Europe and Northern Asia: it is
the circumboreal fauna, crossing the Northern Atlantic and the Northern Pacific, and
prevailing not only in the desolate Arctic regions, but also in the forest- and lake-
countries of British North America and a portion of the United States (e.g., Rangifer,
Alce, and a Bison, the Mustelide and Arvicolide, the Tetraonide, Limnea stagnalis,
Margaritana, &c.). But another essential part of the Nearctic fauna is formed of
exclusively American families or genera, such as Didelphys, Procyon, the Sylvicolide,
and the Strepomatide. Likewise within the Palearctic division we find, not only in
its southern provinces, but even in Scandinavia and European Russia, families and
genera which bear witness of a fauna limited to Europe and Africa, e. g. Hrinaceus and
the Myoxidee. In the same manner, within the limits cf Mexico and Central America
the various faunas are intermingled over the greater part of the region: the Nearctic
represented by Strobi/a and Polygyra; that of New Mexico and Texas by Holospira
and Praticolella; that of California and Peru by some Bulimulide ; the Caribbean by
Choanopoma, Chondropoma, and Ortalichus; that of the South-American continent
by Glabaris; and the Mexican and Central-American by Glandina, Streptostyla,
and Kucalodium.
As regards the elevation of the localities above the sea, I have noted what was
available under each species in the body of the work ; for special particulars concerning
INTRODUCTION. XXV
numerous Costa-Rican forms I am indebted to H. Pittier and P. Biolley. But I dare
not draw general conclusions, which might be disproved by the next observing traveller.
The central Tableland of Mexico, without manifest drainage either to the Atlantic or
to the Pacific, is treated in the enumeration of localities in the body of the work, and
in the preceding Tables, as a distinct division. This region appears to be essentially
poorer in Molluscs than the adjacent Eastern slope, the State of Vera Cruz, especially
in Cyclophoridze and Cyclostomide, as well as in Omphalina, among the land-shells;
Aplecta, Stenophysa, Ampullaria, Neritina, Glabaris, and Polymesoda, among the
freshwater shells, are wanting in Central Mexico, while they are present on the
Western and Eastern slopes: the number of freshwater shells is also remarkably
smaller, especially in the genera Unio and Anodonta; Planorbis, on the contrary, and
the subgenus Alampetis of Physa are, however, well represented: among the land-shells,
Helicina, Glandina, Polygyra, Otostomus, Eucalodium, Holospira, and Succinea are
comparatively numerous. In Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica I have also
distinguished for the land-shells a central region, as distinct from the Pacific
and Atlantic slopes: in Guatemala it comprises the metamorphic formations of the
upper districts drained by the River Usumacinta and the upper half of that of the
Rio Grande or Motagua River; in Nicaragua it corresponds to the basin of the Lake of
that name, draining to the Atlantic, although nearer geographically to the Pacific; and
in Costa Rica it comprises the elevated regions in the vicinity of the capital, San José,
1200 metres and more above the sea. The relationship of the fauna of these central
parts to that of the neighbouring Pacific and Atlantic provinces will be seen
particularized in the Tables: generally, it may be mentioned that Helicina, Glandina,
Streptostyla, Otostomus, and Succinea are more or less well represented on the central
plateaux, as in Central Mexico, and the Cyclophoridee and Cyclostomatidee very scarce.
The species hitherto known to occur in the highest regions (2400-3500 metres, or
about 8000-11,600 feet) on the central Tableland of Mexico and Guatemala belong
to the genera Helicina (see infra, pp. 33, 37, 603), Glandina (pp. 54, 73), and Otostomus
(pp. 208, 210) *.
* Fischer and Crosse (Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 677) mention correctly in this respect Helicina and
Glandina ; but they go too far in stating that in South America, as a difference from the fauna of Mexico and
Guatemala, the land-shells of the most elevated regions are Bulimulus ; for Otostomus sulcosus (Bulimulus, in
the sense of Fischer and Crosse) reaches in Mexico the height of 3200 metres (see infra, p. 208), and
O. ghiesbreghti, in Guatemala, reaches 2600-2900 metres, which is a much greater elevation than that
known for Glandina (2250-2400 metres), but less than that reached by Helicina (3500-3900 metres).
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1901. d
XXV1 INTRODUCTION.
The Table given of the distribution of the Terrestrial Mollusca shows, further, a
much larger number of species in North Guatemala than in what I have termed
Central Guatemala; this difference is not due to the extent of the district or
its lower elevation, or to the greater number of collectors, but chiefly to the
geological formation of the soil. I limited “Central Guatemala” to the Province of
Baja Vera Paz, occupied chiefly by metamorphic rocks, including also the drainage of
the upper part of the River Usumacinta (Rio Salinas) to the north, and that of the
Rio Grande to the east; the Province of Alta Vera Paz, which is mostly limestone,
is here included in North Guatemala. Now in all parts of the world a limestone-
formation is much richer in land-shells than a plutonic or volcanic one, not only with
respect to the number of species, but still more as regards the number of individuals.
In countries which have not yet been thoroughly explored the number of the
individuals influences also the number of known species, as those which are most
abundant are, of course, the first to be noticed by the passing traveller. The greater
richness of this formation in land-shells is, however, not exclusively due to the chemical
composition of the soil, but in large degree also to its physical qualities: limestone
offers generally a very diversified aspect, with rocks and holes, and projecting edges
and re-entering corners, more or less open to the sun’s rays and yet offering
everywhere shady places for retirement during the heat of the day.
Concerning Guatemala, Mr. Champion has sent me the following note:—‘‘If you
travel from the limestone regions of Vera Paz (Coban, Senahu, Cubilguitz, &c.) to the
volcanic districts of the central tableland of Guatemala, you find a vast difference in
the land-shells—many species and individuals in the former, scarcely any in the latter.
The absence of the limestone, in my opinion, explains the absence of many forms,
quite apart from the geographical situation.” Dr. Stoll, in his work on Guatemala
(1886), pp. 196-199, says, concerning the land-shells of the Pacific slope as
compared with those of Alta Vera Paz:—“ The district of Cholhuitz, 2000-4000 feet
(640-1280 m.), on the advanced slopes of the Volcan de Santa Maria, which has
deeply-cut ravines (barrancas) and virgin forest, with copious rainfall and a warm
climate, offers a very rich Molluscan fauna, which, however, is rapidly decreasing by
the annual cutting and burning of the trees; this fauna shows a very remarkable
conformity with that of Alta Vera Paz, from which it is separated by large, barren,
elevated tracts of land. In both districts live Helix ghiesbreghti, H. eximia,
and H. trigonostoma, Otostomus delattre: (on the Pacific slope represented by the
INTRODUCTION. XXVil
var. hiabundus), and Glandina sowerbyana*. Eucalodium, on the contrary, is wanting
on the Pacific slope of Guatemala.”
It must be borne in mind, however, that in Costa Rica the environs of San José
have been more thoroughly explored by various collectors than the more remote lower
districts ; this will account for the comparatively large number of species of Strepto-
styla, Hyalinia, Guppya, and Leptinaria on the central tableland. But it is the more
remarkable that none of the large-sized freshwater shells, which cannot be easily
overlooked, as Ampullaria, Pachychilus, Unio, and Anodonta, have hitherto been
found there.
The differences between the fauna of the Pacific and Atlantic slopes, in both Mexico
and Central America, are noticed in the Tables: they seem to be not very important
as regards the land-shells. We find in many instances a very unequal number of
species, but it must be remembered that in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and
Nicaragua the Eastern slope is not only broader and provided with larger rivers,
but has also, at least in Mexico, been more carefully explored by a greater number of
scientific travellers and residents; it is therefore not a matter of surprise that the
Eastern slope of these countries has offered, so far, more distinct forms and more
species to science than the Western, especially among the freshwater shells. In
* Dr. Stoll possesses a specimen of this species from the Hacienda Buenavista, in the upper part of the
Cholhuitz district, which has an elevation of 3500 feet (about 1137 m.); this locality was not previously
mentioned (infra, p. 55), because I had not seen the example.
+ Fischer and Crosse (Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 678), speaking of the subregion of the Pacific slope,
correctly insist on the peculiar geographical range of Holospira—the inland portion of Texas, and from Arizona
through Coahuila and Chihuahua to the western provinces of Mexico,—corresponding to the range of the
Cactacean genera Cereus and Echinocereus (also Mammillaria, see K. Schumann, “ Verbreitung der Cactacew,”
Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1899). But they go too far in saying that Holospira is completely absent from the
Atlantic slope of Mexico: San Carlos, the recorded locality in Chihuahua for H. coahuilensis, var. semisculpta,
lies very near to the Rio del Norte, and by far the greater part of Chihuahua and of the adjacent State of
Coahuila are drained by the same river to the Atlantic; moreover, H. teres, var. hoegeana, is found exclusively
on the eastern slope of the Mexican tableland (see infra, p. 280), H. berendti in the States of Vera Cruz and
Chiapas (see infra, p. 281), and H. veracruziana near Misantla, also in Vera Cruz (see infra, p. 635).
+ Fischer and Crosse, in their review of the geographical distribution (Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll. ii. pp. 672,
678), state that the genus Unio is wanting (“fait défaut”) within Mexico in the streams running to the
Pacific; but they mention themselves, in the descriptive part (p. 606), that Unio poeyanus, Lea, is found in
the Rio Balsas, State of Guerrero, which empties into the Pacific.
Page
XXVili
INTRODUCTION.
Costa Rica and Panama the greater geographical extension belongs to the Pacific
slope.
One peculiarity of the fauna of the Western slope is worthy of note,
viz., the occurrence of peculiar large-sized forms of Otostomus or Bulimulus in the
western part of Mexico, such as O. dombeyanus, O. fenestratus, and O. chaperi,
related somewhat to the Andean 0. millegranus and O. altoperuvianus; it is among
the land-shells somewhat analogous to the phyto-geographical distribution of the
majority of the Cactaceee.
The submarine Mollusca of the eastern and western shores are of course distinct,
more so even than some truly marine shells, as Tellina rufescens and Purpura patula,
but there are remarkably analogous forms among them.
oo
bho ©
> orbon or
eo
bo Oo Se
May 1901.
EK. v. M.
ERRATA ET
for 1843 read 1883.
for H. florida read H. flavida.
for 1779 read 1799.
for cinctelta read cinctella.
for Plumas read Palmas.
for above Jalapa read below Jalapa.
for G. read S.
for G. read S.
erase the letters mm. at the head of the Anfr.
column in the Tables.
for Centrat read West.
for Hége read H. H. Smith.
for fig. 14 read fig. 12 b.
add at end of line (Tab. IX. figg. 6, 6a.)
for figg. 2, 2a-7, 7a. read 2-2a-5, 5a, 7,7 a.
for tridonia read tridonta.
add after albidus. (Tab. XIV. fig. 15.)
for Bulimula read Bulimulus.
add after apiostoma, (Tab. XVII. fig. 4.)
add after pulchella. (Tab. XVII. figg. 3, 3a.)
add after salpinw. (Tab. XVII. fig. 5.) .
for Turubanes read Turubares.
CORRIGENDA.
Page Line
333 12 for concordlalis read concordialis.
336 3 for moerchi read mérchi.
342 1 for Astonrp& read ARIONIDE.
348 12 for Strebel read P. Strobel.
360 34 for figg. 5, 5a, b. read figg. 5, 5a, 6.
394 10 for N. read EK.
400 8 for Planorbulina read Planorbula.
402 18 for p. 3 read p. 321.
444 9 for t. 10 read t. 14.
451 34 for Mechychilus read Pachychilus.
471 1 for Bean read Beau.
472 27 add after reclivata. (Tab. XXVIII. fig. 2.)
498 19 for figg. 6, 6 a-c. read 6, 6a, b.
012 18 jor p. 103 read p. 105.
528 at head of fifth column in lower Table for
Guatemela read Guatemala.
538 29 for latemarginata read latomarginata.
552 8 for figg. 2a, 6, c. read figg. 2, 2 a, b.
556 35 for Conovalus read Conovulus.
583 4. for ziczak read ziczac.
588 23 add after virginea. (Tab. XXVIIL. figg. 11, 12.)
599 after line 9 add CHONDROPOMA (p. 16).
600 10 for cordovanm read cordovanum.
BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA.
ZOOLOGIA.
MOLLUSCA.
A. SPECIES TERRESTRES.
GASTROPODA PULMONATA DIOICA*.
One pair of feelers, eyes at their base ; sexes separated; operculum rarely wanting.
Fam. CYCLOPHORIDA.
Operculum circular, formed of numerous narrow whorls, which give it the appearance
of concentric structure. Shell depressed or globular, widely umbilicated, generally of
simple, somewhat coarse sculpture and brown (pale yellowish to chestnut) hue, conco-
lorous or with a single darker band; peristome straight or (in the American forms
rarely) expanded. Size rather large. Regular Teenioglossata as regards the radula.
The Cyclophoride have two centres of geographical distribution—one in the East
Indies extending to Polynesia (more rich in distinct genera, especially some with com-
plicated structure of the peristome), and the other in ‘Tropical America. In the latter
their head-quarters is the tract of the Andes from Mexico to Ecuador ; some species are
also found in Bolivia and on the east coast of Brazil and Guiana, and (a few) in the
Caribbean Islands (about twenty, more especially in Jamaica), but there are none in the
Nearctic Region. The two principal genera, Cyclotus and Cyclophorus, discriminated
somewhat artificially by the structure of the operculum, are common to both hemi-
spheres; but there are natural groups or subgenera within each, which are also
geographically circumscribed. The subgenus Cyrtotoma is confined to Mexico,
Amphicyclotus to the continent of Central and South America.
* In the arrangement of the letterpress I have tried an innovation by summing up the conchological differ-
ences of the species in a common table, instead of giving a separate diagnostical description of each at its
place ; I believe the comparison and determination will thereby be rendered more easy, as by this method the
common and the differential characters of the species are seen at a glance, without referring to different pages.
In opposition to the “ clavis”’-like tables, which are usual in many handbooks, it has the advantage that the
student may choose between five or six qualities in beginning the determination, and may take that which is
the most striking or the least ambiguous in his specimen.—E,. v. M.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1890. 1
MOLLUSCA.
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CYCLOTUS. 3
CYCLOTUS.
Cyclotus, Guilding, in Swainson’s Malac. p. 186 (1840).
Operculum thick, calcareous, many-whorled, nucleus central.
Subgen. APEROSTOMA.
Aperostoma (Troschel), Pfeiffer, in Malak. Blatt. 1847, p. 47.
Neocyclotus, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 148 (1889).
Peristome simple, straight.
1. Cyclotus (Aperostoma) irregularis.
Cyclostoma (Cyclotus) irregulare, Pfr. P.Z. 8. 1855, p. 117°.
Cyclotus irregularis, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 15°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Cyclotus,
t. 4. fig. 18°; Angas, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 483°.
Hab. %. Costa Rica: Costa Rica 23 (Gadd 4; mus. Cuming+); Cache (Rogers); ‘the
commonest shell in Talamanca; coast region, and to 500 feet high on the hills”
(Gabdb *).
Lower margin of the aperture often injured, probably by the “animal grazing, so to
say, to satisfy a demand for lime”*. From this circumstance it becomes doubtful
whether C. bisinuatus is really distinct from C. irregularis.
2. Cyclotus (Aperostoma) bisinuatus.
Cyclotus bisinuatus, v. Mart. in Malak. Blitt. xi. p. 118, t. 3. figg. 1, 2 (1864) *, & xv. p. 156 (1868) *;
Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p. 26°.
Hab. S.W. Guatemata: Costa Cuca above Retalhuleu ; southern slope of “Los Altos,”
at San Francisco Miramar 2500 feet; and in the district Cholhuitz, on the slope
of the Volcan de Santa Maria, at an elevation of from 3000 to 5000 feet, in the
woods on the ground, under decayed leaves (Stol/).
C. Costa Rica: elevated plains of Costa Rica (C. Hoffman '* and Carmiol?, in mus.
Berol.). { ye Le) Se
Outer face of the operculum deepened in the middle; whorls at most six, the inner
edge of each prominent in a right angle.
Living animal pale reddish-grey ; feelers bright orange, tapering; muzzle produced,
bilobed (Séo/@).
8. Cyclotus (Aperostoma) dysoni. (Tab. I. figg. 1, 2, 17.)
Cyclostoma dysoni, Pfr. P.Z. 8. 1851, p. 243"; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Cyclostoma, no. 244, p. 259, t. 35. figg. 5, 6°.
Cyclophorus dysoni, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 98°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 69%.
Cyclotus dysoni, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 19 (operculum) ’; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv.,
Cyclotus, t. 6. fig. 31°; v. Mart. P. Z.S. 1875, p. 648"; Angas, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 483°.
1*
4 MOLLUSCA.
Platystoma (Aperostoma) dysoni, Morch, in Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 66 (1860) °.
Neocyclotus dysoni, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 164, t. 38. figg. 6-8, t. 39.
figg. 9-12, t. 41. figg. 1, 2™.
Cyclophorus translucidus, Tristr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 232" (nec Sowerby).
Cyclotus translucidus, Tate, in Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 159”; Angas, P.Z.S8. 1879, p. 483"
(nec Sowerby).
Hab. 8.W. Mexico: Rio Grande in Oaxaca (Boucard: Fischer & Crosse 1°, t. 39. £.12 ;
213 millim. in diameter); Istapa and Panistlahuaca in Oaxaca (Boucard: Fischer
& Crosse}, t. 39. fige. 9,10; 20-23 millim. in diameter).
CenTRAL Cutapas and Tapasco: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght ©: var. umbilico paullum
latiore®), Teapa (H. H. Smith).
Yucatan: Campeche (Dr. Berendt); Tabi in N.W. Yucatan (fF. D. G.; Febr. 1888:
very small specimens, 16 millim.). (Tab. I. fig. 2.)
N. Guatemata: Vera Paz (Salvin 11), Coban’, Tactic and Tamahu (Sarg 1°), Alta
Vera Paz (Bocourt, Sarg: Fischer & Crosse’, t. 39. f£ 11; 30 millim. in
diameter), Senahu and San Juan in Vera Paz (Champion).
S.W. Guaremana, includ. §.W. Cutapas: Tapachula (Hége), San Isidro, Zapote
(Champion: 19-21 millim.); Low country between Retalhuleu and the sea
(Stoll).
Honpuras (Dyson ! 2 3 4610),
CentraL Nicaragua: Acoyapa (Belt; Dec. 1879); Chontales—forest-region, not
uncommon, ascending the Pena Blanca to an elevation of 3000 feet, sparsely
distributed in the savana-region (Tate 12),
S.W. Costa Rica: Lepanta, Gulf of Nicoya (Gabb 18); Cervantes—only on hills, not
common (Gab *); Punta Arenas?! ( Orsted).
From an inspection of the original specimens, I may be allowed to state that the
Vera Paz shell quoted as C. translucidus by Tristram " is C. dysoni and not the true
C. translucidus, Sowerby ; the latter is a closely allied species, and chiefly differs from
C. dysoni in the sculpture being distinctly more feeble. I, therefore, dare not include
C. translucidus in the Central-American fauna, although Angas 1% and Tate !2 have also
quoted it from within our limits. The true C. translucidus is from Venezuela.
Colours of the living animal as in the preceding (Stoll).
Var. n. ambiguus.
Testa magis depressa, costulis minus undulosis. Diam. 28, alt. 16, apert. 11 millim.
Hab. EB. Mexico, Soledad, between Cordova and Orizaba (Hége).
Var. n affinis.
Testa magis depressa, sculptura normali, colore castaneo. Diam. maj. 20, alt. 15, apert. 10 millim. (Tab. L. fig. 1.)
Hab. 8. Panama, Bugaba (Champion).
[ob |
CYCLOTUS.—CYCLOPHORUS.
Var. berendti. ,
Cyclotus berendti, Pfr., in Malak. Blitt. viii. p. 171 (1861)'; Monogr. Pne m. Vivent. iii. p. 30°;
Novit. Conch. ii. p. 232, t. 59. figg. 22, 23°.
Cyclotus dysoni, var.?, Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, pp. 9, 10, t. 1.
fig. 3%. .
Hab. Yucatan, Campeche (Strebel*). Also recorded from Vera Cruz, from dead shells
found on the shore, and from Mirador (Berendt1?°)—this locality appears
doubtful.
The solution of the aperture and the duplicity of the peristome, which are urged by
Pfeiffer as specific characters, are perhaps only an individual aberration. Through the
kindness of Dr. H. Dohrn I have had an opportunity of examining Pfeiffer’s original
specimen : it offers a somewhat campanulated expansion of the last whorl just behind
the aperture, and the so-called double peristome appears to be an accidental super-
structure somewhat similar to that observed in some examples of Helix desertorum
(H. chilembia, Bourg.). The general form appears rather more depressed than in
C. dysoni; the sculpture is quite similar. Berendt’s other specimens from the same
locality agree with it in the general shape, but want the superstructure of the peri-
stome, therefore I have quoted them among C. dysont.
Fischer and Crosse’s Neocyclotus berendti (t. 38. fig. 4) does not agree with Pfeiffer’s
specimen, and may be also a variety of C. dysoni; these authors also give “ Boom, Belize
river, British Honduras (Berendt)” as a locality.
4, Cyclotus (?) boucardi.
Cyclotus boucardi, Angas, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 73, t. 5. figg. 3, 4°, and 1879, p. 483 ne
Hab. E. Costa Rica: San Carlos (Boucard!); mouth of Banana river, five miles from
Limon (Gabd”).
The operculum seems to be unknown, and as Angas! compares the structure of the
peristome with that of Cyclophorus (not Cyclotus) mexicanus, the genus of this species
remains to be confirmed by the discovery of the operculum,
CYCLOPHORUS.
Cyclophorus, Montfort, Conch. Syst. ii. p. 290 (1810).
Operculum thin, corneous.
Subgen. Ampuicyctotus, Fischer & Crosse.
Amphicyclotus, Fischer & Crosse, in Journ. de Conch. xxvii. p. 46 (1879).
Edge of the aperture thin, straight.
1. Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) ponderosus,
Cyclostoma stramineum, Morelet, in litt. (nec Sow.)’.
6 MOLLUSCA.
Cyclostoma ponderosum, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 243°, and in Martini & Chemarte, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 242, p. 257, t. 35. figg. 12, 14°.
Cyclophorus ponderosus, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 97°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 68°;
Tristr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 232°; v. Mart. P.Z.S. 1875, p. 6487; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii.,
Cyclophorus, t. 15. fig. 70°.
Amphicyclotus ponderosus, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 147, t. 35. fig. 3°.
Hab. N. Guatemaa (Morelet® 4° °8 ; mus. Cuming? ; Sarg ®), Coban (Salvin "), Senahu
(Champion).
The specimen delineated by Reeve has a yellowish band, which is wanting in other
specimens.
2. Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) maleri.
Amphicyclotus maleri, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xxxi. p. 102 (1883) '; Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 145, t. 41. £.3°.
Hab. 8.W. Mexico: Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast 2); Tabasco (Maler ! 2),
3. Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) texturatus.
Cyclostoma texturatum, Sow. Thes. Conch. Suppl. no. 182, p. 160*, t. 81 a. fig. 3031; Pfr. in Martini
& Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 248, p. 258, t. 35. figg. 10, 11°.
Cyclophorus texturatus, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 97°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p- 684;
Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii., Cyclophorus, t. 15. fig. 67°; v. Mart. P. Z.S. 1875, p. 648%.
Amphicyclotus texturatus, Vischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 144, t. 85. fig. 2,
& t. 38. fig. 3%.
Hab. 8.W. Mezxico: Tehuantepec (Swmichrast 7); Cerro de Plumas, near Puerto Angel,
tropical forest (Hége).
N. Guatemata !?345: Coban (Salvin %); at the side of the road between Tactic and
Tamahu (Sarg *).
4, Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) boucardi.
Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) boucardi, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 328, t. 35. fig. 257; Monogr. Pneum.
Vivent. i. p. 65 ”.
Amphicyclotus boucardi, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 142, t. 35. fig. 1°.
Hab. E. Muxtco: Cordova in the State of Vera Cruz (Sallé128, Hoge).
5. Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) lutescens.
Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) lutescens, Pir. P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 250°.
Cyclostoma lutescens, Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 345,
p. 333, t. 43. figg, 12-147.
Cyclophorus lutescens, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 82°, & iii. p. 69'; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn.
p. 56° _ Conch. Icon. xiii., Cyclophorus, t. 16. fige. 75°; Angas, P. Z.S. 1879,
p. 483"
CYCLOPHORUS. 7
Habropoma lutescens, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 38. oe 2.
Amphicyclotus lutescens, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 189°.
Cyclotus cooperi, Tryon, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1863, p. 281, t. 2. fig.2°; Pfr. Monogr. Praain Vivent.
. iv. p. 80”.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan in Sinaloa (Rémond 9 1).
S.W. Mexico: Panistlahuaca in the State of Oaxaca, near the Rio Verde (Boucard * 8).
Var. (?): W. Costa Rica, Lepanta near Nicoya (abd ").
I cannot make out any difference of importance in the description and figure of
C. cooperi to distinguish it from C. lutescens ; but as I have not seen an original specimen
of the former the identity remains to be confirmed.
One of Gabb’s specimens in the British Museum has still its operculum; it is thin
and horny (Hdgar Smith, in litt.).
Pfeiffer !23 first gave Brazil as a locality for this species (and this is the locality
mentioned by Gray ® and Reeve °), but subsequently 41° changed it to Mexico.
Subgen. Cyrtotoma, Morch (1852).
Habropoma, Fischer & Crosse (1886).
Peristome thickened, distinctly notched at its insertion into the penultimate whorl.
6. Cyclophorus (Cyrtotoma) mexicanus.
Cyclostoma mexicanum, Menke, Synops. Moll. ed. 2, pp. 39, 183 (1830); Philippi, Abbild. i. 5,
p. 104, t. 1. fig. 4”; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 49,
p- 56, t. 7. figg. 21, 22°; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. no. 64, p. 112, t. 25. fig. 93 °.
Cyclotus mexicanus, Gray, List Cycloph. p. 9°, and Cat. Phaneropn. p. 19°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum.
Vivent. i. p. 34’.
Cyclophorus mexicanus, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 55° (excl. var.) ; v. Mart. in Malak.
Blatt. xii. pp. 4, 151 (1865)°; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 8,
tabb. 1, la. figg. 1, la, 10”.
Habropoma mexicanum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 180, t. 35. fig. 5 a
Hab. E. Mexico 5, Papantla, north of VeraCruz, in the woods (Deppe® "& Schiede? 67911);
Misantla in the State of Vera Cruz, copiously 1; Cuesta de Misantla (MM. Tru-
jillo) ; Jalapa (Hoge).
S.W. Mexico: Playa Vicente and Tustepec, in the State of Oaxaca (Sallé 11); Cerro
de Plumas in the same State (/6ge).
7. Cyclophorus (Cyrtotoma) salleanus.
Cyrtotoma mexicanum (Menke), Mérch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 40 (1852)'; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec.
Moll. ii. p. 176°.
Cyclophorus mexicanus 8, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 55°.
Cyclophorus salleanus, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xi. p. Lol (1865) *; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb.
Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p.9, tabb. 1, 14a. figg. 2, 2a@°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv.
p. 109°.
8 MOLLUSCA.
Habropoma (Cyrtotoma) salleanum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 133,
t. 85. fig. 4, t. 38. fig. 1”.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova in the State of Vera Cruz (Sallé?4°7); Barranca de Santa
Maria, near Mirador (Berendt®"); Orizaba (Strebel®"); Misantla (Strebel’,
Hoge); Quilate near Misantla, Atoyac, Coatepec (Héye); Jalapa (IZ. Trujillo, W.
Richardson).
Having now before me seven adult specimens of C. salleanus and five of C. mexicanus,
in addition to those which I examined in 1866, I am enabled to add the following to
the differences already given [cf Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 152 (1865)]:—The lower
lobe of the columellar margin beneath the deep notch is always free in C. mea-
canus, and soldered to the penultimate whorl in C. salleanus; this seems to be a
constant character. ‘The break of contiguity in the upper suture just before the
aperture, on the contrary, is not constant in C. sal/eanus and is to be seen also in two
specimens of C. mexicanus; in these two even the upper lobe of the columellar margin
is free (not soldered), but in the other three examples of C. mexicanus, and in all those
of C. salleanus, it is soldered to the penultimate whorl. The peculiar swelling and more
coarse sculpture near the suture are connected with its disunion of contiguity and are
distinctly visible in five specimens of C. salleanus ; but are rather indistinct in the two
other examples of this species and altogether wanting in all the specimens of C. mezi-
canus, also in those in which the suture is not contiguous near the aperture. Concerning
the prominence of the apex of the spire there is no trustworthy difference ; often it
is broken. ‘The margin of the aperture is somewhat reflexed above—outside and
below in C. salleanus, only thickened but not reflexed in C. mexicanus; there are,
however, some gradations in this respect in both. The smallest specimen of C. salleanus
(diam. maj. 243 millim., aperture included) is equal in size to the largest example of
C. mexicanus. ‘The colour is a pale reddish in all whorls, or at least in those except
the last (not decorticated), in C. salleanus, pale yellow or brownish in C. mexicanus ;
if, however, the upper whorls are worn, a reddish hue is to be seen in them also in
this latter species.
Species of Cyclotus and Cyclophorus with doubtful locality.
Cyclotus giganteus.
Cyclostoma giganteum, Sow. P. Z.8. 1848, p. 30°; Thes. Conch. i. p. 92, t. 28. figg. 8, 9°; Reeve,
Conch. Syst. i. t. 184. fig. 17°; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Cyclostoma, no. 2, p. 11, t. 1. figg. 11-14".
Cyclotus giganteus, Gray, List Cycloph. p. 6°, and Cat. Phaneropn. p. 7°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum.
Vivent. i. 16"; Hidalgo, Viaje al Pacifico, Moluscos, i. p. 144, t. 8. figg. 9-11°; Reeve,
Conch. Icon. xiv., Cyclotus, t. 1. fig. 3°.
Hab. PaANaMaA: near Panama, in woods !47 9,
All later discovered localities for this species are situated beyond the limits of
CYCLOPHORUS.—MEGALOMASTOMA. 9
Central America, in Colombia south of the Isthmus of Panama, or Ecuador, viz. :—
Marmato on the river Cauca, 54° N. lat. (Bland), Quito and Agua Rica in Ecuador
(Paz and Martinez), Santa Elena>*7 near Guayaquil (Cuming), Salanga, north of
Guayaquil (Jay °).
Cyclophorus (?) purus.
Cyclostoma purum, Forbes, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 56, t. 9. fig. 9* (copied in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 226, p. 245, t. 32. figg. 14, 15).
Cyclophorus purus, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. 1. p. 93°;
Conch. Icon. xiii., Cyclophorus, t.7. fig. 28°.
Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 65°; Reeve,
Precise locality unknown!. It was found by Captain Kellett and Lieut. Wood,
during the surveying voyages of the ‘ Herald’ and ‘ Pandora’ on the western coast of
America, somewhere between Ecuador and Vancouver Island; and it has been there-
fore ascribed to Central America‘. But nobody has again met with it. The nearest
allied species is C. cwmingi, Sow., from the island of Tumaco, on the borders of Ecuador
and Colombia; and perhaps C. purus may be only a variety of it (cf. Pfr. Monogr.
Pneum. Vivent. iii. p. 73).
MEGALOMASTOMA.
Megalomastoma, Guilding, in Swainson’s Malac. p. 186 (1840).
Shell elongated, pupiform.
truncated.
Operculum as in Cyclophorus. ‘Tip of the shell often
Subgen. Tomocycius, Crosse & Fischer.
Tomocyclus, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 76 (1872).
Peristoma duplex, externum ad insertionem excisum.
This subgenus is contined to Central America.
Sculptura. Basis. Peristoma.. Long. ee xel.
: mm. mm.
gealei, Cr. § Fisch. ...... arcuatim costulata. | funiculato-carinata. | dilatatum, anguste et; 39-43 | 114-124
flexuose excisum.
simulacrum, Morel. ...... sublevis. Ra latiuscule emargi- 30-45 9-11
natum, appressum.
, var. cobanense, Sow. 9 . ss 20-28 73-9
, var. gracilius ....... _ ss 3 380 5
guatemalense, Pfr. ...... striatula. compressa nec cari- | perangustum, exci- 24 8
nata. sum.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1890.
10 MOLLUSCA.
1. Megalomastoma (Tomocyclus) gealei.
Tomocyclus gealei, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 77 (1872) '; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum.
Vivent. iv. p. 189°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 118, t. 40.
figg. 1-3 °.
Hab. Cutapas (Boucard 12 8),
N. GuareMaLa: woods between Tactic and Tamahu, Alta Vera Paz (Sarg?*);
Polochic valley above Panzos and Senahu (Champion).
2. Megalomastoma (Tomocyclus) simulacrum.
Cyclostoma simulacrum, Morelet, Test. Noviss.i. p. 22°; Pfr.in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 256, p. 267, t. 36. figg. 11, 12°.
Megalomastoma simulacrum, Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 92°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 181°;
Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. t. 263. figg. 3, 4°; Tristr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 282°.
Megalomastoma (Tomocyclus) simulacrum, v. Mart. P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 649".
Tomocyclus simulacrum, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 76 (1872)°; Pfr. Monogr.
Pneum. Vivent. iv. p. 140°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 121,
t. 40. fig. 9*°.
Hab. N. Guatemata®®8%; woods near San Luis in Peten (Morelet11°); Coban
(Salvin ™); between Tactic and Tamahu (Sarg}°); Vera Paz??4,
Var. minus.
Cyclostoma copanense, Sow. Thes. Conch. Suppl. i. p. 165, t. 31. figg. 310, 811%; Pfr. Monogr.
Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 182”.
Tomocyclus simulacrum, var. 8, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. t. 40. figg. 4, 5, 7, 8, 10”.
Hab. N. Guaremata: Coban?! (Morelet 13); Alta Vera Paz’ (Bocourt!*); Senahu
(Champion).
Var. gracilius.
Tomocyclus simulacrum, var. 6, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. t. 40. fig. 6 **.
Hab. N. Guatemata: between Tactic and Tamahu, in the woods (Sarg 14).
Fischer and Crosse (/. c. p. 120) insist on the specific differences between IV. gealei
and MV. simulacrum, on the ground that in /. gealei the upper part of the peristome
is never joined nor soldered to the preceding whorl; but we have an intermediate
specimen collected at Senahu by Mr. Champion, distinctly costulated as M/. gealet, in
which the upper edge of the peristome is really joined to the penultimate whorl. Of
course this is only the consequence of a somewhat larger development of the broad
peristome, and of less specific value than the sculpture of the whole shell.
The var. gracilius approaches somewhat MW. guatemalense.
The thread-like basal carina is more or less distinctly expressed in various specimens :
in one, which was broken during life, there is no trace of it to be seen; it disappears in
MEGALOMASTOMA. 11
all near the aperture. The expansion of the outer peristome is quite even in some
specimens, in others somewhat concave. The notch at the junction with the penulti-
mate whorl is always narrower at its commencement and somewhat widened more
behind, but in different degrees in various specimens; the outer lobe of the peristome
reaches always the penultimate whorl and is more or less appressed to it; the inner
(left) lobe remains free of it, although it comes very near in some examples. ‘The chief
character of I. gealei lies in the sculpture of the shell, but this is also subject to some
gradation according to the specimens; generally, the outer lobe of the peristome is free
in MW. gealei, or touches only the penultimate whorl; the borders of the notch form a
. perpendicular wall which reaches the basal keel, but this is also to be seen in some
specimens of WM. simulacrum and not in all of VM. gealei. Finally, the separation of the
last whorl from the suture near the aperture is more distinct in W/. gealez than it is in
M. simulacrum. By comparing more specimens (three of M. gealei, seven of M. simu-
lacrum), however, all these differences prove to be very gradual, so that the right of
M. gealei as a distinct species appears rather contestable.
3. Megalomastoma (Tomocyclus) guatemalense,
Cyclostoma guatemalense, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1851, p. 245+; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Cyclostoma, no. 257, p. 267, t. 36. figg. 18, 147.
Megalomastoma guatemalense, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 182°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn.
p: 92°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. t. 263. fig. 6°.
Tomocyclus guatemalensis, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 76 (1872) °; Pfr. Monogr.
Pneum. Vivent. iv. p. 1407; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 124,
t. 40. figg. 11°.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: San Martin Tuxtla, in the south of the State of Vera Cruz (Bou-
card, Sallé ®). |
N. GuateMaLa®’, Vera Paz?34 (mus. Cuming ').
Megalomastoma guildingianum.
Cyclostoma guildingianum, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1851, p. 28; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 218, p. 239, t. 31. figg. 25, 26.
Megalomastoma guildingianum, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 184; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn.
p. 94.
Locality unknown. Patel (Catalog. d. Conchyliensammlung, 1873, p. 120) cites
Guatemala with a?; but nobody, so far as I know, has ever reported it thence. Very
probably it belongs to one of the West-Indian islands.
9*
12 MOLLUSCA.
Fam. CYCLOSTOMIDZ.
The Cyclostomide are characterized by a generally oblong finely sculptured shell of
reddish-grey colour, often with brown interrupted bandlets or rows of spots ; and, chiefly,
by the operculum being of a rather ovate subangular form and composed of few spiral
whorls. They are generally smaller in size than the Cyclophoride. As regards the
radula they are also Tznioglossata, but the outer plates are often provided with many
deep notches, so that they may be looked upon as forming a sort of transition to the
Rhipidoglossata (Helicinide).
Their geographical distribution is very peculiar, extending (1) over the whole cf
Africa, with Madagascar and Arabia, Southern and Western Europe, and (2) Central
America ; they are very plentiful in the larger islands of the West Indies, especially in
Cuba (136 species) and Jamaica (66 species), and are also represented in nearly all
the small islands, from the Bahamas to Trinidad (about 56 species). The species
found on the continent of America are comparatively few in number, and they do not
extend to any notable distance from the Caribbean Sea: five are found on the shores of
Venezuela, two (so far as we know) in British Guiana, but one in Ecuador (Chondropoma
aspratile, Morel.), and one is said to come from Bolivia (Cistula thoreyana, Phil.) ; this
last statement, however, requires confirmation, as it dates from 1851 and has not since
been verified. Not one is known from Cayenne or Brazil. It appears, therefore, that
the Cyclostomide follow chiefly the chain of the Andes.
In the United States, one species is found in Florida, which, as is well known, per-
tains more to the Caribbean than to the Nearctic fauna. Within the limits of Mexico
and Central America we know at most seventeen, or, including all doubtful ones, twenty-
one species :—one or two only from north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, most of them
(not only as regards species, but in the number of individuals) in Yucatan, Guatemala,
and Honduras, that is to say, in the large tropical wooded countries which drain
into the Caribbean Sea and are moistened by winds from that quarter. In Mexico
(Yucatan excepted) the only precisely known localities are Cordova and Atoyac in the
province of Vera Cruz, both on the eastern slope. It is very remarkable that hitherto
no special locality situated on the western slope is known as a “ habitat” of a species
of Cyclostomide ; only the vague statement ‘Isthmus of Tehuantepec” and the quite
general ones ‘“ Mexico,” “ Chiapas,” “Guatemala” suggest the possibility that some
species may perhaps also be found on the western slope.
The most elevated locality known to me is Coban in northern Guatemala, Chondro-
poma rubicundum being found there as well as at a lower elevation.
The genera are not at all distinct from those prevailing in the islands of the Carib-
bean sea; but not all Caribbean genera are represented on the continent of America—
for example, Cyclostoma proper (Tudora’), Licina, Ctenopoma, Jamaicia. The geogra-
CHOANOPOMA. 13
phical extension of the species appears to be rather limited ; not one of those inhabiting
Mexico and Central America is known to live also in the West-Indian Islands or in
South America; and even within our limits each species is as yet known only from one
province or, in a few cases, from two neighbouring ones.
As the general facies of both genera (Choanopoma and Chondropoma) is very. much
alike, and they are discriminated only by the structure of the operculum, we give on
pages 14, 15 one comparative table for the species of both.
CHOANOPOMA.
Choanopoma, Pfeiffer, in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 45.
This genus is characterized by the elevated edges of the whorls in the operculum ;
the operculum itself is somewhat more circular than in Cyclostoma proper and in
Chondropoma; the shell is generally ovate, with swollen whorls divided by deep
sutures, pale-coloured, and sharply sculptured. For the distinctive characters of the
species see the table on p. 14.
a. Last whorl adhering to the preceding in its whole length.
1. Choanopoma trochleare.
Cyclostoma trochlea, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1851, p. 249°.
Cyclostoma trochleare, Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 315,
p. 311, t. 41. figg. 7, 8°.
Cistula (?) trochlearis, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 275, & ii. p. 185°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn.
p. 194°. Xl
Chondropoma trochleare, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. &. fig. 82°.
Var. majus.
Choanopoma chiapasense, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. t. 41. fig. 8 (letter-
press not yet published) °.
Hab. Cutapas® ° (Ghiesbreght *).
The original locality was unknown to Pfeiffer '.
2. Choanopoma sumichrasti.
Choanopoma sumichrasti, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xxii. p. 283 (1874)'; Pfr. Monogr.
Pneum. Vivent. iv. p. 1567; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, u. t. 41.
fig. 9 (letterpress not yet published).
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Swmichrast ' *).
MOLLUSCA.
14
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16 MOLLUSCA.
b. Last whorl disconnected from the preceding near the aperture.
3. Choanopoma rigidulum. (Tab. I. fig. 3.)
Cyclostoma rigidulum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 18°.
Cistula rigidula, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 184°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 191°.
Adamsiella rigidula, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 176, t. 42. fig. 12.
Hab. N. GuaTeMALA: province of Vera Paz?%, in rocky localities (Morelet 1).
4, Choanopoma osberti.
Adamsiella osberti, Tristr. P.Z.S. 1861, p. 232*; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p. 120°;
Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 11. t. 42. fig. 13 (letterpress not yet
published).
Hab. Guatemata (Salvin? 2).
The operculum is thick, calcareous, with prominent edges of the single whorls.
The genus Adamsiella has been distinguished by Pfeiffer from Chondropoma by its
operculum being cartilaginous instead of calcareous; but this difference is effaced by
gradual transitions. A specimen of C. rigidulum from Patel’s collection, now in the
Berlin Museum, exhibits a thick calcareous operculum. The majority of Pfeiffer’s
species of Adamsiella have the last whorl not disconnected from the preceding.
CHONDROPOMA.
Chondropoma, Pfeiffer, in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 109.
Operculum cartilaginous, either throughout or with a thin calcareous layer outside
(Cistula, Pfr.). Shell conical, ovate or elongate, with varying sculpture, often of a
reddish colour with brown interrupted bands.
a. Sculpture vertical only.
aa. Shell conical.
1. Chondropoma pleurophorum.
Cyclostoma pleurophorum, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1851, p. 245'; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Cyclostoma, no. 299, p. 299, t. 40. figg.5, 6%
Cistula pleurophora, Pfr. Monogr. Vivent. i. p. 262°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 183‘.
Hab. Honvuras !2324: probably collected by Dyson.
Very distinct from all the following by the short conical form and the wide angu-
lated umbilicus.
2. Chondropoma andrews. (Tab. I. fig. 4.)
Cyclostoma andrewse, Ancey, in Annales de Malacol. ii. p. 251 (1886) ’.
Hab. Gulf of Honpuras }.
CHONDROPOMA. ET
bb. Shell oblong.
3. Chondropoma subangulatum. (Tab. I. fig. 5.)
Cistula subangulata, v. Mart. Sitzungsb. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1886, p. 162°.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Teleman in the Polochic valley (Stoll1); Senahu 2500 feet, in
the same valley, above Panzos, copiously, in very humid forest (Champion).
Approaches in general features the following, but is distinguished by the subangu-
late or even angulate upper whorls and the pale colour.
4. Chondropoma rubicundum. |
Cyclostoma rubicundum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 221; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. ed. 2, Cyclosioma, no. 273, p. 280, t. 37. figg. 29, 30°.
Chondropoma rubicundum, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 291°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 207°‘;
Tristr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 232°; v. Mart. P.Z.S. 1875, p. 649°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv.,
Chondropoma, t. 6. fig. 47 (not good)’; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca,
ii. t. 41. fig. 5 (letterpress not yet published).
Hab. N. Guatemata’: province of Peten and Vera Paz?4, on the leaves of trees
(Morelet 1%); Coban, Vera Paz (Salvin ® °) ; lower valley of the Polochic (Stol/).
Somewhat variable in size and colour, ordinarily of a distinct red hue, the top dark
bluish or nearly black.
5. Chondropoma cordovanum.
Cyclostoma (Chondropoma) cordovanum, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 323°.
Chondropoma cordovanum, Pfr. Novit. Conch. i. p. 91, t. 25. figg. 18, 19°; Monogr. Pneum.
Vivent. ii. p. 145°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 4. fig. 24°.
? Chondropoma cordovanum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 41. fig. 6 (letter-
press not yet published).
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé, Hége 13+); Atoyac (Hoge).
cc. Shell elongate.
6. Chondropoma acerbulum.
Cyclostoma acerbulum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 19°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 4207 ;
Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 225°.
Chondropoma acerbulum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 41. fig. 4 (letterpress
not yet published).
Hab. N. Guatemata: Vera Paz (Morelet +? °).
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1890. 3
18 MOLLUSCA.
b. Sculpture spiral and vertical.
aa. Shell conical; sculpture rather faint.
7. Chondropoma gruneri.
Cyclostoma gruneri, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1846, p. 47°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 73, p. 79, t. 10. figg. 28, 29°.
Cistula gruneri, Gray, List Cyclopn. p.59°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 264°; Gray, Cat.
Phaneropn. p. 185°.
Chondropoma gruneri, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 9. fig. 68 (enlarged)
Hab. Honvuras * 4 * 6 (Gruner 1).
Remarkable for its broad conical form and close spiral strie, crossed by faint and
much more distant elevated vertical ridges.
6
8. Chondropoma radiosum.
Cyclostoma radiosum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p.22*; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 267, p. 275, t. 87. figg. 15, 16°.
Cistula radiosa, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 263°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 184°; Fischer
& Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 42. figg. 1-3* (letterpress not yet published).
Chondropoma radiosum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 9. fig. 69 (enlarged) °.
Chondropoma ottonis, Tristr. P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 412 (nec Pfr.) °.
Hab. N. and E. Guatemata: Province of Peten?4, in rocky localities (Morelet 1) ;
Livingston, Bay of Honduras (Stoll); Vera Paz (Salvin ®).
Somewhat similar to C. ot¢tonis, Pfr., from Cuba; but of a more oblong form and
wanting the peculiar extension of the outer peristome on the body of the last whorl,
which distinguishes the Cuban species. The specific name has reference to the
radiating dark brown pattern of the peristome. ‘Tristram® also gives Duefias as a
locality, perhaps in error.
9. Chondropoma sargi.
Cistula sargi, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xxxi. p. 103 (1843) '; Fischer & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 42. figg. 4-6° (letterpress not yet published).
Cistula trochlearis (Pfr.), var., Tristr. P. Z. 8S. 1861, p. 282, & 18638, p. 412°.
Hab. N. Guaremata: Coban (Sarg1), Vera Paz (Salvin ?).
10. Chondropoma kiisteri.
Cyclostoma kiisteri, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1851, p. 249°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Cyclostoma, no. 316, p. 312, t. 41. figg. 9, 10°.
Cistula kiisteri, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 265°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 186’.
? Cistula kiisteri, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 42. fig. 7° (letterpress not
yet published).
Chondropoma kiisteri, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 11. fig. 87°.
Hab, Honpuras (Dyson 12348),
CHONDROPOMA. 4)
bb. Shell conico-oblong, somewhat pupiform.
11. Chondropoma largillierti.
Cyclostoma largillierti, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1846, p.46'; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. ed. 2, Cyclostoma, no. 125, p. 121, t. 14. figg. 26, 27”.
Choanopoma largillierti, Gray, List Cycloph. p. 51°.
Cistula largillierti, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 273‘; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 192°;
Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 42. figg. 10, 11 (letterpress not yet
published) °. . .
Chondropoma largillierti (Pfr.), Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 11. fig. 86’.
Var. major, latior, costulis verticalibus minus confertis, peristomate latiore.
Cyclostoma grateloupi, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1851, p. 246°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Cyclostoma, no. 309, p. 306, t. 40. figg. 28-31 °.
Cistula grateloupi, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 272"; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 191”;
Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 10, t. 1. fig. 4°; Fischer & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 42. figg. 8, 9 (letterpress not yet published) ».
Chondropoma grateloupi, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 11. fig. 84.
Hab. Yucatan 359 101114 (Largilliert 1247; mus. Cuming ®); Campeche, in the woods
(Dr. Berendt!”); Merida in Yucatan, copiously (Hége).
After examining a large number of specimens I feel convinced that the distinction
between C. largillierti and C. grateloupi cannot be maintained, many examples being
intermediate—in one character (size or sculpture or breadth of the aperture) agreeing
better with Pfeiffer’s description of the former, in others with the latter.
cc. Shell elongate.
12. Chondropoma vespertinum.
Cyclostoma vespertinum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 19°.
Chondropoma (?) vespertinum, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 418°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn.
p- 200°.
Chondropoma vespertinum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. t. 41. fig. 7 (with
operculum) (letterpress not yet published).
Hab. S.E. Mexico: ruins of Palenque, in the woods of the province of Chiapas 2
(Morelet *). |
13. Chondropoma turritum.
Cyclostoma turritum, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 248°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Cyclostoma, no. 318, p. 310, t. 41. figg. 1, 2”.
Chondropoma (?) turritum, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 289°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn.
p. 205 *.
Chondropoma turritum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv., Chondropoma, t. 7. fig. 52°.
3*
20 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. Honpuras (Dyson 1?34°),
Remarkable for its slender turreted form and neat coloration variegated with white
and dark reddish-brown.
Doubtful Species of Cyclostomide.
Chondropoma truncatum.
Cyclostoma truncatum (Wiegm.), Rossm. Icon. vi. p. 49, t. 28. fig. 397 (1839) *; v. Mart. in Malak.
Blatt. xiii. p. 5 (1865) *.
Chondropoma truncatum, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 293°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 208 *.
Hab. Mexico 1? 34 (Deppe).
The original specimen is lost. The author’s description and figure agree rather well
with Chondropoma turritum, Pfr.; but this has hitherto only been known from
Honduras, and Deppe did not collect in that country, but in Mexico.
Tudora planospira.
Cyclostoma (Tudora) planospira, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. 11. p. 208 (1856) °.
Tudora planospira, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 127”.
Hab. ‘‘In republica Mexicana, teste Poey.”
No other species of Tudora is known from the American continent. No figure
is given.
DIPLOMMATINA.
Diplommatina, Benson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. iv. (2), p. 193 (1849).
Shell ovate, thin, with vertical riblets; whorls somewhat irregular, the one before
the last the largest; aperture vertical, circular; peristome double, expanded. Oper-
culum thin, shelly, paucispiral. ‘Tentacles long, filiform ; eyes bilobated, sessile at the
hinder part of the base of the tentacles.
1. Diplommatina stolli, sp.n. (Tab. I. figg. 19 a, b.)
‘Kine winzige Art, welche einen sonst blos aus Ostindien bekannten linksgewundenen starkgerippten Typus
darstellt.”—O. Stoll, Guatemala, Reisen und Schilderungen aus den jahren 1878-1883, p- 199 (1886).
Testa sinistrorsa, imperforata, ovato-conica, costulis in anfr. penultimo 16 sat validis, albida; anfr. 6, convexi,
priores duo leves, flavescentes, penultimus maximus, ultimus paullo angustior, rotundatus, leviusculus ;
apertura subverticalis, circularis, peristomate continuo, incrassato, expanso, albo.
Long. 23, diam. 1, apert. $ millim.
HELICINID A. 21
Hab. N.W. Guatemaua: in the district Cholhuitz, on the slope of the Volcan de Santa
Maria, at the plantation Helvetia, on the ground, in the second-growth woods,
two specimens (0. Séol/).
This strange genus was for a long time only known from the tropical parts of India
and Polynesia. One American representative has, however, been recorded ; this was
found on the island of Trinidad by L. Guppy (cf Am. Journ. Conch. iv. p. 178,
and vi. p. 308), and referred by him to the Indian D. huttoni, Pfr. I have a specimen
from Trinidad before me, and find that in D. stolli the riblets are very much stronger
and less numerous.
Fam. HELICINIDA.
The shells of the Helicinide, as their name implies, resemble somewhat those of
the well-known genus Helix; but they are easily to be distinguished from the great
majority of the Helices by the central part of the lower face being filled up by a
shelly callosity instead of being excavated into an umbilicus. Moreover, the presence
of a shelly operculum (wanting only in Proserpina) and of but one pair of feelers,
and the position of the eyes at the base (not on the tip) of them, widely separate the
Helicinide from Helix, as also the internal structure, the individual distinction of the
sexes, and the quality of the radula (Rhipidoglossata) ; as regards the radula, they agree
only with the Neritine among all land and freshwater shells, and they seem therefore to
belong to a peculiar series of Mollusca, ascending from marine life to a terrestrial one
through Trochus, Nerita, Neritina, Hydrocena, and Helicina. ‘The semicircular form
of the aperture and of the operculum, and the want of spiral structure in the latter,
serve to distinguish them from the families Cyclophoride and Cyclostomide (with the
exception of the genus Lourciera, which does not come within the limits of this work).
The Helicinide are nearly circumtropical and prominently insular, being wanting
only in the continent of Africa, but they are extremely scarce in the tropical regions
of Asia, and here limited to the south-eastern sea-shores (China, Siam, Arakan); and
they are represented in Europe, with the Azores and the Canary Islands, only by the
peculiar and rare genus Hydrocena. The islands of the Pacific and those of the Carib-
bean Sea are their head-quarters ; Cuba, for example, having eighty-three species, and
Jamaica thirty-one. ‘They extend, however, in North and in South America farther than
the Cyclostomide; Helicina orbiculata is found alive in Georgia and Tennessee, and also
postpleiocene in the Mississippi valley, and several species occur in Southern Brazil.
We know at present about forty species found within Mexico and Central America,
including some which are doubtfully distinct. ‘They are distributed over the whole
area in the following manner :—
22
MOLLUSCA.
1. Cenrrat Mexico, N. of the tropic.
Helicina durangoana and H. borealis.
2. CenTRAL Mexico, between the tropic and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
Helicina ghiesbreghti and H. tenuis.
3, WESTERN SLOPE OF Mexico, between the same limits.
Helicina punctisulcata, H. fragilis.
4, EASTERN SLOPE oF Mexico, between the same limits, chiefly State of Vera
Cruz. |
Helicina cinctella, H. zephyrina (turbinata), H. deppeana, H. cordillere, H. chryso-
cheila, H. tenuis, H. fragilis, H. succincta, H. delicatula, H. owentana, var.,
H. notata, H. flavida, H. lirata, H. mohriana.
Schasichetla nicoleti, S. pannucea, S. alata.
Proserpina eolina, P. salleana, P. berendte.
This large number is due chiefly to the circumstance that many collectors, and among
them some very zealous and exact, have collected in this district for a considerable
time.
5. SOUTH-EASTERN Mexico, Chiapas, Tabasco. .
Helicina ghiesbreghti, H. tenuis, H. oweniana, H. flotida, H. lirata.
6. YUCATAN.
Helicina tenuis, H. arenicola.
7. British HonpvurRAs.
Helicina dysoni.
8. NorrH-west GUATEMALA, Valley of the R. Usumacinta below Salinas.
Helicina amena, H. tenuis, H. fragilis, H. oweniana, var., H. flavida.
Schasicheila pannucea.
9. Nortu-east GuaTEMALA, Valley of the R. Polochic and of the R. Usumacinta
above Salinas.
Helicina amena, 1? ZH. sowerbyana, H. rostrata, H. tenuis, H. Fragilis, H. oweniana,
var., H. flavida, H. chryseis, H. microdina.
Schasicheila pannucea.
10. Sours GuateMata, Pacific slope.
Helicina ghiesbreghti, H. tenuis, H. lirata.
Schasicheila pannucea.
HELICINIDZ. 23
11. Honpuras.
Helicina rhynchostoma, H. denticulata, H. sanguinea, H. dysoni, H. lirata, H. antoni,
H, diaphana, H. exigua.
12. SALVADOR.
None recorded hitherto.
18. Western NicaraGua, Pacific slope.
None recorded hitherto.
14, Easrern Nicaracva, valley of the great lake and Caribbean slope.
Helicina amena, H. rostrata, H. denticulata, H. tenuis, H. dysoni.
15. Costa Rica and the Stare or Panama, Pacific slope.
Helicina ameena, var.
16. Costa Rica, Caribbean slope.
2 Helicina funcki, H. tenuis, H. flavida, var. beatrix, t H. lirata.
The present state of our knowledge permits us to come to the following probable
conclusions :—
The regions drained into the Caribbean Sea are much richer in species than those of
the Pacific slope, not only because they are also much more extensive, but also because
they are more favoured by a moist climate.
The more northern part of Mexico has few really peculiar species.
Several species extend along the Caribbean side, from the State of Vera Cruz to
Guatemala (Helicina fragilis, H. oweniana, Schasicheila pannucea); some even to
Nicaragua and Costa Rica (Helicina amena, H. tenuis, H. flavida, H. lirata) ; Helicina
dysoni from Belize to Nicaragua.
Helicina punctisulcata is peculiar to the Western slope of Central Mexico.
Helicina ghiesbreghti extends from Central Mexico (territory of the Laguna de
Chapala) along the west coast (Chiapas?) to Guatemala, but does not seem to extend
to the Caribbean side.
On the contrary, Helicina amena, H. tenuis, H. lirata, and Schasicheila pannucea
seem to be common both to the Caribbean and Pacific shores, chiefly within Guate-
mala.
Helicina rhynchostoma and H. funcki extend from Honduras and Costa Rica through
the Isthmus of Panama to Colombia, H. lirata even from Vera Cruz to Venezuela.
But no species is common to the continent of Mexico or Central America and the
Caribbean islands (cf. H. flavida?).
The genus Schasicheila is limited to Eastern Mexico and Guatemala; Proserpina,
on the contrary, is common to Eastern Mexico, the Caribbean islands, and Venezuela,
and may therefore yet be found in the more southern parts of Central America.
MOLLUSCA.
24
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BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, June 1890.
MOLLUSCA.
26
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27
HELICINA.
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- “Bywavoxo epunjosd °
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28 MOLLUSCA.
HELICINA.
Helicina, Lamarck, Prodr. p. 76 (1779).
I. Carinate.
1. Helicina ghiesbreghti.
Helicina ghiesbreghti, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1856, p. 381°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. li, p. 215°; Sow.
Thes. Conch. iii. p. 293, t. 277. fig. 432°.
Helicina ghiesbrighti, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 27. fig. 242 *.
Hab. C. Mexico: Irapuato, near Guanajuato (Hoge).
S. Mexico: Chiapas 3 4 ( Ghiesbreght 1).
S. Guatemata: El Reposo 8000 feet (Champion); San Francisco Miramar, Costa Cuca,
Pacific slope, 2500 feet (Stol/).
2. Helicina amena.
Helicina amena, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1845, p. 119"; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Helicina, no. 73, p. 55, t. 8. figg. 18-15*; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. 1. p. 886°; Gray, Cat.
Phaneropn. p. 281‘; Tristr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 283°; Sow. Thes. Conch. ii. p. 292, t. 276.
fig. 383°; v. Mart. P.Z.S. 1875, p. 649°; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xix., Helicina, t. 20.
fig. 177°.
Helicina purpureo-flava, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 19 (1849) °.
Hab. Yucatan: Campeche (coll. Albers, ex mus. Heidelbergenst).
N. GuatemaLA: Provinces of Peten and Vera Paz (Morelet? 4°); Coban, Vera Paz
(Salvin 57); San Juan, Sabo 2800 feet, Chacoj, and Panzos, all in the valley of
the Polochic River (Champion); Teleman in the same valley, ascending plants
(Stol/).
Honpuras 2° 4 (mus. Cuming 1), Honduras Bay © ®.
Var. a: minor (diam. 12, alt. 84 millim.), pallide flava.
Hab. Nicaracva (Janson).
Var. b: depressa (diam. 13, alt. 73 millim.).
Hab. S. Panama: Bugaba, W. of David (Champion).
Somewhat variable in colour; the rose-colour often prevails on the upper whorls,
but is absent in several examples. The obtuse keel is often white; in other specimens
of the same colour as the rest of the last whorl. Young examples are sometimes
covered by a dirty coat of apparently foreign matter.
3. Helicina sowerbyana.
Helicina sowerbiana, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1848, p. 124°. |
Helicina sowerbyana, Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 65, p. 50,
HELICINA. 29
t. 6. figg. 9,102; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 385°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 280°;
Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 292, t. 277. fig. 418°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 23.
fig. 202 °.
Hab. Guatemata® (de Lattre}23 4). Not found by the later explorers.
Very near the preceding, but larger and less angulated.
N.B.—A variety of Helicina concentrica (depressed, trochiform, spirally ridged above,
sharply keeled) is quoted by Pfeiffer (P. Z. S. 1848, p. 120, and Monogr. Pneum.
Vivent. i. p. 400) as found near Mirador in Mexico by Galeotti; but as nobody else
(neither Berendt and Strebel nor Hége) has found it in the province of Vera Cruz, or
elsewhere in Mexico, I think it better not to admit this species among the Mexican
ones. It is common in Venezuela. Mr. E. Smith has examined the specimen marked
“Mirador” in the British Museum, and states that it is not the original to the figures
18, 19, t. 8, of Helictna in Martini and Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2.
4, Helicina cinctella.
Helicina cinctelta, Shuttl. in Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 304 (Diagn. no. 3°, p. 44) ; Pfr. Monogr.
Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 2157; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 21, t. 1a,
and t. 2. figg. 13, a-d*; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 298, t. 276. figg. 389, 390°.
Helicina cinctilla, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 21. fig. 182°.
Helicina botteriana, Pfr. in Malak, Blatt. xiii. p. 90 (1866)°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv.
p- 279".
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova+ 5, Vera Cruz (Jacot-Guillarmod, Sallé, Hoge); Cerro: de
Plumas near Cordova (Hége) ; Mirador (Strebel *) ; Orizaba’ (Strebel *, Bottert °).
N.W. Mexico, Tepic, State of Jalisco (W. B. Richardson).
Very variable in the relative height of the shell. Usually white, with a pale brown
band above the keel; but in some examples this band disappears, and in others is
extended on nearly the whole upper half of the last whorl.
H. botteriana, Pfr., is, according to the specimens in his collection, not even a variety,
but coincides fully with H. cinctella.
5. Helicina rhynchostoma.
Helicina rhynchostoma (Shuttl.), Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ili. p. 245 *; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii,
p. 294, t. 277. figg. 429, 430°.
Helicina rhyncostoma, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 27. fig. 240°.
Hab. Honvvras: Island of Bonacca, bay of Honduras (Gauwmer).
CotomBia, Campanera 3000 feet}.
VENEZUELA 73,
This species, in its beaked peristome, approaches the following group.
30 MOLLUSCA.
Il. Rostrate.
6. Helicina rostrata.
Helicina rostrata, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 17 (1851)'; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 8617;
Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 261°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 278. figg. 279, 280°‘;
Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 18. fig. 155°; Tate, in Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 159
(1870) °; Mart. P.Z.S. 1875, p. 6497.
Helicina salvini, Trist. P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 238, t. 26. figg. 9, 10°; Pfr. Novit. Conch. i. p- 202, t. 53.
figg. 12-15°; Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 174 (1862) *; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p. 245%.
Hab. N. Guatemaua: San Agustin Lanquin in Vera Paz’ *, in rocky localities (More-
let1*); Vera Paz*5; Coban (Salvin™); Guatemala 8 9 10 11,
Centr. Nicaragua: San Diego, in the savana region (Tate 6); Acoyapa (Belt),
The specimen from the last-named locality is somewhat smaller (diam. 12, alt. 10
millim.) than those from Guatemala.
7. Helicina denticulata. |
Helicina denticulata, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1855, p. 1037; Novit. Conch. i. p. 84, t. 23. fige. 9, 10°;
Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 208°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 273. fig. 2814; Tate,
in Am. Journ. Conch. vy. p. 159 (1870)°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xlx., Helicina, t. 18.
fig. 157°.
Hab. Honpuras 13 45 6,
E. Nicaracua: Forests of Chontales, rare, ascending trees (Tate >).
Chiefly distinguished from H. rostrata by the denticulate suture.
Ill. Turbinate.
8. Helicina zephyrina.
Helicina turbinata (Wiegm.), Menke, Synops. Moll. p. 89 (1830) (without description)'; v. Mart.
in Malak. Blatt. xii. pp. 6-9 (1865) *; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 273. figg. 276-278° ;
Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 8. fig. 63*; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver.
Hamb. vi. 1, p. 18, t. la & t. 2. fig. 6°.
Helicina turbinata, var. 2, Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 46,
p. 40, t. 9. fig. 31° .
Helicina zephyrina, Duclos, in Guérin’s Mag. Zool. 1833, t. 217 (copied in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 48, p. 37, t. 4. figg. 16-18) °; Sow. Thes. Conch. i.
p. 9, figg. 25, 27°, & iii. p. 288, t. 273. figg. 266-269 © (non Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix.,
Helicina, t. 17. fig. 149); Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 268 ".
* This locality is quoted as “San Agostino ” by authors: it is, no doubt, the San Agustin Languin near
Cahabon.
HELICINA. 31
Hab. BK. Muxico: Mexico 347 811 1617; Tampico (Hegewisch and Liebmann °) ; Jalapa
(type of H. turbinata: Deppe & Schiede?; also Hoge, M. Trujillo, and F. D.
Godman); Mirador, State of Vera Cruz, on shrubs and bushes, plentiful
(Strebel 18) ; Cordova (Hége); Tejeria, only young specimens (Hége); Huatusco
(Hille, coll. Dunker).
Var. a: elatior.
Helicina zephyrina (Duclos), Sow. Thes. Conch. i. fig. 118”; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii.
pp. 7,8”.
Helicina turbinata, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1848, p. 87"; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 46, p. 39, t. 4. figg. 18-15, t. 7. fig. 6°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent.
i. p. 870°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 268; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb.
vi. 1, p. 13, t. la. figg. 60, e, f™.
Hab. %.. Mexico: Papantla (Deppe & Schiede) ; Misantla and Mirador (Strebel 18) ; Rio
de Misantla (Ff. D. Godman); Cordova, with the preceding (Hége).
Var. b: excavato-angulata.
Helicina behrendti, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 178, t. 3. figg. 14, 15 (1862) *.
Helicina berendti, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ili. p. 230”.
Hab. EB. Muxico: Vera Cruz 2° (Berendt }).
Var. c: minima (diam. 10, alt. 8-9 millim.).
Helicina turbinata, var. minima, Strebel, loc. cit. pp. 14, 15, t. la. fig. 6d”.
Hab. E. Mexico: Vera Cruz, on bushes and shrubs—probably stunted by the aridity
of the soil (Strebel 21).
The prevailing pattern of all the forms is a large pale reddish-brown band on the
upper half of the last whorl; a row of small dark spots at the lower limit of this band
is often seen on the upper whorls, and in some specimens also on the last, the band
itself vanishing in proportion as these spots are conspicuous. Specimens without any
band, of a uniform whitish or pale reddish colour, are found chiefly in the variety a.
The original specimen of Pfeiffer’s H. berendti exhibits no trace of irregularity and
deformity, and it is therefore to be regarded as a distinct variety, characterized by the
concavity and angularity of the last two whorls. Its exact locality is not known:
probably it was established on a bleached specimen found on the sea-shore at Vera
Cruz.
H. sandozi, Shuttl. (in Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 303, Diagn. no. 3, p. 43, and Pfr.
Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 197), is a deformity of this species. Owing to the kind-
ness of Prof. Th. Studer, I have been enabled to examine the original example in the
late Mr. Shuttleworth’s collection; it proves to have been broken during life just
behind the aperture, and to have restored itself, the newly formed peristome not
meeting exactly the remains of the old near the columella, the slight inflection
39 MOLLUSCA.
which exists here * in every adult specimen of this species being thus enlarged toa
distinct notch; also the projection of the lower end of the columella is somewhat
stronger than in normal specimens, perhaps increased by new secretion during the
restoring process. Surely it is neither an Alcadia, nor belongs to 1. tenuis.
H. turbinata is also quoted by Tate (Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 159) as found in
Nicaragua at Toro Rapids: 1 suppose this is an erroneous determination, as this
Mexican species has never been found even in Guatemala, which has been explored
by so many collectors; perhaps it was the common ZH. tenuis (vernalis).
9. Helicina sinuosa.
Helicina sinuosa, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1850, p. 191°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab.
ed. 2, Helicina, no. 94, p. 70, t. 10. figg. 7, 8°; Monogr. Pneum, Vivent. i. p. 369°; Gray,
Cat. Phaneropn. p. 267 *.
Hab. Mexico #4 (coll. Cuming } ?).
Not again found ; perhaps only an aberrant variety of the preceding.
10. Helicina deppeana. (Tab. I. fige. 7; 8, var.)
Helicina turbinata, var., Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab, ed. 2, Helicina, no. 46,
p. 40, t. 8. figg. 1, 2°.
Helicina deppeana, v. Mart. in Monatsb. d. Berl. Akad. Novemb. 1863, p. 540°; Malak. Blatt. xu.
p- 6, t. 1. figg. 11, 12 (1865) *°; Pfr. Monogr. Vivent. iii. p. 229 *.
Helicina cordillere (part.), Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. t. 273. fig. 270°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Mexico 5, without nearer indication (Deppe??*); Jalapa (IZ. Trujillo);
Soledad (Hoge); Yalalag, south of Villa Alta, State of Oaxaca (Hége).
Distinct from H. zephyrina by its broader, conical, subangulate form, and the some-
what more prominent basal tubercle of the columella, by which the adjoining part of
the lower edge of the aperture appears slightly notched. ‘The typical specimens
collected by Deppe are unicolorous, somewhat worn (fig. 76); fresh ones from Yalalag
are pale rose-colour, with white, more or less reticulated, lines and two rows of some-
what darker spots, one below the suture, and one above the angle of the last whorl
(fig. 8).
11. Helicina cordillere.
Helicina cordillere (Sallé), Pfr. in P.Z. 8. 1856, p. 823*; Monogr, Pneum, Vivent. ii. p. 193°;
Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 272. figg. 264, 265 (not t. 278. fig. 270)? ; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 16. fig. 143* & t. 17. fig. 149.
* Sowerby, Thes. Conch. iii. t. 268. fig. 96, and Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 3. fig. 20, represent,
under the name of H. sinwosa, a distinct angulate shell with coarser sculpture, which is perhaps a similar
deformity of another species.
HELICINA. 30
Hab. E. Mexico: on the volcano Orizaba 12,000 feet above the sca* (Sallé! 2);
Mexico 3 4,
12. Helicina funcki, |
Helicina funcki, Pfr. in P.Z. 8. 1848, p. 1217; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Helicina, no. 37, p. 33, t. 9. figg. 1, 2°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 361°; Sow. Thes.
Conch. ili. t. 273. fig. 27°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 17. fig. 152°.
Helicina funki (sic), Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 484, t. 40. fig. 7 (living animal) °.
Helicina tuncki (sic), Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 261"; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Conch. ii. p. 302°.
Hab. KE. Costa Rica: Talamanca, all the coast region and to the lower hills (Gabd °) ;
Costa Rica (Carmiol) ; Cache (Rogers).
Cotomsia 457, Santiago (Funck? 3, in coll. Cuming 1).
Variable in size. Gabb’s specimens are much larger than the type: according to
the figure they are 18 millim. in diam., Pfeiffer’s original one being 13} wmillim.;
Rogers's examples are 13-14, Carmiol’s scarcely 13 millim. Gabb’s specimens vary in
colour from straw-yellow to orange ; those collected by Rogers have the upper half of
the last whorl reddish, with fine reticulated white lines, and the lower half yellow, the
preceding whorls being either reddish or yellow. In general size and aspect this
species resembles H. zephyrina; but differs from it in its peristome being narrow and
more straight above, and rapidly increasing in width towards the periphery of the
whole shell.
13. Helicina chrysocheila.
Helicina chrysocheila, Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of the United States, ii. p. 354, t. 74.
fig. 4 (1851) '; Tryon, in Am. Journ. Conch. iv. p, 13, t. 18. fig. 24 (1869) *; Binney,
Land and Freshwater Shells of N. Am. pt. 3 (Smithson. Miscell. Coll. vii. no. 144), p. 110
(with woodcut) (1865) °; Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. v. in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
Harv. Coll. iv. t. 74. fig. 4 (as above) (1878); Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 197‘;
Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 33. fig. 294°.
Hab. 8.K. Unttep States: Texas 2 3 5,
N.E. Mexico: Tamaulipas (Couch); Tampico ?; Mexico 25.
Var. n. shutilewortht. (H. chrysocheila, Tab. I. fig. 13.)
Helicina chrysocheila, Shuttl. in Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 303 (Diagn. no. 3. p. 43) °; Pfr. Monogr.
Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 203.
Hab. ¥. Mexico, Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod ®*).
Pfeiffer regards H. chrysocheila, Binney, as without doubt distinct from H. chryso-
cheila, Shuttl.; the latter was published a year later, and the coincidence of the names
may be fortuitous. But on comparing Binney’s descriptions and figures with Shuttle-
* The height of this mountain exceeds 16,000 feet.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, June 1890. 5
84 MOLLUSCA.
worth’s original specimen, there are very few differences: chiefly the more elevated
figure of the former [diam. 10, height 8 millim., Binney (1865); diam. 9, height 63
millim. according to Shuttleworth—Binney’s figure, t. 74. fig. 4, is, therefore, somewhat
magnified]. I have never seen Binneyan specimens.
Binney ! and Pfeiffer 4 give “‘ United States (?) ” as the locality.
14. Helicina tenuis.
Helicina ambeliana, Sow. Thes. Conch. i. t. 1. fig. 19 (and fig. 26?) (nec Boissy) *.
Helicina tenuis, Pfr. in P. Z.S. 1848, p. 124? [nec C. B. Adams, Contribut. to Conchol. 1. p. 14
(1840) *]; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 47, p. 40, t. 7. figg.
38, 34°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 372*; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 269°.
Var. Helicina vernalis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 20 (1849)°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent, i.
p. 8727; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 96, p. 71, t. 10. figg.
12-14°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 269°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 273. fig. 273";
v. Mart. P. Z.S. 1875, p. 649”.
Var. Helicina chiapensis, Pfr. in P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 880"; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 198 "3
Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 272. figg. 255, 256™.
Helicina chiappensis (sic), Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 13. fig. 110”.
Var. Helicina lindeni, Pfr. in P. Z. S. 1848, p. 123"; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab.
ed. 2, Helicina, no. 67, p. 52, t. 8. figg. 25, 26 (not good)’; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i.
p. 388%; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 282"; Sow. Thes. Conch. ii. t. 272. figg. 258-260
(not t. 278. fig. 270, nor t. 278. fig. 409, nor the description) *; Tristr. P.Z.S. 1861,
p. 2337; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 18. fig. 112”; Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879,
p. 484°.
Hab. Cuntrat Mexico: Sayula in Jalisco, Irapuato near Guanajuato (Hoge).
E. Mexico: Soledad, between Cordova and Orizaba (banded specimens) (H@ge) ;
Mexico, without nearer indication of locality 51415 2022 (77. tenuis, var. B;
Pfeiffer *).
S.E. Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght 2 18) (normal and variegated specimens) ; Teapa
and San Juan Bautista in Tabasco (Hoge, H. H. Smith); Tapinapa (Lin-
den 16 18 19),
Yucatan 5 (coll. Cuming *).
N. Guatemata: Province of Peten’®%, in the woods (Morelet °); dense forests of
Cubilguitz, valley of the River de la Pasion (Champion); Coban (Salvin 1"):
San Gerénimo and the neighbouring mountains in Vera Paz (Salvin 21); Panzos,
Chacoj, and San Juan, all in the valley of the Polochic River, Purula (Cham-
pion) ; Guatemala 1°.
S. Guatemata: Totonicapam Mountains 8500 to 10,500 feet (small variety) ;
El Reposo 800 feet, Las Mercedes 3000 feet, Cerro Zunil 4000 feet, San Isidro
1600 feet, all on the Pacific slope; Zapote, on the slope of the Volcan de Fuego
(Champion).
* This belongs to the genus Trochatella.
HELICINA. 30
NicaRacua (Janson: young specimens). Probably also Toro Rapids, in the woods
(Gabb: H. turbinata, Angas, Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 159).
Costa Rica (Gadd 23).
This species has a wider geographical distribution than most others of the genus
Helicina. It is easily recognizable by the thin shell and the sharp tooth-like projec-
~ tion at the base of the columella. In size and colour it is variable. Most specimens
are unicolorous—pale yellowish, greenish, or reddish ; but many have two reddish-brown
bands, one near the suture, and one below the periphery. More variegated specimens,
speckled with white, are before me from Teapa in Tabasco, and Cerro Zunil, Las
Mercedes, and Chacoj in Guatemala. Sometimes the apex is vividly rose-coloured.
In Guatemala Mr. Champion captured examples of it on both the Atlantic and
Pacific slopes, at elevations from a little above the sea-level to 4000 feet; also at
' Totonicapam, in the Los Altos region, at a much greater altitude.
15. Helicina fragilis.
Helicina fragilis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 17 (1851)*; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 368’,
& ii. p. 195°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 266°.
Var. Helicina elata, Shuttl. in Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 304 (Diagn. no. 3, p. 44) °; Pfr. Monogr.
Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 201 °.
Var. Helicina merdigera (Sallé), Pfr. in P. Z.S. 1855, p. 1027; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 202 ° ;
Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 287, t. 272. figg. 243, 244 (magnified) °; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix.,
Helicina, t. 16. fig. 140".
? Helicina, nov. spec., Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 19, t. la. figg. 12,
12a, & t. 2. figg. 12, 12a”.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Jacot-Guillarmod®*°); Vera Cruz
(Sallé7 8); Vera Cruz, dead specimens found on the beach (Strebel 11) ; Mexico 9 1°.
W. Mexico: Omilteme in the Sierra Madre del Sur, State of Guerrero, 8000 feet (#7.
H. Smith).
N. GuateMa.a : Province of Peten 24, in the woods, under decayed leaves (Morelet ') ;
.Teleman, in the valley of the Polochic (Stoll, Champion); Purula 4000 feet
(Champion).
I have compared Shuttleworth’s typical specimen of H. elata, from Cordova, with
Stoll’s Guatemalan example, and the only differences I can find are, that the latter is
a little larger, more intensely coloured, and has a somewhat broader peristome.
This species resembles H. tenuis, but is much smaller. From H. flavida it is distinct
by the dentiform prominence at the base of the columella, resembling that of Z. tenuis.
Strebel’s unnamed species !! is closely allied, but somewhat larger and less elevated ;
the drawing of the base of the columella, seen from below, agrees exactly with Shuttle-
worth’s and Pfeiffer’s specimen of H. elata.
5*
36 MOLLUSCA.
16. Helicina succincta, sp. n. (Tab. I. figg. 6; 9, var.)
Testa globoso-conoidea, leviter spiratim sulcata, albida vel pallide rufescens, fusco-variegata; anfr. 5, con-
vexiusculi, sutura impressa, ultimus prope aperturam basi planulatus, angulo valde obtuso prope aperturam
evanescente cinctus; apertura diagonalis, triangulari-rotundata, peristomate incrassato, breviter expanso,
albo, margine columellari subperpendiculari, in tuberculum subrectangulum terminato, callo crasso, parvo,
circumscripto.
Diam. maj. 9-10, min. 73-9, alt. 84-10 millim. ; apert. diam. 4-43, alt. obliqua 5-6 millim. (fig. 6).
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova (Sallé, Hége) (fig. 6).
Var. minor, diam. 8, alt. 63 millim., rufescens, fusco-strigata (fig. 9).
Hab. EF. Mexico: Cuesta de Misantla (Mateo Trujillo) (fig. 9); Tlacolula, between
Las Vigas and Misantla (Hége).
Rather near H. arenicola, especially as regards the form of the peristome and colu-
mella ; but of larger size, with more elevated spire, remarkably coarser spiral structure,
and more reddish coloration. As the localities are also well separated, and I have
seen no intermediate forms, I feel obliged to keep them distinct; it is possible, how-
ever, that when additional examples are obtained they may prove to run one into
the other.
17. Helicina raresulcata.
Helicina raresulcata, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 173 (1861); Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p. 228°,
& iv. p. 269°; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 19, t. la. fig. 9, & t. 2.
fige. 9, 9a’. |
Hab. E. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Berendt!*); Vera Cruz, on the plain inland of the sand-
hills, on the leaves and stalks of a stinging shrub called “ mala muger ” (Strebel *).
18. Helicina arenicola.
Helicina arenicola, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 211; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch,-Cab.
ed. 2, Helicina, no. 99, p. 78, t. 10. figg. 24-277; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 366°;
Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 265*; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 286, t. 271. fig. 303°; Reeve,
Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 28. fig. 250°.
Hab. N. Yucatan : Sisal, in sandy localities * 4 (Morelet 1).
The habitat “Cuba” quoted by Sowerby® and Reeve® is erroneous; Morelet
described in the same pamphlet! several Cuban species, but to this he expressly
attributes the locality given above.
19. Helicina punctisulcata, sp. n. (Tab. I. fig. 10.)
Testa conoidea, subangulata, sulcis tenuibus subdistantibus punctiferis sculpta, nitidula, rufescens, interdum
fusco-fasciata, subtus pallidior ; spira conica, rufa; apertura diagonalis, triangulari-semicircularis, peri-
stomate incrassato, leviter expanso, albo, margine columellari brevi, subperpendiculari, basi subangulato,
callo parvo, flavo.
Diam. maj. 9, min. 73, alt. 7} millim.; apert. diam. 44, alt. obliqua 4 millim.
pose)
HELICINA. 37
Hab. W. Mnxico: Omilteme 8000 feet, on the Sierra Madre del Sur, State of Guerrero,
Pacific side of the main Cordillera (H. H. Smith). |
The suture of the upper whorls appears in some specimens slightly crenulated.
20. Helicina durangoana.
Helicina durangoana, Mousson, in Journ. de Conch. xxxi. p. 218. t. 9. fig. 8 (1883) *.
Helicina, sp., Binney, Land~ and Freshwater Shells of N. Am. pt. 3 (Smithson. Miscell. Coll. vii.
no. 144), p. 116, with woodcut (shell, operculum, and radula) (1865) *.
Testa turbinato-conoidea, subangulata, superne leviter spiratim sulcata, albida, nitidiuscula ; spira conica ;
anfr, 53, convexiusculi; apertura paullum obliqua, rotundato-triangularis, peristomate breviter expanso,
albo, superne subsinuato, basali tenui, margine columellari subobliquo, basi in tuberculum prominulum
terminato, extus foveolato, callo parvo, crasso, diffuso.
Diam. maj. 10, min. 84, alt. 8 millim.; apert. diam. 54, lat. 44 millim.
Hab. Cuntran N. Mexico: Sierra Madre (Xantus!); Ventanas, in the State of
Durango 2000 feet (Forrer).
Approaches somewhat H. sowerbyana, Pfr., but is much smaller and more conically
elevated, and may be better joined to a Mexican than to a Guatemalan series.
lV. Delicatule.
Globoso-conicee, flavee, minutim striatule, parve, nitide.
21. Helicina delicatula.
Helicina delicatula, Shuttl. in Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 803 (Diagn. no. 3, p. 48)*; Pfr. Monogr.
Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 193”.
Helicina heloise (Sallé), Pfr. in P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 322, t. 35. fig. 17°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii.
-p. 202*; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 288, t. 272. figg. 253, 254°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix.,
Helicina, t. 18. fig. 111 (magnified) °.
Helicina flavida, var., Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 17, t. 1a. figg.10c, d,
t. 2. fig. 1057. |
Hab. ¥:. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Jacot-Guillarmod | 2, Sallé* 4, Hoge) ;
Vera Cruz (Strebel); Mexico 5°®,
S. Central Mexico: San Carlos, east of Oaxaca (Hége).
Var. albida, peristomate crassiore.
Hab. Ki. Mexico: Atoyac hills, near Cordova, Vera Cruz (fHége).
One of the handsomest species, glossy yellow, with or without a red-brown, more or
less broad band. I have compared Shuttleworth’s original specimen : it is somewhat
worn (and is, therefore, not so glossy as fresh ones) and several lines of growth are
rather strongly marked, which explains Shuttleworth’s: words “obsolete et grosse
plicatula” ; in other respects there is no appreciable difference.
In the variety the whole shell is somewhat thicker, white, with or without band;
the callus in the banded specimen is orange. .
38 MOLLUSCA.
92. Helicina oweniana. (Tab. I. figg. 11, 12.)
a. genuina : subelate conoidea, pallida, peristomate aurantio; subinde unifasciata (fig. 12).
Helicina oweniana, Pfr. in P. Z. S. 1848, p. 128'; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Helicina, no. 48, p. 40, t. 7. figg. 35, 36°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 373° (excl. var.)
& ii. p. 199; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 270°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 287, t. 272. figg.
241, 242°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 16. figg. 144°.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght 1234); Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).
b. coccinostoma: globoso-conoidea, alba, citrina vel fulva absque fasciis, peristomate coccineo.
Helicina coccinostoma, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 19 (1849)"; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 289, t. 273.
figg. 295, 296°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 20. fig. 173 (magnified) °*.
Helicina oweniana, var. 6, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 373°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn.
p- 270".
Hab. N. Guatemata: Province of Peten 4! (Morelet 7 1°).
c. anozona : subglobosa, rubescens vel fulvescens, zona suturali pallida, peristomate luteo (fig. 11).
Helicina oweniana, Tristr. in P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 233.
Helicina anozona, v. Mart. in P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 649.
Hab. N. AND CenTRAL GUATEMALA: Coban (Salvin 1213) ; Cubilguitz, Northern Vera
Paz (Champion) ; Teleman, in the valley of the Polochic River (Stol/).
These three forms can be well distinguished in the majority of specimens ; but there are
_ also some others which are intermediate between them, either in colour or in shape.
All those I have seen have a similar fine sculpture.
23. Helicina notata.
Helicina notata (Sallé), Pfr. in P. Z. S. 1856, p. 328, t. 35. figg. 18-20"; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent.
ii. p. 203°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iil. p. 287, t. 272. figg. 2389, 240°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix.,
Helicina, t. 81. fig. 276 *.
Hab. E. Muxico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé1?); Atoyac (Hoge); Mexico 3 4,
Easily recognizable by a peculiar dark red spot on the back of the penultimate
whorl above the suture, the rest of the shell being unicolorous yellow. The specific
name probably refers to this mark; but it is not even mentioned in Pfeiffer’s descrip-
tion, although visible in the specimens in his collection. The malleated surface is
somewhat like that of many specimens of H. tenuis; the spiral ridges bring it near to
HH. succincta.
24. Helicina flavida.
Helicina flavida, Menke, Synops. Moll. ed. 1, p. 79 (1828) *, ed. 2, p. 182 (1830)?; Sow. Thes.
Conch. i. p. 9, t. 3. figg. 117, 184°, & iil. p. 287, t. 272. figg. 283-236'; Pfr. in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 52, p. 42, t. 1. figg. 31, 82, & t. 5. fige, 28-
HELICINA. 39
30°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 376°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 2727; v. Mart. in
Malak. Blitt. xii. p. 10 (1865) *°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 287, t. 272. figg. 233-236°;
Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 16. fig. 145°; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver.
Hamb. vi. 1, p. 16 (excl. var.), t. 1 a, figg. 10, 10a, 108, & t. 2. fig. 10%.
? Helicina ambieliana, de Boissy, in Guérin’s Mag. Zool. 1835, t. 68”; Potiez et Michaud, Galerie d.
Moll. i. p. 228. t. 23. fig. 2.
Helicina trossula, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 19 ™.
Var. Helicina strebeli, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 173 (1861) %; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii.
p- 2382"°; Strebel, loc. cit. p. 18, t. la & t. 2. fig. 117.
Var. Helicina brevilabris, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1856, p. 380; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 204”;
Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 33. fig. 296 (magnified) *°.
Hab. Ceytrau Mexico: Cuernavaca (H. H. Smith).
E. Mexico: Papantla (Deppe & Schiede*®); Vera Cruz and Misantla (Strebel 1) ;
Mirador (Berendt * 16; Strebel 16 1”); Cordova, Atoyac, and Cuesta de Misantla
(Hoge) ; Tabasco (Hage); Teapa and San Juan Bautista in Tabasco (H. H. ree
S.E. Mexico: Chiapas 2° (Ghiesbreght 18 19).
N. GuaTEMALA: Province of Peten? (Morelet 4); Coban (Salvin) ; Senahu, north of
the Polochic Valley (Champion); Guatemala 4? 1°,
Var.: viridula, elatior.
Helicina beatriz, Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 484, t. 40. fig. 13”.
Hab. Costa Rica: on the hills, up to an elevation of 2500 feet (Gadd 21).
The general colour is very variable in this species—whitish, yellow, pale red, or even
somewhat greenish,—often without band, often with a narrow one, few specimens with
a broad one like H. heloise. H. beatriz seems to be somewhat more elongate; its
colour approaches that of H. anozona; a similar coloration—greenish, the penultimate
whorl red—is also seen in specimens from Misantla, the form of which is that of the
typical flavida.
Some of the older conchologists ®7 1? give also Jamaica, Cuba, and the island of
Tobago as habitats of this species; but these assertions are not corroborated by
later researches. J. trochulina, Orb., from Puerto Rico and ? Cuba, is, indeed, nearly
allied, but remarkably thinner, almost diaphanous, and more elongate.
V. Elate trochiformes.
25. Helicina chryseis. (Tab. I. fig. 14.)
Helicina chryseis, Tristr. in P.Z. 8. 1861, p. 233°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p, 238°.
Hab. GUATEMALA: mountain-forests of Vera Paz? (Salvin +).
Distinguished from the other small yellow conoidal species by the distinct angulation
and the dull somewhat rough (not glossy) surface.
40 MOLLUSCA.
VI. Depresse.
26. Helicina borealis, sp.n. (Tab. I. fig. 15.)
Testa depressa, subleevis, striatula, alba, superne maculis griseis biseriatis plus minusve obsoletis picta; spira
breviter conoidea, apice prominulo ; anfr. 5, ultimus rotundatus, infra paullo magis convexus ; apertura
parva, valde semicircularis, peristomate incrassato, brevissime expanso, margine columellari brevi, sub-
perpendiculari, in angulum prominulum terminata, callo crasso, cireumscripto.
Diam. maj. 10-12, min. 83-9, alt. 7 millim.; apertura diam. 43-5, lat. 5-53 millim.
Hab. N. CuntraL Mexico: Villa Lerdo in Durango, in an open country with patches
of Mimose (Hége).
Approaches in form H. guadelupensis, Sow.
27. Helicina sanguinea. |
Helicina sanguinea, Pfr. in P. Z. 8. 1848, p. 124°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Helicina, no. 10, p. 17, t. 8. figg. 20, 21°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 345°; Gray,
Cat. Phaneropn. p. 249°; Sow. Thes. Conch. ili. p. 292, t. 275. fige. 364, 865°; Reeve,
Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 20. figg. 178°.
Hab. Honpuras ®® (Dyson ® 4).
28. Helicina dysoni.
Helicina dysoni, Pfr. in P.Z. 8. 1848, p.121*; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Helcina, no, 63, p. 49, t. 3. figg. 36-39? ; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 384°; Gray,
Cat. Phaneropn. p. 278%.
Hab. VENEZUELA : Cumana (Dyson 3),
Var. a: minor.
Helicina dysoni, vars. B-6, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p- 884°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, no. 63, p. 49, t. 8. figg. 27-32°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p- 286, t. 271.
figg. 218, 214”.
Hab. Honpuras’ (Dyson).
Var, b: subglobosa,
Helicina bocourti, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch, xvii. p. 251 (1869) *
Hab. British Honpuras: Belize (Bocourt ®),
Var. ¢, jansoni, v. Mart.: distincte angulosa (diam. maj. 5, alt. 4, apert. 2 millim.) (Tab. I. fig. 16.)
Hab. Honpuras: Island of Bonacca, Bay of Honduras (Gauwmer).
The type is stated to be from Cumana, Venezuela, by Dr. Pfeiffer 1 3, According to
Mr. Bland the same species occurs also on the island of Trinidad, on the coast of
Venezuela, and has been described by J. L. Guppy [Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) xiv.
HELICINA. 4]
(1864), p. 247, and (3) xvii. (1866), p. 47] as H. barbata. Ihave seen no Venezuelan
specimens,
Sowerby’s figures 217 & 218, Thes. Conch. iii. t. 271, of a shell from the island of
St. Thomas, and Reeve’s fig. 250, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 29, seem not to belong
to this species, as they are too much pointed at the tip.
VII. Spiratim lirate, unidentate. (Poenia, H. & A. Adams.)
29. Helicina lirata. (Tab. I. fig. 18, showing anim.)
Helicina lirata, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 150’; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab.
ed. 2, Helicina, no. 6, p. 14, t. 4. figg. 40-43 °; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 341° & un.
p. 180*; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 246°; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 281, t. 268. figg. 88,
89°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 14. fig. 1217; Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw.
Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 21, t. 1a, & t. 2. figg. 8, 8a"; Tristr. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 413°.
Helicina lyrata, Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 484°.
Helicina unidentata (Pfr.), Sow. loc. cit. t. 268. fig. 87"'; Reeve, loc. cit. t. 14. fig. 122”.
Hab. E. Muxico: Vera Cruz, at the ‘“bajadas,” on the ground beneath shrubs
(Strebel 8).
S.& S.E. Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght +) ; Teapa and San Juan Bautista in Tabasco
(H. H. Smith).
Yooatan °7 (Hegewisch 135),
N. GUATEMALA: mountain forests of Vera Paz (Salvin ®).
S. GuaTEeMALA : Retalhuleu, in the woods, on the ground, never ascending plants (Stol/).
Venezve.a (Tams, Engel, and Starke, in mus. Berol.).
Var.
Helicina rusticella, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 21 (1849) *.
Helicina unidentata, var., Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 341“; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 246”.
Hab. Yucatan: Island of Carmen, in the Gulf of Campeche (Morelet 13141).
Var.
Helicina unidentata, Pfr. in P.Z. S. 1848, p. 124°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Helicina, no. 5, p. 14, t. 9. figg. 14-17'7; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 341; Gray, Cat.
Phaneropn. p. 346 °.
Hab. Wonrpuras (Dyson 16 17),
Var.
Helicina semistriata, Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 281, t. 268. fig. 86%; Tate, in Am. Journ.
Conch. v. p. 159 (1870) *.
Hab. N. Panama: Boca del Toro, Chiriqui, in the woods and coco-nut groves (@abb").
It seems that the distinction between the above-named species cannot be maintained.
According to Pfeiffer’s original figures, H. wnidentata is rather flat and more rounded
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Apri/ 1891. 6
42 MOLLUSCA.
than H. lirata, and the spiral ridges are said to be alternately weak and strong in
H. unidentata 38; but the specimens in Pfeiffer’s collection show no remarkable differ-
ence from H. lirata. Sowerby’s and Reeve’s H. unidentata do not agree at all with
Pfeiffer’s; they are even somewhat more elevated than their H. lirata.
H. semistriata is said to be smooth below; but HA. lirata, H. unidentata, and
H. rusticella are conspicuously glossy and only faintly ridged on the under surface.
VIL. Dubious Helicine.
Of small size, with thin straight peristome (/desa, H. & A. Adams): these, perhaps,
representing only the young state of other species.
_ Helicina antoni.
Helicina antoni, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1848, p. 88°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab.
ed. 2, Helicina, no. 55, p. 44, t. 5. figg. 85-38°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 377°; Gray,
Cat. Phaneropn. p. 273*; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 285, t. 270. fig. 181 (male)’; Reeve,
Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 19. fig. 165 °.
Hab. Honpuras °° (Dyson 1? 4).
Helicina diaphana.
Helicina diaphana, Pfr. P.Z.S8. 1850, p. 98'; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 384°; Gray, Cat.
Phaneropn. p. 279°; Sow. Thes. Conch. ili. p. 291, t. 275. fig. 341*; Reeve, Conch. Icon.
xix., Helicina, t. 28. fig. 251°.
Hab. Honpuras *° (Dyson ! 23).
Helicina exigua.
Helicina exigua, Ptr. P. Z. S. 1848, p. 121°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 353°; Gray, Cat.
Phaneropn. p. 255° (nec H. exigua, Homb. & Jacq.).
Hab. Honpuras (Dyson } 23).
Helicina microdina.
Helicina microdina, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 18 (1851)’; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i.
p. 854°; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 256°.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Vera Paz?, common (Morelet ! 2),
Helicina mohriana.
Helicina mohriana, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 172 (1861)'; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iii. p. 2197
Hab. E. Mexico: Orizaba? (Mohr ').
SCHASICHILA. 43
SCHASICHILA.
Schasicheila, Shuttleworth, in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 301 (Diagn. no. 3, p. 41).
Near Helicina, but covered with a thick dark periostracum forming spiral rows of
membranaceous rays; upper edge of the aperture obliquely cut off; umbilical callus
small; operculum pointed above and below, the lower point overtopping the edge of
the aperture.
Nearly peculiar to Mexico and Central America; only an aberrant species on the
Bahama Islands.
Series lacini
Nomen. ee periostraci, um Forma. Anfr. supp. Diam. Alt. Patria.
: millim. millim.
nicoleti, Shutil. .... 3 subangulata. non convexi. 15-17 | 10-124 | E. Mexico.
pannucea, Morel. ..| parum distincte. ” » 10-12 8-9 | E. Mexico; Gua-
temala.
alata, Pfr. ........ 4-5 rotundata. convexi; sutura 10 8-9 E. Mexico.
profunda.
1. Schasichila nicoleti.
Schasicheila nicoleti, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 302 (Diagn. no. 3, p. 42)1; Pfr. Novit.
Conch. i. p. 89, t. 25. figg. 7-9°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 220°.
Helicina nicoleti, Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. p. 280, t. 267. fig. 67 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina,
t. 13. fig. 109.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Jacot-Guillarmod!*, Sallé*); Cerro
de Plumas, near Cordova, Jalapa (Hége).
M. Nicolet, in La Chaux de Fonds, Neufchatel, gave specimens of this shell to
Shuttleworth in the year 1845.
2. Schasichila pannucea.
Helicina pannucea, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 21 (1849)’; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 369,
footnote*; Sow. Thes. Conch. iii. t. 267. figg. 68, 69°.
Schasicheila pannucea, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 301 (Diagn. no. 3, p. 41) *.
Schasichila pannucea, v. Mart. P. Z.S. 1875, p. 649 °.
Helicina alata (Sow.), Reeve, Conch. Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 13. fig. 107 °.
Schasicheila alata, H. & A. Adams, Gen. rec. Moll. ii. p. 306, t. 87. figg. 6, 6a (operculum)’ ;
Tristr. P. Z. 8S. 1863, p. 412°.
Hab. N. Cuntrat Mexico: Aguas Calientes (£dége).
E. Mexico: Jalapa (Hége).
N. Guatemata: San Luis, province of Peten(Morelet 17); Coban, Vera Paz (Salvin ® §);
Senahu, in the mountains north of the Polochic valley (Champion).
S. GuatemMaLA: El Reposo 800 feet, above Champerico, Pacific slope (Champion).
6*
44 MOLLUSCA.
3. Schasichila alata.
Helicina alata (Menke), Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1848, p. 87 1. Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. ed. 2, Helicina, no. 54, p. 43, t. 5. figg. 18-207; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. i. p. 368 °,
ii. p. 221‘; Gray, Cat. Phaneropn. p. 267°; Sow. Thes. Conch. t. 267. figg. 65, 66 *.
Schasicheila alata, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 301 (Diagn. no. 8, p. 41) *.
Helicina (Schasicheila) alata, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 10 (1865) °.
Schasichila alata, Strebel, Abhandl. Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 23, t. 4. fig. 7 -
Helicina pannucea, Reeve, Conch, Icon. xix., Helicina, t. 13. fig. 108 (nec Morelet) *.
Hab. E. Mexico: Mexico (Menke 134°); Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé**, Hoge) ;
Vera Cruz (Friedel 8) ; Mirador and San Cristobal near Orizaba (Strebel); Atoyac
(H. H. Smith); Jalapa (Hége).
PROSERPINA.
Procerpena, Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840, p. 90.
Proserpina, Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus. ed. 1842, p. 90; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 18.
Shell depressed, with basal callus as in Helicina ; peristome simple, inner margin
ending in a plait; revolving lamelle inside the aperture. No operculum.
Subgen. Ceres: Superne sculpturata, carinata ; faux utrinque trilamellata.
|
Nomen. Spira. Coloratio. Sculptura supera. Diam. maj. Alt. | Patria.
millim, | millim. |
eolina, Ducl. ....| subplana. pallide aurantia, cuti- | rugulis confertis, antror-| 23-24 9 10 | E. Mexico.
cula albescente. sum descendentibus. |
salleana, Gray ..| conoidea. ” striis aperture parallelis, | 22-23 12 | E. Mexico.
subgranulosis.
Subg. Prosrrprnetta: Utrinque polita, non carinata; lamella 1 parietali.
|
cula.
|
berendti, Bland...| convexius- alba. | ad suturam plicatula. 3 13 E. Mexico.
The whole genus confined to the islands and shores of the Caribbean Sea and
Mexican Gulf; the two subgenera peculiar to E. Mexico.
Subgenus Ceres, Gray.
Ceres, Gray, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 102.
1. Proserpina (Ceres) eolina.
Carocolla eolina, Duclos, in Guérin’s Mag. Zool. 1833 (dated 1834), Class V. t. 30* (copied in
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, ii. p. 11, t. 100. fig. 10).
Odontostoma (Carocolla) eolinum, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 117.
PROSERPINA. 45
Proserpina eolina, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 290°.
Ceres eolina, Gray, P. Z.S. 1856, p.102*; Pfr. P.Z. S. 1856, t. 35. figg. 28, 24°; Novit. Conch.
i. p. 92, t. 25. figg. 1-3 °.
Ceres eolina, Pfr. Monogr. Auric. Vivent. p. 168’.
Hab. E. Mexico: Mexico 3 (Férussac*), State of Vera Cruz (Sallé1); Cerro de Plumas,
near Cordova (fHége).
2. Proserpina (Ceres) sallezana.
Ceres salleana, Gray, P.Z.S. 1856, pp. 100, 102 (woodcut of the radula)*; Pfr. Monogr. Auric.
Vivent. p. 168°; Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv. p. 295 °.
Proserpina (Ceres) salleana, Pfr. P Z. 8. 1856, p. 322, t. 35. figg. 21, 22*; Novit. Conch. i. p. 93,
t. 25. figg. 4-6°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz, in dense woods under leaves (Sallé 17° *);
Huatusco, barranca de Dos Puentes (Mohr*); Cerro de Plumas, with the preceding
and in greater number (/dége).
Colour on the whole and disposition of the lamelle quite the same as in the pre-
ceding ; perhaps only a sexual difference.
Subgen. PRosERPINELLA, Bland.
Proserpinella, Bland, Ann. Lyc. N. York, viii. p. 157 (1865).
3. Proserpina (Proserpinella) berendti.
Proserpinella berendti, Bland, in Ann. Lyc. N. York, viii. p. 157, fig. 2 (1865)*; Strebel, Abhandl.
Geb. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. vi. 1, p. 11, t. 4. fig.5°; Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. iv.
p- 297°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Mirador, Atlantic slope, 3000 to 4000 feet (Berendt | 3, Strebel),
GASTROPODA PULMONATA MONOICA.
Sexes united. No operculum.
STYLOMMATOPHORA.
Two pairs of feelers, the eyes on the tip of the upper ones.
Fam. AGNATHA.
No jaw. Teeth of the radula aculeiform, in oblique rows, median tooth very
small or absent.
46 MOLLUSCA.
STREBELIA.
Strebelia, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvi. p. 90 (1868).
Shell cornet-like, paucispiral, subcylindrical, smooth, shining ; aperture large ; inner
edge of the aperture simple, arcuated; columella thin, not truncate. Animal three
times the length of the shell, warty, with a median furrow on the back; no labial
palps. Teeth of the radula pointed, with a blunt prominence at the inner side; middle
tooth present.
Only one species.
1. Strebelia berendti.
Physella berendti, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 71, t. 1. figg. 1-4 (1861)*; Berendt, ibid. xii. p. 207°;
Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. ii. p. 73, fig. 118°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent.
v. p. 40%.
Strebelia berendti, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xvi. p. 90 (1868)’; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, p. 12, t. 1. figg. 1, la, 6°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii.
p. 3, t. 4. fig. 1’, iii. pp. 5, 9, t. 1. figg. 1-10, t. 2. figg. 1-11 (anatomy) *.
Hab. E. Mexico: Mirador and Coscomatepec, at the roots of trees (Berendt, Strebel,
and Sartorius!~7); Pacho near Jalapa, in a wood, beneath rotten leaves and moss
on the ground (Dota Estefania *); Mexico, without nearer indication of locality
(Hoge).
GLANDINA.
Glandina, Schumacher, Essai N. Syst. p. 202 (1817); Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 27 (1852).
Polyphemus, Montf. 1810 (nec O. Fr. Miller, 1785) ; Cochlicopa, Fér. 1821, part.; Oleacina (Bolten,
inedit. 1798), Gray, 1847.
Shell oblong or ovate, more or less fusiform, imperforate, usually with granulate or
costulated sculpture, which is more distinctly expressed in the upper part of the whorls
below the suture, with a thin fugacious periostracum (epidermis); mostly unicolorous.
Aperture elliptico-oblong, much narrower above, the outer margin simple; columella
arcuated forwards and abruptly truncate below. Living animal elongated in its fore
part; eye-peduncles ending in a swelling, which is obliquely inflexed and prolonged
beyond the eyes; rather long labial palps, besides the four feelers. Teeth of the radula
narrow, spiniform ; a small median tooth. Carnivorous, nocturnal.
Good figures of the living animal and an account of its anatomy are to be found in
Fischer & Crosse’s Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. pp. 70-82, t. 3. fig. 2a, & t. 2. fig. 12 a;
and in H. Strebel’s Beitr. z. Kenntniss der Fauna Mexik. Land- und Siisswasser-
Conchylien, iii. pp. 35-44, t. 10. figg. 8-17, tabb. 11, 13-21, 22. fig. 1. |
_ The distinction of sections and species is remarkably difficult in this genus, as the
general shape is somewhat inconstant in the same species, and the characters taken
GLANDINA. 47
from the sculpture, the varices, and the columella, good as they are in themselves, show
many degrees of variation according to the different species. The sculpture consists
generally of vertical (longitudinal) plaits, riblets, or striz, crossed by spiral impressed
furrows. If both are strongly expressed, the sculpture may be termed “ plexa” (braided);
in some species the spiral furrows are very weak, scarcely discernible under an ordinary
lens, and in others they seem to be wanting throughout. It is not easy to clearly
describe these gradations in a few words, and therefore only the extremes are mentioned
in the adjoining table. The varices are interruptions of growth, marked by an impres-
sion and by colour, either a dark streak alone or a dark streak preceded by a pale one:
they are very distinct and numerous in some species, more or less rare and obsolete in
others; so that it is not at all satisfactory to form two sections in this genus by the
presence or absence of varices, as Fischer and Crosse have done.
Many species have been described only from one or a few examples, and not
figured; they have been admitted and handed down from work to work by subse-
quent writers, who have themselves described new species, without the possibility
of comparing the specimens. As it is rather difficult in this genus to determine the
species from description alone, and many of them present considerable individual
variations, it is to be feared that several species have been twice or thrice introduced
as new, and that the actual number of species is not really so large. I have fortunately
been able to compare the typical specimens of Shuttleworth’s species (kindly lent me
by Prof. Th. Studer of Berne), some of Pfeiffer’s types (lent me by Dr. H. Dohrn), and
drawings of others in the British Museum (kindly furnished by Edgar Smith), with the
material of the Berlin Museum, which includes Albers’s and many of Strebel’s types,
and with the shells collected by Messrs. Salvin, Godman, and their friends in various
parts of Mexico and Central America. ‘This has enabled me to trace many well-charac-
terized species through various localities, and to diminish the number of so-called
species by reducing some to mere synonyms or subordinate varieties. On the other
hand, I have been compelled, somewhat against my wish, to name several new species
on single or few specimens; and to admit species proposed by previous authors, without
being able to indicate very striking differences. In this genus, as in many others, it
seems to be very difficult, or rather impossible, to draw a clear line of distinction
between local variations and nearly allied species. Only one who can observe many
specimens in various localities, and one who is well acquainted with the minute
differences, can hope to settle this question. At all events, I have been able by the
help of my friends to figure many—true or pretended—species which have not hitherto
been figured, and were therefore scarcely recognizable by the practical conchologist.
The Mexican and Central-American species of this genus may be arranged as
follows :—
A. Pleve: sculpture more distinctly granoso-reticulate; aperture
large; sizeratherlarge . . . 2. . . . . . ee. imdusiata, vanuremi,
sowerbyana, coulteri, cuneus, aurata.
48 MOLLUSCA.
B. Marginate: elongate; suture marked by a well-limited bandlet ;
size rather large . . . . . . . . . . ss ss . fusiformis, ghiesbreghti,
decussata, tenella, cumingi, carmenensis.
C. Turrite: elongate ; aperture rather short; size variable. . . liebmanni, audebardi,
isabellina, longula, pinicola, turris, mazatlanica,
pseudoturris, anomala, simplex, conularis,
excavata, largillierti, multispira, oblonga, bellula.
D. Lanceolate : elongate, but the ast whorl more convex; generally
intensely coloured . . . . . . . .. Cdanceolata, aurantiaca,
decidua.
E. Biconice: spire shorter, tapering; last whorl swollen; pale
coloured, with distinct varices ; outer margin of the aperture
often angularly produced ; size moderate. . . . . . . cordovana, delicatula,
conferta, speciosa, ambigua, ? tortillana.
F. Turgide: ovate, apex rather obtuse ; size moderate or small . orizabe, turgida, filosa,
fischeri, sulcifera, albersi, mitriformis, monilifera,
obtusa, stigmatica, nana.
G. Difficiles: columella distinctly twisted . . . . . . . . diffcilis.
G. striata and G. plicatula will find their place in the subdivision B, Marginate ;
G. truncata may be placed either in C, Turrite, or in F, Turgide, the variety parallela
agreeing better with the former, the var. dudlata with the latter.
It must be agreed that these groups run very much one into the other, and that it is
very difficult, or almost impossible, to characterize them more precisely, but they will
perhaps help somewhat to determine single species.
The peculiar features of the living animal were first described by Say in 1831, the
anatomical characters by Raymond and Ad. Schmidt in 1853. The known species were
first enumerated as forming a distinct subdivision by Férussac in 1821, and then asa
genus by Morelet in 1852; whereas Bolten and Montfort, and even Schumacher himself,
founded their genera only on one species, and that an aberrant one (G. glans, Brug.).
The geographical distribution of the genus Glandina is predominantly Central-
American, the majority of the species, including the largest; being found there. A few
species, nearly allied, inhabit the northern part of South America, one only, G. striata,
extending to the southern half of that continent; in the southern states of North
America three species are found, G. truncata (with several varieties), G. corneola, and
G. texasiana.
The West-Indian Islands have a number of species, which differ more or less consi-
derably from the continental ones; they belong to distinct subgenera, as Varicella and
Oleacina sensu stricto.
Within the limits of Mexico and Central America they are almost equally numerous
and well deveioped on the Atlantic slope of Mexico proper (EK. Mexico) and in
Guatemala, the two provinces which have been most diligently and successfully
investigated; the species of both these districts are partly the same, partly not very
different from one another. G. sowerbyana extends, so far as we know, from the State
GLANDINA. 49
of Vera Cruz into that of Panama. The central plateau of Mexico seems to be
essentially poorer in this genus than the rich eastern slope; whereas in Guatemala
the northern limestone regions are even richer than the volcanic slopes to the Pacific,
and have generally the same species.
Geographical Distribution of the American Continental Species of Glandina.
Southern States of N. America
N.E. Mexico
N.W. Mexico
Central Mexico .
E. Mexico
S.W.& 8S. Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca,
Tehuantepec)
Chiapas
Tabasco
Yucatan . Loe
N. Guatemala (limestone) .
Central Guatemala (metamorph.) .
S. Guatemala (volc.)
Honduras
Salvador .
Central Nicaragua .
W. Nicaragua
Costa Rica
EK. Panama
Colombia .
Venezuela
Guiana...
Ecuador, E. Per
Bolivia
? Brazil . . . . .
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Te
«
truncata (incl. parallela & bullata), (?) vanuxemi,
corneola, texasiana.
longula.
liebmanni var. insignis, mazatlanica, excavata, albersi,
(2) turris. .
coulteri, liebmanni, audebardi (a), fischeri, sayulana.
vanuxem (incl. var. guttata), sowerbyana, coulteri,
tenella, audebardi (a, b, c), longula var. jalapana,
(?) filosa, orizabe, lineata, monilifera var. pulcher-
rima, ? difficilis, gracilis, cordovana, delicatula, con-
ferta, speciosa, ambigua, nana, stigmatica, marga-
ritacea, modesta, perpusilla,
indusiata, vanuxemi, sowerbyana, cuneus, liebmanni,
cognata, radula, audebardi (a, d), lanceolata, pseudo-
turris, simplex, decidua, turgida, multispira, conferta,
monilifera.
ghiesbreghti, monilifera, pulchella.
(?) cumingi (a,b).
carmenensis, largilliertt.
sowerbyana, aurata, fusiformis, decussata, cumingi (b),
largillierti, monilifera.
aurata, pinicola.
carmenensis, sowerbyana, fusiformis, cumingi (a, b).
cumingt var. rubromarginata, carmenensis.
no species known hitherto.
cumingi var. rosea & var. flavida.
obtusa.
sowerbyana, (?) aurata, cumingi var. rubromarginata,
(?) isabellina, (?) largilkerti, aurantiaca, anomala,
mitriformis.
sowerbyana.
stiibeli, striata, isabellina (Strebel, nec Pfr.), ornata,
lucida, plicatula.
plicatula, subvaricosa.
striata, fulminea.
striata, cylindrus, saccata.
striata.
striata.
rr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Apri/ 1891. 7
MOLLUSCA.
50
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51
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MOLLUSCA.
52
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53
GLANDINA.
*BYV
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54 MOLLUSCA.
A. Plexe.
1. Glandina indusiata. (Tab. II. figg. 1, 1a.)
Oleacina indusiata, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1860, p. 188°; Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 79 (1861) *; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. vi. p. 284°.
Glandina indusiata (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 121, t. 6. fig. 14.
Glandina truncata, var., Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 6, t. 3. fig. 3 e°.
Hab. CuntTRaAL Mexico: Angangueo in Michoacan, a young specimen (Deppe®).
S. Mexico: La Parada in Oaxaca (Sallé1+), Oaxaca (Hoge).
Easily recognizable by its ventricose form and comparatively very feeble sculpture.
The relative width of the last whorl is somewhat variable, as will be seen by comparing
the two figures.
2. Glandina vanuxemi. (Tab. lI. figg. 2a, 26, 2c.)
Achatina vanuxemensis, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v. p. 84, t. 19. fig. 78 (1832)!; Pfr. Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. i. p. 294°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 18. fig. 48 °,
Achatina (Glandina) vanuxemensis (Lea), Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. iii. p. 91 *.
Glandina vanucemensis (Lea), Albers, Die Helic. p. 198°; Binney, Terr. air-breathing Moll. U.S.
il. p. 299, t. 62. fig. 1°; Binney & Bland, Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. i. p. 15,
fig. 4"; Binney, Man. of Am. Land-Shells, p. 347°.
Oleacina vanuxemensis (Lea), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 36°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 643 °°.
Glandina vanuxemii, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 226, t. 16. fig. 6"; Fischer & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 100"; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch.
li. p. 14”.
Achatina coronata, Pfr. in Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1846, p. 158%; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii.
p. 293"; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, no. 77,' p. 844, t. 88.
figg. 1, 2°.
Glandina coronata (Pfr.), Albers, Die Helic. p. 198‘; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii, p- 10 (1865) *;
Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 101"; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land-
und Siissw.-Conch. ii. pp. 13, 14, t. 3. figg. 9, 9a, 6”; iii. pp. 7, 45 (anat.), & t. 11. fig. 3
(radula) **.
Oleacina coronata (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 833”; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 642”, & vi.
p- 282.
Hab. Centran Mexico: Volcan de Mexicalcingo 400 to 500 feet above the plateau
(Deppe & Schiede1*); Cuernavaca, Tehuacan (Hége); Mexico, without nearer
indication of locality (Vanuxem 1-4, Liebmann 14 15 16),
S.W. & S. Mexico: Omilteme in Guerrero (H. H. Smith); Oaxaca (Hoge); Juquila,
west of Oaxaca 74,
The Omilteme examples have the spire somewhat more slender and the coloration
darker; they reach the large size of long. 100, diam. 42, apert. 58 millim., and show
in younger specimens the peculiar coloration of small whitish spots and dark brown
short spiral lines in front of them very distinctly.
The species is said to occur also in Texas 7 8 11,
GLANDINA. 55
The spelling “ vanuxemensis ” is incorrect, the species having been named in honour
of Prof. Vanuxem, not from a locality.
Most authors have retained G. coronata and G. vanuxemi as distinct species; but
Pfeiffer, myself, and Strebel had no specimen of G. vanuxemi, and the American authors
not one of G. coronata, for direct comparison. Fischer and Crosse do not appear to have
had any additional materials for judging them: they give the absence of white spots
in G. coronata and that of brown lines in G. vanuxemi as distinctive characters. But
the Berlin Museum has specimens in which both are very distinctly combined, and
Binney’s figure ® 7 shows very distinctly the brown lines also in G. vanuxremi.
Var. guttata.
Glandina guttata, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 250 (1869)*; Fischer & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 102, t. 3. figg. 3, 3a”.
Oleacina guttata (Cr. & Fisch.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 330°.
Hab, Cuntrat Mexico: near Puebla, rare (Boucard 1? °).
8. Glandina sowerbyana. (Tab. Il. figg. 3, 3a, 30, 3c.)
Achatina (Glandina) sowerbyana, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1846, p. 32%.
Achatina sowerbyana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 292°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina,
t. 8. fig. 26°.
Glandina sowerbyana (Pfr.), Albers, Die Helic. p. 198 (1850) *; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 98°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. pp. 14-16
(Forms A & B), t. 5. figg. 10, 10 a—o*; iii. pp. 7, 34, 50, tabb. 15-20 (observations on the
living animal) ; Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 169 (1878) "; Angas, P.Z.S. 1879,
p. 480 °.
Oleacina sowerbyana (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 33°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent, iv. p. 642".
Glandina lignaria (Reeve), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 97, t. 3. fig. 1";
Angas, P. Z. 8S. 1879, p. 479”.
Hab. E. Mexico: Misantla, San José, San Juan Miahuatlan, and Pacho, near Jalapa
(Strebel) ; Jalapa (Hoge); Mirador, State of Vera Cruz 2630 feet above the sea
(Strebel); Cerro Necoxtla between Jalapa and Orizaba 3000 to 5000 feet
(Botteri °); Orizaba (Bottert **). |
S.W. & S. Mexico: Omilteme, State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith); Totontepec, State
of Oaxaca ? (coll. Cuming | *)
N. Guatemata: Vera Paz (Boucard").
CrenTRAL GUATEMALA: Guatemala city (Champion).
E. & W. Costa Rica: only in elevated districts, as high as 6000 feet (Gabd§ ¥);
Rio Jesus Maria (cull. Seebach); Caché (Rogers) ; San José (Koschny: figg. 10,
— m-o%; and Biolley). |
Panama: Chiriqui (Ammon ®); Volcan de Chiriqui 3000 feet above the sea (Cham-
pron).
56 MOLLUSCA.
Var. estefanie: minor, gracilior.
Glandina sowerbyana, Form D, Strebel, Beitr. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 17, tabb. 5 & 5a,
fig. 11”.
Glandina estefanie, Strebel, |. c. iii. pp. 7, 45 \*.
Hab. E. Mexico: Miahuatlan, between Jalapa and Misantla (Strebel 1° 14).
The different variations in shape and size are well figured by Strebel (Joc. cit.).
Younger specimens are distinctly more fusiform (fig. 3); but in the adult ones the
general form is variable, being more decidedly saccate, 7. e. inflated below; if the
suture is more strongly descending near the aperture. I cannot find trustworthy
differences between the Mexican and the more southern specimens.
4. Glandina coulteri. (Tab. II. figg. 4, 4a, 4b, 4¢.)
Glandina coulteri (Gray), Beck, Index Moll. p. 78, without description (1837) '.
Oleacina coulteri (Gray), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. p. 642 (1859) *.
Glandina uhdeana, v. Mart. in Monatsb. d. Akad. Berl. 1863, p. 540°; Malak. Blitt. xii. p. 10,
t. 1. fig. 1 (1865) *; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 94°; Strebel,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 11, t. 4. fig. 6, & iii. p. 7%
Oleacina uhdeana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 2827.
Hab. CentraL Mexico: Zimapan, forty leagues north of Mexico (Rev. D. Davison) ;
Puebla (Berkenbusch).
KE. Muxico: State of Vera Cruz (Uhde® 7); Jalapa (H. H. Smith).
In my original description? 4 “apert. long. 47” is a misprint for 37 millim., as is
clearly shown by the figure; the diameter 254 is measured immediately above the
upper end of the aperture, while in our table the diameter is measured on the most
ventricose part of the last whorl. The specimen obtained by Mr. H. H. Smith (fig. 4 a)
is considerably larger than the type, and somewhat more rudely and unequally striated ;
in other respects they are much alike. A still larger specimen from Zimapan, pre-
sented to Mr. Abraham Lincoln by Rev. D. Davison, is now in Peel Park Museum;
I am indebted to Mr. Sowerby for a coloured drawing of it (fig. 4).
5. Glandina cuneus, sp. n. (Tab. III. figg. 1, 1 a-c, 2, 2a.)
Testa conoideo-oblonga, anguste saccata, costulis confertis et lineis impressis spiralibus sat distantibus sculpta,
fulvo-fusca, nitidula, tenuis ; anfr, 6-64, spira sat obesa, apice ipso obtusa, sutura distincte obliqua, leviter
crenulata; apertura lanceolata, dimidiam longitudinem plus minusve superans, margine columellari
arcuato. (a) Long. 49, diam. 19, apert. long. 29, diam. 12 millim.; (6) Long. 51, diam. 19, apert.
long. 27, diam. 124 millim.
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Omilteme, State of Guerrero (H. H. Snvith).
I have figured two specimens (figg. 1, 2) because they exhibit remarkable differences
in the relative size of the visible part of the upper whorls, the degree of obliquity in
the suture, and the breadth of the aperture, the one being somewhat more involute
than the other. In all other respects their specific qualities are the same. This is an
interesting example of the individual variation in the genus Glandina, which renders
the precise distinction of species so difficult and uncertain.
GLANDINA. 57
6. Glandina aurata.
Glandina aurata, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 12 (1849) +; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, i. p. 106, t. 3. figg. 7, 7a; Angas, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 480, t. 40. fig. 6 (anim.) *;
Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 169 (1878) *.
Achatina (Glandina) aurata (Morelet), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iti. p. 517°.
Oleacina aurata (Morelet), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 33°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 642".
Achatina lignaria, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 8. fig. 27°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii1.
p. 519°.
Oleacina lignaria (Reeve), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 384; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 642".
Glandina lignaria (Reeve), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p, 108%; v. Mart. P.Z.S. 1875,
p. 647".
- Glandina sowerbyana, Form C, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 17, t. 6a.
figg. 12, 12 a-f™.
Glandina, sp., Binney, Ann. N. Y. Acad. i. p. 261 (1879); i. p. 81, t.17. fig. BE (1884)
(radula) **°.
Hab. N. Guaremata: Woods of Vera Paz (Morelet!); Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt *) ;
Vera Paz5 ¢ (Boucard *) ; Coban (Salvin ').
Centra, GuatemMaLa: Mountain forest between Tepan and Totonicapam 8000 to
9000 feet above the sea (Stol/).
S.E. Costa Rica (Gadd? 45 16),
Strebel’s G. aurata (op. cit. ii. p. 21, t. 12. figg. 36, 36 a, b), from Ocaiia, Colombia,
belongs, I believe, to another species, distinct by the more turrite-cylindrical form, the
shorter aperture, the want of the numerous dark brown stripes, and a somewhat
weaker sculpture ; a specimen collected by Herr Alf. Stiibel in the Llanos of San Martin
appears to be referable to the same species, for which I propose the name G. stiibelt.
The locality for Reeve’s specimen of A. lignaria was unknown °.
B. Marginate.
7. Glandina fusiformis.
Achatina fusiformis, Pfr. P.Z. 8. 1845, p. 75"; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. 11. p. 292 *; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 9. fig. 831°; Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. p. 181,
t. 187. figg. 1-3 *.
Glandina fusiformis, Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 33 (1852) °; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 103, t. 3. fig. 2a°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii.
p. 26, t. 9. figg. 14, 14a"; v. Mart. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 647°; Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool.
Fr. iii. p. 169 (1878) °.
Oleacina fusiformis (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 82"; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 642 ™.
Var. miltochila: anfr. ultimis stramineis, peristomate miniaceo.
Achatina fusiformis, Reeye, loc. cit. fig. 31 0.
Glandina fusiformis, var. 8, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 104, t. 3. fig. 2.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Apri/ 1891. 8
58 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. N. Guatemaia: Coban, dep. Vera Paz? !° (coll. Cuming}; Delattre ?~*, Salvin 8,
Sarg"); Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt*, Boucard®) ; Purula, upper part of the Polochic
Valley (Champion).
CENTRAL GUATEMALA: Guatemala city (Champion).
Rather variable in the relations of length and diameter, in the proportion of the
last whorl to the whole length, in the size of full-grown specimens, and also in the
presence or want of a light rounded angulation in the upper part of the last whorl.
The var. 6 shows in the upper whorls no difference from the type; but the lower
whorls are pale yellow instead of reddish-orange (without periostracum white), and the
aperture is bordered by a narrow band of bright red. It is chiefly found at Coban,
with the type.
G. binneyana (Pfr. op. cit. iv. p. 638), Fischer and Crosse (op. cit. p. 93), and Strebel
(op. cit. p. 27), probably belongs to the same species. Pfeiffer’s description and measure-
ments agree well with a middle-sized specimen from Coban; he gives no locality, but
Fischer and Crosse state that a specimen has been found by Mr. O. Salvin in Vera Paz.
I have examined this specimen: it is very worn and belongs no doubt to A. fusiformis.
The author’s description, ‘‘parum nitens, carnea,” is very applicable to a somewhat
worn example, in which the colour has become more reddish. ‘The spiral lines, which
are very fine in well-preserved specimens, having disappeared wholly in worn ones,
Dr. Pfeiffer has placed his G. (Oleacina) binneyana in another division “ § 5, longi-
tudinaliter striate vel costulate,” far from G. fusiformis, which is in “ § 6, decussate ” ;
Strebel is the first who has recognized its close resemblance to G. fusiformis.
The measurements of not quite full-grown specimens are :—
Long. 70, diam. 31, apert. 45 millim.
» 98, , 293, ,, 40 ,,
8. Glandina ghiesbreghti.
Achatina (Oleacina) ghiesbreghti, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 379’.
Oleacina ghiesbreghti, Pfr. Malak. Blatt. itl. p. 2385 (1850) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 644°.
Glandina ghiesbreghti (Pfr.), v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 264; Strebel, Beitr. Mex.
Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 39, t. 10. figg. 31 a-e’.
Hab. Cutapas (Ghiesbreght ~*).
Very distinct by the angular swelling in the upper part of the last whorl, and its
considerable attenuation below. Mather solid.
9. Glandina decussata.
Achatina decussata, Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. p. 182, t. 123. figg. 3, 4, &
t. 184. figg. 33-35 '; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 519.
Glandina decussata (Desh.), Morelet, in Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 186°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 112 (part.) “; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch.
i. p. 84, t. 10. figg. 22, 22a-f°.
GLANDINA. 59
Oleacina decussata (Desh.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 87°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 6447.
Glandina ghiesbreghti, Tristr. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 280°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, i. p. 105 (part.) °.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt*); Coban (Sarg); Senahu and Panzos,
in the upper part of the Polochic valley (Champion, Conradt); Guatemala
(Salvin 8).
Having before me ‘Tristram’s specimens of G. ghiesbreghti®, collected by Mr. O.
Salvin, I can state that it is not the G. ghiesbreghti of the German authors, but
G. decussata; and Fischer and Crosse’s (. ghiesbreghti is probably the same species,
as they say, “le dernier tour est arrondi et nullement subanguleux.”
A nearly allied form from Mirador, Vera Cruz, is noticed under the name of
G. decussata, var., by Strebel, op. cit. p. 35, t. 10. figg. 22 g-227; but in his figures
the pillar-lip does not show the usual characteristic shape, and I hesitate to include
this form in G. decussata. Perhaps it may be the full-grown state of the following
species.
10. Glandina tenella.
Glandina ghiesbreghti, var. 8, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 105, t. 3.
figeg. 6, 6a’.
Glandina tenella, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 35, t. 10. figg. 24, 24 a-d’.
Hab. E. Muxico: Vera Cruz, in the so-called “ Callejones” (galleries) in the first
woods, 4-1 hour from the city, on shrubs (Strebel?) ; near Vera Cruz (Hodge).
S. Mexico (Sallé+).
Strebel’s and Fischer and Crosse’s specimens seem to be not quite full-grown.
11. Glandina cumingi. (Tab. IV. fig. 7, var.)
Glandina cumingii, Beck, Index Moll. p. 78 (1837), (a, lutea; 6, fulvescens; c, rufo-rosea) *.
Glandina petiti (Desh.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. pp. 40-43 *.
a: fulvo-rosea.
Achatina rosea (Fér., Gray), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 294 (part.) ° ; Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, no. 55, p. 330, t. 27. figg. 6, 7 *.
Glandina rosea (Fér.), Pfr. in Philippi’s Abbild. i. p. 133, t. 1. fig. 1°; Albers, Die Helic. p. 198
(1850) °, & ed. 2, pp. 26, 287; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. i. p. 108, t. 71. fig. 2a°;
Tate, in Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 158 (1870)°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, i. p. 107 (part.)*°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 42, t. 8.
figg. 28, 28.4, 6, t. 12. figg. 27 f-h, & figg. 28f-h"; Binney & Bland, in Am. Journ. Conch.
vi. p. 202, fig. 1 (radula) '*; Ann. N. Y. Acad. iii. p. 81, t. 17. fig. B (radula) ».
b: flavida. (Fig. 7.)
Achatina rosea, var. 8, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 294".
Achatina petiti, Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ul. p. 175, t. 122. figg. 12-14
8*
60 MOLLUSCA.
(about 1850) *; Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 42, t. 1. fig. 5°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iii. p. 518”.
Glandina petiti (Desh.), Morelet, in Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 37°; v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic.
ed. 2, pp. 26, 28"; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. t. 8. figg. 27, 27 a-e,
t. 13. figg. 27 7, 287”.
Oleacina petiti, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 36”; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 643 ”.
c: rubromarginata,
Achatina rosea, var. y, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 294”.
Glandina petiti, Form B, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 48, t. 8. figg. 29, 29 a, b*.
Hab. S.E. Muxico: Teapa, State of Tabasco (H. H. Smith; Forms a and 6); Mexico,
without precise locality (Hége).
N. Guatemala: Chacoj in the Polochic Valley (Champion ; Form 8).
S. GUATEMALA: Retalhuleu in the Costa Grande, 710 feet above the sea (Stoll ;
Form 6); El Reposo 800 feet (Champion; Form 6); Hacienda de San Francisco
Miramar, Costa Cuca 2500 feet, and Cholluitz on the slope of the Volcan de
Santa Maria, 2000 feet (Stol/; Form a).
Honpuras (Dyson *3; Form c).
Nicaragua (McMiel 3, Bland 1°, Janson, Berendt ‘1; Form a); on the north of the
Lake (Deshayes ; Form 6); throughout the savana region, under the leaves of
Bromelia pinguis, at Granada on the N.W. side of the Lake, Mesapa, San
Ubaldo, &c. (Tate® ; Form a); vicinity of Lake Nicaragua 1! 21,
Costa Rica: San José (Koschny 4; Form c).
Panama (Paz 10).
This species is also quoted from Mexico by some authors, but without nearer
indication of locality or collector: Fischer and Crosse are probably right in limiting
this statement to the southernmost provinces.
By Pfeiffer and Fischer and Crosse, a length of 60 millim. is given to this species,
according to the figures in Férussac (t. 136. figg. 8, 9) and Reeve (fig. 46a); but I have
never seen a specimen so large in size.
Helix rosea, Férussac (Prodrom. no. 356), is, according to the locality (Florida) and
two of the three synonyms, conspecific with the North-American G. truncata (Gmel.),
which is represented by the figures left by Férussac on t. 135. fig. 3.
G. alabastrina [ Albers, in Malak. Blatt. i. p. 220 (1852); Pfr. Novitat. i. p. 43, t. 11.
figg. 5, 6 (Achatina); Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 638 and vi. p. 278 (Oleacina) ;
Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 120; and Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land-
und Stissw.-Conch. ii. p. 38, t. 9a. figg. 82, 32.4, 6], based on one specimen, from Central
America, long. 31, diam. 22, apert. 23 millim., is probably an unusually large and solid,
but quite discoloured specimen of G. cumingi. Another specimen, from Tabasco [Pfr.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 278: Strebel, op. cit. p. 39, t. 9. figg. 82 c-82¢], and
GLANDINA. . 61
Strebel’s G. alabastrina, Form B [op. cit. p. 89, t. 9. figg. 32-32], most likely also
belong to the same species. An allied form is found in Texas; it is G. corneola,
Binney, Terr. Moll. of N. Am. iv. p. 139 (1859) [= G. truncata, var., Binney, op. cit. 111.
p. 302, t. 61. fig. 1; G. decussata, Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. i. p. 18,
fig. 8, and Tryon, in Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 227, t. 16. fig. 7; Oleacina corneola, Pfr.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 283]. In Tryon’s figure (all three are copies of the same
drawing) the characteristic form of the pillar-lip is wanting ; I have seen no specimens
from this locality.
12. Glandina carmenensis.
Glandina carminensis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 15 (1849)1; Journ. de Conch. iii. pp. 36, 42,
t. 1. figg. 1-4 (living animal)? (copied in H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 71. fig. 2) ; Tristr.
P.Z.S. 1861, p. 230°* ; Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 169 (1878) *.
Glandina carmenensis, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 109°; Strebel, Beitr.
Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 37, t. 9. figg. 23, 23 a-d, h,i (Form A)°; Ancey,
Annal, de Malac. ii. p. 257 (1886) *.
Achatina carminensis, Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. t. 187. figg. 11, 12°; Reeve,
Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 13. fig. 46 6 (A. rosea) °*.
Oleacina carminensis, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 36°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 644".
Hab. Yucatan: Island of Carmen, in the Bay of Terminos, Gulf of Campeche, on
sandy soil (Morelet 125).
S. GuaremaLa: Cerro Zunil, near Quezaltenango (Champion); Guatemala (Salvin °,
Boucard *).
Honpuras: Island of Utila, Bay of Honduras (Simpson ").
Intermediate between G. decussata and G. petiti; distinct from the former by the
straight pillar-lip, and from the latter by the more slender form; some specimens,
however, do not show these characters so clearly.
According to M. L. de Folin (Fischer & Crosse, op. cit. p. 110°), a yellow-coloured
variety lives together with the type on the same islet, Carmen; see also Férussac,
op. cit. figg. 11,12. Pfeiffer 1! gives the habitat ‘‘ Mexico (Sad/é).”
C. Turrite.
13. Glandina liebmanni. (Tab. III. figg. 3, 4.)
Achatina liebmanni, Pfr. in Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1846, p.159*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. 11. p. 293°;
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, p. 294, t. 23. figg. 4, 5°.
Glandina liebmanni (Pfr.), Albers, Die Helic. p. 198 (1850) *; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xu. p. 11
(1865) °; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 119°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex.
Land- und Siissw.-Conch. pp. 9-11, t. 4. figg. 5, 5a—/"; iii. pp. 7, 46, t. 12. fig. 2°.
* Tristram *® erroneously states that this shell was “‘ described by Morelet from Costa Rica.”
62 MOLLUSCA.
Oleacina liebmanni (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 34°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 643”.
Achatina striata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 6. fig. 19 (nec Miiller) *.
Hab. Cuntrat Mexico: near the city of Mexico (Hahn"); Mexico, without nearer
indication of locality 91! (Liebmann!?%°, Uhde*®, Hoge).
S.W. Mexico: Chilpancingo, State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
Var. insignis.
Achatina insignis, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1855, p. 100, t. 81. figg. 11, 12%; Novit. Conch. i. p. 63, t. 18.
figg. 38,4.
Oleacina insignis, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 643 '*. .
Glandina insignis, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 110, t. 6. figg. 2,2a™;
Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 11 ™.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: San Blas, State of Jalisco 16; Tepic (Richardson).
Pfeiffer 12-14 did not know the habitat of the form insignis. A nearly allied, but
more ventricose form, 67, 29, 31 millim., the locality of which is unknown, is repre-
sented by Chemnitz (Buccinum striatum, part.), Conch. Cab. ix. t. 120, figg. 1028, 1029
(copied in ed. 2, Achatina, t. 8. figg. 38, 4, under the name of A. liebmanni); it
approaches the above-quoted figure of Reeve 11.
G. cognata, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 12, t. 4. fig. 7 (Pfr.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vill. p. 332), from Tehuantepec, seems to be intermediate
between G. liebmanni and G. audebardi, having the more broad and solid shell of the
former, but the weak sculpture of the latter. G. radula, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 13, t. 3.
fig. 8 (Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 333), also from Tehuantepec, may be a
dwarf form of G. lebmanni.
Achatina marminii, Deshayes, in Guérin’s Mag. Zool. 1831, t. 19 (copied in Martini
& Chemnitz, ed. 2, Achatina, t. 3. fig. 2; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 288),
locality unknown, is possibly a not full-grown specimen of G. liebmanni.
G. nympha, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 115, t. 6. fig. 9
““ Mexico (Sallé),” without nearer indication of locality, is founded on a large bleached
specimen (long. 60, diam. 233, apert. 29 millim.) which bears a considerable resemblance
to G. liebmanni, only its columella seems to be more arcuate.
14. Glandina audebardi. (Tab. III. figg. 5-8.)
Glandina audebardi (Deshayes), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. pp. 30-33 °*.
a. typica. (Figg. 5, 5a, 6, 6a.)
Helix rosea, var. elongata, Férussac, Prodr. no. 8567; Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. t. 135. figg. 1, 2 (about
1829) °,
Achatina daudebarti, Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. p. 183 (about 1850) *; Pfr.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 519°.
Glandina daudebarti (Deshayes), Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 86°,
GLANDINA. 63
Glandina audebardi (Deshayes, emend.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 1187;
Strebel, loc. cit. ii. t. 11. figg. 19 ce, d’.
Oleacina daudebarti, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 37°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 645 °°.
Glandina amena, var. 8 pliculosa, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 114”.
b. amena. (Figg. 7, 7a.)
Glandina amena, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 12, t. 1. figg. 8, 9 (1865) ’; Fischer & Crosse,
loc. cit. p. 114; Strebel, loc. cit. 11. p. 34, t. 11. fig. 4 (radula), & t. 13. fig. 9".
Oleacina amena (v. Mart.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 283”.
Glandina audebardi, var. 8, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 118 *°.
Glandina audebardi, Form A (part.), Strebel, loc. cit. 11. p. 30, t. 11. figg. 19, 19 a, b, e-h, m,n”.
c. miradorensis.
Glandina audebardi, Form B, Strebel, loc. cit. ii. p. 33, t. 11. figg. 20, 20a, 6”.
Glandina miradorensis, Strebel, loc. cit. iii. pp. 7, 33, t. 9. fig. 14 (juv.) *.
d. mtnor: isabellina, solidula, long. 31 millim. (Fig. 8.)
Hab. Eastern Mexico: Forms a and /—in the plains of the State of Vera Cruz, on
meadows and at the roots of Agave in the environs of Vera Cruz (Strebel and
Berendt §*") ; Form a—Chiquihuitl, State of Vera Cruz (Boucard '!); Form 6—
Vera Cruz, Jalapa, and Cordova (Hége) ; Form c—in the more elevated regions at
Mirador, 2630 feet above the sea (Stredel and Sartorius 18 1°); and Tejeria (Hoge).
CentraL Mexico: Form a—Chietla, State of Puebla (Boucard"'); Mexico, on Yucca
jfilamentosa, young specimens (Deppe, in Mus. Berol.); Mexico, without nearer
indication of locality (4dge).
S.W. & S. Mexico: Form a (fig. 6)—Venta de Zopilote 2800 feet, State of Guerrero
(H. H. Smith); Form d—Tehuantepec ({ége).
The statement “ America centralis” given by Deshayes+ is not confirmed by any
later observation.
The typical form, a, is characterized by a rather long and attenuated spire; form 4,
amena, is similar in the body-whorl, but the spire, and therefore the whole shell, is
shorter ; form ¢, miradorensis, has the shell thin and of a translucent yellowish colour,
not whitish as in the forms a and 0; form d, minor, is the smallest, but has the shell
solid, of isabelline colour. |
15. Glandina isabellina.
Achatina (Glandina) isabellina, Pfr. P.Z. S. 1846, p. 32’; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 286%.
Achatina isabellina, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vA, Achatina, t. 21. fig. 95°.
Glandina isabellina (Pfr.), Morelet, in Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 36°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 188°.
Oleacina isabellina (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 22°.
Hab. Mexico: found in decayed trunks of trees (coll. Cuming '°).
64 MOLLUSCA.
All the synonymy quoted seems to refer to one specimen, figured by Reeve and
probably not full-grown ; long. 26, diam. 10, apert. 13 millim. It somewhat resembles
in form G. simplex, but differs from it by the rather distinct marginated suture and
spiral strie.
G. isabellina, var., Angas, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 480, from the hills of Costa Rica, not
being figured, remains somewhat doubtful.
G. isabellina (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 46, t. 6a.
fig. 40, from Colombia, is quite distinct from the G. isabellina of Pfeiffer and Reeve.
16. Glandina longula. (Tab. IIT. figg. 9, 9a, 10.)
Glandina longula, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 111, t. 6. figg. 6,6a°;
Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 11°.
Oleacina (Glandina) longula (Fischer & Crosse), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 333°.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Rio San Juan (Bland +).
Var. jalapana. (Figg. 9,10.) Major, fulva, columella modice arcuata.
Hab. E. Mexico: Misantla and Jalapa (Hoge; F. D. Godman).
The form jalapana may be only a variety of G. audebardi ; but it is distinctly more
elongate, the sculpture is somewhat stronger, and the colour more intense. The
measurements of the three full-grown specimens collected by Herr Hoge are :—
(a) long. 42, diam. 194, apert. long. 26 millim. (fig. 9).
(6) ,, 54, ,, 20, » 25 .,, (fig. 10).
(c) 5 5d, 4 9, - 26,
a is from Misantla and approaches the type of longula also by its yellowish colour ;
b and c are from Jalapa, and are reddish-brown in colour.
17. Glandina pinicola.
Glandina plicatula, var. y. pinicola, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 95, t. 2.
fig. 12+; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 20°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. viii. p. 331, footnote’.
Hab. CENTRAL GUATEMALA: Totonicapam, in pine-woods (Bocourt 1°).
The authors regard this form as a variety of G. plicatula, Pfr., which lives in
Colombia and Venezuela. Considering the measurements and the figure (the diameter
of the shell much smaller than half its length, the aperture occupying somewhat more
than half the length), I am rather inclined to accept it as a distinct species from that
living in South America, of which several specimens are before me, the diameter of
these being two thirds of the length, the aperture nearly half the length of the shell; I
have not, however, seen an example of the Guatemalan G. pinicola, so am unable to
compare the two forms more precisely.
GLANDINA. 65
18. Glandina turris.
Achatina (Glandina) turris, Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. iii. p. 91 (1846) '.
Achatina turris, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 288°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 13.
fig. 45°; Carpenter, Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 175‘; Tryon, in Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 227,
t. 16. fig. 8°; Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. i. p. 19 (1869) °.
? Glandina turris, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 46, t. 12. fig. 4’.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan‘? ; Presidio de Mazatlan (W. Richardson).
The aperture is comparatively broader below than in most other species of Glandina.
I have seen no specimen so large as Pfeiffer’s typical one (48 millim.), which is probably
also that figured by Reeve. Mr. Richardson’s example is only 38 millim. long, but it
so closely resembles Reeve’s figures in its general features that I have no doubt about
its identity with G. turris, Pfr. Also the measurements given by Carpenter are not so
large, long. 1°2 inch=55 millim.
Concerning the specimen in the Berlin Museum, described and figured by Strebel’,
locality unknown, I am rather doubtful whether it may not be an elongated variety
of G. albersi.
19. Glandina mazatlanica, sp. n. (Tab. IV. figg. 2, 2a, 3.)
Glandina turris, collect.
Testa subcylindrica, solidula, confertim costulato-striata, corneo-fusca; anfr. 64, convexiusculi, apice obtuso,
sutura subangulata, leviter marginata, vix crenulata; apertura dimidiam longitudinem fere attingens,
lanceolata, margine externo arcuatim producto; columella subrecta, abrupte truncata.
Long. 30-82, diam. 114-13; apert. long. 15-16, lat. 6-63 millim.
Var. abbreviata. (Fig. 3.)
Spira abbreviata, anfractu penultimo turgido. Long. 30, diam. 12, apert. 15 millim.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan (Forrer; mus. Berol. no. 35386); Tres Marias Is.
(Forrer) ;—var., also Tres Marias Is. (Forrer).
This species is somewhat intermediate between G. pseudoturris and G. albersi; the
colour and the suture is as in the former, but the form is less elongated.
G. turris of Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p- 47, & i. t. 9.
fig. 11, locality unknown, is similar, but somewhat larger and with the aperture pro-
portionately much shorter. .
20. Glandina pseudoturris. (Tab. IV. figg. 4, 4a.)
Achatina turris, Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. p. 186, t. 134. figg. 1, 2’.
Glandina pseudo-turris, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 47, t. 6 a. figg. 41, 41a, 0.
Oleacina (Giandina) pseudoturris (Streb.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 329°.
Hab. S.W. & S. Mexico: Tierra Colorada, State of Guerrero (Z/.. H. Smith); Juquila,
State of Oaxaca ** (mus. Berol.; Strebel).
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., ‘l'err. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Apri/ 1891. 9
66 MOLLUSCA.:
Much smaller and somewhat less elongated than the true G. turris. The impressed
line immediately below the suture (fig. 4@) is not very distinct and not visible on the
upper whorls; but there is an obtuse angulation of the surface immediately below the
suture in all whorls except the 2—3 uppermost, which are quite smooth. ‘The colour
is a rather dark brownish-fallow.
The example from Guerrero here figured is somewhat larger than Strebel’s type
specimen from Juquila.
21. Glandina anomala.
Glandina (Oleacina) anomala, Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 481, t. 40. fig. 9.
Hab. 8.E. Costa Rica: hilly regions (Gabé 1).
According to the author this is allied to G. turris, Pfr., and G. pseudoturris, Streb.,
which is confirmed by the figure. The suture is said to be strongly granulated, which
is scarcely to be seen in the figure.
Of course quite distinct from Oleacina anomala (Pfr.), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll.
(Nothus anomalus, Albers, Die Helic. p. 169; Spiraxis anomalus, Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. vill. p. 258), which is a Jamaican shell.
22. Glandina simplex. (Tab. IV. figg. 5, 5a, 6.)
Glandina turris (Pfr.), v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 11 (1865) *.
Glandina simplex, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 35, t. 10. figg. 25, 25 a, b,c’.
Oleacina (Glandina) simplex (Streb.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 823 *.
Hab. 8.W. Mexico; Oaxaca (Uhde!*; mus. Berol. no. 4241).
Well distinct from G. turris by its glossy surface, smaller size, and more slender
form, and by the well arcuated columella.
One specimen only known hitherto.
G. candida, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 202 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 22) (Achatina)
[Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 512; Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 25 (Oleacina); Fischer
& Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 130], from an examination of the typical
specimen (fig. 6), now in the Museum of Berne, seems to be a somewhat smaller,
thoroughly bleached example of the same species. Although the name is of anterior
date, I prefer not to use it, because it is founded on an accidental deterioration of the
specimen.
23. Glandina conularis. (Tab. IV. fig. 8.)
Achatina (Glandina) conularis, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 100°.
Oleacina conularis, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 635 °.
Glandina conularis (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 187°.
Hab. Mexico (Sallé 1-°),
GLANDINA. 67
Type now in the British Museum, Rather near to G. simplex, but distinct by the
nearly straight columella. I am indebted to Mr. Edgar Smith for furnishing me with
a figure of it (fig. 8).
24. Glandina excavata, sp. n. (Tab. IV. tigg. 9, 9 a.)
Glandina albersi (Pfr.), Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. i. p. 18, fig. 9 (not the
description) ’.
Testa subcylindrica, confertim striatula, striis in anfractu ultimo levioribus et magis irregularibus, sculptura
spirali vix oculo armato conspicua, nitidula; anfr. 6, priores obesi convexiusculi, penultimus et ultimus
subplani, apex obtusus ; sutura subsimplex, albida vel pallide grisea ; apertura piriformi-lanceolata, dimi-
diam teste longitudinem vix squans, margine externo subperpendiculari, antrorsum leviter convexo,
columella in medio excavato-arcuata, deorsum laminiformi, spiratim contorta, transversim truncata.
Long. 31, diam. 114; apert. long. 16, diam. 6 millim.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: ? Mazatlan.
I have three specimens before me—two from Prof. W. Dunker’s collection, marked
G. turris, Mazatlan (fig. 9), and one from Mr. Patel’s collection labelled G. albersi,
Peru ; the real habitat of G. excavata is therefore quite uncertain. Nevertheless I do
not like to omit this species, as it is very similar in its general form to G. pseudoturris,
but quite distinct by the columella and also by colour.
The figure given by Binney! represents G. excavata rather well, both in the general
shape and in the peculiar conformation of the columella. It is said to have been
drawn from an authentic specimen of G. albersi in Cuming’s collection; but it does
not agree with the original description by Pfeiffer, who says “ testa ovato-oblonga”
and “ columella substricte descendens,” nor even with that of Binney, which is a trans-
lation of that given by Pfeiffer. |
25. Glandina largillierti. (Tab. IV. fige. 14, 14 a-d, 15.)
_ Achatina (Glandina) largillierti, Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. iii. p. 90 (1846) *.
Achatina largillierti, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. 1. p. 295 *.
Glandina largillierti, Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 36°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, i. p. 116%. .
Oleacina largillierti, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 38°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 645°,
Achatina (Glandina) yucatanensis, Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. iii. p. 92 (1846) 7; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. i. p. 291°.
Glandina yucatanensis, Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 34°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und
Stissw. Conch. ii. pp. 44, 45, t. 8. figg. 18, 18 a-f*.
Oleacina yucatanensis, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 30"; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 641”.
Glandina (Achatina) cylindracea, Phillips, Proc. Acad. Phil. iii. p. 67, t..1. fig. 33”.
Glandina cylindracea, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient, Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 123".
Oleacina (Glandina) cylindracea, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 335".
Achatina carnea, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1852, p. 157*°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Achatina, no. 36, p. 318, t. 25. figg. 28-307; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 519”.
9*
68 , MOLLUSCA. ©
Glandina carnea (Pfr.), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii p. 108 °; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 123”.
Oleacina carnea, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 38”; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 645”.
? Glandina (Oleacina) strebeli, Angas, P.Z.S. 1879, p. 481, t. 40. fig. 11”.
Hab. Yucatan“) (Largilliert 1°78, Norman }*); Campeche and Merida (Hoge:
284-30 millim. long.).
N. GuatTemaLa: Coban, Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt 2°); Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt*).
S.E. Costa Rica: Middle Zhorquin to Cuabre, low hills and flat ground (Gadd 28),
I adopt willingly the results of the accurate comparisons made by H. Strebel in
uniting the above four so-called species, as I find no essential difference, neither in the
specimens labelled with these names in different collections, nor in the above-quoted
descriptions. |
Amongst a number of examples collected by Herr Hége at Campeche I find the
following measurements :—
Long. 283, diam. 11, apert. 13 millim.,
5 » Il » 1d,
” 23 99 104 9 123 99
all apparently full-grown and similar in other respects. A younger shell with thin
peristome measures :—
Long. 20, diam. 10, apert. 11 millim.
At Merida Herr Hoge obtained two full-grown specimens :—
(2) Long. 29, diam. 10, apert. 134 millim. (Fig. 14.)
(6) » 264 4, Ills » 14 3 (Fig. 15.)
In this instance the extraordinary elongation of the first specimen is compensated by
the narrowness of its last whorl.
A Mexican example found by F. Deppe on Yucca filamentosa was referred by me, in
Malak. Blatt. 1865, p. 11, with some doubt to this species; a re-examination of this,
however, compels me to retract this determination, the said specimen being apparently
nothing but a young individual of G. audebardi. The misunderstanding which might
arise from Fischer and Crosse’s statement “in Republica Mexicana, Dr. Berendt” 2, is
explained by his friend and companion Strebel (Mex. Beitr. Land- und Siissw.-Conch.,
ii. p. 45), who mentions that Dr. Berendt has collected also in Yucatan.
In this species the apex is very obtuse ; the vertical riblets begin in the third whorl,
and are here relatively stronger and more distant than in the following ones
(fig. 14 a).
GLANDINA. 69
26. Glandina multispira.
Oleacina multispira, Pfr. P. Z.S 1861, p. 26°; Novitat. Conch. ii. p. 163, t. 44. figg. 4, 5°;
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 270°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i.
p. 125%.
flab. 8S. Mexico: Juquila, State of Oaxaca ( Boucard 1-4).
27. Glandina oblonga. (Tab. V. figg. 6, 6 a,b.)
Oleacina oblonga, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 86 (1866) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 273°.
Glandina oblonga (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 138°.
Hab, KE. Mexico: * Mirador, State of Vera Cruz (Berendt }~*).
Central Mexico: Tehuacan, State of Puebla (/ége).
A specimen obtained at Tehuacan by Herr Hoge (fig. 6) agrees very well with the
oviginal description of Pfeiffer. G. oblonga somewhat resembles G. largillierti, but is
much more glossy; at first sight it seems to belong to Streptostyla, but the form of
the columella is that of Glandina.
I have placed a point of interrogation to the locality given by Pfeiffer, because
Strebel, who collected in company with Dr. Berendt, did not include its name among
the numerous species from that quarter.
28. Glandina bellula.
Glandina bellula, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 425 (1869) '; Fischer & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 128, t. 6. figg. 3, 8a’.
Oleacina (Glandina) bellula, Pir. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 324°.
Hab. Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (Bottert!?, Sallé 3).
D. Lanceolate.
29. Glandina lanceolata, sp.n. (Tab. IV. figg. 1, 1a, 6.)
Testa fusiformi-lanceolata, tenuis, irregulariter striatula, striis nonnullis varicis instar prominentibus, nitida,
flava, concolor; spira regulariter attenuata, apice obtusiuscula ; anfr. 7, sutura leviter plicatula et margi-
nata, ultimus infra sensim attenuatus ; dimidiam longitudinem paullo superans, lanceolata, margine externo
subrecto, columellari valde excavato, transversim truncato.
Long. 30, diam. 12; apert. long. 143, diam. 7 millim.
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Omilteme, State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
Recognizable by the thin glossy shell of yellow (not reddish or brownish) colour and
the distinctly attenuated spire.
30. Glandina aurantiaca.
Glandina aurantiaca, Angas, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 481, t. 40. fig. 8 (magnified) *.
Hab. S.K. Costa Rica: hilly country (@Gadé 1).
I have not seen a specimen of this species.
70 MOLLUSCA.
31. Glandina decidua. (Tab. 1V. figg. 12, 13.)
Oleacina decidua, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 26'; Malak. Blatt. vill. p. 79 (1861) *; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. vi. p. 284°.
Glundina decidua (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 122°.
Hab. S. Mexico: Juquila, State of Oaxaca (Boucard*~*).
The typical specimen described by Pfeiffer is not adult ; I am indebted to Mr. Edgar
Smith for the drawing of it (fig. 13) and of another (also contained in the British
Museum) which is full-grown (fig. 12).
E. Biconice.
32. Glandina cordovana.
Achatina (Varicella) cordovana, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 321°.
Oleacina cordovana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 629°.
Glandina cordovana (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1. p. 87, t. 2. figg. 11,
lla’; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. pp. 51, 52, t. 18. fig. 45 *.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Sadlé 1~*) ; Mirador (Sartorius 4, in mus.
Berol. no, 18184),
Both these localities are situated on the elevated tract between the coast-plain and
the edge of the high plateau. Cordova is 2790 feet above the sea, near Orizaba ;
Mirador is somewhat more to the north, 3630 feet above the sea, near the river Santa
Maria. . .
Pfeiffer’s original description was made from an imperfect example, but a satisfactory
definition of the species is given by Fischer and Crosse. Their specimen is somewhat
more slender than that of the Berlin Museum, and provided with brown varices, while
in the latter the varices are white, like the whole shell. The ovate form with elongated
spire and the angular production of the external edge of the aperture are characteristic
of this species.
33. Glandina delicatula. (Tab. V. figg. 4, 5, 5a.)
Achatina delicatula, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 202 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 23)'; Pfr, Monogr,
| Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 514”. . .
Oleacina delicatula, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 28°.
Glandina (Melia) delicatula, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 108 *.
Glandina delicatula, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 92°,
a. Var. major (fig. 5). Long, 24, apert. 13} millim.
Hab. K. Mexico: State of Vera Cruz '~*° (Jacot-Guillarmod) ; Cordova (mus. Bern) ;
Jalapa (Hége).—Var. a. Coatepee (Hoge).
GLANDINA. 71
Very near G. cordovana, but more elongated. In Shuttleworth’s collection (now in
the Museum at Berne) the label indicates positively Cordova as the locality ; the speci-
men, however, is somewhat larger than the dimensions given in this author's description,
which appears to have been made from an example in the Museum of Neufchatel. The
former is figured here (fig. 4). A specimen collected by Herr Hége at Jalapa is very
like it, but wants the brown varices. The example from Coatepec here noted as
var. @ (fig. 5) agrees with that in the Museum of Berne in most respects, especially in
the sculpture, varices, apex, and columella; but it is distinctly larger and its last whorl
is comparatively shorter.
34. Glandina conferta.
Oleacina conferta, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1861, p. 26’; Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 79 (1862)?; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. vi. p. 280°.
Glandina conferta, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 181 (part.)*; Strebel, Beitr.
Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 50, t. 18. figg. 44, 444°; iii. p. 6°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Mirador and Huatusco, State of Vera Cruz (Berendt®); Jalapa (Hoge).
S. Mexico: Juquila, State of Oaxaca (Boucard }~*).
Var. crosset.
Ovata, fusca, sutura leviore, strigis fuscis nullis.
Glandina conferta, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. t. 6. fig. 7 (part.) 7.
Hab. Ki. Mexico: ? Orizaba (Botteri *).
This species seems to be very variable in size and also somewhat in general form.
It may be distinguished from the allied G. cordovana by the more narrow and subcylin-
drical form of the last whorl, and by the outer edge of the aperture being produced in
a slightly arcuated line throughout its length—in G. cordovana it exhibits a distinct
obtusely angular projection somewhat above half the length.
- Amongst the specimens I have seen the largest (long. 34 millim.) is from an old
collection, without indication of locality; the smallest, apparently a full-grown one
(18 millim.), is in Patel’s collection and marked “ Juquila,” but I do not know whether
by direct knowledge or only because Pfeiffer gives this locality. Pfeiffer’s original
examples are about halfway between them (25 millim.). One of 21 millim., very
slender, of yellow colour, has been received from Herr Hoge from Jalapa.
The shell, probably from Orizaba, figured by Fischer and Crosse’ differs by its
much more ventricose form, deeply arcuated columella, and livid fleshy-brown colour ;
but they state expressly that Pfeiffer has determined these specimens as belonging ‘to
his G. conferta.
35. Glandina speciosa.
(a) Achatina (Varicella) speciosa, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 321, t. 35. fig. 7's Novitat. Conch. i.
p. 106, t. 29. figg. 18, 14.
72 MOLLUSCA.
Oleacina speciosa, Pir. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 629°.
(b) Glandina speciosa (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 86, t. 2. figg.
10, 10 a‘.
(c) Glandina speciosa, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ui. p. 51, t. 18. figg. 46, 46 a’.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé}~+); Huatusco, between Mirador
and Orizaba; Orizaba (Botteri *).
This species seems to be nearly allied to G. conferta, but distinguished by an evident
difference in the sculpture of the last whorl, the upper half being costulated, the lower
half smooth. The costulation renders the suture crenulate. There are some impressed
varices, white and pale brown. All the quoted descriptions agree in these characters;
but the figures given by Pfeiffer himself1?, Fischer and Crosse 4, and Strebel ° differ
so much in shape znter se that I am at a loss how to reconcile them as belonging to
one species—Pfeiffer’s figure is somewhat biconical, like G. conferta, Fischer and
Crosse’s more narrowly cylindrical (perhaps not quite full-grown ?), and Strebel’s fig. 46,
on the contrary, more ventricose, widened below. But as all these authors refer their —
figures to the same species and I have no specimens for examination, I dare not make
any change of names.
36. Glandina ambigua. |
Achatina ambigua, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 821°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 619’.
Oleacina berendii, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 85 (1866) °; Novitat. Conch. iii. p. 821, t. 77,
fige. 16, 17*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 272’.
Spiraxis (?) ambigua, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 190°.
Glandina ambigua (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 139, t. 6. figg. 4,
4a-c’; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 58, t. 2. fig. 48, & t. 138.
figg. 48, 48 a°.
Hab. KB. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé!?°); Bajada del Ojo de Agua,
near Cordova (Sallé"); Huatusco (Berendt ~*7 8); Orizaba (Botteri ").
Quite peculiar in this genus by the regularly tapering spire and the rather broad
pale band in the upper half of the last whorl.
37. Glandina tortillana.
-Achatina (Glandina) tortillana, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 82°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 2917;
. ? Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 15. fig. 66°.
Glandina tortillana, Morelet, Journ. de Conch. ili. p.34*; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-
Conch. ii. p. 50°.
Hab. Cuntrat America: Tortilla (Pfeiffer, from a label in Cuming’s collection 1—*).
Pfeiffer speaks’ of opaque yellowish irregular spots and streaks in this species. A
specimen named “tortillana”’ in Patel’s collection has Opaque white roundish spots,
GLANDINA. 73
which are rather irregularly distributed; they are visible also on the inside of the
shell, and look somewhat as if they were foreign bodies lying inside; but this is not
the case, as they remain unaltered if the inside is well cleaned. Reeve’s figure ° shows
no spots at all.
The situation of Tortilla is not known to me; Pfeiffer in the same publication
(P. Z. S. 1846, p. 31), also gives it as the locality for Achatina (Streptostyla) cylindracea,
which is found in Guatemala and in the State of Vera Cruz.
The affinity of this species is equally doubtful: Strebel® is of opinion that it is
nearly allied to G. conferta, but he has not seen a specimen of it and judges only from
Pfeiffer’s description and Reeve’s figure. The latter, I think, more resembles G. turgida
and G. jilosa; but 1 have some doubt whether the shell represented by Reeve may
really belong to the species originally described by Pfeiffer.
F. Turgide.
88. Glandina orizabe.
Achatina (Varicella) orizabe, Pir. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 320, t. 35. fig. 6; Novitat. Conch. i. p. 105,
t. 29. figg. 11, 12°.
Oleacina orizabe, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 628°.
Glandina orizabe, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 85, t. 2. fige. 8, 8a‘;
Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 52°.
Hab. FE. Mexico: Volcan de Orizaba, at a height of 3000 metres (Sallé!—*); Las
Vigas, State of Vera Cruz, on the edge of the plateau N.W. of Jalapa, at about
7900 feet above the sea (Hége).
The specimens collected by Herr Hoge are yellowish, like the figures given by
Fischer and Crosse; but the white varices are considerably less conspicuous, and the
surface of the shell exhibits many whitish vertical, more or less elongate, streaks and
whitish round spots, which seem to be the results of wearing and scraping. They
agree better in coloration with Pfeiffer’s figures, but they are not nearly so dark.
39. Glandina turgida. (Tab. IV. figg. 16-20 a.)
Oleacina turgida, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 26*; Malak. Blatt. vill. p. 79 (1861) *; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. vi. p. 280°.
Glandina turgida, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 130°.
Hab. S. Mexico: Juquila, in the State of Oaxaca (Boucard 1~*).
Var. sayulana. (Figg. 17-204.)
Testa ovato-oblonga, subcylindrica, leviter striata, nitidula, rubello-flavida; spira elongata, obtusiuscula ;
anfr. 63, convexis, penultimo sat magno, sutura subsimplice, violascente ; apertura dimidiam longitudinem
vix squans vel paullo brevior, lanceolata, margine externo leviter antrorsum arcuato, columella modice
arcuata, alba.
Long. 28-30, diam. 12, apert. 14-15 millim.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Apri/ 1891. 10
TA MOLLUSCA.
Hab. W. Mexico: Sayula, State of Jalisco (Hoge).
Resembles in its general form G. largillierti, but larger, broader, and wanting the
distinctly marginate and crenulated suture. Fischer and Orosse’s figure of G. filosa
(t. 6. fig. 5) represents a shell somewhat similar in shape, but of larger size and with
a stronger sculpture.
I am indebted to Mr. Edgar Smith for a figure of the type of this species (fig. 16).
40. Glandina filosa. (Tab. V. figg. 2, 2a, 0.)
Achatina (Glandina) filosa, Pfr. P. Z.S8. 1855, p. 100°.
Oleacina filosa, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 640°; vi. p. 279°.
Glandina filosa (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 129, t. 6. fig. 5
(part.) *.
Hab. FE. Mexico: Orizaba *, State of Vera Cruz 4.
Figured from a specimen in Pfeiffer’s collection. The vertical riblets are very
distinct and narrow, the apex of the shell rather minute.
41. Glandina fischeri, sp. n. (Tab. V. figg. 3, 3a.)
Glandina filosa (Pfr.), var. 8, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 129°.
Hab. Centrau Mexico: Toluca (Boucard!, Hoge).
I have no doubt that the specimens collected by Herr Hoge at Toluca are conspecific
with Fischer and Crosse’s var. 6 of G. filosa from the same locality. Pfeiffer’s G. filosa
belongs to quite a different species. I have examined a specimen in his collection, and
find that it has a distinctly more tapering spire, and the vertical ribs (to which it owes
its name) distinctly more elevated. These specimens from Toluca are irregularly
plaited near the suture, but the plaits or riblets very soon become quite faint and flat
as they descend downwards; the colour is yellowish brown, the columella very much
arcuated. In the general form, sculpture, and colour of the shell, G. fischeri some-
what resembles large specimens of Limnea palustris. It is intermediate in form
between G. jilosa and G. pseudoturris; but is distinct from both by the much more
blunt apex (like that of G. audebardi), the somewhat coarser sculpture near the suture,
and the arcuated columella. .
42. Glandina sulcifera, sp.n. (Tab. V. figg. 1, 1a, 0.)
Testa ovato-oblonga, brevispira, rugis perpendicularibus latiusculis per sulcos impressos divisis subinzequalibus
sculpta, griseo-carnea, nitida ; sutura irregulariter crenulata, albo-violascens; spira late conica, obtusa ;
anfr. 6, priores 3 leves; apertura ovato-lanceolata, dimidiam teste altitudinem paullo superans, margine
columellari crassiusculo, valde obliquo, albo, late truncato.
Long. 32, diam. 13; apert. long. 17, diam. 7 millim.
Hab. W. Mexico: Jalisco (Schumann).
GLANDINA. 70
43. Glandina albersi. (Tab. IV. figg. 10, 10a, 11.)
Achatina (Glandina) albersi, Pfr. P.Z. 8. 1854, p. 295".
Glandina albersi, Carpenter, Cat. of Mazatl. Shells, p. 175°; Tryon, in Am. Journ. Conch. i.
p- 227, t. 16. fig. 9 (young shell) °; Binney, Terr. and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. i. p. 18
(not the figure)*; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p- 127°; Strebel,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. pp. 7-9, t. 11. figg. 21, 21a, 4 (good), t. 64.
figg. 21 c, f, g, t. 12. figg. 21 c—e (not full-grown) °.
Oleacina albersi, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 6407.
Var. inflata. (Fig. 11.)
Magis ventricosa, spira breviore, columella paullo magis arcuata. Long. 273, diam. 13, apert. 11 millim.
Hab. N.W. Mexico; Mazatlan (Reigen?); Mazatlan and Tres Marias Islands (Forrer ;
specimens in the Berlin Museum, 33 millim, long.); Sierra Madre de Colima
(Xantus°); Tepic (Richardson; typical form and var. inflata).
The original locality given by Pfeiffer! is the “ Gulf of California.” The additional
habitat ‘“Tumaco” (in Ecuador) (Albers, Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 27) is founded on a
label in the collection of the late Mr. Albers upon the authority of Cuming, and is very
probably an error.
By some authors this Glandina seems to have been confounded or combined with
much more elongated species from the same country, such as G. turris and G. excavata.
44. Glandina mitriformis.
Glandina (Oleacina) mitriformis, Angas, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 481, t. 40. fig. 10°.
Hab. S.E. Costa Rica: Middle Zhorquin to Cuabre, low hills and flat ground (Gadd +).
In outline this shell resembles G. alberst ; I have not seen a specimen of it.
45, Glandina monilifera. |
Glandina monilifera, Pfr. P. Z.8. 1845, p. 75°; Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. pp. 38, 258°;
Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 89 (excl. var. 8)°; v. Mart. in P. Z.S.
1875, p. 647*; Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. i. p. 169 (1878) °.
Glandina monilifera, Form A, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 48, t. 13.
fig. 42 °.
Achatina (Glandina) monilifera, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 290’.
Achatina monilifera, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 14. fig. 50°.
Oleacina monilifera, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 27°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 641 °°.
Glandina rubella, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 14 (1849) “, & ii. p. 27 (=monilifera) ”.
Achatina (Glandina) rubella (Morel.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 513”,
Oleacina rubella, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 27%; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 641”.
Var. pulcherrima
Glandina monilifera, var. 8, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 89, t. 3. fig. 5 °°.
10*
76 MOLLUSCA.
Glandina monilifera, Form B, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 49, t. 18.
figg. 43, 43a".
Glandina pulcherrima, Strebel, Verh. Ver. f. naturw. Unterh. Hamb. v. p. 104 (1882) *°.
Hab. E. Muxico: Coatepec above Jalapa, rather copiously (Doria Estefania 8, Hoge—
only the var. pulcherrima); Quautlatitlan (Strebel; mus. Berol. no. 30738);
Orizaba (Botteri "); probably also Cordova (Sadié *).
S.W. Mexico: Omilteme, State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
Cuiapas (Ghiesbreght *).
N. GuaTeMALA: mountains of Coban (coll. Cuming !) ; Coban (Delatire?7®, Salvin 4,
Sarg ®); Vera Paz (Morelet*® 11 12, Salvin®, Boucard’) ; Cahabon (Champion).
The variety is nearly allied to G. orizabe, but of smaller size, with more distinct
costulation, especially on the upper whorls, and more distinct markings at the suture ;
it has the varices very faintly coloured and in some specimens scarcely visible, whereas
they are very distinct in the ‘type. Reeve’s figure® represents a more bulky form
(long. 32, diam. 16, apert. 18 millim.) than I have ever seen.
46. Glandina obtusa.
Glandina obtusa, Pfr. in Philippi’s Abbild. i. p. 182, t. 1. fig. 3 (1844) *; P. Z. 8. 1845, p. 42 (?)*;
Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 197°, ed. 2, p. 27*; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-
Conch. ii. p. 36, t. 10. figg. 26, 26.4, b°.
Achatina obtusa, Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, no. 80, p. 347,
t. 88. fige. 5, 6°.
? Var. major.
Achatina (Glandina) obtusa, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 281 (1848) ”.
Achatina obtusa, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 15. fig. 62°; Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist.
Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. p. 178, t. 134. figg. 3, 4°.
Oleacina obtusa (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 17”.
Hab. Nicaragua: Realejo, on the leaves of shrubs (coll. Cuming 1~!°).
The quoted descriptions and figures, although all giving Realejo (also written Real
Llejos) as the locality, refer to two forms, which are distinct one from the other in
size and shape. The smaller one, 163-19 millim. in length, and about half as much
in breadth, is that first described and figured in Philippi’s work 1, and it is also repre-
sented in Pfeiffer’s collection ; this is the only form of which I have specimens before
me. The larger one, 26-28 millim. in length, and distinctly less than half this in
breadth, is figured by Reeve and Deshayes; it very much resembles in its dimensions
G. largillierti, from Guatemala and Yucatan, but it seems to be more smooth and
shining.
The very obtuse, nearly flat apex resembles that of G. audebardi; but in this
species specimens of the same size and with the same number of whorls as G. obtusa
clearly show the unequal denticles at the suture. Young specimens of G. monilifera
GLANDINA. 77
and G. pulcherrima are more tapering near the apex and have a distinctly stronger
sculpture, |
It is a question whether the larger form may not be the full-grown one, and the
smaller only a young one. In the specimens before me of the small form, however,
the outer edge of the aperture is not thin, but somewhat thickened and distinctly
arched ; the same is the case with Pfeiffer’s specimen of the small form, which is
figured by Strebel. So I think that they may be full-grown. The number of whorls
is five and a little more.
The Mexican example referred by myself in Malak. Blatt. 1865, p. 12, with con-
siderable doubt, to G. od¢usa does not belong to it; it is a young specimen of some
other species, perhaps of G. audebardi.
Martini and Chemnitz’s figure (Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, t. 38. figg. 5, 6)
is too dark in colour, and too much striped in comparison with that of other species
and with the specimens I have seen.
47, Glandina stigmatica.
Achatina (Polyphemus) stigmatica, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 202 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 22)';
Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 514’.
Oleacina stigmatica (Shuttl.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 27°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 641 *.
Glandina stigmatica (Shuttl.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 91, t. 2-
figg. 9, 9a’.
Hab. EK. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Jacot-Guillarmod 1); Orizaba
(Botteri®); Atoyac, State of Vera Cruz (Schumann; one specimen).
This small, smooth, and rather narrowly fusiform species, with very broad dark
streaks, stands somewhat isolated from the other members of the genus; it is, perhaps,
nearest allied to G. monilifera and G. obtusa, notwithstanding its different general form.
48, Glandina nana, (Tab. V. fig. 7.)
Achatina (Polyphemus) nana, Shutt). in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 202 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 22)".
Achatina nana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 516°.
Oleacina nana (Shuttl.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 32°.
Glandina nana (Shuttl.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 133, t. 2. figg. 7,
7a, b*; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 37°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova®, State of Vera Cruz (Jacot-Guillarmod 14); Misantla
(Hoge).
Very curious by its small size, in other respects resembling somewhat the North-
American G. dullata. It cannot be a young state, because already the first whorls are
remarkably small and in due proportion to the whole shell. The specimen collected
by M. Sallé, and figured by Fischer and Crosse, is considerably more ventricose than the
typical one in Shuttleworth’s collection, which we figure here (fig. 7). ‘The upper
whorls are much narrower and the sculpture is much stronger than in G. obtusa.
78 MOLLUSCA.
G. Difficiles.
49. Glandina difficilis.
Glandina difficilis, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 426 (1869) ‘; Fischer & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 182, t. 6. figg. 3, 3a°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und
Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 54°.
Oleacina difficilis (Cr. & Fisch.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 328 4
Hab. Mexico: probably in the environs of Orizaba (Botteri! *).
This shell exhibits a distinctly twisted columella, by which it approaches some-
what to Streptostyla ; in other respects it resembles some of the smaller species of the
group “Turrite.” Strebel® thinks that it may be nearer allied to G. ambigua, but
he has not himself examined a specimen.
The following four species probably do not enter within the limits of this work;
but as some well-known authors have admitted them among the Mexican or Central-
American species, I also am obliged to enumerate them here, in order to ascertain
their probable geographical distribution. Two of them are the first known species of
the genus, and their synonymy, chiefly that of the older authors, is somewhat intricate.
50. Glandina truncata.
—— ——, Lister, Hist. Conch. ed. 2, App. t. 4. (1059), fig. 4 (1770) °.
, Kammerer, Conch. Cab. d. Erbp. v. Schwarzb.-Rudolst. p. 128, t. 10. fig. 5 (1786) *.
Bulla truncata, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 6, p. 8434 (1788-1791) ’.
Glandina truncata, Say, Amer. Conch. ii. t. 20 (1831) *; Beck, Ind. Moll. p. 78°; Binney, Terr.
air-breathing Moll. U.S. ii. p. 301, tabb. 59, 60°, & v. p. 84°; Land- and Freshw.-
Shells of N. Am. i. p. 15°; Manual of Amer. Landshells, p. 348°; Tryon, in Am. Journ.
of Conch. ii. p. 225, t. 16. fig. 1, 2'° ; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. 11.
pp. 5-7, t. 3. fig. 1", & i. p. 7”.
Achatina truncata (Gmel.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 287*°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi.,
Achatina, t. 18. fig. 47 ™.
Oleacina truncata, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 23 (1855); Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 638°.
Polyphemus glans, Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. i. p. 282 (1817-1818) (nec Montf.) *.
Helix rosea, Férussac, Prodr. p. 50. no. 356 (1821-1822) *; Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. t. 135.
fig. 3”.
Achatina rosea, Gray, Ann. Philos., new ser. ix. p. 414 (1825) *; Deshayes, Encycl. Méth. ii. p. 10
(1830) *.
Achatina striata, Deshayes, in Lamarck’s Syst. Anim. sans Vert. ed. 2, viii. p. 313 (nec Miill.) *.
Hab. SoutHeRN Unirep States: Atlantic and Gulf States from South Carolina to
Florida 4 1”, Louisiana §, and Texas®; very common on the islands and keys along
the coast ’, also in the marshes behind the coast sand-hills 4; inland—as far north
as Macon in Georgia, Bibb County in Alabama, and Jackson in the State of
Mississippi 9.
GLANDINA. 79
Var. parallela.
Glandina parallela, Binney, Proc. Ac. Phil. 1857, p. 189”; Terr. air-breathing Moll. U. S. iv.
p. 140, t. 62. fig. 3%; Land- and Freshw. Shells of N. Am.i. p.17. fig. 7”; Tryon, in
Am. Journ. of Conch. i. p. 226, t. 16. fig. 3°°.
Oleacina parallela (Binn.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 277.
Glandina truncata, Form B, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 6,t. 3. figg. 2,2 a—d™.
Hab. Sournern Unirep States: Louisiana *4?6, Florida 28, and Texas, especially at
Matamoros *4 *.
Var. bullata.
Glandina bullata, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 64 (1848) *; Binney, Terr. air-breathing
Moll. U.S. ii. p. 298, t. 62 a4; Land- and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. i. pp. 19, 20%.
Achatina (Glandina) bullata, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 512.
Oleacina bullata, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 24%; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 638 *.
Glandina truncata, var. abbreviata, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic., ed. 2, pp. 26, 29%.
Glandina truncata, Form C, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sissw.-Conch. ii. p. 6, t. 3. figg. 3,
3 a-d**,
Hab. Sovruern Unitep States: Louisiana °° 35 36,
A well-known species of the Southern United States. It is said to occur also in
Mexico, but I have no positive evidence of this. ‘The specimen in the Berlin Museum,
collected at Angangueo, Michoacan, by Deppe, and referred by Strebel °° (fig. 3 e) to
G. truncata, I think probably belongs to G. indusiata.
51. Glandina striata.
Buccinum striatum, O. Fr. Miller, Hist. Verm. ui. p. 149 (1774) (‘testa turrita, strigis raris
fulvis”’) ‘; Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ix. 2, p. 86, t. 120. fig. 1030 (copied in 2nd ed.,
Achatina, no. 7, p. 296, t. 3. fig. 9) (not figs. 1028, 1029) °.
Strombus striatus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1. 6, p. 8524 °.
Bulimus striatus, Brug. Encycl. Méthod. i. p. 366 (1789-1792) *.
Achatina striata, Gray, Ann. Philos. new ser. ix. p. 414 (1825) ’.
Glandina striata (Mill.), Beck, Index Moll. p. 288 (1837) °; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-
Conch. ii. pp. 23-26, t. 7. figg. 15, 15a, 6, & t. 2. fig. 15"; v. Mart. in Albers’s Die
Helic. ed. 2, p. 28 (1860) °.
Achatina striata, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 287°.
Oleacina striata (Mill.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 24”.
Helix tenera, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 6, p. 3653 ™.
Helix incumbens, Dillwyn, Descr. Cat. Shells, ii. p. 955 (1817) ”.
Helix (Cochlicopa) miillert, Férussac, Prodr. p. 50. no. 357”.
Achatina miilleri, Gray, in Griffith’s Anim. Kingd. t. 27. fig. 5 *; Guérin, Icon. Moll. t. 6. fig. 14” ;
Deshayes, in Lamarck’s Syst. Anim. sans Vert. ed. 2, vill. p. 312°; Reeve, Conch. Icon.
vi., Achatina, t. 8. fig. 25".
* Matamoros is on the south side of the mouth of the Rio Grande, and therefore in Mexican territory.
But the Fauna and Flora are strictly Texan.— Epp.
80 MOLLUSCA.
Bulimus miilleri, d’Orbigny, Voy. dans l’Amér. mérid. v., Moll. p. 256".
Achatina dactylus, Brod. P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 32"; Reeve, Conch. Syst. ii. t. 179. fig. 16”.
Glandina dactylus (Brod.), v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2. p. 287".
Glandina strigosa, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 28”.
? Glandina lineata, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 47, t. 9. fig. 10 (1878) *.
Hab.? E. Mexico.
SoutH AMERICA, widely distributed : Colombia, Sonson and Ocana (Wallis 7); Guiana
(Schomburgk), Cayenne (Howe 1*); Ecuador’, Tumaco I. 17 1 *°; North Peru,
Xeberos on the River Huallaga, east of the Cordillera (Bartlett ") ; Bolivia,
Yuracares (d’Orbigny 8); Southern Brazil, Theresopolis, in the province of
Santa Catarina—a specimen given to the Berlin Museum by Dr. Aug. Miller.
The specimen described by Strebel as G. lineata *’ is stated to have been found near
San Juan Miahuatlan, between Jalapa and Misantla: I cannot distinguish it from
examples from Colombia and Ecuador. In the collection of the late Mr. Albers
“ Mexico ” is also given as a locality on the labels of two specimens, upon the authority
of Cuming and Bernardi. Nevertheless, it is highly improbable that a species so
distinct and so large should inhabit both Mexico and the continent of South America,
and not yet have been found in the intervening region; I cannot help thinking
that some mistake must have been made in labelling the supposed Mexican specimens.
52. Glandina plicatula.
Achatina plicatula, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 258"; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 5177; Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, no. 38, p. 319, t. 26. fig. 2°.
Glandina plicatula (Pfr.), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. p. 108‘; Fischer & Crosse, Miss, Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 95°; v. Mart. Die Binnenmoll. von Venez. (in Festschr. der Ges.
naturf. Freunde in Berlin, 1873), p. 8°; Mousson, in Malak. Blatt. xxi. p. 15 (18738) ";
Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. pp. 19, 20, & t. 6. figg. 33, 33 a-e, 34,
34a, b, 35, 35 a-c, & t. 4. fig. 33°.
Oleacina plicatula (Pf.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 34°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 643”.
Achatina lignaria, Appun, Unter den Tropen, i. p. 548 (1879) ”.
Glandina, sp. n., Appun, loc. cit. p. 551”.
Hab. CotomBra: in the Andes! ? 39; Ocafia and Sonson (Wallis? 8).
VENEZUELA: Cumbre de San Hilario, and Chino near San Felipe, in the mountain
forests (Appun ® 11 12); Cumbre de Valencia (Dr. Kretz®); San Esteban, near
Puerto Cabello’; Caracas (Lansberg°).
Concerning the Guatemalan locality quoted by Fischer and Crosse 5, see G. pinicola,
antea p. 64.
53. Glandina attenuata.
Achatina (Glandina) attenuata, Pir. P. Z. 8S. 1851, p. 259°.
Achatina attenuata, Pfr.in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, no. 43, p. 322,
t. 26. figg. 10, 11°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 527°.
Glandina (Oleacina) attenuata, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 32+.
GLANDINA.—SALASTELLA. 81
Hab. Centrau Amurica (coll. Cuming !*).
The habitat of this species is doubtful. It belongs to a natural subdivision of
Glandina with a smooth, shining shell, all other species of which are confined to the
islands of the West Indies.
SALASTELLA.
Salasiella, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 6 (1878).
Shell oblong, conical, or fusiform, of vitreous appearance, smooth or feebly striated,
thin and shining; columella as in Glandina. ‘Teeth of the radula with distinctly
stouter basal part and more blunt point than in Glandina, the two laterals next to the
median very stout. For an account of the anatomy, see Strebel (op. cit. p. 29, t. 10).
All the species are of small size and unicolorous. In an artificial system they must
remain united with Glandina; but the rather peculiar facies and the small size give
some additional weight to the difference in the radula.
Dedicated to the family Salas in Vera Cruz, who helped Mr. Strebel most successfully
in collecting the land-shells of this province.
1. Salasiella margaritacea, (Tab. V. fig. 8.)
Achatina margaritacea, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 321°.
Oleacina margaritacea, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 636°.
Glandina margaritacea, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 136°.
Hab. Fi. Mexico: Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé 1~°).
Very distinct by its coniform shape, thus resembling many Streptostyle, but the
conformation of the columella is that of Glandina. ‘The figure here given is drawn
from a specimen in the late Mr. Patel’s collection, of somewhat smaller size than
Pfeiffer’s example.
2. Salasiella joaquine.
Salasiella joaquine, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Stissw.-Conch. i. p. 29, t. 9. fig. 6, & t. 10.
figg. 1-7 (anatomy) *.
Hab. ¥. Mexico: Jalapa (Doiia Estefania 1).
3. Salasiella modesta.
Oleacina modesta, Pfr. in Malak. Blitt. ix. p. 98 (1862)’; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 275°.
Glandina modesta (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 185°; Strebel,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 52, t. 13. fig. 49 °.
Salasiella modesta, Strebel, loc. cit. iii. p. 30, t. 9. fig. 9°.
Hab. FE. Mexico: Mirador, on the soil of freshly uprooted woods, probably subterra-
neous (Strebel *°).
The statement “ Prope Vera Cruz (Berendt)” 1, or environs of Vera Cruz 3, is con-
tradicted by Berendt’s companion Strebel *: the province of Vera Cruz is intended.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1891. 11
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SALASIELLA,—STREPTOSTYLA. 83
4, Salasiella perpusilla.
Oleacina perpusilla, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 86 (1866)'; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 281°.
Glandina perpusilla (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 134, t. 3. figg. 4,
4a—c*; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 53 4.
Salasiella perpusilla, Strebel, loc. cit. iii. p. 80, t. 9. fig. 8°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Mirador (Berendt~4); Jalapa, in the wood of Pacho (Dona Este-
Fania ®).
S. GuaTEMALA: Hacienda Helvetia, in the Costa Cuca, 2500 feet above the sea
(Stold).
Very near to the preceding ; whorls more inflate near the suture.
5. Salasiella pulchella. (Tab. V. fig. 9.)
Achatina pulchella, Pfr. P. Z. 8S. 1856, p. 8793.
Oleacina pulchella, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 635°.
Glandina pulchella, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p- 136°.
Hab. Cutapas (Ghiesbreght 1%).
‘Typical specimens in the British Museum (fig. 9).
STREPTOSTYLA.
Spirazis, sect. 1. Glandineformes s. Streptostyla, Shuttleworth, in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 203.
“‘Shell oblong, attenuated below; aperture narrow; outer margin often inflexed ;
columella strongly contorted, furnished with a callous lamina, deeply intrant, and
scarcely truncate anteriorly ” (H. &@ A. Adams). The living animal elongated in its fore
part, with small triangular labial palpi in addition to the four feelers; eyes as in
Glandina. ‘Teeth of the radula narrow, spiniform; median tooth present. Mode of
life similar to that of Glandina.
The majority of the species have a quite smooth shining shell; therefore this
character will not be repeated for each species in the following table, but only the
exceptions mentioned.
Living animal—see Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. t. 2. fig. 15 a, and
Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. t. 22. figg. 2, 3; an exact account of
the anatomy is to be found in the same works.
Like Glandina, this genus is pre-eminently Central-American, and its distribution
within our limits is very similar; a few rather aberrant species are also found in the
West Indian islands—S. cubaniana, S. moreletiana, S. suturalis, S. episcopalis, all in
Cuba. But the northern limit of this genus lies in Mexico itself, and also towards the
11*
84 MOLLUSCA.
south it is more restricted, only one species being found in South America, viz. S. sud-
callosa, Pfr., in Venezuela. Pfeiffer quotes another from Peru, S. peruviana (Lam.) ;
but this very fine species seems to be more nearly allied to the subgenus Varicella of
Glandina, especially to G. leucozonias, and its habitat in Peru is, so far as I know, not
confirmed by any later traveller.
Geographical Distribution of the Species of Streptostyla.
N. Mexico ... . . . +. No species hitherto known.
N.E. Mexico. . . . .... »
N.W. Mexico .....e. - »
Central Mexico. . ..... -
E. Mexico. . . . . . . « «~~ métcoleti, botteriana, mitreformis, delattrei (varr.edwards-
tana and sallet), irrigua, shuttleworthi (with varr.),
cylindracea, coniformis, turgidula, lurida, plicatula,
flavescens, fulvida, glandiformis, physodes, limnei-
formis, vexans, boyeriana, mohriana, ligulata.
W.&S.W. Mexico. . . . . . ~~ shuttleworthi var. similis, conulus, flavescens var.
boucardi.
Tabasco and Central Chiapas . . dubia, nigricans, shuttleworthi, biconica, lurida var.,
limneiformis var. parvula, oblonga, ligulata, catenata.
Yucatan . . . . . . . ~~) cylindracea, ventricosula, meridana.
N. Guatemala. . . . . . . . nigricans, mitreformis, delattrei, turgidula var.,
labida, lurida, delibuta, meridana var. cobanensis,
sargi, ligulata.
Central Guatemala. . . . . . sololensis, ventricosula var. binneyana.
E.Guatemala . ... . . . delattrei, delibuta.
S.Guatemala . . . . . . . = turgidula var., meridana var. cobanensis.
Honduras. . . . . . . . « obesa, thomsoni, dysoni.
Salvador . . . . .. . . . No species hitherto known.
S.W. Nicaragua . »
Central Nicaragua. . . . . . dysoni.
Mosquito coast . . . . . . . No species hitherto known.
N. Costa Rica . . . . . . . Umitreformis, ? cylindracea, turgidula, ventricosula var.
S.& S.E. Costa Rica . 2. . . . binneyana, viridula, ? flavescens var. boucardi.
N. Panama .... . =... Nospecies hitherto known.
S. Panama
33
Venezuela. . . . . . . . . ~~ gubcailosa.
STREPTOSTYLA. 85
The Mexican and Central-American species may be arranged as follows :—
A. Sculptee (Streptostyla, s. str., Albers): sculptured . nicoleti, botteriana, dubia.
B. Polite (Chersomitra, v. Mart.) : polished.
a. Nigricantes: with black bands . . . . . . ~~ nigricans, mitreformis.
b. Oliveeformes: oblong-ovate, obtuse at both ends. delattrei, irrigua, shuttleworthi,
cylindracea.
c. Coniformes: oblong-ovate, attenuated below . . coniformis, conulus.
d. Turgidee: ovate, swollen in the middle . . . . obesa, turgidula, labida, lurida.
e. Physeformes: subovate, with longer tapering delibuta, ventricosula, thomsoni,
spire. viridula, plicatula, biconica, flavescens, fulvida,
glandiformis, physodes, limneiformis, oblonga.
jf. Aplectzformes: subcylindrical, with rather long — sololensis, meridana, dysoni, vex-
spire ; size small. ans, boyeriana.
g. Subturritz : still more elongate; sizesmall . . sargi, mohriana.
C. Ligulate (Petenia, Cr. & Fisch.): a mucous-pore at Jigulata, ? catenata.
the foot.
A. Sculpte.
[Streptostyla, sensu stricto, v. Martens, in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 33 (1860). ]
1. Streptostyla nicoleti.
Spiraxis (Streptostyla) nicoleti, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 204 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 24)’;
Notitize Malac. 11. p. 14, t. 5. fig. 1 (1877) °.
Spiraxis nicoleti, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 477 *.
Achatina nicoleti (Shuttl.), Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, no. 47,
p. 325, t. 26. fige. 18, 19%,
Streptostyla nicoleti (Shuttl.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 23°; Strebel,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. pp. 6, 12-14, t. 7. figg. 2, 2a-/f, p. 49, t. 22.
figg. 3, 3 a—d (living animal), t. 3 (anatomy), t. 6. fig. 1 (radula) °.
Hab. F. Mexico: Misantla, San Isidro, and San Juan Miahuatlan, woody hills, on
decayed trunks of trees, solitary (Strebel®); Misantla and Coatepec (Hdége) ;
Jalapa (MM. Trujillo); Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod }~*).
Var. subovata.
Streptostyla nicoleti, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. t. 1. figg. 2, 2a’.
Streptostyla nicoleti, Form B, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 14, t. 7. fig. 3°.
Hab. ¥. Mexico: Toxpam, near Cordova (Sallé5) ; Orizaba (Botteri 8).
2. Streptostyla botteriana.
Streptostyla botteriana, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 190 (1869) *; Fischer &
Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 25, t. 2. figg. 4, 4a, 6°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Orizaba (Botteri |),
MOLLUSCA.
86
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BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1891.
12
90 MOLLUSCA.
3. Streptostyla dubia. (Tab. V. fig. 10.)
Spirazis dubia, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 378°; Malak. Blatt. 1856, p. 232 *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent.
iv. p. 580°.
Streptostyla dubia (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 65°.
Hab. Cuiapas (Ghiesbreght 1~*).
Costulated as in the first two species, but not of the same uniform colouring.
I am indebted to Mr. Edgar Smith for a figure (fig. 10) and exact measurements of
this aberrant shell.
B. Polite.
[Chersomitra, v. Martens, in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 33 (1860).]
a. Nigricantes.
4, Streptostyla nigricans.
Glandina nigricans, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 75"; Albers, Die Helic. p. 197 (1850) *.
Achatina (Glandina) nigricans, Pir. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 280°.
Achatina nigricans, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 14. fig. 54°; Deshayes, in Férussac’s
Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. p. 179, t. 137. figg. 9, 10°.
Spiraxis nigricans (Pfr.), Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 204 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 24) °; Notitie
Malac. ii. p. 14, t. 5. fig. 27; Tristram, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 418 °.
Streptostyla nigricans, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 60, t. 1. figg. 15, 15a
(living animal)°; v. Mart. P. Z.S. 1875, p. 647°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und
Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 24, t. 9. figg. 8, 3.a, t. 12. fig. 1114; Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr.
iii. p. 169 (1878) ».
Hab. Tazasco (var. minor, coll. Cuming ®).
N. Guatemata: Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt®); near Lake Peten (Salvin ®®); Coban
(Salvin 4, Sarg 11, Conradt); Vera Paz (Boucard 1).
The locality Vera Cruz given by Pfeiffer!? on the authority of Delattre, and
repeated by Shuttleworth ®, is very probably an error, being perhaps a misprint for
Vera Paz. A confusion may have arisen with the following species, as S. nigricans has
not been found in the State of Vera Cruz by any of the numerous later collectors.
5. Streptostyla mitreformis.
Spiraxis mitreformis, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 205 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 25)*; Notitiz
Malac. ii. p. 14, t. 5. fig. 3°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 473°.
Streptostyla mitreformis (Shuttl.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 62, t. 1.
fige. 16, 16a‘. |
Var. minor.
Streptostyla mitreformis(Shuttl.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 25, t. 9. fig. 5°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod 1 2%); Toxpam, near Cordova (Sallé *).
STREPTOSTYLA. 91
N. Guatemata: Coban (Sarg 5).
Costa Rica (Rogers, var.); Rancho Redondo, 1600 metres above the sea (P. Biolley :
var. ).
Very near the preceding, but smaller and comparatively more narrow, the spire
longer; generally the dark colour is more uniform, less interrupted by yellow streaks.
In some specimens the yellow zone at the suture is wanting; in others it is propor-
tionately as well developed as in S. nigricans.
b. Oliveformes.
6. Streptostyla delattrei.
Achatina lattrei, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 188°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 269 2; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 14. fig. 53°.
Glandina lattrei, Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 40‘.
Spiraxis (Streptostyla) lattrei, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 205 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 25) °.
Spiraxis lattrei, Tristram, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 280°.
Streptostyla delattret, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 33, t. 1. figg. 5, 5a, 67;
v. Mart. P. Z. 8S. 1875, p. 648°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 21,
t. 8. figg. 10, 10 a—-c, & t. 12. fig. 10°.
Glandina oliva, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 13 (1849) ”°.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Vera Paz, in the woods (Morelet7%1°); Panzos, Vera Paz
(Bocourt 7 9); Coban (Salvin ®®, Bocourt", Sarg ®); Senahu 2800 feet and Panzos,
both in the Polochic valley (Champion); Alta Vera Paz (Boucard).
E. GuaTEMALA: Yzabal, on the borders of the Golfo Dulce (Séo//).
Somewhat variable in size, form, and colour. The longitudinal streaks are often
dark chestnut, but sometimes very faint and scarcely indicated, sometimes solitary and
sometimes two close together; generally they are fewer and more faint on the second
half of the last whorl. The aperture occupies rather more or less than two thirds of
the whole length of the shell.
Var. edwardsiana.
Streptostyla edwardsiana, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 29 (1869); Fischer &
Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 35, t. 2. figg. 2,2 a'*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent.
viii. p. 338°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 20”.
Hab. E. Mexico: Orizaba (Sallé 11-14).
Only distinguished by the suture being marked with an impressed line, which in
other genera is a good specific character; but, as in other respects no real difference
is to be found, I agree with Strebel that it may be accidental. Strebel figures, how-
ever, as probably belonging to S. edwardsiana, young specimens (t. 8. fig. 7), which
have neither the “sutura marginata” nor the dark streaks of Crosse and Fischer’s
species.
12*
92 MOLLUSCA.
Var. salle.
Streptostyla sallei, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 30 (1 869) °; Fischer & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 36, t. 2. figg. 1, 1a’; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii.
p. 3387’; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 20, t. 8. fig. 4, & t. 12, fig. 20".
Hab. E. Mexico: Orizaba (Sallé15-17); Mirador or Orizaba (Strebel '*); Mexico,
without nearer indication of locality (ex Cuming, in the collection of the late
Mr. Albers, now in the Berlin Museum !"),
In vain I have endeavoured to make out clear differences between the Mexican 8.
sallwi and the Guatemalan S. delattrei. In the descriptions quoted above, and in the
specimen in the Berlin Museum (which is recognized as S. salla@i by Strebel), I find
no other characters than a somewhat thinner and less narrow shell, a proportionately
rather longer spire (aperture to the whole length =5: 8), paler streaks, and a some-
what thinner columella. But in all these points there is so much variation among the
Guatemalan specimens of S. delattrei that the peculiarities of S. sal/@i are included
within their limits.
7. Streptostyla irrigua.
Spiraxis irrigua, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 205 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 25)*; Notitiz Malac.
ed. 2, p. 25, t. 5. fig. 5°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 47 °.
Streptostyla irrigua, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 37 *.
Var. cingulata.
Streptostyla cingulata, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 31 (1869) °; Fischer & Crosse,
loc. cit. p. 40, t. 1. figg. 6, 6a°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 338”.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova (Jacot- Guillarmod 1~4) ; Tuxtla, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé 5-1),
Intermediate between S. delattrei and S. coniformis. A comparison of the figures
given by Shuttleworth and Fischer and Crosse shows that S. irrigua and S. cingulata
are probably one and the same species. Fischer and Crosse could not have seen
Shuttleworth’s figure when they described his species; S. cingulata seems to differ
only by a somewhat more decided sculpture near the suture.
8. Streptostyla shuttleworthi. (8. dullacea, Tab. V. fig. 11; probably the
young state of this species.)
Spiraxis shuttleworthi, Pir. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 820, t. 85. fig. 8; Novitat. Conch. i. p. 102, t. 29.
figg. 1, 2°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 576°.
Streptostyla shuttlewortht (Pir.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 41, t. 1.
fgg. 7, 7a, & t. 2. fig. 4°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. pp. 6, 18,
t.'8.' fie. 9%.
Hab. Ki. Mexico: Misantla and environs, in the woods, crawling on decayed leaves,
more rarely on the leaves of shrubs (Strebel>); Cordova (Sallé1~4) ; Orizaba (Sallé*).
Cuiapas (Ghiesbreght *).
Tapasco: Teapa (H. H. Smith).
STREPTOSTYLA. 93
Var. ventricosa.
Streptostyla shuttleworthi, var. y, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 42, t. 2. fig. 3°.
Streptostyla shuttleworthi, var., Strebel, loc. cit. iii. t. 8. fig. 9a".
Hab. E. Mexico: Orizaba (Sailé®); Nautla, near the sea-shore, dead specimens
(Strebel *).
Var. similis.
Streptostyla similis, Strebel, loc. cit. iii. pp. 19, 50, t. 8. fig. 8, t. 12. fig. 7°.
Hab. E. Mextco: Misantla (Strebel 8); Orizaba (Botteri ®); Vera Cruz (Shuttleworth,
in mus. Berol.®).
S.W. Mexico: Juquila (Hége).
Var. quirozt.
Streptostyla brevispira, Strebel, loc. cit. iii. p. 21, t. 8. fig. 3°.
Hab. EB. Mexico: Tezuitlan and Misantla (Hége); Coatepec (Quiroz °); Miahuatlan
(Dota Estefania °); San Antonio del Monte (Strebel).
Rather variable in size and form, but constantly of a brilliant reddish-fawn-colour ;
vertical streaks faint or wanting; columella rather thin and slightly twisted. Large
specimens approach G. delattret, var. sallat.
Spirawis bullacea, Pfr. [Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 84 (1866); Monogr. Helic. Vivent. Vi.
p. 196], from Tabasco, is according to the original specimen (Tab. V. fig. 11) very
probably only the young state of this species.
9. Streptostyla cylindracea. (Tab. V. fig. 13.)
Achatina cylindracea, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1846, p. 31°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 269°; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 18. fig. 91°.
Spiraxis cylindracea (Pfr.), Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 206 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 26) *; Pfr.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 475°.
Streptostyla cylindracea (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 30°; Angas,
P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 482”.
Spiraxis shuttleworthii (Pfr.), Tristr. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 230°.
Hab. E. Muxico: Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod * ®).
N. Guatemata (Salvin §).
?S.E. Costa Rica (Gabb*).
Ceytrat America: Tortilla (ubi?: coll. Cuming 1 ?*).
The suture itself is whitish and below it a fine white spiral line is to be seen, which
is not impressed, and appears on closer examination to be produced by an internal
thickening of the shell in the uppermost part of the lumen within each whorl.
The specimen marked “ Spiraxis cylindracea” in Pfeiffer’s collection, now in the
possession of H. Dorhn in Stettin (fig. 13), exceeds remarkably the dimensions given in
94 . MOLLUSCA.
the original description, measuring 18 millim. in length, 8 in breadth, and 14 in length
of the aperture, instead of 13, 54, and 10} respectively ; the subsutural white line is
seen only on its upper whorls, not on the last.
c. Coniformes.
10. Streptostyla coniformis. (Tab. V. fig. 14, young specimen.)
Spiraxis coniformis, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 206 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 26)*; Notitiz Malae.
ed. 2, p. 15, t. 5. fig. 6’; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ili. p. 474°.
Streptostyla coniformis (Shuttl.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 48°; Strebel,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. pp. 6, 15, t. 8. figg. 6, 6 a, b (shell), t. 9. fig. 12
(living animal), t. 6. fig. 3 (radula), t. 4. figg. 11-13 (anatomy) °.
Streptostyla blandina, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 31 (1869) °; Fischer & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 28, t. 1. figg. 8, 8a"; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii.
p. 342°,
Hab. E. Muxtco: Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod 1-4, Sallé &*) ; Mirador (Strebel°, Sar-
torius®, Berendt*); Coatepec (Dona Estefania®); Orizaba (Botteri’).
Var. pfeifferi : spira elatiore.
Achatina streptostyla, Pfr. in Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1846, p. 159°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii.
p. 269"; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina, no. 66, p. 338, t. 37.
figg. 3,4™. .
Glandina streptostyla (Pfr.), Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 41”.
Spirazis streptostyla (Pfr.), Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 206 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 26)”.
Streptostyla pfeifferi, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 27"; Pfr. Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 841 ”.
Hab. Mexico: without nearer indication of locality (Liebmann °").
S. pfeifferi seems at first sight to be fairly distinguished from S. coniformis by the
length of the spire (aperture to the whole length in S. coniformis=6: 7, in S. pfeiffert
2:3, according to the original descriptions), the thinner shell, and the presence of dark
streaks; but if we take into consideration the specimens described and figured by Strebel,
one of which (fig. 6 6) is in the Berlin Museum, these differences lose their value by
gradual transitions. The original specimen in Pfeiffer’s collection is really rather thin;
but the author himself subsequently placed by the side of it, under the same name, a
quite solid example, which in size and in the comparative length of the spire is inter-
mediate between S. pfeifferi and S. coniformis, viz. 21 millim. long, 9 broad, aperture
144 millim.
ee
11. Streptostyla conulus, sp.n. (Tab. V. fig. 15.)
Testa anguste coniformis, solida, levissime striatula, flava, nitida ; spira mediocris, obese conica, apice obtusi-
uscula; anfr. 7, convexiusculi, penultimus antepenultimo duplo altior, ultimus deorsum angustatus, ad
aperturam non deflexus ; sutura simplex, fasciola pallide grisea (non sulco) notata; apertura anguste
STREPTOSTYLA. 95
linearis, infra paullulum dilatata, margine externo infra medium leviter antrorsum arcuato, columella
crassa, valde torta, aperta.
Tong. 14, diam. 5 ; apert. long. 93, diam. superne 2, infra 14 millim.
Hab. W. Mexico: Sayula, State of Jalisco (Hége).
Only one specimen. Resembles in many points S. coniformis, but is much smaller
and yet very thick (so that it cannot be young); it is also considerably more slender,
with proportionately longer spire. For comparison, a young specimen of G. coni-
formis is figured (fig. 14).
d. Lurgide.
12. Streptostyla obesa, sp.n. (Tab. V. figg. 12, 12a.)
Testa oblongo-ovata, leviter striatula, nitida, aurantio-flava, unicolor; sutura submarginata, anguste alba;
spira conica, acutiuscula; anfr. 8}, regulariter crescentes, leviter convexi; apertura dimidiam teste alti-
tudinem superans, oblique lanceolata, margine externo inferius antrorsum arcuato, columella subperpendi-
culari, leviter torta.
Long. 38, diam. 18; apert. long. 18, diam. 9 millim.
Hab. Honpvras: from a shell-dealer (Mus. Berol.).
Nearly allied to S. turgidula, Pfr., but distinctly broader (diameter equal to the
length of the aperture); coloration more orange, and without darker varices; the
suture also in the last whorl is regular, not indented by stoppages of growth, and
the white colour of the suture itself more conspicuous. I have seen only one
specimen.
13. Streptostyla turgidula,
Spirazis turgidula, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 320, t. 85. fig. 9°; Novitat. Conch. i. p. 102, t. 29.
fige. 8, 4°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 577°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, i. p. 58, t. 1. fig. 4°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 17,
t. 12. fig. 6°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova (Sallé1~*); Jalapa (Dota Estefania®).
Var. guatemalensis.
Streptostyla turgidula, var. guatemalensis, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 59, t. 1. fig. 4a°.
Streptostyla schneideri, Strebel, loc. cit. i. p. 26, t. 9. fig. 17.
Streptostyla , Stoll, Guatem. Reisen und Schild. aus den Jahr. 1878-1883, p. 199°.
Had. N. Guatemata: Coban (Sarg ‘).
S. GuatemaLa: San Agustin * (Bocourt*); Hacienda Helvetia 3000 feet, Hacienda
Buenavista 3500 feet, both in Upper Cholhuitz, and Hacienda Germania near
* There are several places of this name in Guatemala; the one on the Pacific slope is probably intended,
one at least of Bocourt’s species being recorded from the “ San Agustin, Dep. of Solola.”
96 MOLLUSCA.
San Felipe, 2000 feet above the sea, all three in Costa Cuca, and on the slope
of the central plateau towards the Pacific, Dep. Retalhuleu (Sto// 8).
Costa Rica: a somewhat imperfect specimen collected by van Patten (Mus. Berol.,
no. 21859). |
In this species, as in S. delattrei, the Mexican specimens are smaller and more
faintly coloured than the Guatemalan ones. But in S. turgidula the Mexican examples
were first described, in S. delattret the Guatemalan ones; so we havea S. delattrei
from Guatemala, with var. (minor) sal/@i from Mexico, and a 8S. turgidula from
Mexico, with var. (major) guatemalensis.
14. Streptostyla labida. (Tab. V. fig. 16.)
Glandina labida, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 13 (1851) *.
Achatina (Glandina) labida (Morel.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 508’.
Oleacina labida (Morel.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 19°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 634%.
Streptostyla labida (Morel.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 45°.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Vera Paz, in the woods (Morelet 1-5).
Very near the preceding, but comparatively somewhat shorter and marked with a
distinctly impressed line below the suture. Figured from a typical specimen sent to
me by M. A. Morelet.
15. Streptostyla lurida.
Spirazis lurida, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 205 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 25) 1; Notitiz Malac. ii,
t. 5. fig. 4°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 473°.
Spirazis , Tristram, P. Z.S. 1861, p..231 *.
Streptostyla lurida, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 48, t. 2. figg. 6, 6a, b°.
Streptostyla bocourti, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 34 (1869) °; Fischer & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 47, t. 1. figg. 14, 1407; v. Mart. P.Z.S. 1875, p. 648°;
Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 340°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch.
lil. p. 24, t. 8. figg. 1, 1 a, 6 (and fig. 5?) ™.
Hab. E. Muxtco: Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod 135); Pacho, in the woods (Dona Este-
: fania ©); Orizaba (Botteri*).
Tasasco: San Juan Bautista, on the banks of the R. Grijalva (H. H. Smith).
N. Guatemata: Coban (Bocourt 67, Salvin 8, Sarg 1°),
Var. major.
Streptostyla bocourti, var. y, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit.*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii.
p- 340 *,
Sireptostyla bocourti, vars. B, C, Strebel, loc. cit. .
Hab. Cutapas 11 12,
N. Guatemata: Coban (Sarg 13).
STREPTOSTYLA. 97
The figure of 8. lurida, left by Shuttleworth and published in the posthumous second
part of his ‘ Notitie Malacologicze,’ proves very clearly that this species is inseparable from
S. bocourti, and that too much stress must not be placed on his words “ad suturam et
ad basin pallida,” as this is scarcely to be seen in the coloured figure—at the base the
paler colour seems only to be due to the columellar plait, which is dirty white in not
very fresh specimens. Crosse and Fischer could not have seen this figure when they first
described their S, docourti.
In size, according to the different authors and the specimens which are before me,
the Mexican examples vary between 131° and 15 millim. 1-4, the Guatemalan ones
between 14° and 18, perhaps even 21 millim. !!; the difference is, therefore, not an
absolute one. The type of the var. major, 23 millim., is said to be from Chiapas 11; I
have not seen so large a specimen.
e. Physeformes.
16. Streptostyla delibuta. (Tab. V. figg. 18, 18 a.)
Glandina delibuta, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 18 (1851) ’°.
Achatina (Glandina) delibuta, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 508”.
Oleacina delibuta, Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 18°.
Streptostyla delibuta, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 44 *.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Vera Paz, in woody districts (Morelet 14),
EK. GuateMaLaA: Environs of Yzabal (Séo/0).
Var. crassa.
Streptostyla crassa, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 26, t. 9. figg. 2, 2a, 6°.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Coban (Sarg and Salvin ®); Alta Vera Paz (Stol/).
The suture becomes very obliquely descending and distinctly margined (accompanied
by an impressed line) in the last whorl, but much less so in the preceding ones; the
spire is a little concavely attenuated at about the third whorl, though on the whole
rather broad and obtuse at the apex: “ delibutus,” anointed, from the greasy lustre of
the surfaces. The figure here given is from a typical specimen kindly sent me by
M. A. Morelet.
17. Streptostyla ventricosula. (Tab. V. figg. 20, 21, 21 a.)
Glandina ventricosula, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 15 (1849) *.
Spiraxis (Glandina) ventricosula (Morel.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. il. p. 475”.
Hab. Yucatan: Merida, with S. meridana (Morelet '?).
Var. major. (Figg. 21, 21a.)
Streptostyla binneyana, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 29 (1869) *; Fischer & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 29, t. 1. figg. 3, 3a*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii.
p- 341°.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, February 1892. 13
98 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. Centrat Guatemata: Totonicapam (Bocourt?~). :
Costa Rica (van Patten, mus. Berol. no. 21859; and Rogers) ; San José (P. Biolley :
var. major).
This species has been wrongly identified with S. cylindracea, Pfr., first by its author,
Morelet himself, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 40, but with a point of interrogation, and
afterwards by all subsequent authors; it is, however, sufficiently distinct from it, as
will be seen by comparing the figures of Morelet’s type (fig. 20) with that of Pfeiffer’s
S. cylindracea (fig. 18).
The Costa Rican specimens (figg. 21, 21 @) differ in their dimensions somewhat from
the typical ones—the one obtained by Rogers being longer (17 long, 8 broad, ap. 114
millim.), the other by van Patten shorter (21 ea 84 broad, ap. 12 millim.), the breadth
remaining nearly the same. :
| 18. Streptostyla thomsoni.
Streptostyla thomsoni, Ancey, Aun. de Malac. 1886, p. 2577.
Hab. Honvuras: Utila Island (Simpson 4).
19. Streptostyla viridula.
Streptostyla viridula, Angas, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 482, t. 40. te. 12°.
Hab. §.K. Costa Rica: hills of Uren (Gadd 1).
An imperfect specimen, which may belong to this species, found by Mr. Carmiol in
Costa Rica, is in the Berlin Museum.
20. Streptostyla plicatula.
Streptostyla plicatula, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 16, t. 8. fig. 27.
Hab. EH. Mexico: Orizaba (Botteri 1).
21, Streptostyla biconica, (Tab. V. figg. 17, 17a.)
Spiraxis biconica, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 378°; Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 233 (1856) *; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iv. p. 578°.
Streptostyla biconica (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 32‘.
Hab. Cutapas (Ghiesbreght 1~*).
Figured from a specimen in the collection of the late Mr. Albers, who had it pro-
bably from Pfeiffer himself.
_ 22. Streptostyla flavescens. (Tab. V. fig. 19, var.)
Spiraxis flavescens, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 206 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 26) 1; Notitiz Malac.
ii, p. 15, t. 5. fig. 7°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 476 *.
Streptostyla flavescens, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 39 *.
Hab. K. Mexico: Cordova (Jacot-Guiliarmod !-),
STREPTOSTYLA. 99
Var. boucardi. (Fig. 19.)
Spiraxis boucardi, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1861, p. 24°; Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 16 (1861) °; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. vi. p. 194.
Streptostyla boucardi, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 43° ; (?) Angas, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 482°.
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Juquila (Boucard *-8),
S.E. Costa Rica: on the ridge between Tilorio and Zhorquin (Gadd °).
S. boucardi, according to a sketch drawn by Mr. Edgar Smith, seems to differ very
little from Shuttleworth’s figure of S. flavescens. The chief differences which can be
gathered from the descriptions have been given above.
23. Streptostyla fulvida. |
Streptostyla fulvida, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvii, p. 32 (1869)*; Fischer & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 49, t. 1. figg. 11, 11a’; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii.
p- 839°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sitissw.-Conch. iii. p. 17, t. 12. fig. 8 *.
Hab. KE, Mexico, Orizaba (Sallé1—*, Botteri 4).
24, Streptostyla glandiformis.
Streptostyla glandiformis, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 84 (1869) *; Fischer & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 50, t.1. figg. 10, 10a°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii.
p- 339°.
Hab. KE. Mexico, Orizaba (Sadlé 1-8).
25. Streptostyla physodes.
Spiraxis physodes, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 207 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 27)*; Pfr. Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 476°, & iv. p. 579°.
Achatina physodes (Shuttl.), Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Achatina,
no. 48, p. 326, t. 26. figg. 20, 21*.
Streptostyla physodes (Shuttl.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 54°; Strebel,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. pp. 6, 22, 47, t. 7. fig. 1, & t. 22. fig. 2 (living
animal) °.
Var. major.
Spiraxis auriculacea, Pfr. P.Z. 8. 1856, p. 3207; Novit. Coneh. i. t. 29. figg. 5, 6°; Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 578°.
Streptostyla auriculacea, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 55”.
Streptostyla physodes, Form B, Strebel, loc. cit. iii, p. 23, t. 12. fig. 12",
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod 125, Sallé7—!, Hége); Pacho near
Jalapa, on moist ground in the woods, often on decayed wood, and Coatepec (Dona
Estefania *); Mirador (Sartorius); Vera Cruz (coll. Cuming*); Huatusco (Dr.
Hille, in coll. Dunker).
13*
| 100 MOLLUSCA.
In its glossy lustre and in general form 8. physodes resembles the shells of the
genus Physa, especially P. rivalis from the West Indies.
Pfeiffer mentions a larger variety (long. 15, diam. 7 millim.), from Chiapas, which
seems to be also somewhat different in colour, as he calls it “‘ pallida ;” itis unknown
to me.
The columella is remarkably thick and strongly twisted in full-grown specimens, but
rather thin and nearer to the perpendicular direction in younger ones.
Pfeiffer’s description of S. awriculacea™ agrees very well with large individuals, and
deserves scarcely the name of a variety.
26. Streptostyla limneiformis. (Tab. V. fig. 24, var.)
Spiraxis limneiformis, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 207 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 26)*; Notitiz
Malae. ii. p. 15, t. 5. fig. 8°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iti. p. 476 °.
Spiramis limneiformis, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 34°.
Streptostyla limneiformis (Shuttl.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 38°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod 1°).
Fischer and Crosse think it is probable that this species is based on specimens which
are not full-grown. ;
Var. parvula. (Fig. 24.)
Spiraxis parvula, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 379°; Malak. Blatt. i. p. 284 (1856) " ; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iv. p. 579°.
Streptostyla parvula (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 57°.
Hab. Cutapas (Ghiesbreght °°).
In Pfeiffer’s collection there is a specimen from Chiapas, marked “ parvula, var.,”
which is a little larger than the type (length 9, breadth 4, aperture 5 millim., instead
of 8, vix 4, and 4%) and wants the reddish band at the suture; it is marked with rather
deep lines of growth and-in general form and appearance much resembles 8S. limnei-
formis, but is considerably smaller.
27. Streptostyla oblonga.
Spiraxis oblonga, Pfr. P.Z. 8. 1856, p. 378'; Malak. Blatt. iii. p..283 (1856) >; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iv. p. 579°,
Streptostyla oblonga, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 57 *.
Hab. Cutapas (Ghiesbreght 1*).
Known to me only by Pfeiffer’s description.
STREPTOSTYLA. 101
f. Aplecteformes.
28. Streptostyla sololensis. (Tab. V. figg. 22, 23.)
Streptostyla sololensis, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 33 (1869) *; Fischer & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 53, t. 1. figg. 12, 12a, & pp. 16-20, t. 4. figg. 1-5
(anatomy) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 340°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und
Stissw.-Conch. iii. p. 6+.
Bernsteingelbe Streptostyla, Stoll, Guatem. Reisen und Schild. aus den Jahr. 1878-83, p- 52°.
Hab. CuntraL GUATEMALA: mountains of Solola (Bocourt1-4); ruins of Iximché or
Pueblo Viejo near Tepan, 7000 feet above the sea, under heaps of stones
(Stoll >) (figg. 22, 23),
According to Dr. Stoll®, the living animal is of a bright amber colour, without
spots.
29. Streptostyla meridana. (Tab. V. figg. 25; 26, var.)
Glandina meridana, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 15 (1849) *.
Spiraxis (Glandina) meridana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 475°.
Streptostyla meridana, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 32°.
Hab. Yucatan (Morelet 1—*),
Var. cobanensis. Major, paullo latior. (Fig. 26.)
Spiraxis cobanensis, Tristram, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 231°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 195°.
: Streptostyla cobanensis (Tristr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p, 52°.
Streptostyla cornea, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 33 (1869)"; Fischer and Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 51, t. 1. figg. 18, 13 a@°; Pfr.. Monogr. Helic. Vivent.
viii. p. 343°.
Hab. N. Guatemata: ? Coban (Salvin 4°),
S. GuateMALA: San Agustin, Dep. Solola (Bocourt ‘~®); Hacienda Helvetia in upper
Cholhuitz, Costa Cuca, 3000 feet above the sea (Soll).
_ Near the preceding, but of smaller size, thinner, the suture not white, but of the
same pale yellow colour as the rest of the shell. Owing to the kindness of M. A.
Morelet, I have been enabled to compare directly his original specimens of S. meridana
(fig. 25) with the type of S. cobanensis, Tristr. (fig. 26), and with the figure of Fischer
and Crosse’s S. cornea; Morelet’s type is only a little smaller, comparatively more slender,
and paler in colour, without any marked difference. The statement “length 18 millim.” *
is a misprint for 13 millim., as shown by the specimens themselves.
102 MOLLUSCA.
30. Streptostyla dysoni.
Achatina dysoni, Pfr. P. Z. 8S. 1846, p. 32°; iodbee: Helic. Vivent. jii. p. 270°; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. vi., Achatina, t. 19. fig. 99 °.
Spiraxis dysoni (Pfr.), Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852, p. 208 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 26)‘; Pfr, ae
Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 476’.
Glandina dysoni (Pfr.), Morelet, Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 41°; Tate, in Amer. Journ. of Conch. vy.
p. 158°(1870) *. 7
Streptostyla dysoni, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vili. p. 343°.
Hab. Honpuras: under decayed leaves (Dyson 1~* 8).
CENTRAL NICARAGUA: in the fosse to the Castillo Fort, also in the forest near Toro
Rapids (Tate).
Very near the proceming, but much smaller.
31. Streptostyla vexans.
Streptostyla vexans, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 28, t. 9. fig. 7°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Jalapa (Strebel 4).
Resembling S. meridana, var. cobanensis, but considerably smaller.
32. Streptostyla boyeriana.
Streptostyla boyeriana, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 82 (1869) *; Fischer & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 46, t. 1. figg. 9,9a*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. a vill.
p. 342°.
Hab, KH. Mexico: Orizaba (Sallé 1-8).
More elongated than S. bicontca.
g. Subturrite.
33. Streptostyla sargi.
Streptostyla sargi, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xxiii. p. 225 (1875); Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. viii. p. 343°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 27, t. 9. fig. 4°.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Coban (Sarg 1-3); Senahu, north side of the Polochic valley,
2800 feet (Champion).
The most turreted of all species of Streptostyla.
34. Streptostyla mohriana.
Spirazis mohriana, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ix. p. 97 (1862) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 196°.
Streptostyla mohriana (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 65°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cerro de Borrego, near Orizaba (Mohr 1),
STREPTOSTYLA. 103
C. Ligulate.
[Petenia*, Crosse & Fischer. |
The shell is smooth and shining, as in the preceding sections, rather elongated, and
provided with a narrow dark spiral band. The foot of the animal shows at its hinder
end a mucous-pore, a character which has not yet been found in any of the preceding
species.
35. Streptostyla ligulata.
Glandina ligulata, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 12 (1849)*; Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 257, t. 10.
fig. 8 (1852) °; Mérch, Journ. de Conch. xiii. p. 36 (1865) *.
Achatina ligulata (Morel.), Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab., ed. 2, Achatina, no. 40,
p- 821, t. 26. figg. 4, 5 *.
Spiraxis (Glandina) ligulata (Morel.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 475°.
Petenia ligulata (Morel.), Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 35 (1869) °; Fischer &
Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 68, t. 1. figg. 17, 17 a”.
Streptostyla (Glandina) ligulata (Morel.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 344°,
Hab. EK. Mexico: Ojo de Agua near Cordova (Sallé").
N. Guaremaua and Centrat Curapas: woods of Peten and Palenque (Morelet }~>").
_ N.B.—The length of 11 millim. given by Morelet ! ? is evidently a misprint for 16, as
is shown by the indication of the natural size in his figure 7.
36. Streptostyla catenata.
Spiraxis catenata, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 378'; Malak. Blatt. iii. p. 233 (1856) *; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iv. p. 579°.
Streptostyla catenata (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1. p. 63 *; Strebel,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iii. p. 27, t. 12. fig. 5°. .
Hab. Cutapas (Ghiesbreght ~°).
Although it is not yet known whether this species is provided with a mucous-pore
on the foot, the general resemblance to S. diguiata in the painting of the shell suggests
that it may belong to the same subgenus.
* Preoccupied in Pisces (Giinther, 1862).
104 - MOLLUSCA.
Fam. OXYGNATHA.
Jaw smooth, with a median projection at its cutting-edge. Median and lateral teeth
of the radula subquadrate ; marginal teeth aculeiform. Shell ordinarily thin, glossy;
edges of the aperture simple.
For the purposes of this work, and to render easier the determination of the shells,
I have excluded from this family all.the genera without external shell (Limacidse),: or
with an incomplete one, partly covered by the soft parts of the animal (Vitrinide) ;
and I propose to place them near the analogous forms of the Aulacognatha.,
OMPHALINA.
Omphalina, Rafinesque, Enum, and account of some. remarkable Nat. Objects, p. 3 (Nov. 1831)
(see Binney and Tryon, Complete Writings of Rafinesque, p. 67).
Mesomphiz, Beck, Ind. Moll. p. 7 (1888).
Subfam. Neozonitine, Pfeffer in Strebel’s Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw. Conch, iv. p. 1 (1880).
Shell depressed, umbilicated, corneous, smooth and shining on the lower side;
aperture moderately oblique ; peristome simple, thin.
Foot with a double marginal furrow and a distinct mucous-pore at the hinder end.
Edge of the mantle extending on the neck of the creeping animal, but not on the
shell, Median tooth of the radula with a lateral cusp on each side; lateral teeth
few (4-11), with the outside cusp only distinct and placed higher up; marginal teeth
spiniform, numerous. Genital organs rather simple, without vesicule multifide or
dart-sac. as ;
For the anatomy, see Fischer and Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. pp. 143-151,
t. 8; and Pfeffer, in Strebel’s Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. pp. 1-4, 7, 9,
12,17, t. 8, and t. 9. figg.1-8. Fischer and Crosse unite the Omphaline, the Palearctic
Zonites, and the cosmopolitan Hyalinia into one genus, Zonites; Pfeffer makes it a
distinct subfamily “ Neozonitine,” and splits it into three genera, Voreletia, Zonyalina,
and Patulopsis.
The shell is brown or yellow, unicolorous, or with one or, rarely, more dark spiral
bands. The periphery is in most species rounded, even in young shells, in opposition
to the Palearctic Zonites, in which the young shell is always, and the adult often,
angulated.
105
. OMPHALINA.
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14
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, February 1892.
106 . . . MOLLUSCA.
a. Upper face of the shell sculptured, more or less opaque. (Moregietia, Gray.)
1. Omphalina euryomphala. | |
Helix euryomphala, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1845, p. 7L'; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 107 *, and ii. p. 101°;
and in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, ii. p. 896. no. 948, t. 144.
fige. 1,2‘; Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 27’, and in Journ. de Conch. 11. pp. 14-17, t. 2.
fige. 6, 7 (living anim.) (1851)°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vil., Helix, t. 97. fig. 5383"; Tristr.
P. Z.S. 1861, p. 230, and 18638, p. 411°.
Zonites (Moreletia) euryomphala (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 148 (1855) °.
Zonites (Moreletia) euryomphalus, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 67 (1860) ; Fischer
& Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 155, t. 7. figg.-1, la, 6, t. 8. figg. 1-9
(anat.)
Moreletia euryomphala (Pfr.), v. Mart. P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 648°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und
| Stissw.-Conch. iv. p. 5”.
Helix cymbalum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p- 7 (1849) ™.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Mountain forests of Vera Paz !° (Morelet 14, Salvin §) ; Moun-
tains of Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt1!); Coban?49 (Morelet®*%, Salvin, Sarg ®,
Conradt). . :
_ Erroneously ascribed by Pfeiffer 12 and Reeve’? to Cuba. Conradt’s specimens are
marked as having been found at an elevation of 6000 feet.
2. Omphalina zonites.
Helix zonites, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1845, p. 127*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 997, and iv. p. 86 (vars.) *;
Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helia, t. 167. fig. 1122* (not 109, 615).
Nanina zonites (Pfr.), Gray, Cat. Pulm. p. 140’.
Hyalina (Edusa) zonites, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 72 (1860) °
Zonites (Moreletia) metonomasticus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 157, t. 7.
fig. 2a (22)7, |
Moreletia metonomastica (Fisch. & Crosse), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv
p-5°.
fab. S.K. Mexico: Tuxtla (Bowcard 37 8),
S. Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght 37 8).
Mr. Edgar Smith informs me that two of the three examples in Cuming’s collection
have a second infra-peripherical band faintly visible, and this is also to be perceived 1 in
Albers’s specimen.
B. Shell slightly sculptured above, shining, subinflated ; umbilicus narrower.
(OMPHALINA, sensu str.)
3. Onivhaliina lucubrata. (Tab. VI. figg. 1, » 1a, b, 2, 2a, 3, 4, 4a, 4, 5)
a, typica: rufescens,
Helix lucubrata, Say, Descr. of some New Terr. & Fluy. Shells of N. ioe in New Harmony
OMPHALINA. 107
Dissem. ii. p. 229 (1829) *, and reprint, p. 13 (1840)*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. 1.
p- 98°; Binney, Complete Writings of Say, p. 36‘, and Bibliogr. N. Am. Conch. i.
p. 264° [not Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 68, v. p. 182, and vii. p. 183 (= friabilis,
Binn.) ; nor Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 225, t. 82 (= levigata, Raf.)].
Hyalina lucubrata (Say), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 247, t. 18 (8). fig. 14 (1866) °.
Hab. E. Mexico: Las Vigas, near the edge of the plateau, and Cordova (Hége). |
_'S.W. Mexico: Oaxaca (Hoge).
‘b. fasciata: pallidior, fascia peripherica distincta fusca alteraque suturali minus distincta.
Helix caduca, var. 8, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 747; P.Z.S. 1856, p. 324, t. 35. fig. 14°.
Zonites (Moreletia) caducus, var. 8. fasciata, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i.
p- 163, t. 7. fig. 36°. oe
Moreletia angiomphala, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. pp. 8, 92, t. 1. figg. 2 a-/,
: 3.a-c,5, 7b, d, and 8a-d; t. 8. figg. 2, 3 (anat.), 8, 8a (shell); t. 9. figg. 2-4 (radula)
and 16 (jaw) *°.
Hab. EK. Mexico: Cajetes near San Juan Miahuatlan, between Jalapa and Misantla
(Strebel 1°); San Antonio del Monte, near Naolingo, on the road to Misantla
(Strebel 1°); Cuautlatitlan, between Jico and Perote (Strebel 1°) ; Ixhuacan,
between Jalapa and Quimistlan (Strebel!°); Coatepec, near Jalapa, in the
mountains near the edge of the plateau (Strebel !°); Jalapa (F. D. Godman);
Cordova (Hége); Jacale, near the Volcan de Orizaba (Sallé%); Mirador (only
young specimens, somewhat doubtful: Sartorius }°); Vera Cruz (Sallé§).
c. deppeana: virescens, umbilico paullum latiore. (Figg. 4, 4a, b.)
Hyalina (Mesomphiz) fuliginosa (Griff.), v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 16 (1865) ”.
Hab. E. Mexico: Orizaba (Deppe#). —
d. olivaria: subglobosa, brunneo-viridula.
Zonites (Moreletia) lucubratus, var. olivaria, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i.
p- 161, t. 7. figg. 4, 4a”.
Hab. S.W. Muxtico: Tepansacualco, Oaxaca (Boucard ).
I believe that I have again detected the long misunderstood species of Say in some
specimens which agree very well with his words “ polita ” and nevertheless “anfr.
corrugati,” “rufescens, subtus pallidior.” The very shining surface, with unequal
plait-like strie, and the distinctly paler yellowish, or even greenish, colour of the
lower side are characteristic of the species before me. Spiral strize are present, but
very fine, scarcely perceptible under an ordinary lens, and very numerous. The same
characters are to be found in the specimens of 0. angiomphala given by Strebel
himself to the Berlin Museum ; also the fine spiral strie, which he does not note in
his otherwise very good description. The varieties ¢ and d differ by the greenish
colour; ¢ (deppeana) shows all the mentioned peculiarities of sculpture, and forms
14*
108 _ MOLLUSCA:
somewhat a transition to d (olivaria), which I can judge. only from the description and
figure given by Fischer and Crosse. - The jocality given | Say joapied by later writers)
is “* Mexico” }.
4. Omphalina caduca. A |
Helix caduca, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. iii. p. 158 (1846)*; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. ed. 2, Heliz, ii. p. 100. no. 518, t. 88. figg. 26-28°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 89°,
and iv. p. 74‘; P. Z.S. 1856, p. 324, t. 35. fig. 13°; Ferd. Romer, Texas, p. 455 (1849) °;
Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Melia, t. 97. fig. 530’; Binney, Terr. air- breath. Moll. N. Am.
p. 107 °.
Hyalina (Ammonoceras) caduca (Pfr.), v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 72”.
Hyalina caduca (Pfr.), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 248, t. 18 (3). fig. 15”. .
Zonites caduca (Pfr.), Binney & Bland, Land and ‘Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i. p. 286,
fig. 513". | Sots aon |
Zonites (Moreletia) caducus (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 163, t. 7.
fige. 8, 3a, and t. 8. figg. 13-16 (radula) *.
Zonites caducus (Pfr.), Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. v. (in Bull.. Mus. Comp. Zodl.
Harv. Coll. iv.) p. 102. fig. 22°; Manual of Am. Tand-shells (in Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.
no. 28), p. 352, fig. 380".
Moreletia caduca (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 6, t. 1. figg. 1 6 and
7 a, ¢, t. 8. figg. 1 (anat.) and 9, 9 a (shell), t. 9. figg. 1 (radula) and 17 (jaw) ™.
Hab. Nortu America: New Washington, Texas (Romer ° 81°), ,
E. Mexico: Quilate near Misantla, and Soncoautla near Coatepec (Dona Este-
fania ®); San Antonio Huatusco (Dr. Hille, in coll. Dunker); Jalapa, Cerro de
Palmas near Cordova (Hége) ; Cordova 4, Orizaba 1? (Sallé) ; Mirador (Strebel ',
Berendt , Sartorius )°). | ,
Var. strebeliana: magis depressa, magis obscura, strigis fuscis subobsoletis.
Moreletia fuliginosa, Form B, Strebel, loc, cit. p. 6, t. 8. figg. 7, 7a eee
Hab. E. Mexico: Quilate, Hirial, and Palpoala, in the environs of Misantla (Strebel ') ;
Cajetes near San Juan Miahuatlan, between Jalapa and Misantla, in the moun-
tains (Strebel 16), |
This species comes very near the preceding, O. lucubrata, from whieh it may be
distinguished by the finer and more regular strie, the more uniform and yellowish
colour, the fewer and less fine spiral striae, and the more open umbilicus. ‘There is no
distinct peripheric band, but in one specimen I have detected a faint sutural one. I
therefore transfer Pfeiffer’s var. 6 (with Strebel’s angiomphala) to O. lucubrata.
O. fuliyinosa (Griffith), Fischer and Crosse, op. cit. p. 164, and Strebel, op. cit. p. 5,
has not hitherto been found within the limits of Mexico. These authors have
admitted it through my having, in 1865, with. much less material,;determined as
“ 0. fuliginosa” the specimen which I now call O. lweubrata, var. deppeana. |
OMPHALINA. 109
5. Omphalina paradensis. Oo
Helix paradensis, Pfr..in Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 233 (1860); Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 133%.
Helix faradensis (errore typ.), Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 20°.
Zonites (Moreletia) paradensis (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 158, t. 7.
figg. 7, 7a". .
Moreletia paradensis (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 10, t. 1. fig. 6,
€ 2. figg. 4, 7°.
Moreletia dohrnii, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 93, t. 15. fig. 1 (radula and anatomy) °.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cajetes near San Juan Miahuatlan, Consolapa near Coatepec, and
Cuautlatitlan (Strebel °°),
S.W. Mexico: Parada, State of Oaxaca (Sallé 1~*).
Pfeiffer states 1-3 that spiral lines are visible under a lens in this species, but neither
in Fischer and Crosse’s specimen, which comes from the same source as Pfeiffer’s, nor
in that contained in Patel’s collection are such strize to be seen. Probably they are
irregular and only present in some specimens, as is sometimes the case in the species
of this and of the allied genera. Fischer and Crosse have established a variety, and
Strebel even a new species, upon such specimens. Mr. Edgar Smith informs me that
in his opinion “ O. paradensis, notwithstanding the very faint spiral striation, is a rather
unsatisfactory species.”
6. Omphalina bilineata. (Tab. VI. fig. 6, var. apicalis.)
a. subunifascrata.
Helix bilineata, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1845, p. 1287; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab, ed. 2,
Helix, ii. p. 96. no. 509, t. 83. figg. 23-25°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 91°, and iv.
p. 784; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 144. fig. 928°; Berendt, in Malak. Blatt. xu.
p- 208 (1865) °.
_ Hyalina (Zonyalina) bilineata (Pfr.), v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 16 (1865) *.
Zonites (Moreletia) bilineatus (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 167°.
Zonyalina bilineata (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sussw. -Conch. iv. p. 1], t. 2. figg. 3, 12
(young), 14, t. 8. fig. 4 (anat.), t. 9. figg. 5, 6 (radula), 19 (jaw) ’.
Zonites (Zonyalina) bilineatus (Pfr.), Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 312”.
Hab. FE. Mexico: Cordova (Sallé48); Vera Cruz (Friedel’); Mirador (Strebel &
Sartorius®); Misantla (coll. Dunker); Jalapa (Hége); Pacho near Jalapa, on a
creeping Lycopodium called “ doradilla” by the natives (Stredel°) ; Cuautlatitlan
(Dota Estefania ®); Orizaba, 300 to 500 feet above the town (fetlprin").
b. trizonata.
_ Helix zonites, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 109. fig. 615”.
Helix bilineata, var., Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 78”.
Zonites (Moreletia) bilineatus, var. y, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 168°.
Zonyalina venusta, Strebel, loc. cit. iv. p. 13, t. 2. figg. 13 a, b,d™.
‘110 . MOLLUSCA..
Hab. E. Mexico: Toxpam, on the slope of the Matlaquiahuitl, near Cordova, in
company with the typical form (Strebel 1+); Jalapa and Cordova (Hége).
c. bizonata.
Zonites (Moreletia) bilineatus, var. 8. bizonata, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 168, t. 7. figg. 5,5a”.
Hab. E. Mexico: no special locality is stated 15, but probably the Specimens were found
by Sallé at Cordova.
d. apicalis: fascia nulla, apice fusca, zonula peripherica albida. (Fig. 6.)
Hab. E. Mextco: Cordova (Hége); Orizaba (Hedlprin }°).
In the typical form there is a distinct but narrow dark band in the periphery of the
shell, and a fainter one just at the suture. In) the var. trizonata this upper band is
very broad, the periphery, and also the third one on the lower face of the shell, like-
wise broad; the surface between this lower band and the umbilicus is considerably
paler than the other interspaces. In the var. dézonata the sutural and peripheric
bands are united into a single very broad one, and the lower band also is very broad,
so that very little of the yellow ground-colour remains. Compared with the varieties
of bands in Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis, one might give to the typical form the
formula 1-3— —, to var. trizonata (1, 2) 3 (4, 5), and to var. bézonata (1, 2) 3 (4, 5); but
there is this difference, that in H. nemoralis and H. hortensis the uppermost band,
1, never reaches the suture, as it does in Omphalina bilineata. Strebel’ has also seen
an example of the form a, subunifasciata, in which the narrow peripheric band is
divided into two very narrow ones, as is also found, but very rarely, in Helix nemoralis.
Specimens without bands at all are mentioned by Strebel ; but I have seen only one
amongst about thirty from different localities.
7. Omphalina tuxtlensis.
Zonites tuxtlensis, Crosse & Fisch. in Journ. de Conch. xviii. p. 237 (1870) '; Fisch. & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 166, t. 7. figg. 6, 6a”.
Hab. §.E. Mexico: Tuxtla (Sallé 1).
This shell is said to be distinct from the preceding, not only by the more globose
form, but by the finer and regular strie. The coloration is the same as in O. bilineata,
ar. dizonata. Mr. Edgar Smith is inclined to consider it a banded specimen of
O. zonites. |
8. Omphalina modesta, sp. n. (Tab. VI. figg. 7, 7 a, b.)
Zonites (Moreletia) oe var. 6, oe Fisch. & oe Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, i. p. 168, t. 7. fig. 5 51.
Zonyalina bihneata, Form B, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw. -Conch. iv. p. 13, t. 2. fig. 14a’.
OMPHALINA. 111
Testa umbilicata, depressa, tenuis, nitida, levissime striatula, obscure lutea, concolor; spira convexiuscula,
sutura striolata; anfr. 5, convexi, regulariter crescentes, ultimus rotundatus; umbilicus angustus 3
apertura lunato-rotundata; peristoma simplex, acutum (intus albo-labiatum), margine columellari brevis-
sime reflexo.
Diam. maj. 15, min. 14, alt. 8 millim.; apert. diam. 8, lat. obliqua 7 millim.
Hab. Ki. Mexico: Las Vigas, on the edge of the plateau N.W. of Jalapa (Hége) ; Jalapa
and probably also Nacimiento de Quilate near Misantla (Strebel 2).
Nearly allied to O. bilineata, but distinct in shape, by more convex whorls and a
larger aperture ; it is also of a deeper brownish-yellow colour, and is without bands.
The sculpture—very light radiating striae, more distinct immediately at the suture, and
very fine, scarcely (and not everywhere) visible spiral linee—is essentially the same as
in O. bilrneata.
The apex is usually somewhat worn, and a little paler than the rest of the upper
surface ; but it is not so distinctly whitish and opaque as is generally the case in
O. bilineata. In one specimen, the largest of all, there is a somewhat thickened
whitish inner lip within the aperture, and in some others, of rather smaller size, there
are faint traces of such a lip, which seems to be repeated if the nearly full-grown
animal is interrupted in its growth; but as the lip is wanting in some other specimens,
it is not to be relied upon as a specific character.
Fischer’s* figure represents a shell even somewhat more convex than the specimens
which I have before me. He gives no distinct locality; but it is probable that his
specimens were collected by Sallé at Cordova, with the true O. bilineata.
9. Omphalina veracruzensis. (Tab. VI. figg. 8, 8a, J.)
a. typica.
Helix veracruzensis, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 318’; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 78° (nec Fisch. &
Crosse).
Hyalina (Mesomphix) veracruzensis (Pfr.), v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 71°.
Testa umbilicata, depressa, tenuis, valde nitida, levissime striatula, prope suturam distinctius striatula, pallide
flava vel rubello-cornea; spira convexiuscula, sutura subcrenulata; anfr. 43-5, planiusculi, ultimus
latus, non descendens, depresse rotundatus; umbilicus latiusculus; apertura lunato-ovalis; peristoma
rectum, margine columellari arcuato-declivi, vix reflexiusculo.
Hab. FE. Mexico: Cordova (Sallé ! 23).
b. jalapensis.
Zonyalina jalapensis, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 15, t. 2. figg. 11, lla,
t. 8. fig. 5 (anat.), t. 9. figg. 7 (radula), 19 (jaw) *.
Hab. E. Mexico: environs of Jalapa, especially in the wood of Pacho, also at Conso-
lapa and Soncoautla near Coatepec, and at Dos Arroyos, between Jalapa and
Naolingo (Strebel 4); Jalapa (Hoge, F. D. Godman).
N. GuatemaLa: Coban (Sarg *).
¥i2_— .’ MOLLUSCA.
There is some difficulty in making out this ‘species, Pfeiffer not having figured it ;
bat his description is clear, and agrees very well with a shell found rather frequently
at Jalapa by Strebel and Hége, except the dimensions, which are given somewhat
larger by Pfeiffer. The diameter of the largest specimen found by Strebel is 11-4 millim.,
and many of those collected by Hoge do not exceed 9, but some are: 11 millim. . The
height given by Pfeiffer cannot be compared directly with ours, because he only
measures from the apex to near the umbilicus (which is rather vague) in the heliciform
shells (Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. vi), and not to the base of the aperture, as is done
in our descriptions; Pfeiffer’s measurements of the height are, therefore, somewhat
lower than ours. 1 here give the measurements (in millimetres) of the typical form
and of the var. yalapensis:—
Diam. maj. 124, min. 104, alt. 5 (?) ; apert. diam. ? , lat. obliqua ? (Pfr.).
1 . 52 7 42
a a ne ee
The thinness, quasi-crenulation of the suture, and the rounded periphery of the J alapa
shells agree very well with Pfeiffer’s description. The colour is somewhat variable in
individuals from the same locality, but the darker ones may well be said to be “ rubello-
cornea.” This species, moreover, is labelled as “ veracruzensis, Pfr.,” in Dunker’s and
Patel’s collections; and I know no other Mexican shell to which Pfeiffer’s description
could be reasonably applied. In Albers’s collection there is a shell labelled ‘ H. vera-
cruzensis, Pfr., ex Cuming,” and to this Strebel alludes on p. 144; it has nearly the
size given by Pfeiffer (12 millim.), and also the splendour and subcrenulated suture,
but it is very pale, somewhat more elevated, and its umbilicus is comparatively
narrower. Nevertheless it may be an individual or local variety of this species. On
its last whorl it has a peculiar impressed furrow, but this is evidently abnormal and is
not mentioned by Pfeiffer. This specimen is figured here, Tab. VI. fig. 8. Fischer and
Crosse’s so-called O. veracruzensis is quite different by its distinct angulation, and I
propose to separate it under the name of O. sallwana. In O. veracruzensis (Pfr.) the
apex is often worn and whitish, sometimes to a greater extent than in O. bilineata ;
and in some specimens there are worn spots, which are more or less in the form of long
and narrow spiral bands.
10. Omphalina sallzana, sp. n.
Zonites (Moreletia) veracruzensis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex , Mollusca, i. p. 159, t. 7.
figg. 8, a,b (nec Pfr.) *.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova (Sallé 1).
_ Differs from Pfeiffer’s species by the distinct angulation of the last whorl, which is
formally excluded by Pfeiffer’s words “anfr, ult. depresse rotundatus,”? and is not even
found in very young specimens of O. veracruzensis. This isthe shell figured by Fischer
and Crosse, and referred by them on p. 160 1, with some doubt, to O. veracruzensis (Pfr.).
OMPHALINA.—HYALINIA. 113
11. Omphalina sculpta, sp. ». (Tab. VI. figg. 10, 10a, 3.)
Testa subdepressa, anguste umbilicata, argute striatula et passim impressionibus linearibus brevibus oblique
descendentibus notata, lurido-flavida, nitida ; spira brevis, obtusa; sutura sat profunda; anfr. 43, con-
vexi, sat celeriter crescentes, ultimus rotundatus, antice vix descendens; apertura perobliqua, truncato-
ovata, peristomate recto, tenui, margine columellari ad insertionem triangulariter reflexo.
Diam. maj. 10, min. 83, alt. 5; apert. diam. 54, alt. obliqua 4 millim.
Hab. W. Mexico: Omilteme, in the State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
In some specimens there are one or two longer spiral linear impressions on the lower
side of the last whorl.
c. Shell keeled, costulate above, smooth beneath. (Patutopsis, Strebel.)
12. Omphalina carinata.
Patulopsis carinatus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 16, t. 4. figg. 15,15 a, b,
t. 8. fig. 6 (anat.), t. 9. figg. 8 (radula), 20 (jaw) °.
Hab. E. Mexico: Wood of Pacho near Jalapa and environs of Coatepec (Strebel ) ;
Jalapa (Hoge).
The shell of O. carinata looks somewhat as if it was not fully grown, on account of
the small number of whorls and the comparatively large size of the first; but I do not
know any Mexican species to which it can be referred.
HYALINIA.
Les Hyalines, Férussac, Tabl. Synopt. Anim. Moll., Prodr. p. 44 (1819).
Zonites, Gray, in Lond. Med. Direct. xv. p. 286 (1821) (and of many subsequent French and
British authors) (nec Montfort, 1810).
Hyalinia (Agassiz), Charpentier, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Helv. i. p. 13 (1837).
Hyalina, Gray, in Turton’s Man. of Land & Freshwater Shells, p. 168 (1840) ; Albers, in Malak.
Blatt. iv. p. 91 (1857); v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 67 (nec Schumacher, 1817).
Polita, Held, Isis, 1837, p. 915.
Helicelia (Lamarck ?) (Risso, part.), Beck, Ind. Moll. p. 6 (1838).
Oxychilus (part.), Discus (part.), and Vitrea (one sp.), Fitzinger, Syst. Verz. Weichth. 1833,
pp. 99, &c.
Vitrea (Fitzinger), E. Smith, Journ. of Conch. vi. pp. 337-339 (1891).
Shell shining, smooth, depressed, mostly umbilicated, with simple peristome. No
mucous-pore at the end of the foot. Jaw smooth, with median projection. Marginal
teeth aculeate.
We include in this genus the Mexican and Central-American species of moderate or
small size with shining surface of the shell, which resemble the European Hyalini@ so
much as to suggest the probability that the internal structure may be similar.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, February 1892. 15
MOLLUSCA.
114
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HYALINIA. 115
A. Species of the usual form and sculpture. (HyYAtInta, sensu str.)
1. Hyalinia nitidopsis. (Tab. VI. figg. 9, 9 a-c.)
Helix nitidopsis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 8 (1851)*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 68°.
Zonites (Hyalinia) nitidopsis, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 173°.
Hab. Cuyrrau Guatemana: Salama, very rare (Morelet 1-3).
I give here a figure of this species, from a specimen lent me by A. Morelet. On
microscopical examination, under a magnifying-power of £°, a very faint, close, spiral
striation is visible on the surface, no trace of which is to be seen under an ordinary
lens.
2. Hyalinia glomerula, sp.n. (Tab. VI. figg. 14, 14 a-d.)
Testa anguste umbilicata, subdepresse globulosa, levissime striatula, nitida, albida, diaphana ; anfr. 4, tumidi,
sutura profunda discreti, ultimus supra et infra subequaliter convexus, antice modice deflexus; apertura
paullum obliqua, lunato-subcircularis, marginibus ad insertionem inter se remotis, columellari arcuato,
latiusculo.
Diam. maj. 5, min. 43, alt. 3; apert. diam. 2, alt. obliqua 2 millim.
Hab. N. GuatemaLa: San Luis, Peten (coll. Morelet).
Somewhat like the preceding, but distinct by its more globular form, deeper sutures,
different colour, and smaller size. Even under a magnifying-power of §°, no trace of
spiral strize can be perceived.
3. Hyalinia hoffmanni, sp. n. (Tab. VI. figg. 11, 11 ac.)
Testa late umbilicata, conoideo-depressa, striatula, nitidula, pallide virescens, concolor ; anfr. 44, convexiusculi,
sutura sat profunda, ultimus rotundatus, antice non deflexus, infra excavatus, sensim in umbilieum fere 4
diametri equantem transiens; apertura paullum obliqua, emarginato-subcircularis, marginibus remotis,
columellari distincte ascendente.
Diam. maj. 6, min. 53, alt. 33; apert. diam. 24, alt. obliqua vix 2 millim.
Hab. Costa Rica: Quebrada Honda, on a stem of fern (C. Hoffmann, in mus. Berol.) ;
San José, among moss on the trunks of trees and below dry leaves (H. Pittier) ;
Hacienda El Roble, between the Volcanos Irazu and Turrialba (P. Biolley).
Has the general appearance of H. nitida, Mill., but is distinct from it by the less
swollen last whorl and the wider umbilicus. From /H. nitidopsis it differs also by the
width of the umbilicus, as Morelet says that this is narrower in his species than in
H. nitida. No spiral striz can be detected, even under a magnifying-power of 4°.
H. tehuantepecensis of Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 18, t. 4.
fig. 4, from Pacho and Mirador, E. Mexico, probably belongs to the same species; it
differs very considerably from the shell so named by Crosse and Fischer.
15*
116 MOLLUSCA.
4, Hyalinia tehuantepecensis.
Zonites tehuantepecensis, Crosse & Fischer, in Journ. de Conch. Xvili, p. 297 (1870) *.
Zonites (Hyalinia) tehuantepecensis, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 174, t. 10.
figg. 1, la’.
Helix tehuantepecensis (Cr. & Fisch.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vil. p. 155 _
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Tehuantepec (Sallé+ °).
6. var. major: diam. 53 millim.
Hab. N. Guaremata: Senahu in Alta Vera Paz (Champion).
The white radial stripes are not to be seen in Fischer and Crosse’s figure, but they
are clearly indicated in the description.
5. Hyalinia arborea. (Tab. VI. figg. 13, 13 ac.) |
Helix arborea, Say, in Nicholson’s Encycl. ii., Conchology, t. 4. fig. 4 (1816 *) ; Complete Writings
on Conch. p. 5, t. 72. fig. 47; Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. p. 422, t. 22. fig. 1°;
Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 235, t. 29. fig. 3*; A. Gould, Invert. of Massach.
p- 182, fig. 110, & ed. 2, p. 110’; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 95°, and in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Heliz, ii. p. 114. no. 533, t. 85. figg. 38-35 "; Whiteaves,
in Canad. Nat. 1863, p. 24°.
Hyalina arborea (Say), Albers, Die Helic. p. 66°; v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 69";
Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i. p. 33, figg. 38, 39 (jaw), 40
(radula) *'.
Zonites arboreus (Say), Binney, Manual of Am. Land-Shells (in Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 28),
p. 61, fig. 18”.
Hyalinia subhyalina, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch, iv. p. 18, t. 4, fig. 14° (nec
Pfr.).
Hab. Norta America®~7: from Great Slave Lake ! 12, 62° N. Lat., Labrador }! 12, and
Lower Canada, where it is one of the commonest land-snails °, to Florida}! ¥°,
Texas 11 12, New Mexico !! 1, and California 1! 12,
KE. Mexico: Las Vigas (Hége) ; either Vera Cruz or Mirador near Jalapa (Strebel 1°).
N. Guatemata: San Luis, Peten (coll. Morelet).
ANTILLES: Cuba®?7; Guadeloupe !! 2,
The Mexican and Central American specimens in A. Morelet’s collection are a little
yellower than the majority of those from North America; but in form, size, and sculp-
ture I cannot detect any difference. Strebel’s figure and description !° agree very well
with the specimens from Las Vigas in size (4 millim.), height (2 millim.), number of
whorls (4), somewhat elevated spire, sculpture, &c. ; but differ considerably in all these
characters from the original description and figure of Pfeiffer’s H. subhyalina, which is
“ discoidea, leevigata, albido-hyalina, spira plana; anfr. 34, diam. maj. 24.”
Our figure is drawn from a Mexican specimen, found at Las Vigas by Herr Hoge.
The shell appears, at first sight, somewhat less flattened than the figures given by
HYALINIA. 117
Binney, A. Gould, and Pfeiffer; but the specimen agrees very well with those from
North America in the Berlin Museum and in Albers’s collection.
6. Hyalinia subhyalina.
Helix subhyalina, Pfr. in Malak. Blitt. xiv. p. 196 (1867) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 476°.
Zonites (Hyalinia) subhyalinus (Pfr.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 172°;
Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 812+.
Hab. Ki. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Berendt 1-8); Orizaba, on hills (Heilprin *),
Strebel suggests that this may be the young state of the preceding.
7. Hyalinia permodesta. |
Hyalinia permodesta, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 19, t. 4. fig. 97. 18¢0
Hab. E. Muxico: Plantation Mirador, near Jalapa (Strebel 1).
Distinct from H. arborea by its narrower umbilicus, higher spire, narrower whorls,
and smaller size.
Var. minor (2 millim. diam.),
Hab. Costa Rica: San Francisco de los Rios, 1100 metres above the sea (H. Pittier).
B. Upperside of the shell marked with sharply defined radial impressions.
(GLYPHYALINIA, subg. nov.)
8. Hyalinia indentata.
Helix indentata, Say, in Journ. Acad. Phil. ii. p. 372 (1822)*; Binney, in Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.
iil. p. 415, t. 22. fig. 3°; A. Gould, Invert. of Massach. p. 181, fig. 109°; Pfr. Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. i. p. 59*, and in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, i.
p. 221. no. 190, t. 34, figg. 12-15°; Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 242, t. 29.
fig. 2, & iv. p. 119°.
Hyalina indentata (Say), Binney & Bland, Land & Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. p. 35, fig. 44
(also figg. 46, 47, jaw and radula) *.
Zonites indentatus (Say), Binney, Manual of Am. Land-Shells (in Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. no. 28),
p- 62°; Suppl. i. p. 139, t. 4. figg. H, 1’.
Zonites (Hyalinia) indentatus, Pilsbry, in Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 312”.
Hab. Norta America: from Canada to Texas, and from Dacotah to Florida? 8,
S.W. Mexico: Yautepec, Morelos, Southward from the city of Mexico and also the
plateau on the upper confluents of the Rio de las Balsas (Hezlprin 1°).
Probably also in Northern Mexico. The Latin name “indentata” is to be under-
stood in the signification of the English “indented.” According to Pilsbry 1, this is
the most abundant of the smaller Zonites in Texas.
118 MOLLUSCA.
9. Hyalinia paucilirata. (Tab. VI. figg. 12, 12 a-c.)
Helix paucilirata, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 8 (1851) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 94”,
Zonites (Hyalinia) pauciliratus, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 178°.
Hab. Cextrat GuatemaLa: Salama, not frequent (Morelet 1°).
The chief peculiarity of H. paucilirata is the “ lineolis remotis irradiantibus utrinque
lirata.” These are, according to the original specimen kindly lent me by the author,
impressed radiating lines or indentations, as if cut into the surface of the shell—such
as are to be found also in the North-American J. indentata, Say, and in H. insecta,
v. Mart., from Puerto Rico, but somewhat numerous; in the last whorl about thirty
are present, ten of which are within the last 2 millim. of the aperture, the rest some-
what more apart one from the other.
Three species only of this subdivision are known to me, all from North or Central
America.
c. Whorls rapidly increasing in size, the last proportionately very large, not descending
at the aperture ; spire flat or immersed. (AMMoNocERAS, Pfr.)
10. Hyalinia stolli, sp.n. (Tab. VI. figg. 15, 15 a-—c.)
Testa latissime umbilicata, depressa, nitida, vix striatula, albido-hyalina, strigis radiantibus albis compluribus ;
anfr. 33, celeriter crescentes, spira paullum immersa, sutura profunda, ultimus rotundatus ; apertura sat
obliqua, dilatata, margine supero valde arcuato.
(2) Diam. maj. 23, min. 2 , alt. 1; apert. diam. 1 , alt. obliqua 1 millim.
(0) ” 3 oe 23 ” 9 13 9 1 millim,
Hab. W. Guatemata: Retalhuleu (0. Stol/).—Dimensions a.
Costa Rica: San José, at 1135 metres above the sea, among moss (P. Biolley).—
Dimensions 6.
No spiral strie are to be seen, even under a magnifying-power of £2.
The representatives of this subdivision are confined to Central and South America;
some species of much larger size are found in Colombia (1. flora, Pfr.) and Brazil
(H. euspira, Pfr.).
GUPPYA.
Stenopus, Lansdown Guilding, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 527 (1828) (nec Latreille, 1825, Crustacea).
Guppya, Morch, in Journ. de Conch. xv. p. 256 (1867) ; Tate, in Amer. Journ. of Conch. v. p. 154
(1870). :
Habroconus, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. pp. 154, 171 (1878); Strebel, Beitr.
Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 28 (1880).
Shells of small size, shining surface, and trochoid shape, with simple aperture and
very small or no perforation. Foot with a distinct mucous-pore at the hinder end and
a longitudinally tripartite sole. Marginal teeth of the radula bicuspid.
GUPPYA.
ComPaARATIVE TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF GuPPY4d.
119
Nomen. Figura. Basis, Sculptura. Coloratio. Diam.| Alt. | Anfr. Patria.
h ao ; mm. | mm. | mm.
championi, v. conoideo-globosa,| valde convexa, levissime stria- | flava. 7 5 5} | N. & W. Guate-
art. rotundata. imperforata. tula, striis spi- mala, Centr.
ralibus nullis. Costa Rica.
trochulina, Morel. globoso-trochi- valde convexa, | leviter striatula. | pallide cornea 5 41. 6, E. Mexico, N.
formis, angu- anguste per- vel corneo- plani.| Guatemala,
lata, forata. fulva. Centr. Costa
Rica.
angasi, v. Mart....|\obeso-trochiformis,, convexa, anguste | striatula. fusco-cinerea. 5 34 63 | Costa Rica.
filo-carinata. perforata.
elegans, Streb. ...| elate trochiformis,! modiee convexa, | striatula. pallide cornea. 44 4 7 E. & Centr.
pon angulata. imperforata. Mexico, Centr.
Guatemala.
pittieri, v. Mart. .| trochoides, sub- | modice convexa, | levissime stria- | corneo-fulva. 34 | 24-23) 53, | Centr. Costa
angulata. subperforata. tula, micro- con- | Rica.
scopice spira- vexi.
tim striolata.
biolleyi, v. Mart. .| conoideo-globosa,| sat convexa, an- | leviter striatula. | fulva. 24 2 5 W. Guatemala,
subangulata. guste perforata. Centr. Costa
Rica.
micans, Angas ...| depresso-globosa,| valde convexa, | striatula. fulva? 6 4 5 Costa Rica.
(subangu- anguste perfo-
lata ?). rata.
utillensis, Ancey .| “ conica.” convexa, perfo- | levis? pallide cornea. 24 231 | vix 5 | Honduras.
rata.
gundlachi, Pfr....| depresse turbina-| excavata, subper-| subtiliter spi- | fulva. 24 13 5 | N.Amer., Yucatan
ta, rotundata. forata. ratim striata. Centr. Nica-
ragua, Antilles.
orosciana, v. depresse trochoi-| parum convexa, ” leete fulva. 23 13 5, | ?N. Guatemala,
Mart. des, angulata. anguste perfo- plani.; Costa Rica.
rata.
spirulata, Pfr. ...| lenticularis, cari-| medio impressa, | distincte spiratim| fulva. 9 4} 5 W. Nicaragua,
nata. imperforata. striata.
1. Guppya championi, sp. n.
rotundata, peristomate simplice, margine basali horizontali, stricto, tenui.
Diam. maj. 7,
A. Testa levis vel indistincte spiratim striatula.
alt. 5 millim.
(Tab. VI. figg. 16, 16 ac.)
Testa imperforata, conoideo-globosa, tenuissima, nitida, levissime striatula, striis spiralibus nullis, pallide flava ;
anfractus 54, convexiusculi, ultimus ad peripheriam rotundatus, basi valde convexus ; apertura lunato-
(GuppyYa, s. str.)
Hab. N. GuateMata: Purula, towards the head of the Polochic valley (Champion).
W. GuatemaLa: district of Cholhuitz in the Costa Cuca, Pacific slope (Szol/).
Centra. Costa Rica: Hacienda El Roble, between the Volcanos Irazu and Turrialba,
and environs of San José (Biolley).
Distinct from the following species by the larger size and the rounded periphery of
the last whorl.
No spiral striz visible, even under a magnifying-power of 4°.
120 MOLLUSCA.
2. Guppya trochulina.: (Tab. VI. figg. 17, 17 ad.)
Helix trochulina, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 10 (1851)*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Viv. iii. p. 40°.
Zonites (Habroconus) trochulinus (Morel.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1. p. 172°.
Habroconus trochulinus (Morel.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 24°.
Zonites selenkai, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 77 (1866)*°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p.58°; Semper,
Reisen im Archipel der Philipp., Landmoll. i. p. 80, t. 5. fig. 25 (radula)’.
Zonites (Habroconus) selenkei (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 171, t. 7. figg. 9, 9a, 5°.
Habroconus selenkai (Pfr.), Strebel, loc. cit. p. 23, t. 4. figg. 1, 1 @ (shell), t. 9. fig. 9 (radula) °.
Hab. E. Mexico: Agua Caliente near Misantla, and plantation Mirador near Jalapa,
in ravines (barrancas), on shrubs (Berendt & Strebel >) ; Jalapa (Hoge).
N. GUATEMALA: woods of Peten, near San Luis (Morelet }~*). :
CentraL Costa Rica: environs of San José, near the streamlet Atajueleta, 1135
metres above the sea, among moss (volley).
Morelet’s species has not been recognized by Pfeiffer and later authors, because in
his description ! it is termed ‘“‘imperforata.” But an examination of the only specimen
which still exists in his collection has satisfied me that there is a very minute perforation
at the centre of its base, visible only by close inspection under favourable light; and
as I can find no other tenable difference, I feel bound to treat G. trochulina and
G. selenkai as belonging to one and the same species.
Under a magnifying-power of §° irregular spiral strize are to be seen on the surface
of the shell, not close together, but with large intervals.
The figure here given is drawn from Morelet’s specimen.
3. Guppya angasi.
Stenopus guildingi, Angas, P. Z. 8S. 1879, p. 484, t. 40. fig. 14 (nec Bland)’.
Hab. Costa Rica (Gabo).
Appears to be distinct from all others of the genus by the “ strongly defined thread-
like” carina. The specific name given by Angas cannot stand, as there is already a
Stenopus (or Guppya) guildingi, from Venezuela, named by Th. Bland in 1865.
4, Guppya elegans,
Habroconus elegans, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 24, t. 4. figg. 15, Le’.
Stenopus elegans, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 3127.
Hab. E. Mexico: wood of Pacho, near Jalapa (Dofia Estefania1); Orizaba, about
500 feet above the town (Heilprin ?).
CentraL Mexico: Yautepec, Morelos (Heilprin ?),
CrentraL GuaTEMALA: Salama (coll. Morelet).
GUPPYA. 121
5. Guppya pittieri, sp.n. (Tab. VI. figg. 18, 18 ad.)
Testa anguste perforata, rotundato-conica, angustispira, tenuis, nitida, levissime striatula, eorneo-fulva;
anfractus 54, convexiusculi, ultimus ad peripheriam obtuse angulatus, basi modice convexus; apertura.
lunato-rotundata, peristomate simplice.
Diam. maj. 3, alt. 24 millim.
Hab. Centrau Costa Rica: San Francisco de los Rios, near San José, 1100 metres:
above the sea, in the hedges surrounding the coffee-plantations (Pittier); La
Urraca, near San José, at 1135 metres above the sea, in moss (Biolley).
This species bears about the same relationship to G. biolleyi as (. elegans does to
G. trochulina (selenkai), differing chiefly by the narrower and more gradually increasing
whorls, the last of which occupies a smaller part of the whole height. Under the
microscope, with a magnifying-power of §°, very faint and very close spiral striz are
to be detected under favourable light, chiefly at the base of the shell.
Named in honour of H. Pittier, of the National Physico-geographical Institute of
San José de Costa Rica, who has sent me valuable shells collected by himself during
his explorations in that country in 1891.
6. Guppya biolleyi, sp. n. (Tab. VI. figg. 19, 19 a-d.)
Testa anguste perforata, conoideo-globosa, tenuis, nitida, leviter striatula; anfractus 5, convexiusculi, ultimus
ad peripheriam obtuse angulatus, basi convexus ; apertura lunato-rotundata, peristomate simplice, margine
basali arcuato,
Diam. maj. 23, min. 24, alt. 2 millim.
Hab. W. Guatemata: Hacienda Helvetia, in the Costa Cuca, Pacific slope (Stol/).
CentraL Costa Rica: La Urraca, near San José, 1100 to 1135 metres above the sea,.
on trunks and among moss (Biolley); San Francisco de los Rios (fH. Pittier).
This species comes near the preceding (G. pittieri), but is more globose, somewhat
like G. gundlacht. By examination under a magnifying-power of °° only very faint,
scattered, indistinct spiral striz are visible on the surface of the shell, the strie being
somewhat more distinct on the underside.
Named in honour of P. Biolley, who has sent several interesting land and freshwater
shells from Costa Rica to the Museum in Neuchatel, Switzerland.
7. Guppya micans.
Stenopus micans, Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 485, t. 40. fig. 15°.
Hab. Costa Rica (abd +).
The figure given by Angas does not correspond with the description: in the figure
the periphery of the shell is quite rounded, and there is a dark line which is intended
perhaps to mark a subangulation, somewhat above the periphery of the last whorl, but
no trace of it is to be seen near the aperture; in the description the periphery is said
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, March 1892. 16
122 MOLLUSCA.
to be bluntly angulated. ‘To judge from the description only, one might suppose it to
belong to the same species as the preceding, but the figure shows a much more depressed
and rounded shell. The aperture in the figure, however, looks as if it had been drawn
from a broken specimen. |
8. Guppya utillensis.
Conulus uiillensis, Ancey, Ann. de Malac. ii. p. 238 (1886) *.
Hob. Honvuras: Utilla Island (Stimpson ').
I have not seen a specimen of this species.
B. Testa lineis incisis spiralibus regularibus sculpte. (SPIROCONULUS, subg. nov.)
9, Guppya gundlachi,
Helix pusilla, Pfr. in Wiegm. Archiv fiir Naturg. 1839, 1, p. 351° (not H. pusilla, Lowe, 1833,
from Madeira).
Helix gundlachi, Pfr. loc. cit. 1840, 1, p. 250°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Helix, i. p. 239. no. 218, t. 30. figg. 25-28 °; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 50*, and iv. p. 25°;
Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 67. fig. 345°; Shuttl.in Bern Mittheil. 1854 (Diagn. no. 6),
p. 180°; Gloyne, Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 28 (1872) °.
Zonites (Conulus) gundlachi (Pfr.), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 116°.
Zonites gundlachi (Pfr.), Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. p. 127, t. 2. fig. D (radula)”;
Suppl. iii. (in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. xix. 1890) p. 195*'; Manual of Am. Land-
Shells (in Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 28), p. 358, fig. 882”.
Hyalina (Conulus) gundlachi (Pfr.), v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 73; Binney & Bland,
Land & Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i. p. 48, fig. 77%.
Conulus gundlachi (Pfr.), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 256, t. 19 (4). fig. 647°.
Guppya gundlachi (Pfr.), Tate, Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 155; v. Mart. in Jahrb. d. Malak.
Gesellsch. iv. p. 346 (1877) *”.
Conulus (Discoconulus) gundilachi (Pfr.), O. Reinhardt, in Sitzungsber. d. Gesellsch. naturf.
Freunde zu Berl. 1883, p. 85°.
Helix fulvoidea, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 9 (1851) “; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 66”.
Zonites (Hyalinia) fulvoideus (Morel.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 177”.
Helix egena, A. Gould, in Binney’s Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 245, t. 22a. fig. 3”
(nec Say).
Hab. Nortu America: Florida 1° 22, on the southern extremity of the peninsula, and
also on the west coast as far north as Cedar Keys 12; Texas 41, |
Yucatan: Carmen island, at the entrance of the Laguna de Terminos (More-
let 19 2021), |
CentRaL Nicaragua: Chontales and forest by the River San Juan, Toro Rapids,
amongst moss on trees (Tate 1).
ANTILLES: Cuba 1~4612-16, Jamaica 8, Porto Rico 712131417, Vieque 7121417, St.
‘Thomas *7 12-14, Guadeloupe 10 12,
GUPPYA. 123
G. gundlachi appears to be widely distributed in the Antilles and on the continent
of Central America, and has, perhaps, been introduced with vegetables into some of
these places. |
The systematic position of this species is somewhat doubtful, as it bears a consider-
able resemblance to the European Conulus fulvus; the radula, however, figured by
Binney, agrees very well with that of Guppya trochulina (selenkat), figured by Strebel
(see anted, p. 120), and the mucous-pore has been observed by R. Tate 1%.
The spiral strie in G. gundlachi are only visible under a strong lens; they are
very regular, deeply cut, and rather numerous, but not very close together. Similar
strie are also present in Mr. A. Morelet’s specimens of G. fulvoidea, from Carmen
Island. This circumstance gives some additional weight to Tryon’s } identification of
a Nicaraguan shell with Pfeiffer’s G. gundlachi.
10. Guppya orosciana, sp. n. (Tab. VI. fig. 20, 20 a-d.)
Testa anguste perforata, depresse trochoides, tenuis, nitida, sub lente spiratim striata, lete fulva; anfr. 5,
planiusculi, sat celeriter crescentes, ultimus ad peripheriam distincte angulatus, basi leviter convexus ;
apertura lunata, peristomate simplice, margine basali leviter arcuato.
Diam. maj. 22, min. 23, alt. 12 millim.
Hab. *N. GuatemMata: Coban (coll. Morelet).
Costa Rica: Calera de San Ramon (S. Orosco).
Distinct from the preceding (G. gundlachi) by the whorls being really angulated.
The spiral strie are nearly as in that species. The specimen from Coban, in Morelet’s
collection, is somewhat smaller, 24 millim. in diameter, and of a paler yellow colour ;
but in other respects it agrees with the Costa Rican type, from which our figure is
taken. Named in honour of Sefior Secundino Orosco, who assisted Prof. H. Pittier in
his exploration of Costa Rica.
Several species of a somewhat similar form and size, but distinct by the opaque (not
shining) surface of the shell, will be found below (p. 131) under Helix, subg. Acanthinula.
11. Guppya (?) spirulata.
Helix spirulata, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1845, p. 129'; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 37°; in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, i. p. 244. no. 220, t. 30. figg. 11-14°; Reeve,
Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 110. fig. 617 *.
Zonites (Trochomorpha) spirulata, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 115”.
Helix (Pelia) spirulata (Pfr.), v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 91°.
Hab. W. Nicaraeua: Realejo, on trunks of trees (Cuming 1 ®).
Although this species differs by the remarkably larger size and the less glossy
appearance of the shell from all the preceding, yet the spiral sculpture and the general
outline of the shell seem to bring it near @. gundlachi. 1 therefore place it here pro-
16*
124
MOLLUSCA.
visionally, until the knowledge of the living animal and its radula may confirm or
refute
this view.
Albers proposed for it the subgenus Pelia (of Helix), which he placed
between Patula and Gonostoma; but this name was already twice preoccupied in
zoology, among the Crustacea in 1835, and in the Lepidoptera in 1849.
PSEUDOHYALINA.
Pseudohyalina, Morse, Journ. Portland Soe. i. p. 16 (1864). |
Chanomphalus, Strebel (et Pfeffer), Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 19 (1880).
Pycnogyra, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 20.
Shell somewhat glossy, but with minute sculpture, rather whitish, diaphanous ;
aperture simple; umbilicus wide.
median projection.
of the
whole number.
Jaw minutely perpendicularly. striated, with a small _
Radula with spiniform lateral teeth, amounting to about a third
This genus connects somewhat the family Oxygnatha with the Aulacognatha, on
account of the sculpture (minute, however) of the shell and jaw. P. Fischer [Manuel
de Conch. fasc. v. p. 470 (1882)] has treated it as only a section of Patula; but the
form of the marginal teeth, I think, places it distinctly near Hyalinia.
Nomen..
Forma. Basis. Sculptura. Coloratio. Diam. Anfr. Patria.
mm. | mm.
minuscula, Binn. | subdiscoidea,spira | perspective um-| minute striatula. | corneo-albida. 24 13 4 |N. Am. E. & SE.
leviter convexa, | _bilicata. Mexico, Yucatan,
rotundata, E. Guatemala,
Centr. Nicaragua,
Antilles, &e,
elegantula, Pfr...|discoidea, spira| late umbilicata. _| distincte costulata | albida. 13 4 33 | E.Mexico,W. Guate-
plana, rotun- usque in umbi- mala, Centr. Costa
data. licum. Rica.
cidariscus,v.Mart.| subdepressa, spira ” » 3 24 2 4 |S8.E. Mexico.
gradata, rotun-
data.
berendti, Pfr. ...|depressa, —_spira | perspective umbi- | minute costulata. | corneo-flava. 4 24 63 | EH. Mexico.
prominula, an-| licata,
gulata.
A. Whorls 4, rounded. (PSEUDOHYALINA, sensu str.)
1. Pseudohyalina minuscula.
Helix minuscula, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii, p- 435, t. 22. fig. 4 (1840) *; Pfr. Symb.
_ Hist. Helic. ii. p. 8337; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p- 114°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Heliz, ii. p. 112. no. 530, t. 85. fige. 20-23; Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil.
1852 (Diagn. no. 6), p. 129°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 67. fig. 349°; Binney,
Terr. air-breath. Moll. N, Am. iii. t. 17, fig. 2"; Morse, Am, Nat. i. p. 548, fig. 85 (1867)*;
PSEUDOHYALINA. 125
Newcomb, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 13 (1866) °; Arango y Molifia, Contrib. faun. malac.
Cabana, p. 67 (1878) *°.
Helicella minuscula (Binn.), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 188”.
Helix (Microphysa) minuscula (Binn.), v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 82”.
Pseudohyalina minuscula (Binn.), Morse, Journ. Portland Soc. i. p. 16, fig. 34, and t. 7. fig. 35
(jaw, radula) *; Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 264, t. 19 (4). fig. 62".
Hyalina minuscula, Binney & Bland, Land & Fresh-water Shells N. Am. i. p. 37, figg. 50-52”.
Hyalina (Pseudohyalina) minuscula (Binn.), O. Reinhardt, in Sitzungsber. d. Gesellsch. nat.
Freunde zu Berl. 1876, p. 92"; A. Adams, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) i. p. 467°.
Zonites (Hyalinia) minusculus (Binn.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 175 an
Zonites minusculus, Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl. Harv. Col.
iv.) p. 118, t. 3. fig. H (radula) *; Manual of Am. Land-Shells (in Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus.
no. 28), p. 63, fig. 19”.
Chanomphalus minusculus (Binn.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 19, t. 4.
fig. 10°.
Helix minutalis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 7 (1851) ™.
Helix apex, C. B. Adams, Contrib. to Conch. i. p. 86%; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 66.
fig. 339 *,
Helix lavalleana, d’Orbigny, in Ramon de la Sagra’s Hist. fis., polit. y nat. de Cuba, Moll. p. 84,
t. 8. fige. 16-19”; French edit. p. 161, t. 8. figg. 20-23 °°.
Helix blakeana, Tate, Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 155, t. 16. fig. 3 (1870) ”.
Had. Norva America: from Maine 4, and Vermont !~‘ 12, Ohio 1 8, and Red River 1° 19 2°
to Florida 1215 19 20, Arkansas 19 20, and Texas 190; San Bernardino valley,
California 9; Arizona !° 7°.
E. Mexico: wood of Pacho near Jalapa (£. Salas?!) ; Hacienda de Mirador near
Jalapa (Sartorius, Berendt, and Strebel *).
S.E. Mexico; Palenque (coll. Morelet).
Yucatan: Carmen Island (coll. Morelet); Palizada (Morelet 18 22).
E. Guatemata: Yzabal (coll. Morelet).
CentraL Nicaragua: Chontales forest (Tate ?").
Bermupa }.
ANTILLES : Cuba 4 10 15 22 2526; Jamaica 41523; Porto Rico®?? ; St. Thomas 1°.
Asiatic Russta: Vladimir Bay, Mantchuria 1’.
Japan: Yedo!°.
One of the very widely distributed small land-shells. I cannot detect any trustworthy
difference between P. blakeana and P. minuscula.
9. Pseudohyalina elegantula.
Helix elegantula, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xiv. p. 196 (1867) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 474’.
Zonites (Hyalinia) elegantulus (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 177°.
Chanomphalus elegantulus (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p, 20, t. 4
fig. 11°.
126 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. E. Mexico: environs of Vera Cruz (Berendt and Strebel 1-*).
W. Guaremata: district of Cholhuitz, in the Costa Cuca, Pacific slope, on the
ground, in the woods (Stol/).
Cenrrat Costa Rica: Tierra Blanca, on the southern slope of the Volcan de Irazu
(Biolley).
3. Pseudohyalina cidariscus, sp. n. (Tab. VII. figg. 1, 1 a-d.)
Testa perspective umbilicata, subdepressa, costulis sat confertis, paullum obliquis sculpta, albida; spira pro-
minula, subgradata; anfr. 4, valde convexi, ultimus rotundatus, basi convexus ; apertura lunato-rotundata,
peristomate simplice, margine basali valde arcuato.
Diam. maj. 24, alt. 2, apert. 1 millim.
Hab. 8.E. Mexico: Palenque, in the forest (coll. Morelet).
Near the preceding (P. elegantula), but with the upper whorls very distinctly
elevated above the last one, the sculpture rather more strong.
B. Whorls 63, subangulated, rising one above the other. (Pycnoeyra, Strebel.)
4, Pseudohyalina berendti.
Helix berendti, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 72, t. 1. figg. 9-12 (1861)?; Monogr. Helic. Vivent.
v. p. 155%.
Helix (Microphysa) berendti, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 226, t. 10. figg. 6,
6a, 6°.
Pycnogyra berendti (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 20, t. 4. fig. 5
(shell), t. 9. fig. 12 (radula) *.
Hab, E. Mexico: environs of Jalapa; Hacienda de Mirador (Sartorius, Berendt, and
Strebel !—4) ; Coatepec, Consolapa, and Dos Arroyos (£. Salas *).
Fam, AULACOGNATHA.
Jaw more or less distinctly ribbed, its cutting-edge crenulated. All the teeth of
the radula rather subquadrate ; no spiniform marginals. Shell generally more solid,
sculptured and coloured, of very various form.
PATULA.
Patula, Held, Isis, 1837, p. 915.
Euryomphala, Beck, Ind. Moll. p. 8 (1838).
The normal forms of this genus are characterized by a sculptured, opaque (not glossy)
shell, a wide umbilicus, and a thin-edged aperture. The jaw has many, not very
prominent, ribs; the teeth of the radula are all subquadrate; no spiniform laterals.
No dart-sac; no vesicule multifide ; no flagellum.
Geographical distribution nearly cosmopolitan, but chiefly in temperate climates.
PATULA.
127
The anatomy of very few of the Mexican and Central-American species is known as
yet; the others are only placed here by the general analogy of the shell. Some are
very aberrant in a single character, ¢. g. by a very narrow umbilicus; but I refrain for
the present from treating these aberrant forms as generically distinct, and place them as
subdivisions of the cosmopolitan genus Patula, until better information is obtained.
CoMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF Paruza.
Nomen, Forma. Unmbilicus. Sculptura. Coloratio. |Diam.| Alt. | Anfr. Patria.
. ; mm. | mm.
mazatlanica, depressa, spira latus, $ diametri. | conferte costulato- | fusco-grisea. | 34 1 4 ? California, N.W.
Pfr. parum convexa, striata. Mexico.
rotundata.
hermanni, P/r.| discoidea, spira latissinus, 4 dia- | conferte costulata. | cornea, niti-| 2 1 4 | H. Mexico, 8. Guate-
plana, rotundata.| metri. dula. wala,
wilhelmi, Pfr. .| depresse turbinata, | latiusculus, }-3 | subtiliter insequali- | rufo-fusca, 3 2-23 | 4 E. Mexico, Centr.
spira conoidea, diametri. ter striatula. nitidula. Guatemala, Centr.
rotundata, Costa Rica.
conspurcatella, | depressa, infra tu- | latus. membranaceo-stria- | cornea. 33 3-4 | ?E. Mexico, Yucatan,
Morel. mida, rotundata. tula. N. Guatemala,
Honduras.
impura, Pfr.... ” mediocris. rugoso - costulata, | corneo-fusca.| 4-44 | 3-33 | 44-5 | E. & S.W. Mexico.
lineis membra-
naceis obliquis.
paleosa, Stred. .| trochiformis, sub- ” subtiliter costulata, | rufo-fusca. 42 3k 5 Hi. Mexico.
angulata. lineis membra-
naceis obliquis.
turbinella, ” angustus. irregulariter rugosa.| albido - vi- 5 4 5 N. Guatemala.
_ Morel, rens,
A. Spire fiat ; whorls rounded, 4-5.
1. Patula mazatlanica.
Helix mazatlanica, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 43 (1856)*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 89°;
Carpenter, Suppl. Report Moll. W. Coast of N. Am. p. 573°; Bland, Ann. Lyc. N. York,
viii. p. 164, fig.9*; Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells N. Am. i. p. 82, fig. 144°;
v. Mart. Conch. Mittheil. ii. p. 180, t. 33. figg. 10-12 °.
Helix (Patula) mazatlanica (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Moll., Mollusca, i. p. 231’.
Pseudohyalina mazatianica (Pfr.), Morse, Journ. Portland Soc. i. p. 16, t. 7. fig. 35 (1864) °;
Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 266, t. 19 (4). fig. 59 (1866)°; Cooper, Am. Journ. Conch.
v. p. 201 (1870) ”.
Patula mazatlanica (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 29".
(PaTULa, sensu str.)
Hab. Norta America: ?Lone Mountain, near San Francisco, in rotten oak-stumps
(Cooper 3°).
N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan (ZH. Klocke 1° 12),
According to Binney [Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. pp. 21, 168 (1878), and
128 MOLLUSCA.
Manual of Am. Land-Shells, pp. 22, 87, 261 (1885)], the Californian locality is
doubtful.
2. Patula hermanni.
Helix hermanni, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 80 (1866)*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 175°.
Helix (Patula) hermanni (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 238, t. 10.
figg. 4, 4a, b°.
Patula hermanni (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 29, t. 4. fig. 8°;
Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 314’. .
Hab. E. Mexico: Mirador (Berendt1~*); Orizaba, 500 feet above the town (Heilprin °).
S. Guatemata: Volcan de Agua, in the woods, at an elevation of about 9000 feet,
amongst moss (Sto//).
B. Spire raised ; whorls rownded ; umbilicus moderate, deep. (Microconts, Strebel.)
3. Patula wilhelmi.
Helix wilhelmi, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 79 (1866)*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 187°.
Helix (Patula) wilhelmi, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 230, t. 10. figg. 5, 5a, 6 7
Microconus wilhelmi (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 29, t. 4. fig. 7 7
Hab. EF. Mexico: Mirador (Berendt\*).
CenTraL Guatemata: Salama (coll. A. Morelet, one specimen).
CentTRAL Costa Rica: San José, at 1135 metres above the sea, among moss (P. Biolley) ;
San José and San Francisco de los Rios, 1100 metres above the sea, in the hedges
surrounding the coffee-plantations (H. Pittier).
This species looks somewhat like the European P. rupestris. Strebel suggests * that
its riblets may be provided with cuticular lappets or hairlets in a very fresh state, which
would bring it near the following section, Thysanophora.
c. Cuticular lamellae in oblique rows, crossing the riblets. Spire more or less raised ;
whorls rounded or scarcely subangulated ; umbilicus moderate or rather narrow.
(THysanopHora, Strebel.)
4, Patula conspurcatella.
Heliz conspurcatella, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 7 (1851)*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 97 *.
Helix (Patula) conspurcatella (Morel.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 282,
t. 12. figg. 3, 3a—c’.
Thysanophora conspurcatella (Morel.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 31°.
Patula conspurcatella (Morel.), Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 814°.
? Heliz horni (Gabb), Ancey, Ann. de Malac. ii. p. 240 (1886) °.
Hab. E. Muxico: Vera Cruz (Heilprin >).
PATULA.—HELIX. 129
“Yucatan: Merida, under stones (Morelet 4, Heilprin®); Tunkas and Tekanto
(Heilprin >), |
N. Guatemata; Tenosique and Flores, province of Peten (Morelet 8),
? Honpuras : Utila Island (Simpson ®).
_ Known only from Morelet’s description, and a somewhat doubtful not full-grown
specimen in the Berlin Museum, given by the late dealer L. Parreyss of Vienna, and
described by Strebel*. I cannot help suspecting that Ancey’s Helix horni® may belong
to the same species. 1. horni, Gabb, is from Arizona, and the description of it nearly
agrees with P. conspurcatella.
5. Patula impura. :
Helix impura, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 79 (1866); Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 137°.
Helix (Patula) impura (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 229°, .
Thysanophora impura (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw. -Conch. iv. p. 30, t. 4, Bg. 24,
Patula impura (Pfr.), Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 314’. ;
Hab. ¥. Mexico: Mirador, near Jalapa (Berendt !~*); Vera Cruz (Heilprin ».
S.W. Mexico: Yautepec, Morelos (Heilprin ®).
It is somewhat doubtful if P. ¢mpura is really distinct from P. sonspureatelta
6. Patula paleosa.
Thysanophora paleosa, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 30, t. 4. fig. 3°.
Patula paleosa (Streb.), Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 314°.
Hab. E. Mexico: woods of Pacho, near Jalapa (Strebel +); Orizaba, on hills, 500 feet
above the town (Heilprin ).
i
7. Patula turbinella. (Tab. VII. figg. 2, 2a, 5.)
Helix turbinella, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 9 (1851)'; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iil. p. 58°.
Helix (Patuila) curdinella (Morel.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p- 229, t. 12.
figg. 2, 2a-c |
Hab. N. GuateMaLa: woods of Peten, very rare (Morelet 1~°).
The single specimen of this species kindly lent me for examination by M. A. Morelet
is elegantly trochiform, only subangulated, of a pale greyish colour, somewhat yellowish
near the aperture, with very oblique, somewhat unequal, distinct strie. Our figure is
taken from this shell.
HELIX.
Helix, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 678 (1758); Draparnand, Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. de la
France, p. 78 (1805) ; Albers, Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 80.
Shell globose, depressed, or trochiform; aperture with reflexed edges, generally
without plaits. Jaw ribbed. Marginal teeth of the radula short, with several cuspids.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, March 1892. 17
130
MOLLUSCA.
Genital apparatus ordinarily with various appendages, as a flagellum on the penis,
one, two, or numerous glandule mucosex, and a thick-walled bag (dart-sac) producing
a calcareous dart.
Without doubt, this genus, as it is here circumscribed, must, eventually, be still
more dismembered. Solaropsis and Oxychona will probably prove to be generically
distinct ; but as their anatomy is very little known as yet, I prefer for the present to
treat them as subgenera of Helix.
TABLE OF SUBGENERA.
mida, umbilicata.
variegata.
laris, lunata,
breviter reflexa.
|
Nomen. Forma. Sculptura. Coloratio. Apertura. Magnitudo. Patria.
| mm.
_ ACANTHINULA...... subglobosa, perfo- | rugulosa vel cornea vel fusca, simplex, recta. 12-3 Florida, and E.
rata. striolata. unicolor. Mexico—Nicaragua.
| Varuomta seenveces depressa, umbili- | sublevis (vel albida. circularis, re- 3 Centr. Guatemala
cata. costulata), flexa. (cireumboreal).
| 'TrrcHoprscrwa ee * granulata et fusco-cornea, ple- | perobliqua, leviter| 8-17(80) | E. and Centr.
| pilosa. rumque fasciata. reflexa. Mexico-S. Costa
l. Rica.
| PRaTIcoLELLA ...| globosa, perforata. | sublzevis. fulva vel albida, subverticalis, re- 8-15 Texas, and N.
seepius fasciata. flexa. Mexico-Nicaragua.
|__—
| ARIONTA........004. ” striatula vel rugu-| flavescens, fusco-uni-| sat obliqua, re- 12-19 N., N.W., and E. |
| loso-punctata. fasciata. flexa. Mexico. |
— —|
| PoMATIA............ globosa, perforatione| striata. fasciata. subverticalis, am- 30-38 Centr. Mexico (in- |
obtecta. pla, reflexa. troduced) (Europe
| &e.).
| LysInok ............ globosa vel depresse| granulato-pilosa. ” ” 26-70 N. Mexico-Salvador
| globosa, perforata. and Mosquito
| Coast.
| OXYCHONA «0.0.2... trochiformis vel levis, nitida. alhida, fusco-fasciata| subhorizontalis, 15-38 N. Guatemala-S.E.
lenticularis. vel guttata, late reflexa. Costa Rica.
SoLAROPSIS......... depressa, infra tu- | granulata, flavescens, rufo- subperpendicu- 20 (60) 8.H. Costa Rica,
Subgen. AcanTHINULA, Beck.
Shell small, thin, unicolorous, horny, rather globose ; umbilicus small ; peristome thin,
straight, or a little reflexed.
Under this head may provisionally be included, until the anatomical characters are
known, several small shells which differ from Guppya by the surface not being so
smooth and glossy, and from Patula by the very small umbilicus.
In general appear-
ance they more or less approach the European Helix (Acanthinula) aculeata, Miill., in
which the presence of a dart and a flagellum has been stated by A. Lehmann, Die
lebend. Schnecken u. Muscheln Stettins, 1873, t. 11. fig. 32,
_ HELIX. 131
CoMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS ACANTHINULA.
|
Nomen. Forma, Basis. Sculptura. | Coloratio. | Peristoma.|Diam.} Alt. | Anfr. Patria.
|
. . | mm, | mm
excoides, Tate ...) conoideo-glo-| perforata. lamellse rugulosse,) corneo-fusca. | rectum. 3 3 4 Honduras, Centr. |
bosa. | oblique. Nicaragua.
granum, Strebel... ” ” costulze obsolete | pallide cornea. ” 2:8 28 43 | Florida, E. Mexico,
et rugule ob- Yucatan.
liquee.
punctum, Morel. .| globoso-tur- | (obtecte) per-| ? corneo-rufa. ” 13 13 34 | 8.E. Mexico, -
binata. forata. Yucatan.
guatemalensis, |turbinato-glo- perforata. oblique striolata. | cornea. » 2 2 4 N. & W. Guatemala.
Cr. & Fisch. bosa.
intonsa, Pilsbry...| elate globoso-| anguste um- levissime stria- | castanea. ” 18 2 6 E. Mexico.
turbinata. bilicata. tula, sparsim
| pilosa.
}
1. Helix cacoides.
Heliz cecoides, Tate, Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 155, t. 16. fig. 2 (1870)’; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent.
vil. p. 77°.
Pseudohyalina cecoides (Tate), Ancey, Ann. de Malac. ii. p. 239 (1886) *.
Hab. Honvuras: Utilla Island °.
CrentraL Nicaragua: Chontales forest, amongst moss on trees, in company with
Guppya gundlachi (Tate +).
2. Helix granum.
Acanthinula granum, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 31, t. 4. fig. 13°; Binney,
Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am., Suppl. iii. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. xix.) p. 200,
with fig.* (nec Helix granum, Pfr.).
Patula granum (Streb.), Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 314°.
Hab. Norta America: Florida ?.
E. Mexico: Hacienda de Mirador, near Jalapa (Strebel ').
Yucatan: Progreso, an albino specimen (//ez/prin °).
The sculpture of this shell somewhat resembles that of Putwla, section Thysanophora.
3. Helix punctum. (Tab. VII. figg. 3, 3a, 4.)
Helix punctum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 9 (1851) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 43 *.
Helix (Patula) punctum (Morel.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 228, t. 12.
figg. 1, La, 6°.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: San Juan Bautista, Tabasco (H. H. Smith).
Yucatan: Merida, in the gardens of the city, upon the leaves of trees (Morelet }~*)..
Seems to be distinct from H. granum by its smaller size and somewhat smoother
17*
332 MOLLUSCA.
surface, the umbilicus being, in Morelet’s specimen, covered for about one-third of its
circumference by the margin of the aperture. In the Tabasco example the umbilicus
is a little more open. We figure a specimen from Morelet’s collection, as it differs
somewhat 1 in outline from the one given by Fischer and Crosse ®.
4, Helix guatemalensis.
Helix guatemalensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 222 (1872)', and xxi. p. 274, t. 9.
fig. 3 (1873) ?.
Pseudohyalina guatemalensis, Ancey, Ann. de Malac. ii. p. 240 (1886) °.
Hab. N. Guatemata: probably Coban (Sarg 1”).
W. Gvuaremana: Retalhuleu, Pacific slope (Stol/).
Stoll’s specimens are somewhat larger and higher (3 millim. in both dimensions) than
Crosse and. Fischer’s type, but in other respects they agree with it.
5. Helix intonsa.
Patula intonsa, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 314, t. 15. figg. 1-3°.
Hab. ¥. Mexico: Orizaba (Heilprin').
Subgen. VaLtonta, Risso.
Shell small, depressed, rounded ; umbilicus rather wide; peristome thick, reflexed.
No glandule mucose. Dart long, smooth, simple. |
H. pulchella, Mill. Depressa, modice umbilicata, sublavis, albida, peristomate subcirculari, late reflexo.
Diam. maj. 3, alt. 2 anfr. 34 millim.—Circumboreal.
6. Helix pulchella.
Helix pulchella, O. Fr. Miiller, Hist. Verm. ii. p. 30 (1774)? ; Draparnaud, Hist. Nat. de Moll.
Terr. et Fluv. de la France, p. 112, t. 7. figg. 33, 34°; Voith, in Sturm’s Deutschl. Fauna,
vi., Wiirmer, part 3, t. 12 (living animal) (1813) °; Rossmassler, Icon. d. Land- und Siissw.-
Moll. ii. p. 5, t. 31. fig. 440°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent, i. p. 365°; Forbes & Hanley,
Hist. Brit. Moll. iv. p. 78, t. 119. figg. 8-13°; Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Nat. de Moll. Terr.
_ et Fluv. de la France, ii. p. 140, t. 11. figg. 84 (shell), 28-30 (anatomy) *; Albers, Die Helic.
ed. 2, p. 101°; Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. i. p. 224, and v. t. 14. figg. 1 a, 6°; L. v. Schrenck,
Reisen im Amur-Lande, i. p. 681"°; Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh- water Shells of
N. Am.i. p. 157, fig. 270"; Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 175, t. 17. fig. 1”;
~ Lehmann, Lebend. Schnecken u. Muscheln Stettins, p. 90, t. 11. fig. 30 (anatomy) ".
Helia minuta, Say, in Journ. Acad. Phil. i. p. 123, (1817)”.
Vallonia pulchella (Mill.), Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. p. 344"; Manual of Am.
Land-Shells, p. 77 °°.
Hab. CentRaL GuaTeMsLa: Antigua, in gardens, probably introduced (O. Stod/, 1878).
. Widely distributed throughout the whole of Europe, from Norway (622° N. lat.) and
HELIX, 133
Russia (662° N, lat.) to Sicily, Algeria, and Syria; also in Siberia and Tibet; introduced
in Madeira®; within North America from Canada ! 45 to Florida !!, Idaho 15, Colorado ©,
New Mexico 15, and Arizona ».
Subgen. TRICHODISCINA.
Trichodiscus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 32 (1880) (preoccupied in the
Infusoria by Ehrenberg).
Shell of moderate size, finely granulate and hairy, more or less flat above, umbili-
cated; peristome slightly reflexed above, more distinctly beneath. Jaw with strong
ribs. :
The anatomy of this subgenus is only imperfectly known: see Strebel, loc. ezt. p. 33.
For Table of Species, see page 134.
7. Helix coactiliata. | |
Helix coactiliata, Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. terr. i. p. 18, t. 72. figg. 1-5 (before
1838) '; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 200°, and in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. ed. 2, Heliz, ii. p. 165. no. 610, t. 95. figg. 23-25 (not adult)*; Reeve, Conch. Icon.
vii., Helix, t. 107. fig. 595°; Tristram, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 230°; Guppy, P.Z.S8. 1875,
p- 318 °.
Heliz (Patula) coactiliata (Fér.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p, 234 (excl.
var.) ". ; |
Trichodiscus coactiiiatus (Fér.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 34°.
Patula coactiliata (Fér.), Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 314°.
Helix teniata, Nyst, in litt.*.
Heliz nystiana, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1845, p. 1380".
Helix bridgesi, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 303, t. 20. figg. 9, 10 (1866) (nee Newcomb) ”.
Heliz parkeri, Tryon, loc. cit. 11. p. 106”; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vii. p. 175 ™.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Tabasco (Nyst ? 3).
Yucatan: Tunkas and Labna (/eilprin °).
British Honduras: Belize (Bocourt*).
N. Guatemaua (Salvin °).
EK. GuaTeMALa: near Livingston, Bay of Honduras (0. Séo//).
W. Nicaragua: Realejo (coll. Cuming 22"); Nicaragua (Bridges ~"4).
According to 'Tate and Guppy °*, ZZ. coactiliata is also found in Venezuela and
Trinidad. |
The flattest species in this subgenus ; usually five bands are present, the uppermost
near the suture (sometimes wanting), a second and third also on the upper side of the
* Guppy’s statement that this species also occurs in Peru is apparently a mistake, caused probably by
Deshayes referring the locality—Tuspan—of his H. coactiliata, var. 3 (our H. cordovana), to Peru instead of
Mexico.
MOLLUSCA.
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HELIX. 135
last whorl, the fourth and fifth on the lower side, all at about equal distances, only the
second and third somewhat nearer to each other.
A not full-grown calcified specimen from Uhde’s collection, now in the Berlin
Museum, is marked “ Vera Cruz”; perhaps it came from the southern part of that
province, which borders on Tabasco.
The specific name refers to the rough hairy surface of the shell, the Latin word
“ coactilia,’ neutr. plur., signifying coarse cloths or felt-coverlets.
8. Helix cordovana.
Helix coactiliata, var. b (testa superne unizonata), Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. terr.
i. pp. 18, 19%.
Helix cordovana, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 318°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 295°.
Helix (Patula) coactiliata, var. 8. cordovana, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1.
p. 234, t. 12. figg. 4, 4a-c*.
Trichodiscus cordovanus (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 32, t. 3. fig. 5,
t. 11. figg. 1 (radula), 10 (jaw), 17”.
? Helix obsita, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. v. p. 80 (1866) °; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 170".
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Omilteme, State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith); Oaxaca (Hoge).
E. Mexico: Tuspan, south of Tampico!; Nacimiento de Quilate, Cerro de Espal-
dilla, and Rancho de Guerrero, all in the environs of Misantla, and Nautla
(E. Salas *); Chirimoyo, Coatepec, Dos Arroyos, Soncoautia, Consolapa, and
Barranca de Teocelo, all in the vicinity of Jalapa (#. Salas®); Hacienda de
Mirador, on old rotten wood (Berendt and Strebel®®7) ; Misantla, Soledad,
Almolonga (Hége); Cordova (Sallé?°+, Hoge).
Distinct from the preceding, H. coactiliata, by its less flattened shape and less
enlarged umbilicus. In most specimens only one band is to be seen, corresponding to
the third band of the preceding species but somewhat larger, above the periphery; in
some examples it is not visible, especially if the hairs are well preserved. A somewhat
darker hue of the general colour occupies on the upper side the places where the first
and second bands should be, together with the space between them, and in the same
manner on the lower side the place of the fourth and fifth bands with the space between
them, so the general pale colour is limited to the sutural and umbilical regions and a
small stripe on either side of the (third) band. Strebel® states that he has a calcified
specimen from Misantla in which the five bands are distinctly present, and Pfeiffer ?
mentions two bands on the upper side in his H. cordovana, none in his H. suturalis.
As regards the size, there is also a remarkable variability. Strebel states that his
largest specimens, up to 11:8 millim. in diameter, are from the environs of Misantla,
and Pfeiffer gives to his H. cordovana even 124 millim.; the usual size of full-
grown specimens is diam. 11 millim.
136 MOLLUSCA.
9. Helix suturalis. | Ae ag ATA |
Helix suturalis, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1846, p. 37°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 201°; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. vii., Helix, t. 61. fig. 301 and t. 110. fig. 625°.
Discus suturalis, H..& A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 117 *.
Helix (Patula) coactiliata, var. y. suturalis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i.
__ pe 284°.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Teapa.j in Tabasco (Hoge).
N. Guatemata: San Luis, Peten (Morelet >).
CENTRAL GUATEMALA: San Gerénimo, near Salama (Champion).
_ Honpuras (Dyson \~°). |
Var. pressula: spira convexa. (Tab. VII. figg. 4, 4a, b)
Helix pressula, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 8 (1851) °; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. 11. p. 156 s
Helix (Patula) pressula (Morel.), Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 236, t. 12. figg. 5, 5a-c*.
Trichodiscus pressulus (Morel.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 34°.
Helix almonte, Tristram, P. Z: S. 1868, p. 4117°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 142”.
Helix (Patula) almonteana (Trisir.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1. p. 231”.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Purula, i in the upper valley of the Polochic. river (Champion)
Vera Paz (Salvin 0-2), ° ue
_W. Guatemata: Las Mercedes, in the Costa Cuca, Pacific slope, in the. ‘coffee-planta-
| tions (Champion); in virgin forest, at Istapa, near San José, on the shore of the
Pacific (Morelet °~*). ,
- CENTRAL GUATEMALA: on the limestone mountain ‘* La Pedrera,” north of the city of
Guatemala, on the ground under Mimosa-shrubs, and on the branches cf trees
covered with Bromeliaceew, during the dry season locked up by a thin mem-
branous epiphragma (Stoll).
CentraL Costa Rica: La Urraca, near San José (Biolley: var. without band).
The specimens I have seen from Teapa, San Gerénimo, La Pedrera, and Las Mercedes
are not all full-grown, with straight thin peristome, but they are easily distinguishable
from H. cordovana of the same age and size by the inflated form of the shell; also the
colour is more reddish-brown or yellowish ; the band is similar. The spire is either
quite flat, with somewhat deepened centre, as described by Pfeiffer1, or more or less
convex, as figured by Fischer and Crosse 8; but there are no other differences between
the typical form and the variety.
Our figure i is taken from the Purula specimen. Tristram’s species —” is founded on
a not full-grown specimen.
10. Helix oajacensis.
‘Helix oajacensis (L. Koch, MS.), Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. ii. p. 35 (1842)}; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. i. p. 203 *, and in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, ii. p. 337,
no. 848, t. 132. figg. 3, 4°; Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. i. 2, p. 28, t. 2. fig. 6°.
HELIX. 137
Heliz (Discus) oajacensis (Koch), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 237°.
Trichodiscus oajacensis (Koch), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 35°.
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Oaxaca (Hegewisch 1-*),
A somewhat doubtful species. According to the quoted descriptions and figures
H. oajacensis seems to be sufficiently distinct from H. suturalis by the more elevated
spire, the angulated periphery, and the two large dark chestnut bands. But it has
not again been found, so far as is known. Strebel® thinks that it may have been
an aberrant specimen of the preceding species. Hoge has found at the same locality,
Oaxaca, a quite normal H. sutwralis, which with a diameter of 8 millim. has no trace
of a keel; whereas H. oajacensis, with a diameter of 15 millim., according to Pfeiffer
(162 millim. in Philippi’s figure), is said to be “ obtuse carinata.”
11. Helix sumichrasti.
Helix sumichrasti, Crosse & Fisch. in Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 147 (1872) ', and xxi. p. 265, t. 9.
figg. 4, 4 a (1873) ”.
Hab. E. Mexico: Soledad, between Cordova and Orizaba (Hége).
S.W. Mexico: Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Swmichrast 12),
Quite distinct by the keel of the shell.
The locality ‘“‘ La Huallaga,’” Tehuantepec, quoted by Crosse and Fischer i is probably
a mistake for Laoyaga (sometimes written Laollaga).
12. Helix sargi.
Heliz sargi, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 146 (1872) *, and xxi. p. 277, t. 9. fig. 2
(1878) ?; v. Mart. P. Z.S. 1875, p. 648°.
Hab. N. GuateMata: in the woods of Tamahu, Vera Paz (Sarg }?); Coban (Salvin 3).
H. sargi appears to be nearer to the subgenus Trichodiscina than to Lysinoé, but the
authors do not mention any hairs or elevated points in their description of the species.
Or it may, perhaps, be an angulated species of the section Praticolella.
13. Helix macneili. |
Helix mac-neili, Crosse, Journ. de Conch. xxi. p. 67 (1878) *, and xxii. p. 71, t. 2. fig. 3 (1874) *
Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vii. p. 451°; Angas, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 476%.
Hab. S.W. Costa Rica, Terraba, on the banks of small streamlets (H. Pittier).
E. & S.E. Costa Rica: coast region and lower hills from Parismina to the hills of
Zhorquin (Gabb*); Chiriqui lagoon (MacNeil }~*).
Very peculiar by two infolded spots in the last whorl, somewhat like those in Helix
(Solaropsis) pellis-serpentis, Chemnitz, but in other respects agreeing well with the
species of the subgenus Trichodiscina. ‘The specimen collected by H. Pittier exhibits
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, March 1892. 18
138 MOLLUSCA.
a dark ‘brown, somewhat velvety, periostracum, and.on the spots where this is lost a
very fine punctuation of the shell, which leads me to believe that the most natural
place for this species may be in the subgenus Trichodiscina. With H. (Solaropsis)
tiloriensis there. isnot much similarity in the general appearance.
Crosse 1-8 erroneously refers the locality “¢ Chiriqui lagoon” to Nicaragua.
_ Subgen. PRATICOLELLA.
Dorcasia (Gray), Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél. Harv. Coll.
dv.) p. 846 (1878).
Praticola, Strebel u. Pfeffer, in. Strebel’s Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw. -Conch., iv, p. 38 (1880)
(preoccupied by Swainson, 1837, and,as Pratincola by K. L. Koch, 1816, both in Birds).
Shell globose, of moderate size, perforated, smooth, or slightly striated ; peristome
rather thickly tipped and reflexed. Jaw with flat, broad ribs.
Glandula mucosa simple; retractor penis with double insertion (see Leidy, in |
Binney’s Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. i. p. 255, and Pfeffer in Strebel’s Heit loc. cit.
p. 40). Dart-sac simple; dart‘as yet not described.
Dorcasia, Gray, has as type the South African #. alexandri (Z, eitschr. fiir Malak.
1845, p. 87, note), which differs considerably in general appearance. ulotella, Mousson,
type HZ. similaris, Fér., agrees more nearly with Praticolella. |
As the shells of this subgenus resemble in many respects those of the following,
we may unite both in one table for facilitating their determination. |
14. Helix ampla.
Helix ampla, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 78 (1866) '; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 63%.
Helix (Patula) ampla, Fischer & t Crosse, Miss. Scient. a Mollusca, 1 1. p. 227° om not full-
grown). :
Praticola: ocampi, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 38, t. 2. fies. 2,5, and
t. 10. figg. 1 (radula), 1 @ (jaw), 1 a~F (anatomy) *.
Hab. E. Mexico: Misantla, on meadows, fields of Indian corn, &c., and Rancho de
Guerrero near Misantla (Strebel +); Rio de Misantla (F. D. Godman); Almo-
longa (Hége); Jalapa, in company with Leptomerus (Hoge); La Banderilla,
Monte de ‘Tataquicapa and Dos Arroyos, all near Jalapa, on grass (Strebel 4);
Mirador (Berendt and Strebel }~*) ; Consolapa near Coatepec and San Antonio del
Monte (Strebel +).
Somewhat variable with regard to the elevation of the spire; the young shell is
obtusely angulated, and a trace of the angulation is sometimes to be seen in the first
half of the last whorl. .
This species resembles somewhat the widely distributed H. similaris, Fér., the range
of which-extends to Brazil; but is distinct from it by the more globose form, the more
139
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140 MOLLUSCA.
solid shell, the brighter reddish fawn-colour, the much narrower umbilicus, and the
distinct, though fine, spiral striz.
Pfeiffer’s original specimen was, according to his description !, nearly full-grown, but
not perfect with regard to the peristome. In his collection, now in the possession of
H. Dohrn in Stettin, there are two much younger specimens, and one small (11 millim.
diam.) but full-grown example with perfect peristome.
15. Helix berlandieriana. (Tab. VII. figg. 12, 12, a, 6, 13, 14.)
Helix berlandieriana, Moricand, in Mém. Soc. Phys. et d’Hist. Nat. de Genéve, vi. 2, p. 537, t. 1.
fig. 1 (1836); Deshayes, in Lamarck’s Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. ed. 2, viii. p. 153
(1888) *; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, ii. p. 275. no. 758,
t. 128. figg. 15-18°, and Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 227+ (not i. p. 155); F. Romer,
Texas, p. 455 (Bonn, 1849) °; Albers, Die Helic. p. 70°; Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll.
N. Am. i. p. 255, t. 8. fig. 11 (anatomy by Leidy)’, and ii. p. 109, t. 49. fig. 1°; Reeve,
Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 120. fig. 708°; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 19 (1865) ”;
Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i. p. 159, fig. 276".
Helix (Fruticicola) berlandieriana (Moric.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i.
p. 256%
Hygromia berlandieriana (Moric.), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 309, t. 22 (5). fig. 4”.
Dorcasia berlandieriana (Moric.), Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. (Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool. Harv. Coll. iv.) p. 347"; Manual of Am. Land-Shells (Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 28),
p. 393 ©,
Praticola berlandieriana (Moric.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 42”.
Helix pachyloma, Menke, Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1847, p. 82°"; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i.
p. 823%,
Hab. Nortu America: Arkansas $ 3-15; Texas 1-58-18; south-west region beyond the
Mississippi §.
N.E. Mexico: State of Tamaulipas (Couch 1! 12); Chapatilo (Binney !! 1”).
N.W. Mexico: Ventanas near Ciudad, Durango (Hége). |
K. Mexico: Vera Cruz, with the var. griseola (Hoge).
W. Mexico: Sayula, Jalisco (Hoge).
Var. griseola, (Tab. VII. figg. 15, 15 a, 16, 16 a, 17.)
Helix cicercula (Férussac, mus. Paris), Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. i. p. 390,
t. 107. figg. 4-10 (1850-51) ” (nec Beck, 1837, nec A. Gould, 1846).
Brodybena pisum, Beck, Ind. Moll. p: 18 (1838) (sine descr.) *°.
Helix splendidula, Anton, Verz. Conch. Samml. p. 36 (1839) (sine descr.) (nec Pfr, 1845) ”.
Helix griseola, Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. i. p. 41 (1841); Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 387”, and
in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, i. p. 342. no. 344, t. 60. figg. 17,
18 (not good) **; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 64. fig. 327%; v. Mart. Malak. Blatt.
xill. p. 18 (1865) *; Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i. p. 160.
fig. 277°"; Binney, Terr. air-breath, Moll. N. Am. iv. p. 50, t. 67. fig. 20%; Tate, Am.
Journ. Conch. v, p. 155 (1870) ”.
HELIX. 14]
Helix (Fruticicola) griseola (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 259”.
Hygromia griseola (Pfr.), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 809, t. 22 (5). fig. 5°.
Dorcasia griseola (Pfr.), Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl. Harv.
Coll. iv.) pp. 347, 348, fig. 231 (jaw), and t. 7. fig. V (radula) *; Manual of Am. Land-
Shells (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 28), pp. 392, 394, figg. 427 (jaw), 429.
Praticola griseola (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sitissw.-Conch. iv. p. 41, t. 2. fig. 8™.
Helicogona (Arionta) griseola (Pfr.), Moérch, in Malak. Blatt. vi. p. 111 (1859) **.
Helix albocincta, Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. i. pp. 109, 128 (1851) * (nec Pfr. 1845).
Heliz albozonata, Binney, loc. cit. i. t. 49. fig. 2°”.
Heliz albolineata, A. Gould, in Binney’s Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. iii. p. 34 (same figure)
(1857) ®.
Hab. Nortu America: Indianola and Bosque County, Texas 28 30-33,
N.E. Mexico: State of Tamaulipas (Couch °°).
E. Mexico: Environs of Vera Cruz, frequent (Hegewisch 22-24 30, Sallé3°, Uhde and
Friedel *° °°, Dolfus-Ausset*°, Strebel 3+, Hoge); Cordova, remarkably small
specimens, only 84-10 millim. in diam. (Hége).
N. Guatemata: Lake of Flores, Peten (A. Morelet *°).
W. Nicaragua: on the Volcan de Masaya (Orsted *°, Sallé®°),
CentRAL NIcaRaGuaA: common throughout the savana-region—Masapa, Granada,
San Ubaldo, &c., living on the blades of grass and resembling in this habit
H. virgata (Tate *°). |
The examination of a considerable number of specimens collected at Vera Cruz by
Hége shows that H. berlandieriana and H. griseola are connected by many intermediate
forms, and that, as I have already suggested in 1865 °°, they cannot be maintained as
distinct. The typical H. berlandieriana (fig. 12) is a more solid shell, globose, with
conical spire, white, with brown band, the margins of the aperture rather thick.
Moricand ! gives to it a diameter of 8 and a height of 7 millim., which does not agree
with his figure, this being evidently broader than high. Pfeiffer!® gives to H.
pachyloma a diameter of 12 and a height of 9 millim, The largest specimen which
I have before me, from Texas, measures even 13 millim. in diameter and 94 in height ;
another, comparatively more elevated, also from Texas, 12 millim. in diameter and 10
in height. The smallest specimen (fig. 14), agreeing in form and marking with
H. berlandieriana, from Vera Cruz, measures 9 millim. in diameter and 7 in height.
The typical H. griseola (fig. 15) has a thin shell and a thin peristome; the spire is
more depressed ; the dimensions are 10 millim. in diameter and only 6 in height; the
colour is described as grey, with some white bands, but on comparing the specimens
themselves it is evident that this coloration is only the result of the extension of the
pale greyish-brown bands at the expense of the white ground-colour. There are other
specimens in which the white is not so much reduced (fig. 16); and some which have
the upper face quite white, as in LH. berlandiertana, but the lower face banded as in
142 MOLLUSCA.
H. griseola. In others, again, the bands are very pale, rather pellucid than brown, and
visible only by close inspection. ‘The thickness of the shell, the elevation of the spire,
and the constriction behind the aperture exhibit also gradual differences, each inde-
pendently from the other; the constriction exists ordinarily only in the lower half of
the whorl, and is there as distinct in many specimens of H. griseola as in the typical
Hf, berlandieriana. The smallest specimen which I have seen (fig. 13) measures
74 millim. in diameter and 63 in height; it exhibits the more conoidal-globose figure of
H. berlandieriana, but has brown bands on the upper and lower face as in H. griseola.
Our fig. 14 is taken from an unusually flat specimen, but otherwise agreeing
with typical H. berlandieriana; fig 17 represents the var. griscola not full-grown, of a
pellucid greyish colour, nearly without white.
Helix berlanderiana (sic), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 165= H. virginalis (Jan),
ibid. tii. p. 132, and vii. p. 238, seems to be, according to the description, a very diffe-
rent shell, belonging to Xerophila—* testa umbilicata, depressa; peristoma acutum,
intus labiatum,”—and probably not really from Texas. A friend of Jan, Villa (Dispos.
Syst. Conch. 1841, p. 12), says that H. wirginalis, Jan, is from Sicily..
Subgen. Arionta, Leach.
Shell globose, of moderate or rather large size, perforated, striated, often one-banded ;
peristome thickened and distinctly reflexed. Jaw with a few stout ribs. Two long and
simple glandule mucose; receptaculum seminis (genital bladder) with a long filiform
appendage. Dart in shape of a spade, two-edged, thickened at the base.
The very characteristic form of the dart of the type of this subgenus, Helix arbus-
torum, L. (see Ad. Schmidt, in Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1850, t. 1. fig. 8), is seen also in
the North-American H. mormonum, Binney (Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. t..13.
fig. F).
Leach’s original spelling is “ Arianta;” but as this name is derived etymologically,
without doubt, from the Greek Arion, a sort of snail mentioned by lian (De Natura
animalium, x. 5), the spelling ““Arionta ” is preferable.
For Table of Species, see page 139.
16. Helix flavescens. (Tab. VII. figg. 18, 18 a-e.)
Helix flavescens (Wiegm. in Mus. Berol.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 337 (1848); in Mar-
tini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, ii. p. 238. no. 704, t. 112. figg. 14, 157;
Malak. Blatt. iii. p. 231 (1856) *.
Helix (Arianta) fiavescens (Wiegm.), v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 18 (1865) *.
Helix (Praticola) flavescens (Wiegm.), v. Mart. in Jahrb. Malak. Ges. vii. p. 96, footnote (1880) *.
Helix (Leptarionta) flavescens (Wiegm.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 255°.
Hygromia fiavescens, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 2147.
Praticola flavescens (Wiegm.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sussw. ~Conch. iv. P- 4], t 13.
fig. 18°.
HELIX. 143
Hab. ¥.. Mexico: Papantla, N. of Misantla (Deppe 12456 *)-
TU CHIAPAS: (Ghiesbreght 3).
| ‘The shell is pale greyish-yellow, with a reddish-brown band in the periphery and
numerous opaque-yellow markings. These markings are either irregularly spread over
the surface and of rounded outline, or arranged in numerous spiral lines and more or
less contiguous in this direction, but not forming such well-defined bands as is shown
in the figure given by Pfeiffer?._ In one specimen they are very much reduced in
number and nearly confined to the sutural region ; this shell, unfortunately, has been
examined and figured by Strebel’. I give therefore new figures from the typical
specimens in the Berlin Museum.
17. Helix trypanomphala, |
Helix trypanomphala, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. iii. p. 45 (1856) +; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 253 *.
Helix (Fruticicola) trypanomphala (Pfr.), Fischer. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i.
p- 260°.
Hab. Mexico: Sierra Maestra (Poey 1—),
No Sierra of this name is known to me; perhaps Sierra Madre is intended, or some
place in Cuba.
Var. remondi,
Helix remondi, Tryon, Proc. Acad. Phil. XV. p. 981, t. 2. fig. 1 (1863) *; Pfr. Mon. Helic. Vivent.
ve p. 822°.
Helix (Arionta) remondi (Tryon), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 249°.
Arionta remondi, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. pp. 318, 825, t. 22 (5). fig. 18 (1866) ’, and iv.
p- 240°.
Testa perforata, globosa, tenuis, papillis minimis piliferis dense obsita, flavescens, castaneo-unifasciata ; spira
brevis, convexa; anfr. 4, celeriter crescentes, convexi, ultimus rotundatus, supra et infra subeequaliter
convexus ; apertura paullum vel vix deflexa, paullum obliqua, subcircularis, peristomate tenui, breviter
_reflexo, albo, margine columellari ad insertionem dilatato.
Diam. maj. 164-19, min. 13-15, alt. 113-18; apert. diam. 94-114, alt. 83-10 millim.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Guaymas (J. G. Cooper®); State of Sinaloa (Aug. Rémond °~‘) ;
Ventanas, near Ciudad, State of Durango (Forrer and Hoge).
W. Mexico: Tepic and Sayula, State of Jalisco (W. Richardson).
_ [ have given a fresh description from the specimens collected by Forrer, Hoge, and
Richardson, which have satisfied me that H. remondi is only a variety of H. trypanom
phala, distinct by a narrower umbilicus, which occupies about one-sixth of the diameter
of the shell. :
In its peculiar punctate sculpture this species approaches somewhat the subgenus
Trichodiscina, from which it differs, however, by the general figure of the shell and
the narrow, more or less covered, umbilicus.
HH. remondi is identified with H. carpenteri, Newcomb, from Upper and Lower Cali-
144 MOLLUSCA.
fornia, by Binney and Bland (Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i. p. 171), Pteiffer
(Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vii. p. 372), and Binney (Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v.
p. 366, and Manual of Am. Land-Shells, p. 144); but I am unable to follow them in
this, because the shell of the latter is expressly stated to have (under the lens) ‘ very
minute spiral striations,”—a form of sculpture not visible in the Mexican shells before
me, nor agreeing with Tryon’s words: ‘ punctate when viewed with a lens.” Also the
figure given by Binney in both his works represents a more depressed shell, with a
somewhat more open umbilicus; while Tryon’s figures agree very well with the shell
from which my description is taken.
Helix rowelli, Newcomb, from Lower California, may also be near this species, but
it has a distinctly larger umbilicus.
18. Helix magdalenensis.
Helix (Arionta) magdalenensis, Stearns, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 207, t. 15. figg. 11-18
(magnified) (1890) *.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Magdalena, State of Sonora, among rocks on the top of a moun-
tain, at an elevation of 1000 feet above the town (Bailey ').
Very depressed, with open umbilicus.
Subgen. Pomatia, Leach.
Shell of relatively large size, globose, rather coarsely striate, with large subvertical
aperture and nearly or wholly covered umbilicus. Coloration generally arranged in five
bands, some of which may blend into each other or disappear. Jaw with stout ribs.
Dart four-edged, crowned at its base. Two clusters of mucous glandule.
A European subgenus, one species introduced by man in America.
H., aspersa, Mill, Dilatato-globosa, imperforata, rugulosa et malleata, flavescens, fasciis fusco-marmoratis lati-
usculis picta; apertura lunato-ovata, breviter reflexa. Diam. 30-38, alt. 25-36, apert. 15-25, anfr. 4—
43 millim.
19. Helix aspersa. (Tab. VII. fig. 19.)
Cochlea vulgaris, “ major, pulla, maculata et fasciata, hortensis,” Lister, Hist. An. Angliz, ii. p. 113,
t. 2. fig. 2, with a figure of the dart (1678) ’.
Helix aspersa, O. Fr. Miller, Hist. Verm. ii. p. 59 (1774) *; Draparn. Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et
Fluv. de la France, p. 89, t. 5. fig. 23°; Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. terr. et fluv. t. 18 (varie-
ties of shell), t. 24. fig. 3 (living animal), t. 24. (copulation, eggs, dart) ‘, and Prodr. p. 30,
no. 51 (1821)°; Rossm. Icon. d. Land- und Siissw. Moll. i. p. 35, t. 1. fig. 8, and t. 22.
figg. 294, 295°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 2417; Moquin-Tandon, Moll. terr. et
fluv. de la France, ii. p. 174, t. 13. figg. 14-32 (anatomy) *; Ad. Schmidt, Geschlechts-
Apparat d. Stylommatophoren, p. 15, t. 1. fig. 5 (anatomy) (1855) °; J effreys, Brit. Conch.
i. p. 181, t. 6. figg. 7,8*°; Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i.
p- 183, fig. 322"; Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. ii. p- 116”; Stearns, Ann. N.
HELIX. 145
York Acad. i. p. 129"; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 8313; Schuberth, in Archiv f.
Naturg. 1892, p. 48, t. 5. figg. 13, 14 (dart) ”.
Pomatia aspersa (Miill.), Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. p. 380, fig. 266 ; Manual of
Am. Land-Shells, p. 470, fig. 514”, and Suppl. ii. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél. Harv. Coll. xiii.)
p- 24".
Hab. Centrau Mexico: Jaral, in the State of Guanajuato (Schumann); very abundant
in the environs of the city of Mexico, especially in the park of Chapultepec, intro-
duced (Heilprin 4); Mexico, without nearer indication of locality ({oge).
This species, originally from Europe—where it extends from Moray Firth in Scotland
to Constantinople,—Northern Africa, Asia Minor, and Syria, has been introduced and
acclimatized in :—
Norra America: Nova Scotia !! 1217 and Maine 1 1217 ; Charleston, in gardens }! 217
(introduced about 1840), and New Orleans 1! 17, San José, in Santa Clara
County, California 18 (introduced about 1860); Santa Barbara, Califor-
nia 117.
Soutu America: Cayenne (D. Howe, 18215); Rio Janeiro (Prince Newwied, 1815-
1817 °); Santiago, Chili 1’.
ANTILLES: Haiti 1’.
Also recorded from New Spain (Humboldt, 1803-4 °). The Mexican specimens sent
by Hage, one of which is figured (fig. 19), are of remarkably small size and compara-
tively rather high—20-30 millim. in diameter, 25-27 millim. in height; those from
Jaral are 28-29 millim. in diameter and 24-27 millim. in height.
As regards the solidity of the shell and the coloration—yellowish, with marbled dark
greenish-brown bands, one, two, or three above, and two or one broad one below—
oN ON —~
(formula: (23 43, 143 45, (£2345, or 12346),
there is no remarkable difference from the normal European specimens.
Binney !? states that the shells of this species were brought from Spain to New
Orleans as an article of food.
Subgen. Lysrnoz, Adams.
Aglaia, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 107 (1850), ed. 2, p. 122 (1860).
Lysinoé, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 203 (1858).
Odontura, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. pp. 211, 242 (1870).
The name Aglaia, one of the Graces in Greek mythology, has been preoccupied
thrice in Zoology (Mollusca, Siphonophora, Aves), and also thrice (including the
identical Aglea) in Botany (Dilleniaceee, Meliaces, and Iridee). The zoological
applications, however, are now generally abandoned: Aglaia, Renier, 1804 (Mollusca),
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, March 1892. 19
MOLLUSCA.
146
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HELIX. 147
not clearly defined= Doridium, Meckel, 1808, and this name generally preferred, also
by P. Fischer in his ‘Manual’; Aglaia, Eschscholtz, 1825 (Siphonophora), has been
changed by the author himself in his chief publication, ‘System der Acalephen,’ 1829,
into Aglaisma, and this form of the name has been adopted by all later authors, even
by Hackel, in vol. xxviii. of the ‘Challenger’ Report, 1888 ; Aglaia, Swains., 1827
(Aves), is synonymous with Calliste, Boie, 1826, older by one year. Aglaia, Loureiro,
1780 (Fam. Meliacez), is, however, generally adopted by botanists. Therefore, I think
it more safe to adopt Adams’s name Lysinoé. Odontura has been proposed by Fischer
and Crosse for H. eximia and H. ghiesbreghti, the latter being the only, and therefore
the typical, species of Aglaia in Albers’s first edition, and the first species of Adams’s
Lysinoé; they are therefore wrong in adopting Aglaia for another section of Helix,
however closely allied, in Journ. de Conch. xxi. p. 277; further, Odontura is pre-
occupied by Rambur, 1838, in Orthoptera (Locustide).
Back of the foot provided with a knobbed keel, the granula of the median line being
conspicuously larger than the rest. Jaw with distinct ribs. ‘Iwo dart-sacs, and, con-
sequently, two darts present. Three simple folliculi mucosi. Flagellum very long,
simple.
Shell globose or depressed-globose, beset with granula, and some species also with
hairs; brownish or yellowish, with dark spiral bands; umbilicus open or partly
covered by the columellar margin; margins of the aperture more or less reflexed,
without plaits. |
Size rather large.
20. Helix humboldtiana. (Tab. VII. figg. 20, 21, 22, 22 a.)
a. typica: elate globosa, subcastanea, fasciis nigro-fuscis: diam. 35, alt. 38 (ex icone) millim.
Helix humboldtiana, Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. t. 17 4. figg. 16, 17°; Deshayes, ibid. i. p. 273
(1850-51) *.
Hab. Mexico 1?: nearer locality not indicated.
b. hegewischi: globosa, minor ; pallida, strigis albis, fasciis distinctis: diam. 26—28, alt. 24-26 millim.
Helix humboldtiana (Valenciennes), Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. 1. p. 37 (1841) °; in Martini & Chem-
nitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Heliwv, i. p. 152. no. 590, t. 92. fig. 18 ‘; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. i. p. 196°; Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. ii. p. 3 (29), t. 6. fig. 7°; Reeve, Conch.
Teon. vii., Helix, t. 102. fig. 566°.
Helix (Pomatia) humboldtiana (Val.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 240, t. 11.
figg. 1, la’.
Pomatia humboldtiana (Val.), Binney, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. v. p. 336, t. 2. figg. J, K
(anatomy) (1879) °.
Hab. N. Mexico: Ciudad in Durango (forrer).
CentraL Mexico: Desierto, Venta de Guajimilpan, route Mexico to Toluca (Hege-
wisch 2°) ; interior of Mexico’.
19*
148 MOLLUSCA.
c. hégeana: depresso-globosa, subleevis, pallide rufescens, strigis albis, fasciis distinctis, subinterruptis: diam.
27-33, alt, 221-28 millim. (Figg. 20, 21.)
Helix humboldtiana (part.), Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, loc. cit. t. 92. fig. 19.
Hab. NortuH Mexico: Chihuahua (/6ge).
d. buffoniana: dilatato-globosa, major, subcastanea, fasciis minus distinctis, strigis flavo-albidis, plicis validi-
oribus: diam. 41-45, alt. 38-39 millim.
Helix buffoniana, Pfr. in Zeitschr. fir Malak. 1845, p. 152"; Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. ii.
p. 183, t. 9. fig. 2°; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, loc. cit. p. 151. no. 589, t. 92. figg. 11-
13, and Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 196%; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 102.
fig. 565°.
Helhiz humboldtiana, var. 8. buffoniana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 182%; v. Mart. in
Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 16 (1865) ™.
Helix (Pomatia) humboldtiana, var. 8. buffoniana, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 240, t. 11. fig. 2".
Arionta humboldtiana, var. 8. buffoniana, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv.
p. 35.
Helix matronula, Uhde, in litt. *.
Hab. Centra, Mexico: Rio Frio", route Mexico to Puebla!® (coll. Gruner);
environs of the city of Mexico (Boucard '8) ; Mexico, without nearer indication of
locality (probably near the city) (Uhde 1").
e. badiocincta : conoideo-dilatata, major, sublevis, pallide brunnea, fasciis latioribus perdistinctis: diam. 40,
alt. 36 millim. (Figg. 22, 22a.)
Helix badiocincta, Wiegmann, in litt. (Mus. Berol. circa 1887) **.
Helix aspersa, Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. iii. t. 43 (nec Miill.) *.
Heliv humboldtiana, var. a, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 16 (1865) (part.) ®.
Arionta humboldtiana (Val.), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. pp. 318, 327, t. 23 (6). fig. 17%.
Hab. Mexico: without nearer indication of locality (probably near the city of Mexico)
(Deppe 2" 28),
This species has the general appearance of the subgenus Pomatia, and the var.
buffoniana bears a remarkable resemblance at first sight to H. subplicata, Lowe, from
Porto Santo, or H. mazullii, Jan, from Sicily ; but in both these the umbilicus is quite
closed by the columellar margin. J. humboldtiana differs, however, from all known
species of Pomatia by the granulation of the surface of the shell, a character bringing
it rather near to H. eximia, as Fischer and Crosse have already stated. This granula-
tion is most distinct in the var. bugfoniana, rather obsolete, but still perceptible, in
var. hogeana, intermediate in badiocincta and hegewischi; it is not confined to the
cuticula (epidermis), but is also visible in the calcareous shell beneath the cuticula.
The varieties which are here enumerated have, at first sight, a very different aspect,
but they are connected by intermediate gradations: thus, there is a specimen from
Chihuahua quite intermediate between var. hégeana and var. badiocincta (diam. maj. 36, .
HELIX. 149
alt. 32 millim.; pale reddish, with small bands, granulation obsolete); one from
Durango belongs to hégeana rather than to hegewischi, &c.
The locality “ Alameda county, California,” for H. buffoniana, is expressedly stated
to be incorrect—cf. Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. p. 381, and Manual of Am.
Land-Shells, p. 471.
The type is known to me only from Férussac’s figure. The umbilicus is, in all
specimens I have seen, nearly, but not entirely, covered by the columellar margin.
The bands are nearly always three in number, more or less distinct, the middle one
falling into the suture at some distance behind the aperture, and thus corresponding to
the third band of H. pomatia, H. nemoralis, H. eximia, H. ghiesbreghti, &c. The
lower one corresponds to the fourth band of H. pomatia and H. aspersa, the suture
being bent down to, and even to a little below, it at the aperture, as in //. aspersa.
The upper one corresponds to the second band of H. pomatia, H. aspersa, and H. nemo-
ralis. The breadth of the single bands is somewhat variable, the middle one being in
some specimens broader, in others narrower, than the two others. The lower one is
very indistinct in some specimens of var. buffoniana. Only in one specimen (of vat.
hégeana) are the three bands near the aperture much enlarged and united into one
dark mass.
21. Helix eximia.
Helix eximia, Pfr. in Philippi’s Abbild, neuer Conch. i. p. 153, t. 5. fig. 6 (1844) °; P. Z. S. 1845,
p. 412; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, i. p. 336. no. 336, t. 60.
fige. 23, 24°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 829*; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 97.
fig. 529°; Tristram, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 230°; Crosse & Fisch. in Journ. de Conch. xxi,
p- 276 (1873)"; v. Mart. in P. Z.S. 1875, p. 648°; Stoll, Guatem. Reisen und Schild. aus
‘den Jahr. 1878-83, p. 198°.
Helix (Odontura) eximia (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 242, t. 11.
fige. 8, 3 a—d (living anim.), pp. 206-210, t. 13. figg. 7-12 (anatomy, radula, jaw)”.
Odontura eximia (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 36”.
Hab. N. Guaremata: Coban (Morelet 1, Salvin ® 1, Sarg '!, Conradt); mountains of
Vera Paz, especially in the environs of Coban (Bocourt’°); Alta Vera Paz
(Stoll *) ; Guatemala (Salvin °).
W. Guaremata: oak-forests, in Upper Cholhuitz® ‘and near San Martin, about 6000
feet above the sea; it extends on the western slope of the Cordillera higher up
than I. ghiesbreghti, its lower limit about coinciding with the upper limit of
that species (Stoll, in (itt.).
Var. stolli: depressior, umbilico paullo latiore, fulva, fasciis fuscis, granulis distincte piliferis: diam. maj. 41,
min. 31, alt. 28, apert. diam. 24, alt. obl. 21 millim.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Vera Paz (Sto//).
Somewhat variable in size and in the number of the bands; generally there are
150 MOLLUSCA.
three on the upper face, the middle one the largest, and two on the lower surface of
the last whorl, the upper one of which is larger than the others; this agrees with the
normal number of five bands in HZ. nemoralis, H. hortensis, &c. In the six-banded
specimen, mentioned by Fischer and Crosse as var. 8, and figured by them (figg. 3 4, c),
the fourth band seems to be divided into two. One specimen collected by Salvin is
0, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, the lower ones very faint. Morelet has also found specimens without
any band’.
The rose colour of the aperture in fresh specimens fades sooner or later in preserved
shells.
The living animal is described and figured by Fischer and Crosse 1°, from notes
supplied by Morelet and Bocourt ; the latter states that it is called “ tsibsib” by the
natives of Vera Paz. |
Crosse and Fischer? mention a specimen of 54 millim. in diameter; the largest I
have seen measures 44 millim.
Pfeiffer 1-4, on the authority of H. Cuming, gives for this species and J. trigono-
stoma, the locality ‘“ Vera Cruz, province of Honduras”; but, as Fischer and Crosse
remark 1°, ** Vera Paz” is probably intended.
The var. stol/i somewhat approaches HT. ghiesbreghti by the above-stated characters ;
but in its whole aspect, size, and especially in the more vertical position of the aperture,
it belongs to H. evimia. Perhaps it may be a hybrid between the two species, as only
one specimen has been found by Dr. O. Stoll.
[| Vote.—Species incerta. Tate, Am. Journ. Conch. p. 156 (1870), mentions a species
of Helix, “as largeas H. pomatia,” found at Acota in Nicaragua by Blake. This may,
perhaps, belong to an undescribed species of this subdivision. |
22. Helix ghiesbreghti. (Tab. VIII. figg. 1, 1 a-d, 2, 3, 3a, 4.)
a. typica: basi fusca, fasciis omnibus fuscis, superis 2 seepius confluentibus, pilis pallidis : diam. 53-75 millim.
(Figg. 3, 3a, 4.)
Helix ghiesbreghti, Nyst,in Bull. Acad. Bruxell. viii. 1, p. 343, fig. 2 (1841)*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. 1. p. 828°; in Martini and Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, 1. p. 319.
no. 817, t. 56. figg. 1, 2°; Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv.i. p. 167°;
Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Heli, t. 97. fig. 535°; Albers, Die Helic. (ed. 1) p. 107 (subgen.
Aglaia) °; Tristram, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 230°; v. Mart. P. Z. 8.1875, p. 648°; Stoll, Guatem.
Reisen und Schild. aus den Jahr. 1878-83, p. 198°.
Helix (Odontura) ghiesbreghti (Nyst), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 245,
t. 10. fig. 9, pp. 206-210, t. 18. figg. 1-6 (anatomy, radula, jaw) *.
Macrocyclis (Lysinoé) ghiesbreghti (Nyst), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 208 (1858) ”.
Odontura ghiesbreghti (Nyst), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 37 ”.
Hab. 8. Mexico: Chiapas ((Ghiesbreght !—).
N. GuaTEMALA : Coban (Salvin §, Morelet °, Bocourt !, Sarg 12) ; Purula, towards the
head of the Polochic valley (Champion).
HELIX. 1651
W. GUATEMALA: Cerro Zunil, on the Pacific slope, near Quezaltenango (Champion) ;
Hacienda Buenavista in Upper Cholhuitz, 4000 to 5000 feet above the sea, in
forests (Stoll 10),
Satvapor (Morelet 8).
b. subaurantia: fasciis 2 superioribus et facie infera tota aurantiis, fasciis 2 intermediis fuscis, pilis griseis :
diam. 70 millim. (Figg. 1, 1 a-d.)
Helix ghiesbreghti, Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. t. 94. figg. 9-12”.
Had. N. Guaremata: Purula (Champion).
W. Guatemata: Cerro Zunil (Champion).
At both localities in company with typically coloured examples.
c. strubella: aurantio-lutea, fasciis 2 superis subobsoletis rufescentibus ; fascia peripherica et infera fuscis,
pilis nigris: diam. 77 millim. (Fig. 2.)
Helix strubelli, Bottger, in Nachrichtsblatt d. deutsch. Malak. Ges. 1889, p. 164“.
Hab. Mosquito coast: North of Cape Gracias-a-Dios 14.
Dr. O. Bottger has been kind enough to allow me to examine and figure his type-
specimen of this variety.
d. fulvo-straminea: supra et infra fulvo-straminea, fasciis 3 fuscis.
Helix ghiesbreghti, var. y, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 245, t. 10. fig. 9 a (living animal) ”’.
Hab, Cenrrat GUATEMALA: Toliman, in the hills above San Lucas, near the lake of
Atitlan, department of Solola, temperate zone (Bocourt ').
e. bizonata: subobtecte umbilicata, lutescens, fasciis 2 fuscis, supera angusta, infera latiore.
Helix ghiesbreghti, var. 6, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. pp. 245, 247".
Hab. Honpvuras: Cordillera of San Marcos, about 2660 metres above the sea
(A. Sallé 1°).
The two bands correspond very probably to the third and fourth of the type; the
colour of the hairs is not indicated.
f. rufo-zonata: “fulva, superne rufv-zonata”: diam. 57 millim.
Helix ghiesbreghti, var. 8, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 829"; Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit.
p. 247.
% Locality not indicated 17 1,
Hab.
Dr. O. Stoll has furnished me with a description of the living Helix ghiesbreghti,
which we may insert here for comparison with that given by Fischer and Crosse :—-
“Length of the animal 14 centimetres, breadth 5-5; upper feelers 3-1, lower
1 centim. Surface coarsely wrinkled and warty, much more so than in H/. pomatia of
152 MOLLUSCA.
Europe ; sides broad, hinder end somewhat tapering. Length of the crest on the back
of the foot behind the shell 2°83 centim. Feelers and face blackish; back blackish-
grey, with a broad ochre-yellow line in the centre ; sides yellowish-grey ; crest white ;
lateral edges and hinder end brownish-grey; the furrows between the warts deep
brown. Sole greyish-white, white-dotted, with broad, somewhat darker lateral edges.
Collar greyish-brown ; stalk of the trunk within the aperture milk-white. Face higher
than broad, convex, steeply sloping. The crest on the back of the foot can be with-
drawn so deeply, that it leaves a furrow instead of the prominence. If the animal is
irritated, it jerks the shell from one side to the other in regular movements. It lives
in lofty forests, and gradually becomes rarer near the settlements by the burning of the
forests. In former times it was used as Lenten-food by the Indians of the department
of Vera Paz, as also the Melanie.”
Several of the above-named varieties may be scarcely more than individual variations :
the whole underside is sometimes of the same dark brown colour as the lower band, or
may be of an intermediate reddish-brown, sometimes very bright, or of the same pale
fawn colour as the rest of the shell between the bands; the bands are dark brown, but
some or all of them are occasionally paler, more reddish, or even quite obsolete. But
these differences of colour are very striking, more especially in the var. strudelli; the
var. rufo-zonata seems to be also geographically limited.
The colour of the hairs, where they are preserved in the dry shells from Cerro Zunil,
is a pale grey; in the var. strubelli they are black.
The size of adult specimens varies from 63-77 millim. in diameter, rather indepen-
dently of the coloration ; the elevation of the spire is also somewhat variable in com-
parison to the diameter. I have before me two specimens of 69 and of 75 millim. in
diameter, both equally 52 millim. in height.
Subgen. Oxycuona, Morch.
Oxychona, Mérch, Cat. Conch. Yoldi, i. p. 14 (1852) (type Helix bifasciata, Burrow).
Geotrochus (b. Species brasilienses), v. Martens, in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 168.
Geotrochus and Corasia, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. pp. 291, 296.
Shell smooth and shining, whitish, with various dark spiral bands and sometimes
dark spots, angulated or even keeled, more or less conical above, flat below; margins
of the aperture rather thick and conspicuously expanded and reflexed. Back of the
foot with a knobbed keel as in Odontura (at. least in H. trigonostoma).
Although the anatomy is not yet known, I feel convinced that Helix trigonostoma,
H. bicincta, H. guillarmodi, H. costaricensis, and H. adela form a natural group of
Neotropical Helices, agreeing chiefly in the bright-coloured, shining, and nearly smooth
surface of the shell, the angularity of the whorls, and the reflexed margins of the aper-
ture. The differences between them consist chiefly in the degree of the angularity of
158
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154 MOLLUSCA.
the shell, from very obtuse to sharply keeled, and in the more or less elevated spire.
On this account they have been widely separated by previous authors, /. bicincta having
been placed with Arionta or Leptarionta (Fischer), H. trigonostoma with the Papuan
Geotrochus, and H. guillarmodi with the Philippine Corasia. But I hesitate to admit
“into one natural subgenus terrestrial species which are geographically so widely
separated unless they are connected one with another by Palearctic and Nearctic forms,
giving them a cosmopolitan distribution, as is the case in Patula, Succinea, and Hyalina,
or unless their real affinity is proved by anatomical investigation.
Perhaps also the Brazilian H. bifasciata, Burrow, and H. lonchostoma, Menke, may
find their natural place in this subgenus, although they are somewhat peculiar in their
general aspect. Anatomical investigation will confirm or disprove this proposition,
suggested by the knowledge of the shells only.
93. Helix trigonostoma. (Tab. IX. figg. 1, 1a—9, 9a, 11, 12.)
a, typica: late trochiformis, subangulata, albida, fasciis fuscis, basi latioribus.
Helix trigonostoma, Pfr. in Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch. i. p. 154, t. 4. fig. 8 (1844) *; P. Z. S.
1845, p. 41°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 229°; im Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. ed. 2, Helix, i. p. 282. no. 282, t. 49. fig. 10°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Heliz,
t. 105. fig. 584°,
Helix (Geotrochus) trigonostoma (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 291,
t. 11. fig. 6°.
Hab. N. Guatemata: forests of Peten (Morelet®); Senahu, north side of the Polochic
valley above Panzos (Champion); Vera Paz (Stoll); ‘‘ Prope Vera Cruz, in prov.
Honduras, Am. Centr.” (Cuming, Pfeiffer?—>), probably Vera Paz is intended.
Honpuras: on the leaves of trees (Delattre °).
b. elevato-conica : elevato-trochiformis, non angulata, fasciis fuscis, basi latioribus.
Helix lailiana, Tristram, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 230% (misprint for salleana).
Helix trigonostoma, var. y. elevato-conica, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 291, t. 11. fig. 6a".
Hab. N. GuatEMALA: mountains of the department of Vera Paz (Bocourt ®); Coban
(Conradt).
CENTRAL GUATEMALA: near the city of Guatemala, 5000 feet above the sea (Stoll).
c. salleana: globoso-trochiformis, flavescens, fasciis virescentibus.
Heliz salleana, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1849, p. 129°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii, p. 178°; in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Heliz, ii. p. 281. no. 766, t. 124. figg. 17, 18°.
Helix trigonostoma, var. ¢. salleana, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 291 ”.
Hela trigonostoma, var. n. obscura, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 291, t. 11. fig. 6d™.
Hab. K. Guatemata: Sierra del Mico, south of the Golfo Dolce (Sallé 12) ; “in ripis
fluvii San Juan, Guatemale ” (Sadlé 9-1),
S. GuatemaLa: San Agustin (Bocourt 1°),
HELIX. 159
d.. intermedia: trochiformis, subangulata, supra obsolete fasciata et rare guttulata, infra fusco-fasciata.
(Figg. 1, 1a.)
Helix trigonostoma, var. 8. intermedia, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p- 291, t. 11. fig. 66™.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Senahu in Vera Paz (Champion).
S. Guatemata: San Agustin, very common (Bocourt 14); Cerro Zunil (Stoll).
e. stolliana : late trochiformis, subangulata, fuscescens, supra guttulata, infra fusco-fasciata. (Figg. 2, 2 a-7, 7 a,
11, 12.)
Helix salleana (Pfr.), Reeve, Conch. Icon, vii., Helix, t. 102. fig. 564%.
Heliz trigonostoma, var. subunicolor, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 292, t. 11. fig. 6c".
Heliz trigonostoma, Stoll, Guatem. Reisen und Schild. aus den Jahr. 1878-83, p. 198”.
Hab. 8. & W. GuatemaLa: Cerro Zunil, Pacific slope, near Quezaltenango, common, and
El Reposo between Retalhuleu and the Pacific (Champion) ; San Agustin, in woods
(Bocourt 1°); the commonest species of Helix on the western slope of the
Cordillera, between 2500 and 4500 feet above the sea, at Hacienda San Francisco,
Miramar, and Helvetia, Buenavista, in woods (St¢ol/ 1").
f. freytagiana (H. freytagiana, Dohrn, in litt.): testa trochiformis, obtuse angulata, obtecte perforata, leviter
costulato-striatula, distincte malleata, fuscescenti-fulva, guttulis raris fuscis picta, obsolete fasciata ;
anfr. 43, 14 primi leves, convexi, letius fulvi, sequentes supra convexiusculi, ultimus basi subplanatus,
antice vix deflexus. Apertura parum obliqua, rhombeo-triangularis, intus fusca; peristoma modice
reflexum, album, retro fusco-cinctum, margine supero fere rectilineo, infero modice arcuato, ad insertionem
dilatato, appresso, perforationem fere totam obtegente. (Figg. 8, 8a, 9, 9a.)
Diam. maj. Diam. min. Alt. Apert. diam. Alt. obliqua.
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
31 25 233 16 144
30 24 22 17 14
38 32 27 19 164
Hab. Honpuras (coll. Dohrn).
Dr. O. Stoll, in his MS. notes, states that in this species the back of the foot is
provided with a median crest of papilla as in H. eximia, and even more conspicuously
than in ZH. ghiesbreghti, although it is not shown in the figure of the living animal
given by Fischer and Crosse, op. cit. t. 11. fig. 6 6.
This species is very variable, not only in form but in colour. We may distinguish
the rather broadly conical forms with a distinct angle at the periphery *, such as the
typical trigonostoma and the var. stolliana, and the higher, not angulated forms, as
the varr. elevato-conica and salleana; but they run almost insensibly one into the
other. Fischer and Crosse’s var. luteo-albida (their fig. 6) is an intermediate form
between the type and var. elevato-conica. The variations in colour are apparently of
somewhat more importance, as they agree with the geographical distribution—those
* In the figure in Martini and Chemnitz, ed. 2, t. 49. f. 10 4, the drawing of the angle is perhaps too sharp ;
I have never seen a specimen with it so sharp, though I have before me shells of similar size and colour.
20*
156 MOLLUSCA.
with very distinct bands on the upper side, without spots (type and var. elevato-conica),
being confined to Northern Guatemala, and those with very indistinct bands above and
many spots (varr. stolliana and sallwana) to Southern, Western, and Eastern Guatemala.
But these differences also are not sharply defined, as is shown by the var. entermedia of
Fischer and Crosse. On the upper side the bands are very variable—in number and in
breadth ; generally they are narrow, but some very narrow and one or two still narrower
ones may be found in the same specimen (varr. elevato-conica and intermedia). In
var. stolliana the upper bands are either united to one broad zone occupying nearly
the whole upper half of the last whorl, except the sutural region, but somewhat indi-
stinct, or they are quite absent; only in a few specimens one or more distinct bands
are to be seen above. In the under half there are generally two rather broad bands,
the outer one never absent, only varying in intensity in var. stolliana; the inner
one either subequal to the other or much broader, extending to the centre of the base,
rarely broken up into several very narrow bandlets.
As regards the locality given by Pfeiffer, see H. eximia, anted, p. 150.
The var. freytagiana is rather near to the var. stolliana, but the peripheric angle is
distinct, although obtuse, and the lower side flattened; the columellar margin of the
aperture is therefore more straightly ascending and the general form of the aperture
more rhombic. The somewhat deepened patches of the surface, as if caused by
hammer-strokes, and the dark colour close behind the peristome, are also visible in
many specimens of the var. stolliana. In some specimens of the var. freytagiana dark
brown bands, variable in number and breadth, are to be seen more or less distinctly ;
but in others they are almost totally wanting.
Named in honour of Gustav Freytag, the well-known German author.
24, Helix altispira, sp.n. (Tab. IX. figg. 10, 10 a, 2.)
Helix altispira, Dohrn, in litt.
Testa elevate trochiformis, imperforata, leviter striatula, superne griseo-fusca, guttulis nigris perraris, inferne
rufo-fusca, fascia nigra una peripherica et fasciis flavis nonnullis picta ; anfr. 53, primi 2 convexi, nigri-
cantes, apicem obtusum formantes, sequentes convexiusculi, ultimus ad peripheriam rotundatus, basi
convexiuscula, Apertura modice obliqua, subrhombea, intus cerulescens; peristoma modice reflexum,
nigricanti-violaceum, marginibus leviter arcuatis, columellari valde ascendente, appresso.
Diam. maj. 21, min. 19, alt. 242; apert. diam. 12, alt. obl. 12 millim.
Hab. Hoyvuras (coll. H. Dohrn).
In the only specimen I have seen of this species there is a narrow yellow band
(reddish-brown at its commencement in the third whorl) visible on the upper side, at
about an equal distance between the suture and the periphery; and the lower side is
for the most part dark chestnut-brown, but yellow towards the periphery; and where
these colours meet there are several very narrow bands, alternately yellow and
chestnut. |
HELIX. 157
H. altispira approaches the polymorphous Z. trigonostoma, but considerably exceeds
in height its var. elevato-conica, from which it also differs in colour.
25. Helix zhorquinensis.
Helix (Oxychona) zhorquinensis, Angas, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 475, t. 40. fig. 17.
Hab. Costa Rica: along the Zhorquin river (Gadd 4).
“Animal very slender, nearly white, pale brownish on head and top of body”
(Gabb) }.
This fine species, by its exact conical form, sharp keel, and the outward projection
of the aperture, approaches very remarkably the well-known Brazilian H. difasciata,
Burrow, and HH. lonchostoma, Menke. On the other hand, the “ very slender” animal
confirms its affinity with H. trigonostoma.
26. Helix bicincta.
Helix bicincta, Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. i. p. 38"; in Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch. i. p. 49, t. 8.
fig. 5°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 841°, and v. p. 352‘; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Heliz, ii. p. 364. no. 894, t. 138. figg. 13, 14°; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt.
xil. p. 17 (1865) °.
Helix (Leptarionta) bicincta (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 253, t. 10.
fig. 7". ,
Corasia bicincta (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 51, t. 18. fig. 17 (young
shell) °.
Hab. S.W. Mexico: State of Oaxaca (Hegewisch 1°); Oaxaca (Uhde®); Juquila and
Panistlahuaca, in the same State (Boucard 4~‘).
E. Mexico: Soledad, between Cordova and Orizaba (Hége).
Variable in size and colour. The largest specimen I have seen, from Soledad,
measures 19 millim. in diameter and 13 millim. in height; the smallest, full-grown,
15 and 104. The colour is dull greyish-chocolate above and below or pale brimstone-
yellow on both sides, or the upper side pale greyish brown and the lower side whitish,
or greyish-white above and below; the dark brown band in the periphery is wanting
only in some whitish specimens ; the opaque white or pale yellow sutural zone and the
peripherical well-defined band of the same colour immediately beneath the dark one are
always present; a dark brown or blackish transverse band close behind the white
aperture is visible in all the specimens, white as well as brown ones. In adult examples
the umbilicus is either nearly or quite closed by the large reflexed columellar margin
of the aperture. HH. bicincta, in well-preserved condition, is one of the handsomest
species of the genus in Mexico.
158 MOLLUSCA.
27. Helix adela.
Helix adela, Angas, P. Z.8. 1878, p. 72, t. 5. figg. 8-10".
Hab. Costa Rica: Navarro, on trees (Boucard 1).
Chiefly distinct from the following by the whorls not being keeled.
28. Helix costaricensis.
Helix costaricensis, Roth, in Pfeiffer’s Novitat. Conch. i. p. 78, t. 21. figg. 15-17°; Pfr. Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 302°.
Helicigona (Planispira?) costaricensis (Roth), Mérch, in Malak. Blatt. vi. p. 111 (1859) °.
Helix boucardi, Angas, P. Z.S. 1878, p. 72, t. 5. figg. 5-7“; P. Z.S. 1879, p. 476°.
Helix costaricensis, var. steiniana, and forma virginea, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr. vii. pp. 155, 156
(1890) °.
Hab. Costa Rica (Wagner, 185312; Orsted’; Carmiol and von Seebach, in mus. Berol.) ;
Navarro, on leaves of trees (Boucard *); high hills only, commonest in Cabecar
(Gabb >).
‘«¢ Animal dark grey above, foot white” (Gabbd) >. One or two bands are visible on
the upper side—one halfway between suture and keel and one immediately above the
keel, corresponding to nos. 2 and 3 in Helix nemoralis ; the upper one (no. 2) is very
often, the other (no. 3) rarely, wanting ; in one specimen both are combined into one
large band —, £3——. The upper side is more or less strongly convex. The
lower side has a slight excavation immediately below the blunt keel, this at first sight
having the appearance of a band.
29. Helix guillarmodi.
Helix guillarmodi, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852 (Diagn. no. 2, p.19), p. 199°; Pfr. in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, ii. p. 413. no. 966, t. 147. figg. 5-7°; Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. ill. p. 206°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 104. fig. 576%.
Helix (Corasia) guillarmodi (Shuttl.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 296, t. 10.
figg. 8, 8a’.
Axina guillarmodi (Shuttl.), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 193°.
Corasia guillarmodi (Shuttl.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 507.
Hab. E. Mexico: Toxpam, near Cordova, on leaves of trees (Sallé 5, Strebel"); Cerro
de Palmas, near Cordova (Hége); Vera Cruz (Guillarmod 1*).
In its depressed form, very sharp keel, and coloration, H. guillarmodi bears
some resemblance to certain species from the Philippines which form the subgenus
Corasia; nevertheless, 1 do not suppose that it is really allied to them, but, on the
contrary, to such Central-American forms as H. costaricensis, H. salleana, &c.
Ordinarily only two bands are present—one close above and one below the keel,
corresponding to nos. 8 and 4 of H. nemoralis; but in some specimens an upper
one, very narrow, near the suture, is also visible, and in others beyond this near the
HELIX. 159
aperture a trace of a second, corresponding to nos. 1 and 2 (see Martini & Chemnitz,
loc. cit. fig. 6).
There is a curious resemblance between these shells (nos. 27, 28, 29) and some from
the Moluccas, viz. H. costaricensis to H. scheepmakeri, Pft., H. quillarmodi to H. bicon-
vera, v. Mart., and H. adela to H. aurita, v. Mart. (see Die Preuss. Exped. nach Ost-
Asien, ii, Landschnecken, pp. 316-318, t. 16. figg. 12, 13); but I suppose this may
be rather an analogy than a true affinity, and only the knowledge of the anatomy (jaw,
radula, and genital organs) can decide the point.
Subgen. SoLARopsis, Beck.
Solaropsis, Beck, Ind. Moll. p. 164 (1838) ; Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 127, ed. 2, p. 164.
Shell depressed, beneath more convex than above, finely granulated, variegated with
reddish-brown, umbilicated or perforated; aperture nearer to the perpendicular than
ordinarily in Helix, narrow lunate; peristome mostly reflexed, not very thick. Jaw
nearly smooth.
This is a very characteristic subgenus of South America, where it is spread from
Colombia to the southernmost provinces of Brazil; it has only one certain represen-
tative in Central America.
CoMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS SOLAROPSIS.
Nomen. Forma. Umbilicus. | Sculptura. | Coloratio. ere Diam. Alt. Anfr, Patria.
mm. mm.
tiloriensis, Angas] inflato - de- | angustus, piloso-granu-) fulva, fasciis | tenuis, sub- 9 5 43 S.E. Costa Rica.
pressa, spi- | semiobtec- lata. et maculis| reflexus.
ra concavi- | tus, rufis.
uscula.
sigmoides, More/.| inflato - de- ” ” pallide fla- | tenuis,rectus.| 13-19 7-9 34-4 | N. Guatemala.
pressa, spi- vescens,
ra concava. concolor.
30. Helix tiloriensis.
Helix (Solaropsis) tiloriensis, Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 477, t. 40. fig. 2°.
Hab. 8.E. Costa Rica: hills between the rivers Tilorio and Zhorquin (Gad ').
160 MOLLUSCA.
31. Helix sigmoides.
Helix sigmoides, Morelet, Test. Noviss. 11. p. 9 (1851) +; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. lil. p. 737.
Helix (Gonostoma) sigmoides, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 239, t. 12. figg. 6,
6 a-d°?; Journ. de Conch. xxi. p. 275 (1878) *. .
Helix (Odontura) sigmoides, Strebel, Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 38’.
Helix vitrinoides, Tristram, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 411° (nec Deshayes).
Zonites vitrinoides, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 1707.
Hab. N. Guatemata: woods of the province of Vera Paz, in holes covered by dense
bush, rare (Morelet }~°, and in MS.) ; forests of Vera Paz (Salvin ®").
Owing to the kindness of M. A. Morelet and of the Rev. H. B. Tristram I have been
able to compare typical specimens of Helix sigmoides and H. vitrinoides, and find that
they agree both in form and sculpture, the latter only a little more worn in H. vitrinoides.
The sculpture appears, under a moderate magnifying-power, as if formed by small
granules, disposed in quincunx, the more distinct rows of which are not parallel to the
aperture, but descend from above and before to below and behind. Viewed under a
stronger lens each granulum proves to be crowned by a little hole or dimple, in the
midst of which a small eminence is situated ; probably each is the scar of ahair. This
sculpture extends in equal intensity on the lower side of the shell to the brim of the
umbilicus.
The thin simple edge of the aperture and the small number of the whorls (‘Tristram °
mentions 44—in his specimen I can see only 3$) induced Strebel to suggest that
H. sigmoides might be a young shell; but this is somewhat contradicted by the fact
that the line of the suture is distinctly bent down near the aperture, as in full-grown
shells: Morelet found several specimens of equal size at the same spot, and he is under
the impression that they are full-grown. Fischer and Crosse ® place it in the sub-
genus Gonostoma, which contains European species with many narrow whorls. Strebel
compares it with young specimens of Helix ghiesbreghti; but in this species the lower
face of the shell is smooth. The sculpture much resembles that of Solaropsis, some
smaller species of which have also a thin, nearly straight, edge of the aperture, and a
flat or even concave spire. I place the species provisionally in Solaropsis.
Doubtful species of Helix.
The following species have been described by trustworthy authors as belonging to
the Mexican or Central-American fauna; but they have not again been found by later
collectors :— .
Helix mexicana.
Heliz mewxicana, Fr. Koch, in Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch. i. p. 28 .(7), t.2. fig. 5 (1843) *;
Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. ii. p. 83°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p- 193°; in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Heliz, ii. p. 153. no. 591, t. 93. figg. 1, 2°.
Helix (Leptawis) mexicana (Fr. Koch), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 238°.
HELIX. 161
“Testa obtecte perforata, conico-globosa, tenuis, cornea, oblique regulariter striata; spira conica; anfr. 5,
planiusculis, ultimo obsolete angulato; apertura transverse lunato-ovali; peristom. simplice, vix expanso,
margine columellari reflexo, carneo.
“ Diam. 5, altit. 4 lin.” (123 and 10 millim.).
Hab. Mexico (Hegewisch 1),
T have not been able to find an authentic specimen of H. mexicana in any German
collection, nor to recognize the species in any Mexican shell I have seen. It is said to
be near H. indistincta, Fér., from Haiti, a species of the subgenus Plagioptycha, but to
differ from it by the more elevated spire; in the description the callous thickening,
characteristic of Plagioptycha, is not mentioned.
Helix tenuicostata.
Helix tenuicostata, Dunker, in Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch. ii. p. 6, t. 6. fig. 13 (1847) '; Pfr.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 835”; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Heliz,
i. p. 224, no. 683, t. 109. figg. 14, 15°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 178. fig. 1228 * ;
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 298°.
* Testa perforata, depresso-globosa, solidula, oblique costulato-striata, alba, rufo-multifasciata ; spira elevata,
late conica; anfr. 44, convexiusculis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo antice deflexo ; apertura lunato-ovali ;
peristom. acuto, intus labiato, margine dextro subexpanso, columellari reflexo, adpresse dilatato, foramen
fere tegente.
“Diam. 64, alt. 4 lin.” (163 and 10 millim.).
Hab. t MExico.
This species is said to be near H. gilva, Fér., from Cuba, subgen. Polymita. It may
perhaps be a variety of H. berlandieriana *, only the description of the sculpture does
not agree; judging from the published figures, I am inclined to identify it with
H. gilva. H. tenwicostata is not represented in Dunker’s collection, nor in the
Museum of Berlin.
Species erroneously attributed to Mexico.
Helix indistincta. |
Helix indistincta, var. 8, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent.i. p. 194°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, ii. p. 154°.
Hab. Mexico (David ' *).
This is a Haitian species, and Pfeiffer himself states (Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii.
p. 150) that the variety p is also found in Haiti.
Helix mormonum. a —
Helix mormonum, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1857, p. 109"; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 276°; Binney, Terr.
air-breath. Moll. N. Am. iv. p. 15, t. 79. fig. 21°; Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water
Shells of N. Am. i. p. 171, fig. 299°.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, April 1892. 21
162 MOLLUSCA.
Helix (Arionta) mormonum (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 251°.
Aglaia mormonum (Pfr.), Tryon, in Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 314, t. 22 (5). fig. 14°.
Arionta mormonum (Pfr.), Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl.
Harv. Coll. iv.) p. 866, fig. 2487; Manual of Am. Land-Shells, p. 140, fig. 120°.
Hab. Nortu America: Mormon Island, California!~+; California®, San Joaquin
Valley, north to Mt. Shasta47; Fresno County to Klamath Lake’ ®; between
the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range ®.
This species has been erroneously ascribed to Mexico, by confounding Sonora in
Tuolumne county, California, with the State of Sonora in Mexico ®.
Helix stolephora.
Helix (Helicella) buphthalmus, Férussac, Tabl. Syst. Moll. p. 42. no. 238°.
Helix stolephora, Valenciennes, in Humboldt & Bonpland’s Obs. Zool. ii. p. 242, t. 56. figg. 4a, 6’;
Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p.52°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Helix, i. p. 196, t. 82. figg. 1, 2°.
Hab. New Spain !~4,
A well-known species of Nanina, ascribed wrongly to Mexico by Valenciennes 2.
Beck, Ind. Moll. 1838, p. 46, states correctly that it belongs to the Philippines.
POLYGYRA.
Polygyra, Say, in Journ. Acad. Phil. 1. 2, p. 277 (1817); v. Martens, in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2,
p- 95; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1889, p. 193, and 1891, p. 313.
Dedalochila and Polygyra, Beck, Index Moll. p. 21 (1838).
Aperture of the shell straightened by a conspicuous shelly prominence on the wall
cf the penultimate whorl (parietal fold), and by one or more thickenings (teeth) on
the external and basal margin; immediately behind the aperture the last whorl is
distinctly constricted in its lower part. Whorls narrow, gradually increasing, rather
numerous (93 or more). Coloration uniform, brownish, in worn specimens white.
Sculpture consisting of prominent rib-like striae, which are parallel to the aperture,
more distinct on the upper side, and generally increasing in strength near the aperture.
Umbilicus present, in some species widely open, in others more or less filled up by the
prominent lower part of the penultimate whorl, which conceals all others (umbilicus
obstructus), Average size 8-12 millim. in diameter. Shell generally depressed.
Jaw with stout vertical ribs. Genital organs very simple, without dart-sac, flagellum,
or other appendages. [See Binney, Notes on Am. Land-Shells, ii. 2, p. 28, t. 5. fige. 3
and 6, P. troostiana (1874). ]
The head-quarters of this genus are the Southern States of North America and the
northern parts of Mexico; the northernmost locality known hitherto is Kentucky R.,
opposite Cincinnati (P. dorfeuilleana, Lea). Southwards it does not reach the continent
POLYGYRA.
CoMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF POLYGYRA.
165
Nomen. Umbilicus. Plica parietalis. Dentes margms Spira. Diam,| Alt. Patria.
externi et basalis.
: . . mm. | mm.
implicata, Beck .........65. latus, pervius. flexuose bieruris. 2 subeequales, com- | subplana. 8 33 | E. & S. Centr.
pressi. Mexico.
oppilata, Morel. ..........4 ” ” 1 ext. triangularis; | vix elevata. 7-8 3 E. Mexico ?, S.W.
1 basalis simplex. Mexico, Yucatan.
dysoni, Pfr. ...... ccc ceccaee es latiuseulus, pervius.| simplex, valida. 2 subequales, ob- | parum elevata. 9 43 | Honduras.
tusi.
chiapensis, Pfr. .........66 parvus, pervius. simplex, parvula. 1 ext. descendens; | breviter con- | 103/| 6 Chiapas.
1 basalis obsoletus. oidea.
mooreana, Benn. .......000-- latus, anfr. penult. flexuose bicruris. 2 subeequales, ob- | sat convexa. 7-83 | 5 Texas, N. & ? Centr.
prominulo. tusi. Mexico,
, var. tholus, Binn. ... ” quadrato-bicruris. ” | ” 10-l11| 6 Texas, ? E. Mexico.
yucatanea, Morel............., latiusculus, pervius.| sub-bicruris. 2 simplices, ext. | subplana. 84-10) 4-5 | Tabasco, Yucatan.
major.
, var. helictomphala, » ” 2 subequales, ob- | vix elevata. 10-12 4-54 | Tabasco, Chiapas.
Pfr. tusi.
plagioglossa, Pfr............. angustus, pervius. | simplex, parva. 1 ext. sursum elon- » 9 45 | Centr. & S. Centr.
gatus ; Mexico.
1 basalis obtusus.
dissecta, v. Mart. ............ ” simplex, mediocris. | 2 ext. lamellares, | breviter con- 9 53 | Centr. Mexico.
approximati ; oidea.
1 basalis parvus.
couloni, Shutt/..........5 seen » simplex, parva. 2 subsequales, ob- | sat convexa, | 10-12) 5-7 | E., Centr., & S.W.
tusi. testa subglo- Mexico.
bosa.
bicruris, Pfr. sc. ec eeeeeeee latiusculus, sub- bicruris, elongata. | 1 ext. sursum valde! vix elevata, | 8-10 | 4-43 | N.W. Mexico,
obstructus. elongatus ; testa depres- ? Chiapas.
1 basaliscompressus, Sa.
obliquus.
richardsoni, v. Mart. ...... punctiformis, ob- | inzequaliter bicru- 1 ext. sursum valde| parumelevata.| 9-11 | 4-5 | N.W. Mexico.
structus. ris. elongatus ;
1 basalis subcom-
pressus, verticalis.
ventrosula, Pfr. .........65- angustus, pervius. | leviter bicruris. 2 ext., superior elon-| parum elevata,| 13 7% | Texas, N.W. Mexico.
gatus ; testa subglo-
2 basales. bosa.
, var. hindsi, Pfr. ” » ” 9 8 44 | Texas, ? Mexico.
texasiana, Moric. ............ latiusculus, semi- | bicruris. 2 subeequales. subplana. 9-11 | 5-54 | Texas, N.E. & ? E.
obstructus. Mexico.
behri, Gadd. ...... cee cece eee ” flexuose bicruris. 2, basalis major. plana. 15 44 | N.W. Mexico.
ariadna, Pfr. ....ceceereeee rimeformis, ob- | quadrato-bicruris. | 2 subsequales, sub- | subplana. 9-11 4 Texas, N.E. & 2? E. |
structus. horizontales, com- Mexico.
pressi.
acutedentata, Bini.......... latiusculus, semi- ” 2 ext., sup. lamel- ” 14 4 N.W. Mexico.
obstructus. laris intrans, in-
ferior wnciformis ;
basalis 1 com-
pressus.
, var. loisa, Binn....... » » 2 ext., sup. lamel- » 13 5 | N.W. Mexico.
laris intrans, in-
ferior unciformis ;
basales 2 distincti.
anilis, Gabd.....cccceeeecerees ” simplex, parva. ext. nullus; _ paullulum ele-| 13 6 N.W. Mexico.
, basalis humilis, ob- vata.
tusus.
21*
164 MOLLUSCA.
of South America, and the species are less numerous on the Caribbean Islands than in
Florida and Texas. Within our limits the southernmost is P. dysont, in Honduras.
In N.W. Mexico there are some species of comparatively large size and peculiar modi-
fication of the apertural teeth, for instance, P. acutedentata. ‘Two other modifications
found in the Southern States of North America are not yet known from Mexico, viz.,
the very flat and multispiral species, such as P. cereolus, Meg., and P. septemvolva, |
Say, in Florida, and those in which the upper external tooth of the aperture is situated
somewhat deeper inward, as if pushed back by the prominent tips of the strong parietal
fold, such as P. troostiana and P. dorfeuilleana, Lea, P. fastigans, Say, and P. hazardi,
Bland, which are the characteristic forms in Tennessee and the adjacent regions.
1. Polygyra implicata. (Tab. VII. figg. 5, 5 a-c.)
Helix (Dedalochila) implicata, Beck, Index Moll. 1838, p. 21 (sine descr.) *.
Helix implicata (Beck), v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 20 (1865) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent.
v. p. 421°, .
Helix (Polygyra) implicata (Beck), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 283, t. 12.
figg. 12, 12 a-c*.
Polygyra implicata (Beck), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 47, t. 3. figg. 1
a-h (* a young shell), p. 48 (anatomy) ’.
Helix oppilata, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 314°; Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water
Shells of N. Am. i. p. 101, fig. 177 (ex parte, nec Morelet) *.
Hab. ¥. Mexico: Rio Tecoluta, in the State of Vera Cruz, about 21° North Lat., near
the shore (Deppe?*+); Agua Caliente, Rancho Guerrero, an island in the Rio
Palpoala, Camino de Arroyo Hondo, and Camino de Obispo, all near Misantla
(Salas°) ; Barranca de Mahuistlan, between Jalapa and Mirador, and San Juan
Miahuatlan, at the roots of trees under rotten leaves (Strebel®); Jalapa (/lége) ;
Vera Cruz, dead shells only, in alluvial deposits (Uhde?*, Friedel 2.4, and Strebel ®) ;
Mexico, without nearer indication of locality !.
SoutH CentraL Mexico: Oaxaca (Hége).
The specific name signifies ‘‘ inwardly-folded,” not, as one might suppose, “not
folded,” and refers to the aperture. The very open umbilicus and the two nearly equal
external teeth are the chief characteristics of this species.
2. Polygyra oppilata, |
Helix oppilata, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 8 (1849) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 264°.
Helix (Polygyra) oppilata (Morel.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 285, t. 12.
figg. 11, ll a-c’.
Polygyra oppilata (Morel.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 49, t. 3.
figg. 2 a—-d*.
Hab. EK. Mexico: Vera Cruz, only in alluvial deposits (Strebel *).
POLYGYRA. 165
S.W. Mexico: Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Sailé %).
Yucatan : on the shore (Morelet } 28),
Distinct from P. implicata by the upper external tooth being waved or folded
(“complicatus”). The specific name signifies “ stopped” or “ locked up.”
3. Polygyra dysoni.
Helix dorfeuilleana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 410'; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. ed. 2, Helix, i. p. 377. no. 391, t. 65. figg. 25-28°; ? Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Heliz,
t. 120. fig. 713 (not good’) (nec Lea).
Helix dysoni, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 16), p. 196‘; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iv. p. 315”.
Hab. Honvuras (Dyson '~).
Parietal fold simple, as in P. plagioglossa; umbilicus widely open, and external
teeth simple, as in P. ¢mplicata.
4. Polygyra chiapensis.
Helix chiapensis, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 377° ; Malak. Blatt. 1856, p. 230°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent.
iv. p. 315°.
Helix (Polygyra) chiapensis (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 281 '.
Hab. Cutapas (Ghiesbreght 1~*).
_ According to the description’, this species agrees with P. dysont and P. plagio-
glossa by the simple, not two-branched, parietal fold; but the spire seems to be more
elevated (‘* breviter conoidea ”), the umbilicus smaller, though open (“ pervius”), and the
basal tooth very faint (‘* basali denticulo obsoleto ”).
5. Polygyra mooreana.
Helix (Polygyra) mooreana, Binney, Proc. Acad. Phil. ix. p. 184 (1857)*; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 275°.
Helix mooreana, Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. iv. p. 80, t. 78. fig. 24°; Pfr. Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 352°; Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i.
p. 95, fig. 170°. |
Dedalochila mooreana (Binn.), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. pp. 64, 78, t. 3 (10). fig. 8 (1867) °.
Polygyra mooreana, Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. v. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv.
7
Coll. iv.) p. 271, fig. 170, and t. 6. fig. Q (radula)*; Manual of Am. Land-Shells, pp. 360
— (jaw), 370, fig. 405°.
Helix texasiana, var. minor, in some collections.
Hab. Nort America: Washington County !°%, Bosque County‘ *, Texas; ‘Texas
(PF. Romer). 7
N. Mexico: North Mexican States adjoining 'Texas?°7 6,
?CentTRAL Mexico: Leon (Lieut. Blake *).
166 | MOLLUSCA.
Var. tholus: major, umbilico latiore.
Helix (Polygyra) tholus, Binney, Proc. Acad. Phil. ix. p. 186 (1857) °.
Heliz tholus, Binney, Terr. air-breath, Moll. N. Am. iv. p. 81, t. 78. fig. 21"; Binney & Bland,
loc. cit. p. 95, fig. 171"; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 351”.
Dedalochila tholus (Binn.), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. pp. 64, 78, t. 3 (10). figg. 7, 9”.
Heli« couloni, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 22 (1865) (nec Shuttl.)”.
Hab. Norta America: Texas? 1°12; Washington County, Texas 1*.
E. Mexico: Vera Cruz, one worn specimen, 10 millim. in diameter (Friedel '*).
Recognizable by the convex upper side, and by the distinct spiral groove on the side
of the penultimate whorl within the umbilicus, which is more or less wide, but always
open, not obstructed. It varies much in size, the largest specimens (¢holus) measuring
11 millim., the smallest, from Texas, scarcely 7 millim. The arrangement of the teeth
is essentially the same as in P. terasiana.
6. Polygyra yucatanea.
Helix yucatanea, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 9 (1849)*; Pfr. Monogr. Helie. Vivent. iii. p. 2637;
Folin, Journ. de Conch. xiii. p. 68 (1865) (living animal, eggs) °.
Helix (Polygyra) yucatanea (Morel.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 277, t. 12.
figg. 14, l4a’*.
Triodopsis yucatanea (Morel.), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. p. 52, t. 4 (9). fig. 17 (very bad)
(1867) °.
Hab. 8.E, Mexico: Tabasco? (Morelet’, Hoge); San Juan Bautista, Tabasco (H. H.
Smith).
Yucatan (Morelet*); Carmen Island®, at the Laguna de Terminos (Sallé and
Cloué *).
Var. helictomphala.
Helix helictomphala, Pir. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 877°; Malak. Blatt. iii. p. 280 (1856) ’; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iv. p. 314°.
Helix (Polygyra) helictomphala (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 272, t. 12. figg. 10, 10 a-c’.
Polygyra helictomphala (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 46, t. 15.
fig. 11°.
Hab. 8.K. Mzxico: San Juan Bautista, Tabasco (H. LH. Smith).
Cuiapas (Ghiesbreght —*),
A specimen obtained by Hége in Tabasco proves that P. yucatanea, Morel., and
P. helictomphala, Pfr., belong to one and the same Species, an affinity previously sus-
pected by Fischer and Crosse. This shell is quite flat above, and the upper external
tooth is distinctly larger than the lower one; in all other respects, especially in the
costulation, it fully agrees with a specimen of P. helictomphala given by Cuming to
POLYGYRA. 167
Albers, which has the spire a little elevated, and the upper external tooth scarcely
larger than the lower one.
The variety approaches P. plagioglossa, but can be distinguished from it by the
umbilicus being larger, and surrounded by an obtuse angle, and by the flat upper side.
7. Polygyra plagioglossa.
Helix plagioglossa, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1859, p. 26, t. 43. fig. 3°; Malak. Blatt. p. 33 (1859) *; Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. v. p. 420°.
Helix (Polygyra) plagioglossa (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 270, t. 12.
fige. 9, 9 a-c’*.
Polygyra plagioglossa (Pfr.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 45, t. 15. fig. 12°.
Hab. Cuytrat Mexico: State of Puebla (Boucard+; Berkenbusch, in mus. Berol.).
S. CentraL Mexico: Oaxaca® (Sallé 1°, Boucard +).
Characterized by the comparatively small and simple, obliquely placed, parietal
plait, and in this respect resembling P. cowloni, Shuttl., but much more flat.
8. Polygyra dissecta, sp.n. (Tab. VII. figg. 7, 7 a-c.)
Testa anguste et pervie umbilicata, subdepressa, leviter striatula, fulvo-cornea, nitidula ; spira breviter conoidea ;
anfr. 53, convexiusculi, ultimus rotundatus, basi valde convexus, ad aperturam constrictus et deflexus ;
apertura perobliqua, late lunata, peristomate reflexo, albo ; paries aperturalis plica obliqua modice simplice
munitus, margo externus dentibus 2 humilibus subelongatis margini parallelis incisura angusta triangulari
separatis, margo basalis denticulo uno parvo obtuso.
Diam. maj. 9, min. 74, alt. 34; apert. diam. 4, lat. obliq.’4 millim.
Hab. Centrat Mexico: Toluca (fége).
One specimen only. In general appearance very like /. plagioglossa, but to be
distinguished by the two laminar teeth on the outer margin. |
9. Polygyra couloni. (Tab. VII. figg. 6, 6 a-d.)
Helix couloni, Shuttl. in Bern Mittheil. 1852 (Diagn. no. 2, p. 17), p. 197"; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. ill. p. 264°.
Helix (Polygyra) couloni (Shuttl.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 282°.
Anchistoma couloni (Shuttl.), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 282°.
Polygyra couloni (Shuttl.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 46, t. 3. fig. 4°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova, probably collected by Jacot-Guillarmod1~+; Environs of
Jalapa (Dona Estefania®); Maltrata, on the Mexico and Vera Cruz railway, a
little west of Orizaba, woody hills (Hége).
Centrat Mexico: Sayula in the State of Jalisco, Mexico city, and Cuernavaca, 5. of
the city of Mexico (//6ge).
S.W. Mexico: Omilteme, State of Guerrero (47. H. Smith).
168 MOLLUSCA.
In its fawn-colour, faint sculpture, and simple parietal plait, this species approaches
very near the subgenus Triodopsis, and might equally well be placed in it.
It varies much in size: the largest example I have seen is from Mexico city, and it
measures 10 millim. in diameter and 7 in height; the smallest is an excessively little
specimen from Sayula, 74 millim. in diameter and 4 in height. This Sayula shell has
half a whorl less than the other specimens from the same locality (which are 9 millim.
in diameter), but the aperture is distinctly bent down, and the thickening of the
peristome, the plait, and teeth are present, though somewhat thin; these parts may
have become thicker if the animal had lived longer, but they could scarcely have
sensibly increased in diameter, because the aperture is essentially formed already; it
may be called a premature specimen. By the separation of an accidental fracture
during life the aperture can be somewhat deformed, even so as to show a prominent
angle in the edge itself and a reduction of the ordinary teeth; such specimens are
easily recognized by the irregularity in the lines of growth.
10. Polygyra bicruris. (Tab. VII. figg. 8, 8 ac.)
Helix bicruris, Pfr. P.Z.8. 1857, p. 109*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 815’.
? Helix (Polygyra} bicruris (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 280, t. 12.
figg. 13, 13 a-c’.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: ‘Tres Marias Islands (Forrer, Richardson); Ventanas, State of
Durango (//6ge) ; Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (coll. Cuming 12).
? Cutapas (Sallé ?).
The specimens from Durango are more depressed than the figure given by Fischer and
Crosse; and the upper external tooth is a direct prolongation of the other, as described
by Pfeiffer, whereas in Fischer and Crosse’s figure the upper tooth is separated and
looks as if it would come forth behind the other. ‘Therefore 1 am not sure if our
species is really the same as that of Fischer and Crosse, more especially as the localities
are widely separated.
11. Polygyra richardsoni, sp.n. (Tab. VII. fige. 9, 9 ac.)
Testa obstructe perforata, subdepressa, leviter striatula, fulvo-fusea, nitidula; spira breviter conoidea ; anfr. 5,
convexiusculi, ultimus rotundatus, basi valde convexus, ad aperturam distinctius striatus, deflexus et
constrictus ; apertura perobliqua, lunata, peristomate reflexo, albo; paries aperturalis plica inequaliter
bicruri munitus, margo externus dente mediocri obtuso, superne in laminam margini parallelam elongato,
margo basalis dente uno mediocri, subcompresso, verticali.
Diam. maj. 9-11, min. 8-91, alt. 4-5 ; apert. diam. 54, lat. obliq. 5} millim.
Hab. N.W. MExico: Presidio de Mazatlan, State of Sinaloa (fichardson).
Near P. triodontoides, Bland, but with the umbilicus stil] more obstructed, only the
last part of the penultimate whorl visible within it (as in P. ariadne), the basal and
external tooth nearer to one another, and the latter more distinctly prolonged upwards
into a lamina.
POLYGYRA. 169
12. Polygyra ventrosula. (Tab. VII. figg. 10, 10 a-c, 11.)
Heliz ventrosula, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1845, p- 131°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Helix, i. p. 373. no. 385, t. 65. figg. 5, 6°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 417°; Reeve,
Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 118. fig. 687 (good) ‘; Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll of N. Am.
iv. p. 72, t. 77. fig. 14°; Bland, Ann. Lyc. N. York, vii. p. 444 (1861) °, and viii. pp. 24,
32 (1863) "; Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i. p- 92. figg. 164
(shell), 165 (jaw), 166 (radula) °; Tryon, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1863, p. 281°.
Dedalochila ventrosula (Pfr.), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. pp. 63, 80, t. 5 (10). fig. 39 (bad)
(1867) **.
Helix (Polygyra) ventrosula (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 274".
Polygyra ventrosula (Pfr.), Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. v. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl.
Harv. Coll. iv.), p. 269. figg. 166, 167, and p. 263. fig. 157°; Manual of Am. Land-Shells
(Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 28), p. 367. figg. 400, 401, and p. 360. fig. 391.
Hab. Nort America: Texas 15 8 10-18,
N.W. Mexico: Tres Marias Is. (Forrer); near Mazatlan (Rémond®11); Sierra
Madre *; Colima, in the Sierra Madre, State of Jalisco (Xantus 1°); Tepic, State
of Jalisco (fichardson); Mexico, without nearer indication of locality > 8 11 1218
(Hinds \-4),
Var. hindsi : minor.
Helix hindsi, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1845, p. 182; in Martini & Chemnitz, loc. cit., Helix, i. p. 373.
no. 386, t. 65. figg. 7, 8'°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 416"; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii.,
Helix, t. 120. fig. 712"; Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. iii. p. 17", and iv.
p. 92, t. 78. figg. 5,6,8"; Bland, Ann. Lyc. N. York, viii. p. 32 (1863); Binney &
Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. 1. p. 93”.
Helix (Polygyra) hindsi (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 273 ”.
Dedalochila hindsi (Pfr.), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. pp. 63, 79, t. 5 (10). figg. 24, 44 (not
good) (1867) *.
Polygyra hinds: (Pfr.), Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. v. p. 269%; Manual of Am.
Land-Shells, p. 368 *.
Hab. Norra America: Texas 14717 21-25,
? Mexico, without nearer indication of locality 21~*° (Hinds 14~1®).
Easily recognizable by the two teeth on the lower margin of the aperture. According
to Pfeiffer 14, his Helix (Polygyra) hindsi is not only much smaller (8 millim. in diam.)
than P. ventrosala (13 millim. in diam.), but is also distinct by reason of its less inflated
shell and more open umbilicus. He even places P. hindsi in the section “ pervio-umbili-
cate” and P. ventrosula in another section “ oblique et impervie umbilicate”: in the
figures given by himself? the umbilicus of P. ventrosula is distinctly narrower than
that of P. hindsi, but also well rounded, not “rimato-perforata.” Of two specimens
collected by Forrer on the Tres Marias Islands, the larger one (fig. 10), 12 millim. in
diam., has the umbilicus as widely open and pervious as Pfeiffer’s figure of P. hindsi,
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Apri/ 1892. 22
170 MOLLUSCA.
and the smaller one (fig. 11), 10 millim. in diam., has a similar umbilicus; both
are somewhat more depressed than Pfeiffer’s figures, but it is probable that his
P.. ventrosula has the appearance of being somewhat more inflated than the shell
really was, as it is drawn not exactly in profile, but somewhat from below.
‘Binney’s figures of P. ventrosula*’ 1218 give the general form of the shell very
well. It appears that there is a large amount of variation in the size, and also to some
extent in the comparative narrowness, of the umbilicus and in the elevation of the
spire. |
The teeth of the aperture are exactly similar in the three specimens now before
me—the two collected by Mr. Forrer, and one “ P. hindsi” of 8 millim. in diam.—
viz., a very distinct blunt one at the lower end of the outer margin of the aperture, and
above it, separated by a small notch, a subvertical elongated compressed tooth, parallel
to the margin, somewhat more feeble in the middle, and swelling towards both ends,
the upper and the lower ; on the basal or lower margin two biunt teeth, the outer one
larger than the other, the inner one broader than high. The plait on the inner side
of the aperture is very distinctly two-branched ; but its ends are not contiguous with
the insertion of the upper and lower end of the outer margin. In this respect there
may be some variation, as in Pfeiffer’s drawing they are contiguous, and also his
description says “‘ marginibus ... callo bicruri junctis” and “marginibus ... lamellas
in ventre anfr. penultimi angulatim junctas emittentibus.” In all other respects
Pfeiffer’s description, and his drawing of the teeth (fig. 5)2, agrees very well with our
specimens. Less accurate is the drawing of the teeth in his figure 7 (hindsi) and
in that of Tryon and Binney. Tryon’s fig. 35 (ventrosula)"™ and Binney’s fig. 167
(hinds?) *!, repeated in his three works 23 24 25, are so incorrect with regard to the teeth
of the aperture that I would not even quote them.
13. Polygyra texasiana.
Helix texasiana, Moricand, in Mém. Soc. d’hist. Nat. de Généve, vi. p. 538, t. 1. fig. 2 (1833)?;
Deshayes in Lamarck’s Hist. Nat. d’anim. sans vert. ed. 2, vill. p. 183°; Pfr. Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. i. p. 418°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, i. p. 85.
no. 56, t. 10. figg. 11, 12*; Ferd. Romer, Texas, p. 455 (1849) °; Deshayes, in Férussac’s
Hist. Nat. des Moll. terr. i. p. 74, t. 69 p. fig. 2 (good) °; Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll.
of N. Am. ii. p. 191, t. 45. fig. 17; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vil., Helix, t. 120. fig. 707°;
Bland, Ann. Lyc. New York, viii. p. 32 (1863) °; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 22
(1865) °; Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i. p. 93. fig. 168", and
Suppl. i. p. 151”
Dedalochila texasiana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. p- 62 (excl. fig.) (1867) *.
Helix (Polygyra) texasiana (Moric.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 279°.
Polygyra texasiana (Moric.), Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. vy. (Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zoél. Harv. Coll. iv.), p. 270, t. 6. fig. 9 (radula) *; Manual of Am. Land-Shells, p. 369.
fig. 403° ; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch, iv. p. 46, t. 15. fig. 13".
POLYGYRA. 171
Helix (Tridopsis) tridonia, Beck, Index Moll. 1888, p. 22”.
Helix (Polygyra) tamaulipasensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1857, p. 102°; Obs. Gen. Unio, xi. t. 24.
fig. 113°’.
Hab. Nortu America: Fort Gibson, Indian Territory 1°; Texas 1-8 17! 19,
N.E. Mexico: State of Tamaulipas (Lieut. Couch ' 14).
tHE. Mexico: Vera Cruz, only a dead shell (Uhde}°); Mexico, without nearer
indication of locality (ége).
Variable in size, like other species of the genus Polygyra.
14. Polygyra behri.
Helix (Polygyra) behrii, Gabb, Am. Journ. Conch. i. p. 208, t. 19. figg. 5-9 (good) (1865) ';
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 276°.
Heliz behriit (Gabb), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 424°.
Dedalochila behrii (Gabb), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. pp. 64, 80, t. 5 (10). figg. 40, 41, 43
(1867) *.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Guaymas, State of Sonora (Gabb '~*).
Aperture and umbilicus like those of P. tewasiana, but size larger, spire quite flat,
and whorls less narrow.
15. Polygyra ariadne.
Helix ariadne, Pfr. in Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1848, p. 120°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. ed. 2, Helix, i. p. 872. no. 3844, t. 65. figg. 29-31°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii.
p. 266°, and iv. p. 318°; Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. iv. p. 76, t. 78. figg. 1,
3, 4°; Bland, Ann. Lyc. N. York, viii. pp. 24, 33 (1863) °; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii.
p. 22 (1865); Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am.i.p. 104, fig. 180°.
Anchistoma ariadne (Pfr.), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 103°.
Dedalochila ariadne (Pfr.), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. pp. 66, 78, t. 5 (10). figg. 15, 16, 18
(1867) *. |
Helix (Polygyra) ariadne (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 287, t. 12.
figg. 8, 8a-c”’.
Polygyra ariadne (Pfr.), Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. v. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl.
Harv. Coll. iv.) p. 280, fig. 179; Manual of Am. Land-Shells, p. 376, fig. 411; Strebel,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 50, t. 3. fig. 3". .
Helix (Polygyra) couchiana, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1857, p. 102 *; Obs. Gen. Unio, xi. p. 139,
t. 24. fig. 112”.
Hab. Norta America: Texas 16, in the region of the Rio Grande ® 12,
N.E. Mexico: Tamaulipas ?2 (Dr. Berlandier®"; Lieut. Couch®); Matamoros *".
E. Mexico: only dead shells, on the shore of Vera Cruz (Uhde", Strebel M4),
In this species the umbilical region is filled up by a part of the penultimate whorl,
and is therefore only marked by an arcuate slit, with a very minute point-like hole.
22"
172 MOLLUSCA.
The locality from whence Pfeiffer’s original specimens! were obtained is not known.
The specific name alludes to. the clue given by Ariadne to Theseus in the Greek
mythology ; therefore the genitive form “ ariadne” is correct.
16. Polygyra acutedentata.
Helix (Polygyra) acute-dentata, Binney, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1857, p. 183'; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 288°.
Helix acutedentata, Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. iv. p. 28, t. 76. fig. 1°; Pfr. Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 352‘; Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. 1.
p. 103, fig. 179°. .
Dedalochila acutedentata (Binn.), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. pp. 65, 78, t. 5 (10). figg. 11, 13
(1867) °.
Helix unguifera, Mousson, in some collections.
Var. loisa.
Helix (Polygyra) loisa, Binney, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1857, p. 183, t. 76. fig. 2”.
Helix loisa (Binn.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 351 °.
Dedalochila loisa (Binn.), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. t. 5 (10). figg. 12, 14 (1867) ’.
Helix (Polygyra) acutedentata, var. quinquedentata, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 289”.
Hab. N.W. Mextco: Guaymas, Sonora‘; Mazatlan river, Sinaloa (Gumbel 1);
Mazatlan (forrer).
Very remarkable by the hooked and pointed shape of the middle external tooth,
which is directed to the outside of the aperture, as a defensive weapon; and which
has an analogue in another American species, Helix (Labyrinthus) uncigera, Petit.
Another variety is said’ to be found in Texas ’.
17. Polygyra anilis,
Helix (Polygyra) anilis, Gabb, Am. Journ. Conch. i. p. 209, t. 19. figg. 1-4 (1865) *; Fisch. &
Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 269 *.
Helix anilis (Gabb), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 427 *.
Polygyra anilis (Gabb), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. pp. 158,176, t. 7 (11). figg. 17, 18
(1867) *.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Guaymas, Sonora (Gabb 1).
Very distinct. from all others of the genus by the want of an external tooth in the
aperture.
STROBILA.
Strobila, Morse, Journ. Portland Soc. i. p. 26 (1864) (nec Sars, 1835, juvenile state of Medusa).
Shell globose-conic, with thickened peristome and internal revolving lines on the
STROBILA. . 173
upper wall of the aperture. Jaw ribbed. Radula like that of Helix: lateral teeth
bicuspid ; marginals low, broad, serrated.
CoMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF STROBILA.
Nomen. Figura. Sculptura. | Umbilicus. | Apertura. | Coolratio. Diam. Alt. | Anfr. Patria.
|
oo mm. | mm.
labyrinthica, Say... convexe supra oblique! angustus. reflexa, plica | fulva. 2-3 14-2] d-6 | N. America,
conica, sub-| costulata, parietali | E. Mexico.
angulata. infra levi- distincta. |
gata. |
_ |
salvini, Tristr. ......, trochiformis, ” latus. » om 3 2b 53 | N. Guatemala.
| distincte | |
angulata. | | |
|
1. Strobila labyrinthica.
Heliz labyrinthica, Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. i. p. 124 (1817) *, and in Nicholson’s Encyel. ed. 3, iv.
p- 7 (1819)*; Férussac, Prodr. p. 34. no. 111 (1821) *, and Hist. Nat. Moll. terr. t. 51 8.
fig. 1°; Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. p. 393, t. 26. fig. 1 (1837)°; A. Gould, Report
Invert. Mass. p. 184, fig. 106 (1841) °, and ed. 2, p. 415, fig. 626"; Pfr. Symb. Helic. ii.
p- 31°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 416°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab.
ed. 2, Helix, i. p. 382. no. 397, t. 66. figg. 17-20 *°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 122.
fig. 728"; Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. ii. p. 202, t. 17. fig. 3”, and iv. p. 95 *;
Whiteaves, Canad. Nat. 1863, p. 24"; Morse, Am. Nat. i. p. 545, figg. 41, 42”; Binney
& Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i. pp. 84, 85, figg. 150-154 (with jaw and
radula) °°.
Strobila labyrinthica (Say), Morse, Journ. Portland Soc. i. p. 26, figg. 64-67 (1864) ; Tryon,
Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 259, t. 19 (4). fig. 44°; Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am.
v. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodél. Harv. Coll. iv.) pp. 258-260, figg. 149-152"; Manual of Am.
Land-Shells (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 28), pp. 263-265, figg. 279-283”; Strebel, Beitr.
Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 48, t. 4. figg. 6, 6 a, 5, t. 11. fig. 2 (radula) *.
Helix strebeli, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 71, t. 1. figg. 5-8 (1861) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v.
p. 222”.
Helix (Strobila) strebeli (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 267, t. 12.
fige. 7,7 a, 6”.
Hab. Nort America: Lower Canada, Island of Orleans, Montmorenci Falls1*; United
States, from Maine 1618, Massachusetts 91016, and Wisconsin !¢ to Mississippi 7 8
and Texas 9 1018, usually in the fissures of decaying wood or in heaps of decaying
leaves.
KE. Mexico: Mirador, in the State of Vera Cruz (Berendt & Strebel ?1—**) ; environs
of Vera Cruz (Strebel 2).
Variable in the elevation of the spire and in the number of the ribs. Strebel
174 MOLLUSCA.
himself 2! treats S. strebeli as synonymous with the N.-American 8. labyrinthica (Say).
The pretended identity with the allied EKuropean eocene and pliocene forms is refuted
by Sandberger, Land- und Siissw.-Conch. der Vorwelt, 1870-75, pp. 277, 726.
2. Strobila salvini, (Tab. X. figg. 1, 1 a-c.)
Helix salvini, Tristram, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 411°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 334”.
Helix (Fruticicola) salvini (Tristr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 260°.
Testa latiuscule umbilicata, trochiformis, angulata, fulva, supra oblique costulata, infra laevigata, laminis
tribus spiralibus perlucentibus; spira conica; anfr. 53, vix convexiusculi; apertura sat obliqua, lunaris,
peristomate incrassato, breviter refle xo, paries aperturalis plica intrante subobliqua munitus.
Diam. maj. 3, min. 24, alt. 14-2 millim.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Mountain-forests of Vera Paz (Salvin 1-8),
An inspection of the typical specimens, kindly lent me by Canon H. B. Tristram,
enables me to give a fuller description of this species, which proves to be nearly allied
to S. labyrinthica (Say). ‘The riblets of the upper surface cross the angle of the peri-
phery and extend a little way on the lower face of the shell. The umbilicus occupies
about one third of the diameter of the shell, whereas in S. /abyrinthica it occupies only
about one fifth of it.
The internal lamelle are in this species about the same as in S. labyrinthica, accord-
ing to the description given by E. Morse and the figures contained in Binney’s works.
Two whitish spiral lamellz are visible from outside at the base, shining through the
shell, more distinctly in young shells than in full-grown ones, because in those the
shell is thinner; they are situated really on the upper side of the lower wall of the
last whorl. Two others, situated on the lower side of the upper wall or ceiling (parietal
lamelle), are to be seen by looking into the aperture of a not full-grown shell; the
uppermost, or that nearest the suture, is the longest, extending even somewhat beyond
the limit of the aperture in the observed specimen, the following one is shorter and lies
more beneath—it corresponds to the third of S. labyrinthica in the above-mentioned
figures. A corresponding lamella to the second of S. labyrinthica is not visible in the
specimens of S. salvini, probably only because it does not come so near to the aperture
and I would not break the only shell which exhibited clearly those lamella by seeking for
it. Under an ordinary lens these lamelle show also in S. salvini the repeated swellings
described by Morse. In fragments of S. labyrinthica from Florida, examined for com-
parison by myself and Dr. Hilgendorf, under a higher magnifying-power, the swellings
appear to be somewhat less regular, and composed of more scattered and shorter points
than in the said figures.
LABYRINTHUS. 175
LABYRINTHUS.
Labyrinthus, Beck, Index Moll. p. 33 (1838) ; Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 121, and ed. 2, p. 184;
A. H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 200.
Lyrostoma, Swainson, Malacol. p. 329 (1840).
Shell depressed, narrowly umbilicated, of more or less deep brown colour. Aperture
nearly horizontal, with a thickened, reflexed, continuous peristome, produced towards
the centre of the shell into a more or less prolonged lobe, which descends into the
umbilicus or terminates freely overtopping its hole; a large parietal fold on the wall
of the aperture formed by the penultimate whorl, more or less flexuous; opposite to it
there are on the under (basal) part of the peristome—first, one or two teeth or plaits,
forming with it a more or less broad channel, and in addition, where the basal margin
rises towards the periphery of the shell, another external basal tooth, often somewhat
removed from the margin towards the interior, advancing in some species very near to
the external end of the parietal fold, and so narrowing very much the lumen of the
aperture. Sometimes a fourth little tooth, situated on the upper roof of the aperture,
advances from above towards the same spot, as if completing the cruciform obstruction
of it: but this little tooth is the most inconstant ; for instance, in L. hydeanus it may be
present or absent. ‘The teeth or plaits of the basal margin are marked outside the
aperture by corresponding grooves. ‘The whole apparatus is probably defensive, pre-
CoMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF LABYRINTHUS.
Aperture Dentes
Nomen. Figura. . . . Diam.} Alt. Patria.
8 lobus cen- pars periphe-| marginis basalis .
tralis. rica. interioris. exterior.
mm. | mm.
triplicatus, v. Mart. ...| convexo- rotundatus, j/rotundata. | unicus, remotus, 25-26| 12 | E. Costa Rica.
depressa, brevis. parvus, compressus,
obtuse simplex. simplex.
angulata. .
quadridentatus, Brod. | trochiformis, ” | - duo, prior] subremotus, 20 11 | S.W. Costa Rica.
distincte | obtusus triangularis,
angulata. humilis, compressus.
| secundus
| transversus.
uneigerus, Peé7iz......... depresse » obtuse subcompres- | remotus, 29-36 | 133 | Isthmus of
lenticularis, angulata. sus, trans- | acutus, Panama.
acute cari- versus. curvatus.
nata.
annuliferus, Pfr. ...... lenticularis, | subelongatus, | rostrata. subdepressus,| magnus,com-| 34 13 | Panama.
acute albo-| angustior, transversus.| pressus, ro-
carinata. descendens. tundatus.
plicatus, Born ......... sublenticu- | subelongatus,| rostrata et | mediocris, magnus, sub- | 42-51 | 17-22 | N. Panama.
laris, supra} sat angus-| paulum depressus. quadratus,
magis con-| tus,in um-/ emarginata. marginalis.
véxa, acute} bilicum
carinata. descendens.
176 MOLLUSCA.
venting the entrance of beetles, &c. Jaw slightly striated. (Morch, Journ. de Conch.
xiii. p. 381.)
Labyrinthus is nearly confined to the northern part of South America, extending
only into the more southern parts of Central America ; in Costa Rica it is represented
by two species of small size and somewhat simple structure of the aperture. ‘Towards
the south it reaches, so far as we know, only to the river Amazon (L. yatest, Pir.) and its
upper confluents in Eastern Peru (L. furcillatus, Hupé *, and L. tarapotonensis, Moric.).
1. Labyrinthus triplicatus. (Tab. X. figg. 2, 2 a-c.)
Helix triplicata, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xv. p. 468 (1868) *; Pfr. Novitat. Conchol. iii. p. 460,
t. 101. figg. 1-3°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vii. p. 463°.
Helix esopus, Angas, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 72, t. 5. figg. 11, 12°, and 1879, p. 476 ,
Testa anguste umbilicata, depresse conoidea, obtuse angulata, solida, striata, minute granulata, violaceo-fusca,
ad peripheriam pallidior; anfractus 5, ultimus basi convexiusculus, antice deflexus et subtus strangulatus ;
apertura subhorizontalis, oblongo-auriformis ; peristoma carneum, incrassatum, continuum; margo parie-
talis solutus et breviter erectus, infra umbilicum cum basali conjunctus; margo superior inflexus; margo
basalis inde ab umbilico substrictus, medio callosus, tum leviter descendens et plica obtusa nodiformi
munitus ; pars externa peristomatis rotundata, intus plica brevi, compressa, oblique antrorsum vergente
munita ; paries aperturalis lamina valde compressa, simplice, marginem non attingente munitus.
Diam. maj. 25, min. 21, alt. 12; aperture (incluso peristomate) diam. 14, lat. 8 millim.
Hab. E. Costa Rica (Carmiol }-*); Buenavista, 3000 feet above the sea (Boucard *) ;
coast region and hills of Uren, 3000 feet above the sea (add °).
“ Animal grey above, with the foot nearly white” (Gabd°). I have seen two
specimens of this species: in one of them the plait behind the external part of the
peristome is obtusely rounded in its fore part, and in the other it is acutely pointed ;
in other respects they agree with each other.
2. Labyrinthus quadridentatus.
Carocolla quadridentata, Broderip, P. Z.S. 1832, p: 30°.
Helix quadridentata (Brod.), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 899°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, i. p. 271. no. 752, t. 128. figg. 9-11°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii.,
Helix, t. 101. fig. 557°.
Testa anguste umbilicata, subdepresse conica, distincte angulata, solida, striatula, minute granulata, rufo-
fusca; anfractus 5, ultimus basi paullulum convexus, antice deflexus et leviter constrictus ; apertura fere
horizontalis, oblongo-triangula ; peristoma albidum, incrassatum, continuum ; margo parietalis solutus et
breviter elevatus, oblique transversus, infra umbilicum cum basali conjunctus ; margo superior patulus,
inflexus ; margo basalis reflexus, medio antrorsum convexus et biplicatus, plica interiore nodiformi, non
intrante, ceteriore compressa, intrante ; pars externa peristomatis rotundata, intus plica brevi, valde com-
pressa, elate triangulari, marginem non attingente munita ; paries aperturalis lamina valde compressa,
flexuosa, sat longa, marginem non attingente munitus,
Diam. maj. 20, min. 18, alt. 11; apert. diam. 11, lat. 7 millim.
Hab. 8.W. Costa Rica: woods near the Golfo Dulce (Cuming 1); Terraba, at an eleva-
tion of 200 to 300 metres, in woods (H. Pittier, 1891).
* Hela furcillata, Hupé, in Pfeiffer’s Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vii. p. 462, is stated to be from “ Panama,”
but this is probably a misprint for “ Peruvia.”
LABYRINTHUS. 177
Nearly allied to the preceding, but differs in the presence of two basal plaits, the
distinct angle in the periphery of the shell, and the more elevated spire.
I give a full description from a specimen sent by H. Pittier, and have no doubt
that it belongs to Broderip’s species; Reeve’s figure+ corresponds exactly. In some
collections the Venezuelan L. tamsianus (Dunker) or L. leucodon (Pfr.) is labelled
L. quadridentatus.
Pfeiffer 23 and Reeve 4 merely quote Central America as the locality ; but Broderip !
gives Golfo Dulce, on the Pacific coast.
8. Labyrinthus uncigerus.
Carocolla uncigera, Petit, in Guérin’s Mag. Zool. 1838, t. 113°.
Helix uncigera (Petit), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 398? ; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. ed. 2, Heliz, ii. p. 206. no. 663, t. 104. figg. 8-10°; Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat.
Moll. Terr. et Fluv. i. p. 385 +.
Hab. Istumus or Panama 1-4.
Easily recognizable by the curious hooked tooth within the aperture, which corre-
sponds to the exterior basal one of ZL. quadridentatus, but is somewhat more within
the aperture and does not reach the margin.
4. Labyrinthus annuliferus.
Helix labyrinthus, var. sipunculata, Forbes, P. Z. 8S. 1850, p. 53, t. 9. figg. 4a, 45°.
Helix annulifera, Pfr. P. Z. 8.1851, p. 200’, and Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 255°; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. vii., Heli#, t. 100. fig. 555 *.
Hab. Panama?? (Kellett and Wood 1).
A variety of larger size, with thicker peristome, viz. H. erecta, Mduss., occurs more
to the south in Colombia.
; 5. Labyrinthus plicatus.
-——, Seba, Thesaurus, ii. p. 123, t. 40. figg. 24, 25 (1761) *.
Helix plicata, Born, Index Test. Mus. Ces. 1778, p. 376%, and Test. Mus. Ces. 1780, p. 368°;
Tate, Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 156 (1866)* ; Brauer, Sitzungs-Ber. Akad. Wien, Ixxvii. p. 180
(1878) °.
Helix labyrinthus (Chemn.) (part.), Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. t. 154.8. fig. 5°; Pfr.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 398"; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii., Helix, t. 100. fig. 550°
Hab, N. Panama: north shore of Naval Bay, Colon, in a forest (Tate +).
It is not quite certain whether Tate’s shell* belongs to L. plicatus, as there are
some nearly allied species, or perhaps rather varieties, in Colombia and Venezuela
which have often been confounded with it—as, for instance, L. hydeanus (Lea) and
L. subplanatus (Petit).
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1893. 93
178 MOLLUSCA.
Doubtful Species of Labyrinthus.
As there is some uncertainty regarding L. hydeanus and L. otis (labyrinthus), both
of which have often been confounded with ZL. plicatus, and as one of them has been
quoted from Panama and the other from Central America, it is advisable to add here
the synonymy of these two species.
Labyrinthus hydeanus.
, Knorr, Vergniig. der Augen, v. p. 42, t. 26. fig. 5 -
Helix labyrinthus (Chemn.), Lamarck, Journ. d’Hist. nat. de Paris, ii. p. 352, t. 42. fig. 4 (1792) *.
Helix labyrinthus (part.), Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. t. 154 8. fig. 4°.
Carocolla labyrinthus, Reeve, Conch. Syst. ii. p. 73, t. 167. fig. 3 -
Carocolla hydeana, Lea, Obs. Gen. Unio, ii. p. 74, t. 23. fig. 73 (1836) ’.
Helix plicata (Born), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 398° ; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. ed. 2, Helix, ii. p. 204. no. 662, t. 104. figg. 1-4"; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vil., Helix,
t. 100. figg. 553 a, b*; v. Mart. in Festschr. d. Ges. naturf. Freunde in Berlin, 1873,
p. 168°.
Distinct from L. plicatus only by the internal lobe of the aperture being not so long
and narrow, and by the exterior basal tooth being much smaller, with a much
greater interval between itself and the parietal fold. In most specimens this tooth
is simply triangular, but it occasionally varies: Lea’s figure® shows it slightly
trilobate. Generally the colour of the shell is of a darker brown and the aperture
dirty reddish, not white; but specimens of the true L. plicatus are sometimes similarly
coloured.
Hab. VenEzveLa: Puerto Cabello (Gibbon®, Appun®); Caracas (Lansberg *).
Pfeiffer ®7 gives also Panama as a locality; but as he identifies the species with
L. plicatus and does not name the collector, this statement is scarcely trustworthy.
Labyrinthus otis.
, Favanne, in Dezallier d’Argenville’s Conch. ed. 3, t. 63. fig. F 11 (without text) (1780) °.
Heliz otis, Solander, in Portland’s Cat. p. 38 (without description) terres 17 8) *
Helix labyrinthus, Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 1, xi. p. 271, t. 208. fig. 2048 ° (copied from
Favanne), and ed. 2, t. 2. fig. 5*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 897°, and in Martini
& Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, ii. p. 205. no. (84) (excl. varietat.) °.
Lyrostoma labyrinthus, Swainson, Malacol. p. 329".
Hab.
t Pfeiffer gives °° generally “ Central America.”
It is possible that Favanne’s figure is very incorrectly drawn, and that J. otvs is
simply identical with LZ. plicatus (Born), as the species has not again been found ;
LABYRINTHUS.—ORTALICHUS. | 179
L.. otis, however, apparently differs from L. plicatus in the longer and much narrower,
channel-like projection of the peristome into the umbilicus, and in the bipartite
internal and the bilobate external basal tooth of the aperture.
Fam. GONIOGNATHA.
Jaw composed of several plates, which are more or less soldered one to the other,
but recognizable by their incumbent or free lateral edges at the lower margin.
Teeth of the radula subquadrate, not spiniform. Shell generally bulimiform, longer
than broad.
This family contains chiefly American genera.
ORTALICHUS.
Bulimus, subgen. Orthalicus, Beck, Index Moll. p. 59 (1838); Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 171
(first definition) (1850).
Bulimi achatinoidei, Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. pp. 2, 148.
Orthalicus, Troschel, in Archiv fiir Naturg. 1849, 1, p. 228; Shuttleworth, Notitiz Malac. i.
p. 57; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 586; Albers, Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 224; Fischer
& Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 426; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sissw.-
Conch. v. p. 1.
Shell imperforated, longitudinally oval or rounded conical, with fine spiral lines,
whitish or yellow, with dark bands, either spiral or vertical; the latter, termed streaks
(strige), ordinarily bent zigzag, and often with some single black markings (varices),
which are the remnants of a former peristome, when the shell was not yet adult.
Whorls 6-8, steadily increasing. Aperture comparatively large, oval; peristome simple,
not reflected, ordinarily with a narrow black edging ; columella nearly straight and thin,
ordinarily white. Jaw composed of imbricate plates with very oblique lateral margins.
Teeth of the radula in oblique rows, converging towards the lower edge in the middle,
all provided-with a transverse broad blunt edge.
This genus contains but few species, all of rather large size, and most of them
beautifully painted. It is confined to the hot regions of America, from Florida and
Mazatlan to Bolivia and the central portion of Brazil. The various species live
ordinarily on trees, and some have been observed on dye-woods. ‘Those which live in
Mexico and Central America are nearly allied inter se, and it may be questioned
whether they do not run one into the other, so much so as to be regarded as varieties
of one and the same species: most authors, however, including Shuttleworth, in his
valuable Monograph, have treated them as distinct, and I adopt this plan; but I
confess that in some cases it is very difficult to decide to which species a single
specimen may belong.
23°
MOLLUSCA.
180
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‘OOTXOPT MSP HAA! FE 1g €9 | oTfeo ‘uanosny oysnsueqns | oynutuM enbuindezd | sisiys ‘“eplaep yea eprqye | ‘epmosniyey = “eywao-oormod Jt smog ‘sdoourad
‘ulm | ‘WU | ‘uu
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181
ORTALICHUS.
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182 MOLLUSCA.
In Beck’s book the generic name is printed ‘‘Orthalzcus,” and all subsequent authors
have followed him; but this spelling, although evidently referring to the Greek
language, bears no obvious meaning: P. Fischer (Manuel de Conch.) interprets it by
dp0dc, straight, and aXixoc, a rare Dorian form for the common Greek 7Aixoc, how aged,
how great. I am satisfied, however, that it is a misprint for Ortalichus, the Greek word
opradcyoc signifying a young fowl, and Beck’s first species being the “ gallina sultana”
of former authors, who compared the painting of the shell with the feathers of a fowl.
The sculpture is essentially the same in all species: minute spiral striz, which are
more or less visible, according to the well-preserved or worn surface of the shell, and
_ faint strie of growth, which are stronger and more or less plait-like immediately below
the suture. In some specimens there are also more or less numerous blunt and short
impressions, as if caused by the blow of a hammer on a tin plate (impressiones malleate) ;
but these are not available for the distinction of the species, as they are variable
in individuals from the same locality which agree inter se in all other respects. As
regards the markings, we may distinguish in each whorl several zones: in the upper-
most the dark streaks (strige) are generally narrower and often forked upwards; in
the middle one or median, corresponding to the middle part of the back of the
animal, there are often broader streaks; and in the lower zone, which is covered in the
upper whorls by the following one, and only visible in the last, they are again narrower
and often paler—this is to be seen very distinctly in most specimens of O. princeps.
Very often the streaks are angularly bent at the confines of the upper and median and
at those of the median and lower zones, and if these angles are prolonged into the next
streak, spiral bands may be formed. In many young specimens of 0. princeps, and
also in some other species, there are two dark spiral bands in the lower half of the
last whorl, the upper one in the continuation of the suture, the lower one about half-
way between it and the centre of the base ; very similar bands are to be seen also in
some species of Otostomus and even in young specimens of the Malayan genus
Amphidromus.
1. Ortalichus princeps. (Tab. X. figg. 3, 3a, b, 4-7.)
, Lister, Hist. s. Synopsis Conch. lib. iv. t. 380. fig. 84 a (without name) (1688) *.
Bulinus princeps (Broderip), Sowerby, Conch. Illustr., Bulinus, fig. 18 (1838) *.
Bulimus (Orthalicus) princeps, Beck, Index Moll. p. 59°.
Orthalicus princeps, Shuitl. Notitiz Malae. i. p. 64, t. 3. figg. 6, 7*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent.
iv. p. 589°; Morch, in Malak. Blatt. vi. p. 112 (1859)°; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 40
(1865)"; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 455, t. 18. fig. 2 (excl. varr.) °;
Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. pp. 11-16 (forms A-D, not E, F), t. 3.
figg. 1 a—d, t. 4. figg. 1-5, 7, 8, 10, t. 8 (anatomy), t. 9. figg. 1-11, and t.11. figg. 1,3 (radula),
t. 10. figg. 1, 4, 7-10, 12-14, 16, and t. 11. figg. 2 (jaw), 5 (embryonal shell) °; Pilsbry, Proc.
Ac. Phil. 1891, p. 317.
Bulimus undatus (Brug.), Valenciennes, Recueil d’Observ. Zool. ii. p. 245, t. 55. figg. 1 a,b (1833) “.
ORTALICHUS. 183
Bulimus zebra, var. 5, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 144”.
Bulimus zebra, var., Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 15. p. 90”.
Bulimus zebra (part.), Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. t. 54 (the two smaller middle
figures) “*.
Orthalicus zebra (Miill.), Carpenter, Cat. Mazatlan Shells, pp. 176, 177 (Tablets 796-801, ? 802) *’ ;
H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 75. fig. 6a (shell) ©.
Hab. Mexico (Humboldt and Bonpland").
W. Mexico: Mazatlan (Reigen ® 1, Forrer), Presidio de Mazatlan (Richardson), Tres
Marias Islands (Morrer, Richardson).
KE. Mexico: Papantla (Deppe’); Misantla (Salas); Rancho de la Lima and Rancho
de Quilate, both near Misantla (Dota Estefania*); Playa Vicente, in dense
oak-forest (Hége); Coatepec, above Jalapa (Strebel; form C°); Almolonga,
below Jalapa (Hodge); Mirador (Strebel; form C%); Callejones de Malibran,
near Vera Cruz, living on trunks of trees and on fences (Strebel ; form A °) ;
Vera Cruz, generally (Uhde and Friedel"); Cordova (Hége); Atoyac, near Cordova
(H. H. Smith); Vera Cruz (Sallé’, Heilprin). .
S.W. Mexico: Panistlahuaca and Ixtapa, both in Oaxaca (Boucard’); Cerro de
Acatepec near Tuletepec in Oaxaca, on evergreen oaks (Shuttleworth 4).
Yucatan: Merida (Strebel; form D°); Tabi, south of Merida (F. D. Godman) ;
Shkolak, Ticul, between Sitilpech and Tunkas, and at Silam (Heilprin !°).
N. GuatemMata: Cahabon (Sarg 8); Coban (Conradt) ; Senahu and Chacoj (Champion),
Panzos (Conradt), all in the Polochic valley.
W. & S.W. Guatemala: Western lowlands—at Retalhuleu and San Francisco
Miramar, also near Capetillo, ascending to an elevation of 3500 feet above the
sea,—generally on trees, especially the guava and “volador” (Stoll, in litt.) ;
El Reposo, below Retalhuleu, Cerro Zunil, and at San Isidro near Mazatenango
(Champion) ; San Agustin (Bocourt, var. 3°).
Satvapor: Conchagua (Cuming ”).
Nicaracua (Lévy ®, Janson): woods of Nicaragua, in the hollows of trees (Cuming !*).
N.W. Costa Rica: Guanacaste, at an elevation of 250 metres above the sea, in
woods round the Bay of Salinas (Pitter).
Panama (Cuming + ° 1°).
CENTRAL AMERICA, without nearer indication of locality: probably Costa Rica
( Orsted®).
Var. fischeri: testa fulva, strigis fuscescentibus angulatis. (Tab. X. fig. 7.)
Orthalicus princeps, var. 8, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient, Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 455, t. 18. fig. 26".
Hab. W. Guatemata: El Reposo and San Isidro near Mazatenango (Champion).
GUATEMALA : without nearer indication of locality (Bocourt ").
The most widely distributed species of this genus within our limits.
184 MOLLUSCA.
Beck? and Pfeiffer 12 give Peru as a locality, but this has not been confirmed by
subsequent writers. Cuming’s specimen figured by Reeve 13 ig apparently the same as
that figured by Sowerby ?; but the former gives Nicaragua, the latter Conchagua (in
the republic of Salvador) as the locality ; the difference, however, is not great, as the
Volcan de Conchagua is near the frontier of Nicaragua.
Generally the streaks are very broad and dark in the middle part of the last whorl,
becoming narrower in the lower part and bifurcated in the upper third of the same
whorl; at the limits of these three parts the streaks are often angulated. There is,
however, much variation in this respect. The variety fischeri approaches O. obductus.
2. Ortalichus ferussaci. (Tab. X. figg. 8-10.)
Cochlea vesicaria fluviatilis exotica, &c., Seba, Thesaurus, iii. t. 39. figg. 54, 55 (1761) *.
Zebra miilleri, Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. ix. 2, p. 24, t. 118. figg. 1015, 1016 (1786) °.
Helix undata, Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. t. 115. figg. 1, 4 (living animal) °; Tabl.
Syst. p. 48. no. 337 (part.) *.
Bulimus undatus (Brug.), Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 7
(part.), t. 2. fig. 5 (copy from Chemnitz) °.
Orthalicus ferussaci, v. Mart. in Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863, p. 542°; Malak. Blatt. xu.
p. 42 (1865) 7; Die Binnenmoll. Venez. p. 82, t. 1. fig. 6 (1873) °; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. vi. p. 199°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 447"; Strebel,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. pp. 18-23 (form A, form B, in part, and form C),
t. 2. figg. 1 c, d, e, 8a, b, 4a, b, 5a, 6 a-d, 7, 8, 9a, b, t. 10. figg. 2, 6 (jaw), 17 (anatomy),
t. 12. figg. 4 and 5 (radula) "; Pilsbry, Proc. Ac. Phil. 1891, p. 317”.
Orthalicus zebra, Mousson, in Malak. Blatt. xvi. p. 179 (part.) (1869) *.
Orthalicus princeps, Stoll, Guatem. Reisen, p. 430 ™.
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Tehuantepec, on a species of Tabernemontana, belonging to the
family Apocynee (Deppe® *).
Yucatan: Shkolak and Tekanto (fledlprin ¥*).
N. Guatemaa: Panzos, in the Polochic valley (Conradt); Vera Paz (Stoll).
CenTRAL GuaTEMALA: San Gerénimo (Champion) ; Zacapa, on a species of Cereus,
in the treeless region (Stol/ 1*).
Nicaragua: Acoyapa (Belt).
N.W. Costa Rica faanacaste (Pittier).
Cotomsia : Region of the lower part of the R. Magdalena, in holes in tree-trunks,
not higher than six feet above the ground (Wallis18); Santa Marta (G@ross-
kopf +); Rio de la Hacha (Wessel 11); Savana Grande at Santa Marta and
valley Cosai (Sievers) ; Sierra Nevada, on the trunks of Hecastophyllum dubium,
family Papilionacee, and at Urumita in the Cordillera de Los Andes (Sievers).
VENEZUELA: Near the Lake of Valencia (Moritz 1°); Caracas (Lansberg !°); Angos-
tura, on the Orinoco (Gruner 1°),
Guiana (Schomburgk 1°),
Ecuapor: San Juan de la Costa (ftiess 1).
ORTALICHUS, 185
This species is chiefly characterized by the combination of streaks and spiral bands.
Some specimens come very near to the young state of 0. princeps; and others to
O. undatus, Brug., from the Caribbean islands and Florida, which, however, is ordinarily
more elliptically elongated, and has paler, rather bluish-livid, bands and streaks.
O. Stoll describes the living animal as follows :—Body 6 centim. long, rather bulky ;
back coarsely wrinkled and as warty as that of Helix pomatia, brownish-grey, the
furrows darker coloured. Upper feelers finely wrinkled, bluish-grey, 17 millim. long,
their anterior extemity swollen, ochraceous-yellow; eyes black. Lower feelers pale
grey, 45 millim. long; anterior extremity also swollen and ochraceous-yellow, without
eye. Face 9 millim. high, 7 broad, convex. Hinder part of the foot flat, pointed,
without median crest.
3. Ortalichus tricinctus. (Tab. XI. fig. 8.)
Helia undata, Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. t. 115. figg. 3, 5 (living animal) '; Tabl. Syst.
p-. 48, no. 837 (part.) ’*.
Bulimus (Orthalicus) zebra (Mill.), Beck, Index Moll. p. 59°.
Orthalicus zebra (Mill.), Shuttl. Notitize Malac. p. 61, t. 8. figg. 3,4‘; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iv. p. 589°; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 75. fig. 6 (living animal, copied from
Férussac) ° ; Mousson, in Malak. Blatt. xvi. p. 179 (part.) (1869) 7.
Orthalicus princeps, Morch, in Malak. Blatt. vi. p. 112 (1859) *.
Orthalicus melanochilus (Val.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 458, t. 18.
figeg.5,5 a”.
Orthalicus ferussaci, Form B, 1, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. pp. 21, 22,
t. 2. figg. 2 a—d, t. 9. figg. 12, 13, t. 11. fig. 6 (radula), t. 10. figg. 8, 5 (jaw) **.
Hab. Cuntrat America, either Nicaragua or Costa Rica (Orsted $).
Nicaracua (Lévy ®).
N.W. Costa Rica: Bay of Salinas, in mangrove bushes near the sea (Pittier).
S.W. Costa Rica: Quebrada (ravine) del Vijaqual, in the valley of the Rio Saveyre,
at an elevation of 150 metres (Pittier); woods at Terraba, at an elevation of
250 to 270 metres; Alto de Mano Tigre, 690 metres; Boruca, at an elevation
of 450 metres; El Pozo, 50 metres, common in clear primeval woods (Pittier) ;
Costa Rica, without nearer indication of locality (Carmiol, in mus. Berol.).
CoLtomBiA: Santa Marta (Grosskopf!°); Barranquilla and on the borders of the
R. Magdalena (Wallis? 1).
Ecuapor: San Juan de la Costa (Reuss 1°),
Peru: R. Marafion ( Warscewiez).
This species has been confounded with the North-Mexican 0. melanochilus, from
which it differs in the more ovate and thinner shell, and the ordinarily well-defined
three dark brown spiral bands, the uppermost, however, is in some specimens very pale
and thin, or wanting altogether; in the latter character it approaches O. ferussaci.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr, and Fluviat. Mollusca, dugust 1893. 24
e
186 MOLLUSCA.
A form of this genus, also with three bands without vertical streaks, is found in the
Keys of Florida, see Binney, Land and Freshw. Moll. of N. Am. i. p. 217, fig. 370
(copied in the Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. p. 410, fig. 286, and Manual N. Am.
Land-Shells, p. 440, fig. 183); this is very probably a variety of O. undatus, Brug.
The shell figured by some old authors, as Seba, Thesaur. iii. t. 36. figg. 50, 51, and by
Favanne, 3rd edition of Argenville’s Conchyliologie, t. 65. fig. M2, may also be a
variety of 0. undatus, Mexico and Central America not having been explored for land-
shells at the date of publication of these works.
4, Ortalichus zoniferus. (Tab. X. figg. 12, 13.)
Orthalicus zoniferus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sissw.-Conch. v. pp. 28, 29, t. 1. figg. 7a,
7b, t. 8. fig. 8, t. 11. figg. 7, 7 @ (radula), 8, 9 (anatomy) *.
Hab. W. Mexico: Chilpancingo and Venta de Zopilote (H. H. Smith), Rancho del
Platanillo near Iguala (Dona Estefania), Monte Pelegrino, north of Acapulco, in
a cave (Berendt'), all in the State of Guerrero.
S.W. Mexico: Oaxaca (Hoge).
Var. crossei.
Orthalicus princeps, var. y, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 455, t. 18.
fig. 2c’.
Hab. British Honpuras: Belize (Bocourt and Parsons *).
Costa Rica (van Patten, in mus. Berol.).
This species is allied both to O. lividus and O. princeps. Young specimens can
scarcely be distinguished from O. princeps, the characteristic painting being seen chiefly
on the last whorl. J have before me two similar shells from Ventanas and Tres Marias
Islands, North-west Mexico, collected by Forrer; but, as they are worn and bleached,
I dare not refer them with any confidence to O. zoniferus.
5. Ortalichus lividus. (Tab. X. figg. 11, 11a.)
Bulimus zebra, var., Menke, in Zeitschr. fir Malak. vii. p. 168 (1850)’; Pfr. in Martini & Chem-
nitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 377, t. 22. fig. 12°.
Orthalicus lividus, v. Mart. in Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863, p. 542°; Malak. Blatt. xii.
p- 57 (1865) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 99°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, i. p. 448°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. pp. 29-31, t. 1.
fig. 8, t. 4. fig. 6 (and 9?), t. 11. fig. 18". .
Hab. W. Mexico: Mazatlan (Melchers + *).
CentraL Mexico: Province of Michoacan, especially at the Volcan de Jorullo
(Uhde 2").
ORTALICHUS. 187
6. Ortalichus obductus.
Orthalicus obductus, Shuttl. Notitie Malac. i. p. 62, t. 3. figg. 1-3!; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent.
iv. p. 5877; Mousson, in Malak. Blatt. xvi. p. 179 (1869) *; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 456*; v. Mart. Die Binnenmoll. Venez. p. 33, t. 2. figg. 15a, 6 (jaw
and radula)’; Binney, Ann. Lye. N. York, xi. p. 37, t. 6. fig. iii. (radula) (1874) ° ; Strebel,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. pp. 33, 34, t. 3. figg. 4a, b, 7 a,b, c, t. 3. fig. 6
(radula) *.
flab. British Honpuras: Belize, in the woods (Bocourt *).
N. Guaremata : Coban (Sarg 7).
CentraL GuaTeMALA: San Gerénimo (Champion).
Nicaragua (Lévy 4; coll. Dohrn’).
Panama (Cuming *), Islands in the Bay of Panama (Mac Miel °).
VENEZUELA: “ Barquimeseto,” probably Barquisimeto, S.E. of Valencia (from the
late dealer Hd. Miiller}*); on the borders of the lake of Valencia (Moritz) ;
Puerto Cabello (Strebel *).
Ecuapor: Nabon, 8000 feet above the sea (Wallis *).
Well-characterized adult specimens I know only from Venezuela. Cuming’s
specimen from Panama! was a young shell; Sarg’s specimens from Coban are a little
different, form B of Strebel’, and somewhat like a very dark-coloured O. princeps.
‘Those from Belize and Nicaragua I have not seen.
7. Ortalichus boucardi. (Tab. XI. figg. 4,5; 11, var.)
Orthalicus boucardi, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1860, p. 138, t. 51. fig. 7°; Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 16 (1861) °*;
v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 87 (1865) °; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 200°; Fisch.
& Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 451, t. 18. figg. 8, 3a, 6°; Strebel, Beitr.
Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. pp. 40, 41 (forms A, B), t. 1. figg. la, 2a-g’.
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Villa Alta in Oaxaca, on the slope of the central elevated plateau
towards the Rio San Juan, copiously (Hége); Oaxaca (Hége); Mountains of
Betaza, 20 leagues from Oaxaca (Boucard?>°); Cerro Negro, Tehuantepec
(Sumichrast®); Tehuantepec (Strebel °, Richardson).
This species is easily recognizable by the predominant white colour, with a few
black streaks, which are sometimes very widely separated, seldom bent in zigzag;
these streaks are often shortened into mere spots, and they are sometimes of a pale
rusty colour at the sides. The apex is apparently always white or pale yellowish.
The largest specimen (long. 56, diam. and apert. 30 millim.) is from Tehuantepec. The
specimens collected by Hoge at Oaxaca have more numerous stripes, thus approaching
O. zoniferus.
24*
188 MOLLUSCA.
8. Ortalichus maclure, sp. n. (Tab. XI. figg. 1, 2, 3.)
Testa ovato-conica, solida, subtiliter spiratim striatula, ad suturam plicatula, flavescens, strigis latis subrectis
nigro-fuscis picta; anfr. 64, paullum convexi, superiores 3 flavidi, non strigati, apice sepius fusco, ultimus
regulariter ovatus; apertura dimidia longitudine brevior, peristomate latiuscule nigro-fusco, crassiusculo,
columella alba, callo intensive castaneo-fusco. Long. 52, diam. 29, apert. 27 millim.
a. Anfractu ultimo equaliter strigato, apice pallido vel minute fusco. (Fig. 3.)
b, Anfractu ultimo strigis confluentibus, antrorsum subsequaliter fulvo, varicibus iteratis, fasciis spiralibus
2 ab anfractu quarto usque in partem anfr. ultimi continuatis, apice late fusco-nigro, columella anguste
albescente. (Fig. 2.)
c. Albinus, strigis et callo perpallide fulvis; apice et peristomate albis. (Fig. 1.)
Hab. N.W. Nicaragua: Cacao, in the Bay of Fonseca, on trees of the yellow-wood,
Maclura aurantiaca, fam. Moree (Capt. Joh. Schéffer).
Owing to the kindness of Fr. Borcherding, Vegesack, Bremen, I have before me
twenty-two specimens collected at the same locality, which cannot be separated
specifically one from the other. The ground-colour is a very pale yellow, in worn
specimens white ; the streaks are broad, dark blackish-brown, the interstices between
them mostly about equal in width to the streaks themselves; in the upper whorls,
however, the interstices are often even broader, and in this respect young, somewhat
bleached, specimens very much resemble O. doucardi; in some adult specimens, on
the contrary, the streaks are narrower and more numerous in the last whorl, these
examples approaching O. zoniferus. In most specimens the streaks are not forked at
their upper end; in some, however, a few streaks are forked, but in none is the
forking so constant and conspicuous as it is in O. princeps. In a few examples one,
two, or three narrow dark spiral bands are present on the fourth, or on the fourth and
fifth whorls, the lowest of them in the suture. In some specimens the apex is of the
same pale yellow as the three upper whorls; in others it is to a very small extent
dark brown ; in others, again, nearly the whole first whorl is dark. The coloration of
the tip does not coincide with the more or less numerous streaks on the last whorl,
but in the specimens with spiral bands the dark colour of the tip is rather more
extended. The sculpture usually consists of spiral striz only ; but in several specimens
numerous malleated impressions are also visible, sometimes in rows descending towards
the aperture. The dimensions given above are taken from a most typical example of
middle size; the largest specimen measures 58, 30, and 29 millim., but it is one of
those which approach 0. zoniferus. The var. 6 shows a prevalent dark coloration
of the tip, the last whorl, and the aperture, together with a spiral band which is
constantly present in the first half of the last whorl. The var.c may be termed
an albino specimen, the brown colour being very pale in the streaks and in the
callus of the aperture, and wanting altogether at the tip and on the external edge
of the aperture.
ORTALICHUS. 189
In short, these twenty-two specimens prove that it is very difficult, or rather
impossible, to trace clear and precise specific distinctions in this genus.
9. Ortalichus longus.
Bulimus zebra, var. 8, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 144°.
Orthalicus longus, Pfr. Malak. Blatt. iii. p. 187 (1856)?; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 589°;
v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 39 (1865)*; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mol-
lusca, i. p. 450, t. 18. fig. 4°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 48, t. 6.
figg. le, d’.
Hab. Centran Mexico: State of Michoacan, especially at Ario (Uhde4*); Cuernavaca
in the State of Morelos (Boucard*); Mexico, without nearer indication of locality
(Hegewisch 2 °°),
S. Mexico: State of Oaxaca (Boucard °).
10. Ortalichus livens.
Orthalicus livens (Beck), Shuttl. Notitie Malac. i. p. 64, t. 3. fig. 8°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iv. p. 589°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 453, t. 18.
fige. 6,6 a’.
Hab. Yi. Mexico: probably near Vera Cruz (Sandoz ! 2).
Var. uhdeanus: strigis continuis, crebris.
Orthalicus livens (Shuttl.), v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 88 (1865) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. vi. p. 200, nota’; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sitissw.-Conch. v. pp. 32, 33,
t. 11. fig. 19°.
Hab. W. Mexico: West coast, State of Michoacan (Uhde *®).
Among the large number of specimens of this genus which Strebel and I have
examined, not one agrees satisfactorily with Shuttleworth’s description and figure of
O. livens ; but as Fischer and Crosse? represent a very similar specimen, only of larger
size, under the same name, it must be placed among the Mexican species until further
information is obtained. 0. livens seems to be characterized by the elongated form,
and by the streaks being few in number and chiefly represented in the middle part of
the last whorl, where they expand sometimes to broad blotches, attenuated or vanishing
above and beneath, somewhat as in 0. princeps. The West-Mexican specimens which
I referred 4 to this species differ in the more numerous and equally continued streaks ;
they approach nearer to O. longus, but differ from that species in the sutures being
less deep, which gives a more continuously conical appearance to the whole shell,
instead of the graduated form of O. longus.
190 MOLLUSCA.
11. Ortalichus ponderosus. (Tab. XI. figg. 9, 10, 10 a.)
Orthalicus ponderosus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. pp. 35, 36, t. 7. figg. 1, 5-8".
Orthalicus boucardi-ponderosus, Strebel, ibid. p. 39, t. 1. figg. 4a, b (corrected on p. 182 to
ponderosus-boucardt) *.
Orthalicus lividus-princeps, Strebel, ibid. p. 31, t. 1. fig. 6°.
Hab. W. Mexico: San Blas, State of Jalisco (Wessel, in coll. Dunker); Tepic
(Richardson) ; West Mexico (Wessel *); Culata, near Manzanillo, State of Colima
(Lloyd, June 1889); Dos Arroyos, 25 miles N.E. of Acapulco, State of Guerrero,
at an elevation of 1000 feet above the sea (H. H. Smith).
S.W. Mrxico: Tehuantepec (Stredel 2).
Strebel ! did not know the exact locality of the specimens which he described; but
the collection of Dunker and the materials placed in my hands by Messrs. Godman.
and Salvin show that this remarkable species belongs to the western coast of Mexico,
where it is somewhat widely distributed. In the Berlin Museum there is a shell much
resembling this species received from Dr. H. Dohrn, and said to have been found at
Juraty on the Amazon river. A similar shell is also stated to have been found in
Colombia, in the holes of trees, by Wallis (see Mousson, Malak. Blatt. 1869, p. 179).
The apex is generally dark chestnut-brown, but in some apparently fresh specimens
it is pale. The broad black lip inside the aperture is to be seen in young specimens
measuring 45 millim. in length. The aperture is all round of a shining black, only
the columellar edge itself is pinkish-white, with the base of the aperture black, the
white forming a more or less narrow streak on the columella. The general colour of
the shell is yellowish-brown ; the dark streaks are more distinct on the upper whorls,
confluent and often very indistinct on the last.
12. Ortalichus melanochilus. (Tab. X1. figg. 6, 7, 7a.)
Bulimus melanochilus, Valenc. in Humboldt & Bonpland’s Recueil. d’Observ. Zool. ii. p. 246, t. 55.
figg. 3a, b (1833) °.
Orthalicus melanochilus (Valenc.), v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. pp. 45, 70 (1865)*; Binney &
Bland, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. p. 410, fig. 287°; Man. of Am. Land-Shells,
p. 440, fig. 4844.
Bulimus zebra, var. E, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 144°.
Orthalicus zebra (Miill.), Carpenter, Cat. Mazatlan Shells, pp. 176, 177, Tabl. 805, 806 ®; Binney,
Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. i. p. 217, fig. 371, p. 215, fig. 867 (jaw) ’.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Tres Marias Islands (orrer, Richardson); Mazatlan (Reigen °) ;
Sierra Madre (? Tonala in Jalisco *) (Xantus’).
Valenciennes ! gives simply “ Nouvelle Espagne,” that is to say Mexico and Central
* Given as “ Tomla Talasco.”
ORTALICHUS.—OTOSTOMUS. 191
America; his figure, although showing distinct bands, agrees better in its more
elongated form with the N.W. Mexican species than with the Central-American
O. ferussaci, var. tricinctus.
Pilsbry’s O. melanochilus, var. floridensis (Proc. Ac. Phil. 1891, p. 317, with woodcut)
is probably a dark-mouthed variety of O. wndatus, Brug.
Doubtful Species of Ortalichus.
Orthalicus leucochilus, Crosse & Fisch. in Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 423 (1859); Fisch.
& Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1. p. 459, t. LS. fige. 7, 7 @; from Orizaba,
E. Mexico, collected by Berendt, has much the appearance of an albino variety.
Strebel does not know it. For a similar variety of O. maclure, see anted, p. 188.
Orthalicus zebra, Mill. (ex parte), or, more precisely, O. undatus, Brug., Férussac,
Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. t. 114. figg. 5, 6; Shuttl. Notitize Malac. p. 63,
t. 8. figg. 4,5; Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. t. 54 (upper and lower
figure); from Florida, Cuba, and Jamaica, is mentioned by Binney & Bland, Land
and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. i. p. 218, as from Mazatlan, and at p. 219 of the
same work, as from “Taboga, Mex.” It is therefore admitted by Fischer &
Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 441, among the Mexican species. As
neither these authors, nor Strebel or myself, have found this species amongst
the numerous Mexican specimens of the genus which we have examined, I
presume that the locality “Mazatlan” refers to a variety of O. princeps, and
Taboga, if meant for the island of Taboga in the Bay of Panama, to 0. ferussact.
OTOSTOMUS.
Otostomus, Beck, Index Moll. p. 55 (part.) (1838)'; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. iu. p. 149
(1858) *; v. Martens, Die Binnenmoll. Venezuela, p. 23 (1873) (relying on the jaw and
radula)*; and Conch. Mittheil. ii. p. 191 (ditto) *; Semper, Reis. Archip. Philippin., Land-
Moll. Heft 3, p. 154 (1874) °.
Bulimulus, subgen. Goniognathmus, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1. p. 473
1875) °.
Fs an D-F, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Stissw.-Conch. v. pp. 46-48 *.
Shell oblong, generally variegated, often with expanded aperture, more or less
shining; columella somewhat twisted, not notched at the base. Jaw composed of
numerous plates, with very oblique edges, converging towards the median line. Teeth
of the radula in waved transverse rows; median tooth very short, generally with a
lateral cusp on each side; marginal teeth generally tricuspid.
The name Otostomus was first proposed by Beck for the group of the old genus
Bulimus which contains B. auris leporis, subsequently extended by the brothers
MOLLUSCA.
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“e[emleyeny “NT | GT FL CG “ ‘sudOSAAVT corde “eqre “ "eyeao |‘tunsuedxe eorpout | ‘snonopoyyuex “ava ‘——
OL 6 61 “SIIB STSLLYS “eno
“(enseavolNy ¢) ZI | GL | & TA G-@ Stosvy JOA | -sninuey “epryru “UINasOI
eypemeyenyy) «NT | EST IL &3 ‘snqviojaiad x1a | copootun ‘epiqye-ourpedy | ‘eyessnoep oyelosqo "eyeao-ootuoo |‘unsuvdxe sorpout jt fg ‘snqsvo
“OOIXOTT “eq[e "QuD KT ‘a
Tequ99 IZ SI IP “ vainjns ‘esorynqou-oosny “ ¢ “¢ ‘snsoynqeou “Iva ‘——
e | $61 | 6E *sTMUT}UOD "qunyy ‘a ‘nq
‘oorxeyy “a | «69% «| «EBL CF “¢ siosny F stiosey “eqye “ “ “ -eloseyiipenb ‘ea ‘
*OOIXOTT SI cg eplfos ‘epnpiyu "eSUOTGO enue}
Sg Y Jeyueg “| 1B G GP “sn[nosniqze] ‘LOpOoTUN “eqye |‘eyessnoep AOqI[TJQns | -0¥VAO oysnsue | ‘unsuedxe soyaeiq |’ tufg ‘sisuedeiyo
LT | SeT og *gOTOOIUN Tea ‘sIOSNy . *B}VAO PUT “2
“BpeuTeyeny “A | 6T LI Ze “ SIJB] G-E silosey ‘eqye “EYVOT[VUL TeyIAg] | oJsNSuB JOA ~vyIBAO “¢ ‘snpunqgeiq “ava ‘
‘EOTOOIUN [OA
61 61 96 stydnazozur strosey [oa
“ONSVAVOIN “CTVUL 9G G3 OF SIIBL SISLS ‘eoulUT *B} COT “B90BOIA VT[OUINT
~97BN4 TBYUID PN | LS 6 Lp | ‘snqvaojaad oysnsue | -vaqs Joa voovyt] oprped | -yeu wirzendaeqns *e7VAO |-00 ‘unsuvdxe aqey [rt fg ‘18443RTOp
25
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, August 1893.
MOLLUSCA.
194
*s1qdnaa0}Ut stlosey
I GI 16 “‘qfuued “Ijue UL OpuUT “e[NpIyIU ‘ej01IgNs ‘wany,oOo
¥% d t eput apr q T
OOIxoWT “AA'N | SPT FL BE “6 -qns ‘aojoarunqns ‘eqye | ‘e[ngeiays 1oJLACT “eyeao-oyesuoTe | ‘uinsuBdxe JeqtacrIq |**' “Quoyy ‘a ‘snUeITeUOITy
*smuryuoO “SINOTASUOD XIA InU94}
“BOTY BISON) ‘sowed oS d0}UL snqipeatds steuty ‘24104 B][euINTOI “LD T
yeaquoagy -P CM'S | GT gI 0g ‘enyeurld | stosny SISl1js ‘“epIaep | ‘epnzertjs 40} 1A0T “ ‘umnsuvdxe odtpom j*a ‘tard “aeaA ‘——
LT 9T 98 "sIJOOr Yr
OOIXOT | BT SI 1g ‘snyerojied | stored sistas = ‘eqye “ ‘“ ‘uunsuedxe sniye] ‘SnSOOLIVA “TBA ‘
a GI | 96
61 ST ES “OT
‘OOTXOTAL “H 0G GT cs “ *‘topootun ‘eqye “ “ “ ‘a ‘go[oouOD “ABA
FI ral 9% ‘siqdna “ByCldys WT}
61 gI tS -1ayUIqns snqtjue, -vatds eytpyqns "INU2} “84.10} "WUNTOO
‘OOIXO ‘H | 0G cl Ge ‘snqedojied XIA | -stp stosny sisi4ys “eqye | ‘epryu ‘erngerys | “eduo,qo-Tudojisng | ‘umsuedxe aoytAodq [ts uf ‘snzenueyye
~ Sl |
“OOIXETT [B1JUI_D Gl GI 63 ‘snyeroy.iod “ “ *8y840-OSU0TGO ‘cansuvdxe Toye] |"' “Qunyr ‘a ‘sn{[edysouay
46 $d LT eYBO
rueywonk | $6 6 8I ‘snTnu * -[ns-ososni enbriqo *SIULIOJIOUTOONS “ terseeess agvo mT ‘snqpnond
"BYRSSNIOP 10}LAIT "B4.10} ‘HANTOO
‘epemeyeny ‘N | $41 Il 0g “s ‘aopootun ‘eqye | ‘eyes - osopnsna | “esuojqo-1msojsisng | ‘xopduts ‘Undead [oer “7avopT ‘SNUTAT]
. ‘SLI@L SNQr}URd "wuoy
“BOI BISON [BAyUeD | FOT IL 0G “ -LISIU SISIIYs ‘sUsDSOAUT “s “ “ ‘snyvpoouly ‘aa ‘
"eqVII48
91 SL 08 "SIQDV[OLA-OOSLIS 49 wayednds 104
‘OOIXOPT 'S | OT al Ze ‘snqedojaod XIA | stouvyseo si8t148 ‘voureo | -muey ‘eyeStaciqns *BYVAO-LULAIOJISNy ‘xopdumis jst sufg ‘snueiznpoor
ZL | 801 Zo ‘SIAVT SIJOOI ‘enue}
‘OOIXeWL “SPH | EL €I &% “SNYBUILI XIA | s1iqeddo sIsta}sS ‘eqye “eyessuoep “ ‘cinsuvdxo toytaodq jt uf ‘snngiine
“BOI ‘sipronqjed ‘9008
e809 ‘eTBUTEyENy) val OL 9 tanreord —-STT4148.10} -B]OIA “WAN Od
‘N20 6B) OTBqueg | Ear | FIT 8S ‘snyerojaed | -ut ‘eouturetys [oA vqTe “eqyeortd-ososn1 “ ‘cmsuedxe soytao, tafe “tseuol
"eLVII}S UITY
*OOTXOP -euids Joq1repnser ‘eq[@ “UIN[OO
‘a POM ‘TeUED | FT ‘al 9G *snyerozr0d xX1A “ -at ‘esosna enbiqo "eyea0-0Fu0]qo | ‘xofduris ‘uinqood [eres ufg ‘ipostMesey
*LO[OO
-1UN [aA snqiepnsedat “i
‘OOIXOWE "MA'S | GT ral 0g “ SIOUBISVO SISIT}S ‘epIq{e "BSOSNA SNIART “ “eooetI] ‘wnoo | ‘sn{dysopor ‘awa ‘
‘BIATNJ 04] WANA “esosnd “Quo py *a “BITeIWTYS
‘epRUIayENndy [edqueg | JT LT ZE ‘snyerojted | -vSn4 stiyyssezur “epiqye | essoaS “4[n ‘ayuE “@SU0[GO-0}8A0 "eq[@ B[JOUINIOO | -10JUT ‘AVA ‘TPO S0AQeerys
‘mur | ‘uu | ‘uur
Blade ‘qaody| ‘urerc | ‘suo0rTy “‘SNOTTIqUIy ie) aun co) (07@) *eangd nog ‘Bains “SUL ISLOg “UOTON
*(panurjquod ) SANOLSOL() 10 SHINGdS AHL AO ATAVY, TATLVUVd NOL)
195
OTOSTOMUS.
‘siqeqqns opryed odes
SIS] SIlosRZ TUNp.«seqUL
25"
*84VA0-0.9110]qO
‘uinsuvdxe 40}1A01q
61 IT GG ‘snqiuenguos = stasTu “BYBLL}S-0F COT *“WINESOL
"Bory B4SOQ TeayueD | ZT ral FZ ‘snyeuls |sisiays = “eaey - oped | -peu aoqlaepnSorat “eqeaoqns | ‘ungoor ‘xoqdunis |ve++++* “fuzr ‘stsuonzeat
‘OOO “Yq. ‘100
‘OOO "Me PH | OT GT ee “ “jun ‘epiqye-ourgderp “ “eduoTqo-oormooqns | -wimsuvdxe s0ytA9] | -euvuquiout ‘ea ‘
Stale “2uDpy ‘a
‘OOIxeT "H | &g g SI “ SMBI SIsiays ‘euvyderp “ ‘“ ‘SNSOOLIVAIGIB “IBA. ‘
“sTosny 2uD yy “a
‘OolxeM “| GT | «St | «(9% “ G-T Silosvy isvq “eplavy “ “ ‘uinqoor | ‘snuozodéq ‘va ‘——
‘stydna
-19jUl oasnutu snj{d
stosny oprtted g strosey
‘OOIXOTL “A'S Pa | SFT GI Te “ ‘BOUIWIVL]S JOA VOJDLT “ “B1BA0-078SUOTO ‘umsuvdxe RTA [errr Ag ‘snoute
“SIOSTY SIZOTOBGO
ST[nowur Jo 17eanynsqns “OYRLI4S
‘epemojeny “M | ST | SPT LG “ vlosey “epiqie-ouvyderp | uryeatds w1y.tezu00 "848A 0-OOTT09 “ quant ca ‘raordureya
Zl | GL | ‘siyerzostapenb
FI FL 8% ‘gioaed stoueyseo SI] "RYRLIS
OOIXOT[ ‘A 9L LI #E “ -novm ‘epiq,e-ourgderp uitjedids “epnqeisys *8YVA0-O8U0TGO “ veeseeees ag47e ‘SNdBU0JOY
nIeg
‘A = “BIquopop
‘emeUeg *G ‘Bory
SOQ ‘BNEVIVOINT ‘SIgV11os
yeryueg = ‘BT VU UIIYBIOSVT ‘stared *BYCIIYS
-7en *M FY N | SIL | For 9% ‘snqetojied | stosny sitnovum ‘eprqqye | umeaids ‘epnyerys *BoIU0d-OFU0TGO | uNsUBdxO OUIISSTACT [ott MAT ‘snye[NOeUL
ODIXOT el gl VG *sISOLOTINU UT
‘9g Dp RayMED “| FT FI 6Z “SNYVULLA XIA | sIseUr ‘snqrI01}ey] SISIt4s “ “ “ ‘tanemoufoy “18a ‘
61 Gl VG ‘siyeynyynS-oqye odes “snqiyiyqns
GL | SFT 1Z SIIGIU - OOSNF 8T4RT snqijetids sits
‘oorxoyg "S| ELT | SFT Ze “e SISIIS ‘Boovryoo-oplqye | ‘eye1ays - opnyvoryd ‘“ ‘xopdumis ‘uanyood |--++*'*** anaaay ‘snt4opsut
fol | #0 eI ‘slosny Sitnovur jaa ond ‘sueqIU ‘enue}
‘OOO ‘A | IT IL | ¥0g ‘SNYVUILT | -STIOSBZ SISIG}s ‘BplAVB | -osoojo ‘stawyqns "BYVAO-OOTUOD | ‘uansuedxe Jo}AIQ [rr uf “Yenoip
61 “stor “QUOT
‘wpomoqeny Teque) | TT | #8 | #12 “ SI}OdOSIp STILTS “eqTe “ “ “ ‘a ‘enBejour ‘ava ‘——
‘s1yeueyvom100 snides
“epeUoyen4 ‘N | ZT Ol BG “ SIISIU «= SISIIYS «= ‘eqye ‘epryiu ‘staesyqns “6 ‘xopdums ‘uunzoor |--*' ‘yosng Bap ‘18.18
*SISONXOP SIPNOSNIy RT “eprqiu “e404 ‘TAaNTOo
‘Bureued “*§ | FT IT LG ‘snqeaojzod XIA | stIstU sIByS “BARE | “UyeLys —ToyTA9y “eyeao oysnsue | ‘umnsuvdxe soqtAoy [++ ‘gunpr ‘a ‘sisuoqedng
*snqIIvouly *enbiyqo ‘winjoo
eoIsT BISON | FT] ZI &@ ‘SNIVULI | synt sisiys ‘“epiqye *2]BL1}8-OSOSNL "esuo[qo-oo1moo | ‘xopduis = ‘ummgoas [reer cule ‘stpeiantd
FI-€T| IT &@ Speiae ogre ah “eyerays waryeards “enue4y
‘woIy vISOg [eryueQ | QT | FQ, | #1e ‘snqerojtod x14 | -dnaszozur sisiays ‘epiqye | aoqrpyqns ‘epnyerays “ ‘unsuvdxe roqytAerq [tu fq-‘sIsueotrEys00
“eS8B10
qi tt | gw ‘sIOSNJ-OASIU styO0I “e}410} eTTaUINTOO
‘OoIxeyy ‘Ss | QT 9T Ze “SNYVUIIT | SIUVL = SLdIa}S ‘epiq(e |‘esosnaqns ‘y[n ‘ayue
seeeees fT ‘snt0ysoyedory
MOLLUSCA.
196
“euUBUe
‘S “eory Bys0D
[euyueQ §‘epeure4 II OI IZ ‘snqrpenbe: stpnosnty ey
-eny [ejuen PN | ST FL 4 ‘snyesojzod |g stosng sttosey ‘epiq¢e | “epprytu ‘eyestA@y eyeA0qns “ teteeeres oar ‘STBULIO4[e
“VOly “stosny
24800 "A'N ‘ens @ snqiyeads sttosey
-BIVOINT TRAUED Iseq yo stored sinb
‘OpBVayeg ‘epemo} L g 91 -I]qO sysngue stosny ;
-eny) “| Y Teryueg | 6 401 0Z “ SISITS “eq[B-1]Ue0SeATNF “ “BOTU09-O800]GO “ seeeeseos smog ‘smederosIp
*TOTOOTUNCNS [oA S14
*OOLXOTL OL 6 ES -snsue F-Z si[nprlosng
‘mM ® Teaqueg | TT OL 1G ‘snyerojaod XtA |strosvy ‘epiqye-1yueoseArT "BYVSTACT "@41141N4-0}2A0 *xopdumts ‘umqoar frets uf ‘smAOSeAIT
‘stseds stistu stjound
FI 9% yo BUN eaAdIU-cosny ‘epryiu ‘eng ‘suoosvandand
‘OOTXOPL “AA | GT eT 6Z “SNYVULIT | BIOSey ‘EpIqTe-oUl]Toqest | -elAys JeqITe[NsocI1 *eywao-osU0TGO | ‘tinjost ‘xoTdurts |-** ‘qunyz a ‘snqourzLIoW
*eTRUIO}EN “AT gl ZL $ “guppy *a ‘snp
‘ueyeon X ‘oorxeyT “GS | ST gl GG “ “epiqie-oueyderp “ “ “ -Iqie-ourpedg “ae ‘
sI ai VG *BULO}SO.10
“eTVUloyENy ‘N | ST el a ‘snqyesojaed | -eprped vanqns ‘“eurayzto “ -eur = =“8}B8A0-O0TU0D ‘uanqoos ‘xopdumis |ts't* ‘ufy ‘IpueoLIoUr
; "2D T
‘OOIXO “H | = ST al 9G “ ‘roTOOIUN ‘epiqye “ “ “ ‘a ‘snseqo ‘AeA ‘
‘wolyesona'sy | FIL | al & “buy
“MA 'S TRIED AN | ST ST LG “ ‘eq[e Binjns ‘eavy 7 *84BA0-OOTU0D ‘unjoorqns | ‘snyjouoay1o ‘ava ‘——
“enSer 86 6 IZ
~BOINT ‘epeuTeyeng LT Ot 86 "20 T
“MS B® OM ON | ST SL 63 “ ‘1OTOOIUN “earnzlns “ *SIULIOJISNJ-07BAO “ ‘a ‘ortoeid ‘rea ‘——
“eTVUIE}YEN4) * NT eitteeeeenenes soupy
‘Oolxe aS » “iL oon oe eee 6s *‘topjoor1un ‘epiqye 66 6c ce a ‘snprq[e "IBA ‘
“eng
-BIVITNT “ETBULO}
“BN *N ‘OOLKOTL &1 ial 86 ‘eqnpTyiU “eyeL4ys ‘ung
“T'S 3m ‘Tequeg | FT GT 6Z | ‘snyesojsod oynuru ‘IOjOOIUN ‘BABA | TexITYQns wryeatds *BYBAO-OFeSUOTO | -uedxe OULISSIAOT [***rrese't* “Uf ‘snoangyns
‘snpryed xode { e4eT
"Bolyy 84809 “nojol BIpeu ‘stosny “2h0 PT
"M'S ® yeoaqueg | fot | ¥6 6I “ @ stlosey ‘eavp opted “ “eYVAO oysnsue “ ‘a “TuueUyoy “rea ‘
‘snasor xode ‘ styvt10s
ZI eT 0z 11} stosnf st} vq41S¢es “UNOSOL
"wory eysog | GT | ¥cT 8% ‘snyedojaod | stjnoevm ‘eaeg opryed ‘smu ‘epnyentys ‘eqeao | ‘umgoon ‘xopdumts Jus’ gap ‘sngord141y
‘unor | ‘wut | “wu
eLIyeg qaody| ‘wei | ‘suo'T *snorpiquig, ‘OL}BIOTO) “einyd nog “eINSTT “BUl04SIIO “TOTO \T
"(panurquod) SAMOLSOLE) AO SAINIAG FHL AO ATAV], TALLVUVANOD
197
OTOSTOMUS.
‘OXOPOI 04%]
"BIQUIOTOD ¢ OL | FOT é ‘umyjoo = “Bava
‘epeureyeny ¢ OT SI 62 “ *1OTOOIUN ‘BAvf-Oesor “ByesAwqns "ByIqInj-oo1u0o | ‘xeyduuis ‘uunyzoat |" avaaay ‘sIsueTORY
“SIATNY stoned sis11ys
‘OOIXOWT ‘MA'S | 9 9 FL “ “eYe[OIIys-Opiqie ‘Beusoo “ *8YBA0-0FVSU0TO “ verte Gada ‘SnyBlI4soq[e
-eydni :
g 8 91 -IoyUL BdSNT BIOSBT ‘eyelays wayeaids
‘ONXOPE AT'S | OL | S01 61 ‘snyooyqoqns |‘eueqderp ‘vouaoo oprred | ourisstac, “e[nyert4s *B4BAO-OOTUOD *xoydunts ‘uanqooar ["*°'"''** aaaagy ‘snorutmop
‘sataadg ynfzqnogq
“gye8
II IT GG “Tazsqns [eA «oToorun
“emBuRg “Gg IL el CZ “ ‘gang - Yueqna oprted “SINOY ‘OJVSLAGBT *@YB8AO-ODIU09 ‘xopdunis ‘umnqyood |"'''' “poug ‘stsuotmeued
“BOIY BISOD
Teaqwag “OTN 89 L FI ‘stnbiqqo ‘siqie sovdo ‘enuey}
“MIN ‘epeurtozenn 9 89 SI ‘sny[nu | sisiays “epiqye eprontjed “BN YBII}S "eyeao-ootuooqns | ‘xeydurts ‘ungoox |***-ugseu7 ‘snpronqfedrues
‘snqryueysip stprred
‘OOO MPA! L BQ LT | ‘snyeaojaod oysnsue | sts1a48 “eprqye-ourypeqest *BTNOSNIAB] *e}IIIN}-OFBAO ‘xopduris ‘uinyood |**"'** suf ‘snoueSor10}0q
“Bonz
-ouaA ‘BIquIo[OD 6 89 0G "SIQUBISO STBIIS “e[no
‘uvywonz “epuoly | Zt ral GG “sngerojaod oqoaqqo | ‘ourpedg ooide ‘eqye | -snipifos ‘eyesraey “ “ verse fog ‘snyeoulyiynur
“eyeloseyjion “2hOYT
“OOTXOTT “AA NT L 8 eI “ oye] seq yo vyvpnoVaL « “ “ ‘a ‘sITvetoq ‘eA ‘——
‘oyelosejrIun “QLD AT
“OolxeT “M | #8 6 at “ Iseq ‘opyfed “y[n ‘jue “ “ “ ‘a ‘sisuootdoy “xea ‘——
‘sydna
“OOTXO TL #01 or GG ~foyUIqns — STNOsn!}VT ‘yostT Pup ‘SIs
‘a P reap | st | Gt | 6% “ syosny stosuy “epyaey “ “ . -ud0vaButond “IvA ‘
*‘topoorunqns [oA *STULISSITIIQNS
Cl FI oe ‘s19dna10yUl SIOSNy Opty snqieatds stouly ‘unges
‘O1XOW “MPH | OL OL BG ‘snyeutt | -ed styey stioses “eprqye |‘ejeLtys oTNosnissoad *BYBA0-OFVSUOTS |-seIOUIqnS ‘UINqded |***"'*'** “QuoyT ‘sSHUvEpYyN
Il IL 9G ‘snqhosny xede ‘ stosny *BOTUONGns-048
‘meyeonX | FIT | If | 86 “ -ofnd G sSlosy “eqye | “VfNpITU ‘ezesta@] | -nue}ye ‘sypugsrurs “ sees nadony ‘stteordoy
*S1} eq UAT] “lB *YosyT
‘oorxol “MA | EIT | FIT VG “ OgT® [PA OodBIYIO STIOSBT “ "248A0-O8U0]GO 7 ‘gisuopynyood “ava ‘
‘onuey
‘ooIxeM “M'N | FL | ST | £26 = “sTOSNy F-E STLOsey “epiqye | —“B[NFVLA4s 109149] “ ‘tansuedxe oumtsstaoy [ett yy B your ‘Tuohy
*STOSOI-OOSNF TTVOTTIG
6 OL | #81 -um euoset 49 $-g
‘seinpuoy | Ser | SFT 0g ¢ SIlosvy “BpIq]e-1jUe0seART = *@01U09-0}8A0 seeeeeree outer ‘gnureanpuoy
“B[euloy 46 f61 “snquto “20D ‘a
~ong ‘Nn ‘oorxeyy ‘gs | OT II 8% ‘snzerojiod |-1ysndue sirosey ‘epiqye | ‘e[Npyru ‘eywsTAc] "@9110]q0-078A0 ‘xoyduns ‘aingooa | ‘sisuetinbn{ *aga ‘——
198 MOLLUSCA.
H. and A. Adams? to include a larger number of American species. The structure
of the jaw and radula was used by myself in 1873 ? as a distinctive character by which
to separate Otostomus from Bulimulus, and afterwards‘ I gave a list of the species.
Fischer and Crosse, two years later ®, established essentially the same division, based on
the same characters, under a new name.
The great majority of the Mexican and Central-American species which have been
described formerly as belonging to the old genus Bulimus appertain to this division,
and also a large number of South-American species, as well as some Caribbean ones.
They have been distributed among several subgenera by Albers and by H. and A.
Adams, but it is very difficult to fix the limits of them: if one relies on such
distinctive characters of the shell as can be indicated by a few words, very dissimilar
shells will be included in one subgenus ; and if one groups together the species which
are linked one to the other by gradual affinities and general resemblance of the whole
aspect, it is almost impossible to give precise characters for such groups.
The Mexican and Central-American species can be arranged in groups as follows :—
a. Rather large species, with sculptured shell and coloured, dombeyanus, fenestratus, lilacinus,
broadly expanded aperture. zhorquinensis.
6. Elongated, nearly smooth, with broadly expanded aper-
ture. . . 2. . e . ~ 2 + « « yosephus, serperastrum.
c. More or less oval, nearly smooth, with large, broadly delattrei, chiapensis, _castus,
expanded aperture. angasi.
d. Elongated or oval, longitudinally wrinkled or striated, dunkeri, sulcosus, rudis, ghies-
with narrowly expanded aperture. breghti, hegewischi, jonasi, lirinus, cucullus.
e. Similar to the preceding in form and general appear-
ance, butsmooth . . .. ... . . . . . aurifluus, recluzianus.
f. Oblong or elongated, nearly smooth, variegated with fenestrellus, attenuatus, trimaria-
dark spots, more or less shining; aperture narrowly nus, hepatostomus, costaricensis,
expanded. pluvialis, bugabensis, sargi, droueti, inglorius.
g. Oblong, variegated with spiral rows of spots or pale maculatus, totonacus, championi,
bands ; aperture straight or very slightly expanded. emeus, ? dominicus.
h. Oval, with reticulated spiral bands and straight coloured
aperture . . . . ‘wmazuensis, tripictus.
2. Oblong or elongated, conspicuously spirally striated,
unicolorous, yellow or white; aperture straight or
slightly expanded . . . . . . . . sulfureus, moricandi.
k. Oblong, smooth, variegated ; aperture straight,
aa. Withspiralbands. . .....4.2.~, moritinctus, livescens, discrepans,
alternans, honduranus, tryoni, tropicalis, uhdeanus.
6b. With longitudinal streaks, sometimes obsolete . multilineatus, heterogeneus, semi-
pellucidus, panamensis.
OTOSTOMUS. 199
Concerning the names of subgenera which have been proposed by former authors :—
Drymeus, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p- 155, “ testa rugoso-striata,” may be applied to our group a.
In the second edition of Albers’s work it contains many other species.
Mesembrinus, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 214, type virgulatus, Férussac, coincides to our group k.
Mormus, Albers, loc. cit. p. 216, type papyraceus, Mawe, can be applied to /f.
Scutalus, Albers, contains, both in the first and second editions of Albers’s work, somewhat
different species ; but reduced to the more characteristic species named in both editions,
as proteus, mutabilis, and versicolor, it contains chiefly Peruvian species, and can be perhaps
applied to our group d.
Otostomus, s. str., and Liostracus, Albers, belong to Brazilian groups which are not represented
within our limits.
Thaumastus, Albers, is to be limited to Bulimus hartwegi, Pfr., from Ecuador.
1. Otostomus dombeyanus. (Tab. XII. figg. 2, 2a.)
Heliz dombeyana, Férussac, in Mus. Paris’; Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. ,ii. p. 76 (1842) (without
description) *.
Bulimus dombeyanus, Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. ii. p. 114 (1842) °, iii. p. 83 (1846) (first description
of the shell) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 57°, vi. p. 88°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v.,
Bulimus, t. 30. fig. 186". -
Bulimus (Drymeus) dombeyanus, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 151 (1855) °.
Bulimulus (Otostomus) dombeyanus, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 211°; Malak. Blitt.
xl. p. 23 (1865) *.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) dombeyanus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 515".
Lymnea rugosa, Valenc. in Humboldt & Bonpland’s Obs. Zool. ii. p. 250, t. 56. fig. 5 (young)
(1838) ”.
Var. alcantare : peristomate albo.
Bulimus alcantare, Bernardi, Journ. de Conch. iv. p. 35, t. 3. fig. 1 (1853) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iv. p. 393 ™.
Bulimulus dombeyanus, var. 8, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 516 a
Bulimulus dombeyanus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 74, t. 7. figg. 3.4, 6”.
Hab. Centra Mexico: On the slope of the hill Ajusco, near the city of Mexico
(Hahn '%, var.).
W. Mexico: Venta de Zopilote, State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith, only a young
shell).
MEXICO, asi nearer indication of locality (Bonpland !°, Cuming‘, Berendt °).
Of three full-grown specimens before me, two exhibit the prominent edge of a former
lip on the back of the last whorl, one-third or one-half of the circumference backwards
from the aperture. The colour of the peristome varies in these specimens from very
pale brown to white, which proves that 0. alcantare can scarcely be distinguished even
as a variety; Strebel! came to the same conclusion. ‘The interior of the aperture is
also, in the variety, brownish. ‘The young specimen from Venta de Zopilote (Tab. XII.
figg. 2, 2a) has a pale brown band immediately below the angular periphery, as in the
figure given by Valenciennes i
200 MOLLUSCA.
It is a curious fact that previous to the year 1882 no exact locality was known for this
very remarkable shell, the largest of the Mexican species of this genus. It seems that
in the Paris Museum it has been mixed with shells collected by Mr. Dombey in Peru or
rather Chili: see Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. ed. 1, vi. p. 141, Auricula
(Chilina) dombeyana, and ibid. p. 76, Helix peruviana, identical with laxata, Fér., which
both inhabit Chili and not Peru; hence the name “ dombeyanus,” and the erroneous
indication of Peru as habitat!245, Bernardi’s assertion 1° that his specimen came
from the Solomon Islands is still less trustworthy.
The name alcantare was given in honour of the then Prince-Royal of Portugal, Dom
Pedro de Alcantara, afterwards king (1861).
Radula examined by myself.
2. Otostomus fenestratus. (Tab. XII. figg. 1, 1a, d.)
Bulimus fenestratus, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1846, p. 29*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 1017; Reeve,
Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 36. fig. 214°.
Orthalicus (Mesembrinus) fenestratus, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 1574.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) fenestratus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 528°.
Bulimulus (Otostomus) piescheli, v. Mart. in Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1863, p- 541°; Malak.
Blatt. xii. p. 22, t. 1. fig. 10 (1865) ”.
Bulimus piescheli, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 88°.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) piescheli, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 509°.
Bulimulus piescheli, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 77”.
Hab. W. Mzxtco: Manzanillo near Colima (Pieschel 5-8 1°),
Mexico, without nearer indication of locality 1 (Liebmann 22-5),
This species is somewhat intermediate between O. dombeyanus and O. lilacinus, but
is nearer to the latter, from which it differs chiefly in the much rougher, wrinkled, and
malleated sculpture. The apex is unicolorous white with a reddish hue, and smooth;
the bands commence on the third whorl, and only three are visible on all whorls except
the last, the two others being concealed by the following whorl. The sculpture consists
of broad raised wrinkles, most of which are covered by much finer undulated lines.
I have seen only one specimen (Tab. XII. fig. 1), collected at the above-mentioned
locality and given to the Berlin Museum by Herr Pieschel, once Secretary of the
Prussian Embassy to Mexico. From Reeve’s figure? it is evident that the original
specimen of Pfeiffer’s Bulimus fenestratus in Cuming’s collection belongs to the same
species; but in the German collections this name has been applied by Philippi to
another species, in which the light intervals between the dark bands and streaks have
not the appearance of bow- or bay-windows, but the interrupted brown bands them-
selves represent square windows.
Pfeiffer himself seems to have confounded afterwards his own species with another,
figured by Philippi as “B. fenestratus” (see O. dunkeri, p. 207), as the specimen from
OTOSTOMUS. 201
Pfeiffer’s collection described and figured by Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-
Conch. v. p. 75, t. 6. fig. 19, evidently belongs to the latter; therefore neither the
name of Liebmann as collector, which is not mentioned by Pfeiffer in the first descrip-
tion ', nor its position in the subgenus Drymaus, close to B. dunkeri (Pfeiffer, Malak.
Blatt. 1855, p. 151), can be safely quoted for this species.
3. Otostomus lilacinus. (Tab. XII. figg. 3-6.)
Bulimus lilacinus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 74: fig. 582 (1849) (young specimen)’ ;
Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 326°.
Bulimus (Drymeus) lilacinus, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 151 (1855) °.
Otostomus (Hamadryas) lilacinus, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 150+.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) lilacinus, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 211°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 479, t. 20. figg. 1, 2, t. 24. figg. 5, 5a°.
Otostomus (Drymeus) lilacinus, v. Mart. Conch. Mittheil. ii. p. 1917.
Bulimus patricius, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 81. fig. 600 (Dec. 1849) *.
a. typica: fasciis 4-5 purpureo-fuscis, striolatis, sepius interruptis, fauce violacea, peristomate extus flavido.
(Reeve, fig. 600 ; Fisch. & Crosse, t. 20. figg. 1, 2.)
Hab. S.W. Guaremata: San Agustin, department of Solola (Bocourt®); same locality,
at an elevation of 3000 feet above the sea (Séoll).
b. undulosus: pallide violascens, strigis undulosis violaceis, fauce violacea, peristomate extus flavido. (Fig. 4.)
Hab. W. Guatemata: Hacienda de las Nubes, Cerro Zunil, Pacific slope, 4000 feet
(Champion).
c. unicolor: albidus, columella sola violacea, peristomate extus flavido. (Fig. 6.)
Bulimulus (Drymeus) lilacinus, var. 8, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 479°.
Bulimulus delattrei, schlanke Lokalform, Stoll, Guatem. Reisen, p. 198 (1886) *.
Hab. W. Guatamata: Cholhuitz (Stoll 1°); Cerro Zunil 4000 feet, El Reposo 1000 feet
(Champion) ; Hacienda Buenavista and Hacienda Helvetia, in virgin forest, at an
elevation of from 3000 to 4000 feet, descending in some localities to about 2000
feet (Stoll); Cuesta between Antigua and Escuintla (Sto//).
d. crossei: albidus, fasciis 3 angustioribus fuscis continuis, peristomate extus albido.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) lilacinus, var. y, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 479, t. 24. figg. 5, 5a”.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Alta Vera Paz (Sarg *’).
e. Janson : carneo-albidus, fasciis 4 fusco-violaceis interruptis, strigisque nonnullis angustioribus, peristomate
extus albido, fauce rosea. (Figg. 3, 3 a, 6.)
Long. 46, diam. 22, apert. 24 millim.
Hab. Nicaracva (Janson).
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, August 1893. 26
202 MOLLUSCA.
4)
f. ictericus: gracilior, unicolor flavidus, columella sola violacea. (Fig. 5.)
Hab. W. Guatemata: Cerro Zunil (Champion).
According to the MS. notes of Dr. O. Stoll, this species, and especially the var. wni-
color, is characteristic of the forests of the western or Pacific slope of the Guatemalan
Cordillera, at an elevation of between 3000 and 4000 feet above the sea, descending in
some localities nearly to 2000 feet. The specimen collected by Mr. Champion at El
Reposo in the lowlands between Retalhuleu and the Pacific coast is remarkably small,
attaining only 364 millim. in length; it exhibits, nevertheless, the remains of an older
expanded aperture (such as is often to be seen in 0. dombeyanus) at the back of the
last whorl, which corresponds to a length of 30 millim. This early building of an
aperture, as if it were adult, seems to indicate a longer interruption or slowness of
growth, caused by unfavourable conditions of the locality.
The var. d, which I know only from the description and figure of Fischer and Crosse "',
closely resembles, at first sight, O. chiapensis.
Jaw and radula of var. jansoni examined by myself.
4, Otostomus zhorquinensis.
Bulimus zhorquinensis, Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 478, t. 40. fig. 4°.
Hab. S.E. Costa Rica: Middle Zhorquin to Cuabre, on low hills and flat ground (@adé ').
Angas compares this species with Bulimus expansus, Pfr., B. pallidior, Sow.,
B. excelsus, A. Gould, and B. lilacinus, Reeve. I have not seen a specimen
of it.
5. Otostomus josephus. (Tab. XII. figg. 7-10.)
Bulimus josephus, Angas, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 73, t. 5. figg. 18, 14’, 1879, p. 478”.
Hab. Centrat Costa Rica: San José, on the trunks of Acacia trees (Boucard ') ;
Talamanca, on the lower hills (Gadd 2).
b. maculosus: maculis fuscis subquadratis 4-seriatis. (Fig. 7.)
Hab. S.W. Costa Rica: on the banks of Rio Pacuare del Sur in its middle course, about
500 metres above the sea (Pittzer).
c. concolor: pallide flavescens. (Figg. 8-10.)
Hab. N.E. Costa Rica: Puerto Viejo, on the Rio Sarapiqui (Biolley).
S.W. Costa Rica: valley of the Upper Savegal, at an elevation of 1000 metres
above the sea, and in the woods near Terraba; Quebrada de Tocori in the valley
of the Rio Paqueta, and El Pital in the valley of the Rio Naranjo (Pittier).
This species is remarkable for the broadly expanded columellar margin, which
ascends perpendicularly and forms a distinct angle with the convexity of the penulti-
OTOSTOMUS. 203
mate whorl. I have seen only a few specimens belonging to the vars. } and ¢, all
collected by H. Pittier and P. Biolley.
6. Otostomus serperastrum.
Bulimus serperastrus, Say, New Harmony Disseminator, Jan. 1, 1829, p. 25 (ed. Binney, p. 30) *;
Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 1022, iii. p. 341°; and in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 82, t. 32. figg. 1, 2, t. 39. fig. 5‘; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v.,
Bulimus, t. 40. fig. 252°; Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. iii. p. 97, Bulimus, t. 9. fig. 6°;
Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 274, t. 50. fig. 27, and iv. p. 126°.
Bulimus (Drymeus) serperastrus, Pfr. in Malak. Blitt. ii. p. 152 (1855) °.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) serperastrus, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 212’; Binney & Bland,
Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i. p. 192, figg. 334, 335 (the latter copied from a
drawing by Mr. Say)"; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 488, t. 24.
fig. 4 (copied from Say’s drawing) ™.
Drymeus serperastrus, Tryon, in Am. Journ. Conch. iii. p. 167, t. 9. (18) fig. 4°.
Bulimulus serperastrus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 88, t. 6. fig. 12".
Bulimus liebmanni, Pfr. in Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1846, p. 158" ; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 106°;
Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 70. fig. 506 (errore ziebmanni) ™.
Bulimus (Mesembrinus) liebmanni, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 157 ™.
Orthalicus (Mesembrinus) liebmanni, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 157”.
Bulimus nitelinus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 59. fig. 398 (young specimen) ”.
Bulimus paivanus, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 81 (1866) *; Novit. Conch. iii. p. 309, t. 75. figg.
4,5; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 35”.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) paivanus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 490, t. 21.
figg. 1, la”.
Bulimulus paivanus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 82, t. 6. fig. 11, t. 12.
fig. 18, t. 18. fig. 12 (radula), t. 14. figg. 9@ (genit. appar.), 104, 8, p, 11, t. 16. fig. 3
(jaw) *.
Otostomus paivanus, v. Mart. Conch. Mittheil. 11. p. 192”.
Hab. Norta America: Texas".
E. Mexico: on the road between Vera Cruz and Mexico; Jalapa (Hoge, M. Tru-
jillo); Almolonga, near Jalapa (Hoge); Cordova (Hoge; one young specimen) ;
Tierra Colorada, between Jalapa and Vera Cruz (Dona Estefania >); Paso de
San Juan and Loma de Piedra on the Rio Jamapa, near Vera Cruz (Strebel *°) ;
between Paso de Ovejas and the plantation of Mirador (Strebel *°); Bobo, near
the Port of Vera Cruz (Hége); Vera Cruz, in the littoral region (Berendt *'~**).
Yucatan: Sisal (Morelet }”).
According to Strebel 25, this species lives in the Savanas on high grasses; Herr
Hoge, on the contrary, has found it in dense forest, free from underwood, at Bobo.
‘As in O. lilacinus, an older lip is formed accidentally on the back of the last whorl
in some specimens. |
The word “ serperastrum” in Latin means a kind of basket-work for children, and
26*
204 | MOLLUSCA.
it may have been applied to this species owing to the basket-like appearance of the
bands and spots: “serperastrus” is not a Latin word.
Nors.—Bulimus californicus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 56. fig. 378, which
has not been found in California by later collectors (gf. Binney & Bland, Terr. air-
breath. Moll. N. Am. v. p. 21; Manual Am. Land-Shells, p. 22), is perhaps a non-adult
specimen of a slender form of 0. serperasirum.
Otostomus hygrohyleus (Orb.), from Bolivia, is very similar to this species; but may
be distinguished from it by the more broadly dilated, projecting part of the peristome,
the more irregular, coarse, wrinkle-like striae, and the bands being interrupted into
arrow-like spots.
7. Otostomus delattrei. (Tab. XII. figg. 11-14.)
Bulimus lattrei, Pfr. in Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch. ii. p. 112, t. 4. fig. 11 (1846) '; Monogr.
Helic. Viv. ii. p. 562; Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. 2, p. 48, t. 111.
fige. 12, 18, t. 149. figg. 12, 13%.
Bulimus (Gonyostomus) lattrei, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 150°.
Bulimus (Eurytus) lattrei, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 195’.
Bulimus (Drymeus) lattrei, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ui. p. 151 (1855) °.
Otostomus (Goniostomus) lattrei, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 151°.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) delattrei, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 481, t. 20.
figg. 3 (living anim.), 4, t. 22. figg. 1-14 (jaw, radula, anatomy) °.
Otostomus (Drymeus) delattrei, v. Mart. Conch. Mittheil. ii. p. 191°.
Bulimus focillatus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 36. fig. 211 (1848) ”.
Bulimus pazianus, Tristr. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 280 (nec Pfr., nec Orbigny) *.
A. normalis: sculptura validiore, apertura circa # longitudinis occupante, major (long. circa 40 millim.).
a. Pallide lilacea, strigis angustis paucis fuscescentibus.
(Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 56, forma; Reeve, loc. cit. fig. 2L1¢; Deshayes, loc. cit. p. 48,
troisiéme variété. )
Hab. N. Guaremata: Vera Paz (errore Vera Cruz)?2; Coban (Salvin ', Bocourt °).
’ Centra GUATEMALA: Department of Salama (Morelet.8); San Gerénimo near Salama
~ (Champion).
b. Pallide lilacea, fasciis interruptis ceerulescentibus. (Fig. 11.)
(Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 56, form @, and in Philippi, loc. cit. fig. prior; Reeve, loc, cit.
fig. 2116; Deshayes, loc. cit. t. 111. figg. 12, 18; Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 481.)
Hab. Nortu Guatemata: Vera Paz (Delattre}*).
Centra GuaTeMALA: San Gerdnimo (Champion).
c. Unicolor straminea vel albida, apertura concolore, columella violacea. (Fig. 12.)
(Pir. Monogr, Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 56, form y, and in Philippi, loc. cit. fig. altera; Reeve, loc. cit.
fig. 211a; Deshayes, loc. cit. t. 149. figg. 12, 13.)
OTOSTOMUS. 205
Hab. Norta GuateMata: Vera Paz (Delattre}?); Coban (Salvin™, Bocourt *, Con-
radt).
Nicaragua (Janson).
B. hiabundus : levior, apertura circa 2 longitudinis oceupante, minor (long. circa 30 milim.).
d. Alba, fasciis 8-5 latis violaceo-fuscis. (Fig. 13.)
e. Unicolor alba. (Fig. 14.)
Hab. W. Guatemata: Cerro Zunil (Champion).
Bocourt states ® that this species lives in wet places, on large herbs.
In some specimens the last whorl is slightly angulated in the middle (fig. 12).
8. Otostomus chiapensis. (Tab. XII. fig. 15, var.)
Bulimus chiapasensis, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xiii. p.81 (1866)’; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 42°;
Novit. Conch. i. p. 417, t. 95. figg. 3-6 °.
. Bulimulus (Drymeus) chiapasensis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 483°.
Bulimulus chiapasensis, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. pp. 70-73, t. 5. figg. 14a,
b, c, t. 6. figg. 18, 15, 16, t. 12. figg. 194, b,c’.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) detattrei, varr. 5, ¢, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. t. 20. figg. 5, 6°.
a. typicus: albus, unicolor.
(Pfr. Novit. Conch. figg. 5,6; Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. fig. 6: Strebel, loc. cit. t. 6. fig. 13, t. 12. fig. 19 6.)
Hab. E. Mextco: Cordova (Sallé*); Cerro de Palmas near Cordova (Hége); Orizaba
(Berendt !-*, Botteri>); Coatepec (Qurroz°).
CentraL Mexico: Cuautitlan * (Strebel ®).
S. Mexico: Cumbre de Manzanilla, in the State of Chiapas (Ghiesbreght 1°).
b. quadrifasciatus: albidus, fasciis 4 fuscis continuis. (Fig. 15.)
(Bulimulus chiapasensis, var. y, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. fig. 6; B. chiapasensis-delattrei, Strebel, loc. cit.
figg. 19 a, c.) .
Hab. E. Mzxico: Matlaquihahuitl, in the State of Vera Cruz (Sallé*); Cerro de Plumas
near Cordova (LHége °).
c. nebulosus: nebulosus, sutura alba, fauce fusca. |
(Bulimulus chiapasensis, form D (part.), Strebel, loc. cit. p. 72, t. 6. figg. 15, 16.)
Hab. E. Muxico: Coatepec (Quiroz®); Quimistlan, between Coatepec and the borders
of the State of Puebla (Dota Estefania”).
CrentraL Mexico: Cuautitlan (Strebel °).
Lives on trees in the interior of the woods (Strebel). ‘The white form @ seems to
have been found in company with the four-banded one by Hége, and with the clouded one
* Quoted as “ Cautlatitlan.”
206 MOLLUSCA.
by Strebel. Strebel also mentions ® specimens with spiral rows of small pellucid spots,
which may form a transition between the forms 6 and c. He suggests that the
aperture of Pfeiffer’s original specimen may be somewhat deformed, and in this I am
inclined to agree with him.
I prefer to write “ chiapensis,” because Chiapas seems to be the Spanish plural form,
the city being called Chiapa in older works.
9. Otostomus castus. (Tab. XII. figg. 16-21.)
Bulimus castus, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 112’; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 47°; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 45. fig. 282°; ? Tate, in Am. Journ. Conch. v. pp. 152, 156 (1870) *.
Bulimus (Leiostracus) castus, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 153 (1855)’.
Otostomus (Leiostracus) castus, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 151°.
Bulimulus castus, v. Mart. in P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 6487.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) castus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 485, t. 24.
figg. 11, 11 a-d*.
A. typwus: minor (long. 19-23, diam. 11, apert. 10-124 millim.).
a: unicolor, albus, peristomate plus minusve roseo.
b: irregulariter fusco-strigatus. (Fig. 17.)
c: fasciis tribus fusco-nigris interruptis (Reeve, loc. cit. fig. 282) vel continuis. (Figg. 18, 19.)
Hab. Centrat AMERICA: probably Vera Paz (Delattre1~4: var. a).
N. GuatemaLa: Coban (Morelet *, Salvin?: varr. a, 6, c); Tamabu (Sarg §).
B. xantholeucus: major, paullo magis ventricosa (long. 25, diam. 14, apert. 15 millim.); alba, apice et peri-
stomate subinde flavescentibus. (Figg. 16, 16a.)
Hab. N. Guatemata: Sabo, in a tributary valley of the River Polochic, at an elevation
of 3300 feet above the sea (Champion).
C. porrectus: elongatus, gracilior (long. 30-35, diam. 14-15, apert. 18-19 millim.).
a: unicolor, albus, columella sola rubescente. (Fig. 20.)
(Bulimulus castus, var. 6, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. fig. 11 5.)
6: fasciis 2-3 violaceo-fuscis, apertura rosea.
(Bulimulus castus, var. y, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. figg. 11lc, d.)
c: parce strigatus, columella sola rosea. (Fig. 21.)
Hab. N. Guatemata: Coban or Tamahu (Morelet or Sarg: varr.a, 6); Vera Paz (Stoll:
varr. 6, ¢).
The three varieties, A, B, C, appear to be distinct at first sight, but there are transitions
between them in size, form, and colour. For example, one of Dr. Stoll’s specimens
from Vera Paz (fig. 21) is only 27 millim. long, but it exhibits the slender figure and
more solid shell of var. C.
Fischer and Crosse § do not give separately the localities for the different varieties
which they have described and figured. Tate‘ doubtfully records the occurrence of
the species in Nicaragua—“ in the mountain-forests of Javali and Pefia Blanca, at an
elevation of about 2500 feet above the sea,” and at “Chontales”; he does not mention
OTOSTOMUS. 207
either the size or the coloration of his specimens, so that we cannot refer them even by
conjecture to any of the three forms which are indicated above.
10. Otostomus angasi.
Bulimus gabbi, Angas, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 477, t. 40. figg. 3 (four figures), 3 @ (living animal) *.
a: pallide rubescens, maculis rotundis albidis, fasciis obsoletis vel nullis. (Angas, loc. cit., the first and
second figures: var. a.)
b: albidus, fasciis 3 fuscis alboguttatis. (Angas, loc. cit., the third figure: varr. } and c.)
¢: unicolor, virescenti-flavescens vel albus. (Angas, loc. cit., the fourth figure and 3a.)
Hab. N.E. Costa Rica: La Paz, on the road to the Rio Sarapiqui (Biolley).
Centra Costa Rica: upon the flanks of Pico Blanco, at an altitude of from 3000 to
6000 feet, on the ground (Gadd 1).
_“ Foot broad, pointed, and very flat. Animal varies with the colour of the shell from
white to ash-colour, greenish-white or light brown.” (Angas’s fig. 3.@, whitish.)
This species appears to be intermediate between O. castus and O. tripictus, having
the expanded peristome of the former, and somewhat resembling the latter in its
painting. I have not seen a specimen of it.
The name gabdi is preoccupied by Fischer and Crosse (1872) for a Californian species.
11. Otostomus dunkeri. (Tab. XIII. figg. 1, 2, 2a.)
Bulimus dunkeri, Pfr. in Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch. i. p. 112, t. 4. fig. 10 (1846) '; Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 1017; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 74. fig. 533 *,
Bulimus (Mesembrinus) dunkeri, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 157°.
Bulimus (Drymeus) dunkeri, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. i. p. 151 (1855) ,
Orthalicus (Mesembrinus) dunkeri, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. 1. p. 157 *,
Bulimulus (Scutalus) dunkeri, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 36 (1865)"; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 511°.
Bulimulus dunkeri, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 76°.
Hab. Centrat Mexico: State of Michoacan (Hegewisch }*, Uhde * °).
~-W. Mexico: Tepic (Richardson).
Var. forreri: maculis fulvo-fuscis subquadratis fasciatim dispositis vel irregularibus vario modo conjunctis
pictus. (Figg. 2, 2 a.)
Bulimus fenestratus (Pfr.), Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. iii. p. 96, t. 9. figg. 1, 5”.
Bulimulus fenestratus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 75, t. 6. fig. 19”.
Bulimus (Mesembrinus) fenestralis, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 157” (misprint).
Bulimulus forreri, Mousson, Journ. de Conch. xxxi. p. 217, t. 9. fig. 2 (1883) ™.
Hab. N. Mexico: Chihuahua (/6ge). |
N.W. Mexico: Ventanas, State of Durango (Forrer 13),
Mexico: without nearer indication of locality (Philipp '°).
(fig. 1) is easily recognizable by the pale round spots on a brownish
The typical form
s limited to more or less numerous patches,
ground. In the variety the brown colour i
208 MOLLUSCA.
which are either somewhat square and arranged in spiral rows (Philippi), and
specimens from Chihuahua), or more irregular and combined, sometimes at acute
angles (specimen from Ventanas) ; in a specimen from Chihuahua the pale spots of the
type are seen within some of the larger brown patches.
The sculpture of this species is somewhat coarsely rugoso-striate, but it cannot be
termed undulated, as in O. fenestratus, Pfr. Most of the specimens I have seen show
remarkable irregularities and scars, some even at the apex, caused by previous fractures
during life. Probably they live on conspicuous objects during the wet season, and
often fall to the ground.
Radula of var. forreri examined by myself.
12. Otostomus sulcosus. (Tab. XIII. figg. 3, 3a, 4.)
Bulimus sulcosus, Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. i. p. 43 (1841)*; Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. i. p. 56,
t. 1. fig. 9°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 196°.
Bulimus (Mesembrinus) sulcosus, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 157"; Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 158
(1855) °.
Orthalicus (Mesembrinus) sulcosus, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 157°.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) sulcosus, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 217"; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 520, t. 28. figg. 2, 2a, b°.
Otostomus (Scutalus) sulcosus, v. Mart. Conch. Mittheil. ii. p. 193°.
Bulimus hyematus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 49. fig. 824 (1848) *°.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) sulcosus, var. a. hiematus, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 33 (1865) **.
Var. butterti: fasciis continuis.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) botterii, Crosse & Fisch. in Journ. de Conch. xxiii. p. 52 (1875); Fisch. &
Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 487, t. 24. figg. 10, 10a"; Strebel, Beitr. Mex.
Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 63“.
Bulimus botterii, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 61".
Bulimulus sulcosus, form A (part.), Strebel, loc. cit. p. 61, t. 6. fig. 17"°; form B, p. 62, t. 5. fig. 4.2".
Hab. CuntRAL Mexico: near the city of Mexico (Boucard 8, Hahn 17); valley of Mexico
(Bourgeaw®); Tacubaya (Heycwisch1-*); summit of the Sierra de las Aguas
Escondidas, at an elevation of 9500 feet above the sea (7. H. Smith); 'Tuxpan *
(Stredel 37), .
Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (Uhde 11),
{E. Mexico: Orizaba (Botteri 12-16),
* Strebel ” mentions also a specimen of this species from “ Tuspan, a little harbour on the east coast ;” but
as there are other localities of the same name on the plateau of Central Mexico, in the States of Michoacan
and Jalisco, it is probable that one of these latter places may be intended. Respecting this, Strebel writes me
as follows :—‘T received the said specimen from an acquaintance who said he had found it at the harbour of
Tuspan, but the same person lived usually on the elevated plateau of Mexico; whether it was a mistake I
cannot decide.” As all other localities for this species are confined to the central plateau of Mexico, and none
of the numerous collectors who have explored the east coast have registered it from there, I think it safer not
to include the east coast in the range of this species without further corroboration.
OTOSTOMUS. 209
All authors describe the aperture of this species as having a simple (not reflected)
edge, but I can see in some specimens a very faint, but distinct, expansion of the edge
outwards: in one of the examples collected by Mr. H. H. Smith it is quite strong and
2 millim. broad. The interior of the aperture is described as chocolate-coloured: in
the specimens collected by Uhde it is of a greyish rose-colour, in those by Mr. H. H.
Smith either rose-coloured or pure white; the columella is in all of them white.
The largest specimens, long. 44 millim., unicolorous, white, are from the summit of
the Sierra de las Aguas Escondidas, 9500 feet, near Omilteme, in the State of Guerrero,
collected by Mr. H. H. Smith.
13. Otostomus rudis.
Bulimus rudis, Anton, Verz. d. Conch. Samml. p. 43 (1839)'; Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. ii. p. 50°;
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 197°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 44. fig. 2864.
Bulimus (Mesembrinus) rudis, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 157°; Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii, p. 158
- (1855) °.
Orthalicus (Mesembrinus) rudis, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 157".
Bulimulus (Scutalus) rudis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 528, t. 23. figg. 6, 6 a,
t. 22. figg. 7-11 (jaw, radula, anatomy) °*. :
Bulimulus rudis, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 63, t. 5. fig. 3, t. 6. fig. 9°.
Otostomus (Scutalus) rudis, v. Mart. Conch. Mittheil. ii. p. 193°.
Bulimulus sulcosus, form A, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 61, t. 5. figg. 1, 2,
t. 11. figg. 12a, 6, 13, 14, 15, t. 13. fig. 8 (radula) ”.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) sulcosus, var. B. fenestratus, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 34 (1865) .
Hab. CentraL Mexico: environs of the city of Mexico (Hahn ® 1!) ; Chapultepec (Hege-
wisch?*); Angangueo, State of Michoacan (Deppe " 1”).
Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (Uhde! 1”).
O. rudis is very closely allied to O. sudcosus: the stripes are more numerous and
distinct, the general form is more ventricose, the sculpture is, perhaps, a little less
strong; and the interior of the aperture is pale yellowish, the outside stripes showing
through. The specimen figured by Strebel +" (t. 6. fig. 17) forms an intermediate link
between them.
The habitat “ Central America” given by Mérch, based on a young specimen, and
brought forward with some doubt [Malak. Blatt. vi. p. 112 (1860)], is too indefinite
to be admitted.
14. Otostomus ghiesbreghti. (Tab. XIII. figg. 5-10).
Bulimus ghiesbreghti, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 82 (1866)*; Novit. Conch. 11. p. 309, t. 75.
figg. 6, 77; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 46°. .
Bulimulus (Scutalus) ghiesbreght, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1. p. 522, t. 23.
fig. 4°.
Bulimulus ghiesbreghti, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 60, t. 6. fig. 14°.
Hab. §. Muxico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght 1~*) ; Tlacolula (Hége).
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, August 1895. 27
210 MOLLUSCA.
bv. stoli: magis rugosus. (Figg. 5-8, 10.)
Bulimulus (Scutalus) ghiesbreghti, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 522, t. 23. fig. 40°.
Bulimulus ghiesbreghti, Strebel, loc. cit. t. 5. fig. 5”.
Bulimulus jonasi, var. stolli, v. Mart. in Sitz.-Ber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berl. 1886, p. 161°.
Hab. Centra, Guatemata: Llano of Quezaltenango, at an elevation of from 6000 to
9000 feet above the sea, common, chiefly on Agave and on various shrubs (Sto//) ;
Argieta, department of Solola, in the “tierra fria” (Bocourt °); Los Encuentros,
at an elevation of 8000 feet, at Tecpam 7000 feet, also on the northern slope of
' the Volcan de Agua, in the belt of tall forest-trees, at from 8000 to 9000 feet, and
at Antigua (Stol/).
W. GuateMALa: in the forest above the Hacienda de Las Nubes, on the southern
slope of Cerro Zunil (Champion).
c. interstitialis : costis longitudinalibus rugularibus albis vel fulvescentibus, interstitiis lete fulvis in anfractu
ultimo; pariete aperturali pallide rosea, columella alba. (Fig. 9.)
Hab, CentraL GuaTeMALA: Cumbre de San Martin, on the N.W. slope of the Cordillera,
at an elevation of 6000 feet (Sto//).
d. codostylus: sculptura minus expressa.
? Bulimulus iodostylus, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1861, p. 23°; Malak. Blatt. xi. p. 13 (1864)*°; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. vi. p. 48”.
? Bulimulus (Scutalus) iodostylus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 589”.
Bulimulus iodostylus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 70, t. 12. figg. 8a, 84”.
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec (Swmichrast 1°).
Dr. O. Stoll states, in his MS. notes, that this species is very common at the above-
mentioned elevations, but apparently does not occur on the most elevated ridges
between Totonicapam and Tecpam, nor lower than 6000 feet on the terraces of the
Cordillera at Santa Maria and San Martin. In dry weather it conceals itself on the
lower face of blades of grass, but during and after rain it creeps about freely.
The relative proportion of the breadth to the length of the shell is very variable, as
is also the size in this species. Its chief characteristics are the coarse plaits of the last
whorl, the preceding whorls being remarkably smoother, and the rose-colour of the
apertural wall and of the columella. The last-mentioned character distinguishes it—
with few exceptions—from 0. sulcosus, which is the corresponding form in the elevated
plain of Central Mexico. The rose-colour, however, is somewhat variable: it is never
wanting, and more or less intense on the upper half of the columellar margin, and
extends sometimes upwards on to the parietal wall and beneath to near the base of the
aperture ; in some specimens the whole interior of the aperture is pale rose-coloured,
and a stripe which on the outside is dark brown appears in the interior intense reddish-
brown.
The living animal is described by Dr. O. Stoll as follows :—« Body broad, bulky,
OTOSTOMUS. 211
4—4°3 centim. long ; back coarsely longitudinally wrinkled, loamy yellow; sides with
finer and more superficial and irregular wrinkles, pale brownish-grey. Upper feelers
9-10 millim. long, slender, yellowish-grey at the base, blackish-grey on their anterior
part; eyes black. Lower feelers 24-4 millim. long, swollen at the base, pale grey.
Face higher than broad, ochraceous-greyish. Hinder part of the foot with a distinct
longitudinal median ridge, rounded at the extremity.”
15. Otostomus hegewischi. (Tab. XIII. fig. 14, var.)
? Bulimus (Bulimulus) nitidulus, Beck, Index Moll. p. 67 (1838) (without description) *.
Bulimus hegewischi, Pir. Symb. Hist. Helic. ii. p. 46 (1842) (excl. var.)?; Monogr. Helic. Vivent.
li. p. 172°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 70. fig. 508‘.
Bulimus (Mesembrinus) hegewischi, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 157°; Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. u. p. 158
(1855) °.
Orthalicus (Mesembrinus) hegewischi, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 1577.
Bulimulus (Mormus) hegewischi, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 216°; Malak. Blatt. xii.
p- 28 (1865) °.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) hegewischi, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 526, t. 23.
figg. 10, 10a”.
Bulimulus hegewischi, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 66, t. 6. fig. 10”.
Hab. Centra Mexico: environs of Mexico, in “tierra fria,” on Cactus (Sallé and
Boucard ©); Toluca (Hoge); Cuernavaca (Godman); Puebla and Tehuacan
(Uhde® 1); Tenango (Hegewisch *).
6: minor, gracilior.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) hegewischi, var. y, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 526, t. 28. fig. 10 6”.
Hab. Mexico: exact locality not indicated.
c: flavescens, strigis castaneis frequentioribus.
Bulimulus (Mormus) hegewischi, var. e, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. pp. 28, 29 (1865) ™.
Bulimulus hegewischi, no. 2, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 67 ™.
Hab. E. Mexico: Orizaba (Uhde }° 14).
d: flavescens, strigis evanidis diaphanis. (Fig. 14.)
Hab. W. Mexico: Omilteme, in the State of Guerrero, at an elevation of 8000 feet
(H. H. Smith).
This species is about intermediate between 0. recluzianus and O. ghiesbreghti, Pfr. ;
it is rougher than the former and not so coarsely wrinkled as the latter; the stripes
are ordinarily not abrupt below, and the columellar margin is white. Of the var. ¢, I
know of only two young specimens ; their stripes break up at the same height, but
perhaps in the adult shell this may be otherwise. It is strange that Oe cand d
212 MOLLUSCA.
should not have been found by other collectors, but I am unable to refer them to any
other known Mexican species.
I have already stated ® that the locality Pazquaro (Patzcuaro), State of Michoacan,
is given in Pfeiffer’s first description? only for the variety 8, “fasciis latis tessellatis
violaceo-fuscis,” which is probably my O. fenestrellus ; but in his other work ? it stands
alone for the whole species, owing possibly to the unintentional omission of the
locality Tenango*. Neither Fischer and Crosse nor Strebel have noticed this.
Dr. Pfeiffer? quotes also “Seba, Thesaurus, iii. t. 39. fig. 49,” as representing this
species; but as the figure does not show the aperture the identification remains
doubtful.
16. Otostomus jonasi. (Tab. XIII. figg. 11-13.)
Bulimus jonasi, Pfr. in Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch. ii. p. 125, t. 5. fig. 4 (1846) *; Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 107°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 168,
t. 50. figg. 11, 12°; Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. 11. 2, p. 188, t. 150.
figg. 17, 18*; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 55. fig. 363 °.
Bulimus (Leiostracus) jonasi, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 156 (?)°; Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. u. p. 153
(1855) 7,
Otostomus (Leiostracus) jonasi, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 151°.
Bulimulus (Mormus) jonasi, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 216°; Binney, Am. Journ.
Conch. vii. p. 182 (1872) (jaw, radula) *°.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) jonasi, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 525, t. 23.
figg. 7, 7a".
Bulimulus jonasi, v. Mart. in P. Z. S. 1875, p. 648"; O. Stoll, Guatem. Reisen, p. 53 (1886) ”.
Otostomus (Mormus) jonasi, v. Mart. in Conch. Mittheil. ii. p. 193.
Hab. CentraL GuateMALa: Environs of the city of Guatemala (Sallé!'; Stoll }) ;
Antigua and Amatitlan (Stoll) ; Duefias (Champion).
'N. Guaremata: Vera Paz (by error Vera Cruz) (Delattre1-?5911); Coban
(Salvin !*).
Costa Rica (van Patten, in mus. Berol.).
According to Dr. O. Stoll 1° (and in his MS. notes), this is the most common species
of the genus on the Llano, or Plain, of the capital of Guatemala, though very
irregularly distributed, in some spots very frequent, in others absent, perhaps owing to
the pasture being burnt from time to time; it lives on the shrubs of Baccharis salici-
folia (ord. Composite), and is also to be seen in the same localities in the dry season,
suspended to the leaves and twigs, and closed by a diaphanous thin epiphragma, while
other species are concealed in their hiding-places. This shell is generally found at
* There are about twenty localities of this name in the Republic of Mexico. To judge from the other
localities for the species, it is probable that the one near Chalco, between the city of Mexico and Puebla, is
intended.
OTOSTOMUS. 213
an elevation of from 4000 to 5000 feet above the sea, occupying the next region below
that of O. ghiesbreghti, but its area is somewhat less extended.
O. jonasi is very near O. ghiesbreghti, differing chiefly in the less rude and more
regular sculpture, and generally also in its more slender form ; the coloration is very
similar, but the more numerous and straighter brownish furrows between the whitish
plaits give it a somewhat different appearance. I have never seen a specimen so
entirely yellow as that figured by Philippi.
Its presence in North Guatemala has not been corroborated by later travellers.
17. Otostomus aurifiuus.
Bulimus aurifluus, Pir. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 319, t. 35. fig. 10*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 400’;
Novitat. Conch. iii. p. 420, t. 95. figg. 13, 14°.
Bulimulus (Mormus) aurifluus, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 216‘.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) aurifluus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 499, t. 20.
figg. 21, 22°.
Bulimulus aurifluus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. t. 6. fig. 14, v. p. 79°.
Hab. EK. Mexico: Jalapa (Hége) ; Mirador (Berendt*); Cordova (Sallé1?5, Hoge ®) ;
Plantation Toxpa (Tospan) near Cordova (Berendt®).
S. Mexico. Yalalag, near Villa Alta in the State of Oaxaca, on the eastern slope of
the Cordillera, in dense forest (Hége); Juquila, State of Oaxaca (Hoge).
At first sight this species much resembles 0. jonasi; in O. aurifluus, however, the
yellow stripes are on the same level as the whitish ground, whereas in 0. jonasi the
pale brown stripes are placed in depressions between the elevated whitish plaits. ‘The
edge of the aperture is also distinctly expanded in O. aurifiuus, but only in full-grown
specimens.
The locality “Vera Cruz,” quoted by Dr. Pfeiffer®, is probably intended for the
State of that name, not the town.
18. Otostomus recluzianus.
Bulimus recluzianus, Pfr. in Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1847, p. 82’; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. 1. p. 172",
and iv. p. 468 *, and in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 119, t. 36.
figg. 5, 64; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 74. fig. 530°.
Bulimus (Oxycheilus) recluzianus, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 174°.
Bulimus (Mesembrinus) recluzianus, Pfr. 1m Malak. Blatt. 11. p. 159 (1855) *.
Orthalicus (Oxycheilus) recluzianus, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. i. p. 155°.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) recluzianus, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 212°. | _
Bulimulus (Scutalus) recluzianus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1. P. 510°.
Bulimulus recluzianus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 68, t. 6. fig. 8".
Hab. S. Muxico: Chiapas ( Ghiesbreght *).
214 MOLLUSCA.
Var. lineolatus : minor“flavescens, longitudine aperture diametrum totius teste non superante.
Bulimus lineolatus, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Phil. vii. p. 82 (1855) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv.
p. 398%.
Hab. Centra Costa Rica: San José (Pittier and Biolley); La Uruca, near San José,
at an elevation of 1100 metres above the sea (Biolley); San Francisco de los Rios,
also near San José, on hedges which surround the plantations of coffee (Puttier) ;
Volcan de Cartago 1? 18,
Costa Rica, without nearer indication of locality (van Patten, in mus. Berol.).
The stripes of this species are very irregular, even in the same specimen some are
near one another and others have large intervals between them; often they are more
greyish-violet than brown, from being situated in a more internal layer of the shell and
covered by a thin whitish superficial coating. Ordinarily, the stripes break up at the
same height at some distance from the umbilicus; in young specimens, as a general
rule, they break up at the angularity in the middle of the whorl. The specimens from
Costa Rica have generally a thinner and more yellow-coloured shell, and the largest which
IT have seen from that country is only 20 millim. long, perhaps not quite full-grown.
O. roseatus, Reeve, from Colombia, comes very near this species.
19. Otostomus lirinus.
Bulimus lirinus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 11 (1851)'; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 313°;
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 494, t. 20. fig. 10°.
Hab. N. Guaremaua : San Luis de Peten (Morelet }-°),
20. Otostomus cucullus.
Bulimus cucullus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 9 (1849) !; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 383°;
in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 217, t. 60. figg. 11, 12°.
Bulimus (Leptomerus) cucullus, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 159 (1855) ‘.
Bulimulus (Mormus) cucullus, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p- 216°.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) cucullus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 519, t. 20. fig. 11°.
h: gracilior.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) cucullus, var. gracilior, Fisch, & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 519, t. 20. fig. 127.
Hab. Yucatan : Sisal, on sandy ground (Morelet 1-367),
Fischer and Crosse® rightly remark that this species, although at first sight
resembling the genus Succinea, belongs really to Bulimulus. I think its nearest
affinity is with O. jonasi and O. hegewischi, on account of the similar sculpture of the
shell. ‘The variety is much more slender; it seems to have been found in company
with the typical form, and may be only an extreme individual variation.
21. Otostomus fenestrellus.
? Bulimus hegewischi, var. 8, Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. ii. p. 46°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii.
p. 173’.
OTOSTOMUS. 215
Bulimulus (Scutalus) Ffenestrellus, v. Mart. in Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1863, p. 541°; Malak.
Blatt. xii. p. 35 (1865) (part.)*; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p- 529°.
Bulimus fenestrellus, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 144°.
Bulimulus fenestrellus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sussw.-Conch. v. p. 64, t. 5. fig. 104, t. 13.
fig. 5 (radula), t. 14. figg. 6a, B (anatomy) ”.
Bulimus gealei, H. Adams, P.Z.S. 1867, p. 309, t. 19. fig. 21°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi.
p. 110°.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) gealei, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 536, t. 21. figg. 3, 3a, 5".
Var. subunicolor : albus, fasciis solum in fauce conspicuis.
Bulimulus (Mormus) hegewischi, varr. c, d, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. pp. 28, 29 (1865) ™.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) gealei, var. 8, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 536, t. 21. figg. 36, 38d”.
Bulimulus fenestrellus, var., Strebel, loc. cit. p. 65, t. 5. fig. 10a”.
Otostomus fenestrellus, v. Mart. Conch. Mittheil. ii. p. 193".
Hab. CzntraL Mexico: elevated plain of Mexico (Uhde 3-610); Matamoros Izucar,
State of Puebla (Boucard’); Puebla (Berkenbusch) ; Patzcuaro, State of Micho-
acan (Hegewisch ! 2).
The variety seems to be found in company with the banded specimens. In the
disposition of the bands this species bears some resemblance to O. serperastrum and
even to O. emeus; but the sculpture is distinctly more coarse, the vertical strize are
somewhat more wrinkled and prominent, the spiral striz are not so fine and crowded,
but rather irregular and broad, and, finally, the whole shell is more or less provided
with small rounded impressions, which look as if they had been inflicted by blows from
a hammer (malleated).
The specimen from Costa Rica, and the young one of yellow colour mentioned in my
paper 4, I believe, after a fresh examination, do not belong to this species; the former
= 0. costaricensis, Pfr.
22. Otostomus attenuatus. (Tab. XIII. figg. 15, 15a,, 16, 16 a, 4.)
Bulimus attenuatus, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 256°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. »,
Bulimus, p. 83, t. 30. figg. 9, 10 *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 836° (nec Mousson, 1854).
Bulimus (Leiostracus) attenuatus, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii, p- 152 (1855) *. —_
Bulimulus (Drymeus) attenuatus, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 212°; Fisch. & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 491, t. 23. figg. 1, la’.
Bulimulus attenuatus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. pp. 79-81, t. 5. figg. 7a, &
(not full-grown), 84, 0, ¢, t. 13. fig. 13 (jaw) ‘ _
Otostomus (Drymeus) attenuatus, v. Mart. Conch. Mittheil. 11. P. 192°. 7 ; .
Bulimus kefersteini, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 82 (1866) °; Novit. Conch. i. p. 310, t.75. fig. 8“;
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 53”.
b. concolor: albus.
Bulimulus attenuatus, Strebel, loc. cit. t. 5. fig. 1
~ 12
Oo 6
216 MOLLUSCA.
c. varicosus: paullo magis ventricosus ; long. 36-37, diam. 16-18, apert. 17-19 millim. (Figg. 16, 16 a, 6.)
Bulimus varicosus, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 256"; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Bulimus, p. 83, t. 80. figg. 7, 8'*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 326".
Bulimus kefersteini, var. 8, Pfr. Novit. Conch. iii. t. 76. fig. 9°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Vera Cruz (coll. Cuming’); Orizaba (Boucard °, Botteri™® 1°) ;
Cordova, commonly, on orange-trees (Hége", Berendt®!°); Atoyac (H. H. Smith) ;
Mirador (Sartorius).
Mexico, without nearer indication of locality °~”.
d. puttzert : leviter striatulus et lineolibus spiralibus subtilissimis vix conspicuis, flavidus nitidulus, strigis fuscis
inter se remotis, subundulatis, continuis.
Long. 30, diam. 13, apert. long. 15, diam. 8 millim. (Tab. XVI. fig. 1.)
Bulimus attenuatus, Angas, P. Z. 8, 1879, p. 478”.
Hab. S.W. Costa Rica: Alto de Mano Tigre, near Terraba, 690 metres above the sea
(Pittier).
CentraL Costa Rica: Dota, a high hill-region, south of San José (Gadd 38).
The white variety has been found in company with typically-coloured specimens at
Atoyac (H. H. Smith) and Orizaba (Bottert).
The brown stripes are nearly perpendicular, often interrupted near the suture, and
ordinarily less numerous in the last whorl than in the preceding ones ; in some speci-
mens they are entirely wanting in the last whorl, these forming a transition to the white
variety. In a few specimens the stripes become broader and look rather like those of
O. serperastrum, var. paivanus ; but the shell is easily to be distinguished from that of
O. serperastrum by its more attenuated shape and the much thinner, conspicuously
spirally twisted columella. The apex of the shell and the inside of the aperture are
in some specimens yellowish.
The var. pittzer?, from Costa Rica, differs in the shell being smoother and rather
yellowish, the streaks not interrupted; it has the aperture formed exactly as in typical
attenuatus.
Nearly allied to this species is 0. fusoides, d’Orb., from Quito; but the latter has a
still more slender, turrite form, a proportionately shorter aperture, and the stripes
more regularly equidistant and mostly forked upwards.
23. Otostomus trimarianus, sp.n. (Tab. XIII. fig. 17.)
Testa rimato-perforata, ovato-fusiformis, tenuiuscula, leviter striatula, nitidula, alba; subinde fragmentis
fasciarum interruptarum picta ; spira attenuata, acutiuscula, apice pallida; anfr. 7, convexiusculi, sutura
impressa, subtiliter et irregulariter crenulata, ultimus basi modice attenuatus ; apertura dimidia longi-
tudine totius teste brevior, subperpendicularis, ovali-oblonga, peristomate crassiusculo, breviter expanso,
albo, margine columellari subrecto, crassiusculo, reflexo, perforationem semitegente.
Long. 32, diam. 14, aperture long. 144, apert. diam. 7 millim.
” 27 ” 12 ” ” 123 or) ” 7 ”
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Tres Marias Islands (Forrer and Richardson).
OTOSTOMUS. 217
This species almost forms a connecting-link between O. attenuatis, O. serperastrum,
and O. pallidior, Sow., the latter from the Peninsula of Lower California; it resembles
0. attenuatus, but has not its thread-like, twisted, columellar margin. From 0. pallidior
it Ls distinguished by the less conical, in the last whorl much more oblong, form, the
thinner shell, and the narrower aperture; from 0. serperastrum also by the general
shape of the shell. Some specimens are entirely white; others have more or less
distinct traces of pale brown spots on the penultimate whorl arranged in four spiral
rows, corresponding in position to those of O. serperastrum (the fifth and sixth being
covered by the following whorl), but they do not extend over more than half the whorl
in the spiral direction.
24. Otostomus hepatostomus. (Tab. XIII. figg. 18-20.)
Bulimus hepatostomus, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 23, t. 3. fig. 44; Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 13 (1861) *;
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 43°.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) hepatostomus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1. p. 493, t. 21.
figg. 2, 2a’.
Hab. S. Mexico: Tepanistlahuaca (Boucard'~*); Juquila, State of Oaxaca (Hége).
Nearly allied to O. attenuatus, but less attenuated, also somewhat variable in form.
The brownish hue of the inside of the aperture is in some specimens very distinct, in
others scarcely to be seen. On the outside of the second half of the last whorl the
shell becomes in some examples rather wrinkled.
25. Otostomus costaricensis.
Bulimus costaricensis, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ix. p. 153 (1862) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 47°;
Novit. Conch. iii. p. 419, t. 95. figg. 11, 12°; Angas, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 478°.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) costaricensis, Patel, Catalog. p. 100°.
Bulimus navarrensis, Angas, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 78, t. 5. figg. 15, 16°.
Hab. Centra Costa Rica: San José (Pittier and Biolley) ; San Francisco de los Rios,
near San José, on hedges (Pittier) ; Alajuela at an elevation of 900-1000 metres
above the sea (Orosco) ; Cartago and Navarro (Boucard®); elevated plain of Costa
Rica (Hoffmann).
Costa Rica, without nearer indication of locality (von d. Busch 1~*),
Very near 0. attenuatus and O. hepatostomus, but less attenuated, and with the
stripes more interrupted, appearing in the upper whorls rather like interrupted spiral
ize and proportional breadth: see the measurements given
bands. Rather variable in si
in the Table of species (anted, p. 195). Most of the specimens I have seen are somewhat
more elongated and less ventricose than Pfeiffer’s original type 1~*; but there are many
gradations in this respect.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, September 1893. 98
218 MOLLUSCA.
Dr. Pfeiffer received his specimen of this species from Dr. von der Busch in
Bremen, with the statement that it came from Costa Rica. The Berlin Museum
received examples of it many years ago from Mr. Carmiol, who travelled in Costa
Rica, but he could not give the locality more definitely. Dr. Gabb has also reported
it from the same country, without nearer indication.
26. Otostomus pluvialis.
Bulimus pluvialis, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ix. p. 153 (1862)’; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 1157’;
Novit. Conch. iii. p. 423, t. 96. figg. 5, 6°.
Hab. Costa Rica (von d. Busch '~).
Differs from O. costaricensis in the peristome not being expanded and in the more
numerous linear brownish stripes. I have not seen a specimen of it.
27. Otostomus bugabensis, sp. n. (Tab. XIII. figg. 21, 21 a.)
Testa subimperforata, oblongo-fusiformis, tenuiuscula, leviter striatula, nitida, flava, strigis nigris latiusculis
flexuosis, plerisque deorsum abbreviatis picta ; spira conica, apice obtusiusculo, concolore vel albido; anfr.
6, convexiusculi, ultimus basi sensim attenuatus. Apertura dimidiam teste longitudinem squans, sub-
perpendicularis, ovato-oblonga, intus sque ac extus colorata; peristoma leviter expansum, margine colu-
mellari subincrassato, distincte torto.
Long. 27, diam. 11; aperture long. 14, diam. 73? millim.
Hab. S. Panama: Bugaba, Department of Chiriqui, at an elevation of 1000 feet
(Champion).
The two specimens obtained have the aperture damaged, but I cannot refer them to
any known species.
28. Otostomus sargi. (Tab. XIV. figg. 2, 2a, var.)
Bulimulus sargi, Crosse & Fisch, in Journ. de Conch. xxiii. p. 52 (1875) ?.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) sargi, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 534, t. 24.
figg. 6, 6a.
Bulimus sargi, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 59°.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Tamahu (Sarg*~).
Var. motague : minor, strigis magis discretis, rectilinearibus, in anfractibus superioribus nullis; long. 19-213,
diam. 83, apert. 11 millim. (Figg. 2, 2a.)
Hab. CENTRAL GUATEMALA: valley of the Rio Motagua (Stoll).
Distinct from its allies by the smaller size and the dark, almost completely black,
stripes on white ground.
29. Otostomus droueti.
Bulimus droueti, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 319,t. 35. f. 12°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 399’.
OTOSTOMUS. 219
Bulimulus (Scutalus) droueti, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p-. 533, t. 23.
fige. 9, 9a, 5°.
Bulimulus droueti, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. t. 6. fig. 13°; v. p. 77, t. 6.
fig. 6 (young), t. 12. fige. 7a, 6, c°.
Bulimus sporlederi, Pfr. Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 83 (1866) °; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 112’.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) sporlederi, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 535, t. 21.
figg. 5,5a°,
Bulimulus sporlederi, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. t. 6. fig. 12°; v. p. 78,
t. 12. fig. 9, t. 13. fig. 10 (radula), t. 14. figg. 18 a, B, c (anatomy) »°.
Otostomus (Scutalus) sporlederi, v. Mart. Conch. Mittheil. ii. p. 193°.
a: strigis fasciisque spiralibus combinatis.
(Pfr. P Z. 8. 1856, t. 35. fig. 12; Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. t. 23. figg. 9, 9a; Strebel, loc. cit. iv. t. 6.
fig. 13, v. t. 12. fig. 7 6.)
b: strigis sat numerosis, undatis.
(Strebel, loc. cit. iv. t. 6. fig. 12; v. t. 12. figg. 7 a, 7 ¢.)
¢: strigis rarioribus, rectilineis, obliquis.
(Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. t. 21. figg. 5, 5 a—sporlederi ; Strebel, loc. cit. v. t. 12. fig. 9.)
d: maculis raris, solitariis.
(Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. t. 23. fig. 9 b—droueti, var. y.)
Hab. E. Mexico: Pacho, Molino de Pedreguera, Coatepec, Chirimoyo, all near Jalapa,
and Barranca de Mahuistlan, and San José Miahuatlan (Sérebel!°); Jalapa
(Hoge); Mirador (Berendt?%7) ; Orizaba (Botteri 125, Sallé®) ; Cordova (Sallé 13,
Hoge*); Plantation Toxpa (Tospan), near Cordova (Berendt*) ; Atoyac (//ége).
The vars. a and b have been procured together at Cordova by Herr Hoge, the
var. b only at Atoyac by the same collector. The var. d is only known from
Orizaba. The var. ¢ (sporlederi) is perhaps also distinguished by somewhat more
flattened whorls, but in this respect there is also much variation in vars. a@ and 6.
Pfeiffer 7 has placed his Bulimus sporlederi far apart from B. drouett in another sub-
division, because his specimen was not full-grown and had therefore the peristome
quite straight, whereas in adult specimens it is a little expanded, though always very
thin.
39. Otostomus inglorius. (Tab. XIV. figg. 1, La, 4, 44, var.)
Bulimus inglorius, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 55. fig. 368 (1848); Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iii. p. 419°.
Bulimus (Mesembrinus) inglorius, Pfr. Mal
Hab. S. Muxico: Juquila, State of Oaxaca (Hoge).
ak. Blatt. ii. p. 159 (1855) °.
28*
220 MOLLUSCA.
b. heynemanni : strigis fuscis latioribus et frequentioribus. (Figg. 1, la, 4, 4a.)
Bulimus heynemanni, Pfr. Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 83 (1866) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 110° ;
Novit. Conch. iii. p. 423, t. 96. figg. 8, 4°.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) heynemanni, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 5277.
Bulimulus heynemanni, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p-' 68, t. 6. fig. 7°.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) inglorius, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 538, t. 21. figg. 9, 9 a (nec Reeve)
Bulimulus inglorius, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 67, t. 5. figg. 9a, 6 (nec Reeve) *,
Hab. E. Mexico: Orizaba (Botteri 4°).
CrntrAL Mexico: Tecomavaca, in the State of Puebla, S.E. of Tehuacan, Cactus- and
Mimosa-region ([ége).
S. Mexico: Cerro de San Antonio de la Cal, in the State of Oaxaca, on shrubs
(Boucard °) ; Tlacolula, in the same State, copiously (Hége).
9
°
The typical form has only a few scattered brown stripes, ornamented by white dots;
but the var. heynemanni is very richly painted with broad black stripes on a ground
which is whitish on the upper whorls and becomes more and more ochraceous-yellow
towards the lower half of the last whorl. The stripes often include small pure white
round spots, or are jagged on the side towards the aperture, sometimes projecting two
or three branches in that direction, which, if they are repeated in the following stripes,
may form three broad interrupted spiral bands. All the stripes break off at the same
distance from the umbilicus. Inside the aperture the black stripes are quite as con-
spicuous as on the outside.
In Dr. Pfeiffer’s monograph °, Bulimus heynemanni, Pfr., and B. inglorius, Reeve,
are somewhat widely separated, the former in 4 49, “ subperforati vel obtecte perforati,”
and the latter in § 54, “perforati vel umbilicati.” The umbilicus is always minute,
but in some specimens cleft-like, oblong; in others from the same locality, similar in
all other respects, it is nearly circular. Strebel’ has already suggested the identity of
B. heynemanni and B. inglorius, and after having examined a considerable number of
specimens collected by Herr Hége, I quite agree with him.
31. Otostomus maculatus. (Tab. XIV. fig. 3.)
Bulimus maculatus, Lea, Observ. Unionide, ii. p. 86, t. 23. fig. 112 (1888) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. ii. p. 205°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 48. fig. 309°; Tate, Am. Journ.
Conch. 1870, p. 156%; Angas, P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 479° [not B. maculatus, Bruguiére (1792),
which = Glandina dominicensis, Gmel.].
Bulimus (Leptomerus) maculatus, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. i. p. 160 (1855) °.
Orthalicus (Leptomerus) maculatus, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 1567.
Bulimulus (Liostracus) maculatus, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 213°; Fisch. & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 505 °.
Otostomus (Leiostracus) maculatus, H. Adams, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 448.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Dolores and San Luis, district of Peten (Morelet®).
OTOSTOMUS. — 221
W. Guatemata: coast near Champerico, in woods, on the trunk of a young Bombar
ceiba (Stoll).
CentRAL Nicaragua: San Nicolas, copses in the Savana-region (Tate +).
Costa Rica (Gabb5).
S. Panama: Chiriqui (mus. Brit. 5).
Cotomsra: Cartagena (Gibbon !-3).
Eastern Peru: Tributaries of the Upper Amazons (Bartlett }°).
O. maculatus much resembles O. dormanni, Binn., from Florida, but is distinctly
narrower in proportion to its length. The specimens collected by Dr. Stoll at
Champerico measure :—length 22-23, breadth 94-10, and length of aperture 94-10
millim.; Morelet’s specimen, according to Fischer and Crosse ®, is 26, 103, and 114
millim. The type from Cartagena, according to the figure given by Lea', has
nearly the same dimensions as those from Champerico. The coloration appears to
consist in all specimens of three upper rows of rather small squarish brown spots and
two inferior bands of the same colour, the last close round the umbilicus. The upper-
most row of spots is almost absent in one specimen from Champerico; in the third
row of another specimen from the same locality the spaces between the spots are of
a very pale brownish hue, so that the whole row may be described as a very pale band
articulated by darker spots; in a third specimen, also from Champerico, the first of
the two bands is here and there a little interrupted. Hence we may conclude that in
this species, as in O. dormanni, there are typically five bands, the upper ones regularly
broken up into rows of spots. In O. dormanni there is a distinct approximation or
connection of two spots from different rows, but I can detect no trace of this in
O. maculatus.
The specimens from Champerico exhibit a distinct, though very faint, thin, and short
expansion of the outer edge of the aperture.
The living animal is described by Dr. O. Stoll as follows :—‘‘ Body rather small and
narrow in proportion to the shell, 3 centim. long; back very convex, higher than
broad, with irregular longitudinal wrinkles, whitish-grey, with a few very small blackish
spots, as if it were dusty. Upper feelers 1 centim. long, thin, pale bluish in the
hinder part, brownish-yellow anteriorly ; eyes excentric, black. Lower feelers only
2 millim. long, slightly swollen at the base, bluish behind, brownish-yellow at the tip.
Face narrow, produced ; buccal lobes shorter than the lower feelers, extended down-
wards and forwards. Hind part of the foot flat, pointed,’ pale-coloured.”
32. Otostomus totonacus.
Bulimulus totonacus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 84, t. 5. figg. 18, 134
(shell), t. 13. figg. 11 a, m (radula), t. 14. figg. 9 a-r, and 10 & (anatomy) ’.
Otostomus (Mormus) totonacus, v. Mart. Conch. Mittheil. ii. p. 193 *.
222 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. E. Mexico: Rancho de Quilate, near Misantla (Dona Estefania ', Hoge); Agua
Caliente, also near Misantla (Dota Estefania ').
This fine species is distinguished by its thin pure white shell, with not very numerous
round brown spots; these are arranged on the last whorl in four spiral rows, on the
preceding whorl in three, in the one before that in two rows, those of the second rows
being often a little larger than the others. The spots are placed rather distant one from
the other, and they can also be regarded as being arranged in vertical rows, forming
interrupted stripes from the suture towards the umbilicus, but this arrangement is not
so regular as the spiral one. The spiral striz of the shell are exceedingly fine. The
aperture is pure white, the peristome very slightly reflected.
The average length of the shell is 28-30 millim.; but one figured by Strebel?
(fig. 18 a) attains even 344 millim., and one reported by Herr Hoge, from Mexico, the
locality of which is not especially stated, is only 24 millim. long. The breadth of the
shell is equal to the length of the aperture and to about half the length of the whole
shell.
This species closely approaches O. maculatus, Lea, from Guatemala, Colombia, &c.,
and O. dormanni, Binn., from Florida; the former is spotted in nearly the same way,
but in shape it is distinctly more slender, being only 104 millim. in breadth by 26 millim.
in length.
The name “ totonacus” is derived from the name of the tribe of the Totonacs, that
dwell in the district of Misantla (Strebel, in litt.).
33. Otostomus championi, sp.n. (Tab. XIV. fig. 5.)
Testa perforata, ovato-conica, tenuis, confertim et subtiliter spiratim striata, nitida, diaphano-albida ; spira
conica, apice obtusiuscula; anfr. 6, leviter convexi, regulariter crescentes, sutura alba, ultimus ventri-
cosus, fascia subsuturali fusca, antrorsum obsolescente et maculis nonnullis fuscis sparsis picta; apertura
rhombeo-ovata, paullulum obliqua, peristomate tenui, vix expansiusculo, margine columellari triangulatim
dilatato, verticali, albido.
Long. 27, diam. 144; apert. long. 13, diam. 9 millim.
Hab. W. GuatEMaLa: Hacienda de Las Nubes, Cerro Zunil, Pacific slope, in the
vicinity of the coffee-plantations, at an elevation of about 5000 feet (Champion).
I have seen only one specimen, but I cannot refer it to any known species.
34. Otostomus emeus. (Tab. XIV. figg. 6, 6 a-8, 8a.)
Bulimus emeus, Say, New Harmony Disseminator, Jan. 1, 1829, p. 26 (ed. Binney, p. 40)’; Pfr.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 221”.
Bulimus mexicanus, var. 8. gracilior, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 102°.
Bulimus mexicanus (Lamarck), Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 40. fig. 244°. .
Bulimulus (Liostracus) mexicanus, var. 8. gracilior, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 23 (1865) ’.
Bulimus ziegleri, var. 8, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i1. p. 175 °.
Bulimus ziegleri, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 58. fig. 389".
OTOSTOMUS. 223
Bulimulus (Thaumastus) tryoni, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 565 (part.) °.
Bulimulus (Liostracus) alternans, var. 8, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 501°.
Bulimus baezensis (Hidalgo), Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 47 (part.) *°.
Bulimulus palpaloensis, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. pp. 85-87, t. 5. figg. 12
a—c, t. 13. fig. 14 (radula), t. 15. figg. 1 a-1 (anatomy), t. 16. figg. 4, 7, 8, 11 (jaw) ”.
Otostomus (Drymeus) palpaloensis, v. Mart. Conch. Mittheil. ii. p. 190”.
Hab. E. Mexico: Papantla and Misantla, in woods (Deppe and Schiede*); Quilate,
Arroyo del Obispo, Camino de Arroyo Hondo, and Rancho de Guerrero, all near
Misantla (Berendt and Strebel 1); Nautla, Molino de Pedreguera, Coatepec, Dos
Arroyos, Pacho, and Cuauatitlan, all near Jalapa (Berendt and Strebel") ; Jalapa,
Playa Vicente, Cordova, and Atoyac (Hége); on the road from Vera Cruz to
Mexico },
S.E. Mexico: Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).
b. hypozonus: minor, paullo magis ventricosus, peristomate recto, plerumque flavidus, fasciis tantum 1-2
basalibus continuis.
Bulimulus palpaloensis, var., Strebel, loc. cit. p. 85, t. 5. figg. 12 d, 16™.
Hab. EK. Mexico: Jalapa and Cordova (Hoge, M. Trujillo); East Mexico, at one or the
other of the above-named localities (Strebel 13.)
ec. albivaricosus : valde minor, subunicolor, strigis raris albis, fasciis tantum in anfractibus superioribus con-
spicuis. (Figg. 8, 8a.)
Hab. Ki. Mexico: Playa Vicente, dense forest, oaks prevailing (/6ge).
d. membranaceus : unicolor, diaphano-albidus.
? Bulimus membranaceus, Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. ii. 18. p. 126, t. 5. fig. 2; Pfr. Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 102°; vi. p. 57°. .
Otostomus (Mormus) membranaceus, v. Mart. Binnenmoll. Venez. p. 30 (specimen from Mirador) ™.
Bulimulus palpaloensis, var., Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 85, t. 5. fig. 12e”.
Hab. %. Mexico: Mirador (Sartorius 1"); at one or more of the above-named localities,
probably Misantla (Strebel 18).
2 W. Mexico: “ Pacific provinces of Mexico”’ !¢.
The variations in colour are fully described by Strebel 1! ; the ground-colour is either
white or pale yellow, and there are ordinarily five reddish-brown bands, which are
either continuous or interrupted into rows of spots, or also very pale with darker spots.
The lower bands are mostly continuous. The uppermost or the two upper bands are
absent in several specimens; if also the third is wanting, we have the variety 4,
hypozonus, which, however, is ordinarily of a more ventricose form. Many young
specimens show only the two lower bands. The two and a half upper whorls are
finely cancellated.
Strebel states! that this species is often found on a shrub called “ huichin,” which
bears umbels of 40-50 yellow flowers (capitula ?), and belongs to the natural order
224 MOLLUSCA.
Composite ; the botanical name of this plant he could not ascertain. Palpalo is the
name of a river in the district of Misantla.
This species has been greatly misunderstood and confounded with others, no doubt
on account of its great variation in colour and its peristome being so slightly expanded ;
in an artificial system it might quite as well be placed among the species with simple
and straight as among those with expanded peristome. From the original description,
together with the locality indicated, I have no doubt that Say’s Bulimus emeus!
is identical with Strebel’s Bulimulus palpaloensis4, For Bulimus meaxicanus of
Lamarck, see below (p. 251) among the pseudo-Mexican species.
As regards Philippi’s B. membranaceus, I have not seen a typical specimen; but
his description and figure 14, compared with the example from Mirador 17, lead me
to presume that it may belong to the unicolorous variety of O. emeus (=palpa-
loensis). The shell figured by Reeve as B. membranaceus (Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus,
t. 75. fig. 544) is not Philippi’s type; it is probably similar to the Venezuelan
specimens referred by me to O. membranaceus in the paper quoted above!", and
which may now be separated as a distinct species under the name of Otostomus
venezuelensis.
35. Otostomus irazuensis. (Tab. XIV. figg. 12, 12a, 13, 184, varr.)
Bulimus irazuensis, Angas, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 78, t. 5. figg. 17-207.
Bulimulus trazuensis, Binney, Ann. N. York Acad. i. p. 262, t. 11. fig. L (radula, jaw) (1879) °.
Otostomus (?) irazuensis, v. Mart. Conch. Mittheil. ii. p. 193°.
a: strigis fuscis, plus minusve numerosis, subfulguratis.
(Angas, loc. cit. figg. 18, 20.)
6: pallide fuscescens, albido-aspersus (et guttulis nonnullis fuscis). (Figg. 13, 13 a.)
(Angas, loc. cit. fig. 17.)
e: fasciis 3 fuscis, latiusculis, albo-guttulatis. (Figg. 12, 12 a.)
Hab. Centran Costa Rica: Volcan de Irazu, cn low aromatic bushes on the eastern
slope (Boucard +); Tierra Blanca, on the southern slope of the Volcan de Trazu,
at an elevation of 1800 metres above the sea (Biolley).
Costa Rica, without nearer indication of locality (van Patten).
The varieties a and 6 have been procured in company, together with specimens
approaching to ¢ (Angas }, fig. 18), both by Boucard and Biolley, on the slopes of the
Volcan de Irazu. Of var. ¢ I know of only one specimen, here figured, found
among those collected by Van Patten: in one of his examples the peristome is slightly .
expanded.
This species agrees with O. tripictus in having a rose-coloured, simple peristome, but
differs from it in the more elongate form and the rougher sculpture of the shell, also
in the style of painting.
OTOSTOMUS. 225
36. Otostomus tripictus, (Tab. XIV. figg. 11, 11 a, var.)
Bulimus tripictus, Albers, in Malak. Blatt. iii. p. 97 (1857) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 468° ;
v. Mart. in Jahrbuch d. deutschen Malak. Ges. iii. p. 256°; Angas, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 478°.
Bulimulus rhodotrema, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xv. p. 156 (1868) °.
Bulimus rhodotrema, Pfr. Novit. Conch. iii. p. 463, t. 101. figg. 10, 11°; Monogr, Helic. Vivent.
vill. p. 1467.
Hab. Costa Rica (coll. Mousson 12, Carmiol ®-1, Gabb 4),
b, hoffmanni: gracilior, fascia supera et infera simplice, media sola maculosa. Long. 19, diam. 93, apert.
103 millim. (Figg. 11, 11 a.)
Hab. Crntrat Costa Rica: Woods of San Lorenzo de Dota, 1300 metres above the sea
(Pittier).
S.W. Costa Rica: Heredia, on trees (Carl Hoffmann, 1856).
Easily to be recognized by the ventricose shape, the broad bands composed of arrow-
like or zigzag spots, and the bright rose-colour of both the apex and the peristome. In
many specimens there is another, also rose-coloured, stripe somewhat behind the
aperture ; it is the remnant of a previously formed peristome. In worn specimens the
apex becomes greyish, but the aperture retains the rose-colour.
Some years ago ° I was led into an error concerning this species, owing to the original
label “ tripictus”’ being attached to a very different species, O. meridanus, Pfr., trom
Colombia, in the collection left by Albers (cf. v. Martens, in Albers’s ‘ Die Heliceen,’
ed. 2, p. 218); therefore I described “rhodotrema” as new. But afterwards I satisfied
myself that Albers’s original description 1 could not be applied at all to the shell in his
collection, but very well to the specimens of rhodotrema ®.
The var. hoffmanni somewhat approaches O. trazuensis in form, but it has a smooth
shining surface to the shell, and the characteristic painting, at least in the middle band,
conforms to the type; the tip of the shell, however, is whitish.
37. Otostomus sulfureus. (Tab. XIV. figg. 14-18.)
Bulimus sulphureus, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 318, t. 35. fig. 11 *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 412°.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) sulfureus, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 212°.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) sulphureus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 495, t. 23.
fige. 8, 3a’.
Bulimulus sulphureus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Stissw.-Couch. v. p. 87, t. 5. figg. Ll a—d, t. 13.
figg. 15, 15 4, 16 (radula), t. 15. figg. 2 a-c (anatomy) ’.
Otostomus (Drymeus) sulfureus, Vv. Mart. Conch. Mittheil. 1. p. 192°.
Bulimus moricandi (Pfr.), Tristr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 230°.
Hab, Cextrat Mexico: near the city of Mexico (Hahn °).
E. Mexico: Consolapa and Soncoautla, both near Jalapa (Strebel®) ; Mirador (Stre-
bel ®) ; Atoyac and Orizaba (Hoge); Cordova (Sallé 1? 4).
SE. Mexico: Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).
N. Guatemata: Cubilguitz, north of Coban, in the dense forests of Vera Paz,
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, September 1893. 29
226 MOLLUSCA..’
drainage into the Rio de la Pasion (Champion); Chiacam, near Lanquin, on the
Cahabon River (Champion); Coban (Sarg7); San Joaquin, below San Cristobal,
in the valley of Rio Chisoy (Champion); Chacoj and Senahu, Polochic Valley
(Champion) ; Panzos in the same valley (Conradt and Godman).
Nicaraaua: La Libertad (Belt).
b. albidus.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) liliaceus, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 496 (part.), t. 23. fig. 8°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Jalapa (Hoge).
S.E. Mexico: Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).
Mexico, without nearer indication (Cuming, in coll. Albers).
N. GuateMaLa: San Luis de Peten (Morelet 8); Coban (Bocourt ®, Salvin).
c. gracilior : long. 28-29, diam. 10-12, apert. 11-13 millim. (Fig. 14.)
Bulimulus (Drymeus) liliaceus, var. B, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 496, t. 23. fig. 8a’.
Bulimulus sulphureus, form B, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 88, t. 6. fig. 5°.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Senahu (Champion).
W. GuatemaLa: Retalhuleu (Stol/).
S.W. GuatemMaLa: San Agustin (Bocourt °); Zapote, on the slope of the Volcan de
Fuego (Champion).
Nicaragua: La Libertad (Belt).
d. citronellus: subconicus, lete flavus, sutura alba. Long. 27, diam. 13, apert. 12 millim. (Figg. 16, 17.)
Bulimus citronellus, Angas, P.Z. 8. 1879, p. 479, t. 40. fig. 5”.
_Hab. N.E. Costa Rica: Puerto Viejo on the Rio Sarapiqui (Biolley).
CrntraL Costa Rica: San José, and La Uruca near San José (Biolley); Alajuela
at an elevation of 900 to 1000 metres above the sea (Orosco); Suralres, alt. 600
metres, near San Mateo (Biolley).
S.W. Costa Rica: Boruca, alt. 450 metres (Pittier); Alto de Mano Tigre, 690
metres (Pittier).
S.E. Costa Rica: between Urea and Liporia, on the low hills (Gadd ").
Costa Rica, without nearer indication of locality (Carmiol).
e. obesus : subconicus, brevior, albidus, unicolor. Long. 26, diam. 14, apert. 13 millim. (Fig. 18.)
Hab. E. Muxico: Huatusco, in the State of Vera Cruz (Hille, in Dunker’s collection).
Animal greenish (Berendt®). Animal of var. citronellus white ; tentacles very long:
arboreal (Gabb 11). HH. Pittier found the same variety under the bark of a dead tree.
This species has been confounded sometimes with the white 0. (Helix) liliaceus of
Férussac, Prodrome général, no. 401 (1821-22) (Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 203;
Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. 2, p. 83), from Porto Rico: according
to the specimens collected by Herr Gundlach at Quebradillas and elsewhere in this
island, O. liliaceus differs from O. sulfureus not only in its pure white, somewhat creta-
OTOSTOMUS. 297
ines colour, but also in the more conical form of its shell, the last whorl being less
attenuated beneath, more bag-like (saccatus). As the difference is more easily explained
by a drawing than by description, two figures of this Porto-Rican shell are given
(Tab. IV. figg. 19, 20). Although neither the figure in Deshayes’s continuation of
Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. t. 142s. fig. ll, nor that given by Fischer and
Grosse * (t. 23. fig. 8), exhibits this difference very clearly, I prefer to restrict the name
“‘ liliaceus” to the Porto-Rican shell.
Férussac’s fig. 14 and Fischer and Crosse’s fig. 8 a well represent O. flavidus, Menke,
from Venezuela : see my essay on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Venezuela
(‘Die Binnenmollusken Venezuela’s’), p. 29 (1873).
O. virginalis, Pfr., from Venezuela, common near Caracas, also belongs to the same
group; it is white, and nearly as slender as var. b of sulfureus, with proportionately
smaller aperture, only two-fifths of the length of the shell. Pfeiffer, ‘ Novitates
Conchologice,’ iii. p. 422, mentions a variety of it from Chiapas, distinguished by
the more rounded last whorl and a rounded aperture; I suspect this is a whitish
specimen of O. sulfureus, var. b.
The specimens of O. virginalis examined by Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-
Conch. v. pp. 88, 89, were from Caracas.
Our var. c, gracilior, is very near 0. flavidus, Menke [see v. Mart. Binnenmoll. Vene-
zuela’s, p. 29; Férussac, t. 142 B. fig. 14 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 45. fig. 287
(liliaceus)|; but I have not yet seen a specimen from Mexico or Central America with
the delicate rosy hue on the lower half of the last whorl which is so characteristic
of this species.
38. Otostomus moricandi.
Bulimus moricandi, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1846, p.113*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. 11. p. 109°; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 45. fig. 283°.
Bulimus (Leiostracus) moricandi, Pfr. in Malak. Blitt. ii. p. 153 (1855) *.
Bulimulus (Liostracus) moricandi, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 213°.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) moricandi, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 497, t. 24.
figg. 9,9a°.
Hab. N. Guatemaia: Coban (Delattre?); Vera Paz (Morelet °).
Var. hyalino-albidus. .
Bulimus moricandi, var., Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 898 -
Bulimulus (Drymeus) moricandi, var. B. hyalino-albida, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 498 °.
Hab. S. Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght 78).
Yucatan (Ff. D. Godman, Feb. 1888).
E. Guatemata: Yzabal (Séo//).
I have never seen a reliable specimen of O. moricandi. Judging from the description
and the figures, it resembles in sculpture and coloration O. sulfureus, but differs in the
29*
228 MOLLUSCA.
proportionately large aperture, which even exceeds half the length of the whole shell,
and the convex, somewhat blunt spire, this lastementioned character bringing it nearer
O. delattret. |
The locality “Mexico” (Biart *) for the typical form I have omitted, as it is too
vague; and that of ‘ Vera Cruz,” quoted by me [Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 70 (1868)], was
caused by an erroneous identification with an unusally large specimen of O. sulfureus.
The specimen determined by the Rev. H. B. Tristram as Bulimus moricandi proves by
its slender spire to be a young O. sulfureus (cf. anted, p. 225).
Strebel’s Bulimula chiapasensis, form C, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 71,
t. 6. fig. 18, closely resembles O. moricandi in the size and form of the aperture ; but
it has the spire distinctly more conical. ‘This shell was obtained in the northern part
of Eastern Mexico at Paso de la Balza, near Tuzamapan, between Huatusco and
Jalapa: I dare not identify it with either 0. moricandi or O. chiapensis.
39. Otostomus moritinctus, sp.n. (Tab. XIV. figg. 9, 9a, 6, 10, 104.)
Testa rimata, ovato-oblonga, sat tenuis, irregulariter striatula, nitida, isabellino-albida, fascia unica peripherica
fusco-nigra latiuscula, strigis solitariis perpaucis fuscis et punctis nigris sparsis picta; spira conica,
apice obtusiusculo nigricante vel fuscescente ; anfr. 6, convexiusculi, ultimus basi leviter attenuatus, sub-
inde roseo-tinctus ; apertura dimidiam teste longitudinem squans, paullum obliqua, acuminato-oblonga,
intus eque ac extus colorata; peristoma simplex, rectum, margine columellari tenui, leviter arcuato, ad
rimam umbilicalem breviter reflexo et appresso.
Long. 26-29, diam. 13, apert. 14-15 millim.
Hab. W. Mexico: Chilpancingo, in the State of Guerrero, at an elevation of 4600 feet
above the sea (/7. H. Smith).
Varies somewhat in the more or less pure whitish, yellowish, or slightly reddish hue
of the general coloration, in the more or less broad and dark peripherical band, in the
presence, disposition, and number of the black points, which are either arrow-like or
rounded, and in the presence or absence of a large brown streak near the aperture ;
the base of the shell near the umbilical cleft is in some examples bright rose-coloured.
The uppermost whorl is curiously punctured (fig. 9c).
‘This species seems allied to 0. livescens, Pfr., but may be distinguished, apart from
the coloration, by its larger size, more ventricose whorls, proportionately larger aper-
ture, and more glossy appearance. In its coloration it bears a remarkable resemblance
to O. virgultorum, Morelet, from Eastern Peru; but the latter is a more cylindrical
shell, its last whorl being proportionately much smaller, and it has also a dark band
round the umbilicus.
40. Otostomus livescens. (Tab. XV. figg. 7, 8.)
Bulimus livescens, Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. u. p. 48 (1842)*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p.- 175’;
Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 47. fig. 304°; Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. iii. p. 96,
t. 9. fig. 3°.
OTOSTOMUS. 229
Bulimus (Mesembrinus) livescens, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 157°; Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 158
(1855) °.
Orthalicus (Mesembrinus) livescens, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 1577.
Bulimulus (Mesembrinus) livescens, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p.214°; Malak. Blatt. xu.
Pp. 27 (1865) °; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 543".
Bulimulus livescens, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. vy. p. 91, t. 6. fig. 4.
a: fasciis et strigis fuscis distinctis,
6: fasciis et strigis interstitialibus pallidioribus.
(var. 8, Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. ii. p. 48, and Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 175; Strebel, loc. cit. t. 6.
fig. 4; v. Mart. in Malak. Blitt. xii. p. 27.)
c: fasciis tribus, strigis nullis.
(Reeve, loc. cit. t. 47. fig. 304.)
d: fascia supera 1 angusta, infera 1 paullo latiore et serie macularum intermedia. (Fig. 8.)
e: fasciis 2 inferis.
(Philippi, loc. cit. t. 9. fig. 3.)
f: subunicolor, albidus, strigis nonnullis.
(typ., Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. ii. p. 48, and Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 175; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt.
xii. p. 27.)
Hab. Cuntran Mexico: Tehuacan (Hegewisch 1+, Uhde 11); Tecomavaca, in the
State of Puebla, S.E. of Tehuacan, Cactus- and Mimosa-region (Hoge).
W. Mexico: Chilpancingo, in the State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
In var. 6 the two upper bands are visible also on the preceding whorls, the two lower
ones only on the last whorl—these are broader than the others, and the fourth band
is near the umbilicus, but does not touch it; most of the vertical stripes are between
the first and second bands; others are immediately below the suture, but these are
ordinarily paler and short.: In var. d the second band is represented by a row of
small pale brown spots, and the fourth band is often very faint, the two others being
very dark.
The vars. a and f' have been found in company at ‘ehuacan by Herr Uhde, and at
Tecomavaca by Herr Hoge. The vars. c and é¢ were collected also in company by Herr
Hage, but he has not indicated their exact locality.
Dr. Pfeiffer has regarded the banded specimens as variety 3; but as their painting is
very characteristic I prefer to place them, as form a, first. The apex in some specimens
is blackish-brown, in others only pale brown or even yellowish.
Dr. Mérch, in Malak. Blatt. vi. p. 112, enumerates this species with some doubt
among those collected by CErsted in Nicaragua or Costa Rica, having only two young
specimens for examination. As this occurrence has not been corroborated by later
collectors, I think it unsafe to admit it among the ascertained localities.
Jaw and radula examined by myself.
230 MOLLUSCA.
41. Otostomus discrepans.
Bulinus discrepans, Sowerby, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 72'; Conch. Ilustr., Bulinus, fig. 52°; Tate,
Am. Journ. Conch. v. pp. 152, 156 (1870).
Bulimus (Bulimulus) discrepans, Beck, Index Moll. p. 65°.
Bulimus discrepans, Deshayes, in Lamarck’s Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. ed. 2, viil. p. 279 °;
Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 176°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 23. fig. 146°.
Bulimus (Mesembrinus) discrepans, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 158°; Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. i.
p. 158 (1855) °.
Orthalicus (Mesembrinus) discrepans, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. i. p. 157 an
Bulimulus (Liostracus) discrepans, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 503 a
Hab. Cenrrat Guatemata: Salama (Morelet!!) ; San Geronimo near Salama (Champion).
E. Guatemata: Zacapa, on Cereus sp. (Stol?).
Satvapor: Conchagua, under the bark of trees (Cuming 1*°").
CentraL Nicaragua: Granada, Masapa, San Nicolas, in the Savana-region (Tate *).
N.W. Costa Rica: Guanacasta, in the Bay of Salinas, in the woods (Pitter).
The name discrepans refers to the difference in the painting of the upper and
lower parts of the shell: on the upper part of the last and on the visible part of
all the preceding whorls are very narrow, but sharply delineated, oblique, dark
brown stripes, two of which are often nearer to each other; at the base of the
last whorl, on the contrary, are two spiral dark brown bands, and the space between
them is sometimes yellow, but often whitish like the rest of the shell. A similar
discrepancy of the painting is to be seen in the widely remote genus Amphidromus of
the Malayan Archipelago, where most of the species in their young state, and some
also in the adult (A. contrarius &c.), have also vertical stripes on the upper and two
spiral bands on the lower part of the whorls.
This species has hitherto only been found at a few widely distant localities.
The specimens from Guanacasta are somewhat smaller than Sowerby’s type, measuring
only :—long. 16, breadth 8, and aperture 9 millim.
Jaw and radula examined by myself.
42. Otostomus alternans.
Bulinus vexillum, Broderip, P. Z.S. 1832, p. 105°; Sowerby, Conch. Ilustr., Bulinus, fig. 26°.
Bulimus vexillum, Deshayes, in Lamarck’s Hist. des Anim. sans Vert. ed. 2, viii. p. 272°; Reeve,
Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 23. fig. 152 * (nee Wood, 1828).
Bulimus (Bulimulus) alternans, Beck, Index Moll. p. 65 °,
Bulimus alternans, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 207 °.
Bulimus (Leptomerus) alternans, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 166"; Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 160
(1855) °. |
Orthalicus (Leptomerus) alternans, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 156°.
Bulimulus (Liostracus) alternans, vy. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 213*°; Binney, Ann.
OTOSTOMUS. 231
Lye. N. York, x. p. 805 (jaw and radula)"; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca,
1. p. 500, t. 23. fig. 5°; O. Stoll, Guatem, Reisen, p. 33™.
Hab. N..Guaremata: Panzos (Conradt).
CENTRAL GUATEMALA: San Gerdnimo, near Salama (Champion) ; vicinity of Guate-
mala City (Stod 1%),
GUATEMALA, without nearer indication of locality (Morelet 12, Sallé 2, Sarg 12).
Cenrrat Costa Rica: San José (Pittier); La Uruca, near San José, at an elevation
of 100 metres above the sea, under dry leaves (Biolley); Alajuela (Orosco).
S. Panama: Isla del Rey (San Miguel) in the Pearl Islands, and Taboga Island, both
in the Bay of Panama * (coll. Cuming !—*).
Var. juquilensis : fasciis angustioribus; long. 194, diam. 9-10 millim.
Bulimus virgulatus, Tristram, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 412 ™.
Bulimus alternans, var. 8B, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 131 ».
Bulimulus (Liostracus) alternans, var. 8, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 501,
t. 23. fig. 5a.
Otostomus (Liostracus) alternans, v. Mart. Conch. Mittheil. ii. p. 192”.
Bulimulus (Liostracus) mexicanus, var., v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 24 (1865) (ex parte) ’*.
Hab. 8. Mexico: Juquila, in the State of Oaxaca ® (Boucard 1°); Oaxaca (Uhde ').
N. Guatemata: Vera Paz (Salvin 14).
Dr. O. Stoll has observed this species upon a shrub, Baccharis salicifolia, in com-
pany with O. jonasi, but much less frequent. During the dry season it conceals
itself beneath stones and amongst the roots of the above-mentioned shrub, more rarely
on its branches, and closes the aperture with a thin transparent epiphragma ; in this
state it often becomes the prey of the rapacious Glandina aurata, which does not
ascend the shrubs. He mentions also that full-grown specimens are comparatively
rare. An unusually large specimen—long. 28, diam. 14, apert. 11 millim.—found at
Panzos (Conradt), has been sent to me by Prof. Hausknecht of Weimar; its bands are
very dark, nearly black, the shell thus approaching O. nigrofasciatus, Pfr., from
Colombia (Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 55. fig. 879), but differs from it in the
distinct spiral striation and the comparatively narrower bands.
Bulimus ziegleri is quoted by Fischer and Crosse as a variety of B. alternans, loc.
cit. p. 501: concerning this name, there are several difficulties. (1) In the first
description given by Dr. Pfeiffer, P.Z.S. 1846, p. 113 (repeated in Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. ii. p. 175), the colour is simply said to be “albida,” no bands being mentioned,
and the locality is said to be “Central America,” on the authority of Largilliert. As
it is described as “subangulate on the last whorl” and only 21 millim. long, it may
not be full-grown, as Fischer and Crosse have already suggested. I see no reason to
* Quoted as “Saboga ” and “ King’s Island.”
232 MOLLUSCA.
regard it as a variety of OQ. alternans. (2) The specimen labelled Bulimus ziegleri in
Albers’s collection, mentioned in his ‘ Die Heliceen,’ ed. 1, p. 156, ed. 2, p. 213, is
for the most part also white, but has on the upper whorls faint reddish bands, two
visible on each whorl (in QO. alternans three are visible). It is 27 millim. long and has
the peristome a little expanded; it is therefore full-grown. This shell is said to have
been obtained in Northern Peru, and I suppose it must belong to another species.
(3) Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 58. fig. 389, figured as Bulimus zteglert a
probably not quite adult shell, yellowish, with interrupted bands on all whorls; it may
belong to the var. B of B. ziegleri, Pfr. (Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 175), but he
gives “Central America” as the locality, which is probably taken from Pfeiffer’s first
description. This figure may represent our Otostomus emeus. (4) The shell from
Mazatlan called Bulimus ziegleri by Carpenter (Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 177) is
banded; it is an unusually large specimen, about 18 millim. (0°60 inch) long and
10 millim. (0°34 inch) broad, with evanescent bands, and may belong to 0. califor-
nicus, Reeve. This Mazatlan species has been admitted by Binney and Tryon, under
the name of Bulimulus ziegleri, as belonging to the North-American fauna, but Binney
gives no illustration of it. Concerning the localities, “ Republ. Mexico” (Lirebmann,
in Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 175), “‘ Chiapas” (Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi.
p 115), and “ Monte Canela, near Chicalapa” (Sad/é, in Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Moll. i. p. 501), I cannot make out to which of the said forms they are to be
referred.
43. Otostomus honduranus.
Bulimus hondurasanus, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1846, p. 29’; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 2097; Reeve,
Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 59. fig. 400 *.
Bulimus honduratianus, Tristram, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 230°.
Bulimus (Leptomerus) hondurasanus, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. u. p. 160 (1855) °.
Orthalicus (Leptomerus) hondurasanus, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 156 °.
Bulimulus (Liostracus) hondurasanus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 503”.
Hab. Honpuras (Dyson }~*).
This species bears some resemblance to O. tryoni; but it seems to differ in the shell
being rather thin and diaphanous, with the bands more narrow and four (instead of
three) in number. 0. meridanus, Pfr., from Merida, is perhaps more nearly allied
to it. It may prove to be inseparable from O. alternans.
Tristram * recognized this species also among Guatemalan specimens collected by
Salvin; but as I cannot find an example of it among those entrusted to me by Salvin
himself, I cannot add Guatemala to its distribution.
44, Otostomus tryoni.
Bulimus mexicanus (Lamarck), Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 40. fig. 244°.
OTOSTOMUS. 233
Drymeus mexicanus (Lamarck), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. p. 168, t. 9 (18). fig. 5 (copy from.
Reeve) (1867) ?. .
Bulimulus (Thaumastus) tryoni, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 565°.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Sinaloa (Tryon 2). Sa
MExico, without nearer indication of locality (Leeve +).
Var. pochutlensis: fasciis nigro-fuscis, albido et pallide fulvo circumdatis.
Bulimulus tryoni, var. B. pochutlensis, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 565, t. 24. figg. 3,3a*.
Hab. W. Mexico: Pochutla, near Chilapa, in the State of Guerrero (Sallé 4).
| This species is somewhat doubtful. Tryon describes 2 its colours as “‘ white, with two
brown zones on the last whorl and maculations of the same colour on the others” ;
this would agree with 0. palpaloensis, Strebel, but his figure shows three continuous
narrow bands on the last and one on the preceding whorl. Fischer and Crosse ?
quote Reeve’s fig. 244, and also the var. 6 of O. mewxicanus of Pfeiffer and myself
(=palpaloensis); they add the variety pochutlensis, which differs in the proportions and
_ colours of the shell, and bears some resemblance to O. uhdeanus. As I have not seen
an authentic specimen of O. tryoni, I cannot make out more clearly the difference or
identity of the said species. For Bulimus meaxicanus of Lamarck, see page 251.
45. Otostomus tropicalis.
Bulimus tropicalis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 9 (1849)*; Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 198, t. 55. figg. 5, 6°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 424°.
Bulimus (Pyrgus) tropicalis, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 159 (1855) °.
Bulimulus (Liostracus) tropicalis, Fisch, & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 504, t. 20.
fige. 7, 8°.
Bulimulus tropicalis, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 95°; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad.
Phil. 1891, p. 315".
Hab. Yucatan: Campeche, on the shore (Morelet'); Tabi, S. of Merida, in the
interior (F. D. Godman, Febr. 1888); Ruins of Labna (Pilsbry ).
Strebel ¢ suggests that this may be only a sinistral variety of O. honduranus or of an
allied species ; O. honduranus, however, is distinctly more ventricose. I have seen six
specimens from Yucatan, all sinistral, agreeing with the description of O. ¢ropicalis in
all other respects. In all there are to be seen three brown spiral bands, exclusive of
the brown coloration of the umbilicus ; the uppermost bands are ordinarily more
narrow than the third, and rather pale reddish.
46. Otostomus uhdeanus. (Tab. XV. figg. 1-6.)
Bulimulus (Mesembrinus) whdeanus, v. Mart. in Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1868, p-. 541°;
Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 25, t. 1. figg. 4, 5 (1865) °; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 114°.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) uhdeanus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 530, t. 21,
figg. 4, 4a". .
Bulimulus uhdeanus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 90, t. 11. figg. lla, 0°.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, September 1893. 30
234 MOLLUSCA.
A. typicus: long. 22, diam. et apert. 10 millim.
a: albidus, fasciis 3-5 pallide fulvis, equalibus. (Fig. 1.)
(Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. t. 21. figg. 4, 4a.)
6: albidus, fasciis 5 pallide fulvis, fusco-maculatis. (Fig. 3.)
¢: unicolor, pallide fulvus. (Fig. 2.)
Hab. Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (UAde '~).
E. Mexico: Aculcingo, State of Vera Cruz, south of Orizaba (Boucard *).
W. Mexico: Sayula, State of Jalisco (Hoge).
B. cuernavacensis : major, fasciis magis distinctis, latiusculis ; long. 29, diam. 15, apert. 13 millim. (Fig. 4.)
Bulimulus (Scutalus) cuernavacensis, Crosse & Fisch. in Journ. de Conch. xxii. p. 283 (1874) °
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusea, i. p. 582, t. 28. figg. 11, 11 a (young ?) ’.
_ Bulimus cuernavacensis, Pfr. Monogr. Helie. Vivent. vill. p. 152°.
Bulimulus cuernavacensis, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sitissw.-Conch. v. p. 65, t. 12. fig. 17°.
Hab. Centrau Mexico: Cuernavaca (Boucard §").
EK. Mexico: Orizaba and Maltrata, a little west of Orizaba (Hoge).
C. tepicensis: minor, anfractibus superioribus fasciatis, mediis maculatis, ultimo pallido, basi fascia una lata
diluta ; long. 18, diam. 9, apert. 84 millim. (Fig. 5.)
Hab. W. Meuxico: Tepic, State of Jalisco (Hoge ®).
D. borealis: minimus, griseo-albidus, superne seriebus macularum 1-3, inferne fascia una lata pallida ; long. 15,
diam. 8, apert. 7 millim. (Fig. 6.)
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Ventanas, State of Durango, at an elevation of 2000 feet above
the sea (Forrer).
The first one and a half whorls are unicolorous, yellow, and finely reticulated. The
typical form may be described as white with fawn-coloured bands, or fawn-coloured with
white bands: the latter definition is perhaps the best, as the fawn occupies a greater part
of the surface, and is the only colour present in subvar. c, and I have used it in my
earlier descriptions!?. But if we examine the var. cwernavacensis, and the majority of
the other species of this genus, we shall, perhaps, prefer to regard the coloration as
white with fawn bands; but then we must admit that the uppermost band reaches the
suture and the lowest one the umbilicus, and that the unicolorous subvariety ¢ is pro-
duced by all the bands uniting together. The variation in the number of bands is
caused by the uppermost disappearing, and by the fourth and fifth uniting into one.
This species, as regards the shell, bears some resemblance to Bulimulus exilis, Gm.
(guadelupensis, Brug.), the type of the genus Bulimulus; but having examined the
radula of O. uhdeanus, I have found that it agrees better with that of Otostomus, the
median tooth being also remarkably smaller than the neighbouring ones.
OTOSTOMUS. 235
47, Otostomus multilineatus.
Bulimus multilineatus, Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. v. p. 120 (1825)'; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii.
p. 2047.
Mesembrinus multilineatus, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. p. 169, t. 9 (18). figg. 11, 12°.
Bulimulus (Mesembrinus) multilineatus, Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i.
p. 197, fig. 344°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p- 545°.
Bulimulus multilineatus, Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. v. p. 895°; Manual of Am.
Land-Shells, p. 404, fig. 4437.
Bulimus menkei, Gruner in Wiegm. Arch. f. Naturg. 1841, p. 277, t. 11. fig. 2°; Pfr. Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 176°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 190,
t. 49. fige. 19, 20”.
Bulimus (Mesembrinus) menkei, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 157"; Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 158
(1855) **.
Bulimulus (Mesembrinus) menkei, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 214”.
Otostomus (Mesembrinus) menkei, v. Mart. Binnenmoll. Venezuela’s, p. 28“.
Bulimus sisalensis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 9 (1849) ; ii. p. 27 (menkei ?) *.,
Bulimus venosus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 45. fig. 285 7”.
Bulimus virgulatus (Férussac), Leidy, in Binney’s Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. i. p. 259, t. 15.
figg. 7, 8 (anatomy) (1851) *; Binney, op. cit. i. p. 278, t. 587°.
Hab. Norta America: Eastern Florida (Say 17); Key West &c. 4&7,
Yuoatan: Sisal, on sandy ground (Morelet > 1° 16).
Cotompra: Santa Marta, Magdalena, and Bambo Bay 4 ®7.
VENEZUELA: Maracaibo and Puerto Cabello (Swift4+®"); Angostura, on the borders
of the R. Orinoco (§~1° 14).
I have seen no specimen from Guatemala, but Morelet’s description © agrees so well
with my Venezuelan examples, and with Binney’s figures of Florida ones, that I cannot
distinguish the Yucatan shell even as a variety. As it is not known from E. Mexico,
it cannot be said to be distributed generally along the shores of the Caribbean Sea.
48. Otostomus heterogeneus.
Bulimus heterogeneus, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xi. p. 118 (1866)'; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi.
p-. 118’.
Bulimulus (Liostracus) heterogeneus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 506°.
Bulimulus heterogenus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sussw.-Conch. iv. t. 6. figg. 18a, 6;
v. p. 92°.
Hab. W. Mexico: Tepic, State of Jalisco (Hége).
E. Mexico: Mirador, Palo Gacho, on the road from Vera Cruz to Jalapa, and
Rinconada near the same place (Strebel+); Vera Cruz (Berendt 1°).
This species approaches 0. livescens, as Strebel has already stated *, and O. discrepans.
From 0. livescens it differs in the somewhat more convex whorls, the less tapering
30*
236 MOLLUSCA;
spire, the more yellowish hue of the white colour, the subangular last whorl, and the
very slight turning out of the apertural margin ; this last-mentioned character proves
it to be adult, although the shell has one whorl less than that of O. livescens. The
stripes are pale brown, disposed at unequal intervals, and very variable ; they are seen
chiefly on the whorl before the last, sometimes also on the last, while on the other
whorls spiral rows of spots, or even bands, also pale, however, predominate. (On
account of some of the whorls being differently painted to the others, Dr. Pfeiffer
seems to have used the name “ heterogeneus,” which at first leads one to suppose that
the species possesses much more peculiar and unusual characters.
49. Otostomus semipellucidus. (Tab. XV. fig. 10.) |
Bulimus semipellucidus, Tristram, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 230, t. 26. fig. 8°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent.
vi. p. 22”.
Bulimulus (Liostracus) semipellucidus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 507°.
Hab. Gouatemata (Salvin'~*).
N.W. Costa Rica: Guanacasta, in the Bay of Salinas (Péctier).
N.E. Costa Rica: Puerto Viejo, on the Rio Sarapiqui (Biolley).
CentRAL Costa Rica: Alajuela (Orosco).
I am rather inclined to think that this is an albino variety of O. discrepans.
The specimen from Guanacasta, from which our figure is taken, has a few brownish
oblique stripes on the whorl before the last, whereas in all other respects it agrees with
the Rev. H. B. Tristram’s description and figure; but as the whorls are a little more
convex than in 0. discrepans, and the umbilical cleft completely closed, I dare not
assert it positively. Tristram’s figure! is somewhat magnified, as is proved by his
statement in the text, that the length of the shell is 18 millim. He gives the breadth
as 8 millim.; but this is too narrow, as by reducing the measurements of his figure
we find 94 millim. as the breadth of the last whorl. Probably he has, judging from
the example of Dr. Pfeiffer, measured the breadth just above the upper edge of the
aperture, which is in reality the breadth of the penultimate whorl. This must be kept
in mind when comparing my measurements with those given by Dr. Pfeiffer.
The Costa Rica specimens have stripes only on the upper whorls and also here less
numerous than in the type. Fischer and Crosse reproduce the original description !
and add Duefias as a locality. No dependence, however, can be placed upon this
statement, as many of Mr. Salvin’s shells were obtained in the vicinity of Coban,
Vera Paz.
50. Otostomus panamensis.
Bulinus panamensis, Broderip, P. Z. 8. 1833, p. 105°; Sowerby, Conch. Illustr., Bulinus, fig. 25 *.
Bulimus panamensis, Deshayes, in Lamarck’s Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. ed. 2, viii. p. 273°;
Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 206%; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 18. fig. 70°.
OTOSTOMUS. 237
Bulimus (Bulimulus) panamensis, Beck, Ind. Moll. p. 67 °.
ome (Leptomerus) panamensis, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 1667; Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 160
1855) °. | 7
_ Orthalicus (Leptomerus) panamensis, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 156°.
Hab. 8. Panama: Isla del Rey (San Miguel), one of the Pearl Islands, and Taboga
Island, both in the Bay of Panama*, on the trunks of large trees (Cuming 14°).
This species is described by Broderip! as unicolorous, but Reeve’s® figure shows
conspicuously darker reddish stripes. Not having seen a specimen, I am unable to
judge as to its real affinities; but its whole appearance is more like that of Otostomus
than of the section Leptomerus of Bulimulus.
Doubtful Species which may belong to this genus.
1. Bulimus dominicus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v. t. 78. fig. 6591; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iii. p. 4102; iv. p. 4693; vi. p. 1124—Bulimus (Leptomerus) dominicus,
Pfr, in-Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 159 (1855) °.—Bulimulus (Scutalus) dominicus, Fisch.
& Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 540 &—Bulimulus dominicus, Strebel,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. t. 6. fig. 17; v. p. 947; Crosse, in Journ.
de Conch. xxxix. p. 128 (1891) 8.
Originally stated as coming from San Domingo=Haiti!*, then identified with a
shell found in East Mexico at Mirador by Berendt‘*, and at Callejon de la Zamorana
near Vera Cruz by Strebel’, in South-east Mexico at Tabasco by Berendt*, and in
Chiapas by Ghiesbreght 3°.
It is improbable that species of this genus should be common to Haiti and Mexico,
but I cannot make out whether Reeve’s original statement * is erroneous, as Fischer ©,
Strebel 7, and Crosse® are inclined to think, or Pfeiffer and subsequent authors are
wrong in identifying them. Perhaps the Mexican examples may be young specimens
of Otostomus emeus.
9. Bulimulus albostriatus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 94, t. 6.
fig. 3, probably from Tehuantepec, perhaps collected by Dr. Sumichrast, has also
the appearance of being a young shell.
3. Bulimus hachensis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 85. fig. 6271; Pfr. Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 4212.—From Rio Hacha, in Guatemala, according to Reeve:
I know only a Rio Hacha in Colombia. SB. hachensis bears no near resem-
blance to any Guatemalan species known to me ; but to judge from the “ delicate”
appearance and rosy-yellow colour of the shell it may perhaps belong to the group
of O. sulfureus.
* Quoted as “ Saboga” and “ King’s Island.”
238 MOLLUSCA.
BULIMULUS.
Bulimulus, Leach, Zoo). Miscell. i. p. 41 (1815)*; v. Martens, in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, P- 209
(1860) (ex parte)*; Die Binnenmoll. Venezuela’s, p. 21 (1878) °; Conch. Mittheil. u.
p. 194*; Semper, Reisen in Archip. der Philippinen, Landschnecken, iii. p. 153 *,
Bulimulus, subgen. Orthotomium, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 473 (1875)
(part.) °.
Bulimulus, sectt. A-C, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. pp. 45, 467.
Shell oblong, generally with straight edge to the aperture, and unicolorous, not
shining; columella not notched at the base. Jaw composed of few plates, with vertical
lateral edges. Teeth of the radula in straight, transverse rows, the central tooth not
smaller than the others ; marginal teeth generally bicuspid.
Lives by preference on the ground or on low shrubs.
This genus is nearly allied to the preceding, and from the shell alone it is often
impossible to decide whether a species belongs to the one or to the other. The name
Bulimulus was first proposed for the shell of Helix exilis, Gm. (B. acutus, Leach, guade-
lupensis, Brug.), subsequently extended by Beck (Index Moll. 1838) to include a large
number of South-American species and a few Indian ones. The structure of the jaw
and radula was first proposed by myself? as a generic character, with the view of
including only American species in this genus, but, in a somewhat extended sense,
comprising also the Otostomi. Afterwards, as the jaw and radula of a greater number of
species became known, Bulimulus and Otostomus were distinguished as two allied, but
distinct, genera by myself *® 4, Semper®, and, under other names as chief subgeneric
divisions, by Fischer and Crosse °.
This genus ranges from the southern half of North America (Kentucky—JB. deal-
batus, Say) to the Argentine Republic (B. famatinus, Doring), but its species are not
so numerous as those of Ofostomus. The Mexican and Central-American species
belong to the following four groups or subgenera :—
1. Rhabdotus, Albers (Die Helic. ed. 1), limited by v. Martens, Conch. Mittheil. ii. p. 197; type
B. dealbatus, Say.—Shell oval or oblong, white, unicolorous, or with brown or grey streaks ;
peristome somewhat thickened. B. schiedeanus and alternatus: Centr., N., and N.E.
Mexico (S.W. Mexico ?).
2. Globulinus, Fisch. & Cr.—Shell shortened oval, yellowish, nearly unicolorous. B. sufflatus :
N.W. Mexico.
3. Peroneus, Albers. — Shell very elongated, white, peristome simple. B. durangoanus and
? grunert: N. Mexico; nearest allied to B. artemisie, A. Gould, from the peninsula of
California.
4, Leptomerus, Albers.—Shell ovate or oblong, thin, brownish, unicolorous, peristome simple.
B. corneus, unicolor, sarcodes, coriaceus, inermis, translucens, dysoni, and ? umbraticus :
E. & S.W. Mexico— Panama.
The subgenera Peronwus and Leptomerus are placed by Fischer and Crosse in their
division Goniognathmus, our genus Otostomus; but the jaw and radula of the typical
BULIMULUS. 239
Species of Leptomerus, B. limneoides, Fér., and of two other allied species, B. frater-
culus, Fér., and B. sepulcralis, Poey [described by Binney, Ann. Lyceum N. York, x.
BP 847 (1873), xi. p. 186, t. 16, figg. A, B (1875), and by Dr. Pfeffer, in Strebel’s
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 56, t. 13. fig. 1], exhibit the distinctive
character of this genus. As regards Peroneus, the radula of the Mexican and
Californian species, as well as that of the typical species from Chili and Bolivia, has
net yet been examined so far as I know; one S.-American species, however, B. fama-
tinus, Doring, from the Argentine Republic, which may belong to this subgenus, has
the radula and jaw of Bulimulus, according to the description given by Déring, Boletin
de la Acad. de Cordoba, iii. p. 64 (1879).
1. Bulimulus schiedeanus, (Tab. XV. figg. 12-23.)
Bulimus schiedeanus, Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. i. p. 43 (1841) *; in Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch.
i. p. 56, Bulimus, t. 1. fig. 127; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 187°; in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 160, t. 46. figg. 3, 44; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus,
t. 54, fig. 361°; Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. iv. p. 129, t. 80. figg. 8
(var.), 15°.
Bulimus (Mesembrinus) schiedeanus, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 1577; Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii.
p. 158 (1855) °.
Orthalicus (Mesembrinus) schiedeanus, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 157°.
Bulimulus (Thaumastus) schiedeanus, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 215°; Fisch. &
Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 563, t. 24. fig. 2%.
Bulimulus (Scutalus) schiedeanus, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 830 (1865) ».
Thaumastus schiedeanus, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. p. 172, t. 10 (14). figg. 1, 4 (1868) ”°.
Bulimulus schiedeanus, Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am.i. p. 204, fig. 352";
Binney, Terr. air- breath. Moll. of N. Am. vy. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. iv. p. 391),
fig. 276 (1878); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. v. p. 338, fig. 1 n (1879) *; Manual
of Am. Land-Shells, p. 399, fig. 437"; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv.
t. 6. fig. 19; v. p. 57, t. 11. figg. 16, 17%.
Bulimulus schiedeanus, var. mooreanus, Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i.
p- 205, fig. 353 ™’.
Bulimulus schiedeanus, var. mooreanus, var., Binney & Bland, loc. cit. fig. 855”.
Bulimus xanthostomus, Wiegm. in Mus. Berol.*’.
Bulimus niveus, Hegewisch, in litt. ”.
Bulimus candidissimus, Nyst, in litt.”.
Bulimus dealbatus, var., Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. 1. t. 5,4 (the uppermost and
lowest figures) **.
Hab. Nortu America: Texas® 13; Washington County ® 14 19 20, very common! 1’,
De Witt County ® 19, Brownsville, Leon 19.
N.E. Mexico: State of Tamaulipas 4; neighbourhood of Texas ® ¥ 1".
N. Mexico: Villa Lerdo in Durango (Hége). |
CrentraL Mexico: Tehuacan, in the State of Puebla (Uhde!*; Hegewisch; Hoge,
abundantly); Laguna de Chapala, in the State of Jalisco (Deppe »).
MOLLUSCA. ©
240
“IO[OO
‘ooxop, | 2 18 al -Tun ‘eoutoo-oestas | Panne “+ FOUTUT“aRA f
“Bye[Noeqnu sniyBt "SIXOA Yt
“eoLLouLy pecyuen | 2) 6 OL “ -nyes ‘vou.oo opted geyestawyqns | -u0d ‘ajuB ‘vqyeVAO “ ‘snyepnooqnu ‘ava ‘——
BOIYT BISON “T
oY man uhs@) * AA ND
‘enSeVrvoiny “HS D ‘oTnosn
TN AA N B00} ‘epryed eangns *BYOLIYS OULISSI *STXOATIOD -T}¥[ Tavypeumnyoo
nO TR MSM] 2 8 9I *snynosntyey ‘eoudoo - Oaslad | -[IIqQns AozTTeOIYAeA | “IJUR ‘ByeAO-OOTUOD | OUTsavM = ‘xeTdumIg [rts fiquamog ‘sneu..oo
“slostis-ouvyderp
Snqiaciq — SLSL.T4s “elnpiyia “epg
‘oorxeyt ‘N | 29 9 GI ‘snqerojaiod | yo sipnovm “eqye | -eItys JoyIaepnFeaat | “eyesuoo-1uIIOFISsNy “ “VDT ‘a ‘snueosuRInp
BYE]
-NOVUL [OA BVSIAYS
2 001xeyl | OT OL 9z | ‘snqevrojzod oysnSue | joa aopoorun ‘eqye | ‘“enpryta ‘eyeSra@wy] *eSUOTGO-O001U09 “TUN YOO |rveeetsseeeses UL TeunIs
‘sIysnsue ‘opeyeyIp ‘[jetumnt
*OOTXOTL “MA OL | SFI 1G SIOSN} sted sid *B[NpIzU -00 ‘savur ‘uIN{ND
‘ermsojeQ tomoT| GT | F6T FE “ -1148 ‘epraep opryred | ‘epnyzerays opnosntyey *B}VAO O8eqO | -SNIssvlo ‘UN JOT [ert INO ‘snyeEyNs
*OOTXOTL "eYVIOULLVUL ST} “eyeord-T eyjout
‘M'S2 FY WN -ENUIS STQ[R SLII4S -njoo = ‘wingviqry
‘sexoy, ‘vueismoy | FL | PZT 6% “ ‘eoUI0D - OBOV[OTA | “*BTNPTZIU ‘VyesTaay “BS0]qO-078AO | snjzUT ‘uMsuVdxea xTA |tttttt ++ Log ‘snqyeuz04]e
‘eosny sony ‘eyord Uuag
OOIXOTL ‘AN ‘SPXOT, | 61 1% Ge “ -oostis snides ‘eqye *CYVIIYS VITPOUL *BYVAO 94ND “ ‘eyoaeiayed ‘ava ‘——
#11 GT VG
OOIXeTT TeIyUI_ Il GI 1 *24V40-O8U0[GO “TUN
yon CON ‘SeX0T |] ST | 06 9g ‘snyedojaod | ‘epraep cone; ‘uqye “EYVII]S LOYIpnd | TOA VYVAO O4Ndw | -nosnissvld ‘uINgoad |-"""*'*** “Uf ‘snuBepaTyas
‘UUL | “UU | “UU
“elle qaody | ‘weiq | ‘suory *snorpiquiy) *OIYVAOTOD “eanydtnog ‘eINSLy *CUL04SL19 UO UO NT
‘SATANITAG SANG) CHL dO SAIAdg CHL AO TIAVY, TAILVUVdWO/)
241
BULIMULUS.
*sI}Vs144s-oosng
snqtio1sedns
*RTNYVITYS
“eoldoury Teayueg | Fy &@ LT “ snqijorajue ‘epiq[e | -OJBACTA OUUTI19qQ9.10 “ed1U09-O}LIIN}qns “ “* ga9aaT ‘snoTyelquin ¢
"RT VU} *anaagy
-eny ‘Ng ‘uvyeonz | 2 6 LI ‘snyetojrodqns *BOUL09 OPTPAOS | *B[NAVIAYS ToqI]IAQns *BOTTI09-O8TOTGO “ ‘snavust ‘ava ‘
‘end “eyepnsueqns
“VIBOINT TRAIUOD 6 &&@ 0Z “epronyjed ‘giny =| 1seq ‘stjnosniuetd
‘seanpuopy ‘ueyeonx | 6 IL ez | ‘snzeaogjaod oysnSue | -to1es ‘eosnj-oout0d | -vlIys JoyLepNSeaat | azure “esuopqo-oo1u09 “ seeteeserereree alr Sutoskp
*VULIS
‘euuvuvg ‘S| 201 | EIT IZ “snyeropiodqns ‘suaosoARy opryyed | -smue, ‘eyestaey "ed U0[GO-0}8AO “ srreeeeesnoug ‘SUdON|SUBIY
‘epemoyeny "NT | G 9 eT “ “ “ 6 “ rerees gofeur ‘awa 4
“ernp
‘unywonz | & 5 6 *sn[NOsNIzey *BoULOD-OOSNJ | -1}1U “eyVIA}s OFNUTUL "eqI1anjqns “ seaseeseeess 99407 “STUTIOUL
“OOIXOTT “Yd
“M'S y aC eS) ony £Q 86 QT ee oe sé ce 6c 14pueteq "IVA aoe
“OOTXOT 4 z FI “srTno
‘MS ¥ SA'S “A | E8 OL SI ‘snyedojaod "BOSsNj-O9U0d "B[NYLA}S 1OqTAGT | -sntueyd ‘azure ‘eyeso “ srresteeeces su lr ‘snedBItoo
“eYeSTISqns
g Qg SyT DUT} - OYVUIBO “eyessnoep *esoqo
‘sempuoyT | 8 6 6I ‘snqearozaod oysede | -ut ‘vousoo eprped | ‘eyertys - osopnAna| yes — ‘vzvA0-001u00 *xofdunis jrsseett* cu fy ‘sepoores
‘sruvyd
-erp snqifeards sty “1 B Yost
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“eyepno “eTno “70L0T
*eyewoeyeny “NT | 88 8 61 ‘snyevaojiod | -eqnu-oosnj ‘voustod | -sninue} ‘eyesnagns “ “ ‘stsuouejed = “aeA ‘
*eynp *sI[no “LAR
*LOTOO -1y1u ‘eueydeip -SNIXOAUOD ‘AJUB -n3ueidy ‘TTeuNT
‘eueueg ‘g| 2 8 OL ‘snzeaojaed oyszode | -run ‘vottoo epryjed | ‘ernyersys —1oq1A0T ‘eoru0o - o8uocTgo | -o0 ‘Suet ‘xepduits
se teweeee fig wamog ‘xopToorun |
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242 MOLLUSCA.
Mexico 3-6 13, without nearer indication of locality (Schiede’*; Hegewisch? ¥ ;
Uhde!2; David, in coll. Dunker).
Var. patriarcha.
Bulimus patriarcha, Binney, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1858, p. 116” ; Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am.
iv. p. 180, t. 80. fig. 13°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 148 a
Thaumastus patriarcha, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. p. 171, t. 9 (18). fig. 15 *.
Bulimulus patriarcha, Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i. p. 200, fig. 346” ;
Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. v. p. 388, fig. 270 *° ; Manual of Am. Land-Shells,
p. 396, fig. 431.
Bulimulus (Thaumastus) patriarcha, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 564.
Hab. Nortn America: Texas 7° 25 30 91,
N.E. Mexico: Buenavista (N.W. of Linares, in the State of Nuevo Leon) (Ber-
landiére 25 6 29 31, Couch ?°).
Mexico, without nearer indication of locality *°.
Pfeiffer 2 states that the shells of this species are pierced and strung by the peasants,
and sold in Mexico.
I have examined 352 specimens from various localities, 335 of which are from
Tehuacan, collected either by Hége or Uhde, forty-six belonging to the larger and
smoother variety ; none of them show the well-defined columellar tubercle of B. alter-
natus. The greatest length of the shell is 30 millim., the greatest diameter 17, but
these dimensions are not found united in any specimen ; the proportion of the diameter
to the length of the shell in the same specimen varies from 1:27 to 1: 1%, that of the
aperture to the whole length from 1:2 to 1:23. These differences are chiefly caused
by the degree of involution: if the following whorl envelops a little more of the
preceding, it extends nearer to the periphery, and the shell becomes broader and more
ventricose, and the aperture larger; if the following whorl envelops a smaller portion
of the preceding, it extends further downwards, and the shell becomes more elongate
and the aperture proportionately smaller. The most elongated specimens somewhat
approach B. callosus, Philippi, from Atacama; but they show neither the rough
sculpture, the blunt apex, nor the thick parietal callus in the aperture of that species.
I have figured some of the different forms, all collected at Tehuacan by Hoge. The
colour externally is opaque white, without stripes, inside the aperture is generally
ochraceous, more rarely white.
The variety is on the average larger, with the shell more regularly ovate, though
not very different in size and form; its surface is smoother, even a little shining,
generally also equally white, but in some specimens with a few scattered, pale grey or
even pale brownish stripes, inside of mouth more deeply brown. In most of these
respects it approaches B. alternatus. I have seen forty-seven specimens of it from
Tehuacan: the longest of them measures 36 millim. in length, the broadest 18
BULIMULUS. 243
millim. in breadth ; the proportion of the diameter to the length in the same specimen
varies from 1: 148; to 1:12; the aperture occupies in all specimens nearly one half of
the whole length of the shell. Ina few specimens the uppermost whorls are marbled
with diaphanous grey and opaque white; all the others are unicolorous white.
The specimens from Durango are somewhat more oval than conical, smoother,
and not purely white, but marked with very pale brownish stripes; they have the
interior of the aperture very vividly brown. By these characters they form a transition
to B. alternatus; but they are entirely without the columellar tubercle of that species.
Two others, resembling these but rather larger, collected also by Hoge, are simply
labelled “ Mexico,” without more definite locality; one of them is figured (fig. 18).
The figures 20-22 are taken from deformed examples, fig. 23 from a young one.
2. Bulimulus alternatus. (Tab. XV. figg. 24-26.)
Bulimus aliernatus, Say, New Harmony Disseminator, Dec. 1830, p. 25 (ed. Binney, p. 39)'; Pfr.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 221°; Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. iv. p. 126,
t. 80. figg. 1, 3 (copy of Say’s drawing) °.
Thaumastus alternatus, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. p. 171, t. 9 (18). fig. 6, t. 10 (14). fig. 10°.
Bulimulus alternatus, Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am.i. pp. 200-204,
figg. 347-350, 351 (radula) °; Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. v. pp. 388-391
(with the same figures repeated)*; Cockerell, Journ. de Conch. xxxix. p. 23 (1891)’;
Stearns, in Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 99 (1891) °.
Bulimulus (Thaumastus) alternatus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 561,
t. 24. fig. 1 (copy of Say’s original drawing)’; Bland & Binney, Am. Journ. Conch. vii.
p. 181”.
Bulimus lactarius (Menke), Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. iii. p. 85 (1846); Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. ii. p. 187’; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 37. fig. 217”.
Bulimus (Scutalus) marie, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, pp. 160, 162”.
Bulimus marie, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 350"; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab., ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 157, t. 48. figg. 7,8; P. Z. S. 1858, p. 23".
Bulimus (Ena) marie, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 154 (1855) ”.
Orthalicus (Scutalus) marie, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 158 ,
Bulimulus (Thaumastus) maria, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 215”.
Thaumastus marie, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. p. 172, t. 10 (14). fig. 3”.
Bulimus dealbatus, var., Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. ii. p. 276, t. 51a (uppermost and
lowest figures), t. 5 5 (the three middle figures) *.
Had. Norva America: Louisiana®7; Texas‘ ® 8 17 20 21, especially at Leon® and San
Pedro®; Tableland west of Fort Clark® (on the Rio San Pedro, near the frontier
of the Mexican State of Coahuila).
N.E. Maxico: State of Tamaulipas®, especially at Matamoros ®, found in great
numbers on bushes ® (Cowch). |
1S.W. Mexico: Isthmus of Tehuantepec ° 1°.
Mexico, without nearer indication of locality * °.
31*
244 MOLLUSCA.
Having examined a number of specimens of “3B. marie” from Texas in German
collections, 1 can fully endorse Binney’s remarks ® :—“ This species is readily distin-
guished from the allied forms by its greater solidity, its highly polished surface, its
more elongated form, its dark-coloured aperture, bordered with the white internal
margin of the peritreme, and the tooth-like callus upon the upper portion of the
columella.” But it is somewhat strange that Say himself! does not mention the
conspicuous brown colour of the interior of the aperture, but says only “labrum... .
within white, with a perlaceous tinge,” which is true as regards a zone of 2 millim.
in breadth immediately behind the margin of the aperture; all the rest of the
description, and especially ‘the thickened line or rib on the inner submargin,” agrees
well with our species. Most specimens show, indeed, more or less distinctly, a peculiar
circumscribed tubercle in the middle of the columellar margin, which is seen neither
in B. dealbatus nor in B. schiedeanus; but in some this tubercle is less conspicuous,
which may account for Cockerell’s distinction of varieties with and without tooth on
the columella’.
Bulimus lactarius (Menke) was described by Pfeiffer 11 at a time when B. alternatus
was not known to him by autopsy (Symb. Hist. Helic. iii. p. 52); it was subsequently
identified with B. alternatus by the author himself (Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 122,
and vili. p. 158). His original description 1! agrees very well with our species, except
that the tubercle on the columella is not mentioned; but this is sometimes very small,
and only visible when one looks obliquely into the aperture. Reeve’s figure 217a agrees
better with B. schiedeanus, var. patriarcha ; and the same is probably meant by H. and
A. Adams, who place lactarius with schiedeanus in their subgenus Mesembrinus (Gen. Moll.
ii. p. 157). Cockerell? distinguishes somewhat artificially the following varieties :—
(1) with grey or brownish streaks, (a) without columellar tooth (alternatus, Say),
(6) with columellar tooth (marie, Alb.); (2) one-coloured, white, (a) without columellar
tooth (alb¢dus, Taylor) (not described), (4) with columellar tooth (dinneyanus, Binn.).
The locality “Tehuantepec” is so far distant from the others that I should have
excluded it altogether if it had not been recorded by Bland and Binney , to whom
we must give full credit for their knowledge of this species. Forbes (P. z. S. 1850,
p. 54) mentions it even from Panama; but in this case the correctness of the determi-
nation is not so trustworthy.
The name “marie” was given to this shell by Albers 14 on account of his recognition
of it as a supposed new species on the twelfth birthday of his daughter Mary.
3. Bulimulus sufflatus.
Bulimulus vesicalis, A. Gould, Bost. Journ, Nat. Hist. vi. p. 875, t. 14. fig. 1 (1858)'; Carpenter,
P. ZS. 1856, p. 203°; Gabb, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. p. 237, t. 16. fig. 6 (1868)*; Pfr.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 467* [mot Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 654 (1853), and
BULIMULUS. 245
in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, t. 70. figg. 23, 24—a Brazilian
species |.
Bulimus sufflatus (Gould), Binney, Proc. Acad. Phil. xi. p. 188 (1859)°; Terr. air-breath. Moll. of
N. Am. iv. p. 25°; Crosse, Journ. de Conch. xix. p- 207 (1871) ’.
Mormus sufflatus, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. p- 172, t. 10 (14). fig. 6 (1868) °.
Bulimulus (Mormus) sufflatus, Binney & Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am. i. p. 206,
fig. 356°; Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. of N. Am. v. p. 20"; Proc. Acad. Phil. 1875,
p. 224, t. 16. fig. 12 (jaw); Am. Journ. Conch. vi. p. 209, t. 9. figg. 8 (jaw), 13 (radula) ”.
Bulimulus (Globulinus) suffiatus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 568, t. 19.
figg. 17, 18 (jaw and radula), t. 20. figg. 23-25 (shell) ™.
Bulimus juarezi, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 882; Novit. Conch. ii. p. 280, t. 69. figg. 1, 2; Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 123".
Hab. Norta America: Lower California 1~4 6, lowlands about La Paz?.
W. Mexico: Pacific region 14-16 ( Frick 18),
4. Bulimulus gruneri.
Bulimus gruneri, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 307; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 2137; in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 62, t. 62. figg. 11, 12°; Reeve, Conch. Icon.
v., Bulimus, t. 51. fig. 332%.
Bulimus (Liostracus) gruneri, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 156°.
Bulimus (Pyrgus) gruneri, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 159 (1855) °.
Otostomus (Leiostracus) gruneri, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 1517.
Bulimulus (Mesembrinus) gruneri, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 547 °.
Bulimulus gruneri, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 92, t. 6. fig. 1 (1a, 14)’.
Hab. Mexico, without nearer indication of locality 2~4 5 ® (coll. Cuming *).
tEcvapor: Soganovo (feiss °).
This species does not seem to have been again found in Mexico, all descriptions, except
Strebel’s 9, merely repeating Pfeiffer’s statement 1. Reeve’s figure ¢ differs from that given
_ by Pfeiffer ® not only in form but in having some dark stripes and spots. Strebel gives
a new description and figure (fig. 1)° from a specimen sent to him by Pfeiffer himself,
which, however, does not accord with the original description’; and he adds to it two
specimens (figg. 1a, 16) collected in Ecuador by Dr. Reiss. The Mexican habitat
therefore requires corroboration. Of all the allied Mexican species known to me,
Strebel’s figures resemble only B. durangoanus, which is, however, much smaller, and
Otostomus heterogeneus, Ptr. .
Named in honour of Herr Gruner, once an eminent collector at Bremen: the
spelling griineri or grueneri is erroneous; the w in this case should be pronounced as
the English oo.
246 MOLLUSCA.
5. Bulimulus durangoanus, sp.n. (Tab. XV. figg. 11, 11 @.)
Testa perforata, subelongata, irregulariter striatula, nitidula, alba, punctis et strigulis diaphano-griseis aspersa ;
anfr. 6, primus et secundus subglobosi, verticaliter costulati, pallide fuscescentes, sequentes convexiusculi,
sutura sat impressa, ultimus infra modice attenuatus ; apertura dimidiam longitudinem teste non eequans,
paullum obliqua, ovata, superne acuminata, peristomate simplice, margine externo recto, tenul, arcuato,
basali arcuato, columellari superne dilatato, reflexiusculo.
Long. 15, diam. 6; long. aperture 63, latit. apert. 4 millim.
Hab. N. Mexico: Villa Lerdo, in the State of Durango (Hoge).
I have seen only one specimen of this species. The greyish semitransparent points
or short streaks follow the lines of growth, but in the third whorl from above there are
also some oblique streaks in the direction from above and behind to below and in front.
B. durangoanus bears some resemblance to B. gruneri, Pfr., but is quite distinct from
it in the different proportions of the whorls: if viewed from the side opposite to the
aperture, the last whorl occupies half the length of the whole shell in B. dwrangoanus,
somewhat less in B. gruneri; and the penultimate whorl, seen from the same side,
equals nearly the length of all those which precede it in B. durangoanus, but much less
in B. gruneri. The columellar margin of the aperture is somewhat inflated and
twisted in B. gruneri, leaving a distinct depression between itself and the wall of the
last whorl, whereas in B. durangoanus it is flatly dilated and joins the said wall quite
plainly. Moreover, B. gruneri is uniformly white, without the greyish streaks and
spots of B. durangoanus, but has, on the other side, the suture distinguished by its
more opaque white colour.
It approaches also somewhat the Californian B. artemisie, Gould, but is not so much
elongated. So far as the general form of the shell is concerned, these two species may
be placed in the subgenus Peronwus, Albers, which contains chiefly species living in
arid regions.
6. Bulimulus corneus. (Tab. XV. fig. 9.)
Bulinus corneus, Sowerby, P. Z. 8. 1838, p. 37°.
Bulimus corneus, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 2197; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab.
ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 242, t. 63. figg. 29, 30°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 21. fig. 184° ;
Angas, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 479° [not B. corneus, Lea (1837), see below, p. 248; nor of Michaud
(1858), Deshayes (1833) (=grecus, Beck), or Menke (1830) (= beticatus, Fér.), the two
latter being now referred to Buliminus].
Bulimus (Buliminus) corneus, Beck, Index Moll. p. 71 (1838) °.
Bulimus (Leptomerus) corneus, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 166%; Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 60 (1855) °.
Orthalicus (Leptomerus) corneus, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 156°.
Bulimulus (Omphalostyla) corneus, H. & A. Adams, loc. cit. p. 161°.
Bulimulus (Leptomerus) corneus, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 222"; Fisch. & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 548”.
Bulimulus corneus, Bland & Binney, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1873, p. 248”.
Bulimus berendti (Pfr.), Tate, Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 156 (1870)“*; Binney, Am. Journ. Conch.
vii. p. 182 (jaw and radula) (1872) ».
BULIMULUS. 247
Hab. W. Guaremata: Retalhuleu, in the lowlands of the Pacific slope, at an elevation
of not higher than 2000 feet above the sea (Stoll).
S.W. Guatemata: Escuintla, on the Pacific slope (Morelet 12), |
KE. Guatemata: Zacapa, on Cereus sp. (Stoll). 4]
N.W. Nicaragua: Realejo, under decayed grass (Cuming 14),' Lave Hoe
S.E. Nicaragua: San Juan Castillo and Toro Rapids (Gadb 1).
NicaRAGuA, without nearer indication of locality (probably Pacific coast) (M*Miel 1).
N.W. Costa Rica: Guanacasta (Pittier).
N.E. Costa Rica: Puerto Viejo, on the Rio Sarapiqui (Biolley).
CENTRAL Costa Rica: Las Palmares, in the Province of Alajuela (Orosco); San José
(Biolley).
K. Costa Rica: Tilorio and Zhorquin Rivers (Gadd 5).
Var. nubeculatus: “ saturatius nubeculatus.”
Bulimus nubeculatus, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1851, p. 257°; “Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 43877; in Martini
& Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 92, t. 31. figg. 15, 16.
Bulimus (Leptomerus) nubeculatus, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 160 (1855) *.
Hab. Centrat America (Morelet, in coll. Cuming 18-18),
Var. minor: concolor, long. 12, diam. 8, apert. long. 7 millim.
Bulimulus (Leptomerus) nubeculatus, Fisch, & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 556, t. 24.
figg. 7, 7a”.
Hab. E. Mexico: San Andres Tuxtla, near Vera Cruz (Sallé °°).
Dr. O. Stoll found specimens of this species on loamy declivities, between blades of
grass, before sunrise; later in the day it conceals itself beneath decaying leaves. For
the variety nubeculatus, Pfeiffer 1°18 cites “‘ Central America,” upon the authority of
Morelet, from a specimen in Cuming’s collection. Fischer and Crosse 2° do not appear
to have seen corresponding specimens from Morelet; but they have given the name
nubeculatus to a smaller, unicolorous shell, collected at San Andres Tuxtla by Sallé.
The living animal is described by Dr. O. Stoll as follows :—* Body rather narrow,
24 centim. long; the back in the middle part longitudinally wrinkled, before and at
the sides longitudinally and transversely wrinkled; pale greyish-brown, with two
blackish lines, one behind each of the upper feelers. These latter 6 millim. long,
blackish, on the inner side pale brown. Lower feelers 1 millim. long, conical,
blackish, but paler than the upper ones. Hinder part of the foot flat, pointed, without
median crest.”
7. Bulimulus unicolor.
Bulinus unicolor, Sowerby, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 73*; Conch. Ilustr., Bulinus, fig. 13.
Bulimus unicolor, Deshayes, in Lamarck’s Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. ed. 2, viii. p. 280°; Pfr.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. 11. p. 219 *. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus,
p- 234, t. 62. figg. 41, 42°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 21. fig. 183°.
248 MOLLUSCA.
Bulimus (Buliminus) unicolor, Beck, Index Moll. p. 717.
Bulimus (Leptomerus) unicolor, Albers, Die Helic., ed. 1, p. 166°; Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 160
1855) °.
ee ( tomers) unicolor, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 156™.
Bulimulus (Leptomerus) unicolor, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 222”.
Hab. 8. Panama: Perico Island, in the Bay of Panama, found on dead leaves (coll.
Cuming 1 4°),
Var. petenensis.
Bulimus petenensis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 10 (1851); Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iti.
p. 428.
Bulimulus (Leptomerus) petenensis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 553, t. 20.
fig. 13“.
Hal. N. GuateMata: Peten, on open savanas, on blades of grass (Morelet °—1*).
Var. tstapensis. ;
Bulimulus (Leptomerus) istapensis, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 549, t. 20. fig. 18».
Bulimus istapensis, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 153°.
Hab. 8. Guatemata: Istapa, Pacific coast region, in the forest (Morelet 1°).
Bulimus corneus, Lea (not Sowerby), Observ. Unionide, ii. p. 66, t. 33. fig. 111
(1837), may belong to this species; but, as the figure does not quite agree, I cannot
be certain about it. If this should prove to be the case, the area of B. unicolor
extends to the northern part of South America, Lea’s shell having been found at
‘*‘ Buenavista, in Colombia,” by Mr. T. R. Peale, to whom we are indebted for some
other Colombian shells. The locality Guayaquil, however, given by Pfeiffer4 on
d’Orbigny’s authority, I omit intentionally, as it is not mentioned in d’Orbigny’s
larger work containing the results of his travels in South America, but only in the
preliminary ‘‘ synopsis.”
8. Bulimulus sarcodes.
Bulimus sarcodes, Pfr. P. Z. 8S. 1846, p. 30’; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 2202; Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 233, t. 62. figg. 839, 40°; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 61. fig. 414+.
Bulimus (Leptomerus) sarcodes, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 166°; Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 160
(1855) °.
Bulimulus (Leptomerus) sarcodes, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 2227.
Hab. Honpuras (Dyson }*).
9. Bulimulus coriaceus.
Bulimus coriaceus, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 318"; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 504°; vi. p. 152°.
_Bulimulus (Leptomerus) coriaceus, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 222‘; Fisch. & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 552, t. 21. fige. 7, 7a°.
BULIMULUS. 249
Bulimulus berendti (part.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. t. 6. fig. 15 (upper
figure), v. p. 55°.
Var. berendti: gracilior,
Bulimus behrendti, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 168, t. 3. figg. 4, 5 (1861) ”.
Bulimus berendti, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 149°.
Bulimulus berendti, Binney & Bland, Am. Journ. Conch. vii. p. 182 (jaw and radula)*; Strebel,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. t. 6. fig. 15 (lower figure), v. p. 55".
Bulimulus (Leptomerus) berendti, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p- 554, t. 21.
figg. 8, 8a".
Hab. EB. Mexico: State of Vera Cruz (Sallé}?); Jalapa, common (Hége); Orizaba
(Hegewisch and Berendt2 2578 10 11); Cordova (Berendt® 1, Sallé®, Hoge); Vera
Cruz, in the “callejones,” on shrubs (Strebel 1°); Toxpan, near Cordova (Sallé ®,
Berendt'); Atoyac (Hoge).
S.E. Mexico: Tabasco?; Teapa and San Juan Bautista, in the same State (H. H.
Smith).
S.W. Mexico: Cacoprieto, near Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast '°).
After examining a large number of specimens, most of them collected by Hoge, I
have no doubt that Strebel is perfectly justified in uniting B. coriaceus and B. berendti.
He does not even distinguish them as varieties, whereas Fischer and Crosse not only
maintain them as distinct species, but also describe and figure very short and subglobose
specimens from Toxpan and Orizaba as var. B of coriaceus. The chief difference is,
whether the whorls merge a little more or less one into the other; of course in the
more involute specimens each whorl must become somewhat more convex in order to
gain outwards the room which is lost by the deeper immersion of the preceding whorl,
and as a result the suture will be somewhat more marked and the umbilicus a little
more open. Therefore we find in Pfeiffer’s Monograph B. coriaceus in the “ § perforati
vel umbilicati,” and b. berendti in the ‘) subperforati,” and somewhat widely sepa-
rated from each other; this is probably the chief reason why Pfeiffer did not unite
them himself. Most of the specimens collected by Hoge are intermediate between the
two extremes. In the geographical distribution there also seems to be no difference,
the same localities having been quoted for the two so-called species.
I have not enumerated other more southern localities mentioned by Fischer and
Crosse 1! for B. berendti :—(1) Boom, in Belize (British Honduras), on the authority
of Dr. Berendt, as neither Strebel nor Pfeiffer mentions this locality; and (2)
Nicaragua on the authority of Tate and Binney, because the specimens from that
country have been subsequently recognized as belonging to B. corneus.
10. Bulimulus inermis.
Bulimus inermis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 10 (1851) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p, 441 *.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, November 1897. 32
250 MOLLUSCA.
Bulimulus (Leptomerus) inermis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 550, t. 20.
figg. 16, 17°.
Hab. CAMPECHE: environs of Palizada (Morelet'~*).
Var. major: long. 134, diam. 6, apert. 5 millim.
Hab. N. GuateMata: valley of the Rio Chisoy, at Rancho Chisoy (Stol/).
11. Bulimulus translucens.
Bulinus translucens, Broderip, P. Z. 8. 1842, p. 81’; Sowerby, Conch. Illustr., Bulinus, fig. 11’.
Bulimus translucens, Deshayes, in Lamarck’s Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. ed. 2, viii. p. 265°;
Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 196°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Bulimus, p. 241, t. 68. figg. 27, 28°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 18. fig. 71°.
Bulimus (Bulimulus) translucens, Beck, Index Moll. p. 677. .
Bulimus (Leptomerus) translucens, Albers, Die Helic. ed.1, p. 166°; Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 160
(1855) °.
Bulimulus (Leptomerus) translucens, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 222°.
Hab. S. Panama: Isla del Rey (San Miguel), in the Pearl Islands, and Taboga Island,
both in the Bay of Panama ™*, on trees (Cuming *~*).
12. Bulimulus dysoni.
Bulimus dysoni, Pir. P. Z. 8. 1846, p. 39’; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 1837; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 62. fig. 435 °. .
Bulimus (Leptomerus) dysoni, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 166*; Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 160
(1855) °*.
Orthalicus (Leptomerus) dysoni, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 156°.
Bulimulus (Leptomerus) dysoni, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 5517.
Bulimulus dysont, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 315°.
Hab. Yucatan: Tabi (Pilsbry §).
Honpvuras (Dyson *~).
CrntraL Nicaragua: Acoyapa (Belt, Dec. 1879).
Var. ignavus: minor, pallidior.
Bulimus ignavus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 77. fig. 562°.
Bulimus dysoni, var. minor, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 438”.
Bulimus dysoni, Tristram, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 280”.
Bulimulus (Leptomerus) dysoni, var. 8, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 551
t. 24. figg. 8a, 8b”.
Hab. Camprcue (Sallé!*); Palizada (Morelet 12).
GUATEMALA, without nearer indication of locality (! Coban) (Salvin 14).
3
The typical form is distinguished by its rather intense reddish-brown colour and
shining appearance.
* Quoted as King I. and Saboga I.
BULIMULUS. 251
The shell named by Strebel as 2B. dysoni, Pfr., from Tabasco (Beitr. Mex. Land-
und Siissw.-Conch. iv. t. 6. figg. 16a, 8, v. p. 56), I cannot acknowledge as belonging
to the same species.
13. Bulimulus (?) umbraticus.
Bulimus umbraticus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t.77. fig. 559 (1849)'; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iii. p. 4147,
Bulimus (Leptomerus) umbraticus, Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. ii. p. 100 (1855) *.
Hab. Centrau America? 2,
On account of the elevated strie, this species may perhaps belong to Stenogyra.
The following species cannot be admitted as belonging to the Mexican and Central-
American fauna, although they have been so treated by some authors :—
Bulimus parvus, Lea, type from Cartagena, in Colombia, is mentioned by R. Tate, in
Am. Journ. of Conchol. v. p. 156, as found in the Savana region of Nicaragua.
As this species is very imperfectly known, and perhaps only the young state of
some other, I dare not introduce it into the Central-American fauna.
Bulimus cordovanus, Pfr., from Cordova, in the Argentine Republic, has been by error
attributed to Cordova (near Vera Cruz) in Mexico by Pfeiffer himself, Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 435, and vi. p. 75, but duly corrected by him, op. cit. viil.
p- 105.
Odontostomus punctatissimus, Lesson, a well-known Brazilian species = Clausilia exesa,
Potiez & Michaud, Galerie d. Moll. du Musée de Douai, i. p. 191 (1838), “ Mme.
Dupont dit lavoir regue du Mexique.”
Otostomus fucatus, Reeve, is incorrectly stated, in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 212, to
be from the same locality as O. varicosus, Pfr.,—that is to say, from Mexico; it
is from Colombia and Ecuador.
Bulimus gelidus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 76. fig. 553, from ¢Central
America, is, according to Edg. Smith, who has examined the type, probably
identical with B. montevidensis, Pfr., from Monte Video.
Bulimus mexicanus, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 123 (ed. Deshayes,
viii. p. 232); Valenciennes, in Humboldt & Bonpland’s Obs. Zool. ii. p. 247, t. 56.
fig. 1; Delessert, Recueil de Cog. t. 27. fig. 9; Helix vittata, Férussac, Tabl. Syst.
no. 397; is founded ona shell obtained by Humboldt during his voyage. This
species is also figured by Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 58. fig. 391, under
the name B. humboldti; it does not, however, live in Mexico, but in Colombia,
where Humboldt also travelled, as I have already stated in Malak. Blatt. xii.
32*
LO
Or
bo
MOLLUSCA.
p. 24 (1865). But several authors have tried to recognize it in truly Mexican
species (see the synonymy of Otostomus emeus and 0. tryont).
I may be allowed to add a few remarks concerning Bulimus rimatus, Pfr., and B.
spirifer, Gabb, which have sometimes been confounded with B. membranaceus (Phil.),
see anted, p. 223, also Fischer and Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 560,
suggesting that all three may possibly belong to the same species. By comparing
Pfeiffer’s original description of B. rimatus, P. Z. 8. 1846, p. 112, and Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. ii. p. 104, from a specimen in Cuming’s collection, and the figure given by
Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 54. fig. 859, with specimens of B. spirifer from
the Peninsula of Lower California, I have no doubt that the two are identical and that
Pfeiffer’s name must be adopted. The locality “ Afghanistan” given to B. rimatus in
Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 233, is evidently a mistake, the printer having misunder-
stood the sign of interrogation (?) in the manuscript and changed it into the sign of
repetition (,,); in Albers’s collection no locality is given, and the shell is identical
with that of B. spirifer. What Jay’s B. rimatus, Pfr., from Japan [Perry’s Narrative,
ii, p. 296 (1856)], may have been, I do not know. But Philippi’s B. membranaceus
is proved by the original description and figure (see anted, p. 223) to differ from
B. spirifer; distinct spiral striea are mentioned, but not the characteristic columellar
fold: in several collections, however, these names are misapplied.
SIMPULOPSIS.
Simpulopsis, Beck, Ind. Moll. p. 100 (1838).
Shell very thin, oblong, with comparatively few whorls, the last ventricose; the
aperture large, with thin simple peristome. Jaw arcuate, with six ribs in the middle
and three stronger ones on each side. Radula with oblique rows; median tooth
shovel-shaped, and in some species with a minute lateral point on each side; lateral
teeth also shovel-shaped, with a short external lateral point ; marginals unequally tricus-
pidate. [Heynemann, Malak. Blatt. xv. p.111, t.5. fig. 10 (1868); Binney, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. v. no. 16, p. 338, t. 1. fig. g.]
The shell has the appearance of a Vitrina or Succinea, but the radula is more like
that of Bulimulus. |
Geographical distribution: Brazil, West Indian Islands, Mexico, and Guatemala.
Whether the few species quoted from the islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans
really belong to this genus is rather questionable. See also AXanthonyz, infra.
SIMPULOPSIS. | 253
ComparRaTIVE TABLE OF THE SpEcIES oF SzrpuzoPsis.
|
Aperture. |
Nomen. Figura. Sculptura. Coloratio. Long. | Diam.
Alt. Diam
obliq. .
. mm. ; mm. | mm. | mm.
simula, Morel. ...| mucronato-globosa. | oblique plicatula. | fulvo-virens. 11 9 7 6
senea, Pfr. ......... depresse conico- | confertissime stri- | pellucida, seneo- 54 9 7 5
globosa. ata. micans.
cumingi, Pfr. ...| subglobosa, leviter et irregula- | viventi-cornea. 12 204 14 15
riter plicatula.
1. Simpulopsis simula.
Bulimus simulus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 11 (1851)*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ili. p. 3837.
Simpulopsis simula, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 578, t. 24. fige. 18,13 a’°.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Peten, in woods, on the leaves of trees (Morelet !-°).
2. Simpulopsis cnea.
Simpulopsis enea, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 27*; Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 84 (1861) *; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. v. p. 22°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii., Simpulopsis, t. 1. fig. 7*; Fisch. & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 580, t. 24. figg. 12, 12 a, 5’.
Hab. S. CentrRat Mexico: Parada, in the State of Oaxaca (Sallé }~).
3. Simpulopsis cumingi.
Simpulopsis cumingi, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 27, t. 8. fig. 2*; Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 84 (1861) °;
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. v. p. 22°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii., Simpulopsis, t.1. fig. 5°.
Hab. Mexico, without nearer indication of locality 1~*.
Fam. CYLINDRELLIDZ.
Shell turrite, with many gradually increasing whorls; aperture more or less circular,
with continuous’ edges all round, often drawn out freely beyond the junction of the
last whorl with the penultimate whorl. Jaw and radula agreeing generally with
that of the Aulacognatha (anted, p. 126) and Pupide (infra), in the genera which are
characteristic aud confined to Central America, as Hucalodium, Celocentrum, and
Holospira, but peculiarly modified in Cylindrella and Macroceramus, which both belong
essentially to the West Indian Islands and are represented on the mainland of America
by very few species. ‘The differences and analogies between these two groups are given
at length by H. Strebel [Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 52 (1880), &c.],
who has shown that the Eucalodiine and Cylindrellide are not so sharply defined as
P. Fischer and Crosse supposed. In Eucalodiwm, Celocentrum, and most species of
254 MOLLUSCA.
Cylindrella, but not in Holospira and Macroceramus, a number of the upper whorls are
progressively lost during life, so that the individual has never at the same time the full
number of whorls. The loss of the whorls during life is proved by the closing of the
hole by a shelly, often slightly convex, wall (see Tab. XVI. fig. 28 a), whereas in worn
dead shells, which by external injury have lost a part of the whorls, the hole of the
fracture remains open.
EUCALODIUM.
Urocoptis, sect. a. Conico-turrite, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 36 (1860).
Eucalodium, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xvi. pp. 88 &c. (1868); Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, i. pp. 353-362; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 62.
Shell turrite, with many whorls, the uppermost always lost in the adult shell and
the hole closed by a newly formed wall; last whorl somewhat narrowed and a little
produced beyond the suture with the penultimate whorl; aperture roundish, with the
edge free all round and a little expanded. Columellar axis solid (instead of hollow, as
in Celocentrum), a little plaited. Surface covered by a distinct periostracum of pink,
brownish, or yellowish colour and costulate in a somewhat oblique direction, these
coste and markings, when present, being parallel with the edges of the aperture
and more or less numerous, but never very prominent. Size comparatively large,
between 84 and 32 millim. in length and 21 and 10 millim. in diameter. Number of
remaining whorls 7-14, exceptionally more or less. Jaw arcuated, with feeble ribs.
Teeth of the radula moderately pointed; median tooth a little smaller than the next
ones, with a basal point on each side; lateral teeth with a basal point only on the
outer side. Reproductive organs simple. For further anatomical characters, see the
works of Fischer and Strebel.
Geographically limited to the southern half of Mexico and the northern half of
Guatemala: on the Atlantic slope, known from the neighbourhood of Misantla to the
valley of the Polochic river, south of Coban; on the Pacific slope, only from Colima to
Tehuantepec; rare in the central regions. The most characteristic and largest species
on the Atlantic slope, those of the Pacific slope nearly all belonging to the subdivision
Anisospira. ‘They live chiefly on the ground, in moist woods, or under leaves, such as
those of Agave.
The species are difficult to distinguish, as the outline of the shell sometimes shows
individual variation. The absolute length of adult specimens is not a reliable character,
as it varies much according to the number of preserved whorls; the diameter of the
shell (measured on the whorl before the last) and the size of the aperture are, however,
safer guides. The sculpture affords some specific differences, but the transverse or
spiral striz, which are characteristic of several species, sometimes become very feeble
or scarcely visible in certain individuals; in worn specimens it may be much altered.
In some cases the amount of convexity of the single whorls, and the relation of the
EUCALODIUM. 258
visible part of each whorl to its diameter, is important; but these differences, although
discernible to the experienced eye of a conchologist, cannot well be denoted by a single
word or number in a comparative Table. As regards the number and definition of
the species, I have followed mostly Pfeiffer, Crosse and Fischer, and last, but not
least, Strebel; but I am not sure that all will hold good when better series of each are
available for comparison.
The species may be arranged in the following groups :-—
I
- Shell large, exceeding 70 millim. in height and 15 in breadth, cylindrically turrite, with
moderately produced aperture; colour violet or brownish.—ghiesbreghti, blandianum,
walpoleanum, insigne, decollatum.
2. Shell somewhat smaller and often of a paler colour ; in other respects similar to the preceding. —
compactum, mexicanum, grande, splendidum, decurtatum, densecosiatum.
. Resupinata, n. Shell somewhat fusiform, narrowed below, last whorl descending considerably
beyond the suture, and the plane of the aperture thus very oblique; colour yellowish or
brown.—speciosum, edwardsianum, deshayesianum. EE. cereum forms the transition to the
following.
4, Last whorl less or scarcely produced beyond the suture.
oo
a, Colour of the shell dull brown; sculpture feeble.—moussonianum, neglectum, truncatum.
6. Colour of the shell whitish; ridges nearly vertical.—recticosta.
Or
. Anisospira, Strebel.. Shell strongly ventricose in the middle, rapidly narrowed above and also
remarkably narrowed towards the aperture; colour reddish or white.—strebeli, liebmanni,
hyalinum.
Strebel treats this last subdivision as a distinct genus, and places it nearer Cylindrella,
sensu stricto, than to Hucalodium; but till the form of the jaw and radula of the
species belonging to it is known, there can be no positive decision about it. In this
matter I agree with Fischer and Crosse, who point out that the form of the aperture is
more like that of typical Eucalodium than of Cylindrella cylindrus, Chemn., which,
among the insular forms, approaches nearest H. liebmanni in general outline and
colour. Moreover, L. strebeli is a connecting-link with the true Lucalodia.
In this genus, and also in Celocentrum, Holospira, and Cylindrella, the diameter
of the shell is measured from the penultimate whorl, 7. ¢. above the upper end
of the aperture, as the production of the aperture gives to the last whorl a dis-
proportionate extension in diameter.
1. Eucalodium ghiesbreghti. a
Cylindrella ghiesbreghti, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 380, t. 36. fig. 1"; Malak. Blatt. 11. p. 216 (1856) ?;
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 694°; and in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Cylindrella, p. 33, t. 8. figg. 18, 19*; Tristram, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 231 °; Sowerby in Reeve’s
Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrella, t. 1. fig. 7°.
Eucalodium ghiesbreghti, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xvi. p. 88 (1868)", and xviii. p. 18, t. 5.
figg. 1-4 (jaw and radula) (1870) *; Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 368, t. 14. fige. 4, 4a,
and t. 16. figg. 14-21 (anatomy) °; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 63,
t. 5. fig. 20, t. 14. figg. 11 4, B”.
MOLLUSCA.
256
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33
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, November 1897.
258 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght 1~4 ® °).
N. Guaremata: Vera Paz (Bocourt 78), Coban (Salvin °).
Distinct by its dark violet colour, feeble sculpture, and comparatively large increase
in diameter of the lower whorls; a feeble keel at the base of the last whorl; the
number of remaining whorls in full-grown specimens varying from 9-13.
In the late Prof. Dunker’s collection, now in the Museum of Berlin, there is a very
abnormal specimen, having the last whorl not detached at the end from the suture, the
aperture irregularly circular, measuring 16 millim. in height and as much in breadth
(diameter), whereas, ordinarily, the breadth of the aperture is distinctly less than its
height (14 to 17-184 millim.), and the columellar fold nearer the outside than usual.
The living shell had, no doubt, been fractured when full-grown, and the new aperture
built somewhat behind the first one. A similar abnormal shell of another species
has been figured by Sowerby (Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrella, t. 1. fig. 6). The
figure 7 in the ‘ Conchologica Iconica’ represents a specimen with an unusually large
number of preserved whorls, 97 millim. long.
The locality “‘ Duefias,” quoted by Fischer and Crosse® from Tristram ®, is certainly
incorrect, the majority of the shells mentioned in that paper having been found in the
immediate neighbourhood of Coban, according to direct information from Mr. O. Salvin
himself.
2. Eucalodium blandianum.
Eucalodium blandianum, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xvi. p. 276 (1868) *, and xviii.
p. 22 (1870)*; Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 874, t. 14. figg. 5, 5a, and t. 16.
figg. 11-13 (radula)*; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 65, t. 7.
figg. 2 a-k and 5, t. 14. figg. 10 a, B, t. 11. figg. 4, 5 (radula), t. 11. fig. 12 (jaw), and
t. 12. fig. 2 (anatomy) *.
Cylindrella speciosa (Dkr.), Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrella, t. 1. fig. 2 (nec
Pfr.) °.
Cylindrella blandiana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 186°.
Hab. E. Mexico: mountains near Orizaba® (Sallé1-8, Bland 1-8, Botteri+); rocky
country near San Juan, Miahuatlan, between Jalapa and Misantla, on the moist
ground, between moss and herbs (Dora Estefania‘); Coatepec (Hige).
Variable in size and form, some specimens being rather broad and full and others
comparatively slender and narrow; for extreme dimensions, see above, p. 206.
Characterized by the yellowish-brown rather glossy colour, the comparatively strong
coste, which are somewhat paler than the interstices, and the malleated (hammer-like)
impressions scattered here and there between the coste or in place of them. The
interstices mostly twice as wide as the coste. The transverse strie in the interstices
very feeble and irregular. Scattered darker brown streaks, marking periods of growth,
EUCALODIUM. 259
are found in this species, as well as in E. walpoleanun.. Transverse dark brown spots
in the interstices occur also here and there in both species.
The locality “ Colombia ” given by Sowerby is no doubt incorrect.
3. Eucalodium walpoleanum.
? Cylindrella decollata (Nyst), Pfr. in Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch. ii. p. 47, Cylindrella, t. 2.
fig. 1"; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 868°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Cylindrella, p. 38, t. 1. fig. 2°.
Eucalodium walpoleanum, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. XX. p. 75 (1872)*; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, i. p. 877, t. 14. fige. 6,6a°; v. Mart. P.Z. 8. 1875, p. 648°; Strebel, Beitr.
Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p- 67, t. 7. figg. 1a, 6, and t. 14. fig. 127.
Cylindrella walpolei, Sowerby in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrelila, t. 6. fig. 51°.
Cylindrella walpoleana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 427°.
Hab. 8.E. Mexico: woods of Palenque, Chiapas (Morelet *); Chiapas (Boucard 5).
N. GuaTEMALA: mountains of Vera Paz (Bocourt®); Coban (Salvin ®, Conradt) ;
woods between Tactic and Tamahu (Sarg).
Very near E.. blandianum, resembling it in size and colour, but somewhat more
slender and often of a darker brownish tint; the chief difference, however, is in the
sculpture, £. walpoleanum having more numerous and more feeble coste, with the
interstices often not twice their width, and distinctly transversely striate, the strie
continued more or less on the costa themselves, these latter generally being of the
same colour as the interstices. The last whorl is angulated at the base, but the angle
disappears more or less near the aperture. Number of remaining whorls in the full-
grown shell 9-12.
In the Berlin Museum there is a specimen of this species which has been fractured
during life and restored, in which the aperture does not exceed the suture, the
columellar margin is rather distinctly toothed, and the basal edge is unusually strong.
Several other specimens show a raised spiral line somewhat beneath the suture, or
midway between the upper and lower suture in some of the terminal whorls and even
in the last, but not regularly and in different degrees of strength. |
Fischer and Crosse mention ® a small variety from Guatemala; and Strebel (Beitr.
Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 68, t. 7. fig. 3) a form ‘*B,” based upon specimens |
found at Miahuatlan, in Eastern Mexico, in company with EL. blandianum, resembling
‘ the latter in colour and gloss and in the strength of the coste, but having the trans-
verse striated sculpture of L. walpoleanum.
4. Kucalodium insigne. | |
Eucalodium insigne, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 301 (1872)*; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, i. p. 366, t. 14. figg. 7, 7a”.
Cylindrella insignis, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p, 428°, 33"
260 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. S. Mexico: without nearer indication of locality 1~°.
Resembles #. ghiesbreghti in the form of the aperture, but more slender, paler in
colour, and with stronger cost.
5. Kucalodium decollatum.
Pupa decollata, Nyst, Bull. Acad. Bruxelles, viii. no. 5, p. 845, cum fig. (1841) *.
Eucalodium decollatum, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 363, t. 14. figs. 3,3a’.
Cylindrella decollata, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vill. p. 421°.
Hab. 8.E. Mexico: Tabasco (Ghiesbreght 1).
N. Guatemata: Vera Paz (Morelet ?).
Distinct by its pale greyish colour and the broad irregularly quadrate aperture. ©
Nyst’s figure, as regards the general outline, is more like EL. ghiesbreghti than that
of Fischer and Crosse, which represents a smaller and more slender shell. Nyst
states! that the coste are more pronounced near the sutures, a peculiarity not
mentioned in Fischer and Crosse’s description, nor visible in their figures. The
identification therefore remains somewhat doubtful.
6. Kucalodium compactum.
Eucalodium compactum, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 338, t. 14. fig. 4’.
Hab. 8.4. Mexico: Tabasco (Lovirosa').
Pale straw-coloured; the visible part of each whorl very low, not half its diameter ;
basal angle strong ; aperture rather broad, obliquely oval.
7. Eucalodium mexicanum.
Cylindrella mexicana (Cuming), Pfr. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 189"; Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 80 (1861) *;
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 364°.
Eucalodium mexicanum, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 869, t. 15. figg. 1,
la-c*; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Stissw.-Conch. iv. p. 62, t. 6. fig. 7, and t. 11. figg. 8
(radula), 11 (jaw), and 16 (anatom.) ’.
Hab. 8.E. Mexico: Tabasco (Berendt*®); Chiapas (Bland *).
Var. major.
Eucalodium mexicanum, var. y, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 369 °.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt *); woods between Tactic and Tamahu
(Sarg °).
Var. minor.
Cylindrella mexicana, Pfr, Novit. Conch. iii. p. 435, t. 97. figg. 16, 17 (1869) ”.
Eucalodium mexicanum, var. 8, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex. » Mollusca, i. p. 369°; Strebel,
Beitr. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 63, t. 5. fig. 11°,
EUCALODIUM. 261
Hab. 8. Ceytran Mexico: J uquila, in the State of Oaxaca 8.
Sowerby’s figure of Cylindrella mexicana (Conch. Icon. fig. 61) does not represent
a normal shell, and it may belong to a different species: see above, under
E. ghiesbreghti.
8. Eucalodium grande.
Cylindrella grandis, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 139, t. 50. fig. 3°; Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 687; Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 364°; Novit. Conch. iii. p. 455, t. 100. figg. 8,9‘; Sowerby, in Reeve’s
Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrella, t. 1. fig. 4°.
Eucalodium grande, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 371, t. 15. fig. 4°; Strebel,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 68, t. 5. fig. 197.
Hab. 8. CENTRAL Mexico: Juquila, in the State of Oaxaca (Boucard !~* 67),
9. Eucalodium splendidum.
Cylindrella splendida, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 189, t. 50. fig. 11; Malak. Blatt. viii. p. 80 (1861) *;
5]
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 377°; Novit. Conch. iii. p. 432, t. 97. figg. 1, 2*; Sowerby,
in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrelia, t. 1. fig. 3°.
Eucalodium splendidum, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 372, t. 15. figg. 3,3 a° ;
Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 69, t. 5. fig. 177.
Hab. S. CentRat Mexico: Zacatepec, in the State of Oaxaca (Boucard 1~*° 7),
10. Kucalodium decurtatum.
Cylindrella (Urocoptis) decurtata, H. Adams, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 13, t. 3. fig. 20'; Pfr. Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 439 ”.
Eucalodium decurtatum, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 885, t. 15. figg. 5,5 a*.
Hab. S. Centrat Mexico: Putla, in the State of Oaxaca (Boucard 1~°).
E. grande, E. splendidum, and E. decurtatum are very similar in form, sculpture, and
colour, and differ chiefly in size.
11. Eucalodium densecostatum.
Eucalodium densecostatum, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sissw.-Conch. iv. p. 71, t. 6. fig. 10
(1889) *.
Hab. E. Mexico: Orizaba (Botteri').
The author knows only one specimen, and that bleached, but he states that it
differs from all those described and figured in the work of Fischer and Crosse by the
close costulation (170 costule on the last whorl), without visible interstices. He
compares the species with £. boucardi, but the aperture is not so remarkably drawn
out and bent backwards.
262 MOLLUSCA.
12. Eucalodium speciosum.
Cylindrella speciosa, Dunker, in Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch. 1. p. 86, Cylindrella, t. 1. fig. 19
(1844) *, | |
Eucalodium boucardi, var. 8, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 381, t. 15.
figg. 6,6a°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 71, t. 6. fig. 6°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova (Sallé?; Hoge); Coatepec (Hége); Jalapa and Cuesta de
Misantla (AZ. Trujillo).
Var. boucardt.
Cylindrella boucardi (Sallé), Pfr. P. ZS. 1856, p. 821, t. 35. fig. 1*; Malak. Blatt. in. p. 216
(1856) °; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 695°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab.
ed. 2, Cylindrella, p. 35, t. 8. figg. 1, 2”.
Eucalodium boucardi, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 881°; Strebel, Beitr.
Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 70, t. 5. fig. 15°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova (Sallé 4~") ; Orizaba (Botterz °).
Var. strebeli, n.
Eucalodium boucardi, form B, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 71, t. 5. figg. 8, 9”.
Hab. E. Mexico: Environs of Jalapa, especially about the brooks on the road to
Naolingo, and Chirimoyo (Strebel 1°). |
Var. minimum. .
Eucalodium boucardi, var. y, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 381%.
Hab. HK. Mexico: Cordova (Sailé11; Hoge); Atoyac (H. H. Smith).
? Var. fischeri, n.
Eucalodium speciosum (Dkr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 379, t. 15.
fige. 7,7a™.
Hab. E. Mexico: Chiquihuitl, in the State of Vera Cruz (Sadlé!2).
13. Eucalodium edwardsianum.
Eucalodium edwardsianum, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 224 (1872)1; Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 383, t. 14. figg. 10, 10a°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-
Conch. iv. p. 69, t. 6. fig. 11, t. 11. figg. 6,7 (radula), and 13 (jaw), t. 12. fig. 1 (genitalia) *.
Cylindrella edwardsiana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 437 *.
Hab. EK. Mexico: Cordova (Sallé+?); Agua Caliente, Hirial, and Nacimiento de
Quilate, all around Misantla, by preference on a tree called “ Calatola or tisma ”
(Dona Estefania *).
The more distant coste without intervening spiral strie appear to be the chief
character by which this species may be known from E. boucardi. I have not,
however, seen a specimen which I can refer with certainty to it.
EUCALODIUM. 263
The specimen described and figured by the French authors is rather swollen in the
middle, those of Strebel being more cylindrical. Strebel? has counted 77 coste in
the penultimate whorl.
14. Kucalodium deshayesianum.
Eucalodium deshayesianum, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 223 (1872)'; Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 384, t. 14. figg. 9, 9 a?.
Cylindrella deshayesiana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic, Vivent. viii. p. 430°.
Hab. . Mexico: probably Chiapas or Tabasco (Ghiesbreght 1-8).
Differs from the allied forms by the very feeble sculpture.
15. Eucalodium cereum.
Eucalodium cereum, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 72, t. 6. fig. 9°.
Hab. %. Mexico: San Antonio del Monte, near Naolingo, on the road to Misantla
(Strebel 1); Coatepec (Hoge).
Agrees in sculpture with £. boucardi; but the aperture is less produced and less
bent backwards, the form is more swollen, and the visible part of each whorl is lower
in proportion to its height.
16. Hucalodium moussonianum.
Cylindrella decollata, var. 8, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 368 (1848) ’.
Cylindrella speciosa (Dkr.), Pfr. Malak. Blatt. ili, p. 216 (1856) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv.
p- 695*; and in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cylindrella, p. 34, t. 1.
figg. 3, 4*.
Eucalodium moussonianum, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 225 (1872)°; Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 375, t. 14. figg. 11, ll@*; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sussw.-
Conch. iv. p. 67, t. 5. fig. 16, and t. 18. fig. 14”.
Eucalodium boucardi, var. §, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 381°.
Hab. Mzxico (Cuming, in coll. Albers): probably State of Vera Cruz (Sallé °).
Agrees in its malleated sculpture, as well asin colour, with E. blandianum, but is
much shorter and comparatively broad, with a more rounded aperture.
The locality “ Colombia” given by Pfeiffer *~* is probably a mistake.
17. Eucalodium neglectum.
Eucalodium neglectum, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 802: (1872)*; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, i. p. 378, t. 14. figg. 8, 8 a’; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv.
p. 67, t. 18. fig. 15°.
Cylindrella neglecta, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 429°.
Hab. S. Centra Mexico: Oaxaca (Boucard ' *).
264 MOLLUSCA.
Distinct by the comparatively very small aperture ; colour as in the preceding
species.
The specimen from Albers’s collection, figured by Strebel *, is before me, and I have
no doubt that it belongs to the species described by Crosse and Fischer, differing only
in being a little longer and less ventricose, but with the same number of preserved
whorls (9).
18. Eucalodium truncatum. (Tab. XVI. figg. 3-9.)
Bulimus truncatus, Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. i. p. 43 (1841) ?; Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch. 1. p. 55,
t. 1. fig. 82; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 154°, and viii. p. 181°; Malak. Blatt. xxi. p. 37
(1872) °; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 70. fig. 1 (nec t. 69. fig. 498) (young
specimen) °, -
Cylindrella truncata (Pfr.), v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xii, p. 13 (1865) ”.
Eucalodium truncatum, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 892°.
Eucalodium martensii, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw,-Conch. iv. p. 73, t. 13. fig. 18, t. 11.
figg. 8 (radula) and 14 (jaw), t. 12. fig. 3 (genitalia) *. -
Hab. CentraL Mexico: Angangueo, in the State of ‘Michoacan, under the leaves of
Agave americana (Hegewisch 1~*)..-
S.W. Mexico: Omilteme, in the State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
Mexico: without nearer indication of locality (Uhde).
Mr. H. H. Smith having obtained several specimens of this interesting species in
Guerrero, I am now able to give a fresh description and figure of it:— _
Adult shell cylindrical-turrite, with close-set very. fine striae, which are more oblique in the upper half, more
vertical in the lower half of the visible part of each whorl, glossy, greenish-brown, white at the suture.
Remaining whorls 63-8; on the upper whorls the strie are comparatively stronger (so much elevated
that the sculpture might be termed costulate), a little rough, and more equally oblique, being more
vertical just above the suture only. The upper whorls are also distinctly more convex than the lower ones.
Aperture very little produced beyond the suture, nearly circular, but rectilinear above, where it is nearest the
preceding whorl, and making here a very obtuse angle with the strongly arcuated outer margin ; peristome
continuous, as usual in this genus, very shortly expanded, obtuse, white; columellar margin also well
arcuated, but behind it, in the depth of the aperture, is a distinct white fold, rising up very steeply,
without angle. Young specimens (figg. 8, 9) are somewhat concavely turrite, and resemble the figure 8 ¢
in Philippi’s ‘ Abbildungen’; they indicate that the whole number of whorls is at least 14 or more, but
even in these the tip is truncated and the hole filled up by a convex whitish wall. The dimensions of
the adult specimens (with continuous, expanded, and slightly produced peristome) are somewhat different,
as shown by the following measurements :—
The largest (8 whorls).......... 35 millim. long., diam. 93; aperture 7} long (high), 7 broad (diam:),”
The smallest (74 whorls)........ 24 4 - » 83 ” » 8 s \
The most slender one (8 whorls).. 253 ” » 7 5 » 6 ” 6 09
Cylindrella transaperta, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrella, t. 9.
fig. 77, locality unknown, perhaps belongs to this species.
EUCALODIUM. 265
19. Eucalodium recticosta.
Cylindrella recticosta, Pfr. in Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch. ii. p-. 48, t. 2. fig. 3 (1847)';
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 83697; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Cylindrella, p. 8, t. 1. figg. 21, 22°; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrella, t. 13.
fig. 1194,
Eucalodium recticosta, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 386, t. 14. figg. 12,
12a, b°.
Hab. W. Mexico: Culata, near Manzanillo, in the State of Colima (W. Lloyd).
S.E. Mexico (Ghiesbreght ®).
S. Centrat Mexico: Oaxaca ‘4.
Pfeiffer describes the aperture as “ oblique ovalis,” and gives its length as 94, and the
breadth 74 millim., and this agrees with his figure!; but the shell as figured is
‘somewhat turned to the left, so that the real breadth is foreshortened. In a specimen
from Paetel’s collection, agreeing in all other respects with Pfeiffer’s description, the
aperture is circular, as broad as long, and it is also so described and figured by Fischer
and Crosse 5.
20. Hucalodium strebeli. (Tab. XVI. figg. 31-34.)
Anisospira strebeli, Pfeffer, Verh. Ver. f. naturw. Hamb. 1887, p. 21°.
Testa fusiformis, plus minusve tumida, costulis planis paulum obliquis vix arcuatis sat confertis sculpta, opaca,
fulvido-rubella ; sutura instricta, angustissime alba ; anfr. superstites 8-9, convexiusculi, supremi rapide
attenuati, 4-5 sequentes diametro subsequales, penultimus jam angustior, ultimus magis angustatus,
versus basin sensim attenuatus, carina basali obsoleta usque ad aperturam continua (interdum fusco-
unifasciata) ; apertura paulo ultra suturam producta, ovato-rotundata, supra extrorsum obtusangula, ad
insertionem subrectilinea; peristoma crassum, breviter expansum, plica columellari profunda, valde
ascendente, non angulata.
a. Long. 50, diam. 15; apert. long. 113, diam. 10 millim.
b. 29 43, ” 14 5 ” 11, ” 10 ”
C. » 40, 4, 12; 9 10, ” 9 ”
Oe ” 38, ” 13 5 ” 10, ” 9 ”
C. ” 33, ” 12; ” 9, ” 83 ”
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Cerro de Plumas, near Puerto Angel, on the Pacific coast, in the
State of Oaxaca, in a dense tropical forest ({Hége).
ery variable. The five specimens, the dimensions of which are given above, are
ccd out from about thirty, among which we find all degrees of transition, so that not
even varieties can be determined. The larger and most cylindrical ones, as a and ¢,
resemble in general shape the club-like turreted J. ghiesbreghti and LF. decollatum,
except that the uppermost of the remaining whorls are much narrower ; the shortest
and most swollen one, é, is very like E. liebmanni, but differs from it in the costulate
sculpture. The most rapid diminution in diameter is seen in the sixth, seventh, or
eighth whorl, numbered from below. Three, four, or even nearly five whorls are of
almost equal diameter before the penultimate one. The aperture in same specimens is
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, November 1897. 34
266 MOLLUSCA.
of a nearly upright oval or pear-shaped form, with the obtuse angle pointing upwards
(figg. 33, 34), or it is more or less oblique and triangular, the angle pointing outwards
and the rectilinear upper part of the peristome extending further in a transverse direc-
tion (fig. 31). A somewhat similar variation is also to be found in other species, when
sufficient specimens are at hand for examination. ‘The colour is generally dull brownish
or greyish-red, not glossy, in specimen ¢ only yellowish-white. In the sculpture there
is not much variation ; several specimens, however, show a few malleate (hammer-like)
impressions; the interstices are generally nearly twice as broad as the coste (fig. 33).
A worn specimen found by Mr. W. Lloyd at Culata, near Manzanillo, on the west
coast of Mexico, probably belongs to this species.
Cylindrella (Urocoptis) cylindrus, Chemn., from Jamaica, resembles this species
in general shape and in colour; but has a much more feeble sculpture, a broader
peristome, and a stronger and distinctly prominent keel at its base.
91. Eucalodium liebmanni.
Cylindrella liebmanni, Pfr. Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1846, p. 159'; in Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch.
iii. p. 5, t. 8. fig. 17; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 870°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cylindrella, p. 4, t. 1. figg. 9, 10*; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon.
xx., Cylindrella, t. 18. fig. 46 (“ leibmanni’’) °.
Eucalodium liebmanni, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 390, t. 15. figg. 19,
10a, b°.
Anisospira liebmanni, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 79, t. 5. figg. 12, 12a,
18, and t. 14. figg. 24, B’.
Cylindrella trocheformis, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrella, t. 9. fig. 80 (young
state) °.
Hab. 8.W. Mexico: Barrio and Juchitan, Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Sumichrast * ° 7).
Mexico (Liebmann 1).
22. Kucalodium hyalinum.
Cylindrella hyalina, Pfr. in Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch. ii. p. 47, t. 2. fig. 2 (1847) '; Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. 1. p. 869°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cylindrella,
p. 8, t. 1. figg. 18, 14°; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 14 (1865) *; Sowerby, in Reeve’s
Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrella, t. 12. fig. 110°.
Eucalodium hyalinum, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient, Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 388, t. 15. figg. 9,9 a°.
Anisospira hyalina, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 79, t. 13. fig. 16%.
Hab. 8. Centra Mexico: Oaxaca, in woods (Deppe # ° *),
8.4, Mexico: probably Tabasco or Chiapas (Ghiesbreght °).
C@LOCENTRUM. 267
CGZLOCENTRUM.
Eucalodium, sect. 2, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xviii. p. 22 (1868).
Calocentrum, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 802 (1870) ; Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca,
1. p. 3389; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 56.
Characterized by the hollow columellar axis, in other respects very near Hucalodium.
The hollowness of the columella cannot be seen at the base of the adult shell, where
it is reduced to a very small slit, or even closed, as in Eucalodium; but it is visible in
all specimens on the upper truncate end of the shell, where it appears asa round
exactly central hole. The outside of the columella is ordinarily sculptured by
descending plaits or coste, but this can only be seen by breaking a hole into the shell.
Moreover, the whorls are generally closer together than in Hucalodium, i.e. the height
of the visible part of each whorl is less in relation to its diameter; the general outline
is more fusiform—swollen in the middle, attenuated at both ends ; and the aperture is
still smaller in comparison to the diameter. The colour in most of the species is
brownish-yellow, without red or violet hue. Jaw smooth, with median projection.
Teeth of the radula as in Eucalodium.
The geographical distribution of Celocentrum is also similar to that of Hucalodium.
With one exception, C. irregulare, Gabb, from Moleje in ‘‘ Mexican California,” all
the known species are peculiar to Central America; but the northern limit, as well as
the southern, slightly exceeds that of Eucalodium, the southernmost species being
C. championi, from Cerro Zunil, on the Pacific slope of Guatemala.
The species may be arranged for easier recognition into four subdivisions :—
1. Shell large, subturrite, with feeble, somewhat irregular costz and distinct spiral striz between
them : length 54-80 millim.—gigas, championi, clathratum, anomalum.
2. Shell more swollen, spindle-shaped (fusiform), its greatest diameter not in the penultimate
whorl, but higher upwards; coste feeble, close together: length 34-54 millim.—turvis,
clava. tomacella.
3. Shell small, more cylindrical, also with close feeble costa, dull coloured : length 20-30 millim.
—arctispira, fistulare.
4. Shell small, with comparatively strong coste, dark reddish-brown in colour: length 20-30
millim.—crosseanum, filicosta.
1. Celocentrum gigas, sp.n. (Tab. XVI. figg. 27, 28, 28 a, 4, ¢.)
Shell measuring 21 millim. in diameter and 80 millim. in length (truncate), yellowish-grey, with numerous
rather fine, somewhat arcuated costule, of which there are 98 on the whorl before the last, somewhat
unequal and irregular, the interstices twice or thrice their breadth ; spiral strive in the interstices very
feeble, none on the costule (fig. 286). Whorls a little convex, numbering 12 in the adult truncate
example, about 24 in all, to judge from comparison with a young specimen; the height of the visible
part of a whorl varying from # to 3 of its diameter, the middle whorls being not so high as the upper and
the last seven whorls nearly equal in diameter, the preceding ones gradually diminishing
upwards, so that the whole shell is turrite, but not properly fusiform. Base of the last whorl rounded,
with a rather broad and shallow spiral furrow in the prolongation of the suture, instead of the usual
angular line (fig. 28). The aperture, in the single, perhaps not quite perfect, adult specimen is scarcely
34*
lower ones ;
MOLLUSCA.
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CQLOCENTRUM. 269
produced beyond the suture, and its edges are very thin and shortly expanded ; the opening is 17 millim.
high and 16 millim. broad, irregularly rhomboidal, with an obtuse angle at the base, but rounded above.
The columellar plait inside the aperture is rather strong, pale orange, and ascends in a straight oblique
line. The costule of the columellar axis are numerous, about as broad as their interstices, and descend
in a straight line.
Fig. 27 represents a younger individual, which has not yet lost so many whorls.
Hab. ¥%i. Guatemata: Livingston, in the Bay of Honduras (0. Stoll).
2. Celocentrum championi, sp.n. (Tab. XVI. figg. 26, 26 a, 5, c.)
One broken specimen, somewhat intermediate between C. gigas and C. clathratum ; 14 millim. in diameter, of
a yellowish-grey colour, white at the suture; costule more feeble and numerous, above 100 in the whorl
before the last, the interstices of the same width, or scarcely twice as broad; spiral striee very faint, not
crossing the costuls (fig. 26 5). The 3-4 terminal whorls of equal diameter. An angular line and beneath
it a very shallow furrow at the base of the last whorl, more feeble near the aperture. Costule at the
outside of the columellar axis very faint. Aperture protracted 4 millim. beyond the suture, obliquely
oval, angulate above and below, 134 millim. in oblique height and 11 millim. in breadth; peristome
thickened, expanded, white.
SIiab. W. Guatemata: Cerro Zunil (Champion).
8. Celocentrum clathratum. (Tab. XVI. figg. 29, 29 a, b,c, 30.)
Celocentrum clathratum, v. Mart. Sitz.-Bericht d. Ges. naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1886, p. 161°.
More turrite than fusiform, in this respect resembling the preceding (C. championi), but of a paler yellowish-
grey colour, the costule also feeble and somewhat more oblique in the lower whorls, 87-90 in the whorl
before the last, also somewhat unequal, the interstices mostly twice as wide as the costule ; the spiral
strie fine, traversing not only the interstices, but also the costule themselves and giving to them an
irregular, waved appearance. Whorls scarcely convex, 10 remaining in the adult shell, the terminal 3-4
of equal diameter, the last at the base with a very feeble angular line, which quite disappears near the
aperture. Umbilical rim arcuated. Costul of the columellar axis very faint, scarcely visible. Aperture
protracted 43 millim. beyond the suture, obliquely oval, somewhat angulated above and below ; peristome
thin, a little expanded. Length of the truncate shell 54, diameter 14 millim.; aperture 12 long,
9 broad.
Hab. W. Guaremata: Hacienda Buenavista in Upper Cholhuitz, Costa Cuca, at an
elevation of 3500 feet above the sea (0, Sto/i +).
Dr. O. Stoll has made a drawing of the living animal (fig. 30) and describes it as
follows :—‘ Body slender, higher in its posterior part, flat and obtusely rounded
behind; face higher than broad, convex, obliquely sloping, produced into a sort of
trunk. Length of the body 38 millim., breadth 17; length of the upper feelers 9, of
the lower 2; height of the face 7, breadth of the same 5 millim. Colour of the body
whitish-grey, with a slight bluish hue; on the face and on the anterior part of the
back are small oblong dark brown spots in longitudinal rows, corresponding to the
tubercles of the skin; at the lateral edges very pale brown roundish spots; underside
of the foot whitish-grey ; feelers slender, pale brown ; eyes small, black.” The animal
moves by extending the fore part of the body to a considerable length and then the
hinder part with the shell is advanced by contraction. In dry weather it buries itself
in the ground.
270 MOLLUSCA.
4. Celocentrum anomalum.
Celocentrum anomalum, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 59, t. 6. fig. 8, and
t. 14. fig. 5 (1880).
Hab. N. Guatemata: Coban (Sarg ').
Differs from all others of the genus in its violet-chocolate colour; base of the last
whorl dirty flesh-coloured. Aperture very oblique and comparatively small. In other
respects not unlike C. clathratum.
5. Celocentrum turris.
Cylindrella turris, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 880, t. 86. fig. 2’; Malak. Blatt. i. p. 217 (1858) °;
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 695°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Cylindrella, p. 85, t. 8. figg. 20, 21*; Bland, Ann. Lyc. New York, viii. p. 160 (1865) °;
Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrella, t. 18. fig. 117°.
Eucalodium turris, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xvi. p. 88", and xviii. p. 22°.
Celocentrum turris, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 345, t. 15. figg. 18, 18 a, ¢,
13 6 (columellar axis)°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 56, t. 5.
fig. 18, and t. 14. figg. 2 a, B (columellar axis) ”.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght 1-4 § 9),
Varies in the length of the adult shell from 59-72 millim., and in the breadth of
the penultimate whorl from 123-14 millim. Number of preserved whorls 16-24.
The variation in the length of the adult shell does not depend entirely upon the
number of preserved whorls: I have before me a specimen measuring 61 millim.
with 16 preserved whorls, and another of 60 millim. with 19 preserved whorls. The
greater the number of preserved whorls, the more strongly is the shell attenuated
upwards.
The figure in Reeve’s ‘ Conchologia Iconica,’ 77 millim. long, represents a specimen
with an unusually large number of preserved whorls, viz. 27.
6. Celocentrum clava.
Cylindrella clava, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 380, t. 36. fig. 3'; Malak. Blatt. iii. p. 217 (1856) °; in
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cylindrella, p. 36, t. 8. figg. 11, 12°;
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 696°; Bland, Ann. Lyc. New York, viii. p. 160 (1865) °;
Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrella, t. 18. figg. 115 a, b°.
Eucalodium clava, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 346, t. 15. fig. 147; Strebel,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 57, t. 5. fig. 10, and t. 14. fig. 8 (columellar
axis) °,
Hab. 8.K. Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght 14 7 8),
Very near C. turris, but smaller, varying in the total length from 40-57 millim.,
and in the breadth of the penultimate whorl from 9-10 millim. Number of preserved
CCLOCENTRUM. 271
whorls 15-20 (12 in a specimen mentioned by Strebel ®, the length of which is
35% millim.).
The figure 6 in Reeve’s ‘ Conchologia Iconica’ represents a specimen which is not
truncated at all, 63 millim. in length, with 31 whorls.
Var. rufescens,n. (Tab. XVI. fig. 2.)
Smaller and more cylindrical, pale reddish-brown, the aperture more protracted (34 millim.) and comparatively
smaller. Length 42 millim.; diameter of the penultimate whorl 8, largest diameter (third whorl before
the last) 83 millim. ; preserved whorls 15; aperture 6 millim. long, 54 broad.
Hab. Mexico: one specimen in Pitel’s collection.
7. Celocentrum tomacella.
Cylindrella tomacella *, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 10 (1849)'; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii.
p. 568°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cylindrella, p. 36, t. 4. figg. 19,
20°; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrella, t. 14. fig. 124+.
Cylindrella moreleti (non Pfr.), Deshayes, in Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. p. 227, t. 164.
figg. 16-18°.
Celocentrum tomacella, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 342, t. 15. fig. 11°;
Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 58, t. 6. fig. 3”.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: woods of Tabasco, and in the ruins of Palenque, State of Chiapas
(Morelet 1).
tN. GuatemaLa: Coban (Sarg7).
Obs.— Cylindrella attenuata, Pfr. Malak. Blatt. iii. p. 258 (1857); Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cylindrella, p. 37, t. 9. figg. 1, 2; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iv. p. 698; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 404, found in
Chiapas by Ghiesbreght, and known from one specimen only, looks very like a non-
decollate specimen of Calocentrum tomacella.
8. Coelocentrum arctispira.
Cylindrella arctispira, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1860, p. 189, t. 50. fig. 2°; Malak. Blatt. vil. p. 59°”; Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 877°; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrella, t. 14.
fig. 123%.
Celocentrum arctispirum, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 348, t. 15. figg. 15,
15 a°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 58, t. 6. figg. 4 (two figures),
t. 11. figg. 9 (radula), 15 (jaw), t. 18. fig. 6 (anatomy), t. 14. fig. 3 (columellar axis) °.
Cylindrella acutispira (misprint), Patel, Catalog der Conch.-Samml. ed. 2, p. 245 (1889) 7
Hab. E. Mexico: Quilate, Agua Caliente, and Arroyo del Banco, all in the environs of
Misantla (Dota Estefania").
S.E. Mexico: Istapa, in the State of Tabasco (SaJ/é°).
S.W. Mexico: Juquila, in the State of Oaxaca (Boucard \~* °).
* « Tomaculum,” a sort of sausage (Juvenal, Satyr. x. v. 355).
272 MOLLUSCA.
Distinct by the remarkable narrowness of the whorls, the height of the visible part
of the middle ones being scarcely 4 of their diameter.
9. Celocentrum fistulare.
Cylindrella fistularis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 10 (1849) '; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii.
p. 569°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cylindrella, p. 38, t. 4. figg. 21,
22°,
Celocentrum fistulare, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1. p. 348, t. 15. figg. 12, 12a’;
Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 58, t. 6. fig. 2, t. 14. figg. 1a, B
(columellar axis) ’.
Cylindrella arctispira, Tristram, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 412 (nec Pfr.) °.
Hab. N. Guatemata: forests of Peten (Morelet\*); Vera Paz (Salvin ®) ; Coban
(Sarg °).
The specimen from Vera Paz determined as Cylindrella arctispira by Tristram ® is
now before me, and I am able to state that it belongs to C. fistulare, Morel.
10. Celocentrum crosseanum.
Cylindrella crosseana, Pfr. Journ. de Conch. xv. p. 437 (1867) *; Monogr. Helic, Vivent. vi.
p. 878°; Novitat. Conch. p. 437, t. 97. figg. 26, 27°.
Eucalodium crosseanum, Crosse & Fisch, Journ. de Conch. xviii. p. 22%.
Celocentrum crosseanum, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 351, t. 15. figg. 16,
16a°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 60, t. 6. figg. 1 a-d and 5,
t. 14. figg. 4 and 7 a, B (columellar axis) °. |
Hab. %. Mextco: Orizaba (Bottert!*); Cuautlatitlan, between Jico and Perote, N. of
Orizaba (Dota Estefania ®).
11. Celocentrum filicosta.
Cylindrella fiicosta, Shuttleworth, Diagn. never Moll. i. p. 86 (Mittheil. der naturf. Ges. in
Bern, 1852, p. 296) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 573°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cylindrella, p. 19, t. 2. fig. 80, and t. 8. figg. 9, 10°; Sowerby, in
Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrella, t. 12. fig. 107 *.
Eucalodium filicosta, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xviii. p. 22 (1870) ’.
Celocentrum filicosta, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 352, t. 15. figg. 17,
17 a (columellar axis) °; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 61, t. 5.
fig. 14".
Hab. EK. Mexico: Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod and Sallé1—*).
Obs.—Cylindrella aristispira (ear-spike), Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx.,
Cylindrella, t. 1. fig. 5, locality unknown, has much the appearance of a Celocentrum,
but I cannot refer it to any of the above species.
(Sh)
HOLOSPIRA. 27
HOLOSPIRA.
Cylindrella, subgen. Holospira, v. Martens, in Albers’s Die Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 39 (1860).
Shell ovate, fusiform, or turrite, preserving all the whorls (or nearly so) in the adult state; aperture with
continuous, somewhat expanded peristome, more or less protracted beyond the suture of the last whorl
(except in H. tryoni, var. appressa). Columellar axis hollow. Only longitudinal (vertical) sculpture.
Coloration mostly uniform, pale. Size moderate.
Confined to Central America, Mexico, and the Southern States of North America.
Subgen. HoLospira, s. str.
Cylindrella, subgen. Acera, Albers, Die Heliceen, ed. 1, p- 209 (1850) (nee Cuvier).
Holospira, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xviii. p- 18 (1870) ; Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca,
i. p. 318.
Holospira, Metastoma, and Bostrichocentrum, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv.
pp. 80-82 (1880).
Shell ovate or moderately turrite, often with the largest diameter higher up than in the penultimate whorl—
fusiform at the middle and clavate near the upper third—composed of 11-19 whorls, the upper ones
increasing rapidly and forming a short conical upper end, as in Pupa, the middle ones increasing very
slowly or not at all; where this difference is very marked, the shell looking like a tower with a rather
low roof, it may be called tectiform. Aperture not very much protracted, often obliquely pear-shaped,
having the upper margin straight and the upper outer corner pointed and projecting. This angle is
usually continued on the protracted part of the last whorl as a light keel (dorsal keel), while the base of
the last whorl is in most species rounded, or compressed and keeled ; the basal keel more or less disappears
near the aperture. Columellar axis forming a rather wide hollow tube in the interior of the shell, smooth
externally, narrowing at the base and usually opening in a narrow chink, in one species only as a round,
comparatively large hole (umbilicus). Spiral lamella in some species well developed within the second
or third whorl before the last, in others rudimentary or wanting. Teeth of the radula often somewhat
pointed, more than in the subgenus Hpirobia (Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. t. 16.
fige. 7,9; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. t. 13. fig. 1).
Geographical range extending from Mexico into Texas, Arizona, and Lower
California, but not reaching Guatemala in the south. These shells are found chiefly
on the elevated central plateau, on Cactacez, and apparently occur, when found, in
considerable numbers. But they have been met with hitherto in very few localities,
and as several of them vary considerably in the proportion of the length to the diameter
of the shell in the same locality, the species are rather difficult to separate in some
instances.
1. Holospira imbricata. (Tab. XVI. fig. 25.)
Cylindrella (Holospira) imbricata, v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 15, t. 1. figg. 2, 3 (1865) *; Pfr.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 390 *.
Holospira imbricata, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 336°,
Hab. Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (UAde 1~*).
This very distinct species does not appear to have been found by any subsequent
collector; it differs from all others of the genus in the short, club-like form of the
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, December 1897. 35
MOLLUSCA.
274
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276 MOLLUSCA.
shell, the greatest diameter being in the tenth whorl (at about one-third of the whole
length, as seen from above), the following whorls diminishing remarkably in diameter,
and the under-edge of some of them projecting a little over the following whorl.
Fischer and Crosse’s figure of H. gealei (op. cit. t. 17. fig. 7) resembles it somewhat in
outline, but is not so strikingly swollen above and wants the vertical coste. I give
here a copy of the original figure published by me in 1865 1.
2. Holospira tryoni.
Cylindrella tryoni, Pfr. in Journ. de Conch. xv. p. 488 (1867) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 390°;
Novitat. Conch. iii. p. 483, t. 97. figg. 5-7 °.
Holospira tryoni, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xviii. pp. 14, 24, t. 5. fig. 5 (jaw) (1870) *.
Bostrichocentrum tryoni, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 81, t. 5. fig. 3 (second
figure), t. 14. figg. 13 (columellar axis), 16 4, B (aperture) °*.
Holospira gealei (H. Ad.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 333, t. 17. figg. 7,
7a, b, and t. 16. fig. 5 (jaw) °.
Hab. CuxtraL Mexico: Matamoros Izucar, in the State of Puebla, on a species of
cactus (Boucard®); Puebla 1~4.
Var. gealei.
Cylindrella (Holospira) gealei, H. Adams, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 18, t. 3. fig. 19"; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. viii. p. 447°.
Holospira tryoni, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 331, t. 17. figg. 6, 6 a-c’.
Bostrichocentrum tryoni, Strebel, loc. cit. t. 5. fig. 3 (first figure) ”.
Hab. Centrat Mexico: State of Puebla, from a dealer 1°; ? Matamoros Izucar °.
S. Centra, Mexico: Putla, in the State of Oaxaca’.
Var. appressa, Ni.
Holospira tryoni, var. 8, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 331”.
Hab. CentraL Mexico: Matamoros Izucar !.
The two varieties are probably nothing more than individual variations.
H. tryoni and H. gealei, according to the original figures given by Pfeiffer and
H. Adams, appear to differ chiefly in the shape of the shell—broadly ovate for
H. tryont, and longer and exactly cylindrical in the middle in H. gealei. But the
proportion of the diameter to the length of the shell in the figures does not in either
case accord with the measurements given by the author. Pfeiffer, for H. tryoni, gives
length 134 millim. and diameter 43 millim., the diameter, therefore, being one-third
of the length; but the largest diameter, as well as that of the penultimate whorl, is
considerably more than one-third the length. In H. Adams’s figure of H. gealei the
diameter. if reduced to natural size, is a little less than five, not 54 times the length,
as stated in the description. Either his figured specimen was not the same as that
HOLOSPIRA. O77
from which the measurements were taken, or one of them is very inexact. Fischer
and Crosse, on the contrary, figure under the name JZ. gealei (fig. 7) a broadly ovate
shell, resembling Pfeiffer’s H. tryoni, and for H. tryont a cylindrical one, resembling
H. Adams’s H. gealei, I should suppose that the figures had been exchanged by
inadvertence, but in the text also H. gealei is said to be “proportionellement plus
courte et plus renflée que la plupart de ses congénéres.” An explanation of these
difficulties may be found in Strebel’s work, he giving the exact measurements of nine
full-grown specimens, showing that the proportion of the diameter to the length of
the shell varies from 1: 3 to 1: 2, the proportion of the aperture to the whole length
about 1: 33 to 1:43, and the number of whorls from 114 to 154. The absolutely
longer specimens are comparatively narrower, 7. ¢. they are less involute, but the
difference in cubital measurement is not so great as seems at first sight. Probably
these are only individual variations and not even local varieties, as also Fischer and
Crosse’s var. 8 (appressa); but, for the present, I prefer to give in the Comparative
‘Table of the species the characters according to the original descriptions and figures.
As regards the sculpture, the original figures given by H. Adams and Pfeiffer do not
show such a difference as would be supposed from Adams describing it as “ oblique
striata” and Pfeiffer ‘‘ subtilissime striatula”; moreover, Fischer and Crosse do not
attach importance to it. Adams’s definition “ anfr. supernis subangulatis’’ leads me
to suppose that in some individuals the edge of the preceding whorls may project over
the following ones, as in H. imbricata.
The genus Bostrichocentrum was founded by Strebel on the fact that the spiral lamella
was wanting within the second and third whorls before the last; but he himself states
that this is also sometimes rudimentary in the species of Holospira (loc. cit. p. 82).
8. Holospira claviformis, sp.n. (Tab. XVI. figg. 10-16.)
Cylindrella piloceri, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrella, t. 6. fig. 48 (nec Pfr.) °.
Testa clavato-cylindrica, arctispira, peranguste perforata, solida, levissime oblique striatula, albida ; anfr. 17 -19,
primi 2 flavidi, leaves, subglobosi, apice papillari, sequentes 5-6 celerius crescentes conulum humilem
spire: formantes, ulteriores 12-13 diametro subsequales vel paulatim decrescentes testam clavato-cylindricam
constituentes, sutura leviter impressa, ultimus humilis, costulis verticalibus subirregularibus sculptus,
infra rotundatus, non ascendens, antice breviter protractus, hic supra complanatus et obtuse angulatus ;
apertura subverticalis, quadrato-circularis, peristomate undique breviter expanso, albo.
a. Long. 192, diam. anfr. penult. 4, diam. max. 53, apert. long. 3, lat. 3 millim.
b. 29 19, 39 39 5, 29 6, 99 3, 29 3 99
C. 99 19, 29 39 43, 99 5; 29 3, 29 3 2%
d. 99 18, 29 99 43, 99 6, 99 3, 29 3
é. 29 17, 39 29 43, 99 535 99 3, bf 3
f. 29 16, 99 99 43, 99 5, 99 3, 29 3 39
g- 99 16, 99 99 5, 29 6
Hab. 8.W. Mexico: Amula near Tixtla, in the State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
A large number of individuals, showing a considerable range of individual variation,
278 MOLLUSCA.
from the slender cylindrical form ¢ to the more distinct claviform, with the largest
diameter near the upper end, ¢ (fig. 13), and the more abbreviate and bulky pupiform,
q (fig. 15). The sculpture, colour, form, and size of the aperture are similar in all the
specimens received. The apical cone formed by the 6-7 terminal whorls varies
somewhat in its elevation, but is always well distinct from the cylindrical main part of
the shell. The opening of the umbilicus is also variable in size, see fige. 10 and 15.
For the young state, see fig. 16.
This species somewhat resembles H. gealei, H. Adams, in shape, one or two indi-
viduals agreeing even tolerably well with the author's figure of it; but the whorls
are considerably higher comparatively in H. gealei than they are in H. claviformis.
The main part of the shell is formed by 8 whorls in H. gealei and by 12 in H. claviformis ;
the total number of whorls in A. gealei is 12-13, in H. claviformis 17-19. The
aperture is also comparatively larger and the costulation of the last whorl in
H. claviformis is not mentioned in the description of H. gealet. H. pilocerei, var. ,
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, p. 329, t. 12. figg. 5, 5a, 6, from
‘“‘ Mexico,” without nearer indication of locality, perhaps belongs to the same species ;
but in the figure the upper part of the shell appears to be less tectiform.
4. Holospira microstoma.
Cylindrella microstoma, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 27*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 390 °.
Holospira microstoma, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 337, t. 17. figg. 9, 9a’.
Hab. * Mexico 3.
Near H. claviformis, but apparently distinct by the triangular aperture and the keel
on the base of the last whorl; the upper part of the shell is also less regularly
tectiform (H. claviformis in this respect being more like the following species), and
the apex is not so papillary and prominent.
5. Holospira pilocerei.
Cylindrella pilocerei, Pfr. Symbole Hist. Helic. i. p. 47 (1841); Philippi, in Abbild. neuer Conch.
1. p. 183, Cylindrella, t. 1. fig. 7*, and iii. p. 5, Cylindrella, t. 3. figg. 7, 8°; Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 382°; and Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cylindrelia,
p. 61, t. 6. figg. 32, 33°.
Holospira pilocerei, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 329°; Strebel, Beitr.
Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 82, t. 5. fig. 17, .
Hab. CuntraL Mexico: Cuautla de las Amilpas, in the State of Puebla *, on the
cactoid plant Pilocereus senilis (Hegewisch -") ; Mexico, without nearer indication
of locality (Liebmann 2-*).
* The locality is probably in the State of Morelos, and not in Puebla as stated.
HOLOSPIRA. 279
6. Holospira cretacea.
Cylindrella cretacea, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1860, p- 140°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 389’.
Holospira cretacea, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 335, t. 17. figg. 8, 8a’,
Hab. Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (Cuming 1-8),
Very near the following.
7. Holospira coahuilensis.
Cylindrella coahuilensis, Binney, Am. Journ. of Conch. i. p. 50, t. 7. figg. 4, 5 (1865)*; Pfr.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 445 ?.
Gongylostoma coahuilensis, Tryon, Am. Journ. of Conch. iii. p. 312, t. 15. fig. 29°.
Holospira coahuilensis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 334‘.
Whorls 12, the last two strongly costate: length 29, diameter 7 millim.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Cienega grande, in the State of Coahuila1~4.
Var. semisculpta.
Holospira semisculpta, Stearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 208, t. 15. figg. 1 & 4 (1890) °.
Whorls 14-15, the last three or three and a half strongly ribbed: length 22-234, diameter 54-6 millim.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: in a cafion above San Carlos, in the State of Chihuahua (Z. W.
Stanton ®).
8. Holospira remondi.
Cylindrella remondi, Gabb, Am. Journ. of Conch. i. p. 208, t. 19. figg. 10-13 (1865) *; Pfr. Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 389°.
Holospira remondi, Tryon, Am. Journ. of Conch. iii. p. 313, t. 15. fig. 32°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 325, t. 17. figg. 2, 2a-c"*.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Arivechi, valley of Sahuaripa, in the State of Sonora (Rémond *~“*).
Also somewhat variable in form, according to the two published figures.
9. Holospira teres. -
Cylindreila teres, Menke, Zeitschr. fiir Malak. iv. p. 1 (1847) 1; Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. ill.
p. 5, t. 8. figg. 5, 6°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 381°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cylindrella, p. 59, t. 6. figg. 28, 29%.
Holospira teres, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 827°.
Hab. Centra, Mexico: State of Puebla (Liebmann*~*).
Var. minor.
Holospira teres, var. B, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 327, t. 17. figg. 3, 3.4, 5°.
Hab. CENTRAL Muxico: State of Puebla (Liebmann °).
280 MOLLUSCA.
Var. hégeana. (Tab. XVI. fig. 17.)
Aperture with a distinct angle outwards and above, as in H. goniostoma ; size, sculpture, and colour as in
H., teres.
Hab. E. Mexico: Maltrata, on the railway between Vera Cruz and the city of Mexico,
a little west of Orizaba, eastern slope of the plateau (/ége).
10. Holospira pfeifferi.
Cylindrella pfeifferi, Menke, Zeitschr. fiir Malak. iv. p. 1 (1847) ?; Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch.
iii. p. 6, t. 3. fig. 42; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 882°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cylindrella, p. 60, t. 6. figg. 30, 31°.
Holospira pfeifferi, Tryon, Am. Journ. of Conch. iii. p. 318, t. 15. fig. 34° ; Crosse & Fisch. Journ.
de Conch. xviii. p. 18, t. 5. figg. 6-10 (jaw and radula) (1870)°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 823, t. 16. figg. 6-10 (jaw and radula) "; Strebel, Beitr. Mex.
Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 84, t. 18. fig. 12°.
Hab. Cuntrat Mexico: Tehuacan, in the State of Puebla (Liebmann 1~* ®8),
Var. minor.
Holospira pfeifferi, var. 8, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 324, t. 17. figg. 1, la-c’.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Cerro de la Campana, near Hermosillo, in the State of Sonora
(Rémond °).
Var. minima, n. (Tab. XVI. fig. 18.)
Length 112 millim. only, 4 in the largest diameter ; aperture 23 millim.; whorls 11, distinctly convex; colour
reddish-yellow, the costae white.
Hab. Mexico: without nearer indication of locality (coll. Patel).
The figure and dimensions given by Tryon® agree with the typical H. pfeifferi from
Tehuacan, but not with the specimens from Sonora: either he has not taken both from
Sonoran examples, or what Fischer and Crosse regard as a local form is only an
individual variation. In H. claviformis and others a similar individual variation is to
be found amongst specimens from the same locality.
11. Holospira goniostoma.
Cylindrella goniostoma, Pfr. Malak. Blatt. i. p. 47 (1856) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 710°;
and in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cylindrelia, p. 63, t. 7. figg. 7-9° ;
v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 15 (1865) *.
Holospira goniostoma, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 828, t. 17. figg. 4, 4a, 5°;
Na. Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sutssw.-Conch. iv. p. 84, t. 14. figg. 6.4, B, c (columeliar
axis) °,
Hab. Muxico: without nearer indication of locality (Cuming1#4°; Uhde45).
Uhde’s specimen is very much shorter (length 12 millim.) than that of Cuming
length 15-154 millim.), and it has only 14 instead of 15-16 whorls; but in the
HOLOSPIRA. 281
diameter of the whole shell and in the size of the aperture they are alike, All are
probably from Central Mexico.
The figure in Reeve’s ‘Conchologia Iconica,’ Cylindrella, t. 8. fig. 72, does not agree
with my specimens nor with the original figure ®; it shows much more oblique coste
and a more protracted aperture.
12. Holospira fusca, sp. n. (Tab. XVI. fige. 19-24.)
Testa latiuscule umbilicata, fusiformi-cylindrica, arctispira, tenuis, levissime oblique striatula, lilaceo-fusca ;
anfr. 19, primi duo subglobosi, leves, pallide cornei (rarius nigrescentes), sequentes 7 paulo celerius cres-
centes conulum elevatum formantes, ulteriores paululum decrescentes, convexiusculi, sutura modice
impressa, ultimus basi inflate rotundatus, antice subascendens, brevissime productus; apertura verticalis,
subcircularis, persistomate undique crassiusculo, breviter expanso, albo, margine supero transverso, angulo
externo distincto, marginibus ceteris arcuatis.
Long. 16, diam. anfr. penult. 4, diam. max. 5, apert. long. 34, lat. 34 millim.
i 1
9 143, ” 9 3, 9 33, 2” 23, ” 23 ”
1 2
” 12, ” ” 33, ” 35, ” 23, ” 23 ”
1
2 12, ” ” 3, ” 3s, ” 23, ” 23 ”
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Omilteme, in the State of Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
Somewhat similar to H. goniostoma, but differing from it in the form of the
umbilicus, the want of costule, and also in the number of whorls. The general form
of the shell, as well as the width of the umbilicus, is somewhat variable, as may be
seen from our figures 19-23; for the young state, see fig. 24.
This and the following species are the only dark-coloured forms belonging to
Holospira, s. sty.
13. Holospira berendti.
Cylindrella berendti, Pfr. Malak. Blatt. xiii, p. 87 (1866)’; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 387° ;
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 409°.
Epirobia berendti, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 86, t. 13. fig. 1 (radula),
and t. 14. fig. 18 (columellar axis) *.
Hab. E. Mexico: Toxpan *, on the slope of the mountain Matlaquiahuitl, near Cordova,
in the State of Vera Cruz (Berendt + *).
Var. albida.
Cylindrella berendti, var. B. albida, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 409 °
Epirobia berendti, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 86, t. 3. fig. 7°.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Chiapas (Bland >, Berendt°).
The radula of this species agrees very nearly with that of J. pfeifferi, figured by
Fischer and Crosse, but the vertical sculpture of «the columellar axis is as in the
subgenus Epirobia ; the species therefore is intermediate between the two divisions.
* Sometimes written Tuxpan.
BIOL, CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, December 1897. 36
MOLLUSCA.
282
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HOLOSPIRA. 283 °
Subgen. Eprrosia, Strebel.
Cylindrella, subgen. Holospira (part.), v. Martens, in Albers’s Die Heliceen, ed. 2, pp. 39, 40 (1860).
Cylindrelia, sect. 1, species integre, and sect. 2, species subtruncate, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, i. pp. 318, 401, 404, 413.
Epirobia, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 84 (1880) (mainland species only).
Shell slenderly turrite, with 17-24 whorls, the first two swollen, smooth, forming a fine papillary tip,
sometimes lost in the adult shell, the following whorls gradually increasing in diameter, almost always
preserved in the adult shell, convex, with rather deep suture, and perpendicularly costulated or striated ;
columellar axis narrowly hollowed, with longitudinal, elevated, opaque white strie (Strebel, loc. cit. t. 14.
figg. 14, 15, 18); last whorl more or less produced near the aperture, which is round or transversely
pear-shaped, the pointed end outwards, and provided with a thick somewhat reflexed peristome. Size
small, 10-18 millim. in length and 2-3 millim. in diameter. Colour generally dull grey; seldom
bi-coloured. Median tooth of the radula large and very blunt, without lateral points; first lateral
tooth equal in size to the median, but asymmetrical, with a small outer point; the following teeth
decreasing in size, but with the outer point becoming gradually stronger (Strebel, loc. cz t. 13. figg. 1,
2, 4, 5).
Geographical distribution extending from Eastern Mexico to Guatemala, also in
Venezuela, but not yet known from Costa Rica or Panama or from the West-
Indian Islands.
The Mexican and Guatemalan species left by Fischer and Crosse in the large genus
Oylindrella, after the separation of Eucalodium, Celocentrum, and Holospira, form a
peculiar group, distinct from the insular forms chiefly in the preservation of all, or
nearly all, the whorls in the adult state. The said authors had no opportunity of
examining the radula of any of them, but the researches of Strebel prove that it is
much more like that of Holospira than that of the species of Cylindrelia proper. The
columellar axis, too, is similar in form in Epirobia and Holospira. I therefore once
more unite them into one systematic division. |
14. Holospira gassiesi.
Cylindrella gassiesi, Pfr. Journ. de Conch. xv. p. 438 (1867) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 376° ;
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 410, t. 17. figg. 17, 17 a, 6 *,
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Chiapas (Lland *~*).
15. Holospira apiostoma.
Cylindrella apiostoma, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 322, t. 35. figg. 2,37; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cylindrella, p. 32, t. 8. figg. 83-5°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 703° ;
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 406, t. 17. figg. 15,15 a,b*; Sowerby,
in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrella, t. 15. fig. 129 >. Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und
Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 88, t. 5. fig. 6, t. 13. fig. 11 (genitalia) °.
Hab. ¥. Mexico: Cordova (Sallé1~*) ; Cordova, at the entrance of the cave of Cacahuatl
(Hoge).
Columellar axis beset with fine spinules.
36*
284 MOLLUSCA.
16. Holospira subtilis.
Cylindrella subtilis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 11 (1849)*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. il. p.577°;
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cylindrella, p. 56, t. 5. figg. 38-385°; Fisch.
& Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 418, t. 17. figg. 18, 13a,5°; Sowerby, in
Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrella, t. 14. fig. 125°.
Hab. N. Guatemata: forests of Peten (Morelet 1°).
17. Holospira swiftiana.
Cylindrella swiftiana, Crosse, Journ. de Conch. xi. p. 388 (1868) *, and xv. p. 200, t. 5. fig. 5°;
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 407, t. 17. figg. 14, 14a,6°; Pfr
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 370%.
Hab. * Mexico !~4.,
18. Holospira spelunce.
Cylindrella costulata, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 12 (1851) * (nec C. B. Adams, 1849).
Cylindrella spelunce, Pfr. Zeitschr. fiir Malak. ix. p. 151 (1852)°*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii.
p- 577°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 410, t. 17. figg. 11, lla, 6%.
Hab. N. GuateMaa: on the walls of the cave Jobitsinal, near the capital of Peten
(Morelet -*).
19. Holospira polygyra.
Cylindrella polygra, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 322, t. 35. figg. 2,3°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cylindrella, p. 31, t. 8. figg. 6-8°*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 604°;
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 405, t. 17. figg. 16, 16 a-c*; Sowerby,
in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrella, t. 7. fig. 5 (somewhat magnified) °.
Epirobia polygyra, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 87, t. 5. figg. 7 a, 6, t. 18.
fig. 2 (radula), t. 14. fig. 14 (columellar axis) °.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova (Sallé }~®).
The columellar axis is particularly swollen in the lower part within each whorl, and
here rather granulose, in the upper part vertically costate (Fischer & Crosse +, Strebel ®).
20. Holospira polygyrella. (Tab. XVII. figg. 1, 1a, 8.)
Cylindrella polygyra, v. Mart. P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 411°.
Cylindrella polygyrella, v. Mart. Jahrb. d. malak. Ges. iii. p. 261, t. 9. fig. 8 (1876) *; Pfr. Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 622 °.
Cylindrella morini, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 87, t. 5. fig. 3, t. 13. fig. 4
(radula), t. 14. figg. 15 a, B, c* (nec Morelet).
Hab. N. Guatemata: Coban, Vera Paz, copiously (Salvin1-3; Sarg; coll. Dunker+;
Conradt, in Mus. Berol.).
Distinct from the preceding by its smaller size (length 14, in one specimen
HOLOSPIRA. 285
17 millim.), the more convex and broader whorls (the visible part of the lower whorls
23 times as broad as high, instead of 15-13 times, as in H. polygyra), and the distinctly
transverse pear-shaped or triangular aperture.
The columellar axis is longitudinally costate, the coste being partly divergent and
partly forked above; the lower half within each whorl is not particularly swollen
(see fig. 1).
21. Holospira morini.
Cylindrella morini, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 11 (1849); Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 5787;
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cylindrella, p. 48, t. 5. figg. 24-26°; Fisch.
& Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 412, t. 17. figg. 12, 12a, b*; Sowerby, in
Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cylindrella, t. 16. fig. 136 (somewhat magnified) °; Pilsbry, Proc.
Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 338°
Hab. S.E. Mexico: mountains of Poana, in the State of Tabasco (Rovirosa ®),
N. GuatemaLa: Vera Paz, in rocky places in the forest (Morelet1-4); Cahabon
(Sarg *).
Var. pulchella.
Cylindrella (Gongylostoma) pulchella, v. Mart. Sitzungsb. d. Ges. nat. Freunde Berlin, 1886, p. 161’.
Of smaller size, 103 millim. only in length ; last whorl much produced, with strong keel; aperture 13 millim.
long, 2 millim. broad.
Haé. KE. Guatemata: Livingston, in the Bay of Honduras, on the lower surface of
stones (O. Stoll‘).
Var. salpinx.
Cylindrella salpinz, Tristram, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 231°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 391°;
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 415°.
Hab. N. GuateMata: probably near Coban or Lanquin, in Vera Paz * (Salvin 8-19),
I have examined the two typical specimens obtained by Mr. Salvin in Guatemala.
One of these agrees very well with C. morini, only differing from it in having a pure
white varix on the fifth and sixth whorls before the last, one just above the other, and
a less distinct varix on the following whorl, immediately below the others ; its general
colour is a dull ashy-grey. The second specimen is pure white, probably bleached.
Var. sarg.
Cylindrella morini, var. B, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. pp. 412, 413”.
Whitish, the aperture scarcely produced, nearly appressed to the penultimate whorl.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Cahabon (Sarg 1).
* The locality is incorrectly given as Duefias by Fischer and Crosse "°.
286:: MOLLUSCA..
CYLINDRELLA.
Les Trachéloides, Férussac, Tab. Syst. Anim. Moll., Prodr. gén. p. 61 (1821-22).
Brachypus, Lansdown Guilding, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 167 (1828) [nec Meyer, 1815 (Aves), Meigen,
1824: (Ins.) ].
Pupa, subgen. Urocoptis et Brachypodella, Clausilia, subgen. Apoma, Beck, Index Moll. pp. 83, 89
(1837).
Siphonostoma, Swainson, Treatise on Malacology, p. 333 (1840) [mec Zenk., 1832 (Rot.), Voigt,
1836 (Vermes) |. oe
Cylindrella, Pfeiffer, Archiv f. Naturg. vi. 1, p. 88 (1840); Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. Introd.
p. xxii, and i. p. 868 &c. (part.).
Cylindrella, subgen. Thaumasia (part.), Mychostoma, Gongylostoma, and Casta, Albers, Die Heli-
ceen, ed. 1, pp. 207, 208 (1850).
Cylindrella, subgen. Urocoptis (part.), Mychostoma, Gongylostoma, Trachelia, and Casta, Albers,
Die Heliceen, ed. 2, pp. 36-42 (1860).
Cylindrella, P. Fischer, Manuel de Conch. p. 476 (1887).
Shell cylindrical, turrite, composed of many whorls, a large number of which are
lost in the adult state, leaving a decollate, non-perforated upper end. Aperture
protracted beyond the suture, circular or subquadrate, with continuous reflected peri-
stome. Jaw very thin, striolate. Median tooth of the radula very small and narrow,
not quite in a line with the laterals, these latter of a peculiar pickaxe-like form. |
[Crosse, Journ. de Conch. xviii. p. 17, t. 3. figg. 6-18, and t. 4. figg. 1-6 (1870); Binney,
Ann. N. Y. Acad. iii. p. 125, t. 14. figg. a, B (1884); Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und
Siissw.-Conch. iv. t. 13. figg. 6, 7, 8.]
Characteristic of the West-Indian Islands—one species only falling within the
limits of this work, this having been found on an island in the Caribbean Sea.
1. Cylindrella bourguignatiana.
Cylindrella bourguignatiana, Ancey, Ann. de Malae. ii. p. 243 (1886) *.
Cylindrical, subfusiform, pale horn-coloured, with oblique, sharp, rib-like lamella, decollated ; remaining whorls
9 to 10, the last a little narrower than the preceding, near the aperture produced into a crenulated keel,
the aperture irregularly circular. Length of the decollate shell 114 millim., diameter 2, aperture
9 millim. |
Hab. Honvuras: Utila Island (Stmpson').
Unknown to me. According to the author, the species does not belong to the
Mexican and Guatemalan group of Cylindrelle, but is strongly decollate, approaching
C. pallida, Lansd. Guild., from St. Thomas. That species, however, in its general
appearance, is not very distant from some of the Epirobie.
MACROCERAMUS. 287
MACROCERAMUS.
Macroceramus, Lansdown Guilding, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 168 (1828).
Shell longitudinal, conically or regularly turrite, with many (9-19) gradually increasing
whorls, all of them remaining in the adult state, the last usually angulate at the base ;
aperture comparatively small, not produced beyond the suture ; peristome not conti-
nuous, but interrupted by the penultimate whorl, shortly reflexed. Jaw very thin,
costate, the coste converging and meeting in an acute angle in the middle. Radula
with oblique rows of teeth, the median tooth smaller than ‘those next it, rather blunt ;
lateral teeth with one, the marginals with two little points on the outer side. [ Bland,
Ann. Lyc. N. York, viii. p. 162, fig. 6 (1867); Crosse, Journ. de Conch. xviii. t. 3.
figg. 14-16 (1870); Binney, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1875, pp. 223, 251, t. 15. fig. 1 and
t. 20. fig. 9.]
This genus is chiefly confined to the West-Indian Islands; a few species, however,
closely resembling the West-Indian forms, are found on the mainland of Florida,
Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras,
1. Macroceramus concisus.
Cylindrella concisa, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 12 (1849) *, and ii. p. 27 (1851) *; Deshayes, in
Férussac’s Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. p. 224, t. 164. figg. 23-25 °.
Macroceramus concisus, Petit, Journ. de Conch. i. p. 379 (1850) *; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 421, t. 18. figg. 1, la, 6°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 420°;
Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 90, t. 5. fig. 4.¢7.
Macroceramus polystreptus, Tristram, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 233, t. 26. fig. 11°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. vi. p. 845°.
Hab. Yucatan (Morelet 12°), Merida (Hége).
N. Guatemata: Peten, on rocky hills (Morelet +>); Coban * (Sarg7, Salvin ® °).
The number of costule in the penultimate whorl is somewhat variable—49, 50, and
54, in specimens from Guatemala and Yucatan; Strebel’ also gives 00.
Var. meaicanus,n, (Tab. XVII. fig. 2.)
Macroceramus pontificus, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 89, t. 5. fig. 4.d (nec A. Gould) ”.
Relatively shorter and broader, length 84-94 millim., diameter of the Jast whorl 3-33 millim.; 93-9? whorls
only ; white papille at the suture small, scattered, and few in number ; peristome of the aperture.rather
thin. Number of costule 60 or more, according to Strebel”; some of them, however, are so indistinct
that it is very difficult to count them.
Hab. E. Muxtco: Orizaba (Berendt, Botteri }°, Hége); Atoyac (H. H. Smith); Arroyo
grande, near Misantla (Sa/as?°).
CentraL Maxico: Sayula, in the State of Jalisco, one specimen, not full-grown
(Hoge).
* The locality is incorrectly given as Duefias by Fischer and Crosse.
MOLLUSCA.
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MACROCERAMUS. 289
Another variety occurs in Texas with 104 whorls and few scattered papilla, 94-10
millim. long, found near Dallas by Dr. Boll (Strebel, loc. cit. p. 90, t. 5. fig. 4 d).
The apex of the shell is ordinarily of a pale brownish hue in specimens from
Guatemala, as well as in those from Mexico and Texas; a dark blackish colour of the
apex has been observed in examples from Guatemala (Morelet) and from Texas (Strebel).
M. pontificus, A. Gould, from Florida, seems to differ in having the papilla numerous
and regular, corresponding to each second costa and somewhat lengthened, the aperture
less oblique, the peristome more circular, and the white colour prevailing on the shell.
Length 11-18 millim. [Binney, Terr. Air-breath. Moll. U.S. t. 69. fig. 1; Land and
Freshw. Moll. of N. Am. i. p. 220 (kieneri).]
2. Macroceramus kieneri.
Bulimus kieneri, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1846, p. 40°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 79’; Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 131, t. 42. figg. 23, 24°.
Hab. Honpuras (Dyson 123),
Seems to differ from the preceding by the want of the white papille at the suture,
although this is also crenated by the costule. Pfeiffer subsequently (Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iil. p. 365) identified it with the Floridan W. pontificus, A. Gould, and then
separated it again from that species (op. cit. vi. p. 350, and vill. p. 419), adding, in the
latter case, Florida as locality. In a similar manner, he gives (op. cit. vi. p. 350)
Yucatan as a locality for WZ. gossei, Pfr., because he had at one time (op. ct. 11. p. 566)
identified this Jamaican species with MZ. concisus.
3. Macroceramus denticulatus. |
Cylindrella denticulata, Pir. Monogr. Helic. Vivent, i. p. 580°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. ed. 2, Oylindrella, p. 65, t. 7. figg. 14, 15°; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx.
Cylindrella, t. 3. fig. 22°.
Macroceramus denticulatus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1. p. 424 *.
Hab. Mexico (Mus. Cuming }~*).
This species does not appear to have been found by later collectors, and, as all the
other forms allied to it are peculiar to the West-Indian Islands, it is doubtful if it is
really Mexican.
Fam. STENOGYRIDZ.
Generally small, unicolorous shells of oblong or turrite form. Jaw simple, slightly
striated. Median tooth of the radula much smaller than the next lateral teeth.
They live chiefly on the ground, and are often carried great distances with green-
house-plants or with vegetables. |
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, April 1898. 37
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OPEAS. 291
This family nearly corresponds to the genus Stenoyyra, proposed by Shuttleworth in
1§54; but as his subdivisions are at present regarded as distinct genera, and these have
names of older date, Stenogyra as a generic term cannot be employed. ‘These genera,
typically, are well defined by the shape of the columellar margin (pillar-lip) of the
aperture; but in some aberrant species the differential characters are considerably
modified, so that even the distinction between Opeas and Leptinaria is in some
instances not very obvious.
OPEAS.
Bulimus, subgen. Opeas, Albers, Die Heliceen, ed. 1, p. 175 (1850).
Stenogyra, sect. Opeas, Shuttleworth, in Mittheil. nat. Ges. Bern, 1854, Diagn. no. 6, p. 137;
Albers, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 265.
Opeas, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 592; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und
Stissw.-Conch. v. p. 98.
Shell more or less turrite, with simple columellar margin, not notched, toothed, or
strikingly twisted: most of the species with a narrow perforation.
For the anatomy, see the quoted works of Fischer and Crosse, pp. 593-595, and
Strebel, pp. 101, 105.
Circumtropical.
The columellar margin appears to be straight and vertical, attenuated towards the
base if viewed at a right angle to the plane of the aperture; butif examined obliquely,
and thus deeper into the interior of the aperture, the margin is seen to be somewhat
spirally twisted.
In order to indicate the differences in the form of the spire by distinct numbers, I
use in this and the following genera the proportion of the last whorl in height, as
seen from the dorsal side (the side opposite to the aperture), to the whole length of
the entire shell.
The generic name is the Greek word for an awl, and neuter.
1. Opeas subula. (Lab. XVIII. fig. 3.)
Achatina subula, Pfr. in Archiv f. Naturg. 1839, p. 352’.
Bulimus subula, Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. i. p. 25%; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 158°; Reeve,
Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 69. fig. 494°.
Bulimus (Opeas) subula, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 175 ®; Crosse & Fisch. in Journ. de Conch.
xi. p. 361, t. 14. fig. 6 (1868) °.
Stenogyra (Opeas) subula, Shuttleworth, in Mittheil. nat. Ges. Bern, 1853, Diagn. neuer Moll. no.5,
p. 1887; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 49 (1865)°; Binney, Terr. Air-breath. Moll.
N. Am. v. p. 195, fig. 99°; Manual Am. Land-Shells, p. 426, fig. 473 (1885) *.
Opeas subula, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 600, t. 26. figg. 7, 7 a, 6, and t. 28.
figg. 11-13 (jaw and radula, copied from Binney)”; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-
Conch. v. p. 163, t. 7. fig. 1, t. 17. fig. 27 > Ancey, in Ann. de Malac. 1886, p. 250”.
37*
292 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. E. Muxtco: Vera Cruz (Uhde & Friedel ®; Strebel ™); Paso del Macho, along the
railway at the foot of the mountains (H6ge).
CrntraL Muxico: Sayula, in the State of Jalisco (Hoge: two specimens, both not
full-grown) ; Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (Uhde °).
S.W. Muxico: Tapana and Cacoprieto, on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Sumi-
chrast ¥ 1),
S.E. Muxico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght); San Juan Bautista in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).
British Honpuras: Belize (Bocourt 1).
N. GuateMALa: Coban (Sarg 12).
W. Guaremana: Antigua, on moist spots on the aqueduct (S700).
Honpuras: Utila Island (Simpson }*).
CentraL Nicaragua: Acoyapa (Belt).
N.E Costa Rica: Puerto Viejo, at the junction of the rivers of Puerto Viejo and
Sarapiqui (Biolley). |
AnTILLES: Cuba !7 1112, Jamaica’, Haiti (Mus. Berol.), Puerto Rico’, St. ‘Thomas? 1”,
Antigua, Martinique, Barbados, Trinidad.
Also introduced on the mainland of North America at Mobile in Alabama ® 1°; and
on that of South America at Maracaibo (Brown).
Probably in many places imported with cultivated plants, as exemplified by its
occurrence on flower-pots 12. The record of it from Cochin China, on the coast of the
Indian Sea °, is therefore not so very remarkable.
Opeas rarum (Miller), form B, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 103, t. 7. fig. 0, from Mirador,
East Mexico, is perhaps founded on young specimens of O. subula.
2. Opeas bocourtianum.
Stenogyra bocourtiana, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 424 (1869) ’.
Bulimus bocourtianus, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 136°.
Opeas bocourtianus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 602, t. 26. figg. 8,8 a, d°.
Hab. N. Guaremata: Vera Paz, found by Fischer and Crosse in the stomach of a
specimen of Glandina pinicola collected by Bocourt !~.
E. Costa Rica: Waldeck, near Madre de Dios, 80 metres above the sea, beneath
tuna-plants (cactoids) (Pittzer).
Distinctly broader and more conical than O. subula. O. quatenalense, var. B, Strebel,
loc. cit. p. 105, t. 7. fig. 8, from Colombia and Ecuador, seems to be very like it.
Var. pittieri, n. (Tab. XVII. fig. 6.)
Somewhat broad, glossy, diaphanous, distinctly striate ; whorls a little more convex, 7 only; general shape as
in O. bocourtianum ; umbilicus almost closed, punctiform ; columella somewhat twisted.
Hab. Cuxtran Costa Rica: La Palma, 1500 metres above the sea, beneath tuna-plants
(cactoids) (Pittier).
OPEAS., 293
3. Opeas guatemalense.
Opeas guatemalensis, form A, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 105, t. 7.
fig. 2a’.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Coban (Sarg 1).
W. GuaTeMALA: Antigua, on moist walls (Sto).
S.W. Costa Rica: on the banks of the Rio Coto, in the Golfo Dulce (Pitzer).
Var. majus,n. (Tab. XVIL. fig. 7.)
Very solid, pale yellowish, somewhat shining, finely striated ; whorls 9, somewhat angulate and whitish at the
suture, which is rather deep. Columellar margin of the aperture straight, vertical, broad, provided with
a very fine fold, which runs from inside obliquely to the middle of the outer margin.
Length of the whole shell 15 millim.; diameter 34; aperture 34 long, 2 broad. Whorls 9.
Hab. W. Guatemata: Miramar, near San Francisco, in the Costa Cuca (Séoll).
4. Opeas colimense.
Stenogyra colimensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 425 (1859) *.
Bulimus colimensis, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 133”.
Opeas colimensis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 603, t. 26. figg. 9,9 a, b°.
Hab. FE. Muxtco: Cordova (fdoge).
S.W. Mxzxico: State of Colima (Xantus1~*).
A specimen from San Juan Bautista in Tabasco, S.E. Mexico (1. H. Smith),
probably belongs to this species.
5. Opeas gladiolus. (Tab. XVII. fig. 8.)
Opeas gladiolus, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxiv. p. 272 (1877) ° ; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 604, t. 26. figg. 10, 10a, 0°.
Hab. N. Guatemata (Sarg! *).
The most slender of all these species, the aperture being only one-seventh of the
whole length, and the diameter very little more. A small shell, measuring 5 millim, in
length and 1 in breadth, and with the aperture 1 millim. in width, found by Herr Hoge
at Merida, in Yucatan, may be the young of the same species (our fig. 8).
6. Opeas octonoides. (Tab. XVII. fig. 9.) |
Bulimus octonoides, C. B. Adams, in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 72 *; Reeve, Conch. Icon.
y., Bulimus, t. 84. fig. 593°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 400 °.
Stenogyra octonotdes, Binney, Terr. Air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. p. 194*; Angas, P. Z.S. 1879,
p. 485°; v. Mart. Binnen-Mollusken Venezuela’s, pp. 35, 36°.
Opeas octonoides, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 102".
Bulimus contractus, Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. de Cuba, i. p. 205, t. 26. figg. 19, 20 (1851) °; Shuttle-
worth, Mittheil. nat. Ges. Bern, 1854, Diaga. neuer Moll. no. 6, p. 139°.
294 | MOLLUSCA.
Stenogyra subula (Pfr.), Binney, Terr. Air-breath. Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 285, t. 53. fig. 6”.
? Bulimus plicatellus (Guppy ?), Tate, Amer. Journ. of Conch. v. p. 157 (1870) ™ (ef. Bland, ibid.
iv. p. 187, concerning Guppy’s species).
Hab. Norva America: South Carolina and Florida 4 ?°.
(S.E.) Costa Rica (Gabb ®): probably on the eastern slope (Biolley & Pittier).
N. Panama: on an island in the lagoon of Bocas del Toro, in the forest (Zate ™).
VENEZUELA: Caracas ©.
AntiLLes: Cuba‘, Jamaica}, Puerto Rico 9, St. Thomas 3, Grenada.
Remarkable by its small size and the large terminal whorls; it has somewhat the
appearance of the young state of O. subula, but is quite distinct from that species.
The Costa Rican specimens I have seen are smaller (length 5-6 millim.) than most of
the Antillean and Venezuelan ones (length 7 millim. or more).
7. Opeas micra. (Tab. XVII. fig. 10.)
Helix micra, VOrbigny, Mag. Zool. 1835, Class V. no. 61, p. 9°.
Bulimus micra, ®@Orbigny, Voy. dans ?Amér. mér., Moll. p. 262, t. 41. figg. 18-20 (1847) *; Pfr.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 165° (nec op. cit. iv. p. 462; nec Reeve).
Opeas costato-striatus (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 598, t. 26. figg. 5,
5a, 6 (part.) °.
Opeas caracasensis, form B, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 100, t. 7. fig. 8a’.
Synopeas caracasensis, Biolley, Moll. Terr. y Fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 16 (1897) °.
Hab. ¥%. Mexico: Agua Caliente, Camino de Arroyo Hondo, Rancho de Guerrero, °
Rancho del Eligio, and Camino del Obispo, all near Misantla (Strebel °).
S.E. Mexico: Teapa and San Juan Bautista in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).
N. GuaTEMALA: Coban (Sarg *).
W. GuateMaLa: Retalhuleu, in woods, under decayed leaves and rotting pieces of
wood (S¢ol/).
N.W. Costa Rica: Bay of Salinas, near Guanacaste (Pittzer).
N.E. Costa Rica: confluence of the Rio Sarapiqui and the Rio Puerto Viejo, at an
elevation of 121 metres (Biolley °).
CrentraL Costa Rica: Santa Clara, at an elevation of 250 metres above the sea
(Biolley ®).
S.W. Costa Rica: Great Range between the Rio Grande and Boruca, El Pital in
the valley of Rio Naranjo, at an elevation of 200 metres (Pittier).
Souto AMERICA: Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia.
ANTILLES: Haiti. |
Var. caracasense. (Tab. XVII. fig. 11.)
Bulimus caraccasensis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v., Bulimus, t. 79. fig. 580 (1849) "7; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iii, p. 404°; iv. p. 464°; vi. p. 102".
OPEAS, 295
Stenogyra (Opeas) caracasensis, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 265"; Malak. Blatt. xii.
p. 48 (1865) ",
Opeas caracasensis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p- 599, t. 26. figg. 6, 6a, bd”;
Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 99, t. 7. fig. 8, t. 17. fig. 30, t. 18.
figg. 4, 10 a, B,c, 11, 11 a (radula, jaw, and anatomical details) ™*.
? Bulimus costatostriatus, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856, p- 819"; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 460°;
Strebel, loc. cit. p. 1017”.
Hab. K. Mexico: Vera Cruz, on the beach and in the earth of flower-pots (Strebel 14,
Hriedel *, Berendt ©) ; Cordova (Sallé%) ; Orizaba (Berendt !); Dos Arroyos and
Barranca de Mahuistlan, both near Jalapa, in the wood of Pacho, and Mirador, at
an elevation of 2630 feet (Strebel 14).
S.E. Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght °); Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).
N.W. Costa*Rica: Bay of Salinas, near Guanacaste (Pittier).
S.W. Costa Rica: Savana of Guacimo, at an elevation of 200 metres above the sea,
valley of the Rio Brus (Pitter) ; Turubanes, at an elevation of 500 metres above
the sea (Biolley ®).
Panama (Bland 1°).
SoutH America: Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil.
ANTILLES: Haiti, Guadeloupe, St. Lucia, Barbados, Grenada, Trinidad.
The typical shorter form (micra) of this species is represented in the Berlin Museum
from Haiti, Caracas, and Rio Janeiro (here found by myself); the longer form (cara-
casense) from 8. Paulo in Southern Brazil (v. Lhering) ; both from La Guayra in Venezuela
(Gollmer) and Paramaribo in Guiana (coll. Dunker). D’Orbigny’s type was from Santa
Cruz de la Sierra in Bolivia, and he mentions also specimens from Rio Janeiro. As
regards the Antilles, the following smaller and more southern islands are mentioned as
localities for O. caracasense by Bean, Guppy, and Tate: Guadeloupe, St. Lucia, Barbados,
Grenada, and Trinidad. In Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico, on the contrary, the
malacological fauna of which is very well known, it has not yet been found.
The difference between the typical form (mécra) and the longer (caracasense) is
rather striking, but intermediate forms occur. The strength of the coste is also subject
to variation. |
Pfeiffer, Fischer and Crosse, and Strebel treat O. micra and O. caracasense as distinct ;
but a comparison of d’Orbigny’s original figure of O. micra with those of O. caracasense
will show their extreme resemblance. Some confusion, however, has occurred con-
cerning the identification of d’Orbigny’s species, for in the collections of the principal
authorities, as in those of Cuming (Reeve, Conch. Icon. figg. 78 and 579), Pfeiffer (Strebel,
loc. cit. t. 7. fig. 4 and t. 17. fig. 15), and Albers (now in the Berlin Museum), there
are; with the name “ micra, d’Orb.,” shells which do not at all agree with d’Orbigny’s
description and figure, but are more like the young forms of 0. subula. Pfeiffer ® was
296 MOLLUSCA.
right in adding a note of interrogation to his description in vol. iii. p. 400 of his
monograph, but wrong in omitting it in the later volumes. The figures on our Plate
represent the most slender and the most robust of the specimens found at Teapa by
H. H. Smith.
The name “micra” is properly an adjective and feminine, and d’Orbigny retained
the feminine form when referring it to Budimus in his later work, although this name
is masculine; and so it may be also maintained in the neuter Opeas, regarding it asa
case of apposition, “the female little one,” in order to avoid the use of the terms
micrum or micron.
8. Opeas (?) tryonianum.
Bulimus tryonianus, Tate, Amer. Journ. of Conch. v. p. 157, t. 16. fig. 4 (1870)’; Pfr. Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. vii. p. 189.
Hab. N. Panama: on an island in the lagoon of Bocas del Toro, in the forest
(Tate} ).
Var. subovale,n. (Tab. XVII. fig. 12.)
A little more ovate; umbilicus narrow, but not closed.
Hab. S.W. Cosra Rica: Turubanes, at an elevation of 500 metres above the sea (volley).
9. Opeas (?) semistriatum.
Bulimus semistriatus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 10 (1851)*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. in.
p- 441 °.
Bulimulus semistriatus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 555, t. 20. figg. 14, 15 °.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Palenque, in woods (Morelet 1~*).
Although placed by the learned French authors in the genus Bulimulus, it seems to
me to be nearer related to O. micra.
SUBULINA.
Achatina, subgen. Subulina, Beck, Index Moll. p. 76 (1837) ; Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 195.
Stenogyra, sect. Subulina, Shuttleworth, in Mittheil. nat. Ges. Bern, 1854, Diagn. neuer Moll. no. 6,
p- 188; Albers, Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 266.
Subulina, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 626 (part.) ; Strebel, Beitr. Mex.
Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 114.
Shell cylindrically turrite, imperforate ; columellar margin distinctly notched at the
base; apex generally rather thick, globose; sculpture feeble. Lateral teeth of the
radula tricuspidate, the middle cusp the longest.
For the living animal and the anatomy, see the quoted works of Fischer, loc. cit.
pp. 628-630, t. 28. figg. 1-7, and Strebel, loc. cit. p. 115, t. 18.
297
SUBULINA.
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CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Apri 1898.
BIOL.
298 MOLLUSCA.
1. Subulina octona.
Helix octona, Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ix. 2, p. 120, t. 186. fig. 1264 (1788) *; Dillwyn, Descr.
Cat. of Shells, ii. p. 654? (nec Linn.).
Bulimus octonus, Bruguitre, in Encycl. Méth. i. p. 825 (1792) °; Lamarck, Hist. Anim. sans Vert.
ed. 1, vi. p. 124°; ed. 2, viii. p. 283°.
Achatina octona, Gray, in Ann, Philos. n. ser. ix. p. 414 (1825)°; d’Orbigny, in Ramon de la
Sagra’s Hist. Nat. de Cuba, Moluscos, p. 168, t. 11. figg. 4-6"; Voy. dans |’Amér. mérid.,
Mollusca, p. 260°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 266°; Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus and Achatina, p. 342, t. 87. figg. 19, 20; Reeve, Conch. Icon.
vi., Achatina, t. 17. fig. 84"; Tristr. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 230"; Tate, Amer. Journ. of Conch.
v. p. 157 (1870) *°.
Subulina octona, Beck, Index Moll. p. 77 (1837) “; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. 11. p. 110, t. 71.
fig. 3a"; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 640, t. 25. figg. 15, 15a";
Biolley, Molusc. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 15". ;
Stenogyra (Subulina) octona, Shuttleworth, in Mittheil. nat. Ges. Bern, 1854, Diagn. neuer Moll.
no. 6, p. 141%; Wiegm. in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Reise Niederl. Indien, ii. 1, p. 210,
t. 15. figg. 18-26, t. 16. figg. 1-7 (anatomy) (1894) ”.
Sira octona, Ad. Schmidt, Geschlechtsapparat. d. Stylommatophoren, pp. 5, 42 (radula) (1855) ”.
Stenogyra octona, Binney, Ann. N. York Acad. Sci. iii. p. 100 (1881) (jaw and radula
described) **. ,
Hab. E. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Uhde, in Mus. Berol.; Hoge).
S.E. Mexico: Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).
British Honpuras: Belize (Bocourt 1%).
N. Guatemata: Vera Paz (Stoli); Coban (Salvin 12).
W. GuatemaLa: Hacienda Helvetia, in Upper Cholhuitz, Costa Cuca (Stoll: young).
Central Nicaracua: throughout the savana region, Grenada, San Ubaldo (Tate }3).
E. Nicaragua: Castillo and Greytown (Zuate 13).
E. Costa Rica: Talamanca (Pittier) ; Turrialba, at an elevation of 550 metres above
the sea, on the ground, at the roots of trees, in moss or under decayed leaves
(Biolley *).
S.W. Costa Rica: Puerto Lagarto, 70 metres above the sea, in the valley of the
Rio Grande de Terraba; Boca de Corredor, in the valley of Coto, and San
Domingo, both inthe Golfo Dulce (Pittier).
N. Panama: Boca del Toro, Naval Bay, and Matachin (Tate 18).
SoutH AMERICA: Venezuela, Ecuador, Guiana, Northern Brazil.
ANTILLES: Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, T ortola, Antigua,
Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia, Barbados, Trinidad, &c.
Also recorded from Zanzibar, Madagascar, Sumatra, Java, and New Caledonia. It
is widely spread in the West-Indian Islands.
SUBULINA. 299
Var. strebeli.
Stenogyra (Subulina) trochlea, Pfr.?, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 49 (1865) *.
Subulina trochlea, no. 2, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 116, t. 7. fig. 16 (right figure, magnified) **.
Somewhat longer (25-26 millim.), with more whorls (11-12) and a comparatively small aperture.
Hab. CAMPECHE: in the court of a house (Berendt 23).
The locality Vera Cruz quoted by me 22 is incorrect, C. Friedel having received his
specimen from Berendt himself, as stated by Strebel 23.
Var. trochlea. (Tab. XVII. figg. 18, 18 a, 13 0.)
Achatina trochlea, Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. ii. p. 59 (1842) **; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 266” ;
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus and Achatina, p. 348, t. 87.
figg. 23, 24°°.
Subulina trochiea, form A, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 115, t. 7. fig. 16
(left figure, magnified), t. 17. fig. 832 (aperture), t. 18. figg.1 (radula), 12-16 and 18-24
(anatomical details) *’.
? Stenogyra octona, Angas, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 485, t. 40. fig. 16 (living animal) *,
A little longer than the normal specimens of S. octona, the last whorl seen from the dorsal side distinctly
higher than broad.
Hab. Muxico (Hegewisch 74—*7),
S.E. Mexico: Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).
Yucatan: Merida (Ravensburg *").
S.E. Costa Rica: Old Harbour (add 28).
S.W. Costa Rica: wood of Palmar in the valley of the Rio Grande de Terraba, at
the roots of large trees (Pittier).
According to Pfeiffer 2°, his S. trochlea is distinct from S. octona by the broader and
more convex whorls, a more concave columellar margin, and a more elliptic form of
the aperture. To judge from his figure ?%, the whole shell is comparatively more
slender, especially the last whorl, which, seen from the dorsal side, is higher than
broad, whereas in S. octona it is as broad as high. Strebel *’, who had before him
specimens of 8S. trochlea from Pfeiffer’s collection, identifies them with those fiom
Merida which he describes and figures, and also with others from Cuba, Jamaica, and
Brazil, labelled “S. octona,” and states that he does not know any other S. octona.
Specimens of 3. trochlea in the collection of Dunker, Pfeiffer’s friend, do not differ at
all from S. octona. The difference between his S. trochlea and the widely-spread
S. octona cannot, therefore, be very essential. Strebel’s figure also shows the last
whorl somewhat higher than broad, so I use this character and the larger size to
define the variety trochlea, and refer to it some specimens from Tabasco and Costa
Rica; in the convexity of the whorls and curvature of the columellar margin I find
no constant difference. The measurements are :-—
38*
300 MOLLUSCA.
Long. 23, diam. 5 ; apert. long. 44, lat. 24 millim. ; anfr. 10 (Pfeiffer).
1» 22°38, 5; A°7 ; ” 4'1,,, 22 ,; 29 105 (Strebel).
» 21, 5 53 » 4, 4, 2 ” » 10 (specimen from Teapa).
» 19, 4 433 2”? 4, 4, 2 ” »» 9% (specimen from Palmar).
2. Subulina stolli, sp.n. (Tab. XVII. figg. 15, 15 a, 8.)
Testa imperforata, elongate turrita, sat tenuis, costulis verticalibus tenuibus confertis sculpta, nitidula, albida,
concolor, apice obtuso; anfr. 11, priores duo prominentiis nonnullis tuberiformibus levibus insignes,
sequentes vix convexiusculi, sutura sat profunda, subirregulari, incrustata, ultimus basi rapide attenuatus,
levis ; apertura oblongo-elliptica, margine externo leviter arcuato, basali brevi, columellari valde concavo,
ad basin distincte truncato.
Long. 24, diam. 53; apert. long. 5, diam. 34 millim.
Last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, two-sevenths of the length of the whole shell.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Vera Paz (Stoll).
General form a little more conical than in S&. octona, from which it is well
distinguished by the sculpture. ‘The species cannot be referred to any of the
sculptured Subuline described by Fischer and Crosse from Guatemala. The
strong protuberances on the first two whorls are very peculiar. |
3. Subulina porrecta, sp.n. (Tab. XVII. figg. 14, 144, 6.)
Subulina trochilea (Pir.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 642, t. 25. figg. 14, 14a".
Testa imperforata, cylindrico-subulata, solidula, leviter striatula, flavido-cerea, modice nitidula, concolor, apice
globiformi; anfr. 94, superi convexiusculi, inferiores planiusculi, vix latiores quam alti, ultimus basi
altior quam latus, basi sensim attenuatus; apertura elongato-ovata, margine columeilari vix concavo,
versus basin peroblique truncato.
Long. 21-25, diam. 44-5; apert. long. 43-4, diam. 2-24 millim.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).
Yucatan }.
Distinct from S. octona and its variety trochlea chiefly by the more slender and less
convex form of the last whorls and the scarcely concave columellar margin.
4, Subulina cylindrella.
Achatina cylindrella, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 12 (1851)*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii.
p. 502°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 634, t. 25. figg. 18, 13.4, d°.
Hab. N. GuateMaLa: woods of Peten, near San Luis, rather scarce (Morelet 1°).
Distinct from the species of Pseudosubulina by the less numerous coste, with large
interstices, and by the form of the columellar margin, which agrees very well with that
of S. octona. Fischer and Crosse are of opinion that the only specimen which they
have seen (and figured) is not full-grown.
5. Subulina (?) rangiana.
Achatina rangiana, Ptr. P. Z. 8. 1846, p. 115°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 2617; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. v., Achatina, t. 15. fig. 65 °.
SUBULINA.—PSEUDOSUBULINA. 301
Stenogyra (Obeliscus) rangiana, v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 264 *.
Subulina rangiana, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 638 °.
Hab. Mexico (Linden 1-5),
It is strange that no more specimens of this comparatively large shell (length
39-42 millim.) have been found by any subsequent collector; the Mexican habitat
appears, therefore, to require confirmation. As regards its systematic position, it
approaches by the size, solidity, and colour, and by the rectilinear columella, nearer
to the group Obeliscus, which belongs to the South-American continent.
PSEUDOSUBULINA.
Subulina, Sect. I. Species Costulate, and Sect. II. Species Costulato-striate, Fischer & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 632 (1877).
Pseudosubulina, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 117 (1882).
Shell turrite, vertically sculptured, glossy; columellar margin straight, slightly
notched near the base. ‘Teeth of the radula in very oblique rows, lateral teeth
elongate, entire or bifid at the tip, median tooth and jaws rudimentary. (Strebel,
loc. cit. p. 118, t. 18. figg. 5-8.)
So far as at present known, the genus is confined to Mexico and Central America.
Pseudosubulina should be placed in the family Agnatha, after Salasiedla, antea,
p. 83, according to the structure of its oral organs; but as this character was not
sufficiently known to me when dealing with that family, I am compeiled to leave the
genus near Subulina, which has a very similar shell, a position also assigned to it by
Fischer and Crosse, and even Strebel.
1. Pseudosubulina berendti.
Achatina berendti, Pfr. Malak. Blatt. ix. p. 98 (1862)'; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 237°.
Subulina berendti, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 635, t. 26. figg. 1, la, 6
(not adult) *. .
Pseudosubulina berendti, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 117, t. 7. figg. 7, 7 a,
t. 17. fig. 2 (aperture), t. 18. figg. 5-8 and 23.4, B, c (radula and genital organs) *.
Slenderly turrite, densely costulato-striate, shining, yellowish brown; 12-124 whorls, the uppermost forming
a blunt subglobular apex, the following moderately convex, with rather deep sutures, which appear dark
in places by adhering dirt, the last whorl gradually narrowing beneath, smooth at the base, imperforate.
Seen from the dorsal side, the last whorl is a little more than one-fourth. of the whole length and equal to
the diameter. Aperture narrowly oval; columellar margin somewhat concavely arched, whitish, with a
nearly vertical distinct notch at the lower end.
Length 123-13, diameter 23-3 millim.; aperture 23 long, 13 broad.
Hab. E. Mexico: Orizaba (Berendt!?%); Pacho, Soncoautla, Consolapa, and Dos
Arroyos, all near Jalapa (Estefania Salas *); Las Vigas (Hoge).
MOLLUSCA.
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PSEUDOSUBULINA. 303
Var. gracilior, n.
Pseudosubulina berendti, form B, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 119, t. 7. fig. 7 a’.
Whorls 103-11, the last, if seen from the dorsal side, a little more than one-fourth of the whole length
of the shell, which varies from 94 to 114 millim.; diameter 24-24; aperture 2-2j in length, and 1-13
in breadth.
Hab. ¥%. Mexico: Vera Cruz and Mirador (Strebel ®); Cordova (Hoge).
2. Pseudosubulina (?) chiapensis.
Achatina chiapensis, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 379"; Malak. Blatt. iii. p. 234 (1856) *; Monogr. Helie.
Vivent. iv. p. 616°.
Subulina chiapensis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 637, t. 26. figg. 2, 2a, b*.
Pseudosubulina chiapensis, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 119, t. 7. fig. 17 ,
Hab. S.E. Muxico: Chiapas (Ghiesdreght 1~* °).
GUATEMALA (Sarg *).
It is not quite certain that the Guatemalan shell described and figured by Fischer
and Crosse belongs to Pfeiffer’s species, which has been redescribed by Strebel from
Chiapas specimens; but as I have no examples from either locality for examination, I
can offer no opinion concerning them.
3. Pseudosubulina (?) sargi.
Subulina sargi, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxv. p. 272 (1877)'; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 637, t. 26. figg. 8, 3a, 5°.
Hab. S.K. Mexico: Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).
N. Guatemata: Coban (Sarg? 2).
The glossy surface with fine crowded costzx (“‘ stries pliciformes et serrées””) seems to
place this species in the genus Pseudosubulina, although the columellar margin is said
to be arcuated and provided with a notch, which does not reach the basal end.
4. Pseudosubulina (?) trypanodes. (Tab. XVII. figg. 16, 16a, 0.)
Achatina trypanodes, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 879 1; Malak. Blatt. iii. p. 234 (1856) *; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iv. p. 616°.
Subulina trypanodes, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 636°.
Hab. 8.E. Mexico: Chiapas (Ghiesbreght 4).
Nowhere figured. According to the description, it somewhat resembles P. fortis in
size and colour, but is at once distinguished by the number of whorls being twelve at
the length of 13 millim.
I am indebted to Mr. Edgar Smith for a drawing of the type of this species, and
from this our figures are taken. ‘The form of the aperture confirms me in the supposi-
tion that the species may belong to the genus Pseudosubulina, but this cannot be
definitely decided till the structure of the radula is known.
304 MOLLUSCA.
5. Pseudosubulina robusta, sp. n. (Tab. XVII. fig. 19.)
Testa imperforata, subconico-turrita, verticaliter confertim costulato-striata, nitida, flavescens ; anfr. 10, primi 2
subglobosi, leeves, tertius subangustus, inde a quarto regulariter crescentes et: sculpti, sutura sat impressa,
ultimus basi sensim et subconvexe attenuatus; apertura sat obliqua, oblongo-trapezoidea, margine externo
supra arcuato, dein stricto, margine basali late rotundato, marg. columellari paulum torto, leviter incrassato,
albido, basi leviter truncato.
Long. 18, diam. 5; apert. long. 43, diam. 23 millim.
Last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, one-third of the whole length.
Hab. §.W. Mexico, Omilteme, in the State of Guerrero, at an elevation of 8000 feet
(H. H. Smith).
6. Pseudosubulina fortis, sp.n. (Tab. XVII. figg. 17, 17 a, 6.)
Testa imperforata, cylindrico-turrita, distincte costulata, costulis latiusculis, interstitia subsequantibus, solidula,
pallide griseo-flavida ; anfr. 9-94, convexiusculi, sutura profunda, crenulata, ultimus infra sensim
angustatus, basi leviuscula ; apertura anguste oblonga, margine externo leviter arcuato, basali breviusculo,
columellari subverticali, crasso, oblique et leviter truncato.
Long. 13-14, diam. 4; apert. long. 4, diam. 2} millim.
Last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, one-third of the whole length. The deep sutures are often filled with
dirt, and thus appear dark brown.
Hab. W. Guatemata: El Reposo (800 feet), Las Mercedes (5000 feet), and Zapote
(Champion) ; Miramar near San Francisco and Retalhuleu (Sto//).
7. Pseudosubulina mitescens, sp.n. (Tab. XVII. figg. 18, 184, 6.)
Testa imperforata, subulato-turrita, costulato-striata, costulis planiusculis, interstitia latitudine superantibus,
in anfr. antepenultimo, penultimo et ultimo deorsum odsolescentihus, diaphana, flavida, nitida ; anfr. 10,
primus parvus, subglobosus, secundus multo major, sequentes planiusculi, sutura anguste impressa,
crenulata, fuscescente, antepenultimus et penultimus impressionibus spirali-linearibus sparsis notati,
ultimus basi levis, rapide angustatus; apertura anguste oblonga, margine externo leviter arcuato, basali
breviusculo, columellari subverticali, crasso, oblique et leviter truncato.
Long. 16, diam. 4; apert. long. 4, diam. 24 millim.
Hab. W. Guatemala: Duefias, near Antigua, at an elevation of 5000 feet above the
sea (Champion).
Intermediate between P. fortis and P. lirifera—in the sculpture and the flatness of
the coste resembling the latter, and in the shape of the aperture the former; coste
stronger on the upper whorls and becoming very feeble in the lower parts of the last
three whorls, this character being quite peculiar to the species.
8. Pseudosubulina lirifera. (Tab. XVII. figg. 20, 20a, 0.)
Achatina lirifera, Morelet, Test. Noviss. il. p. 12 (1851)’; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii.
p. BOL’.
Subulina lirifera, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 633, t. 25. figg. 12, 12a, 6°.
Hab. N. Guatemata: woods of Peten, near San Luis (Morelet 1-3),
E. Guatemata: Livingston (SZo/d).
PSEUDOSUBULINA.—SPIRAXIS. . 305
The first two whorls are smooth, the third and fourth comparatively large, sub-
globose, and provided with strong, but narrow coste (fig. 20@); on the fifth whorl
commence the broad and flat coste, with very narrow interstices, the sculpture being
similar on all the following whorls. The whorls are very feebly convex, rather flat,
chiefly the lower ones; the last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, is two-sevenths of
the whole length of the shell. The aperture is small, the columellar margin very
concavely arcuated. The two examples from Livingston, on the Atlantic coast, are of
larger size than those described by Morelet, and Fischer and Crosse, viz. :—
Specimens from Peten...... Whorls 9-10: length 12-13, diam. 3; apert. long. 23, diam. 1} millim.
Specimens from Livingston .. am 114: ,, 15, 4, 34; ” 3, » 1d 5
Nevertheless, the specimens from Livingston agree so well with Fischer and Crosse’s
figure of Subulina lirifera that I do not think they can be separated, not even as a
variety. The very concave shape of the columellar margin gives the species somewhat
the facies of Tornazis.
9. Pseudosubulina (?) salvini, sp.n. (Tab. XVII. figg. 21, 21 a, d.)
Achatina trypanodes, Tristram, P. Z. 8S. 1863, p. 411 (mec Pfr.) *.
Testa subulato-turrita, rimata, perpendiculariter confertim striatula, nitida, albida; anfr. 84, eonvexiusculi,
sutura sat profunda, primus subglobosus, papilliformis, sat magnus, ceteri regulariter crescentes, ultimus
basi celeriter angustatus ; apertura subperpendicularis, trapezoidea, margine externo subrectilineo, basali
anguste rotundato, columellari obliquo, in medio protuberante, prope basin oblique subtruncato.
Long. 10, diam. 24 ; apert. long. 13, diam. 13 millim.
Last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, to the whole length as 1: 34.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Vera Paz (Salvin ').
A comparison of our figure of this shell, drawn from Salvin’s specimen, with fig. 16,
taken from the type of P. trypanodes (Pfr.), will show the differences between these
two forms. It is somewhat strange that this species should not be found amongst the
numerous Guatemalan shells described by French authors, but I cannot identify it
with any of those enumerated in Fischer and Crosse’s work; the nearest seems to be
P. sargi, from which the present species may be known by the less convex whorls, the
stronger sculpture, and the different form of the outline of the columellar margin.
The last-mentioned character makes it even doubtful whether this shell belongs really
to the genus Pseudosubulina.
SPIRAXIS.
Spiraxis, C. B. Adams, Contrib. Conch. no. 6, p. 87 (1850).
Spiraxis, Sect. II. Bulimiformes, Shuttleworth, in Mittheil. nat. Ges. Bern, 1852, Diagn. neuer
Moll. no. 2, p. 27; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii, p. 469.
Spiraais, sect. Euspirazis, Pfeiffer, Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1855, p. 166 ; Albers, Die Helic. ed. 2,
p. 34,
- BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, April 1898. 39
MOLLUSCA.
306
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308 MOLLUSCA.
Spiraxis, Sect. I. Species Torto-plicate, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. pp. 608,
609.
Volutaxis, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 110 (1882).
Shell turrite, imperforate, vertically striate or ribbed, thin, glossy, whitish or yellow ;
whorls 5-13, increasing very gradually in diameter, more or less flat; aperture com-
paratively small, generally only one-fourth or one-fifth of the length of the whole shell ;
columellar margin spirally twisted, more or less thickened, without notch at the base.
Anatomy not yet known. The natural position of this genus is therefore still doubtful.
In some respects it comes very near Opeas, several species having the spiral twisting of
the columellar margin less distinct and the brightness of the surface less conspicuous ;
but in the majority of them the general aspect is different and well recognizable.
Shuttleworth united them with the agnathous Streptostyla into one genus, and Strebel
says also (loc. cit. p. 117) that his Volutaxis belongs, according to its anatomy, to the
Testacellide, but he gives no anatomical description of any of his species.
Geographical distribution: West Indian islands and Central America, passing neither
to North nor to South America *.
1. Spiraxis scalariopsis.
Bulimus scalariopsis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 11 (1851)'; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 895°.
Spiraxis scalariopsis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 609, t. 25. figg. 1, la, 6°.
Hab. N. GuatemMaua: Peten, in very thick forests, under decaying trunks of trees
(Morelet 1-8). |
2. Spiraxis sulciferus. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 4.)
Bulimus sulciferus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 12 (1851)’; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii.
p. 895°.
Spiraxis sulciferus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 610, t. 25. figg. 2, 2a, 6°.
Volutaaxis sulciferus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 120, t. 7. figg. 10a, 108,
t. 17. fig. 12 *.
Spiraxis euptyctus, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 378°; Malak. Blatt. iii. p. 2832 (1856)°; Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iv. p. 574"; Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 612°.
Hab. Ei. Mexico: Rancho de Guerrero, Rancho de San Eligio, and Agua Caliente near
Misantla (Estefania Salas*) ; Mirador (Berendt®).
S.E, Mexico: Palenque, in woods (Morelet 1); Chiapas (@hiesbreght >-8).
W. GuatemaLa: Retalhuleu, in the woods (St¢old).
Var. cobaensis.
Spiraais sulciferus, var. 8. cobanensis, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. pp. 610, 611, t. 25. figg. 3, 3a, b*.
Hab, N. GuatemMaLa: Coban (Sarg °).
* Spiraxis equatorius, Miller, from Ecuador, belongs to Leptinaria. WS. incertus, Mouss., from Colombia,
and the East-Indian species referred by Pfeiffer to this genus probably do not belong to it.
SPIRAXIS. 309
According to the observations of Dr. Stoll, the living animal is 8 millim. long,
yellowish-grey ; the upper feelers 23 millim. long, blackish, the lower feelers distinct.
It ascends rotten trunks of trees, but needs much moisture.
Var. berendti.
Spiraxis berendti, Pfr. Malak. Blatt. ix. p. 97 (1862) ’°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 189";
Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 618, t. 25. figg. 4, 4a, 6,
Volutaxis berendii, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 120, t. 7. fig. 10".
Hab. E. Mexico: Mirador (Berendt 10-18, Sartorius 13); Cafiada grande de Coatepec,
near Jalapa 13,
3. Spiraxis tenuis.
Spirazis tenuis, Pfr. Malak. Blitt. xv. p. 84 (1868) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 2577; Fisch.
_& Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 614, t. 25. figg. 5, 5 a, 6° (not full-grown ?).
Hab. K. Mexico: Orizaba (Sallé1—*),
4. Spiraxis acus.
Spiraxis acus, Shuttleworth, in Mittheil. nat. Ges. Bern, 1852, Diagn. neuer Moll. no. 2, p. 27°;
Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 470°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i.
p. 614°.
Volutaxis acus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 125°.
Hab. K. Mexico: Cordova (Jacot-Guillarmod +).
Not again found and not recognized by later authors.
Var. minor.
Spirawis acus, var. minor, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 614, t. 25. figg. 6, 6a, db’.
Hab. E. Mexico: Orizaba (Botteri °).
5. Spiraxis tenuecostatus.
Volutaxis tenuecostatus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 121, t. 17. fig. 11
(1882) °*.
Hab. E. Mexico: Agua Caliente, near Misantla (Strebel ').
6. Spiraxis miradorensis.
Volutaxis miradorensis, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch, v. p. 122, t. 17. figg. 23 a, 4,
and 35 (1882) ’.
Hab. ©. Mexico: Mirador (Séredel').
310 MOLLUSCA.
7. Spiraxis similaris.
Volutaxis similaris, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 122, t. 7. fig. 11, t, 17.
fig. 18 (1882) °.
Hab. E. Mexico: woods of Pacho near Jalapa (Estefania Salas 1).
8. Spiraxis confertecostatus.
Volutaxis confertecostatus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 122, t. 7. fig. 12,
t. 17. fig. 19 (1882)},
Hab. E. Mexico: Pacho and Dos Arroyos near Jalapa (Estefania Salas ').
9. Spiraxis intermedius.
Volutaxis intermedius, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 123, t. 17. figg. 22, 34
(1882) *.
Hab. E. Mexico: Pacho near Jalapa (Strebel 1).
10. Spiraxis confertestriatus.
Volutaxis confertestriatus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 123, t. 17. figg. 21,
33 (1882) 1. |
Hab. E. Mexico: Mirador (Strebel 1).
11. Spiraxis nitidus.
Volutaxis nitidus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 123, t. 7. fig. 9, t. 17.
fig. 25, 36 (1882)*.
Hab. E, Muxico: Pacho and Mirador (S¢rebel 3).
Var. major,n. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 1.)
Long. 10-113 millim., diam. 23; apert. 2 long and 1 broad; 9-10 whorls.
Hab. K. Mexico: Las Vigas (Hége).
From the form of the aperture it is probable that our figured specimen is not quite
full-grown, although of considerably larger size than indicated by Strebel.
Var. minor, n.
Volutaxis nitidus, form B, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 124, t. 7. fig. 18, t. 17. fig. 20°.
Hab. i. Mexico: Pacho, Camino de Obispo, and Mirador (Strebel 2).
Var. pittieri, n. (Tab. XVIIL. fig. 2.)
Magis elongatus, levis; anfr. 10, apice globoso, perobtuso.
Long. 10, diam. 2; apert. long. 15, diam. 1} millim.
Hab. S.W. Costa Rica: El Pital, at an elevation of 250 metres above the sea, in the
valley of Naranjo, and Savana de Guacimo, at a similar elevation, in the valley of
the Rio Brus (Pittier).
SPIRAXIS.—TORNAXIS. oll
12. Spiraxis linearis.
Spirazis linearis, Pfr. Malak. Blatt. xiii. p- 84 (1866) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 193°;
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 616 (t. 25. figg. 7, 7a, 5?) °.
Volutaxis linearis, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p- 124, t. 12. fig. 10*.
Hab. E. Mexico: Vera Cruz, on the beach, under pieces of wocd cast ashore (Strebel
and Berendt \~4),
The figure given by Fischer and Crosse is remarkably different from that given
by Strebel, which was probably drawn from a not full-grown specimen.
13. Spiraxis blandi. |
Spiraxis blandi, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxv. p- 271 (1877)*; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 616, t. 25. figg. 11, lla, 5’.
Hab. E. Mexico: State of Vera Cruz (coll. Crosse) 12.
14. Spiraxis scalella, sp.n. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 5.)
Testa conoideo-turrita, costulis rectis confertis compressis sculpta, flavescenti-albida, diaphana; anfr. 5,
regulariter crescentes, infra suturam perconvexi, ultimus basi concaviuscule attenuatus ; apertura ovata,
subtus angustata, mergine columellari modice torto, tenui.
Long. 23, diam. 3; apert. long. 2, diam. 4 millim.
Hab. S.W. Costa Rica: El Pital, at an elevation of 250 metres above the sea, in the
valley of the Rio Naranjo (Pittier).
In the very convex whorls this species resembles S. scalartopsis, and it might also be
compared with a Scalaria, but the costes are much more numerous and more feeble.
As I have seen only one specimen, and the number of the whorls is rather few for this
~ genus, it may perhaps be not full-grown, but I know no other species to which it could
be referred.
TORNAXIS, gen. nov.
Shell turrite, imperforate, vertically costulated, not shining, many-whorled, not
keeled ; aperture ovate, external margin simple, arcuate ; columellar margin very thick,
strongly twisted, separated by a deep and narrow notch from the basal margin.
Anatomy not yet known.
This genus possesses to a certain extent the characters of both Subulina and Spiraais
as regards the form of the aperture, but in its general aspect it approaches nearer to
Rhodea, H. & A. Adams, from which it only differs in the absence of the prominent
spiral keel in the terminal whorls. _
Named from axis, and tornare, to turn on a lathe; analogous to Spiraxis.
1. Tornaxis singularis, sp.n. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 6.)
Shell cylindrically turrite, rather solid, with vertical narrow coste, separated by interstices which are from two
to four times as broad as the coste, of dull greyish colour. Whorls very convex, with simple linear
sutures, six in number in the only specimen obtained, which is broken above (there are, no doubt,
considerably more in perfect examples); last whorl rounded in the periphery, somewhat concavely
attenuated and produced at the base. Aperture distinctly oblique, asymmetrically ovate, acute above,
312 MOLLUSCA.
regularly arcuated at the outer side, sinuous in the form of an S on the columellar side, rounded at the
base; external margin thin, simple, arcuate; columellar margin formed by a strong, thick, white, spirally
twisted line, which enters above into the interior of the aperture, and is terminated at the base by a
vertical narrow notch.
Length (of the injured shell) 11 millim., diam. including the aperture 3, diam. of the penultimate whorl 23 ;
aperture 24 millim. long, 14 broad. Last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, one-third of the length of the
six preserved whorls united.
Hab. E. Guatemata: Panzos (Conradt).
In the unique specimen the coste are rubbed down here and there, and the hole of
the upper breach is open, which proves that the upper whorls have not been lost
during life.
LEPTINARIA.
Achatina, subgen. Leptinaria, Beck, Ind. Moll. p. 37 (1837).
Bulimus, subgen. Nothus, Albers, Die Helic. ed. 1, p. 168 (1850) [preoccupied in Coleoptera by
Olivier (1811) and in Lepidoptera by Billberg (1820) ].
Leptinaria, Shuttleworth, in Mittheil. nat. Ges. Bern, 1854, Diagn. neuer Moll. no. 6, p. 144.
Cionella, subgen. Leptinaria, v. Martens, in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 254.
Lamellaxis, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 109 (1882).
Shell ovate or oblong, mostly perforate or umbilicate, thin, semipellucid, whitish,
with feeble vertical strie; whorls 5-8, rather convex, increasing considerably in
diameter (much more than in Opeas and Subulina) ; aperture oval or oblong; columellar
margin distinctly twisted and notched near the base of. the aperture in the form of a
more or less distinct fold or tooth, mostly expanded outwards and covering a part of
the perforation. In some species (Group B) an additional fold or spiral plate on the
upper wall of the aperture (parietal plate).
Jaw thin, somewhat arcuate, with fine vertical strie. Teeth of the radula in straight
transverse rows, the median tooth very small, the lateral ones tricuspidate. See
Fischer and Crosse, Journ. de Conch. v. p. 241 (1857), and Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1.
p. 622; Gibbons, in Binney’s “ Notes on the Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata”
(Ann. Lyc. N. York, iii. p. 101). Anatomy of the genital organs not yet known. Some
species are said to be viviparous, but in others there are to be seen globular eggs of
rather large size (Tab. XVIII. fig. 7), resembling those of Sudulina.
A generic distinction between those with and those without parietal plate cannot be
maintained, because in some species this plate is very conspicuous in young shells and
disappears nearly or entirely in full-grown ones, as, for instance, in Z. stolli; in others
it is not seen in young shells, but well in full-grown ones, as in L. emmeline.
The species of this genus are very closely allied and difficult to determine. In
many cases it is almost impossible to say whether a specimen is full-grown or young.
The comparative differences, too, in the general outlines, in the strength of the
sculpture, and in the shape of the columellar margin (inner edge of the aperture) are
very gradual, and it may well be doubted if the various authors, including myself,
mean the same when speaking of strong or fine costa, of strie, &c., and in describing
LEPTINARIA. 313
the columellar margin as twisted or toothed. Strebel has included in the same species
shells of very different outlines, according to his figures, and I am compelled to follow
him, having seen very few Mexican specimens. On the other hand, through the
kindness of Mr. H. Pittier and Mr. P. Biolley, there are before me many specimens
from Costa Rica, but only a few of them can be identified as belonging to described
species. As regards the columellar margin, it may be twisted as a whole (marg.
columellaris tortus), or may have its chief part straight and only the inward edge
transformed into a spiral fold, separated by a slight depression from the main part
(marg. col. plica circumvolutus) ; in either case, the under edge of the twisted portion
projects more or less distinctly in the shape of a tooth (dentatus). But in the
descriptions of the various authors this difference is often not clearly stated; the term
“marg. col. plicatus” (folded) applying to both.
In the comparative table I am obliged, however, to use the terms applied by the
authors themselves in their descriptions for all the species of which I have no
specimens or figures before me; in some cases, therefore, the differences given may be
more apparent than real.
This genus is represented in the West-Indian Islands, in Central America, Colombia,
Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, and Brazil, but is absent from the United States of
North America. The most northern species are, so far as I know, L. meaicana, Pft.,
from Misantla, Mexico, and L. paludinoides, @Orb., from Cuba; the most southern an
undetermined form found by H. v. Ihering at Taguara del Mondo Novo, in the
province of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Within our limits the species are distributed
as follows :—
Group A. Group B.
East Mexico: L. mexicana and vars. turrita and abbreviata,
L. martensi and var. inflata, L. imperforata.
South-east Mexico (Tabasco) : L. exigua.
North Guatemala: ZL. guatemalensis. L. elise, L. emmeline.
West Guatemala: Z. guatemalensis, L. stolli.
East Guatemala: L. filicostata.
Honduras: L. mexicana, L. filicostata, L. simpsoni, L. fordiana.
Central Nicaragua: L. sinistra.
East Nicaragua: L. hyalina.
North-west Costa Rica: L. guatemalensis, var. majuscula.
North-east Costa Rica: L. ambigua. L. solida.
Central Costa Rica: L. ambigua, L. pittieri and var. obliquata, L. convoluta.
L. guatemalensis, var. majuscula, L. biolleyi, L. costa-
ricana. .
East Costa Rica: L. pittieri, L. crenulata, L. biolleyt.
South-east Costa Rica: ZL. interstriata.
South-west Costa Rica: L. pittieri, L. interstriata, L. guate- L. solida, L. convoluta.
malensis, var. majuscula, L. costaricana, L. hapaloides.
North Panama: L. interstriata.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, June 1898. 40
MOLLUSCA.
314
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316 MOLLUSCA.
A. Species without parietal plate.
Achatina, part., Pfeiffer (1848); Nothus, Albers (1850) ; Spirawis, § 3, Pleiffer (1877) ; Spirazis,
sect. II. Species Dentato-plicate, Fischer & Crosse (1877) ; Lamellazis, Strebel (1882).
1. Leptinaria mexicana.
Spiraxis mexicana, Pfr. Malak. Blatt. xiii. p. 84 (1866) ’; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 193°.
Spiraxis mexicanus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 617 °.
Lamellaxis mexicanus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 109, t. 7. fig. 14 6,
t. 17. fig. 3%.
Nothus mexicanus, Ancey, Ann. Malac. 1886, p. 247°.
Hab. i. Muxico: Mirador (Berendt 1, Strebel+); Rancho Guerrero, Agua Caliente,
Camino de Obispo, Camino de Arroyo Rondo, and Rancho de San Eligio, all near
Misantla, and the further Cafiada de Coatepec near Jalapa (Strebel +); Misantla
({6ge).
Honpuras: Utila Island (Simpson >).
Var. turrita, n.
Lamellaxis mexicanus (part.), Strebel, loc. cit. p. 111, t.7. fig. 14a, t.17. figg. 3 a, b, ¢ (right figure) *.
Hab. E. Mexico: Agua Caliente (Strebel ®); Misantla (Strebel ®, Hoge).
Var. abbreviata, n.
Spiraxis mexicana (part.), Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 617, t. 25. figg. 8, 8a, b’.
Lamellaxis mexicana (part.), Strebel, loc. cit. p. 111, t. 17. fig. 3c (left figure) *.
Hab. %. Mexico: Mirador (Berendt"); Agua Caliente near Misantla (Stedel §).
2. Leptinaria martensi.
Bulimus martensi, Pfr. P. Z. 8S. 1856, p. 8318’; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 451°.
Spiraxis martensi, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 619, t. 25. figg. 9, 9a, 6°.
Lamellaxis modestus, form B, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 112, t. 7. fig. 15,
t. 17. figg. 5 a, 5 6 (left figure), 6 a, 7 6 (1882) *.
Hab. i. Mexico: Cordova (Sallé!~8); Mirador (Berendt *, Strebel +).
Var. inflata, n.
Lamellaxis modestus, form A, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 112, t. 7. fig. 15 a, t.17. fig. 5b (right figure) °.
Hab. E. Mexico: Misantla (Sérebel °).
3. Leptinaria stolli, sp.n. (Tab. XVIII. figg. 9, 9a.)
Testa ovato-globosa, rimata, tenuis, leviter striatula, pallide flavescens, nitidula ; anfr. 5, convexi, sutura modice
impressa, ultimus basi rotundatus. Apertura subverticalis, trapezoidea, margine externo bene arcuato,
. basali late rotundato ; margo columellaris paululum concavus, dilatatus, prope basin late truncatus et plica
distincta circumvolutus ; paries aperturalis in testa juvenili uniplicatus.
Long. 7, diam. 5; apert. long. 43, diam. 3 millim.
Last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, to the whole length of the shell as 1: 13 or 5:8,
LEPTINARIA. 317
Hab. W. Guatemata: Retalhuleu, in woods, under decayed leaves, rare (Stoll).
The most globose of all the species within our limits. A young shell (fig. 9 a), quite
distinct by its form from ZL. elise, shows the parietal plate very clearly; but in the
full-grown examples no trace of it is to be seen.
Dr. O. Stoll describes the living animal as follows :—“ Animal pale grey ; anterior
part of the body much more strongly developed than the shortened hinder part; upper
feelers nearly cylindrical ; lower feelers forming only a short protuberance.” A sketch
drawn by him from the living animal is reproduced on our Plate (fig. 9), but the
outlines of the shell are drawn directly from one of his specimens.
4. Leptinaria pittieri, sp.n. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 7.)
Testa conoideo-ovata, apice papillari, perforata, tenuis, subpellucida, sequaliter subtiliter striata, griseo-albida
vel flavescenti-albida ; anfr. 6-63, planiusculi, sutura sat impressa, subgradata, ultimus basi bene rotun-
datus. Apertura subverticalis, trapezoideo-piriformis, margine externo superne vix arcuato, paululum
arcuatim producto, margine basali late rotundato; margo columellaris subverticalis, latus, prope basin
subito attenuatus, plica spirali distincta lamelliformi tenui circumvolutus; paries aperturalis callc
tenuissimo vix distincto.
Long. 103, diam. 8; apert. long. 53, lat. 3 millim.
9 93, 0 6 ; 9 5, » 3 ”
” 83, ” 5 ; ” 4, ” 23 ”
Last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, to the whole length of the shell as 1 : 2.
Hab. Centrau Costa Rica: La Palma, at an elevation of 1500-1600 metres above the
sea, beneath cactoids (Biolley, 1895 ; Pittier, 1897); San Francisco de Guadalupe,
_ under hedges (Pittier, 1897) ; La Uruca, 1100 metres, in the environs of San José,
on the ground among moss (Diolley, Aug. 1891); Santa Clara, 200 metres above
the sea, and Alajuelita, 1200 metres (Biolley).
E. Costa Rica: Valley of Juquin, near Talamanca (Pitter, March 1894).
S.W. Costa Rica: middle course of the Rio Pacuare del Sur (Pitter, Dec. 1891).
Width of the perforation somewhat variable. In the specimen from Santa Clara are
six calcareous white eggs of globular form, 1-7-1°8 millim. in diameter.
Var. obliquata,n. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 8.)
Differt margine columellari oblique deorsum et extrorsum porrecto, plica dentiformi.
Long. 10, diam. 6 ; apert. long. 5, diam. 3 millim. Last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, as 1: 2.
Had. Centrat Costa Rica: Tarbaca, at an elevation of 1700 metres above the sea
(Biolley). —
5. Leptinaria hyalina. .
Tornatellina hyalina, Tate, Amer. Journ. of Conch. v. p. 157 (1870) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent.
viii. p. 259°.
Hab. E. Nicaragua: Toro Rapids of the river San Juan (Tate).
Very imperfectly described and not figured. Perhaps identical with my L. pittierd.
318 MOLLUSCA.
6. Leptinaria exigua, sp.n. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 10.)
Testa ovata, perforata, tenuis, levissime striatula, nitidula, pellucida, plus minusve albo-variegata ; anfr. 5, sat
convexi, sutura compressa, superiores distincte costulati, ultimus versus basin bene rotundatus. Apertura
modice obliqua, trapezoideo-piriformis, margine exteriore modice arcuato, non arcuatim producto, basali
subanguste rotundato ; margo columellaris superne late dilatatus, versus basin angustatus, leviter tortus ;
paries aperturalis callo nullo.
Long. 5, diam. 3; apert. long. 3, diam. 2 millim.
Last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, to the whole length of the shell as 1: 13.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).
Distinct from ZL. guatemalensis, Cr. & Fisch., and from L. martensi, var. inflata,
by the want of coste on the last whorl and by the size. Both the sculpture and the
columellar fold are very feebly developed, but the general appearance of the shell is
that of a true Leptinaria. The two specimens seen are of equal size. ‘The whorl
before the last in one of them is distinctly costate, in the other with obsolete coste.
Both shells have somewhat the aspect of not being full-grown, but I know no other
species to which they could be attributed as a young state.
7. Leptinaria interstriata.
Tornatellina interstriata, Tate, Amer. Journ. Conch. v. p. 957, t. 16. fig. 3 (1869-70)*; Pfr. Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 259”.
Leptinaria interstriata, Angas, P. Z.S8. 1879, p. 485°.
Hab. S.W. Costa Rica: on burned soil in the plains of the Rio Grande of Terraba,
20 metres above the sea (Pettier, April 1892: one specimen).
S.E. Costa Rica: without nearer indication of locality (Gabé >).
N. Panama: Boca del Toro, on an island in the lagoon of Boca del Toro, in the
forest (Tate 1 2).
Distinct by its conoidal form and well-defined coste.
8. Leptinaria crenulata, sp.n. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 12.)
Testa acute ovata, rimato-perforata, solidula, costulis subdistantibus membranaceis, in anfractu ultimo evanes-
centibus et striis subtilibus interjacentibus sculpta, flavescenti-albida, nitidula; anfr. 6, planiusculi, sutwra
angulo limbata et subtiliter crenulata, ultimus basi sat tumidus. Apertura paulum obliqua, ovata, margine
externo leviter arcuatim producto, basali latiuscule rotundato; margo columellaris in parte tertia inferiore
tenuis, verticaliter ascendens, in partibus 2 superioribus latus, paulum concavus et plica tenui distincta
spirali circumvolutus, non dentatus ; paries aperturalis callo tenui supra emarginato tectus.
Long. 11, diam. 6; apert. long. 5, diam. 3 millim.
Last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, is to the whole length of the shell as 1: 2.
Hab. E. Costa Rica: Uren, near Talamanca (Pittier, March 1895).
The angular line bordering the suture is distinctly visible when the shell is viewed
in certain positions, but in others it appears only as a sudden change in the convexity ;
it is more distinct in the last whorl. The crenulation or indentation of the suture is
rather faint. I have seen only one specimen, which shows, at some distance behind the
LEPTINARIA. 319
aperture, two slightly thickened and more darkly coloured interruptions of growth
(varices), proving that it is a full-grown individual.
9. Leptinaria sinistra, sp.n. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 11.)
Testa conoidea, aperte perforata, verticaliter striatula, pallide griseo-flavidula, diaphana, tenera; anfr. 6,
convexiusculi, ultimus rotundatus, basi convexus, levis; apertura verticalis, rhombea, margine externo
convexiusculo, margine basali extrorsum ascendente, margine columellari parum obliquo, supra leviter
dilatato et reflexo, medio obsolete denticulato. ,
Long. 4, diam. 2; apert. long. 13, lat. 3 millim.
Last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, to the whole length of the shell as 1: 24.
Hab. Cuntrau Nicaragua: Acoyapa, on the north side of the lake of Nicaragua (Beit,
Dec. 1879).
Distinct from all others of the genus by the sinistral whorls ; only one specimen
was found. The quadrangular form of the aperture and the very feeble development
of the columellar tooth are perhaps due to the shell not being full-grown.
10. Leptinaria guatemalensis.
Spiraxis guatemalensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxv. p. 271 (1877)'; Fisch. & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 618, t. 25. figg. 10, 10a, 5”.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Coban (Sarg ' 2).
W. Gvuatemata: Retalhuleu, in a wood, under decayed leaves (Stol/: one young
specimen).
Var. majuscula, n. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 13.)
Larger and with a stronger columellar fold.
Long. 7-73, diam. 3-34 ; apert. long. 23-32, diam. 2 millim.
Hab. N.W. Costa Rica: Guanacaste (Pitter).
Centra Costa Rica: San José (Pittier).
S.W. Costa Rica: Valley of the Rio Grande de Terraba, 30 metres above the sea, at
the roots of large trees in the wood of Palmar (Pitiver, March 1892); Golfo
Dulce (Pittier : young specimen).
11. Leptinaria filicostata.
Lamellazis filicostatus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p.113, t. 17. fig. 10 (1882)*.
Hab. ©. Guatemata: San Miguel Jucume * (Starck *).
Honpvuras: Copan, near the frontier of Guatemala (ex H. v. Lhering).
12. Leptinaria biolleyi, sp.n. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 14.)
Testa oblongo-conoidea, rimata, tenuis, leviter costulata, flavescens vel albida, diaphana ; anfr. 6, convexiusculi,
sutura modice impressa, ultimus subtus modice rotundatus. Apertura subverticalis, oblique piriformis,
* Probably San Miguel Turucu in the Polochic Valley.
20 MOLLUSCA.
Oo
margine externo regulariter arcuato, antrorsum convexo, basali anguste rotundato 3 margo columellaris
verticalis, peroblique truncatus et plica tenui gracili circumvolutus ; paries aperturalis inermis.
Long. 6-7, diam. 3; apert. long. 3, diam. 2 millim.
Last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, to the whole length of the shell as 1 : 23.
Hab. Centrat Costa Rica: environs of San José, 1135 metres above the sea, among
moss (Biolley).
E. Costa Rica: Talamanca (Pittier, March 1895).
Allied to L. salleana, Pfr., from Haiti (Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Stissw.-Conch.
v. t. 17. fig. 4), but with more feeble columellar margin.
13. Leptinaria simpsoni.
Nothus simpsoni, Ancey, Ann. de Malac. 1886, p. 245°.
Hab. Honpuras: Utila Island (Simpson').
14. Leptinaria fordiana.
Nothus fordianus, Ancey, Ann. de Malac. 1886, p. 248°.
Hab. Honpvuras: Utila Island (Simpson 1).
15. Leptinaria costaricana, sp.n. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 15.)
Testa ovato-oblonga, subturrita, rimata, solidula, striatula, nitida, pallide flavescens ; anfr. 6-7, convexiusculi,
regulariter crescentes, sutura modice impressa, subgradata, ultimus basi sensim attenuatus. Apertura
paululum obliqua, trapezoidea, margine externo subrecto, basali late rotundato; margo columellaris oblique
truncatus, verticaliter ascendens, plica spirali angusta intrante circumvolutus; paries aperturalis inermis.
Long. 9, diam. 4; apert. long. 3-4 millim.
, ” 6-7, 9 3; ” 3 ”
Last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, to the whole length of the shell as 1: 24-23.
Hab. Centrat Costa Rica: San José (Pittier, 1893; Biolley, 1895).
S.W. Costa Rica: Terraba, especially on burned soil, in the woods of the plain of
Terraba (Pittier, April 1892); El Pital, in the valley of Rio Naranjo, at an
elevation of 200 metres above the sea (Madame Pittier, March 1893); plain of
the Rio Corredor, in the region of the Golfo Dulce (Pittier, 1897); Quebrada de
Java, valley of the Rio Brus, 900 metres above the sea, among vegetable detritus,
and at the thermal springs of Djiri Durunia, in the same valley (Pittier, 1897);
valley of the Rio Diquis (Pitter, March 1893).
Allied to Z. mexicana, but of larger size, with comparatively greater diameter of the
last whorl and fainter sculpture.
16. Leptinaria imperforata.
Lamellaxis imperforatus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. v. p. 118, t. 7. fig. 14,
and t. 17. fig. 2 (1882)?,
Hab. EK. Mexico: Jalapa, on a strawberry-plant (stefania Salas).
LEPTINARIA. 321
17. Leptinaria hapaloides, sp. n. (‘fab. XVIIL fig. 16.)
Testa turrita, perforata, solidula, subarcuatim leviter plicatula, nitidula, alba; anfr. 8, sat convexi, sutura
gradata, ultimus basi bene rotundatus.
Apertura leviter obliqua, trapezoideo-piriformis, margine externo
superne et inferne arcuato, medio stricto,
distincte arcuatim producto, margine basali subanguste rotundato ;
margo columellaris basi crassiusculus, arcuatus, medio distinete tortus et dentatus, superne crassus,
dilatatus, leviter concavus ; paries columellaris callo fere nullo.
Long. 11, diam. 4; apert. long. 33, lat. 2% millim.
Last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, to the whole length of the shell as 1: 23.
Hab. S.W. Costa Rica: on burned soil, on the plains of the Rio Grande de Terraba,
at an elevation of 20 metres above the sea (Pittier, April 1892).
Very distinct on account of the elongated form and the arcuated folds.
18. Leptinaria ambigua, sp. n. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 17.)
Testa oblongo-turrita, latiuscule rimata, leviter et eequaliter striatula, nitidula, pallide flavescens, apice obtusa ;
anfr. 7, planiusculi, equaliter et lente crescentes, sutura modice impressa, ultimus basi convexe attenuatus.
Apertura paulum obliqua, piriformis, margine externo leviter arcuato, vix antrorsum convexo, basali
anguste rotundato; margo columellaris basi oblique truncatus et plica tenui gracili spirali circumvolutus,
-dein concaviusculus, supra leviter dilatatus et appressus ; paries aperturalis leviter callosus, inermis.
Long. 11, diam. 33-4; apert. long. 34, lat. 2 millim.
39 10, ” 33 3 9 3, 9 2
9 9, » 4; ” 3, 4 2 ”
Length of the last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, to the whole length of the shell as 1: 23-23. The
dimensions of an apparently young specimen from the same locality are—long. 1, diam. 4; apert. long. 3,
lat. 2; last whorl 1: 23.
99
Hab. N.E. Costa Rica: Puerto Viejo, at the confluence of the river of this name with
the Sarapiqui (Biolley, 1893).
Centrat Costa Rica: La Palma (Pittier).
This species, at first sight, more resembles an Opeas than a Leptinaria, on account
of its general form and the want of prominent coste; the columellar margin, however,
is not only obliquely notched, but has a slender spiral fold twisted round its lowest
part and clearly separated from it by a slender furrow. ‘This fold is also very much
nearer the base of the aperture than in the other species of Leptinaria.
Nore.—Spiraxis dubia, Pfeiffer, already mentioned by me, anted, p. 90, and figured on
Tab. V. fig. 10, may perhaps be more nearly allied to Leptinaria than to Streptostyla.
B. Species with a parietal plate or tooth.
Tornatellina (part.), Pfeiffer (1848); Tornatellina, A. Leptinaria, Pfeiffer (1877); Leptinaria,
Fischer & Crosse (1877).
19. Leptinaria solida, sp.n. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 18.)
Testa. conoideo-ovata, semiaperte perforata, sat solida, subtiliter striatula et costulis membranaceis sub-
distantibus plus minusve caducis ornata, nitidula, albida; anfr. 63, superiores paulum convexi, sutura
distincta, subgradata, ultimus basi magis convexus, subsaccatus. Apertura parum obliqua, trapezoidea,
?
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fiaviat. Mollusca. October 1898. 41
322 MOLLUSCA.
margine externo antrorsum convexe producto, basali bene rotundato; margo columellaris crassus,
verticaliter ascendens, plica valida lamelliformi intrante in inferiore parte circumvolutus, supra dilatatus ;
paries aperturalis callo lato et in hujus media parte plica gracili spirali preeditus.
Long. 12, diam. 62; apert. long. 6, lat. 6 millim.
° 1 1
” ll, ” 6 ’ ” 53, ” 33 9
. 1
29 10, ry) 53 ? 9 43, oe) 3 ”
1 <n
” 93, ” v5 ” 5, ” 3 9
The diameter of the aperture includes the columellar margin.
Last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, to the whole length of the shell about as 1: 14.
Hab. N.E. Costa Rica: Puerto Viejo, at the confluence of the river of the same name
and the Sarapiqui (Biolley, 1893).
S.W. Costa Rica: Alto de Mano Tigre, near Terraba, at an elevation of 690 metres
above the sea (Pittier).
20. Leptinaria elisa, of. yt. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 19.)
Leptinaria elise, Tristr. P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 231’; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 1.
p-. 625°.
Tornatellina elise, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 263°.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Coban (Salvin 1).
The two specimens of this species sent for examination by Mr. Salvin have the shell
moderately thin, imperforate, nearly smooth, ovate, pale yellowish, the whorl before the
last rather large, the last seen from the dorsal side being to the rest of the length of
the shell as 1:2. The columellar margin is much arcuated beneath, thick and strongly
twisted above, the twisting ending towards the underside in a strong projection. The
tooth on the parietal wall is compressed, lamelliform, almost equally distant from
the columella and from the outer margin, and does not reach far into the interior of the
aperture. ‘The dimensions of the two specimens are :—
Long. 94, diam. 5?; apert. long. 54, lat. 3? millim.
» 8 4, 43; ” 4, 4, 38 »
In the larger example a part of the outer wall of the aperture is broken away,
therefore the diameter both of the whole shell and of the aperture must have been
greater when entire. The other specimen possesses an equally developed tooth
or plate on the parietal wall; it is probably also full-grown. In neither shell can I see
what Canon ‘Tristram meant by the words “margine dextro sulcato”; but as he
gives the length as 103 and the diameter as 6 millim., he seems to have had a larger
specimen than ours.
21. Leptinaria convoluta, sp.n. (Tab. XVIII. figg. 20, 20a.)
Testa conico-ovata, imperforata, diaphana, subtiliter striatula, costulis nonnullis sparsis membranaceis in anfr.
superioribus ornata, nitida, grisea; anfr. 6, modice convexi, sutura simplice modice profunda, ultimus basi
valde rotundatus. Apertura subverticalis, emarginato-ovata, margine externo arcuatim producto, basali
breviuscule rotundatus; margo columellaris infra late truncatus, introrsum convolutus, subverticalis,
LEPTINARIA.—TORNATELLINA. 323
supra n i : i : os - os . . “oye “ys
sup on dilatatus ; paries aperturalis callo tenuissimo et in ejus medio plica spirali gracili profunde
intrante circumvolutus.
Long. 7, diam. 43-5; apert. long. 4, lat. 22 millim.
Last whorl, seen from the dorsal side, to the whole length of the shell as 1:13.
Hab. Centra Costa Rica: Santa Clara, at an elevation of 200 metres above the sea
(Biolley, 1896).
S.W. Costa Rica: Golfo Dulce (Pittier, 1896) ; Turubares, 500 metres above the
sea, on the Pacific slope (Biolley).
Beyond the spiral plate, the whole columellar margin is transversely rounded towards
the interior, like a cornet or paper-bag, for which I use the term “convolutus.” The
parietal plate is very low, and only to be seen by looking into the aperture from above
(fig. 20 a).
22. Leptinaria emmelinz. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 21.) |
Leptinaria emmeline, Tristr. P. Z. 8.1861, p. 2811; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca,
i. p. 625°.
Tornatellina emmeline, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vi. p. 262°.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Coban (Salvin 1°).
The specimens which Mr. Salvin has sent me under this name are much smaller than
the measurements given by Canon Tristram, and want the parietal tooth or plate
mentioned by him; they are, probably, young individuals, and the typical
one seems to have been lost. That which agrees best with the description
is only 5 millim. long (instead of 15), its diameter 3 (instead of 5), the
aperture 2 long and 14 in diameter; whorls barely 5 (instead of 7-8). The
shell is distinctly perforate (this not being the case in L. elise), a character
not mentioned by Canon Tristram; the columellar margin is much more feeble, and
the spiral winding fold is separated by a light depression from the proper columellar
margin. Although I am not quite sure that these specimens belong to the same
species, I give, nevertheless, a figure of one of them.
TORNATELLINA.
Tornatellina, Beck, Index Moll. p. 80 (1837).
Shell oval or oblong, solid, with yellowish-coloured glossy periostracum ; suture
ordinarily linear, not deep ; aperture oval or oblong, with a very thick, white, distinctly
twisted, strongly notched columellar margin, and in most species also with a strong
compressed plate on the upper wall of the aperture, entering far within.
This genus possesses most of the characters of Leptinaria, but differs from it in the
solid, coloured shell. It is almost confined to the islands of the Pacific, from the
Carolines to Juan Fernandez, only one species, the following, being said to belong to
Central America.
41*
324 ; MOLLUSCA.
1. Tornatellina cumingiana. |
Tornatellina cumingiana, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1849, p. 184°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab.
ed. 2, Pupa, p. 148, t. 18. figg. 6, 7°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 525°; v. Mart. in
Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 260°.
Ovate-oblong, with feeble vertical striz.
Long. 8 millim., diam. 33; apert. long. 3, lat. 13.
Hab. S.W. Nicaragua: Realejo (Real Llejos) (Cuming 1~*).
So far as 1 know, this species has not been again found by any later traveller, and
the indication of locality rests on Cuming’s authority alone. |
MELANIELLA.
Melaniella, Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 465 (1859) ; v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2,
p- 267.
Turrite, imperforate, vertically ribbed and (mostly) spirally striated, rather solid,
dark-coloured, not shining, of about 8-9 whorls; aperture oval, expanded and produced
beneath, as in the genus Melania, with simple columellar margin and simple thin
outer margin.
Characteristic of the West-Indian Islands.
1. Melaniella fimbriata.
Bulimus fimbriatus, Forbes, P. Z. 8S. 1850, p. 36, t. 9. fig. 7*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i.
p- 394°.
Whorls convex, 7—8, columellar margin arcuated. Reddish-brown. 9 millim. long, 2 in diameter; aperture
2 long, 1 broad.
Hab. Panama (Kellett & Wood? *).
This species also seems not to have been found again by later collectors.
CASCILIANELLA.
Cecilianella (Férussac), Bourguignat, Aménités Malac. i. p. 218 (1856) ; Fischer & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 584.
Shell small, oblong or subturrite, smooth, shining, white ; aperture oblong, columellar
margin notched beneath.
Animal subterranean, whitish, without eyes. For its anatomy, see P. Fischer
and Crosse.
1. Cexcilianella veracruzensis.
Achatina iota (C. B. Adams), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. ii. p. 53, t. 13. fig. 507.
Cacilianella veracruzensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxv. p. 278 (1877)?; Fisch. & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 591, t. 26. figg. 4, 4.a, 6°; Strebel, loc. cit. v. p. 96%.
Long. 2 millim., diam. 4; apert. long. 2, lat. 3. Whorls 5. Shell, when viewed under the microscope,
with very fine undulated spiral lines. .
Hab. %.. Mexico: Vera Cruz, in the alluvial deposits of the Rio Antigua (Strebel }~4),
PUPA, 395°
Fam. PUPIDE.
Jaw feeble, striate or nearly smooth. Teeth of the radula subquadrate; no
spiniform marginals. Shell oblong, with rather numerous, gradually increasing
whorls; aperture often toothed.
PUPA.
Pupa, Draparnaud, Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. Fr. pp. 24, 29 (1805) ; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic,
Vivent. i. p. xxii (1848) ; v. Martens, in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 286.
First whorls more rapidly increasing in size than the following whorls, forming a
small cone on the upper part of the shell, the last three or four whorls scarcely
increasing in width ; aperture vertical, semioval or rounded, generally with thickened,
toothed margins, the inner (columellar) margin nearly as long as the outer. Shell
mostly small or very small in size. Lower feelers short, in the subgenus Vertigo
absent.
Distribution universal, but the majority of the known species inhabiting Europe or
North America.
Subgen. Pupruua, Leach.
Pupilla, Leach, Syn. Moll. Brit. p. 91 (1852).
Shell barrel-shaped, very obtuse above, brown; teeth of the aperture few in number.
Chiefly inhabiting Europe and North America.
1. Pupa leucodon.
Pupa leucodon, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 13 (1851) ’; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iti. p. 537’;
Fisch, & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 311, t. 14. figg. 2, 2a, 6°.
Hab. Cenrrat Guaremata: Salama, Baja Vera Paz (Morelet '~*).
2. Pupa erstedi.
Pupa (Pupilla) cerstedii, Mérch, Malak. Blatt. vi. p. 111 (1859) °.
Hab. Nicaraeva (A. S. Ersted *).
Subgen. Vertiao, Mill.
Vertigo, O. Miiller, Verm. Terr. et Fluv. ii. p. 124 (1774).
Shell ovate, conical above, brownish ; teeth of the aperture numerous. No lower
feelers.
Almost universal, but most numerous in species in Europe and North America.
MOLLUSCA.
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3. Pupa ovata.
Pupa (Vertigo) ovata, Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. ii. p. 375 (1822)*; Binney, Complete Writings of
Say, p. 267.
Vertigo ovata, Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 334, t. 71. fig. 4°; Land and Freshw.
Shells N. Am. i. p. 252, figg. 442, 443‘; Man. Am. Land-Shells, p. 334, figg. 362, 363°;
Morse, Amer. Nat. i. p. 668, fige. 57, 58°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca,
1. p. 3167,
Pupa ovata, A. Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 351, t. 16. figg. 7, 8 (1844)°; Kiister, in
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Pupa, p. 119, t. 15. figg. 35-38°; Pfr.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 360"; v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 50 (1865); Binney,
Man. Am. Land-Shells, p. 334, figg. 362, 363 ”.
Isthmia ovata, Morse, Journ. Portland Soe. i. p. 38, t. 10. fig. 94 (1864) **.
Pupa modesta, Say, Long’s Second Exped. to St. Peters River &c., App. p. 24, t. 15. fig. 5 (1824) *;
Binney, Complete Writings of Say, p. 32"°; A. Gould, Report on Invertebr. Mass. p. 188,
fig. 119 °°.
Hab. NortH America: New England !° and the North-west Territory !4 to Arizona
and Texas ¥”.
E. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Hegewisch ® , Uhde 14).
This species is the North-American representative of the European Pupa (Vertigo)
antivertigo, Drap. It is stated+° to have two feelers only. The form of the jaw and
radula has been described by Binney. Strebel did not meet with it in Mexico.
Subgen. Leucocuius, Bottg.
Pupa, subgen. Leucochila, part 2, v. Martens, in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 296.
Leucochilus, Bottger, in v. Martens’s Conch. Mittheil. i. p. 64 (1880).
Shell ovate or subcylindrical, pale-coloured ; aperture with several teeth, that on
the upper wall of the aperture (parietal tooth) very large.
Widely distributed, especially in North America, the Antilles, Abyssinia, and
Oceania ; in Europe only Miocene. .
4, Pupa contracta.
Pupa contracta, Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. ii. p. 374 (1822) ‘; Binney, Complete Writings of Say,
p. 25°; A. Gould, Report on Invertebr. Mass. p. 186, fig. 117°; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.
iii. p. 399, t. 8. fig. 22 (1841) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 356°; Kiister, in
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Pupa, p. 96, t. 13. figg. 16-18°; Binney,
Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 324, t. 70. fig. 2°; Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. i.
p. 242, figg. 420, 421°; Man. Am. Land-Shells, p. 827, fig. 3535°; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad.
Phil. 1891, p. 315”. -
Leucochila contracta, Morse, Am. Nat. i. p. 666, fig. 54°; Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 307,
t. 21 (15). fig. 16”.
Pupa deltostoma (Charp.), Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Pupa, p. 181,
t. 21. figg. 17, 19 (1852) *.
328 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. Norra America: Maine !2 and Massachusetts? to Iowa’, Flovida!’, and
Texas }?.
E. Mexico: Orizaba (Heilprin 1°).
S.W. Mexico: Yautepec (Heilprin »).
“When fresh, it seems to be invested with a glutinous pubescence, by which particles
of earth become entangled and partially conceal it” (A. Gould *).
5. Pupa pellucida.
Pupa pellucida, Pir. Symb. Hist. Helic. i. p. 46 (1841)*; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 360°;
Kister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Pupa, p. 89, t. 12. figg. 24, 25°;
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 311‘; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und
Stssw.-Conch. iv. p. 91, t. 4. fig. 19, t. 15. fig. 10°.
Vertigo (Alea) pellucida (Pfr.), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 172°.
Pupa (Leucochila) pellucida (Pfr.), v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 2967; Binney, Terr.
air-breath. Moll. N. Am. iv. p. 147°, and v. p. 211, fig. 215°; Land and Freshw. Shells
N. Am. i. p. 246, fig. 249 (both figures copied from A. Gould) ”. ;
Leucochila pellucida (Pfr.), Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. p. 308, t. 15. fig. 24 (upper fig.)". @ 0 €
Pupa servilis, A. Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 356, t. 16. fig. 14 (1843) ”; Pfr. Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 860°; Shuttleworth, Mittheil. nat. Ges. Bern, 1858, Diagn. neuer
Moll. no. 5, p. 144"; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 315”.
Pupa risei, Pfr. Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1852, p. 151"; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p.532'7; Kiister,
in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Pupa, p. 176, t. 21. figg. 13, 14".
Pupa pazi, Hidalgo, Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 412 (1869) °; xxiii. p. 129, t. 7. fig. 7 (1875) °°;
Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. viii. p. 408 ”’.
Pupa (Leucochila) wolfii, Miller, Malak. Blatt. (2) i. p. 127, t. 14. fig. 8 (1879) *.
Hab. Nortn America: Texas, in alluvial deposits (Ferd. Romer, 1847); Florida.
K. Mexico: Vera Cruz, on the beach (Strebel, 1860-61 5).
S.W. Mexico: Yautepec in Morelos (Heilprin, 1890 15),
S.E. Mexico: San Juan Bautista in Tabasco (Hége).
Yucatan: Sisal (Morelet, 1846-484); Merida (Morelet *+, 1846-48; Heilprin,
1890 15).
CrntraL GuatemaLa: Salama (Morelet, 1846-48 4); Barranca de Villalobos, near
the city of Guatemala, in grass (Stoll, 1878-83).
W. GuatemaLa: Antigua, under lichens on tree-trunks (Ficus sp.), at an elevation
of 4500 feet (Stol/, 1878-83).
Panama (Paz 19 21),
Ecuapor: Guayaquil (Theod. Wolf, 1878 22).
ANTILLES: Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Vieque, St. Thomas, &c. (Pfeiffer,
18411; Blauner, 1854 14),
Probably introduced in some places by commerce: I have therefore noted the years
in which it was observed in the Central American and other localities.
PUPOIDES, 329
PUPOIDES.
Pupoides, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blitt. i. p. 192 (1854) ; Arango & Molina, Contrib. a la Fauna Malac.
Cubana, p. 87 (1878) ; Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Vivent. p. 256.
Pupa, subgen. Leucochila, part 1,v. Martens, in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 296 (1860); Binney,
Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. i. p. 239; Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. p. 203; Man.
Am. Land-Shells, p. 324. |
Shell oblong, with 53-7 convex whorls, rather conical above, of minute size;
aperture semioval, with thick expanded margins, without teeth or plaits.
For radula and jaw see Binney [Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. t. 4. fig. T; Jickeli,
Land- und Siissw.-Moll. Nordost-Afr. (Nov. Act. Leopold. Acad. xxxvii.) 1274, p. 101,
t. 2. fig. 1].
Intermediate between Buliminus and Pupa, resembling the former in the general
shape and the want of apertural teeth, but agreeing with the latter in size and in the
thick almost continuous peristome.
Widely distributed in North America, the Antilles, Western Africa, Abyssinia,
South Arabia, Mesopotamia, British India, Australia, and Polynesia.
1. Pupoides marginatus. (Tab. XIX. fig. 1.)
Cyclostoma marginatum, Say, Journ, Acad. Phil. 11. p. 172 (1821)'; Binney, Complete Writings
of Say, p. 22’.
Bulimus marginatus, Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. iv. p. 186°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. iv. p. 414 (part.) *; vi. p. 76°; Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. i. p. 285 °.
Leucochila marginata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. p. 305, t. 15. fig. 11 (1867) ’.
? Pupa fallax, Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. v. p. 121 (1825) °; Binney, Complete Writings of Say, p. 28°;
A. Gould, Report on Invertebr. Mass. p. 192, fig. 123"; ed. 2, p. 436, fig. 693"; Pfr.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 309”; iii. p.533° (not P. fallax, A. Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist. iv. p. 357, t. 16. fig. 15).
? Pupa (Leucochila) fallax (Say), v. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 296"; Binney, Land and
Freshw. Moll. N. Am. i. p. 239 (? fig. 414)*°; Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. p. 203
(part.) (not iii. and v. t. 52. fig. 1) °; Man. Am. Land-Shells, p. 324 (? fig. 351)”.
Pupa albilabris, C. B. Adams, Vermont Moll. p. 158 (1842) *; Silliman’s Am. Journ. Sci. (1) xl.
p- 271”.
Shell conically turrite, rather widely perforate, feebly striate, somewhat glessy, dark yellowish-brown, the
first two whorls pale yellow ; whorls 6, regularly increasing in size, 1.ather strongly convex, the first:
whorl much swollen, globiform. Aperture nearly vertical, oval; peristome very thick, distinetly expanded
and reflexed, glossy white; outer margin strongly arcuated near its upper end; basal margin broadly
rounded; columellar margin slightly arcuated ; upper wall of the aperture smooth, brown, without any
calcareous deposit. ; _
Length 43, diameter scarcely 2 millim. ; aperture with the peristome 13 millim. long and broad; last whorl,
5 ’
seen from the dorsal side, to the whole length as 1: 3.
Hab. Norra America: New England !! 18 19 to S. Carolina and Nebraska to Texas 1° 17.
Mexico: probably near the city (Hége).
ANTILLES: Cuba, Puerto Rico, St. Croix.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, October 1898. 492
330 MOLLUSCA.
Probably also in the Bahamas and Bermudas. Very closely allied forms occur in
the Old World, in Abyssinia, Southern Arabia, Mesopotamia, British India, Australia,
and W. Africa [see Jickeli, Land- und Siissw.-Moll. Nordost-Afrikas, p. 99 (1874)]. The
above description and figure are taken from Mexican specimens collected by Hoge.
2. Pupoides chordatus.
Bulimus chordatus, Pfr. Malak. Blatt. 1856, p. 46'; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 420°; Novitat.
Conch. iii. p. 410, t. 94. figg. 3-6 °.
Pupa (Leucochila) chordata, vy. Mart. in Albers’s Die Helic. ed. 2, p. 296*; Binney, Land and
Freshw. Shelis N. Am. i. p. 241, fig. 418°,
Pupa chordata, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 313°.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan (E. Klocke?~°).
Fam. ELASMOGNATHA.
Jaw arcuated, ribbed, produced backwards into a quadrangular plate. Teeth of the
radula as in the genus felix.
SUCCINEA.
Succinea, Draparnaud, Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. Fr. pp. 24, 58 (1805).
Shell ovate or oblong, with few whorls and a very large aperture, the margins of the
latter straight and thin; the whole shell generally unicolorous, yellowish. |
This genus is cosmopolitan, and most of its species are very much alike. The chief
specific characters are to be found in the general shape, the greater or less convexity
of the whorls, and the proportion of the aperture to the whole length of the shell.
It must be noted, however, that the aperture is placed somewhat obliquely to the axis
of the shell, and that the length, measured in its own plane, is little more than a
fractional part of the whole length occupied by it; therefore, in the comparative table
both measurements are given—the fractional part of the whole length in the column
‘¢ Apertura,” and the real length measured in the oblique direction in the last column
but two.
The sculpture affords few points of distinction, consisting chiefly of the finer or
coarser strive.
Geographical distribution, universal, but more common in temperate than in tropical
zones. Some species common to the Southern States of North America and to Mexico,
but none of those of the West-Indian Islands appear to be identical with those of the
mainland of Central America: S. gundlachi, Pfr., from Cuba, however, approaches
the Mexican S. duteola, A. Gould; S. approximans, Gundl., from Cuba, and S. domini-
censis, Pir., from Haiti, resemble S. guatemalensis; and S. sagra, d’Orb., approaches
S. pueblensis.
SUCCINEA. ‘Sal
1. Succinea luteola.
Succinea luteola, A. Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. i. p. 87 (June 1848)"; Binney, Terr. air-
breath. Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 75, t. 67 ¢. fig. 17; iv. p. 41°; v. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
Harv. Coll. iv.) p. 419, t. 67 ¢. fig. 1*; Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. i. p. 261, fig. 466°;
Man. Am, Land-Shells, p. 442, fig. 486°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 167; “Tryon,
Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 239, t. 17. fig. 830°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca,
i. p. 658, t. 27, fige. 2, 2a, 6°; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p- 318”.
Succinea texasiana, Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 526 (Aug. 1848) *'; in Ferd. Roémer’s Texas,
p- 456 (1849) *; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Daudebardia, Simpulopsis,
Vitrina, and Succinea, p. 42, t. 4. figg. 21, 22”.
General form more oblong, with comparatively long spire (aperture occupying only 4-2 of the whole length)
and rather narrow aperture, scarcely enlarged towards the base; shell rather thick. Outside whitish or
very pale yellow, often with greyish rays, especially in the upper whoris; inside often distinctly yellow,
in dead shells white.
Long. 13, diam. 74; apert. long. 9, lat. 53 millim. (specimen from Venta de Zopilote).
Hab. Norta America: Galveston, Texas 1!~13; Florida 1-8,
N.E. Mexico: State of Tamaulipas (Lieut. Couch °).
S.W. Mexico: Venta de Zopilote in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
Yucatan: Progreso (Heilprin?°). |
The specimen from Venta de Zopilote, from which the above description and
measurements are taken, agrees in all essential points with examples from Texas
and Florida.
_ Obs.—P. Strobel, Materiali per una Malacostatica dell’ Argentinia meridionale
[Biblioteca Malacologica, iv. p. 30 (1874)], has recorded S. luteola, A. Gould, from
Bahia Blanca, in South America, about 38° S. lat.; but as he had only one bleached
specimen from thence, and mentions some differences between it and Pfeiffer’s figure,
the identification appears to be very uncertain.
Var. subtilis, n. (Tab. XIX. fig. 2.)
Of smaller size, with very slender spire and deep sutures ; outside glossy white, with conspicuous grey rays ;
inside white. Aperture occupying 3 of the whole length.
Long. 102, diam. 53; apert. long. 6, lat. 3 millim.
_ Hab. Fi. Muxico: Vera Cruz (Hoge).
Var. rudiuscula *,n, (Tab. XTX. fig. 3.)
Of somewhat larger size, and more or less distinctly wrinkled on the last whorl ; outside very pale yellowish-
white; inside white. General form somewhat variable, in some specimens as oblong as in typical
S. luteola, in others with the last whorl more enlarged towards the base; aperture occupying 3-3 of the
whole length.
Long. 15, diam. 9; apert. long. 94, lat. 53 millim.
14, ” 8; ” 9, ” 5 +)
” 124, ce 8 5 ” 8, ” 53 ”
Hab. Centra Mexico: Tehuacan (Hége).
329
Specimens with comparatively short spire and broad terminal whorl, of the dimensions
* Incorrectly written radiuscula on the Plate.
42*
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334 MOLLUSCA.
given in the third line, somewhat approach 8. virgata; but differ from it in the
wrinkled sculpture and dull coloration, without distinct rays on the last whorl.
One example approaches in its measurements and general form the var. subtilis, but
differs from it in the wrinkled surface.
2. Succinea virgata. (Tab. XIX. fig. 4.)
Succinea virgata, v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 50, t. 1. figg. 6, 7 (1865)’; Pfr. Monogr. Helic.
Vivent. v. p. 87°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 659°.
Amber-coloured, with several whitish rays, rather solid, inside of the same colour as the outside; the propor-
tions of the shell somewhat variable, the aperture occupying in the type = of the whole length, but varying
in different specimens to 14 and 13.
a. Long. 10°5, diam. 62; apert. long. 7 lat. 44 millim. (Vera Cruz, type).
b =, ~*10; » 63; » 7, » 43 4, (specimen from Oaxaca).
C4 6D, » ORS 99 6, 4, 4 ., (another specimen from Oaxaca).
d. 4, 8, » «O83 7” 53,,, 34 4, (specimen from Atoyac).
@ 4 8, » 933 ” 6, ,, 42 4, (specimen from Paso del Macho).
Hab. E. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Miedel!3; Hoge); Sierra de Atoyac (Hoge).
Centra Mexico: Paso del Macho, in open country with low shrubby vegetation,
and Tehuacan (Hége).
S. CentraL Mexico: Oaxaca (/Hége).
Var. hégeana, n. (Tab. XIX. fig. 5.)
Of larger size, rather thin, the whitish rays becoming evanescent towards the aperture; #2 of the whole length
occupied by the aperture.
Long. 123, diam. 8; apert. long. 83, lat. 5 millim.
Hab, 8. CentRAL Mexico: Oaxaca (/ége).
Var. microspira, n.
Succinea virgata, var. 8. microspira, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 659, t. 27. figg. 3, Sa, b*.
Also of larger size, and with the whitish rays less conspicuous ; but with shorter spire, the aperture occupying
4 of the whole length.
Long. 15, diam. 9; apert. long. 11, lat. 7 millim,
Hab. Central Mexico: Puebla (Boucard *).
The specimen from Paso del Macho, quoted above, in its more ventricose form
approaches this variety, but it is much smaller.
8. Succinea hortulana.
Succinea hortulana, Morelet, Test. Noviss. 11. p. 14 (1851) *; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 18°;
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 668, t. 26. figg. 12, 12a’.
Hab. CENTRAL GUATEMALA: suburbs of the city of Guatemala, adhering to the walls of
gardens (Morelet }~°).
W. GuaTEMALA: Antigua, on moist spots on the aqueduct (Stoll).
In the comparatively long spire and the strong convexity of the penultimate whorl
this species approaches the European S. oblonga, Drap.
SUCCINEA.: 339.
One of the specimens from Antigua is of about the same size as Morelet’s type; the.
two others are remarkably smaller, length 8 (instead of 11), diameter 4 (instead of 5),
and the length of the aperture 5 (in Fischer and Crosse’s figure? 64) millim. The
aperture in all three is placed very obliquely, and in consequence occupies only about
5 of the whole length of the shell, although the length of the aperture, measured in
its plane, obliquely to the axis of the whorls, is to the whole length of the shell as 5:8
or 53:93. The tip in none of them is of darker colour than the rest of the shell.
4. Succinea undulata. (Tab. XIX. fig. 10.)
Succinea undulata, Say, New Harmony Disseminator of Useful Knowledge, ii. p. 230 (1829) ';
Binney, Complete Writings of Say, p. 387; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 526°;
in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab., ed. 2, Daudebardia, Simpulopsis, Vitrina, and
Succinea, p. 50, t. 5. figg. 12-14 (1854)‘; Binney, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1860, p. 151°;
? Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 656, t. 27. figg. 4, 4a, d°.
Succinea petiti, Beck, Ind. Moll. p. 98 (1837) (sine descr.)’.
Succinea obliqua (Say), v. Mart. in Malak. Blitt. xii. p. 50 (1865) °.
Hab. Centrat Mexico: Mexico, without nearer indication of locality, probably near the
capital (Say!~°; Beck’; Uhde’; ? Fischer & Crosse ®); Ivapuato, in the State of
Guanajuato, near the Rio Lerma, in the open country, and Sayula, State of Jalisco
(Hoge).
S.E. Mexico: Santecomapan, near Tuxtla, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé°).
This is the largest of the Mexican species of Succinea. A specimen collected by
Uhde measures: long. 19, diam. 11; apert. long. 154, lat. 8 millim.; aperture
occupying +3 of the whole length. One obtained by Hége at Irapuato has a diameter
of 11 millim.; aperture 14 long and 8 broad, but the apex is injured. It is allied to
S. obliqua, Say, but distinguished from it by the more wrinkled surface, especially
of the last whorl, and by the less convex upper whorls, with shallower sutures.
S. obliqua does not extend, according to Binney, further southward than Georgia and
Arkansas.
Say’s type specimen of S. undulata is lost, and A. Gould has suggested that it may
have belonged to S. Juteola ; but the words in Say’s description “ testa subovata, pallide
flavescens, translucens, fragilis, obsolete rugosa,” and chiefly ‘‘ anfractus ultimus corru-
gatus,” agree much better, I think, with the shell which Dr. Pfeiffer has figured as
S. undulata than with S. luteola. Moreover, the peculiar coloration of S. luteola is
not alluded to in Say’s description, and its characteristic shape, with remarkably small
aperture, does not suggest any affinity with S. ovalis, urged by Say himself. Concerning
Fischer and Crosse’s figure ®, I do not see in it the scattered stronger wrinkle-like striz
which are distinctly visible in Pfeiffer’s figure*. As regards S. petitt, Beck, the late
Dr. Mérch has informed me that the type specimen in the Copenhagen Museum
is 15 millim. long, and not unlike a somewhat lengthened specimen of Limnea
336 MOLLUSCA.
vulgaris, C. Pfr., which more nearly resembles S. undulata than any other Mexican
form of this genus.
Var. moerchi. (Tab. XIX. fig. 8.)
Succinea moerchi, Dunker, in Paetel’s Catalog d. Conchyl.-Samml. ii. p. 366 (1889) (sine descr.)’.
Shell smaller, but remarkably thick, very distinctly wrinkled, whitish, with a yellow hue near the aperture ;
columellar margin thickened, enlarging upwards and passing over into a callous deposit on the upper wall
of the aperture. About 2 of the whole length occupied by the aperture.
Long. 14, diam. 9; apert. long. 9, lat. 6 millim.
99 15, 99 8 5 39 ] 0, 9 6 99
Hab. Cenrran Mexico: Zimapan, State of Hidalgo (David, in the late Dunker’s
collection).
To judge from the thickness, the strong wrinkles, the dull coloration, and the smaller
size of the shell, this form is probably found in dry unfavourable localities. One
specimen appears to have been broken near the aperture, probably by falling from a
shrub, and has been restored in an irregular manner; another has two strong thickenings
somewhat before the aperture, showing that the growth has been interrupted twice for
some time at these spots.
This variety resembles S. luteola, var. rudiuscula, but may be distinguished from it
by the more inflated shell and the deeper, more oblique suture.
5. Succinea colorata.
Succinea undulata, var. colorata, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 657, t. 27.
figg. 5, 5a, 6}.
Testa oblongo-ovata, solidula, leviter ruguloso-striata, nitidula, griseo-flava, apice intensius colorato (rubes-
cente); anfr. 3, vix convexi, sutura non profunda; apertura 2 totius longitudinis paulo superans, acute
ovata, paulum obliqua, intus concolor, nitida, striata, margine columellari levissime arcuato.
Long. 12, diam. 7; apert. long. 10, lat. 6 millim.!.
” 11, ” 7; ” 83, ” 5 9
» 10, ,, 6; ” 8, 55 4,
” 7, 95 93 ” 5, » 4 5, (young).
Hab. S.E. Mexico: State of Tabasco (Dr. Berendt!); San Juan Bautista in Tabasco
(H. H. Smith).
More resembling the European 8. pfeifferi than 8. putris; distinct from S. undulata
in the much less convex whorls and weaker wrinkles. Fischer and Crosse describe
the colour as reddish-rose in the two upper whorls, and pale fallow-yellow in the
last whorl. The specimens from San Juan Bautista have no distinct red on the upper
whorls, but only a little darker yellowish-brown hue; the measurements of the largest
of them is given above in the second line, those of a younger one in the third line.
SUCCINEA. 337
6. Succinea guatemalensis. (Tab. XIX. fig. 9.)
Succinea guatemalensis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p- 16 (1849)*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii.
p- 17°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 667, t. 26. figg. 11, lla’.
Succinea, sp., Biolley, Moluscos terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, 1897, p. 15 (part.) *.
The chief distinguishing features of this species seem to be the fine and somewhat unequal striw, the pale
isabelline colour, and the very faint lustre of the surface. The whorls are only a little convex, the upper
part of the last one being rather flattened compared with the two upper whorls, which are distinctly
convex: this is not expressed in Fischer and Crosse’s figure. The reddish hue of the first whorl is
seen in some of my specimens from Antigua, but is wanting in those collected by Dr. Stoll in the city of
Guatemala, while it is mentioned by Morelet’ for his examples from the same city. Whorls 3-33. The
specimens from Costa Rica want also the reddish colour on the first whorl; those from Turubares are
unusually large, but thin and fragile.
Long. 15, diam. 8-9; apert. long. ?, lat. ? millim. (Morelet).
» 133, 4, 94; ” 9, 5 6 ,, (Fischer & Crosse’s figure),
» 14, » 8; ” 9, » 6 ,, (largest specimen from Antigua).
» i, » 83 9 8, , 5 ,, (Stoll’s largest specimen from Guatemala city).
” 92, oy) 6 3 ” 63, ” 35 ”
» 2, 9 53 3 5, », 34 ,, (specimen from Panzos).
» 14, » 833 » 10, , 5 ,, (specimen from Turubares, Costa Rica).
ie oD, » O§ ” 63, , 3 4, (specimen from Cascadas, Costa Rica).
Hab. N. Guatemata: Panzos (Conradt).
CENTRAL GUATEMALA: city of Guatemala, on the banks of small streams (Morelet 1~*)
and on moist walls (Stol/).
W. GuateMaLa: Antigua, on moist spots on the aqueduct (Stol/).
FE. Costa Rica: Turrialba, 500 metres above the sea, on the Atlantic slope (Pittier,
Biolley *). |
S.W. Costa Rica: Turubares, 200 metres above the sea (Biolley); Rio de las
Cascadas, at the foot of the great fall, in the valley of the Rio Diquis (Pitter,
Febr. 1896).
7. Succinea campestris.
Succinea campestris, Say, Journ, Acad. Phil. i. p. 281 (1817)'; Binney, Complete Writings of Say,
p. 12°; Pfr. Symb. Hist. Helic. ii. p. 56°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 524 (excl. syn.
Gould)‘; Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. ii. t. 11. fig. 12°; Binney, Terr. air-breath.
Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 67, t. 675. fig. 1°; Man. Am. Land-Shells, p. 443, fig. 480"; Tryon,
Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 281, t. 17. fig. 4°; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 318° (not
Succinea campestris, Pfr. in Martini & Chemnitz, nor Dekay, Zool. New York).
Succinea inflata, Lea, in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. ii. p. 81 (1841) *°; Obs. Gen. Unio, iv. p.5"; Pfr.
Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 520"; and in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
- Daudebardia, Simpulopsis, Vitrina, and Succinea, p. 49, t. 5. figg. 9-11"; Binney, Terr.
air-breath. Moll. N. Am. iv. p. 34, t. 80. fig. 11”.
Hab. Nortu America: South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.
CentraL Mexico: Lake Texcoco, near the city of Mexico (Heilprin °).
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, October 1898 43
338 MOLLUSCA.
I have not seen Heilprin’s specimens; they may belong to S. brevis, Dkr. The
type is from the Southern United States; a variety (wnicolor, Tryon) occurs at New
Orleans.
8. Succinea pueblensis.
Succinea aurea (Lea), v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xi. p. 50 (1865) *.
Succinea pueblensis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 669, t. 26. figg. 15, 15 a-c”.
A rounded, ventricose, rather solid species, with comparatively short and blunt spire, and somewhat broadly
flattened unequal striz.
Hab. Centra Mexico: neighbourhood of Puebla (Boucard?); Mexico, without nearer
indication of locality, probably from near the capital (Uhde ').
Allied to S. totteniana, Lea, from New England and New York, in the general
outlines, but with different sculpture.
9. Succinea costaricana. (Tab. XIX. fig. 6.)
Succinea, sp., Biolley, Moluscos terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 15 (part.) (1897)
1
os
Testa late ovata, inequaliter ruguloso-striata, fusco-succinea, tenuis; spira tumida, obtusa; anfr. 3, sat convexi,
sutura sat profunda, discreti, ultimus superne paulum complanatus; apertura late ovata, $ totius longi-
tudinis occupans, superne leviter angulata, medio dilatata, infra late rotundata, margine columellari tenui,
bene arcuato.
Long. 11, diam. 8; apert. long. 83, lat. 6 millim. (Djiri Durunia).
» 114,, 83 ” 9, ,, 54 ,, (San José),
” 10, ” 6; ” 7, ” 4 a) (La Palma).
” 8, ” 6; ” 53, ” 4 ” (collected by Rogers).
Hab. Centra Costa Rica: environs of San José and at La Palma, 1161 and 1600
metres above the sea (Biolley, 1891 and 1895); Costa Rica, without nearer
indication of locality (Rogers).
S.W. Costa Rica: Thermal springs of Djiri Durunia, valley of the Rio Diquis,
900 metres above the sea, and Savana de Guacimo, in the valley of the Rio
Brus (Pittier, 1897).
Perhaps also at Coban, Guatemala, where Conradt collected a very similar shell, but
all his specimens which I have seen are somewhat injured.
Near S. pueblensis, but thinner, with finer sculpture and more arcuated columellar
margin.
G. F. Angas (P. Z.S. 1879, p. 484) mentions S. undulata, Say, as having been found
by the late Dr. Gabb in the coast-region of (S.E.) Costa Rica to the lower hills; it is
probable, however, that the specimens collected by Dr. Gabb belong to a different
spec es, either to 8. guatemalensis or S. costaricana. I have examined many specimens
of this genus collected in Costa Rica by H. Pittier and P. Biolley (but none from the
S.E. coast), and have never found S. undulata amongst them.
SUCCINEA, 339
10. Succinea brevis. (Tab. XIX. fig. 7.)
Succinea brevis (Dunker), Pfr. in Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 84 (1850) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii.
p. 17 *; and in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Daudebardia, Simpulopsis,
Vitrina, and Succinea, p. 51, t. 5. figg. 15-17°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusea, i. p. 655, t. 26. figg. 14, 144, d+,
A small, subglobose, smooth shell, sufficiently described and figured in the above-quoted works. All the
Specimens which I have seen, even the typical one in Dunker’s collection, now in the Berlin Museum,
are of a dull white, probably bleached.
Hab. Cuyrran Mexico: Zimapan, State of Hidalgo (David 1%),
Some Cuban specimens, given, with the name S. brevis, Dunk., by Gundlach to the
Berlin Museum, approach this species closely in form, but are considerably smaller and
thinner. I am not quite satisfied concerning their identity as species.
11. Succinea salleana.
Succinea salleana, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1849, p. 188'; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 167; Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Daudebardia, Simpulopsis, Vitrina, and Succinea, p. 49,
t. 5. figg. 7,8°; Tristram, P. Z.S. 1863, p. 4114; v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xii. p.51 (1865)°;
Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 240, t. 17. fig. 32 (1866) °; Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll.
N. Am. iv. p. 42, t. 79. fig. 18"; Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. i. p. 270, fig. 486°; Man.
Am. Land-Shells, p. 448, fig. 488°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i.
p. 666".
? Succinea putris, Tristram, P. Z. 8. 186], p. 230”.
Spire short, but more acute than in S. recisa; aperture very broad below ; shell thin, pale-coloured.
Hab. Norta America; New Orleans 1~3 &9,
CentraL Mexico: cold regions (‘tierra fria”) of the State of Vera Cruz (Deppe &
Schiede°).
N. GuateMaLa: Coban (Salvin 4").
Var. cordovana.
Succinea undulata, var. cordovana, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 658, t. 27. figg. 7, 7a".
Smaller; whorls scarcely 3.
Long. 8, diam. 54; apert. long. 7, lat. 4 millim.
Hab. E. Mextco: Cordova (Sallé 1”).
12. Succinea recisa.
Succinea recisa, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 14 (1851)*; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 18°;
Tate, Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 158 (1859)*; Tryon, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1863, p. 146°;
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 654, t. 26. figg. 18, 13a’.
Distinct from the other Central-American species of the genus in the very short spire. The type described by
Morelet }2° is of remarkably smaller size than a specimen found by Dr. Stoll at Antigua.
Long. 10, diam. 8; apert. long. ?, lat. ? millim. (Morelet °).
ee, 4g BS » 74,,, 5 ,, (figure given by Fischer & Crosse’).
42.5: 83 7 10, ,, 64 ,, (Stoll’s specimen).
29
43*
340 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. E. Guaremata: around the Lake of Yzabal (Golfo Dulce), under the bark of
trees (Morelet | ?°). |
W. Guatemata, Antigua, on the aqueduct, in company with S. guatemalensis (Stoll).
Centra. and S.W. Nicaragua: Matagalpa (Rothschuh, in Mus. Berol.) ; around the
Lake of Nicaragua and near the Rio San Juan (Zate ®).
S. Panama: Panama (Zate*, Capt. Field +).
13. Succinea ampullacea, sp.n. (Tab. XIX. fig. 11.)
Testa inflate ovata, tenuis, leviter striatula, nitidula, pallide succinea; spira perbrevis, conica; anfr. 3, con-
vexi, ultimus ventrosus ; apertura 3 longitudinis equans, ovata, parum obliqua, superne paulum angustata,
margine externo et basali arcuatis, columellari tenuissimo, sat concavo.
Long. 23, diam. 15; apert. long. 18, lat. 11 millim. .
Median tooth and first laterals.
Hab. W. Mexico: Ameca, State of Jalisco (Richardson).
This shell is extremely like some of the forms of Limnca, but the structure of the
jaw and the radula shows that it really belongs to Succinea. The quadrate appendage
to the jaw is well developed, and the teeth of the radula are formed as in Succinea, the
median tooth being equal in size to the laterals, and all having comparatively large
pointed cusps.
Of the following species or varieties, which for convenience are here placed at the
end of the genus, I have had no opportunity of examining specimens. They must
therefore remain as doubtful for the present.
Succinea concordialis (A. Gould), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i.
p. 670, t. 27. figg. 10, 10 a, 6.—MeExico, Toxpam, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé).
The figure given by the authors (diameter of the shell one-half of its length,
aperture occupying seven-tenths of the whole length) differs somewhat from that
given by Binney (Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. t. 77. fig. 2) (diam. four-sevenths,
aperture two-thirds of the length). A. Gould’s type was from Lake Concordia,
Texas.
SUCCINEA. 341
Succinea undulata, var. carmenensis, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. pp. 657, 658, t. 27.
figg. 6, 6@.—Mexico, Carmen Island, on the frontier of Tabasco and Yucatan
(Morelet).
This shell has a more lengthened spire than the other forms of S. undulata
described by Fischer and Crosse, one of which is referred by me to S. salleana.
It differs from S. wndulata (Say), Pfeiffer, in the remarkably narrow form of the
whole shell.
Succinea lineata, var. sonorensis, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 662, t. 27. fige. 8, 8a, b.—
Mexico, in the neighbourhood of the Yaqui River in Sonora (Dr. #. Palmer).
Also a rather narrow form; it wants the spiral (revolving) lines which are
characteristic of S. lineata, Binney, from Nebraska, and from which that species
has got its name. The outline of Fischer and Crosse’s figure also differs con-
siderably from that given by Binney (Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. p. 420,
fig. 208) and by Tryon (Am. Journ. Conch. ii. t. 17. fig. 16). Binney, however,
mentions Sonora among the localities for S. lineata.
Succinea cingulata, Forbes, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 56, t. 9. fig. 8 (description copied by Pfr.
Monog. Helic. Vivent. iii. p. 17, and Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca,
i. p. 661).—MeExico, Mazatlan (Capt. Kellett, on the Voyage of the ‘ Herald’).
The original figure looks very unlike a species of this genus; and Fischer and
Crosse have suggested that S. cingulata may be a young specimen of some
Bulimulus. Ei. Smith, however, who has examined the type specimen in the
British Museum, informs me that in his opinion it belongs to Limnea.
For Succinea obliqua and S. aurea, mentioned by Fischer and Crosse (loc. cit.), see
S. undulata and S. pueblensis.
Fam. ARIONIDZ.
Shell reduced in size, not covering the whole animal, or internal, or wanting; mantle
not covering the whole animal. Jaw and radula as in the family Aulacognatha,
antea, p. 126.
For the purpose of easier determination I shall treat together all the Stylommatophora
without shell, or with the shell not covering the whole animal, arranging them in the
natural families Arionide, Limacide, and Veronicellide, but giving a Comparative
Table of the genera occurring in Mexico and Central America, based upon the degree
of development of the shell and the extension of the mantle. The genus Onchidium
is included for comparison in the Table, but it will be placed at the end of the
volume, among the submarine mollusca, it being strictly confined to the sea-coast.
MOLLUSCA.
342
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XANTHONYX. 343
XANTHONYX.
Simpulopsis, Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p- 799 (part.).
Xanthonyz, a & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xv. p. 223 (1867) ; Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca,
i. p. 192.
Shell external, very thin, with few rapidly increasing whorls and short spire,
imperforate ; aperture wide, rounded, thin-edged. Jaw strongly ribbed; teeth of the
radula subquadrate, median tooth tricuspid, laterals with two cusps. The shell may be
distinguished from that of Simpulopsis (antea, p. 252) by the depressed form, flat top,
and very wide aperture.
Confined to Mexico, so far as at present known.
Comparative TABLE OF THE SPECIES oF XVanrHonry.
Nomen. Forma. Seulptura. Coloratio. Apertura. Long. | Diam. ee Patria.
mm, mm. mm.
salleanus, Pfr. ...... subsemiovata, striatula, nitida, | corneo-straminea. | “lunato-rotunda-| 14 7 ll | E.&S8. Central
solidula. lineis_ spir. im- ta,” intusmar-| 15 Te]... Mexico.
pressis obsoletis, garitacea, marg.
testa embr. le- colum. tenui.
viuscula,
cordovanus, Pfr. ...| subsemiglobosa, | minute striatula, | virenti-cornea. marg. colum. la~| 15 7 10 | E. Mexico.
tenuis. lineis spir. im- tiusculo.
pressis, testa
embr. costulata.
sumichrasti, Brot...
oblongo - semi- | leviter striatula, | fusculo-cornea. ” 12 63 8 | Mexico.
ovata, tenuis. nitidissima.
chiapensis, Pfr. ...| depresse globosa, | confertius striata, | cornea, pellucida. lunato-circularis, | 84 44 S.E. Mexico.
tenuissima. nitida. marg. externo
superne sub-
recedente.
1. Xanthonyx salleanus.
Simpulopsis salleana, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 319, t. 25. figg. 15, 16°; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv.
p. 8017; Binney, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1860, p. 151°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii., Simpulopsis,
t. 2. fig. 9%.
Xanthonyzx salleanus (Pfr.), Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xv. p. 225 (1867)°; Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 199, t. 10. figg. 2,2a°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Stissw.-Conch.
iv. p. 26, t. 2. figg. 1 a-e, t. 10. fig. 8 (embryonal whorl) ’.
Hab. EF. Mexico: wood of Pacho, near Jalapa (Salas™); Cordova (Sallé 1~®).
S. Centra Mexico: Oaxaca (Hoge).
9. Xanthonyx cordovanus.
Simpulopsis cordovana, Pfr. P. ZS. 1856, p. 319 *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 801°; Binney,
Proc. Acad. Phil. 1860, p. 151°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii., Simpulopsis, t. 2. fig. 10°.
Xanthonyx cordovanus, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xv. p. 226 (1867)°; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, i. p. 200, t. 10. figg. 3, 3a°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv.
344 MOLLUSCA.
p. 27, t. 2. figg. 1 f,g, t. 10. fig. 7 (embryonal whorl), A-G (anat.), t. 9. figg. 14 (radula
and 21 (jaw) *.
Hab. E. Mexico: San Antonio del Monte, between Jalapa and Misantla (Strebel) ;
Cordova (Sallé 1°).
3. Xanthonyx sumichrasti.
Vitrina sumichrasti, Brot, Journ. de Conch. xv. p. 70, t. 4. fig. 2 (1867) *; Monogr. Helic. Vivent.
v. p. 20°.
Xanthonyx sumichrasti (Brot), Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xv. p. 214, t. 10. figg. 1-4 (sub
Leptonyx) (jaw, radula, anat.)°; Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 201, t. 9. figg. 14-17
(anat.) *.
Hab. Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (Sumichrast }~*).
4, Xanthonyx chiapensis.
Simpulopsis chiapensis, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 8777; Malak. Blatt. in. p. 230 (1856) *; Monogr.
Helic. Vivent. iv. p. 802°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiii., Simpulopsis, t. 1. fig. 1 *,
Xanthonyzx chiapensis (Pfr.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 203 °,
Hab. 8.E. Mexico: Chiapas ((Ghiesbreght 1~*).
It is probable that these four so-called species are not really distinct. ‘The descrip-
tions given by Pfeiffer appear to be sufficiently characteristic, but when the figures are
consulted it is not easy to understand the differences. Fischer and Crosse state that
spiral strie are also visible in their specimen of X. cordovanus ; Strebel introduces the
distinct costulation of the first whorl as an important difference between X. cordovanus
and X. salleanus, but as neither Pfeiffer nor Fischer and Crosse mention it, it remains
doubtful whether their X. cordovanus is really the X. cordovanus of Strebel. I am
inclined to agree with the French authors that the four forms may be due to age and
individual development.
CRYPTOSTRACON.
Cryptostrakon, Binney, Ann. N. York Acad. Sci. i. p. 258 (1879).
Shell vitrinoid, depressed, ear-shaped, with very wide aperture, membranaceous,
entirely concealed by the mantle. Jaw arched, with a few stout ribs. Radula with
quadrate irregularly bicuspid marginal teeth.
Confined to Costa Rica.
1. Cryptostracon gabbi.
Cryptostrakon gabbi, Binney, Ann. N. York Acad. Sci. i. pp. 259, 260, t. 11. figg. H-K (living
animal, shell, jaw, and radula) * (1879) ; i. p. 104, t. 7. fig. K (radula), t. 16. fig. L (jaw)
(1884) *.
Shell flat, of about 2 whorls, very membranous, about 14 millim. in greatest diameter. Animal varying from
black to shades of brown and variously mottled with black or dark brown, about 70 millim. long.
Hab. Cuntrau Costa Rica: flanks of the Pico Blanco, 5000 to 7000 feet (Gadd 2).
ARIOLIMAX.—PHILOMYCUS. — B45
ARIOLIMAX.
Ariolimax, Mérch, Malak. Blatt. vi. p. 110 (1860) ; Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. i.
p- 278; Man. Am. Land-Shells, p. 92.
Slug-like, with a mucous pore at the extremity of the body, and a flat, calcareous,
oblong (not spiral), somewhat asymmetrical shell within the mantle. Pulmonary
orifice at the posterior third of the mantle, with a cleft on its right margin. Jaw
slightly arcuated, with strong ribs. Teeth of the radula subquadrate ; median large,
with long median cusp; laterals with two cusps, the inner one longest; marginals
aculeiform. [Binney, Ann. Lyc. N. York, x. p. 297, t. 13. fig. 1 (1873).]
Differs from the European Arion in the presence of an internal shell.
Confined to the west coast of North and Central America.
1. Ariolimax costaricensis.
Ariolimax californicus, subsp. costaricensis, Cockerell, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vi. pp. 278, 279
(1890) *.
Dark olivaceous, back well keeled behind. Length 68, breadth 17; mantle 27 millim.
flab. Costa Rica (Janson, in Mus. Brit. *).
Very near A. californicus, Cooper.
PHILOMYCUS. .
Philomycus, Rafinesque, Annals of Nature or Annual Synopsis, i. p. 14, ed. Binney & Tryon, p. 64
(Philadelphia, 1820) ; Férussac, Tab. Syst. Moll., Prodr. p. 14 (1821); Stoliczka, Journ.
Asiat. Soc. xlii. 2, p. 29 (1872).
Tebennophorus, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 163 (1842) ; Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am.
i. p. 295; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 183.
Mantle extending over the whole length of the body, so that it is not distinct from
the general dorsal surface, without keel. Pulmonary orifice on the right side, in the
foremost part of the mantle. Jaw arched, slightly striated, with median prominence.
Teeth of the radula subquadrate ; median one-cusped, with a very small lateral cusp on
each side in some species; laterals two-cusped, external cusp much shorter than the
inner one. . .
Geographical distribution : North and Central America, Japan, China, India, Java.
I agree with the late Dr. Stoliczka that Rafinesque’s description clearly designates
this genus, the supposed absence of mantle being nothing more than its extension over
the whole length of the animal, so that it cannot be regarded as a distinct portion of
the animal, which is the case in the mantle (shield) of Limaz.
1. Philomycus sallei.
Tebennophorus sallei, Crosse & Fisch. in Journ. de Conch. xvii. p. 190 (1869)'; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, i. p. 191, t. 9. figg. 6 (animal), 7 (jaw), 8-11 (radula) .
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, October 1898. 44
346 MOLLUSCA.
Unicolorous, greyish. Length about 25 millim. .
Hab. E. Mexico: Playa Vicente, State of Vera Cruz (Sadlé 12),
2. Philomycus crosseanus.
Tebennophorus crosseanus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 25, t. 10. fig. 6
(animal), t. 9. figg. 18 (radula), 22 (jaw) (1880)?.
Pule brown, with numerous blackish spots, which unite on each side so as to nearly form a continuous band.
Length about 16 millim.
Hab. E. Mexico: locality not indicated (Strebel ').
3. Philomycus auratus.
Tebennophorus auratus, Tate, Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 153 (1870)’.
Yellowish-grey, with numerous small white and gold spots and a few larger black ones, the last forming
a black streak on the Jateral margin. Length, when extended, 8 inches, breadth 1 inch. |
Hab. E. Nicaracua: Javali in Chontales, under stones and on decaying timber, not
uncommon (Zate').
4, Philomycus costaricensis.
Philomycus costaricensis, Mirch, in Vidensk. Meddelelser Kjébenh. 1857, p. 341°; Malak. Blatt.
vi. p. 109 (1860) *.
Tebennophorus costaricensis, Binney, Ann. N. York Acad. Sci. 1. p. 261, t. 11. figg. M (living
animal), N (radula) (1879) °*; iil. p. 87, t. 8. fig. N (radula) (1884) °*.
Yellowish, feelers, dorsal streak, and scattered spots blackish. Length about 45 millim.
Hab. Cuntran Costa Rica: without nearer indication of locality, at an elevation of
2000 feet (Zirsted ! ?). .
Fam, LIMACIDE.
Slugs, with a reduced or internal shell. Jaw and radula as in the Fam. Oxygnatha,
anted, p. 104.
VELIFERA.
Velifera, Binney, Ann. N. York Acad. Sci. i. p. 257 (1879).
Shell vitrinoid, partly covered by prolonged lobes of the mantle. A simple longi-
tudinal mucous pore at the hinder end of the foot overlapped by a horn-like promi-
nence. Jaw smooth, with median cutting projection. Radula like that of Zonites;
marginal teeth aculeiform, bifid.
Confined to Costa Rica.
1. Velifera gabbi.
Velifera gabbi, Binney, Ann. N. York Acad. Sci. i. pp. 257, 258, t. 11. figg. A-D (living animal,
shell, and radula) '; i. p. 86, t. 2. fig. H (radula) *.
VELIFERA.—LIMAX, _ 347
Shell imperforate, subglobose, very thin, dark greenish-brown, of 3 whorls ; greater diameter 6, lesser 5, height
3 millim, ; aperture rounded, slightly oblique, with simple peristome, ? of the height of the shell.
Animal greenish, with blackish bandlets at the sides.
Hab. Centrat Costa Rica: tlanks of the Pico Blanco, 3000 feet (Gabé ! 2).
LIMAX.
Limaz (Linn.), Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. i. p. 66 (1819); Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 178.
Slug, with internal calcareous, flat (not spiral), somewhat asymmetrical shell inside
the mantle (shield), which covers the anterior part of the body; pulmonary orifice on
the right side, in the hinder half of the mantle. No caudal mucous pore. Jaw
smooth, with median projection. Marginal teeth of the radula spiniform.
Subgen. Hypro.imax.
Hydrolimax, Malm, in Géteborgs Vetensk. Samhilles Handl. x. p. 79 (1868) ; Westerlund, Fauna
Moll. Terr. et Fluv. Sueciz, Norvegie, et Dani, p. 24 (1873).
Mantle (shield) nearly or quite covering half the length of the body, with faint
concentric wrinkles; posterior half of the body not distinctly keeled. Generally
unicolorous.
Geographical distribution almost universal. |
Prof. H. Simroth unites this division with Agriolimax, Morch, type L. agrestis, L.,
on account of the similarity of the anatomical structure ; the external aspect, however,
and the water-loving habits of the species induce me to maintain it. The same author
states that the reproductive generative faculty begins very early, before the animal is
full-grown, and he has found several specimens, from Germany, Guatemala, and
Madagascar, on anatomical examination to have well-developed female organs, but no
male ones (perhaps proterogyne).
1. Limax leyis.
Limax levis, O. Fr. Mill. Verm. Terr. et Fluv. ii. p. 1 (1774)*; Jeffr. Brit. Conch. v. p. 156°;
Westerl. Fauna Moll. Terr. Suecize, Norveg. et Daniz, p. 24°; Lehmann, Lebende Schneck.
und Muscheln Stett. p. 42, t. 8. fig. 10 (anatomy) (1873) °.
Agriolimax levis, Simroth, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. xlii. pp. 22, 222, 327, t. 7. fig. 17 (anim.), t. 9.
figg. 16-22 (anatomy) °; Jahrb. Deutsch. malak. Ges. xiii. p. 30 (1886) °.
Limax brunneus, Draparn. Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. Fr. p. 128 (1805) *; Forbes & Hanley,
Hist. Brit. Moll. iv. p. 20, i. t. F. F. F. fig. 4 °; Heynem. Malak. Blitt. xix. p. 148 (with
figure) (1872) ’. . ' . .
Limax campestris, Binney, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. i. p. 52 (1841) ; Terr. air-breath. Moll.
N. Am. ii. p. 41, t. 64. fig. 3"; Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. i. p. 66, fig. 108"; Man.
Am. Land-Shells, p. 287, fig. 257 *. Proc. Acad. Phil. 1875, p. 176, t. 4. figg. 5 a, b,¢
44*
348 MOLLUSCA.
(radula) “; Leidy, in Binney’s Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. i. p. 250, t. 2. figg. 5, 6
(anatomy) ”; Jeffr. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) x. p. 245 (1872) ™.
Limaz parvulus, Normand, Descr. de Six Limaces Nouv. p. 8 (Valenciennes, 1852)
? Limax (Meyapelta) semitectus, Mérch, Journ. de Conch. vi. p. 282, t. 10. fig. 7 (1857) ; Malak.
Blatt. vi. p. 111 (1859) "°; Binney, Ann. N. York Acad. Sci. i. p. 260, t. 11. figg. O (anim.),
P (jaw), Q (radula) (1879) *.
Limax guatemalensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xviii. p. 297 (1870) * ; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, i. p. 181, t. 9. figg. 1 (anim.), 2, 3 (internal shell), 4, 5 (radula) ».
? Krynickia americana, Tate, Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 154, t. 16. fig. 1 (1870) *.
Limaz (Malacolimaz) brasiliensis, Semper, Reis. Archip. Philipp., Land Moll. u. p. 84, t. 11.
fig. 20 (radula) (1873) *; Ihering, Jahrb. malak. Ges. xii. p. 204 (1885) ”.
Limax argentinus, Strebel, Materiali Malac. Argent. Merid. p. 6 (1874) *.
Limax hyperboreus, Westerl. Sibir. Land- och Sétv.-Moll. (K. Sv. Ak. Handl. xiv. no. 12) p. 21
(1876-77) *.
Limazx stenurus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 21, t. 9. figg. 11 (radula),
15 (jaw), t. 10. figg. A (genitalia), B (anim.), C (sheli), D (sole of the foot) (1880) ** ;
Thering. Jahrb. malak. Ges. xii. p. 213”.
Agriolimax lacustris, Lessona & Pollonera, Monogr. Limacidi Ital. [Atti Accad. Torino (2) xxv.]
p. 47 (1882) *°.
Generally dark brown or even black, rarely and only on more dry places pale brownish, unicolorous, with
pellucid slime, faintly wrinkled and ridged, appearing smooth at first sight. Length 14-18, even to
25 millim.
Hab. Nortu America: New England to S. Carolina!0~1315; Colorado (Limax montanus);
California }.
E. Mexico: exact locality not indicated (Strebel 8).
Centra GuatemaLa: Plateau of Totonicapam (Bocourt 7122); Guatemala city, in
moist spots and under stones, on the sides of the barrancas (ravines), &c., not
rare (Stold).
W. GuaTEMALA: Antigua, at an elevation of 4500 feet above the sea (Stoll).
E. Nicaracua: Javali in Chontales, under stones and about houses, not uncommon
(Late *?).
E. Costa Rica: Borubeta, on the Rio Uren, at an elevation of 2500 feet above
the sea, on plantain leaves and stalks (Gabb ®°) ; Costa Rica, without nearer
indication of locality (Zrsted 19),
SoutH AMERICA to the Argentine Republic.
ANTILLES: Puerto Rico.
17
°
Distribution almost universal: in Europe extending from Scotland 8, Norway, Central
Sweden, Finland, and Russia (Moscow) through France 217 and Germany *° to the
Pyrenees* and Piedmont *°; also known from Siberia—from the banks of the River
Yenisei, 70° N. lat. 27, and Bering Island ®,—A frica, Madagascar, &c. In South America
it has been found in the woods of the Province of Rio Grande do Sul 2425 and in
Argentina, 32°-35° S, lat., at an elevation of 900 metresa bove the sea,
near the limits
of Chile 26,
LIMAX. 349
This species prefers the immediate neighbourhood of water—lakes in the plains and
small streams or rivers in mountainous regions. Tate 23 remarks that it is nocturnal
and can suspend itself by its mucus; this last-mentioned habit has also been observed
by Normand!” and is common to several other species of Limax (cf. v. Martens, Zool.
Anzeiger, 1878, p. 249). I follow Jeffreys ©, Prof. H. v. Ihering 2°, and Prof. H.
Simroth ° ¢ (the principal authority on the systematic arrangement of the slugs at the
present time) in placing J. campestris, L. stenurus, L. brasiliensis, L. argentinus,
and L. hyperboreus under the European Z. levis, and I am also obliged to include with
it the Costa Rican ZL. semitectus, and the N icaraguan Krynickia americana, the
descriptions and figures of these forms offering no remarkable difference. Concerning
L. guatemalensis, I have sent some specimens collected by Dr. O. Stoll to Prof. H.
Simroth, and he found them on anatomical examination to be identical with Z. levis.
In spite of its very wide distribution, it is not probable that this species has been
introduced into foreign lands by commerce, as was the case with JZ. variegatus,
Drap., the favoured haunts of which are cultivated localities. At least this is the
opinion of Professors v. Ihering and Simroth. Nevertheless, the accounts of its mode
of capture in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, as given by R. Tate 2% and Gabb 2°, are well
compatible with the hypothesis of introduction.
2. Limax jalapensis.
Limaz jalapensis, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 22, t. 10. figg. 5 a, B (living
animal, c (shell!) (1880) '; Ihering, Jahrb. malak. Ges. xii. p. 216 (1885) ’.
Reddish-brown, with some black spots on the mantle. Length 23 millim.
Hab. E. Mexico: Jalapa, on plants (Strebel ').
According to Strebel and Prof. H. v. Ihering this species appears to be very nearly
allied to the preceding.
3. Limax berendti.
Limaz berendti, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. iv. p. 22, t. 9. fig. 10 (radula), t. 10.
figg. 4a (shell), B (mantle), t. 15. fig. 3 (jJaw)*; Ihering, Jahrb. malak. Ges. xii. p. 214
(1885) *.
Greyish-brown, hinder part with very numerous close-set blackish spots. Internal shell rather quadrangular,
with an elevated longitudinal line, thick, on the lower side not concave, but uneven, tuberculate (perhaps
not normal?). Length about 14 millim.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Coban, in a garden (Berendé }).
4, Limax cobanensis. /
Limaz cobanensis, Crosse & Fisch. in Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 159 (1872) °.
Brownish, paler at the sides, mantle reddish. Internal shell oval, narrowed in front. Length 40 millim.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Coban, in shady places (Morelet ').
350 MOLLUSCA.
Fam. VERONICELLID.
No shell. Mantle extending over the whole length of the body and considerably
overlapping the foot at the sides, coriaceous. Pulmonary and anal orifices at the
hinder end of the body, almost median, but a little to the right side. Lower feelers
bifid. Jaw arched, ribbed. Teeth of the radula subquadrate ; median narrow, one-
cusped; laterals also one-cusped, rather blunt.
VERONICELLA.
Veronicella, Blainville, Journ. de Physique, 1817, p. 440, t. 2. figg. vi. 1, 2 (copied in Férussac’s
Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. t. 7. figg. 6, 7); Stoliczka, Journ. Asiat. Soc. xlii. 2, p. 33 (1872) ;
Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. i. p. 303; Man. Am. Land-Shells, p. 414.
Vaginulus, Férussac, Tabl. Syst. Moll., Prodr. p. 13 (1821) (first reliable description) ; Pfeffer, in
Strebel’s Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sussw.-Conch. v. p. 126.
Vaginula (Fér.), Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 671.
Breadth of the animal considerably exceeding the height; fore and hind extremity rounded.
Circumtropical, extending northward to San Francisco (California) and Florida,
southward to Chile, Buenos Ayres, Natal, and Queensland.
Blainville’s description is erroneous in one point, the pretended rudimentary shell,
but all the rest is correct, even to the position of the pulmonary orifice, and his figures
clearly show what genus is meant. The species can scarcely be distinguished without
anatomical examination; but as I have no opportunity to do this, I merely describe
the sculpture and colour of the mantle and the size of the body in each species, in the
author’s own words.
1. Veronicella mexicana.
Vaginulus mexicanus, Pfeffer, in Strebel’s Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sissw.-Conch. v. p. 180, t. 19.
fig. 1-8 (radula), 9 (animal), 10, 11 (jaw), 138-19, 21, 23, 26, 27 (anatomical particulars)
(1882) *.
Finely wrinkled above, brownish-red, or grey-brown or blackish-brown, with a light blackish median, and on
each side a lateral blackish longitudinal band; black tubercles scattered on the back. Length about
50 millim., breadth 18.
Hab. K. Mexico: without nearer indication of locality (Strebel ').
2. Veronicella moreleti.
Vaginula moreleti, Crosse & Fisch. in Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 59 (1872) '; Fischer in Nouv. Arch.
du Mus. vii. p. 168, t. 11. figg. 5, 6 (1872)*; Journ. de Conch. xxiii. p. 54°; Fisch. &
Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 682, t. 24. figg. 14, 14.@ (figure drawn from the
living animal by A. Morelet) °.
Greyish-brown, a feebly marked blackish longitudinal band on each side, with elevated pale granules on the
back. Upper feelers piukish-brown, lower feelers pale grey. Length 90 millim. ,
VERONICELLA. 351
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Cacoprieto, on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Sumichrast *).
S.E. Mexico: Palenque, State of Tabasco (Morelet } 4),
Yucatan: Carmen I. (Morelet 4).
Fischer and Crosse lay stress on the circumstance that the hinder extremity of the
body is not confounded with the foot (plan locomoteur), but is produced in the form
of a caudal appendage, which is extended considerably beyond the foot when the
animal isin motion. In Morelet’s figure, however, the hinder point of the foot appears
to extend beyond the rounded hinder end of the mantle.
3. Veronicella stolli, sp. n. (Tab. XIX. figg. 13, 14.)
Chestnut-brown, with yellow and black not very close-set dots and a median narrow yellow longitudinal band,
finely and equally shagreened, 25 millim. long, 6 broad. Mantle narrower in front than behind ; upper
feelers 3 millim. long, blackish-grey ; lower feelers scarcely 1 millim. long, conical, with blunt appendage ;
lower surface of the mantle whitish, in the two posterior thirds of its length finely grey-marbled and
with few black dots.
Hab. W. Guatremata: Retalhuleu, in cacao-gardens, under putrid wood and decayed
bark of rotten shrubs (Séol/).
Although I cannot give anatomical particulars, I venture to name this form from
the description and figure made by Dr. O. Stoll during his residence in Guatemala.
He remarks that, when the animal is reposing, the feelers are concealed within a
quadrangular transverse excavation at the lower side of the mantle (which may be the
case in all the species of the genus), and that the palpitation of the heart can be seen
in the living animal on the right side at one-third of the length of the body.
4. Veronicella floridana.
Vaginulus floridanus, Binney, Terr. air-breath. Moll. N. Am. i. p. 17, t. 67 (1851) *; Leidy,
op. cit. 1. p. 251, t. 4 (anatomy) *.
Veronicella floridana, Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. i. p. 305, figg. 541, 542°; Terr.
air-breath. Moll. N. Am. v. pp. 241, 248*; Man. Am. Land-Shells, p. 446°; Tate, Am.
Journ. Conch. v. p. 15°.
Very slightly wrinkled, dark ashy-grey, mottled with black, with a median whitish line, on each side of which
is an ill-defined black stripe; beneath drab-coloured. Length 56, breadth 18 millim.
Hab. Nortu America: Florida.
E. Nicaragua: Javali in Chontales, under stones; probably also at Toro Rapids
(Tate+°°),
5. Veronicella olivacea.
Veronicella olivacea, Stearns, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1871 (or Conchological Memorandum,
no. viii.), p. 1‘; Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxiii, p. 54 (1879) *; Binney, Terr. air-breath.
Moll. N. Am. v. p. 243°; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xi. no. 8, p. 1504; Man. Am. Land-
Shells, p. 160°.
352 MOLLUSCA.
Granularly rugose ; colour olive beneath, darker olive above. Length 44, breadth 12 millim.
Hab. Norru America: on the coast of San Francisco Bay, California 4°.
E. Nicaracva, several specimens (J. A. McNeil}? *°).
Binney expressly states * that this is distinct from the preceding species.
BASOMMATOPHORA.
Fam, AURICULIDE.
Shell rather solid, with one or several transverse plaits on the columella. Only one
pair of feelers; eyes placed behind them. ‘Teeth of the radula in waved rows.
The great majority of the species of this family are submarine, living exclusively on
the sea-coast, very near to or even in salt-water; they will be dealt with at the end of
this volume. Only one genus, the following, is truly terrestrial.
CARYCHIUM.
Carychium, O. F. Miller, Verm. Terr. et Fluv. ii. p. 121 (1774); Forbes & Hanley, Hist. Brit.
Moll. iv. p. 198; Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. i. p. 300; Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am.
li. p. 6.
Very small, white, unicolorous, ovate-oblong; peristome thickened, with revolving
plait on the columella, and 1-2 teeth on the outer and lower margin. Widely
distributed in Europe and North America.
1. Carychium exiguum. :
Pupa exigua, Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. i. p. 375 (1822)'; Binney, Complete Writings of Say, p. 7’;
A. Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. p. 898, t. 3. fig. 20°.
Carychium exiguum (Say), Pfr. Monogr. Auric. p. 165‘; Frauenfeld, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, iv.
p- 10, t. 1. fig. 1°; Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. ii. p. 6, figg. 5-9 (shell, animal,
and radula)*; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 319, t. 14. figg. 1-8, and t. 15. fig. 16 (plait)”.
Hab. Eastern Nortu America: from Maine to S. Carolina and Texas ® 7.
Var. mexicanum. (Tab. XIX. figg. 15, 16.)
Carychium exiguum, var. mexicanum, Pilsbry, loc. cit. p. 318, t. 11. figg. 7-9°.
Somewhat more cylindrical; outer margin of the aperture thick, expanded, with a very obtuse dentiform
prominence ; lower margin with a still more obtuse faint projection. Long. 1°8, diam. 0°8, apert. 0°7
millim. Whorls 43. .
a. Long. 1°8, diam. 0°8; apert. long. 0°7, lat. ? millim.
b 4, LT, 4, O7; . 0:6, ,, 0°57
C. » LT, 4 OF; ” 05, ,, 0-54 ”
a. Dimensions given by Pilsbry ; 6 and ¢. Stoll’s specimens.
Hab. E. Mexico: Orizaba (/eilprin §).
W. Guatemata: Hacienda Helvetia, in Upper Cholhuitz, Costa Cuca (Stoll).
39
CARYCHIUM—PHYSA. . 353
Var. costaricanum, n. (Tab. XIX. fige. 17, 18.)
Somewhat more inflated, the breadth of the shell being nearly equal to half its length; aperture resembling
that of the var. mewicanum.
Long. 2°12, diam. 1; apert. long. 0-8, lat. 0-7 millim.
» 2, ” 0-9 3 ” 0-8, ,, 0-7 ”
| Hab. Centra Costa Rica: San José (Biolley).
B. SPECIES FLUVIATILES.
GASTROPODA PULMONATA.
Fam. LIMNEIDA.
Air-breathing freshwater mollusks, generally with thin unicolorous shell, the aperture
of which is thin-edged. General form of the shell very different in the monotypic
genera. Only one pair of feelers; eyes at the inner side of their base. No operculum.
Sexes united.
PHYSA.
Bulinus, O. F. Miller, Der Naturforscher, xv. p. 1 (1781).
Physa, Draparnaud, Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. Fr. p. 52 (1805).
Bullinus, Oken, Lehrbuch d. Naturg. iii. p. 803 (1815).
Shell sinistral, of 3-5 whorls, ovate or oblong, smooth or feebly striate; columellar
margin more or Jess twisted. Feelers long, filiform. Edges of the mantle in most
of the species extended beyond the aperture of the shell, often indented or fringed.
Teeth of the radula pectinated. .
The typical European species of Physa (P. fontinalis and P. hypnorum) agree inter se
in the very glossy surface of the shell and the simple thin edge of the aperture; but
the edges of the mantle are extended and fringed in P. fontinalis, and simple and not
extended in P. hypnorum (subgen. Aplecta). In Mexico and Central America there are
also species with glossy surface, with extended and with simple mantle, as well as others
agreeing with P. fontinalis in the extended indented mantle and the very convex
whorls, but differing from it in the dull (not shining) surface of the shell, and often
also in the thickened lip of the aperture (subgen. Alampetis, n.). These latter cannot
be confounded, however, with the genus Jstdora, Ehrenb., which has also a sinistral
shell with dull surface, but differs essentially from Physa in the very different form of
the teeth of the radula.
The genus Physa is widely distributed in the temperate zones of both hemispheres,
and also in the tropical zone of America; but it has still to be ascertained, by the
examination of the radula, whether any true Physa inhabits Tropical Africa, India, or
Australia, or whether all the so-called Physe of those regions belong to Isidora. In
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, October 1598. 45
304 MOLLUSCA.
most countries the genus Physa is inferior to Limnwa in species and individuals, as
well as in size; but in Mexico and Central America Physa is equal or even superior
to Limnea in these respects. Also in Australia the presumed Physw exceed by far
the Limnee.
Concerning the name Bulinus, see the note under the subgenus Aplecta.
Subgen. APLECTA.
Aplexa, Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim. p. 276 (1828) ; Beck, Index Moll. p. 116 (1837).
Aplecta (emend.), Hermannsen, Ind. gen. Malac. i. p. 65 (1846); Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 83 (nec Guenée, 1835).
Bulinus (Adanson), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 239 (1858) ; Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells
N. Am. ii. p. 97.
Shell acutely ovate or fusiform, very glossy, smooth or with faint vertical ridges, of
a deep orange or brown colour, sometimes with pale vertical streaks; columellar
margin of the aperture comparatively short and thick. In the living animal the edges
of the mantle are plain, and only a little or not at all extended beyond the margins of
the aperture (see Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. t. 6. fig. 25 infra).
This subgenus, the type of which is the European P. hypnorum, is now by most
authors regarded as a distinct genus, on account of the want of digitaticns or indenta-
tions in the edges of the mantle*. The form of the radula, which I have examined
in some Mexican species, is, however, quite like that of the typical Physw, and the
differences in the shell are so vague and indistinct that, without a knowledge of the
living animal, it is often impossible to say whether a species belongs to Aplecta or to
Physa (see also my remarks under the subgenus Stenophysa).
In Mexico and Central America the subgenus Aplecta is represented by more
numerous and larger species than in any other part of the world.
Bulinus, Adanson, is probably an Jsidora, a genus which differs essentially from
Physa, including Aplecta, in the very different form of the radula [see Jickeli, Land-
und Siissw.-Moll. N.Ost-Afr. p. 200, t. 3. figg. 2-4 (1874)]. Moreover, Adanson’s
name is ante-Linnean, his work having been published in 1757, a year before the
introduction of the regular binomial nomenclature in the tenth edition of Linné’s
‘Systema Nature’; and, further, Adanson’s nomenclature differs from the Linnean, as
he uses the names of species as distinct simple words, quite independent of those of
the genus, just as Buffon did the French names of animals.
#
1. Physa maugerez. (Tab. XIX. fig. 20.)
Aplexa maugerie, Gray, Beck, Index Moll. p. 116 (1837) (sine descr.)’; P. Carpenter, Catalogue
of Mazatlan Shells in Brit. Mus. p. 180 (1857) °.
Physa maugere, Woodw. Manual of the Mollusca, p. 171 (1851-56) *; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch.
* dm\exros, not braided, plaited, or entwined.
355
PHYSA.
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956 MOLLUSOA.
Icon. xix., Physa, t. 2. fig. 11 (1873) *; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab.
ed. 2, Limneiden, p. 329, t. 46. fig. 5 (copied from Sowerby) ’.
Physa nitens, var., Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 48, t. 6. figg. 24a, 5°.
The most beautiful and the largest species of this genus, characterized by the whitish rays on all the whorls,
except the first, by a rather elongate pointed spire, and by the largest diameter being in the lower third
of the last whorl, giving to the whole more the shape of a bag (saccata) than of an egg (ovata). The
eround-colour is a dark greyish-brown, becoming darker on the upper whorls ; at the suture is a yellowish
band ; interior of the aperture dark purple-brown.
a. Long. 40, diam. 19; apert. long. 274, lat. 1] millim.
b. 9 393, 99 18 3 2? 28, bP) 10 39
C. 39 35, 39 16; 99 26, 99 10 99
d. 4 33, 4, 16; 09 25, 5 9 5
é. 99 34, 39 16 : 99 26, 99 9 99
f._-«812 (15 lines).
a. From a specimen in Piitel’s collection, now in the Berlin Museum; 6. Bottger’s specimen from Peten ;
c. From the figure given by Sowerby *; d. According to Strebel®; ¢. Second specimen in the Berlin Museum ;
f. According to Woodward *.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: coast of Tabasco, in swamps (Dr. Berendt®); Mexico, without
nearer indication of locality (Beck '). |
N. GuaremaLa: in the river Peten, Dept. of Peten, and in a pond at Coban (Stol/,
now in Béttger’s collection).
Woodward ® calls it a Californian, Carpenter? a Caribbean species; Sowerby * gives
Jamaica as locality.
I have in vain searched in Gray’s various writings for a description or figure of this
species. ‘The figure given by Binney (Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. ii. p. 98,
fig. 167) does not agree with my specimens in the proportion of the spire; it seems to
have been taken from an individual variation of P. aurantia.
Sowerby 4 and Clessin® incorrectly attribute the name of the species to Quoy (Voy.
‘Astrolabe’). It was given in honour of Miss Mauger, as in Helicina maugerie (Zool.
Journ. 1. p. 251). |
Var. acutalis,
Aplecta nitens, var. 8. acutalis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 88, t. 39.
figg. 2, 2a’.
Of the general outline and dark grey-brown colour of P. maugere, but wanting the white rays. Spire
relatively a little longer.
Hab. i. Mexico: Cazones, State of Vera Cruz, on the coast, north of the city of Vera
Cruz, near Papantla (Sallé").
z. Physa aurantia.
Physa peruviana (Gray), Menke, in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1850, p. 163°.
Aplexa aurantia, P. Carpenter, Catalogue of Mazatlan Shells in Brit. Mus. p. 179 (1857) *.
Bulinus aurantius, Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. ii. p. 97, figg. 166, 167 (description
copied from Carpenter) *.
PHYSA. 357
Physa aurantia, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xix., Physa, t. 2. fig. 13*; Clessin, in Martini
& Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneiden, p. 269, t. 87. fig. 1°.
Aplecta aurantia, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 86, t. 30. fig. 2, t. 33. fig. 1°.
More inflated than the preceding (P. maugere), with shorter blunt spire; colour almost always orange-brown
with a tendency to darker shades, in rays, below the suture (Carpenter *) °
a. Long. 35, diam. 18; apert. long. 27, lat. 15 millim. |
6b 865, 84 ,, 163.
ce 864, 33, ,, 17d; + 26, , 18 ,,
d. ,, 323, ,, 16; > 244, ,, 11
@ 5, 29, 4, 16; 5 22, , 9 ,,
a. From the figures given by Binney*; 6. From Menke!; ¢. From Fischer and Crosse’s figure, t. 33, fig. 1°;
d. Measurements given by Fischer and Crosse in the text °; e. From Sowerby’s figure.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan (H. Melchers1; Fr. Reigen? >> 6),
Var. glandiformis.
Aplecta aurantia, var. glandiformis, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 86, t. 32. fig. 17.
Spire short and blunt, as in the type; general outline more ovate.
Hab. 8.W. Mexico: Acapulco (Sallé7).
3. Physa nitens. (Tab. XIX. fig. 19.)
Aplexa suturalis, Beck, Index Moll. p. 117 (1837) (sine descr.) ’.
Physa nitens, Philippi, in Kiister, Martini, & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limnzaceen, p. 5,
t. 1. figg. 1, 2 (1845) °*; v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 57 (1865) *; Strebel, Beitr. Mex.
Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 49, t. 6. figg. 25 (living animal), 25 a—/*.
Bulinus nitens, Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. ii. p. 98, fig. 168 (copied from Kiister) °.
Aplecta nitens, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 88, t. 39. figg. 1, la, 16
(the living animal, copied from Strebel) °.
Aplexa nitens, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 3257.
Physa conspicua, Uhde, MS. in Mus. Berol.*.
More oviform than P. maugere and P. aurantia, last whorl about equally convex above and beneath; spire
moderate, pointed. Colour dark brown, with a whitish band near the suture (Philippi ”), clear or deep
chestnut-brown (fading after death), with a reddish and often also a whitish band near the suture
(Strebel *). In some specimens (as in the one found by Uhde) a few white rays are visible on the last
two whorls.
. Long. 26, diam. 14; apert. long. 183, lat. 83 millim.
29 313, be) 15; 29 23%; 9 9 9?
30, ” 132; 29 24, ” 9 2”
29, ” 16; ” 22, ” 9 ”
253, » 12; ” 193, 55 63 ”
” 20, ” 103 ; ” 143, 9 53 ”
a. From the figure of Philippi’s type”; 6. From a specimen collected by Uhde, in Mus. Berol.* (Strebel,
fig. 25¢); ¢ and f. Measurements of individual variations given by Strebel*; d. Fischer and Crosse’s
specimen of A. nitens®; e. Specimen in the collection of the late Albers.
Hab. FE. Mexico: Vera Cruz, in ditches, and the larger ones in puddles* (Uhde?®;
mS Asemes
* Pp, 1-28 and tabb. 1-4 of this Monograph were edited by Kiister, under the title “ Limnzaceen”; the
remainder was dealt with by Clessin under the title ‘‘ Limneiden.” Pp. 21-28 were published in 1850
(cf. Troschel, Archiv f. Naturg. xvii. 2, pp. 101, 128); pp. 1-20 very probably before 1846 (¢f. Troschel, ibid.
xii. 2, p. 414).
358 MOLLUSCA.
Strebel 4); San Juan, near Vera Cruz (Heilprin’) ; Jalapa (Hoge); Mexico, without
nearer indication of locality ? >.
Yucatan (Philippi, in coll. Dunker).
Fischer and Crosse’s figure of Aplecta nitens represents the most ventricose specimen
I have ever seen.
Strebel4 mentions subfossil specimens of 33 millim. in length, and Fischer and
Crosse® figure (t. 39. fig. 3) a subfossil example from Vera Cruz, which measures
36 millim., but approaches in its outlines P. maugere.
Var. gracilenta.
Physa nitens, schlankere form, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 49, t. 6. figg. 25 5, c’.
Aplecta aurantia, var. 8. gracilenta, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 37, t. 39. figg. 4, 4a”.
Diameter less than one-half of the whole length of the shell. Colour paler yellow, often with white rays.
a. Long. 28, diam. 13; apert. long. 20, lat. 7 millim.
b. 2 253 ” 12; ” 193, ” 63 ”
C. 2 183 ” 833 ” 13, ” 5 ”
d. ” 163 ” 743 2” 11g, ” 4 ”
a. Measurements by Fischer and Crosse; 6 and d. by Strebel*, as individual variations of P. nitens ;
c. Taken from a specimen collected at Tejeria by Hoge.
Hab. E. Mexico: Vera Cruz, found with typical specimens (Strebel ®); Tejeria, several
specimens, one 27 millim. long, all the others about the same size, and varying a
little in the comparative diameter, some with a few white rays ({ége).
N. Guatemata: Coban (Bocourt !),
CENTRAL GuaTEMALA: San Antonio, north of the city of Guatemala (Sto//).
4, Physa impluviata. (Tab. XX. fig. 1.)
Physa impluviata, Morelet, Test. Noviss. 1. p. 18 (1849) *.
Aplecta impluviata, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, il. p. 91, t. 30. fig. 3, t. 89.
fig. 5°.
Physa purpurostoma, Tristram, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 231°.
Aplecta purpurostoma, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 90%.
Physa nitens (Philippi), v. Mart. P. Z.S. 1875, p. 649°.
The most ventricose of the medium-sized species of the subgenus Aplecta, with somewhat broad, but very flat
and faint strie; columellar margin straight, rather thick, well distinct from the very convex bulk of the
last whorl, somewhat dark purple above, white in the middle and below.
Long. 22-23, diam. 12-13 ; apert. long. 15, lat. 63 millim.
Hab. 8.K. Mexico: Tabasco (Saldé ?).
N. GuatemaLa: Coban, in a pond (S¢ol/),
Centra GUATEMALA: Guatemala city, in small streams (Morelet 12).
W. Guatemata: from asmall stream running into the lake of Duefias, above Santiago
Zamora (Salvin, Aug. 1873°); Lake of Duefias (Salvin 3+); Duefias, in pools
near the lake (Stol/) ; Capetillo, a little below Antigua in the valley between
the Volcan de Agua and Volcan de Fuego (Champion).
CrntraL Costa Rica: San Francisco de los Rios, near San José (Pittier).
PHYSA. 359
Fischer and Crosse 2 figure an example with two dark spiral bands. A specimen
found at Capetillo by Mr. Champion shows several narrow whitish spiral bands near
the base of the shell. Younger examples from Santiago Zamora® are remarkably
slender: long. 18, diam. 9, apert. 14 millim.
Concerning the identification of P. purpurostoma with P. impluviata, I have before
me a specimen collected by Dr. O. Stoll at Duefias which agrees exactly with the
description and measurements given by Canon ‘Tristram °. Salvin, however, has sent
me some others, under the name P. purpurostoma, from the first collection made at
the lake of Duefias, which are much smaller, narrower, and pale coloured; I regard
these as a variety of P. (Stenophysa) spiculata.
Var. bocourti.
Aplecta, sp., Stoll, Guatemala, Reisen und Schilderungen, 1886, p. 33 °.
Physa influviata (Morelet), Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xix., Physa, t. 2. fig. 167; Clessin,
in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneiden, p. 330, t. 46. fig. 2 (copied
from Sowerby) *.
Aplecta aurantia, var. bocourti, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 86, t. 30.
figg. 1, la’.
Physa fuliginosa (Morelet), Biolley, Moluscos terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 17°.
Comparatively larger, with more prolonged spire than in the type, thus approaching P. nitens ; colour golden-
brown or chestnut-brown, some specimens with paler streaks; inside the aperture dark brown, and the
columellar margin somewhat purple at its upper end, as in typical P. impluviata.
a. Long. 28, diam. 15; apert. long. 21, lat. 9 millim.
b. ” 24, 9 11; 9 153, ” 7 ”
& 5 25, 4 12; ” 17, ,, 7 ”
a. Fischer and Crosse’s measurements; >. From Sowerby’s figure ; c. Costa Rican specimen from Uruca.
Hab. Yucatan: Palizada (Bocourt °).
N. GuateMaLa: Coban (Bocourt °).
CentraL GuaTEMALA: Laguna of Naranjo and at San Antonio near the city of
Guatemala (Stol/°).
W. GuatemaLA: Duefias, in the marshes around the lake (Stol/).
CentraL Costa Rica: La Uruca, near San José, in a pond (Biolley 1°).
Somewhat variable in form and colour, but, so far as I can judge, inseparable from
the typical form of P. impluviata by any certain character. Sowerby” figures a
specimen with unusually long spire; his spelling “ ¢nfluviata” is most probably
a misunderstanding, or a supposed correction of zmpluviata. This name, given by
Morelet, is derived from the Latin word “ impluvium,” a reservoir of water or cistern
in the atrium of an old Roman house, referring to “ pluvia,” rain, not to ‘ fluvius.”
Var. leta,n. (Tab. XX. figg. 2, 3.)
Physa aurantia (Carp.), Tristram, P. Z.S. 1863, p. 412 n
Rather large and solid, somewhat more cylindrical than in the type, of a vivid golden-brown colour, with
360 MOLLUSCA.
numerous yellow streaks, some of which are comparatively broad and even confluent. Inside of the
aperture and columellar margin as in typical P. ompluviata.
Long. 26, diam. 15; apert. long. 204, lat. 84 millim.
» 24, 4, 133; » 20, 5 8 4,
Hab. N. Guatemata: Vera Paz (Salvin 1).
This form is almost intermediate between P. impluviata, var. bocourti, and P. nitens,
var. gracilenta. ‘The comparative breadth of the shell in relation to its length is
somewhat variable also in this form, as may be seen by the two figures here given.
Var. gracilior, n.
More narrow in comparison with its length, whorls less convex, sometimes even subangulated a little below
the suture; yellowish-brown, some specimens with a few narrow white rays; columellar margin nearly
straight, thick, white, above somewhat purplish,
Long. 22, diam. 103; apert. long. 15, lat. 6 millim.
99 22, 99 10 5 99 15, 99 6 99
” 23, » 12; ” 16, ,, 63 ”
Hab. Cuntrau Costa Rica: environs of San José (Biolley); Costa Rica, without
nearer indication of locality (Karl von Seebach, in Mus. Berol.).
Beck [Index Mollusca, p. 116 (1837)]| mentions an Aplecta ventricosior from Panama,
without description ; but I have not been able to obtain any information about it, even
from the conchologist of the Copenhagen Museum. To judge from the name, it may
perhaps be referable to P. impluviata.
5. Physa fuliginea.
Physa fuliginea, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 16 (1851) '.
Aplecta fuliginosa (Morelet), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 89, t. 30.
fige. 5, 5a’.
Darkish brown, with rather short spire; columellar margin thick, somewhat twisted, brownish.
a. Long. 17, diam. 9; apert. long. 12, lat. 5 millim.
b. 29 14, 99 73 > 29 10, 39 4 99
a. Measurements given by Morelet and Fischer and Crosse; b. Smaller specimen from among those in
Morelet’s collection.
Hab. N. Guaremata: San Miguel Tucuru (Bocourt * 2),
W. GUATEMALA: Antigua, in small streams (Morelet } 2).
Centra Costa Rica: Cartago and San José (Biolley, in Muss. Berol. and Neuchétel).
Var. hoffmanni, n. (Tab. XX. figg. 5, 5 a, 6.)
Physa nitens, var. minor, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 50, t. 6. fiz, 25 f°
Pale greyish-horn-colour, somewhat narrower than the type.
* Given by Bocourt as San Miguel Tucusan, no doubt in error for San Miguel Tucuru, in the Polochic
Valley.
PHYSA. 361
a. Long. 20, diam. 10; apert. long. 142, lat. 6 millim.
b. , 193, ” 9; ” 14, 9 53 9
¢. » 1%, ” 9: ” 123, 9 53 ”
d ”? 17, ” 8 3 ” 13, ” 43 ”
All the measurements from specimens from the same locality.
Hab. N.W. Costa Rica: Laguna Redonda, near Candelaria (C. Hoffmann, 1856, in
Mus. Berol. *).
Of this form there are numerous specimens in the Berlin Museum.
Var. pliculosa,n. (Tab. XX. figg. 11, 11a, 12.)
Physa aurantia (Carp.), Biolley, Moluscos terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 17 (part.)}*.
Somewhat larger than the type, with very distinct broad vertical plaits on the last whorl.
a. Long. 193, diam. 11; apert. long. 15, lat. 6 millim.
9 19, ” 10; ” 14, ” 53 ”
ce 4 17, 4 10; ” 13, ,, 53
d. ” 17, ” 93; ” 13, 9 5
29 17, 99 8 3 99 11, 99 53 99
a-d. Measurements taken from specimens from the same locality, Reventazon River; e. Specimens from the
Rio Torres.
Hab. Cuntrau Costa Rica: in all the rivers near San José, as Virilla, Torres, Maria
Aguilar, and Tiribi, and in all smaller streams, by which it is carried into every
pool during the rainy season; also at Cartago, and in the Rio Reventazon, at
Ujarras (Biolley +); Costa Rica, without nearer indication of locality (Van Patten,
in Mus. Berol.).
S.W. Costa Rica: Picada de “ Senaba,” probably in error for Terraba (fulton).
This form often shows spiral scratches on the outside of the last whorl; these are
also mentioned in Morelet’s diagnosis of P. fuliginea, but they are not visible in all
specimens, even in some of those obtained from Morelet himself. Some examples
have a large number of scratches extending over nearly the whole of the last whorl,
from the suture to the base. In the varieties from Costa Rica they are present only
in the minority of specimens and not very numerous.
According to a MS. note by Biolley, the var. pliculosa is found on stones, in a strong
current, in the Rio Torres.
6. Physa cisternina.
Physa cisternina, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 15 (1851) 1; Biolley, Moluscos terr. y fluv. de Costa
Rica, p. 177. .
Aplecta cisternina, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 94, t. 30. fig. 7 °,
Rather variable in outline, of dull brown colour, spire broadly conical; aperture widened below, columellar
margin thick, callous, purple or brownish, rather short, turning arcuately into the basal margin.
a. Long. 23, diam. 11; apert. long. 15, lat. 6 millim.
Bs gg By we 8S ; 12, ,, 44 ,,
a. Morelet’s specimen ; b. One of Biolley’s specimens.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, October 1898. 46
362 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. Yucatan: in cisterns and small streams in the suburbs of Merida (Morelet 13). >
CentraL Costa Rica: rivers near San José, as Maria Aguilar, Torres, and Virilla
(Biolley 2). .
Var. minor. (Tab. XX. figg. 9, 10.)
.? Physa spiculata (Morel.), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 56, t. 7. figg. 31,
31a, b*.
Aplecta cisternina, var. 8. minor, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 94, t. 30. fig. 8°.
a. Long. 15, diam. 8; apert. long. 10, lat. 5 millim.
b. ” 153, ” 14 ; ” 11, 29 4} 9
¢. ” 14, ” 6 3 99 93, ” 35 ”
d 99 10, 99 5) 3 99 62, 99 2 99
a and 6, Measurements given by Morelet and Fischer and Crosse; ¢ and d. Specimens from Uspantan.
Hab. Yucatan: Merida, with the typical form (Morelet®); Yucatan, in cisterns.
(Berendt +) ; Tabi, near Sotuta (Godman).
CENTRAL GUATEMALA: San Miguel Uspantan, Dep. Quiché, in a small stream, and
San Antonio, north of the city of Guatemala (S¢o//).
Var. ventrosior.
Physa cisternina, var. ventrosior, Morelet, Test. Noviss. p. 15 (1851) °.
Physa stolli, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limnziden, p. 293, t. 42.
fig. 11 (1885) ’.
Aplecta cisternina, var. y. abbreviata, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, p. 95, t. 30.
fig. 9 (1886) °.
a. Long. 15, diam. 9; apert. long. 11, lat. 5 millim.
b 6, «12, 4 64; ” 9, ,3 4
ce ,, 15-16,, 8; ” 10, , 4 4,
a. Measurements given by Fischer and Crosse; ¢. by Clessin; 6. Specimen from Capetillo.
Hab. Yucatan: Merida, with the type and the var. minor (Morelet °-8).
N. Guaremata: Peten and Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt 8).
W. Guatemala: Antigua, in wells within the city (Stoll, in Mus. Berol.) ; Guatemala,
without nearer indication of locality (Stol/") ; Capetillo (Champion).
Centra Costa Rica: Sabana Canal (Biolley, in Muss. Berol. and Neuchétel).
Var. gracilis.
Aplecta cisternina, var. 6. gracilis, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 95, t. 30. fig. 10°.
Long. 14, diam. 6; apert. long. 10, lat. 4 millim.
Fischer and Crosse give no special locality for this variety.
Subgen. STENoPHYsa, n.
Shell oblong, with flat whorls and pointed apex, very glossy, unicolorous: columellar
margin comparatively long and straight, white. Edges of the mantle indented.
Having ascertained that indentations on the edges of the mantle are present in
363
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364 MOLLUSCA.
spirit-specimens of P. sowerbyana, d’Orb., I am compelled to separate the very closely
allied P. spiculata, Morelet, from the subgenus Aplecta, in which it has been placed
by Fischer and Crosse, and to include it in the new subgenus Stenophysa, the type
of which is the Antillean P. sowerbyana.
In the form of the shell the Mexican and Central-American species here referred to
the subgenus Stenophysa are very like Aplecta, but may be distinguished by their paler
colour, more narrow form, and the comparatively long and thin columellar margin of
the aperture.
7. Physa princeps.
Physa princeps, J. S. Phillips, Proc. Acad. Phil. iii. p. 66, t. 1. fig. 11 (1846) °.
Of the size and colours of P. (Aplecta) maugere, but much more narrowed downwards, the whole outline and
that of the aperture being fusiform-elliptical; columellar margin very short, somewhat twisted and
receding, forming a distinct angle with the basal margin.
Long. 34, diam. 15; apert. long. 24, lat. 9 millim. Whorls 5-6.
Hab. Yucatan (Norman ').
This species is only known to me from the quoted description and figure; it cannot
be identified with any of the forms figured in the works of Fischer and Crosse or
Strebel, or present in the Berlin Museum.
Var. pallens, n. (Tab. XIX. figg. 21, 22.)
Agreeing in general form with the type, but unicolorous, pale yellow, very shining ; columellar margin rather
thin, white, nearly straight. Aperture ? of the whole length.
a. Long. 231, diam. 11; apert. long. 17, lat. 5 millim.
b 864, 21, » 10; ” 15, , 5,
Hab. Yucatan (Philippi, in coll. Dunker).
The systematic position of this species is doubtful, as the form of its mantle-edges
is not known, and the coloration resembles that of P. (Aplecta) maugere ; but judging
from the more elongate and attenuate form of the lower part of the shell, and chiefly
of the columellar margin, it seems to be best placed in the subgenus Stenophysa.
8. Physa elata.
Physa elata, A. Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. p. 379, t. 14. fig. 4 (1853)*; Clessin, in Martini
& Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneiden, p. 268, t. 37. fig. 15°.
Aplexa elata, P. Carpenter, Cat. Mazatlan Shells in Brit. Mus. p. 180°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 92, t. 82. fig. 2 (Aplecta) +.
Bulinus elatus, Binney, Land and Freshw. Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 99, fig. 169°.
Hab. LOowER CaLiFoRnia®.
N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan, very common (fr. Reigen }-5).
To the descriptions given by the above-mentioned authors, I may add that in the
PHYSA. 365.
three specimens from Mazatlan contained in the Berlin Museum the columellar margin
shows a very short umbilical slit at the under end of its outward expansion of the body-
whorl, just as in P. panamensis and P. osculans; and that the last whorl, even if
measured on the side of the aperture to the next upper suture, does not attain £ of the
length of the whole shell, but only 3 or between 3 and & (in Binney’s figure > between
$ and 8, and in Fischer and Crosse’s figure * $), or measured on the dorsal side ? of the
whole length or a little less.
This species is very nearly allied to P. (Aplecta) peruviana, Gray [*Spicilegia
Zoologica,’ i. p. 5, t. 6. fig. 10 (1828)], from swamps between Lima and Callao, which,
judging from specimens collected by Tschudi in Peru, has the same pale colour, but is
of smaller size and has a comparatively somewhat longer spire: long. 16, diam. 7;
aperture scarcely 11 millim.
9. Physa panamensis. (Tab. XX. fig. 8.)
Physa panamensis, Megerle v. Miihlfeldt, in Anton’s Verz. der Conch. p. 49 (1839)1; Kiister, in
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneaceen, p. 11, t. 2. figg. 8-6’.
Shell lanceolate-ovate, rather solid, finely striated and moderately glistening, very pale yellowish, with a few
brownish lines of growth, a little more opaquely whitish at the suture; spire acute; whorls nearly six,
the uppermost dark reddish-brown, distinct, slightly convex, the last one seen from the dorsal side four-
fifths the length of the shell, cylindrical in its middle part, distinctly more attenuated at the base thau
above near the suture ; aperture a little more than two-thirds of the length of the shell, narrow obovate-
lunate, rather narrowly rounded at the base; a broad, very distinct callus on the body-whorl, continued
downwards into the broad reflexed outward expansion of the columellar margin, fully appressed to the
body-whorl, and leaving only a minute slit at its under end; columellar margin unicolorous, white,
straight in its greater part, forming a very obtuse angle with the convexity of the body-whorl, and with
its lower end bending obliquely towards the basal margin.
Long. 174, diam. 8; apert. long. 13, lat. 5 millim.
Hab. Panama? 2,
I have fortunately been able to examine Anton’s! typical specimen of this species,
now in the Zoological Museum of Dresden. It is very like P. edata at first sight, but
differs, on closer inspection, by the less glossy surface and the paler yellowish colour
of the shell, the cylindrical (not elliptical) form of the middle part of the last whorl,
and the much more conspicuous callus. The first and third differences may, perhaps,
be due to the circumstance that the type of P. panamensis has been preserved in a dry
state for at least 59 years, and it may have lost its natural lustre, the callus thus
becoming more visible ; but the difference in form cannot be explained in this manner.
From P. peruviana, Gray, it distinctly differs in the remarkably shorter and broader
columellar margin. In the Berlin Museum there are some very similar specimens
from Brazil, which were collected by Moricand in the Province of Bahia; the locality
“ Panama,” therefore, seems to require confirmation.
366 MOLLUSCA.
10. Physa nicaraguana. (Tab. XX. figg. 4, 4a.)
Physa nicaraguana, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 16 (1851) *.
Ovate, with rather short spire; pale brown, with thickly-set whitish vertical wrinkles and sometimes some
whitish spiral lines at the base; apex dark reddish. Aperture 4 of the whole length; columellar margin
receding, rather thin, white.
Long. 17 (probably in error for 27), diam. 12 millim. (Morelet).
Long. 26, diam. 13; apert. long. 20, lat. 7 millim. (from a drawing made by Mr. E. Smith).
Hab. Vake of Nicaracua (Morelet *).
Iam indebted to Mr. Edgar Smith for a drawing of this species, which is not
mentioned by either Reeve or Clessin. In the shortness of the spire P. nicaraguana
somewhat resembles P. obtusa, Clessin, but differs from that species in general form
and apparently in the less shining surface.
Morelet 1, it may be noted, uses the word “‘nitida” in his descriptions of the other
species of Physa, but omits it in his definition of P. nicaraguana.
11. Physa spiculata.
Physa spiculata, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 18 (1849) *; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xix.
Physa, t. 6. fig. 46”.
Aplecta spiculata, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 93, t. 27. fig. 13, t. 30.
fig. 15°. . |
Aplexa nitens, var. spiculata, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 325 *.
Physa, sp., Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 56, t. 6. fig. 30°.
The most turrite of the smaller Central-American Physa, clear yellowish, translucent ; columellar margin
nearly straight, white, attenuated towards the base; a very distinct small white band at the suture.
a. Long. 18, diam. 8; apert. long. ?, lat.? millim.
b 99 17, 39 8; 2° U1, 99 8 29
C. 39 17, 39 83 2 29 12, 29 5 99
d 329 18, 29 53 a 29 9, 39 4 99
é ” 93, ” 43; 9 53, ” 23 ”
a. Measurements given by Morelet; 6 and c. by Fischer and Crosse; d. Specimen from Tabi; ¢. Measure-
ment given by Strebel.
Hab. ¥. Mexico: one calcified specimen found in the sand on the beach at Vera Cruz
(Strebel ®); Lagoon of Vera Cruz (Sallé *).
Yucatan: Campeche, in cisterns in the city (Morelet 17); Tabi (Godman); Merida
(Heilprin *).
CENTRAL GuaTEMALA: Plateau of Guatemala (Bocourt ).
W. Guatemata: Lake of Duefias (Salvin).
Fischer and Crosse * distinguish a variety with broader shell (measurements ¢); but
the figure which they give for it (t. 30. fig. 15) is rather more fusiform and agrees very
well with typical specimens from Morelet’s collection, whereas their other figure (t. 27.
fig. 13) is somewhat more conical.
Obs.—Physa peruviensis, Megerle v. Mihlfeldt [in Anton’s Verz. der Conch. p. 48
“PHYSA.:*: 367
(1837)], =P. spiculata, according to the typical specimen of Anton, now in the Dresden
Museum. It has been renamed P. antonii by Kiister [Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
_ Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limnzeaceen, p. 12 (1850)], but his figures (t. 2. figg. 6-8) much
-more nearly resemble P. sowerbyana, dOrb. ; it is therefore probable that Megerle and
Anton have united different forms under the one name peruviensis, which, moreover,
is preceded by P. peruviana, Gray (Spicilegia Zoologica, 1828).
Var. tapanensis.
Aplecta tapanensis, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 98, t. 30. figg. 6 a, b°.
Physa speculosa, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limnziden, p. 349, t. 49.
fig. 9”.
Spire shorter, shell very thin, aperture more lengthened below, columellar margin more twisted.
Long. 16, diam. 7; apert. long. 9, lat. 3 millim.
e885 os 83 a 103, ,, 44 ,,
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Tapana, on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, west of Tonala
(Sumichrast °).
S.E. Mexico: Frontera, State of Tabasco (H. H. Smith: young specimens).
Yucatan: Campeche (Morelet); Tabi (Godman).
Some of the specimens collected by Morelet agree exactly with this variety.
Clessin’s description and figure’ were drawn from an example in the Albers col-
lection, which is now before me; the name “ speculosa” being evidently a mistake
for “ spiculata.”
Var. guatemalensis.
Aplecta tapanensis, var. guatemalensis, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 94°.
Similar to the preceding, but considerably smaller.
Long. 13, diam. 7 ; apert. long. 9, lat. 3 millim.
Hab. CentraL GuatemaLa: Plateau of Guatemala, in small streams (Bocourt 8).
W. Guaremata: Antigua, in wells in the city (Stoll); Lake of Duefias (Salvin).
CrentraL Costa Rica: San Francisco de los Rios, near San José (Pittier); San José
(Biolley).
I am unable to point out any reliable characters by which the vars. tapanensis and
guatemalensis may be separated from P. sowerbyana, d’Orb. (rivalis, Maton), a species
common in the Antillean islands and on the continent of South America.
Var. nitidula.
Physa nitidula, Clessin, loc. cit. p. 339, t. 47. fig. 9 (1886) °*.
Hab. Honvvras (coll. Morelet *).
Clessin 9 describes the columellar margin as twisted, but according to his figure it is
not essentially different from that of the typical form of P. spiculata.
368 MOLLUSCA.
12. Physa bullula.
Aplecta bullula, Crosse & Fisch. in Journ. de Conch. xxix. p. 334
Mollusca, ii. p. 91, t. 39. figg. 6, 6a, 5”.
Hab. E. Mexico: Toxpam, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé } 2).
Very nearly allied to P. sowerbyana, d’Orb., from Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and
St. Thomas, and to P. rivalis, Maton (1807), from the mainland of South America. Not
having Mexican specimens at hand, I am unable to point out any reliable differences.
(1881) *; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
13. Physa obtusa. (Tab. XX. figg. 7, 7a.)
Physa obtusa, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneiden, p. 292, t. 42.
fig. 3°.
Ovate, yellow, rather solid, with very short spire and rather thick twisted columellar margin; suture white ;
a few white scratches near the base of the last whorl.
Long. 13-14, diam. 7-8; apert. long. 104, lat. 5 millim.
Hab. Honpuras (Hjalmarson').
Through the kindness of S. Clessin, I have been enabled to examine the original
specimens of this species; it comes near P. bullula and P. sprculata, but differs from
both in the remarkably shorter spire, the stronger, distinctly twisted columellar margin,
the more intense yellow colour, and the solidity of the shell.
Subgen. ALAMPETIS, n.
Shell not so glossy and shining as in P. fontinalis, and more solid, with convex
whorls; apex sometimes eroded ; margin of the aperture often thickened internally.
Indented edges of the mantle and teeth of the radula as in typical Physa. Eggs
deposited in kidney-shaped masses, sometimes on shells of the same species.
The Mexican and some North-American species of Physa differ from the typical forms
of this genus in the dull surface of the shell, contrasting strikingly with the glossy
appearance of P. fontinalis. As the indented mantle-edges and the pectinated teeth
of the radula have been found by myself to be present in P. berendti and P. mexicana,
and the last-mentioned character in P. sgualida by Fischer, these species cannot be
referred to Jsidora, in which genus the surface of the shell is also dull (not shining),
the radula is quite differently formed, and the mantle is without indentations. ‘The
kidney-shaped form of the egg-masses has been noticed in P. heterostropha by Haldeman
(Monogr. Limniad. no. vi. t. 1. fig. a), in P. strebeli by Strebel (Beitr. Mex. Land- und
Siissw.-Conch. i. t. 6. fig. 27), and in P. berendti by myself; whereas in P. fontinalis
(cf. C. Pfeiffer, Land- und Siissw.-Moll. Deutschlands, i. t. 8. figg. 1-3) the egg-masses
are flat and oval in form; in P. (Aplecta) hypnorum, L., however, they are also kidney-
shaped (cf. C. Pfeiffer, l.c. t. 7. figg. 24-27).
To this subgenus also the North-American Physa ancillaria, Say, may be referred.
369
PHYSA. »
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47
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, February 1899.
370 MOLLUSCA.
14. Physa osculans.
Physa osculans (part.), Haldeman, Monogr. Limniades, no. vi. p. 29, t. 2. fig. 11 (1842)"; Kuster,
in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limnzaceen, p. 23, t. 4. figg. 1-3°; Pilsbry,
Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 323°.
Physa mexicana (part.), v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 56 (1865) ‘; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und
Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 50, t. 6. figg. 26, 26 ¢ (1873) °.
Physa mexicana, var. conoidea, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 100, t. 39.
fig. 8°.
Ovate-oblong, with rather long pointed spire; greyish-yellow, moderately shining; aperture widening consi-
derably downwards; columellar margin thick, but attenuated and twisted backwards towards the
lower part.
a. Long. 21, diam. 12; apert. long. 14, lat. 7 millim.
b. 9 20, ” 11; ” 14, 9 7 ”
« 4, 17, 4, 10; » 11},,, 6 ,,
a. Haldeman’s figure’; 6. Specimen from the city of Mexico’; ¢. Fischer and Crosse’s figure °.
Hab. Crntra Mexico: city of Mexico, in ditches (Deppe & Schiede*); Lake Texcoco,
near the city of Mexico (Méhédin®, Heilprin®); San Angel and Yautepec
(Heilprin®); Mexico, without nearer indication of locality, in company with
Planorbis tenuis and Limnea subulata (Uhde*); Mexico, also without nearer
indication of locality (Dr. Burrough1?); Puebla (Boucard®).
Kiister2 gives as locality “Mexico and Indiana in North America”: this is
a misunderstanding of Haldeman’s statement! that Dr. Burrough has also made
collections in Indiana.
Var. mexicana. (Tab. XX. fig. 13.)
Physa osculans (part.), Haldeman, loc. cit. fig. 12".
Physa mexicana (Philippi), Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limnzaceen,
p. 5, t. 1. figg. 3, 4 (1845-48) *; v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 57 (1865) (part.)°; Binney,
Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. ii. p. 88, fig. 143 ° (copied from Kiister); Strebel, loc. cit.
p- 50, t. 6. figg. 26d, f"; Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 100, t. 30. figg. 12, 12 a, 6”.
More inflated than the type of P. osculans, with shorter spire, but passing gradually into the former.
a. Long. 21, diam. 124; apert. long. 155, lat. 8 millim.
B26, «O19, SS 12 ” 15, , 8 ,,
¢. ” 173, ” 114; ” 143, ” 64 ”
d. , 15, 4 10; ” 12, , 54,,
é. ” 15, ” 10; ” 123, ” 6 ”
a. Philippi’s type, according to Kiister’s figure®; 6. Haldeman’s fig. 12; c. Specimen from the city of
Mexico, collected by Deppe, Strebel’s fig. 267; d. Fischer and Crosse”; e¢. Another specimen from the
city of Mexico, collected by Strebel, in Berlin Museum.
Hab. Norra America: Texas 1°.
CrntraL Mexico: city of Mexico, in ditches (Deppe & Schiede °, Strebel); Mexico,
without nearer indication of locality (Dr. Burrough", Philippi® 1°); Lake of
Chalco, S.E. end of the plain of Mexico (Méhédin 12); Puebla (Godman).
E. Mexico: Jalacingo, State of Vera Cruz (Hége).
PHYSA. 371
Subvar. plicata.
Physa mexicana, var. plicata, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 100, t. 30. figg. 11, lla,” (not P. plicata,
De Kay, 1843).
Only differing from the type of P. osculans, var. mearicuna, in the longitudinal plaits.
Long. 17, diam. 10; apert. long. 13, lat. 6 millim.
Hab. Centra Mexico: near the city of Mexico (Méhédin }*).
: The plaits are not indicated in the quoted figure 13, the sculpture not being shown
in this and the other figures of Physa and Aplecta in Fischer and Crosse’s work: in
the explanation of the figures, fig. 11 is named simply P. mexicana, and fig. 12
var. plicata, but the quotation in the text (p. 100) and the comparative natural size of
both prove that the names have been reversed.
Subvar. tolucensis.
Physa mexicana, var. tolucensis, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 100, t. 30. figg. 18, 13 a™.
Only differing from the type of P. osculans, var. mexicana, in its larger size.
Long. 25, diam. 15; apert. long. 19, lat. 9 millim.
Hab. Centra Mexico: Toluca (Boucard \4).
Var. coniformis. (Tab. XX. fig. 17.)
Physa ventricosa, Uhde, MS. in Mus. Berol.”.
Physa osculans (Haldem.), v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 58 (1865).
Physa mexicana, var. coniformis, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 52, t. 6.
fig. 269".
Physa osculans, var. patzcuarensis, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 323, t. 15. fig. 5.
Last whorl swollen above, and from thence gradually narrowing downwards. Shell rather thin, some
specimens with malleated impressions.
Long. 18, diam. 11; apert. long. 14, lat. 7 millim.
Hab. Centra Mexico: Patzcuaro, State of Michoacan (Uhde 1°", Heilprin 38).
This form has somewhat the appearance of a young shell, but it seems to be confined
to one lake, and young specimens of var. mexicana have a quite different shape.
Var. boucardi. (Tab. XX. fig. 18.)
Physa mexicana (part.), Strebel, loc. cit. p. 51, t. 6. figg. 26 a, e”,
Physa boucardi, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxix. p. 334 (1881)*; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, ii. p. 102, t. 30. figg. 4, 4a”.
More elongate, aperture distinctly narrower, elliptical, its external margin less arcuate than in the true
P. osculans.
a. Long. 21, diam. 13; apert. long. 15, lat. 7 millim.
b. as 163, ” 9; ” ll, ,, 53 ”
C. 9 11, cr) 6; ” 73, ” 34 ”
a. Crosse and Fischer’s statement” *'; 6, c. Strebel”.
Hab. CENTRAL Mexico: Lake of Mexico (Boucard © 1); city of Mexico (Strebel 19),
47*
372 MOLLUSCA.
15. Physa berendti.
Physa mexicana, var. minor and var. parva, v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xil. p. 57 (1865) *.
Physa heterostropha (Say ?), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 54, t. 7. figg. 28,
28 a, 29 a-z’.
Physa berendti, Dunker (MS.), in Mus. Berol.’; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii.
p. 104, t. 27. figg. 14, 14a, b*.
Physa squalida (Morelet), Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 324°.
Ovate, rather solid, often marked with a yellowish-white thickening just behind the aperture; columellar
margin comparatively thick, ordinarily straight, but in some specimens also distinctly twisted.
Whorls 43.
Long. 94-14, diam. 5-8 ; apert. long. 7-8, lat. 3-33 millim.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Guadalajara, Tepic, and Ameca, all in the State of Jalisco
(Richardson).
E. Mexico: Misantla (Strebel); Rio Colipa, near the town of Colipa, in the “‘ tierra
caliente” (Deppe & Schiede1); Rio de Octopan, also in the “ tierra caliente”
(Deppe1); Jalapa (Deppe1, Hoge); Almolonga (Hége); Vera Cruz (Uhde*),
on overflowed meadows and in the Laguna de los Cocos (Strebel*); Orizaba
(Heilprin*, H. H. Smith).
S.W. Mexico: Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Sumichrast *).
S.E. Mexico: Tabasco (Morelet ®).
Very variable in form, as shown by the numerous figures given by Strebel?. Although
this species may easily be distinguished at first sight from P. osculans, var. mexicana,
by the thickness and straightness of the columellar margin, it will be found, upon
closer examination, that many intermediate forms occur. Irregular spiral ridges were
observed by Strebel in some specimens, resembling those which are often found in the
European Limnea palustris.
Var. minima. (Tab. XX. fig. 16.)
Physa ovalis, Wiegmann (MS.), in Mus. Berol.’,
Physa mexicana, var. minima, v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 58 (1865)"; Strebel, loc. cit. p. 52,
t. 7. fig. 26k°. .
Similar in form to the type, but always smaller. Whorls 4—43.
Long. 63-7, diam. 33-4; apert. long. 4-4, lat. nearly 2 millim.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Tepic (Aichardson).
E. Mexico: Jalapa (Deppe®™§); Orizaba (H. H. Smith).
A distinct thickening at the margin of the aperture seems to indicate that these
small specimens are full-grown. Mr. Richardson collected a large number of individuals,
all of nearly equal size.
PHYSA. 373
Var. lacustris.
Physa lacustris, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limnziden, p. 344,
t. 48. fig. 9°.
Very small, with short obtuse spire.
Hab. E. Mexico: Lake Coatepec 9.
Var. intermedia.
Physa berendti, var. intermedia, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 104, t. 39. figg. 7, 7a, 6”.
With more prolonged spire and less thickened columellar margin; a reddish thickening behind the margin of
the aperture.
Hab. S. Centrau Mexico: Putla, State of Oaxaca (Sallé 1°).
This form seems to me to be nearer to P. osculans than to P. berendti.
16. Physa squalida.
Physa squalida, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 16 (1851)1; Tate, in Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 158
(1870)*; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 105, t. 30. figg. 14, 14a°;
Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneziden, p. 334, t. 47. fig. 1*.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: in swamps of the river Usumacinta, near Balancan, State of
Tabasco (Morelet | 3),
CrntraL Nicaragua: pools bordering the Lake of Nicaragua, at Grenada (Tate *).
E. Nicaragua: in a creek of the Rio San Juan, Toro Rapids (Tate ?).
Fischer and Crosse distinguish this species from P. berendti by the elongate spire
and the absence of a thickening in the margin of the aperture; they quote for it also.
Strebel’s fig. 28, taken from a specimen from Vera Cruz. But as this latter shows a
distinct thickening in the margin, it is safer to leave it with P. berendti, as Strebel has
done, and limit P. sgualida to the more southern regions. I have not seen a specimen
from Tabasco.
Fischer and Crosse? also mention Costa Rica, without nearer indication, as a locality
for P. squalida, on the authority of Sallé; this Costa Rican shell probably belonged
to P. polakowskyt.
17. Physa strebeli.
Physa osculans, var. minor, v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 58 (1865) °.
Physa, sp., Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Stissw.-Conch. i. p. 53, t. 6. figg. 27, 27 a, 6 (1873) *.
Physa strebei, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxix. p. 335 (1881)°; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, ii. p. 103 *.
A more solid shell than P. osculans, with deep sutures and a thickened lip at the aperture.
Hab. E. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Uhde, in Mus. Berol.1); in a ditch outside the wall of
the town of Vera Cruz (Strebel 2~*).
374 | MOLLUSCA.
The living animal examined and figured by Strebel (loc. cit. p. 54) shows an indented
margin of the mantle.
P. strebeli comes very near P. cubensis, Pfr., from Cuba, which is, however, somewhat
more shining, with a thinner and slightly arcuated columellar margin.
18. Physa polakowskyi. (Tab. XX. figg. 14, 15.)
Physa polakowskii, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneiden, p. 352,
t. 49. fig. 12 (1886); Biolley, Moluscos terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 18°.
A small shell, pale yellow in colour, with rather convex whorls, deep suture, and a very thick, white, nearly
straight columellar margin; a broad whitish callus on the inner wall of the aperture; a thin white deposit
inside the outer margin.
Long. 64-9, diam. 4-5; apert. long. 5-6, lat. 23-3 millim.
Hab. Cuntrau Guatema.a: near the capital (H. Polakowsky, in Mus. Berol., 18771).
CrentraL Costa Rica: San José, in the rivers Tiribi and Virilla, also in an irrigation-
tube (Biolley 2).
19. Physa tehuantepecensis.
Physa tehuantepecensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxix. p. 835 (1881) *; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, i. p. 106, t. 27. figg. 15a, b’.
Somewhat biconical, the spire projecting as in typical P. osculans, and the lower half of the last whorl narrowed
considerably downwards; outer margin of the aperture very little arcuated; columellar margin broad,
nearly straight.
Hab. 8.W. Mexico: Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Sumichrast ! 2).
[20. Physa hjalmarsoni.
Physa lyalmarsoni, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneiden, p. 295,
t. 42. fig. 6 (1885) %.
Oblong-ovate, dull brown, with rather coarse whitish vertical striz; suture rather deep; columellar margin
broad above, strongly twisted, white, below thin and arcuated towards the basal margin.
Length of a specimen much worn at the apex 17, diam. 83; apert. long. 12, lat. 6 millim.
Hab. * Honpuras (Hjalmarson *).
Having examined the typical specimens, I cannot help thinking that this may be one
of the numerous forms of P. proteus, Sow., and therefore of Australian, not American,
origin. |
Obs.—It may be here noted that Physa subarata, Menke [Synopsis Molluscorum,
p- 132 (1830) ], from Cincinnati, according to a specimen given by the author in 1831
to my father, and now in the Berlin Museum, belongs, without doubt, to P. ancillaria,
Say, as figured by Haldeman (Monogr. Limn. t. 3. fig. 1), and not to P. heterostropha, |
as was supposed by Haldeman and Binney.
LIMNAA. 375
LIMN AAA.
Buccinum, Geoffroy, Traité somm. de coquilles de Paris, p. 70 (1767); O. Fr. Miiller, Hist. Verm.
li. p. 126 (nec Linn.). .
Lymnea, Lamarck, Syst. d’Anim. sans Vert. p- 91 (1801).
Limneus, Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. de France, p: 47 (1801).
Limnea, Desmarest (1814), etc.; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 38.
Shell dextrally spiral, longer than broad, with acute, more or less prominent, spire ;
aperture oval, with spirally twisted columellar margin. Feelers broad, triangular.
Radula with very small median tooth and bi- or tricuspidate laterals.
Cosmopolitan, more numerous in the temperate than in the tropical zone.
1. Limnea attenuata.
Limnea attenuata, Say, in New Harmony Disseminator of useful knowledge, ii. p. 244 (1829) °;
ed. Binney, p. 48*; Hald. Monogr. Limniades, iv. p. 28, t. 9. figg.1-5°; Kiister, in Martini
& Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab., ed. 2, Limneus, p. 39, t. 7. fig. 8°; Binney, Land and
Freshwater Shells N. Am. ii. p. 42, figg. 53-55°; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xviii.,
Limnea, t. 18. fig. 832c°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. 1. p. 57, t. 5.
figg. 82, 32a"; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. t. 27. figg. 11, lla, 6,
ii. p. 49°; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 320°.
Omphiscola pugio, Beck, Index Moll. p. 110 (1837) (sine descr.) ”.
Limneus subulatus, Dunker, in Kiister, Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab., ed. 2, Limneus,
p- 24,4. 4. fig. 24 (1862) "; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p.58 (1865) ; Clessin, in Martini
& Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab., ed. 2, Limnziden, p. 395, t. 16. fig. 1”.
Limnea emarginata (Hald.), Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xviii., Limnea, t. 6. fig. 35”.
Limneus turritus, Philippi, in coll. Dunker”.
Limneus mexicanus, Ziegler, in coll. Dunker *.
Hab. Cenrran Mexico: in ditches and ponds in the vicinity of the city of Mexico
(Say1?24; Deppe & Schiede™); Mexico city, in plenty, in company with Physa
mexicana and Planorbis tenuis (Uhde!®); Lake of Mexico (Dunker'!); Lake of
Chalco (Strebel’, Heilprin®); Zimapan in Hidalgo (David, in coll. Dunker **).
The locality “ Massach.” (Massachusetts) given by Sowerby 6, and by Patel in his
Catalogue (1889), is of course incorrect.
In its very elongate slender shell this species closely resembles some forms of the
European ZL. palustris and of its North-American congener L. reflexa, Say; but it may
be distinguished from both of them by the relatively narrower and less convex upper
whorls, the penultimate one included, which contrasts generally by its slenderness with
the more convex and sometimes inflated last whorl. The general colour, also, of the
Mexican shell inclines to yellowish-brown, whereas in the European and North-American
MOLLUSCA.
376
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LIMN AA. 377
forms it is somewhat castaneous; moreover, in these last-mentioned species there is
often a distinct dark red band inside the aperture in full-grown specimens, of which
there is no trace in L. attenuata. The surface of the shell of ZL. attenuata is also
smoother and somewhat shining, not so distinctly striate as in that of L. palustris and
L. refleaa. In full-grown specimens of the Mexican species the aperture is somewhat
broadly rounded, the external margin being fully arcuated, and in some examples even
angularly bent. The columellar fold is generally very distinctly twisted, and the
columellar margin has a free edge below, not appressed to the surface of the last
whorl, thus exhibiting a more open umbilical cleft than usual in the European
L. palustris.
To show the individual variation in the form of the shell, I give here a series of
measurements taken from specimens in the Berlin Museum: it will be seen that the
breadth of the last whorl varies from + to 3, and the length of the aperture from 4 to
somewhat less than 3, of the whole length, and also that the length of the aperture is
usually greater than the breadth of the last whorl, rarely equal or even a little less (d).
Breadth
a a
shell. whorl. penultimate aperture. whorls.
millim. millim. millim, millim.
rr 33 11 6 12 83
Boveeeceeee ees 322 8 5 aes 7
Coveccvveeveee 23 94 54 10 74
re 22 93 5 9 7
© leeeeeeeees 99 gi 5 94 7
foiccccceaeee 29 72 5 9 7
Yo vevececeaes . 2 9 5 9 7
ho vvvececeenes 20 5A 4 8 7
bocce cececeues 18 8 41 9 62
| re 18 7 4 8 74
Cove cece ee ene 17 6 43 9 63
‘The specimen J is decidedly, and 7 probably, not full-grown ; but 4, though remark-
ably small, is apparently full-grown, showing a somewhat thickened external margin
and a very conspicuous callus on the columellar wall.
° ° /) —P Ny _A
9, Limnea palmeri, = Keclige polinerr -
Limnea palmeri, Dall, Am. Journ. of Conch. vii. p. 185 (1871)’; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 51°. bomewtte
Gel GV UE Hote Nh,
Hab. N.W. Mexico: River Yagqui, , south of Guaymas, State of Sonora (Hdw.
Palmer *?).
Allied to L. megasoma, Say. According to Dall', the incised lines, very round
whorls, and deeply channelled suture are its distinguishing characters.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, February 1899. 48
v~
378 MOLLUSCA.
3. Limnea cubensis.
Limneus cubensis, Pfr. in Wiegmann’s Archiv f. Naturg. 1839, p. 3541; Kister, in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneus, p. 32, t. 6. figg. 6-8°; Tryon, in Am. Journ.
of Conch. ii. p. 11 (1866) (Lymnea)*; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch, Icon. xviii., Limnea,
t. 8. fig. 484; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 58, t. 4. fig. 33°; Fisch.
& Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. t. 27. figg. 82, 32a, 11. p. 50°; Pilsbry, Proc.
Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 320’.
Hab. E. Mexico: City of Vera Cruz, in ditches near the railway (Strebel®); Rio
Tenoya, Vera Cruz (Strebel 3); Orizaba (Hetlprin’).
W. Guaremata: Antigua, in rivulets (Morelet®).
CentraL AMERICA ([iister).
ANTILLES: Cuba (Pfeiffer124); Puerto Rico (Blauner); Santa Cruz (Griffith *).
VENEZUELA: Caracas (Gollmer, in Mus. Berol.).
A small conico-globose species, allied to the European L. truncatula, Mill.
Pilsbry 7 identifies LZ. cubensis with the North-American L. umbilicata, C. B. Adams
(1840), which is said to extend from New England to St. Louis and Eastern Texas, and
includes with it as a variety LZ. bulimoides, Lea, which inhabits the west coast from
Vancouver to California, and also occurs in Central Nebraska and Western Texas.
This establishes a continuity in the range of Z. umbilicata, analogous to the wide
distribution of the nearly allied LZ. truncatula, Mill., within EKurope—from Northern
Norway (71° N. lat.) and Lulea, Lapland, to Spain, Italy, and Greece,—and the
occurrence of the latter in Siberia, Syria, Northern Africa, and Madeira.
4. Limneza columella.
Limnea columella, Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. i. p. 14 (1817), 11. p. 107 (1821)*; ed. Binney, pp. 56, 60’;
Haldem. Monogr. Limniades, v. p. 38, t. 12°; A. Gould, Invertebr. Mass. pp. 215, 216,
' figg. 144, 145°; ed. 2, p. 471, fig. 723°; Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab.
ed. 2, Limneus, p. 44, t. 8. figg. 8-5°; Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. ii.
pp- 82-37, figg. 38-447; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xviii., Limnea, t. 10. fig. 86°.
Hab. Norty America: from Lake Superior, Canada, and Nova Scotia to Georgia and
Missouri >”.
Binney’ (p. 387) also gives as locality, “San Felipe Spr.” (Capt. Beale), which is
probably the San Felipe in New Mexico or the place of that name in Texas.
Var. championi, n. (Tab. XTX. fig. 12.)
Shell cblong-ovate, thin, irregularly striate, fawn-coloured; whorls 4, moderately increasing, the upper ones
very convex, the last oblong, less convex. Aperture very slightly oblique, occupying 2 of the whole
length, narrowly oval, not very acute above; its outer margin not much arcuated; basal margin rounded;
columellar margin almost vertically ascending, thin, triangularly reflexed above, having a small umbilical
slit in some specimens.
Long. 12-134, diam. 6-8; apert. long. 8-9, lat. 4-5 millim,
| LIMNAA. 379
Hab. 8. Panama: Bugaba (Champion).
This variety is very like a Succinea, but it may be distinguished at once from the
species of that genus by the subhorizontal course of the suture. I have examined
the radula, to ascertain its true affinities.
Doubtful Species of Limnea.
Limneza sordida.
Limneus sordidus, Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limnaus, p. 58, t. 12.
figg. 15, 16 (1862)*.
Of the general form of the European L. peregra, Miill., blackish, fenestrated by conspicuous, irregular, elevated
lines, vertical and spiral. Length 232, breadth 114, aperture 13 millim.
Hab. Cuntrat America (coll. Von dem Busch *).
I cannot help thinking that L. sordida belongs to the North-American form figured
by Haldeman (Monogr. Limniades, no. 4, t. 6. fig. 1) as LZ. fragilis (L.), and by Binney
(Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. ii. p. 47, fig. 65) as L. palustris (Mill.); it is,
however, quite distinct from the European JZ. palustris, and may be named more
properly L. elodes, Say. A similar fenestration sometimes occurs in the true
LI. palustris. ‘There is a shell very like it in Paetel’s collection with the apocryphal
name J. nigra, and the still more improbable locality “Cap.” Another allied form,
not fenestrated, corresponding to Haldeman’s tab. 7. fig. 5 (wmbrosa), is contained in
Dunker’s collection, now in the Berlin Museum, also with the locality “Central
America.”
Limnzea macrostoma.
Limnea macrostoma (Say), Tryon, in Am. Journ. of Conch. ii. p. 11 (1866) *; Fisch. & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ij. p. 52°.
This well-known N.-American form, which ranges southward to Georgia (see Binney,
Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. ii. pp. 33-37), is admitted by Tryon! and Fischer
and Crosse? among the Mexican species on the authority of Dr. Berendt. But as
H. Strebel, who was very intimate with Dr. Berendt in Mexico and knew his material
well, does not mention it in his work on the Mexican Land and Freshwater Shells, I
hesitate very much to include it in the Mexican list. It is not impossible that a
Succinea has been mistaken for a Linnea of this sort.
For Limnea rugosa, Val., see Otostomus dombeyanus, antea, p. 199.
48*
380 MOLLUSCA.
PLANORBIS.
Planorbis (Guettard, 1754), Geoffroy, 1767; O. Fr. Miller, Draparnaud, Lamarck, &c.
Shell discoidal, each succeeding whorl in one and the same plane with those
preceding, the shell thus appearing more or less hollowed in the centre (umbilicated)
on both sides, but in most of the species not to the same amount. Plane of the
aperture more or less oblique to the axis of the whorls.
A pair of long, tapering feelers.
Geographical distribution universal.
For a fuller diagnosis of this remarkable genus, and as to whether the shell should
be termed dextral or sinistral, the student is referred to Fischer and Crosse (Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. pp. 53 e¢ seg.). It is only necessary to explain here the
terms which I have used in the comparative Table of the species and in the descriptions,
and it may be noted that numerical measurements help better than words or figures to
characterize the different forms of the shell. In order to avoid the terms ‘‘ upper face”
and “lower face,” which are used in a different sense by different authors, I prefer to
call these parts the right or left side of the shell, as the disc of the latter is usually
borne more or less perpendicularly by the living animal: the right side of the shell is
that which corresponds to the right side of the animal (the margin of the aperture
being more extended on it than on the left side); in the European P. corneus and the
species of the subgenus Helisoma it is more deeply excavated (umbilicated) than
the left, but in the European P. contortus and P. nitidus the left side is more deeply
excavated than the right. The right side is the upperside of most authors, especially
of the older ones. ‘The height of the shell (alt.) is the greatest dimension of the shell
in a plane parallel to the axis or across the whorls (this being usually situated at the
aperture), but it must not be confounded with the breadth or amplitude of the
aperture, which must be measured in the plane of the aperture, more or less oblique
to the axis; the more oblique the aperture, the more its amplitude exceeds the height
of the shell. The diameter of the aperture is its greatest dimension in the plane of
the spiral line, 7. e. at a right angle to the axis; it can be measured directly in figures
which represent the right side (upper face) of the shell, but not in those showing the
profile or the left side of the shell. ‘The proportional relation of the last whorl is
taken from the greatest diameter of the shell which is occupied by the last whorl at
the aperture ; it must be measured in a line directly from the outer edge of the aperture
to the centre of the shell, and is therefore not the actual diameter of the aperture,
which extends in another direction: this proportional relation is required for the
measurement. of the more or less rapid increase of the whorls.
PLANORBIS. 381
Subgen. HeEtisoma.
Helisoma, Swainson, Treatise on Malacology, p. 337 (1840) ; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, ii. p. 59.
Planorbis, s. strict., Planorbella, and Helisoma, Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. ii.
pp. 103, 109, 112.
Shells of comparatively large size; whorls 3-5, swollen, rapidly increasing, obtusely
rounded at the periphery, but usually with a more or less distinct spiral angular line
near the left, and also in some species near the right, suture; sculpture consisting of
broad striz of growth; surface not very shining, pale yellowish. Aperture usually
higher (parallel to the axis of the spiral volution) than broad (in the largest diameter
of the shell), or at least as high as broad, often very asymmetrically triangular.
This subgenus is chiefly confined to the continent of North America, but it is also
represented in South America by P. peruvianus, and in the East Indies by P. indicus,
Desh. (coromandelicus, Beck), and the well-known European P. corneus, L., comes
rather near it.
1. Planorbis tenuis. (Tab. XXI. fige. 1; 7, 7a, young.)
Planorbis tenuis, Dunker, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneacea, p. 45, t. 9.
figg. 14-19, and t. 16. figg. 22-25 (1850*)1; v. Mart. Malak. Blitt. xii. p. 55 (1865) *;
Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. ii. p. 118, fig. 189 (copied from Dunker) *;
Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 42, t. 5. figg. 21-26, a, 6, c*; Fisch. &
Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 60, t. 34. fig. 1°; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil.
1891, p. 821°.
Planorbis mexicanus, Ziegler, in litt.".
Planorbis fragilis, Dunker, in Martini & Chemnitz, loc. cit. p. 46, t. 10. figg. 41-43 (young shell) °;
Binney, loc. cit. p. 122, fig. 203 (copied from Dunker) °.
Allied to the North-American P. trivolvis, Say: right side deeply hollowed in the middle, with very convex,
rapidly increasing whorls; on the left side all whorls, except the last, forming a plane level overtopped by
the last and occupying no more than 4 of the greatest diameter of the shell. Aperture somewhat trian-
gular, the left margin angularly bent near the insertion and then ascending very obliquely to the plane of
the spiral. ;
a. Diam. maj. 22, min. 17, alt. 114; apert. diam. 103, ampl. 113 millim.
b. 9 184, ,, 13, , 9; ” 84, 4, 92 4
a. From Dunker’s figure; 6. From a specimen in the Berlin Museum.
Hab. N. Centra Mexico: Durango (Seemann, in coll. Dunker, given by H. Cuming
as P. twmens).
CrentraL Mexico: ditches in the neighbourhood of the city of Mexico, plentifully, in
company with Limnea attenuata (Schiede & David1*%; Deppe & Uhde?*;
Heilprin®) ; Mexico city (Major Rich *) ; Lake of Chalco (Méhédin® ; Heilprin ®) ;
* Pp, 21-62 of this work were published in 1850, according to the annual records in Troschel’s ‘ Archiv
fiir Naturgeschichte,’ xvii. 2, pp. 101, 129.
MOLLUSCA,
382
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384 MOLLUSCA.
Lake Chapala, near Guadalajara, State of Jalisco (Fischer & Crosse*®); Jaral,
State of Guanajuato (Schumann).
E. Mexico: Jalapa and Cordova (Hége), Orizaba (Strebel *).
P. peruvianus, Brod., is, according to the specimens in the Berlin Museum, very near
this species, but it is more compressed, with more feeble strie, and of a paler colour.
The young shell of P. tenuis (figg. 7, 7a) is remarkably higher in proportion to its
diameter than the adult one, as in all species of this genus; it is very well figured by
Strebel 4 (fig. 21 5).
The most important forms of this variable species, besides the typical one, are the
following :—
Var. boucardi.
Planorbis tenuis, var. boucardi, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 61, t. 382. figg. 8a, 6"; Pilsbry,
loc. cit. p. 822”. .
Whorls increasing more rapidly in width, those on the right side thus appearing to be more deeply excavated,
two only clearly visible ; left side as in the typical form; aperture very large, rounded.
Diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt. 124; apert. diam. 74, ampl. 123 millim.
Hab. Centrau Mexico: environs of the city of Mexico (Boucard 1°); Lake of Chalco,
in company with typical specimens (Heilprin »).
Probably an individual variation.
Var. juvenilis,n. (Tab. XXI. fig. 4.)
Planorbis solidus, Wiegmann, in Mus. Berol. (nec Dunker, in Martini and Chemnitz, 1852)”.
Planorbis tenuis, var., Strebel, loc. cit. pp. 42, 48, t. 5. fig. 21¢™.
Also comparatively very high, with rapidly increasing whorls ; right side very deep, the left side very shallow ;
aperture very large, asymmetrically triangular.
a, Diam. maj. 183, min. 133, alt. 84; apert. diam. 9, ampl. 104 millim.
b. ” 153, ” 12, ” 84; ” 74, ” 83 ”
a. Strebel’s specimen ; 6. Specimen in the Berlin Museum, here figured.
Hab. CextraL Mexico: ditches near the city of Mexico (Deppe}!*); city of Mexico
(Strebel 33).
This is in some respects a continuation of the juvenile form into adult age, retaining
the comparative altitude (breadth) which is characteristic of the young shell. It
resembles the North-American P. corpulentus, Say, but differs from it in the less
distinct sculpture and the more asymmetrical aperture.
Var. applanatus,n. (Tab. XXI. fig. 3.)
Whorls less rapidly increasing, one-half more in number; right side without spiral angular line on the first
whorls ; left side more deeply hollowed, with the spiral angle nearly obsolete. Aperture typical, but
rather small,
Diam. maj. 24, min. 19, alt. 12; apert. diam. 104, ampl. 12 millim.
Hab. Cuntrat Mexico: Plateau of Mexico (Uhde).
PLANORBIS, 385
This is the reverse of the var. juvenilis, the whorls increasing more in diameter and
less in height, and thus exaggerating the difference which distinguishes the adult from
_ the young form. It approaches P. caribeus, differing from it in the comparatively
more inflated form and in the shape of the aperture. Perhaps an individual
variation.
Var. uhdei, n. (Tab. XXI. fig. 2.)
Planorbis tenuis, var., v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 56 (1865) *.
Centre of the shell placed nearer the right side, this side thus being less excavated; the visible part of the
penultimate whorl larger, occupying, together with the interior whorls, nearly one-half the diameter ;
the left side, on the contrary, very deeply excavated, not angulated. Aperture large, rounded.
Hab. Cuntrau Mexico (Uhde, in Mus. Berol.").
Probably an individual variation, or perhaps an abnormally formed specimen, the
excavation of the left side being somewhat irregular.
Var. ecaggeratus, 0.
Planorbis tenuis, var., Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 322, t. 15. fig. 4°.
Very inflated, the height of the aperture equal to the greater diameter of the whole whorl; last whorl
somewhat angulated in its greatest periphery, especially near the aperture.
Diam. maj. 144, alt. 143; apert. diam. 10 millim.
Hab. Cxuntrat Mexico: Lake Patzcuaro (Heilprin 1).
At first sight this seems to be an abnormal form; but as it appears to be confined
to one particular lake, where no other form of this polymorphous species has been
found, it may be a local variety, analogous to the lacustrine varieties of some of our
European freshwater shells.
Var. strebelianus. .
? Planorbis trivolvis or corpulentus, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 39, t. 5.
fig. 19 (1873) * *.
* Through the kindness of the officials of the Hamburg Museum I have been enabled to examine eight
original specimens of this form from Strebel’s collection. They chiefly differ from normal P. tenuis in having
the whorls increasing somewhat more gradually, so that, especially in the left side, the penultimate whorls
occupy @ larger space, nearly but not quite one-half of the larger diameter. In two of these specimens the
angular line of the penultimate whorls in the right side approaches and falls into the suture, thus causing the
right side to appear funnel-shaped, the walls falling inward regularly from all sides; while in the normal
P. tenuis the angular line is somewhat distant from the suture, and the appearance of the right side is that of
a thick string coiled spirally inward. Both these characters are very well shown in Strebel’s figure, but
among his own specimens there are clear transitions to the normal form of P. tenwis; as regards the second
character, they are even in the majority (6:2). Strebel’s figures 19 (strebelianus) and 21 (tenuis) are taken
from the most extreme forms, and the very evident difference is exaggerated by the circumstance that the
figure 21 represents a not quite fully-grown specimen, according to the form of the aperture, and that the
angular spiral lines of the whorls on the left and right sides are scarcely or not at allexpressed. From certain
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Apri] 1899. 49
386 MOLLUSCA.
Planorbis ancylostomus, var. B. strebelianus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, li.
p. 63 (1880) *.
Shell rather large, with more gradually increasing whorls and more funnel-shaped appearance of the
right side.
Hab. EB. Mexico: Laguna de Los Cocos, Rio Tenoya and ditches and channels
adjoining it, all in the environs of Vera Cruz (Strebel 16 17).
2. Planorbis wyldi. (Tab. XXI. fig. 5, very young shell.)
Planorbis tumens (Carp.), Morch, Malak. Blatt. vi. p. 112 (1859) !; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 62 (part.), t. 82. figg. 4, 4a, 0,'¢ >,
Planorbis wyldi, Tristram, P, Z. 8. 1861, p. 232°.
Planorbis tenuis (Phil.), v. Mart. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 649 *; Biolley, Moluse. terr. y fluv. de Costa
Rica, p. 16°.
Planorbis tenuis, var. wyldi, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 62, t. 34. fig. 2°.
Planorbis salvinii, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limnzeiden, p. 207, t. 31.
fig. 8 (1886) ”.
Planorbis sp., Stoll, Reisen und Schild, Guatemala, p. 33 (1886) °.
Very like a small P. tenuis, from which it differs in having the whorls increasing a little less rapidly and on
the right side usually rather more swollen; the aperture in full-grown specimens is formed as in typical
P. tenuis, in younger ones more rounded.
a. Diam. maj. 15, min. 12, alt. 8; apert. diam. 7, ampl. 8 millim.
b. ” 14, ,; ll, ,, 73 ” 63, ” 4 ”
C. ” ll, 9, 6; ” 5, 95 6 ”
a. The largest of Salvin’s specimens, from Duefias ; 6. Apparently full-grown specimens from Rio Reventazon,
Costa Rica; c. From Fischer and Crosse’s figure.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Coban, in ponds (Bocourt?; Stoll).
CENTRAL GUATEMALA: Plateau (Llano) of Guatemala, in shallow ponds and lagoons
of Naranjo § and Aceituno (Szo/0).
W. Guatemata: Lake of Duefias (Salvin®; Stoll), Santiago de Zamora (Salvin).
S.W. Nicaragua: near the Volcan de Mombacho (Orsted ').
CENTRAL Costa Rica: common in the environs of San José, in the rivers Tiribi and
Torres (Biolley °).
E. Costa Rica: Rio Reventazon, at Ujarras (Biolley®); valley of the Alta Coca,
near Talamanca (Pittier).
S.W. Costa Rica: along the Diquis river, below Terraba (Pittier).
The examples from the valley of the Alta Coca, Costa Rica, are very small, measuring
6 millim. only in diameter, and it is difficult to say whether they are full-grown or
young. On the contrary, among the specimens collected by O. Stoll at Duefias there
varieties of the North-American P. trivolvis this shell differs in the less distinct rib-like sculpture, the pale
?
greyish (not yellow or brown) colour, the more flattened middle part of the left side, and, in many specimens
the more asymmetrical shape of the aperture.
PLANOBRBIS. 387
is one measuring 18 millim. in diameter, and which forms therefore a connecting-link
towards P. tenuis.
Very young specimens (fig. 5), if turned the left side upwards, have much the
appearance of a Physa, which is also the case in other species of the subgenus
Helisoma: see my remarks on Planorbis scalaris from Florida (Sitz.-Ber. Ges. naturf.
Freunde, Berlin, 1896, p. 16).
3. Planorbis tumens.
Planorbis tenagophilus (d’Orb.), Menke, Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1850, p. 163°.
Planorbis tumens, P. Carpenter, Catal. Mazatlan Shells, p.81 (1857)?; Binney, Land and Freshw.
Shells N. Am. ii. p. 106, fig. 180°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii.
p- 62, t. 88. figg. 8, 3a*; ?Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Limneeiden, p. 88, t. 12. figg. 7-9°.
Hab. Nort America: San Francisco (P. Carpenter *); Petaluma, N. of San Francisco
(A. Gould 8),
N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan, not uncommon (Melchers'; Reigen?).
This species differs from the preceding (P. wyldz) in the deep excavation of the left
side; in other respects it resembles young specimens of P. caribeus. According to
P. Fischer’s figure, said to be taken from a type, P. twmens is very distinct from its
allies by the deep excavation of the left side of the shell, the species somewhat
resembling the European P. contortus in this respect; but in the descriptions and
figures of other authors this character is not so distinctly expressed. P. tumens
differs, however, from P. tenuis and P. wyldi in the more gradual increase of the
whorls, this peculiarity giving it the appearance of a not fully grown P. caribeus.
4, Planorbis caribeeus. (Tab. XXI. figg. 8; 9, 9a, young.)
Planorbis lentus, Say, Am. Conchology, pt. 6* (the Mexican specimens only).
Planorbis tumidus, Pfr. in Wiegmann’s Archiv f. Naturg. 1839, p. 354 (sine descr.) *; Dunker,
in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneacea, p. 39, t. 7. figg. 10-12
(1850) *; Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. ii. p. 105, fig. 178° (copy from
Dunker) ; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii, p. 54 (1865) °; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und
Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 40, t. 5. figg. 20, 206°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca,
ii. p. 66, t. 34. figg. 4, 4.@,b"; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 322°.
Planorbis glabratus (Say), Haldeman, Monogr. Limniades, vii. p. 12, t. 2. figg. 1, 3 (specimen
from Mexico) *. .
Planorbis caribeus, @’Orbigny, in Ramon de la Sagra’s Hist. fis. polit. y nat. de Cuba, Moluscos,
p. 108, t. 18. figg. 17-19 (1845?) *°; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab.,
Limneiden, p. 156" *; Arango, Contrib. a la fauna malac. de Cuba, p. 186 (1878) ”;
Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 3822”.
* The quoted fig. 5, t. 22, is a copy of d’Orbigny’s P. terverianus, not of his P. caribeus, as correctly stated
49*
in the explanation of the plates.
388 MOLLUSCA.
Planorbis intermedius (Phil.), Clessin, loc. cit. p. 196, t. 11. fig. 1™.
Planorbis ancylostomus, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxvii. p. 341 (1879); Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 63, t. 32. figg. 5, 54,6".
More compressed than P. tenuis, the penultimate and preceding whorls convex on both sides and occupying
about 3 of the greater diameter of the shell; right side deeply excavated in the centre; on the left side
only the 2-24 innermost whorls flat, forming a tray-like excavation, the penultimate whorl, on the
contrary, convex, with a very blunt spiral angular line, which becomes more indistinct in the last whorl.
Aperture in the full-grown specimens also very asymmetrical, its right margin obliquely ascending, the
left margin more rounded.
a. Diam. maj. 20, min. 184, alt. 64; apert. diam. 7, ampl. 73 millim.
b. ” 20, ” 164, ” 73 ” 8, ” 7 ”
Cc. ” 203, ” 18, ” 7; 9 7, ” 74 ”
d. ry) 18, , 15, ,, 63; ” 7, 9 ? ”
é ” 183, ” 143, 9 53-63 ; 9 7; ” 74 ”
a. Specimen collected at Vera Cruz by Uhde; 6. Specimen in Dunker’s collection ; c. Measurements taken
from Dunker’s figure *; d. Crosse and Fischer’s P. ancylostomus; e. Largest of Strebel’s specimens.
In some examples the last whorl is a little widened near the aperture, and also at two or three other places
(our fig. 8), which probably indicate former stoppages in the growth.
Hab. Nortn America: Texas (Lieut. Couch and G. Wurdeman*).
N. Mexico: Ojo de Agua (Say !).
EK. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Uhde*®; Strebel®; De Cande; Sallé5 36; Heilprin®; [neb-
mann“; Hoge): Jalapa (Hoge) ; Orizaba (Heilprin 8).
S.E. Mexico: Chiapas (Sallé 15 16),
Yucatan: Shkolak (Heilprin 3°).
ANTILLES: Cuba (Pfeiffer?*?; Gundlach *; Arango 1”); Puerto Rico (Krug ”).
Var. minor.
Planorbis capillaris, Beck, Index Moll. p. 119 (1837) (sine descr.) ™.
Planorbis intermedius, Philippi, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limnzaceen,
p. 39, t. 16. figg. 18, 19 (1850) '* (nec intermedius, Charpentier, 1837).
Planorbis albescens, Uhde, in litt.* (nec P. albicans, Spix, 1827, nec Pfr. 1839).
Planorbis tumidus (Pfr.), Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneaceen,
p. 40, t. 9. figg. 1-3; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 54 (1865) * (part.) ; Strebel, Beitr.
Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 41 (‘Viele Exemplare,” etc.), t. 5. fig. 20a”.
Planorbis tumens (Carp.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 62 (part.), t. 82.
figg. 4, 4a, b,c”.
Planorbis intermedius, var. minor, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Limneiden, p. 197, t. 11. fig. 2”.
Planorbis guatemalensis, Clessin, loc. cit. p. 209, t. 82. fig. 7 (1889) ?°.
Of smaller size: diam. maj. 14-154, min. 114-12, alt. 6-62; apert. diam. 53-6, ampl. 6-62 millim.
Hab. E. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Uhde!® 21; Strebel 22; H6ge), in brackish marshes (Lieb-
mann 1821); Jalapa (Hége).
N. Guatemata: Coban (Bocourt *); Guatemala, without nearer indication of locality
(Morelet ?°).
PLANORBIS. 389
Var. chiapasensis.
Planorbis ancylostomus, var. chiapasensis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 63,
t. 84. figg. 5, 54,b*.
Very small: diam. maj. 103, alt. 5 millim.; left side with a distinct spiral angle; aperture less
asymmetrical,
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Chiapas (Sallé 26).
This form has very much the appearance of a not full-grown shell, but it is more
compressed than young shells of the typical P. caribeus of the same diameter.
P. caribeus* is in most respects very near P. tenuis, but at first sight very distinct
from it by the more gradual increase of the whorls, the more compressed form, and
the greater space occupied by the penultimate whorl, as well as by the less conspicuous
difference between the two sides of the shell. All these differences, however, are due
to a later stage of growth, appearing more distinctly in the last whorls, as in young
shells of about 10 millim. in diameter, and with four whorls, the deep spiral exca-
vation of the right side and the flat tray-like excavation of the left side are essentially
alike in both species (figg. 7, 9), and the only real difference between them is in the
* As regards the name to be used for this species and what localities to quote, there are several difficulties.
(1) Do the Cuban and Mexican specimens belong to one and the same species, or are they distinct? Several
authors, including myself, formerly separated them, because the figure given by Dunker®*, from a Cuban
specimen, exhibits a less asymmetrical form than the full-grown Mexican ones; nevertheless, in d’Orbigny’s
original figure of P. caribeus the aperture is very asymmetrical, and I find on examining the Cuban shells
given to the Berlin Museum by J. Gundlach that they have a triangular or irregularly pentangular aperture
like that of the Mexican examples, and exhibit no other constant difference ; therefore I prefer now to follow
d’Orbigny * and Dunker* in uniting them. (2) P. capillaris, Beck (1837), has never been defined ; it can be
recognized only by the place which the author has assigned to it near P. banaticus and P. coromandelicus, and
by a specimen in Dunker’s collection from Steenstrup bearing the name P. captllaris. P. tumidus, L. Pfeiffer ?
(1839), also undefined, is said to resemble P. fragilis, a species undescribed at that time; the first published
description and figure of P. tumidus, that by Dunker *, is clearly subsequent to that of P. caribeus, d’Orb.”, as
Dunker himself quotes d’Orbigny’s name and publication. Both names, P. tumidus, Dunk., and P. caribeus,
- @Orb., were applied originally to Cuban specimens, but d’Orbigny 0, as well as Dunker’, includes also
Mexican shells under P. caribeus. If the two are regarded as one species, P. caribeus has priority, and the
name P. twmidus would be best dropped. If necessary, the Mexican shell could always be separated from the
Cuban one under the name P. ancylostomus, Cr. & Fisch.*. (3) It is doubtful whether this species really
inhabits Central Mexico: in a former paper® I have quoted the city of Mexico as a locality for it, on the
authority of Uhde, as there are two blackish incrusted specimens in the Berlin Museum so labelled by him—
they belong to the var. minor, which is rather widely distributed ; but as neither Strebel, nor Boucard, nor
Heilprin has found this species in the environs of the city of Mexico, this locality requires confirmation.
Dunker ® also adds to its distribution ‘‘ Vamba (Hegewisch) ” ; this place is said to be in the State of Vera Cruz
by Fischer and Crosse, but in the label in Dunker’s collection it is ascribed to the western shore-regions of
Mexico. Pilsbry *™ gives, as distinct species, P. tumidus, from Vera Cruz and Orizaba, and P. caribeus, from
Yucatan ; one of these possibly belongs to our var. minor.
390 MOLLUSCA.
proportional relation of the height of the shell to its diameter, which is greater in
P. tenuis, but individually variable in both. P. caribeus bears a similar relationship
to P. tenuis that P. glabratus, Say, does to P. trivolvis, or, within Europe, P. banaticus
to P. corneus. Amongst the species of the subgenus Helisoma, P. caribeus approaches
nearest the subgenus Menetus.
Haldeman (Monogr. Limniades, vii. p. 12) says that figg. 1 and 3 of the tab. 2 of
his P. glabratus were drawn from Mexican (?) shells; they somewhat resemble
P. caribeus.
Subgen. MENETUS.
Menetus, A. & H. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 262 (1858).
Shells of moderate size and rather depressed form ; whorls more than five, gradually
or more rapidly increasing, rounded or slightly angulated at the periphery. Surface
smooth. Aperture as broad as or broader than high; dextral and sinistral margins
not much arcuated nor angular.
This subgenus is mainly peculiar to South America (P. cumingianus, Dunk.) and
the Antilles (P. guadeloupensis, Sow.); the species inhabiting Mexico and Central
America are chiefly recognizable by the large number of whorls.
It is distinguished from Helisoma by various characters, though there are several
intermediate forms, i. e. P. caribeus, from Mexico, P. belizensis, from Central America,
and P. bahiensis, from Brazil.
5. Planorbis belizensis.
Planorbis belizensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxvii. p. 342 (1879) *; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, ii. p. 68, t. 32. figg. 6, 6a, 6°.
Hab. 8.E. Mexico: Tabasco (Morelet ).
British Honpuras: Belize (Bocourt 1).
N. Guaremata: Coban and San Miguel Tucuru (Bocourt 2).
This species seems to form a connecting-link between the subgenera Helisoma and
Menetus: the aperture is scarcely oblique, and the left margin of it ascends rather
obliquely outwards, as in Helisoma; but the number of whorls (6) and the general
appearance bring it near the following, P. orbiculus.
6. Planorbis orbiculus.
Planorbis simplex, Beck, Index Moll. p. 120 (1837) (sine descr.) '.
Planorbis orbiculus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 17 (1849) °; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx., Planorbis,
t. 8. fig. 20°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 70, t. 82. fige. 9, 9a,b,c*;
Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneiden, p. 188, t. 17. fig. 12°;
Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 822°.
PLANORBIS, 391
Planorbis haldemani, Dunker, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limnzaceen, p. 59;
t. 10. figg. 38-40 (1850); Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. ii. p. 110, fig. 185
(copied from Dunker)*; vy. Mart. in Malak. Blitt. xii. p- 56 (1865) °; Strebel, Beitr. Mex.
Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 44, t. 5. fig. 22°° (nec P. haldemani, C. B. Adams, from
Jamaica, 1849).
Planorbis liebmanni, Dunker, loc. cit. p. 59, t. 10. figg. 32-34 (young); Binney, loc. cit. p. 108,
fig. 183 (copied from Dunker) ”; Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 71%.
Planorbis depressus, Uhde, in litt.™. |
Planorbis micromphalus (Dunker), Strebel, loc. cit. p. 47”.
Hab. Centra, Mexico: near the city of Mexico (Liebmann 7 8); Mexico, without
nearer indication of locality 1 1,
S. CentraL Mexico: San Carlos, east of Oaxaca (Hége).
E. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Liebmann 113; Uhde® 4; Strebel 10; Hoge); San Juan,
near Vera Cruz (Heilprin ®),
S.E. Mexico: Balancan, near San Juan Bautista, State of Tabasco (Morelet 4),
Yucatan: La Palizada, on the frontier of Tabasco (Morelet 24); Laguna de Terminos
(Berendt °); Carmen Island, in the entrance to this lagoon (Morelet 4).
In some specimens of this species the penultimate whorl on the left side is in the
same level with the last, in others somewhat excavated. I have not seen an example
with the aperture so distinctly enlarged and expanded (like that of P. campanulatus)
as it is described and figured by Dunker’ ; this may be an individual variation.
P. havanensis, Pfr., from Cuba, comes near P. orbiculus; but it is a little less
compressed, and the left side is more excavated, with the visible part of the penul-
timate whorl comparatively smaller,
There is a similar shell in the Berlin Museum, from Diquis, below Terraba, Costa
Rica; but it is too imperfect for identification, and is only mentioned here to record
the presence of the subgenus Menetus in Costa Rica.
P. orbiculatus (“ Morelet”), Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Planorbis, t. 3.
fig. 22, seems to belong to a different species.
7. Planorbis nicaraguanus. (Tab. XXI. fig. 10.)
Planorbis nicaraguanus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 14 (1851) *.
? Planorbis nicaraguanus, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab., Limnziden, p. 207,
t. 31. fig. 10.
? Planorbis tumidus (Pfr.), Tate, Am. Journ. Conch. v. p. 158 (1870) °.
Hab. Centrat Nicaragua: Lake of Nicaragua (Morelet1?, Tate*); Rio San Juan
(Tate *).
I am indebted to Mr. E. A. Smith for a sketch of a typical specimen from Morelet’s
collection, now in the British Museum (fig. 10). He informs me that the greater
392 MOLLUSCA.
diameter is really 16 millim., as stated by Morelet, not 26 millim. as given by Clessin ?,
whose figures, however, measure not more than 90-21 millim. The form of the
aperture in Clessin’s figure, moreover, does not agree satisfactorily with that of
Morelet’s specimen; it is therefore somewhat doubtful whether Clessin had a specimen
of the same species before him.
Subgen. GYRAULUS.
Gyraulus, Agassiz, in Charpentier’s Moll. Terr. et Fluv. Suisse (Mém. Soc. Helv. de Sci. Nat. i.),
p. 21 (1837); Moquin-Tandon, Moll. Terr. et Fluv. Fr. p. 488 (1855); Hartmann,
Gasteropoden d. Schweiz, p. 89 (1844) ; Binney, Land and Freshw. Moll. of N. Am. i.
p. 128.
Nautilina (J. E. F. Stein, 1850), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 263.
Shells of small size, with 8-5 somewhat rapidly increasing whorls, rounded or
obtusely angulated at the periphery. Surface rather dull, not very shining, with faint
strie of growth, in some species crossed by very faint spiral lines (P. albus, L., from
Europe ; P. retusus, Morelet, from Central America). Aperture nearly as high as
broad, usually very oblique.
Cosmopolitan.
8. Planorbis maya. (Tab. XXI. fig. 13.)
Planorbis maya, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 16 (1849) *; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, ii. p. 72, t. 88. figg. 4, 4a, 6, c*; ?Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limnziden, p. 208, t. 32. fig. 2°; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891,
p. 322%.
Near P. orbiculus, Morel., but smaller and subangulate.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Sumichrast ?).
Yucatan: Merida (Heilprin*+); Tabi (Godman); city of Campeche, in cisterns
(Morelet }-°).
W. Guatemala: Antigua, in wells (StoJ/).
In general form this species approaches the subgenus Jenetus, but it has not more
than five whorls. Some of Mr. Godman’s specimens, from Tabi, show several white
radial markings in the first-formed whorls (see fig. 13), which seem to indicate that
in the young shell there were periodical thickenings in its substance, somewhat as in
the subgenus Segmentina ; neither Morelet nor Fischer and Crosse mention them.
It. is rather doubtful whether Clessin’s description and figure really apply to this
species, as his shell is of larger size (diam. 12, height 3 millim.; that of Morelet and
Fischer and Crosse measuring diam. 9, height 24 millim.), and has nevertheless
only four whorls instead of five; but in counting the whorls authors may easil
disagree. ‘
PLANORBIS. 393
9. Planorbis retusus.
Planorbis retusus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 17 (1849)*; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, ii. p. 78, t. 82. figg. 10, 10 a-c?; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad, Phil. 1891, p. 822°.
Planorbis planus, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limnziden, Pp. 222,
t. 33. fig. 6%.
Similar to the preceding, but flatter on the right side.
Hab. Yucatan: Carmen Island (Morelet 12); Shkolak, between Merida and Valladolid
(Heilprin®).
This species is easily distinguishable by the flatness of the right side. Clessin had
his specimen also from Morelet, but apparently without name and without indication
‘of locality.
10. Planorbis hondurasensis.
Planorbis hondurasensis, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneide,
p. 164, t. 24. fig. 2 (1878)**.
Hab. Honpuras: Santa Rosa (Hjalmarson ').
CrntRAL Costa Rica: Rio Torres (Biolley).
11. Planorbis tepicensis, sp. n. (Tab. XXI. fig. 14.)
Testa tumidula, vix striatula, corneo-fusca, latere dextro medio profunde concavo, latere sinistro minus
concavo, peripheria rotundata; anfr. 4, utrinque convexi, regulariter crescentes, ultimus ad aperturam
3 diametri occupans ; apertura sat obliqua, intus albo-labiata, asymmetrice lunata, margine dextro leviter
arcuato, margine sinistro ad insertionem magis arcuato et deinde oblique ascendente.
Diam. maj. 6, min. 5, lat. 14; apert. diam. 23, ampl. 2 millim.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Tepic, State of Jalisco (Richardson).
Although there is no striking peculiarity about this species, I cannot identify it
with any one of those described by writers on American conchology. Its chief
characters are the white lip of the aperture and the form of the sinistral margin, this
last-mentioned peculiarity suggesting an affinity with the subgenus Helisoma ; but the
plane of the aperture is much more oblique than in the species of that section of
Planorbis.
12. Planorbis petenensis.
Planorbis petenensis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 15 (1851) *; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, ii. p. 74, t. 33. figg. 5, 5 a-c*; Biolley, Moluscos Terr. y Fluv. de Costa Rica,
p. 17°.
* Clessin gives the locality as “ Sta. Maria, Honduras”; but on the label in Dunker’s collection it is
clearly written “ Sta. Rosa.” His measurements, diam. 8, alt. 3 millim., are also incorrect (they should be
diam. 5, alt. 2), according to a letter received from him in October 1898. Dunker’s largest specimen
° 9 -
measures diam. 7, alt. 23 millim. .
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, April 1899. 50
394 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. §.W. Mexico: Cacoprieto, on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Sumichrast *).
N. Guatemata: Lago de Itza, Peten (Morelet } ).
CrntraL Costa Rica: near San José, in the Rio Torres and in some pools which
receive their water from that river (Biolley °).
S.W. Cosra Rica: Laguna between Lagarto and Boruca (Pittier).
13. Planorbis e#ruginosus.
Planorbis eruginosus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 15 (1851)'; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient,
Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 74, t. 82. figg. 8, 8 a, b,c’.
Right side rather flat, left broadly excavated.
Hab. N. Guaremata: in marshes adjoining the Lake of Yzabal (Golfo Dulce)
(Morelet ! *).
CENTRAL GUATEMALA: Guatemala city, in wells (Stold).
Morelet’s specimens exhibit a rusty, Stoll’s a blackish incrustation.
14. Planorbis parvus.
Planorbis parvus, Say, in Nicholson’s Encycl. (Amer. edit.), t. 1. fig. 5°; Haldeman, Monogr.
Limniades, vii. p. 27,t. 4. figg. 19-227; Binney, Land and Freshw. Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 138,
figg. 222-224°; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Planorbis, t. 11. fig. 87°; Clessin,
in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneziden, p. 133, t. 21. fig. 1°; Pilsbry,
Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 322°.
Hab. Norta America: from Canada and South of Hudson’s Bay (Moose Factory) to
Georgia and Yellowstone River 3.
S. CentraL Mexico, Yautepec, State of Morelos (Heilprin °).
According to Pilsbry © the Mexican specimens are in every respect typical; but it is
strange that no other collector should have found it in the much-explored parts of
Eastern and Central Mexico.
15. Planorbis fieldi. (Tab. XXI. fig. 6.)
Planorbis fieldi, Tryon, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1868, p. 281, t. 1. figg. 4,5°; Tate, Am. Journ. Conch. v.
p. 159 (1870) °; Schmeltz, Catal. Mus. Godeffroy, v. p. 88 (1870)°; Clessin, in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneiden, p. 154, t. 22. fig. 10 *.
Also with rapidly enlarging whorls, but more inflated and with the left whorl less excavated.
Hab. S.W. Nicaragua: in pools by the margin of the Lake of Nicaragua, at Granada
(Tate 2).
W. Panama (Capt. Field *).
Clessin* gives Mousson as author and the Samoa Is. as locality for this species:
probably he was deceived by the fact that P. fieldi is enumerated in the Catalogue of
the Museum Godeffroy ° (the shells in this museum being chiefly from the Samoa and
Viti Islands); Nicaragua, however, is there mentioned correctly as the locality for it.
PLANOBRBIS. 399
The specimen in the Berlin Museum, acquired from Godeffroy, agrees very well with
Clessin’s description and figure, but not so well with the description of Tryon, who
gives only three whorls.
16. Planorbis panamensis.
Planorbis panamensis, Dunker, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 41°; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx.
Planorbis, t. 12. fig. 95. '
A very small shell, with rapidly enlarging whorls and deeply excavated left side. Diam. 3 millim.
oy.
Hab. W. Panama: Panama, in small streams (coll. Cuming 12). AS
Ye
Only known to me from the description and figure.
Subgen. SPIRALINA.
Spiralina, Hartmann, Gasteropoden d. Schweiz, i. tab. (1840) (sine descr.)*.
Spirorbis, Swainson, Treatise of Malacology, p. 337 (1840) (nec Spirorbis, Daudin, 1800,
Annulata).
Gyrorbis, Moquin-Tandon, 1855 (part.); Kobelt, Catalog d. europ. Binnenconch. p. 57 (1871) ;
Clessin, Deutsche Excursions-Mollusken-Fauna, 1884, p. 412 (nec Gyrorbis, Fitzinger,
subgen. of Valvata, 1833).
Diplodiscus, Westerlund, Act. Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fenn. xiii. p. 218 (1897) (nec Diplodiscus,
Diesing, 1850).
Shells of moderate or small size, with 5-8 gradually increasing whorls, more or less
sharply keeled at the periphery, flatter on the left side than on the right; surface
with faint strie of growth, not very shining. Aperture broader than high, lanceolate
or asymmetrically rhomboidal. |
European (P. vortex, L., &c.) and Tropical-American.
17. Planorbis cultratus.
Planorbis cultratus, d’Orbigny, in Ramon de la Sagra’s Hist. fis. polit. y nat. de Cuba, Moluscos,
p. 105, t. 14. figg. 5-8 (1845?)*; v. Mart. Binnen-Mollusken Venezuela’s, p. 4, t. 2.
fig. 107; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx., Planorbis, t. 18. fig. 106°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 68, t. 32. figg. 7, 7 a, 6, ¢*; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limnziden, p. 148, t. 22. fig. 3°.
Planorbis duetasianus, Tristram, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 232°.
Planorbis kermatoides (d’Orb.), Tate, Am. Journ. of Conch, v. p. 158 (1870) ’.
* Spiralina was used by Hartmann only as a “ nomen nudum,” without description or indication of species ;
but as he has distinguished all the other European subgenera of Planorbis by different names in the same
work, itis clear that he recognized this group, a fact verified by myself when examining his collection in the
Museum at St. Gallen in 1890, where P. depressus, Mich., a variety of P. vortex, and P. leucostomus, Millet
(a species nearly allied to P. vortex), are labelled with the name Spiralina. Gyrorbis ae wrongly ageribed to
Agassiz by Kobelt and Clessin, the latter quoting even a page in the paper of Charpentier (1887 ), in which,
however, the name Gyraulus (not Gyrorbis) is to be found; it was first proposed by Moquin-Tuntou [ Moll.
Terr. et Fluv. Fr. p. 428 (1855)] for a section of Planorbis comprising P. carinatus, P. marginatus, P. vortex,
and P. spirorbis, but the name is preoccupied by Fitzinger (1883) for a subgenus of Valvata.
50*
396 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. W. Guaremama: Lake of Duefias (Salvin ®).
Crnrrat Nicaragua: San Agustin, near Acoyapa, in marshy pools (Zate").
Soutn AMERICA: Venezuela 2, N. Brazil, Paraguay.
ANTILLES: Martinique (Candé).
I have not seen Salvin’s or Tate’s specimens of this species, and I include it in our
list solely on the authority of Fischer and Crosse, who, however, do not appear to have
had Central-American specimens before them. For Strebel’s statement concerning it,
quoted by Fischer and Crosse, consult the following.
18. Planorbis sumichrasti.
Planorbis, sp. ?, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 46, t. 5. fig. 24°.
Planorbis sumichrasti, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxvii. p. 342 (1879)*; Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 69, t. 33. figg. 6, 6 a-d®.
Somewhat less compressed than P. cultratus, with the last whorl comparatively larger and the keel less
acute.
Hab. EF. Mexico: in the alluvial deposits on the beach (Strebel 1); Cacoprieto, Isthmus
of Tehuantepec (Sumichrast 2°).
Although Strebel’s measurements coincide exactly with those given by Fischer and
Crosse for their P. culératus (from a specimen of unknown origin in the Sallé collection),
the figures (corroborated by an example presented by Strebel to the Berlin Museum)
show manifestly that his shell belongs to P. sumichrastt.
Subgen. Tapuius.
Taphius, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. p. 202 (1858).
Shell swollen and very concave on the right side, like that of Helisoma, but with
the last whorl turning to the left near the aperture, which thus becomes very oblique.
Known from the Andes of Peru (P. andecolus, dOrb.), and the Lake of Valencia,
Venezuela (P. pronus, v. Mart.), as well as from Central America.
19. Planorbis subpronus, sp. n. (Tab. XXI. fig. 15.)
Testa subinflata, solidula, confertim striatula, obscure cornea, latere dextro profunde, sinistro mediocriter
spiratim excavato, utraque excavatione subangulatim cincta, peripheria rotundata ; anfr. 34, celeriter
crescentes, ultimus prope aperturam sensim descendens; apertura valde obliqua, semiovata, margine
dextro leviter descendente, externo et sinistro bene arcuatis, columellari distincto, brevi, obliquo; paries
aperturalis parum convexus, callo tenui textus.
Diam. maj. 5, min. 4, alt. 2; apert. diam. 23, ampl. 2 millim.
Hab. 8.E. Mzxico: Amatitan, State of Tabasco (Conradt, in Mus. Berol.).
Allied to P. pronus, v. Mart. [Binnen-Mollusken v. Venezuela, p. 42, t. 2. fig. 5
(1873)], but smaller, without spiral furrows, and with the last whorl less expanded at
the aperture. In both species the width of the aperture does not exceed the absolute
PLANOBBIS. 397
breadth (height) of the whole shell, although the aperture is very oblique, owing to
its right margin deviating considerably to the left side.
As this species somewhat resembles P. odstructus, I have broken up a specimen and
ascertained that there are no internal teeth present.
20. Planorbis declivis.
Planorbis declivis, Tate, Amer. Journ. of Conch. v. p- 159 (1870) °.
Hab. Nicaracua: marshy pools at San Agustin, near Acoyapa, in company with
Planorbis cultratus and Ancylus excentricus (Tate 1).
According to the description (a figure is not given), this species differs from the
preceding, P. subpronus, in the much more depressed shell, with 4-5 whorls, the nearly
circular aperture, and the (slightly) reflexed outer margin.
Obs.—Planorbis declivis, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Planorbis, fig. 29
(1876) (locality unknown), belongs to a very different species; it is probably a variety
of P. trivolvis, Say. P. declivis (Gould), Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneiden, p. 142, t. 17. fig. 138, from Cuba, differs also from
Tate’s description. I cannot find any trace of a P. declivis in A. Gould’s concho-
logical papers.
Subgen. HIpPEvtis.
Hippeutis, Agassiz, in Charpentier’s Moll. Terr. et Fluv. Suisse, p. 22 (1837) (part.) ; Hartmann,
Gasteropoden d. Schweiz, p. 51 (1840).
Drepanotrema, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 59 (1880).
Shell particularly glossy, of small size, with few rapidly increasing whorls, more
or less angulated at the periphery, each succeeding whorl involving a considerable
portion of the preceding. Aperture simple, more or less rhomboidal. Distinct from
Segmentina, Flem., by the absence of internal tooth-like thickenings.
Known from Europe, West Africa (P. benguelensis), Brazil and Argentina
(P. anatinus), and Eastern Asia (P. umbilicalis and P. largillierti); the two last-
mentioned species form a connecting-link, in the general shape of the shell, with
the Central-American forms.
21. Planorbis yzabalensis.
Planorbis isabel*, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Planorbis, t. 12. fig. 101 (1877) °;
Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneziden, p. 217 * .
Pianorbis yzabalensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxvii. p. 342 (1879) *; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusea, ii. p. 75, t. 33. figg. 2, 2a-c*.
Very distinct by the inflated convexity of the right side and the even form of the left.
* The word “ isabel” used by Sowerby is evidently a misspelling of Yzabal (or Izabal), this name applying
both to the Jake (sometimes termed Golfo Dulce) and the town on its banks.
398 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. SE. Mexico: Balancan, State of Tabasco (Morelet * *).
N. GuatemaLa: Rio Usumacinta ’.
E. Guaremata: Lake of Yzabal (Morelet ? * *).
The shell figured by Sowerby! without doubt belongs to the species described and
figured by Fischer and Crosse **; it had been previously noticed, but not described,
under the name “ P. isabel” by H. & A. Adams [Gen. Moll. ii. p. 264 (1858)].
Subgen. PLANORBULA.
Planorbula, Haldeman, Monogr. Limniades, Suppl. to part 1, p. 2 (1840); H. & A. Adams,
Gen. Moll. ii. p. 265; Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. il. p. 136; Fischer &
Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 76.
Shell convex, not particularly glossy, with oval, very oblique aperture, and a set of
internal tooth-like thickenings in the interior somewhat behind it.
Distinct from Segmentina, Flem., by the absence of the particularly glossy surface
and the disposition of the internal thickenings, which in Planorbula follow the spiral
direction and are present in one set only, those first formed being absorbed before the
later ones appear, while in Segmentina the thickenings run across the whorl and are
present in several sets. The absence of these teeth in some specimens (P. dentiens,
var. edentula) shows that this character cannot be regarded as of generic value.
Known from North America, Central America, and the Antillean islands; one
species in Egypt (P. alerandrinus, Ehrenberg).
22. Planorbis obstructus.
Planorbis obstructus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 17 (1849) ’.
Planorbula obstructa, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 278, t. 33. figg. 8, 8 a-d,
and t. 34. fige. 7, 7a-d*; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 322°.
Segmentina doubilli, Tristram, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 232 *
Planorbis doubilli, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 80°.
Planorbis berendti, Tryon, Amer. Journ. of Conch. ii. p. 10, t. 2. figg. 14-16 (1866) °; Strebel,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 45, t. 5. fig. 287; Clessin, in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Limneiden, p. 198, t. 30. figg. 3, 4°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Quilate, near Misantla (Hoge); Orizaba (Botteri®); Vera Cruz
(Liebmann, in coll. Dunker ; Hoge); Rio Tenoya, Vera Cruz, and in the alluvial
deposits on the beach (Strebel ”).
-S. Centra Mexico: San Carlos, east of Oaxaca (Hoge); Isthmus of Tehuantepec
(Sumichrast 2). :
Yucatan: Carmen Island (Morelet1?); Ticul (Hetlprin®).
W. GuatemaLa: Lake of Duefias (Salvin **); Escuintla (Conradt, in Mus. Berol.).
W. Panama: Panama (Dunker, in coll. Albers).
The Vera Cruz specimens in the Berlin Museum vary from 4~54 millim. in
diameter, 12-2 in height, and 12-2 in diameter of the aperture; but Strebel? gives
PLANOBBIS. 399
a diameter of 8 and a height of 2¢ millim. to his Vera Cruz examples. Those from
Escuintla, Guatemala, average 5 millim. in diameter, 14 in height, and 12 in the
diameter of the aperture; they are of a shining brown colour. Tristram‘ gives, for
P. doubilli, 9 millim. in diameter and 23 in height: neither Fischer and Crosse nor
I have seen his specimen; but the French authors mention it as a distinct species,
observing at the same time that they cannot find any important difference between it
and P. obstructus, and that P. doubilli may be regarded as a large variety of that
species. As Strebel mentions examples of nearly the same size from Vera Cruz, it
cannot be admitted even as a geographical variety.
The specimen from Panama in Albers’s collection is labelled P, dentatus, Gould, a
MS. name mentioned by H. & A. Adams (Gen. Moll. ii. p. 265); but it is
impossible to say whether this name is correctly applied.
23. Planorbis dentiens.
Planorbis dentiens, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 18 (1849) '.
Planorbula dentiens, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 80, t. 33. figg. 7, 7 a, b, d’.
Hab. British Honpuras: Belize, in marshes (Morelet } 2).
Var. edentula.
Planorbis cannarum, Morelet, loc. cit. p. 16°.
Planorbula dentiens, var. edentula, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. pp. 80, 81, t. 34. figg. 6, 6 a-c ‘.
Hab. British Honpuras: Belize, in marshes (Morelet 3+).
| . Doubtful Species of Planorbis.
S. Clessin, in his Monograph of this genus [Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab.
ed. 2, Limneiden (1878)], describes and figures several species which he had received
from A. Morelet’s collection, merely giving ‘? Central America” or no indication
of locality at all; but as Morelet also collected in Cuba, and in the neighbouring
Isla de Pinos, and Clessin himself included Cuba in his term ‘‘ Central America,”
these species cannot be admitted here without further confirmation. Those which
I have been able to identify satisfactorily with known Central-American forms are
mentioned in the preceding pages; the rest will be briefly mentioned here, as it
is just possible that they have been found within our limits. ie
Planorbis colon, Clessin, loc. cit. p. 209, t. 82. fig. 3: diam. 20, alt. 5°0 millim. ;
whorls 5-6. This species approaches the rather compressed forms of P. caribeus,
but it has the left side deeply concave and apparently without an angular line
even in the first-formed whorls. 7
Planorbis paucispiratus, Clessin, loc. cit. p. 223, t. 83. fig. 8: diam. 14, alt. 7 millim. ;
with 3 rapidly increasing whorls (given by A. Morelet). In Dunker’s collection,
which was at the disposal of Clessin when he worked at his Monograph, there is
400 MOLLUSCA.
a shell, labelled “ Guatemala (A. Morelet, H. Cuming) .”’ which agrees very well with
the above-quoted description and figure; it closely resembles P. wyldi. The
measurements given by Clessin in the description, 14 and 7 millim., are exactly
those of his lower figure; but this is magnified to 3, according to the line which
indicates the natural size.
Planorbis edentulus, Clessin, loc. cit. p. 220, t. 33. fig. 2: diam. 6°5, alt. 1°5 millim.;
whorls 4. This species is said to belong to the group of P. armigerus, 1. e. to
Planorbulina, but to be without internal lamelle. It differs from P. dentiens,
var. edentula, F. & Cr., in the number of whorls, and from P. obstructus (which
agrees in this respect with Clessin’s species) in the absence of internal lamelle ;
but neither Fischer and Crosse nor I have seen full-grown specimens of the latter
without internal lamella.—‘ Central America.”
Planorbis circularis, Clessin, loc. cit. p. 221, t. 33. fig. 3: diam. 7, alt. 2 millim. This
species agrees in most respects with P. petenensis, Morelet ; but differs from it in
the more arcuate right and left margins of the aperture, which render its form
nearly circular. The number of whorls is stated to be 6 in the text, but on the
figure 4 only are to be seen. The specimen in Clessin’s collection is marked
“ Antillen,” and its whorls are somewhat more gradually increasing.—‘* ? Central
America.”
Planorbis strictus, Clessin, loc. cit. p. 223, t. 33. fig. 4: diam. 6, alt. 1:7 millim. ;
whorls 4. This form agrees very well with specimens of P. stagnicola, Morelet,
from Cuba, given by J. Gundlach to the Berlin Museum.—* ? Central America.”
Planorbis solidulus, Clessin, loc. cit. p. 224, t. 33. fig. 10: diam. 12, alt. 3:5 millim. ;
whorls 5. The specimens of this species in Clessin’s collection, kindly communi-
cated by the author, are characterized by a very distinct turning to the left of the
last whorl near the aperture (underside), in which respect it resembles P. pronus
and P. subpronus; but in the original description and figures this character is not
noticed.— Locality unknown. |
Planorbis mexicanus (Philippi), Dunker, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab.
ed. 2, Limneaceen, t. 12. figg. 1-3 (sine descr.). Perhaps a very young specimen
of P. caribeus.—Mexico.
ANCYLUS.
Ancylus, Geoffroy, Traité Coq. Terr. et Fluv. de Paris, p. 122 (1767) ; O. Fr. Miller, Hist. Verm.
ii. p. 159, &.
Shell simply conical, without spiral whorls; apex pointed, recurved backwards,
usually somewhat asymmetrical ; aperture occupying the whole length and breadth of
the shell.
Feelers short, blunt.
ANCYLUS. 401
Geographical distribution universal ; comparatively more numerous in species in
North America than elsewhere.
ComPaRATIVE TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF AWCYLUS.
Nomen. Figura. Sculptura, Apex. Long.| Lat. | Alt. Patria.
: ae . mm. | mm. | mm.
sallei, Bourg. ...... elliptica, obtuse | radiatim costulata. | obtusus, in $-3long.,| 32-5 | 2 3 | E. Mexico.
conica. paulum dextrorsus.
papillaris, v. Mart. . elliptica vel sub-| microscopice radi-| obtusus, in ¢ long.,| 4-5 | 8 13 | N.W. Mexico.
ovalis, depresse} atim striatula. dextrorsus.
conica.
excentricus, Morel..| ovato-oblonga, de- | levis. acutiusculus, in 3-2} 7 43 ? | Yucatan, N. Gua-
presse conica. long., dextrorsus. temala, EK. Ni-
caragua.
——, var. biolleyi,| ovato-oblonga, de- . acutus, in ¢ long.,| 5-53 | 38 2 | Centr. Costa Rica.
v. Mart. presse conica, dextrorsus.
postice compressa.
» var. pittieri, ovato-oblonga, de- ” obtusiusculus, in 44 3 14 | S.W. Costa Rica.
v. Mart. presse conica, % long., dextrorsus.
postice rotundata.
1. Ancylus sallei.
Ancylus sallet, Bourguignat, Aménités Malac. ii. p. 82 (Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1857, p. 16)*; Spicilegia
Malac. p. 2317; Binney, Land and Freshw. Moll. N. Am. ii. p. 142°; Strebel, Beitr. Mex.
Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 68, t. 4. fig. 35°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, ii. p. 88, t. 80. figg. 17, 17a, 5°; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. ed. 2, Ancylinen, p. 25, t. 6. fig. 9 (copied from Strebel) °.
Radiately striate and with a few concentric ridges ; apex very blunt, at about: ? or 3 of the length, somewhat
to the right.
Long. 5, lat. 2 (32), alt. 14 millim. (Bourguignat).
fp Ry an 23s » 13 ,, (Strebel).
Hab. E. Muxico: Laguna larga de Toxpan, near Cordova, on pieces of rotten wood
(Sallé1235); Vera Cruz, within the shell of an Ampullaria (Strebel * 6),
It is not quite certain that the shells obtained by Sallé and Strebel belong to
one and the same species, as the measurements given by the French and German
authors do not accord; moreover, the apex in Fischer and Crosse’s figure® is placed
at three-fourths of the length, and in that of Strebel‘ at three-fifths of the length.
Bourguignat’s measurement of the breadth, however, does not agree with Fischer and
Crosse’s figure, as in the latter the breadth is somewhat more than half the length,
about 2 and not 2 of it. Strebel*, in his description of the shell, uses the terms
“before” and “left” in a contrary sense, these portions, in regard to the position of
the animal, being really “‘ behind” and “right.”
According to Bourguignat, A. sal/et is also found in Cuba.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, August 1899. 51
402 MOLLUSCA.
2. Ancylus papillaris, sp.n. (Tab. XXI. figg. 11, 11a, 12, 124.)
Testa elliptica vel subovalis, depresse conica, microscopice striatula, tenuis, pallide cornea, subdiaphana, vertice
valde obtuso, sulculo circumscripto, dextrorso, in + longitudinis teste posito.
a. Long. 5:2, lat. 3°5, alt. 1°6 millim. (fig. 12).
b 64, «644, 5, 29, ,, 14 = 4, = (fig. 11).
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Rio Ameca, State of Jalisco (Richardson, Dec. 1884).
This species belongs to the same subdivision of Ancylus as A. excentricus, which is
characterized by having the summit of the shell turned to the right [not to the left, as
in Ancylus (Velletia) lacustris, L.], this subdivision including also some Antillean and
South-African forms. It varies somewhat in the outlines of the base, being either
more narrowly elliptical (fig. 12) or more broadly oval (fig. 11); the radiating strie
are very fine and not easily seen, and in some specimens they are present on the
inner side only. ‘The summit is very obtuse and limited by one or even two
concentric furrows from the other part of the shell, somewhat as in Spherium
calyculatum, Drap.
3. Ancylus excentricus.
Ancylus excentricus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 17 (1851)*; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, ii. p. 87, t. 80. figg. 16, 16a; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 3°.
Velletia excentrica, Tate, Amer. Journ. Conch. v. p. 158%.
Without radial sculpture, flat, attenuated in front ; apex pointed, in nearly ? of the length, much inclined to
the right. Length 7, breadth 43 millim.
Hab. Yucatan: Shkolak (feilprin ®).
N. GuateMaLa: Lago de Itza, Peten (Morelet ! 2).
E. Nicaragua: San Nicolas and San Agustin, district of Chontales, in pools and
streams, on aquatic plants (Tate *).
According to Pilsbry *, occurs also in Texas.
Fischer and Crosse? state that the apex is 2 of the length, but in their figure it is
nearly #.
Var. biolleyi, n.
Distinct from typical A. excentricus by being more elevated and compressed in its hinder part, and compara-
tively a little narrower. Length 5-53, breadth 3, height 2 millim.; apex in ;%—4 of the length. Pale
horn-coloured.
Hab, CentTRaL Costa Rica: Rio Torres, on stones, and at San José, in irrigating-tubes
(Biolley, 1891).
Var. pittiert, 0.
Very flat, broadly rounded behind ; apex depressed, somewhat blunt, in g of the length of the shell. More or
less dark horn-coloured, in some specimens nearly black. Length 43, breadth 3, height 14 millim.
Hab. S.W. Costa Rica: Ignacio, near San Domingo, and Rio de Los Platanales at the
Golfo Dulce (Pitter).
ANCYLUS.—GUNDLACHIA. 403
The two Costa Rican forms appear to be sufficiently distinct from one another to be
Pegurded as distinct species; but the typical A. excentricus from Guatemala, according
Fischer and Crosse’s description and figure, seems to be intermediate between them,
in regard to the relation of the breadth to the length of the shell and to the position
of the apex. |
0bs.—A. culicoides, d’Orb. Mag. Zool. 1835, Classe V. no. 61, p.23; Voy. Am. mér.,
Moll. p. 355, t. 42. fige. 9-12, from Guayaquil, Ecuador, is very near A. excentricus :
according to the figure, it appears to have a blunter summit to the shell.
Dr. O. Stoll has also found some specimens of Ancylus in Central Guatemala, in
small streams near the capital, and in West Guatemala, in wells at Retalhuleu; but as
they are not available at the present moment for examination, it is impossible to
identify them.
GUNDLACHIA.
Gundlachia, Pfeiffer, Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1849, p. 97; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 267.
Shell resembling that of Ancylus, but with the apex prolonged backwards into a
cylindrical tube, exceeding considerably the hinder margin of the aperture, and the
inside provided with a horizontal septum, like that of the marine genus Crepidula—
comparatively very large in the young shell, more reduced in the full-grown one.
Median tooth of the radula bicuspid; laterals multicuspid.
Several species in the Antillean islands, one in California, one in Honduras, and one
in Tasmania.
1. Gundlachia hjalmarsoni.
Gundlachia hjalmarsoni, Pfr. Malak. Blatt. v. p. 197 (1858) *.
Oval-oblong, with fine radial lines, pale horn-coloured ; apex rounded ; the basal septum occupying 4 of the
whole length, its anterior edge concavely arched, basal margin before and behind somewhat elevated.
Length 4, diam. scarcely 2, height 13 millim.
Hab. Honpuras: Santa Rosa (Hjalmarson, 1852-53 3).
51*
404 “MOLLUSCA.
GASTROPODA PROSOBRANCHIA*.
AMPULLARIA.
Ampullaria, Lamarck, Mém. Soc. d’Hist. Nat. 1799, p. 76; Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. ed. 1,
vi. 2, p. 176; ed. 2, viii. p. 527; Philippi, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
i. no. 20 (1851); Reeve, Conch. Icon. x. (1858); Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, ii. p. 223.
Shell more or less globose, with green or brown periostracum, spire short, last whorl
rounded, swollen; umbilicus in most of the species open; aperture longer (higher)
than broad, acutangular above, rounded beneath. Operculum concentrical, in all
American species horny.
A pair of very long, filiform, tapering feelers, the eyes on distinct prominences at
their base externally; a second pair of shorter conical feelers in front of the projecting
muzzle. On the left side a long feeler-like tube, leading the water to the gills (except
in the subgenus Asolene). Close to the gill-cavity a distinct compartment adapted for
air-breathing. This last-mentioned structure enables the animal to retain its vitality
for months or even years in a dry state, which is very useful to it in the dry season, if
the ponds are dried up f.
Eggs round, with calcareous brightly-coloured shell, rose, scarlet, or green, deposited
in clusters on aquatic plants.
For further systematic and anatomical particulars, see Fischer and Crosse, loc. cit.
Very young shells of various American species show spiral lines of fine hairs or
scales; they are distinctly visible in the young shells collected at Vera Cruz by
H. H. Smith (see Tab. XXII. fig. 11 a), which belong without doubt to A. flagellata,
Say; Fischer and Crosse mention a similar character in A. belizensis.
Geographical distribution circumtropical, being represented in Tropical Africa, in
India, the Malay Archipelago as far east as the island of Celebes, and extending in
America from Georgia, Florida, and Eastern Mexico (Papantla) to Argentina. They
are wanting, however, in the central parts of Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica.
Tate’s note on the habits of A. (Pomus) pyrum (=hondurasensis, Reeve)—on the
muddy bottom of still water, but also sometimes observed floating—is probably
applicable to all the Mexican and Central-American species.
In 1858 I tried to arrange the numerous American species in several groups,
according to the general shape and aspect of the shell (Malakozoologische Blatter, iv.
* As most of the genera here treated belong to a separate family, I prefer to characterize the genera only
in this work.
tT There are recorded instances of specimens having been preserved for several years in collections, and
then reviving when placed in lukewarm water, but they always died soon afterwards,
AMPULLARIA., 405
pp. 187-200); these groups, however, are connected by intermediate forms, and several
of them are confined to the more southern parts of America. In Mexico and Central
America four groups are represented, in addition to the subgenus Ceratodes; they are
as follows :—
I. Casstpirormes. Shell ovate, whorls equally rounded, with flat (superficial) sutures. Interior
of the aperture often deeply coloured.
II. Doutrrormzs. Shell globose, last whorl very swollen, sutures deeper.
III. Hexrcirormes. Shell smaller, depressed-globose, with elevated spire and moderate umbilicus.
IV. Paruta. Shell smaller, more or less ovate, more enlarged beneath; sutures rather deep ;
umbilicus narrow or closed.
I. IT. II. IV.
E. Mexico ...... flagellata, with vars. exsculpta,
arata, and melanostoma ;_ stre-
: beli, with var. prasina.
S.E. Mexico...... flagellata, with vars. exsculpta, | ghiesbreghti, with var. milto-| cerasum.
arata, chiapasensis,andmalleata.| chalus.
S. Centr. Mexico. .| flagellata, var. oajacensis, innexa.
W. Mexico ...... violacea.
S.W. Mexico ....| ewmicra, innewa.
S. Mexico ...... monachus. ssn ee ee ee erogata.
Yucatan ........ flagellata, var. arata. ghiesbreghti, var., yucatan-
ensis.
British Honduras | isis we ee belizensis, ghiesbreghti, var.
lemniscata.
|N. Guatemala ..| flagellata, vars. gigantea, tris- | delattret. erogata.
tran, and guatemalensis.
W. Guatemala ..|flagellata, var. guatemalensis,
occlusa.
E.Guatemala....) ne eee ee delattrei, yucatanensis, var.
yzabalensis.
Honduras ...... auriformis, dyson. ? hondurasensis.
Niearacua. .:..-+| ce eee costaricana, hondurasensis. ;
Costa Rica ...... flagellata, var. arata. costaricand. wees conordea.
N. Panama......| ee wee ee costaricana. Lee pealeana,
cumingr.
S.Panama ......| cee eee tee ee wae cuming?.
AMPULLARIA, sensu strictiore.
I. CASSIDIFORMES.
1. Ampullaria flagellata, (Tab. XXIII. figg. 1, 4, 44, 6.) ;
Ampullaria flagellata, Say, in New Harmony Disseminator of Useful Knowledge, ii. p. _
(descriptions, p. 22) (1827) 1, ed. Binney, p. 147°; Hald. Monogr. Limniades, vill. p. 10 ;
Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. iii. p. 7‘; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Sussw.-
Conch. i. p. 26, +. 3. fig. 14, t. 3a. figg. 14, 14a-k, 15°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 239°; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 325 .
Ampullaria ochracea, Jay, Catalogue of Shells, 1839, p. 116, t. 3. fig. 8°,
MOLLUSCA.
406
‘erorpunjoid
wintned ‘qns ‘eynoe
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AMPULLARIA.
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MOLLUSCA.
408
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AMPULLARIA. 409
Ampullaria malleata (J onas), v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. iv. p. 189 (1858) °; Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit.
p. 334 (part.), t. 46. fig. 2°.
Ampullaria reflexa (Swains.), varr., Philippi, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Ampullaria, pp. 35, 58, t. 9. fig. 6, and t. 18. fig. (without number, the middle one in the
lower row, the latter copied from J onas)*.
Ampullaria flatilis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. x. , Ampullaria, t. 7. fig. 31”.
Ampullaria violacea (Val.), v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 52 (1865) *’.
A very variable shell, chiefly distinguished by its ovate form, with rather obtuse spire and superficial suture,
the smooth and somewhat shining surface, with more or less numerous malleated impressions, and the
somewhat enlarged and expanded peristome, this being especially noticeable in the lower half of its outer
side. It is generally of a yellowish-green (olivaceous) colour, more or less pale, somewhat darker in the
lower half of the shell; worn specimens become violet, as in most species of this genus, and in fresh
shells the upper whorls, having been exposed for a longer time to chemically destroying agencies, are
often of a violet colour, the uppermost summit generally being blackish; the interior of the aperture is
usually of a dark purple-brown, the peristome pale yellowish. The size is very variable, as in many
species of freshwater shells. A distinctly expanded peristome does not always denote that the shell is
full-grown, for specimens occur in which the remnant of an expanded peristome is to be seen about a
half-whorl backwards of the aperture, as in the figure given by Jonas and in fig. 15 of Strebel.
a. Long. 634, diam. 56; apert. long. 44, diam. 28 millim.
b ” 60, ,, 48; ” 40, ,, 26 9
¢. » 68, ,, 534; 9 44, ,, 32
d. ” ol, ” 474; ” 4], ” 30 ”
é. 39 53, ” 47; 39 38, 9 26 9
i. 39 43, ” 383 5 ” 323, 39 24 9
g ” 43, 29 36; ” 29, 29 22 ”?
a. Dimensions of Strebel’s specimen fig. 14, from Vera Cruz; 6. Measurements of Jay’s figure; c-g. Specimens
from Cordova, collected by Hoge.
Hab, E. Mexico: Vera Cruz!?711 (Haines, in coll. Dunker ; Hoge; H. H. Smith) ;
immediate environs of the town Vera Cruz, in the so-called Rio Tenoya, and in
ditches which communicate with it (Strebel ®); Cordova (Hége).
S.E. Mexico: Tabasco 12; Balancan, State of Tabasco, in marshes (Morelet); Teapa,
State of Tabasco (H. H. Smith).
Very young specimens of this species are figured on Tab. XXIII. figg. 4 a, 3.
I restrict the name flagellata to the specimens from Eastern Mexico and to those
essentially similar to them, a fine series of which has been collected by Herr Hoge at
Cordova; the dimensions given above under c-g are all taken from specimens with an
expanded peristome, and therefore probably full-grown.
As regards the synonymy of this species, I may refer to the observations of Strebel ®,
Fischer and Crosse, and Pilsbry’. Say does not mention the malleated impressions,
but his name “ flagellata” (lashed, scourged) can hardly be understood otherwise than
as an allusion to them; the locality given by him! “near Vera Cruz” coincides well
ith the statements of subsequent writers, and, moreover, Pilsbry, having examined the
type-specimens, asserts the identity of A. frageliata and A. malleata. With regard to
A. reflexa, Swainson (1823), the original figure of it, copied by Philippi (oc. cit. t. 3.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, August 1899. 52
410 MOLLUSCA.
fig. 1), is very like some specimens collected by Herr Hoge at Cordova; but as
Swainson gives no locality, and Mousson has applied the same name to a species living
in the Magdalena River (Malakozoologische Blatter, 1869, p. 182), and the original
figure still more nearly resembles A. porphyrostoma, Reeve, as well as some Cuban
specimens in the Berlin Museum, I dare not apply the name reflera, Swainson, to
the Mexican shell, although examples of the latter sometimes have a rather broadly
expanded peristome. A. labiosa, Fr. Koch (Philippi, loc. cit. p. 68, t. 18. fig. 5), is
also like some of the specimens from Cordova, and it may be founded on a small
example of A. flagellata with unusually broadly expanded peristome.
Var. exsculpta. (Tab. XXIII. fig. 5.)
Ampullaria flagellata (part.), Strebel, loc. cit. t. 3. fig. 14".
Ampullaria malleata, var. 8. exsculpta, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 235, t. 44. figg. 6, 6a-c”.
With very numerous and rather strong malleated impressions, without bands ; spire somewhat pointed.
Long. 53, diam. 44; apert. long. 37, diam. 25 millim.
Hab. E. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Strebel); Cordova (Hoge).
Var. arata. (Tab. XXIII. figg. 7, 8, 10.)
Ampullaria flagellata, vars. 2 & 6, Strebel, loc. cit. pp. 27, 31, t. 3. fig. 14d, and t. 3a. fig. 144".
Ampullaria malleata, var. e. arata, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 235, t. 44. figg. 6d, e”.
Distinct vertical elevated stria occupying the greater part of the surface; very few or no malleated
impressions.
Long. 48, diam. 38 ; apert. long. 36, diam. 22 millim. (specimen from Yucatan in the late Albers’s collection).
Hab. E. Muxico: Vera Cruz and adjacent village of Vergara (Strebel }*); Cordova
(Hoge).
Yucatan (coll. Albers).
Fischer and Crosse 517 give the localities combined for the varieties exsculpta
and arata:—
E. Mexico: Laguna de Los Cocos, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé).
S.E. Mexico: Balancan, State of Tabasco, in the marshes of the river Usumacinta
(Morelet).
Yucatan: Palizada and San Geronimo, in marshes (Morelet).
It seems therefore probable that specimens exhibiting these divergencies in sculpture
may be found at different localities throughout the geographical range of the species.
From Costa Rica I have received from P. Biolley and Van Patten several examples
of an Ampullaria which I cannot distinguish from the var. arata, including some from
the “‘ Laguna de Bebedero, Pacific coast,” of rather small size, from P. Biolley, as well
as others of larger size (Tab. XXIII. fig. 10).
The shell figured (Tab. XXIII. fig. 8) from Cordova, collected by Herr Hoge, shows
an evident transition from the var. arata to the var. exsculpta, the upper whorls and
AMPULLARIA. All
the first half of the last being sculptured as in arata, the second half of the last as in
exsculpta. These two so-called varieties seem to be individual variations of exaggerated,
sculpture rather than local forms.
Var. chiapasensis.
Ampullaria malleata, var. y. chiapasensis, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 235, t. 48. fig. 5“.
SmaJl, with more pointed conical spire and moderately large umbilicus.
Long. 55, diam. 43 ; apert. long. 37, diam. 24 millim.
Hab. S.K. Mexico: Las Playas, State of Chiapas, in marshes (Morelet }8).
This form has a somewhat different appearance from the typical A. flagellata, and I
should not treat it as a variety of that species if Fischer and Crosse had not done so.
Var. oajacensis.
Ampullaria malleata, var. £ oajacensis, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 235, t. 46. figg. 38, 3a, 5”
Small, narrowly umbilicated and rather sharply pointed, with numerous inconspicuous pale bands; peristome
orange.
Long. 47, diam. 36; apert. long. 31, diam. 22 millim.
Hab. 8. Centra Mexico: Monte de Mistam near Coapam, State of Oaxaca (Sallé 1°).
Very near the preceding, save the longer spire; it is also somewhat like the
specimens of A. flagellata from Cordova.
The shell figured by Philippi (Joc. cit. p. 36, t. 9. fig. 7) under the name A. flagellata,
Say, found by Liebmann in Mexico, without nearer indication of locality, comes very
near this variety, only it is a little more globose and its peristome white, whereas it is
orange-yellow in Fischer and Crosse’s figure.
Var, melanostoma. (Tab. XXII. fig. 7.)
Ampullaria reflexa, var. melanostoma (Parr.), Philippi, loc. cit. pp. 35, 58, t. 18. fig. 4 (1851) *
Ampullaria livescens, Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Ampullaria, t. 5. fig. 21 (1856) *
Ampullaria flagellata, var. 1, Strebel, loc. cit. p. 27, t. 3a. fig. 142”
Shining, greenish-yellow, with very short blunt spire, and the aperture rather dark inside.
a. Long. 40, diam. 36; apert. long. 28, diam. 19 millim,
b. 99 42, 29 37 5 39 32, 29 21 9
Cc. 29 39, 29 37; 29 30, 99 20 99
a. Dimensions of a specimen from Amatlan; 6. From Philippi’s figure; c. Specimen from Papantla.
Hab. E. Mexico: Papantla and in a freshwater lagoon between Amatlan and Cosama-
loapan (Deppe, in Mus. Berol.); Vera Cruz (Strebel).
Var. malleata. (Tab. XXII. fig. 10.)
Ampullaria malleata, Jonas, in Zeitschr. fir Malak. 1844, p. 35 *; Abhandl. Ges. f. Naturw.
Hamb. i. p. 122, t. 10. figg. 11, 11a, 6 (1846); Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Ampullaria, t. 7.
fig. 32”.
Very large, oval, with numerous malleated impressions, giving the shell a reticulated appearance ; interior of
52*
412 MOLLUSCA.
the shell pale violet or reddish, with a blackish stripe behind the dextral margin of the aperture; peristome
scarcely expanded in its lower half.
Long. 77, diam. 65; apert. long. 54, diam. 32 millim.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Tabasco (Lokkes 7° 24),
I give here a figure of a specimen in the late Dunker's collection which nearly agrees
in size and shape with Jonas’s original figure, and differs only in the pale reddish colour
of the interior of the aperture. An example of the same form was also obtained in
Tabasco by Captain Fokkes, and given by Dr. Jonas to Prof. Dunker. It is even
possible that the first-mentioned specimen may be the type of Jonas’s description, the
dark colour of the inside of the shell in his figure being perhaps due to the circumstance
that the draughtsman held the shell so that the visible part of the inside was mostly in
deep shadow, and only the part next the margin in the light; if viewed in this manner,
our specimen fully agrees with the figure. In the text the inside of the aperture is
said to be of a beautiful violet, whereas in the figure it is blackish-blue.
Fischer and Crosse’s large-sized specimen from Tabasco (loc. cit. t. 45. fig. 1 and
t. 46. fig. 1) differs from the var. malleata in being remarkably more broad, especially
in the last whorl, with deeper suture and without malleated impressions; the outside
of a darker brown colour, with some narrow bands in the lower half of the whorl. It
is doubtful if this example really belongs to the same species. Not having seen
Morelet’s specimens from Balancan in Tabasco, this locality cannot be quoted for any
of the varieties of A. flagellata.
Var. gigantea. (Tab. XXIII. fig. 6.)
Pomus giganteus, Tristram, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 414”.
Very large and comparatively broader than the type of A. flagellata, var. malleata, but not otherwise differing
from it.
Long. 91-95, diam. 86-90; apert. 66-69, diam. 39-44 millim.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Lake of Peten (Salvin 2°),
Through the kindness of Canon Tristram I have been enabled to examine and
figure a specimen of this large form. The dimensions of the shell before me do not
coincide with those given in his description, being respectively 91:86 for the whole
shell, and 69°44 for the aperture, instead of 95:90 and 66°39, as indicated by him; it
may therefore not be the actual example measured by him, though in all other respects
the shell answers very well to the description. The complete malleated surface of the
outside, the rather acute conical spire, the superficial suture, the pale green colour,
passing on the spire into pale greyish-violet, with the apex itself somewhat dark
brownish, the yellowish, scarcely expanded peristome, and the violet inside of the
aperture, bordered towards the peristome by a much darker streak, are all suggestive
of A. malleata, Jonas; but the specimen before me is somewhat more globose, the
diameter being 0°94 of the length, and the breadth (diameter) of the aperture 0°64 of
AMPULLARIA. 413
the length of the aperture, instead of 0°84 and 0°59, as in the typical A. malleata. The
measurements given by Canon Tristram himself, however, by the same reckoning are
0°94 for the whole shell as in the specimen examined by me, but 0°84 for the aperture.
Fischer and Crosse were probably misled by the words “ anfractus ad suturam acute
angulati” to think it a very different species, distinct by a sharp angular spiral line or
keel near the suture; but the specimen now before me proves clearly that these words
mean only that the outer wall of each whorl joins in an acute angle to the wall of the
preceding whorl, the inner cavity of each whorl being acutangular above, which is
characteristic of all forms of A. flagellata.
Var. tristrami. (Tab. XXII. figg. 1, 12.)
Pomus columbiensis, Tristram, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 4147.
Ampullaria malleata, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 235, t. 46. fig. 2 (specimen from Cahabon) *
Ampullaria tristrami, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 234 (part.) ”.
Not quite so large as the var. gigantea, and comparatively a little broader, but with the superficial suture of the
species ; surface shining, with vertical stric and very few slightly malleated impressions; yellowish-green,
the vertical striz somewhat paler, and therefore more conspicuous; a broad pale zone at the suture, well
defined on the last whorl; some narrow spiral bands, two or three of which are usually placed near
together, on the lower half of the last whorl. Peristome a little expanded below, yellow, with a chestnut-
brown stripe inwards ; interior of the aperture brownish-violet, paler towards the peristome.
Long. 64, diam. 58; apert. long. 47, diam. 33 millim.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Lake of Peten (Salvin 2" 2°), Cahabon (Sarg 8).
Salvin’s original specimen now before me does not agree with Philippi’s or Reeve’s
A. columbiensis, but is a variety of A. flagellata, nearly allied to the var. gigantea.
Fischer and Crosse’s figure of their Cahabon shell coincides so well in size, shape, and
external colour with Salvin’s specimen that I have no hesitation in referring it to the
var. tristrami; only the interior of the aperture is conspicuously banded, as is often
the case in not quite full-grown individuals, in which the last layer of the calcareous
shell is still wanting.
They also give 28 Panzos and Lake Yzabal (Bocourt) as localities for A. malleata, but
whether the specimens from these places really belong here I am unable to say.
There is some difficulty regarding the name of this variety. Fischer and Crosse not
having seen Salvin’s specimen, referred it to Reeve’s A, columbiensis (1856); but as this
name was preoccupied by Philippi (1801) they gave it a new one, copying, however,
the description from Reeve. As their name clearly refers to Tristram’s shell, and could
not be applied to Reeve’s A. columbiensis from Veraguas, it is best to adopt it.
Var. guatemalensis, 0. (Tab. XXII. figg. 11, 11 4.)
Ampullaria malleata (Jonas), Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 234 (part.), t. 45. fig. 1, t. 46. figg. 1,2.
Somewhat broader, with more prominent, pointed spire and slightly deeper suture, Peristome generally more
narrowly expanded. Size sometimes large. No or very few malleated impressions.
a. Long. 91, diam. 78; apert. long. 634, diam. 423 millim.
ee es 54, , 32 3
4 14 MOLLUSCA.
c. Long. 66, diam. 574; apert. long. 47, diam. 30 millim.
d. ,, 65, 4, 56; » 47, , 28 ,,
e. 4, 63, 5, 53; ” 46, , 30 ,,
f. 5, 60, 5, 55; 9 45, , 29 ,,
g » 06, ,, 48; ” 39, 4, 25 ,,
a. Fischer and Crosse’s figure 1; c, f. Specimens from Panzos ; d. One of Stoll’s specimens from Paso Antonio.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Panzos (Bocourt ®°, Conradt) ; Cahabon (Sarg *°).
W. GuaTtEMALA: Paso Antonio, in the lower part of the Rio Michatoya, near the
Pacific coast (Stoll); Cerro Zunil (Champion).
This variety differs more in general appearance from the Mexican type than the
preceding ones, and I should have treated it as a distinct species if intermediate forms
had not been collected by Conradt at Panzos. In Fischer and Crosse’s fig. 1 (t. 45)
the aperture is comparatively more narrow, and the opposite side of the last whorl
more bulky than in any of the specimens seen by myself: compared with fig. 1 of t. 46,
which very probably represents the dorsal aspect of the same shell, it seems highly
probable that the projection of the last whorl near the suture is due to a fault in
drawing.
The colour is very variable. The specimens from North Guatemala (Panzos and
Cahabon) are generally rather dark brown, with the bands inconspicuous outside the
aperture, but very distinct within it. Most of those from Paso Antonio are greenish-
grey, with inconspicuous bands, which are sometimes obsolete, the interior of the
aperture very dark blackish-purple, and the outer margin in the full-grown shell yellow.
One from the same locality, on the contrary, is on the outside unicolorous light yellow,
with the interior of the aperture white and the outer margin of the peristome yellow ;
it may be regarded as a pale-coloured individual, approaching to albinism.
Another specimen from Paso Antonio has the upper whorls much eroded, looking as
if filed off, and on the last two whorls several linear sharply cut scratches are visible,
running either in the spiral direction or obliquely to it, these often being parallel
and close to each other: they are quite distinct from the malleated impressions, not
only in their linear form, but also in having the periostracum destroyed and the deeper
layer of the shell denuded, whereas the malleated impressions are rounded and covered
by the normal periostracum. This fact proves that the malleated impressions are
formed during the natural growth of the shell, the scratches, on the contrary, being
caused by later external injuries.
2. Ampullaria violacea. (Tab. XXII. fig. 3.)
Ampullaria violacea, Valenc. in Humboldt & Bonpland’s Obs. Zool. ii. p- 259 (1833) '; Fisch. &
Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 341, t. 46. figg. 4, 4a”.
Ovate-globose, remarkably broad, the last whorl narrowing distinctly in the two lower thirds of its length
(instead of being more convex in the median third as in A. flagellata). Suture rather superficial.
Outside pale greenish, with narrow inconspicuous bands; inside the aperture pale brown, whitish only in
AMPULLARIA. 415
the upper part near the margin. Peristome expanded in full-grown examples. Surface smooth in some
specimens, malleated in the largest.
a. Long. 43, diam. 38 ; apert. long. 30, diam. 21 millim.
& ,, 65, 5, 49; 3 38, , 24 ,,
G4 64, ,, 87; 3 44, ,, 29 ,,
a. Deppe’s specimen; 6 and c. Specimens from Acapulco.
Hab. W. Mexico: in a freshwater lagoon (Deppe, in Mus. Berol.); Acapulco (coll.
Dunker).
_ Valenciennes! gives only the vague term “New Spain” as locality. Fischer and
Crosse? add Yucatan and Balancan in Tabasco (Morelet) and Vera Paz (Bocourt).
The above-quoted figure is stated by them to have been drawn from Valenciennes’s
original specimen ; it agrees very well in size and shape, and in the colour of the inside,
with Deppe’s rather worn example in the Berlin Museum. But Fischer and Crosse 2
give also two other figures, t. 46. fig. 8 and t. 48. fig. 6, which exhibit the general
form of A. flagellata, and not the peculiar shape of the type of A. violacea; and as one
of them, representing the living animal, has been drawn by Morelet himself, it is to be
presumed that Morelet’s specimens from Yucatan and Tabasco correspond to the two
later figures, and cannot be safely referred to the typical A. violacea.
This species must remain somewhat doubtful until further examples are obtained ; it
was evidently described from a worn specimen, as no Ampullaria is violet outside in a
fresh state, but nearly all have this colour if they have lost their periostracum (so-called
epidermis).
Deppe’s specimen is uniformly pale violaceous, manifestly worn, and shows very
distinctly the inside of the aperture dull brown in its greatest part, but white above.
Dunker’s examples, one of which is here figured (Tab. XXII. fig. 3), are pale yellowish,
somewhat greyish beneath, with narrow pale bands; apex dark violet; peristome
broadly expanded; umbilicus cylindrical, moderately narrow: one of them is smooth,
the other with a few malleations.
3. Ampullaria strebeli. (Tab. XXII. fig. 2.)
Ampullaria, sp. nov.?, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siussw.-Conch. i. p. 25, t. 3. fig. 18, t. 13 a.
figg. 18.4, 5°.
Ampullaria malleata, var. 0. strebeli, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 235°.
Suture much deeper than in A. malleata, the spire more pointed and conical, the lower part of the last whorl
more narrowed ; surface with vertical stria# of unequal strength and scattered irregular spiral angular
lines, without malleated impressions, shining dark brown, with distinct spiral bands, which are sometimes
obsolete, sutural region paler; interior of the aperture very dark brown; peristome whitish, thin, not
expanded. _ ;
a. Long. 52, diam. 42; apert. long. 34, diam, 23 millim.
b. ” 433, 3 (ON ” 28, » 19 ,
c. ” 43, ” 36 ; ” 29, ” 19 ”
Hab. E. Mexico: Misantla, in a small stream called the “ Brazo seco” (Strebel ! 2);
Huatusco (Dr. Hille, in coll. Dunker).
416 MOLLUSCA.
Nearer A. dysoni, Hanley, than A. malleata, Fisch. & Crosse. I have seen one of
Strebel’s specimens.
Var. prasina.
Ampullaria malleata, var. n. prasina, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 235, t. 48. figg. 4, 4a°.
Shining dark green, with distinct bands, peristome yellowish.
Hab. E. Mexico: Misantla (Fischer & Crosse *).
Strebel (Joc. cit. p. 26) gives the diameter of the aperture in his largest specimen (a)
as 20 millim., but in his figure 13, taken from the same shell, it measures 23 millim.
Fischer and Crosse® give for A. prasina, apert. long. 36, diam. 26 millim.; but on
measuring their figure 4, I find the dimensions to be 34 and 24 respectively, although
the length of the whole shell is 51 millim. in the figure and 50 in the description. I
have corrected these measurements in the comparative table of the species (anted,
p. 407), because the original statements of the authors would imply a greater difference
in form between A. strebeli and A. prasina than is proved by their figures.
4, Ampullaria innexa.
Ampullaria innexa, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxxviii. p. 111 (1890) *; Miss. Scient. Mex.,.
Mollusca, ii. p. 242, t. 44. figg. 7, 7 a-c’.
Globose, but with rather produced conical spire; outer margin of the aperture much arcuated, thin, pale
coloured.
fab. 8. CzentraL Mexico: Monte de Mistam near Coapam, State of Oaxaca ?.
S.W. Mexico: on the Pacific shore, in the same State } 2.
This form is rather near A. strebelz.
5. Ampullaria eumicra.
Ampullaria eumicra, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxxviii. p. 118 (1890)*; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, ii. p. 243, t. 48. fig. 10°.
A small thin shell, resembling A. flagellata.
Hab. 8.W. Mexico: State of Oaxaca (Ghiesbreght ?).
Perhaps a young state or dwarf form of A. violacea, Val.
6. Ampullaria monachus.
Ampullaria monachus, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxxviii. p. 112 (1890)'; Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 250, t. 46. figg. 5, 5a’.
A somewhat broad, ovate form, with short spire, dark greenish-brown, with thin pale yellowish peristome.
Hab. S. Mexico: Santa Efigenia, on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Sumichrast 2).
Resembles broad forms of A. flagellata.
AMPULLARTA. 417
7. Ampullaria occlusa. |
Ampullaria occlusa, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxxviii. p- 111 (1890)*; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, ii. p. 244, t. 45. fige. 8, 3.a-c?.
Ovate, vertically striate and a little malleated, dark green, with numerous bands; umbilicus very narrow, but
not closed ; peristome simple, yellowish, interior of the aperture dark brown, paler above.
Long. 50, diam. 41; apert. long. 38, diam. 24 millim.
Hab. W. Guatemata: freshwater lagoon of Tanesco, on the Pacific coast, three leagues
from the mouth of the River Guacalate (Bocourt 2).
This seems to be another form very near A. flagellata, and I retain it as a separate
species chiefly on account of its habitat. There are two specimens among the shells
collected by Conradt in Guatemala, without nearer indication of locality, but probably
from Panzos in the Polochic Valley, which much resemble the figure of A. ocelusa,
except that they are considerably smaller (long. 27, diam. 23 millim.), without doubt
not full-grown.
8. Ampullaria auriformis.
Ampullaria auriformis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Ampullaria, t. 28. fig. 183 (1856) *.
A very distinct form, oblong, with an angular spiral line somewhat beneath the suture.
Long. 60, diam. 49; apert. long. 46, diam. 30 millim.
Hab. Honpvuras!.
9. Ampullaria dysoni.
Ampullaria dysoni, Hanley, Conch. Misc., Ampullaria, t. 2. fig. 5 (1854-56) *; Reeve, Conch. Icon.
x., Ampullaria, t. 11. fig. 49°.
Peculiarly broadly conoid, the aperture occupying scarcely more than § of the whole length; spire conical,
acute, with superficial sutures; umbilicus broad.
a, Long. 56, diam. 52; apert. long. 35, diam. 27 millim.
b 4, 69, 5, 59; » 49, , 32 4,
a. Figure given by Hanley; 0. Figure given by Reeve.
Hab. Honpvras (Dyson 1 2).
II. DOLIIFORMES.
10. Ampullaria belizensis.
Ampullaria belizensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxxvili. p. 110 (1890) '; Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 231, t. 45. figg. 2, 2a-c, t. 48. figg. 9, 9a”.
Intermediate in form between the ovate (Cassidiform) and the globose species, rather broadly umbilicated,
reddish-brown, with numerous very distinct dark bands and a yellowish peristome. Very young specimens
have minute epidermal scales placed in numerous spiral rows.
Hab. Britisn Honpuras: Belize (Bocourt ').
I have not seen a specimen of this species.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, August 1899. 53
418 MOLLUSCA.
11. Ampullaria ghiesbreghti.
Ampullaria ghiesbrechtii, Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Ampullaria, t. 26. fig. 123 (1856) *.
Ampullaria ghiesbreghti, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 283, t. 48. fig. 8°;
Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 338°.
Large, globose, chestnut-brown, unicolorous, with rather large umbilicus and red or orange peristome.
a. Long. 85, diam. 70; apert. long. 60, diam. 43 millim.
b. 2? 70, 99 63 > 99 52, 9 38 99
a. Measurements of Reeve’s figure; b. Of the figure given by Fischer and Crosse.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Province of Chiapas (Ghiesbreght 1); San Juan Bautista in Tabasco
(Prof. Rovirosa?); Tenosique and in the marshes of the River Usumacinta
(Morelet 2).
Var. miltochilus.
Ampullaria miltocheilus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Ampullaria, t. 25. fig. 120°; Fisch. & Crosse,
loc. cit. p. 247°.
Greenish, with numerous narrow bands, malleated; peristome bright red.
Long. 48, diam. 43; apert. long. 35, diam. 25 millim.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Province of Chiapas ((hiesbreght °).
Var. lemniscata.
Ampullaria lemniscata, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxxviii. p. 112 (1890) °; Fisch. & Crosse,
loc. cit. p. 248, t. 44. figg. 5, 5a, b, ce"
Pale greyish-green, with numerous narrow bands; peristome orange. Very near the preceding.
Long. 43, diam. 39; apert. long. 33, diam. 23 millim.
Hab. British Honpuras: Belize (Bocourt").
In Fischer and Crosse’s figure of A. lemniscata the umbilicus does not appear to be
narrower than that of dA. ghiesbreghti, as stated. The aperture is comparatively of
larger size, but this is usual in smaller specimens of the same species.
12. Ampullaria costaricana. (Tab. XXIV. figg. 14-17.)
+ Ampullaria reflera (Swains.), Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Ampullaria, t. 15. fig. 69 (1856) *.
Globose, solid, greyish-green with narrow brownish bands, or dark brown ; surface with unequal rather faint
vertical striae; spire short, conical, with moderately deep sutures; if worn, blackish-violet ; umbilicus
moderately large, cylindrical ; aperture with simple, sharp peristome, interior lead- coloured, distinctly
banded, the bands prolonged into the external margin of the aperture.
a. Long. 46, diam. 44; apert. long. 353, diam. 22 millim.
b. 5 44, 5 405 ” 35, 4 21 ,,
«. 39 43, ” 41 3 ” 35, ” 20 9
ad. Pr) 40, ” 37 > 9 30, ” 19 °
a and 6. Specimens from Terraba; ¢. Specimen from Rio Saveyre ; d. From Palmar. °
tlab. Nicaragua: Lake of Nicaragua (Biolley).
N.W. Costa Rica: Rio Saveyre, at Boca Culebra (Pittier, 1898).
AMPULLARIA. 419
S.W. Costa Rica: Palmar, south of the Rio Grande de Terraba (Cherrie, ex
Pittier). |
N. Panama: Chiriqui (Méschler, in coll. Dunker).
Allied to A. delattrei and A. ghiesbreghti, but usually smaller and more solid;
peristome not bright-coloured, very feebly expanded, sharp, whitish, and banded, even
on the columellar margin. I am not quite sure whether I have correctly identified
Reeve’s species, as he gives no locality ; but the Costa-Rican specimens before me
agree very well with his figure. From the true JA. reflexa, Swains., it is sufficiently
distinct by its globose (not ovate) form.
13. Ampullaria delattrei. (Tab. XXIV. fig. 8.)
Ampullaria lattrei, Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Ampullaria, t. 5. fig. 22 (1856)'; Tristram, P. Z. S.
1863, p. 414°.
Ampullaria delattrei, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 246, t. 45. figg. 4, 44°.
Globose, with short conical spire and rather deep suture, greenish-yellow, with narrow somewhat darker
green bands; peristome yellow, with a black streak on the inside, as in some varieties of A. flagellata,
a. Long. 49, diam. 45; apert. long. 32, diam. 24 millim.
b. ” 46, ” 42 ; ” 32, » 22 ”
C. eo 8 4 363 5 ry) 27, 4, 20 ”
a. Dimensions of Reeve’s figure ; 6. Measurements given by Fischer and Crosse (diam. 32, as given in the
text, is evidently a misprint for 42, as is proved by the figure) ; c. Specimen from Coban, collected by Conradt,
with thin yellow peristome.
Hab. N. Guaremata: Lake of Peten (Salvin); Cubilguitz (Conradt); Coban
(Delatire 1, Conradt); Vera Paz, in marshes (Morelet & Bocourt =),
EK. GuatemaLa: Valley of the Polochic River, in plenty (Sto//).
- Distinct from A. ghiesbreghti and its varieties by the more regularly globose convexity
of the last whorl and the lighter coloration ; in other respects very near it.
I have not seen Salvin’s specimen, but one from the same locality sent by Dr. O. Stoll,
and from this our figure is taken. Fischer and Crosse (loc. cit.) give for A. delattrei
still another figure, t. 48. figg. 7, 7a, which differs considerably from the other and
that given by Reeve, having a higher spire and another convexity of the last whorl ;
it is probable, therefore, that it does not belong to the same species *. They do not
state where this particular specimen was found, but they give for the species generally,
in addition to the localities mentioned above, 8. Mexico, Isthmus of Tehuantepec
(Sumichrast). Owing to this uncertainty, I prefer not to include the Mexican habitat
in the range of the present species.
: * This shell is not unlike Reeve’s A. swainsoni, Phil., as figured by Hanley (Conch. Misc., Ampullaria, t. 1.
figg. 1, 4) and by Reeve (Conch. Icon. x., Ampullaria, t. 27. fig. 128).
53*
420 MOLLUSCA.
14. Ampullaria yucatanensis.
Ampullaria yucatanensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. XXxxviil. p. 110 (1890) *; Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 240, t. 48. figg. 8, 3.7; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 826°.
Globose, rather thin, greenish with numerous inconspicuous bands, or dusky brown, nearly unicolorous ;
umbilicus very narrow. Outer margin of the aperture thin, scarcely expanded, yellowish, peculiarly
projecting and arcuated in its upper third.
a. Long. 50, diam. 40; apert. long. 40, diam. 27 millim.
bB2 6, «648, ) S45; % 39, , 26 ,,
c& 4 oO, 4, 45; % 35, 4, 25 4,
d. 4, 32, 4, 29; - 25, , 17 ,,
a. Fischer and Crosse’s measurements, as given in the text; 6. Dimensions taken from their figure ;
¢. Dimensions of Godman’s specimen ; d. Paetel’s specimen.
Hab. Yucatan: San Gerénimo, in marshes (Morelet?); Dos Cenotas, Shkolak (LHeii-
prin®); Merida (f. D. Godman).
The specimen in Paetel’s collection, with the label A. cumingi, King, Panama
(mounted side by side with a true A. cwmingi), is comparatively somewhat broader and
has the spire a little less elevated than in the example 0, but it agrees more fully in
these points with Fischer and Crosse’s figure.
Var. yzabalensis, nn. (Tab. XXIV. fig. 9.)
Umbilicus nearly closed and the spire comparatively a little higher; bands very faint; in other respects
agreeing with Yucatan specimens.
Long. 44, diam. 39; apert. long. 33, diam. 22 millim.
” 37, cB 31 3 9 28, ” 18 ”
Hab. E. Guatemata: Lake of Yzabal (Stoll).
Among the specimens given me by Dr. O. Stoll there is one with a more open
umbilicus; but as it differs also somewhat in form and colour, I am not sure whether it
is from the same locality.
15. Ampullaria hondurasensis. (Tab. XXIV. fig. 7.)
Ampullaria hondurasensis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Ampullaria, t. 3. fig. 15 (1856) *.
? Pomus pyrum (Phil.), Tate, Amer. Journ. Conch. v. p. 152 (1870) * (nec Phil.).
Testa globosa, obtecte perforata, verticaliter plicatulo-striata; olivacea, nitidula, fasciis angustis, extus vix
conspicuis, basi paulo magis distinctis; spira brevis, obtuse conica; anfr. 43, tumidi, sutura profunda,
ultimus sat inflatus; apertura elliptica, supra et infra rotundata, peristomate recto, basi levissime
expansa, albida, retrorsum sublabiato, margine externo valde arcuato, columellari subverticali, dilatato,
breviter reflexo, perforationem fere plane obtegente, fauce rufescente, inconspicue fasciata.
Long. 38, diam. 334; apert. long. 30, diam. 20 millim.
Hab. Honpuras }.
CentraL Nicaragua: Lake of Nicaragua (coll. Dunker); River San Juan, its
tributaries and creeks, River Panaloya, and in the Lake of Nicaragua at Granada
(Late).
Allied in form to A. delattret and A. yucatanensis, but differing from both in the
AMPULLARIA. 421
nearly closed umbilicus; in the single specimen before me from the Lake of Nicaragua
a very narrow opening is just visible. The other known Central-American species with
closed or nearly closed umbilicus, as A. erogata, A. pealeana, and A. conoidea, all differ
in the general form of the shell. It is also the only American Ampullaria I have seen
with a distinct thickening behind the outer margin of the aperture, a character often
found in Indian and African species of the genus ; nevertheless, the operculum is
corneous, thin, concave, shining brown.
Tate? gives no description of his Pomus pyrum, but, to judge from the locality, it is
probably referable to the present species. The true A. pyrum, Philippi (Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Ampullaria, p. 18, t. 5. fig. 2), from Brazil, bears
some resemblance to A. hondurasensis, but differs from it in being much attenuated
beneath, as the specific name (pear) indicates, and in having a shorter spire and larger
aperture. —
III. HELICIFORMES.
16. Ampullaria cerasum. (Tab. XXIV. figg. 1-6.)
Ampullaria cerasum, Hanley, Conch. Misc., Ampullaria, t. 2. figg. 7 (1854-58)'; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. x., Ampullaria, t. 21. fig. 99°.
Globose, solid, with somewhat elevated spire and moderately deep sutures; last whorl well rounded in its
upper half, gradually attenuated in the lower half; surface rather smooth, but closely impressed with
somewhat broad, unequal, vertical strie, ashy-olive or dull chestnut-brown, with inconspicuons slightly
darker bands ; umbilicus moderate, cylindrical ; aperture occupying about $ or rather more of the whole
length, with thick, bright red or orange peristome; outer margin well arcuated ; basal margin broadly
rounded ; columellar margin nearly vertical, thick, but only at its insertion reflexed, and concealing very
little of the umbilicus.
a. Long. 37, diam. 32; apert. long. 274, diam. 17 millim.
& 5 33, » 31; .» 23, . 16 ,,
e204, ... 24; 20, 4, #15 ~= 4,
go 285, 23; = 19, , 12 ~=~,,
é. ” 203, ” 243 3 ” 17, ” 12 ”
Bon 2 4 19: 9 163, , ll,
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).
The above measurements are taken from full-grown specimens from the same
locality, all these having a thickened and bright-coloured peristome ; the specimen ¢é
is much worn above and its length therefore is less than its diameter. The colour of
the peristome is usually bright red, nearly scarlet, in some specimens orange: in all
those before me this red or orange colour reaches to the very edge of the aperture.
whereas in Reeve’s figure the edge is whitish and the orange coloration is only visible
inside behind it, but in the text he describes the peristome as bright scarlet; Hanley,
too, terms the species “red-throated.” The interior of the aperture is greyish-violet,
with distinct darker bands.
422, MOLLUSCA.
Hanley! and Reeve? give simply “ Mexico” as locality. Neither Strebel nor
Fischer and Crosse mention this species, but H. H. Smith obtained a number of
specim ens.
17. Ampullaria erogata. :
Ampullaria erogata, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch, xxxviii. p. 118 (1890) '; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, ii. p. 251, t. 46. figg. 6, 6a, 7°.
Hab. 8. Mexico: Cacoprieto, on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Sumchrast *).
N. GuateMaLa: Department of Peten (Morelet *).
I am somewhat doubtful about this species: Fischer and Crosse’s fig. 6 agrees very
well with A. cerasum, save in the pale reddish-grey colour of the peristome ; fig. 7 has
not the same globose appearance, but is somewhat more ovate, its spire is shorter, and
the sutures are more superficial. In the explanation of the plate, fig. 7 is termed var. p,
but in the text no mention of any variety is made; presumably the second of the two
localities quoted, Cacoprieto, may be referred to fig. 7. The description gives “ anguste
perforata” and “perforation ombilicale 4 peine marquée, exagerée dans les figures
6 et 7”; both figures show the umbilicus as large as in A. cerasum. If it were not
for these statements I should have treated their fig. 6 as representing a pale-mouthed
specimen of A. cerasum.
IV. PATULE.
18. Ampullaria cumingi.
Ampullaria cumingi, P. King, Zool. Journ. v. p. 344 (1850-51) *; Philippi, in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Ampullaria, p. 2, t. 2. fig. 3°; Hanley, Conch. Mise., Ampullaria,
t. 8. fig. 18°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Ampullaria, t. 17. fig. 81 *.
Globose, solid, brown, somewhat banded, with conical spire, rather deep sutures, and comparatively small and
narrow aperture.
a. Long. 42, diam. 36; apert. long. 313, diam. 263 millim.
b. ” 30, ” 28 5 ” 203, » 1d ”
C. 9 23, 4, 213 5 - 17, «4, «Idi ”
d. 4, 20, ” 193 3 ” 14, ry) 10 ”
Hab. N. Panama: Rio Chagres (Dr. Kobelt).
S. Panama: Island of Taboga, in the Bay of Panama (P. King).
There is some uncertainty regarding. the true dimensions of this shell. The
measurements given under a are taken from Reeve’s figure ; but King himself says in
his short description ?: “ lat. 17’, long. 13% poll.,” the breadth (=diameter) agreeing very
well with the above-mentioned figure, but not the length, which would thus be about
34% millim., instead of 42. In the late Dunker’s collection there are two specimens of
A. cumingi obtained from Consul Gruner of Bremen, who frequently exchanged shells
with Cuming, both very pale brown and considerably smaller (measurements given
AMPULLARIA. 423
above under ¢), one with a few, the other without bands, but agreeing otherwise with
King’s description and Reeve’s figure. A specimen in Paetel’s collection (measurements d)
is still smaller, otherwise similar. Philippi? drew his fig. 3 from one of Cuming’s
specimens, this figure being very near c in size, but remarkably narrower, diam. only
184 millim. ; his fig. 2 has a very low spire, with flat suture, and it probably represents
the young condition of another species. The measurements under 0 are taken from a
specimen from Panama, given to me by H. Dohrn, this agreeing very nearly with
Reeve’s figure.
In the collection of the late Dunker there are also some eggs of this species, these
measuring 4 millim. in their largest diameter.
19. Ampullaria conoidea, sp.n. (Tab. XXIV. figg. 10, 11.)
Testa elate conoidea, vix rimata, solida, verticaliter plicato-striata et lineis subtilissimis spiralibus sculpta,
pallide fulva, fasciis nonnullis angustis fuscescentibus picta; anfr. 6, convexi, sutura sat profunda,
ultimus globosus; apertura pro ratione generis parva, 3,7, longitudinis occupans, oblongo-elliptica,
peristomate leviter expanso, albo, margine externo valde arcuato, margine columellari crasso, appresso,
rimam umbilicalem pene prorsus claudente, superne in callum distinctum parietis aperturalis abeunte,
fauce albida, fasciis pellucentibus.
Long. 30, diam. 24; apert. long. 19, diam. 14 millim.
” 25, 5; 213; ” V7 as 13 ”
Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten, in Mus. Berol.).
This is a very remarkable species; it agrees with A. oblonga, Swains., and some
allied forms in having the umbilicus nearly or quite closed by the thickened columellar
margin, but differs from them in the high spire and the globose (not oblong) form of
the last whorl. In one of our specimens, the larger one (a), the outer margin of the
aperture is not expanded and unicolorous white; in the other (0) it is distinctly
expanded and marked with the continuation of the bands. ‘These are the only
examples known to me.
20. Ampullaria pealeana. (Tab. XXIV. figg. 12, 13.)
Ampullaria pealeana, Lea, Obs. Unionide, ii. p. 16, t. 23. fig. 77 (1834) *.
Ampullaria rufolineata (Reeve), v. Mart. Malak. Blitt. iv. p. 193 (1858) *.
Long. 31, diam. 27; apert. long. 23, diam. 17 millim.
soe, 20; ” 18, , I8 9
Hab. N. Panama: Veraguas (Warszewicz, circa 1850).
Cotompra: Turbaco (7. R. Peale, 1834) [an Tumacot]; Sierra Nevada de Santa
Marta, northern slope, 1400 metres above the sea (Sievers, in Mus. Berol.).
Differs chiefly from the allied forms (A. cumingi and A. conoidea) in the shorter
spire; the bands are very pale, scarcely visible; the apex, which is somewhat worn
in the only specimens seen of A. conoidea, is here well preserved, shining, smooth,
424 MOLLUSCA.
and of a somewhat reddish-fawn-colour ; in the smaller example the umbilical rim is
completely closed, in the larger one nearly so.
A. rufilineata, Reeve (Conch. Icon. x., Ampullaria, t. 2. fig. 7), is somewhat similar,
but has a more open umbilicus and a shorter spire; it approaches nearer A. figulina,
Spix. |
Species of Ampullaria (sensu strict.) erroneously accredited to
Mexico or Central America.
A. reflera, Swains.: see note to A. flagellata (anted, p. 409).
A. columbiensis, Sow. : see A. flagellata, var. tristrami (anted, p. 413).
A. eximia, Dunker: ascribed in Paetel’s Catalogue, ed. 4, p. 478, and in his collection,
to Mazatlan ; it is really from the Lake of Maracaibo, in Venezuela, and Paetel’s
specimen agrees perfectly with typical examples from that locality in Dunker’s
and Albers’s collections in the Berlin Museum.
A. pyrum (Phil.): see A. hondurasensis, Reeve (anted, pp. 420, 421).
A. retusa, Phil.: ‘Mexico, David,” in Dunker’s collection ; probably an erroneous
locality, as it is only known otherwise from Guiana and Brazil. There is, however,
a place named David in Chiriqui.
A. rufilineata, Reeve: see A. pealeana (anted, pp. 423, 424).
Subgen. CERATODES.
Ceratodes, Lansdown Guilding, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 540 (1828).
Marisa (part.), Gray, Philos. Mag. & Journ. Ixiii. p. 276 (1824) *.
Shell discoidal, the progress of the whorls remaining in the same plane; aperture
oblique. |
Externally similar to Planorbis, but distinct, at first sight, by the obliquity of the
aperture, which is directed towards the right side of the animal (in Planorbis to
the left), the shell of Ceratodes being really dextral and the under half of the aperture
projecting more forward than the upper half, as is the case in the other species of
Ampullaria. Horny operculum, two pairs of feelers, and respiratory siphon as in
the normal Ampullarie [see the figure of the living animal of J. (Ceratodes) cornu-
arvetis in dOrbigny’s Voyage Am. mér., Moll. t. 48. figg. 7, 8, which is often copied |.
* Marisa, Gray, was originally intended for all American Ampullarie, as it is characterized only by the
horny operculum and simple peristome, not by the form of the shell; and it was not before 1847 (P.Z.8,
p. 148) that it was limited by the author himself to A, cornu-arvetis, for which at that time the name Ceratodes
was already available.
AMPULLARIA.—VIVIPARA. 425
A. geveana, Desh., A. glauca, L. (effusa, Miill.), and A. luteostoma, Swains., constitute
a gradual passage from Ceratodes to the ordinary form of Ampullaria.
All the species of this subgenus, like most of the true Ampullariw, have dark spiral
bands, whereas no known Planorbis is distinctly banded.
Geographical distribution: Costa Rica and the southernmost Caribbean islands
(Tobago, Trinidad) to Southern Brazil and Argentina.
21. Ampullaria rotula. (Tab. XXV. figg. 1, 1a, b.)
Ampullaria rotula, Mousson, in Malak. Blatt. xvi. p- 183 (1869) °.
Ceratodes rotula, Mousson, ibid. xxi. p. 19 (1873)?; Pfr. Novit. Conch. iv. p- 138, t. 1381.
fige. 4-7 °.
Rather inflated, greatest height (breadth) of the shell at the aperture distinctly more than half the greatest
diameter ; upper face (the right in the creeping animal) slightly inserted, the first whorls even, the last
two somewhat elevated above the centre, the last at this point obtusely angulated; lower face (left)
deeply and broadly excavated, the whorls being on this side also obtusely angulated and falling off steeply
towards the centre ; each whorl is thus distinctly seen as a spiral prominence in this excavation. Colour
greenish-yellow or pale greenish-brown on the upper (right) face, darker on the lower (left) face; dark
blackish-brown well-defined spiral bands, one or few narrow ones on the upper half, more on the under
half of the periphery, none on the uppermost part ; in one specimen the broad periphery and the lower
face are of dark colour, with scarcely perceptible darker bands, contrasting with the pale upper face.
a. Diam. maj. 40, min. 29, alt. prope apert. 22; apert. diam. 15 millim.
b. 9 34, ” 28, ” 18 5 ” 14 ”
C. 29 28, ” 22, ” 14; ” 11 ”
d. oe) 23, ” 17, 9 11 : 39 9 99
a. Mousson’s measurements ; 6, c. Seebach’s specimens ; d. Van Patten’s specimen.
Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten & von Seebach, in Mus. Berol.).
CotomBiA: Lower part of the Magdalena River (Wallis 1~*); Ocafia, east of this
river (coll. Dunker); Rio Hacha (Sievers, Mus. Berol.).
It is strange that neither H. Pittier nor P. Biolley has sent a specimen of this
remarkable shell from Costa Rica; but as the Berlin Museum has received examples of
it from that country from two different travellers, there cannot be any doubt as to its
Central-American habitat.
VIVIPARA.
Vivipare, Cuvier, 1808 ; Lamarck, 1809. . ;
Viviparus, Montfort, 1810; Frauenfeld, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. p. 1161 (1862).
Vivipara, Sowerby, 1813. . . =
Paludina, Lamarck, 1812 (part.), auct.; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 280
(full description and historical account).
Shell of moderate size, oval or conoidal, rather thin, brownish or horn-coloured, often
with spiral sculpture or spiral bands; aperture oval, angulated above. Operculum
horny, concentric. fe , 2
A single pair of stout feelers, the right one in the male thickened and shortened.
Viviparous.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Flnviat. Mollusca, September 1899. 54
426 MOLLUSCA.
- Geographical distribution nearly universal, but wanting on the continent of South
America; well represented in North America, one species in the West Indies (Cuba), and
one in Mexico. This latter is apparently not found in the lakes of Central Mexico, where
large species of Planorbis, nearly allied to those of North America, are found in plenty.
1. Vivipara inornata.
Vivipara inornata, Binney, Am. Journ. Conch. i. p. 49, t. 7. fig. 1 (1865)*; Land and Freshw.
Shells N. Am. iii. pp. 113, 114, fig. 225’.
Paludina inornata (Binn.), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, 11. p. 291 *.
Minutely perforate, globose-ovate, smooth, polished, greenish or pale olive, without spiral sculpture or spiral
bands; whorls about 5, very convex; aperture exceeding half the length of the shell. Long. 19,
diam. 17 millim.
Hab. Mexico: Chopatilo *?!~*.
Paludina carinata, Valenciennes, in Humboldt and Bonpland’s Obs. Zool. ii. p. 252,
t. 56. fig. 2 (1839), given by the authors as Mexican, belongs, without doubt, to
the well-known V. costata, Quoy and Gaimard, from the Philippines; H. ovum
and H. stolephora, Val., described in the same work, are also Philippine shells
(cf. v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 71).
VALVATA.
Valvata, O. F. Miller, Verm. Terr. et Fluv. ii. p. 198 (1774), auct.; Fischer & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 293 (full description and historical account).
Shell discoidal or depressed conoidal, of rather small size, umbilicate, unicolorous
brownish ; aperture circular, somewhat parallel to the axis of the whorls (thus differing
from that of Cochliopa and of the smaller species of Planorbis). Operculum circular,
thin, corneous, multispiral, with central nucleus. In addition to the one pair of long,
slender feelers, a third feeler-like organ and a fine feather-shaped gill are exserted
from the respiratory cavity when the living animal is fully developed. Hermaphrodite.
Widely distributed in the northern hemisphere ; no species known from Cuba, Haiti,
or Puerto Rico, the two Jamaican forms described by C. B. Adams perhaps not really
belonging to this genus.
1. Valvata humeralis.
Valvata humeralis, Say, in New Harmony Disseminator of Useful Knowledge, ii. p. 244 (1829)';
Menke, Zeitschr. f. Malak. ii. p. 129 (1845) °*; Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am.
ii. p. 14°; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 326‘; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, ii. p. 803°.
* As noted by Fischer and Crosse*, the orthography of this word is probably incorrect. Dr. Seler informs
me that there is a Rancho named Chapotillo, near Sinaloa, in N.W. Mexico, a Hacienda Chapotito at Cerralvo,
in Nuevo Leon, near the Rio Grande del Norte, and a Rancho Chapotita in Michoacan, 8.W. Mexico. It is
most probable that a locality in N.E. or N.W. Mexico is meant,
VALVATA.—COCHLIOPA. 427
Depressed, subglobose, transversely wrinkled (or with slightly raised lines); spire convex, not prominent ;
_ whorls 33, with the shoulder depressed (subsutural flattening) and an obtuse basal carina (Pilsbry) ;
umbilicus rather large. Diam. less than + of an inch (under 5 millim.).
Hab. Centrat Mexico: lakes around the city of Mexico (Heilprin 4).
Var. pilsbryi, n.
Valvata humeralis (Say), Pilsbry, loc. cit. p. 326 (specimens from Lake Patzcuaro) °.
Whorls more rapidly increasing, without subsutural flattening, umbilicus narrower.
Hab. Centra Mexico: Lake Patzcuaro (Heilprin®).
Var. strebeli. .
Valvata humeralis (Say), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 33, t. 4. fig. 42
(shell and operculum) (1878) ’.
Valvata strebeli, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 304 (1891) *.
Depressed-conoidal, with wide umbilicus, and fine, closely set, raised strie across the whorls, greenish-horn-
coloured ; whorls 33-32, rounded, without spiral keel. Diam. maj. 5, min. 4, alt. 4 millim.; aperture
23 millim. in diameter, and 24-26 high.
Hab. Centra Mexico: City of Mexico, in company with Planorbis tenuis, Limneca
attenuata, and Physa osculans (Strebel? 8).
It is much to be regretted that Pilsbry did not give a figure or the exact measure-
ments of V. humeralis, of which he had typical specimens, as well as others collected
by Prof. Heilprin, before him. Fischer and Crosse, it is true, give fairly good characters
to distinguish V. humeralis from V. strebeli; nevertheless the two forms are very
probably varieties of one species. The following points should be noted: (1) the
similarity of the sculpture; (2) the known variability of the elevation of the spire in
the European V. piscinalis ; (3) the fact that H. Pilsbry himself unites with V. humeralis
the specimens from Lake Patzcuaro which want the subsutural flattening; (4) it is not
very probable that of two nearly allied species living in the vicinity of the city of
Mexico, Strebel should have found only the one and the two North-American travellers,
Say and Heilprin, only the other.
For Valvata guatemalensis, Morel., see the genus Cochliopa.
COCHLIOPA.
Cochliopa, Stimpson, Amer. Journ. of Conch. i. p. 52 (1865) ; Researches upon the Hydrobiine
(Smithsonian Mise. Coll. no. 201), p. 50 (1865).
Shell short-conoidal, solid, umbilicated, with fine spiral sculpture, and angulated at
the base, greenish or olivaceous-brown without ; aperture very oblique, ovate, angulated
above, the columellar margin somewhat dilated and expanded. Operculum thin,
corneous, subspiral. ‘Tentacles rather long, tapering.
The shell resembles in many respects that of Valvata, but may be distinguished
54*
498 MOLLUSCA.
by the spiral sculpture (which is more distinct near the periphery and on the
lower side), its solidity, and the very oblique, oval (not circular) aperture. Moreover,
the form of the operculum and radula is quite different, resembling that of the
Hydrobiine. y
Hitherto known from Ca/sfornia and Central America.
)
Y ANY
—_
o
CoMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF CocHLIOPA.
| Nomen. Forma. Sculptura. Umbilicus. Apertura. Diam.; Alt. | Anfr. Patria.
mm. | mm.
| guatemalensis, depressa. subtiliter decus- | angustus. marg. non con-| 33 23 42 | W. Guatemala.
Morel. ......... sata, tinuis.
tryoniana, Pilsbr..| obtuse subconica, | spiratim sulcata. | latus, rotundatus. | marg. callo junc- | 4-54 | 33-43] 4-43 | W. Nicaragua, |
angulata. tis. S.W. Costa Rica.
trochulus, v. Mart.) trochiformis, sulcis spiralibus | sat angustus, sub- ” d-6 | 45 42 | S.W. Costa Rica.
carinata. parum conspi- | angulatus.
cuis vel nullis.
? infundibulum, | gradatim pyrami-| spiratim sulcata, | perspectivus, an- , marg. continuis. 3 4 5 | Guatemala.
v. Mart. .:....... data,peripheria; sub sutura ra- gulatus, valde
rotundata. diatim incisa. sulcatus. |
1. Cochliopa guatemalensis. 3
Valvata guatemalensis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 22 (1851)'; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusca, 11. p. 802, t. 48. figg. 2, 2a, 6, t. 50. fige. 1, la, 6”.
Hab. W. GuaTemaLa: River Michatoya, near the port of Istapa (Morelet }?).
I have not seen a specimen of this shell, but, according to the description and figure,
it is so much like the following in general form and sculpture, and in the outlines of
the aperture, that it must belong to the same genus, if not to the same species; it
seems, however, to be smaller and more flattened.
2. Cochliopa tryoniana. (Tab. XXIII. figg. 9, 9 a-c.)
Cochliopa tryoniana, Pilsbry, in Nautilus, iv. p. 52 (Sept. 1890)’; Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 331,
t. 15. fig. 12°,
Shell subconical, convex above, flattened below, more or less distinctly angulated at the periphery ; many fine
spiral furrows on both faces, which do not, however, modify the convexity; colour greenish-brown ;
whorls 4-43, separated by somewhat deep sutures; umbilicus open, its walls falling in gradually, so that
no distinct external limit of it can be made out. Aperture diagonally oblique, narrowed above, pear-
shaped; outer margin thin, somewhat convexly projecting, inner (columellar) margin thickened near the
insertion and united with the insertion of the outer margin by a conspicuous glossy callus ; interior of the
aperture bluish. . ,
Diam. maj. 4-53, min. 33-44, alt. 33-43 ; apert. diam. 3, alt. obliqua 4 millim.
Hab. W. Nicaracua: Realejo, near Leon (Mus. Berol.); Polvon and Rio Fula
(Hetlprin 2). | |
S.W. Costa Rica: Great Range between the Rio Grande and Boruca, Novy. 1891 ;
COCHLIOPA. 429
middle course of the Rio Pamare, Pacific slope, Dec. 1891; Rio Punta Mala,
20 metres above the sea, April 1892 (Pittier).
Pittier’s two specimens are smaller than those from Nicaragua, but I cannot see any
other difference.
3. Cochliopa trochulus, sp. n. (Tab. XXIII. fig. 2.)
Testa trochiformis, subanguste umbilicata, striatula, viridi-fusca, apice nigricante, sulcis spiralibus- paucis
_vel nullis, carina acuta utrinque impresso-marginata, usque ad aperturam persistente; anfr. 44, parum
convexi, sutura mediocri, interdum subgradata discreti, ultimus basi planatus ; apertura diagonalis,
piriformis, margine externo tenui, columellari crassiusculo, subreflexo, callo perlato margines jungente,
fauce ceerulescente.
Diam. maj. 5-6, min. 43-5, alt. 4-5; apert. diam. 3-33, alt. obliqua 4 millim.
Hab. S.W. Costa Rica: Rio Grande de Terraba, at El Pozo, in gravel, 25-50 metres
above the sea, March 1892, and marshes of Sierpe, on aquatic plants, April 1892
(Pittier) ; El Pozo, Dec. 1892 (Biolley).
This species is very near the preceding, but differs from it in having a sharp keel in
the periphery, limited on each side by a visible depression which reaches the aperture ;
while C. ¢ryoniana has a somewhat prominent line at the commencement of the last
whorl only, the latter being simply angulated. Moreover, in C. trochulus the whorls
are less convex on the upper side and flatter on the lower side, the umbilicus is
narrower and more distinctly circumscribed, and the spiral furrows are scarcely
visible. The colour is almost alike in both, except that in well-preserved specimens of
C. trochulus the apex is usually blackish-violet (in C. tryoniana pale greenish), and in
full-grown ones the peristome is furnished with a blackish edge. J have examined
twenty-two specimens of C. trochulus of different ages, and fourteen of C. tryoniana,
and find that the above-mentioned differences are fairly constant in specimens from the
same locality; but it is quite possible that intermediate forms will be found.
4, Cochliopa (?) infundibulum, sp. n. (Tab. XXIII. fig. 3.)
Testa pyramidata, perspective umbilicata, leviter spiratim sulcata; anfr. 5, gradati, valde convexi, ultimus
infra suturam planatus et radiatim incisus, umbilico lato, distinctius spiratim sulcato, angulo circumdato ;
apertura valde obliqua, piriformis, peristomate continuo. be
Diam. maj. 32, min. 33, alt. 4; apert. diam. 2, alt. obliqua 14 millim.
Hab. Guaremata (Mus. Berol.).
Two bleached specimens of this shell have been sent to the Berlin Museum
by H.v. Ihering. It is doubtful if they belong really to the genus Cochliopa ; but
the pear-shaped aperture, the slightly thickened columellar margin, and the spiral
sculpture give them somewhat the appearance of the preceding species. It may be a
lacustrine form, perhaps from the Lake of Peten.
430 MOLLUSCA.
I may mention here that in the fresh waters of Mexico and Central America, as in
those of many other countries, spirally twisted cases or shell-like objects are to be
found which might. be easily mistaken for true shells of the genera Valvata or
Cochliopa ; but which, at first sight, differ from those forms in their coarsely tubercu-
lated external structure, due to being composed of small agglutinated fragments of
stones, the work of insect-larve of the genus Helicopsyche, family Phryganeide. The
Berlin Museum possesses specimens of such cases from the Rio Colipa in Mexico,
collected by Deppe, and formerly named Paludina agglutinans; also others from
Orizaba, collected by Berendt, and some from the Rio Torres, San Francisco,
Costa Rica, collected by H. Pittier; Salvin also found a similar case at Coban,
Guatemala. They are depressed-conoidal, umbilicated, 5 millim. in diameter and
2-3 millim. in height; the spiral whorls are dextral, as usual in shells, whereas there
are some similarly formed cases of terrestrial larve of insects (fam. Psychide,
gen. Cochlophora), composed of sand or mud, which are sinistral. (See v. Martens, in
Sitzungsberichte d. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freunde in Berlin, 1891, p. 83.)
AMNICOLA.
Amnicola, Gould & Haldeman, Monogr. Limniades, Suppl. p. 3 (1840); Binney, Land and
Freshw. Shells of N. Am. iii. p. 80; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii.
p- 256.
Shell of small size, thin, ovate or oblong, of 4—6 whorls, generally smooth, in some
species keeled and spinous, mostly perforated ; aperture ovate, angulated above, rounded
beneath, peristome continuous, simple.
Operculum paucispiral, horny.
Tentacles long, filiform ; eyes at their outer base.
Central tooth of the radula broadly triangular, with numerous cusps, and with several
denticules on its plane near the base; lateral and marginal teeth long, somewhat
curved, the lateral (intermediate) one with several distinct cusps, the two marginal
teeth finely crenulated.
I adopt here the classification of Fischer and Crosse, who place all the small
Hydrobioid shells of Mexico and Central America, except 7; ryonia, in this genus, not
because I am convinced that they are all congeneric with the North-American
A, limosa, Say, but because I cannot offer a more satisfactory arrangement. For the
same reason, it is useless to discuss the geographical distribution of this genus, as it is
extremely doubtful.
1. Amnicola petenensis.
Paludina petenensis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. il. p. 21 (1851) ‘.
Amnicola petenensis, v. Frauenfeld, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv. p. 6385 (1864)°; Fisch. &
Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 262, t. 50. figg. 8, 3.a, 5°.
Hab. N. Guaremaua: Lake Itza, Province of Peten (Morelet 1-3),
431
AMNICOLA.
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432 MOLLUSCA.
2. Amnicola panamensis.
Amnicola panamensis, Tryon, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1863, p. 146, t. I. fig. 6'; Tate, Amer. Journ.
of Conch. v. p. 153 (1870) .
Hab. ¥F. Nicaragua: Javali, in the Chontales district, at an elevation of 1750 feet, in
a swampy pool at the roots of aquatic plants (Zate 2).
W. PanaMA: Panama (Capt. Field ').
8. Amnicola orizabensis.
Amunicola cincinnatiensis (Anthony), Tryon, Amer. Journ. of Conch. ii. p. 11 (1866) °.
Amunicola orizabensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxxix. p. 24 (1891) *; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Mollusca, 11. p. 263, t. 50. figg. 4, 4a, b°. .
Hab. ¥. Mexico: near Orizaba (Sallé?; Botteri 1~%) ; Mexico, without nearer
indication of locality (Uhde, in Mus. Berol.).
4, Amnicola hyalina.
Paludina hyalina, Morelet, Test. Noviss. 11. p. 21 (1851)* (nec Anton, 1839) (not hyalina, Lea,
1864, Obs. Unionide, i1., which is a deformity of Planorbis exacutus, Say); Kiister, in
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Paludina, p. 61, t. 11. figg. 21, 22°.
Hydrobia (?) hyalina, v. Frauenf. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv. p. 614 (1864) *.
Amnicola guatemalensis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 264, t. 50. figg. 5
5a, b*.
Hab. W. Guatemata: Lake of Amatitlan (Morelet !~4),
S.W. Costa Rica: marshes of Sierpe, 5 metres above the sea, on aquatic plants,
April 1892 (Pittier).
)
5. Amnicola rhegoides. (Tab. XXII. fig. 4.)
Paludina rhegoides, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 22 (1851) °.
Hab. Satvapor: Lake Coatepeque (Morelet } 2),
I am indebted to Mr. Edg. A. Smith for a drawing of this little-known species from
Morelet’s type, now in the British Museum. According to his note, the largest
specimen is 5 millim. long, with six whorls, narrowly perforated, of greenish-yellow
colour, the peristome continuous, slightly thickened.
The name rhegoides, from the Greek word pnyq (rim or slit), refers to the narrow
perforation.
6. Amnicola coronata. |
Paludina coronata, Pfr. in Wiegmann’s Archiv f. Naturg. 1840, p. 253'; Philippi, Abbild. neuer
Conch. i., Paludina, p. 118, t. 1. fig. 17°; Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. ed. 2, Paludina, p. 51, t. 11. figg. 9-12 °,
AMNICOLA. 433
Hydrobia (Pyrgula) coronata (Pfr.), v. Mart. in Wiegmann’s Archiv f. Naturg. xxiv. p. 192
(1858) *.
Amnicola coronata (Pfr.), Fisch. Journ. de Conch. viii. p. 363 (1860) °; Crosse, Journ. de Conch.
XXVill. p. 264 (1890) °; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p- 265, t. 50.
fige. 6, 6 a—c’.
Paludestrina coronata, Chenu, Manuel de Conch. i. p. 303, fig. 2139 °.
Hydrobia coronata, vy. Mart. Binnen-Moll. Venezuela’s (Festschr. d. Ges. naturf. Freunde in
Berlin, 1878), p. 52 (208), t. 2. figg. 13 a-h° (radula and embryonal shell); Strebel,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 33, t. 5. fig. 34 (1873) °°.
Pyrgulopsis coronatus, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr. v. p. 197 (1888) ”.
Potamopyrgus coronatus (Pfr.), var., Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 328.
Melania spinifera,.C. B. Adams, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii. p- 9 (1845) *; Contrib. Conch. i.
p. 45.™.
Paludestrina candeana, d’Orbigny, in Ramon de la Sagra’s Hist. fis. polit. y nat. de Cuba,
Moluscos, p. 153, t. 10. figg. 13, 14 (1845) *; Macé, Journ. de Conch. xxxi. p- 82 (1888) *.
Amnicola candeana, Petit, Journ. de Conch. v. p. 152 (1856) 7; Bean, Cat. Coquilles de Guade-
loupe, p. 17 (1858) **. .
Paludina ornata, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 21 (1851).
Amnicola ornata, Fisch. Journ. de Conch. viii. p. 364 (1860) ”°.
Tryonia ornata, Tate, Amer. Journ. of Conch. v. p. 158 (1870) ”.
Amnicola crystallina, var. 8. coronata and var. y. spinifera, Shuttleworth, Mittheil. naturf. Ges.
Bern, 1854 (Diagn. neuer Moll. vii.), p. 159”.
Amanicola crystallina, var., v. Frauenf. Sitzungsber. d. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xviii. p. 83 (1856) (part.) **.
Hydrobia cristallina (Pfr.), v. Frauenf. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv. pp. 513, 588, 593, 595,
615, 648 (Verz.d. Namen v. Paludina, pp. 3, 83, 35, 55, 88) *.
Pyrgulopsis spinosus, Call & Pilsbry, Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci. v. p. 14, t. 2. figg. 17-19 (1886) * ;
Ancey, Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr. v. p. 192 (1888) **.
Pyrgulopsis nicaraguanus and wrighti, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr. v. pp. 194, 199 (1888) *.
Hab. Nortu America: Texas 119,
E. Mexico: Vera Cruz, in plenty, in mud and sand in a subfossil state, especially
in the Laguna de los Cocos (Sérebel 1°) ; Vera Cruz!!.
Yucatan: Merida and Shkolak (Hetlprin !*).
SaLtvapor: Lake Coatepeque (Morelet 19, Ancey ?").
W. Nicaragua: on the muddy shores, and in pools by the margins, of the Lake of
Nicaragua ; La Playa, Granada (Tate *1); Lake of Nicaragua (Ancey 2"). .
CotomBiA: Barranquilla, near the mouth of the Magdalena River '.
VenezveLta: Lake of Valencia, in a subfossil state 9.
ANTILLES : Cuba}, Jamaica 18, Puerto Rico 22, Vieque #2, Guadeloupe '8, St. Thomas *?,
St. Martin 1%, St. John 2,
Var. unicarinata, n. |
Hydrobia coronata (Exemplare mit dornenloser Kante), v. Mart. Binnen-Moll. Venezuela’s, p. 52”;
Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 34, t. 5. fig. 34a”.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, September 1899. 55
434 MOLLUSCA.
Pyrgulopsis (?) patzcuarensis, Pilsbry, in Nautilus, v. p. 9 (1891) *°; Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891,
p. 380, t. 15. fig. 8°.
Hab. Centra Mexico: Lake Patzcuaro (Heilprin *° 31).
EK. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Strebel 9).
ANTILLES: Vieque (Blauner *5).
Var. crystallina.
Paludina crystallina, Pfr. in Wiegmann’s Archiv f. Naturg. 1840, p. 253°; Philippi, Abbild.
neuer Conch. i., Paludina, p. 118, t. 1. fig. 18°*; Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Paludina, p. 50, t. 10. figg. 7, 8.
Amnicola crystallina, Shuttleworth, Mittheil. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1854 (Diagn. never Moll. vii.),
p. 159”.
Hydrobia cristallina (Pfr.), v. Frauenf., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv. p. 593 (Verz. d. Namen
v. Paludina, p. 33) (1864) °°.
Paludina anthracina, Mighels, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 22 (1845) *.
Paludina jamaicensis, C. B. Adams, Contrib. Conch. i. p. 42 (1849).
Paludina cisternicola, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 21 (1851) *.
Amanicola coronata, var. y. inermis, Fisch. Journ. de Conch. viii. p. 363 (1860) *°.
Hydrobia coronata, var., Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Stissw.-Conch. i. p. 84”.
Amnicola coronata, var. 8. crystallina, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i. p. 266,
t. 1. figg. 6d, 6e”.
Pyrgulopsis nicaraguanus, varr., and wrighti, varr., Ancey, Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr. v. pp. 196, 197, 200 *.
Hab. EK. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Strebel 41).
YucaTAN: in cisterns in the city of Campeche (Morelet *°) ; Sisal (Morelet 42),
SaLvapor: Lake Coatepeque (Morelet **, Ancey *?).
W. Nicaragua: Lake of Nicaragua (Ancey 4°).
ANTILLES: Cuba *, Jamaica °°, Vieque *, Tortola 37, Guadeloupe.
Operculum corneous, subspiral, radiately marked (Tate).
Strebel has also found living specimens near Vera Cruz in ditches near the railway,
also in a shallow one with slowly-flowing, badly-smelling water, receiving the outlet of
gasworks ; but he cannot state to which variety these examples belong. At all events
his observation corroborates the fact stated by me in 1858, that the animals of this
genus are rather indifferent to the quality of the water.
7. Amnicola palomaensis.
Bythinella palomaensis, Pilsbry, in Nautilus, ix. p. 68 (1895) *,
Hab. N. Cenrrat Mexico: Laguna de Palomas, State of Chihuahua (Dr. E. A. Mearns').
The author refers this shell to the genus Bythinella, which is numerously repre-
sented in Europe, the species being found chiefly in springs, the number of whorls (4)
and the obtuse apex agreeing well with that division. He says that B. ( Potamiopsis)
binneyi, Tryon, and B. brevissima, Pilsbry, are conchologically its nearest allies among
the North-American forms.
AMNICOLA. 435
8. Amnicola costaricensis. (Tab. XXIL. fig. 6.)
Hydrobia costaricensis, Mirch, Malak. Blitt. vii. p. 67 (1860-61)'; v. Frauenf. Verh. zool.-bot.
Ges. Wien, xiv. p. 594 (1864) ,
A very small shell, with convex whorls (4) and narrow perforation.
Long. 2, diam. 14; apert. long. 1, diam. % millim.
Hab. Cuxtrau Costa Rica: Rio Torre (Torres) (Dr. Ersted, 1846-4812); San José,
in an irrigation-tube (Biolley, March 1891).
Biolley’s shell is somewhat incrusted, so that I can add nothing to Mérch’s description
. of its surface.
9. Amnicola (?) seemanni.
Hydrobia seemanni, v. Frauenf. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiii. p. 1025 (1863) *; xiv. p. 645
(1864) *; xv. p. 1, t. 8. fig. 1°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, ii. p. 271‘.
Hab. N. Centrat Mexico: Durango, in small streams (Dr. Seemann 1-4, in coll. Cuming ;
Mus. Vind. Ces.).
Pilsbry (Nautilus, xii. no. 11, p. 122) suggests that this species may be a smooth
variety of Tryonia protea, A. Gould, which occurs in the Colorado Desert.
10. Amnicola subangulata, sp.n. (Tab. XXII. fig. 5.)
Bythinella sp., Biolley, Moluscos terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 18 (1897) '
Testa conoidea, subangulata, imperforata, solida, fusca, levigata; anfr. 5, regulariter crescentes, plani, ultimus
peripherice subangulatus, basi convexus ; apertura sat obliqua, ovata, supra angulata, peristomate simplici,
crassiusculo, margine externo parum, margine basali late rotundato, margine columellari leviter concavo,
callo parietali distincto.
Long. 4, diam. 24; apert. long. et diam. 13 millim.
Hab. Cenrrat Costa Rica, Rio Torres, in the environs of San José, on stones, 1100
metres above the sea (Biolley').
E. Costa Rica: between Madre de Dios and Rio Hondo, in a small stream 80 metres
above the sea (Pittier, Nov. 1896).
In general appearance this species resembles the brackish-water Hydrobie, such: as
H. ulve, Penn.; but the indicated locality is that of a true freshwater shell.
11. Amnicola (?) bakeri.
Potamopyrgus bakeri, Pilsbry, in Nautilus, v. p. 9 (1891) *; Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 328, t. 15.
figg. 9-11?.
Hab. Centrat Mexico: east of Yautepec (south-east of Cuernavaca), State of Morelos,
Pacific slope, dug from the bank of a stream (Ff. C. Baker, expedition of Prof.
Heilprin ! ”).
42. Amnicola (?) hydrobioides.
Pyrgulopsis hydrobioides, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr. v. p. 201 (1888) °.
Hab. Satvapor: Lake of Coatepeque ’.
55*
436 MOLLUSCA.
Ancey found only one specimen among a number of A. wrighti, and says that it is
very like (“ tout-a-fait”) the Hydrobia ulve of the coasts of France; if so, one might
be tempted to suggest that it was really an example of that species which by some
accident had been placed among the Central-American shells in his collection.
13. Amnicola (2?) melanioides, sp. n. (Tab. XXII. fig. 8.)
Testa oblongo-lanceolata, imperforata, levis, nitidula, periostraco olivaceo-nigricante tecta, apice obtuso ;
anfr. 4-5, planiusculi, regulariter crescentes, sutura superficiali, ultimus oblongo-ovatus, basi leviter
convexus, a dorso visus 4 fere longitudinis teste occupans ; apertura paulum obliqua, anguste ovata,
superne acutangula, margine externo tenui, vix arcuato, margine basali valde arcuato, margine columellari
valde incrassato, cerulescente, sensim in callum parietalem transeunte, fauce cerulescente.
Long. 62, diam. 24; apert. long. 3, diam. 1? millim.
Hab. S.W. Costa Rica; Golfo Dulce, Rio de Los Platanales (Pitter, 1896).
Var. tenuis,n. (Tab. XXII. fig. 9.)
Testa magis tenui, olivaceo-fusca; anfr. 6, margine columeilari non incrassato, fauce albida.
a. Long. 43, diam. 13; apert. long. vix 2, diam. 13 millim.
b. ” 64; ” 23 5 ” 23, ” 13 ”
Hab. S.W. Costa Rica: in a small stream running into the Rio Boto at Golfo Dulce
(Pittier, March 1896: form a); marshes of Seripe, 5 metres above the sea, ou
aquatic plants (Pittier, April 1892: form 6, often somewhat incrusted).
As neither operculum nor radula could be examined, the generic position of this
shell remains rather doubtful.
TRYONTA.
Tryonia, Stimpson, Amer. Journ. of Conch. i. p.54 (1865) ; Researches on Hydrobiine (Smithson.
Misc. Coll. no. 201), p. 48 (1865).
Shell turrite, longitudinally ribbed, not spinous; aperture oval, spreading at the
base; peristome simple, continuous, appressed on the columellar side. Operculum and
radula unknown.
Geographical distribution, California and Central America.
1. Tryonia exigua.
Melania exigua, Morelet, Test. Noviss. 1. p. 23 (1851) '; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xii., Melania, t. 58.
fig. 460°; Brot, Matériaux étud. fam. Mélaniens, p. 42 (1862)* (nec M. exigua, Conrad,
1855,= Tryonia protea, A. Gould).
Tryonia exigua, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 275, t. 50. figg. 2, 2a, b'.
Melania minuta, Brot. loc. cit. p. 43°.
Nearly imperforate ; whorls 6-73, not very convex, angularly shouldered at the suture, with strong, smooth
longitudinal ribs, about 12-13 on the last whorl.
Long. 7-84, diam. 3; apert. long. 2-23, diam. 13-2 millim.
Hab. N. Guatemana: Lake Itza, Peten (Morelet 1-5),
Only known in a subfossil state.
See also Amnicola seemanni, page 435.
PACHYCHILUS. 437
PACHYCHILUS.
Pachychilus, Lea, P. Z. 8. 1850, p.179; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) ix. p. 58 (1852) ; Troschel,
Gebiss. d. Schnecken, i. p. 114 (part.); Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii.
p- 320 (nec Pachychila, Eschscholtz, 1831).
Shell turrite or at least conical, longer than broad, with fine spiral striz, and covered
by a distinct greenish, brownish, or blackish periostracum, sometimes tuberculated :
aperture oblong, angulated above, produced more or less distinctly in a short angular
lobe below (except in the subgenus Potamanax) ; columellar margin not notched or
truncate, often thickened.
Operculum horny, of about six whorls; its nucleus subcentral in about one-third of
its height. Radula: central tooth with an elevated swelling in the centre of its
plane; lateral teeth bi- or tricuspid. Edges of the mantle simple, uninterrupted.
Eyes at the outside of the base of the feelers.
The living animals of this genus prefer running water, rivers, or small streams, and
are often found attached to stones; the upper whorls of full-grown shells are never
complete and usually more or less eroded, so that they are devoid of the periostracum,
uneven, and of a greyish or pure white colour. ‘This erosion seems to be caused partly
by the rubbing of the shell against the stones, and partly by chemical action, due
probably to the attacks of microscopic alge. M. Gassies has observed in one species
(P. liebmanni, var. gassiesi) that the erosion commences with several small, circular,
isolated spots. It is also possible that one individual gnaws at the shell of another in
order to obtain calcareous matter for its own growth, as has been observed in Jand-
shells by Rossmiissler. The upper whorls seem to become gradually filled inside with
calcareous matter, so that, in spite of extensive erosion, they form a solid conical
prominence in some species, ¢. g. in P. turatii. On account of this loss of the upper
whorls it is very often impossible to do more than give the number of those remaining
(‘‘anfractus superstites”); and, for the same reason, the relative proportion of the
diameter of the shell to its length is of no great value for the discrimination of the
species, being variable in different individuals according to the extent of erosion. The
relative proportion of the diameter of the whole shell (last whorl in its | greatest
breadth) to the length of the aperture is, however, of some importance, as it indicates
a real difference in the conformation of the shell. .
The species of the subgenus Oxymelania are the least subject to this erosion.
The number of remaining whorls in the adult state is, of course, somewhat variable,
but nevertheless I shall mention it in the Comparative ‘Table, as it is of some use in
distinguishing the various forms.
As all the Pachychili show faint spiral strie in their sculpture, I have not mentioned
this in the Table, using the term “ levis” for all the parts which are without distinctly
elevated spiral lines (lire); the broader elevations running from above to below, from
438 MOLLUSCA.
one suture to the other, or to the base of the shell, crossing the spiral lines, are here
termed vertical plaits (plice verticales).
Some of the species are used as food by the natives of Guatemala, according to
Morelet and Bocourt (cf. Fischer and Crosse, loc. cit. p. 331) ; and this observation has
been confirmed by Mr. Champion. ‘They are known to the Indians by the name of
“jutes.” |
The genus Pachychilus is confined to Central America and the northern parts of
South America; in the West-Indian Islands it is represented in Cuba only, and there
by smaller and somewhat aberrant forms, P. conicus, d’Orb., near P. schiedeanus, and
P. (Potamanaz) brevis, Orb. It is clearly nearer to the genus Melania of the Old
World than to the North-American Strepomatide.
Fischer and Crosse have grouped the species under four subgenera, characterized by
obvious features in the general shape of the shell; but there are several forms which
are somewhat intermediate between the one and the other. Potamanaz, Pilsbry, may
be added as another subgenus, distinguished by a difference in the form of the aperture
and perhaps also in that of the operculum.
‘The geographical distribution of the species in Mexico and Central America is
given in the Table on the following pages.
A. Subgen. GLYPTOMELANIA.
Glyptomelania, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. pp. 328, 351 (1892).
Turrite, with more developed sculpture; outer margin of the aperture simple. Most
of the species of rather large size.
1. Pachychilus glaphyrus. |
Melania immanis (Morelet, 1851), Brot, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Mela-
niaceen, pp. 19-23, t. 2. figg. 1 a-g'.
Pachychilus glaphyrus (Morelet, 1849), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. pp. 350-357,
t. 52. figg. 1, 2, & t. 53. figg. 1-4.
Brot, Fischer and Crosse include all the forms of this very variable species under
M. immanis or P. glaphyrus, the latter name having been first used by Morelet in 1849
for a comparatively small, not very typical shell, though it is applicable also (yAaqupoc,
in Greek, “carved”’) to the largest and most developed forms.
The numerous varieties are known by different names, and they are here dealt with
separately.
a. Var. immanis.
Melania immanis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. 1. p. 22 (1851)*; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xii., Melania
t. 35. fig. 238 *. : :
Melania immanis, a. typica, Brot, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen
p- 20, t. 2. fig. la’. °
PACHYCHILUS.
GLYPTOMELANIA.
439
PacHycuHILus, s. str.
OXYMELANIA.
PoraMANAXx.
Central Mexico
East Mexico ......
(Vera Cruz.)
pluristriatus.
? schiedeanus, saus-
suret.
hebmanni, turatii, apis,
indiorum.
schiedeanus, with
var. strebelianus.
S.W. Mexico
dalli.
South-east Mexico ..
(Tabasco, Chiapas.)
N. Guatemala ....
(Peten, Vera Paz.)
Centr. Guatemala
Kast Guatemala ....
(Polochic, Yzabal.)
glaphyrus, varr. polygo-
natus, glaphyrus, pyra-
midalis, potamarchus.
hebmanni, var. graci-
lior ; indiorum, with
varr. costato-plicatus
and varicosus ; chry-
salis, panucula, cor-
vinus.
pulsbryt.
glaphyrus, varr. immanis,
polygonatus, scamnatus,
glaphyrus, glaphyroides,
semilevis, opiparis,
pyramidalis ; obeliscus,
var. pyrgiscus ; largil-
hertt, with var. salvini.
indiorum, var. costato-
plicatus; panucula,
with var. tumidus ;
cinereus ; explicatus ;
corvinus, with varr.
lutescens and indif-
ferens.
graphium, with
var. reductus.
sargu.
graphium, with
var. transcendens.
glaphyrus, var. pyramid-
alts ; lacustris, with varr. ;
? orstedt, var. planensis ;
corvinus, var. indif-
largillerti, with var.| ferens.
salvint.
W. Guatemala ....| largillierti, with varr. | corvinus.
(Pacific slope.)
nodulosus, salvini, and
stolla.
Honduras ........
obeliscus.
orstedi, var. planensis.
Malvador. . 2... eee
largillerti.
chrysalis, var. nympha.
Centr. Nicaragua ..
subnodosus, largillierti.
East Nicaragua ....
orstedi.
Costa Rica... ...
subnodosus.
Orstedt.
MOLLUSCA.
440
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MOLLUSCA.
442
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444 MOLLUSCA.
Melania glaphyra, Hanley, Conch. Miscell., Melania, t. 2. fig. 17°.
Pachychilus glaphyrus, var. y. immanis, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 351, t. 58. figg. 1, la’.
? Melania maxima, Lea, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 187 *.
One, two, or three strong, knobbed, spiral keels on the last-formed whorls (the terminal and the second and
third from the end); vertical plaits stronger on the first-formed whorls, nearly vanishing on the later
ones. Attains a very large size: long. 80-108, diam. 34-40; apert. long. 293-32 millim.
Hab. N. Guaremata: in small streams in the Province of Peten (Morelet*); Dolores
(Morelet’); Coban *&; Rio Jacinto at Punta Gorda (v. Lhering, in litt.).
The variety of P. glaphyrus figured by Pilsbry (Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 339, t. 10.
fig. 6), from Tabasco, is very near this form, but of smaller size and wants the spiral
ridges at the base, as in var. 7 from the same locality.
b. Var. polygonatus.
Melania polygonata, Lea, P. Z. 8S. 1850, p. 195°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xii., Melania, t. 3. fig. 11".
Pachychilus glaphyrus, var. 8. polygonata, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 351”.
Pachychilus (polygonatus, var.?) rovirosai, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 153, t. 8. fig. 10”.
Vertical plaits strong, extending to the last-formed whorl, rather distant, 8-9 on each whorl; spiral ridges
rather fine, strong only on the base of the last whorl. Long. 67-70, diam. 29-31; apert. long.
21-26 millim.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: western brow of the little ridge of the Limon, State of Tabasco
(Rovirosa 1).
N. Guatemata: Coban * 9 (Conradt, in Mus. Berol.); Dolores (Morelet '*).
c. Var. scamnatus.
Pachychilus glaphyrus, var. 5. scamnata, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 352, t. 52. fig. 2”.
Near the preceding, but with the vertical plaits crossed by 3-4 elevated spiral ridges. Long. 68, diam. 31 ;
apert. long. 25 millim.
Hab. N. GuatemaLa: Coban (Bocourt 18),
d. glaphyrus, 8. strict.
Melania glaphyra, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 24 (1849) *; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xii., Melania, t. 2.
fig. 8°”.
Pachychilus glaphyrus, var. «. glaphyra, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 352, t. 52. fig. 2a"*.
Pachychilus glaphyrus, var., Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1892, p. 339, t. 14. fig. 5”.
More cylindrical; vertical plaits strong, persistent, crossed by 6-7 elevated ridges; last whorl angulated in
the continuation of the suture. Long. 63-71, diam. 20-27; long. apert. 22-24 millim.
Hab. 8.E. Muxico: State of Tabasco (Rovirosa 1"),
N. GuatTemaLa: at the springs of the River Usumacinta (Morelet 1°); Province of
Peten, in small streams (Bocourt 1°).
e. Var. glaphyroides.
Melania immams, var. ¢, Brot, loc. cit. p. 22, t. 2. fig. 1f**.
Pachychilus glaphyrus, var. ¢. glaphyroides, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 352".
* The locality given by Lea ®® is «‘ Copan, Central America” : probably Coban is intended.
PACHYCHILUS. 445
Near the preceding ; vertical plaits less developed, 3-4 interrupted elevated spiral lines on the upper half of
each whorl. Long, 53-54, diam. 20-21 3 apert. long. 18 millim.
Hab. N. Guatema.a: springs of the River Usumacinta (Morelet 19),
f. Var. semilevis.
Melania immanis, var. 8, Brot. loc. cit. p- 21, t. 2. fig. 15.
Pachychilus glaphyrus, var. . semilevis, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 352, t. 53. figg. 2, 2a”.
Rather conical ; whorls evenly sloping in profile, angulated in the suture or its continuation ; vertical plaits
weak, wanting in the upper whorls. Long. 70-75, diam. 30-33 ; apert. long. 30-31 millim.
Hab. N. Guatemata; Dolores, Province of Peten (Morelet 71).
Specimens from Rio Chajmayu, in Alta Vera Paz, noted by H. v. Ihering as
P. opiparis, with rufous-brown periostracum and numerous subvaricose thickenings,
probably belong to this variety.
g. Var. opiparis.
Melania opiparis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 28 (1851) ”.
Melania pyramidalis (Morelet), Reeve, Conch, Icon. xii., Melania, t. 5. fig. 25”.
Melania immanis, var. y, Brot, loc. cit. p. 21, t. 2. fig. le™.
Pachychilus glaphyrus, var. 0. opiparis, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 358, t. 53. fig. 3”.
Conico-turrite ; vertical plaits nearly or quite absent; spiral ridges also on the whorls above the sutural line,
at least on the last two whorls. Long. 73-75, diam. 28-31; apert. long. 29-80.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Dolores, Province of Peten, in small streams (Morelet 2? 25),
The words opiparus and opiparis, in Latin, mean “‘ ample,” “ copious.”
h. Var. pyramidalis. (Tab. XXV. figg. 2, 3.)
Melania pyramidalis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 25 (1849); Hanley, Congh. Miscell. t. 4.
fig. 31.
Melania opiparis (Morelet), Reeve, Conch. Icon. xii., Melania, t. 35. fig. 241 *.
Melanoides godmani, Tristram, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 113”.
Melania godmani, Brot, loc. cit. p. 25”.
Pachychilus godmani, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 363”.
Melania immanis, var. 5, Brot, loc. cit. p. 21, t. 2. figg. 1 d,e”.
Pachychilus glaphyrus, var. n, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 353, t. 52. figg. 1, la”.
Pachychilus glaphyrus, var. @ (part.), Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 358, t. 53. fig. 4.
Pachychilus polygonatus, var. rovirosai, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 153, t. 8. fig. 9 (part.)
36
More slenderly turrite ; vertical plaits absent; spiral ridges confined to the base of the last whorl, or only a
few above the sutural line on the last two whorls.
. Long. 85, diam. 30; apert. long. 29 millim. (Brot, fig. 1 d).
85, », 293 ” 26 ~,, (Brot, fig. 1 ¢).
St, 28: - 24 ~~-,,- (Hanley, fig. 31).
oF, 2S a 28 ~,, + (Morelet).
SO. ,, 203 s 28 ,, (specimen collected by Stoll).
75, 4 283 . 23 +4, (Fisch. & Crosse, fig. 1).
(ee o 25 4,4, (Fisch. & Crosse, fig. 4).
To. ,, 24; “ 23. ~-,,_+~=« (specimen in Dunker’s coll.).
Q
PAW aero
446 MOLLUSCA.
i. Long. 57, diam. 223; apert. long. 21 millim. )
k ” 53, ” 20; ” 21 ”
lL , 51, 4 21; » 19 yy
m. 4, 48, 5, 223 ” 19 ,, (specimens collected by Conradt at Panzos).
n ” 47, bb) 19 5 9 183 99
0. ” 36, » 17 ) ” 16 ”
P ” 30, ” 14 > ” 13 ”
, Two of the specimens from Panzos, n and 0, are distinctly not full-grown. It appears from these measure-
ments that the length of the aperture is usually, but not always, a little less than the greatest diameter of the
shell. For very young shells, see Tab. XXV. figg. 2, 3.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: interior of the State of Tabasco, in small streams (Morelet*);
little ridge of the Limon, State of Tabasco, in a spring (Hovirosa *?).
N. Guatemata: Coban (Bocourt 3%); San Luis, Peten (Rockstroh, ex Stoll) ; Lake
of Peten (Salvin 9). |
E. Guaremana: Panzos, Polochic Valley (Conradt) ; Rio Biafra, one of the affluents
of the Rio Motagua (v. Lhering, in litt.).
This and the preceding variety run very much one into the other.
Through the kindness of Canon ‘Tristram, I have been enabled to examine the
Melaniade enumerated by him in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London’ for 1863, and to satisfy myself concerning the identity of Jf. godmant with
P. pyramidalis.
1. Var. potamarchus.
Pachychilus potamarchus, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 340, t. 14. fig. 7.
Vertical plaits and spiral ridges absent, the latter wanting even on the base of the last whorl. Long. 87-99,
diam. 29-33 ; apert. long. 32 millim.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Tabasco (Rovirosa 38).
The shell figured by Pilsbry, loc. cit. t. 8. fig. 9, also wants the vertical plaits as
well as the spiral ridges, and would seem therefore to belong to this variety; but in
size and general form it is more like the var. pyramidalis, in company with which it
was found.
2. Pachychilus obeliscus.
Melania obeliscus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xii., Melania, t. 4. fig. 20 (1859)*; Brot, in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melania, p. 24, t. 3. fig. la’.
Pachychilus obeliscus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. 11. p. 358 *.
Somewhat intermediate between P. glaphyrus and P. lacustris, but distinct by its slender, elongate form, with
the most prominent portion of each whorl a little above the suture, the whole shell being shaped like a
pagoda, and resembling that of various species of Turritella, e.g. T. duplicata, L., and J. imbricata, L.
In the typical form this prominent portion is broken up into about eight strong compressed knobs in the
last two whorls, and the spiral ridges are here few and not very conspicuous.
Hab. Honvuras (Dyson ').
PACHYCHILUS. 447
Var. pyrgiscus. (Tab. XXV. fig. 6.)
Melanoides obeliscus, Tristram, P. Z. 8. 1863, p- 418 *.
Melania obeliscus, var. B, Brot, loc. cit. p. 24°.
Pachychilus obeliscus, var. B. pyrgiscus, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 358, t. 50. figg. 9 a, 6°.
Prominent portion of the whorls broken up into more numerous (about twelve) smaller knobs ; spiral ridges on
the last whorl also well developed. Two specimens collected by the late O. Salvin are remarbably larger
in size than those mentioned by Fischer and Crosse, viz.: long. 69, diam. 27; apert. long. 23, diam.
14-15 millim.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Lake of Peten (Salvin 4).
Fischer and Crosse give no definite locality for this variety.
Var. exarmatus,
Melania obeliscus, var. y, Brot, loc. cit. p- 24, t. 3. fig. 157.
Pachychilus obeliscus, var. y. exarmata, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 358°.
Prominent portion of the last two whorls without knobs; spiral ridges strongly developed.
Hab. t Honpuras.
The habitat of this form is not expressly stated. According to Brot, the varieties
are connected by intermediate examples.
8. Pachychilus lacustris.
Melania lacustris, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 25 (1849)'; Brot, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 25 ’.
Pachychilus lacustris (Morelet), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. pp. 358-362 °.
Fischer and Crosse are right in observing that P. lacustris torms a polymorphous
series analogous to that of P. glaphyrus; but I think P. odeliscus ought also to be
included, the P. lacustris varr. amphibolus and terebralis of those authors being indeed
not separable from P. obeliscus.
a. lacustris, 8. str.
Pachychilus lacustris (Morelet), Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 359, t. 52. figg. 4, 4a, and t. 51.
figg. 3,3a*.
Vertical plaits and spiral ridges developed. Shell moderate in size. Long. 39-52, diam. 16-183 ; apert. long.
13-17 millim.
Hab. EF. Guatemata: lake near the town of Yzabal (Morelet}?); Lake of Yzabal
(Bocourt?*); Panzos (Conradt, in Mus. Berol.).
b. Var. amphibolus. (Tab. XXV. fig. 7.)
Pachychilus lacustris, var. t. amphibola, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 360, t. 52. fig. 3°.
Vertical plaits rather feeble ; one of the spiral ridges more prominent, forming a knobbed keel on the last
two whorls somewhat beneath the sutural line.
Long. 62, diam. 21; apert. long. 18 millim. Whorls 9 (Fisch. & Crosse).
60, » 23; ” 21 Whorls 8 (specim. Stoll).
7
448 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. E. Guaremata: Lake of Yzabal and neighbouring streams (Morelet or Bocourt °) ;
near the town of Yzabal, on the banks of the same lake (Sto//).
This form is very near P. obeliscus, var. pyrgiscus, Fisch. & Cr., but differs from it in
having deeper sutures, more convex whorls, and less distinct vertical plaits, especially
in the last whorl. Stoll’s specimen is extremely like it.
c. Var. conradti,n. (Tab. XXYV. figg. 9, 10.)
Vertical plaits undeveloped; spiral ridges well developed, one a little more prominent and slightly nodose.
Shell moderate in size.
Long. 54, diam. 20; apert. long. 19 millim. Whorls 73 (Conradt).
» 00, 4 183; » 163 ,, Whorls 73 (Stoll).
Hab. E. Guaremata: Panzos (Conradt, in Mus. Berol.); Lake of Yzabal (Stol/).
d. Var. pumilus.
Pachychilus lacustris, var. 8. pumila, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 860, t. 51. figg. 4, 4a °.
Vertical plaits undeveloped; spiral ridges moderately developed, few in number. Shell small. Long. 28,
diam. 11; apert. long. 10 millim.
Hab. %.. Guaremata: Lake of Yzabal or neighbouring streams (Morelet or Bocourt ®) ;
Panzos (Conradt, in Mus. Berol.).
e. Var. major. (Tab, XXV. fig. 8.)
Melania lacustris, Hanley, Conch. Miscell., Melania, t. 3. fig. 26°.
Melania lacustris, var. «, Brot, loc. cit. p. 26, t. 3. fig. 2a’.
Pachychilus lacustris, var. 8. major, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 360°.
Vertical plaits undeveloped; spiral ridges rather feeble, equal, sometimes slightly nodose. Long. 57-62,
diam. 17-19; apert. long. 10 millim.
Hab. E. Guatemata: Lake of Yzabal (Morelet, Stol/).
f. Var. terebrals.
? Melania murrea (Reeve), Brot, loc. cit. p. 30 (part.), t. 3. fig. 7a"
Pachychilus lacustris, var. n. terebralis, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 360, t. 52. fig. 8a".
Very elongate, turrite ; vertical plaits undeveloped ; spiral ridges feeble, more distinct on the last whorl only.
Long. 62, diam. 174; apert. long. 163 millim.
Hab. E. Guatemata: Lake of Yzabal or neighbouring streams (Morelet or Bocourt 1).
g. Var. elimatus.
? Melania subcarinata, Gray in Griffith’s Anim. Kingd. xii. t. 14 (ad p. 487). fig. 7 (1834) ”
Melania lacustris, var. y, Brot, ioc. cit. p. 26, t. 3. fig. 2¢”
Pachychilus lacustris, var. ¢. elimata, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 860 '*,
Subcylindrical; vertical plaits undeveloped; spiral ridges obsolete, almost wanting, save at the base of the
last whorl. Long. 44, diam. 15; apert. long. 144 millim,
Hab. HK. Guatemata: Panzos (Conradt, in Mus. Berol.).
PACHYCHILUS. 449
Morelet! remarks of this species: “ MW. lacustris circa pagum Yzabal,” which leaves
it uncertain whether his. specimens were from the great lake only or from other waters
near it. Fischer and Crosse ® give no special indications of localities for their different
varieties, but merely say generally: ‘Le type et les variétés proviennent du lac Yzabal
et des cours d’eau voisins” (loc. cit. p. 862). Herr Conradt has given to the Berlin
Museum the following forms from Panzos:—Jacustris, sens. strict.; var. conradti; a
specimen intermediate between the varr. major and elimatus; and, finally, the var.
pumilus. Panzos is situated in the valley of the Polochic river, which drains into the
Lake of Yzabal. All his specimens are of a shining black colour.
Brot’s var. 8, t. 3. fig. 26,— Fischer and Crosse’s var. y. eatenuata, is rather an
imperfect much-worn specimen than a distinct variety.
4. Pachychilus pluristriatus. (Tab. XXVI. fig. 1.)
Melania pluristriata, Say, in New Harmony Disseminator of Useful Knowledge, Dec. 1831°;
Complete Writings, p. 140°; Brot, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab., ed. 2,
Melaniaceen, p. 44’.
Pachychilus pluristriatus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. i. p. 370%.
Melania rubida, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1856, p. 145°; Obs. Unionide, xi. p. 77, t. 22. fig. 16
(1864) °; Brot, loc. cit. p. 341, t. 34. fig. 27 (copy from Lea).
Pachychilus rubidus, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 371 °.
Melania labiosa, Wiegmann, in Mus. Berol.’.
Conico-turrite, encircled with elevated, sharply defined, spiral ridges, of which six are visible on the penultimate
whorl, five on the upper half of the last whorl, and 8-10 less distinct ones on the basal half of the latter ;
the ridges are not exactly equal—in one specimen, for instance, the second and fifth on the penultimate
whorl are distinctly more feeble, in another the third is stronger than the rest; on the upper whorls the
fourth is usually the most prominent. Preserved whoris eight, probably one or two only lost, almost
even, apart from the prominent ridges, the sutures shallow ; the last whorl divided from the preceding
by a very deep suture and also more rounded, very convex below. The aperture occupies rather more
than a third of the whole length of the shell; it is ovate, rounded above and distinctly produced below ;
the outer margin is simple, rounded ; the columellar margin is much thickened, smooth, and glossy. The
specimens before me from the Laguna of Chapala are quite bleached, whitish; Say gives the colour as
reddish (rufescens), and according to Lea it is rusty (ferruginea).
. Long. 35, diam. 13; apert. long. 13, diam. 93 millim.
a
b. a) 26, 29 12 3 ” 11, ” 8 ”
C. 39 33, ” 13 3 2 13, oP) 10 9
a «6 6S1, 14.
a, 6. Dimensions of the specimens in the Berlin Museum ; ¢, as shown in Lea’s figure; d, as given by Say
(12 and 4) inch).
Hab. Centrat Mexico: Laguna de Chapala, in the district of Guadalajara, western
part of the Mexican plateau (Deppe®); Mexico, without nearer indication of
locality (Say1~?); Mexico, probably from the central plateau (Hon. J. R,
Poinsett °°).
This is the only known species of Melaniide which is peculiar to the tableland of
Mexico, and I am even not sure whether it is still living or extinct: Deppe’s specimen
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Movember 1899. 547
450 _ MOLLUSCA.
in the Berlin Museum has somewhat the appearance of a fossil shell, and the reddish
or rusty colour noticed by Say and Lea seems to indicate that their examples also were
not in a fresh state.
My description and figure are taken from Deppe’s specimen, called Melania labiosa
by Wiegmann, which, according to Brot, is identical with M. rubida, Lea, although
this last-mentioned author says nothing of the spiral ridges, these being, however,
distinctly visible in his figure. J. pluristriata, Say, seems to me, from the description,
to belong to the same species.
5. Pachychilus subnodosus. (Tab. XXV. figg. 11, 13.)
Melania subnodosa, Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. ii. p. 173, t. 4. fig. 18 (Feb. 1847)"; Brot, in
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 29, t. 3. fig. 5 *.
Pachychilus subnodosus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 366°.
Near P. largillierti, the last two whorls more convex than the preceding, with some spiral ridges. Columellar
margin very oblique, less descending than in the other species of the genus. Colour yellowish-brown.
Hab. Centrat Nicaragua: Managua (Rothschuh, in Mus. Berol.).
Costa Rica, without nearer indication of locality (van Patten, in Mus. Berol.).
Very near P. lacustris, and also varying in a similar manner, but broader, each whorl
broader compared to its height than in P. laeustris. The obliquity of the columellar
margin is very striking in some specimens, as shown in Brot’s figure? and in our
example from Managua, but this is less noticeable in Philippi’s original figure! and in
our specimen from Costa Rica.
The recorded localities for this species are rather vague: Philippi ! gives “ Central
America,” and Brot?, on the authority of Sowerby, “ Guatemala,” which is doubted by
Fischer and Crosse *. The Berlin Museum, many years ago, received a specimen of it
with other Costa Rican shells from Mr. Van Patten, as having been found by himself
in Costa Rica, but it has not been met with by either Pittier or Biolley.
6. Pachychilus largillierti. (Tab. XXV. fig. 12; Tab. XXVI. fig. 2.)
Melania largillierti, Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. 1. p. 62, t. 2. fig. 10 (1843) '; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. xii., Melania, t. 18. fig. 127°; Brot, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Melaniaceen, p. 31, t. 4. figg. la, 6, c*.
Pachychilus largillierti, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 364, t. 52. figs, 5,5a',
Melania intermedia, Von dem Busch, in Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch. i. p. 160, t. 3. fig. 4 (1844)’;
Reeve, Conch. Icon. xu., Melania, t. 20. fig. 141°.
Melania rubicunda, Reeve, loc. cit. t. 31. fig. 206 (1860) ”.
Melania rusticula, Von dem Busch, in Malak. Blatt. 1858, p. 86°.
Melanoides glaphyra (Morelet), Tristram, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 413°.
Melania guatemalensis, Parreyss, in litt.”
Smooth on the greater part of the surface, but on the base of the last whorl se ;
? veral elevated ore 7 :
somewhat convex, especially the last.’ ated’ ridges. Whorls
PACHYCHILUS, 451
Hab. N. Guaremata: Rio de la Pasion (Salvin ®).
E. Guaremata: Lagarto, near Zacapa (Sallé 4).
W. GUATEMALA; Lake of Amatitlan, and in the Rio Michatoya, issuing from this
Jake (Bocourt*); Rio Maria Linda (Morelet+); Paso Antonio, near Torola,
at lower part of the Rio Michatoya (Stoll); Mirandilla, near Escuintla, Pacific
coast (StoJ2).
SaLvapor: Joya [an Guija?] (Sallé+).
Cenrrau Nicaragua: Lake of Nicaragua (Von dem Busch *°).
Also brought from Guatemala by Skinner? and others !°, Bocourt4 mentions too
as a locality the Rio de las Vacas, the geographical situation of which is not known to
me. Philippi! merely gives “Central America”; he received his specimens from
Largilliert, a French conchologist. Salvin’s Guatemalan specimen, identified by
Canon Tristram ® as Melanoides glaphyra, Morel., is now before me, and I am unable
to distinguish it from P. largillierti.
P. indifferens, Fisch. & Crosse, Journ. de Conch, xxxi. p. 25 (1891), and Miss, Scient.
Mex., Moll. ii. p. 337, t. 50. figg. 8, 8a-c, from the Rio Motagua, E. Guatemala, looks
very like young specimens of this species. Melania lacunata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xii,
Melania, t. 19. fig. 136 (copied by Brot, in Martini and Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab.,
ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 25, t. 3. fig. 4), locality unknown, is also perhaps one of the
individual variations of P. largillierti.
~ In this species the last whorl is relatively lower, with regard to the whole length of
the shell, than in P. glaphyrus, Fischer and Crosse, which gives it a distinct appearance,
resembling a Z'wrritella.
_ Var. nodulosus,n. (Tab. XXYV. fig. 4.)
A row of small knobs in the circumference of the last whorl; the preceding whorls smooth. Long. 61,
diam. 24; apert. long. 22 millim. Anfr. superst. 8.
Hab. W. Guatemata: Paso Antonio, in company with the normal form (S¢o//).
The presence of small knobs on the shell in this variety indicates the affinity of
P. largillierti with the sculptured species of Pachychilus, especially with P. lacustris ;
in all other respects the specimen agrees with typical P. largillierti.
Var. salvini. (Tab. XXVI. fig. 3.)
Melanoides salvini, Tristram, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 413”.
Melania salwini (sic), Brot, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst, Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 27”,
Mechychilus salvini, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 362”.
Pachychilus subexaratus, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch, xxxix. p. 216 (1891) “; Miss. Scient.
Mex., Moll. ii. p. 350, t. 52. fig. 6 -
Narrowly turrite, whorls flatter, the last not very convex ; basal ridges distinct ; several spiral ridges also on
the upper half of the last whorl in some specimens.
57*
452 -MOLLUSCA.
a. Long. 63, diam. 17 (19); apert. long. 17, diam, 11 millim. Anfr. superst. 10-11.
b. ” 49, 9 19 5 ” 20, 9 11 9 ” 5.
a. One of Tristram’s specimens measured by myself; 6. Fischer and Crosse’s measurements.
Hab. N. Guatemaua; Rio de la Pasion, a tributary of the Usumacinta, in the Depart-
ment of Alta Vera Paz (Salvin 11718).
E. GuaTeMALA: in small streams near the Lake of Yzabal (Bocourt *}).
W. Guatemata: Lake of Amatitlan (Bocourt 41°).
Athough the localities are different and the measurements do not accord, yet on
comparing Canon Tristram’s specimens, kindly lent me by their possessor, with the
figure given by Fischer and Crosse, I find they must be referred to the same variety of
P. largillierti. The shell figured by the French authors is an older one and has lost
more of its whorls than that measured by Canon Tristram and myself; it is thus abso-
lutely shorter, but larger in periphery and in aperture. In one of Tristram’s specimens
spiral ridges are also present on the upper half of the last whorl, but not in the
preceding ones; in the other example only at the base. ~
Var. stolli,n. (Tab. XXVI. figg. 5-9.)
Distinctly more cylindrical and of smaller size, ordinarily broadly truncated above, 4—5 whorls only remaining ;
these are feebly convex, with very fine spiral stria, and more distinct, but irregular, scattered, vertical
strie, some of which are more prominent, ridge-like ; suture distinctly impressed. Last whorl not more
ventricose than the preceding, its largest diameter somewhat below the half of its height; base with
several more or less distinctly prominent spiral ridges. Aperture comparatively small, scarcely produced
below ; columellar margin thickened, well arcuated. Surface of the shell dark greenish-brown or blackish,
somewhat shining; columellar margin pale bluish, interior of the aperture dull greyish.
a. Long. 30, diam. 13; apert. long. 11, diam. 7 millim.
b 6, «626, 4, 125 ” 10, 4 7 4
Hab. W. Guatemata: on the north-western slope of the Cordillera, in the environs
of Retalhuleu (Séol/).
In its general shape this form somewhat resembles P. liebmanni, var. gassiesi. At
first sight I was inclined to treat it as a distinct species; but the small size, the great
decollation, and the repeated traces of stoppages of growth in the last whorl give it
the appearance of a somewhat stunted form living under unfavourable conditions,
analogous to the var. ¢rrigua of Melania libertina, Gould, of J apan.
Melania murrea, Reeve, Conch. Icon, xii., Melania, t. 20. figg. 138 a,b (1860); Brot,
in Martini and Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 30 (part.), t. 3. fig. 7b
(young), seems to be nearest this species, only the whorls are more even, the upper
ones angulated near the suture, the last less rounded. Its locality is quite uncertain:
Reeve merely says that it is “‘ of the Central-American type.”
PACHYCHILUS. 453
B. Subgen. Pacuycui.vs, s. str.
Sect. Pachychilus, s. strict., and Cercimelania, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii.
pp. 327, 328, 340.
Conical-oblong, less elongate, smooth (P. apis excepted) ; last whorl comparatively
large, upper whorls generally much eroded ; peristome thick, simple.
The two subgenera proposed by Fischer and Crosse under the above names are best
treated as one, as there is no important difference between them.
Kegxic, in Greek, the shuttle in the weaving-loom.
7. Pachychilus liebmanni. (Tab. XXVII. figg. 1, 2.)
Melania lebmanni, Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. iii. p. 58, t. 5. fig. 8 (1848)*; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. xii., Melania, t. 20. fig. 189°; Brot, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Melaniaceen, p. 48, t. 6. fig: 1°.
Pachychilus liebmanni, Fisch, & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 347 *.
Of rather oblong form and considerable size; whorls feebly convex, the upper ones generally much eroded, the
apex thus being very blunt. Specimens with only four whorls left reach a length of 40 millim., diam. of
their last whorl 18, aperture 19 high and 11 broad. Philippi’s original figure measures : long. 39, diam. 17,
length of aperture 18 millim.
Hab. E. Mexico: Playa Vicente, State of Vera Cruz (Hége); Mexico, without nearer
indication of locality (Liebmann ! ).
Brot ® adds also Tehuantepec ” (Geale) as locality ; it is uncertain, however, whether
the Isthmus or the city of that name is intended.
Var. gracilior, n.
Melania gassiesi (Reeve), Gassies, Faune Conch. terr. et fluv. d’ile Nouvelle Caiédonie, i. p. 93
(1863) °; Brot, loc. cit. p. 47, t. 5. fig. 12°.
Pachychilus gassiesi, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 348, t. 51. fig. 57.
Melania sallei, in litt. (Brot) *.
Distinctly more slender than the typical P. ebmanni.
a. Long. 42, diam. 17; apert. long. 16 millim. (Brot). Anfr. superst. 4.
b. ” 31, ” 143 > 29 14 ” 9 3.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Rio Teotalcingo, State of Oaxaca (Sallé® 7).
Dr. Seler informs me that this river is situated in the North-eastern part of the State
of Oaxaca, and that its waters enter the Rio Colorado, which discharges into the Rio
Papaloapan, and therefore into the Atlantic ; Teotalcingo is situated in the region of
coffee-culture.
454 MOLLUSCA.
Var. gassiesi.
‘Melania gassiesi, Reeve, Conch. Icon, xii., Melania, t. 35. fig. 236 (1860) °.
The length of the aperture distinctly less than the diameter of the last whorl. Long. 38, diam. 18; apert,
long. 15 millim. . . *
Hab. CentRAL AMERICA ®,
8. Pachychilus turatii. (Tab. XXVI. figg. 10-20.)
Melania turati, Villa, in Strobel’s Giornale di Malacologia, ii. p. 113 (1854)*; Notizie interno il
genere Melania, p. 8 (Diario dell’ Accademia Fisico-Medico e Statistico di Milano, 1855) *s
Brot, Matériaux fam. Mélaniens, ii. p. 6, t. 3. figg. 11, 12 (1868) °; in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 39, t. 5. figg. 2, 2a°.
Pachychilus turatii, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 355, t. 51. figg. 1, La’.
Melania berendti, Dunker, in litt. (cit. Strebel, 1878) °.
Melania gassiesi (Reeve}, Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 37, t. 4. figg. 35,
35a, 5".
Near P. liebmanni, but with the whorls a little more convex, the general form somewhat more conical, tapering
upwards; the apex generally eroded, but nevertheless pointed, not broadly truncated, and white in
colour. .
Hab. FE. Mextco: Rio Atoyac *, State of Vera Cruz, on stones (Strebel, Hége) ; Rio
Jamapa, State of Vera Cruz (Beadle *); near Orizaba (Botteri >; Berendt, in coll.
Dunker °); Jalapa and Cordova (Hége).
The brothers Villa received their specimens from Ernesto Turati, and give ! St. Louis
in Luigiana (Italian name of Louisiana) as locality. I have under examination a number
of examples found by Hoge in the River Atoyac, which greatly exceed the Size originally
indicated by Villa and Brot, and also somewhat that of Strebel’s largest specimen, the
largest of Hoge’s shells measuring long. 46, diam. 20; apert. long. 20, diam. 12 millim.
The curious appearance of the eroded, pointed, white spire may be due to local influence,
but a similar peculiarity is shown in Brot’s figure 11 (which is said to have been drawn
from an ‘‘ authentic” specimen), as well as in the figures given by Strebel and Fischer
and Crosse; it becomes therefore almost a specific character in comparison with the
broadly decollated appearance of P. liebmanni and its var. gasséesi.
From a large number of specimens collected by Hége in the Atoyac river the most
dissimilar give the following measurements :—
a. Long. 51, diam. 23; apert. long. 20 millim. Anfr. superst. 7.
b. » 42, 4, 22; %” aL ” ” 5.
C. » 40, 4, 16; ” 183 ” ” 9.
d, 4, 45, 4, 173 3 ” 17 2 ” 9.
é. 29 59, 99 19 5 39 20 99 99 9.
* Dr. Seler informs me that the word “ Atoyac” signifies, in the native language, “on the river,” and
that many localities bear this name: the best known is a station on the railway between Orizaba and Paso
del Macho, below Cordova. This is the locality visited by H. H. Smith in 1888, and Strebel and Hoge appear
also to have collected at the same place.
PACHYCHILUS. 455
f. Long. 34, diam. 15; apert. long. 13 millim., Anfr. superst. 8
g. ry 32, ” 14 > ” 13 ” ” 8
h. 5, 25, 4 18; ” ll, ks 7.
99 24, 5 11; ” 93 ” ” 8.
k. 4, 22, 5, 103; 9 10. —,, es 8
1. ” 15, ” 8 > ” $ ” 9 8.
Me. 39 14, ” 8 ; ” 3 9 ” 8.
a is a large but comparatively typical specimen ; 6, a very broad one; ¢ and d, comparatively slender, more
turrite forms, approaching P. licbmanni; e is a curious, rather abnormal form, very turrite, with narrow
last whorl, and therefore also more narrow aperture (probably an abnormally formed shell, with the
last two whorls descending more than in typical specimens, so that the preceding whorl is embraced to a
less extent by the following, and each of the abnormal whorls gains in height (length) what it loses in breadth,
and also the whole shell in the same manner: I have seen similar monstrosities in several genera of shells).
f-k are not full-grown shells, and among these some (f, h, &) are comparatively broader, others (g and 2)
narrower. The two youngest, / and m (the last from Cordova), are the only ones in which the upper whorls
are not chalky-white, but still brownish.
9, Pachychilus apis.
Melania apis, Lea, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 90"; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 69 (1852)?; Reeve,
Conch. Icon. xii., Melania, t. 38. fig. 266°; Brot, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab.
ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 40, t. 5. fig. 3 (copy from Reeve) *.
Melania (Elimia) apis, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. i. p. 300°.
Pachychilus apis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 856°.
A distinct spiral keel on the whorls preceding the last, two on the last itself, according to the figure*; in
Lea’s descriptions '*, however, four keels are mentioned.
Tlab. FE. Mexico: Vera Cruz, in marshy places !~4,
Brot+ suggests that P. apis may be an angulated variety of P. turatii. 1 cannot
understand why Lea has named this species apis, “bee” (or Apis, the sacred ox of
the old Egyptians ).
10. Pachychilus indiorum.
Melania levissima (Sow.), Brot, Matériaux fam. Mélaniens, i. p. 42°; in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 34 (part.), t. 4. fig. 5d”.
Pachycheilus levissimus, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. i. p. 299, t. 81. fig. 7 (1854) *.
Pachychilus levissimus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 828 *.
Melania indiorum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 25 (1849) ’; Petit Journ. de Conch. iv. p. 162, t. 5.
fig. 7 (indorum) (1858) °; Hanley, Conch. Miscell., Melania, t. 3. fig. 24’.
Pachycheilus indiorum, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. i. p. 299°; Chenu, Manuel de Conch. i. p. 289,
fig. 1983°.
Melania sallei, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xii., Melania, t. 19. fig. 183 (1860) °°.
Melania radix, Brot, loc. cit. p. 30, t. 3. fig. 5".
Hab. E. Mexico: San Andres Tuxtla (Sallé *). :
S.E. Mexico: Palenque, in small streams near the ruins (Morelet®); Isthmus of
Tehuantepec, State of Oaxaca (Sumichrast *).
H. v. Ihering (in Witt.) says that this species occurs also in N. and E. Guatemala,
456 | MOLLUSCA.
especially in the affluents of the Rio Usumacinta; but as his specimens have not been
seen by me, I can neither confirm nor refute his statement.
Var. costato-plicatus. |
Pachychilus levissimus (Sow.), Tristram, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 413”.
Melania levissima, var. a. costato-plicata, Brot, loc. cit. p. 35, t. 5. fig. 5".
Pachychilus levissimus, var. y. costatoplicatus, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 829, t. 33. fig. 5,
With numerous more or less distinct vertical plaits.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Palenque, with the type-form (Morelet ° *).
N. Guatemana: Rio de la Pasion, Alta Vera Paz (Salvin '”).
Var. varicosus.
Melania corvina, var. «, Brot, loc. cit. p. 37, t. 5. figg. 1, la »,
Pachychilus levissimus, var. 8. varicosa, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 329, t. 58. fig. 6 °°.
With several strong vertical plaits, transversely ridged.
Hab. SE. Mexico, Palenque (Morelet }° '°).
Having examined a large number of Venezuelan specimens of P. levissimus, Sow., I
cannot follow Brot and Fischer and Crosse in regarding it as identical with P. indiorum,
Morel., of E. and S.E. Mexico. The Venezuelan shell is thicker and ovoid ; the upper
whorls are only a little more convex, the spire in consequence not being so exactly
conical in P. levissimus, but rather convex-conical (very often, however, it is much
eroded) ; the last whorl, on the contrary, is more convex in its greatest periphery in
P. indiorum, more oblong and compressed in P. levissimus; the peristome in this
latter is very thick and blunt, produced below anteriorly in such a manner that the
whole plane of the aperture becomes concave, protuberant beneath, and the junction
of the basal with the columellar margin is rounded, not angular as in P. indiorum.
M. helleri (Parr.), Brot, Matériaux fam. Mélaniens, iii. p. 29, t. 4. fig. 1 (1872); and
in Martini and Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 33, t. 4. fige. 4a, d,
appears to me to be identical with the Venezuelan form, and therefore with P. levissimus,
Sowerby, Hanley (Conch. Miscell. t. 3. fig. 23), and Reeve (Conch. Icon. xii. fig. 126).
The localities given by Parreyss for his exotic shells are often unreliable.
M. radix, Brot, merely differs from P. indiorum in having a comparatively smaller
aperture and a more swollen last whorl ; he gives as locality ‘‘ Central America.”
Morelet wrote “indiorum ”: the classical name for the people of India is “ Indi,”
gen. Indorum ; he did not, however, mean the inhabitants of the East Indies known
to the classical writers, but the American natives, called “ Indios ” by the Spaniards ;
we may therefore tolerate the form indiorum.
11. Pachychilus dalli. (Tab. XXVI. fig. 4.)
Pachycheilus dalli, Pilsbry, Science, new series, 111. p. 608 (April 1896); Proc. Acad. Phil. 1896
p. 269, with fig. *.
Pachycheilus walli (Pilsbry), Zool. Anzeiger, xix. no. 502, p. 228 (1896) (typographical error) ®
PACHYCHILUS. 457
Near P. indiorum, but differing from it in having a remarkable sinus in the upper part of the external
margin of the aperture and a shallower one below, the middle part in consequence projecting as in the
genus Melanatria. This sinuosity appears only in adult shells, the strie of growth half a whorl
backward of the aperture being quite straight. As five aduit specimens are known, we may presume
that it is not a monstrosity.
Hab. S.W. Muxico: Tehuantepec (Dr. Spear 12).
I give a copy of Pilsbry’s figure.
12. Pachychilus chrysalis. (Tab. XXVII. figg. 6-9, juv.; 15-18.)
Melania chrysalis, Brot, Matériaux fam. Mélaniens, iii. p. 39, t. 2. fig. 5 (1872) *; in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 47, t. 5. fig. 11”.
Pachychilus chrysalis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 342, t. 51. figg. 8, 8a-c’*;
Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 340%.
Pachychilus chrysalis, var. 8. vulnerata, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 342, t. 51. figg. 9, 9a, 10, 10a’.
Pachychilus larvatus, Brot, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 336, t. 34. figg. 11, ll a—e°;
Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 344’.
Last; whorl comparatively long and compressed, giving this species the appearance of a pupa (or chrysalis) of
a large moth.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: San Pedro Gineta, on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, State of
Chiapas (Suwmichrast 5°"); Ixtacomitan, Chiapas (Rovirosa*); Teapa, Tabasco
(H. H. Smith). |
The habitat of the typical specimens is given as ‘“ Tehuantepec” (Geale}?): I
presume that this refers also to the shells collected there by Sumichrast.
The examination of a considerable number of specimens collected by Mr. H. H.
Smith at Teapa shows that Brot’s var. /arvatus and Fischer and Crosse’s var. vudneratus
cannot be maintained as distinct varieties; they are only individual differences caused
by more or less extended erosion of the upper whorls. The dimensions of a few
selected specimens from Teapa are as follows :—
. Long. 52, diam. 24; apert. long. 24, diam. 17 millim. Anfr. superst. 33.
a
b ys On oy 4S 9 23, » 163 ., ” 3.
¢ » 90, 5 22 ; 9 23, ,, 14 ” ” 4.
eo a 5 80: oo 0, ay HA, oA
é. wo O2y, wm 13 9 15, ,, 10 ” ” 53.
f wy 20, (1S; ” 123, ” 8&3 ” ” 43.
g w 18, 11; ” 9, 6 4» ” ?
q The specimen 0 is nearly as old and full-grown as a, but it is eroded to a greater extent, and therefore distinctly
shorter than c and d, which are inferior to it in the other dimensions. The specimens e¢, f, and g are evidently
young, not full-grown, with thin peristome; they are a little more conical, their last whorl being compa-
ratively broader.
Var. nympha,n. (Tab. XXVII. figg. 12-14.)
Of smaller size and comparatively a little narrower.
Long. 36, diam. 16; apert. long. 15, diam. 10 millim. Anfr. superst. 6.
” 34, ” 17; ” 162, wo AL ” ” 42.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, November 1899. 58
458 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. Satvapor: Rio Sucio.
Two specimens, apparently full-grown, both given me by Dr. O. Stoll; but not
collected by himself.
13. Pachychilus panucula. |
Melania panucula, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 23 (1851)*; Brot, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 27, t. 3. figg. 3, 3a, 0”.
Pachychilus panucula, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. i. p. 341, t. 53. fige. 8, 8a’.
Intermediate in form between P. corvinus and P. chrysalis; base of the aperture somewhat produced,
Hab. S.E. Mexico: State of Chiapas (Parreyss *).
N. Guatemata: Rivers of the Department of Peten (Morelet1?), especially the
R. Mopan (Morelet *).
The specific name is derived from the Latin words panus, panucellium, “a heap of
wool at the spindle” ; different from pannus, panniculus, “a scrap of cloth.”
Var. mexicanus.
Melania mexicana, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xii., Melania, t.18. fig. 129*; Brot, in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 45, t. 5. fig. 9 (copy from Reeve) ’.
Pachychilus mexicanus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. i. p. 340°.
Last whorl more swollen in its basal part, resembling a bag, the columellar margin therefore very oblique.
Hab. Mexico, without nearer indication of locality °°, probably S.E. Mexico.
Brot’s figure 9@ has not the characteristic form of this variety, and may belong
to the typical P. panucula.
Var. tumidus. (Tab. XXV. fig. 5.)
Melanoides tumidus, Tristram, P. Z.S. 1863, p. 4137.
Melania tumida, Brot, loc. cit. p. 23°.
Pachychilus tumidus, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 857°.
Very large; upper whorls nearly even, but very convex at the periphery, rapidly narrowed below; base of the
aperture distinctly produced into an angular lobe.
a. Long. 65, diam. 32; apert. long. 23, lat. — millim.
BQ ©6, «= 64, yg, S28 - 254,,, 17 ,, Anfr, superst. 7.
a. Tristram’s statement; 6. Measurements of the specimen sent to me for examination.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Lake of Peten (Salvin ‘—®),
14. Pachychilus orstedi. (Tab. XXVII. figg. 8-5.)
Pachychilus Grstedii, Morch, in Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 79 (1860) *.
Melania orstedtii, Brot, Matériaux fam. Mélaniens, iii. p- 29, t. 3. fig. 10°; in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 46, t. 5. fig. 10°.
Melania gassiesi (Reeve), Tate, Amer. Journ. Conch. v. p. 152 (1876) *.
Pachychilus jansoni, H. Adams, P. Z, 8. 1870, p. 795°; Brot, loc. cit. p. 40°,
PACHYCHILUS. 459
Near e chrysalis and-P. panucula, but with the penultimate whorl not so large as in the former and the last
whorl somewhat more convex than in the latter ; columellar margin strongly arched. .
Hab. | E. NicaRacua: Segovia ((rsted 1~3) ; Matagalpa, in the Arroyo Alasan (Rothschuh,
on Mus. Berol.) ; Chontales (Janson ®*) ; on stones in the rocky beds of the clear,
rapid-flowing streams taking their rise in the Chontales Mountains (Tate +).
The editors of this work have sent me some specimens of the same species labelled
as having been probably collected in Costa Rica by Mr. Rogers.
These shells, like others from Matagalpa, are generally a little more ventricose than
the figures given by Brot 2 3, and they also differ in this respect from the measurements
given by H. Adams®. I have not seen any of Tate’s examples, and he gives no
description ; but as Reeve’s figure of M. gassiesi (not that of Brot and Fischer and
Crosse) is rather near P. 6rstedi, and the locality coincides so well, I think it is quite
probable that they belong to this species.
Var. planensis.
Melania planensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. x. p. 118 (1858)7; Obs. Unionidae, xi. p. 83, t. 22. fig. 26
(1864) *; Brot, loc. cit. p. 33, t. 4. fig. 3°.
Very large and somewhat more cylindrical. Long. 56, diam. 23; apert. long. 23 millim.
Hab. Honpvuras: Plan and Omoa, valley of the Ulua River, Atlantic slope (Le Conte™~).
A shell found by Dr. O. Stoll in the Sierra del Mico, near Yzabal, Eastern
Guatemala, long. 43, diam. 194, apert. 194 millim., remaining whorls 5, probably
belongs to this variety.
15. Pachychilus cinereus.
Melania cinerea, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 26 (1849) '; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xii., Melania, t. 35.
fig. 2357; Brot, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 38, t. 4.
fig. 6°.
Pachychilus cinereus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. 11. p. 334, t. 52. figg. 8, 8a-c’*.
Hab. N. Guatemata: in the river of Coban, Alta Vera Paz (Morelet1~*, Bocourt *).
H. v. Ihering (in litt.) states that P. cinereus is a local variety of P. indiorum ; I
have not seen a specimen of it.
16. Pachychilus explicatus.
Pachychilus indifferens, var. eaplicata, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. it. p. 337, t. 53.
figg. 9, 9a (10, 10a)’.
Hab. N. Guaremata: Rio Machaquila, Department of Peten (Morelet +).
The two examples figured by Fischer and Crosse seem to differ greatly inter se. Fig. 9
has a strongly arcuated columellar margin, without basal projection ; it may represent
58*
460 | MOLLUSCA.
another species, intermediate between P, indiorum and P. graphium. Fig. 10, on the
contrary, has quite the appearance of a young shell, with the base of the last whorl
more fully rounded and the base of the aperture apparently (?) projecting. I have not
seen either of the specimens.
17. Pachychilus corvinus. :
Melania corvina, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 26 (1849) *; Hanley, Conch. Miscell., Melania, t. 2.
fig. 16, and var. t. 8. fig. 257; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xii., Melania, t. 19. fig. 185 5°; Brot,
in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 36, t. 5. fig. 1°.
Pachycheilus corvinus, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. i. p. 298, t. 31. figg. 7 a, 6 (operculum) ° ;
Tristram, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 283°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. 11. p. 836, t. 52.
figg. 7,7 a-c"; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 340° (nec Chenu, Manuel Conch. i.
p. 289, fig. 1960). .
Stoutly conical; last whorl rather convex, unicolorous, chestnut-brown; plane of the aperture concave;
peristome thick, the interior with a dark brown marginal zone, the base rounded. Salvin’s specimen
measures :—Long. 35, diam. 18 ; apert. long. 16 millim.
Hab. 8... Mexico: Montafias de Poana 1, Tabasco (fovirosa ®).
N. GuaTEMALA: smaller streams of the Department of Vera Paz (Morelet 14); Coban
(Morelet, Bocourt"); Tactic (Bocourt*).
W. Guatemata: Lake of Duefias (from O. Salvin’s first collection); in the stream of
Santa Rosa, a tributary of the Rio Negro (Stol/).
Var. lutescens.
Melania corvina, Reeve, loc. cit. fig. 135 a’.
Pachychilus corvinus, var. lutescens, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 336, t. 58. figg. 7, 7a.
Shell pale yellowish-grey.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Coban (Morelet '),
Var. indifferens. (Tab. XXVII. figg. 10; 11, 11a, juv.)
Pachychilus indifferens, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxxix. p- 25 (1891) **; Miss, Scient. Mex.,
Moll. 1, p. 387, t. 50. figg. 8, 8 a-c”.
Of smaller size; spire more conical and acuminated.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Chiacam, near Lanquin, on the Cahabon River, an affluent of
the Polochic (Champion).
E. GuaTeMaLa: Rio Motagua (Bocourt !2),
Among the specimens collected by Mr. Champion there are several very minute
ones (figg. 11, 11 a), measuring 4-5 millim. only in length, with acute, not eroded,
black-coloured apex and five to six whorls; they are without doubt very young,
perhaps just hatched.
PACHYCHILUS. 461
C. Subgen. Oxymetania.
Oxymelania, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. pp. 328, 366 (1892).
More or less slenderly elongate ; upper whorls not eroded; peristome very thick,
swollen, somewhat expanded.
18. Pachychilus graphium.
Melania graphium, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 26 (1849)*; Hanley, Conch. Miscell. Melania, t. 4.
fig. 35°.
Pachycheilus graphium, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. i. p. 298 (1854) °.
Pachychilus graphium, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 382, t. 51. figg. 2, 2a‘.
Pachychilus cumingii, Lea, P. Z. 8. 1850, p. 179°; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) ix. p. 58 (1852) °
(repetition).
Melania renovata, Brot, Matériaux fam. Mélaniens, i. p. 43 (1862) 7; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 41, t. 5. fig. 5°.
Pachychilus gracilis, Tristram, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 413°.
Melania gracilis (Tristram), Brot, loc. cit. p. 42 °°.
Pachychilus tristrami, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 369".
Hab. N. Guatemata: Lake of Peten (Salvin 9 10 11); streams of Vera Paz (Morelet ');
Rio de Tactic (Morelet +); Sabo, Alta Vera Paz (Champion) ; Chiacam, near
Lanquin, on the Cahabon River, an affluent of the Polochic (Champion) ; Coban *,
in large rivers (Lea *%).
Centra GuatemaLa: Huehuetenango (v. Lhering, in litt.); Salina La Magdalena, at
Sacapulas, Department of Quiché, 7000 feet above the sea (Stol/).
The specific name graphium is Latin, from the Greek yga¢eior, a “ style” or “ pencil.”
Var. reductus.
Melanium graphium (Morelet), Reeve, Conch. Icon. xii., Melania, t. 21. fig. 150"; Brot, in Martini
& Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, p. 41, t. 5. fig. 4.
Pachychilus graphium, var. reducta, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 3833“.
Somewhat broader. |
Hab. N. Guatemata: Vera Paz (Morelet 171%).
Var. transcendens. | —_
Melania cumingi, Reeve, loc. cit. fig. 149 (1860) *’ (nec M. cumingi, Lea, 1850, from the Philippines).
Pachychilus graphium, var. transcendens, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 333, t. 50. figg. 7, 7a.
Of larger size.
Hab. CentraL GuatemMaLA: San Miguel Uspantan, Dept. Quiché, in affluents of the
Rio Usumacinta (Stoll 1%).
I have specimens of this variety from Dr. O. Stoll himself, and it is mentioned in
his work on Guatemala (p. 382). Schneider, who is referred to by Fischer and Crosse 16
* Lea gives “ Copan,” probably a mistake for Coban, see anted, p. 444.
462 MOLLUSCA.
for the locality quoted, is without doubt the dealer Gustay Schneider, of Basle, wlio
had Dr. Stoll’s shells for sale.
19. Pachychilus schiedeanus. :
Melania schiedeana, Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. i. p. 62, t. 2. fig. 11 (1843) *; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. xii., Melania, t. 15. fig. 1017; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 51 (1865) °; Strebel,
Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 35, t. 4. figg. 37, 37 a*; Brot, in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 3, Melaniaceen, p. 42, t. 5. figg. 6, 6a’.
Vibex (Juga) schiedeana, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. i. p. 305°.
Pachychilus schiedeanus, Troschel, Gebiss d. Schnecken, i. p. 116, t. 9. fig. 3 (radula)"; Fisch. &
Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 866, t. 50. figg. 10, 10a, 5°.
Melania variegata, Wiegmann, in Mus. Berol.*; Menke, Synops. Moll. p. 43 (1880) (sine descr.) ".
The most slender and acute of all the Central-American species, but varying somewhat in this respect. The
peristome is distinctly thick and obtuse, somewhat expanded below; colour usually pale brown, with
more or less distinct reddish-brown stripes.
Hab. E. Mexico: Rio de Misantla, in the hot region, on stones (Deppe & Schiede *) ;
Arroyo Viejo, three miles from Misantla (Strebel +); Misantla and Cordova (Hége) ;
Coatepec (Strebel, in Mus. Berol.),
% CentRAL Mexico: in small brooks and ditches around the city of Mexico (Schiede }).
Although the last-named locality seems very precise, yet I have some misgiving
about it, for the following reasons: (1) on the labels of the Berlin Museum, from the
time of Wiegmann (+1841), Misantla is named as the habitat in which this species
was found by Schiede, and it is also noted as from the “heisse Region” (tierra
caliente); (2) no subsequent collector has found it there, not even Prof. A. Heilprin,
who collected in the environs of the city of Mexico in 1890 (¢f. Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892,
pp. 825-831). The occurrence at Misantla, on the contrary, is corroborated by both
Strebel and Hoge.
Troschel has examined the radula and found it to be like that of P. levissimus, the
type of the genus.
Var. sirebelianus.
Melania saussurei (Brot ?), Strebel, loc. cit. p. 36, t. 4. figg. 48, 43 a™.
Pachychilus schiedeanus, var. strebeliana, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 869".
Whorls more rounded. A somewhat doubtful form, apparently very different from the preceding,
Hab. E, Mexico: stream of Palpoala, close to Misantla (Strebel 11),
20. Pachychilus saussurei.
Melania saussurei, Brot, in Rev. Zool. 1860, p. 264, t. 17. fig. 11°; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 48, t. 5. fig. 7°.
Pachychilus saussurei, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 868 *.
Shell with three rows of granular elevations beneath the suture ; otherwise near P. schiedeanus.
PACHYCHILUS. 463
Hab. Centra Mexico: in swamps in the woods bordering the Rio Grande, between
‘‘’Tampico and Mexico” (Saussure 1-3),
This river, which must not be confused with the well-known Rio Grande del Norte,
runs into the Lagoon of Meztitlan, the road from Tampico to Mexico city crossing it
between Zacualtipan and Atotonilco, in the State of Hidalgo. The Lagoon of Meztitlan
lies west of the Sierra Madre and does not drain into either the Atlantic or the
Pacific *.
D. Subgen. PoTaMaNax.
Potamanaz, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 341.
Shell short, ventricose, approaching to the ovate form; aperture simply rounded
beneath, with thickened, callous, columellar margin.
21. Pachychilus sargi.
Melania sargi, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxiii. p. 226 (1875) *; xxiv. t. 11. fig. 4°; Brot,
in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 333, t. 34. figg. 12, 12 a’.
Pachychilus sargi, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. 1. p. 338, t. 51. figg. 6, 6a, 7°.
The shortest and most Littorzna-like of all the Central-American species. Last whorl subangulated.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Coban (Schneider *) ; Cahabon (Champion).
The typical specimens were found by Mr. Sarg, probably in the vicinity of Coban,
where he resided fora long time. Crosse and Fischer merely give “ Guatemala (Sarg) ”
as the locality 12.
22. Pachychilus pilsbryi, n. x.
Potamanaz rovirosai, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 341, t. 14. figg. 8,9°.
Very near the preceding, but with the last whorl simply convex, not subangulated, and with more distinct
spiral lines.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: mountains of Poana, State of Tabasco (Lovirosa *).
As there is a Pachychilus glaphyrus, var. rovirosai, mentioned on a preceding page
in Pilsbry’s paper (Joc. cit. p. 339), the name of the present species must be changed.
Pilsbry says that the operculum of his genus Potamanax is very different from
that of Pachychilus, it having but few whorls, with a basal nucleus; but as the
operculum of the two Central-American species of this section is nat yet knowa,
Pilsbry’s description of it having been taken from the Cuban P. drevis, d'Orb., which
he treats as congeneric, I prefer to keep the two Central-American forms in the genus
Pachychilus until further information is obtained.
* T am indebted to Dr. Seler, of Berlin, for information as to the position of this river, which is not marked
on most maps.
464 MOLLUSCA.
SEMISINUS.
Hemisinus, Swainson, Treatise on Malacology, 1840, pp. 200, 341 ; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. i.
p. 802; Brot, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 368.
Semisinus, P. Fischer, Manuel de Conch. p. 701 (1885); Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll.
ii. p. 313.
General shape of Melania and Pachychilus, but with the base of the columellar
margin notched obliquely and therefore separated distinctly from the basal margin.
The Central-American species exhibit a strong spiral sculpture.
Operculum paucispiral, horny, the nucleus near its lower end.
Edges of the mantle fringed, as in the Old-World Melanie.
Radula comparatively shorter than in Pachychilus; central tooth subquadrangular,
multicuspidate, with a slight elevation in the middle of its plane; lateral tooth multi-
cuspidate ; marginal teeth very long, quadri- or quinque-cuspidate.
Viviparous. .
The anatomy of the Central-American species is given by Fischer and Crosse, loc. cit.
Semisinus is a philological correction of the hybrid word Hemisinus.
1. Semisinus ruginosus.
Melania ruginosa, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 25 (1849) ’.
Hemisinus ruginosus, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. i. p. 803%; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xii., Melania, t. 3.
figg. 18, 136°; Brot, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 394,
t. 41. fig. 1*, and var. , p. 395, t. 41. fige. 2,2a°; Stoll, Guatemala, Reisen u. Schilder-
ungen, 1886, p. 461 °.
Semisinus ruginosus, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 818, t.50. figg. 11, ll a-d’.
Melania petenensis, Tristram, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 414°. .
Hemisinus petenensis (Tristram), Brot, Matériaux fam. Mélaniens, ii. p. 51°.
Hemisinus zoster, Brot, op. cit. i. p. 62 (1862) *°.
Shell oblong, with 6-7 flat remaining whorls, encircled by strong spiral ridges, 4-7 on the whorl before the
last; last whorl rather slender, its diameter not equalling the length of the aperture. Long. 23-27,
diam. 8-103; apert. long. 84-11 millim.
fiab. N. GuateMaLa: Lake of Peten (Salvin §).
KE, Guatemata: Lake of Yzabal (Morelet!; Bocourt?; Stoll®;
Sopper, teste
v. Lhering).
Varies considerably in the diameter of the last whorl, which is in some exam ples
equal to the length of the aperture (petenensis, Tristr., type spec.; Reeve, fig. 130;
Brot, figg. 2, 2a; Fischer & Crosse, figg. 11, 11 a), in others considerably less (Reeve,
fig. 13; Brot, fig. 1; Fischer & Crosse, t. 50. fig. 11 6): Fischer suggests that this may
be a sexual difference. The specimens sent me by Canon ‘I'ristram from the Lake of
Peten, and those figured by Fischer and Crosse from the Lake of Yzabal, show that
the two forms occur in both lakes.
SEMISINUS.—NERITINA, 465
S. kochi, Bernardi, Journ. de Conch. v. t. 3. fig. 6 (1856); Reeve, loc. cit. fig. 21; and
Brot, loc. cit. p. 385, t. 40. fig. 4, from Brazil (and, according to H. v. Ihering, also
from Eastern Peru), is allied to this species, but it has the last whorl more ventricose
and longer in regard to the whole length of the shell.
NERITINA.
Neritina, Lamarck, Philosophie Zool. i. p. 321 (1809) ; Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. éd. 1, vi. 2,
p- 183, éd. 2, vill. p. 564; Sowerby, Conch. Illustr. parts 86 &c. (circa 1838) ; Thes. Conch.
i. p. 507 (1849) ; Récluz, in Journ. de Conch. i. pp. 148-154 (1850) ; v. Martens, in
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, ii. part 10 (1875-79) ; Fischer & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 4.56.
Shell semiglobose or globose, with few whorls ; aperture large, semicircular ;
columellar margin straight, cutting, continued outside in a distinct plane (area), formed
by a glossy peculiarly coloured shelly deposit, the margin itself usually finely toothed,
seldom smooth, the outer margin of the aperture not toothed within. The exterior of
the shell usually covered with a dark greenish or blackish periostracum, generally
smooth.
Operculum oblong-semicircular, calcareous, with a membranaceous edge at the
external convex border; two projecting processes (apophyses) within, one at the
lower end of the operculum, straight, somewhat oblique, usually stout, but in
some of the subdivisions of the genus scarcely or not at all developed, the other
arcuated, compressed, encircling the former.
Two long filiform feelers, the eyes on tubercles at their outer base.
-Radula rhipidoglossate.
Most of the species living in fresh water, running or stagnant, some also in brackish
or salt water, crawling on stones or other solid objects. Oviparous; several eggs in a
convex, membranaceous, pale yellow, pouch-shaped egg-capsule (ovicapsula), which is
attached to the outside of other shells of the same species or to those of other genera,
e. g. to Pachychilus, which live in the same water.
The genus Neritina may be subdivided as follows :—
A. Nerira, Roth.
Both apophyses of the operculum well developed and separated from one another.
Columellar margia denticulated, not peculiarly sinuated.
To this subgenus belong the majority of the Mexican and Central-American species,
especially all true freshwater forms. They can be separated into three groups,
according to the general form of the shell :—
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, November 1899. 59
MOLLUSCA.
466
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468 MOLLUSCA.
a. Autna, Récluz (1842) (part.) [SemicircuLatz, v. Martens].
Shell somewhat depressed, with short spire and very large columellar plane.
Peculiar to America and Western Africa. N. latissima and N. punctulata; N. turbida
forms a connecting-link with the following.
5. Nerirma, Roth, s. str. [Serrarx, Recluz (1841) ; Picrw, Menke (1880) ].
Shell globose or conoidal-globose, handsomely marked ; columellar plane not so large, often
convex ; toothlets of the columellar margin well developed, nearly equal.
Circumtropical. N. lineolata, N. virginea, and N. pulchra.
ec. Pupzrita, Gray (1857) [VEenosa#, v. Martens].
Shell transversely elliptic, with nearly flat spire; not shining. Mostly marine.
Circumtropical. N. pupa.
B. CurtHon, Montf.
Both apophyses of the operculum well developed and connected by an intermediate wall.
Columellar margin sinuate at its middle, distinctly denticulated, the toothlet at the upper end of the sinus
the largest.
Circumtropical. NV. picta (and NV. michaudi).
C. THEopoxvs, Montf.
The lower apophysis (peg) obsolete or absent, the other (rib) well developed.
Columellar margin not denticulated.
Chiefly European, and im the adjacent parts of Asia and Africa. (J. sargi and
N. mexicana, both very doubtful as regards their habitat.)
D. Smaragept, Issel.
Apophyses as in A. Neritewa.
Shell transversely oval, depressed, glossy, clear coloured.
For the differences in the radula see Troschel.
Truly marine, in the subtropical and tropical seas of both hemispheres. I. viridis.
In these subdivisions and in the preceding table all the species are included, whether
they live in fresh or salt water. But in the following pages only those species are
enumerated which are actually found in fresh water; the others will be placed at the
end of the volume with the brackish-water Mollusca.
In the comparative table the height of the aperture is purposely omitted, because
this can be measured in various ways, as the shell is held more or less obliquely, and
it is in this genus often rather difficult to say which is the true vertical position of the
shell; therefore the length of the columellar margin within the aperture is given
instead, this being always considerably less than the height of the aperture itself, but
affords at all events a certain measurement. ‘The diameter major gives the breadth of
the shell, and the diameter minor the amount of convexity.
NERITINA. . 469
1. Neritina latissima.
Neritina latissima, Broderip, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 200’; Sowerby, Conch. Illustr., Neritina, sp. no. 29,
figg. 3, 16 (before 1838)*; Thes. Conch. ii. p. 519, t. 104. fig. 172%; Deshayes, in
Lamarck’s Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. viii. p- 581*; Récluz, Journ. de Conch. i. p. 146
(1850) °; Reeve, Conch. Icon. ix., Neritina, t. 3. fig. 13°; v. Mart. in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Neritina, p. 72, t. 1. figg. 6, 77.
Very conspicuous from the wing-like production of both sides of the shell, above and below, by which the
height of the shell, taken from the axis of the whorls, is rendered greater than the diameter across it.
Hab. S.W. Nicaragua: Realejo, in a river, adhering to rocks (Cuming !*).
S.W. Costa Rica: Rio Grande de Pirrés (Pittier, Febr. 1892); Rio Punta Mala, in
fresh water, 20 metres above the sea (P2ttier, April 1892).
Var. globosa.
Neritina globosa, Broderip, P.Z.S. 1832, p. 201°; Sowerby, Conch. Illustr. sp. no. 31, fig. 12° ;
Deshayes, in Lamarck’s Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. vill. p. 582 °°.
Neritina intermedia, var., Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. p. 519, t. 104. figg. 174, 175"; Reeve,
loc. cit. t. 3. fig. 14.
Neritina intermedia, var. dilatata, Récluz, Journ. de Conch. i. p. 146”.
Neritina latissima, var. 6. globosa, v. Mart. loc. cit. p. 72, t. 7. figg. 15, 16™.
Upper wing less developed, lower wanting. Height and transverse diameter about equal.
Hab. S.W. Costa Rica: Gulf of Nicoya (Cuming }8); Rio Grande de Terraba and Rio
Punta Mala, in fresh water, 50 and 20 metres above the sea (Pittier).
S. Panama: Rio Chiriqui, in a river (Cuming ®1°); on an island in the Bay of
Montijo, in a stream * (Cuming !). |
Var. intermedia.
Neritina intermedia, Sowerby, P.Z.S. 1832, p. 201%; Conch. Ilustr. sp. no. 33, fig. 7”
Deshayes, loc. cit. p. 5837; Récluz, Journ. de Conch. i. p. 146°; Tate, Amer. Journ. of
Conch. v. p. 153”.
No wing-like projection, neither above nor below.
Hab. S.W. Nicaraeva: Realejo (Cuming '*).
SW. Costa Rica: San Lucas, in the Gulf of Nicoya, a variety (Cuming! ").
S. Panama: on an island in the Bay of Montijo, in a stream, abundantly on stones
(Cuming 517); Panama city, on the bottom of a freshwater stream, by the
railway-terminus (Tate }*).
Ecuapor: Guayaquil (Wolf & Boetzes).
Perv (Tschudi).
Various localities upon the Pacific slope or coast are cited for this variety of
* Reeve '* gives the locality &c. as “‘ Island of Lions, Bay of Montijo, in a mountain-stream.” I am unable
to find such a place on the maps, and there cannot be mountains on any of the small islands in the Bay of
that name.
470 MOLLUSCA.
N. latissima, but all are attributed to H. Cuming. In my monograph of Neritina™
(pp. 74, 290) this species is stated to occur on both the Pacific and Atlantic slopes of
Central America; but this was probably a mistake, owing to my being unaware at the
time of the true position of the Rio Chiriqui. This river, I now find, rans into the
Pacific, near Cape Burica, on the borders of Costa Rica and the State of Panama.
Nevertheless, there is a specimen of NW. intermedia in the Dunker collection labelled
“ Chiriqui, N. Panama,” on the authority of Méschler, a dealer who received many
shells from missionaries.
The shell of this species, like that of many others, is usually rnarked with small pale
spots, which are bordered at the side towards the aperture by somewhat broad black
lines; when the spots are very numerous and crowded, they give it a reticulated
appearance. In some specimens the spots are nearly or quite absent. In others there
are two black spiral bands, which look as if they were produced by an enlargement
of the black borders into two spiral zones. Varieties of this kind are mentioned
by Broderip himself! in WV. datisstma, and I have seen also banded forms of the
var. intermedia from Chiriqui.
H. Pittier mentions that this species is called by the natives “sit cuah,” 7. é. small
“ sit.”
2. Neritina punctulata.
Nerite, Argenville, Hist. Nat. Conchyliologie, éd. 1, p. 259, t. 10. fig. 3 (1742) *; éd. 2,t. 7. fig. 3°;
éd. 3, par Favanune, t. 61. fig. D1’. .
Neritina punctulata, Lamarck, in Encycl. Méth. Vers, 11. t. 455. fig. 2*; Sowerby, Conch. Illustr.,
Neritina, sp. no. 6, fig. 29°; Thes. Conch. ii. p. 520, t. 105. fig. 194°; Deshayes, in
Lamarck’s Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. éd. 2, vi. p. 584"; Menke, in Zeitschr. f. Malak.
1850, pp. 166, 167°; Shuttleworth, in Bern. Mittheil. 1854 (Diagn. neuer Moll. vii.) p. 161°;
Reeve, Conch. Icon. ix., Neritina, t. 10. fig. 48"; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 54 (1865) ”;
in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Neritina, p. 76, t. 5. figg. 18-15";
Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 59, t. 1. fig. 38"; Fisch. & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 472, t. 58. fig. 5 (operculum) “.
Neritina fuscilabris, Wiegmann, MSS. in Mus. Berol.™.
Neritina aperta, Budgin, Sowerby’s Catalogue coll. Earl of Tankerville, p. 45 (1825) ™.
Neritina pulligera (Lam.), Deshayes, in Cuvier’s Régne Anim. éd. 3, Illustrée, Moll. t. 47. fig. 1”.
Shell rather flat, with very wide aperture; last whorl covering nearly all those preceding, and usually leaving
an eroded spot only, instead of the spire; suture very irregular towards the aperture. Outside
olivaceous-brown, with very numerous pale spots; in some specimens with one or two broad pale spiral
zones. ‘The callous deposit on the columellar area more or less distinctly extended upwards at the outer
extremity.
Hab. E. Mexico: Rio de Misantla, near Misantla (Deppe & Schiede™; Strebel");
Rio de Colipa, in the district of Misantla (Ziebmann 8).
ANTILLES: Cuba (d’Orbigny, Gundlach) ; Jamaica (C. B. Adams, Reeve ); Puerto
NERITINA. A471
Rico (Blauner®); Guadeloupe (Lamarck’, Bean, &c.); Martinique (March,
yries); St. Vincent 5.
3. Neritina turbida.
Neritina turbida, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 27 (1849) *; Reeve, Conch. Icon. ix., Neritina, t. 29.
fig. 183°; v. Mart. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Neritina, pp. 80, 279° ;
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 474, t. 58. figg. 4, 4a, b*.
Semiglobose, spire very short and obtuse ; outside yellowish-green, with three spiral rows of pale or even white
spots, each of them edged with black on the side towards the aperture, which gives them the appearance
of scales ; the interstices between the spiral rows marked either with similar smaller spots or with
undulating vertical black lines, or with a combination of both. Columellar area not covering the whole
lower face, pale fulvous; columellar edge distinctly denticulated at the middle. Operculum blackish-grey
on its outer face, with whitish nucleus and blood-red edging; the two apophyses distinct, the apophysis
triangular, orange.
Diam. maj. 15, min. 83, alt. 15, alt. apert. 18, marg. col. 9, lat. areze 5 millim.
bh) 13, 29 8, 99 13, 99 11, 29 8, 9 ) 39
99 9, 29 5, 29 8, 99 vee 39 53, 99 3 99
Hab. W. GuateMaLa: mouth of the River Machaquilan (Morelet !~4); Esteros de San |
José and Champerico, Pacific coast (Stoll).
S.W. Costa Rica: Swamps of Sierpe, 5 metres above the sea, on aquatic plants,
copiously (Pittier, April 1892); in a tributary river of the Rio Coto (Pitter,
1896).
This species differs from young examples of WV. punctulata in the greater convexity
of the whole shell, the distinctly prominent spire of at least two whorls, and the
proportionately narrower columellar plane, which does not occupy the whole under
face of the shell. A young specimen of WV. punctulata from Cuba has diam. maj. 13,
min. 7, alt. 114, alt. apert. 11, marg. col. 7, lat. aree 6 millim.
Among the specimens from Champerico some are normal, while others approach
N. virginea in their more conical form and even by their markings.
4, Neritina lineolata. (Tab. XXVIII. figg. 2, 6.)
Nerita subviridis lineis capillaribus nigris subrecte diductis, Lister, Hist. Conch. t. 605. fig. 33
1688) *.
te. ee Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. vi. 2, p. 186 (1822) *; éd. 2, vill. p. 574°;
Menke, Synops. Moll. ed. 2, p. 48° (nec Sowerby, nec Reeve).
Neritina clandestina, Menke coll. ’.
Neritina olivacea, Wiegmann, in Mus. Berol.° (cit. Menke, 1830).
Neritina gravis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. 1. p. 27 (1849) 7; Shuttleworth, in Bern. Mittheil. 1854
(Diagn. never Moll. vii.), p. 160 >
Neritina floridana (Shuttl.), Reeve, Conch. Icon. ix., Neritina, t. 18. fig. 85 (1855)
Neritina reclivata (Say), var. rotundata, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 61 (1865) °°.
Neritina reclivata (Say), v. Mart. %» Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Neritina,
9
472 MOLLUSCA.
p. 119, t. 10. figg. 7-9"; Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 60, t. 1.
figg. 39, 39a”; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 480, t. 58. figg. 1, La-f,
2,2a”.
Riesige Neritine, Stoll, Guatemala, Reisen und Schilderungen, 1886, p. 461”.
Shell globose, with shortly prominent spire, olivaceous-green, with very numerous fine black lines across the
whorls; suture black, somewhat ragged in the last whorl. Columellar area very convex, white or pale
yellowish. Size very variable.
Diam. maj. 23, min. 16, alt. 22, marg. colum. 123, lat. arew 9 millim. (Strebel).
» 21, 4 14, 5 204, 7 1 )~=S 8, ~— (coll. Piitel).
99 18, ” 123, 99 17, 29 10, 29 7 99
. 15, ,, 10, ,, 144, . 9, 4 54 4 (coll. Albers).
Hab. Cuntrat Mexico: Sayula, State of Jalisco (Hége).
E. Mexico: Tampico (Von dem Busch, coll. Dunker and coll. Albers'° 11); Rio de
Tecoluta and at its mouth, the Barra del Rancho Nuevo (Deppe & Schiede 1°) ;
Misantla, or more probably Jicaltepec, at the mouth of the Rio de Misantla
(Strebel, fig. 39 a 12); Vera Cruz (Friedel !°), especially in the small stream of
Tenoya, near its mouth, on aquatic plants, stones, rotten wood, and planks, and
in the brook of Vergara, about two miles from the town (Strebel *); Cerro de
Palma, near Cordova (Hége); San Carlos, nearly due east of Oaxaca (Hoge).
S.E. Mexico: Tabasco (Hoge).
Yucatan: Island of Carmen (Morelet }8).
British Honpuras: Belize (Morelet’ ; Bocourt'®).
E. GuaTEMALA: Yzabal, on the Lake of Yzabal or Golfo Dulce (SéoJé).
The general colour of the shell varies from a pale greyish-green to a darker olivaceous or even brownish-green :
the black lines are sometimes very fine and not easily seen; they run obliquely from above and behind to
below and before, but with some angles and flexuosities, which are the same in neighbouring lines.
Var. reclivata.
Theodoxus reclivatus, Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. ii. p. 257 (1822) ».
Nerita reclivata, var. ovale, oblongue, Récluz, Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 338”.
Neritina reclivata (Say), Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. p. 533, t. 116. figg. 240, 2417; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. ix., Neritina, t. 8. fig. 34°; v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 61 (1865) °; Strebel, loc.
cit. p. 61, t. 1. fig. 395°; Troschel, Gebiss der Schnecken, ii. p. 177, t. 16. fig. 10 (radula) *.
Neritella reclivata, Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. iti. p. 103, figg. 205, 206 (operculum),
207 (radula) *.
Neritina reclivata, var. B. conoidalis, v. Mart. in Martini & Chemnitz, loc. cit. p. 119”.
Neritina microstoma, d’Orbigny, in Ramon de la Sagra’s Hist. fis. polit. y nat. de Cuba, Moluscos,
p. 177, t. 17. fig. 87"; Pfr. Malak. Blatt. v. p. 49 (1858) ».
Conoidal, somewhat acorn-shaped, the last whorl narrowed conspicuously in its upper half and the spire a little
more produced ; otherwise not different from the type, and connected with it by intermediate forms.
Diam. maj. 15, min. 104, alt. 16, marg. colum. 73, lat. arew 6 millim.
9” 17, 9? 13, 9 20, 39 8, 99 6 2
99 10, 39 8, 9 15, 29 63, ry) 4 ”
18, 9 15, ” 23, ” 10, 9 7 ov) (Tampico).
NERITINA. 473
Hab. Sovru-rastern Unrrep Srarzs: Alabama, S. Carolina, Florida.
E. Mexico: Tampico (coll. Dunker); Rio de Tecoluta, with the typical form
(Deppe & Schiede !° 8); Vera Cruz, with the typical form, but only one specimen
(Strebel 2°) ; San Carlos, one specimen among four globose ones ([T6ge).
E. Guatemata: Rio Dulce, at Livingston (S¢ol/).
ANTILLES: Cuba (d'Orbigny *4 ; Pfeiffer > ; Gundlach).
This is the prevailing form in Florida and Cuba, where specimens are also found
approaching more or less closely to the typical NV. lineolata, which is the commonest
form in Mexico.
Var. reticulata. (Tab. XXVIII. fig. 7.)
Nerita reticulata, Lister, Hist. Conch. t. 605. fig. 28 (1688) *.
Neritina reticulata, De Cristofori et Jan, Catalogus Rer. Nat. 1832, p. 7°"; Mantissa, Cat. p. 4°
(nec N. reticulata, Sowerb. P. Z. 8. 1832, Reeve, &c.; nec reticulata, Quoy et Gaimard,
1834 = dubia, Chemn.).
Neritina reclivata, var. reticulata, v. Mart. in Martini & Chemnitz, loc. cit., Neritina, p. 120,
t. 10. fig. 16”; Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 481, t. 58. figg. 3, 3a”,
Neritina verriculum, Récluz, in litt.* .
The black lines forming a regular network, and somewhat thicker and less numerous than in the typical form.
General shape varying between globose and conoidal.
Hab. ©. Mexico: Tampico (coll. Dunker); Vera Cruz, with the typical form (coll.
Dunker ?®).
British Honpuras: Belize (Mus. Berol.*® ; Bocourt ?°).
K. Guatemata: Lake of Yzabal (Stoll); Rio Dulce, at Livingston (Stol/).
ANTILLES: Cuba, especially at Manzanillo, where it is the predominant torm, and in
the Rio Cauto, where it has been found among a larger number of the var.
reclivata (Gundlach, in Mus. Berol.); Jamaica °°.
Some individuals show a transition from the reticulated to the lineated form. (See
Tab. XXVIII. fig. 1.)
Among twenty-two examples from Florida, now before me, there is not one with
reticulated coloration.
Var. parcepicta,n. (Tab. XXVIII. figg. 1, 3, 4, 5.)
Neritina reclivata, var. striolata (Récluz), v. Mart. in Martini & Chemnitz, loc. cit., Neritina,
p. 120 (part.), t. 18. fig. 12.
The black lines thicker and fewer in number, and somewhat widely separated.
Diam. maj. 15, min. 19, alt. 17 millim.
“ S. 5 Shy 5 9, Ware- col. 6, lat. areze 3 millim.
Hab. E. Guaremata: Rio Dulce, at Livingston (Stol/).
This is an individual variation rather than a distinct variety, as specimens are some-
times found with the regular network of the var. reticulata, passing by degrees into the
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Hebruary 1900. 60
474 MOLLUSCA.
irregular and more isolated streaks of the last whorls (see fig. 5); sometimes two of
the streaks are placed close together and each separated by wider interstices from the
others (see fig. 3).
The true NW. striolata, Lister, Hist. Conch. t. 604. fig. 29; Récluz, Rev. Zool. 184],
p. 337; Sow. Thes. Conch. figg. 98, 99; Reeve, fig. 100, from Venezuela and Guiana,
seems to be an analogous variation of WV. zebra, Lam., characterized by a similar
deficiency and irregularity of the streaks; but it is of a generally broader shape than
the Central-American forms, the spire is shorter and flatter, and the last whorl shows
a very slight subangulated swelling below its greatest circumference.
5. Neritina cassiculum, (Tab. XXVIII. figg. 9, 9 a.)
Neritina cassiculum, Sowerby, Conch. Illustr. sp. no. 55, fig. 55 (1837) *; Thes. Conch. ii. p. 521,
t. 11]. fig. 1927; Menke, Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1851, p. 166°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. ix.,
Neritina, t. 26. fig. 118‘; P. Carpenter, Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 258°; Binney, Land and
Freshw. Shells of N. Am. iii. p. 105, fig. 210 (copied from Sowerby) *; Fisch. & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 484, t. 58. figg. 8, 8a, 5”.
Peculiarly globose, rather swollen in the upper part of the last whorl; spire a little prominent, but nearly flat
at the top, very obtusely subangulated in the lower half of the last whorl. Yellowish-green, with very
numerous white spots, which have a black point towards the aperture. Columellar plane a little swollen,
white, orange at its outer border. Columellar margin not sinuated in the middle, with numerous (11)
small obtuse teeth, one of the upper ones at the upper third of the margin twice as broad as the rest.
Diam. maj. 17, min. 104, alt. 17, marg. col. 103, lat. areee 6-7 millim.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan (Melchers?; Reigen®").
In general appearance and colour this species very much resembles WV. virginea, var.
listert, Pfr., from Cuba, but differs from it in the flatter top and the slight angulation
in the lower part of the last whorl. P. Carpenter® suggests that it may be a variety
of N. picta, but he himself mentions the difference in the form of the teeth of the
columellar margin. I have not yet seen the operculum of NV. cassiculum, but, to judge
from the formation of the columellar margin, it is probably like that of the subgenus
Neritea, i. e. with the two apophyses completely separated, whereas in NV. picta they
are united by a septum, which is the character of the subgenus Clithon.
When I wrote my monograph of Neritina, in the second edition of Martini and
Chemnitz’s work, I had not seen a specimen of the present species from Mazatlan,
and so I identified it with the reticulated variety of V. reclivata. ‘Two examples from
Mazatlan, from Dunker’s collection, are, however, now before me, and from these the
above description has been taken. Nevertheless, it is not quite certain whether the
original WV. cassiculum of Sowerby, the habitat of which is unknown, is really the
Mazatlan species or the variety reticulata of N. reclivata.
6. Neritina virginea, var. listeri.
Nerita maculis ad interstitia latis and N. major, Lister, Hist. Conch. t. 604. figg. 26, 380 (1688)’.
Nerita virginea (Lam.), Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. (ed. 1) ix. p. 72, t. 124. fig. 1086 *.
NERITINA. AT5
Novtilvin ipa : ‘s
ri ne vi saned:, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. p. 590 (part.), t. 116. fig. 232°; Reeve, Conch. Icon.
1x., Neritina, t. 21. fig. 92.¢‘; d’Orbigny, in Ramon de la Sagra’s Hist. fis. polit. y nat. de
- Cuba, Moluscos, p. 174 (part.) °; Gloyne, in Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 37 (1872) °.
Neritina virginea, var. listeri, v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt, xii. p. 62 (1865) "; in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Neritina, p. 123, t. 14. figg. 1-3, 10°.
Neritina listeri, Pfr. in Archiv f. Naturg. vi. p. 255 (1840)°; Shuttleworth, Mittheil. nat. Ges.
Bern, 1854 (Diagn. neuer Moll. vii.), p. 160"; Tate, in Amer. Journ. of Conch. v. p. 155
(1870) *.
Larger and more globose than the typical form, yellowish-green (bleached violet), with crowded zigzag lines
and scattered small white black-edged spots. Columellar plane white, more or less yellow or even orange
outwards.
Diam. maj. 223, min. 14, long. 21, marg. col. 124, lat. ares 94 millim.
Hab. E. Nicaragua: throughout the river San Juan, at the rhizomes of aquatic plants,
very abundantly, but also in Greytown harbour with Planorbis tumidus (wyldi?)
at localities where the water is alternately brackish and fresh, according as to
whether the tide is flowing or ebbing (Tate 11).
ANTILLES: Cuba (Pfeiffer®; d’Orbigny®; Gundlach’); Puerto Rico (Blauner °) ;
Jamaica (Riise®; Gloyne ®).
This is the freshwater variety of the well-known J. virginea, which is more common
in brackish water, but there smaller, more vividly and variously coloured, with less
distinct periostracum, according to the observations of d’Orbigny®, Gloyne®, and
Gundlach 8.
Dubious Species.
Neritina sargi.
Neritina sargi (Staudinger, in litt.), in Paetel’s Cat. Conchylien-Sammlung, ed. 4, p. 527 (1888)’;
Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xl. p. 296 (1892)°*; Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 475,
t. 58. figg. 6, 6a-d’.
Hab. ? GuaTeMaLa?™.
Fischer and Crosse suggest that this so-called species, quoted as from Guatemala
(Sarg) in Paetel’s Catalogue, may be a young shell of the subgenus Alina; but having
examined the operculum of one of Paetel’s specimens, | find that the apical apophysis
is scarcely developed, as in the subgenus T’heodoxus, which chiefly comprises European
forms, and-is not known from the New World. As there are numerous mistakes in the
localities quoted in the above-mentioned Catalogue, the Guatemalan habitat must be
regarded as doubtful, though Mr. Sarg resided for many years in Guatemala.
Neritina pulchra.
Neritina pulchra, Sowerby, Conch. Illustr. no. 57. fig. 59°; Thes. Conch. ii. p. 539, t. 112.
figg. 89, 907; Deshayes, in Lamarck’s Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. éd. 2, vili. p. 589°;
Récluz, Journ. de Conch. i. p. 151*; Reeve, Conch. Icon. ix., Neritina, t. 25. fig. 111’;
60*
476 MOLLUSCA.
P. Carpenter, Rep. Moll. N.W. Amer. p. 188 (1856) °; vy. Mart. in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Neritina, pp. 116, 280, t. 18. figg. 3, A”,
Hab. 1 Panama? 5,
I have examined the shell and operculum of a specimen given by Cuming to
Consul Gruner in Bremen, and now in the Berlin Museum, and feel much inclined
to adopt Récluz’s + view that it is identical with V. variegata, Less., from the Malayan
Archipelago. The locality “Panama” is not given in the earlier records! *, and the
species is not included in C. B. Adams's list of Panama shells.
Neritina michaudi.
Neritina michaudii (Récluz), Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. p. 529, t. 112. figg. 108, 109, t. 115.
figg. 217, 2181; Reeve, Conch. Icon. ix., Neritina, t. 25. fig. 109°; P. Carpenter, Rep.
Moll. N.W. Amer. pp. 189, 291, 322 (1856) *.
A species of British India, incorrectly recorded from Panama by Sowerby and Reeve
(see my Monograph of this genus, p. 191).
Neritina mexicana.
Neritina mexicana (Parreyss), in Paetel’s Cat. Conchylien-Sammlung, ed. 4, p. 524 (1888) *.
Hab. Mexico }.
The specimen in Paetel’s collection is identical with the European WV. danubialis, Meg.
BIVALVIA.
Shells composed of two corresponding halves (valves), a right and a left.
Also known under the names Conchifera (Lamarck), Lamellibranchia (Cuvier),
Dithyra (Turton), and Pelecypoda (Goldfuss).
As there is still much difference of opinion among conchologists regarding the larger
subdivisions of the Bivalvia, we prefer to name only the families; very few of them are
represented in freshwater.
Fam. DREISSENIDZ.
Characters the same as those of the only genus.
DREISSENA.
Dreissena, Van Beneden, Ann. Sciences Nat. (2) iii. p. 193 (with description of the living animal)
(January 1835).
Tichogonia, Rossmassler, Icon. Land- und Sisswasser Mollusken, i. 1, p. 112 (April 1835).
Dreissensia, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 497.
Form of the shell unequilaterally triangular, pointed before, rounded behind, as in
DREISSENA. 477
the common Mussel (Mytilus) ; inside, a peculiar wall (septum) in the umbonal region.
vo adductors, the anterior very small; no pallial sinus. Borders of the mantle closed
in half the length of the underside, leaving an opening for the cylindrical foot, which
spins a byssus, like the common Mussel. Ventral margin of the shell somewhat
asymmetrical.
Found in various parts of the world, chiefly in tropical and subtropical regions ; one
species widely spread in Europe by human intercourse, by vessels and rafts, since 1824.
Tretain the usual spelling, Dreissena, although the individual after whom it was named
called himself ‘Dreissens”; but for the sake of euphony it is perhaps permissible to
alter the spelling somewhat, as in Rissoa, Desmoulins, for Rissoia, Draparnaldia, Bory
St. Vinc., for Draparnaudia, &c.
Subgen. PRaxis.
Praxis, H. & A, Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 522 (1858).
A spoon-like appendage at the upper end of the septum.
Chiefly American.
1. Dreissena sallei. (Tab. XXXII. figg. 4, 5.)
Dreissena sallei, Récluz, Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 69'; Journ. de Conch. iii. p. 258, t. 10. fig. 9 (1852) *;
Dunker, De Septiferis et Dreissensiis, p. 18 (1835) °.
Dreissensia sallet, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 504, t. 62. fige. 4, 4a, 6, 5*.
Mytilus sallei, Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Mytilus, tig. 44 (1858) °.
Tichogonia sallei, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Mytiliden, p. 17, t. 12.
figg. 18, 14 (1889) °.
Moderately convex, somewhat roughly striated, dull, pale greyish-brown, either unicolorous, or with darker
shades parallel to the lines of growth, or with scattered darker brown spots arranged along the lines of
growth; a distinct ridge separating the sides from the base only near the summits, evanescent in the
greater part of the shell; summits bent down ; fore half of the dorsal margin more or less ascending in a
slightly convex line, hinder half less steeply descending, hinder extremity rounded; ventral margin
concave only in its fore half. Angle between the fore and hinder parts of the dorsal margin in most
specimens very obtuse, rarely more distinct. Inside pale violet, with darker blotches, especially along the
pallial line; septum roundly notched, with a somewhat triangular (rather than spoon-shaped) appendage,
scarcely excavated, directed towards the lateral wall of the shell.
a. Long. 19-23, alt. 13-14, diam. ? millim.
be 4, 23, » 134, eae! ree
C. ” 22, ” 10, ” 9 ”
d. 9 26, ” 13, 2 9 9 (Fig. 5.)
é. ” 19, ” 12, ” ? ”
ft 29 20, ” 123, ” 74 ” (Fig. 4.)
a. Measurement given by Récluz*; 6. Fischer & Crosse’s fig. 4; c. Specimen from Guatemala in Dunker’s
collection; d and f. Specimens from Honduras; ¢. Fischer & Crosse’s fig. 5; ¢ and f are more elevated specimens,
with distinct dorsal angle.
Hab. E. Guaremata: Rio Dulce and the Lake of Yzabal, in freshwater, attached to
rocks and to one another (Sadlé*~*).
Honpvras (coll. Dunker).
478 MOLLUSCA.
Récluz2 says that the animal pierces the rocks; it is more probable, however, that
it penetrates only the holes that are already there, and adapts its further growth to the
surrounding space.
A species from the Rio Hacha, Colombia (in the Berlin Museum), differs from
D. sallei in being more elongate and a little more flattened, with the summits less bent
down, the colour paler, and the appendage of the septum usually more excavated.
D. domingensis, Récluz, from Haiti and Venezuela, is of smaller size and more convex,
with the summits also less bent down and the appendage of the septum more excavated.
There are, however, so many individual variations in a set of shells collected at the
same locality, that all these differences hold good only for the majority of specimens
from any one place.
Fam. UNIONIDZ.
Freshwater Bivalves of moderate or large size, with distinct greenish, brown, or
blackish periostracum (epidermis) ; inside more or less pearly, with two nearly equal
impressions of the adductor muscles, one before and the other behind, and some smaller
impressions of the pedal muscles. Borders of the mantle for the greater part disunited,
united in the posterior dorsal margin only: apparently two round holes for the entrance
and exit of water; but only one of them, the upper, really closed all round, the other,
lower, continuous with the general cleft of the mantle and fringed with cirri. Shells
generally longer than high, with or without teeth in the hinge.
Found on all continents, even in Australia, and also in large or moderately large
islands, such as Great Britain, Cuba, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and New Guinea; but
wanting on smaller islands, even in Jamaica, Haiti, and Celebes.
UNIO.
Unio, Retzius, Dissert. Hist.-Nat. sistens nova Test. gen. resp. Philipsson, p. 16 (1788) (part.) ;
Bruguiére (1792), Schumacher (1817) (as at present restricted), &c.
Shell solid, usually oblong or elongated, shorter and rounder before the summits,
lengthened and often more or less pointed behind them; summits, if not worn,
sculptured. Hinge toothed: before the summits one or two teeth (the anterior one
much the smaller when present) in the right, two nearly equal in the left valve,
triangular or compressed, lamelliform, mostly furrowed and crenulated (called cardinal
teeth by most authors and anterior lateral teeth by Crosse and Fischer); behind the
summits one elongated, compressed, lamelliform tooth reaching behind the hinder end
of the ligament in the right valve, two such teeth in the left valve.
female shells sometimes more convex.
For the history of the genus and the anatomy, see Fischer and Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Mollusques, ii. pp. 538 e¢ seq.
Geographical distribution :—On all continents and some islands; northwards it
extends to the central] part of Sweden (province Dalarne) and to Canada, southwards to
Sexes separate ;
UNIO. 479
the Cape Colony, Tasmania, and Patagonia. In Central Europe Unio reaches no higher
than the great lakes at the foot of the Alps. It has a few representatives on the
elevated plateau of Mexico, but is wanting, so far as we know, in the high central
parts of Guatemala and Costa Rica; it is common, in various subgenera, on the Atlantic
slope, less so on the Pacific slope, probably because the former has larger rivers and
more low lands.
H. v. Ihering has discovered that in all the South-American species which he has
been able to examine the eggs are hatched within the inner gills, whereas it is well
known that in the European and North-American forms this is done in the outer gills
[see Archiv fiir Naturg. lix. p. 47 (1893)]. It is therefore very desirable that the eggs
of living specimens of the Mexican and Central-American forms should be examined,
and also to ascertain whether the young ones, after having left the gills of the mother,
attach themselves to the fins of fishes by a byssal filament, as has been stated to be
the case with European species. Hitherto no structural character has been found to
distinguish the South-American forms from the rest of the genus; the summits of most
of them are radiately sculptured, but this is also the case in many Indian species, the
group of Unio corrugatus, Miill.
The nearly allied genus Margaritana, Schumacher (without posterior lamelliform
teeth), in its restricted sense palarctic and nearctic, but represented in South America
by Monocondylea, d’Orb., and in the Malayan region by Pseudodon, Gould, is altogether
wanting in Mexico and Central America.
‘The species of the genus Unio are very numerous and many subgenera have been
proposed by various authors for their reception. Fischer and Crosse admit for Mexico
and Guatemala alone (Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama excluded) nineteen
subgeneric sections, most of them first proposed by themselves without regard to foreign
forms, and containing altogether fifty-six species. I shall follow their classification
with some modifications. Eleven subgenera are here adopted, and in the characters
and distribution of each given below I have endeavoured to show the relationship of
the Mexican and Central-American forms with those of North or South America.
I. Crenoponra *, Schliiter, Verz. meiner Conch. p. 33 (part.) (Halle, 1836) (restricted by Mérch,
Cat. Yoldi, 1853, p. 45) : Plectomerus, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Phil. vi. p. 260 (1853) ; Fischer
& Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. il. p. 555. no. 3 (1893) : Amblema, Rafinesque (1820)
(part.). Non—Symphynote, plicate, quadrate Uniones, Lea, Synops. fam. Naiad. ed. 1, p. 12
(1836), ed. 3, p. 20.—Shell with strong plaits, radiating from the summits, the strongest
running obliquely to behind and below; very solid and large-sized ; eardinal teeth strong.
Several species in North America, especially in the Ohio and neighbouring rivers.
U. nicklinianus in N.E. Mexico; U. digitatus and U. stolli in Guatemala. Wanting in
* Fischer, Manuel de Conch. p. 1000 (1885), quotes Unio securis as type of Crenodonta, Schliiter ; but this
is only the third species in Schliiter’s list, plicatus being the first, and, moreover, Morch restricted the name to
U. plicatus in 1853.
480 MOLLUSCA.
South America. The strongly tuberculated species of Unio forming the subgenera Quadrula
and Rotundaria, Raf., Agass., Cyprogenia and Tritogenia, Agass., well represented in North
America, are absent in Mexico.
II. Psorowaras, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 556. no. 6 (1893) : Iridea, Swainson (1840) (part.).
—Shell with granulated sculpture over the greater part, solid, and with strong cardinal teeth.
(a) U. semigranosus, psoricus, corium, morint, crocodilorum. (b) Very compressed: U. ostre-
atus and percompressus.
Known from N.E. Mexico to Guatemala, absent in North America, represented in the
northern part of South America by U. yranosus, Brug., from Cayenne.
II]. Aroronatas, n.—Shell triangular, rather compressed, and of comparatively small size, with
strong concentric, often somewbat irregular, sculpture and strong teeth. In some species
the summits are unequal.
U. cyrenoides, newcombianus, gabbianus, encarpus, caldwelli, imbricatus, granadensis, aratus.
Nicaragua and Panama. I know no similar forms, either from North or South America.
IV. Prevropema*, Rafinesque (1820), Agassiz (1852).—Shell solid, triangular or obliquely
quadrate, often biangulated behind, without peculiar sculpture ; summits prominent ;
cardinal teeth moderately thick, furrowed and crenulated.
To this North-American subgenus, near U. rubiginosus, Lea, I refer the Mexican U. couch-
ianus and the Guatemalan U. spheniopsis and U. usumacinte: Fischer & Crosse (1893)
propose for each of them a distinct subgenus, viz. Pachynaias for U. spheniopsis, Amphinaias
for U. couchianus, while U. usumacinte is included by them in Psoronaias.
V. Spnenonatas, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 557. no. 18 (1898).—Shell oblong, cuneiform,
swollen in the fore part, lengthened and attenuated behind; cardinal teeth rather thick.
U. liebmanni, acutirostris, goascoranensis, and tehuantepecensis.
So far as at present known, confined to Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras.
VI. Nepuronatas, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 556. no. 12 (1893).—Elongated, compressed, rather
smooth, but not shining; summits much advanced ; ventral margin mostly sinuated, hinder
end rounded ; cardinal teeth moderate.
U. aztecorum, popei, poeyanus, from Mexico. The Mexican U, strebeli and the Guatemalan
U. microdon may also be placed here, although somewhat differing. The North-American
type of Cunicula, Swains. (1840), U. fasciolaris, Raf. (phaseolus, Hildreth, planulatus, Lea),
resembles them in several respects.
VII. Srmonaias, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 557. no. 17 (1893).—Shell with distinct concentric
furrows; oblong or elongated, summits advanced, ventral margin mostly straight ; cardinal
teeth rather strong.
U. cuprinus, dysoni, macnieli, yzabalensis, championi, hjalmarsoni, nuculinus.
S.E. Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua.
VIII. Lampstzis +, Rafinesque (1820) (U. cardium, Raf.=U. ventricosus, Barnes, and U. ovatus,
* Fischer, Manuel de Conch. p. 1000 (1885), incorrectly quotes Uniopsis, Swains. (1840), as a synonym of
Pleurobema: Swainson, it is true, named U. mytiloides as belonging to it (Malacol. p. 382); nevertheless he
meant a species without lateral teeth, as is clear by his remarks on p. 289, and by the position he assigns to
the genus among the Alasmodontine, p. 382.
+ According to the author, this name is modified from “ Lasma-campsilis, lama flexualis”’ (more correctly
é\acpa xapiov), a very peculiar contraction indeed.
UNIO. 48}
Say), Agassiz (1852) : glia, Swainson (1840) (U. ovatus and U. siliquosus) (nee Afglea,
Leach, 1820) ; Disconaias, Cyrtonaias, Actinonaias, and Amygdalonaias, Fischer & Crosse,
loc. cit. p. 556, nos. 4, 8, 13, 14 (1893).—Sheli ovate or oblong, smooth, shining; summits
moderately prominent; ventral margin usually rounded ; cardinal teeth rather strong ;
posterior lamellz arcuated.
U. discus, tampicoensis, berlandieri, alienigenus, sapotalensis, computatus, cognatus.
North America, N.E. and E. Mexico.
IX, Exurprio, Rafinesque (1820) (U. niger, Raf.=U. cuneatus, Barnes) : Unio, s. str., Agassiz,
Archiv fiir Naturg. xviii. p. 50 (1852); Cenonaias and Leptonaias, Fischer & Crosse,
loc. cit. pp. 556, 557, nos. 11, 16 (1893 ).—Oblong, obtusely keeled and angulated behind,
smooth, solid; cardinal teeth moderate.
U. tamaulipanus, rubicundus, pliciferus, ravistellus, opacatus, mexicanus, sallei, medellinus,
eruginosus, radiatulus, rowelli, guatemalanus.
North America, N.E. Mexico, Guatemala.
X. Uniomervs, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1853, p. 268 (U. declivis and U. camptodon, Say) :
Uniomerus and Mesonaias, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 556, nos. 9, 10 (1893).— Shell
oblong, smooth, moderately convex, rather thin; cardinal teeth compressed, lamelliform.
U. manubius, explicatus.
North America, Central and S.E. Mexico.
Anodontina, Schliter (1838), type U. teres, Raf.=U. anodontoides, Lea, differs from
Uniomerus in having a shorter and stouter cardinal tooth and a thicker shell.
XI. Merarrera, Rafinesque (1820) (U. alatus, Say), Agassiz (1852) : Symphynota, Lea (part.) ;
Delphinonaias and Phyllonaias, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 555, nos. 1, 2 (1893).—
Compressed, distinctly winged, both shells grown together in the wing; cardinal teeth
compressed.
U. largillierti, paludosus, scutulatus, and, somewhat different by the more elongate form
and very prominent wing, U. delphinulus.
N. America, Guatemala and Yucatan.
These remarks on the subgenera of Unio represented within our limits afford the
following facts regarding the zoo-geographical distribution of the species :—
(1) A large number of the species, not only from Mexico, but also from Guatemala,
are nearly allied to North-American ones and there are no similar forms in
South America.
(2) That some subgenera seem to be peculiar to Mexico and Guatemala, without
analogous forms either in North or South America, and this is also the case with
the Nicaraguan section Arotonaias.
(3) That Psoronaias is the only section which is also represented in the northern part
of South America.
(4) That the group with close radial sculpture of the summits, as U. dslodon, Lam.,
U. multistriatus, Lea, &c., from Brazil, bas no representative in Central America, »
so far as at present known.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, March 1900. 61
MOLLUSCA.
482
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492 MOLLUSCA.
I. Crenoponta, Schliiter.
1. Unio digitatus.
Unio digitatus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 24 (1851) *; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll.
ii. p. 563, t. 60. fig. 1°.
Unio eightsii, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1860, p. 306°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) iv. p. 367, t. 64. fig. 192°;
Obs. Gen. Unio, viii. p. 49, t. 14. fig. 192°.
Near the following (U. stolli), but distinguished by a more four-sided, not circular outline, the posterior
dorsal margin and the middle part of the ventral margin being nearly horizontal, and the radiating plaits
increasing in size from above to below, the uppermost small, numerous, somewhat recurved forwards,
the two undermost very broad and strong, running obliquely towards below and behind.
a. Long. 180; alt. vert. 81, ale 86, diam. 46 millim. Vertices in } long.
b 364, 114; . 75, , 82, 4, 47 4, ” t 9
a. Dimensions taken from Fischer and Crosse’s figure ; 6, from Lea’s figure.
Hab. 1N.E. Mexico: Rio Sabinas, Nuevo Leon (Eights 3-5).
N. GUATEMALA: Rio Usumacinta, at deep spots (Morelet ! 2).
The descriptions and figures of Fischer and Crosse? and Lea?4® evidently refer to
one and the same species. But as regards the localities, it is scarcely credible that
such a characteristic and large-sized Unio should live in two rivers so very far distant
one from the other, and not have been found in the intermediate ones, as, for instance,
in the Panuco or the Medellin. As to the locality given by Morelet}, there is no
reason to doubt it, as he was himself in that country; but that given by Lea?4 5,
‘Rio Sabinas,” may be a mistake for Rio de las Salinas, the name of the upper course
of the Usumacinta. ‘There is, however, in N.E. Mexico, a town of Sabinas as well as a
Rio Sabinas, on the confines of the States of Coahuila and Nuevo Leon, this river
being a confluent of the Rio Salado, which discharges itself into the Rio Grande del
Norte; there is also a Rio Salinas in the State of Nuevo Leon, a confluent of the
Rio San Juan. I must therefore leave this difficulty for future elucidation.
jj
2. Unio stolli, n.n. (Tab. XXIX. fig. 2.) |
Unio nicklianus, Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Unio, p. 218, t. 73. fig. 3°
(nec Lea); v. Mart. Sitzungsb. Ges. nat. Freunde Berlin, 1887, p. 107°.
Testa subtrapezia, compressa, antice brevissime abrupta, postice alata, plicis crassis inequalibus a yertice
retrorsum radiantibus sepius furcatis sculpta, superioribus in alam extensis, paululum antrorsum incurvatis,
posterioribus magis validis, subhorizontalibus, inferioribus modicis, subverticalibus ; vertices compressi,
margo dorsalis posterior primum in alam mediocrem ascendens, dein oblique stricte descendens; extremitas
postica subrotundata, margo ventralis vix arcuatus, antice magis ascendens. Dentes cardinales validi,
triangulares, sulcati. Facies interna alba, margaritacea.
a. Long. 128; alt. vert. 62, ale 93, diam. 34 millim. Veertices in 1 long.
& 6, 160; - , «x78, 4,128, , ? ,, - bo.
a. Stoll’s specimen, type; 6. Kiister’s figure.
Hab, N. GuateMata: Rio de las Salinas (Stoll 2).
This species is intermediate between U. digitatus and U. nicklinianus: the plaits
UNIO. 493
are more expressed and distinct than in the latter, more unequal and more numerous
than in the former; the general shape is not so rounded as in U. nicklinianus and
more compressed than in U. digitatus ; the posterior margin of the wings descends more
obliquely, less abruptly than in either of these species. Kiister! gives ‘“‘ Mexico” as
locality, probably because he identified it with the following species; his spelling
“ mcklianus” is a mistake for “ nicklinianus,” as may be seen from the works cited.
Unio boykinianus, Lea, Obs. Gen. Unio, iii. p. 46, t. 9. fig. 22, from Chattahoochee
river, Georgia, is very like this species in sculpture, but it is much smaller and more
swollen.
3. Unio nicklinianus.
Unio nicklinianus, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v. p. 28, t. 1 (1832)*; Obs. Gen. Unio, i. p. 140, t. 1°,
and iii. p. 72, nota*; Hanley, Cat. Rec. Bivalv. p. 175, t. 21. fig. 52*; Sowerby, in Reeve’s
Conch. Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 53. fig. 276°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 565°.
Nearly circular, the posterior dorsal margin much ascending, posteriorly rapidly descending, the ventral margin
strongly rounded ; the plaits broad, but flat, not very unequal, none on the ventral margin,
a. Long. 148; alt. vert. 74, ale 121, diam. 52 millim. Vertices in + long.
eS . 144: ,, 88, 5, 116, ? 1
” . 9 ” 7
a, from Lea’s; b, from Sowerby’s figure.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Rio Moctezuma, an affluent of the southern Rio Panuco
(Dr. Blanding *).
II. Psoronaras, Fisch. & Crosse.
4. Unio semigranosus. (Tab. XXX. figg. 1-4.)
Unio semigranosus, Von dem Busch, in Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch. i. p. 19, t. 1. (Unio) figg. 1-3
(1842)’; Hanley, Cat. Rec. Bivalv. p. 381, t. 20. fig. 33°; Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Unio, p. 252, t. 81. fig. 1°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 569‘; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 339°.
Upper half of shell distinctly granulated. General outline oval-oblong; ventral margin feebly convex; height
about 3—3 of the length of the shell; transverse diameter, height about 3 of the length.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Rio Panuco, at Tampico (V. d. Busch 1‘),
S.E. Mexico: Rio ‘lulija in Tabasco (Rovirosa °). |
Figg. 3 and 4 represent full-grown specimens from the late Prof. Dunker’s collection ;
fig. 3 an example from Tampico.
Var. testudineus.
Unio testudineus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 28 (1849)°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 571, t. 62. fig. 3, t. 70. fig. 37 (nec Sowerby).
Unio semigranosus, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 10. fig. 36°.
Sculpture as in U. semigranosus, but extending over nearly the whole surface ; general outline more rounded ;
ventral margin very convex; height about 7, diameter about 2 of the length.
Hab. N.W. Guatemata: Rio Usumacinta (Morelet °").
494 MOLLUSCA.
Notwithstanding the differences in form and locality, Morelet’s species appears to me
to be nothing more than a young form of U. semigranosus. 1 have before me three
specimens of the latter, two of them old and thick (figg. 8, 3a, 6, from Tampico,
and figg. 4, 4a, 6), with strong cardinal teeth, the granulation occupying only about
half the surface, and the ventral margin being feebly convex; but the lines of growth
show that when these examples were young the ventral margin was much more
convex and the whole shell covered with granulations. Another specimen, from
Tampico, given by A. Gruner to Prof. Dunker (figg. 2, 2a, 6), is somewhat more
compressed, with the outside of a brighter brown colour, the inside paler, salmon-
coloured, with more feeble teeth; these peculiarities indicate that it is a younger
shell, although it has the same length as the smaller one of the normal examples.
Moreover, in this young specimen the ventral margin is more convex and the
granulation extends nearer to the ventral margin; it differs only from Fischer and
Crosse’s figure of U. testudineus in having the summits somewhat more advanced, in
2 of the whole length, instead of § asin U. testudineus. A very young specimen is
also figured (figg. 1, 1 a).
Var. distinctus.
Unio distinctus, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xli. p. 110 (1893) °; Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll.
li. p. 580, t. 69. figg. 2, 2a, b”.
Hab. E. Mexico: Rio Cosamaloapam (confluent of the Rio Alvarado), near Chacal-
tianguis, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé® 1°). -
The figure given by Crosse and Fischer 1° is very like that of U. semigranosus, only
it represents a comparatively lower shell.
5. Unio psoricus. (Tab. XXXI. figg. 1, 1a, 2.)
Unio psoricus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 25 (1849) '; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll.
li. p. 572, t. 61. fig. 3. |
Shell granulated in its upper part, as in U. semigranosus, but more swollen and with the hinder part bent
downward ; the ventral margin at first moderately convex, then sinuated, and finally projecting, corre-
sponding to an obtuse ridge descending from the summits.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Rio Usumacinta (Morelet!*); Rio de las Salinas (Stol/).
The general outlines vary to a certain extent, being either somewhat triangular-
rhomboid or oblong, the length of the shell ranging from 14 (fig. 1) to 1% (fig. 2) of the
height in specimens from the same locality. The inside is either purple or whitish.
Var. pigerrimus.
Unio pigerrimus, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xli. p. 293 (1893) *; Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll.
li. p. 582, t. 65. figg. 1, la’. :
Hab. Mexico (Sallé 34).
Rounded, elliptical, the granulosities comparatively large and arranged in arcuated
lines, as in a specimen of U. cortum in the Berlin Museum.
XQ
UNIO. 495
6. Unio corium. (Tab. XXXI. fige. 4, 4a, b.)
Unio corium, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 10. fig. 39 (1864) 1; Fisch. & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 5702. |
Also near U. semigranosus, but more elongated, the summits in 2 of the whole length ; the granulosities near
the summits arranged in arcuated lines.
Long. 103 ; alt. vert. 63, alee 59, diam, 384 millim.
Hab. S.E. Muxico: Chiapas}.
The type figured by Sowerby has a small distinct sinus at the hinder end of the
ventral margin; but a specimen in the Berlin Museum from the late Paetel’s collection,
here figured (figg. 4, 4a, 6), somewhat larger and otherwise agreeing, has scarcely an
indication of it.
7. Unio morini.
Unio morini, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 25 (1851)!; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll.
li. p. 576, t. 60. fig. 2, t. 67. fig. 47.
Near U. corium, but with the summits still more advanced, in 3-1 of the length; the granulosities smaller and
more crowded, the fore part inflated, the hinder part more compressed, with two feeble ridges running
from the summits behind and below; ventral margin straight, a little sinuated behind.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Rio Usumacinta (Morelet} *).
In the typical specimen, figured by Fischer and Crosse ”, the inside is bluish-white and
the two posterior ridges, although feeble, cause a distinct notch at the hinder extremity.
8. Unio crocodilorum. (Tab. XXXI. figg. 3, 3a, 3, ¢.)
Unio crocodilorum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. 1. p. 28 (1849); Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 577, t. 60. figg. 3-5, t. 67. fig. 3°.
Unio pliciferus, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch, Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 10. fig. 37°.
Cuneiform, swollen, and minutely tuberculated, rounded before, produced and beaked behind.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Rio Usumacinta, Province of Peten (Morelet +?); Coban (Mus.
Berol.).
Fischer and Crosse 2 distinguish two varieties, 8. semipustu/atus (fig. 4), with tubercles
in the middle part of the shell only, and y. prestrictus (fig. 5), shorter and more swollen,
both from the same locality. Inside purple, seldom white in the typical form: white
in the var. semipustulatus, purple in the var. prestrictus; the colour therefore affords
no reliable difference. |
The specimen from Coban belongs to the var. prestrictus. .
The specimen figured here (figg. 3, 3 a—c), from Paetel’s collection; with the simple
indication “ Mexico,” looks at first sight rather like U. morini, but on a closer examing-
tion of the essential characters I find that it agrees better with U. crocodilorum, viz. in
the declivity of the dorsal margin beginning behind the summits, in the more produced
496 MOLLUSCA.
and rounded shape of the fore part, and in the strong convexity of the valves; inside
it is of a dull rose-colour, like Fischer and Crosse’s fig. 5 (tab. 60). ‘This shell exhibits
a curious abnormality in the hinge-line, this. apparently having been broken by
accident and cemented by brownish crumbling matter (see fig. 3 ¢).
9. Unio ostreatus.
Unio ostreatus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 29 (1849)’; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll.
ii. p. 573, t. 63. fig. 8, t. 70. fig. 4°.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Rio Usumacinta (Morelet } 2).
The. name ostreatus suggests that the somewhat worn shell resembles an oyster.
One specimen only known.
10. Unio percompressus, (Tab. XXXII. figg. 1-3.)
Unio percompressus, v. Mart. Sitzungsb. Ges. nat. Freunde Berlin, 1887, p. 107°.
Shell very compressed, the diameter equalling only about 3 of the length or height ; outline trigonal or cordate,
with very flat sides ; fore part very short, descending above obliquely and somewhat concavely, rounded
in the lower half; hinder part descending in a more or less convex line in the upper third, almost
perpendicular in the lower third of its height; ventral margin feebly rounded, with a small sinus,
followed by a blunt projection at its hinder end. There are, however, remarkable variations in the
external outline, the upper hinder margin descending in some specimens almost perpendicularly, which
gives a triangular form to the shell, and the small sinus of the ventral margin is sometimes wanting.
Sculpture with coarse concentric wrinkles, which are somewhat granulated in the upper half of the shell,
but usually much worn. The inside in some specimens dull purple, in others with scattered dull orange
spots, as if stained by oil, in others again pure white. Anterior tooth strong, but not very broad,
descending almost perpendicularly and as far downwards as the posterior (lateral) tooth.
a. Long. 98; alt. vert. 76, ale 66, diam. 28 millim. Vertices in 7 long. (Figg. 3, 3a, 6.)
b. ” 94 ; ” 92, ” 64, ” 284 39 9 4 ” (Figg. 1, 1 a.)
€. » «99D; ” 73, 5, 67, 4, 24 ” ” 2 ”
d. ” 73 3 ” 68, 9 60, 99 22 ” ” Z ” (Figg. 2, 2 a.)
Hab. N. Guatemata: Rio de las Salinas (StoJ/ !).
Rather near U. ostreatus, Morel., with which, perhaps, when a greater number of
specimens of different ages are known, it may have to be united, Morelet’s unique
example representing a younger form. The four specimens of U. percompressus before
me differ very remarkably one from the other, as will be seen by the figures and the
measurements; but they agree 7nter se, and differ from Morelet’s U. ostreatus, in the
following points:—(1) The shell is more compressed, the diameter being about a third
of the length (in U. ostreatus nearly 3); (2) the anterior tooth is directed almost per-
pendicularly downward (in U. ostreatus much more obliquely). Moreover, three of the
specimens have the posterior dorsal margin much more convex, which gives the shell
a somewhat cordiform, Venus-like outline; whereas one only (4, figg. 1, 1a) has the
posterior margin nearly straight and the outline, in consequence, triangular, as in
U. ostreatus. The smallest example (d, figg. 2, 2a), probably not quite full-grown,
the outside not being worn, comes near Morelet’s shell in size and in the comparative
UNIO. 497
feebleness of the anterior tooth, but certainly differs from it in the convexity of the
posterlor margin, which is relatively as much compressed as in the larger ones; it
shows, however, a feeble indication of the elevated ridge running from the summits
towards behind and below, which is more developed in U. ostreatus.
The three older specimens are not only worn and excoriated in places, but they are
also beset with calcareous incrustations in others, as will be seen by our figure 1.
ITI, Aroronatas, v. Mart.
11. Unio cyrenoides.
Unio cyrenoides, Philippi, Zeitschr. f. Malak. iv. p. 93 (1847) *; Abbild. neuer Conch. p. 79, Unio,
t. 5. fig. 1°; Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Unio, p. 285, t. 96.
fig. 1 (copy)’.
Triangular, rather convex, with concentric, somewhat granulated ridges, some of which are irregularly furcated
or anastomosing ; summits in } of the length; ventral margin much arcuated.
a. Long. 44; alt. vert. 384, ale 28, diam. 32 millim.
6 6» 493; 4 37,, 31, 4 26 ,,
¢. ” 36 ; ” 29, ” 24, ” 19 ”
a. Philippi’s figure; 6 and c. Specimens in the Berlin Museum, from the Lake of Managua.
Hab, Crntrat Nicaragua: Lake of Nicaragua (Largilliert 1-8); Lake of Managua (Stold).
In Philippi’s type the inside is pale red, in the specimens from the Lake of Managua
itis white. ‘Two of the four examples given by O. Stoll to the Berlin Museum are some-
what unequivalve, the left valve being more swollen behind the summits than the right,
which causes an asymmetry in the posterior area. A similar asymmetry is indicated
by Lea in U. newcombianus and U. gabbianus.
It is possible that these two last-mentioned species, and some others described as
peculiar to the said lakes, may prove to be individual variations or local forms of
U. cyrenoides; but as I have only one specimen of U. newcombianus and none of
U. gabbianus before me, I am obliged to admit them provisionally as distinct.
Lake Managua is a little north of the much greater Lake of Nicaragua, and discharges
its waters into it.
" 12. Unio newcombianus. (Tab. XXIX. figg. 1, 1a. 4.)
Unio newcombianus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. viii. p. 103 (1857) ’; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) iti. p. 314,
t. 10. fig. 277; Obs. Gen. Unio, vi. p. 82, t. 10. fig. 27°.
Unio sagrinatus, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 67. fig. 345 *.
More elevated than U. eyrenoides; ventral margin strongly arcuated, almost iu the shape of a bag; the
concentric ridges roughly wrinkled ; inside white.
a. Long. 34; alt. vert. 28, ale 22, diam. 16 millim.
by, 44; $5 B62, 5:34, ? a
Go ES 43 32, ,, 28, » 16 5
a. Lea’s figure; 6. Sowerby’s figure ; c. Specimen collected by Stoll.
Hab. Nicaragua: without nearer indication of locality (Newcomb ‘~*); Lake of Managua
(Stol/).
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Apri/ 1900. 63
498 MOLLUSCA.
The name “ sagrinatus” is latinized from the modern word “shagreened,” in
Italian “sagrinato.” I give a figure of a specimen from Managua, in order to
show the slight degree of inequality between the two valves in this and some allied
species.
13. Unio gabbianus. (Tab. XXXIX. figg. 5, 5a, 6.)
Unio gabbianus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1868, p. 95'; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) vi. p. 295, t. 43.
fig. 1067; Obs. Gen. Unio, xii. p. 55, t. 43. fig. 106 *; Tate, Am. Journ. of Conch. v. p. 160
(1870) *.
Unio nicaraguensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1868, p. 95°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) vi. p. 296, t. 43.
fig. 107°; Obs. Gen. Unio, xii. p. 56, t. 43. fig. 167°.
Somewhat more oblong than U. cyrenoides, comparatively lower, the concentric ridges not granulated, the
anterior teeth more feeble ; inside silvery-white.
a. Long. 39; alt. vert. 264, ale 273, diam. 183 millim.
b. » 34; ” 25, », 22, 9 ? ”
- qa, Tea’s measurements of U. gabbianus ; 6, of U. nicaraguensis.
Hab. Cuntrat Nicaragua: Lake of Nicaragua (Bridges1~* 5-7); north shore of Lake
Nicaragua (Tate *).
I cannot find any reliable difference between U. gabbianus and U. nicaraguensis, Lea.
14. Unio imbricatus. (Tab. XLIII. figg. 6, 6 a-c.)
Unio (Plagiola) imbricatus, Morch, Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 205 (1860-61) ’.
Unio encarpus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1868, p.95°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) vi. p. 294, t. 42. fig. 105 °;
Obs. Gen. Unio, xii. p. 54, t. 42. fig. 105 *.
Hab. E.(?) Nicaragua: probably from San Juan ((rsted ').
CentraL Nicaraaua: Lake of Nicaragua (Bridges 2~*).
Since the Table of the species of Unio. was printed, Dr. R. Bergh, of Copenhagen, has
been kind enough to obtain for me the typical specimen of U. imbricatus, Morch, for
examination, and I find that it agrees in all its essential characters with U. encarpus, Lea.
The concentric ridges are minutely waved, especially in the fore part, and this is what
Lea meant by his expression “ festoon-like strie,” and from which he took the specitic
name “encarpus.” On the hinder half of the shell in the typical specimen there are
some impressed lines radiating from the summits to the ventral margin, and crossing
the concentric ridges at a right angle (see our fig. 6¢); these are not mentioned in
Lea’s description, but some of them are visible in his figure. We now take the
opportunity of figuring Morch’s type.
15. Unio caldwelli.
Unio caldwelli, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil, 1858, p.118*; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) iv. p. 265, t. 43.
fig. 145°; Obs. Gen. Unio, vii. p. 83, t. 48. fig. 145°; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon.
xvi., Unio, t. 89. fig. 477 *.
UNIO. 499
Unio averyi, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1859, p. 281°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) iv. p. 269, t. 44. fig. 149°;
Obs. Gen. Unio, vii. p. 87, t. 44. fig. 1497.
Oval-trigonal, swollen, solid, concentrically furrowed ; furrows in the hinder part less impressed; summits
not very prominent, with minute undulated sculpture, if not eroded; inside white or salmon-coloured ;
cardinal teeth strong, triangular. .
a. Long. 41; alt. vert. 283, alee 264, diam. 17 millim. Vertices in 4 long.
b. % 60; ” 40, 9-30, » Ol $
29 ” 3 9
Hab. S. Panama: Isthmus of Darien (Dr. Caldwell, U.S.N. 1-3); Rio Chumnagua
(? Chugunagua), on the same Isthmus (Avery 5—*).
I have no doubt that the two forms distinguished by Lea represent different stages
of growth of one species, averyi (dimens. 6), being founded on a very old specimen.
In this genus old examples are often comparatively more swollen than young ones.
This is the species of “clam” upon which “the ill-fated expedition under
Lieut. Strain partly subsisted during their journey across the Isthmus.”
ta
16. Unio granadensis.
Unio granadensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1868, p.95*; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) vi. p. 293, t. 42.
fig. 103°; Obs. Gen. Unio, vii. p. 53, t. 42. fig. 103°.
Hab. Cuntrat Nicaracua: Lake of Nicaragua (Bridges 1-3).
The name of this species, as well as that of Anodonta granadensis, Lea, has been
taken from the town of Granada, on the north-western shore of the Lake of Nicaragua.
* 17. Unio aratus. (Tab. XXXIX. figg. 1, 1a, 6, 2, 3, 3.4, 8.)
Unio aratus, Lea, Obs. Gen. Unio, iv. p. 40, t. 42. fig. 12, vi. p. 83%.
Unio globulosus, in coll. Dunker’®.
Of small size, triangularly elliptical, with equal regular concentric ridges ; fore part short, rounded ; hinder
part elongated, with two ridges enclosing a narrow furrow, descending from the summits to the hinder
extremity ; ventral margin nearly straight.
a. Long. 25; alt. vert. 16, ale 13, diam, 13 millim. Vertices in } long.
b. ” 18; ” id, os LO, ys 8 ” 9 $ ”
a. Dunker’s specimen ; 6. Lea’s specimen.
Hab. Cuntrat Nicaragua: Lake of Nicaragua (Lea! ”).
CrenTRAL AMERICA: without nearer indication of locality (Largilliert *).
Dunker’s specimen (here figured) agrees so nearly with Lea’s description and figure
that I think it is a more fully grown or individually larger example of the same species.
The diameter only being comparatively larger, the shell may be termed inflate, while
Lea describes it as “‘ rather compressed”; but this difference is often to be seen between
very old and normal specimens of one species. Lea says :—“‘ Cardinal teeth disposed
to be double in both valves”; in Dunker’s specimen there are distinctly two cardinal
teeth, one before and the other behind, in the left valve; and also two, the one above
and the other beneath, the latter stronger, but separated by a deep horizontal cleft, in:
the right valve.
63*
500 MOLLUSCA.
IV. Prievropema, Raf.
18. Unio spheniopsis.
Unio spheniopsis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 29 (1849) *; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll.
ii. p. 583, t. 61. figg. 2, 2a, b°.
Trigonal, swollen, with a conspicuous ridge descending from the summits towards the hinder extremity,
separating a distinct posterior area from the rest of the surface.
Hab. N. GuateMaLaA: upper region of the Rio Usumacinta, Province of Peten
(Morelet 1*).
19. Unio couchianus.
Unio couchianus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1860, p. 305°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) iv. p. 371, t. 66.
fig. 196°; Obs. Gen. Unio, viii. p. 53, t. 16. fig. 196 *.
Near the preceding, but more quadrangular ; the ridge broader and somewhat more advanced, limited on each
side by depressions ; some small plaits on the posterior area.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Rio Salado, in Nuevo Leon (Berlandier !-%),
Small, short, oblique plaits on the posterior area are distinctly represented in the
figure, but not mentioned in the description.
20. Unio usumacintez.
Unio usumasinte, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch, xl. p. 194 (1892)*; Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll.
ll. p. 574, t. 63. fig. 4, t. 67. fig. 5%.
Triangular, very swollen, with prominent summits and a descending keel behind them; sculpture irregular,
consisting of plaits and tubercles.
flab. N. GuateMALa: Rio Usumacinta (Morelet} 2).
This species is intermediate between Psoronaias and Pleurobema, exhibiting the
general form of the latter and the sculpture of the former. In the sculpture and
triangular form it approaches also the group of U. gabbianus (Arotonaias), but differs
from them, as well as from Psoronaias, in the very swollen summits.
V. SpuEnonalss, Fisch. & Crosse.
21. Unio licebmanni, (Tab. XXXIV. figg. 1, 1a, 6.)
Unio liebmanni, Philippi, Zeitschr. f. Malak. iv. p. 96 (1847) ’; Abbild. neuer Conch. iii. p. 87; t. 6.
fig. 1°; Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Unio, p. 281, t. 94. fig. 7°;
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 616+.
Solid, heavy, convex, rounded and somewhat produced before, distinctly beaked behind; ventral margin a
little sinuated ; summits broad, not prominent; inside pale purplish.
a. Long. 102; alt. vert. 50, ale 44, diam. 36 millim. Vertices in 2 long.
b. ” 101; oo) 50, ” 45, ” 40 ” ” 3 or
C. ” 93; ” 443, » 41, 4, 33 ” ” 4 ”
a, Figure given by Kuster; 6. Philippi’s original figure; c. Specimen given by the Copenhagen Museum to
that of Berlin.
Hab. Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (Liebmann * 1),
* Prof. F. Liebmann, of Copenhagen, travelled in Mexico, in 1840-18438, not only on the eastern slope
(Vera Cruz, Papantla, &c.), but on the western also (Acapulco, &c.).
UNIO. 501
22. Unio acutirostris.
Unio acutirostris, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1866, p. 34°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) vi. p. 270, t. 35.
fig. 84°; Obs. Gen. Unio, xii. p. 30, t. 35. fig. 84°,
Unto sphenorhynchus, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xii. p. 296 (1893) *‘; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ij. p. 617, t. 66. figg. 2, 2a’.
Of ae size than U. liebmanni, rather even, not convex in the middle part of the length, very short and
a most perpendicularly sloping before, prolonged and somewhat bent downwards behind ; ventral
margin largely sinuated ; inside yellowish-white.
Long. 78; alt. vert, 35, ale 30, diam. 25 millim. Vertices in + long.
” 71; 9 35, ” 33, ” 27 9 ” 4 9
Hab. Mexico (Sallé + 5),
SouTH AMERICA, without nearer indication of locality (Patricio M. Paz 1~*),
The above-quoted descriptions and figures seem to me to apply to one and the same
species. It is to be regretted that no definite indication of locality is given in
either case.
23. Unio goascoranensis. (Tab. XX XVIII. figg. 10, 10a.)
Unio goascoranensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1859, p. 118°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) iv. p. 258, t. 41.
fig. 1897; Obs. Gen. Unio, vii. p. 76, t. 41. fig. 189°.
Near U. acutirostris, but with the sides less flattened, the fore part a little more rounded, the ventral margin
not sinuated, the hinder extremity less attenuated.
a. Long. 584; alt. vert. 32, ale 27, diam. 20 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
b. ” 65 ; : ” 33, ” 31, 9 23 ” ” % ”
a. Lea’s figure; b. Specimen from Paso Antonio.
Hab. W. Guatemata: Paso Antonio, Rio Michatoya (Stol/).
W. Honpuras: River Goascoran, Pacific slope of Honduras (Leconte 1-8),
The two Guatemalan specimens before me, one of which is here figured, are a little
more lengthened than Lea’s type, but they agree so well in other respects that it is
inadvisable to give them a new name.
24. Unio tehuantepecensis.
Unio tehuantepecensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xli, p. 296 (1893)*; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 618, t. 65. figg. 3, 3a, 4 *,
Fore part similar to that of U. liebmanni; hinder half less attenuated; dorsal margin behind the summits
at first nearly straight and horizontal, only from the hinder end of the lamellar teeth beginning to descend
obliquely ; lower half of the hinder margin obliquely truncated ; ventral margin a little sinuated in its
hinder half; inside whitish, with a yellowish or orange hue.
Long. 68; alt. vert. 38, ale 36, diam. 24 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
Hab. S.W. Mexico: near Santa Efigenia, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, State of Oaxaca,
in a lake filling up the crater of a volcano (Sumichrast 1).
Fischer and Crosse’s figures differ greatly in outline, fig. 4 being more equally
attenuated behind ; but the latter may represent the younger state of this species.
502 MOLLUSCA.
Var. copanensis,n. (Tab. XXXVI. figg. 6, 6a.)
Fore part equally rounded above and below, not angulated ; general form a little lower and more elongated ;
the inside in one specimen bright orange, with a bluish tint in the hinder half; in another whitish, with
a faint yellowish hue.
Long. 69; alt. vert. 36, ale 34, diam. 23 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
Hab. Honpvras: ‘“ Rio Copan, an affluent of the Motagua” (v. Lhering).
Notwithstanding the difference of locality, the two specimens sent by H. v. Ihering to
the Berlin Museum agree so well with Fischer and Crosse’s description and figure that
I cannot separate them as a distinct species; they are, however, much worn outside.
VI. Nepuronatas, Fisch. & Crosse.
25. Unio aztecorum. (Tab. XXXVI. figg. 2-40; Tab. XX XVIL. figg. 3, 3a, 6.)
Unio impressus (Mus. Reg. Berolin.), Menke, Synopsis Moll. ed. 2, p. 107 (1830) (without
description) ’.
? Unio emarginatus, Lea, Obs. Gen. Unio, i. p. 174, t. 9. fig. 22 (1833) *.
Unio aztecorum, Philippi, Zeitschr. f. Malak. iv. p. 95 (1847) °; Abbild. neuer Conch. iii. p. 27,
t. 6. fig. 2“; Kiister,in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Unio, p. 284, t. 95.
fig. 6 ° (copied from Philippi) ; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 607 °.
Unio plicatulus, Charpentier, in Kiister, Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Unio, p. 154,
t. 44. fig. 4 (1856) 7.
Oblong, rounded before and behind, gaping somewhat anteriorly ; dorsal margin arcuated ; ventral margin moré
or less sinuated ; summits much advanced; pericstracum yellowish-brown or dark brown, in young
specimens sometimes with greenish rays ; inside purple, in some specimens white; cardinal teeth small,
triangular, furrowed and crenulated.
a. Long. 112; alt. vert. 56, ale 56, diam. 423 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
b. 99 83 > 99 41, 29 42, 99 30 99 39 r 99
¢. ” 71; ” 31, ,, 35, 4, 20 ” 29 2 PD)
d. 5 69 ; ) 32, , 36, , 215 ” ry) a ”
é. 99° 64 5 29 30, 99 32, 99 20 33 99 Pr 99
f. ” 59 ; 9 29, ,, 380, 4, 20 ” ” a ”
g ” 513 3 9 26, ” 274, » 16 ” ” 4 ”
h. ” 50 ) ” 233, ” 26, ” 17 ry 9 a 9
a ” 48 ; ” 23, ., 26, , 14 ” ’ a ”
a. Very large specimen from Misantla, collected by Strebel; 6. Large specimen from the same locality ;
c. A more elongated form, also from Misantla; ¢d. Normal form from Zimapan; e. From Misantla, collected
by Deppe; f. Measurements of Philippi’s type, according to his figure ; g-i. Younger specimens from Misantla.
Hab, N.E. Mexico: Zimapan, on the Rio San Juan, southern confluent of the Panuco
. (Schiede, in coll. Dunker).
KE, Mexico: Rio de Misantla (Deppe, Schiede, in Mus. Berol.); Playa de Misantla
(Strebel, in Mus. Hamburg and Mus. Berol.) ; Playa de Nautla (Strebel, in Mus.
Hamburg); Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (Liebmann).
The outlines of this species are very variable, as will be seen by the measurements
UNIO. 503
and figures: in normal full-grown specimens of moderate size, as well as in most
young ones, the height of the summits is distinctly less than half the length ; in very
old examples, however (as in a and 5), the height of the summits is about half the
length, though it is possible to see, by the lines of growth, that the same specimens,
in a younger state, were also comparatively lower. Young specimens are not
distinctly sinuated at the ventral margin. Generally, the colour is dull, without
lustre, but very young examples (i) are of a shining yellow-brown.
Unio emarginatus, Lea, according to the description and figure, agrees fairly well
with large well-sinuated specimens of U. aztecorum; but as Lea did not know the
locality of his species, I refrain from using his name.
In the late Dunker’s collection, now in the Berlin Museum, there are two examples,
labelled “ Unio purpuriatus, Say, Mexico, Anthony,” which agree very well with
smaller scarcely-sinuated specimens of Unio aztecorum. Say’s description also,
“. . . basal margin a little compressed in the middle, and sometimes almost com-
pressed in that part,” agrees better with U. aztecorum than with U. medellinus ; but
as the American conchologists refer Say’s name to the latter, I dare not contradict
them. At all events the name purpuriatus, Say, cannot be used for any American
species of the genus, being preoccupied by Lamarck in 1819.
Var. strebeli. (Tab. XXXVII. figg. 1, La, 2, 2a.)
Unio strebeli, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1866, p. 183°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) vi. p. 318, t. 51.
fig. 131°; Obs. Gen. Unio, xii. p. 78, t. 51. fig. 181°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 594”. '
More abbreviated, the height of the summits being more than half the length of the shell.
a. Long. 94; alt. vert. 49, alee 50, diam. 33 millim, Vertices in ? long.
b. ry) 73; a) 42, ,, 39, 5, 24 ” ” 4 9
Hab. ¥:. Mexico: Playas of Misantla and Nautla, with the typical form (Sérebel, in
Mus. Hamburg and Mus. Berol.); Vera Cruz (Strebel &1'),
This seems to be an individual variation, chiefly occurring in large-sized specimens,
rather than a geographical variety, Strebel’s examples from Misantla having been
collected apparently with the normal form. Lea mentions two diverging raised lines
descending from the summits towards the hinder extremity, but, according to his figure,
these must be very obtuse and blunt, as they can be seen in almost every species of
the genus.
Var. soledadensis.
Unio soledadensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xli, p. 111 (1893) *; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 608, t. 69. figg. 3, 3a, 6”.
Summits somewhat less advanced.
Hab. E. Mexico: Soledad, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé 3? 18).
504 | MOLLUSCA.
Var. chapalanus, nn. (Tab. XXXVI. figg. 5, 5a.)
Somewhat higher comparatively, especially in its hinder part; brownish-yellow, with some green rays;
ventral margin scarcely concave ; cardinal teeth more feeble ; inside white.
Long. 60; alt. vert. 314, alee 32, diam. 20 millim. Vertices in j long.
Hab. Centrat Mexico: Laguna de Chapala, a large lake situated on the elevated
plain of Central Mexico, discharging its waters by the Rio Grande de Santiago
into the Pacific (Deppe and Schiede, in Mus. Berol.).
From U. poeyanus, which belongs also to the Pacific slope of Mexico, this form is
distinct by the comparatively higher shell, the height being in chapalanus a little
more than half, in poeyanus a little less than two-fifths the length.
26. Unio popei.
Unio popeii, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1857, p. 102°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) iv. p. 372, t. 66.
fig. 197°; Obs. Gen. Unio, viii. p. 54, t. 66. fig. 197°; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon.
xvi., Unio, t. 81. fig. 480*; Stearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 104 (1891) ’; Fisch. &
Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 605 °. .
Lower and more compressed than the preceding (U. aztecorum), the fore part more produced, the hinder part
comparatively more elevated.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Rio Salado, Nuevo Leon (Capt. Pope !*).
Also occurs in Texas.
27. Unio poeyanus.
Unio poeyanus, Lea, Proc, Acad. Phil. 1857, p. 85°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) iii. p. 815, t. 82.
fig. 80°; Obs. Gen. Unio, vi. p. 35, t. 32. fig. 30°; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvi.,
Unio, t. 90. fig. 486°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 606 °.
Somewhat smaller than U. pope, and lower, especially in the hinder half; the ventral margin more
sinuated ; periostracum finely granulated.
Hab. 8.W. Muxico: Rio de las Balsas, near Coyucan, Guerrero (Poey !~).
28. Unio microdon, (Tab. XXXV. figg. 1, 1 a-c.)
Unio microdon, v. Mart. Sitzungsb. Ges. nat. Freunde, Berlin, 1887, p. 107 '.
Testa elliptica, modice convexa, valde inzequilatera, solida, concentrice leviter striatula, intus albida; antice
rotundata, margine ventrali magis ascendente, postice obtuse declivi rostrata; margo ventralis medio et
postice subrectus ; vertices subplani, detriti; dentes cardinales perparvi, tuberculiformes, in valva dextra
unus subtetragonus, levis, apice leviter crenatus, in valva sinistra duo, anterior subtrigonus, levis, posterior
compressus, acie distincte crenulata; dentes laterales elongati, leviter arcuati.
a. Long. 107; alt. vert. 57, ale 48, diam. 34 millim. Vertices in
b. 45 93 ; ” 50, » % 4, 29 ” ”
Hab. N. Guatemaa: Rio de las Salinas (Stol/').
long.
Ole co [bo
29
UNIO. 505
: VII. Simonatas, Fisch. & Crosse.
29. Unio cuprinus.
Unio cuprinus, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. iv. p. 94 (1830); Obs. Gen. Unio, i. p. 104°; Synops.
Fam. Unionide, ed. 4, p. 61 (1870) *.
Unio calamitarum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 30 (1849)*; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 612°.
&
Thick-shelled, compressed, unequilateral, with a very obtuse ridge descending from the summits towards the
hinder extremity, concentrically furrowed, the furrows becoming stronger near the ventral margin ;
reddish-brown ; beaks flat, not prominent ; inside very shining, rose-coloured, rarely almost white ; cardinal
teeth moderately strong, triangular, furrowed ; lateral (posterior) teeth rather long, nearly straight.
a. nephriticus.
Unio cuprinus, Lea, loc. cit. t. 12. fig. 24°; Chenu, Illustr. Conch., Unio, t. 11. fig. 37; Sowerby,
in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 66. fig. 336 °.
Unio calamitarum (“ nunc reniformis”’), Morelet, loc. cit.? (nec U. reniformis, F. Schmidt, Rossm.
1836).
Unio calamitarum, var. 6. nephritica, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 13”.
Ventral margin distinctly sinuated.
Long. 53; alt. vert. 22, ale 274, diam. 21 millim. Vertices in } long.
29 60 ; bh 29, 39 34, 99 ? 9 99 4? 29
Had. S.E. Mexico: in the stream Baluntie, near Palenque (Morelet °) ; Mexico, without
nearer indication of locality (Poinsett °").
b. tabascoensis.
Unio calamitarum (“ vel rhomboidea’’), Morelet, loc. cit. p. 830”.
Unio calamitarum, var. prolongata, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 612, t. 63. figg. 5, 5a”.
Unio tabascoensis, Charpentier, in Kiister, Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, p. 153,
t. 44. fig. 3 (1856) ”.
Unio mexicanus, coll. Paetel ™*.
Elongated, posterior dorsal and ventral margins straight, hinder extremity almost perpendicularly truncated.
Long. 52; alt. vert. 24, ale 26, diam. 18 millim. Vertices in + long.
» 64; = QA gs BBy ay QQ os are
= 89; 2 29, 5, 29, » 173 ” ”
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Tabasco (Reip, teste Charpentier), in the stream Baluntie, near
Palenque (Morelet '").
99
HE Dl
99
c. persulcatus.
? Unio metallicus, Say, New Harmony Disseminator of Useful Knowledge, 1831, p. 6”.
Unio persulcatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1859, p. 155*°; Obs. Gen. Unio, vil. p. 73, t. 40.
fig. 185 (nec Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon.).
Unio mexicanus, Parreyss, in Mus. Berol.*®
Ventral margin nearly straight ; hinder extremity obliquely truncated.
Long. 50; alt. vert. 24, ale 26, diam. 15 millim. Vertices in ? long.
3 OLS ef 96... Si, «5 (FS 1s 3 a 8%
Hab. Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (Hanley
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, April 1900. 64
16 17),
506 MOLLUSCA.
d. coloratus.
Unio coloratus (Charpentier), Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Unio, p. 155,
t. 44. fig. 6 (1856); Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 599 (part.) ».
More abbreviated, with slightly convex dorsal margin and straight ventral margin.
Long. 49; alt. vert. 28, ale 28, diam. 18 millim. Vertices in ;%; long.
Hab. Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (Charpentier).
e. subventralis. (Tab. XXXVI. figg. 1, 1 a, 6.)
Ventral margin distinctly convex.
Long. 55; alt. vert. 29, ale 29, diam. 18 millim. Vertices in ? long.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Tabasco (Parreyss, in coll. Dunker, nune Mus. Berol.).
f. arcuans, 0.
Unio calumitarum (“ ovata ’’), Morelet, loc. cit.”
Unio calamitarum, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 14. fig, 385”.
Unio calamitarum, var. arcuans, Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 612, t. 64. figg. 5, 5a”.
Abbreviated, posterior dorsal margin elevated and arcuated.
Long. 47; alt. vert. 25, alee 28, diam. 17 millim. Vertices in + long.
” 43 ; 9 22, 29 25, of ? +
” 9 Fe)
Hab, S.E. Mexico: in the stream Baluntie, near Palenque (Morelet ?!).
This species corresponds to the section Simonaias of Fischer and Crosse. Morelet
noted its variability in outline, and on this character Fischer and Crosse distinguished
several varieties, though they maintain the species described by other authors as
distinct. Lea!? describes the ventral margin of his U. cuprinus as “ disposed to
be straight,” and the general form as “reversely ovate,” but the figure given by him
shows the ventral margin to be distinctly sinuate, and the general outline kidney-
shaped, not ovate; it seems, therefore, that he also had specimens of different outline
before him. As it is not possible to say which form is really the type of U. cuprinus,
I have treated each of them as a variety, and quoted only the general descriptions,
which comprise several forms, under the head of the species, just as I have done with
Pachychilus glaphyrus, antea, p. 438. Sowerby’s figure 385°? corresponds, on the
whole, to the var. arcuans, but it has the ventral margin sinuated, and thus forms a
link to the var. nephriticus.
/
i
ff
/
30. Unio dysoni.
? Unio rugulosus (Charpentier), Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Unio,
p. 154, t. 44, fig. 5 (1856) *.
Unio dysoni, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1859, p. 152°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) iv. p. 252, t. 89.
fig. 182°; Obs. Gen. Unio, vii. p. 70, t. 39. fig. 132°.
Near U. cuprinus, but more produced before, more rounded behind and below ; inside whitish.
Hab. Honvvuras (Dyson *~*).
UNIO. 507
Unio rugulosus, Charp., although said to be Australian, is so very like U. dysoni
that I strongly suspect the two are identical, although I have not seen a specimen.
U. rugulosus is mentioned in E. Smith’s valuable paper on the Australian freshwater
shells [Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvi. p. 312 (1882)], but no additional information is
given respecting it.
* 31. Unio macnieli.
Unio macnielii, Lea, Proc, Acad. Phil. 1869, p. 124’; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) viii. p. 25, t. 8.
fig. 22°; Obs. Gen. Unio, xiii. p. 29, t. 8. fig. 22°.
Hab. Nicaracva: Rio Gigillillo, Corcuera (McNiel 1-3),
* 32. Unio yzabalensis. (Tab. XXXIX. figg. 9-lla.)
Unio yzabalensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xl. p. 296 (1892)! ; Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll.
il. p. 597, t. 64. fige. 4, 4a, b?.
? Unio scamnatus (Morelet), Lea, Obs. Gen. Unio, vii. p. 77°.
Testa rhomboidea, paulum et equaliter convexa, liris concentricis inequalibus confertis, nonnullis bifurcatis
vel anastomosantibus sculpta, ferrugineo-fusca, antice sat producta, modice arcuata, supra levius arcuata,
infra magis ascendens, verticibus in 2~4 longitudinis sitis, margine dorsali postico valde arcuato, margine
postico subtruncato, margine ventrali antice valde ascendente, medio subrecto vel subsinuato ; dentes
cardinales sat validi, subtriangulares, sulcati, secundus valve sinistre minor; facies interna pallide
purpurea vel albida.
a. Long. 62; alt. vert. 38, ale 35, diam. 233 millim, Vertices in 2 long.
ee ee ees ee 4b Ey
C. 99° 453 ; 99 28, 9) 26, 99 153 9 99 3 99
at, 4a; 9 26, ,, 244, ,, 18 ” " go 4s
Ge be 48 5 99 27, 99 27, 99 16 99 99 3 9
a, ¢, d, ¢. Specimens from Panzos; 6. From Fischer and Crosse’s description and figure.
Hab. GuatemMata: Panzos, in the Polochic valley (Conradt) ; Lake Yzabal (Bocourt * 2).
Honpuras: Comayagua (Leconte ®).
I have given a fresh diagnosis of this species, as among the specimens collected by
Conradt there are some of much larger size than the type described by Fischer and
Crosse. U. yzabalensis is so near the Cuban U. scamnatus, Morelet *, that I think it
very probable that U. scamnatus, Lea *, from Honduras, may belong to the present
* Unio scamnatus, Morelet, and U. gundlachi, Dunker, both from Cuba, are treated as one species by
Lea (Joc. cit.), but they are separated as distinct by Dunker (Malak. Blatt. v. pp. 228, 229) and by Arango
(Contribucion Faun. Mal. de Cuba, p. 144). As there is some confusion regarding these Cuban forms, I have
re-characterized them, after having compared the specimens in the late Dunker’s collection, now in the Berlin
Museum, with Morelet’s description and Sowerby’s figure.
Unio scamnatus.
Unio scamnatus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 30 (1849).
Unio gundlachi, Dunker, Malak. Blatt. v. p. 228 (1858).
Elliptic-oval, sulcated, compressed ; hinder half as high as or higher than the fore half; ventral margin
64*
508 MOLLUSCA.
species. It differs, however, from all the Cuban specimens of U. scamnatus, Morelet,
in the Berlin Museum, in the more quadrate form, the height equalling the length (in
the Cuban examples which most nearly approach it the height is only two-thirds of the
length), the more abruptly descending hinder dorsal margin, the rather less compressed
form of the whole shell, and the greater strength of the cardinal teeth. ‘The umbones,
when well preserved, are strongly furrowed concentrically. The relative proportion of
the length to the height of the shell varies in specimens from the same locality between
about 3:2 to 2:1 (specimen @).
At first sight this specimen resembles U. litoralis, Cuv., from Western Europe ; it
differs, however, on closer inspection, in having the concentric ridges closer together,
those in the umbonal region very distinct and regular, while in U. ltoralis they are
more depressed and distant, and in the umbonal region undulated.
33. Unio championi, sp.n. (Tab. XX XVIII. figg. 9, 9 a.)
Testa oblongo-elliptica, concentrice dense et inzqualiter striata, fusca, in regione umbonali pallidior, obscure
viridi-radiata, et pone umbones lirulis nonnullis radiantibus brevibus, interdum duabus, sulcum in-
cludentibus, magis elongatis, sculpta, antice rotundata, verticibus parum prominulis, margine dorsali
posteriore primum leviter declivi, dein magis descendente, extremitate postica rotundato-truncata, margine
ventrali leviter convexo, antice et postice subequaliter ascendente; dentes cardinales subcompressi,
margini paralleli, leves ; facies interna cerulescens.
Long. 30 ; alt. vert. 17, ale 16, diam. 63 millim. Vertices in 2 long.
Hab. W. GuatemaLa: Paso Antonio, in the Pacific coast-region (Champion).
Differs from U. hyalmarsoni, Dunk., in having the fore part shorter and more broadly
rounded, and the concentric strie more feeble and not so broad, as well as in the
arcuated before and more abruptly ascending behind, straight or very slightly convex at the middle;
height of the shell more than half its length ; summits in 3-2 of the length; inside bluish-white.
a. Long. 55; alt. vert. 30, ale ?, diam. 17 millim. (Morelet).
b. » 08; ” 32, 45 34, 4, 18 ”
C. » 83; am 37, ,, 387, ,, 222 ,, > (specimens in Berlin Museum).
d. ,, 64; » 983, 5 30, , 18 ,, j
Hab. Cusa: Cacajajicara (Morelet), Rio Taco (Gundlach).
Unio proclinatus, sp. n.
Unio scamnatus (Morelet), Dunker, Malak. Blatt. v. p. 229 (1858).
Unio gundlacht (Dunker), Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 46. fig. 248.
Elongate, sulcated, compressed ; fore part very short, abruptly rounded; hinder half lower, strongly com-
pressed ; ventral margin conspicuously ascending before, subsinuated at the middle, scarcely ascending
behind ; height of the shell equalling half its length or somewhat less ; summits in 2-7 of the length;
cardinal teeth somewhat stronger ; inside orange or somewhat purplish.
a. Long. 84; alt. vert. 40, alee 36, diam. 20 millim.
b. ss 60; ” 30, ” 273, » 16 ”
C. ” 58 ; ” 25, » 28, , 14 ”
Hab. Cusa: Rio Taco and Gibara, in the eastern part of the island, and Pinar del Rio, farther west (Gundlach,
am Mus. Berol.).
UNIO. | 509
sculpture and coloration of the umbonal region. The furrow, bordered by two ridges,
descending from the summits backward, is also visible in U. hjalmarsoni, but in the
present species it is distinct to near the hinder end in one only of the six specimens
seen, the furrow, like the radial ridges, scarcely extending beyond the umbonal region
in the others.
34. Unio hjalmarsoni. (Tab. XXXVIIL. figg. 11, 11a.)
Unio lyalmarsoni, Dunker, Malak. Blatt. v. p- 227 (1858) *.
Rather elongate, elliptic, moderately compressed; dorsal margin before the summits somewhat descending, behind
them at first nearly horizontal, then arcuate; ventral margin conspicuously ascending in the fore part,
nearly straight in the middle and hinder parts, the fore half of the shell thus appearing somewhat
angularly produced, and hinder extremity almest perpendicularly cut off. Summits in one-third of the
whole length. Concentric plaits over the whole surface, rather strong, close together, some anastomosing.
Periostracum dirty yellow. Cardinal teeth somewhat thick, oblique, feebly furrowed, and not crenulated.
Inside bluish-white.
Long. 36; alt. vert. 183, ale 17, diam. 11 millim.
Hab. Honpuras: Rio Chamelicon, on the confines of Guatemala (Hjalmarson 1).
Here figured for the first time, from Dunker’s type, now in the Berlin Museum.
35. Unio nuculinus. (Tab. XX XIX. figg. 6, 6a, 0.)
Unio nuculinus, Philippi, Zeitschr. f. Malak. v. p. 176 (1848) *.
Of small size, elongate, elliptic, pale greenish, with regular strong concentric ridges; fore part somewhat
produced, hinder part straightly beaked; ventral margin ascending about as much behind as the dorsal
margin descends, with a narrow furrow descending from the summits to the hinder extremity. Inside
silvery-white. Cardinal teeth compressed, moderate in size—in the left valve two, one behind the other ;
in the right valve one, larger, spoon-shaped.
a. Long. 174; alt. vert. 10, ale 9, diam. 7 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
b. ” 16; 9 93, ” 1, 2” 7 ” ” 3 ”
Hab. Nicaracva (Largilliert *).
Two specimens in the late Dunker’s collection, now in the Berlin Museum. They
do not appear to be very young, to judge from the solidity of the shell and the extent
of erosion. ‘The measurements given by Philippi indicate a somewhat greater height.
VIII. Lampsiuis, Raf.
36. Unio discus.
Unio discus, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vi. p. 74, t. 18. fig. 57 (1838)*; Obs. Gen. Unio, ii. p. 74, t. 18.
fig. 577, and iii. p. 72°; Hanley, Cat. Rec. Bivalv. p. 197, t. 22. fig. 12*; Chenu, Ilustr.
Conch., Unio, t. 19. fig. 6° ; ? Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch, Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 62. fig. 310°;
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 567 (part.) *.
Anterior part short, only one-fourth of the whole length, upper anterior margin abruptly descending ; hinder
510 MOLLUSCA.
extremity somewhat rostrated and in its lower half perpendicularly truncated. Outside blackish-brown,
with strong concentric strie ; inside pale purple.
Long. 131; alt. vert. 82, ale 69?, diam. 40 millim. Vertices in j long.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Rio Moctezuma (Dr. Blanding *).
Lea ? gives “‘ River Moctezuma, Central America,” as locality for this and two other
species of Unio (U. nicklinianus and U. tampicoensis), but there can scarcely be any doubt
that the river Moteuzuma, a southern confluent of the Panuco, is meant. Moctezuma
is the name of a town, a little more to the north, in the State of San Luis Potosi.
If it were not for the var. connectens, I should treat U. discus as distinct from
U. panucoensis.
Var. connectens, nN.
Unio panucoensis (v. d. Busch), Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Unio,
p. 242, t. 81. fig. 1°. |
Unio mexicanus, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 55. fig. 281 (1867) °.
More elongate than Philippi’s type of U. panucoensis, the hinder part of the shell longer and more per-
pendicularly truncated, the anterior part as in U. discus. Sculpture similar. Inside pale orange or (as
in the specimen before me) salmon-coloured.
a. Long. 134; alt, vert. 78, ala 85, diam. 38 millim. Vertices in 4 long.
b=, ~=—«:180; » 81,,, 71, ,, 41 ,, » 9
ce 4, 114; om 71,, 66, , ? ,, » 4 5
a. From Kiister’s figure; 6. Specimen in the Berlin Museum, from Albers’s collection ; ; ¢. Sowerby’s figure.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Rio Panuco, near Tampico (v. d. Busch §).
Whe Whe
Probably only an individual variety of U. panucoensis, although the general form
seems to be rather different at first sight. Kuister § says that the inside is either violet,
flesh-coloured, or white; but as he does not distinguish this form from typical
panucoensis, it is not certain whether all these colours are to be found in it.
The relatively great difference in the height of the wing is due to the fact that in
Kiister’s specimen the hinder part of the ventral margin is more ascending than in the
example in the Berlin Museum.
Var. panucoensis. (Tab. X XXIII. figg. 2, 2a, b.)
Unio panucoensis, v. d. Busch, in Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch. i., Unio, p. 8, t. 2. figg. 1, 2
(1843) *°.
Unio lapidosus (Villa, MS.), Kobelt, in Rossmissler’s Icon.:d. Land- und Siissw.-Moll. (2) vi.
p- 90, t. 176. fig. 1120 (1893) ”.
Unio discus (Lea), Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 567 (part.) ¥.
Tnangularly elliptic, much compressed, anterior part (before the summits) projecting, rounded ; ventral margin
nearly straight at the middle, and almost equally arcuate before and behind; summits in 3-2 of the
length. Outside brown, with coarse concentric unequal strie ; inside white or pale purple.
UNIO. 511
a. Long. 114; alt. vert. 79, alee 7 5, diam. ? millim. Vertices 2 long.
beef 126. = BOy 40 0G, © ag 40, ir :
G4, E22 ss S65 TOs ad rr
a 3, 122: “si She ys 763, ,, 37
e 126; . 85, js 7s. ae BT = Pn
a. ‘Pype: feos Philippi’s figure; -d. Specimens in the Berlin Museum; ¢. Villa’s U. lapidosus. Inside
white in a, b, d, ¢; pale purple in c.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Rio Panuco, at Tampico !° (Dr. H. Wilckens, 1842, according to a
label in the late Dunker’s collection).
9
», (figured).
Cole Colin COldo Coles
The type of U. lapidosus, sent to me by Villa himself about 1855, is labelled
“Kuphrat. river.” I purposely omitted the species from my enumeration of the fresh-
water shells of Western Asia, ‘ Vorderasiatische Conchylien,’ pp. 67, 68 (1874), on
account of its being so very different from the other forms known from that region,
but communicated it to Dr. Kobelt when he was working on the same subject in 1893.
Villa’s shell now proves to be exactly like U. panucoensis; the locality quoted must
therefore be erroneous.
* 87. Unio tampicoensis. (Tab. XXXIII. figg. 1, 1a, 0.)
Unio tampicoensis, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vi. p. 24, t. 7. fig. 18 (1836) *; Obs. Gen. Unio, ii.
p. 24, t. 7. fig. 18°, and iii. p. 72°; Hanley, Cat. Rec. Bivalv. p. 188, t. 20. fig. 36*; Chenu,
Illustr. Conch., Unio, t. 21. fig. 5°; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 57
fig. 291°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 586”.
Elliptically Eee with smooth, somewhat shining, greenish-brown periostracum ; ventral margin straight at
the middle, well rounded before and behind; summits in 3-3 of the length. Inside white, at the posterior
laminar teeth rose-coloured, in some specimens the whole inside rose or purple. Anterior teeth com-
paratively small, moderately strong.
a. Long. 112; alt. vert. 64, ale 66, diam. 42 millim. Vertices in ? long.
b. 99 103 ; 99 62, ” 60, 99 ah 99 99 2 $9
C. 9 973 3 99 65, ” 59, " 37s 9 99 3
a. From Lea’s figure of the type’*; 6 and c. Specimens in the Berlin Museum; 6 certainly, ¢ probably,
obtained from v. d. Busch.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Rio Tampico (Ronaldson1?); near Tampico (coll. Albers); Rio
Moctezuma (Blanding °).
FE. Mexico: Rio Medellin, ten miles south of Vera Cruz (Dr. Burrough |).
Also occurs in the Rio Pecos, Texas (Lloyd).
The two specimens of this Unio before me, one (0) from Albers’s, the other (¢) from
Paetel’s collection (here figured), differ remarkably in the proportion of the length to
the height, as will be seen from the measurements given, but they agree so well in all
other respects that I cannot doubt their identity ; both are marked here and there with
short linear desceriding impressions (see figure), which I do not find mentioned in any
description. They have the inside white, with a rosy hue on the upperside of the
laminar posterior teeth. :
512 MOLLUSCA.
Var. tecomatensis.
Unio tecomatensis, Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soe. ii. p. 80 (1841) °; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (2) viii.
p. 234, t. 21. fig. 48°; Obs. Gen. Unio, iii. p. 72, t. 17. fig. 48°; Chenu, Illustr. Conch.,
Unio, t. 30. fig. 6"; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 589, t. 65. fig. 6, and
t. 66. fige. 4, 4a”.
Unio tampicoensis (Lea), Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Unio, p. 275,
t. 93. fig. 1”.
More convex, anterior tooth somewhat stronger ; inside purple-violet.
a. Long. 89; alt. vert. 55, ale 58, diam. 1 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
& 64, 98 ” 64, ,, 61, ,, 40 ,, 9 3 9
Hab. E. Mexico: Rio Tecomate, near Tlacotalpam, State of Vera Cruz (Dr.
Burrough®—"2);| Rio Cosamaloapam, an affluent of Rio Alvarado, near Cha-
coltianguis (Sadlé 1°).
Var. umbrosus. (Tab. XXXYV. figg. 3-5 6.)
Unio tampicoensis (younger specimens), Lea, Obs. Gen. Unio, ii. p. 24".
Unio umbrosus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. viii. p. 95 (1857); Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) ii. p. 318,
t. 30. fig. 26°°; Obs. Gen. Unio, vi. p. 31, t. 30. fig. 26°"; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch.
Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 28. fig. 170; Stearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 103 (1891);
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 587, t. 67. figg. 1, 1 a, 6”.
Somewhat more oblong, with straighter ventral margin; outside rather blackish, inside pale purple, in some
specimens with an orange band along the pallial line. In full-grown specimens (the young one, h,
excepted) the middle of the inside is beset with a number of granules, probably of extraneous origin, but
fixed to the shell by the last layer of calcareous matter.
a. Long. 89; alt. vert. 48, ale 414, diam. 35 millim. Vertices in ? long.
b. » 97; ” 50, ,, 54, » 37 ” ” % 9
c. ” 84 ; » 47, ” 52, ” 32 ” ” + ”
d. 4, T7;3 - 45, ,, 454, ,, 29 ~~ ,, * 3 9
é. » 105 rT) 42, ,, 50, » 3h ” 2 2 ”
f. », 89; ” 39, 4, 44, » 29 ” ” 3 ”
Je 60 ; ” 33, 4, 39, » «=o ” ” 4 ”
h 4, 573 ” 30, , 338, 4 19 2
” 9 7 99
a. From Lea’s figure; d. A specimen collected by Strebel in the Medellin river, unusually inflated behind,
probably a female; 6, c, e-g. Specimens collected by H. H. Smith; hk. The youngest of Strebel’s examples.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Rio Salado, State of Nuevo Leon (Lloyd }9).
E. Mexico: Rio Medellin (Dr. Burrough %—1", Sallé*°, Strebel, H. H. Smith).
The above-mentioned granules are probably grains of sand introduced into the
interior of the shell, and therefore not of specific value, but it must be noted that they
are found in all known full-grown specimens: Lea does not mention them in the
description, though they are visible in his figure. They may be due to a peculiarity
of the locality.
The specimen ¢ somewhat approaches U. alienigenus, the hinder part being more
inflated than usual.
UNIO. 513
" 38. Unio berlandieri.
Unio berlandieri, Tea, Proc. Acad. Phil. ix. p. 101 (1857)'; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) iv. p. 369,
t. 65. fig. 194°; Obs. Gen. Unio, viii. p. 51, t. 65. fig. 194°; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch.
Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 28. fig. 108‘; Pilsbry, Nautilus, v. p. 76°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 584°.
Much inflated, with very prominent vertices, otherwise similar to the preceding (U. tampicoensis).
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Matamoros and Tamaulipas (Berlandier !-* 6),
Also in the Colorado river, near Austin, Texas (Mc Daniel®).
* 89. Unio alienigenus. (Tab. XXXV. figg. 2, 2a.)
Unio alienigenus, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xli. p. 294 (1893) '; Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll.
ii. p. 590, t. 65. figg. 5, 5 a, and t. 66. fig. 3°.
Elliptic, more inflated and higher in the hinder part; anterior teeth feeble, more or less compressed.
Inside white or pale yellowish, in some specimens with a few scattered granules.
a. Long. 82; alt. vert. 51, ale 48, diam. 30 millim. Vertices in 4 long.
b. 29 673; 99 36, 39 383, 29 27 39 99 3
Ce 29 593; ” 303, ” 34, ” 24 ” 2” 3 ”
a. Fischer and Crosse’s type-specimen ; 6 and ¢. Two smaller, but probably full-grown, specimens in the Berlin
Museum, from Dunker’s collection, the smaller one given by Anthony.
Hab. FE. Mexico : Coatzocoalcos, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé! 2); Mexico, without nearer
indication of locality (Parreyss and Anthony, in coll. Dunker).
The two specimens in the Berlin Museum have scattered granules on the inside, as
in U. tampicoensis, var. umbrosus, but they are absent in Fischer and Crosse’s types.
* 40. Unio sapotalensis.
Unio sapotalensis, Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. ii. p. 30 (1841) *; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (2) vii.
p. 283, t. 21. fig. 47°; Obs. Gen. Unio, iii, p. 71, t. 17. fig. 47°; Chenu, Illustr. Conch.
t. 33. fig. 4; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 91. fig. 495 (copied from Lea)’ ;
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 600°.
Hab. E. Mexico: Rio Sapotal, near Tlacotalpam, State of Vera Cruz (Dr.
Burrough +-®).
Conspicuous on account of its numerous dark green rays.
41. Unio computatus, os
Unio computatus, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xli. p. 295 (1893) *; Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll.
ii. p. 601, t. 67. figg. 2, 24 -
Hab. E. Mexico: near Coatzocoalcos, State of Vera Cruz (Sallé
Perhaps a variety of the preceding, from which it differs in the larger size, the more
shell, and the more feeble cardinal teeth.
1 2).
swollen
BIOL, CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, April 1900.
65
@
v
514 MOLLUSCA.
42. Unio cognatus.
Unio cognatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1860, p. 306°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) iv. p. 368, t. 65.
fig. 193°; Obs. Gen. Unio, viii. p. 50, t. 65. fig. 193°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 662 *.
Oval, rather thick and swollen, yellowish-green, with dark rays ; cardinal teeth strong.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Rio Salado, State of Nuevo Leon (Berlandier }~*).
Allied to the North-American U. venustus and U. zigzag.
IX. Exuiprio, Raf.
43. Unio rubicundus, sp. n. (Tab. XXXIV. figg. 3, 3a.)
Testa oblonga, trapezoidea, concentrice grosse striata, striis nonnullis subnodulosis, in declivitate posteriore
pliculis numerosis obliquis sursum arcuatis sculpta, rufo-fusca, parte antica longiuscule rotundata, parte
postica declivi-rostrata et subperpendiculariter truncata, linea angulari a verticibus descendente, margine
ventrali antice valde ascendente, medio et postico recto; dentes cardinales validi, triangulares, sulcati et
crenulati; facies interna purpurea, linea palliali antice a margine valde remota.
Long. 89; alt. vert. 57, ale 44, diam. 34 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
<
| Hab. N. Guatemata: Coban (Conradt).
Although a single valve only of this species has been obtained, I am compelled to
propose a new name for it. In size and outlines U. rubicundus so nearly resembles
U. corium, Sowerby, that, at first sight, it seemed to be nothing more than a smooth
variety of that species; the sculpture, however, is different: this is due to the presence
of coarse concentric strie, some of those on the umbonal region rising here and there
into flat prominences, but the summits themselves (which, fortunately, are well
preserved) are simply concentrically striated ; there is no trace of granulated structure.
On the hinder slope there are small plaits, bent upwards, as in U. pliciferus. The
cardinal teeth are rather strong. The sculpture is unlike that of the species of the
subgenus Psoronaias, and, as placed here, near U. pliciferus, in the subgenus Lilliptio,
U. rubicundus differs from all its allies in the large size and thickness of the shell and
in the stout teeth.
Unio rugoso-sulcatus, Lea, Obs. Gen. Unio, xii. p. 26, t. 34. tig. 81 (1866), supposed
to be from Central America, is rather near the present species, but it is a little more
triangular, without prominences and plaits, and has the hinder part distinctly
biangulated.
44, Unio pliciferus.
Unio pliciferus, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vi. p. 61, t. 17. fig. 53 (1836)*; Obs. Gen. Unio, ii.
p. 61, t. 17. fig. 53°; Hanley, Cat. Rec. Bivalv. p. 176, t. 20. fig. 32°; Kiister, in Martini
& Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab., ed. 2, Unio, p. 142, t. 42. fig. 1*; Chenu, Manuel de
Conch. ii. p. 142, fig. 702°; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 75. fig. 887°;
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 580, t. 65. fig. 2, and t. 70. figg. 2, 2a".
UNIO. 515
Unio plexus, Conrad, Monogr. Fam. Unionide, p- 89, t. 49. figg. 1, 2 (1838) *.
Unio coloratus (Charpentier), v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xii. p- 59 (1865)°; Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit,
p- 599*° (part.).
Thick-shelled, elliptical, rather swollen ; outside unicolorous deep black, with few and not very conspicuous
plaits on the hinder slope, most of them directed obliquely backward, those in the middle of the shell
Sometimes directed vertically downward ; inside purple, passing into orange.
a. Long. 64; alt. vert. 34, alee 35, diam. 26 millim. Vertices in 2 long.
86; .,, 982, 314, 24
eo . bl; ,, 29, ,, 262,
d, 29 50; 2” 29, ” 273, ” 22 ”
é. ” 443; ” 253; 5) 263,
J: 9 42; ” 24, ” 24, » Li ”
g- 9» 423 ; ” 233, 9 24, 455 73 ” ” 3 9
a, An unusually large specimen collected by H. Strebel; 6. Uhde’s example®; c, d. Specimens collected by
H. H. Smith; ¢, f, 9, by Strebel. All from the Rio Medellin.
Hab, EK. Mexico: Rio Medellin, near Vera Cruz (Uhde®, Strebel, H. H. Smith) ; Rio
Jamapa, near Vera Cruz (Strebel, in Mus. Hamburg) ; Mexico, without nearer
indication of locality (Dr. Burrough ' ?).
9 29 99
9
bo
rm)
ie
bee Oop Coe We Cale Be
I have given the measurements of several specimens from the Rio Medellin, in order
to show the range of variation in shape, the height of the summits in some of them
being a little more, in others a little less, than that of the wing, and the proportion of
the height to the length varying also considerably.
Lea 1? gives the colour of the inside as nacre-purple, rarely white ’, and in his figure
it is white. Out of fifty-six examples before me, two only, both also from the Medellin
river, are white inside, one of them perhaps bleached, the other fresh. The purple is
not of the same tint as in U. aztecorum and others, but more lustrous and somewhat
verging into orange.
Burrough’s specimens also were probably from the Medellin river, as this locality is
expressly mentioned by him for the var. carbonarius.
Var. minor. (Tab. XXXIX. figg. 4, 4a.)
Unio pliciferus, var. minor, Fisch. & Cross, loc. cit. p. 581, t. 69. fig. 4".
Only differing by its smaller size.
h. Long. 33; alt. vert. 214, ale 22, diam. 16 millim. Vertices in 2 long.
Ve 9 35 > ” 193, ” 21, ”? 12 ” ” 3 9
} ” 33% 3 ” 20, 3 20, 1 14 ” . ” 3 ”
Ba 855 a 17 ds oe LE » 3
L ” 32 ; ” 16, ,; 18, ,, 12 ” ” 3 »
m 28 ; 9 14, 5 14,3, 10 ” ” 3
ah Bacher and Crosse’s figure"; ¢. Specimen received from Anthony ; jy k, and 1. Examples collected by
H. Strebel; m. Specimen in the late Dunker’s collection, now in the Berlin Museum—notwithstanding its
small size, probably full-grown, as the shell is comparatively solid and the summits much worn.
Hab. E. Mexico: with the typical form ( Fischer & Crosse +"); Rio Medellin (Anthony,
H. Strebel).
65*
516 MOLLUSCA.
Var. carbonarius.
Unio carbonarius, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vi. p. 37, t. 11. fig. 382 (1836) *; Obs. Gent Uniosa ii.
p. 87, t. 11. fig. 32"; Synopsis of Unionide, ed. 4, p. 31 (1870) “; Hanley, Cat. Rec.
Bivalv. p. 184, t. 22. fig. 10, and t. 23. fig. 12”.
Ventral margin sinuated.
Hab. E. Mexico: Rio Medellin (Dr. Burrough '? }*).
Lea 12 13 mentions no plaits in the description, but as his type was much worn over a
great part of the surface, they may have been present in a younger state and disappeared
afterwards by external injury: he says that his specimen is probably very old.
45. Unio ravistellus. (Tab. XX XVIII. figg. 2-6 a.)
Unio ravistellus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 29 (1849)*; Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Unio, p. 145, t. 42. fig. 6°; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon.
vi., Unio, t. 72. fig. 366°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. 1. p. 609, t. 61.
figg. 4,5, 5a’.
Of small size, rather thin, kidney-shaped, dorsal margin in the hinder part arcuated, ventral margin more or
less sinuated ; usually much eroded, chiefly behind the summits in larger patches. Cardinal teeth small,
triangular, furrowed. Inside of the shell lead- coloured.
a. Long. 38; alt. vert. 22, ale ?, diam. 12 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
b. ” 39 3 ” 21, 9 194, ” 134 ” ” 3 ”
C. ” 40; ” 17, ,, 19, ” ? ” ” 3 ”
d. ” 35 ; ” 183, » 18, ” ? ” ” 4
a. Measurements given by Morelet'; 6, d. Figures given by Fischer ‘and Crosse *; c, by Kiister *.
Hab. EB. Guatemata: Lake of Yzabal (Morelet1+); Guatemala, without nearer
indication of locality (Charpentier).
The specific name ravistellus is derived from the Latin ravus, grey: this term was
probably used to describe the colour of the inside of the shell, the outside being dark
brown, as in most other species of the genus.
Var. majusculus.
Of larger size; the summits somewhat more advanced.
a. Long. 59; alt. vert. 27, alee 28, diam. 173 millim. Vertices in 2 long.
b. 99 58 5 29 26, 99 27, 29 117i 99 99
«. » «995 ” 26, ,, 27, » «20 ”
Hab. EK. Guatemata: Lake of Yzabal (Séol/).
99
sao “aldo
99 29
The dimensions given show that this form varies considerably in the general outlines.
Var. verepacis. (Tab. XX XVIII. figg. 1, 1 a.)
Unio verepacis, Tristram, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 414’.
Unio vellicatus, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 22. fig. 103 (1865) °.
Of smaller size, the summits more advanced, the hinder part bent downward ; inside purplish-brown.
a. Long. 43; alt. vert. 19, ale 20, diam. 15 millim. Vertices in 4 + long.
bu 6, «645; » 22, 28, 2s, i
99 bh)
a. Tristram’s type ; 6. Sowerby’s figure.
Hab. E. Guaremata: Vera Paz (Salvin ®); Panzos (Conradt, in Mus. Berol.).
” q 9»
UNIO. 517
é
46. Unio opacatus.
Unio opacatus, Cross & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xli. p. 295 (1898) *; Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii.
p. 592, t. 66. figg. 1, 1 a’.
Hab. Mexico (Sallé } 2).
Perhaps only a somewhat shorter variety of U. mevicanus.
r 47. Unio mexicanus.
Unio mexicanus, Philippi, Zeitschr. f. Malak. iv. p- 75 (1847)*; Abbild. neuer Conch. iii. p. 36,
t. 6. fig. 3°; Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cat. ed. 2, Unio, p. 285, t. 95.
fig. 7 (copy from Philippi) *.
Elliptic, angularly produced behind, smooth, brown; inside purple.
Hab. Mexico (Liebmann * 1°),
It is strange that this species has not been met with by later travellers.
« 48. Unio sallei.
Unio sallei, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xli. p. 179 (1898)*; Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii.
p- 619, t. 68. figg. 3, 3a’.
Differs from U. mewicanus, Phil., in having the part before the summits shorter and the hinder extremity more
rounded.
Hab. Mexico (Sallé 1 2).
Type of the section Pachynaias of Crosse and Fischer.
Var. grossus,n. (Tab. XXXIV. figg. 2, 2a, 6.)
Shorter, and therefore comparatively higher, than the typical form of JU. sallei, very thick, fore side regularly
rounded, dorsal margin descending from the summits in a nearly straight, slightly convex line to the
hinder extremity ; a very obtuse ridge descends from the summits to the hinder end of the ventral margin,
and forms here a slight prominence ; ventral margin much ascending before, slightly convex at the middle,
subsinuated behind. Inside white. Cardinal teeth rather strong. :
Long. 62; alt. vert. 44, ale 38, diam. 30 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
Hab. N. Guaremata : Rio Salinas (Séo/0).
* 49. Unio medellinus. (Tab. XXXIX. figg. 7, 7a, 6.)
? Unio purpuriatus, Say, New Harmony Disseminator of Useful Knowledge, 1831, p. 6’; Conrad,
Proc. Acad. Phil. vi. p. 255 * (nee U. purpuratus, Lam., 1819).
* Unio medellinus, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vi. p. 39, t. 12. fig. 34 (1838) °; Obs. Gen. Unio, ii.
p. 39, t. 12. fig. 84°; Hanley, Cat. Rec. Bivalv. p. 193, t. 28. fig. 8 (male)’; Chenu,
Illustr. Conch., Unio, t. 17. fig. 6°; Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab.
ed. 2, Unio, p. 162, t. 46. fig. 57; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 38.
fig. 171°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. u. p. 603 -
? Unio veracruzensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1868, p. 150"; Obs. Gen. Unio, xii. p. 80, t. 52.
fig. 133”.
* See footnote, anted, p. 500.
518 MOLLUSCA.
Oval, rather thin, and compressed, yellowish-green, with darker green rays ; ventral margin slightly sinuated
in the full-grown state, straight or even a little convex in the young. Cardinal teeth rather compressed,
short. Inside shining, whitish, with a yellowish or rosy hue in the centre; in some specimens more
rose-coloured.
Long. 57; alt. vert. 26, ale 32, diam. 21 millim. Vertices in # long.
a.
b 9» «995 ” 28, ,, 31, 4, 21 ” ” 3 %
C. » 48; ” 26, 5, 27, 4 17 ” ” 3 ”
d. ” 46 3 7) 23, ” 24, ” 15 oe) ” 4 29
& 5 41; ” 23, ,, 25, 4, 14 ” ” + %
f: » 373 ” 20, , 22, , 13 0 t
a. From Lea’s figure; d. From Kiister’s figure ; 6, c, e, and f. Specimens collected by H. H. Smith, ¢ and f,
probably not full-grown.
Hab. E. Mexico: Rio Medellin, near Vera Cruz (Dr. Burrough?—, H. H. Smith) ; near
Vera Cruz (Sturm ’, Bennett} 2, Strebel? !).
In old specimens the summits are somewhat more depressed and eroded, and the
difference between the height of the summits and that of the wing greater, as in Lea’s
figure (a): in full-grown, but less eroded, examples this difference is less marked
(6, c,d); in young specimens (fig. 7) it is again considerable (e, f'), these in the
Unionide generally having the wing comparatively higher than full-grown ones.
Hanley’s figure ® is too elongate, probably an inexact reduced copy of that given
by Lea. |
U. veracruzensis, Lea, is perhaps the young state of U. medellinus; it often happens
in this genus, and especially in the present species, that the ventral margin is more
convex in young specimens than in old ones,
U. amenus, Lea (Obs. Gen. Unio, iii. p. 39, t. 6. fig. 12), from Texas, is very near
U. medellinus.
50. Unio eruginosus.
Unio e@ruginosus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 29 (1849) '; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. i. p. 576, t. 62. figg. 2, 2a, b°.
Hab. 8.E. Mexico: Rio Michol, at Palenque, State of Chiapas (Morelet 12),
51. Unio radiatulus, sp.n. (Tab. XXXIX. figg. 8, 8a, b.)
Shell elliptic, rather thick, concentrically striate, striz flat, but rather broad; yellowish-brown, with several
(6) dark green rays; fore part shortly rounded; dorsal margin behind the summits at first nearly
horizontal, then convexly descending ; hinder extremity obtusely beaked and angulated, with a very
obtuse ridge descending from the summits to the hinder end of the dorsal margin; ventral margin
straight in the middle, little ascending before and behind. Summits scarcely prominent, in 2 of the
length. Inside somewhat dull, pale greyish or livid. Cardinal teeth small, somewhat triangular and
furrowed; lateral lamelle scarcely arcuated.
a. Long. 44; alt. vert. 243, ale 233, diam. 16 millim. Vertices in 2 long,
b. 5, 403 ; ” 23, 20, ” 133 ” 9 3 9
Hab. W. Guatemata: Rio Naranjo, a confluent of the Rio Michatoya, at the station
Naranjo, and Paso Antonio in the lower part of the Rio Michatoya (Stoll).
UNIO. 519
Near U. eruginosus, but differing from it in having the summits less advanced (in
one-third of the length in U. radiatulus, in one-fourth in U. eruginosus), the cardinal
teeth comparatively stronger, the ventral margin slightly arcuate in its whole length,
and the hinder extremity somewhat more produced below. From U. yzabalensis it is
distinct by the comparatively lower shell, the smaller cardinal teeth, and the absence
of numerous and concentric ridges on the outside.
The figure of U. calamitarum, Fisch. & Crosse (Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. t. 64. fig. 5),
resembles this species in outline, but differs from it in the form of the hinder end.
&®
52. Unio rowelli.
Unio rowelli, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1859, p. 153°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) iv. p. 256, t. 40. fig. 136”;
Obs. Gen. Unio, vii. p. 74, t. 40. fig. 186°, and xiii. p- 71 (animal) *; Tate, Am. Journ. of
Conch. v. p. 160 (1870) °.
Oval, a little produced before, attenuated behind, ventral margin much arcuated, with feeble triangular
cardinal teeth.
Long. 43; alt. vert. 25, ale 23, diam. 16 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
Hab. Nicaragua: Rio Malacatoya and Rio Estar (Tate 5).
N. Panama: Rio Chagres (Rowell 13),
The summits are said to have undulate sculpture.
53. Unio guatemalanus, sp.n. (Tab. XX XVIII. figg. 7-8 a.)
Testa ovata, sat compressa, striis concentricis distinctis, intermixtis crassioribus sculpta, flavido-fusca, antice
subproducta, supra et infra subequaliter arcuata, postice subrostrata, margine dorsali posteriore declivi,
rostro obtuso, subtruncato, margine ventrali leviter arcuato, antice magis quam postice ascendente ; facies
interna pallide livida ; dentes cardinales compressi, obliqui, crenati.
a. Long. 574 ; alt. vert. 32, ale 30, diam. 174 millim. Vertices in 4 long.
b. ” 563 ; ” 30, » 28, 4.19 ” 9 3 ”
Hab. W. Guatemata: Paso Antonio, Rio Michatoya (Stol/).
Two perfect specimens of this species are before me: one of them (8) agrees rather
well in its general features with U. rowelit, Lea, except in the fore part of the shell;
but the other (a) is remarkably higher, more compressed, more broadly rounded before
and behind. Some single valves were also found at Paso Antonio, and these connect
the two forms.
There is no trace of peculiar sculpture on the summits.
X. Unitomerus, Conrad.
54, Unio manubius.
Unio manubius, A. Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. v. p. 229 (1855) *; Otia Conch. p. 218’; Lea,
Obs. Gen. Unio, vi. p. 53°; Synops. Fam. Unionide, ed. 4, p. 54 (1870) *; Stearns, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p- 105 (1891) °; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 591°.
Hab. N. Centrat Mexico: State of Chihuahua, sixty milesfrom Camp Ringgold (Webb).
- Also found in Texas (Lea *).
§20 MOLLUSCA.
According to Stearns ®, who has examined the original specimen, U. manubius is one
of the varieties of the North-American U. camptodon, Say.
55. Unio explicatus.
Unio explicatus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 28 (1841) 1, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll.
ii. p. 594, t. 61. fig. 1°.
Unio testudineus, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 22. fig. 101° (nec Morelet).
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Rio Usumacinta, near Balancan, State of Tabasco (Morelet ! ).
XI. Metaptera, Raf.
56. Unio paludosus.
? Unio largillierti, Philippi, Zeitschr. f. Malak. iv. p. 94 (1847) '.
Unio paludosus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 30 (1849)?; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 559, t. 59. fig. 3°.
Compressed, with a low wing and a distinct angular line behind the summits.
Hab. Yucatan: marshes near San Geronimo (Morelet 2*) ; Yucatan (Largilliert ').
Var. planivalvis.
Unio planivalvis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 24 (1851) *; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. i. p. 560, t. 59. fig. 2°.
Differs only in having the hinder part more prolonged.
Hab. N. GuatEMALA: marshes near the Rio Usumacinta (Morelet + °).
57. Unio scutulatus.
Unio scutulatus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 30 (1849) '; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 561, t. 59. figg. 4-6, t. 67. fig. 6°.
Compressed, with radiated sculpture and a very low wing-like prominence behind the summits.
Hab. Yucatan : marshes near San Gerdnimo, with the preceding (Morelet | 2).
Fischer and Crosse? distinguish two varieties—obliteratus, fig. 5, with very feeble,
almost evanescent sculpture, and secadilis, fig. 6, with the sculpture of the hinder part
considerably stronger, both from the same locality.
58. Unio delphinulus.
Unio delphinulus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. 1. p. 31 (1849)*; Hanley, Cat. Rec. Bivalv. p. 381, t. 23.
fig. 60°; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvi., Unio, t. 48. fig. 287°; Fisch. & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 557, t. 68. figg. 2, 2a, 6*.
Hab. N. Guatemata: marshes of the Rio Usumacinta (Morelet! +); Lake of Peten
(Morelet' +).
The localities “Tabasco,” in Paetel’s Catalogue, and “ Yucatan,” given by Hanley 2,
UNIO. 521
are probably only vague generalizations of the places mentioned by Morelet. According’
to Fischer and Crosse‘, Bocourt has also found this species, but they do not say in what
locality.
U. delphinulus is easily recognizable among the Central-American forms by the
well-developed conspicuous wing, in which the two valves are grown together, so that
they cannot be separated without breaking, and the opening and closing of the shell is
only possible by its elasticity. This is the character of the artificial genus Symphynota,.
Lea, and it is also the case in a Malayan species, Unio delphinus, Gruner. The
nearest allies to U. delphinulus are, however, I think, the North-American U. inflatus,
Lea, and U. alatus, Say, of the subgenus Metaptera, Raf. ; these agree with U. del-
phinulus in the form of the wing, as well as in that of the whole shell, especially of
its hinder end, and in the general coloration, but the teeth are comparatively somewhat
stronger in the North-American forms.
Dubious or insufficiently known Species.
Unio largillierti.
Unio largillierti, Philippi, Zeitschr. f. Malak. iv. p. 94 (1847) °.
Hab. Yucatan (Largilliert 1).
This species seems not to have been found again—that is, if it is really different
from U. paludosus, Morel.*.
Unio tamaulipanus. |
Unio tamaulipanus, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Phil. vii. p. 256 (1855) *; Lea, Synops. Fam. Unionidz,
p. 65 (1870) *.
Unio tamaulipasensis, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 621°.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Rio San Juan, State of Tamaulipas (Conrad '~*).
Insufficiently described, no measurements or figure given; it is said to be near
U. niger, Raf. (incrassatus, Lea).
* According to Philippi’s description (it is not figured), there are in the posterior part two furrows.
descending from the summits, while in U. paludosus, according to Fischer and Cosse, there is a descending
keel, oblique and obtuse: these definitions may have the same meaning, Philippi’s furrows being the
depressions which border the obtuse elevated line. Further, the last-mentioned author says that the wing is
rectangular, forming a right angle above (superius): if he means that the upper edge forms a right angle with
the hinder edge, this may apply somewhat approximately also to U. paludosus. Moreover, he mentions a
small true cardinal tooth behind the anterior lamellar ones, and the same is stated also by Fischer and Crosse.
It is to be regretted that Philippi gave no measurements, but as he says “ pernobilis species,” and compares
it with Dipsas (Cristaria) plicata, we may presume that his shell was of rather large size ; on the other hand,
he states that he had only a young specimen from Largilliert. ,
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, June 1900. 66
”
522 MOLLUSCA.
Unio mitchelli.
Unio mitchelli, Simpson, Dall, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. xviii. p. 5 (1895) *.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Rio Salado, near Nuevo Leon (Dr. Mearns'). Also in Texas }.
“Probably groups with U. rowelli and U. scamnatus.”
Unio saladoensis.
Unio saladoensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1860, p. 8305’; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) iv. p. 370, t. 65.
fig. 195°; Obs. Gen. Unio, viii. p. 50, t. 15. fig. 195°.
Rounded on both sides, yellowish-green, with many darker rays ; cardinal teeth lamellar.
Long. 80; alt. vert. 18, ale 22, diam. 13 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Rio Salado, State of Nuevo Leon (Berlandier 1~*).
Has much the aspect of a young shell.
Unio petrinus.
Unio petrinus, A. Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. v. p. 228 (1855) *; Lea, Obs. Gen. Unio, viii.
pp. 41, 54, 104°; Synops. Fam. Unionide, ed. 4, p. 100 (1870) *.
Hab. * Mexico.
The only Unio of ‘subrotundate form” enumerated by Lea? among the species
from Mexico and Central America, with the indication “ Llanos riv., Mex.”; but
A. Gould ! says expressly “ Llanos river, Texas.”
Unio scamnatus.
Unio scamnatus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 30'; Lea, Obs. Gen. Unio, vii. p. 77°.
See antea, p. 507.
Unio rugoso-sulcatus.
Unio rugososulcatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1866, p. 33°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) vi. p. 266, t. 34.
fig. 81°; Obs. Gen. Unio, xii. p. 26, t. 34. fig. 81 °.
Locality unknown. Lea supposes it to be from Central America and compares the
species with his U. newcombianus, but it is much longer. As regards its resemblance
to U. rubicundus, see anted, p. 514.
Unio metallicus.
Unio metallicus, Say, New Harmony Disseminator of Useful Knowledge, 1831, p. 6'; Lea,
Synops. Fam. Unionide, ed. 4, p. 61 (1870) *; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii.
pp. 615, 616°.
Hab. Mexico, perhaps from the Lake of Chalco (Maclave 18),
Lea? and Fischer and Crosse * refer this species to U. cuprinus, Lea, but, to judge
from Say’s description, I am not at all satisfied with this identification. Perhaps it
UNIO.—ANODONTA. 523
may be nearer to U. aztecorum, Phil. If it is, indeed, from the Lake of Chalco, it is
the only species of Unio found in the waters on the central plateau of Mexico which
do not drain to the Pacific or Atlantic.
Unio sp., aff. parvo. .
Unio (Lampsilis) sp., an parvus ?, v. Mart. Malak, Blatt. xii. p- 60 (1865).
In the Berlin Museum there is a broken example of a little Unio nearly allied to:
U. (Micromya) parvus, Barn., with a considerable swelling in the hinder part of the
shell. It was given by C. Uhde, with the label “Vera Cruz, River Medellin.” As
the specimen is too imperfect to be figured, and a confusion of the labels during the
transport of the collection from Heidelberg to Berlin may have taken place, I refrain
from describing it at present.
ANODONTA.
Anodontites, Bruguiére, Choise de Mémoires sur divers objets d’Hist. Nat. (1792) ; Cuvier (1798) ;
Poiret (1801). |
Anodonta, Lamarck, Prodrome d’une Classification de Coquilles (1799); Draparnaud (1801) ;
Cuvier (1817), &c.
Resembling the genus Unio in most respects, but with the hinge simple, without teeth; shell generally rather
thin. Living chiefly in quiet stagnant water.
For a more complete account of the history and of the systematic and anatomical
characters of this genus, see Fischer and Crosse (Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. pp. 509
et seq.). As in Unio, the sexes are mostly separated, and the female individual some-
times recognizable by the greater convexity of the shell, due to the development of the
eggs within the gills *.
Geographical distribution :—Widely spread on all the continents, but scarcely repre-
sented in Tropical Africa. Northwards, it extends in Europe and America somewhat
further than Unio—A. frigida, Drouet, in Sweden, beyond 62° N. lat.; another species
in the territory of Ob and Yenisei, up to 62°-63°; A. kennicotti and A. simpsoniana,
Lea, in the Great Slave Lake, beyond 60°; A. yukonensis, Lea, about 60°-65°,—but not
so far as the smaller freshwater snails (Limneide), nor, in Europe, as Margaritana
margaritifera, L. In Switzerland and the Tyrol it is found in small mountain-lakes,
ascending somewhat higher than the genus Unio. On the central plateau of Mexico we
know as yet three localities only for Anodonta—the Lake of Chalco (2276 metr.), the
environs of the city of Mexico (2270 metr.), and the Lake of Chapala (1700 metr.).
Fischer and Crosse have grouped the Mexican and Central-American forms of this.
genus under five sections, giving to each of them a new subgeneric name, without regard
to the species from other parts of the world. They do not mention the shape of the
* Further observations on the development of the egg in the Mexican and Central-American species are
66*
much desired.
524 MOLLUSCA.
sinulus, a notch in the hinge-line at the hinder end of the ligament: this, I think, is
an important character, the sinulus being deep, triangular, with a sharp point, and
vertically as deep as broad, in the South-American species, and, on the contrary, shallow
and rounded below in the North-American and European forms. H. v. Ihering has
pointed out that in the South-American Anodonte the eggs are hatched within the
inner gills of the mother, whereas in the North-American and European species they
are hatched within the outer gills: he has also noted that the form of the larva
(“lasidium ”) of the South-American Anodonte is different from that of the European
and North-American forms (‘“ glochidium”) (see ‘ Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte,’ 1893,
pp. 45-140). We may therefore assume that the above-mentioned variation in the
form of the sinulus coincides sufficiently well with the difference in the development
to authorize a primary subdivision in this genus; and this is especially important for
our purpose, as in Central America the Nearctic and Neotropical forms intermingle.
I propose, therefore, the following subdivision :—
A. Sinulus shallow, rounded.
[Palearctic, Nearctic, and Central-American species: none on the mainland of South America. ]
I. Anopon Ta, s. str.—Summits little prominent or nearly plane, dorsal margin slightly arcuated, not
distinctly angulated at its fore end; shell moderately convex. Includes the greater part of
the North-American and Palwarctic species. Fischer and Crosse divide the Mexican and
Central-American representatives of this section into two subgenera :—
(a) Brachyanodon, Fischer & Crosse (1893).—Shell rather short, dorsal margin ascending
posteriorly : A. coarctata, richardsont, exilior, chalcoensis, montezuma.
(b) Mesanodon, Fischer & Crosse (1893).—Shell oval, dorsal margin less ascending
posteriorly : A. lurulenta, henryana, tehuantepecensis.
This separation, I fear, can scarcely be maintained with regard to the numerous North-
American, or even the European, species, which, apparently, are not subgenerically distinct
from the Mexican ones.
II. Gonrpxa, Lea (1870).—Elongated, hinder part of the shell obliquely keeled : 4. angulata, Lea,
California.
III. Paruxaria, Swainson, Treat. Malac. p. 381 (1840)*: Pteranodon, P. Fischer, Manuel de Conch.
p- 1003 (1886) ; Pyganodon, Fischer & Crosse (1893).—Summits very prominent, swollen ;
shell very convex; dorsal margin distinctly angulated at its fore end, often also at its hinder
end. Sinulus somewhat deeper, but always rounded. Ventral margin arcuated. Includes
A. woodiana and A. magnifica, Lea, from China; A. vescoiana, Bourg., from the Euphrates
River; A. grandis, Say, A. gibbosa, Say, and A. stewartiana, Lea, from Eastern North
America; A. glauca, from N.W. Mexico; A. globosa, tabascensis, nopalatensis, and
grijalve, from EH. and S.E. Mexico.
* Swainson quotes his A. ovata and A. rotundata as typical species of Patularia: the latter is without
doubt the Chinese A. magnifica; the former either A. glauca, Val., or a nearly allied form. Fischer’s subgen.
Pteranodon is proposed for the Chinese species.
ANODONTA. 525
B. Sinulus deep, triangular, pointed.
[Neotropical species. ]
IV. Scorranopon, n.—Oval, summits somewhat unequal. Only known from the Lake of Nicaragua.
—A. inequivalvis, lenticularis, granadensis.
V. Evryanopon, Fischer & Crosse (1893).—Elongated, dorsal margin not ascending posteriorly :
A. bambusearum, Morelet, and probably also A. cylindracea, Lea, from EH. and S.E.
Mexico; A. amazonensis, Lea, from the Upper Amazons.
Anodonta solidula, Hupé, and some nearly allied species are not far from this group, and
lead to Lamproscapha, Swains. (1840), type A. ensiformis, Spix.
VI. Guasaris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 206; Conrad (1857).—Oblong, dorsal margin forming a
straight line before and behind the summits, subangulated at its fore and hinder ends.
Inside very iridescent: 4. nicarague and jewetti, from Central America; A. exotica, Lam.,
A. anserina, Spix, A. forbesiana, Lea, &c., from South America.
VII. Psrvporera, Fischer & Crosse (1893).—Near the preceding, but distinct by the remarkable
gaping of the underside of the fore extremity : A. ciconia, from N.W. Mexico.
Differs from the South-American Leila, Gray, in the want of a pallial sinus.
VII. Pacnyanopon, n.: “ Anodonte latomarginatz,’’ v. Martens, in Malak. Blatt. 1868, p. 211;
Die dickschaligen siidamerikanischen Anodonten, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Anodonta, p. 77.—Rounded, solid; the dull lustreless zone inside the
ventral and posterior margins very broad: A. latomarginata, Lea, and other species from
South America; A. luteola, from the Isthmus of Darien.
IX. Sryeanopon, n.—Shell more or less reniform, inside more or less dark and dull, with a broad
lustreless marginal zone as in Pachyanodon: type A. tenebricosa, Lea, from South America.
Not yet known from Central America.
ANODONTA, sensu strictiore.
1. Anodonta coarctata. (Tab. XL. figg. 1-7.)
Anodonta coarctata, Anton, Verz. d. Conch. p. 16. no. 583 (1839) '; Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Anodonta, p. 34, t. 8. fig. 2°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 519° (nee A. coarctata, Potiez et Michaud, Galerie Moll. 1844).
Anodonta chapalensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xl. p. 295 (1892) *; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 518, t. 64. figg. 8-11”.
Oval, shortly rounded before, elevated and produced behind, moderately convex, olivaceous-greenish, with
blackish lines of growth; ventral margin moderately arcuated, ascending more distinctly before than
behind; dorsal margin ascending behind the summits to as far as the notch (sinulus) of the ligament and
there forming an obtuse angle with the descending posterior margin, which becomes almost vertically
truncated in its lower half. Inside dull bluish, in the centre pale greyish-violet or dull orange, not very
iridescent ; the dull marginal zone rather narrow. Summits much worn.
a. Long. 68; alt. vert. 37, ale 39, diam. 234 millim. Vertices in } long.
6. ” 624 ; ” 354, Skee 9 22 2 2 ty ”
Co ” 62 ; ' ” 334, i Ote yp 214 ra ” t+ oo”
d. yo OP ” 34, 5, 38,» 23 » 2 4 ry
Ce 9 51; 99 31, 5; 34, ay 15 ey) ry 7 oo
7. » OLS 29 283, 49 Oy 9 163 9 ” z ”
MOLLUSCA.
526
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ANODONTA. §29
g- Long. 46; alt. vert. 27, ale 33, diam. 14 millim. Vertices in ¢ long.
A. 6 686; - 235 x 2l, 10. - i,
ah. Selected from examples collected by Richardson: a-d. Apparently full-grown; a and c. More elongated ;
6 and d. More elevated and triangular specimens ; e-h. Apparently young shells.
Young specimens appear to be generally more compressed, less produced behind, and not so distinctly
truncated, with the ventral margin more arcuated, and the summits with broadly undulated sculpture.
Hab. Centra Mexico: Lake of Chapala, State of Jalisco (Biart & Diguet*? ;
Richardson) ; Mexico, without nearer indication of locality 1-8,
This species, living in a lake which drains into the Pacific, resembles in many respects
A, exilior, Lea, from Eastern Mexico, but it is comparatively more elevated.
Fischer and Crosse’s figures of A. chapalensis agree so well with that of Kiister’s
A. coarctata, that there can be little doubt as to their identity.
The typical specimens of dA. chapalensis described and figured by the French
authors*® seem to be much worn: in their general outlines they are very like the
full-grown shells collected by Richardson, but their size is that of the young ones;
they also have the anterior part comparatively shorter and more abrupt than in any of
the others before me. Nevertheless, I refrain from treating Richardson’s specimens as .
belonging to a different species, as we know that, even in Europe, the shells living in
large lakes show a great individual variability. Fischer and Crosse’s examples are
probably full-grown, young shells being so fragile and brittle that they cannot be
worn so much without being broken; I presume that they were found in another part
of the same lake, and that this species reaches, when full-grown, a different size in
different parts of the lake. I figure several specimens of various ages, in order to show
that the younger shells are more orbicular and the older ones more lengthened,
especially the very old example (fig. 7). |
2. Anodonta richardsoni, sp.n. (Tab. XLI. figg. 1, La, 2, 2a.)
Triangularly oval, comparatively high, and rather convex, anteriorly lower and rounded, dorsal margin behind
the summits somewhat ascending and then without an angle, sloping down convexly to the hinder
extremity, which is also rounded, without any distinct angle; ventral margin regularly arcuated.
Summits not prominent, in 4 of the length, much worn; in the young shell with feeble undulated
sculpture. Periostracum grey, with close concentric strie and frequent broader ridges, indicating steps
of growth, of the same colour. Inside pale dull bluish, often somewhat reddish in the centre.
. Long. 59; alt. vert. 36, ale 41, diam. 23 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
R
b. ”? 45 ; ” 28, ” 32, ” 17 ” ” 3 ”
c. ” 41 ; oe 25, 29 28, ” 153 ” ” 3°99
d. 39 363 ; oP) 23, 2? 25, ” 12 29 ” 3 ”
I.
a. Full-grown ; ’-d. Younger specimens from the Ameca Rive
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Rio Ameca, State of Jalisco (fichardson, Dec. 1884).
Somewhat like A. coarctata, but more rounded in all respects and dull, without lustre.
A. tehuantepecensis, Crosse & Fisch., is also nearly allied, but its dorsal margin is more
convex, while in A. richardsoni it is nearly straight for a short distance, and then
descends distinctly downwards for a greater distance.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, August 1900. 67
530 MOLLUSCA.
3. Anodonta exilior. (Tab. XL. figg. 8-11.)
Anodon glabrus (sic!), Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvii., Anodon, t. 25. fig. 97 (1870)' [nec
Anodonta glabra, Villa (1841), Bourg. (1888) ; nec F. J. Schmidt (1847)].
Anodonta exilior, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1871, p. 188°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) viii. p. 24, t. 7.
fig. 21°,=Obs. Gen. Unio, xiii. p. 28, t. 7. fig. 21°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 520°.
Anodonta viridana, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Anodonta, p. 226,
t. 75. fig. 5 (copied from Sowerby) (1875-76) °.
In general appearance not unlike the European 4A. piscinalis, Nilsson; somewhat winged and rostrated,
moderately swollen; fore part short, abruptly rounded, in some specimens descending nearly in a perpen-
dicular direction and thus forming an obtuse angle with the dorsal margin before the summits; hinder
part distinctly rostrated, its upper margin descending almost in a straight oblique line behind the little
prominent wing, its ventral margin ascending in a less degree, in some specimens scarcely at all.
Summits not prominent, with a few (4) undulating concentric plaits, worn off, showing a chalk-white layer
of shelly matter, and beneath it one of brownish-bronze-colour. Outer surface glossy, dark brownish-
green, with rather numerous, more or less distinct, dark-coloured interruptions of growth. Inside bluish
or violet-bluish, somewhat iridescent, towards the summits more or less orange or pink.
a. Long. 69; alt. vert. 43, ale 424, diam. 23 millim. Vertices in 2 long.
b. ” 60 > 99 35, 99 36, 39 20 x9 39 2 99
Cc. » 08 5 ” 313, ” 353; 3 22 ” ” Z 9
d. 9 7 > ” 314, ” 313, 99 2 9 ” ¢ ”
é. ” 48 3 ” 24, 9 303, ” 144 ” ” 2 ”
f. » O0; ” 23, ,, 32, » 16 29 ” z 2
All these measurements taken from specimens from Vera Cruz, as also our figures 8-11.
Hab. K. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Ff. D. Godman); Mexico, without nearer indication of
locality (Suwerby1; Wheatley; Uhde, in Mus. Berol.).
4. Anodonta montezuma.
Anodonta montezuma, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (2) vill. p. 240, t. 23. fig. 55 (1841) +, =Obs. Gen.
Unio, iii. p. 78, t. 19. fig. 55°; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvi., Anodon, t. 36. fig. 143°;
Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Anodonta, p. 220, t. 72. figg. 7, 8*.
A small, somewhat wrinkled shell, without any striking peculiarities.
Long. 38; alt. vert. 25, ale 24, diam. 15 millim. Vertices in # long.
Hab. Cuntrat America (Dr. Jay 1).
5. Anodonta chalcoensis.
? Anodonta impura, Say, in New Harmony Disseminator of Useful Knowledge, no. 23, p. 355
(1829)'; Complete Writings, ed. Binney, p. 189*; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 537°.
Anodonta chalcoensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xli. p. 110 (1893) *; Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 522, t. 64. fige. 7, 7a°.
Oval, rounded before and behind, ventral margin well arcuated ; periostracum olivaceous or blackish-brown,
somewhat lamelluted in the hinder part.
Hab. Cuntran Mexico: Lake of Chalco (Biart, Sallé+®) ; t between Mexico city and
Tacubaya (Say 1°).
The identity cf Say’s species with A. chalcoensis is rendered probable by the words
ANODONTA. 531
of his description: “umbo much eroded, exhibiting a chalky-white stratum, then a
dull wax-yellow surface,” and “ anterior margin equally rounded with the posterior
margin.” ‘The first-mentioned character is also to be found in A. extlior, Lea, from
Vera Cruz, but not in A. chapalensis (coarctata); this latter, which also inhabits
Central Mexico, may be known from A. chalcoensis by the very different form of
the anterior and posterior extremities. Moreover, the measurements given by Say },
breadth (=long.) less than two inches (50 millim.), height 248; inches (=33 millim.),
and convexity (diameter) less than 7%; (17 millim.), agree well with Fischer and Crosse’s
figure of A. chalcoensis 5.
Tacubaya is a hamlet in the immediate vicinity of the Mexican capital, and a little
to the west of it.
The Lake of Chalco is the eastern portion of the great freshwater-basin in the
southern part of the elevated plateau of Mexico, and artificially separated from the
western portion, the Lake of Xoibimilco; it has no open drainage, either to the
Atlantic or to the Pacific Ocean.
6. Anodonta lurulenta.
? Anodon lurulentus, Morelet, Test. Noviss. i. p. 28 (1849) *.
Anodonta lurulenta, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 523, t. 64. figg. 6, 6a”.
Anodonta strebeli, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1868, p. 150°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) vi. p. 122,
t. 52. fig. 185 *,=Obs. Gen. Unio, xii. p. 82, t. 52. fig. 185°; Clessin, in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Anodonta, p. 138, t. 42. figg. 5, 6 (copied from Lea) ° ;
Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 5247.
Oval-oblong, produced before, subrostrated behind, green, with numerous narrow rays, according to Fischer
and Crosse shining in the fore half, sublamellated in the hinder half.
a. Long. 54; alt. vert. 294, ale 303, diam. 19 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
by AO; 3 22, , 23, 4, +153 ,, ” 2,
Hab. E. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Strebel =~").
Yucatan: San Gerénimo (Morelet *).
N. Guaremata: marshes of the Rio Usumacinta (Morelet ').
The identity of Morelet’s and Fischer and Crosse’s specimens, at first sight, seems
doubtful, as Morelet gives a different lecality to that indicated on the tablets on which
Fischer and Crosse’s examples are fixed, and also a different height to the shell
(47 millim.), whereas the length he mentions is the same as that of Fischer and
Crosse’s specimens (53-54 millim.); 7. é., in Morelet’s description the height is eight-
ninths of the length, in Fischer and Crosse’s description and figure five-ninths. If
Morelet’s measurement is correct, his species must be quite different. E. Smith, however,
informs me that there is no specimen corresponding to the height mentioned in Morelet’s
collection, now in the British Museum, and that of the three examples representing
A. lurulenta, the largest is evidently the shell figured by Fischer and Crosse, these
being marked “ Marais de S. Geronimo, Yuc.”; he thinks, therefore, that “altitud 4%
must be a typographical error for “ altitud 31.” ae
532 MOLLUSCA.
’
The specific name ‘“lurulentus” is a problematic Latin word, said to have been
employed by Apulejus in the second century, in the sense of “ muddy,” allied to
“luridus” and “ luror,” dun-colour. The more important authors use “lutulentus” in
the same sense, from “ lutum,” mud.
7. Anodonta henryana.
Anodonta henryana, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1857, p. 102"; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) iv. p. 878, t. 66.
fig. 198°,=Obs. Gen. Unio, viii. p. 55, t. 66. fig. 198°; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Anodonta, p. 141, t. 45. figg. 5, 6*; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Moll. ii. p. 525°.
Anodon henryana, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvii., Anodon, t. 34. fig, 140°.
Oblong, rather swollen, summits flat; fore part short, rounded, hinder part distinctly beaked.
Long. 71; alt. vert. 38, ale: 38, diam. 25 millim. Vertices in 2 long.
Hab. N.K. Mexico: Matamoros and Tamaulipas (Berlandier }—*).
Dedicated to Prof. Joseph Henry, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
PATULARIA, Swains.
8. Anodonta glauca.
Anodonta glauca, Valenciennes, in Lamarck’s Hist. Nat. d’Anim. sans Vert. vi. 1, p. 87 (1819) °;
ed. 2, par Deshayes, vi. p. 569°; Valenciennes, in Humboldt et Bonpland’s Obs. Zool. ii.
p. 236, t. 1. fig. 2 (1833) °; Delessert, Recueil des Coquilles décrites par Lamarck, t. 13.
fig. 3 (1841) *; Hanley, Cat. Recent Bivalv. p. 221°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 533, t. 69. figg. 1, 1 a° [nec A. glauca (Val.), Sowerby, Clessin].
Mach rounded, angulated before, ventral margin strongly arcuated; colour bluish-green.
Long. 100; alt. vert. 55, ale 58, diam. ? millim. Vertices in 3 long. (Figure given by Delessert 4)
a. Long. 112; alt. vert. 68, alz ?, diam. 38 millim. Vertices in ? long.
db , 100; 4 55,, 58 ,, 2? 4 . a,
a. Figure given by Delessert; 6. Measurements of another Lamarckian specimen recorded by Fischer and
Crosse.
Hab. W. Muxico: freshwaters near Acapulco (Humboldt }-*),
Fischer and Crosse ® mention also a specimen given to them by M. Sallé, with the
locality Nicaragua, which seems to be somewhat doubtful.
The sinulus of the ligament, according to the figure given by Delessert 4, appears to
be rather large and deep, but not pointed, A. glauca approaching nearer in this respect
to the North-American A. grandis, Say, and the Chinese A. woodiana, Lea, than to the
South-American species of the subgenus Glabaris. For A. glauca of Sowerby and
Clessin, see A. ciconia, p. 536.
9. Anodonta globosa.
Anodonta globosa, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (2) viii. p. 24], t. 24. fig. 56 (1841) ',=Obs. Gen.
Unio, iii. p. 79, t. 24, fig. 56°; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed, 2,
ANODONTA. 099
Anodonta, p. 213, t. 65. figg. 8, 4° (copied from Lea) ; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 529, t. 68. figg. 1, 1a‘; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 339°.
Anodon globosa, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvil., Anodon, t. 35. fig. 141°.
Very inflated, outline of the lower half nearly circular, anterior angle not very distinct ; green, some specimens
with yellowish zones, with darker green rays, narrow and indistinct in the greater part of the shell,
broader and more distinct on the hinder area ; sculpture of the summits, if preserved, finely waved.
a. Long. 100; alt. vert. 73, ale 70, diam. 54 millim. Vertices in 2 long.
& IG: ‘ 88, ,, 74, , 73 ,, 7 3g 5
€. 4 182; ye LOG yy PY gg DS 9 ? 4,
a. Lea’s figure ; 6. Specimen from Tlacotalpam in Strebel’s collection ; ¢. Pilsbry’s measurements °.
Hab. BK. Mexico: Lake Concha, near Tlacotalpam, about 20 leagues south of Vera Cruz
(Dr. C. Burrough 1-5).
S.E. Mexico: San Juan Bautista in Tabasco (Rovirosa 5).
10. Anodonta nopalatensis.
Anodon nopalatensis, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvii., Anodon, t. 16. fig. 58 (1867) °.
Anodonta nopalatensis, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Anodonta, p. 223,
t. 73. fig. 3° (copied from Reeve) ; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 581°.
Summits very broad and prominent, much advanced; ventral margin straight, even subsinuated in its middle
part, steeply ascending before and behind; outside dark greenish-brown.
Long. 149 ; alt. vert. 109, ale 88, diam. ? millim. Vertices in 3 long.
Hab. KH. Mexico: Rio Nopalapa * (Nopalata) (Princep } 2).
11. Anodonta tabascensis.
Anodonta tabascensis, Morelet, Journ. de Conch. xxxii. p. 124 (1884) ‘; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 580, t. 62. fig. 1°.
Very near A. nopalatensis, but more produced before and behind; outside yellowish or reddish ; summits
tuberculated.
a. Long. 173; alt. vert. 122, ale ?, diam. 105 millim.
a UT; 4 122, , ?, 5, 104 ,,
e , 189; a 91, ,, 76, ,, ? ” Vertices in 2 long.
a. Fischer and Crosse’s measurements of a specimen collected by Morelet; >. Morelet’s measurements ;
c. Figure given by Fischer and Crosse *.
Hab. SE. Mexico: swamps in the State of Tabasco (Morelet !*).
This is perhaps only a variety of A. nopalatensis, as in Strebel’s collection, now at
the Museum in Hamburg, there are two intermediate specimens, these approaching
A. nopalatensis in the shape of the fore part of the shell, but not having the ventral
margin subsinuated nor so steeply ascending behind ; it is to be regretted that no
* Edg. Smith has been kind enough to inform me that the typical shell in the British Museum, a single
left valve, is labelled ‘“‘ Nopalapa, leg. A. Princep.” Dr. Seler, of Berlin, who is well versed in Mexican
geography and antiquities, tells me that Nopal-apa or Nopal-apan_ signifies Indian-fig water in the Mexican
language, and that there are at least three localities of that name in Mener--ane on the central plateau, one
in the State of Vera Cruz, and one in Tabasco. The second of these, situated in the district of Arayuean, in
the southern part of the State of Vera Cruz, on the river San Juan, is probably the correct one.
534 MOLLUSCA.
indication of locality is given for them. As all these large-sized Anodonte are rare in
collections, the range of their individual variation is still unknown.
12. Anodonta grijalve.
Anodonta grijalve, Morelet, in Journ. de Conch. xxxii. p. 123 (1884) '; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 331, t. 59. fig. 1 *.
More elongated than the preceding, low and somewhat produced before, rounded behind; ventral margin
scarcely arcuated, but with a peculiar prominence somewhat behind the middle; outside dark brown.
a. Long. 161; alt. vert. 96, alee 70, diam. 95 millim. Vertices in + long.
b 364, 180; » 110,, ? 4 95 ,, - 2 4
a. Fischer and Crosse’s figure; 6. Morelet’s measurements.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Rio de los Idolos, one of the branches of the Rio Grijalva, State
of Tabasco (Morelet }?).
The name Grijalva was given to this river in honour of one of the first Spanish
discoverers in this part of the world, Juan Grijalva, 1518.
ScoLIANODON, v. Mart.
13. Anodonta inzquivalvis.
Anodonta atrovirens, Philippi, in Zeitschr. f. Malak. v. p. 180 (1848) °.
Anodonta inequivalva, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1868 p. 95°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) vi. p. 292, t. 43.
fig. 108°, =Obs. Gen. Unio, xii. p. 52, t. 48. fig. 108 *.
Anodonta inequalis (Lea), Tate, Am. Journ. of Conch. v. p. 160 (1870) *.
Oval, fore part somewhat produced, hinder part rather high, angulated, ventral margin rounded. Outside
dark green or yellowish-green, obscurely radiated; inside bluish-white and very iridescent.
a. Long. 42; alt. vert. 26, ale 26, diam. 163 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
b. ” 31; ” 24, 4 2, » 13 9 ” ? ”
Hab. Centrau Nicaragua: Lake of Nicaragua (Bridges ?~*); Lake Nicaragua, near San
Ubaldo, Rio Malacotoya (Late *) ; Nicaragua, without nearer indication of locality
(Largilliert +).
All the specimens seen by Lea were slightly inequivalve, having the beak of the left
valve a little higher than that of the right, and having a slight flexure on the superior
anterior margin. This peculiarity is also visible in some species of Unio from the
same lake, see antea, pp. 483, 498.
Var. lenticularis.
Anodonta lenticularis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1868, p. 95°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) vi. p. 290, t. 41.
fig. 102 7, =Obs. Gen. Unio, xii. p. 50, t. 41. fig. 102°.
Comparatively higher and more circular than the preceding ; fore part short, rounded, hinder part scarcely
angulated; ventral margin strongly arcuated. Outside “dark green and very much radiated”; inside
bluish-white and very iridescent.
Long. 35; alt. vert. 24, ale 25, diam. 14 millim. Vertices in ? long.
Hab, Cuntrat Nicaragua: Lake of Nicaragua (Bridges &-8).
ANODONTA. 535
Anodonta cornea, Philippi, Zeitschr. f. Malak. v. p. 130 (1848), also from Nicaragua
(Largilliert), resembles this species, according to description; but as the author says
““Margine angustato, subrostrato,” I dare not identify it with Lea’s species.
Var. granadensis.
Anodonta granadensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1868, p- 96°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) vi. p. 288, t. 41.
fig. 100°, =Obs. Gen. Unio, xii. p. 48, t. 41. fig. 100".
More oblong, fore part also short and rounded, hinder part somewhat more distinctly rostrated, ventral margin
straight at its middle. Outside yellowish or green-rayed ; inside bluish-white, very iridescent.
Long. 35; alt. vert. 21, ale 21, diam. 14 millim. Vertices in 4 long.
Hab. Centrau Nicaragua: Lake of Nicaragua (Bridges 9).
Euryanopon, Fisch. & Crosse.
14. Anodonta bambusearum.
Anodon bambousearum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 24 (1851) *.
Anodonta bambousearum, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 527, t. 63. figg. 6, 6a°.
Anodonta pepiniana (Lea), Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Anodonta,
p- 158 (part.) *.
Near A. cylindracea, but higher behind the summits, scarcely sinuated below, and not so distinctly bent
downwards behind, with a few dark rays on the hinder slope of the shell. Sinulus of the ligament
sharply triangular, as deep as long ; anterior side concave, posterior side convex, point bent forwards.
a. Long. 75; diam. vert. 34, ale 40, diam. 24 millim. Vertices in Zz long.
b. ” 49 3 99 24, ” 26, 9 . 14 99 29 2 99
a. Morelet’s specimen, figured by Fischer and Crosse ; 6. Specimen from Misantla.
Hab. EF. Mexico: Rio de Misantla (Deppe, in Mus. Berol.).
S.E. Mexico: small streams near Palenque, State of Chiapas (Morelet } ?).
15. Anodonta cylindracea.
Anodonta cylindracea, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vi. p. 45, t. 8. fig. 40 (1836) ',=Obs. Gen. Unio,
ii. p. 45, t. 18. fig. 40°; Hanley, Catal. Rec. Bivalves, p. 223°; Clessin, in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Anodonta, p. 161, t. 53. figg. 5, 6 *; Fisch. & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 528°.
Anodon cylindracea, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvii., Anodon, t. 24. fig. 93°.
Elongated, but not truly cylindrical, because the diameter in the most convex part is only a little more than
two-thirds of the height; posterior extremity bent downwards, ventral margin a little sinuated.
a. Long. 73; alt. vert. 32, ale 33, diam. 234 millim. Vertices in 2-7 long.
1
b. be 71; 29 30, ” 34, ” 3 ” ” = 9 .
Hab. EF. Mexico: Rio Medellin, near Vera Cruz (Dr. Burrough ***).
Externally, this species bears a remarkable resemblance to Unio aztecorum, Phil.,
from the same region. Fischer and Crosse ® distinguish the form figured by Sowerby ©
as var. subarcuatula, but there is no reason to give it a distinct name. It is to be
regretted that Lea, who figures in most species the sinulus of the ligament very
clearly, did not indicate it at all in this shell. From its resemblance, However, to
536 MOLLUSCA.
A. bambusearum and to some South-American forms, e. g. A. amazonensis, Lea (Obs.
Gen. Unio, x. t. 46. fig. 300, and Sowerby’s fig. 120), from the Upper Amazons, I
conclude that A. cylindracea also has a triangular sinulus.
GLABARIS, Gray.
16. Anodonta nicarague.
Anodonta nicarague, Philippi, in Zeitsch. f. Malak. v. p. 130 (1848) ’.
Anodonta bridgesii, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1868, p. 95 *; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) vi. p. 290, t. 42.
fig. 104°, =Obs. Gen. Unio, xii. p. 51, t. 42. fig. 104°; Tate, Am. Journ. of Conch. v. p. 160
(1870) °.
Oblong, angulated at both ends of the dorsal margin. Ventral margin rounded in the younger shell, straight
and even a little sinuated in the old one.
a. Long. 118; alt. vert. 64, ale 64, diam. 41 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
b. 99 65 ; 29 37, 9 2, 29 10? 99 99 2
a. Figure given by Lea**; 6. Measurements given by Philippi, reduced to millimetres.
Hab. CuntraL Nicaracua: Lake of Nicaragua (Bridges?~+); Nicaragua, without
nearer indication of locality (Largilliert 1); Rio Tipitapi (north side of the lake)
and sand-bar north of the Rio Estar (Tate °).
I have no doubt that Philippi’s species is the same as that of Lea: the only difficulty
is that Philippi describes the ventral margin as equally rounded, whereas in Lea's
figure it is straight and even a little sinuated in the middle; but such a difference is
often to be seen between younger and old specimens of the same species in this genus,
and it can even be traced in the lines of growth in Lea’s figure. The diameter given
by Philippi! is very small, less than one-seventh of the length, which indicates a strongly
compressed shell; but as he himself describes the shell as swollen (tumida), it is
probable that some error has been made by the printer.
17. Anodonta jewetti.
Anodonta jewettiana, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1868, p. 95°.
Anodonta jewettii, Lea, Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) vi. p. 289’,=Obs. Gen. Unio, xii. p. 49, t. 41.
fig. 101°; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Anodonta, P. 135, t. 44.
figg. 1, 9! * (copied from Lea).
Near in form to A. ciconia, but more swollen, the summits comparatively less advanced, and the fore side not
gaping.
Hab COnwrrat Nicaragua: Lake of Nicaragua (Bridges '-3),
A. areolata, Sowerby (Reeve, Conch. Icon. xvii., Anodon, t. 10. fig. 28), locality
unknown, seems to be very near this species.
PsEUDOLEILA, Fisch. & Crosse.
18. Anodonta ciconia. (Tab. XLI. fig. 4.)
Anodon sinuosus, Swainson, Exotic Conch. t. 16 (1841) * (nee Anodonta sinuosa, Lam., 1819).
Anodonta ciconia, A. Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 92 (1851) *; Carpenter, Catal. of
ANODONTA. 537
Mazatlan Shells, p. 117°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 534, t. 68.
figg. 2, 2a'. |
Anodon ciconia, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvil., Anodon, t. 29. fig. 115 a’.
Anodon ylaucus (Lam.), Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvil., Anodon, t. 27. fig. 105 a°.
Anodonta glauca (Val.), Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Anodonta, p. 222,
t. 73. fig. 4 (copied from Sowerby) *.
Anodonta glauca, Lam., var. sinaloensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xxxi. p. 219 (1883) °.
Remarkable for its large size, conspicuously low form, and the upwardly bent and gaping fore part, which
give it the appearance of a species of the South-American genus Leila; but differing from them in having
the pallial line running direct to the impression of the posterior adductor, without an acutangular
sinus.
a. Long. 126; alt. vert. 61, ale 67, diam. 43 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
B. ng LOB; 9 56, ,, 56, ,, 354 ,, » Bon
C. ” 102 5 ” 57%, » 574, 9 35 ” ” 3 )
a. 95 ; 3 503, ,, 53, ,, 343, 9 3
é. i 93 ; 3 49, , 53, , 34 ,, - x
f. ” 87 3 ” 45, 2” 50, 9 28 ” ” 3 ”
g 2 ive ” 37, 4, 43, » 26 ” ” 4 ”
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan, not uncommon (MMelchers, in coll. Dunker ; Reigen,? ;
forrer ; Richardson). |
The measurements given above, all from Mazatlan shells obtained by various
collectors, indicate a moderate variability in the relation of the height to the length.
The outside is constantly of a yellowish-olivaceous colour. ‘The inside is, according to
Carpenter °, salmon-colour, in the young shell silvery, light, or flesh-colour; in adult
shells (a-/ ) it is also silvery, with a faint reddish or orange hue, in the evidently young
specimen (y) pale bluish. In one example before me (Tab. XLI. fig. 4) there are curious
oblique scratches inside, looking like casts of the swollen gills, and others, narrower
and less oblique in the fore part, like casts of the mantle; these latter are also more
or less distinctly visible in some other specimens. The sinulus of the ligament is
deeply triangular, bent forwards.
The figure given by Sowerby 5, as an old example of A. ciconéa, fig. 115 6, differs so
much in general outlines that I doubt if it belongs to the same species.
The specific name refers to a fancied resemblance of the shell to the bill of a
stork. Fischer and Crosse* give, besides Mazatlan, as another locality, ‘ Rio del
Presidio,” quoting Forrer as authority. The specimens acquired from this collector
bv the Berlin Museum bear the label ‘ Presidio” simply, Presidio de Mazatlan being
the name of the inland town, to distinguish it from the port, Puerto de Mazatlan.
Pacuyanopon, v. Mart.
19. Anodonta luteola.
Anodonta luteola, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1858, p. 118°; Journ. Acad. Phil. (2) iv. p. 267, t. 43.
fig. 147°, = Obs. Gen. Unio, vii. p. 85, t. 43. fig. 147°; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Anodonta, p. 122, t. 37. figg. 1, 2 (copied from Lea)*; Tate, Am.
Journ, of Conch. y. p. 160 (1870) ’.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Octoler 1900. 68
538 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. Nicaraeva: ina river at Tierra Blanca and Rio Malacatoya (Tate 5).
Panama: Isthmus of Darien (H. C. Caldwell, U.S.N.).
Clessin 4 points out rightly that the ligamental sinulus of the dorsal margin assigns
to this species a place among the rounded South-American Anodonte.
20. Anodonta depexa, sp. n. (Tab. XLI. fige. 8, 3 ac.)
Testa solida, rhomboideo-obovata, modice convexa, sulcis levibus radiantibus et striis concentricis crispatis
sculpta, olivacea, verticibus paulum prominulis, antice breviter rotundata, margine dorsali posteriore
rectilineo paulum ascendente, angulo obtuso terminato, margine ventrali leviter arcuato, extremitate
postica subrostrata, supra declivi, infra rotundata; facie interna pallide cerulescente, zona marginali
opaca, submarginali valde iridescente; sinulus ligamenti triangularis, antrorsum versus, margine
anteriore fere perpendiculari.
a. Long. 67; alt. vert. 414, ale 45, diam. 24 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
b. 4, 64; ” 393, 3 40, 45 233 9 ” 3 2
"Ce 49 46 ; ” 29, 5 31, ,, 16 ” ” 3
Hab. W. Guatemala: Paso Antonio, in the lower part of the Rio Michatoya (Stoll).
99
Three specimens of nearly equal size, and a younger one (¢), are before me, all
having shallow furrows radiating from the summits towards the ventral margin, which
cut the concentric strie of growth and cause them to become more or less frilled ; in
the fore and hinder parts of the shell these furrows are not to be seen, and in the
hinder part, at a determined line, they disappear and the concentric lines become
simple, more crowded, and somewhat membranaceous and projecting, the appearance
here being more dull and dirty, contrasting with the sumewhat shining olivaceous
colour of the middle and fore parts. ‘This peculiarity is visible in all four examples,
but in a somewhat different degree; whether it is due to the structure of the
periostracum, or caused by the fore and middle parts of the length being more worn
than the hinder part, it is impossible to say. I know of no other Anodonta or
Glabaris with similar structure *; the general form and solidity of the shell, as well as
the well-marked dull (lustreless) marginal zone, prove that it belongs to the South-
American group of Anodonta latemarginata, Lea.
21. Anodonta tehuantepecensis.
Anodonta tehuantepecensis, Crosse & Fisch. Journ. de Conch. xli. p. 92 (18938)*; Miss. Scie.
Mex., Moll. il. p. 526, t. 70. figg. 1, la *.
According to Strebel’s specimens, very near the preceding (.4. depewa), also solid, with broad lustreless
marginal zone on the inside and a triangular sinulus of the ligament; but somewhat more oblong, and
with only a few feeble and scattered vertical furrows on the outside.
a. Long. 56; alt. vert. 35, ale 364, diam. 193 millim. Vertices in 4 long.
b, » 995 ” 34, ,, 36, » 203 ” +
” 3 #99
Hab. 8.W. Muxico: Cacoprieto, near Tapana, east of Tehuantepec (Sumichrast }2); Cerro
Negro, near Santa Efigenia, State of Tehuantepec (Suméchrast, in coll. Strebel).
* Perhaps A. chalcoensis, “ periostracum lamellated in the hinder part” (v. anted, p, 530), bears some resemblance.
ANODONTA.—MYCETOPUS. 539
Doubtful Central-American Species.
Anodonta cherziana.
Anodonta cherziana (Rang), Villa, Dispos. Syst. Conch. terr. et fluv. p. 40 (1841) *.
Hab. Mexico, without nearer indication of locality 1. |
The name A. cherziana is very probably an incorrect rendering of A. chaiziana
Rang [Nouv. Ann. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, iv. f. 28 (1835)], which has been
found in Seneval, and not in Mexico.
Anodonta cornea.
Anodonta cornea, Philippi, Zeitschr. f. Malak. v. p. 180 (1848) *.
Hab. Nicaracua (Largilliert '),
See anted, p. 535.
Anodonta holtonis.
Anodonta holtonis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1857, p. 85'; Joura. Acad. Phil. (2) iii. p. 316, t. 32.
fig. 3] *, = Obs. Gen. Unio, vi. p. 36, t. 82. fig. 31°.
Mentioned by Lea, Index to vols. i.-xi. of Obs. Gen. Unio, 1867, p. 20, among the
species from Mexico and Central America; but in the descriptions themselves !~%,
Cartago *, New Granada, Rev. J. F. Holton, are given as locality and collector. The
shell from Rio Purificacion, a confluent of the Rio Magdalena, Colombia, figured by
Clessin (in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, t. 50. figg. 5, 6), now in
the Berlin Museum, differs, however, from Lea’s specimen in having the ventral
margin sinuated and the hinder extremity blunter and bent downwards; it approaches
nearer to the group of A. tenebricosa, Lea.
MYCETOPUS.
Mycetopus, d’Orbigny, Mag. Zool. 1835, p. 41; Voy. dans l’Am. mér., Moll. p. 600.
Nearly allied to Anodonta, but distinct by the cylindrical foot of the animal, swelling and expanding into a
disc at the fore end. Shell elongated, distinctly gaping at the anterior part of the ventral margin, as in
Leila and in Pseudoleila, rather compressed, somewhat concentrically striated, not shining, rather thin ; no
teeth in the hinge; sinulus triangular, but small.
The known species are from Central or South America.
. Alt. | Alt. : .
Nomen. Forma. Sculptura. Color. ext. Vertices. Long. vert. | alee. Diam. Patria.
mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
subsinuatus, | elongata, compressa, | levis, nitida. | virescenti- plani, 3. | 118-132 | 80-34 | 42-45; 23 | W. Guatemala.
Sav. postice altior, marg. flava.
ventr. ant. sub-
sinuato.
weddelli, elongata, antice | levis, lineis | corneo-flava, plani, 4%. 84 24 2 123 | Centr.
Aupé. rotundata, postice| nonnullis nitida. Nicaragua.
subrostrata. radiantibus.
* There is a place of this name in Colombia, on the Cauca River, an affluent of the Magdalena.
68*
540 MOLLUSCA.
1. Mycetopus subsinuatus. (Tab. XLI. figg. 5, 5a.)
Mycetopus subsinuatus, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xvi., Mycetopus, t. 4. fig. 10 (1868) ’.
Shell pod-shaped, in the hinder part higher, narrowed before, rounded at the fore extremity; dorsal margin
ascending in a straight line posteriorly, forming an obtuse angle at the hinder end of the ligament
in five-sevenths of the whole length, thence descending obliquely to the hinder extremity, which is more
rounded than angulated ; ventral margin gaping and slightly sinuated in its anterior half, moderately
convex in the hinder half. Periostracum greenish-yellow. Summits in scarcely one-fourth of the whole
length, not prominent, decorticated. Sinulus longer than deep, with a downwardly directed point nearer
its anterior end. Inside whitish, somewhat dull.
a. Long. 132; alt. vert. 324, ale 43, diam. 23 millim.
b=, =: 125; » 34, , 45, 4, 23 4,
c« 4 118; ” 30, , 42, 4» ? »
a, 6. Guatemalan specimens collected by Stoll; c. Sowerby’s type from Bogota.
Hab. W. Guatemata: Paso Antonio, in the Pacific coast region (Stol¢).
CoLoMBIA: Bogotal?.
I figure one of Stoll’s specimens in order to show its close resemblance to Sowerby’s
figure.
2. Mycetopus weddelli.
Mycetopus weddelli, Hupé, in Castelnau’s Anim. nouv. ou rares de Amérique du sud, Mollusques,
p- 93, t. 20. fig. 2’; Tate, Am. Journ. of Conch. v. p. 160 (1870) °.
Hab. Centrat Nicaragua: on the muddy margins of the Rio Tipitapa (Tate 7).
The type was from the confines of Brazil and Bolivia, from Santa Ana de Chiquitos ?.
It is not very probable that the Nicaraguan and Chiquitos shells belong to the same
species, but I can give no more information beyond what is mentioned in the
comparative table (anted, p. 539).
Fam. CYRENIDA.
[Gray (1840); Lamarck, Conchiféres fluviatiles (1819) ; Férussac, Cyclades (1821). |
Bivalves with distinct anterior and posterior lateral teeth, and some smaller cardinals
between them, usually of rounded or triangular outline, not much longer than high,
without iridescent pearly appearance of the inside, generally of moderate or small size.
Mantle open before, closed at the hinder part, with two distinct openings directed
backward.
POLYMESODA.
Polymesoda, Rafinesque, Ann. gén. des Sciences Physiques, Bruxelles, 1820, pp. 287 et seq., and in
Chenu’s Bibliotheque Conchyliologique, p. 27; Complete Writings of C. R. Rafinesque, ed.
Binney and Tryon, p. 61 (1864) (as a subgenus of Cyclas, type Cyrena carolinensis, Bosc).
More distinctly defined by Morch, in Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 193 (1860-61).
Leptosiphon, Fischer, Manuel de Conch. p. 1000 (1872) (as a subgenus of Cyrena).
Neocyrena, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 634 (1894).
POLYMESODA. 541
Shell moderate in size. Three converging cardinal teeth in each valve ; anterior lateral teeth shorter than
the posterior, not serrated. A small but distinct pallial sinus. Outlines triangular, obliquely cordiform
or rounded (as in the genus Venus); inside often violet. Hinder orifices of the mantle prolonged into
short siphons.
Peculiar to America, ranging from Georgia and California to Bolivia.
The presence of the pallial sinus may well be regarded as a generic character,
more particularly as it coincides with the geographical distribution, all the species being
American and the Cyrene-proper without pallial sinus belonging to the tropical
regions of the Old World. R
Polymesoda, evidently a shortened form of Poly-mes-odonta, with many middle teeth.
The species of this genus may be arranged in three subdivisions, viz. :—
I. Potymzsopa, s. str. See above, p. 540.—Shell very thick, rounded-triangular, concentrically
ridged ; hinder part of the dorsal margin obliquely descending to the junction with the ventral
margin, more or less swollen; summits moderate, close together. Type P. carolinensis,
Bosc. Geographical distribution as stated above for the whole genus, but not known from
the West Indian islands.
II. Eorra, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll. ii. p. 651 (1858) : Cyrena (Anomala), Deshayes, P.Z.S.
1854, p. 21 (without definition) ; Cyrene anomale, b. testa tenuis, rotundata, cordiformis,
Deshayes, Catal. Conchifera Brit. Mus. ii. p. 257. [Nec Anomala, Stephens (1830),
Burmeister, Laporte.]—Shell comparatively thinner, very swollen, concentrically striated,
with broad prominent summits, which are usually much decorticated ; general outline more
obliquely cordiform than triangular, biangulated behind. Species peculiar to Central
America and Colombia.
III. Cyrenocapsa, Fischer, Ann. Lyc. N. York, 1872, p. 194; Journ. de Conch. xx. p. 404
(1874) ; Fischer & Crosse, Miss Scient. Mex. ii. p. 18 (1894).—Shell thin, smaller in size,
oval, much longer than high, nearly smooth. Hinge-plate narrow. Pallial sinus indistinct.
Species chiefly estuarine. Type C. salmacida, Morel. Yucatan, Cuba, Bahama Islands,
and Florida.
The species said to be estuarine will be dealt with later among the brackish-water
forms, but for convenience (as in Neritina) they are included here in the Comparative
Table ; it is, however, quite possible that some of those supposed to live in fresh water
will prove to be estuarine.
1. Polymesoda olivacea. (Tab. XLII. figg. 6, 6 a.)
Cyrena fontainei, Philippi, in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1851, p. 70'; Deshayes, Catal. Conchifera Brit.
Mus. ii. p. 253° (nec d’Orbigny, 1844).
Cyrena olivacea, Carpenter, Catal. Mazatlan Shells, p. 114 (1857) *; Mollusks of W. N. America,
p. 27 (1872) *; Prime, Monogr. Am. Corbiculade, p. 17, fig. 12 (1865)°; Clessin, in
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cycladeen, p. 114, t. 16. figg. 5, 6 (1877) °;
Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cyrena, t. 9. fig. 32"; Fisch, & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Moll. ii. p. 634, t. 70. figg. 5, 5a, 6°.
MOLLUSCA.
542
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544 MOLLUSCA.
Triangular, cordiform, dull yellowish-green ; hinder area somewhat flattened, limited by a very obtuse keel ;
_ ventral margin strongly arcuated, slightly sinuated behind. Concentric ridges close together, flat, very
unequal and some of them compound, somewhat wrinkled, particularly near the ventral margin. Hinder
extremity subtruncated, there being a very obtuse angle near the hinder end of the lateral teeth and
another much below at the junction with the ventral margin ; ventral margin arcuated, slightly sinuated
at its hinder end. Pallial sinus narrow, much ascending. Inside pale violet, with. more intense
violet zones.
a. Long. 54, alt. 45, diam. 30 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
dB 64, 62, ,, 52, ,, 384 ,, » 2,4,
2)
a. Specimen in Dunker’s collection ; 6. One in Paetel’s collection.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan (eigen 3-8). |
Central America, without nearer indication of locality (Deshayes ).
Also occurs in Lower California, at La Paz (Major Rich ®).
A younger specimen, long. 35, alt. 30, diam. 19 millim., differs from the full-grown
ones in having a more shining surface, and in the absence of any sinuation at the
hinder end of the ventral margin; the hinder part of the shell is comparatively
somewhat shorter, the summits, therefore, in two-fifths of the whole length.
In the example figured by Clessin © the ventral margin is more unequally arcuated,
the sinus of the hinder part thus being more conspicuous than usual in this species.
Obs.—P. fontaine, VOrb. [Voy. Am. mér. v. p. 469, t. 83. figg. 16, 17 (1835-43) |,
from Guayaquil, is more shining, with more regular, stronger, very close concentric
ridges, the hinder extremity somewhat more produced and uni-angulated, the pallial
sinus shorter and more oblique.
2. Polymesoda solida. (Tab. XLII. figg. 8, 8a, 9, 9a.)
Cyrena solida, Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. i. p. 78, t. 1. fig. 9 (Feb. 1846) ‘; Deshayes, Catal.
Conchifera Brit. Mus. ii. p. 254°; Prime, Monogr. Am. Corbiculade, p. 14, fig. 8°;
Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cycladeen, p. 109, t.18. figg. 7-9°;
Tate, in Am. Journ. of Conch. v. p. 160 (1870) ° [nec C. solida, Dunker, Ueber die nord-
deutschen Walderthone, p. 23 (1843-44); Monogr. der norddeutschen Wealdenbildungen,
p. dl, t. 10. fig. 20 (1846, not 1834 as stated by Fischer’); nec C. solida, Sowerby, in
Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cyrena, t. 18. fig. 104, from Australia (1876) ].
Cyrena nicaraguana, Prime, Am. Journ. of Conch. v. p. 146 (1869)°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 640, t. 64. figg. 2 (?), 2a, 37.
Polymesoda, sp. indet., Morch, in Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 193 (1860-61) *.
Unequilaterally triangular, very swollen, fore side shortly rounded, hinder side much descending above, bluntly
angulated in its lower part, without a distinct ridge limiting the posterior area ; ventral margin strongly
arcuated. Outside somewhat silky in appearance, shining, dark greenish-brown, near the ventral margin
often light green; concentric ridges strong, most of them regular, a few bifurcating or anastomosing.
Inside more or less violet or pale reddish, adductor impressions darker violet ; pallial sinus diagonally
oblique, rather short, triangular.
a. Long. 40, alt. 38, diam. 28 millim. Vertices in 4 long.
b. 4» 42, 4 B88, 4, 274,
c« 4 41, , 37, 4, 29 ,
a, Figure given by Philippi; 6, c. Specimens from Nicaragua in Dunker’s collection.
99 39
enine Coles
” 9
POLYMESODA. 545
Hab. British Honpuras : Belize (Prime®).
Crntrau Nicaracua: Lake of Nicaragua !.
W. Nicaragua: Greytown (San Juan del Norte), with Neritina virginea, in brackish-
water pools, burrowing to a depth of one or two inches in the sandy bottom
(Tate).
The figures given by Clessin 4 and Fischer and Crosse (fig. 2)7 do not agree very
well with the two specimens from Nicaragua in Dunker’s collection shown on our
Plate (probably given by Philippi); the former is too much rounded, especially in the
fore part, the latter is too much produced in the fore part and has a distinct angular
ridge limiting the posterior area; moreover, in these figures the pallial sinus is too
horizontal. Fischer and Crosse’s fig. 2 a, dorsal view, on the contrary, agrees very
well with the above-mentioned Nicaraguan examples.
Dr. Morch’s unnamed species ® appears to be very like the specimens in Dunker’s
collection. Obsolete radial furrows inside the ventral margin are more or less
distinctly expressed in all examples of Polymesoda; they are not, therefore, of specific
importance,
3. Polymesoda radiata.
Cyrenu radiata, Hanley, P. Z.S. 1844, p. 159"; Deshayes, Cat. Conchifera Brit. Mus. ii. p. 254° ;
Prime, Monogr. Am. Corbiculade, p. 13, fig. 7°; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cycladea, p. 118, t. 22. figg. 1, 2°.
? Cyrena radiata, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cyrena, t. 13. fig. 47° [nec Cyrena radiata,
Parreyss, Philippi (1846) (Corbicula)].
Cyrena nicaraguana, var. 8. radiata, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. pp. 540, 541°.
Differs from the preceding in having some rather broad green rays. Some specimens are more compressed, and
more intensely violet inside; moreover, the anterior dorsal margin descends a little more deeply and the
anterior lateral teeth are correspondingly longer than in P. solida. Sculpture and pallial sinus similar.
a. Long. 42, alt. 40, diam. 30 millim. Vertices in 2 long.
S30, ,, 38, 4, 29 ©; ” 2 4
C. 9 42, 99 39, 99 28 39 2 39 . .
a, b. Specimens in the Berlin Museum; c. Measurements given by Prime *.
Had. British Honpuras: Belize (Bocourt ®).
W. Nicaragua: Realejo (Prime *).
Hanley! merely gives Central America as locality.
4, Polymesoda placens. (Tab. XLII. figg. 4, 4a, 6, 5, 5a, 6.)
Cyrena placens, Hanley, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 160°; Catal. Recent Bivalv. p. 352, t. 14, fig. 52°;
Prime, Monogr. Am. Corbiculade, p. 20° [nec C. placida, Deshayes (1854) ; Sowerby, in
Reeve’s Conch. Icon., Cyrena, t. 18. fig. 106].
Cyrena solida (Phil.), Stoll, Guatemala Reisen und Schilderungen, 1886, p. 472*.
Triangular, shining, dark brownish-green, with strong, close, regular concentric ridges ; ventral margin more
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, October 1900. 69
546 MOLLUSCA.
arcuated before than behind. Inside pale violet or salmon-coloured in the middle, pale violet near the
margins; pallial sinus diagonally ascending, not very narrow, obtuse at the upper end, yellowish-green.
a. Long. 44, alt. 38, diam. ? millim. Vertices in 2 long.
b. ” 43, ” 37, ” 29 ” ” 2 ”
C. 39 40, 99 33, 9? 42 99 29 2 99
a, Hanley’s measurements and figure; 6, c. Stoll’ s specimens.
Hab. Honvvras !-%.
E. Guatema.a, Livingston, in the Gulf of Honduras (Stol/ +).
Carpenter (Catal. Mazatlan Shells, p. 114) thinks that this species may be identical
with C. fontaine?, d’Orb. ; and Prime ® says “ I have reason to believe that P. placens is
closely allied to C. fontaine.”
5. Polymesoda triangula.
Cyrena triangula, von dem Busch, in Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch. iii. p. 78, t. 2. fig. 3 (1849) ’;
Deshayes, Catal. Conchifera Brit. Mus. il. p. 253°; Prime, Monogr. Am. Corbiculade,
pp. 14, 23°; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cycladeen, p. 112,
t. 14. fig. 1°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 635, t. 70. figg. 6, 6a, 5’.
Cyrena altilis, A. Gould, Boston Journ. of Nat. Hist. vi. p. 400, t. 16. fig. 5 bis (1852-58) °.
Cyrena mexicana, var. altilis (A. Gould), Carpenter, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 2027.
Cyrena mexicana (Brod., Sow.) a very extreme form, Mr. Darbishire’s specim., Carpenter, Cat.
Mazatlan Shells, p. 116°.
Almost equilaterally triangular, and nearly as high as long; posterior dorsal margin slightly convex ; ventral
margin moderately excavated.
Long. 58-60, alt. 54-56, diam. 30 millim. Vertices in 2—3 long.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan, in abundance (Reigen’, Jewett °).
The habitat of the typical specimens! is not known. Clessin4+ mentions also
“Zampico” as a locality for this species, probably a misprint for Tampico, in
N.E. Mexico; but I can find no authority for this statement. P. triangula must
not be confounded with Cyrena triangularis, Metcalfe (1851), from Borneo.
6. Polymesoda cordata. (Tab. XLII. figg. 7, 7 a, 0.)
Cyrena cordata (Wiegmann, in Mus. Berol.), v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 69 (1865)*; Fisch. &
Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 639 ”.
Near the preceding, but more unequilateral ; the anterior side descending very steeply, the posterior side more
convex. Dark brown, with close concentric striz ; inside white (bleached ?). Pallial sinus rather narrow
and long, very oblique.
Long. 48, ait. 44, diam. 33 millim. Vertices in } long.
Hab. Mexico: without nearer indication of locality (Deppe !”).
Deppe collected at Vera Cruz, Jalapa, Mexico city, and Monterey; it cannot,
therefore, be decided as to which region of Mexico this species belongs.
UJ _
enemnesetostinenen,
POLYMESODA. . 547
Species imperfectly known, but with precise localities.
7. Polymesoda pullastra.
Polymesoda (Egetaria) pullastra, Morch, in Malak. Blatt. vii. p- 194 (1860-61) *.~
Cyrena pullastra, Prime, Monogr, Am. Corbiculade, p. 26; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. v. p. 43, t. 2.
figg. 3 a, 6, c (1878) *,
Very unequilateral, rounded before and behind, ventral margin much arcuated.
Long. 30, alt. 23, diam. 15 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
Hab. W. Nicaraaua: Realejo (Girsted 12),
The typical specimen in the Museum at Copenhagen, figured by Prime, is very worn ;
no other is known.
8. Polymesoda exquisita.
Cyrena exquisita, Prime, Ann. Lyc. New York, viii. p. 417 (1867 ye.
Long. 24, alt. 22, diam. 12 millim. .
Hab. S. Panama: Rio Chepo}.
9. Polymesoda germana. |
Cyrena germana, Prime, Ann. Lyc. New York, viii. p. 415 (1867) *.
Long. 43, alt. 38, diam. 24 millim. .
Hab. N.K. Mexico: Rio Panuco, near Tampico 1.
Species of uncertain origin, but recorded as from Central America.
10. Polymesoda acuta.
Cyrena acuta, Prime, Journ. de Conch. ix. p. 355 (1861)*; x. p. 387, t. 14. fig. 1 (1862) ?;
Monogr. Am. Corbiculade, pp. 21, 22, fig. 17* [nec C. acuta, R. Ludwig, Paleontographica,
Vili. p. 197 (1861),= Corbicula faujasi, Desh., a Miocene fossil species].
Hab. Centra, AMERICA, without nearer indication of locality (Prime 1°),
Very near P. placens, but apparently with a distinct angular line descending from
the summits backward to the hinder end of the ventral margin ; the pallial sinus, too,
is described as being “ narrow, curved, and acute at extremity.”
11. Polymesoda sordida. .
Cyrena sordida, Hanley, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 159°; Catal. Rec. Bivalv. p. 352, t. 14. fig. 517;
Deshayes, Catal. Conchifera Brit. Mus. ii. p. 255°; Prime, Monogr. Am. Corbiculade,
- p. 18%
69*
548 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. Nortu AMEriIca },
? CENTRAL AMERICA 4.
Hanley says that this species is intermediate between P. carolinensis and P. radiata,
having the membranous wrinkles of the former, the general outlines of the latter.
Prime * “could not identify it,” but states ‘Central America (cabinet of Hanley) ” ;
if this statement is correct, Hanley must have obtained information as to locality after
his description was published.
12. Polymesoda angulata.
Cyrena angulata, Deshayes, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 221; Catal. Conchifera Brit. Mus. 11. p. 259’.
Cyrena tumida, Prime, Monogr. Am. Corbiculade, p. 26 (1865) °.
Long. 34, alt. 30, diam. 20 millim.
Hab. Centra America, without nearer indication of locality (Cuming °).
Prime? says that the name angulata is preoccupied ; he does not, however, mention
any other species of this name in his ‘Catalogue of the Recent and Fossil Species of
Cyrena’ (1863), nor in that published in 1869 (Am. Journ. Conch. v.).
II. Earta, H. & A. Adams.
i3. Polymesoda mexicana. (Tab. XLII. figg. 1, 1a, 2, 24, 4, 3, 3 a.)
Cyrena mexicana, Broderip & Sowerby, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 364 (1828-29)*; Hanley, Catal. Rec.
Bivalv. p. 94°; Carpenter, Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 115 (part.)*® ; Mollusks of W. N. America,
p. 27 (1872)*; Prime, Monogr. Am. Corbiculade, p. 22, fig. 18°; Clessin, in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cycladeen, p. 119, t. 22. figg. 8, 4°; Sowerby, in
Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cyrena, t. 19. fig. 110"; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 637, t. 70. figg. 7, 7 a, 6°.
Cyrena floridana (part.), Deshayes, Catal. Conchifera Brit. Mus. ii. p. 257 °.
Very unequilateral, the hinder part produced, but rounded in its lower half, much swollen, summit very
prominent, ventral margin nearly straight at the middle. Concentric ridges close together, fine, not
wrinkled. Inside white, violet only near the anterior and posterior margins. Pallial sinus narrow, much
ascending.
a. Long. 513, alt. 41, diam. 28 millim. Vertices in 2 long.
bh 64, «383, ,, 824, ,, 24 ,, ” 2 4,
c 5 336, 4 29, 4, 243 ,, ” +,
d. 39 32, 9 25, ” 22 ” 29 + ”
a. Specimen from Mazatlan in Dunker’s collection; 6. Measurements given by Broderip and Sowerby,
reduced to millimetres ; c. Figure given by Clessin; d, by Fischer and Crosse.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan (Beechey1; Reigen; Deshayes °
Dunker). |
Also in Lower California, at La Paz (Major Rich *).
3 Forrer, in coll.
The fore part is more obtuse and descending in Fischer and Crosse’s figure 8, more
fully rounded in that given by Clessin®, Among the four specimens now before me,
POLYMESODA. 549
two from Dunker’s collection (figg. 2, 2a, 6) agree with Fischer and Crosse’s figure, the
large one (a) with Clessin’s, and one, from Paetel’s collection, is intermediate between
them in the outlines of the fore part, but in size like d. Our figures 1 and 3 show
the amount of variation in somewhat younger examples of equal size.
Very young specimens are quite globose, and they somewhat resemble, externally,
Corbicula convexa, Desh., according to Prime®. This author mentions also Panama
as a locality for this species; but, as he gives no information concerning the collector,
this statement seems to require confirmation.
Cyrena equilatera, Deshayes, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 20 (C. equilateralis, Deshayes,
Catal. Conchifera Brit. Mus. ii. p. 255), is quoted by Clessin ® and Fischer and Crosse ®
as a synonym of P. mexicuna; this shell, however, is from Cayenne, and the
description, especially ‘testa eequilaterali, lateribus subequalibus,” does not agree at
all with C. mexicana. Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cyrena, t. 19. fig. 114,
figures for it a very unequilateral shell, with the summits in two-fifths of the length.
14. Polymesoda inflata.
Cyrena inflata, Philippi, Zeitschrift f. Malak. 1851, p. 71!; Prime, Monogr. Am. Corbiculade,
p- 26 (copied from Philippi) *.
Ovate-triangular, very swollen, rather thin, with irregular concentric strie, dark greenish; summits very
prominent, rolled-up, decorticated ; ventral margin little arcuated.
Long. 62, alt. 58, diam. 463 millim.
Hab. Costa Rica ?.
According to Philippi, this shell externally resembles Jsocardia cor, L.
Var. panamensis.
Cyrena inflata, Deshayes, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 23°; Catal. Conchifera Brit. Mus. ii. p. 260%.
Cyrena panamensis, Prime, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1860, p. 283°; Monogr. Am. Corbiculade, p. 24‘ ;
Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cyrena, t. 8. fig. 29.
Seems to differ from P. inflata in having a distinct furrow descending from the summits towards behind
and below.
a. Long. 55, alt. 52, diam. 42 millim. (Prime °.)
S . (56, ,, 54, 5 ? 5 Vertices in # long. (Sowerby’s figure).
Hab. Panama 2,
Var. cordiforms.
Cyrena cordiformis, Récluz, Journ. de Conch. iv. p. 251, t. 7. fig. 9 (1853) °.
Cyrena recluzi, Prime, Monogr. Am. Corbiculade, p. 24, fig. 24”. -
Cyrena maritima (C. B. Adams), Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Cyrena, t. 8. fig. 30 °°.
Also with a hinder furrow, but more sharply angulated at the hinder margin below this furrow. |
a. Long. 74, alt. 74, diam. 55 millim. Vertices in ? long. (Récluz *).
b 57, , Bh ws Be o i ,, (Sowerby’s figure).
550 - MOLLUSCA.
Hab. 1 CENTRAL AMERICA.
No locality is indicated for the typical specimen, but Prime ® says that he is satisfied
on careful inspection that it comes from Central America!
15. Polymesoda cumingi.
Cyrena cumingii, Deshayes, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 22°; Catal. Conchifera Brit. Mus. ul. p. 257 ;
Prime, Monogr. Am. Corbiculade, p. 25° (probably not C. cumingi, Sowerby, in Reeve’s
Conch. Icon. xx., Cyrena, t. 12. fig. 53).
Long. 60, alt. 52, diam. 44 millim.
Hab. CENTRAL America, without nearer indication of locality (Cuming !~°).
‘The shell figured by Sowerby under this name is much smaller and said to come from
the Philippines.
NEOCORBICULA.
Neocorbicula, Fischer, Manuel de Conch. p. 1092 (1887).
Three converging cardinal teeth on each valve; anterior and posterior lateral teeth about equally long,
furrowed transversely. A small pallial sinus. Shell generally of smaller size than that of Cyrena and
Polymesoda.
This genus differs from Corbicula, of the Eastern Hemisphere, by the presence of a
pallial sinus, a character also separating Polymesoda from Cyrena. ‘The lateral teeth
are serrated in Corbicula and Neocorbicula, and smooth in Cyrena and Polymesoda, one
of the genera in each case being Eastern and the other American. Neocorbicula is
represented by several species in South America, ranging from Venezuela to Argentina,
but is absent from North America and the West Indian Islands; the occurrence of one
species in Mexico is open to doubt.
1. Neocorbicula convexa.
Corbicula convexa, Deshayes, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 842°; Catal. Conchif. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 2317;
Carpenter, in Report Brit. Assoc. Advance. of Science for 1863, p. 668, =Mollusks of W.
N. America, p. 154 (1872)°; Prime, Monogr. Am. Corbiculade, p. 3, fig. 1‘; Clessin,
in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cycladeen, p. 204’; Fischer & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Moll. i. p. 628, t. 70. figg. 8,8 a, b°.
Corbicula ventricosa, Prime, in litt. (before 1865) *.
Rounded-triangular, rather swollen, with irregular delicate concentric striv, light green, inside white. Pallial
sinus small, triangular.
a. Long. 18, alt. 16, diam. 13 millim. Vertices in 2 long.
b. ,, 144,,, 14, , 10 ,, » in nearly 3 long.
a. fumes figure *; 6. Fischer and Crosse’s measurements and figure °, taken from a specimen in Deshayes’s
collection.
Hab. *N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan (Prime *’).
S.W. Mexico: Acapulco, one worn valve (Dr. Newberry ®).
NEOCORBICULA.—SPH ERIUM. dol
Deshayes!2 states that it is found in the rivers of Central America, without
mentioning any definite locality ; but in his collection the specimens are labelled Rio
de la Plata, according to Fischer and Crosse ¢,
Prime‘ states that-N. convera differs from all other species of the genus by its
globular shape; externally it somewhat resembles the young of Cyrena mexicana. Is
it possible that in very young examples of Polymesoda the lateral teeth also are
transversely furrowed 2
SPHARIUM.
Spherium, Scopoli, Introd. Hist. Nat. p. 397 (1777) [re-introduced by Gray, P. Z.S. 1847, p. 184].
Cyclas, Bruguiére, Encycl. Méth., Vers, i. p. 536 (1792) [restricted by C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.
Land- und Siissw.-Moll. i. p. 119 (1821)].
Shell nearly globular, rounded before and behind, summits not far from the middle
of the length ; two cardinal teeth in the left valve, one or two in the right, anterior
and posterior lateral teeth present, somewhat elongated. No pallial sinus. Two
siphons of unequal length, united at the base.
Generally distributed, chiefly in the temperate zones, in stagnant water ; viviparous.
1, Spherium triangulare.
Cyclas triangularis, Say, in New Harmony Disseminator of Useful Knowledge, 1829, p. 356".
Spherium triungulare, Prime, Monogr. Am. Corbiculade, p. 36, fig. 28°; Clessin, in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cycladeen, p. 99, t. 12. fig. 8 (not very exactly copied
from Prime)’; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. i. p. 651°. .
Ovate-orbicular, nearly equilateral, summits prominent, fore part produced and somewhat narrowed, hinder
part shortly rounded.
Long. 123-138, alt. 10-104, diam. 3 millim. Vertices in about 3 long.
Hab. Mexico (Say).
2. Spherium subtransversum.
Spherium subtransversum, Prime, P. Z. 8S. 1860, p. 322°; Monogr. Am. Corbiculade, p. 52°;
Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Spherium, t. 4. fig. 38°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 652, t. 69. figg. 5, 5a*.
Nearly equilateral, rounded before and behind, somewhat shorter before; summits a little prominent, ventral
margin arcuated. a
Long. 102-13, alt. 83-10, diam. 6-7 millim. Vertices in 2 long.
Hab. Cenrrat Mexico: near the town of Mexico (Boucard *).
E. Mexico: Rio del Digue, near Jalapa (Strebel); Jalapa (Hoge; PF. D. Godman,
Feb. 1888); Cordova (Hoge).
S.E. Mexico: Tabasco (coll. Cuming '**).
552 MOLLUSCA.
3. Spherium martensi. (Tab. XLII. figg. 3, 3a, 6.)
Spherium martensi, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 401°.
Rather large and fragile, in general outline like the preceding, but with broader summits and much thinner
teeth. Summits somewhat swollen, but not distinctly circumscribed as in the subgenus Calyculina.
Long. 154, alt. 11, diam. 73 millim.
Hab. Centra, Mexico: Tzintzuntzan, Lake Patzcuaro, State of Michoacan (Mr. &
Mrs. S. N. Rhoads?).
4, Spherium luridum, sp.n. (Tab. XLIII. figg. 2, 2 a, 0, ¢.)
Transversely oval, distinctly unequilateral, solid, moderately convex ; beaks full, obtuse, scarcely raised above
the outline of the shell, decorticated; anterior part broadly rounded, posterior lower and subangular ;
ventral margin very slightly arcuated in the middle part, more ascending before than behind; outside
with regular close-set concentric ridges, dull yellowish-brown, not shining ; hinge-margin thin, cardinal
teeth feeble, anterior lateral tooth rather strong, but short, distinctly curved, posterior lateral tooth thinner
and longer ; inside white or pale grey.
Long. 9-10, alt. 7, diam. 44-5 millim. Vertices in 2 long.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Ameca, State of Jalisco (Richardson).
Near S. sulcatum, Lam. (simile, Say), and S. awreum, Prime, from North America,
but of smaller size and with more curved hinge-margin than the former, comparatively
more oblong, with the summits not so prominent and the ventral margin less arcuated
than the latter, besides being somewhat more unequilateral than both.
Younger specimens are also a little more equilateral and more orbicular than the
full-grown ones, viz.:—Long. 64, alt. 5, diam. 3$ millim.; vertices in # long.
The very young examples which are found within the shell of the parent animal
measure 2°6 millim. in length, 2:1 in height, and 0°6 in diameter (see fig. 2 ¢).
5. Spherium costaricanum, sp.n. (Tab. XLIII. figg. 1, 1a, d.)
Testa parva, subeequilatera, modice convexa, striis concentricis tenuibus sculpta, pallide grisea, zona marginali
flava, antice breviter rotundata, postice subrostrata, margine dorsali antrorsum et retrorsum declivi, marg.
ventrali sat arcuato; verticibus vix prominulis, rubescentibus.
a. Long. 4:8, alt. 4:0, diam. 2°5 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
b. 99 4:5, 99 3°5, 99 2°3 29 99 + 99
é. 29 4-1, 29 3°), 99 1:7 99 99 q 99
d. 55 40, ,, 33, ,, 2°0 ” ” 3 ”
é. ” 31, 5, 2°6, ” 1:45 ” ” 3 ”
a. Specimen from Alajuela; 6-e. Specimens from La Palma.
Hab. Centrau Costa Rica: La Palma, alt. 1500-1600 metres, in swamps (Biolley &
Pittier); Alajuela, alt. 900-1000 metres (Orosco).
EUPERA.
Eupera, Bourguignat, Amenités Malac. i. pp. 80, 61 (1854).
Limosina, Clessin, Malak. Blatt. xix. p. 160 (1871).
Shell of smail size, the part before the summits shorter and lower than that behind
them; in each valve one cardinal tooth only; anterior and posterior lateral tooth
EUPERA. 553
moderately long, smooth. No pallial sinus. Often marked with dark spots, which are
visible on the outside and on the inside of the shell. Two long siphons, united at
the base.
Inhabits Central and South America, including the West-Indian Islands; and also
Tropical Africa.
1. Kupera maculata.
Cyclas maculata, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p. 25 (1859) ' (nec C. maculata, Anton, Verzeichniss d.
Conchyl. 1889, p. 14).
Spherium maculatum, H, & A. Adams, Gen. Recent Moll. ii. p. 4507; Prime, Monogr. Am. Corbi-
culade, p. 55, fig. 55°; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx., Spherium, t. 3. fig. 21°.
Limosina maculata, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cycladeen, p. 249,
t. 46. fig. 12 (copied from Prime) *.
Spherium yucatanense, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 653, t. 63. figg. 1, 1a,
t. 64. figg. 1, 1a, b°.
Obovate, minutely lamellose-striate, brown, with darker spots.
Long. 10, alt. 7, diam. 5 millim. Vertices in 2 long.
Hab. Yucatan, in marshes (Morelet 1).
Fischer and Crosse® changed Morelet’s name because there was another Cyclas
maculata (i. Anton, 1839), which belongs to the same subdivision of the genus; but,
as this latter is regarded by most authors as a synonym of the older Cyclas bahiensis,
Spix, Test. Fluv. Brasil. 1827, p. 32, I think Morelet’s name of the species can be
maintained until the distinctness of Anton’s is proved.
2. Hupera meridionalis.
Spherium meridionale, Prime, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1861, p. 416"; Monogr. Am. Corbiculade, p. 55,
fig. 54°.
Limosina meridionalis, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cycladeen, p. 249,
t. 46. fig. 11°.
‘Compared with the preceding (S. maculatum) it is larger, its posterior margin is less abrupt, and its lateral
teeth are larger.” (Prime’.)
Hab. S. Panama: Panama (Prime }-*).
3. Eupera pittieri, sp.n. (Tab. XLIII. figg. 4, 4 a, 6.)
Testa oblongo-obovata, sat compressa, non nitida, sulcis concentricis subdistantibus sculpta, flavido-fusca, non
maculata, vertice rufescente, antice late rotundata, postice rotundato-subtruncata, margine dorsali postico
primum ascendente, dein valde descendente, margine ventrali paulum arcuato; facies interna pallide
violacea, margine cardinali anteriore ante vertices declivi, pone vertices subrecto, dentibus cardinalibus
minimis, lateralibus sat validis.
Long. 4°6, alt. 3-4, diam. 2 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
Hab. S.W. Costa Rica: Sierpe, in swamps, on aquatic plants, at an elevation of
5 metres above the sea (Pittier, April 1892).
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, October 1900. "70
554 MOLLUSCA.
PISIDIUM.
Pisidium, C. Pfeiffer, Syst. Anordn. u. Beschr. d. deutsch. Land- u. Wasser-Schneck. i. p. 123 (1821).
Pisum (nec Megerle, 1811), Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 184.
Musculium (nec Link, 1807), H. & A. Adams, Gen. Recent Moll. ii. p. 451 (¢f. p. 660, 1858).
Fore part of the shell (before the summits) distinctly longer than the hinder part,
which bears the ligament. Two small cardinal teeth in the left valve, two (or one) in
the right. No pallial sinus. Of small size, more or less triangular or globular. ‘Two
very short siphons.
Generally distributed.
1. Pisidium abditum. (Tab. XLIII. figg. 5, 5a, 6.)
Pisidium abditum, Haldeman, Proc. Acad. Phil. i. p. 53 (1841)*; Deshayes, Catal. Conch. Brit.
Mus. ii. p. 281°; Prime, Monogr. Am. Corbiculade, p. 68, fig. 72 (magnified) *.
Pisidium retusum, Prime, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 322°; Catal. Rec. Species Fam. Corbiculade, in Am.
Journ. Conchol. v. 2, p. 172 (1869) °.
“Testa minuta, ovata, subrhomboidea, complanata, ineequilaterali, tumida, postice rotundata, tenuiter striata,
epidermide corneo-flava vestita, umbonibus tumidis.” (Prime *.)
a. Long. 34, alt. 33, diam. 27 millim. Vertices in 3 long.
b. ” 53; ” 4:6, 2) 3:3 ” 9 tr 9
a. Measurements given by Prime for P. abditum; 6. Specimen from Cartago.
Hab. Honpvuras (coll. Cuming *).
CenTRaL Costa Rica: San José, 1135 metres (Biolley); Rio Torres, below San
Francisco; San Francisco, 1100 metres (Pittier); Cartago (Aug. Miiller).
Also recorded from San Rafael, New Mexico [Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xix. p. 370
(1896)].
Prime first * described the specimens from Honduras as a separate species, but after-
wards, in 1865 ?, he unites them with P. abditum, without distinguishing the Honduras
examples even as a “variety”; but, in 18695, he again maintains the latter as distinct.
It is unnecessary to quote here the full synonymy of P. abditum, as it refers to
specimens from North-American localities only, extending northwards as far as Lake
Superior, New England, and Montreal. The above diagnosis is taken from Prime’s
description of the Honduras examples; but as no measurements are given, they must
be compiled from the general descriptions of the North-American P. abditum. Clessin
remarks that this species is the American analogue of P. fossarinum ( fontinale, OC. Pfr.,
part.), which is rather widely distributed in Northern and Middle Europe.
The Berlin Museum has received from the dealer, Aug. Miiller, some specimens of
a Pisidiwm, labelled ‘“‘Cartago, Costa Rica,” which agree very well with Prime’s
description and figure, except in their larger size (see measurements 8).
it may be remarked that the figure given by Clessin, in Martini and Chemnitz,
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cycladeen, t. 6. figg. 7-9, differs in its outlines considerably from
PISIDIUM.—AURICULA. 505
that given by Prime ?; Binney’s figure in the second edition of A. Gould’s ‘ Report of
the Invertebrata of Massachusetts,’ p. 113, fig. 125, is a copy of that given by Prime.
Similar small shells were collected by B. Biolley at San José, Central Costa Rica,
1135 metres above the sea.
2. Pisidium singleyi.
Pisidium singleyi, Sterki, Nautilus, xi. p. 112 (1898)'.
In shape and colour resembling P. punctatum; the surface very finely, almost regularly striated, somewhat
shining ; interior surface with fine but well-marked crowded pits, visible from the outside; hinge rather
fine.
Long. 3°3, alt. 2°8, diam. 2°4 millim.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Itzlan Creek, Guadalajara!. Also in the Guadaloupe River,
Texas !.
C. SPECIES SUBMARINA*.
Under this heading I place the Mollusca that live on or near the sea-shore; their
chief haunts are the mangrove-swamps (Auriculide, Potamides, and some Littorine),
or the rocks near and above high-water mark (some Auriculide and Littorine).
Fam. AURICULIDA.
Air-breathing Gastropods with only two feelers, the eyes at or behind their base ;
sexes united; radula with numerous teeth, somewhat like those of the Helicide, but
in waved transverse rows. An outer shell, protecting the whole animal; no operculum.
Shell spiral, solid; aperture longitudinal, its margins mostly thickened and often
provided with teeth or plaits; a columellar plait (fold) always present at the base of
the wall of the aperture, opposite the outer margin.
‘The species of this family are characteristic submarine forms, most of them (the
genus Carychium and some others excepted) living in estuaries or in places reached by
the tide.
AURICULA.
Auricula, Lamarck, in Mém. Soc. @’Hist. Nat. de Paris, 1799, p. 76; Syst. des Animaux sans
Vert. p. 92 (1801) ; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Auric. p. 123; Catal. Auric. Brit. Mus. p. 93;
v. Martens, in M. Weber’s Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlandisch Ostindien,
iv. pp. 149, 150 (1897) (part.).
Auriculus, Montfort (1810) ; Pfeiffer (1376).
Ellobium, C. Botten (1798); H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. p. 237 (1858).
* See pp. 1, 353.
70*
556 MOLLUSCA.
Shell of rather large size, cylindrico-oval, more or less granulated, with brownish
periostracum ; aperture oblong, with a strong columellar fold and 1-2 parietal folds;
outer margin of the aperture thickened, but not expanded.
In the typical species of Auricula, A. mide and A. jude, L., of the Malayan Archi-
pelago, the feelers are terminated by a conical smooth swelling, well distinct from the
rest of the feelers, and the eyes are situated within the bases of the feelers, not behind
them on the surface of the head (see Lesson, in Duperey’s Voy. de Coquille, Zool. ii.
p. 387, t. 9. figg. 1 a-c; Souleyet, Voy. de la Bonité, Zool. ii. p. 515, t. 29. figg. 19, 20;
v. Martens, Malak. Blatt. x. p. 126; and in Weber’s work quoted above, p. 150, t. 8.
figg. 6, 6a). A. stagnalis and the other American forms have, however, not yet been.
observed during life and it remains doubtful whether they really pertain to this genus.
The typical Malayan species live on muddy ground at the mouths of rivers and
among mangroves, partly buried in the ground or even in rotten wood.
1. Auricula (?) stagnalis.
Auricula stagnalis, @Orbigny, in Guérin’s Mag. Zool. 1835, p. 23'; Voy. Amér. mérid., Moll.
p. 825, t. 42. figg. 7, 8°; Reeve, Conch. Syst. ii. p. 106, t. 187. fig. 9*; Conch. Icon. xx.,
Auricula, t. 2. fig. 34; C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 484 (1852) * ;
Pfeiffer, Monogr. Auric. p. 133°; Catal. Auric. Brit. Mus. p. 101”.
Auricula papillifera, Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz’s Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Auriculaceen, p. 25,
t. 8. figg. 9, 10 (1844) *.
Ellobium papilliferum, Morch, Malak. Blatt. vi. p. 116 (1860) *.
Elliptical, finely granulated, yellowish, with two parietal folds, the upper one like a knob. Long. 21-25,
diam, 9-11; apert. long. 138-15 millim.
Hab. Satvapvor: Sonsonate, a specimen eroded by a Pagurid (sted °).
S.W. Costa Rica: Punta Arenas (coll. Strebel). .
S. Panama: Chiriqui (coll. Dunker, in Mus. Berol.; coll. Strebel, in Mus. Hamburg.) ;
Panama, under a heap of stones, just above high-water mark (C. B. Adams’).
CotomBia: Tumaco I. (Cuming ?°").
Ecuapor: Guayaquil, “sur les bords des eaux stagnantes et dans les eaux stagnantes
mémes, soit sur les branches des arbres inondés, dans un marais aux environs
de Guayaquil ” (Fontaine } ?).
MELAMPUS.
Melampus, Montfort, Conch. Syst. 11. p. 8319 (1810) ; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Auric. p. 1856; Fischer
& Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. 11. p. 11.
Conovalus, Lamarck (1812); Auricula, subg. Conovalus, Férussac (1821).
Melampus and Tralia, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Recent Moll. ii. p. 244.
Shell coniform or oval, with short spire and long narrow aperture; outer margin
of the aperture straight, with one or several elevated spiral ridges (lire) inside in the
557
MELAMPUS.
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508 MOLLUSCA.
more typical species; the opposite (parietal) wall of the aperture usually with one or
more spiral or oblique plaits, in addition to the constantly present columellar plait at
the base of this wall. Whorls 6-11, very narrow. Surface usually smooth or with a
few longitudinal furrows (lines of growth). Eyes distinct, on the surface of the head,
behind the base of the feelers. Hinder end of the foot in some species two-pointed.
Widely spread on the tropical and subtropical shores of both hemispheres, but
absent from Europe; either in estuaries, at the mouths of rivers and small streams, or
on rocks and small stones at high-water mark.
H. & A. Adams distinguish two genera, Melampus and Tralia (Gray, 1840), on
account of the hinder end of the foot being forked in the former and simple in the
latter. But as this character has been hitherto observed only in very few species, and
has not certainly been made out in the typical MU. coffea, it is inadvisable to use it.
Nevertheless, future travellers and collectors would do well to observe and note the
form of the foot whenever they have an opportunity of seeing the living animal.
N.B.—As the columellar plait is common to all the species, it is not particularly
mentioned in the comparative Table on p. 557; the number of the parietal plaits
indicated in the third column is that of the plaits (or denticles) above the columellar
plaits and on the same side of the aperture.
A. MELAMPUS, s. str.
Several parallel ridges inside the outer margin of the aperture. General shape more
or less coniform or oval, with very short spire.
1. Melampus coffea *.
Buccinum parvum &c., Lister, Hist. Conch. t. 834. fig. 60 (1688) ’.
Bulla coffea, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 729 (1758) *.
Voluta coffea, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1187°.
Melampus coffea, Binney, Land and Freshwater Shells of N. Am. ii. p. 18, fig. 15*; H.& A. Adams,
Gen. Recent Moll. ii. p. 248, t. 82. figg. 7 (living animal), 7 @ (shell) °; Pfeiffer, Monogr.
Auric. p. 28°; Catal. Auric. Brit. Mus. p. 19 (1857)"; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 61
(1865) °; Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iv. p. 8, t. 18. figg. 7, 8 (the latter copied from Adams) °;
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 23, t. 34. figg. 10, 10a"; Dall, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. 1885, p. 280"; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 320”.
Auricula mide &c., Martini, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ii. p. 126, t. 43. fig. 445°; Favanne, Conch. t. 65.
fig. H 8”.
Bulimus coniformis, Bruguiére, in Encycl. Méth., Vers, i. p. 8389 (1791) ”.
Melampus coniformis, Montfort, Conch. Syst. ii. p. 318 (1810) *.
Auricula coniformis, Férussac, Prodr. Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. p. 105. no. 23‘; Lamarck, Hist. Nat.
Tr . . Lee . . .
* The word coffea is a substantive, signifying ‘“ coffee” in modern Latin, the shell resembling a coffee-bean
in size and colour ; it is therefore correct to write M. coffea, not M. coffeus.
MELAMPUS. 559
Anim, ‘sans Vert. ed. 1, vi. p. 141; ed. 2, par Deshayes, viii. p. 332°; Reeve, Conch.
Syst. nu. t. 187. fig. 7°; Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab, ed. 2,
Auriculaceen, p. 31, t. 4. figg. 14-17 3 @Orbigny, in Sagra’s Hist. fis. polit. y nat. de
_ Cuba, p. 100, t. 18. figg. 4, 777.
Conovulus coniformis, Lamarck, in Encycl. Méth., Vers, iii. t. 459. fig. 3°°; Woodw. Manual of
_ Mollusea, p. 178, t. 12. fig, 37 74,
Melampus fasciatus (Chemnitz), Tristram, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 232°.
Hab. EB. Muxtco: without nearer indication of locality &7,
Yucatan: Island of Carmen, in the Laguna de Terminos (Uhde’); Progreso and
Silam (Heilprin 12),
British Honpuras: Belize, in salt-marshes (Bocourt 1°),
N. GuaATEMALA: salt-marshes on the coast (Salvin 5),
Generally spread in the West-Indian Islands—Cuba¢ 22, Jamaica (C. B. Adams),
Haiti (jalmarson), Puerto Rico (Blauner), Guadaloupe (Beau), Martinique
(C. de Candé?*); also occurring in Texas (Pope) and the Florida Keys (Wurde-
mann), and on the continent of South America—Venezuela (Ernst), Cayenne 6,
Bahia (Luschnath, in Mus. Berol.), Lagoa de Tejuca near Rio Janeiro (v. Martens,
1860), and Santa Catarina in Southern Brazil (Fritz Miiller).
Pfeiffer® also gives Labrador as a locality, but this is probably a mistake for
Barbados. Pilsbry ” distinguishes a variety, mécrospira, found with typical specimens
at Progreso, Yucatan.
2. Melampus trilineatus. (Tab. XLIII. fig. 7.)
Auricula trilineata, C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 484 (1852); Carpenter,
Report Moll. West Coast of N. Am. p. 275 (1857) *.
Melampus trilineatus, Pfeiffer, Monogr. Auric. p. 44°; Catal. Auric. Brit. Mus. p. 32%.
Hab. W. Costa Rica: Punta Arenas (coll. Strebel).
S. Panama: Panama (C. B. Adams 1).
Five specimens in Strebel’s collection show that this species agrees well in general
form and colour with MV. coffea from the Atlantic coast, but differs from it in having
4-5 small horizontal parietal folds above the large parietal one, and in the absence of a
smaller one below this. C. B. Adams! states that there are four folds: I can see five
in the full-grown and somewhat younger specimens from Punta Arenas, but the upper-
most are very small; in the still younger ones there are two only. The general colour
is brownish-grey, with irregular darker vertical streaks and two or three spiral bands,
the uppermost in the largest diameter of the shell, the lowest at about half the height
of the last whorl; the third band is only visible in two out of five specimens, and in
one of these it disappears in the lower half of the last whorl; the bands also tend to
disappear near the aperture, even when two only are present. The reddish colour of
the columella is very faintly indicated.
560 MOLLUSCA.
3. Melampus olivaceus.
Melampus olivaceus, Carpenter, Catal. Mazatlan Shells, p. 178 (1857) *; Report Moll. W. Coast of
N. Am. pp. 223, 284°; Moll. of W. N. America, pp. 107, 151, 159°; Binney, Terr. Moll.
U.S. iv. p. 26, t. 79. fig. 8*; Land and Freshwater Shells of N. Am. ii. p. 9, fig. 10°;
Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iv. p. 7, t. 18. fig. 4°; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Pneumonopom. Suppl.
iii. p. 3107; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. li. p. 24, t. 34. figg. 9, 9a°.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan (Reigen1?°*).
Occurs also in California: San Francisco (Binney §), San Diego (Hemphill? ®, Green ®,
Blake ®), Cape San Lucas (Xantus), Cerres I. (Ayres & Veitch).
Binney’s 4 and Tryon’s © figures show three dark spiral bands, whereas Carpenter, who
had before him many hundreds of specimens, speaks only of irregular purplish-brown
tessellated patches.
4. Melampus bocoronicus. (Tab. XLIII. fig. 11.)
Melampus bocoronicus, Mérch, in Malak. Blatt. vi. p. 118 (1859)*; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Pneumo-
nopom., Suppl. i. p. 513°.
Hab. W. Costa Rica: Los Bocorones, near Punta Arenas, beneath stones, near the
, beach (@rsted 12); Punta Arenas (Biolley).
Two specimens collected by P. Biolley, one here figured, both somewhat larger than
Dr. Morch’s type, show that there are really four parietal folds besides the columellar
one, the three upper ones small and approximate, the lowest of larger size, distant from
the others, and also elongated horizontally, not tuberculiform. MM. bocoronicus, there-
fore, differs in this respect from UM. tabogensis, C. B. Ad., which it resembles in general
form and colour. Biolley’s specimens are rather rough, perhaps by erosion of the
dead shells.
5. Melampus tabogensis. (Tab. XLIII. fig. 8.)
Auricula tabogensis, C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 435 (1852) +; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. xx., Auricula, t. 6. fig. 47°.
Melampus tabogensis, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Recent Moll. ii. p. 244°; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Auric. p. 32+.
Hab. S. Panama: Taboga I. and Panama, on and under stones and rocks, at high-
water mark (C. B. Adams '~*).
6. Melampus strigosus, sp.n. (Tab. XLIII. fig. 9.)
Testa obese ovata, imperforata, levis, pallide olivacea, strigis fuscis irregularibus picta ; spira convexe conica,
sat brevis, apice suberosa, nigricans ; anfr. 7, ultimus sat convexus, basi paullatim attenuatus; apertura
verticalis, angusta, } longitudinis equans ; plica parietalis unica, sat infera, parva, horizontalis, remota;
plica columellaris horizontalis, compressa, valida; margo externus rectus, simplex, non sinuatus, intus
liris intrantibus albis tenuibus 3—4 munitus.
Long. 74, diam. 5; apert. long. 54, diam. 14 millim.
Hab. W. Costa Rica: in a small tributary of the Rio Boto, Golfo Dulce, on dead leaves
(Pittier, March 1896).
MELAMPUS. 561
The single parietal fold is somewhat within the aperture and does not reach the
level of the latter, and therefore may be easily overlooked; it is wanting in young
specimens. The ridges (lire) inside the outer margin are clearly visible in nearly full-
grown examples, but almost disappear in the largest full-grown one; in some young
specimens these are not to be seen, in others they are also visible outside in the form
of narrow white bandlets. The columellar fold is well developed in all stages of
growth.
B. Trauia, Gray.
7. Melampus panamensis, (Tab. XLIII. figg. 10, 10a.)
Auricula panamensis, C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 483 (1852) *.
Tralia panamensis, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Recent Moll. p. 244’.
Melampus panamensis, Pfeiffer, Monogr. Auric. p. 48°; Catal. Auric. Brit. Mus. p. 35+; Dall,
Proc. Acad. Phil. 1900, p. 97°.
Hab. W. Costa Rica: Punta Arenas (Biolley).
S. Panama: Panama and Taboga I., under stones at high-water mark, or crawling
over. wet stones (C. B. Adams’).
Cocos I. (Snodgrass & Heller®).
This is the Pacific representative of the West-Indian JZ. pusillus, Gmel. (Auricula
nitens, Lam., Martini, Syst. Conch.-Cab. 11. t. 43. fig. 446; ibid. new edition by
Kiister, Auriculaceen, t. 2. figg. 11-13; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Auric. p. 47; Catal. Auric.
Brit. Mus. p. 34; Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iv. t. 18. fig. 9), which may yet be found
on the Caribbean coast of Central America. It differs from M. pusillus in its smaller
size and more slender shape, and in the more oblique position of the lower parietal
fold. We give figures of 1. panamensis from specimens in Petel’s collection, now in
the Berlin Museum, these varying in the comparative breadth. Amongst more than
twelve examples obtained at Punta Arenas by Mr. Biolley, none measure more than
8 millim. in length, 4 in breadth, and 53 in the aperture.
Doubtful species, without ridges inside the outer margin, none of them figured.
8. Melampus(?) concinnus.
Auricula concinna, C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 432 (1852) *.
Ophicardelus concinnus, H. & A. Adams, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 84°.
Melampus concinnus, Pfeiffer, Monogr. Auric. p. 57°; Catal. Auric. Brit. Mus, p. 43°.
Hab. S. Panama: Panama, on the short suckers which were growing up thickly beneath
; 1
the mangroves near high-water mark.
9. Melampus (?) infrequens.
Auricula infrequens, C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 433 (1852) '.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, October 1900. 71
562 MOLLUSCA.
Tralia infrequens, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Recent Moll. ii. p. 244°.
Melampus (?) infrequens, Pfeiffer, Monogr. Auric. p. 55°; Catal. Auric. Brit. Mus. p. 40%,
Hab. S. PANAMA: under stones near high-water mark, at the base of the sea-wall at
Panama (C. B. Adams ').
10. Melampus (?) bridgesi.
Melampus bridgesi, Carpenter, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 161+; Report Moll. W. Coast of N. Am. pp. 284,
315°.
? Auriculus avena, Pfeiffer, Monogr. Pneumonopom. iii. p. 361°.
Hab. S. Panama: “Ad oras sinus Panamensis ” (Bridges !~°).
PEDIPES.
Pedipes, Adanson, Voy. au Sénégal, p. 11 (1757); Férussac, Prodr. Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. pp. 99,
109 (1821); H.& A. Adams, Gen. Recent Moll. ii. p. 248; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Auric. p. 65 ;
Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. i1. p. 25.
Shell subglobular, imperforate, thick, with spiral furrows, unicolorous, of rather
small size ; aperture somewhat large, with a strong parietal fold and two columellar
teeth; outer margin of the aperture straight, inside callous or toothed. Foot of the
animal divided by a transverse furrow, by which it is enabled to loop in crawling, like
the larva of a Geometrid moth (Adanson, “ pedi pes subsequens ”).
Scattered throughout the tropical and subtropical shores, chiefly of the Atlantic
basin, on stones and rocks at high-water mark.
1. Pedipes angulatus.
Pedipes angulata, C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 431 (1852)*; Carpenter,
Report Moll. West Coast of N. Am. p. 316 (1857) °.
Pedipes angulatus, Pfeiffer, Novitates Conch. i. p. 24, t. 6. figg. 26-28° ; Monogr. Auric. p. 7145
Catal. Auric. Brit. Mus. p. 53’.
Globose, angulated in the upper part of the last whorl, olivaceous-brown, with two strong parietal folds, the
upper one more sharp and prominent, and with a smaller columellar fold; outer margin of the aperture
thickened, with a blunt tooth.
Long. 74, diam. 5; apert. 4 millim.
Hab. S. Panama: Panama, under stones at high-water mark (C. B. Adams 1°).
Two other species, P. /zratus, Binn., and P. unisulcatus, Carp., are found in the
peninsula of California (see Carpenter, Report Moll. W. Coast of N. Am. pp. 275, 316;
Binney, Land and Freshwater Shells of N. Am. ii. p. 69; and Fischer & Crosse, Miss.
Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. pp. 28, 29); another, P. mirabilis, Meg. (Pfeiffer, Monogr.
Auric. p. 70), in Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Guadaloupe. It is probable,
therefore, that the genus is represented all along both shores of Mexico and Central
America.
MARINULA.—BLAUNERIA. 563
MARINULA.
Marinula, King, Zool. Journ. vy. p. 343 (1832); H. & A. Adams, Gen. Recent Moll. ii. p: 246 ;
Pfeiffer, Monogr. Auric. p- 59.
Shell oval, imperforate, thick, without spiral sculpture ; aperture rather large, broad,
with two parietal folds and a smaller columellar one beneath them; outer margin of
the aperture straight, simple. Foot of the animal not divided by a transverse furrow.
Spread throughout the tropical and subtropical shores of both hemispheres—the
typical species on the western coast of South America, on stones and rocks at high-
water mark.
1. Marinula acuta.
Auricula acuta, d’Orbigny, in Guérin’s Mag. Zool. 1835, p.23'; Voy, Amér. mérid., Moll. p. 826,
t. 42. figg. 4-6°; C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist N, York, v. p. 432 (1852)*; Carpenter,
Report Moll. West Coast of N. Am. p. 275 (1857) ‘.
Marinula acuta, Pfeiffer, Monogr. Auric. p. 62°; Catal. Auric. Brit. Mus. p. 45°.
Fusiform-oblong, faintly striate, brown, with some darker streaks ; two strong parietal folds, the columellar
fold tooth-like ; outer margin of the aperture straight.
Long. 123, diam. 54 ; apert. long. 73 millim.
Hab. 8. Panama: Panama, under stones near high-water mark (C. B. Adams *4).
Ecuador: Guayaquil, near brackish water (Fontaine 1256),
In its general aspect this species resembles the European members of the genus
Alexia, but differs from them in the straight outer margin. J. (Auricula) recluziana,
Petit (P. Z. S. 1842, p. 201), from Tumaco, on the coast of Colombia, possibly belongs
to this species rather than to WM. pepita, King, from Chile and Chiloe, with which it
was united by Pfeiffer (loc. cit.).
BLAUNERIA.
Blauneria, Shuttleworth, Diagn. neuer Moll. pt. vi. p. 148 (Mittheil. d. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1854) ;
Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 152 (1854) ; Monogr. Auric. p. 153.
Shell sinistral, oblong, imperforate, thin, white; aperture oblong, rather narrow,
with a columellar fold; outer margin simple. Eyes at the upperside of the head,
directly behind the feelers, which are short and cylindrical. .
Inhabits the West Indies, Yucatan, the Hawaiian Islands, and New Caledonia.
Named in honour of Bernh. Friedr. Blauner, who collected and died in Puerto Rico
in 1853.
1. Blauneria heteroclita. | |
Voluta heteroclita, Montagu, Test. Brit., Suppl. p. 169 (1808) * ; Laskey, in Memoirs of ths
Wernerian Society, i. p. 398, t. 8. figg. 1. 2°; Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. iii. p. 526°.
Blauneria heteroclita, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll, ii. p. 9, t. 34. figg. 14, 14a, 5°;
Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1885, p. 287, t. 12. fig. 6°. a
a
564 MOLLUSCA.
Tornatellina cubensis, Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic. 1. p. 891 (1848) °.
Blauneria pellucida, Pfeiffer, Monogr. Auric. p. 153 (1856)"; Catal. Auric. Brit. Mus. p. 110°;
H. & A. Adams, Gen. Recent Moll. ii. p. 643, t. 138. fig. 8°; Binney, Land and Freshw.
Shells of N. Am. ii. p. 21, fig. 22°°; Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iv. p. 10, t. 1. fig. 13”.
Conoidal-elongate, polished, white.
Long. 5, diam. 13; apert. long. 2 millim.
Hab. Yucatan: Sisal (Morelet +).
Also inhabits Florida 7° 101! (Hemphill®) and the West Indies—Cuba (Pfeiffer °78),
Jamaica (C. B. Adams‘ *®), Haiti (Sallé+), Puerto Rico (Blauner*), Guadaloupe
(Schramm *).
Very little is known of the habits of this species, the dead shell being usually found
among other small mollusks drifted on sandy beaches. It has been recorded from
Dunbar ! *, on the British coast, where it was probably introduced with ballast®. Dall®
notes that Mr. Hemphill met with it at Mareé, Florida, in damp moss, in a dried-up
brackish swamp. .
Fam. TRUNCATELLIDZ.
TRUNCATELLA.
Truncatella, Risso, Hist. Nat. de l'Europe mérid. iv. p. 124 (1826); H. & A. Adams, Gen. Recent
Moll. ii. p. 810; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Auric., App. ii. p. 181, &c.
Shell of small size, when full-grown cylindrical, consisting of 3-5 whorls only ;
upper end blunt, truncated, and cicatrized ; aperture perpendicular, suboval or elliptical,
with continuous thickened and somewhat expanded peristome. Sculpture consisting
of small longitudinal ribs, which are often more distinct in the upper whorls and more
or less feeble and disappearing in the last. Young shells turrited, with more whorls,
pointed at the upper end, with thin sharp peristome. Operculum thin, with basal
spiral nucleus. Feelers short, blunt ; eyes behind them on the surface of the head, as
in the Auriculide ; snout bilobate. Foot rounded at both ends. The animal crawls
by fixing alternately the further or the hinder part of the foot, in the same manner as
the larva of a Geometrid moth.
Generally distributed in temperate and tropical regions. ‘The various species live
in places reached by the tide, on stones and seaweed, and are able to live many weeks
out of the water.
The throwing-off of the upper whorls is as regular in this genus as it is in Rumina
decollata, L., in Southern Europe, or in some species of Potamides; among 400
specimens of 7’. bairdiana collected by C. B. Adams at Panama, there was only a single
full-grown one which hid preserved its upper whorls, and these were bleached and
cretaceous, as if decayed.
TRUNCATELLA. 565
ComparRaTIVE TABLE oF THE SpEcIES OF TRUNCATELLA.
Nomen. Forma. i Peristoma Anfr. i Aper- atri
Seulptura. Basis, aperture. superstites. Long. | Diam. sa Patria.
“ eS : a oe 3 . mm, | mm. | mm.
| earibseensis, ow. ...| subcylindrica, costulis confertis | breviter carinato- simplex, rectum. 3-4 7-8 3 24 | E. Mexico.
| parum attenu-| subrectis, sape| cristata.
ata, rubella, | in medio anfrac-
succinea vel| tuum evanes-
flavida. centibus.
bairdiana, C. B. Ad.| cylindracea, pel- | plicis longitudin- | crenata, vix com- | duplex, _ exter- 4 5 1} 13 | W. Mexico, S.
i lucida,succineo-| alibus, subcon- | pressa. num criste- : Panama.
I cornea. fertis, obtusis. forme.
_bilabiata, Pfr. ...... eylindracea, gra- | costissubarcuatis, | subcompressa, duplex, ext. 43-5 54 1¥ 14 | Yucatan.
cilis, fusca. elevatis, obtusis, | callosa. album patens,
interstitia int. porrectum.
eequantibus,
N.B.—Truncatella (?) dubiosa, C. B. Adams [ Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 435
(not figured), ¢f. Pfeiffer, Monogr. Auric. p. 178], found with 7. bairdiana, is either a
young specimen of this or of some other Truncatella. The Truncatella (?) sp., quoted
by P. Carpenter, Catal. Mazatlan Shells, p. 364, as found “ off Spondylus,” probably
does not belong to. this genus, on account of its habitat, which indicates a true
marine shell.
1. Truncatella caribzensis.
Truncatella caribeensis, Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Syst. ii. p. 182, fig. 7 (1842) '; Kiister, in
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Truncateila, p. 9, t. 1. figg. 35-37, and t. 2.
fig. 1-4, 22 (full-grown), 5, 6 (young)’; Pfeiffer, Zeitschr. f. Malac. 1846, p. 182°;
Monogr. Auric. p. 185‘; Catal. Auric. Brit. Mus. p. 134°; Binney, Land and Freshw.
Shells of N. Am. iii. p. 98, fig. 198°; Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iv. p. 14, t. 18.
figg. 27, 28".
Truncatella succinea, C. B. Adams, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 12°.
Hab. E. Mextco: Mexico, without nearer indication of locality (Hegewisch °°).
Also occurs in Cuba (Pfeiffer 3-5) and Jamaica (C. B. Adams), and on the Florida
Keys ®7. |
The Mexican specimens are stated by Pfeiffer? to be somewhat smaller than
the Cuban ones.
2. Truncatella bairdiana.
Truncatella bairdiana, C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 437 (1852); Carpenter,
Report Moll. W. Coast of N. Am. p. 275 (1857)?; Moll. of W. N. America, pp. 154, 194
(1872) *; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Auric. p. 187 *.
566 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. W. Mexico: Acapulco (Belcher ®).
S. Panama: Panama, under a heap of stones at the bottom of the sea-wall, at high-
water mark of spring-tides, copiously (C. B. Adams !~*).
Named in honour of the herpetologist, F. 8. Baird.
3. Truncatella bilabiata.
Truncatella bilabiata, Pfeiffer, Archiv fiir Naturg. 1840, p. 253°; Monogr. Auric. p. 192°; Kiister,
in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Truncatella, p. 7, t. 1. figg. 27-29 (full-
grown), 30, 81 (young) *; Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. iii. p. 99, fig. 199+;
Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iv. p. 14, t. 18. figg. 82, 33°.
Hab. Yucatan: Carmen Island (Morelet 2-5).
Also in Cuba (Pfeiffer! 2) and Florida (Binney +5).
According to Pfeiffer ?, Prof. Bronn, of Heidelberg, possesses examples of this
species from Carmen Island, probably sent to him, with many others, by Morelet.
Fam. CERITHIIDZ.
One genus of this family is essentially submarine, living mostly in mangrove-
swamps.
POTAMIDES.
Potamides, Brongniart, Ann. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, xv. p. 867 (1810); P. Fischer, Manuel
de Conch. p. 680.
Shell turrited, many-whorled, with knobbed or ribbed sculpture, and a dark brown
or grey periostracum, in many species provided on some whorls with thickenings, which
are the remains of a former aperture (varices) ; aperture comparatively small, vertically
placed, rounded, with a notch or short channel below. Operculum horny, orbicular,
many-whorled.
Living animal with a produced snout and two slender, pointed feelers, the eyes on
protuberances at the outer side of the feelers near the base; foot short, somewhat
square, the anterior angles produced. Lives chiefly in brackish water, at the roots and
on the stems of mangrove shrubs, to which it can affix itself by slimy threads.
Differs from the well-known genus Cerithium, Brug., by the many-whorled
operculum, and by its habit of dwelling in brackish water, to which the mud-coloured,
rather thick periostracum is adapted. If the shell is somewhat worn or bleached, its
colour becomes brighter, either violet or chestnut-brown.
A. Adams (Zool. Voy. ‘Samarang,’ Moll. p. 44) says that in some species of the
subgenus Cerithidea, from the Indian seas, the feelers are very short, and bear the
eyes at their distal end, ¢.¢. the slender portion of the feeler beyond the eyes is
wanting ; and on this character a separate genus has been proposed, named Phenommia
POTAMIDES. 567
by Mérch [Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 80 (1860)], and Aphanistylas by P. Fischer [Manuel de
Conchyliologie, p. 682]. In the species which I have observed alive at Singapore the
feelers had this appearance when the animal was crawling above the surface of the
yen, but when below it the upper part of the feeler was distinctly present; on closer
examination, however, it was seen that, out of the water, the upper portion of the feeler
was bent back and closely applied to the head, so as to be scarcely visible. I suppose
that this was also the case in the specimens observed by A. Adams.
Two subgenera are represented in Central America, about one of which there is a
good deal of confusion.
Subgen. 1. CrrirHipEA, Swains.
Shell beset with vertical, closely-placed ribs, which are often somewhat arcuated, and
in some species latticed (cancellated) by the crossing of spiral ridges. Outer margin
of the aperture in most of the species much thickened: if such thickenings are
already formed in earlier stages of growth they remain as varices in the full-grown
shell, usually one on each of the last three or four whorls, but not at regularly equal
distances. Aperture scarcely notched below.
In the species of this subgenus from the tropical regions of the Old World the upper
whorls are lost very regularly in the full-grown specimens, so that the shell is broadly
truncated above and consists of 4-6 whorls only; in the examples from the Atlantic
and Pacific shores of America this is not the case, the upper end of the shell being
usually pointed, or only a little worn, not more than one or two whorls being lost. In
several of the American and other forms the ribs become comparatively more numerous
on the last whorl, but also more feeble and unequal, than on the preceding whorls; it
is safer, therefore, to count the ribs of the penultimate whorl when giving the
differential characters of the species. Most of them have a pale spiral band on the
middle of each whorl: this is in some specimens more distinct and apparent, in others
not so well defined or even absent; it is usually more conspicuous in shells which are
somewhat worn, and of a chestnut-brown or violet colour, than in the fresh, mud-
coloured state. I have therefore not made use of this character in the Table of
the species.
Subgen. 2. RHINOCORYNE, n.
Potamides pacificus (Sow.) differs from all the other submarine species of Cerithiide
in having a projecting channel at the base of the aperture, well separated by a distinct
constriction from the hole of the aperture, and running obliquely downward and
backward.
It has been placed by H. & A. Adams in the genus Potamides, Brongn., together
with the Australian P. ebeninus (Gen. Recent Moll. i. p. 290), and they were followed in
this respect by Reeve and others. Brongniart, however, mentions neither of these forms,
but describes and figures only a new fossil one, P. lamarcki (nec Cerithium lamarcki, Val.,
MOLLUSCA.
568
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POTAMIDES. 569
1833), and mentions in a footnote some recent Species which would come into the same
genus, as P. palustris, L., and P. muricatus, Brongn. (=/fuscatus, Linn.). His fossil
P. lamarcki is very near P. fuscatus, and so I think the name Potamides, in its
pestricted sense, must be applied to the subdivision which contains the West-A frican
forms P. fuscatus and P. radula, e. g. the division called Tympanotonos (Klein) by
Morch, H. & A. Adams, Reeve, P. Fischer, &c. Zympanotonos of Klein (1753)
prcodes various Cerithiide, but the shell figured by Klein himself to illustrate it is
Vibex fuscus, Mill. (= Claviger matoni, Brot.), placed by most recent authors among
the Melaniide. P. ebeninus is the type of Pyrazus, Montfort, and it may be placed
near P. palustris; but for P. pacificus a new subgeneric name is wanted. The form of
its operculum, however, is not known (at least it is not known to me), and therefore I
am not quite satisfied whether P. pacificus really belongs to Potamides or to Verithium,
near C. uncinatum (Gmel.), as Kobelt suggests. Its habit of living in mangrove-
thickets, however, suggests that it is nearest allied to Potamides.
I. CEritHipEa, Swains.
1. Potamides varicosus.
a. validus,
Cerithium varicosum (Val.), Kiener, Iconogr. p. 94, t. 30. fig. 2 (1842)’; Deshayes, in Lamarck’s
Hist. Nat. d’Anim. sans Vert. éd. 2, ix. p. 321°; d’Orbigny, Voy. Am. mér., Moll. p. 448°;
Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. p. 887 (part.), t. 185. fig. 280*; Kobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cerithium, p. 58, t. 12. figg. 2, 3°.
Cerithidea varicosa, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xv., Cerithidea, t. 3. fig. 19a°; Carpenter, Report Moll.
W. Coast of N. Am. pp. 230, 272, 325°; Moll. of W. N. Am. pp. 24, 186 (1872) ‘;
Troschel, Gebiss d. Schnecken, i. p. 147, t. 12. fig. 3 (radula) °.
Cerithium validum, C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 881 (1852) °°.
Cerithidea valida, Morch, Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 80 (1861) **.
Cerithium fortiusculum, Bayle, Journ. de Conch. xxviii. p. 250 (1880) ”.
Potamides montagnei (part.), Tryon, Man. Conch. ix. p. 161, t. 53. fig. 58 (copied from Reeve) *.
Vertical ribs rather straight and composed of strong tubercles connected by a feeble ridge; on the last whorl
the ribs diminish in number in comparison with those of the preceding whorls, only 12-15, in somewhat
smaller specimens (full-grown ?) 18. Varices usually yellowish-brown behind, white in front.
Long. 35-41, diam. (incl. peristom.) 16-21 millim.
Hab. W. Nicaracua: Realejos, at roots of mangroves (Cuming * °).
W. Costa Rica: Punta Arenas, in the Gulf of Nicoya (Ersted ! & C. Hoffmann, in
Mus. Berol.).
S. Panama: Panama (Jewett 8), half buried in muddy sand, under bushes, at high-
water mark (C. B. Adams !°).
Cotompta: Tumaco (Hopke, in Mus. Berol.).
Ecuapor: Guayaquil, in brackish water of the river of that name, very common
(d’ Orbigny *).
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, November 1900. "9
570 MOLLUSCA.
b. hegewischi.
Cerithium varicosum, Valenciennes, in Humboldt’s Obs. Zool. ii. p. 253 (1833) ™.
Cerithium (Potamides) hegewischi, Philippi, Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1848, p. 19"; Abbild. neuer Conch.
iii. p. 15, t. 1. ig. 6%; Kobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cerithium,
p. 64, t. 18. fig. 1 *7 (copied from Philippi).
Potamis hegewischi, Carpenter, Report Moll. W. Coast of N. Am. p. 238 (1857) ™.
Cerithidea varicosa, var. mazatlanica, Carpenter, List Mazatlan Shells, p. 344 (1857) °; Reeve,
Conch. Icon. xv., Cerithidea, t. 3. fig. 195”.
Cerithidea mazatlanica, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xv., Cerithidea, t. 1. fig. 8"; Carpenter, Moll. W.
N. Am. pp. 108, 186 (1872) ”.
Cerithium mazatlanicum, Kobelt, loc. cit. p. 161, t. 30. figg. 4, 5”.
Potamides sacrata (A. Gould) (part.), Tryon, Manual of Conch. ix. p. 162, t. 33. fig. 70 (copied
from Reeve) (not figg. 69, 71, 72)™.
Smaller, only 33-34 millim, in length. Of the six spiral rows of knobs in the last whorl between the suture
and the basal angle, the two upper ones are often smaller, disappearing entirely in some specimens, so
that only four remain. According to Philippi, the ribs are more arcuated, thirty in number, and the
varices of a milk-white colour.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan (eigen 19 2°); Mexico, without nearer indication of
locality (Hegewisch 1-1"). |
W. GuatemMata: Champerico (Champion, Stoll).
The Guatemalan specimens seen by me measure only 27-30 millim. in length and
11-114 in diameter ; aperture 74-84 millim.
N.B.—P. iostomus, Pfeiffer (Arch. f. Naturg. 1840), from Cuba, much resembles the
smaller forms of this species, having also very conspicuous varices; but its sculpture is
only ribbed, not latticed, and the shell is not so much attenuated above and dilated
below as in P. varicosus *.
* and Sowerby (Genera of
* There is some difficulty regarding the name of this species: Valenciennes *
Shells, part 42) each used the name Cerithium varicosum, apparently in the same year, 1833. Valenciennes
gives a description only, without figure, and mentions as locality “‘Cumana”; he describes the sculpture as
“ treillisée” (latticed), and therefore I have no doubt that he had before him the species of the western shore,
not P. iostomus, Pfr., from the Caribbean coast. He gives the same locality, Cumana, for his Cerithium
humboldti, Val. = Potamides pacificus (Sow.), a species inhabiting the Pacific coast. Sowerby, on the contrary
(Genera of Shells, part 42, t. 259. fig. 5), gives only a figure, without description, and no indication of
locality ; this figure is reproduced by Reeve (Conch. Syst. il. t. 126. fig. 9), and I am inclined to refer it to
the West-Indian P. costomus, Pfr., from its size and appearance. In his later work, ‘ Thesaurus Conchyliorum,’
the greater part of the description and the first figure, 284, apply to the larger form of this species, fig. 281
probably to P. albovaricosus, and fig. 282, without varices, to yet another species.
Bayle’ has given a new name (C. fortiusculum) to Cerithium varicosum, Sow., on account of the latter
being preoccupied (C. varicosum, Defrance, 1817), a fossil form; but in the genus Potamides or Cerithidea the
name has not been used, so far as 1 am aware.
POTAMIDES. 571
2. Potamides montagnei.
Cerithium montagnei, d’Orbigny, Voy. Am. mér., Moll. p. 443, t. 63. figg. 3, 4 (1835-43) "; Kiener,
Iconogr. p. 99, t. 50. fig. 1 (1842) 2; Menke, Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1850, p. 178°; Eydoux et
Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Moll. t. 39. figg. 6, 7‘; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. p. 888, t. 186.
figg. 284, 286 (juv.)°; Kobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cerithium,
p. 54, t. 11. fige. 5, 6°. |
Cerithidea montagnei, Carpenter, Catal. Mazatlan Shells, p. 3427; Report Moll. W. Coast of N.
Am. p. 825 (1857)*°; Moll. W. N. Am. pp. 24, 27, 151 (1872)°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xv.,
Cerithidea, t. 4. fig. 26°°.
Potamides montagnei, Tryon, Manual of Conch. ix. p. 161, t. 33. fig. 57" (copied from Reeve)
(not fig. 58).
Cerithium reevianum, C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 880 (1852) ”.
Cerithidea reeveana, Mérch, in Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 19 (1861) ™.
Hab. Lowsr Cattrornia: La Paz (Major Rich ®); Cerro Island (Dr. Ayres & Dr. Veitch®).
N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan, common (Melchers*, Reigen").
W. Guatemata: Champerico ‘Champion).
W. Costa Rica: Punta Arenas (Grsted }°).
S. PanaMaA, not uncommon, half buried in muddy sand, under bushes, at high-water
mark, near the mangrove thicket, 24 miles east of Panama (C. B. Adams).
Ecvapor: Guayaquil, in brackish water of the river of that name, with P. varicosus
(d’ Orbigny ').
Full-grown specimens vary considerably in size, from 32-33 (1?) to 44 millim. (1°) in
length, 154-25 millim. in the diameter of the last whorl, including the peristome, and
12-18 millim. in the length of the aperture.
Var. pulcher.
Cerithium montagnei, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. t. 185. fig. 285 ™.
Cerithium pulchrum, C. B. Adams, Ann, Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 380°; Kobelt, loc. cit.
p. 98, t. Jl. figs. 7,8°°. .
Cerithidea pulchra, Carpenter, Report Moll. W. Coast N. Am. p. 272.7; Moll. W. N. Am.
p. 186°; Mérch, Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 80°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xv., Cerithidea, t. 4.
fie, 39”.
Patamides montagnei, var. pulchra, Tryon, Manual of Conch. ix. p. 161, t. 34. fig. 50 (copied from
Reeve)”.
With one varix and the ribs somewhat nodulous by crossing the spiral strie. General form comparatively
broader, and the peristome more darkly coloured, but these last-mentioned differences do not hold good
in all specimens. Size the same as in the smaller full-grown specimens of the typical form.
Hab. §. Panama, with the typical form (C. B. Adams '*~°°).
At first sight, the var. pulcher seems to be sufficiently distinct. from P. montagne by
the cancellated appearance of the sculpture and by the presence of a varix in the last
five whorls, both characters bringing it near P. varicosus; but on a closer examination
bs
572 MOLLUSCA.
of normal specimens of P. montagnei some feeble spiral ridges are visible on the last
whorl just above the basal keel, causing slight nodules by crossing the ribs. In the
var. pulcher it is usually the last whorl also which shows the cancellated sculpture
more conspicuously, but in its whole extent between the suture and the basal keel,
whereas in the penultimate and antepenultimate whorls the spiral ridges are very faint,
if they exist at all. Whether the presence of varices is constantly united with a
distinct cancellated structure of the last whorl, I cannot decide, having but few
specimens before me. The form and colour of the aperture is in the var. pulcher
quite as in the normal P. montagnet.
N.B.—Cerithium largillierti, Philippi (Zeitschr. f Malak. 1848, p. 20; Abbild. neuer
Conch. iii. p. 15, t. 1. fig. 7)= Cerithidea fortunet, Reeve (Conch. Icon. xv. t. 3. fig. 15 a),
from China, is incorrectly quoted by Reeve as synonymous with C. montagnei.
3. Potamides costatus. (Tab. XLIV. figg. 11, 11a.)
Strombiformis costatus, Dacosta, Brit. Conch. p. 118, t. 8. fig. 14 (1778) °.
Strombus costatus, Montagu, Test. Brit. 1. p. 255 (1803) *.
Cerithium costatum, Forbes & Hanley, Hist. Brit. Moll. in. p. 20°; Kobelt,in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cerithium, p. 179, t. 33. fig. 10°.
Cerithidea costata (Dacosta) (part.), Tryon, Manual of Conch. ix. p. 164, t. 34. fig. 82 (copied
from Reeve) ’.
Cerithium salmacidum, Morelet, Test. Noviss. 1. p. 27 (1849)°; Kobelt, loc. cit. p. 68, t. 12.
fige. 8, 9 (not quite full-grown) *.
Cerithidea salmacidum, Morch, Malak. Blatt. xxii. p. 90 (1876) °; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xv.,
Cerithidea, t. 4. fig. 23 (salmacida) *.
Turrited, very slender, with deep sutures, dark brown; 12 whorls, very convex, in some specimens nearly
biangulated ; ribs perpendicular, numerous, about 33 in the penultimate, only 26 in the antepenultimate
whorl, swelling into two small knobs in some specimens at the crossing of the subangular spiral elevations ;
on the last whorl, on the contrary, the ribs are much more feeble and irregular, wanting here and there;
the periphery of the last whorl encircled by a feeble spiral keel, which in some specimens is followed by
another lower and more feeble one; the rest of the basis without spiral ridges. Usually without varices.
Aperture with somewhat vaulted, but scarcely thickened peristome. Operculum circular, a little concave,
with many whorls; the nucleus near its middle, the margin very thin, diaphanous.
Long. 13-14, diam. 5-5}, long. apert. 33 millim.
Hab. Yucatan: Sisal, in swamps of the sea-shore (Morelet*); Progreso (Hége) ;
Yucatan, without nearer indication of locality (Poulsen *, H. Dohrn’).
Also on the shores of the West-Indian Islands 34, but not British as had been
formerly supposed ! ?,
The above description is taken from a choice of the most perfect and best-preserved
specimens out of a great number collected by Herr Hoge at Progreso, none of which
measure 17 millim., the length assigned to the species by Morelet ®. In most of them
there are no varices at all, but in some there is a single varix on the last whorl, quite
near the aperture, perhaps a duplication of the peristome; it is, however, of the same
POTAMIDES. 573
colour’ as the rest of the surface, not whitish or white, as in P. iostomus, Pfr., and
ih varicosus, Sow. Many of the Progreso shells are not full-grown, with a very thin
simple peristome, like the specimen figured by Kobelt’. Others are more or less
worn, with the ribs scarcely visible or absent.
The description given by Forbes and Hanley * applies so well to the specimens before
me that I have no hesitation in referring them to P. costatus. As regards P. lafondi,
Michaud, and P. ambiguus, C. B. Adams, I am not satisfied concerning their identity,
or as to how they differ from P. costatus, various forms being labelled with these
names in collections; Kiener’s figure of P. lafondi (Iconographie, Cerithium, t. 24.
fig. 3) and Reeve’s figure of P. ambiguus (Conch. Icon. xv., Cerithidea, t. 2. figg. 9 a, b)
appear to me to differ from P. costatus, as well as from one another.
Dr. Morch § and Kobelt 4? treat P. salmacidus * and P. costatus as distinct species.
4. Potamides tenuis,
Potamides tenuis, Pfeiffer, in Archiv f. Naturg. 1839, p- 537°,
Cerithidea tenuis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xv., Cerithidea, t. 1. fig. 3°; Morch, Malak. Blatt. xxi.
p. 87°.
Cerithium (Cerithidea) tenue, Kobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, p. 181, t. 33.
fig. 13 *.
Potamides scalariformis (part.), Tryon, Manual of Conch. ix. p. 163, t. 33. fig. 76 (copied from
Reeve) ’.
Conico-turrite, with deep sutures and without varices, dark brown ; ribs in the whorls, except in the last two,
rather strong, smooth, and a little oblique, 20 in the antepenultimate whorl—-in the last two they are
somewhat more feeble, a little knobbed (nodulose), and more numerous, 26 in the penultimate, 34 in the
last whorl ; there are usually three small knobs on each rib, the two lower ones the most distinct ; three
darker brown spiral bands in the last two whorls, these corresponding to the small knobs of the ribs, but not
forming raised lines in the intervals between the ribs ; three raised spiral lines at the lower angle of the
last whorl and four or more thinner ones at the lower face of it. Outer margin of the aperture expanded
and a little vaulted, but scarcely thickened ; outside of a yellowish-brown colour, a little paler than the
_ rest of the shell, inside whitish ; inside of the aperture farther within dark brown.
Long. 23, diam. (incl. peristom.) 8; apert. long. 6, diam. 4 millim.
Hab. Norru America: Florida (Mus. Berol.).
S.E. Mexico: Teapa, State of Tabasco (H. H. Smith).
Cusa (Pfeiffer, Gundlach).
The above description is made from the single example obtained by H. H. Smith at
Teapa; it agrees in all essential points with others from Cuba and Florida in the
Berlin Museum. In the published descriptions and figures the difference in the form
of the ribs of the last two whorls is not so clearly indicated as I find it in the specimens
before me.
N.B.—Potamides scalariformis, Say (1825), from “ the freshwater lakes of Florida”
* « Salmacidus” is a Latin adjective, used by Pliny, and meaning “a little salted”; “ Salmacis” is a
better-known mythological name of a nymph (Ovid, Metamorph. iv. 286 e¢ seq.).
BYE: MOLLUSCA.
| Morch, loc. cit. p. 87 ; Kobelt, t. 12. figg. 6, 7; Tryon, loc. cit. fig. 78 (original)], is
a stouter shell, with a somewhat thicker peristome, but in other respects very similar,
and these differences may be bridged over by examining a larger number of specimens.
II. Ruinocoryne, v. Mart.
5. Potamides pacificus.
Cerithium pacificum, Sowerby, Genera of Shells, pt. 42, t. 259. fig. 9 (1833), = Reeve, Conch. Syst.
ii. t. 126. fig. 9°; C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 379 (1852) "s
_ Carpenter, Report Moll. W. Coast N. Am. p. 825*; Kobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Cerithium, p. 39, t. 8. figg. 5, 6°.
Potamides pacificum, Morch, Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 80 (1861) °.
Cerithidea pacifica, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xv., Cerithidea, t. 1. fig. L”.
Cerithium humboldti, Valenciennes, in Humboldt’s Obs. Zool. ii. p. 280 (1833) **; Kiener,
Iconogr. p. 83, t. 26. fig. 2°.
Hab. S.W. Costa Rica: Punta Arenas, on Rhizophore (ersted; C. Hoffmann, in
Mus. Berol.).
S. Panama: Panama (Aiener®; C. B. Adams?, one specimen only).
CotompBia: Tumaco (Hopke, in Mus. Berol.).
N. Peru: Arica (Stiibel, in Mus. Berol.).
Fam, LITTORINIDZ.
Littorina is the only genus of this family entering within our limits; the various
species are essentially submarine, living chiefly on rocks at high-water mark or on
mangrove-shrubs.
LITTORINA fF.
Littorina, Ferussac, Tabl. Syst. p. xxxiv (1821) ; Menke, Syn. Meth. ed. 1, pp. 24, 25 (1828) ;
Sowerby, Genera of Shells, part 37 (c. 1831); Deshayes, in Lamarck’s Hist. Nat. des Anim.
sans Vert. éd. 2, ix. p. 200 (1843) ; Forbes & Hanley, Hist. Brit. Moll. iii. p. 25; Troschel,
Gebiss d. Schnecken, i. p. 130, t. 10. figg. 13-20, t. 11. figg. 1-7 (radula), &e.
Turbo (L.), sensu strictiore, Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sicil. p. 188 (1836) ; Swainson, Treatise Malac.—
pp- 206, 207, 343 (1840).
Shell turbinated, in most of the species ovato-conoidal, thick, acutely pointed ;
aperture rounded below, angulated above, with broad flattened pillar-lip (area colu-
mellaris); usually imperforate. Operculum horny, paucispiral.
Living animal with projecting cylindrico-conical snout and long slender feelers, the
* Valenciennes’s statement “ that the specimens described by himself were found in the port of Cumana
(Venezuela) by A. v. Humboldt” is probably one of the many geographical errors in this work °.
+ Some authors adopt Litorina and others Littorina for the name of this genus: philologically, both are
admissible ; Férussac, however, wrote “ Zattorina,” and Linneus “ Turbo littoreus.”
LITTORINA. 575
eyes outside their base. Foot short, broad before, attenuated behind. Radula very
long. Oviparous, feeding on vegetable matter.
Living on rocks which are only moistened by the spray of the breaking waves, near
or even above high-water mark, and very tenacious of life *.
The Mexican and Central-American species may be grouped into subgenera as
follows :—
I. Cencuniris +, n.—Shell tuberculated, rather flattened below and minutely perforated ; aperture
very oblique, not distinctly angular above; columellar margin not much thickened.
Operculum typical, oval, paucispiral, with a distinct angle above and rather eccentric
nucleus.
Type, ZL. muricata (L.), common in the West Indies.
In the general form of the shell and the very oblique aperture this species approaches the
subgenus Tectarius, Val. t, type L. pagodus (L.), and still more nearly to Echinella, Gray,
type L. cumingi, which latter is distinctly umbilicated. But the operculum of L. muricata
is not circular, with median nucleus, as in Tecturius and Echinella, but has the form of
that of L. littorea, as may be seen in several specimens collected by Herr Gollmer in the
Berlin Museum. Nodilttorina, v. Martens (1897), which is also tuberculated, with normal
operculum, is distinct from L. muricata by the nearly perpendicular aperture, with very
broad columellar margin and convex basis of the shell.
If. Lirrrorinopsis, Morch [Malak. Blatt. xxi. p. 137 (1876) ]; Litorina, section II., P. Carpenter
[Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 351 (1857)].—Shell of moderate size; nearly smooth, with
impressed spiral lines only, of brownish colour, more or less variegated. Aperture
distinctly angulated above, moderately oblique, inside pale-coloured, the edge usually
with. dark dots.
The typical species, L angulifera, Lam., and the Indian L. scabra (.), have a compara-
tively thin shell and live on the stems, branches, and leaves of mangrove-shrubs. But
* Dr. Lister [Hist. Conch. i. 30. n. 28 (1685)] states that he has kept alive a West-Indian species, probably
L. nodulosa, Pfr., during a whole summer in his garden, apparently far from the sea. The Papuans, in the
eastern part of the Malayan Archipelago, used to keep alive another species, L. (Tectarius) pagodus, L., for a
whole year in their chests and presumed that something was not right if the animal died earlier (Rumph,
Amboinsche Rariteitkamer, 1705, p. 74).
+ Cenchritis, fem., in Greek, a dry granulated fig, as if beset with grains of millet. Older conchologists
named this shell “ Reisbrei,” rice-pap, on account of the minute pale tubercles.
+ Tectus, Montfort [Conch. Syst. ii. p. 186 (1810)], is interpreted by Hermannsen [Indicis Generum Malac.
primordia, li. p. 532 (1847-49)] and Philippi [Handbuch, 1853, p. 175] to be founded on the type of
Littorina pagodus (L.), and I have followed these reliable authors in working out the submarine shells of the
Malayan Archipelago [in Prof. Weber’s ‘Zoologische Ergebnisse einer meee in N iggerlaudiseh Ostindien,’ iv.
p- 201 (1897) ] and those of the East Coast of Africa [in MObius’s ‘ Ostafrikanische Thierwelt,’ ii. p. 267 (1897) |.
But on referring to Montfort’s description and figure, it is clear that his type was Trochus mauritianus, Lam.,
Cuarastoriced by the two spiral ridges within the aperture, although he quotes 7. pagodus, L. P. Fischer
| Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 817] cites 7’. dentatus, Forsk., as the type of Tectus, Montf.; but that species
wants the two ridges which Montfort notices in his description and figure.
MOLLUSCA.
576
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578 MOLLUSCA.
we must also include in this subgenus some forms with thick solid shells, which approach
the typical ones more or less in colour and general aspect. |
Atlantic coast: L. angulifera, Lam., L. nebulosa, Lam., L. columellaris, dOrb.
Pacific coast: L. pulchra, Sow., L. fasciata, Gray, L. varia, Sow., the last-mentioned.
differing by a stronger sculpture. .
IlJ. Mevarnarne *, Megerle [in Menke’s Syn. Moll. ed. 1, p. 23 (1828), Jan [Conspect. Test.
Coll. p. 7 (1830)], P. Carpenter [Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 346 (1857) ].—Shell of small
size, with spiral strie, mostly white, with a broad bluish or greyish zone in the middle of
the last whorl, often variegated with brown oblique or zigzag streaks. Aperture scarcely
oblique, distinctly angulated above, inside dark brown, usually with two white spiral bands,
the upper of which is often rather indistinct.
Atlantic coast: ZL. ziczac, Chemn., L. lineata, d’Orb.
Pacific coast: L. philippii, P. Carp. (with its varieties), L. conspersa, Phil., L. aspera,
Phil., the last-mentioned differing by a stronger sculpture.
I. Cencuritis, v. Mart.
i. Littorina muricata.
Buccinum sublividum striis nodosis, &c., Lister, Hist. Conch. t. 30. fig. 28 (1685) (among the
terrestrial shells)’; Petiver, Gazophylacium, t. 70. fig. 11 (1711) ’.
Turbo muricatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 761 (1758) *, ed. 13, by Gmelin, p. 3589*; Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. v. p. 170, t. 177. figg. 1752, 1753° ; Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans
Vert. éd. 1, vii. p. 47°; éd. 2, par Deshayes, ix. p. 199’.
Littorina muricata, Férussac, Tabl. Syst. pp. ix, xi (1821-22)°; d’Orbigny, in Sagra’s Hist. fis.
polit. y nat. de Cuba, Mol. i. p. 111, t. 14. figg. 9, 10°; Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. ii.
p- 142, t. 2. figg. 16, 17°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Litorina, t. 2. fig. 11**; Morch, in
Malak. Blatt. xxiii. p. 134 (1876) *; Weinkauff, in Martini & Chemnitz’s Syst. Conch.-Cab.
ed. 2, Litorina, p. 44, t. 5. figg. 7,8”. .
Tectus muricata, Troschel, Gebiss der Schnecken, i. p. 136, t. 11. fig. 7 (radula) ™.
Tectarius muricatus, Tryon, Manual of Conch. ix. p. 258, t. 48. fig. 68 (copied from Reeve) "’.
For the characters of the species, see above under the subgenus Cenchritis, p. 575.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Santa Ana (Caspersen }°).
Honpuras (feeve 1").
E. Costa Rica: Puerto Limon (Nepperschmidt, 1894, Mus. Hamburg.).
A well-known West-Indian shell, occurring in Cuba (Pfeiffer, d’ Orbigny 9, Gundlach),
Jamaica (Lister !), Haiti (Verkriizen), Puerto Rico (Sintenis, in Mus. Berol.),
Vieque (Riise '*), St. Thomas (Arebs !*), St. Croix (Ersted 12), Guadaloupe
(Beau), Martinique (de Candé°), St. Lucia (d’Orbigny ®). Also known from
Cartagena, Colombia, and from Puerto Cabello, Venezuela (Dunker, in Mus.
Berol.). | |
Dr. Pfeiffer has observed this species alive at the upper limit of the breakers, quite
_ * This name signifies “black suture,” and refers to the fact that in some species the blue median zone
appears on the upper whorls as a dark band immediately aboye the suture,
LITTORINA.: 579
near to places frequented by a terrestrial shell, Strophia maritima, Pfr., on the Island
of Cuba [Archiv fiir Naturg. v. p. 353 (1839)}]. Krebs12 also states that it is always
found above high-water mark,
Adanson (Voyage au Sénégal, 1757) describes and figures this species as found on
the shores of Senegambia, but no subsequent traveller or collector has found it on the
African coast, so far as I am aware; this record, therefore, requires confirmation.
IT. Lrrrorinopsis, Morch.
2. Littorina angulifera.
Cochlea fortiter et dense striata, Lister, Hist. Conch. iii. t. 583. fig. 37 (1688) °.
Helix scabra (L.), Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. xi. p- 283, t. 210. figg. 2074, 2075”.
Littorina scabra, Pfeiffer, Archiv f. Naturg. 1840, p. 254°; d’Orbigny, in Sagra’s Hist. fis. polit.
y nat. de Cuba, Mol. p. 116, t. 15. figg. 15-177.
Turbo striatus, Schumacher, Essai Syst. Test. p. 193°.
Phasianella angulifera, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. éd. 1, vii. p. 24 (1822) °; éd. 2,
par Deshayes, ix. p. 2457.
Littorina angulifera, Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. ii. p. 223, t. 5. figg. 12-15 (1847)°; Dunker,
Index Moll. Guin. p. 13, t. 2. figg. 38, 39°; Morch, Malak. Blatt. xxiii. p- 137 (1876);
Troschel, Gebiss der Schunecken, i. p. 132, t. 10. fig. 17 (radula) *; Weinkauff, in Martini
& Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Litorina, p. 39, t. 4. figg. 13-15 * (nec L. angulifera,
Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, which =Z. scabra, L., Phil.).
Litorina ahenea, Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Litorina, t. 3. figg. 15 b, ¢™.
Littorina scabra, var. lineata (Gmel.), Tryon, Manual of Conch. ix. p. 248, t. 42. figg. 12,13
(copied from d’Orbigny), and 15, 16 (copied from Philippi) “.
With crowded impressed spiral strive ; brownish, with grey or darker brown waved streaks and spots. The
angular spiral ridge or keel near the base of the shell (from which this species takes its name) often
nearly obsolete, and never so prominent as in the East-Indian L. scabra.
Hab. Yucatan (Uhde, in Mus. Berol.).
(East) Guaremata (Conradt, in Mus. Berol.).
Honpuras (Philippi 8).
East Costa Rica: Puerto Limon (Bvolley).
Common in the West-Indian Islands: Cuba (Pfeiffer®, d@ Orbigny*+, Gundlach),
Jamaica (Lister, Verkriizen), Puerto Rico and St. Thomas (Krebs, Riise,
Verkriizen), Guadaloupe (Beau), Martinique (Rang & Hotessier).
Also occurs on the coast of Florida (Zhomson) and in the Bermudas (Tristram, 1861).
On the West Coast of Africa it is known from Senegal (Mion, in Mus. Berol. ;
Reeve 18), Ilha de Principe (H. Dohrn), Loanda (Tams°®, Falkenstein, Mus.
Berol.).
On piles and old wood close to the shore (reds). It is the Atlantic representative
of the East-Indian L. scabra (L.), Phil. (= Buccinum foliorum, Rumph, 1705), which
lives on the stems, branches, and leaves of mangroves. . :
Philippi® was the first conchologist who discriminated, described, and figured the
713
580 MOLLUSCA.
Fast-Indian and the West-Indian species, and it therefore seems advisable to retain
the names adopted by him. The West-Indian form was identified as lineata by
Tryon !4, who followed Mérch !° in referring to it the shell figured by Knorr [ Vergniigen
der Augen, iii. t. 14. fig. 4 (1768)]; this latter was named Buccinum lineatum by
Gmelin [in Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 18, p. 3493 (1791)], but the figure quoted agrees
better with the East-Indian ZL. scabra, the general form being more slender and the
coloration more chequered than in L. angulifera. There is, moreover, another well-
known species of Littorina called lineata by Lamarck, d’Orbigny, and Philippi. The
name striata (Schumacher, 1817) would be more applicable to this species than
angulifera, and also have priority; but I refrain from introducing it, as there is
already a well-known L. striata, King (1831), = canuriensis, d’Orb. (1836-43), living
on the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Azores.
3. Littorina varia.
Littorina varia, Sowerby, Genera of Shells, part xxxvii. t. 228. fig. 4 (about 1831) ', = Reeve,
Conch. Syst. ii. t. 222. fig. 4°; Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. ii. p. 99, t. 1. figg. 2, 3°;
C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 400 (1852) *; Mérch, Malak. Blatt. vii.
p- 69 (1860-61) ‘; Eydoux et Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool. ii. p. 561, t. 31. figg. 43-45
(living animal and operculum) °; Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Litorina, t. 4. fig. 19"; Weinkauff,
in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Litorina, p. 53, t. 6. figg. 14, 15°; Tryon,
Manual of Conch. ix. p. 246, t. 48. figg. 44 (copied from Sowerby), 45 (copied from Eydoux
and Souleyet) °.
Solid, with strong spiral ridges, about five or six on the penultimate whorl and seven or eight on the last
whorl, with some smaller ones between them; greyish-white, with many small dark brown or black
streaks; columellar lip white,
Hab. W. Costa Rica: Punta Arenas (Grsted ®, Biolley).
S. Panama: Panama (Sowerby 177), on the trunks and branches of small trees, which
were growing between half-tide and high-water levels (C. B. Adams‘).
Also found in Colombia—Tumaco (Hopke, in Mus. Berol.) ; and Ecuador—Puna,
near Guayaquil (Eydour & Souleyet ®).
The record of its occurrence on the shores of Peru and Chile ® requires confirmation.
Tryon® quotes also L. costulata, Souleyet, as synonym: Eydoux and Souleyet,
however, have simply used a French term, “ L. costulée,” on the plate; in the text,
p. 561, they use a Latin name, L. varia.
4, Littorina fasciata.
Littorina fasciata, Gray, in Zoology of Capt. Beechey’s Voyage, p. 139 (1839) *; Menke, Zeitschr.
f, Malak. 1850, p. 163°; Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. ii. p. 221, t. 5. figg. 1, 2°; C. B.
Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 897 (1852) *; Carpenter, Catal. Mazatlan
Shells, p. 851°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Litorina, t, 4. fig. 20, t. 18. fig. 108°; Weinkauff,
in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Litorina, p. 40, t. 4. fig. 117. !
LITTORINA. 581
Littorina bicarinata (Wood), Morch, Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 69 (1860-61) *.
Littorina variegata, Kydoux et Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool. ii. p. 560, t. 31. figg. 40-4.2 °.
Littorina varia (Sow.), var., Tryon, Manual of Conch. ix. p. 246, t. 43. figg. 45 (copied from
Reeve), 46 (copied from Eydoux and Souleyet) *°.
Broadly ovato-conical, slightly angulated and excavated below the Suture, sculptured by slight spiral ridges,
grey, with reddish or brown zigzag streaks.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan, very rare (Melchers?, Reigen®).
SaLVvaDoR: from brackish water on the balsam coast (Hjalmarson, March 1853, in
coll. Dunker).
W. Costa Rica: Punta Arenas, on Rhizophore in company with L. pulchra (Cirsted °).
S. Panama: Panama, with Z. varia, on the trunks and branches of small trees which
were growing between half-tide and high-water levels (C. B. Adams‘).
Also found in Colombia—Tumaco (Hopke, in Mus. Berol.) ; Ecuador—Puna, near
Guayaquil (Eydoux & Souleyet®), and Balao (Stiibel, in Mus. Berol.); and
N. Peru—Tumbez (Cuming 3).
Turbo bicarinatus, Wood [Index Testaceorum, Suppl. t. 6. fig. 47 (1828)], which is
quoted as the oldest name for this species by Dr. Mérch 8, differs very much in outline
from L. fasciata, the figure representing a shell with two distinct spiral keels; it may
be an abnormal specimen ?
5, Littorina pulchra.
Littorina pulchra (Swainson), Sowerby, Genera of Shells, part xxxvii. t. 228. figg. 2 (shell),
3 (operculum) (about 1831) ', =Reeve, Conch. Syst. i. t. 222. figg. 2, 3°; Griffith, in
Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom, xii. p. 54, t. 1. figg. 3 (1834) ° ; Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch.
ii. p. 10, t. 1. fig. 1*; C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 398 (1852) °;
Morch, Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 68 (1860) °; Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Litorina, t. 3. fig. 17" ;
Tryon, Manual of Conch. ix. p. 246, t. 43. fig. 47 (copied from Reeve) *; Weinkauff, in
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Litorina, p. 49, t. 6. figg. 6, 7°.
Turbo pulchra, Swainson, Treat. of Malac. p. 207, fig. 39 (1840) ».
Turbo zebra, Donovan, Naturalist’s Repository, iii. t. 131 (1834) ".
Solid, broadly ovate, of a reddish-brown colour, with black zigzag streaks ; aperture dull orange.
Hab. W. Costa Rica: Punta Arenas, in the Gulf of Nicoya (C. Hoffmann, in Mus.
Berol.; Biolley, in Mus. Neufchdtel ; Grsted).
S. Panama: Panama, on mangrove-trees in a very dense thicket, which was growing
from a soil of black unctuous mud, a little below high-water mark (C. B. Adams®*).
Occurs also in Colombia—Tumaco (Hopke & Deybrich, in Mus. Berol.); 5. Peru—
Arica (Stibel, in Mus. Berol.).
6. Littorina nebulosa.
Phasianella nebulosa, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. éd. 1, vil. p. 54 *; éd. 2, par Deshayes,
ix. p. 244°; Delessert, Recueil des Coquilles de Lamarck, t. 37. fig. 12°.
582. MOLLUSCA.
Littorina nebulosa (Lam.), Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. ii. p. 225, t. 5. fig. 20‘; Mérch, Malak.
Blatt. xxiii. p. 136 (1876) °; Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Litorina, t. 11. fig. 55 *,
Littorina scabra, var. nebulosa, Tryon, Manual of Conch. ix. p. 244, t. 43. fig. 38 (copied from
Reeve) ’.
Litorina angulifera, var. minor, Weinkauff, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Litorina, p. 39°.
Rather thin, with feeble spiral strise, whitish, with reddish or brown clouds and streaks ; columellar lip pink.
Whorls not so convex as in L. angulifera, but flattened above.
Hab. FE. Mexico, Vera Cruz (Uhde, in Mus. Berol.).
Yucatan: Carmen Island (Uhde, in Mus. Berol.).
Honpuras (Cuming 4° °).
E. Costa Rica: Puerto Limon (Biolley).
N. Panama: Chagres (reds °).
Also widely distributed in the West-Indian Islands: Cuba (Pfeiffer & d@ Orbigny:
Littorina tigrina), Jamaica (Carpenter >), Haiti (Richard1°), Guadaloupe
( Hoitessier) ; and occurring in Venezuela—Puerto Cabello (Tams), Cayenne*, &c.
Krebs found it in clusters on wood lying on the beach at high- and low-water
mark ©.
7. Littorina albida.
Inttorina albida, Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. iii. p. 68, t. 7. fig. 9 (1848)'; Weinkauff, in
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Liturina, p. 81, t. 11. fig. 1 (copied from
Philippi) *.
Littorina aspera, var., Tryon, Manual of Conch, ix. p. 249, t. 44. fig. 81 (copied from Weinkauff)’.
Hab. W. Nicaragua: Realejos (Petit ').
According to Philippi’, this species resembles in coloration ZL. conspersa and
L. puncticulata of the same coast, but seems really nearer the Atlantic L. nebulosa,
by the form of the whole shell and by that of the aperture. I have not seen a
specimen of it.
8. Littorina columellaris.
Luttorina columellaris, d’Orbigny, Voy. Am. mér., Moll. p. 392 (1835-43)'; in Sagra’s Hist. fis.
polit. y nat. de Cuba, Mol. p. 116, t. 15. figg. 18-20’; Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. ii.
p. 226, t. 5. fig. 19 (not 21)°; Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
Litorina, p. 24, t. 3. figg. 16-18°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Litorina, t. 17. fig. 97°; Tryon,
Manual of Conch. ix. p. 245, t. 43. fig. 37 (copied from Reeve) (excl. ceteris figuris) °.
Hab. %. Costa Rica: Costa Rica (v. Seebach).
N. Panama: Colon, on wooden piles on the beach (Oswald, 1892, in Mus. Hamburg.).
Also in the West Indies: Guadaloupe (Beau) and Martinique (de Candé®) ; and on
the coasts of Venezuela and Northern Brazil (d’Orbigny 1 * 4),
LITTORINA. 583
: : III. MeLaruapue, Megerle.
9. Littorina ziczac.
Cochlea sublivida, nigris lineis undatis, Lister, Hist. Conch. iv. t. 583. fig. 38 (1688) *.
Trochus ziczak, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 18, p. 3587°; Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. v. p. 69,
t. 166. fig. 1599 *,
Litorina ziczac, Pfeiffer, Krit. Register zu Martini & Chemnitz, p. 40 (1840) +; Philippi, Abbild.
neuer Conch. ii. p. 162, t. 3. figg. 18, 14°; d’Orbigny, in Sagra’s Hist. fis. polit. y nat. de
Cuba, Mol. p. 114, t. 15. figg. 5, 7, 8°; Morch, Malak. Blatt. xxiii. p- 137 (1876) ’;
Kiister, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Litorina, p. 22, t. 3. figg. 9-11°;
Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Litorina, t. 11. fig. 57 a, 6°.
Littorina ziczac, light-coloured, larger variety, Tryon, Manual of Conch. ix. p. 251, t. 45. fig. 5
(copied from Reeve) *.
Phasianella lineata, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. éd. 1, vil. p. 57”; éd. 2, par
Deshayes, ix. p. 243“; Delessert, Recueil de Coquilles de Lamarck, t. 37. fig. 11.
Nearly smooth, impressed spiral lines only to be seen under a strong lens in the lower part above the very
_ obtuse basal angle; of larger size and of fuller rounded shape than Z. lineata.
Hab. BK. Costa Rica: Puerto Limon (Biolley).
Common in the West-Indian Islands: Cuba (Otto, d’Orbigny2, Gundlach), Jamaica
(Lister+), Haiti (v. Maltzan), St. Thomas (Gollmer & Verkriizen), St. Croix
(Girsted, Riise), Guadaloupe (Beau), Martinique (de Candé *), Barbados (Lister 1).
Occurs also on the northern coast of South America: Puerto Cabello, Venezuela
(Zams & Moritz), and in the Bermudas (Z’ristram, 1861).
Littorina orbignyana, Philippi [loc. cit. p. 162, t. 3. fig. 12; L. zigzag, dOrbigny,
loc. cit. fig. 6], from Cuba, is probably an individual variation with a little more
distinct spiral lines.
10. Littorina lineata.
Trochus ziczac, var., Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. v. p. 69 (part.), t. 166. fig. 1600 (not 1599) '.
Trochus ziczak, 8, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3587”.
Littorina lineata, d’Orbigny, in Sagra’s Hist. fis. polit. y nat. de Cuba, Mol. p. 113, t. 14.
figg. 24, 27°; Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. 11. p. 163, t. 3. fig. 18°; Kiister, in Martini
& Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Litorina, p. 23, t. 3. figg. 12-15 ° [nec lineata, Lam.
(Phasianella), nec lineata, Gmelin (Buccinum) }.
Littorina floccosa (Beck), Mérch, Malak. Blatt. xxii. p. 138 (1876) °.
Oblong-conical, greyish, with oblique dark brown or blackish streaks ; distinctly furrowed spirally.
Hab. E. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Uhde, in Mus. Berol.); Mexican Gulf, without nearer
indication of locality (Deppe, in Mus. Berol.).
£. Cosra Rica: Puerto Limon (Biolley).
‘Occurs also in the West-Indian Islands: Cuba (d’Orbigny 3, Otto), St. Thomas (Riise,
Crsted, Krebs, Gollmer, Verkriizen), Guadaloupe (Beau), and Martinique
(de Candé *) ; and on the coast of. Venezuela, at Puerto Cabello (Zams, in coll.
Dunker ; Gollmer, in Mus. Berol.).
584 MOLLUSCA.
11. Littorina philippii. (Tab. XLIII. fig. 12.) |
Litorina philippii, Carpenter, Catal. Mazatlan Shells, p. 349 (1857) >; Mérch, in Malak. Blatt. vii.
p. 69 (1860-61) *; Weinkauff, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Litorina,
p- 104° (nec L. philippiana, Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Litorina, t. 3. fig. 22, from the
Philippines, and therefore better written philippina) .
Littorina parvula (Philippi ?), C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 398 (1852) *;
Carpenter, Moll. W. N. Am. p. 188 (1872) *. [See also infra, p. 586. |
Littorina aspera, var. philippii, Tryon, Manual of Conch. ix. p. 249, t. 44. fig. 84°.
Very small, the last whorl comparatively large, with impressed spiral striz, about 10 between the suture and
the basal angle; greyish-white or plainly white, with rather pale brown oblique and slightly waved
streaks, which are often interrupted at the spiral striae. ”
a. Long. 10, diam. 7, apert. ? millim.
b. ” 63, 9 3, ” 43 9
é. 99 15, ” 83, 9 73 ”
aandc. Dimensions given by Carpenter’, reduced to millimetres,c an extraordinarily large specimen ;
b. Specimen from Mazatlan, given by Forrer.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan, common (Reigen1; G. A. Ringe, in Mus. Hamburg. ;
Forrer, coll. Dunker).
?W. Costa Rica: Punta Arenas, one specimen ((@rsted 2).
S. Panama: Taboga Island and Panama, in the cavities of rough ledges of rocks at
and above high-water mark (C. B. Adams**).
This species approaches L. lineata of the Atlantic coast, but may be distinguished
from it by the blunter form, the aperture occupying usually more than half the whole
shell. The colour is somewhat variable according to Carpenter}, ‘“livida” or
“ olivaceo-livida,” the streaks olive-brown, almost always in slanting lines more or less
interrupted ; in the specimens collected by Ringe it is greyish-white, somewhat darker
on the lower half of the surface between suture and basal angle of the last whorl (this
being the common coloration of L. lineata), the streaks either pale brown or, in some
specimens, dark brown, oblique, and slightly waving. From JZ. aspera it differs in the
much fainter sculpture, but as in that species the upper whorls are not so strongly
sculptured as the last one, it is sometimes difficult to determine specimens when they
are not full-grown (see Carpenter ').
Var. penicillata. (Tab. XLIII. fig. 14.) -
Litorina philippii, var. penicillata, Carpenter, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) xiii. p. 477 (1864)’;
Moll. W. N. Am. pp. 104, 216°. .
Litiorina aspera, var. penicillata, Tryon, Manual of Conch. ix. p. 250, t. 44. fig. 85 °.
Spiral striee much fainter, only visible under a strong lens. Most specimens white, with pale brown, oblique,
slightly waved streaks, and two well-defined narrow blackish spiral bands, the one above, the other
below the basal angle of the last whorl.
a. Long. 10, diam. 6, long. apert. 54 millim.
b. 99 113, 29 7, 99 6 99
a. Ordinary size ; 6. The largest among many specimens.
LITTORINA. 585
Hab. Lower Catirornta, especially at La Paz (Forrer, in Mus. Berol.); Cape San
Lucas (Xantus). :
N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan, one specimen (Ringe).
In general appearance this form, except for the two bands, comes very near the
var. alba of L. philippii, obtained by the same collector, Forrer, at Mazatlan. ‘The
upper band is placed on the last whorl in the position where the white and grey colours
join in L. lineata and in many Mazatlan examples of L. philippii. In one of the latter,
among many collected by Ringe in that locality, two spiral bands are visible, but the
spiral strie are somewhat deeper than in the Californian specimens; this example,
therefore, forms a connecting-link between the variety penicillata and the typical
L. philippii. It is somewhat remarkable that Carpenter}, who examined many
Specimens, does not mention any with spiral bands among the colour-varieties
enumerated by him.
Var. alba, n. (Tab. XLIII. fig. 13.)
Of small size and shining pure white, with very pale, thin, brownish streaks, which are sometimes interrupted.
Impressed spiral lines very faint. Interior of the aperture pale brown; pillar-lip also pale, but outwardly
marked with a dark brown streak.
Long. 64, diam. 5, apert. 44 millim.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan (Forrer, in Mus. Berol.).
Var. subsuturalis, n. (Tab. XLIII. fig. 17.)
A deeper spiral furrow below the suture, and some 3-6 other furrows above the angle of the last whorl ; colour
white below the suture, and bluish-grey on the lower half between the suture and the angle of the last
whorl, the two portions thus coloured with oblique, or more rarely zigzag, brownish streaks; interior of
the aperture dark brown, with the usual two white bands; edge of the aperture with dark dots. The
general form more conical, not so blunt as in the typical form, the aperture occupying rather more than
half the length of the shell.
Long. 114, diam. 74, apert. 63 millim.
Hab. W. Guaremata: San José, on the iron piles of the pier (Stoll).
In the general form of the shell this variety is more like the Atlantic L. lineata than
the typical L. philippii; it has, however, a very distinct furrow below the suture, as
in some Californian specimens of L. philippii, a character not found in L. lineata, so
far as I know.
Var. latistrigata, n. (Tab, XLIII. fig. 18.)
White, with rather broad dark brown or black streaks, which run parallel in an oblique direction, or are a
little waved in the upper half of the space between the suture and the basal angle, intermingling in an
irregular network, leaving only small white intervals in the lower half; in the upper whorls this zone is
even often uniformly black. About nine equal, faint, impressed spiral lines between the suture and the
angle. Interior of the aperture with the usual two white bands; pillar-lip brown in the middle, darker
outwards. General form of the shell very like that of the var. subsuturalis.
Long. 11, diam. 7, apert. 63 millim.
Hab. W. Costa Rica: Punta Arenas (Biolley).
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, November 1900. 74
586 MOLLUSCA.
Also very near the Atlantic L. lineata, with which I should have placed it, had it
not been for the western habitat. It is more convenient, however, to treat the Atlantic
L. lineata and the Pacific L. philippii as separate species, as they do not quite agree.
L. parvula, Philippi [Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1848, p. 149], found by E. B. Philippi,
brother of the well-known conchologist, at Panama, belongs perhaps to the same or to
a nearly allied form, as it is described as having black waved streaks, a character not
possessed by any other Pacific Littorina known to me.
12. Littorina conspersa.
Littorina conspersa, Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. u. p. 200, t. 4. fig. 14°; C. B. Adams, Ann.
Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 896 (1852)?; Carpenter, Catal. Mazatlan Shells, p. 346° ;
Morch, Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 69 (1860-61)*; Weinkauff, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst.
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Litorina, p. 64, t. 8. figg. 10, 11°.
Littorina modesta, Menke, Malak. Blatt. 1850, p. 164 (nec Philippi, 1845) °.
Littorina aspera, var. conspersa, Tryon, Manual of Conch. ix. p. 249, t. 44. fig. 82 (copied from
Weinkauff) *.
Conoid-oval, with flat spiral ridges, separated by narrow furrows; bluish-white, with numerous small black
dots of unequal size.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan (Melchers & Liebmann®, Reigen *).
Satvapor; Libertad (Krause, 1881, in Mus. Berol.).
W. Nicaracua: Realejos (Petit!, Hinds *).
W. Costa Rica: Punta Arenas, on stones (Cirsted *).
S. Panama: Panama, on large fragments of rock at high-water mark (C. B.
Adams *).
Var. puncticulata. .
Littorina puncticulata, Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. 11. p. 201, t. 4. fig. 15°; C. B. Adams,
Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 400 (1852) °; Weinkauff, in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Litorina, p. 63, t. 8. fig. 9 (copied from Philippi) *.
Littorina conspersa, var. puncticulata (Phil.), Carpenter, Catal. Mazatlan Shells, p. 346"; Morch,
Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 69 (1860-61) ».
Littorina aspera (part.), Tryon, Manual of Conch. ix. p. 249, t. 44. fig. 83 (copied from
Weinkauff) ».
More globose, the aperture occupying distinctly more than half the whole length, in some specimens two-thirds
of it, and with somewhat stronger spiral ridges. Probably only an individual variation.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan (Rezgen 14).
W. Nicaragua: Realejos (Petit §). |
W. Costa Rica: Punta Arenas, with the typical form (Grsted 2),
S. Panama: Taboga Island, on fragments of rock at high-water mark (C. B.
Adams ?®).
According to Philippi’s description and figure’, LZ. puncticulata differs from
LITTORINA. | 587
L. conspersa in two characters, viz., the more globose form and the more elevated
ridges; but among the Mazatlan specimens in the Berlin Museum there are several
which combine the slender form of conspersa with the strong ridges of puncticulata.
13. Littorina aspera. (Tab. XLIII. figg. 15, 16.)
Littorina aspera, Philippi, P. Z.S. 1845, p. 1891; Abbild. neuer Conch. ii. p- 200, t. 4. fig. 13’;
Menke, Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 178°, and 1850, p.163*; C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat.
Hist. N. York, v. p. 894 (1852) *; Carpenter, Catal. Mazatlan Shells, p. 348°; Kiister, in
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Litorina, p. 61, t. 8. figg. 2,37; Mérch,
Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 69 (1860-61) °; Troschel, Gebiss d. Schnecken, i. p. 187, t. 11. fig. 4
(radula) °; Tryon, Manual of Conch ix. p. 249, t. 45. fig. 87 (copied from Reeve) *°.
Littorina apicina, Menke, Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1850, p. 164 (young state) ™.
Litorina irrorata (Say), Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Litorina, t. 11. fig. 56” (nec L. irrorata, Say,
from the east coast of North America).
Near ZL. lineata, but with the spiral ridges stronger and somewhat rough; the last whorl usually differing
from the upper ones in having the spiral ridges more prominent and somewhat knobbed; the basal keel
more distinct in younger specimens, but sometimes almost disappearing in very old ones (fig. 16).
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan, common (Melchers? 48, Reigen®); West Coast of
Mexico (Uhde, in Mus. Berol.); Mexico, without nearer indication of locality
(Hegewisch ! ).
SaLvaDor : Conchagua (Cuming !2); La Libertad (Krause, 1881, in Mus. Berol.).
W. Costa Rica: Punta Arenas, on stones (@rsted®); Gulf of Nicoya (C. Hoffmann,
in Mus. Berol.).
S. Pavama: Taboga Island and Panama, on ledges and large fragments of rock at
or above high-water mark (C. B. Adams°).
Our figures are taken from a very old specimen, 19 millim. in length, in Paetel’s
collection (fig. 15), and from a young one from Nicoya (fig. 16).
Carpenter ¢ is quite right, I think, in doubting the occurrence of this species so far
north as Sitka, whence it has been recorded by Philippi1?. Won Middendorff
[Malacologia Rossica, p. 66] has seen no specimen from thence in the Petersburg
Museum, but mentions it only on the authority of Philippi.
The other species of Littorina mentioned by C. B. Adams in his valuable ‘ Catalogue
of Panama Shells’ live in somewhat deeper water, between half-tide and high-water
levels (L. atrata), or have been found only as dead shells in sand, and they belong to
the genus Fossarus, according to Carpenter (Moli. W. N. Am. p. 188). :
Littorina aberrans, Philippi (P.Z.S. 1845, p. 142; Abbild. neuer Conch. ii. p. 11,
t. 6. fig. 9; Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Litorina, t. 12. fig. 59), from Panama, founded on
a single specimen in Cuming’s collection, probably does not belong to his genus also ;
Carpenter (Moll. N.W. Am. p. 60), however, says that it is a tall variety aie conspersa,
588 MOLLUSCA.
which, judging from the description and figure, I cannot believe. The type was found
on the rocks at half-tide level.
Littorina scabra (L.) [Rumph, Amb. Rariteitkamer, t. 29. fig. Y (1705); Philippi,
Abbild. neuer Conch. ii. t. 5. figg. 38-5 ; v. Martens, in M. Weber’s Zool. Ergebnisse Reise
Niederl. Indien, iv. p. 194], a characteristic Malayan form, is quoted by Tryon (Manual
of Conch. ix. p. 245) as occurring also at Mazatlan. I cannot find any reliable record
of this species, or of the nearly allied L. angulifera, Lam., from the West Coast of
America.
Tectarius coronatus, Valenciennes, in Humboldt’s Obs. Zool. ii. p. 271, said to have
been found in the port of Acapulco, is, according to the description, evidently
synonymous with Littorina (TLectus) bullata, Martyn, = papillosa, Lam. (Philippi,
Abbild. neuer Conch. ii. t. 2. figg. 2,7; Reeve, Conch. Icon. x., Litorina, t. i. fig. 1),
a species living on the coast of the Philippines (Jagor, in Mus. Berol.), and also in the
Indian seas. Nanina ovum, another species described in Alex. v. Humboldt’s work,
was also supposed at one time to be Mexican; both shells were, no doubt, imported
from Manila.
The freshwater species of the following genera have already been dealt with in the
preceding pages :—
NERITINA.
For the characters of this genus, its subgenera, and the comparative table of the
species, see anted, pp. 465-468 ; we have to deal here with the submarine or salt-
water forms only, which come under the heading ‘‘c. Species submarine ” * :—
7. Neritina virginea.
Buonanni, Ricreazione dell’ occhio, etc., pars iii. figg. 197, 198, 200, 203, 204, 205 (1681) °.
Nerita quasi squamosus, Lister, Hist. Conch. iii. t. 606. figg. 82, 35-39”.
Nerita virginea, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 778°; Hanley, in Linn. Conch. p. 402%.
Neritina virginea, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. éd. 1, vi. 2, p. 187 (1822) °; éd. 2, par
Deshayes, viii. p. 516°; d’Orbigny, in Sagra’s Hist. fis. polit. y nat. de Cuba, Mol. p. 1747;
Voy. Am, mér. v. p. 406, t. 56. fige. 1-8 (living animal) °; v. Mart. in Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 62
(1865) °; ibid. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Neritina, p. 122, t. 14.
figg. 18-17"; Tate, Amer. Journ. of Conch. v. p. 153 (1870) ''; Strebel, Beitr. Mex.
Land- und Siissw.-Conch. i. p. 62, t. 1. fig. 40; Troschel, Gebiss d. Schnecken, ii. p. 181,
t. 16. fig. 19 (radula)”; Pilsbry, Nautilus, xiii. p. 189 ™.
Neritina eleguntissima, Hartmann, Gastropoden d. Schweiz, p. 198, tt. 77, 78 ©.
Nerite fluviatiles Indie occidentalis, Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ix. p. 72, t. 124. figg. 1088 a—1™.
Hab. E, Mexico: Isla verde, near Vera Cruz, a coral island in a pool formed by rain-
water and filled with alge, copiously (Strebel 12); Vera Cruz (Friedel °).
S.E. Mexico: Pueblo “* La Ceiba” in ‘Tabasco (Rovirosa 14),
Yucatan: Laguna de Terminos (Morelet, Strebel 12),
* See p. 555,
NERITINA. 589
British Honpuras: Belize (Morelet, Bocourt) ; same locality, on piles in the ditches
of the town (Stol/).
Honpuras (Dyson).
S.E. Nicaragua: Punta Arena, near Greytown, on sandy bottoms in brackish-
water pools, with Cyrena solida, very abundant (Tate 11),
E. Costa Rica: Sable Creek and Boca del Toro (Tate 11).
Also found in Florida (Dall, Lonnberg); the West-Inpian Isuanps: Cuba (Pfeiffer,
@ Orbigny", Gundlach), Jamaica (Browne, C. B. Adams), Haiti (Lamarck ®),
Puerto Rico, Vieque, and St. Thomas (Blauner), Guadaloupe (Beau), Martinique
(de Candé, Mazé), Barbados (Lister 2), Antigua (Zarves), Trinidad (Guppy) ; and
in SourH America: Colombia—Rio Hacha (Sievers), Venezuela—Puerto Cabello
(Zams), Cayenne (Deplanche, ap. Drouet), Pernambuco (Buonanni1; de Fontane,
ap. dOrbigny®), Bahia (Blanchet, ap. Moricand), Rio Janeiro (d Orbigny §),
5. Paulo (v. Zhering), Santa Catarina (Fritz Miller).
8. Neritina picta. (Tab. XXVIII. figg. 8, 10, 13.)
Neritina picta, Sowerby, P. Z. 8S. 1832, p. 2011; Conch. Illustr. no. 35, fig. 1°; Thes. Conch. ii.
p. 530, t. 110. figg. 267, 269° ; Deshayes, in Lamarck’s Hist Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. éd. 2,
vil. p. 888°; Menke, Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1850, p. 167°; C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.
N. York, v. p. 430 (1852)°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. ix., Nerita, t. 23. fig. 102"; Carpenter,
Catal. Mazatlan Shells, p. 259°; Moll. W.N. Am. p. 541°; Mérch, Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 170
(1861) *° ; Troschel, Gebiss d. Schnecken, ii. p. 176, t. 16. fig. 9 (radula); v. Mart. in
Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Neritina, p. 191, t. 19. figg. 22, 23"; Miller,
Malak. Blatt. n. ser. i. p. 167 (1879) **.
Neritella picta, Binney, Land and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. iii. p. 105, fig. 211™.
Neritina usurpatriz, Fisch. & Crosse, Journ. de Conch. xi, p. 293 (1892); Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. i. p. 486“.
One of the most handsomely-coloured species of Meritina, yellowish, with white or bluish-white, black-bordered,
oblique streaks ; columellar plain brownish-red. The streaks in most specimens nearly uniform over the
whole surface, but in others very unequal in size and number, sometimes scarcely conspicuous or even
wanting here and there, but always present near the aperture.
Diam. maj. 134, min. 10; alt. 14, marg. col. 8, lat. are 4 millim.
Il, ” 84; ” 10, ” 6, ” 43 ”
Hab. Lower Catirornia: La Paz (Major Rich, 1816-48 }%).
N.W. Mexico: Guaymas, Sonora (Webd }*); Mazatlan (Melchers°, Reigen 9 14),
Satvapor: La Union (Sallé 1°).
S.W. Costa Rica: Salinas Bay (Petter, 1891); Punta Arenas (sted !°) ; Nicoya
(Hoffmann '*); Boca Sierpe (Pittier).
S. Panama: Panama, in abundance on a mud bank, covered at times with fresh water
(Cuming }-*, C. B. Adams ®); Gulf of San Miguel (Lreut. Green '*).
Ecuapor: Guayaquil (Wolf 3°).
Norruern Peru: Payta (Philippi jun., in coll. Dunker).
r
590 MOLLUSCA.
The following seem to be individual variations in colour, rather than geographical
varieties of WV. picta; but as they have been distinguished and named by K. Miller,
we may mention them here :—
Var. luteofasciata.
Neritina picta, v. Mart. loc. cit. figg. 24, 257.
Neritina picta, var. y. luteofasciata, Miller, loc. cit. p. 168”.
Near the suture and in a spiral zone lower down grey, the intervening space yellow, the grey and yellow
portions each marked with the characteristic white or bluish black-bordered lines.
Hab, N.W. Mexico, Mazatlan (coll. Dunker); Panama (coll. Paetel).—Ecuapor,
Guayaquil (Wolf ).
Var. nigrofasciata.
Neritina picta, var. with black sutural band, Carpenter, loc. cit. p. 261».
Neritina picta, var. e. nigrofasciata, Miller, loc. cit. p. 168”°.
With one or two black spiral bands, the upper one near the suture, the other in the lower half of the last
whorl; the intervening space with the characteristic lines.
Hab. N.W. Mexico, Mazatlan (eigen, coll. Dunker) ; Panama (coll. Paetel).—Ecuapor,
Guayaquil (Wolf).
Var, guttata.
Neritina picta, var. 8. gutiata, Miller, loc. cit. p. 168”.
The streaks reduced to small spots.
Hab. Costa Rica (Pettier).—Ecuapor, Guayaquil (Wolf); Peru, Payta (Philippi).
Var. serta,n. (Tab. XXVIII. fig. 13.)
With white, black-bordered small spots in two or three spiral zones, otherwise uniformly yellowish.
Hab. N.W. Mexico, Mazatlan (coll. Dunker); Costa Rica (v. Seebach) ; Panama (coll.
Paetel).—Ecuapor, Guayaquil (Wolf); Peru, Payta (Philippi).
Var. subnigra, n.
Almost uniformly black on the dorsal face.
Hab. Costa Rica (Seebach, Pittier)—Fctapor, Guayaquil (Wolf).
The columellar margin is not so conspicuously sinuated in its middle part as in most
other species of the subgenus Cléthon, but it has also a smaller number of teeth,
ordinarily seven, and the two apophyses of the operculum are united by a septum-like
wall. |
This species seems to be truly marine. C. B. Adams ® states that he has found it
on wood and stones, as well as on moss-like weed, at marshy spots between high and
low water, and he calls it “strictly marine.” Cuming is said! to have collected it
in abundance on a mud-bank covered at times with fresh water. Miller 13 says that
NERITINA. 591
Dr. Wolf found it in salt water. Pittier found it in Costa Rica on the banks of a
stream submerged at high water.
N.B.—There is an older fossil N. picta, Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv.
Fossiles, t. 2. figg. 4-7, Explication des Planches, p. 22, without description, published,
according to Fischer and Crosse !¢, in 1825, and adopted by Grateloup in 1827 and
Eichwald in 1830. But as the fossil species was renamed W. ferussaci by Récluz in
1850 (Journ. de Conch. i. p. 154), and that of the recent one has been adopted by all
subsequent authors, from 1832 to 1892, I prefer to follow the latter.
9. Neritina fontaineana.
Neritina fontaineana, d’Orbigny, Voyage Amér. mér., Moll. ii. p. 406, t. 76. figg. 14, 15 (1837—40)';
v. Mart. in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Neritina, p. 75”.
Neritina guayaquilensis, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. p. 520, t. 114. fig. 177 (1849) °; C. B. Adams,
Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 430 (1852)*; Reeve, Conch. Icon. ix., Nerita, t. 23.
no. 104, fig. 1036° ; Carpenter Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1856, pp. 274, 322°; Stearns, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 332 (1891) ’.
Shell subglobose, smooth, greenish, with black network and a broad dark band; spire obtuse; aperture broadly
semilunar, yellowish. Diam. maj. 13-16, alt. 15-16, height of the aperture 12 millim.
Hab. S. Panama: Panama, a little above highest tides, among sticks and leaves, in a
muddy place overflowed with fresh water (C. B. Adams +).
Ecuapor: Guayaquil, in brackish or salt water in the mouth of the river of the same
name (Fontaine 1, Cuming °°).
The habitat Payta, Peru, probably appertains to this species, but the other localities
(Dr. Jones) mentioned by Stearns’, Bay of Montijo and Gulf of Nicoya, belong to
N. latissima, var. intermedia (see anted, p. 469).
As the form of the operculum of WN. fontaineana is not known, it is uncertain
whether the species is nearest allied to V. virginea or to N. picta.
The following marine species of Neritina have still to be noticed, but further
information is required about both of them before they can be treated as belonging to
the mainland fauna of Mexico or Central America :—
Neritina pupa.
Nerita exiguus nigrolineus ore subcroceo, Lister, Hist. Conch. t. 605. fig. 31 (1688)
Nerita pupa, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 878 . a |
Neritina pupa, Sowerby, Conch. Illustr. no. 45, fig. 830°; Thes. Conch. ii. p. 530, t. 111. fig. 69°;
Deshayes, in Lamarck’s Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. éd. 2, viil. p. 587°; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. ix. fig. 63°; v. Mart. Malak. Blatt. xii. p. 65 (1865) "; ibid. in Martini & Chemnitz,
Syst. Conch.-Cab., Neritina, p. 180, t. 2. figg. 11-13, t. 14. figg. 25, 26°; Fisch. & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 488°.
1
592 MOLLUSCA.
H. Uhde, who lived for some time in Mexico, had a specimen of this species in his
collection (7 8), without indication of locality ; this collection, however, also included a
number of Cuban shells, and there is no reliable evidence that he found it in Mexico,
as Fischer and Crosse 9 suggest.
For fuller synonymy, see v. Martens ® and Fischer and Crosse ®.
Neritina (Smaragdia) viridis.
Nerita viridis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 778°; Lamarck, Hist. Nat.des Anim. sans Vert. éd. 1, vi.
2, p. 188°; éd. 2, par Deshayes, viii. p. 577°; Sowerby, Conch. Illustr. no. 22, fig. 24°;
Thes. Conch. ii. p. 582, t. 116. figg. 229, 280°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. ix. fig. 153°; v. Mart.
in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Neritina, p. 246, t. 4. figg. 14-19";
Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 490°.
Smaragdia viridis, Issel, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, xi. p. 429 (1878) °; Troschel, Gebiss
der Schnecken, ii. p. 183, t. 16. fig. 21”.
Hab, EK. Mexico: Vera Cruz (Baker).
Yucatan: Progreso (Baker).
E. Costa Rica (Pittier 8).
Not rare in the Mediterranean and in the Caribbean Sea, also at the Bermudas
(Jones, 1859); truly marine, on sea-grass.
POLYMESODA.
See anted, p. 540.
16. Polymesoda maritima.
Cyrena maritima, C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 499 (1852)'; Prime,
Monogr. Am. Corbiculade, p. 27, fig. 20° [nec C. maritima, d’Orbigny (1846) in Sagra’s
Hist. fis. polit. y nat. de Cuba, Mol. t. 26. figg. 47-49, = cubensis, Prime (1865), which is
much nearer P. salmacida].
Hiab. 8. Panama: two and a half miles east of Panama, in impalpable mud, under
bushes at high-water mark where a small stream emptied ; some of the dead shells
have Balani growing upon them (C, B. Adams 12).
“Like all the species of this genus which live in estuaries, it is almost entirely
deprived of epidermis, some few remnants of it only existing on the margins of the
shell” (Prime*, p. 28). The same is the case with the estuarine forms of Neritina.
In the description, however, Prime? merely says: “ epidermis greenish-brown, worn on
the upper portion of the shell.” C. B, Adams? describes it as having “an olivaceous
coarsely striate epidermis.” The general form of the shell is more like that of a true
Polymesoda than of a Cyrenocapsa ; but in the narrowness of the hinge-plate it agrees
with the latter.
POLYMESODA.—RAPANA. 593
17. Polymesoda salmacida*.
Cyrena salmacida, Morelet, Test. Noviss. ii. p- 26 (1851) *; Deshayes, Catal. Conch. Brit. Mus. 11.
p- 259°; Prime, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, vii. p. 315, t. 1. figg. 1, la,d (1862) °;
Monogr. Am. Corbiculade, p. 29, fig. 22*; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xx. t. 17.
fig. 106°; Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 642, t. 61. figg. 6, 6a, 7°.
Ovate, more or less beaked behind, pale reddish with concentric darker bands, without distinct periostracum.
a. Long. 27, alt. 19, diam. ? millim. Vertices in ? long.
b. ” 25, ” 19, ” 13 ”
C. 9 27, ” 18, ” 12 ” ” 3”
a. Morelet’s measurements; 4. Fischer and Crosse’s fig. 6; c. Fischer and Crosse’s fig. 7.
Hab. Yucatan: Sisal, in marshes near the sea (paludibus maritimis) (Morelet 145°),
As Morelet found dead shells only (“ testas inanes”) it is not quite certain that the
living shell is entirely without periostracum, or that it lives in brackish water; the
other species of this subdivision of Polymesoda, however, live in places reached by the
tide. Fischer and Crosse § treat the more distinctly beaked form (their figure 7) as a
variety, swbrostrata, but it seems to me to be nothing more than an individual variation ;
moreover, Morelet’s description (‘‘ subrostrata”) and measurements agree better with
their fig. 7 than with fig. 6.
” 2 ”
1
3
Besides the shells belonging to genera either strictly submarine or common to fresh
and brackish water, there live at the mouths of the rivers or in the mangrove-swamps
of Central America several species of truly marine genera. Though they do not actually
come within the scope of this work, it is advisable to briefly notice such as have been
recorded from the coasts of the region under investigation.
GASTROPODA RHACHIGLOSSA.
Rapana kiosquiformis.
Purpura kiosquiformis, Duclos, Ann. Sci. Nat. (1) xxvi. p. 107, t. 1. fig. 5 (1832) *; Kiener, Icono-
graphie, Purpura, p. 59, t. 15. fig. 40°; Deshayes, in Lamarck’s Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans
Vert. ed. 2, x. p. 96°; Eydoux et Souleyet, Voyage de la Bonite, Zool. ii. p. 608, t. 59.
figg. 23-25 (with living animal and operculum) * (copied in M, A. Gray’s Fig. Moll. Anim.
ii. t. 87 a. fig. 6, and in H. & A. Adams, Gen. Recent Moll. t. 14. fig. 3) ; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. iii. t. 7. fig. 31°; C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 301 (1854) °.
Cuma kiosquiformis, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Recent Moll. i. pp. 133, 1347; Troschel, Gebiss d.
Schnecken, ii. p. 137, t. 13. fig. 11 (radula) °.
Purpura scalariformis (Lam.), d’Orbigny, Voy. Am. mér., Moll. p. 487 4
Shell somewhat biconic, with a strong, sharply knobbed, tuberculated middle keel and some more feeble spiral
ridges below it; suture deep, in the last whorls peculiarly festooned ; aperture oblong-oval, outer margin
rather curved, crenulated ; columellar margin dilated, appressed ; channel short, bent backwards, forming
a strong spiral ridge round the undermost part of the shell. Mud-coloured, aperture white or pale yellow.
Long. 42-61, diam. 27-88; apert. 26-35 millim.
* * Salmacida aqua,” in Pliny, “ water a little salted.”
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Movember 1900. 95
594 MOLLUSCA.
Hab. Lower Cautrornia: La Paz (coll. Dunker).
N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan (coll. Dunker).
S.W. Costa Rica: Punta Arenas, in the Gulf of Nicoya (Hoffmann, in Mus. Berol.).
S. Panama: Panama, abundantly from half-tide nearly up to the high-water mark of
neap tides, on rocks, and on the lower parts of the trunks and about the roots
of trees which were growing from a stony bottom (C. B. Adams *); Bay of
Panama, on rocky places at low water (Cuming °*).
CotomBia: Tumaco (Hopke, in Mus. Berol.).
Ecuabor: in the mouth of the river of Guayaquil (Fontaine).
This species is probably peculiar to the mangrove-swamps of the West Coast.
Nassa luteostoma.
Buccinum luteostomum, Broderip & Sowerby, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 8376 (1828-29) '; Kiener, Iconogr.
Buccinum, p. 110, t. 30. fig. 1°; Eydoux et Souleyet, Voyage de la Bonite, Zool. ii. p. 608,
t. 41. figg. 6, 7 (living animal and operculum) * (copied in M. A. Gray’s Fig. Moll. Anim.
i. t. 85a. fig. 5).
Nassa luteostoma, Troschel, Archiv f. Naturg. 1852, p. 172, t. 6. fig. 5 (operculum) *; Carpenter,
Catal. Mazatlan Shells, p. 404°; Report Moll. W. N. Am. p. 268°; Reeve, Conch. Icon.
vili., Nassa, t. 10. fig. 63°; Morch, Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 90 (1860-61) °.
Nassa xanthostoma*, J. H. Gray, in Zool. of Capt. Beechey’s Voyage, p. 27, t. 36. fig. 8 (1839) °;
M. A. Gray, Fig. Moll. Anim. iv. pp. 17, 71°.
Shell suboval, pointed above, with strong, knobbed, nodulose ribs, about 10 in the last whorls, and numerous
spiral ridges, grey or mud-brown ; aperture comparatively small, outer and columellar margins thick,
yellow, the former denticulated within, both united above by a thin callus which reaches halfway to
the next upper suture ; channel bent backward, open.
Long. 103-144, diam. 7-10 ; apert. 63-8 millim.
Hab. Cattrornta: San Diego (Jewett); La Paz (Forrer, in Mus. Berol.).
N.W. Mexico: Mazatlan, extremely abundant (Reigen).
S.W. Mexico: Acapulco (Lesson 28).
W. GuaTEMALA: Champerico, in company with Potamides validus (Champion) ;
Esteros de Champerico (Stoll).
N. Nicaragua: Realejos (Lesson ? 8).
S.W. Costa Rica: Punta Arenas, in the Gulf of Nicoya on sandy ground near the
beach (Grsted °, Hoffmann, in Mus. Berol.) ; Costa Rica, without nearer indication
of locality (v. Seebach).
S. Panama: Panama, on sand, usually not far below high-water mark, in places
where water is running when the tide is low (C. B. Adams).
Also on the coast of Peru (Zschudi). Some authors27 give Senegal as locality, but
it has not been found on any part of the West Coast of Africa by any recent
collector. ;
* “ Xanthosioma” is only a philological correction for Jutcostoma, this latter being compounded of a Latin
(luteus, yellow) and a Greek word.
OSTREA, ARCA, VENUS. 595
BIVALVIA.
See antea, p. 476.
Ostrea sp.
It is not improbable that Oysters are to be found in the mangrove-swamps both of
the Hast and West Coasts of Central America, but I have hitherto failed to find any
definite record concerning them. The West-Indian mangrove-oyster, known to me
from Venezuela and Surinam, Jamaica, and Haiti, is O. arborea, Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-
Cab. vill. p. 46, t. 74. fig. 681 (copied in the French Encycl. Méth. t. 185. fiz. 1),
v. Mart. in M. Weber's Zool. Ergebn. Reise Niederl. Ostindien, iv. p. 220 [=0O. para-
sitica (Gmelin, part.), Hanley, ‘Recent Bivalve Shells,’ p. 298; and 0. rhizophorae,
Guilding, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 542 (1828)]; it differs from the East-Indian 0. mytiloides,
Lam., in the absence of the small knobs and pits at the edges of the shell near the
hinge. The sharp-plaited 0. frons, L. (Mytilus), Chemnitz, loc. cit. viii. p. 61, t. 75.
fig. 686; Hanley, Conch. Miscell. t. 2. fig. 5; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xviii. t. 19. fig. 41,
is the West-Indian analogue of the East-Indian O. folium, L.
On the West Coast O. columbiensis, Hanley, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 107; Conch. Miscell.
t. 1. fig. 1; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xviii. t. 7. fig. 10, may perhaps live in the mangrove-
swamps: see Morch, Malak. Blatt. vii. p. 211 (1860-61).
Arca (Anomalocardia) tuberculosa.
Arca tuberculosa, Sowerby, P. Z. 8. 1833, p. 19°; Philippi, Abbild. neuer Conch. i. p. 41, t. 1.
fig. 2°; Hanley, Recent Bivalve Shells, p. 161°; Reeve, Conch. Icon. ii. t. 3. fig. 18°;
C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, v. p. 687 (1852) °; Morch, Malak. Blatt. vii.
p- 205 (1860-61)°; Kobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Arca, p. 21,
t. 6. fig. 847.
Oval, swollen, equivalve, subauriculate, dark reddish-brown, with 36-37 radiating ribs, which are beset with
scattered little tubercles, especially in the posterior part of the shell; ligamental area narrow.
Long. 57-70, alt, 42-48, diam. 42 millim.; summits in 3 of the length.
Hab. W. Nicaracta: Realejos, at low water, at the roots of the mangrove-trees
(Cuming 4, Girsted ").
S. Panama: Panama, in impalpable mud, under a mangrove-thicket, near high-water
mark (C. B. Adams °).
Venus (Cryptogramma) flexuosa, L. Sow.
Rather dwarf specimens of this species, the largest 11 millim. in length, 7 in height,
and 43 in diameter, summits in 3 of the length, posterior end much produced (as
shown in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. xiv. t. 21. fig. 98 a), have been found by Herr Hoge at
Progreso, Yucatan, with Potamides costatus. This species is widely distributed in the
West Indies and along the coast of Brazil ; d’Orbigny, Voy. Am. mér. p. 553, mentions
it even from the mouth of the Rio Plata. see
596 SUPPLEMENT.
Potamomya ?
C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. of N. York, v. pp. 549, 550 (1852), describes
three new species of Potamomya, which he names equalis, inflata, and trigonella, found
all three together 23 miles east of Panama, without giving any particulars concerning
the sort of ground and the depth in which they live. Carpenter, Moll. West N. Am.
p. 204 (1872), who has seen Adams’s specimens, believes that all three are probably
individual variations of one species. The genus Potamomya (Azara, d’Orb.) is chiefly
known from the southernmost part of America, from brackish water, but no other
collector has found a species of it in the tropical part of the West Coast, so it is not
unlikely that Adams’s shells are simply a marine form of Corbula.
SUPPLEMENT.
Tuis Supplement includes such additions to the fauna and corrections in the synonymy
that have been noticed since the publication of the preceding pages, commenced in
May 1890. Fischer and Crosse (Mission Scientifique au Mexique) have dealt with the
Helicinide and a portion of the Cyclostomide subsequent to my enumeration of the
species of these families (wnted, pp. 12-45), and I therefore quote their work in full. —
Messrs. H. Pittier and P. Biolley have recently sent me various interesting forms
from Costa Rica, some of which I have already dealt with in the preceding pages; the
remainder will be noticed here. In giving the additional localities, the names of the
main geographical regions previously mentioned in this work are included within
square brackets.
CYCLOTUS (p. 3).
Cyclotus (Aperostoma) irregularis (p. 3).
Cyclotus irregularis, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 3 (1897) °.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. %. Costa Rica: San Miguel, Fl Reventazon, Santa Clara, and Carillo, 200-500
metres above the sea (Biolley®); Valley of Tuis, 600 metres (Pittier: a banded
specimen).
S.W. Costa Rica: San Mateo, 250 metres (Biolley 5); Ravine of Vijaqual in the valley
of the Rio Saveque; El Pital, in the valley of the Rio Naranjo; Alto de Mano
_ Tigre, in the valley of the Rio Grande de Terraba; and Quebrada de Tocori, in
the valley of the Rio Paqueta, 150-700 metres (Pittier).
Biolley > states that the species does not occur on the elevated plateau of Central
Costa Rica.
MOLLUSCA. 597
Var. pittieri, n.
Distinctly flatter than the typical form, less vaulted, 29 millim. only in diameter, 164 in height; aperture
12 millim.
Hab. N.W. Costa Rica: Bay of Salinas (Pittier, July 1890).
Cyclotus (Aperostoma) bisinuatus (p. 3).
To the localities given, add :—
S.W. Costa Rica: Terraba (Pittier).
Cyclotus (Aperostoma) dysoni (p. 3).
Aperostoma dysoni, Ancey, Ann. de Malac. ii. p. 250 (1886) ™.
Cyclotus dysoni, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 325°, and 1892, p. 388"; Biolley, Mol. terr.
y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 4°”.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. |S.E. Mexico:| Mountains of Poana, Tabasco (Rovirosa 1°),
[Yucatan :] Silam, Shkolak, Tekanto, Labna, Tunkas, Ticul, Stilpech, and Tapi;
‘one of the most abundant land-shells of northern Yucatan ” (Heilprin").
EK. Guatemata (£7. v. Lhering).
[Honpuras:] Copan (#. v. Ihering); Eastern Coast (Simpson 14).
[Cenrrat -NicaraGcua :] Managua (Rothschuh).
E. Costa Rica: Turrialba, 750 metres (Biolley !"); Valley of Tuis (Pittier).
[N.W. Costa Rica:] Bay of Salinas (Pittier).
S.W. Costa Rica: Surubres, near San Mateo, 250 metres (Biolley 1"); Terraba,
200-300 metres (Pittier); Alto de Mano Tigre, 690-700 metres (Pittier).
Var. multilineatus.
Cyclotus dysoni, var. multilineatus, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 325°.
Varied by numerous dark spiral lines and bands.
Hab. Yucatan: Tabi and Ticul (Hetlprin ').
Cyclotus(?) boucardi (p. 5).
To the localities given, add :— :
Hab. [E. Costa Rica:] Moin near Limon, along the coast at the foot of the cliffs
(falaises), in thickets of Bromeliaceous plants (Pittier, July 1898).
CYCLOPHORUS (p. 5).
Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) ponderosus (p. 6).
To the localities given, add :—
[N. GuaTEMALA :] San Juan in Vera Paz (Champion: a specimen 42 millim. in
diameter).
598 SUPPLEMENT.
There is a still larger one, 52 millim. in diameter, among those found at Coban by
Salvin; hence the measurements given in the comparative table (anted, p. 2) require
modification.
Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) maleri (p. 6).
Cyclophorus maleri, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 338 °.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. S.E. Muxico: Mountains of Poana, Tabasco (Rovirosa ®).
The general habitat was incorrectly given on p. 6 as S.W. Mexico.
Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) texturatus (p. 6).
Var. goldfussi.
Amphicyclotus goldfussi, Bottger, Nachrichtsblatt d. deutsch. malak. Ges. 1892, p. 203°.
Very similar to the normal form, but with 6 whorls, and the measurements somewhat different: Diam.
maj. 51, alt. 28, apert. 21 millim. (in the largest specimens of C. tevturatus from N. Guatemala: 45,
204, 19).
Hab. Honpuras: San Pedro Sula, in the north-western portion of Honduras 8.
5 (a). Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus) underwoodi.
Cyclophorus underwoodi, 8. F. da Costa, Proc. Mal. Soc. London, iv. p. 67, t. 7. figg. 5-8 (1900) ?.
Depressed, spirally ridged, chestnut-brown above, pale greenish below, with a chestnut-brown band below the
periphery ; suture somewhat channelled ; aperture very oblique, peristome straight, notched in the middle
of the parietal callosity.
Diam. maj. 45, min. 32, alt. 30 millim.
Hab. N.W. Costa Rica: Carillo (Underwood 1).
Near C. cumingi, Sow., from Colombia.
Cyclophorus (?) giganteus (p. 8).
Cyclotus giganteus, antea, p. 8. |
This species is mentioned by Boucard among the shells from Vera Paz (N. Guatemala)
exhibited in the Universal Exposition at Paris, 1878 (Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 170),
probably an error in determination, as C. giganteus has not been recorded by anyone
else from so far north as Guatemala.
CHOANOPOMA (p. 13).
Choanopoma trochleare (p. 13).
Fischer and Crosse (Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 182) treat their C, chiapasense as
distinct from C. ¢rochleare, and mention the latter (oc. cit. p. 214) as a doubtful species
of the genus Cistula, according to Pfeiffer®?. They state that C. trochleare, Reeve,
MOLLUSCA. | 599
ih Sg apn to a different species, and that its locality ‘‘ Chiapas” is doubtful.
a ie » the figure of it given by Reeve ® represents a shell of larger size and with flatter
whorls than the one shown by Pfeiffer 2, which must be regarded as typical.
Choanopoma sumichrasti (p. 18).
Choanopoma sumichrasti, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 184, t. 41. figg. 9,9a°.
In ° . . . *
this species the spiral bands are continuous, not interrupted, a character rarely
seen in this genus.
Choanopoma, osberti (p. 16).
Adamsiella osberti, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 178°.
Chondropoma andrewsz (p. 16).
Colobostylus andrewse, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xxxvi. p. 233 (1888) ”; Simpson, Nautilus,
x1. p. 13 (1897) °.
To the locality given, add:
[Honpvras :] Island of Utila, in a grove of the prickly thatch-palm (Thrinax radiatus),
on the ground (Simpson ®).
This species does not really belong to Chondropoma, as it agrees in the structure of
the testaceous operculum (previously unknown to me) with the West-Indian forms,
which were left by Dr. Pfeiffer in his genus Cyclostomus. 'These latter were separated
into a distinct group [Malak. Blatt. xi. p. 134 (1864)], which was subsequently named
Colobostylus by Crosse and Fischer ?.
Chondropoma subangulatum (p. 17).
Cistula subangulata, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 200°.
Chondropoma rubicundum (p. 17).
Chondropoma rubicundum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 205°; Puilsbry, Proc.
Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 338°.
To the localities given, add :-—
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Mountains of Poana, Tabasco (Rovirosa °).
[N. Guatemata:] Cahabon (Sarg *).
Fischer and Crosse ® distinguish several varieties in size and in the more or less
bright colour of the aperture ; their largest specimen is 14 millim. in length and 8 in
diameter, their most inflated one 12 millim. in length and 85 in diameter.
Chondropoma cordovanum (p. 17).
Chondropoma cordovanum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 207’.
These authors give the length of a truncate specimen as 94 millim., with a diameter
600 SUPPLEMENT.
of 6, and the aperture, including the peristome, 4% millim. ; Pfeiffer himself? gives
13-15 in length, 6-74 in diameter.
Var. procerume
Chondropoma cordovanum, var. 8. procera, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 208, t. 41. figg. 6 c-e°.
With conspicuous interrupted bands and a pale unicolorous peristome.
Long. 12, diam. 63; apert. 43 millim.
Hab. E. Mexico: Cordova, with the typical form (Sad/é°).
Var. igneum.
Chondropoma cordovanum, var. ignea, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. pp. 208, 209, t. 41. figg. 6 f-h".
Cyclostoma cordovanm, Boucard, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 170°.
With obsolete bands and bright orange peristome.
Long. 10, diam. 6; apert. 4 millim.
Hab. Guatemata: Cahabon (Sarg *).
Chondropoma acerbulum (p. 17).
Chondropoma acerbulum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 210, t. 41. figg. 4, 4.a-d*.
Chondropoma radiosum (p. 18).
Cistula radiosa, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 188, t. 42. figg. 1, la, 6, 2, 2a,
8, 8 a-d"*.
These authors distinguish two varieties, chiefly according to the size, the largest
measuring 20 millim. in length and 9 millim. in diameter, both found with the typical
form by A. Morelet in Peten. ,
Chondropoma sargi (p. 18).
Cistula sargi, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 191, t. 42. figg. 4, 4a-1, 5, 5a,
and 6°.
To the localities given, add :—
[N. Guarema.a:] San Miguel de Tucuru, Alta Vera Paz (Sarg *).
Of this species, also, Fischer and Crosse distinguish two varities of minor importance,
found with the typical form, which differs from the nearly allied C. radiosum in the
finer sculpture (see their fig. 4¢ as compared with 16). They also figure the young
shell (figg. 4 d—f).
9 (a). Chondropoma martensianum.
Chondropoma martensianum, Pilsbry, Nautilus, xin. p. 140 (April 1900) *.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Mountains of Poana, Tabasco (Rovirosa !).
MOLLUSCA. 60t
Chondropoma kisteri (p. 18).
Cistula kiisteri, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 194, t. 42. figg. 7,7 a,b’.
To the locality given, add:—
N. Guatemata: San Miguel de Tucuru, Alta Vera Paz (Sarg*); Poctun, Vera Paz,
(Sallé>); Guatemala, without nearer indication of locality (Morelet 5).
Chondropoma largillierti (p. 19).
Cistula largillierti, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 196, t. 42. figg. 10, 10a, 6°.
Chondropoma (Cistula) largillierti, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 3817”.
_ To the localities given, add :-—
[Yucatan :] Carmen and Merida (Morelet®) ; Labna, Santa Ana near Calcehtok, Silam,
Merida, Tekanto, Tunkas, Uxmal, Sitilpech, and Tabi (Heilprin 1).
In the young, non-truncated shell of four whorls the first whorl is smooth and
globose and the umbilicus is rather broad.
Var. grateloupi.
Cistula grateloupi, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 198, t. 42. figg. 8, 8a, b, and 9”.
Fischer and Crosse treat C. grateloupi and C. largillierti as specifically distinct,
urging that in the former the sculpture is rather latticed by the comparatively stronger
spiral ridges and that the sutural denticles are united into groups (* fasciculatim
dilatatis’”). Pilsbry‘*, on the contrary, who had, like myself, a large number of
specimens before him, agrees with me “that a separation of the more coarsely ribbed
forms from the finely decussated examples is not practicable”; he states also that the
colour varies from a clear yellowish-white, with numerous rows of brown spots, to dark
red, and that also the shape of the shell is subject to great variation.
Chondropoma vespertinum (p. 19).
Chondropoma vespertinum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. i. p. 211, t. 41. figg. 7,7 a‘.
DIPLOMMATINA (p. 20).
Ancey [Journ. de Conch. xlvii. pp. 194-197 (1899)] states that four species of
American Diplommatine are now known: viz. our D. stolli; D. occidentalis, Guppy,
from the Island of Trinidad; D. limensis, from Peru; and D. tuema, Doring, from
Argentina. The two latter are placed by A. Doring [ Apuntes Faun. Moluse. Argentin.
pt. 5 (1884)] in his new genus Adelopoma; he remarks that it is not very probable
that all these have been accidentally introduced from India or Polynesia to the
American continent.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, December 1900. "6
602 SUPPLEMENT.
HELICINA (p. 28).
My subdivision I., Carinate, of this genus (anted, p. 28) is named Ozxyrhombus by
Fischer and Crosse [Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. p. 399 (1893)]; Il., Rostrate (antea,
p- 30), Caloplisma (of. Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 405); and V., Llate trochiformes,
Pyrgodomus (cf. Fisch. & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 440). It may be noted here that the
anatomical characters of the family Helicinide are also given by these authors (loc. cit.
pp. 390-398).
Helicina ghiesbreghti (p. 28).
Helicina ghiesbreghti, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 399, t. 55. figg. 5,5 a-c’;
Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 389°.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [S.B. Mexico:] Mountains of Poana, Tabasco » (Rovirosa 6),
Fischer and Crosse ®, evidently by mistake, quote the localities “ Honduras,” “ Nica-
ragua,” and “ Bugaba, Panama,” given by myself for H. amena and its varieties, under
this species.
Helicina amena (p. 28).
Helicina amena, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 401, t. 55. figg. 3,3 a-c, and 4" ;
Ancey, Ann. de Malac. ii. p. 259 (1886) ”.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [Honpuras:] Island of Utila (Simpson 1),
Helicina sowerbyana (p. 28).
Helicina sowerbyana, Fisch. & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. i. p. 444%.
These authors doubt the validity of this species, as well as its supposed locality,
Guatemala.
Helicina cinctella (p. 29).
Helicina cinctella, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 403, t. 55. figg. 6, 6 a—c, and
7, 7a-c*; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 332°.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [E. Mexico:] Orizaba® (Hetlprin, 1890 °).
Fischer and Crosse distinguish two forms of this species—cinctella, var. 6, Pfr.
(Monogr. Pneum. Vivent. ii. p. 216), and var. botteriana, Pfr. (their fig. 7); but as the
differences are very slight and gradual, and the localities are the same, they can
scarcely be regarded as anything more than individual variations.
MOLLUSOA. 603
Helicina rostrata (p. 30).
Helicina eed Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 465, t. 55. figg. 8, 8 a—c, and
9, 9 a-c?
To the aii given, add :—
Hab. [Cuntran Nicaragua :] Managua (Lothschuh, in Mus. Berol.).
Fischer and Crosse 1? distinguish the specimens without bands as var. simplex (their
figg. 9); they mention no particular locality for it.
Helicina zephyrina (p. 30).
Helicina zephyrina, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 407, t.5. figg. 10, 10 a—c, and
11 (living animal) *.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. {K. Mextco:] Tustepec, in the State of Oastien, Alvarado, Cosamalaopam, and
Vera Cruz (Sallé 2?)
The largest specimen I have seen measures 17 millim. in diameter and 143 in height,
the smallest full-grown one 12 millim. in diameter and 10 in height ; the first. mentioned
example was obtained by H. H. Smith at Atoyac, the small one at Cordova by Hoge.
Fischer and Crosse 7? state that the type specimens described by Duclos’ were collected
at Vera Cruz by A. Sallé.
Helicina cordillerz (p. 32).
Helicina cordillere, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 412, t. 57. figg. 1, 1 a~c, and
Bea’.
These authors state® that the exact locality for this species is the Rancheria del
Jacale, on the slope of the Pico de Orizaba, the highest inhabited place on the
voleano of that name, and near the limits of the snow, at an elevation of 3500 metres
above the sea, where it has been found by A. Salle. Most specimens have a single
well-defined dark red spiral band, placed at the periphery of the shell, and several
indistinct ones, but in some examples (their fig. 2) the peripheral band also is scarcely
visible.
One of Reeve’s figures, t. 17. fig. 151 (not 149, as quoted on p. 32), must be omitted
from the synonymy of this species.
Helicina funcki (p. 33). |
Helicina funcki, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 4 (1897) °; Ancey, Nautilus, xi. p. 87
(1897) °°.
To the localities given, add :—
E. Nicaragua: Greytown (Ancey 1°).
76*
604 SUPPLEMENT.
N.E. Costa Rica: San Miguel, valley of the Sarapiqui, 200 metres; Puerto Viejo
(Biolley ®); on the borders of the Rio San Juan (Pittier).
[E. Costa Rica :] Tuis, 600 metres (Biolley °, Pittier); Turrialba, 750 metres (Biolley).
Centrat Costa Rica: Azahar de Cartago and Tarbaca, 1500-1600 metres, only the
smaller varieties (Biolley). |
S.W. Costa Rica: Bay of Terraba, Tocori in the valley of the Rio Paquita, middle
part of the Rio Saveque and lower part of the Rio Pacuare ( Prétzer) ; El Pital, in
the valley of the Rio Naranjo, some specimens banded and others more elevated
(Pittier).
N. Panama: Monkey Hill, near Colon (Adllaud 1°).
Biolley says that this is the commonest species of the genus in Costa Rica, found
on the trunks of trees, the stems of plantains (J/usa), and also on the ground.
Helicina chrysocheila (p. 33).
Helicina chrysochila, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ui. p. 414°.
Var. shuttleworthi.
Helicina shuttleworthi, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 415°.
No additional localities are mentioned for this species.
Helicina tenuis (p. 34).
Helicina lindeni, Ancey, Ann. de Malac. ii. p. 258 (1886) *; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 416, t. 56. figg. 1, 1 a,b, 2, 24,6, 3, 3a, 6b”.
Helicina tenuis, var. chiapensis, Pilsbry, Proce. Acad. Phil. 1&92, p. 889”.
Helicina tenuis, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 5”.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. |S.E. Mexico:] Poana, Tabasco (Rovirosa 5).
Honpuras: East Coast, specimens of smaller size, 9 millim. in diameter, 74+ high
(Simpson 24).
N.E. Costa Rica: La Paz, on the road to the Rio Sarapiqui (Biolley 2”),
Centra Costa Rica: Alajuela, 900-1000 metres (Orosco).
S.W. Costa Rica: Turubares, 200 metres (Biolley?’); along the Rio de los Platanales
and the Golfo Dulce (Pittier).
Of the two specific names given to this species by Dr. Pfeiffer 216 in the same part
of the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1848, Fischer and Crosse prefer
indent, because it appears one page earlier; I have used tenuis, as the most
applicable. Pfeiffer himself separated them in his last publication [ Monogr. Pneum.
Vivent. iv. pp. 268, 276 (1876) | by seventy-cight species, referring the one to the group
without keel and the other to the “ Subcarinate.”
MOLLUSCA. 605
Helicina fragilis (p. 35).
Helicina fragilis, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1894, p. 332"; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
3
Moll. ii. p. 420, t. 57. figg. 7, 7 a,b (var. merdigera), 8, 8a,6 (var. elata), and 9, 9a,b
(normal form) *,
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [E. Mexico :] Orizaba (Heilprin 32),
A. Sallé13 has observed that this species covers itself with its own excrement,
probably for protection. The European Buliminus (Merdigerus) obscurus and some
species of Pupa have a similar habit.
Helicina succincta (p. 36).
Helicina succincta, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 422°.
Helicina raresulcata (p. 36).
Helicina raresulcata, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 423°.
Helicina arenicola (p. 36).
Helicina arenicola, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 3327; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 424, t. 56. figg. 8, 8 a—c®.
To the locality given, add :—
Hab. {N. Yucatan:] Silam, Ticul, Labna, Tabi, Uxmal, Tunkas, Santa Ana near
Calcehtok, and between Sitilpech and Tunkas, most abundant, as variable in
coloration as H. orbiculata, Say (Heilprin’).
Helicina punctisulcata (p. 36).
Helicina punctisulcata, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 427°.
Helicina durangoana (p. 37).
Helicina durangoana, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 426, t. 56. figg. 7, 7 a-c’.
These authors! think that this species belongs to the group of H. zephyrina.
Helicina delicatula (p. 37).
Helicina delicatula, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 427, t. 57. figg. 3, 3a-c
(var. unicolor), and 4, 44°.
Helicina oweniana (p. 38).
Helicina oweniana, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 339“; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient.
Mex., Moll. ii. p. 429, t. 56. figg. 4, 4.6,c¢ (normal form), 4a@ and 5, 5 a (var. coccinostoma),
t. 57. figg. 5,5a-c (var. anozona)”’; Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 5
(var. anozona) “*.
606 SUPPLEMENT.
To the localities given, add :-—
Hab. [S.E. Mexico :] Poana, Tabasco, “‘a rather aberrant variety, but in all probability
belonging to this species” (Fovirosa '*).
E. Costa Rica: Las Delicias, near Santa Clara, 400 metres (Svolley 1%: vars.
coccinostoma and anozona); Tuis, 600 metres (Pitter, Biolley: var. anozona).
Helicina notata (p. 38).
Helicina notata, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 431, t. 56. figg. 6, 6 a-c’.
Helicina flavida (p. 38).
Helicina flavida, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 433, t. 57. figg. 10, 10a, 6, and
11, lla (typical specimens of H. trossula, Morelet) ”; Pilsbry, Nautilus, x. p. 59 (1896) ».
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [F. Mexico:] San Rafael, Jicaltepec (Townsend 2°).
Honpvuras: Copan (v. Lhering).
Var. beatria (p. 39).
Helicina beatriz, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1894, p. 832 ™.
To the locality given, add :—
Hab. [K. Costa Rica:] ‘Talamanca (Pittier) ; Valley of Tuis (Pittier & Biolley) ; Santa
Clara, 200 metres (Biolley); Valley of Alta Coca, near Talamanca, 1000 metres 7
(Pittier) ; between Uiskur and Mokri, Alta Talamanca, further in Alta Uren, and
between Ukatschka and Bruschik, in Alta Taruria (Pittier).
A specimen from Santa Clara measures no less than 10 millim. in diameter and 9 in
height. Fischer and Crosse 2°, as well as Pilsbry 23, are inclined to treat this form as
specifically distinct from H. flavida, which perhaps would be the best way of dealing
with it. |
Helicina chryseis (p. 39).
Helicina chryseis, Vischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 440, t. 57. figg. 6, 6a, 6°.
Helicina borealis (p. 40).
Helicina borealis, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 435°.
These authors suggest that this may be a variety of H. durangoana, Mouss., next
which I have placed it in the table of the species (anted, p. 26). They are certainly
very similar in general aspect and in the form of the aperture; but /. borealis is of
larger size and comparatively more depressed than the rather conical H. durangoana.
Amongst more than a dozen specimens of H. borealis and two of H. durangoana
before me, the latter received from Mr. Forrer, there is, however, no intermediate
form.
MOLLUSCA. 607
Helicina dysoni (p. 40). :
Helicina dysoni, Ancey, Ann. de Malac, ii. p. 255 (1886) ° ; Simpson, Nautilus, xi. p. 13 (1897) °.
To the localities given, add:—
Hab. [Honpuras:] Island of Utila, in a grove of the prickly thatch-palm (Thrinar
radiatus), living ones on the underside of its leaves, dead shells on the ground
(Simpson ® 6),
Var. bocourti (p. 40).
Helicina dysoni, var. bocourti, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 437, t. 56. figg. 10,
10. a, 6°. :
Helicina lirata (p. 41).
Helicina lirata, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 8332”; Nautilus, xiii. p. 189”; Fisch. & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 398 *.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [S.E. Mexico:] San Juan Bautista (Hége); garden of the Juarez Institute, in
the same town (fovirosa °°).
[Yucatan :] Labna (Heilprin 2).
[N. Guatemata:] Panzos (Conradt).
S.W. Costa Rica: Alto de Mano Tigre, 690 metres (Pittier).
Var. rusticella (p. 41).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. 8.W. Costa Rica: El Pozo, in the shingle (gravices) of the Rio Grande de Terraba
(Pittier). |
Var. unidentata (p. 41).
Helicina lirata, var. unidentata, Ancey, Ann. de Malac. ii. p. 264 (1886) '°*,
To the locality given, add :—
Hab. [Honpuras:] Utila Island (Szmpson "*).
TROCHATELLA (to follow the genus Helicina, p. 42).
Trochatella, Swainson, Treatise of Malacology, p. 337 (1840) ; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Pneum. Vivent.
i. p. 328.
This genus is nearly allied to Helicina, from which it may be known by the absence
of the callosity covering the middle part of the lower face of the shell. It has hitherto
been limited to the West Indies, and its occurrence in Utila affords another instance of
the prevalence of Antillean types in this island: cf. Cylindrella, supra, p. 286.
1. Trochatella simpsoni, |
Trochatella simpsoni, Ancey, Ann. de Malac. ii. p. 253 (1886) °.
Shell conical, of a straw-yellow colour, not shining.
Diam. 24, alt. 24, apert. 17 millim.
Hab. Honpvras: Utila Island (Simpson ').
608 SUPPLEMENT.
SCHASICHILA (p. 43).
Schasichila nicoleti (p. 43).
Schasichila nicoleti, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 451, t. 54. figg. 4, 4a-h°.
Schasichila pannucea (p. 43).
Schasichila pannucea, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. il. p. 448, t. 54. fige. 5,5 a’.
Var. misantlensis.
Schasichila pannucea, var. 8. misantlensis, Fischer & Crosse, loc. cit. p. 449, figg. 5 6-d".
Somewhat larger, pale yellowish, summits rose-coloured.
Diam. 12, alt. 9 millim.
Hab. E. Mexico: Misantla (Strede/).
Schasichila alata (p. 44).
Schasicheila alata, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p.332"; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex.,
Moll. ii. p. 447, t. 54. figg. 6, 6a”.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. (FE. Mexico:] Misantla (Strebel 1”); Orizaba (Heilprin *").
4. Schasichila fragilis.
Schasicheila fragilis, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 891’.
“Differs from S alata and pannucea in the smaller size, more fragile texture, and the very much shallower
notch at the upper termination of the outer lip.”
Diam. 6, alt. 44 millim.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Diente near Monterey, State of Nuevo Leon (Mr. & Mrs. Rhoads").
5. Schasichila vanattai.
Schasicheila vanattai, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 391".
‘“‘ Distinct by the strong peripheral keel.”
Diam. 6—6°8, alt. 4:3-5°5 millim.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Diente, with the preceding species (Mr. & Mrs. Rhoads ')
6. Schasichila hidalgoana.
Schasicheila hidalgoana, Dall, Nautilus, xi. p. 62 (1897) *.
Trochoid depressed, with a rather pointed spire ; periphery obscurely keeled.
Diam. 12, alt. 84, apert. 6 millim.
Hab. CentrRaL Mexico: Encarnacion, State of Hidalgo (Z. W. Nelson 1).
Doultful Species.
Schasichila minuscula.
Helicina minuscula, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 29°.
Schasicheila minuscula, Pfr. Monogr. Pneum. Vivent., Suppl. ii. p. 2477; Paetel, Catal. Conch.
MOLLUSCA. 609
Samm. 1883, p. 192, and 1889, p. 502°; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii.
p. 452, t. 54. fige. 7, 7a, b4.
Schasicheila minima (* Pfr.”’), Strebel, Beitr. Mex. Land- u. Siissw. Conch. iv. p- 98 (without
description), t. 3. fig. 6 (1880) °.
Conical-globose, almost smooth, yellowish.
Diam. 44, alt. 3 millim.
Hab. Mexico ®.
Pfeiffer 1? did not know the habitat of this species: Paetel® gives ‘‘ Mexico.” ‘The
specimen described and figured by Fischer and Crosse + was obtained from the dealer
Gust. Schneider, with the locality Misantla, as given by Strebel. Strebel himself ®
figures a Schasichila, without describing it, and without stating how much his figure
was magnified. 8. fragilis, Pilsbry, possibly belongs to the same species, but it is
somewhat larger than Fischer and Crosse’s specimen.
PROSERPINA (p. 44).
Proserpina (Ceres) eolina (p. 44).
Ceres eolina, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 382, t. 54, figg. 2, 2 a-c’.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [E. Mexico:] Cerro de Palma*, Sierra de Matlaquihahuilt, near Toxpam
(Sallé 8).
Proserpina (Ceres) sallwana (p. 45).
Proserpina (Ceres) salleana, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 332°.
Ceres salleana, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 383, t. 54. figg. 3, 3a-d".
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. (E. Mexico:| Orizaba, both the red and the buff forms (Heilprin®); Cerro de
Palma, on the ground, unaccompanied by P. eolina (Sallé’).
2 (a). Proserpina (Ceres) nelsoni.
Ceres nelsoni, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. 1. p. 668, t. 55. figg. 1, 2°; Dall,
Nautilus, xii. p. 27 (1898) ®.
“< More evenly divided by the keel, more depressed and larger ” than P. eolina or P. salleana, varying in colour
from pale lemon to deep orange.
Diam. 30, alt. 11 millim.
Hab. N. Cenrrat Mexico: Pilitla near San Luis Potosi (EL. W. Nelson | 2).
Proserpina (Proserpinella) berendti (p. 45).
Proserpinella berendti, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scieut. Mex., Moll. i. p. 377, t. 54. figg. 1, la-d*.
ig The name of this place was incorrectly given as “Cerro de Plumas ” for this and other species in the
earlier part of this volume, as supposed by Fischer and Crosse.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, January 1901. oi
610 —- SUPPLEMENT.
GLANDINA (p. 46).
Glandina sowerbyana (p. 55).
Glandina sowerbyana, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 5 (1897).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. N.E. Costa Rica: San Carlos and Sarapiqui (Biolley 8); Puerto Viejo, at the
foot of trees (Biolley). |
[E. Costa Rica :] Turrialba and Reventazon, 500 metres (Biolley 18).
CENTRAL Costa Rica: San José, 1161 metres (Biolley 1).
S.W. Costa Rica: Turubares, 250 metres (Biolley 8); Alto de Mano Tigre,
690 metres, and Terraba, 200-300 metres (Pittier, 1891); El Pital, in the
valley of the Rio Naranjo (Pittier, 1893).
Biolley 18 states that this species, the largest and finest of the genus found in Costa
Rica, chiefly inhabits the “ tierra caliente,” and that all the specimens from the elevated
central plain are of smaller size, however full-grown, measuring only 35-40 millim. in
length.
Glandina coulteri (p. 56).
Biolley (/oc. cit. p. 6) enumerates this species also from Costa Rica. This is probably
an error in determination, as I have never seen a specimen of it among the various
representatives of the genus collected by himself and sent to me for determination by
P. Godet of Neufchatel.
6 (a). Glandina michoacanensis.
Glandina michoacanensis, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 397°.
“‘ Obesely fusiform, coarsely and irregularly plicate and finely plicatulate longitudinally, the foldlets cut into
oblong grains; dark dull reddish, with an irregular pale sutural border.”
Long. 48°5, diam. 20°5, apert. 25-7 millim.
Hab. CENTRAL Mexico: Uruapam, State of Michoacan (Mr. & Mrs. Rhoads),
Glandina ghiesbreghti (p. 58).
Glandina ghiesbreghti, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 338°; and in Nautilus, xiii. p. 1397.
To the locality given, add :—
Hab. 8.E. Mexico: San Juan Bautista in Tabasco (Rovirosa 6 ),
Glandina decussata (p. 58).
Pilsbry [ Nautilus, x. p. 59 (1896)] mentions a species of the decussata-group of this
genus, not adult, found by Prof. Townsend at San Rafael, Jicaltepec, Vera Cruz: this
may belong to Strebel’s @. ¢ened/a. Stearns [Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 95 (1891)]
MOLLUSCA. 611
ates that G. decussata has also been found in Texas, in the Painted Cave, at the
mouth of the Pecos river, by W. Lloyd. :
Glandina cumingi (p. 59).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. Centra Nicaragua: Managua (Rothschuh).
S.W. Costa Rica: Alto de Mano Tigre, near Terraba, 690 metres (Pittier, 1893).
[Panama :] Chiriqui (Schliter).
Glandina liebmanni (p. 61).
Glandina liebmanni, Rolle, Nachrichtsbl. deutsch. malak. Ges. 1895, p. 129”.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [S.W. Mexico:] Colima (Rolle 12).
- Glandina audebardi (p. 62).
Glandina audebardi, Rolle, Nachrichtsbl. deutsch. malak. Ges. 1895, p. 129”.
To the localities given, add :-—
Hab. [S.W. Mzxico:] Colima (Rolle 2°: forms a and 5).
16 (a). Glandina rhoadsi.
Glandina rhoadsi, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 395°.
Near G. longula, but without trace of spiral striation ; suture only weakly crenulate, not marginate ; smoother
than G. liebmanni and G. audebardi.
Long. 45-52, diam. 163-18, apert. 23-24 millim.
Hab. N.K. Mexico: Diente, near Monterey, State of Nuevo Leon (Mr. & Mrs.
Rhoads *).
16 (s). Glandina pittieri, sp. n. (Tab. XLIV. fig. 5.)
Shell nearly cylindrical, with crowded fine vertical strie, yellow; suture finely crenulated and distinctly
margined by a spiral furrow below it; 7 whorls, the uppermost forming a very obtuse summit, the
penultimate comparatively long, just above the aperture, 3 as long as the antepenultimate, last whorl
comparatively shorter; aperture distinctly less than half the length of the whole shell; columellar
margin well arcuated, very obliquely truncated.
Long. 40, diam. 14, apert. 17 millim.
Hab. E. Costa Rica: between Mokri and Ukatschka, near Talamanca (Pittier, Sept.
1898, in Mus. Berol.).
Glandina largillierti (p. 67). | :
Glandina cylindracea (Phillips), Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 311”.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. | Yucatan :] Tekanto, Tabi, Ticul, Tunkas, Sitilpech, Izamal, Labna, and Merida
Heilprin 4). |
va
612 SUPPLEMENT.
28 (a). Glandina dalh.
Glandina dalli, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 396 °.
Near G. bellula, but of narrower form, with longer and narrower aperture ; suture simple ; also more lengthened
than G. oblonga and not so stout as G. ambigua.
Long. 16-20, diam. 6°2-6°3, apert. 9°5-9°8 millim.
Hab. NE. Mexico: Diente, near Monterey (Mr. & Mrs. Rhoads ').
Glandina aurantiaca (p. 69).
Glandina aurantiaca, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 6 (1897) *
To the locality given, add :—
Hab. N.E. Costa Rica: Puerto Viejo, from the mouth of the river of this name to the
Rio Sarapiqui (Biolley 2); San Miguel, on the road to the Rio Sarapiqui (Biolley).
E. Costa Rica: Turrialba and Tuis, 500-650 metres (Biolley 2, Pittier) ; Santa Clara,
200-500 metres (Biolley 2) ; Talamanca (Pittier).
S.W. Costa Rica: Valley of Baca (Pittier, January 1898); Terraba (Pittier, 1891).
Specimens received from Talamanca and Turrialba measure 29-30 millim. in length
and 13 in diameter, the aperture 15-16 millim.
30 (a). Glandina underwoodi.
Glandina sp., Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 6 (1897) °.
Oleacina underwoodi, Fulton, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 212, t. 6. fig. 9 (1897) *.
Near G. aurantiaca, but broader and of a uniform dark chestnut-brown colour ; suture marked by a furrow.
Long. 21, diam. 104-11, apert. 94 millim.
Hab. Cenrrat Costa Rica: Azahar de Cartago, 1500 metres (Biolley 1, Underwood ?).
30 (s). Glandina chiriquiana.
Glandina chiriquiana, S. I. Da Costa, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iv. p. 66, t. 7. fig. 2 (1900) °.
Very like G. underwoodi, but smaller and with the pillar-lip white.
Long. 19:5, diam. 9; apert. long. 9, lat. 4°5 millim.
Hab. S. Panama: Chiriqui?.
Glandina speciosa (p. 71).
Glandina (Varicella) speciosa, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 311°.
Pilsbry’s specimens were from Orizaba (Herprin °), whence I have already recorded
the species.
35 (a). Glandina iheringi.
Glandina iheringi, Pilsbry, Nautilus, xiv. p. 4 (1900) °.
Somewhat allied to G. cordovana and G'. speciosa, biconic, striated to the base, with occasional dark chestnut
or purplish-brown varices.
Long. 22, diam. 124, apert. 143 millim.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Alta Vera Paz (v. Lhering 3).
MOLLUSCA. 613
Glandina albersi (p. 75).
Glandina albersi, Rolle, Nachrichtsbl. deutsch, malak. Ges. 1895, p. 129°.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Colima (Rolle 1),
Var. solidior.
Glandina albersi, var. solidior, Rolle, loc. cit. p. 129°.
Shell thicker and narrow, penultimate whorl lon ger.
Long. 40 millim.
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Colima (Rolle).
Glandina monilifera, var. pulcherrima (p. 76).
Lo the localities given, add :—
Hab. Cuntrat Costa Rica: Alajuela, 900 metres (Pittier).
SALASIELLA (p. 81).
Salasiella joaquine (p. $1).
Salasiella joaquine, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 663, t. 71. figg. 8, 34,6’.
Salasiella perpusilla (p. 83).
Oleacina perpusilla, Ancey, Ann. de Malac. ii. p. 245 (1886) °.
Glandina (Salasiella) perpusilla, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 311”.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [K. Mexico:] Hills around Orizaba (Hezlprin *).
Honpuras: Utila Island (Simpson ®).
The specimens from Utila measure 5 millim. in length and 2 in diameter.
Salasiella pulchella (p. 83).
Salasiella pfeifferi, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 398°.
To the locality given, add :-—
Hab. S.W. Costa Rica: Turubares (Biolley).
Pilsbry has changed the name of this species, which was first described as an Achatina
by Dr. Pfeiffer, on account of the prior Achatina pulchella, Spix; but as the latter
is an Ortalichus, and therefore not likely to be confounded with a Salasiella, this
alteration is not necessary.
6. Salasiella elegans. (Tab. XLIV. figg. 1, 1.)
Salasiella elegans (v. Martens), Rolle, N achrichtsbl. deutsch. malak. Ges. 1895, p. 129°.
614 SUPPLEMENT.
Turrite, very shining, not at all granulatad, yellow; spire obtusely convex: suture moderately impressed ;
columella much excavated.
Long. 113, diam. 34, apert. 4 millim.
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Colima (folle 1).
STREPTOSTYLA (p. 83).
The subgenus Oryzosoma of Pilsbry is here treated as a separate genus, vide infra,
p. 640.
Streptostyla nigricans (p. 90).
Streptostyla nigricans, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 338”.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [S.E. Mexico :] Mountains of Tabasco (Rovirosa 1°).
Streptostyla mitreformis (p. 90).
Streptostyla mitreformis, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 6 (1897) °.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. Centrat Costa Rica: La Palma, 1600 metres (Biolley®); Azahar de Cartago
(Biolley).
Biolley ® states that this and other species of the genus live at the roots of trees, in
moss or on the underside of decaying leaves, and never in numbers together.
Streptostyla delattrei, var. edwardsiana (p. 91).
Streptostyla edwardsiana, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 311 ”.
Pilsbry’s specimens were from Orizaba (Heilprin'>), whence I have already
recorded it.
8 (a). Streptostyla novoleonis.
Streptostyla novoleonis, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 397".
Near S. shuttleworthi, but short in the spire, markedly cylindrical, with the columella only weakly twisted.
Long. 16-17, diam. 6°7—7, apert. 11:38-12 millim.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Diente near Monterey, State of Nuevo Leon (Mr. & Mrs. Rhoads").
This is by far the most northern locality for a species of the present genus.
Streptostyla turgidula (p. 95).
Streptostyla turgidula, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 7 (1897) °.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. Centrau Costa Rica: La Palma, 1600 metres, Tarbaca, 1700 metres, and Azahar
de Cartago (Biolley °).
MOLLUSCA. 615
Streptostyla labida (p. 96).
Streptostyla labida, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 7°.
To the locality given, add :—
Hab. Centra Costa Rica: Slope of the Volcan de Barba, at an elevation of 1600
metres (Biolley ®), |
Streptostyla lurida (p. 96).
To the localities given, add :-—
Hab. N.E. Costa Rica: San Miguel (Biolley).
15 (a). Streptostyla chiriquiana, n. n.
Streptostylus flavescens, 8.1. Da Costa, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iv. p. 66, t. 7. fig. 1 (1900)
(nec Shuttl., 1852) *.
Swollen, yellowish. yrwefva r9r7 4.730
Long, 22, diam. 11, apert. 11 millim.
Hab. N. Panama: Chiriquil.
15 (3). Streptostyla nebulosa.
Streptostyla nebulosa, Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xix. p. 364, t. 33. fig. 4 (1896) *.
Near S. lurida (bocourti), but of more oval form, less pointed, and with a less elevated spire.
Long. 22, diam. 10 millim.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: San Cristobal, Chiapas (E. W. Nelson 1).
Streptostyla delibuta (p. 97).
Streptostyla delibuta, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 7 **.
Hab. Centrat Costa Rica: Slope of the Volcan de Irazu and of the Volcan de Barba,
1500 to 2000 metres, Tarbaca and Azahar de Cartago *’, 1500 to 1700 metres, and
El Roble, between the Volcan de Irazu and Turrialba, 1700 metres (Biolley).
Var. crassa (p. 97).
To the localities given, add =o
Hab. Cenrrat Costa Rica: La Palma (Biolley).
Streptostyla ventricosula (p. 97). |
Streptostyla ventricosula, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 7°.
“s
To the localities given, add :— .
Hab. [Cenrrat Costa Rica :] La Palma (Biolley °: var. major).
The commonest species of the genus in Central Costa Rica.
616 SUPPLEMENT.
Streptostyla viridula (p. 98).
Streptostyla viridula, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 7°.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. N.E. Costa Rica: Puente de Tierra, on the road to the Rio Sarapiqui, 600 metres
(Biolley *).
E. Costa Rica: Tuis, 600 metres (Biolley 2); Schkuluk in Alta Uren (Pittier, 1898) ;
between Mokri and Ukatschka, Alta Talamanca (Pittier, 1898).
CentraL Costa Rica: La Hondura, on the Carrillo road, 1000 metres (Biolley *) ;
slopes of the Volcan de Barba (Biolley, in Mus. Berol.).
Streptostyla flavescens, var. boucardi (p. 99).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. E. Costa Rica: Cabeceras de Tarazu, 2000 metres (Biolley).
CENTRAL Costa Rica: Alajuela (Pittier, 1893); Tarbaca (Biolley).
S.W. Costa Rica: Diquis, below Terraba, 100 metres, and Cafias Gordas, 1200 metres
(Pittier).
Streptostyla physodes (p. 99).
Streptostyla physodes, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 311”.
To the localities given, add :— ‘
Hab. (E. Mexico :]| Orizaba (Hetlprin 1*); Atoyac (H. H. Smith).
Streptostyla sololensis (p. 101).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. S.W. Costa Rica: at the foot of large trees in the forest of Palmar, in the valley
of the Rio Grande de Terraba (Pittier).
Streptostyla meridana, var. cobanensis (p. 101).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. EK. Costa Rica: Bruschik in Alta Tararia (Pittier, Sept. 1898).
Streptostyla vexans (p. 102).
Streptostyla vexans, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 311°.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. |E. Mrxico :] Orizaba (Heilprin *); Vera Cruz (Hoge).
Streptostyla sargi (p. 102).
Streptostyla sargi, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 662, t. 71. figg. 1, la’.
MOLLUSCA. 617
Var. pallidior.
Streptostyla sargi, var. pallidior, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xxiv. p. 384, t. 11. figg. 1b, ¢
(1876) °; Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 662, t. 71. figg. 2, 20°,
Pale coloured, with longitudinal whitish streaks,
Long. 16, diam. 6, apert. 7 millim.
Hab. N. Guaremata: Coban (Sarg > °).
Var. championi, n. (Tab. XLIV. fig. 4.)
Comparatively a little more ventricose, golden-yellow, with faint paler streaks.
Long. 15, diam. 6, apert. 7 millim.
Hab. N. Guatemata: Sabo in Vera Paz (Champion).
33 (a). Streptostyla (Pittieria) bicolor, sp.n. (Tab. XLIV. fig. 6.)
Testa turrita, solidiuscula, levissime striatula, nitida, rufescenti-fusca, zona subsuturali lata sulphurea ; spira
elongate conica, apice obtusiuscula ; anfr. 74, primus minutus, papilleformis, secundus globosus, ambo
unicolores, fusci, sequentes regulariter crescentes, paululum convexiusculi, sutura appressa, sulco marginata,
ultimus basi sensim attenuatus, convexiusculus, antice non deflexus; apertura subperpendicularis, elliptica,
sed superne et basi angulata, peristomate simplici, obtuso, intus fusco-limbato, fauce griseo-cerulescenti,
margine externo supra leviter, infra magis arcuato, marg. basali rostratim producto, marg. columellari
leviter incrassato et levissime spiratim torto, basi truncato.
Long. 21, diam. 103; apert. long. 10, diam. 54 millim.
Hab. K. Costa Rica: Uiskar in Alta Talamanca (Pittier, 1898).
A very handsome shell, but difficult to place, for which I propose the new subgeneric
name Pittieria. In the scheme of coloration and the smooth shining surface it agrees
with various species of Streptostyla, e. g. S. nigricans and S. mitreformis; but the
columella is scarcely twisted and at the lower end distinctly truncate.
From Glandina it differs in the very smooth shell, without granulation, and in the
columella not being concavely bent.
OMPHALINA (p. 104).
5 (a). Omphalina montereyensis.
Omphalina montereyensis, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 395 -
Near O. paradensis, but much more depressed.
Diam. 12, alt, 6 millim.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Diente, near Monterey, State of Nuevo Leon (Mr. d& Mrs. Rhoads).
Omphalina modesta (p. 110). ?
Omphalina modesta, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 7’.
To the localities given, add :— 3
Hab. N.E. Costa Rica: La Paz, 750 metres (Biolley *).
Centrat Costa Rica: La Palma, 1600 metres (Biolley ay,
Found at the foot of trees and beneath decayed leaves.and trunks (Lvolley *).
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, January 1901. "8
618 SUPPLEMENT.
Omphalina veracruzensis, var. jalapensis (p. 111).
Zonites a jalapensis, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 668, t. 71. ee 4,
4a-c°
Omphalina carinata (p. 113).
Zonites iciat ai carinatus, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. 11. p. 663, te 71.
figg. 5, 5a”
HYALINIA (p. 113).
Hyalinia glomerula (p. 115).
Hyalinia glomerula, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 8°.
To the locality given, add :—
Hab. E. Costa Rica: Tuis and Turrialba, 550 to 600 metres (Biolley ').
CrentTraL Costa Rica: La Palma, 1600 metres (Biolley 1).
Hyalinia hoffmanni (p. 115).
Hyahnia hoffmanni, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 8 *.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. E. Costa Rica: Tuis, 800 metres (Biolley).
Centra Costa Rica *: San José, 1160 metres (Biolley 1).
S.W. Costa Rica: El Pital, valley of the Rio Naranjo, 200 metres (Pittier, 1893).
Hyalinia arborea (p. 116).
Hyatinia arborea, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 8 “.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. Centrau Nicaragua: Matagalpa (Rothschuh, in Mus. Berol.).
CentraL Costa Rica: common at an elevation of from about 1500 metres upwards,
on the slope of the Volcan de Irazu and on that of the Volcan de Barba
(Biolley *); La Palma, under moss, Cacti, or the decaying trunks of trees,
1500 metres (Biolley 4, Pittier).
S.W. Costa Rica: Quebrada de Java, in the valley of the Rio Brus, 900 metres,
under felled trunks (Pitter) ; Cafias Gordas, in the savana region (Pittier).
BK. Costa Rica: Waldeck, near Madre de Dios, under old Cactus (Pitéier).
Hyalinia indentata (p. 117).
Hyalinia indentata, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 8".
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. Cuytrau Costa Rica: San Cristobal, south-east of San J osé, and on the slope of
the Volcan de Barba, 1500 metres (Biolley 14).
* The locality “ El Roble” previously cited (p. 115) is also in Central Costa Rica.
MOLLUSCA. , 619
Hyalinia stolli (p. 118).
Hyatnia stolli, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 8°.
To the localities given, add :-—
Hab. N.E. Costa Rica: Puerto Viejo, in the “ tierra caliente” (Biolley*).
Biolley ! also gives San José as a locality, whence I have already recorded the species.
GUPPYA (p. 118).
Guppya championi (p. 119).
Guppya championi, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 9°.
To the localities given, add :—
[CentraL Costa Rica :] San Cristobal and Tarbaca, to the south of San José, 1500 to
1800 metres, in half-cleared localities, beneath rotten trunks and decaying leaves
(Biolley +).
Guppya trochulina (p. 120).
Guppya trochulina, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 9”.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. N.K. Costa Rica: Puerto Viejo (Biolley 1°).
EK. Costa Rica: between Mokri and Ukatschka, Alta Talamanca (Pittier, Sept.
yo90).
[ CENTRAL oe. Rica:] La Palma, 1600 metres (Biolley 1°); San Cristobal, 1800
metres (Biolley); San Francisco de Guadelupe, near San José, in hedges
(Pittier).
S.W. Costa Rica: El Pital, valley of the Rio Naranjo, 200 metres (Pittier); Quebrada
de Java, in the valley of the Rio Brus, 900 metres (Pitter).
Guppya angasi (p. 120). (Tab. XLIV. fig. 2.) |
Hyalinia (Stenopus) .angasi, Tryon, Manual of Conch, (2) ii. p. 182, t. 54. fig. 17 (copied from
Angas) (1886) *.
To the locality given, add :— es
Hab. [E. Costa Rica:] between Mokri and Ukatschka, Alta T alamanca (Pittier, Sept.
1898). ae
SW. Cosra Rica: Quebrada de Java, 900 metres, Cafias Gordas (Pittier).
In renaming this species angasi (anted, p. 120) I was unaware of the fact that ~
had already been done by Tryon, and for the same reason, viz. that * guildingt
was preoccupied. I figure a specimen which seems to belong to it, the one given by
Angas not being very satisfactory. It is recognizable by the narrow whorls, and by the
distinct keel of the last one.
78*
620 SUPPLEMENT.
Guppya pittieri (p. 121).
Guppya pittieri, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 9°.
Guppya biolleyi (p. 121).
Guppya biolleyi, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 9°.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. N.E. Costa Rica: Sarapiqui, 200 metres (Biolley +).
Guppya micans (p. 121). (Tab. XLIV. fig. 3.)
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. E. Costa Rica: Bruschik, Alta Tararia (Pilsbry, Sept. 1898).
I refer to this species two Costa Rican specimens collected by H. Pittier at the
above-mentioned locality, the larger one being here figured. They are very shining,
and of a golden-yellow colour, distinctly perforated and rounded at the periphery, as
in the figure given by Angas.
[12. Guppya hopkinsi.
Guppya hopkinsii, Dall, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1900, p. 97, t. 8. figg. 5, 6, and p. 105 (anatomy) *.
Depressed, of reddish horn-colour, shining below, periphery rounded.
Diam. 6, alt. 43 millim.
Hab. Cocos Istanp: on leaves (Heller & Snodgrass, 1899 1).
This is probably the Conulus sp. found by H. Pittier on the same island (¢/f.
v. Martens, Sitzungsberichte naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, 1898, p. 156). The locality,
which is about midway between the Isthmus of Panama and the Galapagos Is., can
hardly be regarded as belonging to our region, still there is no harm in mentioning
the species here. |
PSEUDOHYALINA (p. 124).
Pseudohyalina minuscula (p. 124).
Pseudohyalina minuscula, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 8”.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. Cenrrat Costa Rica: San José, 1161 metres, beneath dead leaves, and on the
slope of the Volcan de Barba, 1500 metres (Biolley 28).
S.W. Costa Rica: Rio Naranjo, 200 metres (Pitter).
Pilsbry [Manual of Conchology, (2) ii. p. 202] says that it is also found in
Venezuela.
MOLLUSCA. 621
PATULA (p. 126).
Pilsbry, in Tryon’s ‘Manual of Conchology,’ (2) ix. p. 42, substitutes the name
Pyramidula, Fitzinger (1833), for Patula, Held (1837). Fitzinger, led chiefly by the
external form, proposed Pyramidula for the pyramidal Helix rupestris, Discus for. the
flat, blunt-angulated H. rotundata, and Gonyodiscus for the flat, sharply-keeled
H. perspectiva, Meg.=solaria, Menke, and he placed the two latter far distant from the
first. Held recognized the natural affinity of all three and named the whole Patula.
Pyramidula has precedence only for a subdivision, including H. rupestris, but excluding
H. rotundata and H. solaria, and to use it in the extended sense of Patula is really
not a rehabilitation, but a mere innovation.
Pilsbry (Joc. cit. p. 54) also unites the species enumerated by me under the sub-
genus Thysanophora, of Patula(anted, pp. 128, 129), with those referred to the subgen.
Acanthinula, of Helix (anted, pp. 130-132), under the one genus, Thysanophora, and
includes in it Microphysa, Albers; he says that they are widely separated from
Pyramidula (Patula) by the absence of a parapodial groove, but it has not been ascer-
tained as yet that this is the case in Mexican and Central-American forms. He places
Thysanophora in his tribe “‘ Teleophallogona” of the Helicide.
1 (a). Patula strigosa.
Heliz strigosa, A. Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1846, p. 18'; U.S. Expl. Exped., Mollusca,
p- 36, t. 3. figg. 41, 41a, 6°; Pfr. Monogr. Helic. Vivent. i. p. 121°; Binney, Terr. Moll.
N. Am. iv. p. 28, and v. t. 26a@*; Land and Freshw. Shells N. Am. i. p. 72, fig. 121°.
Patula strigosa, Binney, Manual Am. Land Shells, p. 165, fig. 151°; Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat, Mus.
Kix. p. 335",
A large species of about 25 millim. in diameter and 13 in height, variable in coloration, usually with several
narrow dark spiral bands.
Hab. N.W. Mexico: San José Mountain, Sonora (Dr. Mearns").
Extends northward from New Mexico, on the Rio Pedro, to the British possessions
in N.W. America, and eastward of the Rocky Mountains at least as far as
long. 108°, and also occurs in Eastern Oregon *~*.
According to Binney ° it is viviparous.
Patula wilhelmi (p. 128).
Patula wilhelmi, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 10 .
Patula (Thysanophora) conspurcatella (p. 128).
Thysanophora conspurcatella, Pilsbry, Nautilus, xiii, p. 189 (1900) ’.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. S.E. Mexico: San Juan Bautista (Rovirosa’).
622 SUPPLEMENT.
4(a). Patula (Thysanophora) proxima.
Thysanophora proxima, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 394".
“ Similar to 7’. conspurcatella, but with more elevated spire, narrower umbilicus, and far wider spaced, oblique,
cuticular riblets.”
Diam, 3°1, alt. 2°8 millim. Whorls 44.
Hab. Cuntrat Mexico: Uruapam, Morelia, Patzcuaro, and Huango [ Huingol, State of
Michoacan (Mr. & Mrs. Rhoads 1).
The same author indicates also a species allied to 7. ceca from Morelia, Michoacan,
but does not name it.
Patula (Thysanophora) paleosa (p. 129).
Patula paleosa, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 664, t. 71. figg. 10, 10 a-c’.
' These authors’ specimens were from Jalapa, whence I have already recorded the
species.
HELIX (p. 129).
Subgen. ACANTHINULA (p. 130).
Helix punctum (p. 131).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. Crntrat Costa Rica: San José, under dead leaves (Biolley); San Francisco
Guadelupe, near San José, in hedges, 1200 metres (Pittier).
Helix guatemalensis (p. 132).
Helix guatemalensis, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 664, t. 71. figg. 9, 9a, b°*.
Subgen. Tricuopiscina (p. 133).
Pilsbry, in Tryon’s ‘ Manual of Conchology,’ (2) ix. pp. 196-199, places Trichodiscina
as a section of the larger genus Epiphragmophora, Doring (subdivision ‘“ Belogona
Euadenia” of the Helicide), which comprises many Campylea-like South-American
species of the old genus Helix; but he remarks, at the same time, that 7richodiscina
cannot be certainly placed till its anatomical characters are better known.
Helix cordovana (p. 135).
Helix (Trichodiscina) cordovana, Rolle, Nachrichtsbl. deutsch. malak. Ges. 1895, p. 130°.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [E. Muxtco:] Atoyac (Hoge).
S.W. Mexico: Colima (folle ®).
MOLLUSCA, 623
Helix suturalis (p. 136).
Helix suturalis, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluy. de Costa Rica, pid",
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. N.E. Cosra Rica: Puerto Viejo, 121 metres (Biolley®’).
Helix sumichrasti (p. 137).
Helix (Trichia) sumichrasti, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 664, t. 71. figg. 8, 8a’.
Helix sargi (p. 137).
Helix (Aglaia) sargi, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 664, t. 71. figg. 6, 6 a, b*.
Helix macneili (p. 137).
Helix macneili, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p- 10°.
Epiphragmophora (Averellia) macneili, Pilsbry, in Tryon’s Manual of Conch. (2) ix. p. 197°.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [E. Costa Rica:| Tuis, 600 metres (Biolley 5).
[S.W. Costa Rica:] Alto de Mano Tigre, 690 metres (Pittier).
Pilsbry ° adopts a distinct subgenus (Averellia, Ancey) for this very peculiar species,
leaving it, however, close to Trichodiscina.
Subgen. PRatIcoLELa (p. 138).
This division is placed by Pilsbry, in Tryon’s ‘Manual of Conchology,’ (2) ix.
pp. Xxxili and 67, as a distinct genus in the tribe Protogona of the Helicide, wanting
flagellum, dart, and mucous glands.
Helix ampla (p. 138).
Praticolella ampla, Pilsbry, Nautilus, x. p. 59 (1896) °.
Helix (Patula) ampla, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p, 663, t. 71. figg. 8, 8a°.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [E. Mexico :| San Rafael, Jicaltepec (Cockerell*).
14(a). Helix strebeliana.
Praticolella strebeliana, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 394°.
Near the preceding (H. ampla), rather depressed, pale corneous.
Diam. 10°2-12, alt. 6-5—7°5 millim.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Diente, near Monterey, State of Nuevo Leon (Mr. & Mrs. Rhoads").
Helix berlandieriana, var. griseola (p. 140).
Helix (?) (Praticola) griseola, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 313”.
Praticolella griseola, Pilsbry, Nautilus, x. p. 59”.
624 SUPPLEMENT.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [E. Muxico:] San Rafael, Jicaltepec (Cockerell *°).
[S.E. Mexico :] San Carlos, due east of Oaxaca, in open country with shrubby
vegetation of Cacti and Mimose (Hoge).
N.W. Costa Rica: Guanacaste (Jus. Berol.: from a dealer).
Pilsbry’s specimens ®9 were from Vera Cruz, whence I have already recorded the
species.
Subgen. Artonta (p. 142).
Pilsbry, in Tryon’s ‘ Manual of Conchology,’ (2) ix. p. 67, places H. flavescens in the
subgenus Praticolella (see anted, p. 623); and (loc. cit. pp. 199, 200) H. trypanom-
phala and H. magdalenensis in the subgenus Epiphragmophora, with the other North-
American Arionte.
Helix magdalenensis (p. 144).
Epiphragmophora magdalenensis, Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xix. p. 339°.
Of this species Mr. Dall? notices a variety from the San José Mountain, Sonora
(Dr. Mearns). We states? that H. magdalenensis also occurs in California, at altitudes
between 900 and 6000 feet.
Helix aspersa (p. 145).
Helix aspersa, Stearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 96 (1891) *.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. |CenrraL Mexico:| Puebla (Meaican Geographical Commission, U.S. Nat.
Mus.}®),
The acclimatation of this species at Santiago in Chile has been noted by P. Strobel
[Atti della Soc. Ital. Scienze Nat. xi. p. 552 (1868)].
Subgen. Lysinoii (p. 145).
Pilsbry, in Tryon’s ‘ Manual of Conchology,’ (2) ix. p. 191, follows me in uniting the
three species humboldtiana, eximia, and ghiesbreghti under one group, Lysinoé, Adams,
to which he gives generic value, at the same time placing it among the ‘* Belogona
Euadenia”’ of the Helicide. Von Ihering (1892), on the contrary, and H. Fischer
(1899), separate H. humboldtiana as a distinct subdivision, Humboldtiana, from Lysinoé ;
but they agree also in stating that it differs anatomically from the species of the
European group Pomatia. ‘The subgeneric name proposed by Fischer and Cross for
H. eximia and H. ghiesbreghtt has been changed by H. Fischer (1899) to Priodontura,
Odontura being preoccupied.
MOLLUSCA. . 625
Helix humboldtiana (p. 147),
Helix humboldtiana, Stearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p- 96 (1891)*; Ihering, Zeitschr. fiir
wissensch. Zool. liv. p. 54 (1892) (anatomy) *; Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xlvii. pp. 297-304
(with anatomical figures) (Dec. 1899) *,
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. Texas, Altada, 5000 feet above the sea (W. Lloyd *°),
Foot of the living animal not provided with a serrated keel as in H. ghiesbreghti and
H. eximia. The anatomical examination of the species *6 27 shows that it cannot be,
as suggested by Stearns25, a form of some European Pomatia, introduced by the
Spaniards into Mexico.
f. queretaroana.
Helix (Lysinoé) queretarvana, Dall, Nautilus, xi. p. 73 (1897) *.
Pale yellow-brown, without banding, with more pointed spire and less depressed apex.
Diam. 39, alt. 37 millim.
Hab. Cuntrat Mexico: Pinal de Amoles, Queretaro (Nelson 28),
21(a). Helix sebastiana.
Helhz (Lysinoé) sebastiana, Dall, Nautilus, xi. p. 73 (1897) '.
Of a dark plum hue, which, where covered by the brownish epidermis, appears nearly black, with three whitish
bands, the undermost at the periphery ; sculpture consisting of irregular minute vermiculations; more
depressed than H. eaximia, and with 43 whorls only ; aperture ample, produced above, the lip slightly
thickened, the pillar-lip broadly reflected over a moderate umbilicus.
Diam. 40, alt. 30 millim.
Hab. W. Mexico: San Sebastian, Jalisco ( Nelson ').
Subgen. Oxycuona (p. 152).
Pilsbry, ‘ Nautilus,’ xi. p. 87 (1897), has found that the typical species of this sub-
genus, Helix bifasciata, Burrow, from Brazil, agrees in its anatomical characters with
Otostomus auris-leporis, Brug. It is not likely that the Costa-Rican and Guatemalan —
forms referred by me to Oxychona, which differ somewhat from H. difasciata in the
structure of the shell (this not being so very smooth and shining), really belong to the
Goniognatha, and they will therefore require a new subgeneric name when their
anatomical characters are made out. In his general classification of the Helicide
(‘Manual of Conchology,’ (2) ix. p. 189 (1894) |, Pilsbry had treated Oxychona as a distinct
genus among the “ Belogona Euadenia.”
Helix adela (p. 158). :
Helix adela, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 10°.
To the locality given, add :—
Hab. Cuntrat Costa Rica: Azahar de Cartago, 1500 metres (Biolley 2).
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, January 1901. 79
626 SUPPLEMENT.
S.W. Costa Rica: Alto de Sapote, between Bacé and El General, 1200 metres
(Pitter, Jan. 1898).
Helix costaricensis (p. 158).
Helix costaricensis, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 117.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. N.E. Costa Rica: Puente de Tierra, on the road to the Rio Sarapiqui (Biolley*).
E. Costa Rica: Caché (Rogers); Santa Clara, 250 metres (Biolley7); between Mokri
and Ukatschka, and between Uiskar and Mokri, Alta Talamanca (Pitter,
Sept. 1898); Valley of Tuis (Pittver, 1893).
The largest specimen sent by Biolley measures 32 millim. in the greatest and 25 in
the least diameter, and 15 millim. in height.
Subgen. SoLaropsis (p. 159).
The anatomy of this subgenus or genus being unknown to Pilsbry, he could not give
it a definite place in his classification. But my friend Fr. Wiegmann has since examined
a specimen of the Brazilian H. (Solaropsis) heliaca, d’Orb., and comes to the conclusion
that it belongs to the tribe “‘ Epiphallophora”: see Fr. Wiegmann, Nachrichtsblatt
der deutsch. malak. Ges. 1900, p. 178.
Helix tiloriensis (p. 159).
To the locality given, add:—
Hab. N.E. Costa Rica: Puerto Viejo, at the confluence of the Rio Viejo and the Rio
Sarapiqui, on leaves (Biolley).
Helix sigmoides (p. 160).
Pilsbry places this species in the genus Thysanophora (see above, p. 621) [* Manual
of Conchology,’ (2) ix. p. 57].
Helix tenuicostata (p. 161).
According to Pilsbry, in Tryon’s ‘ Manual of Conchology,’ (2) ix. p. 184, this doubtful
species is synonymous with H. troscheli, Pfr., section Hemitrochus, from Cuba. But
the late Dr. Pfeiffer, who had specimens of both in his own collection, treats the two
as distinct, and places them widely apart in his last work (Monogr. Helic. Vivent. vii.
pp. 273, 400).
POLYGYRA (p. 162).
This genus belongs to the tribe “ Protogona” of Helicide: see Pilsbry, in Tryon’s
‘Manual of Conchology,’ (2) ix. p. xxxiii.
~MOLLUSCA. 62
~I
Polygyra couloni (p. 167).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [E. Mexico :| Quilate, near Misantla (Hége).
Polygyra bicruris (p. 168).
Polygyra bicruris, Rolle, Nachrichtsbl. deutsch. malak. Ges. 1895, p. 180%.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. 8.W. Muxico: Colima (Rolle 4).
Polygyra richardsoni (p. 168).
Polygyra richardsoni, Rolle, Nachrichtsbl. deutsch. malak. Ges. 1895, p. 1307.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. 8.W. Mexico: Colima (Rolle 1).
Polygyra acutedentata (p. 172).
Helix (Polygyra) unguifera, Mousson, Journ. de Conch. xxxi. p. 216, t. 9. fig. 1 (1883)"; Fischer
& Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 665, t. 71. figg. 11, 11 a, 5". .
The following species are unknown to me :—
18. Polygyra nelsoni.
Polygyra nelsoni, Dall, Nautilus, xi. p. 74 (1897) *.
Hab. W. Mexico: San Sebastian, Jalisco (EZ. W. Nelson 1).
19. Polygyra rhoadsi.
Polygyra rhoadsi, Pilsbry, Proc. Ac. Phil. 1899, p. 392°.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Topo Chico, near Monterey, Nuevo Leon (Mr. & Mrs. Rhoads 1).
Closely allied to P. implicata.
20. Polygyra suprazonata.
Polygyra suprazonata, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 893 *
Reddish-brown, with a wide whitish band along the periphery.
Diam. 10-2-12, alt. 5°7-6-5 millim.
Hab. Centran Mexico: Tzintzuntzan, State of Michoacan (Mr. & Mrs. Rhoads ').
21. Polygyra matermontana.
Polygyra matermontana, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1896, p. 16, t. 3. figg. 10-12".
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Sierra Madre Mountains, Colima’.
Also stated to occur in Texas}.
7°
628 SUPPLEMENT.
22. Polygyra ponsonbyi.
Polygyra ponsonbyi, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1896, p. 17, t. 2. figg. 1-3 -
Hab. Mexico, exact locality not known !.
23. Polygyra euglypta.
Polygyra euglypta, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1896, p. 18, t. 2. figg. 7-9".
Hab. N.W. Mexico: Sinaloa, Mazatlan !.
24. Polygyra albicostulata.
Polygyra albicostulata, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1896, p. 18, t. 2. figg. 4-6°.
Hab. Merxtco, exact locality not known!?.
STROBILA (p. 172).
Pilsbry has renamed this genus Strobilops, on account of Strodila being preoccupied
by Sars for a stage of evolution of Medusa aurita; I do not think that this was needed,
as Strobila, Sars, cannot stand as a distinct genus in the zoological system.
LABYRINTHUS (p. 175).
Pilsbry, in Tryon’s ‘ Manual of Conchology,’ (2) ix. pp. xxxv & 94, treats Labyrinthus
as a section of Pleurodonte, Fisch. Waldh., of the tribe ‘‘ Epiphallophora.” ‘Teeth
of the radula all unicuspid, as in Caracolus, according to Semper.
Labyrinthus triplicatus (p. 176).
Labyrinthus triplicatus, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 11°.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. N.E. Costa Rica: San Miguel, on the road to the Rio Sarapiqui, about 500 metres
(Biolley °).
Pittier has sent me a specimen of it, measuring 27 millim. in diameter and 14 in
height.
Labyrinthus quadridentatus (p. 176).
Labyrinthus quadridentatus, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 11°.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [S.W. Costa Rica:] Guaitil de Pirris, about 800 metres (Biolley >); Alto de Mano
Tigre, near Terraba, 690-700 metres, in woods (Pittier); El Pozo, Rio Grande de
Terraba, El Pital, Valley of the Rio Naranjo, 200 metres (Pittier).
Var. minor.
Diam. maj. 164, min. 14, alt. 10 millim.
MOLLUSCA. 629
Hab. 8.W. Costa Rica: Quebrada Chenarria, Golfito, and banks of the Rio Coto, both
near the Golfo Dulce (Pittier).
: ORTALICHUS (p. 179).
Ortalichus princeps (p. 182).
Orthalicus princeps, Rolle, Nachrichtsbl. deutsch. malak. Ges. 1895, p. 131.
Ortalichus princeps, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 11”.
Oxystyla princeps, Pilsbry, Nautilus, xiii. p. 189 (1900) ”.
Lo the localities given, add :—
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Colima (Rolle 18).
S.E. Mexico: State of Tabasco (Rovirosa 20).
N.E. Costa Rica: Region of the Sarapiqui, 100-200 metres (Biolley 9).
K. Costa Rica: Santa Clara (Biolley 1°).
S.W. Cosra Rica: Rio Grande de Terraba, in the virgin forests, and Alto de Mano
Tigre, 690 metres (Pittier).
S. Panama: Bugaba (Champion).
These additional localities show more completely the distribution of this species,
from Mazatlan and Misantla to Panama.
Var. elegans. (Tab. XLIV. fig. 15.)
Orthalicus elegans, Rolle, loc. cit. p. 181”.
Hab. 8.W. Mexico: Colima (Rolle 21).
This is only an attenuated variety of O. princeps; I give a figure from Rolle’s
specimen, now in the Berlin Museum.
Ortalichus tricinctus (p. 185).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. {[Centrat Nicaragua :| Managua (Rothschuh, in Mus. Berol.).
Ortalichus zoniferus (p. 186).
Orthalicus zoniferus, Rolle, Nachrichtsbl. deutsch. malak. Ges. 1895, p. 131°; Fischer & Crosse,
Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 666, t. 72. figg. 7, 7 a*.
To the localities given, add :-— |
Hab. [S.W. Mexico :] Colima (folle *).
Var. nobilis. (Tab. XLIV. fig. 16.)
Orthalicus nobilis, Rolle, loc. cit. p. 131°.
Hab. S.W. Mexico: Colima (Rolle ®).
An attenuated variety of O. zoniferus, corresponding to the var. elegans of O. princeps.
I figure Rolle’s specimen, now in the Berlin Museum.
630 SUPPLEMENT.
Ortalichus ponderosus (p. 190).
Orthalicus ponderosus, Rolle, Nachrichtsb]. deutsch. malak. Ges. 1895, p. 180 .
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [S.W. Mexico :] Colima (Rolle *).
OTOSTOMUS (p. 191).
Otostomus josephus, var. concolor (p. 202).
Otostomus josephus, var. concolor, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 12’.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. %. Costa Rica: Turrialba, Tuis and Santa Clara (Biolley 3).
Biolley * states that he has never found this species in such an elevated locality as
San José, a habitat cited by Angas on Boucard’s authority.
Otostomus dunkeri, var. forreri (p. 207).
Otostomus dunkeri, var. forreri, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 666, t. 72.
figg. 4,4a™.
11 (a). Otostomus chaperi.
Bulimulus chaperi, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xl. p. 296 (1892) *, and xli. p. 81, t. 1.
figg. 1, 2 (1893) (living animal) *; Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 666,
t. 72. figg. 5,5 a,b’. |
Similar to Bulimulus proteus, Brod., in general figure and coloration, but not granulated. Aperture large,
lip expanded.
Long. 43, diam. 25 millim.; apert. long. 26, diam. 17-19 millim.
Hab. N. Centra Mexico: Mescala Island, in the Laguna de Chapala, State of Jalisco
(Chaper 1°),
11(s). Otostomus colimensis, (Tab. XLIV. fig. 9.)
Otostomus colimensis, Rolle, Nachrichtsbl. deutsch. malak. Ges. 1895, p. 130°.
Near O. chaperi, Crosse & Fisch., and O. fenestrellus, v. Mart., differing from the former in the expanded
aperture and from the latter in the more attenuated (not ventricose) form.
Long. 31, diam. 15, apert. 15 millim.
Hab. 8.W. Mexico: Colima (Rolle),
Otostomus ghiesbreghti, var. iodostylus (p. 210).
Otostomus iodostylus, Rolle, Nachrichtsbl. deutsch. malak. Ges. 1895, p. 180.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. |S.W. Mexico :]| Colima (Rolle 14).
Otostomus recluzianus, var. lineolatus (p. 213).
Otostomus recluzianus (var. lineolatus), Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 12.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. CentRaAL Costa Rica: common on the high tableland of Costa Rica, better
\
MOLLUSCA. 631
developed in higher localities; San J osé, 1161 metres, Azahar de Cartago, 1500
metres, and Tablazo, 1600 metres (Biolley 1).
Otostomus attenuatus (p. 215).
Otostomus attenuatus, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 12".
To the localities given, add:—
Hab. |Cuntrat Costa Rica:] one of the commonest species of the genus on the central
tableland of Costa Rica, and found in the hollow trunks of Ficus? (** higueron ”)
and Erythrina (“ poré”); the typical form of the species at Cartago, 1442 metres,
the var. concolor ieotatcdl in various localities, the var. varicosus at San José, the
var. pottiert at Cartago (Biolley 18) *,
[S.W. Costa Rica:] Valley of Diquis, 800 metres (Pittier : var. pittieri).
Otostomus costaricensis (p. 217).
Otostomus costaricensis, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de.Costa Rica, p. 137.
Biolley’ gives Cartago and San José as localities, whence I have already recorded it.
Otostomus emeus (p. 222).
Bulimulus palpalaensis, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 667, t. 72. figg. 6, 6 a—c’”.
Otostomus irazuensis (p. 224).
Otostomus trazuensis, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 13 *.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. {Cuyrrat Costa Rica:] Tierra Blanca, on shrubs of Cestrum sp. (“ zorillo”), all
the varieties previously indicated by me (anted, p. 224) together, the var. ¢ rarer
than the others; Pueblo de Cot, also on the slope of the Volcan de Irazu
(Biolley +); Estrella de Cartago (Biolley, 1898).
Otostomus tripictus, var. hoffmanni (p. 225).
Otostomus tripictus, var. hoffmanni, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 14°.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [Cunrrat Costa Rica:] Tarbaca, 1700 metres, south of San José, and on the
slope of the Volcan de Barba, 1600 metres (Biolley *).
Otostomus sulfureus (p. 225).
Otostomus sulfureus, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 14 -
To the localities given, add :— | |
Had. NE. Costa Rica: San Juan, Sarapiqui, 100-200 metres, typical form (Biolley !*).
E. Cosra Rica: Turrialba, typical form, Tuis and Santa Clara (Pittier and Biolley ').
* Among the shells sent by Biolley to P. Godet, of Neufchatel, the var. varicosus, from Cartago, is
present.
632 SUPPLEMENT.
CentraL Costa Rica: San José, 1161 metres, and Cartago, 1442 metres, var. obesus
(Biolley 12) ; El Tablazo, white specimens (Biolley !”).
W. Costa Rica: San Mateo, 200 metres (Biolley 12).
Biolley !2 states that the var. citronellus is the commonest form of O. sulfureus in
Costa Rica, but that as it ascends the coloration becomes duller. Pilsbry | Nautilus, x.
p. 59 (1896)] mentions a peculiar variety from San Rafael, Jicaltepec, E. Mexico, with
five reddish bands, the umbilical and basal continuous, those above interrupted and
forming square spots. Is this 0. emeus?
Otostomus alternans (p. 230).
Otostomus alternans, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 14”.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [N. Guatemata:] Sabo in Vera Paz (Champion).
[CenTRAL GUATEMALA :] Capetillo, near Antigua (Champion).
[CentraL Costa Rica :] San José, 1161 metres, and Cartago, 1442 metres (Biolley?9).
W. Costa Rica: Valley of Diquis, near Terraba, 100 metres (Pittier).
BULIMULUS (p. 238).
Bulimulus schiedeanus (p. 239).
Bulimulus schiedeanus, Binney, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xi. no. 8, p. 160, t. 3. fig. K (jaw and radula)
(1883) *,
Bulimulus alternatus (p. 243).
For further particulars concerning this species, see also Stearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xiv. p. 99 (1891).
Dall [ Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xix. p. 357 (1896)] describes a var. nigromontanus from
the summit of the Black Mountain, Sonora.
Bulimulus corneus (p. 246).
Bulimu/us corneus, Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 15".
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [E. Costa Rica:] Turrialba (Biolley }*) ; Moin Hill, near Limon (Pittier).
W. Costa Rica: San Mateo (Biolley 1°); Turubares, 200 metres (Biolley) ; Lagarto,
on the banks of the Rio Diquis (Pittier).
Biolley 1° states that this species is generally found on the ground, whereas the
brighter-coloured Otostom? live on trees.
MOLLUSCA. 633
’ Dall [Proc. US. Nat. Mus, ea p. 354 (1896)] states that Bulimulus pallidior,
Ow.» @ species inhabiting Lower California, “is represented by a very slightly modified
variety on the mainland as far south as Costa Rica ”; and that Bulimulus baileyi is
supposed to have been found at Hermosillo, in Sonora. For the former, see Sowerby,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, p. 72; Pfeiffer, Monogr. Helic. Vivent. ii. p. 61; Binney, Land
and Freshw. Shells of N. Am. i. p. 190, figg. 340, 341: among the numerous Costa
Rican shells received during recent years from H. Pittier and P. Biolley, I have not
found anything like it.
EUCALODIUM (p. 254).
Kucalodium blandianum (p. 258).
Lucalodium blandianum, vay. minor, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p- 665, t. 72.
fier, 22a",
Long. 61, diam. 122, apert. 14 millim.
For this species, Pilsbry and Dall [Nautilus, ix. p. 51 (1895)] propose a new section,
Oligostylus, the axis in EF. blandianum being straight and smooth, and the radula
narrower (36 lateral teeth, in E. ghiesbreghti 65).
2 (a). Eucalodium sumichrasti.
Eucalodium sumichrasti, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xxvi. p. 250 (1878) *; xxvii. p. 46,
t. 2. fig. 2°; Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 665, t. 72. figg. 1, la®.
Intermediate between Z£. blandianum and E. decollatum.
Long. 65, diam. 20, apert. 14 millim. Whorls 8.
Hab. $.E. Mexico: State of Chiapas (Sumichrast }-),
Kucalodium cereum (p. 263).
Eucalodium cereum, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 666, t. 72. figg. 8, 3a’.
23. Eucalodium hippocastanum.
Eucalodium hippocastanum, Dall, Nautilus, xi. p. 61 (1897)’.
Differs from E. bowcardi in its smaller size, dark chestnut-brown colour, less sharp sculpture, and the presence
of spiral lines.
- Long. 32, diam. 9-2, apert. 8 millim.
Hab. W. Mexico: San Sebastian, State of Jalisco (£. W. Nelson ').
24. Kucalodium dalli, n. n.
Anisospira strebeli, Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xix. p. 353, t. 33. fig. 7 (1896) *.
Not so large and stout as Z. iebmanni, shorter and more slender than Z. hyalinum, whitish, with trumpet-
like aperture.
Length (decollated) 29, diam. 10 millim.
Hab. W. Mexico: Huilotepec, State of Oaxaca (H. W. Nelson *).
As there is already an E. (Anisospira) strebeli, Pfeffer (1887) (cf. antea, p. 265), the
name of this species must be changed.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, February 1901. 80
634 SUPPLEMENT.
CCELOCENTRUM (p. 267).
Celocentrum filicosta (p. 272).
Eucalodium (Ceelocentrum) filicosta, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 315°.
To the locality given, add :—
Hab. [E. Mrxico:] hills around Orizaba (He?/prin §).
12. Celocentrum acanthophorea.
Celocentrum acanthophorea, Dall, Nautilus, xi. p. 62 (1897) °.
Pale yellow-brown, with 15 whorls remaining, suture with a sharp-edged thread on each side ; aperture —
projecting ; small spines like the rays of a star projecting into the lumen of the last whorl.
Long. 30, diam. 7, apert. 4°7 millim.
flab. Centra Mexico: Encarnacion, State of Hidalgo (EZ. W. Nelson 1).
13. Celocentrum nelsoni.
Ceelocentrum nelsoni, Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xix. p. 352, t. 33. figg. 5, 6 (1896) '.
Long. 53, diam. 18 millim.
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Tuxtla (EZ. W. Nelson ').
14. Celocentrum pfefferi.
Calocenirum pfeffert, Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xix. p. 352, t. 33. figg. 1, 2 (1896) *.
Shorter, stouter, and less cylindrical than C. turris.
Long. 48, diam. 15 millim.
Hab. 8.K. Muxico: Ocozocoautla (Otozucuantla) in Chiapas, 1200 metres (EZ. W.
Nelson 1).
HOLOSPIRA (p. 273).
Dall [Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xviii. pp. 3-5 (1895), xix. pp. 346, 347: Nautilus,
ix. p. 50 (1895)] subdivides this genus as follows :—
Subgen. Horospira, s. str. Axis with a plait in the penultimate whorl, and with basal, parietal,
and peripheral lamelle projecting into the lumen of that whorl: H. pulocerei, goldfussi,
goniostoma.
Sect. Bosrricnocentrum, Strebel and Pfeffer. Axis moderate, with a continuous plait extending
nearly the whole length, but with no lamelle: H. tryvni, veracruziana, 0.
Sect. Haprostemma, Dall. Axis moderate, with a short stout axial lamella in the penultimate
whorl only: H. mearnsi, Dall, from New Mexico.
Sect. Eupistemma, Dall. Penultimate whorl with a short axial and a parietal lamella only ;
axis moderate: H. arizonensis.
Sect. Disromosrrra, Dall. Penultimate whorl with a short Strong axial and a basal lamella ;
axis moderate, smooth: H. bilamellata, Dall, from New Mexico.
Subgen. Metastoma, Strebel and Pfeffer. Axis smooth, without plait or sinuosity ; penultimate
whorl without lamellae: H. remeri, pfeifferi, remondi, coahuilensis, semisculpta.
Subgen. Ca:tostemma, Dall. Axis vertically ribbed as in Calocentrum; shell otherwise as in
Metastoma: H. elizabethe.
MOLLUSCA. 635
Subgen. Hoxospira, s. str. (p. 273).
See the Monograph of this division by Crosse and Fischer [Journ. de Conch. xl.
pp. 256-279, t. 5 (1892)], who, however, exaggerate the differences between Holospira
and Epirobia (cf. anted, p. 283); the gap in the geographical distribution on which
they rely is now somewhat completed by H. teres, var. hégeana, H. berendti, and
H. veracruziana.
Holospira tryoni (p. 276).
Holospira tryoni, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xl. p- 267, t. 5. figg. 5, 5 @ (1892) ”.
Holospira gealei, Crosse & Fischer, loc. cit. p. 271, t. 5. figg. 2,2a”.
2 (a). Holospira veracruziana.
Holospira (Bostrichocentrum) veracruziana, Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xviii. p. 4 (1895) ’;
xix. p. 350”.
Closely resembling the enlarged figure of H. microstoma, Pfr., but with a shorter apical cone and larger
aperture.
Long. 174 millim. Whorls 17.
Hab. Ki. Mexico: Misantla (Mearns } 2),
3. Holospira elizabethe.
Holospira elizabethe, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1889, p. 89, t. 3. figg. 1-5; Stearns, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. xii. p. 211 (1890)*; Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xl. p. 272, t. 5.
figg. 6, 6a (1892) *.
Holospira claviformis, v. Mart. antea, p. 277, t. 16. figg. 10-16 (1897) *.
Pilsbry’s specimens were from the same locality as mine, and obtained by the same
collector; the living animal is figured by him !, figg. 3, 5.
Dall [Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xviii. p. 3 (1895)] has proposed for this species a
subgenus Celostemma, characterized by the axis being vertically ribbed as in
Colocentrum.
Holospira pilocerei (p. 278).
Holospira pilocerei, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xl. p. 265, t. 5. figg. 3, 3.a, 4, 4a (1892) *.
This species is, in Dall’s arrangement, taken as the type of the subgenus Holospira,
s. str., characterized by the axis being provided with a plait in the penultimate whorl
and with basal, parietal, and peripheral lamelle. Crosse and Fischer (loc. cit.) also
figure a variety of somewhat larger size, figg. 4, 4a, without mentioning a definite
locality for it.
Holospira coahuilensis (p. 279).
Holospira coahuilensis, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xl. p. 274, t. 5. figg. 1, 1 @ (1892) °.
Holospira semisculpta, Crosse & Fischer, loc. cit. p. 275",
80*
636 SUPPLEMENT.
Holospira remondi (p. 279).
Holospira remondi, Crosse & Fischer, Journ. de Conch. xl. p. 262, t. 5. figg. 8, 8a’.
Holospira teres (p. 279).
Holospira teres, Crosse & Fischer, loc. cit. p. 264, t. 5. figg. 9, 9a (var. 8)’.
Holospira pfeifferi (p. 280).
Holospira pfeifferi, Crosse & Fischer, loc. cit. pp. 260, 261, t. 5. figg. 7, 7a (var. minor) "°.
Holospira goniostoma, (p. 280).
This species also belongs to Holospira, s. str., in Dall’s arrangement.
11 (a). Holospira pilsbryi.
Holospira (Metasioma) pilsbryi, Dall, Proc. U.S: Nat. Mus. xviii. p. 4 (1895) '.
Shell externally almost exactly like that of A. tryoni, Pfr., as figured by Crosse and Fischer, but with the
axis smooth, without plait or sinuosity.
Long. 13, diam. 4 millim. Whorls 14, among which two are nuclear and the six following increase in
diameter.
Hab, Centrat Mexico: Puebla (Mearns 1).
Also stated to occur in Arizona (Dr. Palmer 1).
Holospira apiostoma (p. 283). (Tab. XVII. fig. 4.)
The reference to our figure was accidentally omitted on p. 283.
Holospira spelunce (p. 284).
Cylindrella spelunce, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 315, t. 15. figg. 15, 15a’.
To the locality given, add :—
Hab. Yucatan: cave at Tabi, Ticul and between Sitilpech and Tunkas (Heilprin 5).
Pilsbry * states that the specimens collected at these localities seem to connect this
species with H. (Cylindrella) morini.
Var. dubia,
Cylindrella spelunce, var. dubia, Pilsbry, loc. cit. p. 316, t. 15. figg. 14, 14a’,
A more slender form, always truncated and decidedly smaller.
Long. 10, diam. 13-2 millim. Remaining whorls 12-13.
Hab. Yucatan: Labna (Heilprin ®).
_ Holospira morini (p. 285).
The reterences to our figures of two of the varieties of this species were accidentally
omitted on p. 285: var. pulchella (Tab. XVIL. figg. 3, 3 a); var. salping (Tab. XVII.
fig. 5).
MOLLUSCA. 637
CYLINDRELLA (p. 286).
Cylindrella bourguignatiana, (p. 286).
Cylindrella bourguignatiana, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 3167; Simpson, Nautilus, xi.
p- 13 (1897) °. ;
Pilsbry thinks that this species is allied to C. spelunce, C. morini, and C. subtilis
(which are here referred to the subgenus Epirobia of Holospira), although the shell
is always truncated, and has the base compressed into an acute carina.
Simpson? states that his specimens were found in a prickly thatch-palm grove
(Thrinax radiatus) on Utila Island, the types described by Ancey! having been found
- by him.
MACROCERAMUS (p. 287).
Macroceramus concisus (p. 287).
Macroceramus concisus, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p- 316”.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. | Yucatan :] Izamal, Merida, Tekanto, Tunkas, between Tunkas and Sitilpech,
Ticul, Uxmal, and Santa Ana, near Calcehtok, very abundant (Heilprin it),
CreytraL Costa Rica: Santa Clara, 2000 metres (Biolley, 1895).
Var. arctispirus. °
Macroceramus gossei, var. arctispirus, Ancey, Ann. de Malac, ii. p. 242 (1886) *; Pilsbry, loc. cit.
p- 316”.
Hab. Yucatan: Merida, Tekanto, Tunkas, &c. (Heilprin }8).
Honpvuras: Utila Island (Simpson !* 18).
- This is, according to Pilsbry %, a small form of M. concisus, exactly corresponding
with the smaller specimens which occur with the typical ones in Yucatan.
Macroceramus kieneri (p. 289).
Macroceramus kieneri, Binney, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. p. 202 (with figure) (1890) *.
: OPEAS (p. 291).
Opeas subula (p. 291).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. E. Costa Rica: Moin Hill, near Limon (Pittier).
Opeas micra, var. caracasense (p. 294).
Rumina (Opeas) caracasensis, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 318 a
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [S.W. Mexico:] San Carlos, east of Oaxaca ( Hoge).
E. Costa Rica: Moin Hill, near Limon, and Bruschik, Alta Tararia, near Talamanca
(Pittier).
Pilsbry 18 also records it from Orizaba and Vera Cruz (Heilprin }8).
638 . SUPPLEMENT.
10. Opeas patzcuarense.
Opeus patzcuarense, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 399°.
Minute, slender, slowly tapering, glossy and smooth.
Long. 3, diam. 0°8 millim. Whorls 73. :
Hab, Cuntrau Mexico: Patzcuaro, State of Michoacan (Mr. & Mrs. Rhoads‘).
11. Opeas odiosum.
Opeas odiosum, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 899°.
Slender, turrited, completely imperforate, translucid, glossy, irregularly scored by unequally spaced longi-
tudinal grooves, which are similar in character to those of Hyalinia indentata.
Long. 6-9, diam. 2, apert. 1-5 millim. Whorls 83.
Hab. Cuntrau Mexico: Patzcuaro (Mr. & Mrs. Rhoads 1).
12. Opeas rhoadse.
Opeas rhoadse, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 399°.
Similar in sculpture and colour to the preceding (O. odiosum), also wholly imperforate, but perceptibly more
slender in the spire, with smaller apex.
Long. 7, diam. 1°7-1-9, apert. 1:6 millim. Whorls 9-94.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Diente, near Monterey, State of Nuevo Leon (Mr. & Mrs.
Rhoads"), ;
SUBULINA (p. 296).
Subulina octona (p. 298).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [E. Costa Rica :] Moin Hill, near Limon (Pittier).
[S.W. Costa Rica:] middle part of the Rio Pacuare del Sur, thermal springs of
Djiri-Durunia, 800 metres, and valley of Baia (Pittier).
Var. trochlea (p. 299).
Rumina (Subulina) trochlea, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 189] » p. 318”,
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [Yucatan :] Izamal (Heilprin 29).
Pilsbry agrees with me in treating S. trochlea as a variety of &. oetona.
PSEUDOSUBULINA (p. 301).
Pseudosubulina berendti (p. 301).
Var. occidentalis.
Pseudosubulina berendti, var. occidentalis, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 398 °,
Distinguished by the weaker, less crowded rib-strie and wider aperture.
Long. 127-15, diam. 2:8-3-2, apert. 2:8-3 millim. Whorls 114-12.
Hab. W. Mexico: Uruapam, State of Michoacan (Mr. & Mrs. Rhoads *).
MOLLUSCA. 639
1 (a). Pseudosubulina texoloensis.
Pseudosubulina texoloensis, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 398".
‘The shortness of the whorls and the contraction of the upper part of the spire are the more prominent
features of this species. The columella is much more strongly truncated than in P. berendti.
** Long. 9:2, diam. 2:5, apert. 2 millim.” Whorls 103.
Hab. EB. Mexico: Salto de Texolo, State of Vera Cruz (Mr. & Mrs. Rhoads').
SPIRAXIS (p. 305).
Spiraxis miradorensis (p. 309).
Pseudosubulina (Volutaxis) miradorensis, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 312’.
To the locality given, add :—
Hab. |K. Mexico :] Orizaba (Heilprin 2).
Spiraxis similaris (p. 310).
Volutazis similaris, Pilsbry, Nautilus, x. p. 59 (1896) ’.
To the locality given, add :—
Hab. [E. Mexico:] San Rafael, Jicaltepec (Townsend ”).
15. Spiraxis uruapamensis.
Spirazxis uruapamensis, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 398°.
More obtuse than S. sulciferus, whorls more convex than in S. tenuecostatus.
Long. 5-2, dian. 2 millim.
Hab. W. Mexico: Uruapam, State of Michoacan (Mr. & Mrs. Rhoads').
LEPTINARIA (p. 312).
Biolley [Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 16], who incorrectly gives the name of
this genus as Leptinotarsa *, mentions three species from Costa Rica, without naming
them, found in moss and at the foot of trees.
Leptinaria pittieri (p. 317).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [E. Costa Rica | Bruschik, Alta Tararia, near Talamanca, 250 metres (Pittier,
Sept. 1898).
Leptinaria crenulata (p. 318).
To the locality given, add :—
Hab. N.E. Costa Rica: La Paz, on the road to the Rio Sarapiqui (Biolley, Dec. 1892).
Leptinaria costaricana (p. 320).
To the localities given add :— |
Hab. E. Costa Rica: Bruschik, Alta Tararia, near Talamanca (Pitter, Sept. 1898).
* A genus of Phytophagous Coleoptera.
640 SUPPLEMENT.
TORNATELLINA (p. 323).
(2. Tornatellina pittieri. (Tab. XLIV. fig. 10.)
Tornatellina pittieri, v. Mart. Sitzungsb. Ges. nat. Freunde in Berlin, 1898, p. 157’.
Testa sinistrorsa, imperforata, conoideo-turrita, solida, levigata, nitida, albido-cornea ; spira elongata, apice
obtusiusculo, sutura impressa, simplice; anfr. 64, convexiusculi, ultimus basi rotundatus; apertura 4
longitudinis vix superans, sat obliqua, lanceolata, margine externo leviter arcuato, tenui, antrorsum
convexo, marg. basali anguste rotundato, marg. columellari valde arcuato, basi perdistincte oblique
truncato, pariete aperturali plica valida intrante compressa munito.
Long. 94, diam. 4; apert. long. obliqua 33, diam. 2 millim.
Hab. Cocos Isuanp: in the Pacific, about halfway between the west coast of Costa Rica
and the Galapagos Islands (Pittier 1).
Although this locality is not really included within the scope of the present work, I
have thought it worth while to mention this and the following species, the genus being
represented on the 8.W. coast of Nicaragua and the island belonging politically to
Costa Rica. |
(3. Tornatellina martensi.
Leptinaria (Neosubulina) martensi, Dall, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1900, p. 97, t. 8. fig. 10°.
Dextral, of yellowish-green colour, polished, with strong parietal fold.
Long. 10, diam. 4, apert. 43 millim.
Hab. Cocos Istanp: under stones (Heller & Snodgrass 1).
The presence of this species adds to the Polynesian character of the fauna of Cocos
Island, which I have hinted at in my paper quoted above. |
ORYZOSOMA (to follow the genus Cecilianella, p. 324).
Streptostyla, subgen. Orizosoma, Pilsbry, Nautilus, iv. p. 9 (May 1891).
Streptostyla, subgen. Oryzosoma, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 311.
Shell perforated; the columella thickened, simply concave, almost imperceptibly sinuous above.
1. Oryzosoma tabiense.
Streptostyla (Orizosoma) tabiense, Pilsbry, Nautilus, iv. p. 9°.
Streptostyla (Oryzosoma) tabiense, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1891, p. 311, t. 15. figg. 6, 77.
Long. 9°8, diam. 4°8; apert. long. 4°8, diam. 2°5 millim. Whorls 6.
Hab. Yucatan: ina cave in the mountains, near the Hacienda of Tabi; dead specimens
only known, denuded of epidermis (/Zeilprin } 2),
PUPA (p. 325).
3 (a). Pupa cocosensis.
Vertigo cocosensis, Dall, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1900, p. 98, t. 8. fig. 13 '.
Broadly ovate, reddish-brown, of silky appearance, minutely punctate ; one columellar, two parictal, and two
small palatal folds.
Length 2-1, diam. 14, apert. + millim.
Hab, Cocos Isuanp: on leaves (Heller & Snodgrass, 1899 1).]
MOLLUSCA. 641
6. Pupa prototypus.
Bifidaria prototypus, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 400'.
In general appearance like P. ruprcola, Say, but with only two denticles inside the outer lip, none at the
base of the columella ; i ‘ i i
3 parietal fold composed of two laminz, which i
one more emerging, the left deeply entering. ena
Long. 23, diam. 1 millim.
Hab. W. Muxico: Huango (Huingo), State of Michoacan (Mr. & Mrs. Rhoads *),
N.B.—Pupa gabbi, var mexicanorum, Cockerell, Nautilus, x. p. 143 (1897), does
not come within the limits of this work: it was found in the rejectamenta of the
Rio Grande del Norte, near Mesilla, New Mexico.
SUCCINEA (p. 330).
Succinea luteola (p. 331).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. N. Centrat Mexico: Lake Palomas, in the Mimbres Valley, State of Chihuahua,
sparingly [International Boundary Commission: see Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xix. p. 365 (1896) ].
Also in the drift of the Rio Santa Cruz, a tributary of Rio Gila, at Tucson, Arizona
(fide Dall).
Succinea guatemalensis (p. 337).
Succinea guatemalensis, Pilsbry, Nautilus, xiii. 19, p. 139 (1900) ’.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. 8.E. Mexico: Tabasco (ovirosa *).
Succinea costaricana (p. 338).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. E. Costa Rica: Bruschik, Alta Tararia (Pittier).
[14. Succinea globispira. (Lab. XLIV. fig. 12.)
Succinea globospira, v. Mart. Sitzungsb. Ges. nat. Freunde in Berlin, 1898, p. 158°; Dall, Proc.
Acad. Phil. 1900, p. 99°.
Testa ovata, rugoso-striata, succinea; anfr. 23, rapide crescentes, priores 14 spiram obtusam globosam
formantes, ultimus oblongus, subcompressus, sutura valde obliqua, impressa ; apertura ampla, 4 longitu-
dinis occupans, ovata, superne modice acutangula, margine externo superne valde, inferne minus arcuato,
basali late rotundato, columellari stricto, vix arcuato, pertenul.
Long. 8, diam. 43; apert. long. obliqua 63, diam. 4 millim.
Hab. Cocos Isuanp (Pittier!, Heller & Snodgrass”).
Allied to S. crocata and S. modesta, A. Gould, from the Samoa and ‘Tonga Islands, |,
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mllousca, February 1901. 81
642 SUPPLEMENT.
15. Succinea tlalpamensis.
Succinea tlalpamensis, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 401°.
Allied to S. retusa, Lea, and S. salleana, Pfr.; aperture decidedly larger than in the former, and spire longer
and more slender than in the latter.
Long. 143-15, diam. 8-83, apert. 11-8-12 millim.
Hab. Centrat Mexico: Tlalpam (Mr. & Mrs. Rhoads').
Var. cuitseana.
Succinea tlalpamensis, var. cuitseana, Pilsbry, loc. cit. p. 401 *.
A smaller form.
Long. 9°6—10°8 millim.
Hab. Centrat Mexico: Lake Cuitseo, near Huango, State of Michoacan (Ir. & Mrs.
Rhoads ).
XANTHONYX and CRYPTOSTRACON (pp. 343, 344).
Notes on the anatomy and affinities of these two genera are given by Pilsbry and
Vanatta (Proc. Acad. Phil. 1898, pp. 229, 230), and Pilsbry (Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond.
iv. pp. 27-30, t. 3. figg. 12-15).
METOSTRACON.
Metostracon, Pilsbry, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iv. p. 24 (March 1900).
This new genus is described as slug-like, with the shell flat, spiral, and covered by
the mantle.
1. Metostracon mima.
Metostracon mima, Pilsbry, loc. cit. p. 27, t. 3. figg. 1-11’.
Hab. Centran Mexico: Morelia and Uruapam, State of Michoacan (Rhoads 1).
CARYCHIUM (p. 352).
Carychium exiguum, var. mexicanum (p. 352).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [E. Mexico:| San Juan Miahuatlan, State of Vera Cruz, found within Eucalodium
cereum (coll. Strebel, in Mus. Hamburg.).
PHYSA (p. 353).
Physa aurantia (p. 356).
Pilsbry (Nautilus, xiii. p. 139) mentions this species as found by Prof. Rovirosa at
Macajuca, apparently in Tabasco. Perhaps it was P. impluviata 2
Physa impluviata (p. 358).
Physa aurantia {part.), Biolley, Mol. terr. y fluv. de Costa Rica, p. 17%.
. MOLLUSCA. 643
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. Crentrau Costa Rica: Virilla, Torres, Maria Aguilar, and Tiribi, in all rivers
_ and streams, and during the rainy season in ponds near them (Biolley}*); La
Uruca, near San José, in an irrigation stream (“rigole”) running through muddy
ground, 1100 metres (Biolley).
Physa fuliginea (p. 360).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. Crentrau Costa Rica: Rio Torres, near San José, on stones, in a strong current
(Biolley) ; Pila de Los Angelos, Cartago, 1400 metres (Biolley: typical form and
var. pliculosa).
Physa spiculata (p. 366).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. §8.W. Costa Rica: Diquis, below Terraba, 100 metres (Pittier).
Var. tapanensis (p. 367).
Aplexa tapanensis, Pilsbry, Nautilus, xiii. p. 189”.
Hab. S.K. Mexico: San Juan Bautista in Tabasco (Rovirosa !°).
CrntraL Costa Rica: La Uruca, near San José, in an irrigation stream running
through muddy ground, 1100 metres (Biolley).
Physa osculans (p. 370).
According to Stearns | Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 104 (1891)], the typical form of
this species occurs as far north as the United States bank of the Rio Grande; it
therefore probably inhabits N.E. Mexico.
Var. mexicana (p. 370).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. |N. Centrat MExico :| Lake Palomas, in the Mimbres Valley, State of Chihuahua
[International Boundary Commission: see Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xix. p. 369
(1896)]. Also found at various places in New Mexico, Arizona, and California,
according to Dall (loc. cit.).
Var. rhyssa.
Physa osculans, var. rhyssa, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1899, p. 401 aan
Smaller than typical osculans, with numerous slight longitudinal folds on the last whorl.
Hab. N.E. Mexico: Saltillo, State of Coahuila (Ir. & Mrs. Rhoads **).
N. Cenrrat Mexico: Lake Palomas, in the Mimbres Valley [International Boundary
Commission: see Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xix. p. 368 (1896)].
LIMN ZA (p. 376).
The genus Limnea is also found in Costa Rica, P. Biolley having sent me a specimen
from Rio Torres, near San José, but I dare not venture to determine the species.
81*
644 SUPPLEMENT.
PLANORBIS (p. 380).
Planorbis tumens (p. 387).
Stearns [Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1891, p. 102] has recorded this species from Phoenix,
Arizona, at the Rio Gila, which flows into the Gulf of California.
Planorbis caribzus (p. 387).
Planorbis tumidus (Pfr.), Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xix. p. 8369 (1896) "**.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. [N. Mexico :] San Bernardino and Rio Sonoyta, near the boundary-line (Jnter-
national Boundary Commission’’*).
Planorbis orbiculus (p. 390).
Also occurs in the Devil’s River, Texas (W. Lloyd), according to Stearns (loc. cit.).
Planorbis parvus (p. 394).
Stearns [Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1891, p. 104] records this species from Arizona and
the Colorado desert, these localities to some extent bridging over the gap in the known
distribution of P. parvus.
Planorbis obstructus (p. 398).
Planorbis obstructus, Pilsbry, Nautilus, xiii. p. 139 (1900) *.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. S.E. Mexico: margin of the Rio Grijalva (Rovirosa ®).
AMPULLARIA (p. 404).
Ampullaria costaricana (p. 418).
To the localities given, add :-—
Hab. [S.W. Costa Rica:| Rio Coto and wooded swamps between Lapa and Rio Las
Esquinas, Golfo Dulce (Pittier).
Ampullaria hondurasensis (p. 420).
Observations on the living animal and the eggs of this species are given by Tate
in the work already cited ”.
Add to the species of Ampullaria erroneously accredited to Mexico (p. 424) :—
Ampullaria pallens, Philippi (in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Ampul-
laria, p. 52, t. 8. fig. 4): labelled at one time as Mexican in the Berlin Museum ;
the specimen was obtained, indeed, by F. Deppe, though not in Mexico, but
during his subsequent visit to the Philippines [see v. Martens, Malak. Blatt.
iv. p. 184 (1858), and xii. p. 53 (1865)]. Philippi correctly surmised that it
was from the East Indies.
MOLLUSOA., 645
AMNICOLA (p. 430).
4(a). Amnicola (?) vulcani, sp.n. (Tab. XLIV. fig. 13.)
ga, 9 a, 9 2? ? Pp
ovata, 2 longitudini : ; i i
. a Aes 8 nis teste sequante, margine externo tenui, columellari arcuato, crassiusculo.
ong. 5, diam. 23, apert. long. 2 millim.
Hab. W. Guatemata: Lake of Atitlan (Bernoulli, 1869: given by Dr. O. Stoll).
It may be added that the locality for this species, the Lake of Atitlan, is bordered on
the south side by three volcanoes, and has no drainage to the Pacific.
4(s). Amnicola stolli, sp.n. (Tab. XLIV. fig. 14.)
Testa conoidea, ventricosa, perforata, nitidula, pallide fusca ; anfr. 4, valde convexis, sutura profunda; apertura
: 4 . e - « . e hd hd
eles § longitudinis teste occupante, margine externo tenui, columellari subincrassato, modice arcuato.
Long. 3, diam. 2, apert. long. 14 millim.
Hab. W. Guarema.a: in wells of the town of Antigua (Stol/).
Amnicola palomaensis (p. 424).
Bythinella palomaensis, Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xix. p. 369, t. 31. fig. 9 (1896) *.
Amunicola costaricensis (p. 435).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. FE. Costa Rica: small streams between Madre de Dios and Rio Hondo, 80 metres
(Pittier).
[Crntrat Costa Rica:| Cartago (S¢éoll).
PACHYCHILUS (p. 487).
Pachychilus glaphyrus (p. 438).
h. Var. pyramidalis (p. 445).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. Centra, Nicaraaua: Lake of Managua (Rothschuh, in Mus. Berol.).
j. Var. bicarinatus.
Pachychilus glaphyrus, var., Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 389, t. 14. fig. 6°”.
Two interrupted keels on the last two whorls, the upper one in the sutural line, three in the preceding whorls ;
vertical plaits vanishing already in the upper whorls; base of the last smooth.
Long. 75, diam. 20, apert. long. 16 millim.
Hab. 8.E. Mexico: State of Tabasco (Rovirosa *").
This form agrees with the var. potamarchus in the want of spiral ridges at the base
of the last whorl, and seems to indicate a peculiar series recognizable by the above
mentioned characters, both varieties being known only from Tabasco.
Pachychilus largillierti (p. 450). (Tab. XLIV. fig. 17.) :
I give here the figure of a living specimen from the Lake of Amatitlan, drawn by
Dr. O. Stoll.
646 SUPPLEMENT.
Pachychilus chrysalis (p. 457).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. Cuntrau Nicaraeua: Lake of Managua (Rothschuh, in Mus. Berol.).
Pilsbry (Nautilus, xiii. p. 139) enumerates P. vulneratus, Crosse & Fisch., as a
distinct species, found by Prof. Rovirosa in the Upper Puyacatengo River, near Teapa
(S.E. Mexico) ; but he gives no other distinctive characters than a very widely extended
erosion, leaving less than two whorls remaining.
Pachychilus graphium (p. 461).
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. Yucatan (Godman, Febr. 1888).
Pachychilus pilsbryi (p. 463). (Tab. XLIV. fig. 8.)
Pachychilus (Potamanaz) rovirosai, Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll. ii. p. 668, t. 71.
fig. 12° (apparently copied from Pilsbry’).
To the locality given, add :—
Hab. {8.E. Mexico:] Santa Gertrudis in Tabasco, at the Usumacinta River, amongst
gravel on the dry bank of the river (Berendt, in Mus. Hamburq.).
Dr. Berendt’s specimen, here figured, is of somewhat more slender form than Pilsbry’s
type, measuring 17 millim. in length, diam. 10, aperture 7 in length and 64 in breadth,
including the columellar margin. It has nine distinctly prominent, brownish-black,
spiral ridges on the last whorl, and five on the visible part of the penultimate whorl,
these contrasting in colour with the pale grey interstices, the upper two on each whorl
being slightly nodulose ; between the second and third ridges a much narrower, pale
reddish one is intercalated, and there is a similar one at the base below the ninth.
Pilsbry1 states that the spiral lire are somewhat alternating in size. It is to be
regretted that the operculum is still unknown. The broad columellar margin, the
rounded basal margin of the aperture, the spiral sculpture, and the solidity of the
shell give P. pilsbryi the general aspect of a species of the submarine genus Littorina.
SEMISINUS (p. 464).
2. Semisinus maculatus. (Hemisinus maculatus, Tab. XLIV. fig. 7.)
Melanopsis maculata, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v. (=Obs. Unionid. i.) p. 194, t. 19. fig. 75 (1832) '.
Melania osculatii, Ant. Villa, Notizie intorno al genere Melania, in Atti dell’ Accad. fisico-medico-
statistica di Milano, no. 2, p. 8 (1855) *.
Hemisinus osculatii, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xi., Hemisinus, t. 8. fig. 10 (1860) °; Brot, in Martini &
Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Melaniaceen, p. 379, t. 8. figg. 7 and 8, 8.a,b'.
Hemisinus binneyi, Tryon, Am. Journ. of Conch. ii. p. 8, t. 2. fig. 8°.
Shell ovato-oblong, truncated above, moderately attenuated below, smooth, greenish-brown, with spiral rows
of darker brown square spots, in about 10 spiral rows on the last whorl, the upper ones by pairs nearer
MOLLUSCA. 647
one to the other, only 3 on the visible part of the penultimate whorl; 3 remaining whorls. Aperture
narrowly ovate or lanceolate; outer margin thin, little arcuated, basal margin narrowly rounded,
columellar margin nearly straight, a little thickened, of a violaceous hue, obliquely notched below.
Long. 14, diam. 8; apert. long. 8, diam. 4? millim. (Costa Rican specimen).
Hab. N.E. Costa Rica: confluence of the Rio Shei and of the Rio Tararia (Pittier,
Sept. 1898).
CotomBia®: Justos, in the Rio Dagua (Hoépke, in Mus. Berol.).
EcuaDor: Quito (Osculati 2).
The localities “ Peru (Lieut. Humphreys1)” and “Brazil”? are too vague to be of
any value.
NERITINA (p. 465).
Neritina latissima, var. globosa.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. Satvapor: La Libertad (Aurel Krause, 1882, in Mus. Berol.).
[S.W. Costa Rica:] El Pozo, Rio Grande de Terraba, 700 metres (Pittier).
Neritina lineolata (p. 471).
Neritina lineolata, Ancey, Ann. de Malace. ii. p. 256 (1886) *’.
To the localities given, add :—
Hab. F. Honpuras: mouth of the Rio San Estevan (St. Stephen), in fresh water
(Ancey **).
Ancey 22 also mentions WV. microstoma, Lam., as living at the same locality; this is
probably the var. reclivata, Say, of the present species (anted, p. 472), which is found
in other places in company with typical WV. /ineolata, although Ancey still separates
N. microstoma from N. reclivata.
UNIO (p. 478).
Almost simultaneously with the issue of the concluding portion of my contribution
on the Unionide, a very valuable “Synopsis of the Najades or Pearly Freshwater
Mussels,” by Ch. T. Simpson, has been published [ Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxli. pp. 501-
1044 (Smithson. Institut. no. 1205)]. In this work the species are arranged
according to the sexual peculiarities visible in the shell and the position of the
ovisacs within the outer or inner gills; these characters are only known in the
Kuropean, North-American, and some South-American species, the other forms having
to be intercalated according to the sculpture of the summits, or, in cases where this
could not be ascertained, by the general resemblance of the shell to that of better-
known species. Numerous genera are distinguished, but a considerable number of
species are left under the old name Unio. The arrangement, of course, differs in many
648 SUPPLEMENT.
points from mine, in which I merely endeavoured to unite the more nearly allied species
into groups or subgenera according to the characters of the adult shell, in order to
facilitate their determination. As regards the subgenera, the following points must
be noticed :—
All the Mexican and Central-American species of Unio, with the North-American
and European (Palearctic) forms, are placed by Simpson in his subfamily Unionine,
characterized by the concentric sculpture of the summits and the position of the
embryos in the outer gills; none, on the contrary, in the subfamily Hyriane, with
radial or zigzag-radial sculpture of the summits and the embryos in the inner gills
only, comprising South-American, African (Ethiopian), East Indian, and Australian
species.
CrEeNoponta (pp. 479, 492).
Simpson admits Crenodonta as a section of his genus Quadrula, division 'Tetragene.
Psoronalas (pp. 480, 493).
Simpson places most of the species of Psoronaias in the genus Unio, section Elliptio,
Raf., division Homogene ; U. ostreatus and U. percompressus, however, are included
by him in Quadrula, section Rotundaria. U. granosus, Brug., from Cayenne, is
referred to the subfamily Hyriane, genus Diplodon (loc. cit. p. 878), because it is
South-American. Unfortunately, I have not a specimen of U. granosus before me for
comparison, but in the nearly allied U. coriaceus, Dunker (Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1848,
p. 181), from Rio Janeiro, the sculpture of the summits is very like that of the Mexican
U. semigranosus (see Tab. XXX. fig. 1). It is true that in the Mexican species the
oblique rows of granular elevations run chiefly in the direction from behind and above
to before and below; in the Brazilian form they run in this direction in the hinder
part of the summits only, and in the fore part from before and above to behind and
below, which produces a convergence of the rows, as in Hyria corrugata. This may
prove to be a reliable distinctive mark between the Mexican and the South-American
Unionide with granulated sculpture? If so, Psoronaias is no exception to the rule
that the Mexican and Central-American forms of the old genus Unio are completely
separated from the South-American ones.
Unio crocodilorum (p. 495).
Var. rudis.
Quadrula rudis, Simpson, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1900, p. 82, t. 8. fig. 2‘.
Long. 103, alt. 65, diam. 45 millim. Summits in } of the length.
Hab. Guatemaua: Rio Taxtunilha (Wheatley *).
There is already a Unio rudus, Lea, but rudis (“raw”) and rudus (‘lump ”) have a
different meaning in Latin.
MOLLUSCA. 649
Quadrula guatemalensis, of the same author (loc. cit. p. 83, t. 2. fig. 4), from the Rio
Usumacinta, is founded on a young specimen of this or of a nearly allied species.
AROTONAIAS (pp. 480, 497).
This subgenus, comprising chiefly Nicaraguan species, coincides with Ptychoderma,
section Plagiola, in Simpson’s arrangement (loc. cit. p. 606). The sheet of the
present work (60) in which Arotonaias was characterized (anted, p. 480) was published
in February 1900, and my name almost certainly has priority. For U. aratus and
U. granadensis, however, he proposes a distinct section, Micronaias, within the genus
Unio (loc. cit. pp. 743, 744), and U. caldwelli and U. averyt are placed by him in the
genus Nephronaias (loc. cit. p. 593).
17(a). Unio reticulatus.
Nephronaias reticulata, Simpson, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1900, p. 77, t. 2. fig. 3°.
Elliptical, slightly triangulate behind, with radiating ridges or slight furrows, which cut the concentric
suleations into loops, and give the shell a reticulated appearance; outside tawny.
Long. 50, alt. 33, diam. 20 millim. Summits in 2 of the length.
Hab. Honpuras: Patook River !.
Simpson (/oc. cit. pp. 594, 595) makes this species the type of a separate group
of the genus Mephronaias, and places it between that of NW. macnieli and that of
NV. scamnata ; these latter were included by me in Simonaias.
PLEUROBEMA (pp. 480, 500).
The three species included under this subgeneric name are placed by Simpson in
the genus Quadrula, division Tetragene, and not in that of Plewrobema, Raf., type
U. clava, Lam., division Homogene.
SPHENONAIAS (pp. 480, 500); NepHRonatas (pp. 480, 502) ;
, Simonatas (pp. 480, 505).
The species enumerated under these three subgenera are distributed by Simpson in
quite a different manner between two genera—Unio, in the restricted sense, division
Homogene, and Nephronaias, division Heterogene. U. aztecorum is even placed in
Lampsilis, apart from U. plicatulus, Charp., Kiist. (Mephronaias), with which I believe
it is identical.
Unio acutirostris (p. 501). :
On account of the vague indication of locality “South America,” U. acutirostris,
Lea, is associated by Simpson (doc. cit. p. 885) with other South-American species in
the genus Diplodon, far apart from U. sphenorhynchus, Crosse & Fisch., with which
I suspect it to be identical. Itis true that I have not seen a specimen determined
by Lea.
ee CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Aprii 1901. 82
650 SUPPLEMENT.
Unio aztecorum, var. strebeli (p. 503).
According to Simpson (loc. cit. p. 592, nota), the type of U. strebeli, Lea (in the
U.S. Nat. Museum), is, without doubt, a young specimen of U. medeliinus. I am
unable to reconcile this with the fact that the figure which Lea himself gives of his
U. strebeli (Obs. Unionidae, xii. t. 51. fig. 131) is of considerably larger size than that
of his U. medellinus (Obs. Unionide, ii. t. 12. fig. 34): the former measures 74 millim.
long, 41 high, and 26 in diameter, the latter 57 long, 35 high, and 18 in diameter.
Specimens labelled U. strebeli in Strebel’s own collection, now in the Hamburg
Museum, are still larger, as I have already stated (anted, p. 503). As a rule, young
examples of these bivalves are comparatively more compressed than old ones of the
same species; but, according to the figures given by Lea, in U. strebelt the transverse
diameter is considerably more than half the height (26:41), in U. medellinus about
half the height (18:35). The shell described and figured by Lea as U. strebeli cannot,
therefore, be a young specimen of U. medellinus.
Unio popei (p. 504).
Unio popei, Simpson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xix. p. 871 (1896) *.
Again found in both the original localities, Rio Salado, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, and
Devil's River, Texas, by the Biological Expedition of the U.S. Department of Agriculture;
also in Kinney County, Texas, by Dr. Mearns’.
Unio cuprinus (p. 505).
Simpson (oc. cit.) distributes under three genera the forms which I have treated
as varieties of U. cuprinus: U. cuprinus and U. metallicus as one and the same species,
under Lampsilis (p. 572); U. persulcatus, U. calamitarum, and U. tabascoensis under
Nephronaias (p. 596); and U. coloratus under Unio, section Elliptio (p. 700). If I
am not utterly misled in my determinations by the specimens in the Berlin Museum,
labelled by Dunker, Albers, and others, all these forms run one into the other, and
belong to one species, which is rather variable in outlines, but constant in the sculpture
and coloration. Simpson’s spelling “calimatarum” is without meaning: Morelet
wrote “ calamitarum,” derived from calamita, a name given to a sort of frog or toad
by different authors, or from calamus (calamites), reed-grass (he has also called an
Anodonta, “ bambousearum”). According to Simpson’s bibliographical researches, the
first-published specific name is metallicus, Say, preceding Lea’s cuprinus by more than
six months ; both are equally descriptive of the species in question *.
* In 1869 a Committee of the conchological section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
recommended that the date of the reading of Lea’s papers before the Academy should be taken as the date of
publication (Am. Journ. of Conchology, v. p. 34); according to this rule,
the name U. cuprinus would be
preferable.
MOLLUSCA. 651
Lampsiuis (pp. 480, 509).
ae certain number of the species here enumerated under this subgenus are also
ated in the genus Lampsilis (division Heterogene) by Simpson. U. discus, Lea,
which I regard as the Mexican analogue of the type of Lampsilis (U. ovatus, Say), is
peed by him in the genus Unio (Homogene), section Elliptio, Raf.; U. sapotalensis,
Lea, in Nephronaias; and U. cognatus, Lea, in Plagiola, section Amygdalopsis, the
type of which is U. donaciformis, Lea. :
Unio discus, var. panucoensis (p. 510).
Simpson (/oc. cit.) makes a section, Lapidosus, within the genus Unio for U. lapidosus,
Villa, evidently under the impression that it is a circum-Mediterranean form. Having
compared Villa’s type in the Berlin Museum with Mexican specimens, I feel sure that
it belongs to the same species, and that the pretended locality ‘“‘ Euphrates River” is
erroneous.
Unio tampicoensis (p. 511).
The habitat Rio Pecos, Texas, is confirmed by Stearns (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv.
p. 104).
39 (a). Unio rovirosai.
Unio (Lampsilis) rovirosai, Pilsbry, Nautilus, xiii. 12, p. 140°.
‘‘ Differing from U. wmbrosus [a var. of U. tampicoensis| in the narrower anterior end and consequently
triangularly oblong form, the hinge-line and basal margin converging strongly forward ; the lateral teeth
also shorter. Length 111, height 71, diam. 43 millim. The female is. much more swollen posteriorly than
in U. umbrosus.”
Hab. S.E. Mexico: Laguna de Arasta, near San Juan Bautista (Lovirosa').
Not figured. To be compared with U. alvenigenus.
Evuiptio (pp. 481, 514).
The greater part of the species enumerated under this subgenus are also admitted
by Simpson in the section Edliptio (Raf.), type crassidens, Lam., of the genus Unio; but
U. ravistellus, U. vellicatus, U. medellinus, U. eruginosus, and U. rowelli are placed by
him in Nephronaias.
Unio pliciferus (p. 514).
I am glad to state that Simpson agrees with me in uniting U. pliciferus, Lea,
U. carbonarius, Lea, and U. plexus, Conr., under one species; but, as a result of his
bibliographical researches, he prefers the name U. plexus for the whole, Conrad’s
description having one month’s priority.
82*
652 SUPPLEMENT.
Unio guatemalanus (p. 519).
This species somewhat resembles U. mellews, Lea (Obs. Unionide, vii. p. 68, t. 38.
fig. 129), from an unknown locality ; but, according to Simpson (loc. cit. p. 597), no
doubt from ‘“‘ Mexico or Central America.” On comparing my specimens with Lea’s
description and figure, I find that U. melleus is somewhat less high, more pointed at
its hinder end, and has distinct waved wrinkles near the summits; whereas in my
examples of U. guatemalanus the summits are not worn to a larger extent than shown
in Lea’s figure, and no wrinkles are visible. At all events, the two species appear
to be nearly allied, and this corroborates Simpson’s observation on the habitat of
U. melleus.
Unio manubius (p. 519).
Simpson (loc. cit.) considers this form to be a variety of the North-American
U. tetralasmus.
Unio explicatus (p. 520).
Simpson (doc. cit. p. 571) regards U. testudineus of Reeve’s ‘ Conchologia Iconica’
(nec Morelet) as distinct from U. eaplicatus, Morelet, and names it U. lividus; it is
said to be also from the Rio Usumacinta. Both U. explicatus and U. lividus are
placed by him in the genus Lampsilis.
Metaptera (pp. 481, 520).
The three species enumerated under this subgenus are placed by Simpson in the
genus Lampsilis, as well as U. alatus, Say, the type of Metaptera, Rafinesque.
Unio tamaulipanus (p. 521).
I cannot find any mention of this species (described by Conrad in 1855) in Simpson’s
work,
Unio mitchelli (p. 522).
Unio mitchell, Simpson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xix. p. 871, t. 382. figg. 1-3 (1896) °.
This species is placed by Simpson in the genus Unio, s. str., division Homogene,
far apart from U. rowelli and U. scamnatus, which belong in his arrangement to
Nephronaias, division Heterogene ; he thinks that U. mitchelli is allied to U. pigerrimus
and may be nothing more than a variety of it.
Unio saladoensis (p. 522).
A distinct species belonging to the genus Lampsilis, constituting even a peculiar
group, according to Simpson (oe. cit. p. 569).
-MOLLUSOA. 653
Unio rugosulcatus (p. 522).
This species is credited to “Central America ” by Simpson (loc. cit. p. 794), without
hesitation, but also without more precise information concerning the locality; he
places it in the section Pachynaias, Crosse, of the genus Quadrula, near U. spheniopsis,
Morelet. |
Unio metallicus (p. 522).
See anted, pp. 505 (under U. cuprinus), 650.
Unio callosus (to follow U. metallicus, p. 523).
Unio callosus, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ii. p. 31 (1841); Obs. Unionidae, iii. p. 77, t. 23.
fig. 54°.
Lea 1? states that this species was obtained from the Ohio Canal, below Columbus;
but Simpson (Joc. cit. p. 701) says “I am sure that the locality is wrong and it appears
to be a Mexican form.” If so, I should place U. callosus near U. cuprinus.
ANODONTA (p. 523).
Simpson (/oc. cit.), following a hint given by H. v. Ihering, distributes the Unionide
with toothless hinge, hitherto usually called Anodonta, under two genera, widely separated
one from the other: Anodonta, s. str., with the embryos in the outer gills, and placed,
therefore, in the subfamily Unionine, division Homogene; and Glabaris (Gray), with
the embryos in the inner gills, family Mutelide, most of them South-American. This
distinction will probably hold good, the geographical distribution of Glabaris extending,
according to Simpson himself, from the Argentine Republic to the Island of ‘Trinidad
(G. liotaudi, Guppy), and to the River Medellin in Eastern Mexico (G. cylindracea,
Lea). As regards the sculpture of the summits, he states that the true Anodonte have
‘‘numerous more or less parallel ridges, usually somewhat doubly looped,” and that
Glabaris has the “‘ beaks full, smooth.” This is a character visible also in dry specimens:
it holds good in the European Anodont@ ; but as to the exotic species it cannot usually
be ascertained, full-grown examples with worn summits being often only available for
examination.
Amongst the Mexican species, the following have waved wrinkles on the summits,
A. coarctata, A. richardsoni, and A. exilior, which are thus proved to be true
Anodontew. I have already placed (anted, pp. 524, 525) the Mexican and Central-
American forms under two groups, one with a small rounded, and one with a deeper-
pointed, sinulus at the hinder end of the hinge-line; the latter belong to Glabaris,
according to Simpson, and they have also, so far as I can ascertain, rather swollen
(full) and smooth summits. This difference in the shape of ‘the sinulus will perhaps
help to locate the position of full-grown dry specimens with worn summits in the
654 SUPPLEMENT.
genus Anodonta or Glabaris. But Simpson places three species of my first subdivision
in his Glabaris, viz. A. strebeli, A. glauca, and A. grijalue: as regards A. glauca, this
may perhaps be understood by the confusion made by several authors between A. glauca
and A. ciconia (see anted, pp. 532, 537), the true North-west Mexican A. glauca being,
I suppose, nearer to A. globosa than to A. ciconia; while as to the two others, I must
leave future workers to decide when the living animal is examined.
Anodonta coarctata (p. 525).
I am glad to state that Simpson also (Joc. cit. p. 630) unites A. coarctata and
A. chapalensis into one species.
Anodonta exilior (p. 530).
A. “ glabrus,” Sow.,= A. viridana, Clessin, is considered by Simpson (/oc. cit. p. 922)
to be synonymous with Glabaris inequivalvis, Lea, from the Lake of Nicaragua. On
again comparing the original figures, I find that the outline of A. glabrus, in its
shelving fore part and nearly straight ventral margin, agrees very well with that of
A. exilior, and not at all with that of A. inequivalvis, so I must persist in retaining
the two forms as distinct.
Anodonta chalcoensis (p. 530).
This is treated by Simpson (Joc. cit. p. 630) as synonymous with A. exilior; he
gives the habitat of the latter as “ Mexico, mostly to the Pacific drainage,” which
differs from the statements I have made concerning the locality of A. ewxilior and
A. chaleoensis. Simpson supposes A. impura, Say, to be identical with A. henryana,
but he also has not seen Say’s specimen.
Anodonta lurulenta (p. 531).
Simpson (loc. cit.) separates A. strebeli, Lea, far apart from A. lurulenta, Morelet,
and places it in the genus Glabaris. I dare not oppose this course, for on a fresh
examination of Lea’s figure I find that the sinulus is rather deep and pointed, as in
Glabaris, though the general outline is very like that of A. lurulenta.
Anodonta globosa and A. nopalatensis (pp. 532, 533).
According to Simpson (loc. cit. p. 646), A. globosa is the young and A. nopalatensts
the adult state of the same species; but the name <A. globosa must be retained, on
account.of priority. He mentions a specimen 7} inches (190 mm.) long and 5} inches
(139 mm.) high.
MYCETOPUS (p. 539).
Mycetopus weddelli (p. 540).
Simpson (loc. cit.) identifies this species with M. pygmeus, Spix: I cannot adopt
MOLLUSCA. 655
this view, M. pygmeus being more attenuated and ascending in its fore end, more
rounded and blunt in its hinder extremity. Hupé, in Castelnau’s work (quoted above,
p- 540), figures both species. ‘The differences are well shown, and are corroborated by
the specimens in the Berlin Museum; shells collected at Putumayo, Ecuador, by
Hopke and Diibrich, pertaining evidently to VM. weddelli, help to fill the gap in the
geographical distribution between Nicaragua and Chiquitos.
PISIDIUM (p. 554).
3. Pisidium compressum.
Pisidium compressum, Prime, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 164 (1851) *; Monogr. Am. Corbi-
culade, p. 64, fig. 67°; A. Gould, Rep. Invertebr. Massach. ed. 2, p- 110, fig. 419 (same
figure) *; Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xix. p. 370 (1896) ‘.
Very unequilateral and high, with a wing-shaped appendix on the summits.
Long. 4, alt. 33, diam. 2} millim.
Hab. N. Centrat Mexico: Lake Palomas, Mimbres Valley (Mearns).
Widely distributed in North America, from Canada and New England to Ohio and
Arizona1~+, Analogue of the European P. supinum, A. Schmidt.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
| [All figures are natural size, unless otherwise stated, the enlargement being indicated by the figures
at the end of each line, thus 3 (one and a half times), &c. Plates 1-XV. were drawn by
E. Duval, and the others by Fr. H. v. Zglinicka, both of Berlin ; II.-XV. were lithographed
in England, the rest in Berlin; IX XVIII. only are coloured.]
PLATE I.
Cyclotus dysoni, Pfr., var. affinis, n. (p. 4), Bugaba, from three sides. .
, specimen of smaller size, from San Isidro (p. 4), from three sides.
Choanopoma rigidulum, Morel. (p. 16), Vera Paz, from two sides, t
Chondropoma andrewse, Ancey (p. 16), Honduras, specimen received from M. Ancey,
from two sides, $.
subangulatum, nu. (p. 17), Teleman, from two sides, 3.
Helicina succincta, n. (p. 86), Cordova, from three sides, $.
—— deppeana, v. Mart. (p. 32): a, 6, two typical specimens, dorsal view.
var., from Yalalag (p. 32), from three sides, and sculpture of the surface, 4.
ek. var. (p. 36), Misantla: a, 6, two specimens, c, a young one, and
Fig.
eb
—_—
CHNAG
sculpture, §.
656
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
10.
ll.
12.
13.
14,
15.
16.
17.
“J
18.
19.
1.
10.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Helicina punctisulcata, n. (p. 36), Omilteme, typical specimen, from three sides, and
another varying in colour, and sculpture, #.
oweniana, Pfr., c. anozona, v. Mart. (p. 88), Coban, from three sides, $.
, a. genuina (p. 88), Teapa, from three sides, 3. .
chrysocheila, Binn., var. shuttleworthi, n. (p. 83), Cordova, from two sides, and
sculpture, ?.
in
chryseis, Tristr. (p. 39), Vera Paz, original specimen of Tristram, from three sides, #.
borealis, n. (p. 40), Villa Lerdo, from three sides.
dysoni, Pfr., var. jansoni, n. (p.40), Bonacca I.: a, typical specimen ; 3, c, variations
colour, all #.
Cyclotus dysoni, Pfr. (p. 8), Retalhuleu, living animal, from a drawing made by Dr. O.
Stoll.
Helicina lirata, Pfr. (p. 41), Retalhuleu, living animal, from a drawing made by Dr. O.
Stoll.
Diplommatina stolli, n. (p. 20), Cholhuitz : a, 6, two views, both }.
PLATE II.
Glandina indusiata, Pfr. (p. 54), Oaxaca: 1a, arather more slender specimen from the
same locality.
vanuxemi, Lea (coronata, Pfr.) (p. 54), an unusually large specimen, from Omilteme:
2a, sculpture near the suture of the same shell, ? ; 24, an unusually dark-coloured
example, also from Omilteme; 2c, a very young specimen from Tehuacan.
sowerbyana, Pfr. (p. 55), Jalapa, a not full-grown specimen: 34, lateral view of the
aperture of the same shell; 3 4, young, and c, a still younger example, also from Jalapa.
coultert, Gray (uhdeana, v. Mart.) (p. 56), a large specimen from Zimapan, in the
Peel Park Museum, from a drawing sent by G. B. Sowerby: 4a, a specimen from
Jalapa; 4, lateral view of the aperture, and 4c, sculpture near the suture, of the
same shell, 2.
PLATE IIT.
- Glandina cuneus, n. (p. 56), Omilteme: 1a, dorsal view of the same specimen; 1 8,
sculpture of the suture, }; 1 ¢, young specimen from the same locality.
, another specimen from Omilteme: 2a, back view.
liebmanni, Pfr. (p. 61), Chilpancingo.
, another specimen from the same locality.
audebardi, Desh., a. typica (p. 62), “ Mexico”: 5 a, lateral view of the aperture.
, another specimen, from Venta de Zopilote: 6 a, sculpture at the suture of the
same shell, }.
a
9 a, sculpture at the suture, ¢.
ee
, var. ameena, v. Mart. (p. 63), Vera Cruz: 7 a, sculpture at the suture, 3.
, var. minor, n. (p. 63), Tehuantepec.
longula, Fisch. & Cr., var. jalapana, n. (p. 64), a specimen from Misantla:
1
, a specimen from Jalapa.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 657
PLATE IV.
Fig. 1. Glandina lanceolata, n. (p. 69), Omilteme : 1 a, summit of the shell, ?; 16, sculpture at
the suture, 3.
20 mazatlanica, n. (p. 65): 2a, sculpture at the suture, 3.
3. —— » var, abbreviata, n. (p. 65), Tres Marias Is.
4, pseudoturris, Strebel (p. 65), Tierra Colorada: 4a, sculpture at the suture, }.
5, simplex, Strebel (p. 66), Oaxaca, typical specimen in the Berlin Museum: 5 a,
sculpture at the suture, ?.
6. » “Mexico,” typical specimen of G. candida, Shuttleworth, in the Berne
Museum.
7. —— cumingi, Beck, var. flavida, n. (p. 59), Retalhuleu, drawing of living animal made by
Dr. O. Stoll.
8. —— conularis, Pfr. (p. 66), “ Mexico,” typical specimen in the British Museum, drawn
by E. Smith.
2. - excavata, n. (p. 67), Mazatlan: 9a, lateral view of the aperture.
10. albersi, Pfr. (p. 75), Tres Marias Is.: 10 a, sculpture of the suture, 3.
ll. —— , var. inflata, n. (p. 75), Tepic.
12. decidua, Pir. (p. 70), Juquila, from a specimen in the British Museum.
13. , Juquila, not full-grown, Pfeiffer’s original specimen in the British Museum,
| both drawn by E. Smith.
14, largillierti, Pfr. (p. 67), Merida, Yucatan : 14 a, summit of the shell, ? ; 14.6, sculpture
at the suture, 3; 14 ¢ and 14d, younger specimens from the same locality.
15. , another specimen from Merida, differing in shape, but quite similar in sculpture
and colour.
16. turgida, Pfr. (p. 73), Juquila, typical specimen in the British Museum, drawn by
E. Smith.
17-20. , var. sayulana, un. (p. 73), four specimens, from Sayula, somewhat different
in form: 20a, summit of the shell, 3.
PLATE V.
Fig. 1. Glandina sulcifera, n. (p. 74), Jalisco: 1a, summit of the shell, ?; 26, sculpture at the
suture, #.
2. filosa, Pfr. (p. 74), Orizaba, specimen from Pfeiffer’s collection: 2a, summit,
2 6, sculpture at the suture, both }.
3. fischeri, nu. (p. 74), Toluca: 3a, summit, ?.
A. delicatula, Shuttl. (p. 70), Cordova, typical specimen from Shuttleworth’s collection
in the Berne Museum.
ss , var. major, n. (p. 70), Coatepec: 5 a, sculpture at the suture, 4,
6. oblonga, Pfr. (p. 69), specimen from Pfeiffer’s collection, now in Stettin: 6a, summit, ¢;
6 4, sculpture at the suture, 4. ae
2. nana, Shuttl. (p. 77), Cordova, typical specimen from Shuttleworth’s collection in
the Berne Museum.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, April 1901. 83
658
9.
10.
ll.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
2l.
22.
23.
24.
25.
. Hyalinia nitidopsis, Morel. (p. 115), Salama, specimen from Morelet’s collection, 2
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
. Salasiella margaritacea, Pfr. (p. 81), Cordova, specimen from Paetel’s collection, now in
the Berlin Museum, #. .
—— pulchella, Pfr. (p. 83), Chiapas, typical specimen in the British Museum, drawn by.
E. Smith. .
Streptostyla dubia, Pfr. (p. 90), Chiapas, typical specimen in the British Museum, drawn
by E. Smith, }.
bullacea, Pfr. (p. 93), Tabasco, typical specimen in Dr. Pfeiffer’s collection, probably
the young state of 8. shuttleworthi, Pfr.
obesa, n. (p. 95), Honduras: 12a, sculpture at the suture, }.
cylindracea, Pfr. (p. 93), Tortilla, specimen in Dr. Pfeiffer’s collection.
coniformis, Shuttl. (p. 94), young specimen, for comparison with the following.
conulus, n. (p. 94), Sayula.
labida, Morel. (p. 96), Vera Paz, typical specimen from Morelet’s collection.
biconica, Pfr. (p. 98), Chiapas, specimen in Albers’s collection, now in the Berlin
Museum : 17 a, lateral view of the aperture.
delibuta, Morel. (p. 97), Vera Paz, typical specimen from Morelet’s collection :
18 a, sculpture at the suture, 4.
flavescens, Shuttl., var. boucardi, Pfr. (p. 99), Juquila, Dr. Pfeiffer’s type in the
British Museum, drawn by E. Smith.
ventricosula, Morel. (p. 97), Merida, typical specimen from Morelet’s collection.
, var. binneyana, Cr. & Fisch. (p. 97), Costa Rica: 21a, younger specimen from
the same locality.
sololensis, Cr. & Fisch. (p. 101), Tepan.
, another specimen from the same locality.
limneiformis, Shuttl., var. parvula, Pfr. (p. 100), Chiapas, from Dr. Pfeiffer’s
collection.
meridana, Morel. (p. 101), Merida, typical specimen from Morelet’s collection.
, var. cobanensis, Tristr. (p. 101), Coban, Tristram’s typical specimen.
PLATE VI.
. Omphalina lucubrata, Say (p. 106), Cordova: 1a, 16, 1c, views from three sides.
, variety from Las Vigas: 2a and 24, views from above and from below.
, another, darker reddish above, Cordova, collected by Hoge.
, var. deppeana, un. (p. 107), Orizaba: 4a and 46, views from above and from
below.
——, pale-coloured variety from Cordova.
—— bilineata, Pfr., var. apicalis, n. (p. 110), Cordova, view from above.
—— modesta, n. (p. 110), Las Vigas: 7 a and 7 8, views from above and from below.
—— veracruzensis, Pfr., var., specimen in Albers’s collection, mentioned on p. 112:
8a and 86, views from above and from below; 8c, sculpture at the suture of
the same specimen, +.
. ba
9a and 96, views from above and from below; 9c, natural size ; 9d, seulpture at
the suture, 4.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 659
Fig. 10. Omphatina stulpta, n. (p. 113), Omilteme: 10a and 108, views from above and from
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
if.
18.
19.
20.
2.
below; 10c, sculpture at the suture, 4.
Hyalinia hoffmanni, n. (p. 115), Quebrada Honda, #: lla and 11 4, views from above and
from below ; 11, natural size.
— paucilirata, Morel. (p. 118), Salama, specimen from Morelet’s collection, ? ; 12@ and
12 6, views from above and from below 3 12c, natural size.
arborea, Say (p. 116), Mexican specimen from Las Vigas, 3: 13 4 and 134, views
from above and from below; 13 ¢, natural size.
—— glomerula, n. (p. 115), San Luis de Peten, specimen from Morelet’s collection, 2:
14 a, 6, c, views from three sides ; 14d, natural size.
stolli, n. (p. 118), Retalhuleu, #: 15. and 15 8, views from above and from below ;
15 c, natural size.
Guppya championi, n. (p. 119), Purula, ¢: 16a and 164, views from above and from
below ; 16 c, natural size.
trochulina, Morel. (p. 120), San Luis de Peten, Morelet’s original specimen, 2 ;
17 a, 6, c, views from three sides; 17 d, natural size.
pitteri, n. (p. 121), San Francisco de Los Rios near San J osé, ¢: 18 a, b, c, views
from three sides; 18 d, natural size.
biolleyi, n. (p. 121), La Urraca near San José, +: 19.4, b, c, views from three sides ;
. 19d, natural size.
orosciana, n. (p. 123), Calera de San Ramon, #: 20a, 6, c, views from three sides;
20 d, natural size.
PLATE VII.
. Pseudohyalina cidariscus, un. (p. 126), Palenque, from Morelet’s collection, +: 1a, 6, c,
views from three sides; 1 d, natural size.
Patula (Thysanophora) turbinella, Morel. (p. 129), Peten, specimen from Morelet’s
collection, ?: 2a, view from below; 26, natural size.
. Helix (Acanthinula) punctum, Morel. (p. 181), Merida, from Morelet’s collection, ¢:
3a, view from below ; 3 4, natural size.
(Trichodiscina) suturalis, Pfr., var. pressula, Morel. (p. 136), Purula: 4a and 43,
view from above and from below.
Polygyra implicata, Beck (p. 164), Jalapa, 7: 5a and 56, views from above and from
below; 5c, more enlarged view of the aperture, and seen in a different direction, showing
more fully its whole extent.
couloni, Shuttl. (p. 167), Maltrata: 6a and 66, views from above and from below ;
6c, more enlarged view of the aperture ; 6 d, young specimen.
dissecta, n. (p. 167), Toluca: 7a and 76, views from above and from below;
7c, enlarged view of the aperture.
bicruris, Pfr. (p. 168), Ventanas: 8a and 84, views from above and from below ;
8c, enlarged view of the aperture. |
richardsoni, n. (p. 168), Mazatlan: 9a and 9 4, views from above and from below ;
9c, enlarged view of the aperture.
83*
660
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
10. Polygyra ventrosula, Pfr. (p. 169), Tres Marias Is.: 10a and 104, views from above
and from below; 10 c, enlarged view of the aperture.
11. , var. hindsi, Pfr. (p. 169), Tres Marias Is.
12. Helix (Praticolella) berlandieriana, Moric. (p. 140), Vera Cruz, large specimen: 12a, view
from below ; 12 6, smallest specimen from Vera Cruz, mentioned on p. 141 (incorrectly
quoted as fig. 14).
13. ( ) , var. griseola, Pfr., smallest specimen, Vera Cruz (p. 142).
14. ( ) , unusually flat specimen, Vera Cruz (p. 142).
15. ( ) , var. griseola, Pfr. (p. 140), Vera Cruz, unusually large specimen.
16. (—) , ditto, Vera Cruz, small but full-grown specimen: 16a, view from
below.
17. ( ) , ditto, not full-grown specimen, nearly unicolorous, also from Vera
Cruz, p. 142.
18. —— (Arionta) flavescens, Wiegm. (p. 142), Misantla: 18a, 3, c, views from three sides ;
18 d, coloration of the upper, 18 e, of the lower side, both enlarged.
19. —— (Pomatia) aspersa, Miill. (p. 144), Mexican specimen obtained by Hoge, unusually
high.
20. —— (Lysinoé) humboldtiana, Férussac, var. hogeana,n. (p.148) , Chihuahua, smaller specimen.
21. ( ) , ditto, ditto, larger specimen.
22. ( ) , var. badiocincta, Wiegm. (p. 148), Mexico: 22a, dorsal view.
PLATE VIII.
1. Helix (Lysinoé) ghiesbreghti, Nyst, var. subaurantia, n. (p. 151), Purula: 1 a, dorsal view ;
1 b, from below ; 1 ¢, hairs of the upper surface, +; 1d, those of the lower surface, +.
2. ( ) , var. strubelli, Bottg. (p. 151), Mosquito Coast, typical specimen of
Bottger.
3. ( ) , typica (p. 150), young specimen, Cerro Zunil: 34a, hairs of the upper
surface, $.
4. ( ) , Hacienda Buenavista, living animal, from a drawing by Dr. O. Stoll.
PLATE IX,
1. Helix (Oxychona ?) trigonostoma, Ptr., var. intermedia, Fisch. & Cr. (p. 155), Cerro Zunil:
1a, view from below.
, var. stolliana (p. 155), Cerro Zunil: 2 a, view from below.
, ditto, Cerro Zunil, another specimen : 3a, view from below.
, ditto, Cholhuitz *: 4a, view from below.
, ditto, Cerro Zunil: 5 a, view from below.
, var. elevato-conica, Fisch. & Cr. (p. 154), Vera Paz: 6a, view from
Aaa ww
ee a a
below.
* This locality was not specially mentioned on p. 155: it is on the Pacific slope of Guatemala
- EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 661
Fig. 7. Helix (Oxychona ?) trigonostoma, var. stolliana, n. (p. 155),
7 a, view from below. |
8. ( ) » var. freytagiana (Dohrn), n. (p. 155), Honduras: 8 a, view from below.
9. —— (—_) , ditto, Honduras, Dohrn’s typical specimen: 9 a, view from below. .
10. —— (——) altispira (Dohrn), n. (p. 156), Honduras, Dohrn’s typical specimen;
10 a, view from below; 10 6, sculpture, 2.
( ) trigonostoma, Pfr., var. stolliana, n. (p. 155), Cholhuitz, living animals
from drawings by Dr. O. Stoll.
Cerro Zunil, another specimen :
11, 12.
PLATE X.
Fig. 1. Strobila salvini, Tristr, (p. 174), Vera Paz, $: 1 a, 6, views from above and from below ;
1c, young specimen, seen from below, showing the spiral lamelle, same magnification.
2. Labyrinthus triplicatus, v. Mart. (p. 176), Costa Rica, original specimen given by
J. Carmiol to the Berlin Museum: 2 a, view from below ; 2 4, c, enlarged views of the
aperture, showing the difference in the size of the plaits in two specimens.
3. Ortalichus princeps, Sow. (p. 182), very young specimen from Zapote ; 8 a, 6, c, different
views.
4, » very large, probably full-grown, specimen, Vera Cruz.
5. —— » normal specimen, Chacoj, collected by Uhde.
6. —— , Smaller specimen with reduced streaks, Costa Rica.
7. — , var. fischeri, n. (p. 188), San Isidro.
8. —— ferussaci, v. Mart. (p. 184), Zacapa.
9 , Tehuantepec, one of the typical specimens of my first description.
peers
ceeemenecemeen
10. , Zacapa, living animal, from a drawing made by Dr. O. Stoll.
11. lividus, v. Mart. (p. 186), Volcan Jorullo, typical specimen, very large.
12. zoniferus, Strebel (p. 186), specimen received from Gust. Schneider, probably
coming from Strebel’s collection.
13. —— » Venta de Zopilote.
PLATE XI.
Figs. 1, 2,3. Ortalichus maclure, n. (p. 188), Cacao, Nicaragua, three differently-coloured specimens
from the same locality.
boucardi, Pfr. (p. 187), Villa Alta.
melanochilus, Val. (p. 190), specimen from an unknown locality, most like the type
4, 5.
6.
of Valenciennes.
7. , Tres Marias Is.: 7 a, back view.
8. tricinctus, n. (p. 185), Terraba.
9. ponderosus, Strebel (p. 190), Dos Arroyos.
10. —— , San Blas.
FT. boucardi, Pfr., var. (p. 187), specimen with more numerous streaks, Oaxaca.
662
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE XII.
Aig. 1. Otostomus fenéstratus, Pfr. (piescheli, v. Mart.) (p. 200), Manzanillo, type of Bulimulus
Fig.
prescheli: 1 a, back view ; 1 8, sculpture, #.
2. dombeyanus, Pfr. (p. 199), young specimen from Venta de Zopilote, showing a spiral
band: 2a, back view.
3. lilacinus, Reeve, var. jansoni, n. (p. 201), Nicaragua: 3a, back view; 34, sculp-
ture, 4.
4., , var, undulosus, n. (p. 201), Cerro Zunil.
5. —— , var. ictericus, n. (p. 202), Cerro Zunil.
6. , var. unicolor, n. (p. 201), Cholhuitz, living animal from a drawing made by
Dr. O. Stoll.
7. josephus, Angas, var. maculosus, n. (p. 202), Rio Pacuare del Sur.
8. —— , var. concolor, n. (p. 202), Terraba.
Q, —— , ditto, Rio Savegal: 9a, aperture seen from the side, showing the angle of
the columellar margin. .
10. ——- ——, ditto, aperture of a very large specimen, natural size.
11. delattrei, Pfr., A. b (p. 204), San Gerénimo: 114, back view; 11 4, sculpture, 7.
12, —— , A. c (p. 204), Coban, an abnormal specimen, slightly angulated.
13. —— , var. hiabundus, n., B.e (p. 205), Cerro Zunil: 13a, back view.
14, —— , ditto, B.d (p. 205), Cerro Zunil: 14a, back view.
15. chiapensis, Pfr., var. quadrifasciatus, n. (p. 205), Cerro de Palmas.
16. castus, Pfr., var. zantholeucus, n. (p. 206), Sabo: 16a, back view.
17. —— , A. b (p. 206), Coban.
18, 19. —— , A,e (p. 206), Coban.
* 20. —— , var. porrectus, n., C. a (p. 206), Vera Paz.
21. —— , ditto, C. b (p. 206), Vera Paz.
PLATE XIII.
1. Otostomus dunkeri, Pfr. (p. 207), Michoacan.
2. , var. forreri, Mouss. (p. 207), Ventanas: 2 a, back view.
3, 4. sulcosus, Pfr. (p. 208), Sierra de las Aguas Escondidas: 3a, sculpture, #.
5 ghiesbreghti, Pfr., var. stolli, n. (p. 210), Antigua: 5a, back view.
6. —— , ditto, Quezaltenango, living animal, from a drawing made by Stoll.
7. —— ——, ditto, Quezaltenango.
8. , ditto, Volcan de Agua.
o. — , var. interstitialis, n. (p. 210), Cumbre de San Martin.
10. —— » var. stolli, n. (p. 210), Volcan de Agua, extraordinarily narrow specimen.
11, 12, 138. jonasi, Pfr. (p. 212), Antigua, different forms from the same locality.
14.
hegewischi, Pfr., var. d (p. 211), Omilteme.
Fig.
Fig.
- Fig. 1. Otostomus uhdeanus, v. Mart., var. a (p. 234),
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 663
16. » Var. varicosus, Pfr. (p. 216), side, showing the twisting of the colu-
15. Otostomus attenuatus, Pfr. (p. 215), Cordova: | a, back view; 6, aperture seen from the
Cordova:
mellar margin.
17. trimarianus, n. (p. 216), Tres Marias Is.: 17 a, back view.
18, 19, 20. hepatostomus, Pfr. (p. 217), Juquila.
2l. bugabensis, n. (p. 218), Bugaba: 21a, back view.
PLATE XIV.
1. Otostomus inglorius, Reeve, var. heynemanni, Pfr. (p. 220), Tlacolula: 1 a, back view.
2. sargi, Crosse & Fisch., var. motague, n. (p. 218), Valley of the Rio Motagua:
2.a, back view.
3. maculatus, Lea (p. 220), Champerico, living animal, from a drawing made by
: Dr. O. Stoll.
A, inglorius, Reeve, var. heynemanni, Pfr. (p. 220), Tlacolula, a more elongated
specimen: 4a, back view.
5. championi, n. (p. 222), Cerro Zunil.
6,7 emeus, Say (palpaloensis, Strebel) (p. 222), Eastern Mexico: 6a, 7a, back views.
8. —— , var. albivaricosus, n. (p. 223), Playa Vicente: 8 a, back view.
9,10 moritinctus, nu. (p. 228), Chilpancingo: 9a, 10a, back views; 9 6, upper
whorls, §.
i. tripictus, Albers, var. hoffmanni, n. (p. 225), Heredia.
12. irazuensis, n., var. € (p. 224), Costa Rica: 12 a, back view.
13. —— , var. b (p. 224), Irazu: 13 a, back view.
14. sulfureus, Pfr. (p. 225), Nicaragua.
15. —— , var. albidus, n. (p. 226), Jalapa, unusually ventricose specimen.
16, 17. —— , var. citronellus, Ang. (p. 226), Costa Rica.
18. —— , var. obesus, n. (p. 226), Huatusco.
[19, 20. liliaceus, Fér., from Puerto Rico, for comparison with O. sulfureus (p. 226).]
PLATE XV.
typical specimens collected by Uhde in
, var. ¢ (p. 234), Mexico.
3 , var. b (p. 234),
4 , var. cuernavacensis, Cr. & Fisch. (p. 234), Orizaba, back view.
5 , var. tepicensis, n. (p. 234), Tepic.
6. —— , var. borealis, n. (p. 234), Ventanas.
7
8
9
2. ee
es
a
—— ee
livescens, Pfr. (p. 228), Tehuacan, normal form.
, var. d (p. 229), Tehuacan, found with the preceding.
_ Bulimulus corneus, Sow. (p. 246), Retalhuleu, living specimen, from a drawing made by
Dr. O. Stoll.
10. Otostomus semipellucidus, Tristr. (p. 236), Guanacasta: 10a, back view.
664
Big.
Fig.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
11. Bulimulus durangoanus, n. (p. 246), Villa Lerdo.
12-16. schiedeanus, Pfr. (p. 239), Tehuacan, different forms.
17. —— » Villa Lerdo.
18. —— , specimen from an unknown locality.
19, 20, 21, 22. , somewhat deformed and abbreviated examples, found at Tehuacan
among more normal ones.
23. —— , young specimen, Tehuacan.
[ 24. alternatus, Say (p. 243), dark-streaked specimen, Texas: 24a, back view ;
24.6, aperture seen from the side, showing the columellar tubercle. ]
[25, —— (p. 243), white specimen (B. marie, Albers), Texas. ]
[ 26. , unusually broad example, approaching in general form to B. schiedeanus,
Texas. |
PLATE XVI.
1. Otostomus attenuatus, Pfr., var. pittier’, n. (p. 216), Alto de Mano Tigre.
2. Celocentrum clava, Pfr., var. rufescens, n. (p. 271), Mexico. ~
3,4. Eucalodium truncatum, Pfr. (p. 264), normal forms, Angangueo! 4a, summit of the
shell, seen from above; 4.0, enlarged view of the sculpture; 4c, base of the shell, seen
from below.
5, 6, 7. , smaller full-grown forms, + also from Angangueo. ) ° Ow Ad AS
8, 9. , young specimens, SL Lye
10-16. Holospira elizabethe, Pilsbry (claviformis, n.) (pp. 277, 635), Anta, the most different
forms chosen from a very large number of specimens found at the same locality: 16, a
young specimen. The figures below show the shell seen from the basal end.
17. teres, Menke, var. hoegeana, n. (p. 280), Maltrata.
18. pfeifferi, Menke, var. minima, un. (p. 280), Mexico.
19-24. fusca, n. (p. 281), Omilteme, the most different forms chosen from a large
number of examples found at the same locality : 24, a not full-grown specimen. The
figures below show the shell seen from the basal end.
25. —— imbricata, v. Mart. (p. 273), Mexico, type-specimen, copied from Malak. Blatt. xii.
t. 1. fig. 2 (1865).
26. Celocentrum championi, n. (p. 269), Cerro Zunil: 26a, shell seen from the basal end
26 6, view of the columella within the whorls ; 26 c, enlarged view of the sculpture.
27. —— gigas, n. (p. 267), Livingston, young specimen.
28. , Livingston, full-grown specimen : 28 a, upper end of the full-grown truncated
shell from above; 28 0, basal end; 28 c, enlarged view of the sculpture.
29, clathratum, nu. (p. 269), Hacienda Buenavista: 29 a, upper end of the truncated shell ;
29 b, basal end, seen from below ; 29 c, enlarged view of the sculpture.
30. —— » same locality, living animal, from a drawing made by Dr. O. Stoll.
31-84. Eucalodium strebeli, Pfeffer (p. 265), Cerro de Palmas, the most different forms chosen
from a large number of specimens found at the same locality : 33 a, enlarged view of
the sculpture.
18.
‘Fig.
_ Tornaxis singularis, n. (p. 311), Panzos, f.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 665
PLATE XVII.
[The vertical lines indicate the natural size of the shells. |
Fig. 1. Holospira polygyrella, v. Mart. (p. 284), Coban, 3: la, back view of the last whorls ;
14, columella, within, still more enlarged view.
2. Macroceramus concisus, Morel., var. mexicanus, n. (p. 287), Orizaba, 3.
3. Holospira morini, Morel., var. pulchella, n. (p. 285), Livingston, }: 3a, back view of the
last whorls.
A. aptostoma, Pfr. (p. 288), Cordova, greatly enlarged view of the columella.
5, morini, Morel., var. salpinx, Tristr. (p. 285), North Guatemala, Tristram’s type-
specimen, #.
6. Opeas bocourtianum, Cr. & Fisch., var. pittieri, n. (p. 292), La Palma, 8.
fg guatemalense, Streb., var. majus, n. (p. 293), Miramar, 2.
8. —— gladiolus, Cr. & Fisch. (p. 293), probably a young specimen of this species, from
Merida, {.
9. octonoides, C. B. Ad. (p. 294), Costa Rica, ?.
10. —— micra, d’Orb. (p. 294), Teapa, 5.
11. —— » var. caracasense, Reeve (p. 294), Teapa, 3.
12. tryonianum, Tate, var. subovale, n. (p. 296), Turubares, 4.
18. Subulina octona, Chemn., var. trochlea, Pfr. (p. 299), Teapa, } all #: a, upper whorls ;
14. porrecta, n. (p. 300), Teapa, b, still more enlarged
a5. stolli, n. (p. 800), Vera Paz, } view of the aperture.
16, Pseudosubulina trypanodes, Pfr. (p. 303), Chiapas, ?:: 16a, back view; 16 4, more enlarged
view of the aperture. All three figures drawn by E. Smith from the typical specimen
in the British Museum.
fortis, n. (p. 304), El Reposo, #: 17 a, upper whorls; 170, more enlarged view of
the aperture.
—— mitescens, n. (p. 304), Duefias, $: 18 a, upper whorls; 184, more enlarged view of
the aperture.
robusta, n. (p. 804), Omilteme, $.
lirifera, Morel. (p. 304), Livingston, }: 20a, upper whorls; 206, more enlarged
view of the aperture.
salvini, n. (p. 805), Vera Paz, $: 21a, upper whorls; 216, more enlarged view of
the aperture.
PLATE XVIII.
[The vertical lines indicate the natural size of the shells.]
. Spiraxis nitidus, Streb., var. major, n. (p. 310), Las Vigas, not a full-grown speeimen, #.
, var, pittieri, n. (p. 310), El Pital, ¢.
. Opeas subula, Pfr. (p. 291), Antigua, living animal, from a drawing made by Dr. O. Stoll, 7.
. Spiraxis sulciferus, Morel. (p.'308), Retalhuleu, living animal, from a drawing made by
Dr. O. Stoll, 2. ;
scalella, n. (p. 811), El Pital, +.
4
cENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Apri] 1901. 84
Fig.
7. Leptinaria pittieri, n. (p. 317), La Palma, j.
8. , var. obliquata, n. (p. 317), Tarbaca, 7.
9. stolli, n. (p. 316), Retalhuleu, living animal, from a drawing made by Dr. O. Stoll,
the shell : 9a, aperture of a young specimen, oblique view, $-
10. exigua, n. (p. 318), Teapa, }.
11. sinistra, n. (p. 319), Acoyapa, +.
12. crenulata, n. (p. 818), Talamanca, }.
13. guatemalensis, Cr. & Fisch., var. majuscula, n. (p. 319), Rio Grande de Terraba, ¢.
14. biolleyi, n. (p. 319), San José, F.
15. costaricana, n. (p. 320), San José, Costa Rica, $.
16. —— hapaloides, n. (p. 321), Rio Grande de Terraba, }.
17. —— ambigua, n. (p. 321), Puerto Viejo, #.
18. —— solida, n. (p. 321), Puerto Viejo, #.
19. —— elisa, Tristr. (p. 322), Coban, one of Tristram’s typical specimens, f.
20, —— convoluta, un. (p. 322), Santa Clara, $: 20a, aperture, seen from above, a little more:
enlarged.
2] emmeline, Tristr. (p. 323), Coban, young specimen from Salvin’s collection, 3.
PLATE XIX.
[The vertical lines indicate the natural size of the shells.]
1. Pupoides marginatus, Say (p. 329), Mexico, ¢: two views, front and back.
2. Succinea luteola, Gould, var. subtilis, n. (p. 331), Vera Cruz, \
3. , var. rudiuscula, n. (p. 331), Tehuacan,
4, —— virgata, v. Mart. (p. 334), Oaxaca,
7 , var. hoegeana, n. (p. 384), Oaxaca,
6. —— costaricana, n. (p. 338), Djiri Durunia, 2, two views, front
7. —— brevis, Dunk. (p. 339), Zimapan, typical specimen from and back.
Dunker’s collection,
8. undulata, Say, var. moerchi, Dunk. (p. 336), Zimapan,
9. guatemalensis, Morel. (p. 337), Antigua,
10. undulata, Say (p. 835), Mexico, obtained by Uhde,
11. ampullacea, n. (p. 340), Ameca.
12.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Limnea columella, Say, var. championi, n. (p. 378), Bugaba, 3.
13, 14. Veronicella stolli, n. (p. 351), Retalhuleu, living animal, from drawings made by
Dr. O. Stoll.
15, 16. Carychium exiguum, Say, var. mexicanum, Pilsbry (p. 852), Helvetia, Cholhuitz, two
specimens, #. |
17, 18. —— , Var. costaricanum, n. (p. 858), San José, two specimens, 3.
19. Physa (Aplecta) nitens, Phil. (p. 357), Vera Cruz,
20, (——) maugerie, Gray (p. 354), specimen from the Paetel
collection, + a little enlarged.
21, 22. (Stenophysa) princeps, Phil., var. pallens, n. (p. 364),
Yucatan, two specimens,
/
Fig.
Fig.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 667
PLATE XX.
[Most of the figures are a little enlarged, the natural size indicated by the vertical line. ]
1. Physa (Aplecta) impluviata, Morel. (p. 358), Dueifias.
2, 3. ( ) , var. leta, n. (p. 859), Vera Paz (Tristram’s P. aurantia).
4. —— (Stenophysa) nicaraguana, Morel. (p. 366), Lake of Nicaragua, from a drawing of
Morelet’s type-specimen made by E. Smith: 4 a, back view.
5, 6. (Aplecta) fuliginea, Morel., var. hoffmanni, n. (p. 360), Laguna Redonda, two
somewhat different specimens from the same locality : 5 a, back view.
7. (Stenophysa) obtusa, Cless. (p. 368), Honduras, type-specimen in Clessin’s collection :
7 a, back view.
8. ( ) panamensis, Meg. (p. 365), Panama, type-specimen from Anton’s collection,
now in the Dresden Museum.
9, 10. (Aplecta) cisternina, Morel., var. minor, Fisch. & Cr. (p. 362), San Antonio, two
somewhat different specimens from the same locality.
Ti, Y2. ( ) fuliginea, Morel., var. plicu/osa, nu. (p. 8361), Rio Reventazon, two some-
what different specimens from the same locality: 11a, back view.
18. —— (Alampetis) osculans, Hald., var. mexicana, Phil. (p. 370), City of Mexico, obtained
by Deppe.
14, 15. ——— (——) polakowskyi, Cless. (p. 374), City of Guatemala, typical specimens in the
Berlin Museum, 7.
16. (——) berendti, Fisch. & Cr., var. minima, v. Mart. (p. 372), Orizaba, 3.
17. —— { ) osculans, Hald., var. coniformis, Strebel (p. 371), Lake of Patzcuaro, obtained
by Uhde.
18. ( ) , var. boucardi, Cr. & Fisch. (p. 371), Mexico, obtained by Deppe, #.
N.B.—In this figure the line indicating the natural size, 15 millim., has been accidentally
omitted.
PLATE XXI.
[All the figures of Planorbis in three views : in those which are enlarged the middle
figure indicates the natural size. ]
1. Planorbis tenuis, Dunk. (p. 381), City of Mexico, obtained by Uhde.
2. , var. uhdei, n. (p. 385), Central Mexico.
3. —— , var. applanatus, nu. (p. 384), Plateau of Mexico.
4, —— , var. juvenilis, n. (p. 884), City of Mexico.
5. —— wyldi, Tristr. (p. 387), Costa Rica, very young specimen, #}.
6. fieldi, Tryon (p. 894), Lake of Nicaragua, }.
7. tenuis, Dunk. (p. 884), Mexico, young specimen: 7a, a still younger one.
8. caribeus, @Orb. (ancylostomus, Cr. & Fisch.) (p. 387), Vera Cruz, obtained by Uhde,
a somewhat irregular specimen (see p. 388).
of. __—., Vera Cruz, young specimen: 94, a still younger one.
10. nicaraguanus, Morel. (p. 391), Lake of Nicaragua, type-specimen of Morelet, from a
drawing made by E. Smith.
84*
668
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Figs. 11, 12. Ancylus papillaris, n. (p. 402), Rio Ameca, two somewhat different specimens from the
Fig.
Fig.
same locality, +: lla, 12a, lateral views.
13. Planorbis maya, Morel. (p. 392), Tabi, 4.
14. tepicensis, n. (p. 393), Tepic, 4.
15. subpronus, n. (p. 396), Amatitlan, #.
PLATE XXII.
1. Ampullaria flagellata, Say, var. tristrami, Fisch. & Cr. (p. 413), Lake of Peten, Tristram’s
EQ or
specimen of Pomus columbiensis.
strebeli, Fisch. & Cr. (p. 415), Misantla.
violacea, Val. (p. 414), Acapulco, specimen from Dunker’s collection, now in the
Berlin Museum.
. Amnicola rhegoides, Morel. (p. 432), Lake of Coatepeque, Salvador, Morelet’s type-
specimen, from a drawing made by E. Smith, }.
subangulata, n. (p. 485), Costa Rica, 3.
costaricensis, Morch (p. 435), San José, Costa Rica, #.
. Ampullaria flagellata, Say, var. melanostoma, Jonas (p. 411), Papantla, two views of the
same specimen.
. Amnicola (?) melanioides, n. (p. 436), Golfo Dulce, 3.
9. , var. tenuis, n. (p. 486), Rio Boto, #.
10. Ampullaria flagellata, Say, var. malleata, Jonas (p. 411), Tabasco.
1]. , var. guatemalensis, n. (p. 413), Panzos: lla, very young specimen.
12. —— , var. tristrami, Fisch. & Cr. (p. 413), Panzos, obtained by Conradt.
PLATE XXIII.
1. Ampullaria flagellata, Say (p. 405), Cordova.
2. Cochliopa trochulus, n. (p. 429), Rio Grande de Terraba, three views, 2.
3. infundibulum, n. (p. 429), Guatemala, three views, %.
4. Ampullaria flagellata, Say (p. 405), Cordova, a rather narrow example: 4a, 4b, very
young specimens.
5. , var. exsculpta, Fisch. & Cr. (p. 410), Cordova.
6. —— » var. gigantea, Tristr. (p. 412), Lake of Peten, Tristram’s type-specimen.
7. — , var. arata, Fisch. & Cr. (p. 410), Cordova.
8. , Specimen intermediate between the var. ewsculpta and the var. arata (p. 410),
Cordova, with the sculpture abruptly altered near the beginning of the last whorl.
9. Cochliopa tryoniana, Pilsbry (p. 428), Punta Mala, 2: 9a, 94, view from above and from
below; 9c, another more elevated specimen, from the same locality.
10
. Ampullaria flagellata, Say, var. arata, Fisch. & Cr. (p. 410), Costa Rica, specimen given
by Van Patten to the Berlin Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 669
PLATE XXIV.
Figs. 1-6. Ampullaria cerasum, Hanl. (p. 421), Teapa: 3, young, the others full-grown specimens
of different forms, chosen from a large number of shells from the same locality.
re hondurasensis, Reeve, var. (p. 420), Lake of Nicaragua, specimen from Dunker’s
collection.
8. delatirei, Reeve (p. 419), Lake of Peten, given by Dr. Stoll to the Berlin Museum.
2. yucatanensis, Cr. & Fisch., var. yzabalensis, n. (p. 420), Lake of Yzabal.
10, 11. conotdea, n. (p. 423), Costa Rica, given by Van Patten to the Berlin Museum,
two specimens of somewhat different form.
12, 13. pealeana, Lea (p. 428), Veraguas, given by Warscewicz to the Berlin Museum,
two specimens of somewhat different form.
14. costaricana, n. (p. 418), Rio Saveyre.
15. —— » young specimen, Madre de Dios.
16. —— , another young specimen from Costa Rica, obtained by Biolley.
17. ——- ——, Palmar. |
PLATE XXV.
Fig. 1. Ampullaria (Ceratodes) rotula, Mouss. (p. 425), Costa Rica, obtained by v. Seebach :
la, 1 6, two other views of the same shell.
2, 3. Pachychilus glaphyrus, Fisch. & Cr., var. pyramidalis, Morel, (p. 445), Panzos, very
young specimen. .
4. largillierti, Phil., var. nodulosus, n. (p. 451), Paso Antonio.
5. panucula, Morel., var. tumidus, Tristr. (p. 458), Lake of Peten, Tristram’s typical
specimen.
6. obeliscus, Reeve, var. pyrgiscus, Fisch. & Cr. (p. 447), Lake of Peten.
‘. lacustris, Morel., var. amphibolus, Fisch. & Cr. (p. 447), Yzabal.
8. —— , var. major, Fisch. & Cr. (p. 448), Yzabal.
9. —— , var. conradti, n. (p. 448), Yzabal.
10. —— , ditto, Panzos.
11. subnodosus, Phil. (p. 450), Costa Rica.
12. largillierti, Phil. (p. 450), Paso Antonio.
13. subnodosus, Phil. (p. 450), Managua.
PLATE XXVI.
Fig. 1. Pachychilus pluristriatus, Say (p. 449), Laguna de Chapala.
2. largillierti, Phil. (p. 450), Mirandilla.
3. , var. salvini, Tristr. (p. 451), Rio de la Pasion, one of Tristram’s typical
specimens. |
4: dalli, Pilsbry (p. 456), Tehuantepec, copied from Pilsbry’s figure [Proc. Acad. Phil.
1896, p. 269], to show the peculiar form of the outer lip.
5-9 largillierti, Phil., var. stoli, n. (p. 452), Retalhuleu, specimens of different forms
from the same locality.
10-20 turatii, Villa (p. 454), Atoyac, specimens of different forms chosen from a large
number of shells from the same locality: 10 and 11, young; 13, 15, and 16, probably
not quite full-grown; 18, 19, and 20, very old.
670 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE XXVII.
Figs. 1, 2. Pachychilus liebmanni, Phil. (p. 458), Playa Vicente: 1, adult; 2, not full-grown.
3-5. érstedi, Mérch (p. 458), Matagalpa, specimens of somewhat different form from
the same locality.
6-9. chrysalis, Brot (p. 457), young specimens from Teapa: 6, very young ; 8, nearly
full-grown.
10, 11. corvinus, Morel., var. indifferens, Cr. & Fisch. (p. 460), Chiacam: 11 and 11a,
very young.
12-14. - chrysalis, Brot, var. nympha, un. (p. 457), Rio Sucio, Salvador.
15-18. chrysalis, Brot (p. 457), full-grown specimens from Teapa: 15a, operculum.
PLATE XXVIII.
[All figures enlarged, the perpendicular line indicates the natural size. |
Fig. 1. Neritina lineolata, Lam., specimen intermediate between the var. reticulata and the
var. parcepicta (p. 478), Rio Dulce, 7.
2. , var. reclivata, Say (p. 472), Tampico, 3.
3-5. , var. parcepicta, n. (p. 478), Rio Dulce: probably young, 3; 4 and 5, 3.
6. lineolata, Lam. (p. 471), Lake of Yzabal, $.
7.— , var. reticulata, Crist. & Jan (p. 473), Lake of Yzabal, 3.
8. picta, Sow. (p. 589), specimen of normal coloration, Mazatlan, 3.
9. cassiculum, Sow. (p. 474), Mazatlan, 3: 9a, back view.
10. picta, Sow. (p. 589), specimen approaching the var. serta, Mazatlan, 3.
11, 12. virginea, L. (p. 588), specimen of normal coloration, Vera Cruz, 3: 12, with
rather long white spots below the suture.
13.
picta, Sow., var. serta, n. (p. 590), Costa Rica, specimen obtained by v. Seebach, 3.
PLATE XXIX.
Fig. 1. Unio newcombianus, Lea (p. 497), Lake of Managua, specimen showing the unequivalve
summits: 1a, outside; 1] 0, right valve inside.
2. stolli, n. (p. 492), Rio de Las Salinas, outside and inside.
PLATE XXX.
Fig. 1. Unio semigranosus, v. d. Busch, var. testudineus, Morel. (p. 493), Rio Usumacinta, young
specimen: 1 a, hinge of the left valve.
specimen intermediate between the normal form and the var. testudineus
(p. 494), Tampico: 2a and 26, hinge of each valve.
3. —— —— (pp. 493, 494), Tampico: 3a and 3 8, hinge of each valve.
4, —— , an old specimen, locality uncertain : 4a and 4 6, hinge of each valve.
2.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 671
PLATE XXXI.
Figs. 1, 2. Unio psoricus, Morel. (p. 494) , Rio de Las Salinas: 2a, more elongated form; 1 a, hinge
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
of the left valve.
3. erocodilorum, Morel. (p. 495), a specimen from Paetel’s collection, now in the Berlin
Museum : 3a and 3 4, hinge of each valve.
4. corium, Reeve (p. 495), a specimen from Paetel’s collection, now in the Berlin
Museum: 4.a@ and 4, hinge of each valve.
PLATE XXXII.
1. Unio percompressus, v. Mart. (p. 496), Rio de Las Salinas, a somewhat triangular form:
1a, inside of the right valve.
a » a younger specimen from the same locality, hinge of the right, 2 a, hinge of
the left valve.
3. —— » Rio de Las Salinas, a somewhat quadrangular form: 8a, inside of the right
valve ; 35, ditto, seen from above.
4,5. Dreissena sallei, Récl. (p. 477), Honduras, two somewhat different specimens, views
showing the inside of the right valve, seen from below.
PLATE XXXIITTI.
1. Unio tampicoensis, Lea (p. 511), Tampico, from Paetel’s collection: la, right valve,
inside; 1 0, hinge of left valve.
discus, var. panucoensis, v. d. Busch (p. 510), Panuco, specimen from Dunker’s
collection : 2a, right valve, inside; 26, hinge of left valve.
PLATE XXXIV.
1. Unio liebmanni, Phil. (p. 500), Mexico, specimen sent by Dr. Moérch of Copenhagen to
Prof. Dunker: 1 a, right valve, inside; 1 6, ditto, seen from above.
2. sallei, Cr. & Fisch., var. grossus, n. (p. 517), Rio de Las Salinas: 24a, right valve,
inside ; 2 4, ditto, seen from above.
3. rubicundus, u. (p. 514), Coban: 3a, left valve, inside.
PLATE XXXV.
1. Unio microdon, v. Mart. (p. 504), Rio de Las Salinas: 1 a, right valve, inside; 1 4, hinge
of left valve; 1c, ditto, seen from above.
2. alienigenus, Cr. & Fisch. (p. 513), specimen sent by Dr. Anthony to the Berlin
Museum: 24, right valve, inside.
3-5. tampicoensis, Lea, var. umbrosus, Lea (p. 512), Rio Medellin, three different stages
of growth from the same locality: 5a, right valve, inside ; 5 4, hinge of left valve.
672 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE XXXVI.
Fig. 1. Unio cuprinus, Lea, var. subventralis, n. (p. 506), Tabasco: 14, seen )
from above.
2. aztecorum, Phil. (p. 502), normal form, Rio de Misantla :
26, seen from above. . . a, right valve,
3. —— , young specimen, Rio de Misantla. inside.
4, —— , large specimen, Playa de Misantla.
5. —— , var. chapalanus *, n. (p. 504), Laguna de Chapala.
6. —— tehuantepecensis, Cr. & Fisch., var. copanensis, n. (p. 502), Rio
Copan. J
PLATE XXXVII.
Fig. 1. Unio aztecorum, Phil., var. strebeli, Lea (p. 508), Playa de Misantla, )
full-grown specimen from Strebel’s collection.
9 a, right valve,
, ditto, younger specimen from the same locality.
(p. 502), Playa de Misantla, very old specimen: 3 4, seen
from above.
inside.
4
PLATE XXXVIII.
Fig. 1. Unio ravistellus, Morel., var. vere-pacis, Tristr. (p. 516), Vera Paz, |
Tristram’s type-specimen.
2-6. (p. 516), Lake of Yzabal, different forms chosen from
a large number of shells collected by Dr. O. Stoli: 5 a, younger,
6 a, less worn, specimen. .
7, 8. guatemalanus, n. (p. 519), Paso Antonio, two specimens of @ : ight valve,
somewhat different form: 7 6, 8b, seen from above. side.
9. championi, n. (p. 508), Paso Antonio.
10. goascoranensis, Lea (p. 501), Paso Antonio: 100, seen from
above.
11. hjalmarsoni, n. (p. 509), Rio Chamelicon.
PLATE XXXIX.
Figs. 1, 2. Unio aratus, Lea (p. 499), Lake of Managua, specimen given by )
Dr. O. Stoll to the Berlin Museum (this locality is omitted in
the text) : 2 6, seen from above.
3. —— , Specimen given by Largilliert to the Berlin Museum: >
3b, seen from above.
pliciferus, Lea, var. minor, Fisch. & Cr. (p. 515), Rio Medellin,
collected by Strebel. J
a, right valve,
inside.
4.
* Incorrectly named U. aztecorum, var. chapalensis, on the Plate.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 673
Fig. 5. Unio gabbianus, Lea (p. 498), Lake of Nicaragua: 5, seen from \
above, showing the unequivalve summits. |
nuculinus, Phil. (p. 509), Nicaragua, specimen from Dunker’s
collection, given probably by Philippi himself to the Berlin
Museum : 6 4, seen from above. a, right valve,
7. —— medellinus, Lea (p. 517), Rio Medellin, obtained by H. H. ( inside.
Smith: 7 4, seen from above.
radiatulus, n. (p. 518), Paso Antonio: 8 d, seen from above. |
yzabalensis, Cr. & Fisch. (p. 507), Panzos, three different |
forms selected from a large number of shells collected by Conradt. J
6.
8.
9-11.
PLATE XI.
Figs. 1-7. Anodonta coarctata, Anton (p. 525), Lake of Chapala, different stages and forms
obtained by Richardson at the same locality: 1, hinge and sinulus of right valve;
2, summits of a young specimen, ?, showing the folds; 3, nearly full-grown ; 4 and 5,
young; 6, normal, a, seen from above ; 7, rather abnormal example.
exilior, Lea (p. 530), Vera Cruz, different forms selected from a large number
of shells collected by F. D. Godman: 10a, hinge and sinulus of right valve; 10 4, seen
from above.
8-11.
PLATE XLI.
Figs. 1,2. Anodonta richardsoni, n. (p. 529), Ameca: 1, young; 14, summits of the same,
enlarged, showing the undulated folds; 2, full-grown; 2 a, right valve, inside.
3. (Pachyanodon) depexa, n. (p. 538), Paso Antonio: 34, right valve, inside; 30, seen
from above.
A., (Pseudoleila) ciconia, A. Gould (p. 536), Mazatlan, right valve, inside, showing the
oblique scratches, mentioned on p. 537.
5. Mycetopus subsinuatus, Sow. (p. 540), Paso Antonio: 5 a, right valve, inside.
PLATE XLII.
1-3. Polymesoda mexicana, Brod. (p. 548), Mazatlan: 1 and 3, younger specimens; 2, full-
Figs.
: grown; la, 26, and 3a, seen from above; 2a, right valve, inside, showing the
pallial sinus.
4, 5. placens, Hanl. (p. 545), Livingston: 4a and 5a, right valve, inside; 46 and 54,
seen from above.
6. olivacea, Carp. (p. 541), Mazatlan, young specimen: 6a, seen from above.
7 cordata, Wiegm. (p. 546), Mexico, type-specimen in the Berlin Museum: 7 a, right
valve, inside; 7 4, seen from above.
8, 9. solida, Phil. (p. 544), Nicaragua, specimens from Dunker’s collection: 8a and 9a,
right valve, inside; 8 4 and 94, seen from above.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Apri] 1901. 85
Fig. 1.
Fig.
14.
. —— aspera, Phil. (p. 587), Salvador, specimen from Paetel’s collection, 7.
. Eupera pittieri, nu. (p. 553), Sierpe, }-
. Pisidium abditum, Haldem. (p. 554), Cartago, $.
. Unio imbricatus, Mirch (p. 498), Nicaragua, Mérch’s type-specimen belonging to the
. Guppya angasi, Tryon (pp. 120, 619), Alta Talamanca, two views, 3
ONO ARO Ww
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE XLIILI.
Spherium costaricanum, n. (p. 552), Alajuela, }: 1 a, right valve, inside ; 1b, seen from
above. .
luridum, n. (p. 552), Ameca, 7: 26, young specimen ; 2c, seen from above.
martensi, Pilsbry (p. 552), Lake Patzcuaro, \
specimen received from Pilsbry, natural size, \
|
a, right valve, inside; 6, seen from
above; the upper sketch indicates
J the natural size.
Museum of Copenhagen: 6a, right valve, inside; 6 6, seen from above.
. Melampus trilineatus, C. B. Ad. (p. 559), Punta Arenas, 3.
tabogensis, C. B. Ad. (p. 560), Panama, ¢.
strigosus, n. (p. 560), Rio Boto, 3.
panamensis, C. B, Ad. (p. 561), Panama: 10a, another somewhat narrower specimen,
both 3.
bocoronicus, Mirch (p. 560), Punta Arenas, obtained by Biolley, 3.
. Littorina philippii, Carp. (p. 584), Mazatlan, obtained by Ringe, $.
, var. alba, n. (p. 585), Mazatlan, 3.
——~, var. penicillata, Carp. (p. 584), Mazatlan, obtained by Forrer, §.
. —— ——., young specimen from Nicoya, #.
. —— philippii, Carp., var. subsuturalis, nu. (p. 585), San José, Guatemala, 3.
— , var. latistrigata, n. (p. 585), Punta Arenas, §.
[The vertical lines placed near figg. 7-18 indicate the natural size.]
PLATE XLIV.
Salasiella elegans, v. Mart. (p. 618), Colima: 1, another specimen, both 5.
3°
micans, Ang. (pp. 121, 620), Bruschik, two views, }.
. Streptostyla sargi, Fisch. & Cr., var. championi, n. (p. 617), Sabo, 7.
. Glandina pittieri, n. (p. 611), Talamanca.
. Streptostyla (Pittieria, n.) bicolor, n. (p. 617), Alta Talamanca.
. Semisinus maculatus *, Lea (p. 646), Rio Tararia, ?
> 1°
. Pachychilus (Potamanaz) pilsbryi, n. (pp. 463, 646), Santa Gertrudis.
9.
Otostomus colimensis, Rolle (p. 630), Colima, Rolle’s typical specimen.
[10. Tornatellina pittieri, v. Mart. (p. 640), Cocos Island, type-specimen obtained by H. Pittier,
11.
two views, ?.] .
Potamides (Cerithidea) costatus, DaCosta (p. 572), Progreso, 2: 11 a, operculum.
[12. Succinea globispira, v. Mart. (p. 641), Cocos Island, type-specimen, two views, 2]
13
14.
15
16.
17
Amnicola vulcani, n. (p. 645), Lake of Atitlan, 2,
stolli, n. (p. 645), Antigua, 3.
Ortalichus princeps, Sow., var. elegans, Rolle (p. 629), Colima, Rolle’s type-specimen.
zoniferus, Streb., var. nobilis, Rolle (p. 629), Colima, Rolle’s ty pe-specimen.
Pachychilus largillierti, Phil. (pp. 450, 645), Amatitlan, living animal from a drawing
made by Dr. O. Stoll. |
* Named Hemisinus maculatus on the Plate.
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1a,b UNIO LIEBMANNI.
2a,b ; SALLEIvar.GROSSUS.
F RUBICUNDUS.
ww DN
Oo
a
oy
ees
pace as
Fol Lit oy
von Zglinicka ad nat. del et lith.
1,1a,b.¢ UNIO
2,2a .
a0, dab »
MICRODON.
ALIENIGENUS.
UMBROSUS.
impr. 0. Hollmann.
tena cwomee
stilts
9
1, ta,b UNIO CUPRINUS var. SUBVENTRALIS.
2,2ab,3,3a,44a ,» AZTECORUM.
5, ba ; y var CHAPALENSIS.
von Zglinicka ad nat. del et lith. 6, 6a » TEHUANTEPECENSIS var. COPANENSIS.
yr. 0. Hollmann.
C LE
. L ee / <
CML BHC
von Zglinicka ad nat.
a
slet lth.
m
—
1, 4a
2) Aa
3,3a,6
UNIO AZTECORUM var. STREBELI.
p n » ” Jay.
y a forma Major.
7 aro
oVibeiicw ein IE.
“ati
1,ia. UNIO RAVIS TELLUS v VERAEPACIS.
2— 4a. » ”
5, Da. F " Juv.
6; 6 & b »
von 4glinicka ad nat. delet lith.
7, 7a,o,8,8
99a
10 ,10 a,b.
11, Ifa.
a.UNIO GUATEMALANUS.,
CHAMPIONT.
GOASCORANENSIS.
HJALMARSONT.
impr. 0. Hollmann.
is
Sahried.
11ab,2,3,3ab. UNIO ARATUS. 7, 7a,v. UNIO MEDELLINUS.
, PLICIFERUSvMINOR. 8, 8a,b. ; RADIATULUS.
, GABBIANUS 9-tHha. ; YZABALENSIS.
NUCULINUS.
6
)
4 TEGT
von “glinicka ad nat.del et lith. impr. 0. Hollmann,
-
8-11 ANODONTA EXILIOR.
1-7 ANODONTA COARC TATA.
oae
ELE 4, : Tp
biol QUIS. CY Vy “BCL oak A7
1.2 ANODONTA RICHARDSONI. 4 ANODONTA CICONITA.
3 DEPE XA 5 MYCETOPUS SUBSINUATUS
y
1
intcka ad na
-3 POLYMESODA MEXICANA. 6 POLYMESODA
5 n PLACENS. 7 F
8-9 POLYMESODA SOLIDA.
deat uth.
A YF y
LW
LEE AML
OLIVACEA juv
CORDATA.
fi i—“z, x? ZF
iol tite He: ohilweu efil 43
4 SPHAERIUM COSTARICANUM. 7 MELAMPUS TRILINEATUS. 13 LI'T'TORINA PHILIPPI varALBA.
2 - LURID UM. 8 " TAB) GENSIS. 14 D » 3 PENICILLATA.
4 EUPERA PITTIERI. g y OTRIGOSUS 19 f ASPERA.
© PISIDIUM ABDITUM. 010%, PANAMENSIS 16 , » ©", ju.
¥3 SPHAR RIUM MARTENS! {1 , BOCORONICUS 17 , PHILIPPivar. SUBSUTURALIS
6 UNIO IMBRICATUS. 12. LITTORINA PHILIPPI 18 . (5 LIXELSTRIGNES
vel Lgunicka ad nat. delet isa mnie el
1
2
a
4,
5
von Sglinicka ad nat.del et lith..
la SALASIELLA ELEGANS. 6 STREPTOSTYLA BICOLOR. — ,iitla PO'TAMIDES COSTATUS.
GUPPYA ANGASL. 7 HEMISINUS MACULATUS. 12 SUCCINEA GLOBISPIRA.
i MICANS. 8 PACHYCHILUS -PILSBRYI. 18 AMNICOLA VULCANI
OTREPTOST YLA SARGI, var CHAMPIONI. 9 OTOSTOMUS COLIMENSIS. 14 » STOLLI.
GLANDINA PITTIERT. 10 TORNATELLINA PITTIERI. 15 ORTALICHUS PRINCEPS var ELEGANS.
16. ORTALICHUS ZONIFERUS, var NOBILIS. 17 PACHYCHILUS LARGILLIERTT.
impr. 0. Hellriann
[Names in small capitals refer to Families, &c. ;
I.N DoE xX.
those in roman type to the chief reference to each species included in the work;
those in italics to species incidentally mentioned, synonyms, &c.]
Page
Acanthinula. .128, 180, 181, 621, 622
—— aculeata. ec cccccecces 1380
—— cecoides......... ie ee . 181
GRORUMNE 6 OES Os 131
guatemalensis .6......05 131
—— intonsa .......0005 cebu DOL
PUNCLUM oesccseese 131, 659
ACEPA ee cece aisle tage he bas 273
Achatina ...... 296, 312, 316, 613
alabastrind .......0000 60
GUDErSt vec cers ecccees 75
AMDUQUE Lec cece eens 72
——— AMLENUAE vee eeccccccees 80
QUIATA vice cece ccc eces 57
herendtt..sscccccccveves 301
—— Dullata vice iccccccceess 79
CANMIAA . cece cecaccvcces 66
—— CArMINENSIS 2.1... eeeee 61
CATNEM vw ecvevevcccveees 67
CRUIAPENSIS 6.60 cece ceaes 303
conularis .....4. a segs si 66
COYAOVANG vecececececes ~ 40
COTONAA ee ceee eeeees 54
—— cylindracea........ 67, 73, 93
cylindrella......... eetes 300
dactylus......665 a eee's 80
daudebartt......0.ceceeee 62
AECUSSALA occ cece ceees 58
Deltbuta occ cecesccccaces 97
delicatula ... cece cece: 70
—— dysont ...... weeresen es 102
——— filO8G vo. ecccsueees woe. 74
SUsifOrmis oo... cceeees 57, 58
—— ghresbreghtt ........006. 58
UMNSUGNIS voc vveausceccoes 62
COLD? yoo vee cee anes 324
UADELUNA 6. ccc cveceeves 63
1 {a vee... 86
largillertt:. 0. cece es ees 67
lattret ove cece eceeeeees 91
WiebMANNt .....ceeeees 61, 62
lgnaria ....eeeeeeee x. 67,8
—— ligulata ..cccscvccvcceee 103
WRU ORG oo. eee reece ees 304
Page
Achatina margaritacea ...... 81
MORON ek ces aces 62
i MOTION. OS kc oe a's 75
MONE a Soe ee coy Gales oes 79
MOB EO See Ele Cae 77
MUCOUEEE 0. viv vesicle vies oa wa 85
PTB elec s 90
ODLUSA vee cece ee eeaee 76
OCTONE recs ceccvcveees 298
OTIRADE wees eeeee veceee 73
Plt oo. rerececccsscees 59
—— physodes .......ecseees 99
plicatula wi. eee eee 80
—— pulchella ......66..0. 83, 613
PANGUANGE vociccececenes 300
POSE wovvcceeee 59, 60, 61, 78
2 75
SOWEFDYANA ic eereceees 55
——— SPECIOSA wer eeccercccnes 71
SEUGMALICH 6... cece cues 77
streptostyla wi... cece eee 94.
SErUATA vee ee aes 62,78, 79
——— SUBUID eve ccceesecees 291
tortelland .icceccccceaee 72
trochled oc cease eeeeeee 299
WUNCALA eee ec aeeenee 78
trypanodes ........ 303, 305
—— tUITIS......6 wea eens .. 65
VANULEMENSIS sve rveceees 54
YUCATANENSIS . 00ers evens 67
ACtINONAIAS cecicevceeceeees 481
Adamsiella vivccccceccceves 16
OBDGITE is’ veveaceces 16, 599
VUGUAULA ove cc eevceeenee 16
AdelopoM ... cc svcccceccveees 601
LAEGTCD, vec ceecevaes weer ete. 481
FEQUE. Foe w ieee nec eeccenes 481
AGRE. Ciba cee vee ceverce 145
AQUA adpescewccceses 145, 147
MOPMONUM .iverseee ... 162
BONYE cae ne Raw eueee 623
Aglaisma ...ceeeeee Da Dhekce 9s 147
AGNATHA |.....0¢ 0. es sesti's's 45
A grtoltnan: ocvec ees ee eee 347
Page
Agriolimax lacustris ........ 348
ete ee cs ae 847
Alea pellucida. fre oe ee 328
Alampetis ....,. 363, 368, 369, 667
AOR ee vec ieh ened 32
MNlest@. 6 es (ee veees 563
Alintt’ boo. 0 c8 Ree 468, 475
Amblema 88 a eae 479
AMMONOCEFAS ....cceveee ee EIS
CAME rine ccie ets 108
AMNICOLA 050000 600. cea 430, 645
Amnidolit’ 68 Coo ceek scenes 431
—— (?) bakeri ............4. 435
OOREPE ooo ene oh eb ee 431
CANAEANA .eceeveseevees 433
cincinnatiensis ......600. 432
coronata ......... eee 4382
—— coronata .......... 431, 4383
, var. crystallina .... 434
—— ——, var. erystallina .... 481
—— ——., var. inermis
—— ——,, var. unicarinata.... 4383
, var. unicarinata.... 4381
costaricensis ........ 435, 645
costaricensis ........ 431, 668
CrYStCALUINA., ve cece ees 433, 434
oe , var. coronata...... 433
— , Var. spinifera...... 433
—— guatemalensis .......... 432
—— hyalina 2... ee cee 432
—— hyalina ..... cece cece 431
—— (?) hydrobioides ........ 435
—— hydrobiordes ,.......006. 431
——— WMOBG, vee cccccvceees 430
(?) melanioides.......... 436
melanioides ........ 431, 668
—— (?) ——, var. tentis..... . 436
—— , var. tenuis .... 481, 668
orizabensis ............ 432
OTIZADENSIS... ce eee evens 431
OTM sever ecccevever 433
palomaensis ........ 454, 645
palomaensts ....cereeees 431
—— pamamensis ............ 432
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER. Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1901. 86
676
Page
Amnicola panamensts .....4... 431
petenensis............- 430
PpeteneNStS .. eee eeecceees 431
—— rhegoides ...........5.. 432
rhegotdes .......4+: 43], 668
~-—— (P) seemanni ............ 435
SCOMANNE veveeseees 431, 486
—— stolli ...... cee eee eee, 645
0) 674
subangulata ............ 435
subangulata ........ 431, 668
(?) vuleani.............. 645
VUICANE verse ccreccecues 674
WIIGKE occa cece eens 436
Amphicyclotus oo... ccc ce eee 1,5
Boucardt ... cece eee ees 6
Goldfusst wo... ceecceune 598
—— lutescens.. 0.6... cece 7
—— mAleri vee ccecceuae 6
PONAEYOSUS. 6... eee eens 6
LEXTULATUS ©. ee cee eens 6
Amphidromus. occ. cceecee 182, 230
CONEPATIUS Woe eevee eens 230
Amphinaas .....:; chee eens 480
AMPULLARIA .........- 404, 644
Ampullaria ........ 401, 405, 406,
410, 415, 421, 424, 495
—— auriformis.............. 417
AUIUFOYINIS. 6. eae 405, 407
belizensis .............. 417
belizensis ...... 404, 405, 407
—— cerasuM............00.. 421
cerasum.... 405, 408, 422, 669
columbiensis ........ 413, 424
——conoidea .............. 423
conoidea,... 405, 408, 421, 669
—— cornu-artetis ... 6... c eee 424
— costaricana ........ 418, 644
—— costaricana .... 405, 407, 669
—— cumingi................ 422
—— cumingt .... 405, 408, 420, 423
— delattrei................ 419
—— dysoni ................ 417
—— dysoni ........ 405, 407, 416
CFUSA occ cece 425
—— erogata ...........6.00. 422
—— erogata ........ 405, 408, 421
—— euMicTa.............00, 416
—— CEUMUCTA ove eee 405, 407
—— EXIM vee eee cee 424
—— figuaind 6... eee eee 424
—— flagellata .............. 405
SJlagellata .. 404, 406, 409, 410,
411, 412, 413, 414, 415,
416, 417, 419, 424, 668
INDEX.
Page
Ampullaria flagellata, var. arata. 410
, Var. arata ........ 405,
406, 411, 668
—— ——.,, var. chiapasensis .. 411
—— ——.,, var. chiapasensis 405, 406
— , var. exsculpta...... 410
_— , var. exsculpta . 405,
406, 411, 668
—. , var. gigantea ...... 412
— , Var. gigantea ...... 405,
406, 413, 668
, var. guatemalensis.. 413
—— ——.,, var. guatemalensis.. 405,
406, 668
—— ——.,, var. inneza........ 405
a , var, malleata ...... 411
— , var, malleata...... 405,
406, 412, 668
, var. melanostoma .. 411
—— ——.,, var. melanostoma .. 405,
406, 668
, var. oajacensis .... 411
—— —.,, var. oajacensis. . 405, 406
— , Var, tristrami...... 413
—— , var. tristram?...... 405,
406, 418, 424, 668
Satis vec ceeecccceceee 409
GOVEANA oo cae cvecvees 425
—— ghiesbrechtii ........6605 418
—— ghiesbreghti ............ 418
—— ghiesbreghti .... 405, 407, 419
—— ——., var. lemniscata .... 418
—— ——.,, var. lemniscata. . 405, 407
——., var. miltochilus.... 418
, var. miltochilus. .405, 407
GUGUNled oo ec ccccccces 413
——— IQUE cece eeeee 425
—— hondurasensis ...... 420, 644
hondurasensis ...... 404, 405,
408, 421, 424, 669
—— innexa .............05. 416
UMNENO vec ccevvcees 405, 407
labiosd ccc cece 410
dattret eve c eee ees 419
lemniscata ... cece cecces 418
TWVESCONS. eve c cece eeee 411
—— luteostoma....... cece 425
malleatd ......65.. 409, 411,
412, 413, 415, 416
— y Var. arata ........ 410
ame , var. chiapasensis.... 411
—-- , var. evsculpta...... 410
—-— ) Var. oajacensis...... 41]
— , Var. prasima ...... 416
oo , var. strebeld....... . 416
miltochetlus ..... 6... 0s 418
Page
Ampullaria monachus ........ 416
—— monachus ......46..% 405, 407
ODIONGA cee eve eeeneee 423
OCC]USA . 6... eee eee eee 417
OCCIUSA ve cece eee 405, 407
OCRVACEA. Loe ee eee 405
pallens 6... cic veecenees 644
—— pealeana .............. 423
pealeana .....ereee 405, 408,
421, 424, 669
porphyrostoOma ......e.ee 410
a 416
—— pyrum .....05. 404, 421, 424
reflera. . 409, 410, 418, 419, 424
—— ——.,, var. melanostoma .. 411
TELUSA. Lo ce cece 424
rotula ...... cee eee eee 425
TOCA ..e cece ee aee 408, 669
rufolineatd........5. 423, 424
—— strebeli .............0.. 415
strebeli .... 405, 407, 416, 668
— , Var, prasina........ 416
a , var. prasina ,, 405, 407
—— SWUINSONT 6. eee eae 419
tristramt oi... cee wees 413
violacea.............0-. 414
VUOLACER os. ce ee eee 405, 406,
409, 415, 416, 668
yucatanensis............ 420
yucatanensis ........ 405, 408
—— ——, var. yzabalensis.... 420
——- ——, var. yzabalensis .... 405,
408, 669
Amygdalonaias occ. cece eee 481
Amygdalopsis... cece eee aees 651
Anchistoma coulont .......... 167
ATUAANE . eee e eee 171
ANCYLUS 2. cece eee e eee eee 400
Ancylus vee. ccc cca 401, 402, 403
CUNCOIES oo eee cece 403
—— excentricus ..........., 402
—— excentricus .... 397,401, 403
—— ——,, var. biolleyi ...... 402
—— — , var. biolleyt........ 401
—— ——,, var. pittieri........ 402
—— , Var, pittier? ...... 401
LaCUstrtS. vee cee ees 402
—— papillaris .............. 402
papillaris ........5. 401, 668
allel... ... cece eee ee eee 40]
ANISOSPITA . 6. eee eee 254, 255
LL 266
Webmanni ...ccceecscaee 266
strebe oo. cece. 265, 6383
Anodon bambousearum........ 535
CUCONU Leceevcccccccens 537
Page
Anodon cylindracea ........4. 535
GTN es hex ees 5380
a JIAUCD ce cece 537
———— JIOGOSA. ee edceecicese 533
RONTY ARE es os i es 532
durulentd ....c cece wees dol
nopalatensis ......66.64% 533
BRUCE oe TS 536
ANODONTA.........00005 5238, 653
Anodonta wo... 0.60. 524, 525, 526,
528, 534, 538, 539, 654
—— AMAZONENSIS ........ 525, 536
ANG“UIATA vic ceec nc eenes 524
ANSCTING acivecveccaes 525
APCOLAE eve vv cncevenns 536
QULOUITENE woe cc ecec sens 584
bambousearum ...... 535, 650
bambusearum .......... 535
bambusearum oo... cceee 525,
527, 528, 536
—— bridgestt .ieevvescseees 536
CRAIBANA weve ee eee eens 539
—— chalcoensis ........ 530, 654
—— chalcoensis ........ 524, 526,
528, 531, 538
—— chapalensis., 525, 529, 531, 654
—— cherziana ...........008 539
—— CICONIA ..... ee eee eee ees 536
——— CICOMIA .....4.. 525, 527, 528,
582, 537, 654, 673
i——— coarctata ......+... 525, 654
—— coarctata ...... 524, 526, 528,
- §29, 581, 653, 678
COTNEA 2... cee ee een eee 539
COTNED .eevvevaceevene . 585
——cylindracea .........56- 535
cylindracea. . 525, 527, 528, 536
—— depexa ....eeeeereee ... 588
Aepexrd .erseeee 527, 528, 673
CNSUFOTINIS vo. seen veveeee 525
ORUION 6. ce aie Ba 530, 654
CXUMON cacceees 524, 526, 528,
529, 531, 653, 673
A 525
forbesiana ..... sees veees 525
STIGIAG wove resenerones 523
——— fibDOsd «i. seveeeeeevees 524
Ha Glabrd. os eee ees ew ew ens 530
Glabrus oe ceeercceeeeee 654
—— glauca ......seeeeeeees 532
GIAUCA oc eave ceces 524, 526,
528, 537, 654
— , var. sinaloensis .... 537
globosa .....-++++-- 532, 654
globosa ......+ 524, 526, 528
—— granadensis .... 499, 525, 535
INDEX.
Page
Anodonta grandis ........ 524, 582
OTA. ee eee ee 534
grijalve.... 524, 527, 528, 654
—— henryana ........ vébees 532
—— RENTYANA wiccecsvccases 524,
526, 528, 654
—— holtonis................ 5389
——— UMPUTA. oo vevvccces 530, 654
—— inequalis ........46. 534, 654
—— imeequivalvis............ 534
—— inequivalvis ..... 0... cee 525,
527, 528, 654
——,, var. granadensis.... 585
, var. granadensis . 527, 528
, var. lenticularis.... 534
, var. lenticularis . 527, 528
jewetti ......... eee eee 536
Jewellt ...ceees 525, 527, 528
Jewetttand..... cece ceeee 536
kennicott? ..... 0006. 523, 653
latomarginata ...... 525, 538
lenticularis ......+.. 525, 584
lurulenta .......... 531, 654
—— lurulenta ...... 524, 526, 528
—- luteola ............0406. 537
—— luteola ........ 525, 527, 528
———— MAGNYiCd veer ceveveees 524
—— montezuma ............ 530
—— montezuma ........ 524, 526
—— nicarague............. 536
—— nicaragu@...... 525, 527, 528
—— nopalatensis ........ 538, 654
—— nopalatensis .... 524,526, 528
1 524
PCPINUANA seve rvees 535, 653
PUSCINAIS veovesvcseveees 530
richardsoni ............ 529
—— richardson ........ 524, 526,
528, 653, 673
—— rotundatd ....eecceveees 524
—— SUMPSONIANA 6... eeveveee 523
——— SINUOSA vec ecccvenecnees 536
—— S0NUNA voc vccvcceevans 525
—— stewarttand ...scceesses 524
—— strebeli ...... wile’ 531, 654
— subarcuatula.........0.. 535
tabascensis ..........+. 533
tabascensis .... 524, 526, 528
—— tehuantepecensis ........ 538
tehuantepecensis ........ 524,
527, 528, 529
—— tenebricosa... 1.1.6.0 525, 589
——— VESCOUANA ve rsseeveeees 524
—— wiridand ,.ersseves 530, 654
—— WOOUAANA oo. ccseeee 524, 532
——— YUKONENSIS.. 6. eevee eens 525
Page
ANOdONINE. 6 0 RE es 481
Anodantites vcncovcucvseives 523
NOME co os eae ee 541
A perostOMa: oc oscve ccesaeees 3
AYSONE wo ccs escaevees 4, 597
Aphanistylas vce c een cee 567
Applet. oo iceccceess 353, 354, 355,
358, 364, 371, 667
BUTE fo eich hanes 357
— , var. bocourtt ...... 359
—— —, var. glandiformis .. 357
—, var. gracilenta .... 808
bullula ....... ged a diese 368
—— CISLETNING Wee vec vevnces 361
— , var. abbreviata .... 362
— 9 WON GTM: owes 362
— , var. minor .... 362, 667
CLAED ween e enn eccn eee 364
——— fuliginosa . 6... ce ceenees 360
——— AYPNOPUM wc vvecveveces 368
—— impluviata ........ 358, 667
—— MAUYJETE vrvvccvaes 364, 666
NULENS 04s eeees 307, 358, 666
—— var, acutalis ...... 356
POFUVUANA wivvcevcuceceee 365
—— purpurostOMb ....eceees 358
—— spiculatd ...ccvveceeees 366
LAPANENSIS.. 6 ee rceenes 367
— , var. guatemalensis .. 367
—— ventricosior ..veceseeeee 360
APMOUE oo ia Ca ci arms cemeiners 354
—— AUIANTIA vee rceeccaeees 356
—— IMA Lic cevcccsccencens 364
——— MAUGEVI@ ve veccvsvceaes 354
—— NUENS cee cccccenvees 357
—_— , var. sptculata ...... 366
——_ suturalts ...cccseacoees 357
Capanensis...... pee ieee 643
APOMA cecivsiccccmevesetecns 286
Arca (Anomalocardia) tubercu-
TOG oie. ose evistie cate ie wiles als 595
AION oe Maa oe ENS ES 142
lavescens .....eeeereees 142
ABIOLIMAK 2.0 cee cee eee’s 345
APIOBMEK oc ceincicne Seiad ee es 342
CAPOTNICUS © oe enn ed oes 345
— , subsp. costaricensis . 345
costaricensis............66% 345
APO: in sisson wae ce Shade oN 345
ABIONIDA, 020.6 cr cccts o/c CEC ais 341
Arionta .... 180,139, 142, 154, 624
JUAUESCENS wccweenees 139, 660
—— GUSCOLA oc eeccceenvenes 141
humboldtiana ........++ 148
a , var. buffoniana .... 148
magdalenensis ...... 139, 144
86*
678
Page
Arionta mormonum .......00- 162
TEMONAL oo ce cv cencevves 148
—— trypanomphala ,......... 139
» Var. remondt ...... 139
Arotonaias.......... 480, 481, 488,
490, 491, 497, 500, 649
AASOLENE Lecce cece cee 404
AULACOGNATHA ........000- 126
AURICULA 20... cece eee cece 505
AUriCUld. oe cece cece nceees 556
QCUED Le eee cece eens 563
—— CONCINNA occ eevee 561
CONFOPMIS 6.6... eee eens 558
dombeyand ..... 00000. 200
INFTEQUENS vee seer eveees 561
a 556
—— MUA... eee ccccees 556, 558
—— nitens...... ees ccc eeeee 561
PANAMENSIS oe eeevevccee 561
paplefera...ceccccccees 556
PECIURLANA wee eee eeecces 563
—— (?) stagnalis ............ 556
tabogensis ...... sot seeee 560
—— trilineata wo... cece cece 559
AURICULIDE..........0. 352, 555
Auriculus oo. cece cece ue eee 555
QUENA oe cic ccc cece cues 562
Averelid vicciceccceccveres 623
MACNCUL. 6. eee ceces 623
Axina guillarmodi.......6 0066 158
AZATA Lecce cece e cence nes 596
BASOMMATOPHORA .......... 352
Bifidaria prototypus ....... 64. 641
BIVALVIA ..........000. 476, 595
BLAUNERIA ............000. 563
— heteroclita ............ 563
pellucida ..eeeceecceees 564
Bostrichocentrum .... 278,277, 634
Lr 276
VEPACYURLANUM ..eveecee. 6385
Bourcver@ ccc ccceec ce ceeen 2]
Brachyanodon........ 524, 526, 528
Brachypodella ..... 0.00400. 286
Brachypus oo... ccc cece ce cee 286
Brodybana pisum ....e0.c000. 140
Buceinum ....... bev eseceens 375
foltorum ....... cee. 579
—— lineatum .......... 580, 583
luteostomum ............ 594
striatum oo... e eee, 62, 79
—— sublividum, &e. ........ 578
Bulimi achatinoide. ........,. 179
Bulimiformes.. cece cece 305
Buliminus 6.06... eee, 246, 392
INDEX.
Page
Buliminus corneus ........ .. 246
——— ODSCUTUS oe ccc n eens 605
—— UNWOIOL oe eee cccrcneees 248
BULIMULUS .........04. 238, 632
Bulimulus ...... 191, 198, 214, 234,
237, 239, 240, 252, 296, 341
—— ACUEUS eee cee eee 238
—— albidus ..ee cece eeeeeee 244
albostriatus se... cee eee 237
—— alternans ...... 223, 230, 231
—— alternatus.......... 248, 632
alternatus ......4. 238, 240,
242, 244, 664
— , Var. nigromontanus . 632
ArtEMIStE ..... cee 238, 246
—— attenuatus oo... ccc cenee 215
AUNYGPIUUS ieee ceeeees 213
—— beticatus .......... vee 246
batleyt vice cecceeeeees 633
berendti. ccc cece ceceeee 249
Hrnmeyanus oviceseeeees 244
botterti vc kee cee eee 208
CANLOSUS Co eee eee ee ees 242
—— CASLUS ic cec ce enees 206
—— hapert vo. ccecrevecvees 630
chiapasensis ........ 205, 228
chiapasensis-delattret .... 205
COriaceUS ........ eee eee 248
coriaceus ...... 288, 241, 249
— , var. berendti ...... 249
—- , var. berendti ...... 241
—— cormneus..........0. 246, 632
—— corneus .... 238, 240, 249, 663
—— ——, var. minor ........ 247
—— ——,, var. minor ........ 240
— , var. nubeculatus ,. 247
— » var. nubeculatus.... 240
—— COSLATICENSIS 6... ec eee 217
CUCUMUS 6. eee eee 214
— , var. gracihor ...... 214
——- CUETNAVACENSIS 6... ..000% 234
dealbatus ........0. 238, 244
delattret ...... 201, 204, 205
AISCTEPANS 66. oe ee ee cee 230
dombeyanus vo ..cccceees 199
BOMINICUS Looe eveececees 237
drouett occ e eee ccccccee 219
—— dunkert oo. c cece cece eae 207
—— durangoanus............ 246
—— durangoanus .......... 238,
240, 245, 664
—— dysoni ..............4. 250
—— dysoni ........ 238, 241, 251
—- , var. ignavus ..,... 250
—— ——.,, var. tgnavus ..,... 241
CC) 234
Page
Bulimulus famatinus .... 238, 239
Jenestratus ........ 200, 207
Fenestrellus .....ceceeee 215
JOUTETE voc c ec ccc cee eeee 207
Sraterculus... 6.0... cee. 239
GUE’. eee cece ceecees 215
—— gliesbreghti ........ 209, 210
—— PPOCUS eevee ceecaes 246
eTunervi ......--. 0.0000, 245
grunert oe... 6... 238, 240, 246
guadelupensis ...... 234, 238
hegewischt .......445 211, 215
hepatostomus.........006 217
heterogeneus .., 060. .000. 235
heterogenus ........04.. 235
—— heynemanni ....... 00.0 220
hondurasanus .......... 232
inermMis ..............., 249
MerMIS ....60 0, 238, 241, 250
— , Var. major ........ 250
— y Var. Major oe... ke 241
MGIOVUS. . ieee cvvceccee 220
—— todostylus vo. cc cccceeee 210
UWARUENSIS oo. cee cee eens 224.
UWLAPENSIS oo. eve ee ceees 248
JONAS oe ee ccc ee 212
—. y var. stolli ........ 210
—— lactarius ....... 6c. n, 244
—— hilacinus. 6... eee 201
~—— Uiliaceus. oe eee. 226
—— limne@oides ......0..... 239
—— ltvescens ... eee cece, 229
—— maculatus voc. ccec ccc... 220
—— MANE ........ 248, 244, 664
—— menket oo eee eee ececcen 235
——— MEXICANUS oe eee cee 231
—. , var. gractlior ...... 222
—— moricandi ......6......, 227
—- , var. hyalino-albidus . 227
—— multilineatus............ 235
—— nitiduls oo. eee eens 211
—— nubeculatus ......ece en, 247
PAWANUS oo. eee eeee eee 203
pallidior wo... eee, 633
palpaloensis .... 223, 224, 631
PANAMENSIS oo. ee ee eae 237
patriarcha.. ccc cece. 242
petenensis ........ 0.00, 248
—— prescheli..... 20.4... 200, 662
PVOtCUS wo cco eee c cece 630
—— recluzianus ............ 213
—— rhodotrema ............ 225
——— PUMIS eee ae 209
—— sarcodes.............00, 248
—— sarcodes..........., 238, 241
, var. berendti ...... 241
Bulimulus sargi.. cc. e vce es
—— schiedeanus .... 239, 632, 664
—— schiedeanus .,.. 238, 240, 244
— » Var. mooreanus .... 239
——- , var. patriarcha .... 242
— , var. patriarcha . 240, 244.
—— semipellucidus .......... 236
semistriatus .........00. 296
—— sepulcralis ....... cee eee 239
SEYPPEVASTTUS wveseveae .-. 2038
sporledert ....ececeee ... 219
sufflatus.............05. 244
—— sufflatus.......5 238, 240, 245
—— sulc0sus .........04. 208, 209
—— » var. fenestratus .... 209
— , var. hiematus...... 208
—— sulfureus 6... ceeeeceees 225
sulphureus ....060.. 225, 226
LOCONACUS Lie eeecececees 221
translucens ............ 250
translucens ........ 238, 241
tropicalts oo... cece eee 233
ETYONL. cece ce eeeeees 223, 233
— , var. pochutlensis.... 233
— uhdeanus ........0.0055 233
— (?) umbraticus.......... 251
umbraticus ........ 238, 241
—— umicolor................ 247
untcolor ........ 238, 241, 248
— , var. istapensis..... . 248
—— ——., var. astapensis...... 241
—— » var. petenensis .... 248
— y var. petenensis ...., 241
vesicalts...... Pace ee eceee 244
BUeEglert ..csees phase ra 232
Bulimus © oe e civ cee eens 179, 191,
198, 291, 296, 312
AICANEATE oo vce ccceecnee 199
alternans .......606. 230, 231
—— alternatus ....cceccceees 243
—— attenuatus .......00. 215, 216
—— aurifluus ...... Seow pace 213
—— auris leports ........000% 191
—— beticatus ...cceccccreee 246
DACZENSIS vee eee eeeee 223
Dehrendtt .vvscvccvseees 249
berendtt ..... eevee 246, 249-
Hocourtianus ....ceeseees 292
Dottertt oo. ccceeceeveuee 208
californicus .....64% wees 204
candidissimus ..eresesee 239
COTACCASENSUS.. cease veees 294
ee re 206
ChIAPASENSIS . 6. ee eee eens 205
Chor datus ....cecsceeeee 330
—— citronellus ...... data aee's « 226
INDEX.
Page
Bulimus colimensis .......... 293
CONUFOFMIS ooo eevee ceces 558
CONLTACLUS wo cece cece 293
—— cordovanus ......06.00. 251
——— COTUACEUS eee eee ceeeees 248
——— COPNEUB oe vecccuees 246, 248
COSLATUCENSIS ....cee eens 217
costatostriatus .......... 295
CUCULLUS 66 eee cece eens 214
CUCYNAVACENSIS . 6002-000 234
dealbatus .......... 239, 248
GISCTEPANS 6.66. eee 230
dombeyanus ......6. ... 199
GOMIUMNICUS . eevee veees 237
drouett wo.cceeeeees 218, 219
dunkert .....eeeeeee 201, 207
—— AYSONE ee eccccccaceee 250
— y Var. MINOT .....0.. 250
CMEUS. occ ecaccnces 222, 224
—— EXCEISUS 66. eee we cc nnces 202
CLPANSUS vec eee ccceecee 202
fenestralis 6.0.0... cc eee 207
Senestratus... 0.0. 200, 207
Fenestrellus oo... cece 215
—— fimbriatus oo occ eeecceaee 324
Socillatus ...... cece eee 204
GODDE voce e eee c ence ceees 207
GOAL ace ccraceceeee 215
GOUAUS wivcsccccceecees 251
—— ghieshbreghtt ........000. 209
GTOCUS vec eeecveccccues 246
QTUNELE voce cece weve. 245
hachensis ..... cece eee 237
Rhartwegt vevivcveceveees 199
hegewischt .......4.. 211, 214
—— hepatostomus............ 217
— heterogeneus ............ 235
ReyneMannt oo... sc ceeee 220
hondurasanus .......... 232
honduratianus .......44. 232
— humboldti ..........0.6. 251
—— hyematus ..... 0... ee 208
UNAVUS voc evcecsvevees 250
UREPMUS. vo vsecvscvcecees 249
—— inglorius .......... 219, 220
WARUENSIS 6. eco ccc eeaes 224
UStAPENSIS 06. cee eee ences 248
JONAS oo cece ccc ceseeeees 212
JOSCPRUS Woes cevvvceccees 202
——— FUT ERLE cece nccnceees 245
kefersteint ......0005 215, 216
KUenert vi ccsccccecccees 289
lactartus. ....eeeeee 243, 244
LAttret vr cacccverecvves 204.
LEDMANNE wc cece ec caeee 203
—— lilacinus. . 6... econ 201, 202
Page
Bulimus lineolatus............ 214.
Vrs 62 ee is 214
—— livescens .....00..- .. 228, 229
MACULATUS 6. eve ceecvcces 220
MATGINATUS 6... eee venee 329
MOVIE occ awveccvcscace 243
MATEENSE Looe ceecees 316
melanochilus ......00000. 190
membranaceus 228, 224, 252
MENKE veeeercceccccees 235
MEXICANUS. 6. ec ee 222, 224,
232, 233, 251
— » var. gracilior ...... 222
MU cece evcvcces 294.
——— montevidensis .......... 251
moricandi ...... 225, 227, 228
——milllert oo. cece cece eee 80
—— multilineatus..........5. 235
MAVATVENSIS occ ccc cecee 217
—— mitelinus ...... cece cee 203
—— mitidulus ........00,, .. 211
MUCUS vv evececverocvcane 239
nubeculatus ..........0. 247
octonoides ........cc00ee 293
OCTONUS .o cece cee eceaes 298
PAVOUNUS oe eee ececeees 203
palludior ....eceecceuee 202
panamensis ........ 236, 237
PATVUS oo ccsccccceecees 251
patriarcha.. ccc ec eeees 242
PALTICWUS oe cece ces 201
PARANUS 6... eee eee eee 204
PeleNeNSIS . 6... sec eeeee 248
preschelt ...cescscceccces 200
plicatellus ..ceccccceeaee 294
—— pluvialis. ccc. cc cceeeeee 218
PYINCEVBS oo occ ceccevceewe 182
—— recluztanus ...ececscaee 213
rhodotrema .........00 225
PUMATUS. 6. occa ccce neces 252
TUBB. ocd vcuwecceieeics 209
SANCOUES.. ea cecceccceees 248
GONGE vowed dedesaveaes 218
SCALAYUOPSIS oo eee eee een, 308
SChICHEANUS oe eecccnees 239
semipelluctdus .......00. 236
SEmMiStriAtUS 6. ...ecceees 296
SCYPCTASLTUS woe ceecscnes 203
SIMULUS oo eee cccccccvcae 253
SUSCIENSIS. woe eee ceceues 235
SPY E ca asinine eb ds Eee es 252
SPONTEMENE cede eens ks 219
SPURUB 6 oii ERE 79
BUDUG sien hecke ok oes vas 291
SUPMALUS 6. eee eee woes 245
—— sulciferus ......ceccee .. 308
680
Page
Bulimus sulcosus cisssveveves 208
BUIPRUTEUS —vreeeeserees 225
LPANSIUCENS cevsseesceee 250
EPUPUCEUS vane csvceceues 225
troprealis .ssvessevcvees 238
CPUNCALUS Vic veecccveees 264
—— UPYONIANUS .. sever eecnee 296
UMBTALICUS occ veeeeces 251
—— undatus .......0.00- 182, 184
UNtCOlOr ... ce cece nes 247, 248
VATICOSUS vee cece ee reeee 216
VENOSUS weveecevevercees 285
—— vENIMUM ccc c nes 230
virgulatus ..... 1.4. 231, 285
xcanthostomus .......00. 239
zebra .. 183,185, 186, 189, 190
ZHOVYUINENSIS. .. +e vee eee 202
SUEDMANNE oo. cece ee ceees 208
wieglert ......0. 222, 231, 232
Bulinus wove eecccaes 353, 854
QUPANEIUS wee ceceruncves 356
COTNEUS ove ccveecencces 246
AIUSCLEPANS ves evevcevenves 230
CLALUS oo ce eee cece eens 364
———— NITENS cece cnc ce enes 357
PANAMENSIS 66. ceceveeee 236
PYUNCEPS. cc eee v ence eeees 182
EVANSIUCENS «oe eee vaces 250
——— UNITCOIOr . oe cece 247
VEATUUM. oo eve ccceees .. 230
Bulla coffea oc cee cee ce cease 558
EPUNCALAL eee c cence 7
Bullinus oo ccc cc ccn sce cnccee 8538
Bythinella ... yc ccee even. 434, 435
a 434
BrevissNd woe cece ceceee 434
palomaensis ........ 434, 645
CACILIANELLA ..e. eee ee eee 324
Cecilianella vice cc cece wees 640
VeETACTUZENSIS. .. cee ees 824
CENONAIAS oo eee ccc e tweens 48]
Calliste ooo cece ern ceecccees 147
Caloplisma oo. ccc ccc eens 602
Calyculina oo. ccc cece cece 552
Campyl@a vivccvcvccceeseces 622
Caracolus oo. cece cece eee ee 628
Carocolla COUNG .. i.e cece es 44
hydeand.... ce ceveeenee 178
labyrinths ..ece cece 178
——— quadridentata ......ecee 176
UNCUJETA ves iecssveveee 177
CARYCHIUM ............ 352, 642
Carychium viicccvccccceecces 555
—— exiguum .............. 352
INDEX.
Page
Carychium exiguum, var. costa-
TICANUM 21... eee eee eee eee 358
, var. costaricanum .. 666
—— ——, var. mexicanum .. 352,
642, 666
MEXLICANUMN vr vseceveees 353
OT 1 a a 286
Cenchritis .......065 575, 576, 578
Ceratodes ...... 405, 408, 424, 425
——— COPNU~AT THIS 66. eee ee 424
POtUA eee cree eure 425, 669
Cercimelania vice cceececseees 453
COreS eve c ccc c nsec ene nneee 44
COUNA we vvseveveaves 45, 609
NEISONE voc vcacvcvcecees 609
SAMeand we. ceccaeuee 45, 609
Cerithidea .. 566, 567, 568, 569, 570
—— costata oe eee cee en. 572, 674
POrEUNEE ooo eee e eee eens 572
MACALLANICH oer seveveeee 570
MONTAGNEL oe ve eeaes 571, 572
PACUfiCd . re vevevevcueaee 574
PUIChVA ven rvevccevcvccee 571
TCCVEANA. ove eeceecenees 571
SaIMACIAA We eevee ewes 572
CENUIS cece cece een ceees 573
VALNIAA ve verscvevcvvues 569
——— VATICOSH eevee nee eeee 569
— , var. mazatlanica .. 570
CERITHIIDH ....e. cee eee eee 566
Certthium ....e cece cee 566, 569
COSTALUM vac ee ee cece 572
Sortiusculum 1.6... 569, 570
—— hegewischt ........645. 570
humboldti.......60. 570, 574
lamarckt vice ccececcces 567
—— largillierti: wi... cece eaee 572
—— mazatlanicum .......66. 570
MONEAGNEL vee eecseees 571
PACUfiCUM vi veeeecereces 574
PUlchrum vevecccccveces 571
TCCVIANUM . vee eccccnenes 571
Salmacidum oo. .cceccees 572
1 573
UNCINALUM vee ee ecceves 569
VANAUM vee e cence nee 569
VATICOSUM. ve cae eens 569, 570
Chanomphalus ..... 00.0000 124
elegantulus ...ceee cee, 125
MINUSCULUS Lee eeecceeee 125
Chersomatra vicecccceccass 85, 90
Chilina dombeyana .......... 200
CHOANOPOMA..........2.. 18, 598
Choanopoma oo. .cccveveveeee 14
chiapasense..... 0.4... 13, 598
dargillterti. ccc. cee 19
Page
Choanopoma osberti ...... 16, 599
OSDEFTU oii ve cece ec venee 14
rigidulum............4- 16
TigtduUlum ..cerveees 14, 655
—— sumichrasti ........ 13, 599
—— sumichrastt ..... see eee 14
trochleare .......... 13, 598
trochleare vo. cee eevee 14
—— , Var. majus ........ 18
CHONDROPOMA.......00e0 00s 16
Chondropoma ........ 13, 14, 599
acerbulum .......... 17, 600
acerbulum. oc ccrccceeees 15
andrews® .......... 16, 599
andrews@ ...... 1... 14, 655
aspratile visvcccceveeee 12
cordovanum ........ 17, 599
COPAOVANUM Vovccvecneee 15
—- ,Vvar.ijgneum ...... 600
— , var, procerum .... 600
grateloupt ...seeeae. 15, 19
—— gruneri............000. 18
QTUNETL vee cccvccnceees 14
kiisterl ....,.,...... 18, 601
Ktistert eee c cece e eens 15
—— largillierti .......... 19, GOL
largilliertt si... eee 15
--— , var, grateloupi .... 601
martensianum .......... 600
OLLONIS Leeeceecescceeee 18
—— planOspir Gere ccieccecces 15
—— pleurophorum .......... 16
pleurophorum ...ceveves 14
radiosum ....0..05. 18, 600
TAAUOSUM we. eevee sevee 14
rubicundum ........ 17, 599
rubicundum .......006 12,15
SATQL vee eee sea ues 18, 600
BAIGE voce cece cece eeeees 14
—— subangulatum ...... 17, 599
subangulatum......65 15, 655
—— trochleare 0.0... cece 13
truncatum.......... wees 20
TUNCALUM. Lecce eennees 15
turritum ..........000. 19
CUTIUEUM vee cnc nces 15, 20
vespertinum ........ 19, 601
VESPerEINUM ov eeeccveees 15
Cionella veces wee. O12
Cistuld. cece ec ce cen ces 16, 598
grateloupt .......... 19, 601
QUUNETD eee ceeeeee 18
Kiistert vee eee 18, 601
largillierti .. 6.6.0.4. 19, 601
—— pleurophora .........4.. 16
TAMOBA ve ee eee 18, 600
Page
Costula rigidula. oc ccec cece es 16
tr MOPED a isn SSL 18, 600
subangulata ........ 17, 599
thOKEYANE ooo ee es 12
trochleartis -......005. 13, 18
CIAUSHA coe c cece eee 286
CLOSE eee eee een eaee 251
Claviger matont........0.000s 569
Clithon wovcie cece, 468, 474, 590
Cochlea vulgaris. vo... eee 144
Cochbicopa ... 0... ccc cceeeeees 46
WMUMLETE ooo cca c ce ces 79
COCHLIOPA 11... ... cece eee 427
Cochliopa...... 426, 428, 429, 430
guatemalensis .......... 428
—— (P)infundibulum........ 429
—— (?) enfundibulum..., 428, 668
trochulus.............. 429
trochulus .......... 428, 668
tryoniana .............. 428
tryoniand ........4. 429, 668
C@LOCENTRUM ........ 267, 634
Celocentrum ...... 253, 254, 255,
268, 272, 283, 635
—— acanthophorea.......... 634
—anomalum ............ 270
—— anomalum ........ 267, 268
—— arctispira .............. 271
— arctispira.......60. 267, 268
championi ............ 269
championt .... 267, 268, 664
clathratum ............ 269
—— clathratum ............ 267,
: 268, 270, 664
—— Clava... .ceee cece nae 270
—— CHAVA vo eee eens 267, 268
—— , var. rufescens...... 271
— , var. rufescens.. 268, 664
—— crosseanum ............ 272
—— Cr0SS€GNUM .....46- 267, 268
—— filicosta .......... 272, 634
—— filicosta .i.vseveees 267, 268
fistulare ..........08-- 272
Jistulare veeecseees 267, 268
—— BIAS Loser eee reve eaees 267
—— YAS. vec caas 268, 269, 664
UTTEGUIATE Le cece ee ceeee 267
—— nelsoni ............006. 634
pfefferi . 6... 5. cece econ 634
tomacella .............. 271
tomacella .......006 267, 268
QUITS cece ea ees 270
WETIR eee es 267, 268, 634
Coelostemma ... see. cece. 634, 635
Colobostylus: . oc. e cece eee 599
ANAPEWSE voce vcecvees .. O99
INDEX.
Page
Comovulus voc. ieee cee ieees 556
RU 559
Comulus . 6. cece ccccccccccees 620
FUE accu vei ees 123
——— JUNUIACRE vee vcceees 122
ULUUENSIS oo. ee cece cence 122
Corasia ... ccc. cee 152, 154, 158
re, a 157
guillarmodt ......e.eeee 158
Corbicula oo... cece eee 545, 550
CONVERA ..... ».... 549, 550
= FUP ABN occ cece ne wes 547
VENETUCOSH 66... cee e eee 550
Corbuld oo... cece cece ees 596
Crenodonta ........000e 479, 482,
490, 491, 492, 648
Crepidula ..... cece eet e enue 403
Cristaria plicata .......:.... 521
CRYPTOSTRACON........ 344, 642
Cryptostracon 1... ce eevee 342
gabbi- wee eee eee 344
Cryptostrakon oo. ec cee cence 344
GOODE vee cc en ecens 344
CLENOPOMA.. Lecce eveee eens 12
Cuma kiosquiformis ..... 66066 593
CUNICULA. Coe cece eee eens 480
CYCLES. ec cee eens oo. 540, 551
bahiensts ......... eae 553
maculata vo. .cceeeseeee 553
triangularts .....ceeeees 551
CYCLOPHORIDH ............ E
CYCLOPHORUS .......... 5, 597
Cyclophorus ...ceeceeaes 1, 2,8, 9
(Amphicyclotus) boucardi. 6
—— boucardt ........ cece 2
——— COOPETE ve diccvveuecee 2,7
a 9, 598
—— dyS0nt occ eee eevecee 3
giganteus .........6666. 598
—— (Amphicyclotus) lutescens 6
— lutescens
—— (Amphicyclotus) maleri.. 6,
598
—— MALE Le veeccecceecees 2
—— (Cyrtotoma) mexicanus.. 7
MELICUNUS vee sevens 2, 5, 8
(Amphicyclotus) pondero-
BUS So eee cbencdeeces 6, 597
ponder OsusS ........00e 2, 6
—— (P) purus ........ eee eee 9
——— PUTUS eer ccr eevee 2
—— (Cyrtotoma) salleanus.... 7
SAMCANUS ...ceceeeeccee 2,8
(Amphicyclotus) textu-
TALUS 2... eee eee eee nee 6, 598
texturatus ...cccccessee. 2
681
Page
Cyclophorus (Amphicyclotus)
texturatus, var. goldfussi .. 598
CVARSHUCIEUB . oe 6 ea ae 4
—— (Amphicyclotus) under-
WOOL 6 5k by wlew en wena’ 598
Cyclostoma ......400. 2se. 12,18
acerbulum oo. eee cues 17
— GRIT OWEE 6 oe Ge ve 16
——~ boweardt ....60eee devi. 6
—— cobanense ..........000. 10
cordovanum ........ 17, 600
Se AYBONE | eww cece’ 3
—— giganteumt ... cece ce eee 8
grateloupt.... 0. cees 19
i FUME ok es EE aes 13
guatemalense............ 11
—— guildingianum .......... i
WHEGUIATE Jee bea ae dl 3
hiistert ......... ove is es 18
dargillierti. oo. c cece ees 19
—— lutescend 2.0... sececeses 6
MALYINATUM oo. eeeceees 329
MELUCONUM ec eevevaccs rf
——— PIGNOSPIVA woseccocsens 20
—— pleurophorum ......604. 16
ponderosum ......00000s 6
PUTUME vivecvveccenvees 9
TAMWSUM oo cee ceeceeeee 18
TUGAUIUM . 0. eee cceeees 16
—— rubtcundum oo... .eccees 17
—— stmulacrum ....6.ccceee 10
SLFAMINEUM Vo. ceeeseaes 5
texturatum ....sceceeee 6
trochlea.. 6 68ies ee ew es 13
—— trochleare ......00. seen 3
UPUNCALUM voc cee c cence 20
burribum 26 ecw StI 19
——— vespertinum oo. cc ceeeeee 19
CYCLOSTOMIDH ....... re
Cyclostomus ...ccceecceccees 599
CYCLOTUS....... eee sede 3, 596
Cyclotus .....+..5 wacdwals 1, 2,8
berendtt. occ ie eis 5
—— (Aperostoma) bisinuatus 3, 597
bisinuatus..0 0c bees 2
—— (?) boucardi......... . 5, 597
boucardt 6 cece ees cee e's 2
COOP E oe cies eee 7
—— (Aperostoma) dysoni.. 3, 597
—— dysont .......... 2, 4, 5, 656
a , var. affinis ........ 4
— » Var. affinis ...... 2, 655
—— ——, var. ambiguus 4
—— , var. ambiguus...... 2
—— ——,, var. berendti ...... 5
—— ——,, var. Pberendti .... 2
682
Page
Cyclotus (Aperostoma) dysoni,
var. multilineatus ...... .. 597
giganteus ..... eee. 8, 598
—— fiGANteUS oo ceevsceeeees 2
—— (Aperostoma) irregularis.. 3,
596
—— (——) ——, var. pittieri.. 597
UTEGularts vessvceveree 2
—— MEXTICANUS cv vecevecaees 5, 7
transluctdus.....ceesees 4
CYLINDRELLA .....+08-. 286, 637
Cylindrella ..cecec scene 253, 254,
. 255, 273, 283, 607
ACULISPITA ve ve ee ences 271
——- aptostoma ......00 eee 283
arcttspird .. se... ees 271, 272
——_ aristisptra ..eveveveeee 272
—— attenuata ....cecscveees 271
—— berendti.....cccceccecces 281
—. , var. albida ......4. 281
— blandiana ..........006. 258
boucardt .isccecee evens 262
bourguignatiana .... 286, 637
CLAVE voce eee cece ences 270
coahuilensis ........008. 279
CONCISE oe cecceecseceuee 287
COSEULALA Lo cece sce eeaee 284
CTCEACER vise sevcceens 279
CLOSSEANE wo. sec eee eens 272
cylindrus ...... 60. 255, 266
decollata ...... 259, 260, 263
ecurtatd vivecevcsceves 261
denticulata ........00e. 289
deshayestand.....see000. 263
edwardstand ov sesseaes 262
—— filicostd . 6. ee ccvaceees 272
Jistularis wevccccvevcees 272
GASSUCSE 6... cece eceeeeee 2838
GOUT. oc cac cc neveees 276
—— ghiesbreghti ........0065 255
GONIOSTOMA vevreseceaee 280
—— JANIS ve vce ccc venvees 261
—— hyalina .... ccc ccecene. 266
TMB ICALA oo. e cece evens 273
MSEUGNIS oe eee ec eeeeces 259
VWebMannt or. ccc cecccee 266
——_ MEXICANA «0.1... 0s 260, 261
—— microstoma ........000. 278
—— moreleti.... 6. ccc cccevee 271
morint..., 284, 285, 636, 637
Ui 263
PAllida .ivcecvscsccenee 286
—— pfeiffert. ccc cc ccccecees 280
—— piloceret ......444. 277, 278
—— polygyV@ vee ee ccevevaee 284
polygyrella wiv cccssveee 284
INDEX.
Page
Cylindrelia pulchella.....s000+ 285
TECHCOSTA oc cee careeves 265
TEMONAL sevvseveveceee 279
SAYPINE vvevevevrveneees 285
—— SpeCi08A... 1.64 258, 262, 263
spelunce ....++. 284, 636, 637
_— , var, dubia .......+ 636
——- splendidd ...... csc cee 261
—— subtilis ..... cee eens 284, 637
SWIUTKANA . ec ceveenees 284
7 279
COMACEUA cis svvvceveues 271
CANSUPEVEA v.ccevcreees 264
trocheformts .......0es 266
—— EFUNCATA cre vvceceecnes 264
UYONE ce cecceccveeecce 276
—— EUITIS cere vncenvens 270
——- walpoleana .......e008 259
WalpOlet. ..ccsesevecceee 259
CYLINDRELLIDE ........0005 253
CYProgenta .icseccsecceeens 480
Cyrend oo... 00s 540, 541, 548, 550
LL 547
—— e@quilaterd ....cccseeee 549
—— equilateralis......6...0- 549
AUIS. veer evn vccneeves 546
—— anguldta ..eccvccvceees 548
—— carolinensis ........00e 540
——_ COPAALA vc ceeccvccccnes 546
—— cordiformis .........00e 549
——— CUDENSIS 6 eee reecccees 592
—— cumingti |... cece 550
CLYUUSUEA Lovee cece evans 547
Jlortdand wiveeevecccaes 548
fontaine? .......66. 541, 546
GETMANA vevececeverees 547
——_ NflAtA iv ceecccvcccaes 549
—— maritima .......... 549, 592
—— mexicana .. 546, 548, 549, 551
—— — , var. altilis ........ 546
——— NICU AGUANA . eee re vaeee 544
— , var. radiata ...... 545
OUVACEA. . cece ce eeeee 541
PAUNAMENSIS .osvseseceues 549
PLACENS Were e cece eeceees 545
PLACA ov veevveececnees 545
——- pullastra ..cccccceceuee 547
——. FAMED Lecce ecceane 545
PECIUR Liv cecesccnccees 549
salmactdd .... 00.6. eens 598
SOUAA .ieceeccecee 544, 545
Re i, 547
CPUANGUIA wore eee ee aee 546
triangularts ........00. 546
LL 548
Page
CYRENIDH oo... cee eee ee eee 540
Cyre OCapsa ......4. 541, 543, 592
SAIMACIAA eee cece ee nee 541
CyrtOntas oo ccccccccccees 481
Cyrtotoma wiveececcccceceees 1,7
MELUCANUM viccecececes 7
SALICANUM 6. ccc ccceecee 8
Deedalochtla oo. ccvcceccccues 162
acutedentata ...... 0.0 ces 172
AVIAAUNE vv vevevccvveee 171
—— DEATID ccc ccc eeee 171
——- hindst oo. ce cece ceecees 169
MMplicatd vivceccceeeees 164
1 172
——— MOOPEANA Livecevvecvves 165
TCXASUANA ve ccvcccccvees 170
—— tholus ..ccecccccaceces 166
vEentrosuld vv. vevececes 169
Delphinonaias 6.0... cece. 481
Diplodiscus vi cccccsececeees 395
Diplodon wivvcccseveees 648, 649
DIPLOMMATINA ........55 20, 601
—— huttont ve ccccccccccaes 21
LWMeNstS. ve ccc cccceceees 601
occidentalis ..... cece eee 601
50) 0 20
stolid oc... eae 21, 601, 656
CUCMA .caeccccvecseves 601
Dipsas plicata vo. cevcceveves 521
Discoconulus gundlachi........ 122
Disconatas ve vvevcccccceces 481
Discus vieivcccecccenes 113, 621
OMJACENSIS . se sees veces .. 137
suturalis ..cvcccvcccues 186
Distomosprrd. co ccvcccveveees 634
Dorcasia voc vccccccccuacecs 138
berlandiertana .......00. 140
GVUSCOLA. Levee ceeenees 141
Doridium vivcccceccsvccesees 147
Draparnaldia wi... cece eee 477
Draparnaudia .o.cecevcceeee 477
DREISSENA ... ce cece cece eae 476
Dretssend .iccccccecevcveces 477
omUngenstS ..ssecvveeee 478
sallel........ see eeeeeee 477
1 478, 671
DREISSENIDE ..........005, 476
DretssenSia vee vvvccececvcaes 476
1 477
Drepanotrema wo... cee eeeeee 397
DryM@us vec cccvccvcces 199, 201
AEEENUATUS. 6. ee eee 215
AUNYLUUS 6... cee eee 218
bottertd oo. ce cece cece 208
CAOSLUS Cee e even ec eeaee 206
Page
Drymeus chiapasensis ........ 205
——— costaricensis............ 217
delatires 206 OC. 204, 205
dombeyanus ..... 0.0.04. 199
—— dunkert. oo. cece cen 207
hepatostomus .......... 217
dattret ook cece cess 204.
—— lilacinus ..... 6.0.0... 201
Liltaceus oe eee eee, 226
MOELUCONUS oc e eee eee 233
MOTICANAL oo e ee eee 227
ae , var. hyalino-albidus . 227
PAWANUS «6... eee eee. 203
palpaloensis ..........4. 223
PECIURIANUS veeiecveceee 213
SEMPCVASTVUS weceeceveces 2038
—— sulfureus .......cce00e, 225
SUIPRUPEUS. oo eee cca 225
Echinella wii cece eee cans 575
Edusa zonttes ..ecee cece eee 106
Egeta .... cee eae. 541, 543, 548
Egetaria pullastra... cc... ce. 547
ELASMOGNATHA ..........4 330
Elimia apis vices 455
Elliptio . 6... ee 481, 487, 491,
514, 648, 650, 651
CYASSUACNS 66. eee eee eee 651
Ellobium. ccc eee 555
papilliferum .occeecreves 556
End MANE wee eens 243
Epiphragmophora ........ 622, 624
MACNEML. ov vce vec eneeee 623
magdalenensis ........06 624
Epirobia oe. .eeeees 273, 281, 282,
283, 286, 635, 637
—— aplostoma ...... 2. eee 282
berendti oo. se eae eaee 281
GASSUCSE voc cecsereveres 282
MOPINE verve cevevcncees 282
Se , var, pulchella .. 282, 636
a , var. salpine .. 282, 636
oe , Var. SAGE... 260. 282
—— polygy’@ ..s.sseens 282, 284
polygyrella vis cveveeeeee 282
—— spelunc@ .....05. seen 284
SUBEMS oo. cee ce eee 282
—— SWIfTTANA over rece cee 282
EUCALODIUM .......... 254, 633
Eucaloditim ....... 6005. 258, 255,
256, 267, 283
—— blandianum ........ 258, 633
blandianum . 255, 256, 259, 263
— » Var. minor .....--. 633
boucardt .. 261, 262, 263, 633
———Ce@reUM .........6.. 263, 633
INDEX.
Page
Eucalodium cereum .. 255, 257, 642
02 a 270
compactum ............ 260
compactum ......65 255, 256
CLOSSEANUM veveevveeees 272
—— dalli sv. cece cece eee eee 633
—— decollatum ............ 260
decollatum.. 255, 256, 265, 633
decurtatum ............ 261
decurtatum ......4. 255, 256
densecostatum .......... 261
densecostatum ...... 255, 257
—— deshayesianum.......... 263
deshayesianum ...... 255, 257
edwardsianum .......... 262
edwardsianum ...... 255, 257
—— filicost@....iseeeeee 272, 634
— ghiesbreghti............ 255
— ghiesbreghtt ........ 256, 260,
261, 265, 633
——prande ............006. 261
GVANdE wo. ce cvceees 255, 256
hippocastanum ........ 683
——hyalinum .............. 266
hyalinum ...... 255, 257, 633
INSIQNE ...... ee ee eee 259
UNSUJNE wivcerevsees 255, 256
—— liebmanni.............. 266
liehmanni .. 255, 257, 265, 639
MATEENSU 6. cee cee eeeee 264
—— mexicanum ............ 260
—— mexicanum ......45. 255, 256
— , var, major ........ 260
— , Var. MajOr ... sees 256
—— ——., var. minor .,...... 260
—. , Val. MINOF .....06. 256
—— moussonianum.......... 263
—— moussonianum .....- 255, 257
——neglectum ............ 263
—— neglectum .....ceeee 255, 257
—— recticosta ......ceecaeeee 265
—— recticosta ...s.ce.ee- 255, 257
—— speciosum ..........--+ 262
——— SPCCLOSUM «os sesevee 255, 257
a , var. boucardi...... 262
—— ——,, var. boucardi...... 257
——- ——.,, var. fischeri ...... 262
—_— ——., var. fischert........ 257
——- ——.,, var. minimum .... 262
— , var. minimum .... 257
—_— ——,, var. strebeli ...... 262
—— , var. strebeli........ 257
—— splendidum ..........-. 261
—— splendidum ........ 255, 256
—— strebeli .......-..5-- ees 265
— strebeli .... 255, 257, 638, 664
Page
Eucalodium sumichrasti ...... 633
truncatum,............. 264
—— truncatum...... 255, 257, 664
PUPPIES SS 270
walpoleanum .......... 259°
walpoleanum........ 255, 256
Budistemma oo... ccce cc ceees 634
Mulotelle 25 008 EEE ee 138
EUPERBA 2.00. ccceeeeeees 552°
maculata -. 2c... ccc eee 553
meridionalis ............ 553
—— pittieri 2. ccs. cee. 553
PUTA cece anes 674 ©
Euryanodon .... 525, 527, 528, 585
Euryomphala... cece ccc ces 126
Eurytus lattre’....... leven dan 204
EUSP ALIS Lee ces 305
FOssaru8 ve cece ces wee ea 587
Fruticicola beriandiertana .... 140
OS) rr 141
SUING ve eveunsicesccce LIA
—— trypanomphala .......... 143
GASTROPODA PROSOBRANCHIA . 404
—— PULMONATA .......... 353
— Purtmonara Drotca .... 1
—— PuimonatTa Monotca .. 45
RHACHIGLOSSA ........ 593
Geotrochus...... 6.0. cee 152, 154
trigonostoma .... eee 154
Glabarts ... 0.64.4. 525, 527, 528,
532, 536, 538, 653, 654
cylindracea ...... eee ne. 653
—— mequivalvis ........004. 654
Mtotaudt 6... eee e eee eee 653
GLANDINA ........ece eee 46, 610
Glandina .......... 48, 49, 56, 65,
69, 75, 81, 83, 84, 617
alabastrina ....... ».. 60,61
— albersi.............. 75,613
albersi .. 48,49, 58, 65, 67, 657
ee , var. inflata........ 75
—— —,, var. inflata .... 58, 657
ee , var. solidior. ...... 613
——ambigua .............. 72
ambigua .. 48,49, 52, 78, 612
——- AMONA Lovee ccc cccvcens 63
— , var. pliculosa....... 63
——anomala .............. 66
aNOMAlA «66.6660. 48, 49, 51
attenuata .........0.64. 80
AMENUALA V6... cece eee 53
audebardi ....... oe 62,611
BIOL, CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1901. 87
684
Page
Glandina audebardi .... 48, 49,51,
68, 64, 68, 74, 76, 77, 656
—— ——, b.ameena ........ 63
—— ——, var. amena .... 51, 656
—— ——,d.minor.......... 63
—— ——, var. minor .... 51,656
—— ——,c. miradorensis .... 638
— , var. miradorensis .. 51
aurantiaca .......... 69, 612
aurantiaca ........ 48, 49, 52
AUTATA Looe Lecce eee eee 57
aurata........ 47, 49, 50, 231
bellula ...,......02.05- 69
bellula oo... eee 48, 52, 612
DiNNEYANA . 6... re veveeee 58
—— bullata ...... cece ee 77,79
CANAIAA «occ e eevee 66, 657
—— carmenensis ............ 61
CATMENENSIS. 6... 66. 48, 49, 51
CATMANENSIS vse cece eees 61
CATNEA wiv cece cece evnes e8
—— chiriquiana ............ 612
——_ COGNALA ©. eee ee cea 49, 62
—— conferta................ 71
conferta .... 48, 49, 52, 72,78
— » Var. crossel........ 71
—— , Val. CPOSSCL 66... 52
——conularis .............. 66
conularts ........ 48, 51, 657
cordovana ............ 70
cordovana .. 48, 49, 52, 71, 612
COPNEOIA . 6.6... 05. 48, 49, 61
coronata ...... 50, 54, 55, 656
——coulteri ............ 56, 610
coultert ...... 47, 49, 50, 656
—— cumingi ............ 59, 611
CUMUNGL ©. eee 48, 49, 50, 60
— , b. flavida ........ 59
—— — , var. flavida.. 49, 50, 657
, a. fulvo-rosea .... 59
, a. fulvo-rosea ...... 50
—— ——,, var. rosea
—— ——, c. rubromarginata.. 60
, var. rubromargi-
CL 49, 50
—— cumeus ........,....2.. 56
—— cuneu8........ 47, 49, 50, 656
—— cylindracea ........4. 67, 611
—— eylindrus 0... cee 49
Dactylus. i... ceccceveces 80
—— Galli wo... eee, 612
daudebartt ....ce cease 62
—— decidua................ 70
—— decidua ...... 48, 49, 52, 657
—— decussata .......... 58, 610
decussata 48, 49, 50, 59, 61, 611
INDEX.
Page
Glandina delibut@......00000. 97
-—— delicatula ............0. 70
delicatula...... 48, 49, 52, 657
— ,&, MAjOL ........., 70
— » Var. MAJOr oe... eee 657
— difficilis .............. 78
Mfficits oo... cece. 48, 49, 53
GOMINICENSIS 66. e eens 220
——— EAYSONE vec cvccvvees 102
—— estefaMmi@ ..csecsseeseee 56
—— excavata ...........00. 67
— excavata .. 48, 49, 51, 75, 657
—— filosa ..... cece eee eee, 74
—— filosa...... 48, 49, 53, 78, 657
fischeri ............000. 74
Jischert. .. 00... 48,49, 53, 657
fulminea vevecscrvvcuee 49
fusiformis ...........005 57
—— fusiformis ...... 48, 49, 50, 58
, var. miltochila .... 57
, var. miltochila .... 50
ghiesbreghti ........ 58, 610
—— ghiesbreghtt .... 48,49, 50, 59
GIANS © eve ec ceeeceees 48
GTACUIS Lee eee cee 49
—— YUubt at voce cece ceaes 55
——iheringi ......:....... 612
—— indusiata .............. 54
—— mdusiata .. 47,49, 50, 79, 656
——— INSUJNIB cc neccnes 62
—— isabellina .............. 63
—— isabellina ...... 48, 49, 51, 64
—— labida wie ci ee ccc ceeeee 96
lanceolata .............. 69
—— lanceolata 48, 49, 52, 657
largillierti .......... 67,611
largilierti oe... eee 48, 49,
51, 69, 74, 76, 657
dattret oe cece eee aes 91
leUcOZONIAS. voce ec ceeee 84
liebmanni .......... 61, 611
hebmanni .. 48, 49,51, 62, 656
ed , Var. insignis ....., 62
_—_ , Var. insignis .... 49,51
LL 55, 57
ligulata oo eee eccecc evens 1038
lineata... cece e eee 49, 80
— longula................ 64
longula........ 48, 49, 51, 611
— , var. jalapana ...... 64
—~ , var. galapana . 49, 51, 656
cidade eee eee eee. 49
margaritacea ........ 49,81
mazatlanica ............ 65
mazatlanica .. 48, 49,51, 657
, var. abbreviata .... 65
Page
Glandina mazatlanica, var. ab-
breviata oo cece ee cee 657
MENUAANA vee cevccccceee 101
michoacanensis ........ 610
—— muradorensis ........004. 63
mitriformis ............ 75
MIULLUFOV MIS . eee ees 48, 49, 53
MOdestd oo. eveccecees 49,81
monilifera,..........0.. 75
monilifera .,. 48, 49, 58, 76, 77
, var. pulcherrima . 75, 613
, var, pulcherrima.. 49, 53
——multispira ............ 69
—— multispira ........ 48, 49, 51
—— NANA oe eee eee ee eee 77
—— nana ........ 48, 49, 53, 657
——— NIGVICUNS vee eee eee 90
——— NYMPNA Lecce cc cnnes 62
—— oblonga.............00. 69
—— oblonga ...... 48, 52, 612, 657
—— obtusa ..............4. 76
—— obtusa ........ 48, 49, 58, 77
—— OWA eee cece cece 91
OVIzabe kee eee 73
OrIzAbe vs... 0e. 48, 49, 52, 76
OPNALA vee ee cc cccccacas 49
parallela voc. .cee eee. 79
perpusilla ........ 49, 83, 618
a 59, 60, 61
pimicola. ......... 6.0, 64
pinicola.... 48, 49,51, 80, 292
—— pittierl ........ 611
oe 674
—— plicatula ...........00, 80
—— plicatula ...... 48, 49, 58, 64
ne » var. pinicola ...... 64
pseudoturris............ 65
pseudoturrts.... 6.6.4. 48, 49,
51, 66, 67, 74, 657
pulchella ve eeeeeeceee 49, 83
—— pulcherrima ........6. 76, 77
PAAUA . occ eeceeeen, 49, 62
—— rhoadsi ..............., 611
POSED eee eee 59
—— rubella wee eee 75
SACCALA ooo eee eee 49
SAYULANA vee eee ceeccae 49
—— simplex ..............., 66
simplex ve eee eee cen. 48, 49,
51, 64, 67, 657
sowerbyana.......... 55, 610
sowerbyanad .......... 47, 48,
49, 50, 56, 57, 656
— , var. estefanie...... 56
— » Var, estefanie...... 50
SS 80
Page
Glandina speciosa ........ 71,612
SPCCLOSA. 6... 0, 48, 49, 52, 72
stigmatica.............. 77
stigmatica ........ 48, 49, 53
SETEDEIE Loe eee cece 68
streptostyla wo... ce cee 94
striata wo... eee eee 79
SEIUAEA. Loe eee 48, 49, 53
—— SEPUGOSA vee cece eee cee 80
—— Sttibelt wo... ccc een, 49, 57
-—— subvaricosa ......ee eae 49
—— suleifera: 2.6. 0.......006 74
—— suletfera ........ 48, 53, 657
tenella ............06.. 59
tenella ........ 48, 49, 50, 610
CEVASIANA 6. . cece ceeee 48, 49
tortillana .............. 72
tortillana ..... cece 48, 5%
truncata ............05 78
CFUNCALA wi ceeenreaee 48, 49,
53, 54, 60, 61, 79
—— —,, var. abbreviata .... 79
—— ——.,, var. bullata ...... 79
— » var. bullata .. 48, 49, 58
a , var. parallela...... 79
— , var. parallela . 48, 49, 58
—— turgida ...... ee ee 73
—turgida ....., 48, 49, 53, 657
—- , var. sayulana ...... 73
— , var. sayulana .. 58, 657
turris... 2... ee eee 65
—— turris .. 48, 49, 51, 66, 67, 75
—— uhdeana ........000. 56, 656
—— underwoodi ............ 612
—— VANUXLEMENSIS .esseues 54, 55
—— vanuxeMi.............. 54
vanucemt .. 47, 49, 50, 55, 656
—- , var. guttata ...... 55
— , var. guttata 49, 50
—— ventricosula ...... veep 97
YUCAULANENSIS . occa eevenes 67
Globulinus . 6... ccc ce ec ceeee 238
——— SUPMATUS Lecce cece 245
Glyphyalinia 0... cece eee 117
Glyptomelania ...... 438, 439, 440
Gongylostoma ..cecsecveeees 286
coahutlensis .........05 279
pulchella .icveveccseees 285
COMPARE Soo peewee ees 524
GONIOGNATHA .....eeseeeeee 179
Goniognathmus ........+> 191, 238
Gontostomus lattret .....+... 204
GONOSCOMA .. 6... cece eeees 124, 160
sigmotdes ......4. wevees 160
Gonyodiscus ........06% wrees Oak
Gonyostomus lattret ........65 204
INDEX.
Page
GUNDLACHIA ...... ec. ce eee 403
—— hjalmarsoni ............ 403
GUPPYA . eee ee cece ees 118, 619
GUPPYA vi vevcecaveceees 119, 180
ANGASL wo. sees eee, 120, 619
—— ANGASE vee ceseeeee 119, 674
biolleyi..........., 121, 620
biolleyt ...... eeeeae 119, 659
——championi ........ 119, 619
CRAMPIONE 0. eevee cc eeee 659
—— elegans ............000. 120
Clegan8 ....cseseeee 119, 121
—— fulvoided wo ceeccccccves 123
guildingt ......608. 120, 619
—— gundlachi.............. 122
—— gundiacht .. 119,121, 123, 131
hopkinsi .............. 620
micansS .........06.. 121, 620 -
MUCUNS .icceveveeee 119, 674
OTOSCIANA .,.-.....00 08. - 123
OVOSCIAND . 1... ee aes 119, 659
pittierl ............ 121, 620
——— pitttert vic ecccecaes 119, 659
selenkat ........ 120, 121, 123
—— (?) spirulata ............ 123
SPUrulata vivecvcccreaee 119
trochulina ........ 120, 619
trochulina... 119,121, 123, 659
—— utillensis .............. 122
UTENSIS Lie ceeccercaee 119
Gyraulus ...cesseee 383, 392, 395
GiyP Or Dts occ cece ee eee ences 395
TLabroconus sisscvevvsvees .. 118
CLEANS vevecaecernveees 120
SCIENKAL seve cvecccenee 120
trochulinus ....eceeeees 120
ELAbrOpOMa vi scevvecevecens 7
WUteSCENS eevee seeees 7
MELICANUIN vvcveveseeee 7
SAILCANUM vice cecceccues 8
Hamadryas lilacinus ........ 201
Haplostemma vvvccevevevees 634
FHelicella cece ccc c vc vevvces 118
buphthalmus vr... seccves 162
MANUSCUD vo eceevceveues 125
Helicigona costaricensis ...... 158
FIELICINA wee eee eee ceeee 28, 602
Telicina oe. e ce cceeees 21, 24, 29,
35, 42, 43, 44, 607
GGA vec ceesencees 43, 44
——— AMBEUIANA . oe vi vevecnces 34
—— ambieliand.....cceeveees 39
—— AMOENA ..- re eeeeee. 28, 602
—— AMANDA sv reseveees 22, 23, 24
——— ANOZONG ore eeeeevnes 38, 39
Page
Heli¢ina atrtoni .. 3.2... occ es 42
ANEONE viv edacvac dans 23, 26
arenicola ,.........005 36, 605
OFENCOIA Sek eT aa s 22, 26
Barbata: EE i vies 4]
BOCES as 39, 606
Behrendt ...ccsccusevas 31
berendts eo. ccc ecices 24, 31
— , Var. minima ...... 24
Bocowstt oe ce vieeveneds 40
borealis ............ 40, 606
borealis ........4. 22, 26, 656
botteriana..... eae enews 29
brevilabris.... ccc cccees 39
——— Chiapensis ...ccceccscces 34
ChUAPPens8tS oi. ce veceeee 34
chryseis ..........-- 39, 606
Chrysei8 oo... 0.00, 22, 27, 656
—— chrysocheila ........ 33, 604
chrysocheila .......... 22, 27
— , var. shuttleworthi .. 33,
604
— , var. shuttleworthit .. 27,
656
—— cinctella............ 29, 602
cinctella oe. cece e eae 22, 24
— , var. botteriana.. 24, 602
Citehtll oe i es 29
COCCINOSLOMEA wos ceeeecves 38
CONCENEVICH os cesceveees 29
— cordillere .......... 32, 603
COrdiller@ voc. cee evees 22, 24
.delicatula .......... 37, 605
—— delicatula ........004. 22, 26
— , var. wnicolor ...... 605
denticulata ............ 30
—— denticulata .......... 23, 24
—— deppeana ........0.06.. 32
CEppeand ...+..5. 22, 24, 655
diaphana ...........0.. 42
MAPhand ..cvcevcceves 23, 25
—— durangoana ........ 37, 605
—— durangoana...... 22, 26, 606
—— dysoni..........+... 40, 607
—— AYSONE . eee ceeee 22, 23, 27
— , vat. bocourti .,.... 607
—— ——.,, var. bocourti ...... 27
— , var, jansoni ...... 40
we » var. jansont .... 27, 656
——elata...... Siena ets eoae OO
EXIPUB oo. cece es ceeetes 42
CLUFU cee cece cece’ 23, 27
favide. cee ee 38, 606
flavida .. 22, 23, 26, 35, 37, 39
— , var: beatrix ...... 606
—— ——, var: beatrir .... 28,27
87*
686
Page
Helicina flavida, var. brevilabris. 27
——, var. strebelt ...... 2
fragilis .........05s 35, 605
fragilis... 0... ees 22, 23, 25
——— , var. elata ...... 25, 605
— , var. merdigera.. 25, 605
funcki............4: 33, 603
—— funcki vs vvevvvcvenes 23, 24
—— FUNK ccc nc cevenes 33
_—— ghiesbreghti ........ 28, 602
—— ghiesbreghti ...... 22, 23, 24
—— ghiesbrighti ........405- 28
——— quadelupensiS ....e.eees 40
—— helos@ ......005 26, 37, 39
indent ....ceeeeaes 34, 604
lirata wo... eee cee 41, 607
lirata .... 22,23, 27,42, 656
, var. rusticella .... 607
—— ——, var. rusticella .... 27
, var. semistriata.... 27
, var. unidentata .... 607
, var. unidentata .... 27
—— lyratda .cvvccseecceaee 4]
———_ MAUGJEVIE. ov vvvevnvecees . 856
MeEVAIGETA . oe vc ceveeeres 35
— —microdina ............ 42
——— MICTOUINA 6 eve ceees 22, 27
MINUSCULA . oc vere ceccves 608
—— mohriana .............. 42
MORTIANA wv ce ce eeene 22, 27
NUCOMELL Lev vsc even ceees 43
—— notata............., 38, 606
NOEALA oe cece reeeees 22, 25
—— orbiculata .......4.. 21, 605
oweniana .......... 38, 605
—— oweniana .... 22, 23, 26, 656
—. , var, anozona ...... 38
—— , Var. AnN0ZONa ...... 26,
605, 606, 656
—— ——.,, var. coccinostoma.. 38
— , var. coccinostoma .. 26,
605, 606
PANNUCEA wiersveveeee 43, 44
punctisuleata........ 36, 605
punctisuleata .. 22,23, 26, 656
—— PUrpuUreoPlAVA ws. vevees 28
raresulcata .......... 36, 605
raresulcata ......eceeee 25
—— rhynchostoma .......... 29
—— rhynchostoma .......+. 28, 24
PhyncostoMa vo. .vvvccees 29
—— rostrata .........64. 80, 608
—— rostrata ......4.4. 22, 23, v4
—— » var. sempler ....., 603
rusticella veeveccceues 41, 42
——— BAWWINE ec ecccncccvves 30
INDEX.
Page
Helicina sandozt ... cece eee 31
sanguinea ........e eee 40
——— SANGUINED . oe eevene 23, 20
—— semistriata .......04. 41, 42
—— shuttlewortht .......... 604
——— SINUOSA oe. eee ee eee 32
—— SINUOSA Lec c reve eneee 25
——_ wer DIANG oe eee ewes 28
—— sowerbyana ........ 28, 602
—— sowerbyana ...... 22, 25, 387
strebelt oo... cece cece 39
succincta.........68. 36, 605
SucCINCLA . 1... 22, 25, 88, 655
tenis ... eee ee eee 34, 604
tenuis .. 22, 23, 25, 32, 35, 38
, var. chiapensis .. 25, 604
— , var. lindent ...... 25
—_—— , var. vernalis ...... 25
trochulind oo... eee c ees 39
trossulad wesc cee eaes 29, 606
a 33
—— turbinata ..... 0... 22, 24,
30, 31, 82, 35
— , Var. MINIMA ....4. 31
unidentata ......e0n. 41,42
CEINANS . ov eee cece 32, 34
zephyrina .......... 30, 603
ZEPRYTINA. vo vee vceaee 22, 24,
31, 32, 33, 605
HELICINIDH 21... 0.0 eee eee 21
Helicogona griseola ........4. 141
Helisoma ........-5 380, 381, 382,
387, 390, 393, 396
HELIX 1... eee eee eee 129, 622
Helix ...... 21, 128, 124, 180, 147,
150, 152, 159, 160, 178, 330, 621
ACULEALa vee eee cee eees 1380
acutedentata .... cee ces 172
a , var. guinguedentata . 172
adela..... ee... eee 158, 625
adela .... 6... 152, 158, 159
—— @80PUS eee ec ccncevces 176
Albocincta . 6. ec e ae 141
albolineata wo... cece 141
AIDOZONATA. . cece ce neces 141
Alexandrt . i.e. cece rece 188
AIMONTE Lecce cee ees 136
. almonteanG@ ......0..00. 186
——altispira ............., 156
~altispira ...... 158, 157, 661
ampla .........00. 188, 623
—— ANI18 oo eee ee *... 172
annulifera ve. ceceeeees 177
1 125
—— AVDOPED oo eee eee 116
ArbustOrUm vec ccceccces 142
Hehix ariadne
aurita
behrit
berlandteriana. .
ASPeTSA ....66..
ASPEVSH vee v ene
berendti........
berlanderiana ..
—— berlandieriana ..
, var. griseola
Lo... 144, 624
148, 149, 660
beceeeee 159
bocce as 171
Lecce 126
142
141,
142, 161, 660
.. 140, 623
a , var. griseola ...... 660
bicincta ....... eee eee 157
bicincta ...... 152, 153, 154
DUCONVERA oo. eee e ee ees 159
DUCPUTIS voce cc 168
—— bifasciata .. 152, 154, 157, 625
—— bilineata ...... eee 109
blakeand vo. eee 125
boucardt ..... c eee 158
Dridgest . vee cece ceeeues 133
—— buffoniana ........ 148, 149
—— buphthalmus 0.06... 0.4. 162
——_ cadUCH oe eee eee 107, 108
—- cecoides .............. 131
—— carpentert oo. cece cca 148
—— chiapensis ........6...4. 165
— chilembia ........0624.. i)
—— cteercula «0.6... 140
—— coactiliata ............ 133
—— coactiliata ............ 135
oe , var. suturalis ...... 136
—— conspurcatella .......... 128
—— cordovana ........ 135, 622
—— cordovand .......4.. 1838, 186
—— costaricensis........ 158, 626
—— costaricensis . 152, 158, 158, 159
—— couchiana
—— coulont
dombeyana
dorfeuilleana
—— dysoni
—— egena
—— euryomphala
—— exilis
, var. steiniana
, var. virginea
ey
eeee
eee
ey
eee ee eee
eee eee
eee ween
ee
ee
eee ee eee
158
bee eaes 171
bec e eee 106
eee ere eee
ee ee eres
eee er eer
eee ee eon
ed
bocce 149
147, 148, 150,
155, 156, 624, 625
—— — , var. stolli
149
Page
Helix faradensis ...... 0.050. 109
flavescens .............. 142
—— flavescens ......... . 624, 660
SFreytagiand ......eceeee 155
Sriabilis .icce ce ceecaee 107
—— fulvoidea ....ccecceeees 122
—— furcillata oo. cece eee 176
—— ghiesbreghti............ 150
—— ghiesbreghtt .. 147, 149, 151,
155, 160, 624, 625
, var. bizonata...... 151
, var. fulvo-straminea, 151
—. , var. rufo-zonata .. 151
—— , var. strubelli ...... 151
—— ——,, var. strubelli ...... 660
— , var. subaurantia .. 151
— , var. subaurantia 660
Lo a 161
gpranum.............+.. 181
griseola.... 140, 141, 142, 623
guatemalensis ...... 182, 622
guillarmodi ............ 158
—— guillarmodt ....... 0.64. 152,
; 153, 154, 159
——— gundlacht oi. ccvcvcveres 122
hegewischt ........06 148, 149
ReWiacd vic vvvvceveveaes 626
helictomphala ........4. 166
RErMANnt ..cceveccccaes 128
hindsi os .ssccsvveveens 169
ROGEANa vs eeceseee 148, 149
ROP vce vc cacvens 128, 129
hortensis ...+..eee 110, 150
——humboldtiana ...... 147, 625
——humboldtiana ...... 148, 624
—_— ——., var. badiocincta.... 148
, var. badiocinctu ....
— , var. buffoniana .... 148
—- , var. hegewischi.... 147
— , var. hogeana ..... . 148
— , var. hdgeana ...... 660
—— ——, var. queretaroana .. 625
——— tmp lich vee ecvcccnces 164
——— TMU nc evccencceens 129
INCWMDENS . oa cc ec vececns 79
—— indlentata ..ccccecveeaes 117
—— indistincta ............ 161
Imtonsa .. es eee e eee eee 132
labyrinthicd ...ccceeeeee 173
— labyrinthus ......++ 177, 178
— , var. sipunculata .... 177
laevigata .....65. eeaewe 107
VaWiGnd oo ccwcccescecees 154
lavalleand wo. ceeeveceaes 125
A . 200
—— faliaceus i vevvees veces
INDEX,
Page
Felix lotsa... eee eee . 172
lonchostoma ........ 154, 157
lucubrata oo... eee eee. 106
macneili .......... 137, 623
magdalenensis ...... 144, 624
—— MALVONUA Lecce eceeces 148
—— mazatlameda .........005 127
—— mazulltt oe ceeecccccee 148
—— Mexicana .............. 160
= MERUCANA Lecce cevcces 161
MUTA eee cece ees 294
—— MINUSCULE Lo eee e eee 124
MUNULG Lee evccceveecees 132
——_ minutalts vo. ccecccevece 125
MOOTEANA .ivcesaceveees 165
—— mormonum ............ 161
MOTMONUM ..ceeeee 142, 162
—— miilleri oo. occ cee 79
nemoralis .. 110, 149, 150, 158
NUIAOPSIS 66 rece eccnecs 115
MYSTUANA eee cceeeeees 133
oajacensis ............ 136
OUJACENSIS Wo. c eee e eee aes 137
Te 135
OCLONA wi cec cee ecaueee 298
opptlata vivceecseeeces 164
OLS ere eee c eee eeeee 178
| a 426
pachyloma ........ 140, 141
——_ paradensis......ececrees 109
PATHE vo ccc cece 133
paucilirata ...ceee ee eee 118
pellis-serpentis .......... 137
perspectwva oie. seesees 621
PEPUVIANA ee ceccceceees 200
—— plagioglossa .........04. 167
—— plicata ........005. 177, 178
pomatia .. 149, 150, 151, 185
Pressuld vv escvvvvvees 1386
—— pulchella .............. 132
——punctum .......... 131, 622
—— PUNCLUN eee cecveccee 659
—— pusilla oo. ceeeeeecccees 122
—— quadridentata .......... 176
—— queretaroana .......... 625
PEMONAL veer ecescceuee 143
TOSED voseccesacceeues 60, 78
a , var. elongata ...... 62
rotundatd ......cceveeas 621
rowelli .......56. ce ses 144
YUFO-ZONATA ve veveeseees 152
TUPESETIS voce e eee eae 621
sall@ana ...... 154, 155, 158
SALINE oo ccc cceecceeves 174
SOIGT oie sc evades 187, 623
SCADA... cece ceeavesees 579
Page
Helix scheepmakert ........4. 159
sebastiana ............ 625
sigmoides.......... 160, 626
SIGMONAES 6... ce een 159
——— HMUANIS cece ccceccaee 138
splendidula ....... ..... 140
SOIATUG occ eee e eens 621
SpUurUlata oo. ee ecevvcaee 123
stolephora.............. 162
Stolephora wo... ceca eees . 426
SEOUL oo e eee ec eee eens 150
StOMANA eee ee eeceeee 155
2 173
strebeliana ..........4. 623
SEIIGOSA oo cece eens 621
strubelli ...... 0.000. 151, 152
subhyalind......ceeceeee 117
SUbplicata. ...eesececees 148
-~—— sumichrasti ........ 137, 623
—— suturalis .......... 136, 623
suturaligs ........., 135, 187
— , var. pressula ...... 136
— , var. pressula ...... 659
—— L@MALA Lec ccccceees 133
tamaulipasensis ........ 171
tehuantepecensis ......4. 116
tenera ...... ooo wee. 08S 79
tenuicostata........ 161, 626
CELASIANA woeeecccereees 170
———~ ——,, Var. Minor .....00. 165
—— tholus ....ccccccsseees 166
tiloriensis .......... 159, 626
tilorvenstS . 6... ee ceeeees 188
trtdontad oe. eee eee eee 171
—— trigonostoma .......... 154
trigonostoma ...... 150, 152,
153, 155, 157
— , var. elevato-conica.. 154
— , var. elevato-conica . 158,
155, 156, 157, 660
, var. freytagiana.... 155
—— ——,, var. freytagiana .. 158,
156, 661
— , var. intermedia .... 155
—— ——., var. intermedia .... 153,
156, 660
—— ——, var. luteo-albida .. 155
— , var. obscura ...... 154
—— ——, var. salleana...... 154
ee , var. sall@ana...... 1538,
155, 156
—— ——, var. stolliana .:.... 155
—— ——, var. stolliana...... 153,
—— triplicata
156, 660, 661
, var. subunicolor .... 155
176
eeoeere eee eeonese
688
Page
Felix trochulina wicceceveees 120
troscheli....... cedeee ... 626
—— trypanomphala.......... 148
—— trypanomphala,.......+. 624
as , var, remondi ...... 143
—— turbinella wo. ccceccceceee 129
——— UNCUGJEVA vv evsveees 172,177
UNAALA ..cecseceees 184, 185
UNGUUZEPA vos vevvees 172, 627
VENETOSUIA . ec cceccncees 169
VETACLURENSIS ccs eee eves 111
virgata ...... aacevesese 141
VINGINANIS woe verevvevees 142
—— vitrinoides ... 66. cece eae 160
VUEUEA eee c ccc cen ees 251
— wilhelmi... ccc ceeceee 128
—— YUCATANED. oo eee ce eeees 166
zhorquinensis .......... 157
ZhOYQUINENSIS 1... 0. eee 153
1 106, 109
FTemtsinus oo. e cece ce eneee 464
DINNEYE voce ccccceceees 646
maculatus .......0e 646, 674
osculatit .... ccc sevens 646
PCLENENSUS Wo eivcecccnces 464
TUGINOSUS vo. seveceeeees 464
£0 1 a 464
Flemttrochus oo. cece eee ee 626
Hippeutis ccc cece ee. 385, 397
HOLOSPIRA .........04. 273, 634
Holospira ...... 253, 254, 255, 274,
277, 281, 283, 635, 636, 687
—— apiostoma.......... 283, 636
——— APUOSLOMA oo eee ceccceees 665
APPVCSSA. vee ceverveeunnes 277
ATIZONENSIS. e+e cece cece 634
berendti................ 281
berendti ....... cece 275, 635
— , var. albida ........ 28]
— , var. albida ........ 275
bilamellata. i.e cee 634
claviformis ............ 277
—— claviformis ........ 274, 278,
280, 635, 664
coahuilensis ........ 279, 635
— coahuilensis ........ 274, 634
, var. semisculpta.... 279
, var. semisculpta .... 275
cretacea........0e ee aee 279
CYELACEH woe ec ecceevecace 274
elizabethe...........00. 685
elizabethé .......... 634, 664
FUSCA LL eee cee eee eee 281
——— fUBCO Lee eeccccceces 275, 664
—— gassiesi ................ 283
gealet 276, 277, 278 635
GOldfUSS Lov cece eee cee 634
INDEX.
Page
Holospira goniostoma .... 280, 636
— goniostoma .... 275, 281, 634
—— imbricata .... 6... eee eee 278
imbricata «..... 274, 277, 664
MEAYNSE ve veceevecrences 634
—— microstoma ...........- 278
MICTOSLOMA .eeeeeee 274, 685
—— morini .........66. 285, 636
— , var. pulchella...... 285
— , var. pulchella .. 636, 665
—— ——, var. salpinx ...... 285
— , var. salpine .. 686, 665
— , Var. SATQI. eee ee 285
—— pfeifferi............ 280, 636
—— pfeifferi........ 275, 281, 684
—— ——, var. minima ...... 280
— , var, minima .. 275, 664
ed , Var. MINOY .....ee, 280
— , VAT. MINOT ...eeeee 275
pilocerei .......... 278, 6385
—— pilocerei viceccceves 274, 634
—— pilsbryi oe... eee ee eee 636
POLVAYTA weveeeseeveues 284
POLYGYTA ve cervevcaevas 285
polygyrella ......... ee 284
—— polygyrella vevssveeeees 665
—— remondi..........6- 279, 636
—— remondi....cseveaes 275, 684
POMEL vec cecerrreces 634
— semisculpta .... 279, 634, 685
—— spelunce .......... 284, 636
— , var. dubia ........ 6386
—— subtilis ........... 04. 284
—— swiftiana .............. 284
TEYES .. cee ee eee ees 279, 636
CCVES vis ceeevevvees 275, 280
—— -——,, var. hégeana ...... 280
—— ——.,, var. hégeana...... 275,
635, 664
—— , Var. minor ........ 279
_— , Var, minor ........ 275
—— tryomi .........06. 276, 635
—— tryont .... 274, 277, 684, 636
— , var, appressa ...... 276
—— ——.,, var. appressa .. 278, 274
—— ——,, var. gealei ........ 276
— , var. gealet ........ 274
VETaCYUZIANa...... ee eee 635
——— VEN ACTURANA . vee eecenes 634
Humboldtiand .ivvevccevcees 624
FTYQhndeccccceveccveces 118, 154
ATDOVED viveevcveeeeeees 116
bilineata wevcecececeaes 109
COMUCA vi eeeeeveceneees 108
—— fuliginosd .....scseceeee 107
—— gundlacht ....... 6. cece. 122
—— indentata vivccssseseres 117
Page
Fyalina lucubrata i.e eeee. 107
MANUSCULA viv verccecveees 125
VEFACTUZENSIS. seve ves 111, 112
ZONES voce e cece eeeeeee 106
TIYALINIA wo... eee eee 1138, 618
Hyalinia ...... 104, 114, 115, 124
ANGASL vovecaccnceeveas 619
arborea ........004. 116, 618
arborea ....5.. 114, 117, 659
Clegantula vivvvcccvceves 125
CUSPITA vivcevaveccvuces 118
JlOrd vevccvnrcveccvvens 118
—— fulvorded .occisvceveees 122
—— glomerula.......... 115, 618
—— ylomerula ...ceecee 114, 6459
hoffmanni.......... 115, 618
hoffMannt . 1... seees 114, 659
indentata .......... 117, 618
indentata ...... 114, 118, 688
IMSCHA viccevcrcvceenee 118
MINUSCULA Lae cevcccevens 125
NUCL. occa vcvccncenes 115
nitidopsis ........ eee. 115
NUidOPStS ......000. 114, 658
paucilirata........... eee 118
pauctltrata ...seeee 114, 659
permodesta .........05. 117
—— permodesta ....e.ccveeee 114
_—— , Var, minor ........ 117
— ) VAY, MMO” Le... eee 114
—— stolli...........00. 118, 619
StOW oo eee cece 114, 659
subhyalina ............ 117
subhyalina ....000. 114, 116
tehuantepecensis ........ 116
tehuantepecensts .... 114, 115
, Var. Major ........ 116
Hydrobta vce eee c eee e eee 435
COTONALA vee eeeees 433, 434
COSATICENSIS vo eee cee eeee 435
Cristalina oo. cece 433, 484
——hyalind wi ccecisccceeen, 432
—— SCEMANNE ve ieeececeees 435
ULVE vi visceveveees 435, 436
FTYdr0cend ov cecevcccecccecs 21
Hydroimart oo. cceccue. 342, 347
Hygromia berlandieriana...... 140
JAQUCSCENS voce cecneeeees 142
——— GtsCOlA occ ceccecenes 141
Hyria corrugata vee cseeeee. 648
9 OY, 42
DO 480
Tsidora wee cce cea ee 353, 854, 368
Tsocardia Cr voce ec ee 549
Tsthimia Ovatd vesvvveceecves 827
Page
TOMBE ie dig vaccine ceteces 12
Tuga schiedeand........eeeees 462
Krynickia americuna .... 848, 349
LABYRINTHUS .......... 175, 628
Labyrinthus oo... eee ee 176, 178
annuliferus ........066. 177
—— annuliferus oi ereevccces 175
—— furcillatus ..... peadercws 176
—— hydeanus .............. 178
——- hydeanus ...... .... 175,177
labyrinthus ...cceseeeee 178
leucodon. .. 6c. cvvccccaes 177
———~ OTB. eee eens 178
OLS. eee ccc ccnceeeees 179
—— plicatus.............0.. 177
—— plicatus........ 175, 178, 179
—— quadridentatus...... 176, 628
—— quadridentatus ...... 175, 177
—. , var. minor........ 628
subplanatus .....ceseaes 177
LAMSUANUS 0. eee cee 177
tArApOtOneNstS ......600.% 176
triplicatus.......... 176, 628
triplicatus .....6..4 175, 661
——- uncigerus ...........00, 177
—— UNCIJEIUS 6.6.66 0 00 172,175
— YALESE cee vce e nner eene 176
Damellavis. ccc ccacceas 312, 316
—— filicostatus.....6ceeceeee 319
—— imperforatus......eeeeee 320
MELUCUNUS 6.6. ce seeeees .» 316
MOMESUS vos eescveeeees 316
Lamproscapha .viscvccvcsvees 525
Lampsilis...... 480, 486, 490, 491,
509, 649, 650, 651, 652
TOVUOSAL veces evens ,. 651
Sp., AN parvus?P ...ee. ». 623
Lapidosus vivccccsccvcvccces 651
BONG ea vacances 525, 537, 539
Leiostracus attenuatus ........ 215
CE 1 206
GTUNETE voc cvccvacnceees 245
——— JONASE. ee eececvenrreees 212
MACULALUS Loe cece eeeenee 220
————_ MOTICANAL oo vc evavcveees 227
Leptarionta ..cccecseccseces 154
bicincta...... See 157
flavescens ...se0e aera 142
Leptaxis mexicana,.... eee 160
LEPTINARBIA ........006- 312, 639
UROBUNATIC oon ccceveees 291, 308,
814, 318, 821, 323
—— ambigua ........++..-- 321
ambigua -...... 3138, 315, 666
Sete DIOS PA 2 cscgiase ++ sean, BIO
INDEX.
Page
Leptinaria biolleyi.... 318, 315, 666
convoluta ...........04. 322
convoluta ...... 313, 315, 666
—— costaricana ........ 320, 639
costaricana ,... 313, 315, 666
——- crenulata .......... 318, 639
—— crenulata ...... 3138, 314, 666
—— elise... ce eee eee eee 322
—— else .. 318, 315, 317, 323, 666
—— emmeline......,....... 323
—— emmeline .. 312, 313, 315, 666
——— EX1gUA 2... cece eee eee 318
CLIQUE vs. .00e, 3138, 314, 666
—— filicostata .............. 319
—— filicostata ......0... 3138, 315
fordiana..........0..08. 320
Sordiana wivesecaes 318, 315
—— guatemalensis .......... 319
guatemalensis ., 318,315, 318
, var. majuscula ..,. 319
—— -—,, var. majuscula .... 318,
315, 666
hapaloides.............. 321
hapaloides...... 313, 315, 666
—— hyalina ................ 317
—— hyalina ............ 313, 314
imperforata ............ 320
amperforata ........ 313, 315
interstriata .........0.- 318
interstriata ....64.. 318, 314
——martensi .............. 316
—— martenst ...... 313, 314, 640
— , var, inflata........ 316
— , var. mflata ...... 318,
314, 318
—— mexicana ..........008 316
MEXICANG ...... 313, 314, 320
, var. abbreviata .... 316
, var. abbreviata . 318, 314
—— , var. turrita........ 316
— , var. turrita ., 313, 314
paludinoides ....ceceeees 313
pittieri ..........0, 317, 639
prttiert ....aee 313, 314, 666
— , var. obliquata...... 317
—— ——, var. obliquata...... 3138,
314, 666
SAULCUNG . ove sr evcecenee 320
SIMPSONL ......0 eee eee 320
SUNPSONE .seeereee 318, 315
—— Sinistra .........ee eee 319
—— simistra........ 313, 314, 666
BOlid@. 2. eee ccc eee 321
SOMA .iverees 318, 315, 666
——- stolli .. esse cece eee ees 316
stolli...... 312, 318, 314, 666
Deptinotarsd vevssccccccevees 639
689
Page
Leptomerus .... 138, 237, 238, 239
alternans ........ sheers 230
berends vives va cecn exons 249
——— COTLACEUS oa eeccscceees 248
COTREUS oo cecssenusenane 246
CUCULIUS Loe ee cee neeeees 214
AOMIANICUS Vee eee ceeeees 237
———— ETYBONT vere sccccnees 250
hondurasanus ......e00. 232
MEPIS oo eee ecccccnnees 250
USCAPENSIS 6... eee eeeee 248
MACULALUS . eeepc eee enes . 220
—— nubeculatus ........000. 247
PANAMENSIS .. cece ceeee 237
PelENENSIS Lo cc eecseveees 248
SATCOdES 6.6 eee e eee eee 248
translucens ....ceeceaes 250
—— umbraticus oo... cee eee. 251
UNWCOlOT 6. cece ccc nenes 248
Leptonaias .. 66. cece eee cee 481
Leptonyx sumichrasti ........ 344
Leptostphon .isceecccccccees 540
Les Hyalines ... 0... ccc cca 118
Les Trachéloides .........05. 286
Leucochila wc. cee cee 327, 329
Chordata... ier eecaeees 330
UT 327
fallax... ...6 5. + die saline 329
——— MAYGINALA Lecce enn. 829
—— pellucida ....eceeeeeeee 328
50) 328
Leucochilus. ccc cece ccees 327
THONG 0 oe cis i ean eg 12
LIMACIDD .. ee eee cece eae 346
| 5. 0. 347
Dimaxn weveececcaee 342, 345, 849
AGTOSLUS . 6. cece en eenee 347
Argentinus.......... 348, 349
—— berendti .............. 349
brasiliensis ......4. 348, 349
Drunneus ..ecececesaees 347
CAMPESEIIS. . cca eens 347, 349
cobanensis..........204. 349
—— guatemalensis ...... 348, 349
—— hyperborets ........ 248, 349
jalapensis ...........,.. 349
—— levis ..........000, cone O47
—— @VIS oo ecccsersceccees 349
——— MONLANUS oc ercecescees 348
parvulus ....eseeee vee. 348
semitectUS .... 66.005 348, 349
1 348, 349
VATUCGALUS . 6. - ec eeecnee 349
LIMNZA... cece eee eee 375, 643
Limnea,.., 340, 341, 354, 376, 379
—— attenuata .............. 375
attenuata ,, 376, 377, 381, 427
690
Page
Limnea bulimoides os. .ereees 3878
columella ....e.se eens 378
columella ...... see neeee 376
, var. championi .... 878
, var. championt . 376, 666
cubenmsis..,.....0e ee eens 378
CUDENSIS oo ccc cece en eeees 376
C10MES oe cece ence enes 379
CMATGYINAA wivevvereees 3875
Fragilis vo. cccccvceveces 379
—— macrostoma ............ 379
MACKOSTOMA .iciseeeeeee 376
—— MEGASOMA 1. seve ereeeee 377
MUTA vec cnccncennees 379
—— palmeri....... eee eee 377
palmert . oc ce cceccececes 376
palustvis see seve eee 74, 372,
375, 877, 879
PCPEGVA wiveervssseenees 379
POPCLA vie sevvvees 375, 377
TUGOSA wervvcvescveceense 379
Sordida ......c. eee eens 379
Sordida ....evecace _..e. O16
SUbULATA. Lee eee 370
—- truncatula ... 6.6.44. oe. 378
UMBULCATA. . ove vccacvees 378
——— UMDOSA. oe eres ceceneee 379
——— VUIGATIS acc ncneeenes 335
TIMNBIDE oo eee eee eee 353
Limneus cubensis ..... 6.0006. 378
MEXICANUS Voc cccecccnees 375
SOTAIAUS. 0. ec ee 379
SUDUTALUS Lice ree neeeee 375
CUTTIEUS oe eee eee eee 3875
TAMNCUS ce cece reece c cee nces 375
TAMOSINA oe ccc ccc nce eens 552
MACULATA voc cece veeaees 5538
meridionals .....0eeeene 553
TA08trQcusS vo ccc cece cece eens 199
alternans ...... 223, 230, 231
——~ AISCrepans ......everevee 230
1 1 245
heterogeneus ..eceveeeeee 235
hondurasanus ......065.. 232
MACULALUS oo eee cee eeee 220
———_ MEXICANUS oo. ccc ceees 231
— » var. gracilior ...... 222
MOPICANAL oo eee cccaccces 227
semipelluctdus .......66. 236
tropicals .... cc. sevens 233
TAtOvrind ccc cece cee 574, 575
ANENEA vee ec ce vccenvees 579
UVOVALA Wc c vee c cence 587
—— philipptt... ccc cece cee 584
—— —., var. penicillata .... 584
———_ RUCRAC ccc cc ccceees 583
LATTORINA, cece cee eee 574
INDEX.
Page
DHttOrvina cece eee 463, 576,
580, 586, 587, 646
——_ ADErTANS sev seeerevevese 587
——albida ....eseeeeeeeeee 582
——albida ...sescceecceee 576
—— angulifera...........04. 579
——angulifera ........ 575, 576,
578, 580, 582, 588
— » Var. MINOT ... 6... 582
—— WCINA veer rcvenes 587
——— ASPET Lee ee ce eee eee 587
—— ASPET vee ceevvese 577, 578,
582, 584, 586, 674
— , Var. CONSpersa...... 586
—— ——.,, var. penicillata .... 584
—_— , var. philippu ...... 584
—— atrata vee cece eee 587
—— bicarinata ... ce. ceeeeee 581
Dullata oi. eee c eee eee 588
——— CANATUENSIS vee eereceees 580
—— columellaris ............ 582
—— columellaris ......4. 576, 578
—— Conspersa ..........005- 586
—— conspersa .. 577,578, 582, 587
— , var. puncticulata .. 586
—— , var. puncticulata .. 577
—— costuldta ...cesccvceee 580
——— CUMING ove acceccnvcnes 575
—— fasclata......--.....04. 580
fasciata....6... 576, 578, 581
—— locos veer eceeecnees 583
UVOTATA. oe eee e eee 587
lineata ..........ee eee 588
lineata........ 577, 578, 580,
584, 585, 586, 587
—— littored voc eevececeeaeee 575
—— MOMESEA. ec ccervecces 586
—— muricata ............5. 578
—— MUITCATA vec eeeeees 575, 576
—— nebulosa .............. 581
—— nehulosa ...... 576, 578, 582
——— nodulosa vv verve eveees 575
——- orbignyand ..cc.seseuee 588
PAGOUUS . ec cee cece races 575
Papulosd vevsececcveese 588
PAVVUl. ver esveccaes 584, 586
—— philippii ...........0.. 584
—— philipptt .......... 577, 578,
585, 586, 674
—— ——,, var.alba.......... 585
— ,var.alba...... 577, 674
, var. latistrigata .... 585
, var. latistrigata. 577, 674
, var. penicillata .... 584
, var. penicillata .... 577,
585, 674
». 585
—— ——., var. subsuturalis
Page
Littorina philippit, var. subsu-
CUTANS. Lo eee cence 577, 674
—— pulchra........... 008. 581
—— pulchra ..veieeccuee 576, 578
puncticulata .... 582, 586, 587
—— scabra .... 575,579, 580, 588
—— ——,, var. lineata........ 579
— , Var. nebulosa ...... 582
SEYUATA ve ccc cee eee 580
——— WUTINA Lecce cece ceene 582
VATIA Le. eee ee eee ees 580
VAIIA veacevenee 576, 578, 581
——— VANUEYATA Lice ccrveeee 581
ZICZAC we ee eee eee eee 583
BUCZAC cee eecaees 577, 578
BUGLAJ ev rvcvveccvvees 583
LirroRINIDH «1... .... eae 574
Littorinopsts ......4% 575, 576, 579
LYMNCD. ccc ev ccccccnnes 376
TUGJOS .oavevvvacvveane 199
Ty OstOMd vec caceccccvcvcaee 175
labyrinthus oc... eevee 178
Lysinoé. 180, 187,145, 146, 147, 624
CLUIMNGA ve vvccceeaes 146, 624
a ,var. stolli ...... .. 146
—— ghiesbreghti .... 146, 150, 624
aa » Var. bizonata ...... 146
, var. fulvo-straminea . 146
, var. rufo-zonata.... 146
, var. strubelli .. 146, 660
—— -——, var. subaurantia. 146, 660
humboldtiana ...... 146, 624
, var. badiocincta. 146, 660
, var, buffoniana .... 146
—— ——, var. hegewischt .... 146
— , var. hogeana .. 146, 660
queretaroand, ......ceees 625
TC rr 625
MACROCERAMUS ........ 287, 637
Macroceramus ...... 258, 254, 288
CONCISUS............ 287, 637
CONCISUS... 6.60. 288, 289, 665
, var. arctispirus .... 637
, var, mexicanus .... 287
, var. mexicanus. 288, 665
os
denticulatus ............ 289
denticulatus ....cceceees 288
OL 289
—_— , var. arctispirus .... 637
kieneri ............ 289, 637
OT 288
polystreptus ..... 006.0. 287
pontificus ......06.. 287, 289
Macrocyclis ghiesbreghti ...... 150
Malacolimaxv brasiliensis ...... 348
Margarttand vieviccicecccecue. 479
Margaritana margaritifera ....
2 ?
CD
en
MECIUZIUNG wo. ec as 563
a
2 eT
ee
MEGALOMASTOMA
—— (Tomocyclus) gealei
-—— (Tomocyclus) guatemalense 11
-—— guatemalense
guildingianum
—— (Tomocyclus) simulacrum.
—-— simulacrum
(Tomocyclus) simulacrum,
var. cobanense ss... . ee eae
var. gracilius.
, Var. gracihus .
, Var. minus ..
Megapelta semitecta .......... 348,
ee
—— (?) bridgesi
eee ee ese eee ow eoe
ee
, Var, microspira ....
— (?) concinnus
ey
ee
—— fasciatus
—— (P) infrequens
ose eeeeeceeeere
eee eee eee eee eens
-—— tabogensis
oor tore re oes oe
trilineatus......... . 557, 674
ore ee rere eee eros
Ce
eevee eerer ree err soe
ere er eer reese eee
eT
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, May 1901. 88
INDEX.
Page
Melania evtgud oi. cece 436
gassiesi.... 458, 454, 458, 459
Glaphyra oo vee ceeeceeee 444.
GOUMANL. .. cece cc eceeee 445
PACU ccc cee 461
—— graphium oi. .c cece ee. 461
—— guatemalensis ........4. 450
hellert oo. ceeee 456
——immanis ...... 438, 444, 445
UMAWUIUMN oo eee cc nnes 455
MAOTUMN eee eee ee 455
mterMedta ove evveveces 450
labiosa . 6. eee 449, 450
UACUNAEA Lecce cece ees 451
-—— lacustris ...... 447, 448, 449
——— l@V18SHIMA Lee ccc cee 455
— , var. costato-plicata .. 456
largrllverti . cc. cc cece ee 450
—— hbertina, vay. irrigua .... 452
hebmannt oo... cc cecceces 453
= MARINA dee ce ceceen. 444
MEXICANA 6. eee ccenceces 458
MUNUEA eee cccceccueces 436
MUITER vi. ccecvceeee 448, 452
—— obeliscus .......4.. 446, 447
a 458
OPWAPTIS 6. eee cece en eee 445
——— 080A es 646
PANUCUla wecicvccececes 458
PeteneNsis ©... ecseceees 464
——— planeNnsis .eeeereceeeeee 459
—— pluristriata ........ 449, 450
——__ polygondla. ve... ceccvccee 444
pyramidalis oo... cece 445
—— FUMAN vo eee 455, 456
——— FENOVATA eee cccveceuee 461
—— rubicunda ....... 6. canes 450
—-— rubida wivscccseeee 449, 450
——— TUGJINOSA de eee vcneres 464
— rusticula ... cece eeeee 450 |
—— sallet .... ec cece eee 453, 455
——— SAIWINT bee cece es 451
1 | rr 463
——— SUUSSULEE oe eee eens 462
schiedeand ... 1... cece eee 462
—— Spintferd oe ecseceraeee 433
SUDCATINATA wee eee cee . 448
SULNOEOSE . 1... cece eeeee 450
EUMUEE obec cveecen ven 458
TUTALE cece cen cceccens 454
VANUEGHHA 6. cece ceseeee 462
MELANIELLA.... 2... 030-00 324
fimbriata .............. 324
Melanoides glaphyra...... 450, 451
GOUMANE. 66... eevee 445, 446
OOFUSCUS oo aw bee ek s 447
Page
Melanoides salvint..........4. 451
—-— TUMIAUS eee eens 458
Melanopsis maculata,......... 646
Melarhaphe.......... 577, 578, 583
Melia delicatula........00005. 70
Menetus ........ 882, 390, 391, 392
Merdigerus obscurus ......6... 605
Mesanodon..........000- 524, 526
Mesembrinus 2... 00000. 199, 244
GASCYOPANE oo. 66 veces 230
GUAMETE oe oo he ess 207
—— fenestralis....csccceuees 207
Fenestratus oe. eee ceeee 200
= PUNE. oe eee tees 245
hegewischi ..... 2c cece 211
WMGlONIUE wee eek ee, 219
ebmannt ......e.ceeeee 203
—— livescens .........0000. 229
——— MONK oo ec ceccccesees B08
—— multilineatus..........4. 235
—— recluZtunusS ........000.% 213
PWS wenn tenes 209
—— schiedeanus ............ 239
—— 8UICO8US oe eee ceee rons 208
—— uhdeanus 6.0... ccceccee 233
VUTGUIALUB oe eee eens 199
Mesomphia? ...ceeeeeecceees 104
Juligmosa .. eee eee. 107
VETACTURENSIS, . ose ve ceeee 111
Mesondtas . 1... cece eee c eens 481
Metaptera ........05.. 481, 489,
491, 520, 521, 652
Metastoma..... 00. .0000. 273, 684
pusbryt ..... ea waGe aces 636
METOSTRACON .........0000. 642
MIMA.. cece ee ee eee eee 642
Mircroconus oe. ceceecccceues 128
wilhelmt oc ceveccscees 128
Micromya parv@ ..ceececeuee 5238
MAUCFONANGS. occ cc ie ieee euee 649
Microphysd ... ccc ccc cece eee 621
berendtt vices cess 126
MINUSCULA Loe ec even eens 125
Monocondylea oi... . eee ceaee 479
Moreletia i... ec eres 104, 106
—- anytomphala....... eee 107
—— bilineata .......... 109, 110
—. , var. bizonata ...... ~110
———— CMU ca cceccnccoues 108
— , var. fasciata ...... 107
—— dohrntt voc ce cceecceeeee 109
—— euryomphala.........4.. 106
—— fultginosd 6.60... .eecees 108
lucubrata, var. olivaria .. 107
metonomastica .......645 106
paradensis,..... esUw eee 109
692
Page
Moreletia veracruzensis,.... +++ 112
Mor mus voc ccvccccecvcevcece 199
AUITFUUUS Cece ercrevneee 2138
CUCUMLUS . eee c avec neces 214
hegewtscht oi... cee 211, 215
JONASL. co cece cence eneees 212
—— membranaceus ........4. 223
PapyraCeUS v.veeceees . 199
SUPMALUS. Lecce eee 245
LOCONACUS 2... eee eee eee 221
Musculum . occ ccc cen eens 554
MYCETOPUS .........+6. 539, 654
—— PYJM@US ovr eveveee 654, 655
subsinuatus ..........6. 540
—— subsinuatus ........ 539, 678
— weddelli .......... 540, 654
weddelli....... 6000. 539, 655
Mychostoma wicivccsevvveecs 286
Mytilus ooo cc vec cceeeees 477
FYONS Coc cc cece eee 595
—— sallet voce c ccc cence eeee 477
NANNING cececvcecccecvanecues 162
OUUMN oocccccnccccrteees 588
. ZONES ic vcvecencecces 106
Nassa luteostoma ............ 594
wvanthostoma vo. .cccceeee 594
Nauttund ooccvccccccceeenes 392
NEOCORBICULA........00005- 550
—— CONVEXA..... eee eee eee 550
CONVERGE viccecncceecnves 551
Neocyclotus voce cee eee cnees 3
—— berendtt...... 0.0... eee. 5
AYSONt vie vvccccvevcuee 4
Neocyrend viv ce ccveccccceees 540
Neosubulina martensi ........ 640
Neozonttin@ ...cccecececceee 104
Nephronaias .... 480, 484, 490, 491,
502, 649, 650, 651, 652
MACNEML. vee ce cece ens 649
reticulata .. ccc. ccc eeaee 649
SCAMNALA Voc eeecceceuae 649
Nerds ccc cece cane rene eeees 21
eXIguus, KC. ver eereecaee 591
—— maculis ad interstitia latis. 474
MAJOP vec ce cece ececuee 474
PUPA viv eveccvcnecneees 591
quast squamosus ........ 588
—— reclivata virccccccecaee 472
reticulata ...ccceceveeee 473
VUGINED. ve ev ec ences 474, 588
VUTIAIS voce cece cnc eces 592
Nertt@a oe ceeveeaee 465, 468, 474
Nerite. oc. ccc ccc ccc eee ees 470
Neritella picta wi... eee cece 589
TECUVAEA vee ceeccecsaee 472
NERITINA .......... 465, 588, 647
INDEX.
Page
Nerittinds voce ccvees 21, 466, 470,
474, 541, 589, 591, 592
Apert vvvvcscecvseevaes 470
cassiculum ..........-. 474
cassiculum ....46.. 466, 670
clandestind .....ccee eee 471
danubtalis ... 0.0... 476
—— MUD cee eens 473
elegantisstma.... 1.2.20 588
OS 591
floridand vo. cceeeevveee 471
fontaineana .......+.46- 591
—— fuscilabris cece cree 470
——— glob0sd oo ivee vc crcveee 469
GUUS vance cen ecevenes 471
—— guayaquilensts ..... 0005. 591
intermedia ........ 469, 470
—— ——, var. dilatata ...... 469
latissima ...........05. 469
latissima ...... 466, 468, 470
— , var. globosa .. 469, 647
—— —-, var. globosa ...... 466
—— ——., var. intermedia .... 469
—— , var. intermedia .... 466,
470, 591
lineolata .......... 471, 647
lineolata .. 466, 468, 473, 670
, var. parcepicta .... 478
—— ——.,, var. parcepicta . 466, 670
— , var. reclivata ...... 472
—- , var. reclivata...... 466,
647, 670
—— ——,, var. reticulata .... 473
— , var, reticulata... 466, 670
CS 2 475
—— mexicana .............. 476
MELUCANA Lecce ec eeeuee 468
michaudi .............. 476
—— michaudi .......... 467, 468
MICrOstOMA .....0.. 472, 647
OMWVACEH . ee eee eee ee 47]
—— picta ....... eee eee eee 589
—— picta oe. .eeeeeee, 467, 468,
474, 590, 591, 670
—— ——.,, var. guttata ...... 590
—— -——.,, var. guttata........ 467
—— ——, var. luteofasciata .. 590
, var. luteofasciata .. 467
, Var. nigrofasciata .. 590
> var. nigrofasciata .. 467
—— ——,, var. serta ........ 590
—-- » var. serta .. 467, 670
— , var, subnigra ...... 590
—— ——, var. subnigra ...... 467
—— pulchra ................ 475
TL a 467, 468
pulligera we ccecseeecvene 470
Page
Neritina punctulata .......... 470
punctulata...... 466, 468, 471
——— PUP vee eeee cece cvceaee 591
PUP wee eccvvvvan. 467, 468
—— reclivata .......... 471, 472,
473, 474, 647
———- ——, var. conoidalis .... 472
, var. reticulata... 473,474
—— , var. rotundata .... 471
——— , var. striolata ...... 4738
—— reticulata ....... cee. 473
—— SATA] oe eee eee eee eee 475
7 | 467, 468
——~ striolata oe cee cee 474
turbida..........00200. 471
—— turbida ........ ee 466, 468
—— USUP PALTV. erence. 589
—— vartegata wove cece eee 476
—— verriculum ..seeeececee 473
—— virginea......... eee eee 588
—— virginea ...... 468, 471, 474,
475, 545, 591, 670
—— ——., var. listeri ........ 474
me , var. listert .... 467,475
—— (Smaragdia) viridis ...... 592
—— viridis .........4.. 467, 468
1 a 474
Nodilittorind oo. cece 575
Nothus voce cece ce eeaee 312,31
ANOMALUS wee ever eeeaee 66
Fordianus ........64.... 320
MERUCANUS vee eevee cces 316
SIMpsONt ....+.....4... 320
Obeliscus. 0.66. eee 301
—— PANGIANUS oe ee 301
Odontostoma eolinum ........ 44
Odontostomus punctatissimus .. 251
Odontura ...... 145, 147, 152, 624
CLUMUA oe ccc cece ceaee 149
—— ghiesbreghtt oo... ccc 150
—— stgmoides .........4.... 160
Oledcind 66. eee eee 46, 48
alabastrind ......0.05.. 60
——- alberst, oo eee en. 75
AMONAD ve vccccccccecees 63
er 66
attenuata weve eeeeccceen 80
——— AULA eee eee 57
—— bellula oo. eee. 69
berendtl... 6... eee 72
Dinneyana .......- 0.00. 58
—— bullata ... 0... ee, 79
CaNdIAA . ee 66
CAPNUNENSIS oo ee cececaee 61
CATNCED eee cece encase 68
CONFETLA. eevee ence eee 71
Page
Oleacina conalaris. oo... 0. ccs 66
COPAOVANA Lov cece cc ceeas 70
—— COYNEUA. Levies 61
—— COPONATH. oie ccc wees 54
——— Cowlbert oe ccc ccccccces 56
—— ceylindracea woe... cece, 67
daudebarti vv. cece e eee 63
dectdua ... ve ceec cece as 70
ACCussatd oo ccc vececvves 59
—~- delibuta... ccc ccc ceeae 97
delicatula 6.0... . ccc eae 70
Mifficis ... ccc ccc eee 78
——— flOsd eerie ececccceens 74
——- fustiformts o 60. cece ce nee 57
—— ghiesoreghti ....... 00.05 58
—— guttata oo. ce cece cence 55
—— Indusiata oo. ec eccvecaes 54
UNSUGMUS 6. ccc cecccccance 62
tsabeluna ..ccecvecveaes 63
labida vce c cece cee neas 96
—— largillier ti... ccc ceca 67
-—— lhebmanni ....cccccceee . 62
—— NWGnarid. cee ccc eee 57
Longuld viccaceveccuvees 64
—— MATYATUACEA. . ee ec avnes 81
MUtVUFOVMIS .eeveeevecee 75
MOAESEA. . 6c cece ee eaces 81
——_ MONMPETA oo ev ecececaces 75
—— muiltisprra .....cceeccees 69
TANG we vcvccccccncvaves 77
ODIONGA Lo. ce cevcvceeeee 69
ODEUSA cece cee cece .. 6
—— OF120D@ occ ccc c neces .. 3
parallela .iceicevvenees 79
perpustla .vsceeeeee 83, 613
petitd oc cecccsecceeeee 60
—— plicatula .eicrsevecnees 80
PSCUudoturrvis vieccecccces 65
pulchella ..cacccereeees 83
PUDEUA vicvccrccvccaaes 75
SIMPLE oo cvevccceeveees 66
SOWETDYUNA vesevseeeees 55
SPCCVOSA oc ee vsereceeeees 72
—— stigmatic... ..seseceves 77
—— strebeld ..ccccceccecctes 68
——— SUV TATA vce cree eceeeee 79
——— UFUNCATA vec rcverveces 78
turgrda ..s.ees eevdepewe 3
—— wnderwoodt .....seruees 612
—— UNMEANA., . oc cccrerccnees 56
VANUVEMENSIS veveccvees 54
——- YUCALANENSIS oor ev eees 67
Oligostylus 6... secre eens -. 683
OMPHALINA ...eeeeeeeee 104, 617
Omphalind....+seeerveee 105, 106
angiomphala .....+.. 107, 108
—_— pilimeata .....-.eeeeees 109
INDEX,
Page
Omphalina bilineata. 11.26... 105,
110, 111, 112
— , Var. apicalis ...... 110
—— ——., var. apicalis. 105, 109, 658
—. , var. bizonata ...... 110
— , var. bozonata ...... 105
— , var. subunifasciata . 109
anes , var. subunifasciata . 110
— , var. trizonata...... 109
— , var. trizonata .. 105, 110
—— caduca ............004. 108
——— COUCH vee ce cvccucuee 105
— , var. strebeliana .... 108
—. , var. strebehiana .... 105
—— carinata............ 113, 618
—— carinata we... eee cane 105
——euryomphala .......... 106
euryomphala ........6.4. 105
SUNGINOSA Loe cee eens 108
—— lucubrata .............. 106
lucubrata ...... 105, 108, 658
— , var. deppeana .... 107
—— ——.,, var. deppeana..,.. . 105,
108, 658
—— ——,, var. fasciata ...... 107
— , var. fasciata ...... 105
—-- , var, olivaria ...... 107
me , var. olivaria .. 105, 108
—— modesta............ 110, 617
modest... 2.60.00 105, 658
—— montereyensis .......... 617
paradensis............6. 109
PAPAdeNnsis .......40. 105, 617
salleana ..........006. 112
SAIICANA occ e eee cence 105
sculpta ........ eee eee 118
SCULPLA wo ceececeeee 105, 659
tuxtlensis .............. 110
—— tuxtlensis ... 06. cc eens 105
veracruzensiS .........- 111
veracruzensis .... 105, 112, 658
, var. jalapensis.. 111, 618
, var. jalapensis.. 105, 112
ZONES 2... eee eee eee 106
ZONES oe cece eaee 105, 110
Omphalostyla cornea........4. 246
Omphiscola pugio ........000. 375
Onchidium ...ccceccveces 341, 342
OPEAS ..... cee ee eee eens 291, 637
Opeas ...... 290, 296, 308, 312, 321
bocourtianum .......... 292
— bocourtianum .......... 290
— , Var. pittieri ...... 292
, var. pittiert.... 290, 665
caracasense .... 294, 295, 637
—— colimense ........eeeeee 293
1 a 290
693
Page
Opeas costato-striatus ........ 294
—— gladiolus .............. 293
Gladiolus... .60045% 290, 665
guatemalense .......... 293
—— guatemalense........ 290, 292
— , Var, majus ........ 293
— , var. majus ..... 290, 665
——— MHCTA. ee ee es 294.
MUCTA. . 00. 290, 295, 296, 665
, var. caracasense . 294, 637
, var. caracasense . 290, 665
_—_
—— octonoides.............. 293
octonoides .......... 290, 665
odiosum ......... 0.40. 638
patzcuarense............ 638
1 292
rhoadse ..........000- 638
(?) semistriatum ........ 296
—— semistriatum....cccceces 290
subula ..........0. 291, 637
subula. . 290, 292, 294, 295, 665
—— (?) tryonianum ........ 296
—— tryonianum ... cece cane 290
os , var. subovale ...... 296
—— ——, var. subovale ...... 290,
296, 665
Ophicardelus concinnus ...... 561
OrtZOSOMA Lee eee ene 640
tADIENSE oe ec cece nee 640
ORTALICHUS ............ 179, 629
Ortalichus ...... 180, 182, 191, 613
boucardi .............. 187
boucardi ...... 181, 188, 661
ferussaci .........0.00, 184
Jerussact .. 180,185, 191, 661
— , var. tricinctus...... 191
livens ..........e00 0. 189
WWVENS eee eee ceeeeeeee 181
— , var. uhdeanus 189
—. , var, uhdeanus 181
15 (6 ae 186
lividus .. sc... eee 180, 661
—— longus ................ 189
LONGUE voce cece ee eueee 181
—— maclure .............. 188
——maclure ...... 181, 191, 661
melanochilus .......... 190
melanochilus.... 181, 185, 661
“—— —, var. floridensis .... 191
—— obductus .............. 187
—— obductus .......... 181, 184
—— ponderosus ........ 190, 630
ponderosus ........ 181, 661
princeps .......... 182, 629
princeps ...... 180, 185, 186,
187, 188, 189, 191, 661
—— ——,, var.elegans ...... 629
88*
694
Page
Ortalichus princeps, var. elegans. 674
——-, var. fischeri ...... 18:
— , var, fischeri , 180,184,661
tricinctus ........-- 185, 629
—— tricinctus ... 1... 180, 661
undatus........ 185, 186, 191
zoniferus ....+.--++ 186, 629
—— zoniferus .. 180,187, 188, 661
—— ——.,, var. crossei.....-.. 186
— , Var. C7OSSEL ... 2. 180
—— ——,, var. nobilis........ 629
—_—- , var. nobilis......++ 674
Orthalicus 6.0.6. c cece ees 179, 182
AILErNANS voce eevee eee 230
—— houcardi vice cece veces 187
boucardi-ponderosus...... 190
——_ COTNEUS vec eer ec ecnee 246
—— discrepan8 os. .e eevee 230
dunkert wc... 207
——— AYSONT ec vrveevceces 250
C1EGANS viv cee cence eee 629
—— fenestratus ....... eee 200
—— ferussact. oo. ee eeeee 184, 185
gallina sultana ........4. 182
—— hegewischt oo... cerrveres 21]
hondurasanus .......... 232
—— leucochilus .......6..4. 191
WebMannt oo. cecveereees 208
TIVENS. eee ees 189
TVESCENS vi cee r eens 229
—— lividus ..cceccrcveeceee 186
lividus-princeps ........ 190
——- LONGUS ove eee ee eee 189
maculatus... 6.6... ee eee 220
MATUO vv cveccveencenes 243
—— melanochilus ........ 185, 190
MODIS ve cee cece ee eeees 629
obductUs voi ee ee cece 187
panamensis ............ 237
ponderosus .....4-- 190, 630
ponderosus-boucardt...... 190
princeps . 182, 184, 185, 186, 629
TECIURIANUS vec cvvvvcnee 218
—— PUMIS oe cece eee 209
schiedeanus wseeeeeeeees 289
—— SUICOSUS Loe ec eee eeee 208
—— UN AUS. ees 191
UNICOLON Levee cece evans 248
zebra .. 183, 184, 185, 190, 191
ZONUETUS weve sseees 186, 629
Orthotommum ......5 0.0005 238
ORYZOSOMA ....... 0. eee eee 640
OryZOSOMA ove cece eee ees 614
tabiense 21... . ee ee eee 640
Ostrea arborea... . cece eee 595
columbiensis ... 6... eyes 595
foliwMm vec ccceccceceees 595
INDEX.
Page
Ostrea frons ... cece cece ee 595
mytilotdes ve evereveees 595
——— parasitic oo oe eee eee 595
—— rhizophor@ .........065 595
SE] 595
OTOSTOMUS ......+--065 191, 630
Otostomus ........-. 182, 192, 198,
199, 234, 237, 288, 632
—— albostriatus ............ 197
—— aleantar@ ........+- 199, 200
—— alternans .......... 230, 632
—— alternans .. 196, 198, 231, 232
— , var. juquilensis .... 231
— , var. juguilensis .... 197
—— ANZASL vee ee ee eae 207
——— ANYASE vere e eee 193, 198
—— attenuatus ........ 215, 631
—— attenuatus ........ 194, 198,
216, 217, 668
—— —, var. concolor ...... 215
-— , var. concolor .. 194, 681
— , Var. pittierl ...... 216
—— —— ,, var. pittier?. 194, 631, 664
—— ; Var. varicosus .... 216
——— ——.,, var. varicosus...... 194,
631, 663
—— aurifluus .............. 213
aurifluus ... 0.600 -s 194, 198
aurts-leports oo cee cee 625
—— bugabensis ............ 218
bugabensis ...... 195, 198, 663
californicus 6.6... .66 62s 232
castuS 2... eee eee ee ee 206
CAStUS . 1. ee 193, 198, 207
—- , var. porrectus .... 206
—_— , var. porrectus.. 1938, 662
, var. xantholeucus .. 206
.. 1938,
—— ——-, var. vantholeucus
662
championi ..........,. 222
champtont ...... 195, 198, 663
—— chaperl .............0.. 630
chiapensis.............. 205
chiapensis .......... 198, 198,
202, 206, 228
——- ——, var. nebulosus .... 205
— , var. nebulosus . 198
, var. quadrifasciatus . 205
—— ——,, var. quadrifasciatus. 193,
662
colimensis........00.08. 630
COUMENSIS 6. ee eee eee 674
costaricensis........ 217, 631
costaricensis . 195, 198, 215,218
cucullus ..........068. 214
cucullus. vse eee cee 194, 198
, var. gracilior ...... 214
Page
Otostomus delattrei .......... 204
delattret .... 198, 198, 228, 662
— , var. hiabundus .... 205
—— , var. hiabundus . 193, 662
—— discrepans ............ 230
discrepans .. 196, 198, 235, 236
—— dombeyanus..........-. 199
dombeyanus ......4. 192, 198,
200, 202, 379, 662
—- , var. alcantaree . 199
—— — ., var. alcantare . 192
Aominicus ... 26+. ee. 197, 198
——- dormanni .......... 221, 222
—— droueti ..... 0.0... cee 218
—— drouett . ...... 195, 198, 219
—— dunkeri.........-..00.. 207
—— dunkeri .... 198, 198, 200, 662
— , var. forreri.... 207, 6380
— , var, forrert. 195, 208, 662
eEMeUS 2... eee eee 222, 631
eMmeus...... 195, 198, 215, 224,
232, 237, 252, 632, 663
a , var. albivaricosus ., 223
—- , var. albivaricosus .. 195,
663
— , var. hypozonus .... 223
— , var. hypozonus .... 198
— , var. membranaceus . 223
— , var. membranaceus.. 195
—— fenestratus ............ 200
fenestratus.. 192, 198, 208, 662
fenestrellus ............ 214
—— fenestrellus ........ 194, 198,
212, 215, 680
—— ——, var. subunicolor .. 215
flavidus oo. eee 227
—— fucatus oo... cece eee 251
PuUusoides .. occ eee ceeee 216
OL 193, 207
—— ghiesbreghti............ 209
ghiesbreghti . 193,198, 211, 218
— , Var. interstitialis .. 210
aa , var. interstitialis .. 194,
_ 662
a , var, jodostylus, . 210, 630
—— ——.,, var. todostylus . 194
— , var. stolli ........ 210
woe , var. stollz 1938, 662
= PPUNET ee cence, 245
—— hachensis 0.0.6... cece 197
hegewischi ............ 211
hegewischi .. 194, 198, 214, 662
hepatostomus .......... 217
hepatostomus .. 195, 198, 668
heterogeneus .......... 235
heterogeneus...... beens 197,
198, 236, 245
Page
Otostomus honduranus ...... 232
honduranus .... 197, 198, 238
— hygrohyleus ............ 204
inglorius .............. 219
inglorius .......... 195, 198
— , var. heynemanni .. 220
a » var. heynemannt. 195,668
todostylus ... 0.0... . 6000 630
irazuensis .......... 224, 631
— irazuensis .. 196, 198, 225, 668
—— jonasi ..--. 6... eee. 212
—— jonast .......... 194,198,
213, 214, 281, 662
—— josephus .............. 202
—— Josephus... ccc... 192, 198
oe , var. concolor .. 202, 630
_— , var. concolor .. 192, 662
—_—— , var. maculosus .... 202
ei , var. maculosus . 192, 662
—— lattret we. cee eee ee. 204
——lilacinus .............. 201
— lilacinus, ., 192,198, 200, 203
— , Var. CYOSSC1... 2... 201
——- ——., val. crossét ........ 192
—— ——.,, var. ictericus...... 202
—— ——, var. ictericus .. 192, 662
—— ——,, var. jansoni ...... 201
—— , var. gansont ...... 192,
202, 662
—- , var. undulosus .... 201
—- ——, var. undulosus.. 192, 662
—— ——, var. unicolor ...... 201
— , var. unicolor .. 192, 662
Rliaceus ...... 226, 227, 668
—— lirinus ................ 214
RPMUS oo. eee eee 194, 198
—— livescens .............. 228
hvescens . 196, 198, 235, 236, 663
— maculatus. ............ 220
—— maculatus ........ 195, 198,
221, 222, 663
membranaceus ...... 223, 224
——_ menket .. 0... ee cccevass 235
MEPIAANUS. 2.6 eee 225, 232
MELICUNUS 0 2 cece eens 233
——moricandi ............ 227
—— moricandi...... 196, 198, 228
, var. hyalino-albidus. 227
, var. hyalino-albidus . 196
—— moritinctus ............ 228
—— moritinctus .... 196, 198, 663
—— multilineatus .......... 235
— multihneatus ...... 197, 198
—— nigrofasciatus .......... 231
POMBO ew ee ee 203
POGMOE oo ie EE 217
palpaloensis. . 223, 224, 233, 663
INDEX.
Page
Otostomus panamensis ...... 236
panamensis ....... 197, 198
—— prescheli .......... 200, 662
—— pluvialis .............. 218
—— pluvialis .......... 195, 198
recluzianus ............ 213
recluzianus . 194, 198, 211
—— ——., var. lineolatus.. 214, 630
— , var. Lineolatus...... 194
—— rhodotrema ............ 225
—— P08€0U8. 6. ee eee 214
UI eee ieee 209
——— PUM cee 193, 198
—— SPQ ov eee eee eee eee 218
——_ SAT'GL ee 195, 198, 663
—— ——, var. motague...... 218
—-. , var. motague .. 195, 663
—— semipellucidus .......... 236
—— semipellucidus .. 197,198, 663
—— serperastrum .......... 203
—— serperastrum ...... 192, 198,
204, 215, 216, 217
—— —-, var. paiwanus ...... 216
—— sporledert ... 0... cece 219
—— sulcosus .............. 208
—— sulcosus .......... 193, 198,
209, 210, 662
wee , var. botterli ...... 208
—— , var. botterit ...... 193
—— sulfureus .......... 225, 631
—— sulfureus ...... 196, 198, 226,
227, 228, 237, 632, 663
— , var. albidus ...... 226
——— ——., var. albidus .. 196, 663
—— —---, var. citronellus .... 226
— , var. citronellus .... 196,
632 , 663
—— ——, var. gracilior ...... 226
—— ——., var. gracilior ., 196, 227
—— ——., var. obesus........ 226
—— ——., var. obesus .... 196, 663
—— totomacus ...-.......... 221
totonacus ...... 195, 198, 222
trimarianus ............ 216
trimarianus .... 194, 198, 663
tripictus i. .65 es... eee 225
—- tripictus .. 196, 198, 207, 224
, var. hoffmanni. 225, 631
—— , var. hoffmannt . 196, 663
—— tropicalis .............. 233
troprcalts ..... eee 197,198
tryoni ..... .......... 282
—— tryont .... 197, 198, 253, 252
, var. pochutlensis .. 233
—— ——., var. pochutlensis.... 197
—— uhdeanus .............. 233
uhdeanus .. 197,198, 234, 663
Page
Otostomus uhdeanus, var.
borealia sis eS 234
— , var. borealis .. 197, 663
—— ——,, var. cuernavaceénsis . 234
—— ——, var. cuernavacensis . 197,
663
—— ——,, var. tepicensis . 284
-, var. tepicensis.. 197, 663
CAPUCOBUB eee ee en 251
venezuelensis ......... . 224
VITYINANS . 6. cc ceeee ne. 227
virgultorum ...... 6... 228
zhorquinensis .......... 202
zhorquinensis ...... 192, 198
Oxycheilus recluzianus ........ 213
Oxyohiltia soo. eee Se aee es 113
Oxy Chon oOo ras wi ee. 1380, 152,
153, 625, 660, 661
zhorquinensts ........6. 157
ORVGNATHA’. oo le di eas 104
Oxymelania .... 487,489, 448, 461
Oxyrhombus ook viene con es 602
629
Oxystyla princeps .......4444.
Pachyanodon . 525, 527, 528, 537, 673
PACHYCHILUS .......... 437, 645
Pachychilus .... 488, 439, 440, 441,
451, 453, 463, 464, 465
APIS See ee eee ees 455
ApS ..e ee eee. 439, 442, 453
brevis... eee ee 438, 463
chrysalis .......... 457, 646
chrysalis ......66.% 439, 442,
458, 459, 670
—— ——, var. nympha ...... 457
—— ——., var. nympha...... 439,
442, 670
—— ——, var. vudneratus .... 457
cinereus ©. 0.6... eee ee 459
CINEVEUS ese eee 439, 443
——~ CONICUS vee ccc e eee e eee 438
——corvinus .............. 460
COrVINUS ...... 439, 443, 458
a , var. indifferens .... 460
—- — , var. indifferens .... 489,
443, 670
—- , var. lutescens . 460
— , var. lutescens .. 439, 448
MMENIB EES ocecs hes 461
—-dalli ....... ee. 456
dalla .......... 439, 442, 669
—— explicatus.............. 459
eXplicatus ...e..eees 439, 443
———_ JASS1CSE oer ceccacvees 453
—— glaphyrus.............. 438
—— glaphyrus...... 440, 444, 445,
446, 447, 451, 506
696
Pachychilus glaphyrus, var.
bicarinatus........-+eeeeee 645
—, var. glaphyroides .. 444
—— ——,, var. glaphyroides .. 439,
440
—— —,, var. glaphyrus .... 444
—_ , var. glaphyrus.. 439, 440
—— ——.,, var. immanis...... 438
—— ——,, var. immanis.. 439, 440,
444
— , var. opiparis ...... 445
—— , var. opiparis ., 439, 440
—— ——,, var. polygonatus .. 444
—— ——., var. polygonatus .. 489,
440
—— ——,, var. potamarchus .. 446
—— ——.,, var. potamarchus .. 489,
440, 645
—— ——.,, var. pyramidalis .. 445,
645
_—— , var. pyramidalis .. 439,
440, 446, 669
——_ ——,, var. rovirosat ...... 463
—— ——-, var. scamnatus .... 444
—— ——., var. scamnatus . 439, 440
—— ——,, var. semilevis .... 445
— , var. semilevis.. 439, 440
—— YOUMANI. 6 ec cececes 445
——— FTACtlts Lovee cnc cneues 461
graphium .......... 461, 646
graphium ...... 439, 448, 460
—— , var. reductus ...... 461
— , var. reductus .. 489, 448
—— —., var.
indiorum
tindiorum
—— ——, var.
—— ——.,, var.
, var.
qansont ..
lacustris
lacustris
——- ——.,, var.
, var.
indifferens
, var,
, Var.
—— ——, var,
, var.
—— ——.,, var.
, var.
—— ——, var.
transcendens .. 461
transcendens .. 439,
443
see ce eens 451, 460
explicatus .... 459
Lente eee 439, 442,
456, 457, 459, 460
costato-plicatus. 456
costato-plicatus. 439,
442
TAIL vs vcenee 442
varicosus...... 456
varicosus .. 439, 442
eee c cece teeee 458
tee ween tees 447
Lecce eens 439, 441,
446, 449, 450, 451
amphibolus.... 447
amphibolus. 441, 669
conradti ...... 448
conradtt...... 44],
449, 669
elimatus...... 448
INDEX.
Page |
Pachychilus lacustris, vay.
EUMATUS .. 6. oe vee eee 441, 449
— , var. extenuatus .... 449
—— ——, var. major ........ 448
—- , var. major . 441, 449, G69
— , var, pumilus ...... 448
—— ——, var. pumilus .. 441, 449
—— ——, var. terebralis...... 448
—— ——, var. terebralis.. 441, 447
—— levissimus...... 455, 456, 462
—. , var. costatoplicatus.. 456
— » VAL. VAIICOSUS ....- 456
largillierti.......... 450, 645
largilherti: .....6.. 439, 441,
451, 452, 669, 674
, var. nodulosus .... 451
—— —, var. nodulosus .... 489,
44], 669
a , var. Salvini........ 451
— , var. salvint ...... 439,
441, 669
— , var. stolli ........ 452
—— ——,, vay, stolli ........ 439,
441, 669
UArvatUs vo. cic ccccneee 457
liebmanni.............. 458
liebmannt ........ 439, 441,
454, 455, 670
—— ——,, var. gassiesi ...... 454
moe » Var. gassiést ...... 437,
442, 452, 454
— , var. gracilior ...... 45:
— , var. gracilior ., 439, 442
——— MEXUCANUS oe eceennes 458
—— obeliscus .............. 446
—— obeliscus........ 439, 440, 447
—— ——.,, var. exarmatus .... 447
—— ——,, var. evarmatus .... 440
, var. pyrgiscus .... 447
— , var. pyrgiscus .... 489,
440, 448, 669
—— Orstedi ......... 0.0008. 458
Orstedi .... 489, 442, 459, 670
—- , var. planensis...... 459
—- , var. planensis.. 439, 443
OPUPANUS occ eee ccenceees 445
panucula .............. 458
panucula ...... 439, 442, 459
—_—- , var, mexicanus .... 458
—— ——,, var. mexicanus .... 442
ee , var, tumidus ...... 458
— » var, tumidus ...... 439,
442, 669
pilsbryi.........0., 463, 646
pulsbryt occ... 439, 445, 674
—— pluristriatus ............ 449
—— pluristriatus.... 439, 441, 669
Pachychilus polygonatus
, Var. rovirosat
Ce
— subnodosus
Paludestrina candeana
-—— coronata
Ce
, Var. cordovana ...
, var. suturalis
Thys
(Ihysanophora) conspur-
conspurcatella ......
ee eee eee eee 131
—— hermanni
impura ... 6... . eee eee 129
sce e eee ee eees 127
nner 446
sce e tees seenees 449
bee eee eeee 462
.... 4838, 439, 443
, var. strebelianus
, var. strebelianus
. 462
. 439,
443
cence ce ee eee 461
Lecce ee ee ee eeees 454
turatit .....5 Seen 437, 439,
442, 455, 669
vulneratus... ccc cceeccee 646
Lecce eee eee nes 456
Lovee eee 433
settee eeeees 434
hyGlnd oo. cece, 432
weet eeceeaees 432
126, 621
.. 124, 127, 130, 181, 154
Leeeeceeees 136
188, 135
128, 621
127, 129
Page
Patula mazatlanica .......... 127
—— (Thysanophora) paleosa.. 129,
622
PAlCOSA voce e ccc ceeeaee 127
—— pressuld occ cccsvccccces 136
—— (Thysanophora) proxima.. 622
PUNCLUM vec e ve ce caves 131
PUPESEVIS eee c cece eens 128
StYIiQOSA....... 0.0. 621
turbinella .............. 129
turbinella .......... 127, 659
— wilhelmi .......... 128, 621
wilhelmt os. .eceeeeeeee 127
Patularia ...... 524, 526, 528, 532
Patulopsts ...... 0. e eee 104, 113
CATINALUS .....0004. 113, 618
PEDIPES..........0.... 0008. 562
—— angulatus .............. 562
Viv atus eee eee ee eee 562
Mirabts ov cecvecveces 562
unisulcdtus ...cecereees 562
PMG cocci ccc c cece e nc ee ees 124
Le 123
Peron@us ......06.. 238, 239, 246
POtenth eee ccc ccc vcccees 85, 108
—-— ligulata . 6... eee ee 103
Phenomma ...cccccececcees 566.
Phasianella angulifera ........ 579
—— lineata oo. iveecseeeaes 583
MEbUlOSA vice ee ceeeaee 581
PHILOMYCUS..........000065 345
Philomycts oi. cee eee eevee 342
auratus ....... cee eee eee 346
costaricensis............ 346
—— cYrosseanus............5. 346
—— sallei................0. 345
Phyllonaias ... cece cece ees 481
PHYSA ........ Vaaewas 3538, 642
Physa ........ 100, 354, 363, 366,
368, 369, 371, 373, 3887
ancillaria «6... 66. 368, 374
ANEONW Lee c eee ee eee eee 367
aurantia .......... 356, 642
aUrantih ...ceceuee 355, 357,
359, 361, 667
—— , var. glandiformis .. 357
ee , var. glandiformis .. 355
berendti ...........06- 372
—— berendti........ 368, 369, 375
—- , var. intermedia .... 373
— ——., var. intermedia .... 369
— , var. lacustris ...... 375
-—— ——, var. lacustris ...... 369
— , var. minima ...... 372
a ,var. minima .. 369, 667
bowcards, scence es 371
pullula ........2005. ,.. 368
INDEX.
Page
Physa bullla... cc. cece e cece 363
cisternina .........6.... 361
CUSCEYNING «cee eee eee ees 355
—— —-, var. gracilis ...... 362
—— —-, var. gracilis ...... 355
—_—— , var, minor ,....... 362
»... 395, 667
—— ——,, var. minor
—— ——., var. ventrosior .... 362
coe » var, ventrosior .... 355
—— CONSPICUA oe eee eeaee 357
—— CUDENBIS Lee eee cee nee 374
—— elata ..... 0... 0. eee, 364
—— elata ....... 0. een, 363, 365
fontinalts .......4.. 353, 368
fuliginea .......... 360, 643
—— fuliginea .......... 355, 361
—— , var. hoffmanni .... 360
—-- , var. hoffmanni . 355, 667
——- , var. pliculosa ...... 361
—— —, var. pliculosa...... 355,
643, 667
—— fuliginosa ..... 6... cee 359
heterostropha .. 368, 372, 374
—— hjalmarsoni ............ 374
—— hjalmarsont ............ 369
—— hypnorum...... 353, 354, 368
impluviata ........ 358, 642
—— impluviata ...... 06.00. 355,
359, 360, 667
—— ——, var. bocourti...... 359
—— —-, var. bocourtt .. 355, 360
—— ——, var. gracilior ...... 360
—— ——, var. gracilior ...... 355
— , var. leta.......... 359
— , var. leta...... 355, 667
—— influviata oo... cece eee 309
—— lacustri8. 6.6. ce cece eae 373
—— maugere ..........00.. 354
——— Mauyer@ .......64. 355, 356,
357, 358, 364, 666
—— —-—, var. acutalis ...... 356
— , var. acutalis ...... 355
—— mevicana .. 368, 370, 371, 375
— , var. contfornis .... 371
—— ——,, var. conoidea ...... 370
—— ——., var. minima ...... 372
—— ——, var. minor ........ 372
—— ——,, var. parva ........ 372
—— ——., var. plicata........ 371
— , var. tolucensis .... 371
—— nicaraguana ............ 366
NICAPAYUANA .. 6.00 363, 667
MiteNS 6... cece sees 357
nitens.. 355, 356, 358, 359, 665
, var. gracilenta .... 358
——,, var. gracilenta . .855, 360
, Var. MiNO ......0. 560
Page
Physa nitidula .. 0 cccccceeees 367
ObtUsa 2 ..c.ecs se vectses 368
obtusa ........ 363, 366, 667
—osculans .......... 370, 643
—— osculan8 .........4. 365, 369,
— , var.
—— ——.,, var.
—— ——, var,
—— ——, var.
—— ——,, var.
—— ——, var.
?
d
371, 378, 374, 427
boucardi...... 371
boucardi .. 369, 667
coniformis .... 371
contformis .... 369,
667
mexicana .... 370,
643
mexicana .. 369,
371, 372, 667
, subvar. plicata. 371
, Subvar. plicata. 369
——, ——, subvar. toluc-
ONBIG : ss PEE ees 371
» ——, subvar. toluc-
NSB wi david ewer eigees 369
, Var. minor ......4. 373
- , var. patzcuarensis .. 371
— , var. rhyssa ........ 643
OUVAUNBE. 6 eee ccc eevee aes 372
—— panamensis ............ 365
—— panamensis ........ 363, 667
peruviana...... 356, 365, 367
-—— peruviensis ........ 366, 367
—— polakowskyi............ 374
polakowskyt .... 369, 373, 667
PYINCEPS ek vee eae es 364
PVUNCEPS ove cece eneee 363
—— —., var. pallens ...... 364
—— , var. pallens... . 363, 666
——— PT OLUS vecvccectvevsees 374
—— purpurostoma ...... 358, 359
rivalis ........ 100, 367, 368
—— sowerbyana .... 364, 367, 368
—— speculosd oo... ccavceee 367
— spiculata .......... 366, 643
—— spiculata ....... «+. 909, 362,
363, 364, 367, 368
ee , var. guatemalensis.. 367
oe , var. guatemalensis .. 363
ee , var. nitidula ...... 367
— , var. nitidula ...... 363
me , var. tapanensis .... 367,
643
— , var. tapanensis .... 363
—— squalida ...........0.. 373
—— squalida ...... 368, 369, 372
SOUR on ina een dilewiet inn 362
—— strebeli ................ 373
strebeli ........ 368, 369, 374
——_ 8UDATAEA. Loe cece eee 374
—— tehuantepecensis ........ 374
Page
Physa tehwantepecensis ........ 369
VENETUCOSA voc vee ce reeess 371
Physella berendti oe. .eveveeee 46
PISIDIUM ....... eee eee 554, 655
abditum ..........0ee, 554
ADAIEUN dca e eee eee 674
compressuM ........006- 655
—— fontinale oo. ce eevvvenes 554
FOssArMUM vee evccaee 554
—— punctatum. oc cecccrccces 555
PMETUSUIN. oe eee ecneeenes 554
singleyl.... se. eee ee eee 555
SUPINUM vo ecerevcernrecs 655
PUM ec e cee eeeeeee 554
Pittterta oo cee ees 617
Plagiola voce ccc cece wane 649, 651
UMDIICAEA oo eee eee 498
Plagioptycha oo. cccccccccces 161
Planispira costaricensis ...... 158
Planorbeula. ccc cc ccccececces 381
PLANORBIS ............ 380, 644
Planorbis 6... 0.6.65 382, 393, 395,
399, 424, 425, 426, 667
eLrugiNOSUS .........05- 394
—— @IUGJINOSUS .. eee eeeee 383
—— albescens ....cecseeeaee 388
——_ GUNCANS eevee eevee 388
—— DUS Lee cece eee eee 392
—— alexandrinus ........464. 398
—— ANALINUS «6. eee ee eee 397
—— ancylostomus .. 388, 389, 667
, var. chiapasensis .. 389
, var. strebelianus.... 386
—— andecolus ......0cceeeee 396
——— AP MAGETUS occ cc ccnes 400
bahiensis oo... cece eeeee 390
— banaticus .......... 389, 390
belizensis ............0. 390
—— belizensis .... ccc eee 382
benguelensis ..... 6... eee 397
berendtt..... cece eee 398
campanulatus oo. 66.66. 391
CUNNATUM oe cece eeecance 399
——- capillaris vo. ccc ee 388, 389
caribeus .......... 387, 644
caribeus ...... 382, 385, 389,
890, 399, 400, 667
—— ——,, var. chiapasensis ., 389
—— —-, var. chiapasensis.... 382
—— ——, var. minor ........ 388
, var. minor .... 382, 889
CAPINALUS . 6c eee ee eee 395
——_ clrcularts ... cee eee 400
(6.0) (0) 399
contortus ...... cee 380, 387
—— corneus........ 380, 381, 390
INDEX.
Page
Planorbis coromandelicus .. 381, 389
—— corpulentus ........ 384, 385
—— cultratus .............. 395
—— cultratus ...... 383, 396, 397
—— CUMIUNGLANUS Vc eneee 390
——- declivis............00.. 397
ecltvt8 voce cece eee eeee 383
Aentatus vovscvvvevvees 399
—dentiens .............. 399
UENEVENS cc eee 383
—— , var. edentula ...... 399
—- , var. edentula...... 383,
398, 400
: Aepressus ..sessevee 391, 395
doubuli .... eee 398, 3899
AUCNASLANUS . 6... eee 3895
edentulus oo. .cceceeeeee 400
—fieldi ..............000, 394
Jicldi oo occ cceeces 383, 667
SVAGUIS Cov cc een ee 381, 889
—— glubratus .......46. 387, 390
——- guadeloupensis .......4.. 390
guatemalensis .......05. 388
haldemant.... 6.000. ee 391
AAVANENSIS.. ee eee 391
hondurasensis .......... 393
hondurasensis . 6.6.6.0 383
OT a 381
IMNtEYMEMIUS oe cece eecae 388
——- , VA. MINOT .....0e, 388
wabel oo... cece eens 397, 398
kermatotdes .......0.44. 395
largilliertt ... 6 cee eee 397
TENtUS. oe cee eee ee 387
LEUCOStOMUS Lec cee reece 395
—— lhebmanni wo ccc ceeeeccas 391
—— marginatus oo. ec eceeae. 395
——— MAYA... eee ee 392
MAYO cee cceee 385, 668
—— MEVICUNUS. eee eee 381, 400
—— micromphalus .......... 391
—— nicaraguanus .......... B91
—— nicaraguanus ...... 382, 667
——-- MIBTdUS eee 380
—— orbiculatus .oecc cece 391
—— orbiculus .......... 390, 644
—— orbiculus ...... 382, 391, 392
—— obstructus ........ 398, 644
obstructus .. 383, 397, 899, 400
—— panamensis ............ 395
PANAMENSIS occ cence 383
parvus .........00. 394, 644
PAYOUS Leer e eee 383
paucisprratus oi... ee... 399
peruvvanus ........ 381, 584
petenensis ............ 393
Page
Planorbis petenensis . . 383, 400
—— PIQNUS vee eccccccnreee 393
PVONUS veces caveeee 396, 400
VetUSUS .... cee eee eee ee 393
VELUSUS Cece enc cnee 383, 392
SAIVINU Lecce cece cece eee 386
SCUIATIS 6 oo ec ccc ee 387
Sk 890
SONAUUS oe eee 400
SOUAUS Loe c cece ccc 384.
SPUOrV Os vee vceeeeees 395
SEAYGNICOIA Vo. eee eeeen 400
strebelanus oo. .ececeees 385
—— strictUS occ cece cece 400
subpronus....... 0.0.00, 396
subpronus .. 383, 397, 400, 668
sumichrasti ............ 396
sumichrastt we... cece. 383
tenagophilus .... 0.06.05. 387
—— tenuiS ....... eee eee 381
tens, . 370, 375, 382, 384, 385,
386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 427, 667
, var. applanatus .... 384
, var. applanatus. 382, 667
, var. boucardi...... 384
—— ——-, var. boucardi...... 382
, var. exaggeratus .. 385
—— ——, var. evaggeratus .. 382
— , var. juvenilis ...... 384
——— ——., var. juvenilis...... 382,
385, 667
— , var. strebelianus .. 385
—- , var. strebelianus.... 382
—— —-~, var. uhdei ........ 385
—- , var. uhdet .... 382, 667
— , var, wyldi ........ 386
tepicensis .............. 393
LEINCENSIS 66... 6. 383, 668
LEPVEMIANUS oe eee eee 387
—— trivolvis .........., 381, 385,
386, 390, 397
tumens ............ 387, 644
tumens .... 381, 382, 386, 388
tumidus .......0.. 387, 388,
389, 391, 475, 644
—— umbilicalis.. 6... 0.60000 397
—— VOrEED oe eee 395
——wyldi ...... eee ee. 386
— wyldi oo... cece, 382, 387,
400, 475, 667
—— yzabalensis ...........4. 397
ysabalensis 6... 6... eae. 383
Planorbula. oc. 0 6. 383, 398, 400
—— dentiens oi... cece eens 399
—— , var. edentula ...... 399
—— obstructd oe eee eee 398
Page
Platystoma dysoni........0404. 4
Plectomerus. .. 0c cece cece 479
Pleurobema ..........4 480, 484,
490, 491, 500, 649 .
Plewrodonte oo. cc cece ccc cces 628
POCNA ceeicccceecceceueues 4]
Polita ..... 6.0. visceorseeee, LIS
POLYGYRA ............ 162, 626
Polygyl vv vvvvvevvenes 163, 171
acutedentata ...... 172, 627
acutedentata ........ 163, 164
— , var. loisa ........ 172
—— ——, var. loisa ........ 163
—. , Var. guinguedentata. 172
albicostulata............ 628
anilis . 6... ee eee eee eee 172
Lt 163
ariadne «2... eee eee eee 171
ariadneé ...... 163, 168, 172
—- behri................0. 171
7 a ree 163
bicruris ............ 168, 627
DUCrUurts oe. cee eee 1638, 659
kU 164
chiapensis ............ 165
CRAAPENSIS Loc cee cc cvanes 163
COUCKIANA .. 6. cee ee eee 171
— couloni............ 167, 627
COULONE Lo. ceeaceuee 163, 659
dissecta... 2... cee eee eee 167
dissecta oo. cee eee 163, 659
dorfeulleana ...... 162, 164
—— dysoni .............4.. 165
AY8ONt .... 0a ..... 168, 164
euglypta ......e0. seen 628
Pastigans ... cece cece 164
Rhazardt voce cccccccveees 164
helictomphala ........5. 166
1 169, 170
implicata .......... cee. 164
implicuta .. 163, 165, 627, 659
—— OU cc cc cece caceees 172
—— matermontana .......... 627
——— MOOLEANA ... eee e eee 165
MOOVEANEA oo. vevereceves 163
—— -, var. tholus........ 166
— , var. tholus ........ 163
—— nelsoni ..............-. 627
—— oppilata .............. 164
Opplatd .seveccceceees 163
—— plagioglossa ............ 167
—— plagioglossa ........ 163, 165
ponsonbyi..........eee- 628
——rhoadsi............-06. 627
richardsoni ........ 168, 627
richardsont .....e0. 163, 659
INDEX.
Page
Polygyra septemvolva ....... 164
suprazonata ........... 627
—— tamaulipasensis ........ 171
texasiana .............. 170
tevasiand ...... 163, 166, 171
tholus we... eee. lyeees 166
triodontoides .......... 168
troosttanad .......... 162, 164
UNGUIPEVA oo ce reece eens 627
—— ventrosula ............ 169
— ventrosula...... 1638, 170, 660
— , var. hindsi........ 169
a , var. hindst .... 163, 660
—— yucatanea.............. 166
YUCAHANEE voce cc ceveees 163
, var. helictomphala.. 166
, var. helictomphala.. 168
POLYMESODA .......... 540, 592
Polymesoda ..... ea iaees 541, 542,
545, 550, 551, 593
ACULA Lee eet eee 547
QCULD. Cece cee eens 542
——angulata .............. 548
ANGUIALA veces 543
carolinensis ......6. 541, 548
—— cordata ............. 00. 546
COPUAEA vice ccs ceeee 542, 673
——cumingi ..........000. 550
——— CUMINJE vec rvcececes 5438
exquisita ..........606- 547
CLYUISUA Lec crvecencces 542
fontainet wi... cee cceees 544
—— germana ...........64. 547
LL rr 542
inflata 2.6... eee ewes 549
YC 543 .
, var. cordiformis.... 549
—— ——.,, var. cordiformis.... 543
—— ——.,, var. panamensis.... 549
—— ——, var. panamensis.... 543
—— maritima .............. 592
——— MATUIMA 6. vee eevee 543
—— mexicana ............6- 548
MEXICANA ...... 548, 549, 673
olivacea ..... eee eee 541
OMUVACEA ... eee eee 542, 673
—— placens ............e0ee 545
placens .... 542,546, 547, 673
pullastra ....... eee eee 547
pullastra .svsccesvevees 542
radiata ..... cee cece eee 545
TAMIA oc cece eee 542, 548
salmacida............-+ 593
salmactda ......000. 543, 592
GOLDS oe ee eece renee 544
Solida ...aeee 542, 545, 673
Page
Polymesoda sordida ........ 547
——— BOPIAD occ ccrvevcees 543
SUBPOSETAT . woes veceees 593,
—— triangula ..........0... 546
triangula .,.sccceveness 542
Polymita. occ senccvsecdads 161
Polyphemus oo. ccceeccceeees 46
—— JIANS Lecce cece 78
RONUS as ap ee ba ee tes Tt
—— stigmaticus ..,....00008 77
Pomatia.... 130,144, 148, 624, 625
———_ ASPEV'SH ce ceecnenns 145, 660
humboldtiana v.12... +45 147
, var. buffoniana .,.. 148
- Pomus columbiensis ...... 413, 668
GJIYANECUS voc eacceereeee 412
—— pyv"um. vce een, 404, 420, 421
Potamanax.. 437, 488, 489, 443, 463
Drevis vec cececcccenves 438
PUBbryt oo 6 eve ve vk eee 674
POVINOBEE a cana oe seine = 646
POTAMIDES 2... cescceeseoens 566
Potamides .. 564, 567, 568, 569, 570
albovaricosus .......+.. 570
AMDUGUUS Woe ceceseceees 573
Costatus ... see ee eee 572
costatus.... 568, 578, 595, 674
CDENINUS voc cesnees 567, 569
FUSCATUS Lecce ee eeaee 569
—— hegewischi..... cc ceeeves 570
USTOMUS wi vesceeee 570, 573
lafOndt ooicige ns ba bins 8s 573
lamarckt ...... .... 567, 569
—— montagnei ...........- 571
montagnet ...... 568, 569, 572
— , var. pulcher ...... 571
—— ——, var. pulcher.... 568, 572
MUTUCALUS oc cveeccveees 569
pacificus ...........46. 574
pacificus .. 567, 568, 569, 570
POUBTIE a5 oc eee ae 569
—— PADUIA vi vvvccrvcnccees 569
SRCTORE. Bok oa cei eye's 570
salmactdus vs eee cecaeee 573
scalariformis ...sereeee 573
GENUS on pec sedevececes 573
CONUTS. — vvrncaeadoeeesee 568
VATICOSUS .....0cee cece 569
— varicosus .. 568, 570, 571, 573
ee , b. hegewischi...... 570
—— ——,,b. hegewischi ..... . 568
—— ——,, a. validus ........ 569
, a. validus .. 568, 594
Potamiopsis binneyt .....+..4. 434
Potamis hegewischi .......... 570
Potamomya? : iocdiceeeeeee ue 596
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Terr. and Fluviat. Mollusca, Way 1901. 89
700
Page
Potamomya equalis.......... 596
UNlUEA eee rvcveecvnee 596
—— trigonella ... ec cece eee 596
Potamopyrgus bakert ........ 435
COPMONATUS . cece cece eee 483
Praticola vie ccc cece cence 138
berlandtertana .......... 140
SJUAVESCENS oo. eee enue 142
GTSC01A oo eee eee, 141, 623
OCAMPt vec csscccveveees 138
Praticolella .........04. 130, 137,
138, 139, 623, 624
ampla we. eee eee. 139, 623
—— berlandieriana ...... 139, 660
— , var. griseola .. 139, 660
Griselda oe ee cece eee 623
strebeliana .......6..0. 623
Pratineola .. ccc ccc ee 188
DC 477
Priodontur@ oo... ccc cece e 624
Procerpend ve eeccccececcues 44
PROSERPINA ............ 44, 609
Proserpind .. 0. ccc 21, 28
(Proserpinella) berendti .. 45,
609
—— berendti.............. 22, 44
—— (Ceres) eolina . 44, 609
COUNA ..... cece 22, 44, 45
—— (Ceres) nelsoni ........ 609
—— ( ) salleeana 45, 609
—— salleand ..........., 22, 44
Proserpinella ..... 0.600000. 44, 45
berendti ....... 6.0. 45, 609
Pseudodon ... cee ccc cece eee 479
PSEUDOHYALINA ........ 124, 620
berendti .............. 126
: berendtt..... 0... 2c ee 124
—— blakeana .............. 125
c@cowdes wi... ee cee e. 131
cidariscus .............. 126
CUdArISCUS ». ee 124, 659
elegantula ............ 125
elegantula .......... 124, 126
—— guatemalensis .......... 132
mazatlantcd woe... cece. 127
—— minuscula.......... 124, 620
MANUSCULA . ee eee ccccee. 125
Pseudoleila ..........4. 525, 527,
528, 586, 539, 673
PSEUDOSUBULINA........ 301, 688
Pseudosubulina .. 300, 302, 303, 305
—— berendti 301, 638
berendti 302, 3038, 6839
—— ——., var. gracilior ...... 508
» Var. gracilior ...... 302
, var. occidentalis .. 638
INDEX.
Page
Pseudosubulina (?) chiapensis.. 303
——— chiapensis ... 6.6.0.0 0 00. 302
—— fortis.............0000. 304
Sortts. ccc. cce 302, 303, 665
lirifera 2.2.2... 2. eee 304.
—— lirifera ... 0.6.60 .. 302, 665
—— miradorensis.....6..6.45 639
—— mitescens .............. 304
—— mitescens .......... 302, 665
—— robusta ............000. 304
—— robusta .......4..6. 302, 665
—— (?) salvimi.............. 305
SUIVINE 6. ce eee 302, 665
—— (P) sargi ww... eee, 303
| 302, 305
texoloensis ............ 639
-—— (?) trypanodes .......... 303
trypanodes .... 302, 305, 665
Psoronatas . 480, 481, 482, 490,
491, 493, 500, 514, 648
Pteranodon ... ccc ccc veces 524
Ptychoderma ... 0.0... eee 649
PUPA Looe eee 325, 640
Pupa .. 273, 286, 326, 327, 329, 605
-albtlabris . 6... ee eee 329
antivertigo ....... 646. 327
Chordata ...... eee eee 330
—— cocosensis.............. 640
—— contracta .............. 327
CONUTAHH Lecce cece 326
—— decollata .............. 260
deltostoma oo... 00. e eee 327
AO 352
Fallax vee cee 329
gabbi, var. mexicanorum.. 641
leucodon .............. 325
leucodon cece eee cveens 326
MOdeSth over rece eecee 327
cerstedi .... ce. eee ee eee 325
—— arstedt oo. ec ec e cece. 326
—— ovata... . ee cece eae 327
——— 0A eee 326
PURE eee cece een eee 328
pellucida .............. 828
pellucida ..........000. 526
prototypus ............ 641
PUPNCUA eee eee ee enene 641
i 828
SEPVUUS vee eee eee eee 328
0) [a 328
Pupertta ccc ccc ceecceees 468
PUPIDH. 1. eee eee eee eee 325
Pupilla vie cece cece ee eeeee 825
a 325
PUPOIDES .................. 329
Pupoides ..... cece cee. 326
Page
Pupoides chordatus .......... 330
chordatus ..........-4.. 326
—— marginatus ............ 829
MANGinatUus ........ 326, 666
Purpura kiosquiformis ........ 593
scalariformis ...... 600. 593
PYCNOGYIA viveveverccaes 124, 126
berendti occ ccc eccccvvces 126
Pyganodon ei. cecccervccces 524
Pyramidula .. cece cece eee 621
PYPA2U8 cece cee 569
Pyrqodomus .icccvevevccveee 602
Pyrgqula coronata .. 6... eee. 433
Pyrgulopsis coronatus ........ 433
—— hydrobiordes ..... 6.0044. 435
nicaraguanus ...... 433, 434
patzcuarensis . 6... 6... 454
SPUNOSUS ee cence eens 433
WPIGhtt oo. eens 433, 434
PYP GUS GPUNENT oo eee 245
tropwealis oi... cece eee 253
Quadrula . .... 480, 648, 649, 653
guatemalensts wi... .eee. 649
PUI Lees 648
Rapana kiosquiformis ........ 593
Resupinadta soe... eee. 255
Rhabdotus oo... c cece cece 238
Rhinocoryne ........ 567, 568, 574
Bhodea vec. eee. 311
Riesige Neritine ........00.. 472
Riss0d eee eee 477
Rissota eee eee 477
Rotundarta oo... ee, 480, 648
Rumina caracasensis ........ 637
decollata ........00 ee. 564
—— trochlea .... 06... eee, 638
SALASIELLA ..........., 81, 613
Salasiella ...... ee ce 82, 301
elegans ..............., 615
ClEGANS oe ee eee eee een 674
—— joaquine ........., 81, 613,
——— JOUQUINE oo. eee eee eee 82
margaritacea ..........
—— margaritacea ........ 82, 658
—— modesta .............. 81
—— MOMESA. eee ec ceceee, 82
—— perpusilla .......... 83, 613
perpusilla ... 6... cee, 82
——~ pferffert oo eceeec eee. 613
pulchella.........., . 83, 613
pulchella oo... een. 82, 658
Scalaria ... 0. cece ceeeeee 311
Page
Schasicheila ... 6... cece eee 23
alata wo... eee eee, 22, 43, 44
Fragilis oo... eee 608
hidalgoana ............ 608
MINIMA voce eeeccccccee 609
MINUSCULE oe ee cece 608
—— mMicolett oo... .. cece 22, 43
pannucea ..... .. 22, 28, 48
vanattat oe eeee ec eeeee 608
SCHASICHILA ............ 43, 608
Schasichtla .. 0... cece ceca 609
alata we... eee eee 44, 608
LT re 43
fragilis .............00, 608
—— fragilis ...... cece cece 609
—— hidalgoana ............ 608
minuscula.............. 608
——nicoleti ............ 43, 608
pannucea .......... 43, 608
— , var. misantlensis .. 608
vanattal .............. 608
Scolianodon .. 525,527, 528, 534
SCutalus vo cccccccarccuccaues 199
CUCULIUS Lee ween 214
—_—— y var. gracilior ...... 214
— --— CUCTNAVACENSIS we ceeecees 234
—— dombeyanus ........000. 199
dominicus ....... ee eesas 237
RC 5 219
—— dunkert... cc ceccvvces .. 207
—— fenestratus ...seceeeees 200
—— fenestrellUs ....cscseees 215
GOAL eve ccscvesveuee 215
— ghiesbreghtt ........ 209, 210
hegewischt ......c se eeees 211
REYNEMANNA wo eeee cence 220
INGlOVIUS ce secsevcssees 220
todostylUus .....ceeeeeeee 210
JONASE vec cevevcveeeeee 212
MANIO i vevcnvncevevas 2438
MULADUS Lec ccecvcneces 199
prescheli verceseceveees 200
PVOLEUS .ocesceceeeeeees 199
TOCIURUANUS vs vecsecaeee 213
—— PUMIS occ ceeceneess 209
SAGE ve eecevees cers sees 218
schiedeanus .......0006- 239
sporledert .....ececeeees 219
SUICOSUS 6... cece eee cneee 208
—_—— , var. hiematus...... 208
—— uhdeans .....6.seeeee 233
—— yersicolor vies csceeeeees 199
Segmentind........5. 392, 397, 398
doubtllt voce ccc cee ees 398
SEMISINUS ..........4. 464, 646
ROCHE oiscc ee ce ebe ew une 465
INDEX.
Page
Semisinus maculatus ........ 646
MACULALUS 6... cece ne 674
PeLENENSIS voc ceeecececes 464
TUGINOSUS ...........06. 464
Simonaias .......... 480, 485, 490,
491, 505, 506, 649
SIMPULOPSIS.........00 00005 252
Simpulopsis ... 0... cee 2538, 3438
-—— NEA wo eee eee eee eee 2538
—— chiapensis .... cece cece. 344
—— COVHOVANA 66 eee cee 343
——cumingi .............. 2538
SAUCUNA. cece ce cn cece 343
simula ............0005 253
Stphonostoma....... cece ces 286
Sra 0ctond oo eee cscceeeces 298
SMAVAGUa oo. ce cece cece eee 468
CT 592
Solaropsis ...... 130, 159, 160, 626
NENACA oo. eee eee eee 626
pellis-serpentis ........4. 137
tiloriensis ........0. 138, 159
SPECIES FLUVIATILES........ 353
—— SUBMARIN#,........... 555
—— TERRESTRES .......... 1
SPHHRIUM ..........- wee. OOL
GUTEUM wececcencecences 552
calyculatum oo... . cc. ee. 402
—— costaricanum .......... 552
COSLATICANUWM 6... .ececeees 674
luridum...........0000. 552
—— lurtdum .. ccc cee cece 674
MACUATUMN vecececceeas 553
—— martensi .............. 552
MATTENSE .ocececscevcucs 674
—— meridionale ........004. 553
SUMUC. Lecce cc cecnccues 552
subtransversum ........ 551
SULCATUMN veccvcececcecs 552
triangulare ............ 551
YUCALANENSE ...... 000 ‘2 008
Sphenonaias .......0000 480, 484,
490, 491, 500, 649
Spiralinad wie... ccc. 383, 395
SPIRAXIS ......... ,ee.. 905, 639
Spirazis .... 88,306, 308, 311, 316
ACUS 2... ce ee ee eee eee 309
ACUS Lic eccceecceecnees 306
— , var. Minor ........ 309
— , Var. minor ........ 306
—— @quatorius. 6... cece ee 308
—— (P) ambigua .....-. 646 72
= ANOMAMUS vice eceecccees 66
auriculacea wo. cece eee 99
berendtt., .. cee cee cecaes 309
BICONICH . eee ec ecw eee 98
Page
Spiraxis blandi.............. 311
blandit ........ wig vardete’ 307
boweardi .... eee veer
BuUllaceA oo ccccecnencces 93
CALENALA eee cece aes 103
cobanensis ....... 600 ee 101
confertecostatus ........ 310
confertecostatus.......... 307
confertestriatus ........ 310
confertestriatus .....+.. 307
CONEFOTINIS ov cece receeee 94
—— cylindracea ........+.4.. 93
GUBIA.L Lo cece eceees 90, 3821
——— AYBOME do rcercnncvcces 102
euptyctUs ..ccceccaceees 308
JUAVESCENS oo cee c ec ceeees 98
—— guatemalensis ........4+ 319
INCETEUS oo. cece ees 2... 308
intermedius ..........+. 310
INtEPMEMWUS .eseeseceers 307
WTUGUE oS occereccewiecer 92
i 91
Lig“ulat@ v.ccccacececeoes 103
limneiformis .....eeees 100
linearis ....... cece ee aes 311
LUNCALUS oo eve recevevcece 307
—— lurid vi evccsccccceees 96
MALEENSE vec cececeevees 316
—— Mertdand oo... cceceeees 101
——— MEXICANA veceeveccseces 316
—— miradorensis........ 309, 639
miradorensis ....... esse 806
MAtrefOrMs v6. cvceceves 90
OL a 102
MUCOlEEL oa ceca cece eee 85
NUGYUCANS oe. ceseeeeeaes 90
nitidus ........... 0.00. 310
NUVAUS vee cecaccccecaee 307
—- , Var, Major ........ 310
— , var. major .... 807, 665
—— ——, var. minor ........ 310
—— ——.,, var. minor ........ 307
— , Var, pittierl ...... 310
a , var. pittiert .. 307, 665
ODIONGE oe viecee ce ceees 100
CL 100
——— physodes ......eeeeeeee 99
scalariopsis .........-., 308
scalariopsts ......6. 306, 311
— scalella ..........00c0e 311
sealella ...... wees 307, 665
shuttlewortht.......... 92, 98
—~ similaris.. se ec.0 6s 310, 639
SMUATIB- os cic vewecenee 307
streptostyla .....+ceeees 94
—— sulciferus ;..........06. 308
702
Paze
Spiravis sulciferus...4 306, 639, 665
, var. berendti ...... 309
—— ——,, var. berendti ...... 306
— , var. cobanensis . 308
— , var. cobanensis .... 306
tenuecostatus .......... 309
—— tenuecostatus........ 306, 639
teNUIS 66. eee e eee ee eee 309
——— LENUIS erences 306
—— turgidula oo... cece 95
—— uruapamensis .......... 639
VENEVICOSUIA oo cece eens 97
Spiroconulus oo. cececevccseee 122
Sptrordis vicccccccccccccees 395
StENOGY?G vecevvvees 261, 291, 296
bocourtiand ......+000.- 292
CATACUSENSUS 6... ec eeeee 295
COlUMENSIS . 1.160000 vee. 293
OCtoOnad ...... eee ee 298, 299
octonotdes ......06-..06. 293
——— PANGIANA oes eee eens 301
SULUTA eee eee eee 291, 294
——trochled ... 0. cece evens 299
STENOGYRIDH ...........0.. 289
Stenophysd .....sceeen. 354, 362,
365, 364, 666, 667
spriculata os. receeceeaee 359
SEONOPUS occ cece eee ee eeeee 118
ANGASE Lecce ec ceeeeeeee 619
CLEGUNS wee cece ee eeane 120
—— guildingt ......ccceeees 120
MUCUNS ver eecccccenvees 121
STREBELIA ..........00 eee 46
-—- hberendti .............. 46
STREPTOSTYLA .......0.. 83, 614
Streptostyla...... 69, 78, 81, 84, 85,
86, 102, 308, 321, 617, 640
AUIICULACEA os seen 99, 100
—— (Pittieria) bicolor ...... 617
— ( ) bteolor wo... eee. 674
biconica .............. 98
~—— biconica ............ 84, 85,
88, 102, 658
DinneYAnd oo. .eceeeeeeee 97
blandind 6... eee 94
bocourtt .. ce. ceeee 96, 97, 615
—— botteriana.............. 85
bottertand .... 6. eee ee. 84, 86
boucardi ..... sen eeeees 99
—— boyeriana .............. 102
boyertana ........ 84, 85, 89
OVeVISPIA vere eee ee eens 93
bullacea .... cee. e en. 92, 658
——catenata .............4. 103
—— catenata ......006. 84, 85, 89
—— chiriquiana ............ 615
INDEX.
Page
Streptostyla cingulata ........ 92
—— Cobanensts .. 6... cece. 101
coniformis.............. 94
CONTFOYMAS ee eee 84, 85,
87, 92, 95, 658
—— ——, var. pfeifferi ...... 94
— , var. pfeiffert ...... 7
—— conulus......... ...... 94
conulus ...... 84, 85, 87, 658
COTNED veces c ccc ee eees 101
CLASS ee cece eee 97
CUDANIANE 0. eee 83
—— cylindracea ............ 93
cylindracea ..... 6.44. 73, 84,
85, 87, 98, 658
~—— delattrel .............. 91
delattret .... 84,85, 86, 92, 96
— , var. edwardsiana .. 91,
614
— , var. edwardsiana,. 84,86
— » var. sallei oo... 92
— y var. sallet oo... 6... 84,
86, 93, 96
—— delibuta ............ 97, 615
delibuta ...... 84, 85, 87, 658
— , Var. crassa . 97,615
—— ——., var. crassa ........ 87
—— dubia... ...... 0... ee, 90
dubia ........ 84, 85, 86, 658
—— dysoni ................ 102
—— dysont .......-..4. 84, 85, 89
edwardsiana ........ 91, 614
—— episcopalis wee... eee. 83
—— flavescens ............., 98
—— flavescens .. 84, 85, 88, 99, 615
—- , var. boucardi .. 99, 616
—— ——, var. boucardi ...... 84,
88, 658
—— fulvida 2.2... 99
fulvida .........., 84, 85, 88
glandiformis............ 99
—— glandiformis ...... 84, 85, 88
irrigua bce eee eee eee 92
UVIGUA ok eee 84, 85, 86
—— , Var. Cingulata...... 92
—— ——, var. cingulata...... 86
——- labida ..........0.., 96, 615
labida ........ 84, 85, 87, 658
—— lattret oo e cece, 91
ligulata ... 2.0.2.2... 00. 103
ligulata .......... 84, 85, 89
limneiformis .......... 100
limnerformis ...... 84, 85, 89
— , var. parvula ...... 100
—— ——,, var. parvula.. 84, 89, 658
—— lurida 96, 615
ee
Page
Streptostyla lurida .. 84,85, 87,97
, Var, major ........ 96
ed , var. major ........ 87
—— meridana .............. 101
meridana .. 84, 85, 89, 97, 658
, var. cobanensis. 101, 616
—— ——., var. cobanensis .. 84, 89,
102, 658
— , var. major ........ 89
—— mitreformis ........ 90, 614
—— mitreformis .. 84, 85, 86, 617
—— -——, var. minor ........ 90
—— mohriana .............. 102
—— mohriana ........ 84, 85, 89
—— moreletianad .........4. 83
——nebulosa .............. 615
—— nicoleti ...........0.00. 85
—— nicolett ..... 0... cca 84, 86
— , var. Subovata ...... 85
— » var. subovata ...... 86
—— nigricans............ 90, 614
—— nigricans .. 84, 85, 86, 91, 617
—— novoleonis....... re 614
—— obesa....... ee eee eee, 95
—— vbesa «1.26... 34, 85, 87, 658
—— oblonga...............0. 100
—— oblonga .......... 84, 85, 89
—— parvulld voce ceccecceen. 100
PEPUIIANA oc. eevee eens 84
—— pfeifferi ...ceccce cece. 94
—— physodes............ 99, 616
physodes ...... 84, 85, 88, 100
oe , var. auriculacea.... 88
ae , var, major ......., 99
—— plicatula ...........0.. 98
—— plicatula .......... 84, 85, 88
0 92
St) a 102,616
—— SarGi we eee 84, 85, 89
— , var. championi .... 617
—— ——., var. championi .... 674
— , var. pallidior ...... 617
—— schneidert .......... 95
shuttleworthi .......... 92
—— shuttleworthi ........ 84, 85,
87, 98, 614, 658
—— ——., var. quirozi ...... 93
—— ——., var. gutrozt... ee... 87
— » var. similis ........ 93
—— ——, var, similis ...... 84, 87
—— , Var. ventricosa .. 93
ae » var. ventricosa 87
—— semilis oo... eee 93
—— sololensis ........., 101, 616
sololensis...... 84, 85, 89, 658
subcallosa ... 6. een. 84
Page
Streptostyla suturalis ........ 83
LADIONSE ove e cece ec eees 640
thomsoni .............. 98
thoMSOnt ....... 04% 84, 85, 88
—— turgidula............ 95, 614
— turgidula ...... 84, 85, 87, 96
— , var. guatemalensis.. 95
a , var. guatemalensis.. 87,
96
ventricosula ........ 97,615
ventricosula.... 84, 85, 88, 658
—— -—., var. binneyana .... 8&4,
88, 658
— , var, major ........ 97
vexamS .........0.4. 102, 616
VELANS Wee cee eeeee 84, 85, 89
—— viridula ............ 98, 616
viridula .......... 84, 85, 88
STROBILA .... ......0.. 172, 628
Strobila oo... cece eee 173
-labyrinthica............ 173
labyrinthica .......... . 174
salvini ............000. 174
salvint oo... cee eee 173, 661
strebeli .........4.. 178, 174
Strobilops oo... cece eee 628
Strombiformis costatus........ 572
Strombus costatus ............ 572
SEIVAEUS oo eee eee 79
Strophia maritima............ 579
Styganodon ...cisvssevveceee 525
STYLOMMATOPHORA ........ 45
SUBULINA ....... see eee 296, 638
Subulina.... 297, 300, 301, 311, 312
berendti.... cc. cece ee 301
chiapensis ...- 66... 303
cylindrella ............ 300
cylindrella... 6... c eee es 297
lirtfera ...... cc eee 304, 305
octona ......+6-4.. 298, 638
OCctOnd .....45 297, 299, 300
ed , var. strebeli ...... 299
—— ——, var. strebelt........ 297
—— ——.,, var. trochlea .. 299, 638
—— ——,, var. trochlea ...... 297,
300, 665
porrecta ..........0eee 300
Porrecta sseeeseeee 297, 665
—— (P) rangiana ............ 300
TANGUANG ... see eeee 297, 301
a 4 a 303
—— stolli ...... cee eee ee 300
i re 297, 665
trochlea ........ 299, 300, 688
—— trypanodes.........ccces 303
SUCCINEA «2... ccc eee 330, 641
INDEX.
Page
Succinea ...... 154, 214, 252, 382,
335, 337, 338, 340, 379
——ampullacea ............ 340
ampullacea ......4.% 333, 666
—— approximans........+565 330
QUICM ccc 338, 341
——hprevis ......... 0. ee eee 339
DVEVIS... cece eee 333, 338, 666
—— campestris..........5--. 337
——— CaMpeStIIS Le ccc creer 333
—— CAYMENENSIS wee eee ees 333
—— cingulata 1.0.1... cee ee 341
—— colorata........... e000. 336
—— colorata.......cecceeaee 332
—— concordialis ............ 340
concordialis .....6...645 333
—— costaricana ........ 338, 641
costaricanad ........ 333, 666
CVOCALA vec eee cee ceneee 641
—— dominicensis ..........44 330
—— globispira .............. 641
-——— globisptra vo... cee eee. 674
guatemalensis ...... 337, 641
—— guatemalensis ...... 330, 333,
338, 340, 666
gundlacht ... 0... cee 330
hortulana ...........04. 334
hortulana .ievce cece ees 332
Cd 337
Lineal oo. eee eee eee 341
— , var. sonorensis .... 341
luteola ............ 831, 641
——-luteola ........ 330, 332, 335
— , var. rudiuscula .... 331
—— , var. rudiuscula .... 332,
336, 666
— , var. subtilis ...... 331
—— ——,, var. subtilis ...... 332,
334, 666
—— MOdeStd.. occ crcecncee 64]
——_ MOETChE eee ccc enee 336
—— ObIONGA we eevee vce neee 334
—— obliqua ........055. 335, 341
—— OVO oc .. 335
—— petit creer cece ccnes 335
—— pferffert oc... ceccceccens 336
pueblensis...........4-. 338
pueblensis ...... 330, 333, 341
—— UEP IS. eee eee 336, 539
1) 339
—— TOCISA oe eee eee ees B88
POCUSH. Coe cece tween ees 642
Ca ee 330
salleana......... ese eee 339
salleand......6. 333, 341, 642
—— ——,, var. cordovana .... 339
703
Page
Succinea salleana, var. cordo-
VANE a ceed eee chek iwet eee 333
SONOPENSUS ove cere eee 333
——— LEVASIANA wee ec ee eee 331
tlalpamensis ............ 642
— , var. cuitseana .... 642
Cottentand .. ocr cersveees 338
—— undulata .............. 335
UnduUlatd occ. ccecee 332, 336,
338, 341, 666
—— ——, var. carmenensis.... 341
—— ——, var. colorata ...... 336
—— ——, var. cordovana .... 389
—— ——, var.mérchi ...... 336
— , var. moerchit .. 382, 666
UNUCOLOL oo vce evrescecns 338
Wingate occ cew ones ews 334
VUIGAEA vieeerececee 332, 666
—— ——,, var. hégeana ...... 334
—— -——.,, var. hégeana .. 382, 666
. 384
—— ——., var. microspira ...
——, var. microspira .... 382
Symphynota oo. ccceeecee 481, 521
Synopeas caracasensis ........ 294
Taphtus ... 00.0 383, 396
Tebennophorus ........00000- 345
QUPALUS Cee eee 346
COSEATICENSIS 0 oo ee eae 346
——— CYOSSCANUS . oe cece eee 346
77] 345
0 1 575
COPONALUS voce cece eens 588
MUPICALUS ccc eee eas 578
PAGOUUS. 6. cee veenees 575
Tectus ccc cece nee 575
Dullatus oo. ee cece eee eee 588
Aentatus... ccc ccvcveces 575
MUPICALUS Vive e ec ecceens 578
PAGOUUS ver ssereseves .. 575
TRAUMASIA reece cece ne eneee 286
TRAWMASUS cicccservceccnees 199
—— alternatus ......ecceeuee 243
MAMVTO ver cvevncvcecece 243
PAEPIATCHA — v nrvvvvevees 242
SCAICHCUNUS sees cvcecee 239
UYONG oo ce anevegion 223, 233
TheodoXus ...cecervevees 468, 475
PECIIVALUS cece cceneevees 472
Thysanophora .. 128, 181, 621, 626
CRGD ive edad eww ees 622
conspurcatella _.. 128,621, 622
ak a 129
a 129
—— turbinella ...cecevcneere 659
Tichogonta ...scvrecccceveres 476
704
Page
Tichogonia sallet ........005- 477
Tomocyclus ...vcecscnveenee 9
GOUE oii cccccvneneneee 10
—— guatemalensis .......... 1
SIMULACTUM occ aceeeaes 10
TORNATELLINA........-- 323,640
Tornatellind 0... ccc cece cee 321
CUDENSIS Wc ee cee eee eee 564
cumingiana ............ 324
CSE eee cece cenneeeets 322
CEMMEUNE wo vee ecceceere 323
—— hyalina ...-.. ccc eee ees 317
UNtEVSEFIALA vee cece eee 318
marteNSl .........0005. 640
pittieori ..,......... 08 640
——— tHE ev ceccccrvees 674
TORNAXIS 0... cc. c cece eeees 3ll
0 305
singularis .............. 311
SUNGUIATIS voc ceeveereees 665
Travia vive cccccccuccees 286
Tralia ........ 556, 557, 558, 561
INFEQUENS ». ccc eveveaes 562
panamensis ..... sent eee 561
Trichia sumichrastt .......6... 623
Trichodiscina ...... 130, 183, 134,
137, 188, 1438, 622, 625
COMCUMALA .. eee eens 134
COPAOVANGA 6... . scene 134, 622
MACNEUL oe carececceees 134
OAJUCENSIS 66... cece eee 134
| a 1384
sumichrastt ....e0...eee 184
SUEUTANS occa ceeceees 134
, var. pressula .. 134, 659
Trichodiscus .......cecceeees 13838
coactiliatus ...... cece 13:
COPAOVANUS vse eeceeeces 135
LT 137
PVCSSULUS . Lecce even eee . 186
Trt0dopsts v6... cece cece ees 168
UWUONEA . eee cvc cence 171
YUCALANED oo eee ee veeenes 166
Trtbogentd voce cccsveveeeeee 480
TROCHATELLA ........0e0085 607
Trochateula.. ic cccccececvees 34
SIMPSONL ...... +e eee eee 607
Trochomorpha spirulata ...... 128
TYOChUS voice cece ee ee eee nnee 21
MAUNILIANUS oo. cece eeees 575
— LUCZUC eee c ence eee 583
TRUNCATELLA .........0.005 564
Truncatella .eccicccacceveee 565
bairdiana .............. 565
barrdiand . 6... cee 564
—hbilabiata .............. 566
INDEX.
Page
Truncatella bilabiata .......+ 565
——- caribwensis ............ 565
—— (?) dubiosa ..........4. 565
SUCCINEA vce ce cecccene 565
TRUNCATELLIDE ....... 006. 564
TRYONIA Jo. e cece ee eee ees 436
0 430
CXIQUA wee eee cece eens 436
OTNALA voce cee ence eee 433
protease eee eee 435, 436
Tudora ....... cece eee eee 20
TUdora ..cccccvcvcccceceees 12
planospira...........04- 20
Turbo wc ccccccvacccccceeece 574
DicarinatuS oc eee eee 581
littoreus ve scececeeceee 574.
———_ MUTICALUS oe cea 578
—— pulcher oo. cececcecveeee 581
—— SUP TAEUS Cece cece eens 579
£1) 5 rr 581
Turritela cece ccceneee 446, 451
duplicata ...ceccee evens 446
IMOVICALA Li vccveveccees 446
Tympanotonos .......ee eens 569
UNIO woe cece cee 478, 647
OL 479, 480, 481,
482, 490, 492, 498, 510,511, 522,
523, 534, 648, 649, 650, 651, 652
acutirostris ........ 501, 649
acutirostris .... 480,484, 490
w@LUGINOSUS ........008- 518
@IUGINOSUS ... 6645. 481, 488,
491, 519, 651
alatus ......-. 481, 521, 652
alienigenus .........06. 5138
alienigenus .....46. 481, 487,
490, 512, 651, 671
AMOANAS ve vececuceeee 518
anodontoides ......006 481
aratUS ... cece ee eee 499
AUPUUS Cece eee 480, 483,
490, 649, 672
AVETYT vv veccceeees 499, 649
azteCOYrUM =»... eee eee 502
aztecorum .. 480, 484, 490, 503,
504, 515, 523, 585, 649, 672
, var. chapalanus .... 504
, var. chapalanus .... 4865,
491, 672
. 503
. 484,
490
, var. strebeli .. 508, 650
, var. strebeli,... 484, 672
——, var. soledadensis
——, var. soledadensis
Page
Unio berlandieri ............ 518
berlandiert .... 481, 487,490
—— boykinianus oo... eevee 493
—- calamitarum .......06: 505,
506, 519, 650
—— ——, var. arcuans ...... 506
— , var. nephritica .... 505
— , var. prolongata . 505
—— caldwelli .............. 498
— caldwelli .. 480, 483, 491, 649
—— calimatarum .. 6... e ees 650
——- callosus...........0008. 653
—— camptodon ........ 481, 520
—— carbonarius ........ 516, 651
—— COPTIUM serve rccneeeess 480
——championi ............ 508
—— championi .. 480, 486, 491, 672
——— CIAVA vice cc cece ennee 649
—— cognatus ...........06- 514
—— cognatus.... 481, 487, 490, 651
—— coloratus ...... 506, 515, 650
—— computatus ............ 513
—— computatus .... 481,487,490
——— COYUACEUS vce ceecccues 648
—— coriluMm ..........0--00, 495
—— COTIUM. 6 ve ace e eens 480, 482,
490, 494, 514, 671
—— COYTUGALUS Lecce renee 479
——couchianus ............ 500
—— couchianus...... 480, 484, 490
—— crassidens ...... 0. eee ee. 651
—crocodilorum ...... 495, 648
—— crocodilorum .......00. 480,
483, 490, 671
— , var. prestrictus . 483, 495
— ,var.rudis ........ 648
——, var. semipustu-
LAtUS ieee cece eee 485, 495
CUneATUS ode ee eee eee 481
——cuprinus .......... 505, 650
—— CUPYINUS . sea 480, 485,
490, 506, 522, 653
—— ——,, fi arcuans ........ 506
—— ——, fi arcuans ........ 485
—— ——, d. coloratus........ 506
—— ——, d. coloratus ...... 485
a , a, nephriticus...... 505
—— ——, a. nephriticus .. 485, 506
-—— ——., ¢. persulcatus 505
ae , c. persuleatus ...... 485
— ,e@. subventralis .... 506
—— ——, e. subventralis ., 485, 672
—_— ——, b. tabascoensis .... 505
— , b. tabascoensis 485
—— cyrenoides ............ 497
cyrenoides ., 480, 483, 490, 498
Page
Unio dechivis oo... cece cece 48]
delodon wv. .csee cee e eee 481
delphinulus ............ 520
delphinulus . 481, 489, 491, 521
Melphinus vie cecccvveves 521
digitatus .............. 492
— diyitatus .. 479, 482, 490, 493
discus ............000. 509
discus. . 481, 486, 490, 510, 651
, var. connectens .... 510
——- ——.,, var. connectens .... 486
—— ——,, var. panucoensis. 510, 651
, var. panucoensis . 486, 671
—— distinctus 6.0.2.6... eee, 494
—— donaciformis.........45. 651
——dysoni .........-...... 506
—— dysoni .. 480, 485, 490, 507
2171 | 492
—— emarginatus ........ 502, 503
—encarpus .. 480, 483, 490, 498
— explicatus.......... 520, 652
—— evplicatus ...... 481, 489, 491
fasciolaris oie. ec eee 480
gabbianus.............. 498
— gabbianus ........ 480, 483,
490, 497, 500, 673
globulosus . ccc cece ees 499
goascoranensis .......... 501
GJOASCOVANENSIS 6... 66.0% 480,
484, 491, 672
oranadensis ............ 499
granadensis . 480, 483, 490, 649
GVANOSUS «ss eee ees ‘480, 648
guatemalanus ...... 519, 652
— guatemalanus . 481,488, 491,672
—— gundlacht .......... 507, 508
—— hjalmarsoni ............ 509
hjalmarsont ........ 480, 486,
490, 508, 672
imbricatus ............ 498
imbricatus .. 480, 483, 490, 674
——— UMNPWESSUS eee ce eenne 502
INCTASSALUS vv veces 521
INflATUS vo acer evnves . 621
lapidosus ...... 510, 511, 651
largillierti .........4.- 521
largilierti ...... 481, 491, 520
liebmanni ............4- 500
Uebmanni......055. 480, 484,
490, 491, 501, 671
—— Iitoralis ... 0... eee eee 508
Vivtdus oo. c eve cee eens 652
—— macneili ........+-..4- 507
—— macneili........ 480, 485, 490
—— manubius .........- 519, 652
manubius ., 481, 488, 491, 520
INDEX.
Page
Unio medellinus ............ 517
medellinus .... 481,488, 491,
503, 518, 650, 651, 673
—— melleUS Live cccceveneee 652
—— metallicus.......... 522, 653
—— metallicus...... 505, 650, 653
—— mexicanus ............ 517
——— mentcanus ........ 481, 488,
491, 505, 510
—— microdon ..........+... 504
—— microdon .. 480, 485, 490, 671
——mitchelli .......... 522, 652
—— mitchelli ...... 0.6 ae 491
—— morini ................ 495
—— Morint ......5. 480, 482, 490
—— multistriatus 0.006.006. 48]
—— mytiloides ...........00. 480
—— newcombianus.......... 497
—— newcombianus ...... 480, 485,
490, 522, 670
—— nicaraguensis .......... 498
—— nicklianus.......... 492, 493,
—— nicklinianus ............ 493
—— nicklinianus ........ 479, 482,
490, 492, 510
——— Niger occ cree eens 48], 521
—— nuculinus .............. 509
—— nuculinus .. 480, 486, 490, 673
opacatus .......... eee 517
—— opacatus ...... 481, 488, 491
—— ostreatuS ...........0.. 496
ostreatus ... 2... ane 480, 483,
490, 497, 648
—— ovatus .... 480,481, 506, 651
paludosus ............6. 520
paludosus .. 481, 489, 491, 521
, var. planivalvis .... 520
, var. planivalvis .... 489
PANUCOENSIS .. 1.6.4. 510, 511
PAPVUS vecvvcecceeerees 523
percompressus .......... 496
percompressus ...... 480, 483,
490, 648, 671
persulcatus ........ 505, 650
—— petrinus .............. 522
—— phaseolus 0.1. ..eeeeeee 480
PugerTIMUS ....00., 494, 652
planivalvis oe. ee eee eee 520
planulatus occ ceeeeces 480
plexus ....4. ereeee 515, 651
—— plicatulus .......... 502, 649
—— plicatus .. cc. ceercvnees 479
—— pliciferus .......... 514, 651
pliciferus .. 481, 487,491, 495
— , var. carbonarius.... 516
—— ——, var. carbonarius . 487, 515
705
Page
Unio pliciferus, var. minor .... 515
—— ——.,, var. minor .... 487,672
—— poeyanus ...........06- 504
poeyanus ...... 480, 485, 491
Popel ......eeceeeee 504, 650
POpet .....seee. 480, 485, 490
proclinatus .......0008s 508
PSOFICUS..... eee ee ee eee 494
—— psoricus .... 480, 482, 490, 671
—— ——.,, var. pigerrimus .... 494
—— ——., var. pigerrimus . 482, 490
—— purpuratus .......ee eee 517
purpuriatus .....66. 508, 517
radiatulus..........+... 518
—— radiatulus ........ 481, 488,
491, 519, 673
—— ravistellus ............ 516
—— ravistellus ........ 481, 487,
491, 651, 672
, var. majusculus.... 516
—— ——.,, var. majusculus .... 487
—— ——.,, var. verepacis .... 516
—— , var. verepacis.. 488, 672
PENUFOVMNIS ve cee eee eae 505
—— reticulatus ............ 649
rhomboidea 1... ss. seen 505
—— rovirosal ...........06, 651
rowelli .........ce ee eee 519
—— rowellt .......eeeee 481, 488,
491, 522, 651, 652
rubicundus ............ 514
rubicundus ........ 481, 487,
491, 522, 671
TUBIGINOSUS .... 1 eee eee 480
—— PUMUS ccc ceececcnees 648
—— rugoso-sulcatus...... 522, 653
—— rugoso-sulcatus...... 487,514
PUGUIOSUS «6. se cere 506, 507
sagrinatus .....4.. 497, 498
—— saladoensis ........ 522, 652
——sallel...... cece eee ee eee 517
—— sallet .......... 481, 488, 491
oe , Var. grossus ...... 517
a , var. grossus . 488, 491, 671
—— sapotalensis ............ 513
sapotalensis . 481, 487, 490, 651
—— scamnatus ............ 522
scamnatus 507, 508, 652
scutulatus ..........4. 520
—— scutulatus ...... 481, 489, 491
, var. obliteratus . 489, 520
— , var. secabilis .. 489, 520
BECUTIS. ccc cesenceneee 479
—— semigranosus .........- 493
SeMigranosus ...... 480, 482,
490, 494, 495, 648, 670
706
_ Page
Unio semigranosus, var. distinc-
tus . 494
—— ——, var. distinctus . 482,490
—— ——,, var. testudineus.... 493
—— ——,, var. testudineus.... 482,
oeeeee @erser erent eee ee
490, 670
SUQUOSUS 6... rece en eees 481
soledadensis ........0465 503
sp., aff. parvus .......... 523
—— spheniopsis ..........4+ 500
—— spheniopsis . 480, 484} 490, 653
sphenorhynchus...... 501, 649
—— stolli ....... cece ee eee 492
stolli ...... 479, 482, 490, 670
—— strebeli .... 480, 490, 508, 650
tabascoensis ........ 505, 650
—— tamaulipanus ...... 521, 652
tamaulipanus .. 481,487,491
tamaulipasensis ......4. 521
tampicoensis........ 511, 651
tampicoensis.... 481,486, 490,
510, 512, 513, 671
—— —~, var. tecomatensis .. 512
—- , var. tecomatensis .. 486
— , var. umbrosus .... 512
—_— , var. umbrosus .... 486,
490, 513, 671
——. tecomatensis ..........4.. 512
—— tehuantepecensis ........ 501
tehuantepecensis . 480, 484, 491
, var. copanensis .... 502
—— -—-, var. copanensis .... 484,
490, 672
a 48]
testudineus . 493, 494, 520, 652
tetralasmus ....eeeeeees 652
—— UMBTOSUS we cceeeees 512, 651
usumacint® ............ 500
usumacinte .... 480, 484, 490
USUMASINTE 66... eve 500
—— vellicatus .......... 516, 651
—— VENEYUCOSUS eee erences 480
VENUSTUS eee ccc aceees 514
VETACTURENSIS. ...46.. 517, 518
VEEPACS vec eeverccvees 516
yzabalensis ............ 507
yzabalensis ........ 480, 486,
490, 519, 673
RUYZAY vr vccccvcceneees 514
Uniomerus...... 481, 488, 491, 519
UNIONIDA oo. eee cee ees 478
Uniopsts vo. sc eeeeseee renee 480
Urocoptis .......cece eee 254, 286
—— eylindrus .... cee eee ee 266
—— decurtata ......... 0005. 261
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION
INDEX.
Page
Vaginula oo. cc cece eens 350
—— morelett . 66. cc ccveeenas 350
Vaginulus .. 0c. cc cece eee eee 350
Ploridanus oo. ccecccccaes 351
—— MEXICANUS . oe eevee canes 350
Vallonia... ccc ccc cc cvces 130, 182
pulchella oo. ccceceee ces 132
VALVATA vee cece eee eee eee 426
Valvata occ cece cee 427, 430
guatemalensis ...... 427, 428
—— humeralis............-. 426
—— humeralts ....... 60.000 427
— , var. pilsbryi ...... 427
—— ——.,, var. strebeli ...... 427
—— pisoinalis vo. ceeeevceeee 427
Strebeli ... ccc cece ees 427
Varicella ..ccicccccecenes 48, 84
COPMOVANA . oe ce ences 70
OVUTEADE Lo ccc eee eee 73
SPCCLUSA vise ceceeeee 71, 612
VELIFERA 0. cece eee ee eee 346
Veluferd oo. cc cc cece cee e nce 342
gabbi oo... eee eee eee 346
Velletia excentrica .......0e. 402
lacustrtS cee cee cee 402
Venus eee vccecseceaes 496, 541
(Cryptogramma) flexuosa . 595
VERONICELLA ......eeeee eee 350
erOntctUla vec cece cease 342
floridana .............. 351
——- Mexicana wo. biel eee 350
—— moreleti ..:....0. 0... 350
—— olivacea ........ eee ees 351
—-~ stolli ........ 0.0.20. 351
0) | a 666
VERONICELLIDE .........04. 350
a 325
antiverttgo ..icerseeeee 327
—— COCOSENSIS Loc ccc ece renner 640
OVAE Cece ence nee 327
pellucida... cece eee 328
Vibex fuscus vo. cccecece cease 569
schiedeana ....46. lees 462
Vitrea ccc ccc eee eee 118
Vitrind occ c ccc cc cece eeees 252
Ssumichrastt oo... cccceeas 344
VIVIPARA 10... cece eee eens 425
COSLAEA occ ccc cee 426
imornata .........000e 426
Vivipare vee c cece eee aee 425
Vwiparus . 6. ccc eee eee 425
Voluta coffea oo... cece eee 558
heteroclita ... 6. cc eee 5638
Volutarvis oo ccc ccc cece 308
——— ULUS ccc even evens 309
Page
Volutavis berendtt.......c0008 309
confertecostatus .....06. 3
confertestriatus s.se.ees 310 XP
intermedius oe... cee e eee 310 “>>
VineQrvtS oi vcccccccveeves 3ll ©
MUN AMOPENSIS . 6. eee 309, 639 “o>.
nitidus ......% ee 310 »
Simularts ose evans 310, 639 -
—— suletferus oo. cree eceens 308
tenwecostatus ...asceres 309
XANTHONYX «ee eee eee 348, 642
NXanthonyt sev ccceccees 252, 342
chiapensis .........065 344
—— chiapenst8 oo. cceeccees 343
Cordovanus .........ee8 343
CONAOVANUS oe ee ee ances 344
salleanus ....-... eee eee 343
SALLEANUS oe cece cece 344.
sumichrasti ............ 344
suUMIChTASTE oc cece eee 343
Nerophila oo ccc cecccesavee 142
Zebra miillert occas 184
Zones ........ 104, 113, 117, 346
GAYDOVEUS vices vceeenes 116
bilineatus .......00. 109, 110
oe , var. dizonatus .... 110
CUAUCUS oo. ec cee eee 108 :
ee , var. fusciatus ...... 107
—— CAPINALUS oe eee ees 618
elegantulus .... cece eens 125
—— euryomphalus ..... 0.4... 106
Fulvoideus oo... cee 122
—— gundlacht ..... cece cece 122
indentatus . oc. c cc cecee 117
JAIAPENSIS eee cece 618
lucubratus, var. olivaria .. 107
—— metonomasticus........0. 106
MINUSCULUS ee eee cece 125
MUEUAOPSIS vec cences 115
—— paradensis ............ 109
—— pauciliratus ..... eee eee 118
SCUNKAL oe ce eee 120
spwrulatus oo eee ceccees 123
—— subhyalinus ..........., 117
tehuantepecensis ........ 116
trochw@inus 2 ..... 0.000 120
—~—— tuvtlensts oo... eee cee 110
VETACTUZENSIS. . eee eee cee 112
—— vitrinoides.............. 160
ZONYAUNA 6 ee eee eee 104
bilineata .......... 109, 110
jalapensis ........., 111,618
VENUSEA LL. eee eee eee, 109
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