MOin'OORA I'll
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS,
.
T\
A
' rll
dm
MONOGRAPH
OF
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS,
BY
JAMES C. COX, H.D., Unit. Edix., F.R.C.S. Edin.
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
CORRESPONDENT OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA,
U.S. AMERICA. MEMBER OF ROYAL MEDICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH,
ROYAL AND ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
ILLUSTRATED BY XVIII PLATES.
WILLIAM HADDOCK, 383 GEORGE STREET, SYDNEY ;
GEORGE ROBERTSON, 69 ELIZABETH STREET, MELBOURNE;
GEORGE SLATER, QUEEN STREET, BRISBANE;
W. C. RIGBY, ADELAIDE ;
TRUBNER & CO., 16 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON.
186S,
'^-(p^'^1
^ & 7 //
SYDNEY :
F. CTJNNINGHAME AND CO.,
PRINTERS.
PREFACE.
Since the publication of my Catalogue of Australian Land
Shells in 1864, numerous new species have been added to
the Australian Fauna described by Pfeiffer, Morelet,
Adams, Angas, myself, and other authors, many of the
typical species of which are in the collection of the Aus-
tralian Museum, in my own, and other private collections
in the Colony. To enable Conchologists to correctly dis-
tinguish the newly described species, and to prevent an
accumulation of synonyms, I have undertaken to give a
synopsis in this Monograph of all known Australian Land
Shells, with their full descriptions ; figuring as far as lies
in my power all well-defined species in XVIII plates. I
hope soon to be in a position to supplement these, as
several new and valuable specimens have very recently
been added to my collection.
For the habitats given, I am much indebted to my late
friend, Mr. John MacGillivrat, Mr. Masters, the Eev. E.
L. King, Mr. F. A. Blackman, Mr. Blomfield, Captain
Edwards, and other friends on whose authority the
strictest reliance can be placed.
The Illustrations, kindly executed for me by Miss Scott
and Mrs. Edward Forde, speak for themselves, and I have
no doubt will be duly appreciated by the public.
JAMES C. COX., M.D.
130 Phillip Street, Sydney,
New South Wales.
INDEX.
ORDERS, SUB-ORDERS, SECTIONS, FAMILIES, DISTINGUISHED BY
CAPITALS; GENERA, BY SMALL CAPITALS; SPECIES, BY ROMAN
LETTERS ; SYNONYMS, REFERENCES, fee, BY ITALICS.
PAGE
Achatixella. Swaifison 77
— Achatinella. Swainson .... 7S
— Bulimus. Scopoli 78
— Bulimus Jacksoncnsis. Cox.. 11
— Frickclla. Pf differ 78
— Jacksoncnsis. Cox 77
— Wakefieldiae. Cox 78
ACICULACEA. Pfeiffer 92
AMPELITA. Pfeiffer M
ANGASELLA. ' Adams 23
Balea. Priilcaux 81
— Australis. Forbes 8 L
Blanfokdia. Mcnkc? 94
— pyrrhostoma. Cox 95
— striatula. Menlcc 95
Bulimus. Scopoli 68
— Adelaide. Adams and Angus 69
— Adelaides. Adams and Angus 69
— Angasianus. Pfeiffer 70
— atomatus. Grag v 71
— Baconi. Benson 73
— Bidwilli. Cox 72
— Bulimulus Adelaide. Adams
and Angas • 69
— Bulimulus lepidula, Adams
and Angas 69
— bulla. Menlcc 73
— chrondula Adclaidcc. Adams
and Angas 69
— chrondula lepidula. Adams
and Angas 69
— Dufresni. Leach 70
— Dufresni. Leach 73, 76
— dux. Pfeiffer 71
— Helix Dufresni. Ferussac . . 70
— Helix melo. Quog et Gaimard 74
— Helix melo var. Quog et
Gaimard "4
— Helix trilincata. Quog et Gai-
mard 75
— indutus. Mcnkc 73
— indutus. Menke 73
— inflatus. Lamarck 72
— Kingi. Gray 75
— Kingi, Gray 73, 75, 76
PAGE
Bulimus. lepidula. Adamsand Angas 69
— Mastersi. Cox 77
— melo. Quog et Gaimard.... 74
— melo. Quog et Gaimard .. . .74, 76
— melo var. ft. Mcnkc 75
— Onslowi. Cox 74
— Pacificus. Pfeiffer 68
— I'ucijiia, Pupa. 1'fr 68
— physoides. Reeve '. . 74
— Pupa Ramsay i. Cox 69
— rhodostoma. Gray 76
— rhodostoma. Grai/ 73
— Sayu Pfeiffer 75
— Tasmanicus. Pfeiffer 72
— trilincatus. Reeve .... 7-3,76,77
— Tuckeri. Pfeiffer 69
— Walli. Cox 69, 70
CalliA. Gray 103
— lubria 104
— splendens. Dolim 104
CALLICOCHLIAS. Pfeiffer .... 64
CAM.ENA. Pfeiffer 54
CARYODES. Pfeiffer 70
CONULUS. Pfeiffer 8
CYCLOPHOREA. Pfeiffer 97
Cyclophokus. Moutfort 97
— cyclostoma lirieincium-. Benson 97
— cyclostoma orbicutatum. Benson97 ,98
— lirieinctus 98
— lirieinctus. Reeve 97
— lirieincium. Reeve 97
— orbiculatus. Pfeiffer 98
C YCLOSTOMACEA. Pfeifer .... 97
CYSTICOPSIS. Pfeiffer.'. 35
Dekmatocera. H. and A. Adams 98
■ — cyclostoma vitrca. Lesson .... 98
— Leptopoma vitreum. Lesson.. 98
— vitrca. Lesson 98
— vitrca 98
DirLOMMATiNA. Benson 95
— Australia. Benson 96
— Bensoni. A. Adams" 96
DIPLOMMATINACEA. PMffer. 94
DISCUS. Pfeifer 1 12
ECTOPHTHALMA. Pfeiffer .... 96
11
INDEX.
PAfJE
FRICKELLA. Pfeiffer 77
(JALAXIAS. Pfeiffer 40
GEOTROCHUS. Pfciffcr 65
HELICIDiE 1
Helicina. Lamarck 105
. 105
. 106
. 106
. 107
. 107
di versicolor. Cox
Draytonensis. Pfciffcr
Drayfoncnsis, Pfciffcr . .
fulgurate. Cox
Gladstoncnsis. Cox . .
— Gouldiana.
— Lizardensis
— reticulata.
— Yorkensis.
— Yorkensis.
HEUCINACEA.
HELIGINEA. Pfciffcr
HELICOPHANTA. Pfciffcr
Helix. Linnieus
Forbes 10S
Cox 107
Pfeiffer 106
Pfciffcr 108
Pfciffcr 107
" Pf iffcr 105
. 105
5
1
Adelaide. Pfe iffcr 15
albanensis. Cox 15
albumenoidea. Cox 11
Alexandras. Cox 61
ammonitoides. Reeve 18
Angasiana. Pfciffcr 49
Augasiana. Pfciffcr 50
Angasiana. Crosse 50
appendiculata. Pfeiffer .... 56
appendiculata. Pfciffcr .... 55
argillacea. Ferussac 43
argillacca. Gray 43
aridorum. Cox 44
aridorum. Cox 38, 45, 60
assimilans. Cox 26, 27
atramentaria. Shuttlcworth 5
Australis. Menhe 31
Banncri. MacGillivrctyi .... 6
Belli. Cox 17
Bidwilli.
bipartita
bipartita.
bisulcata.
bitseniata.
bitceniata.
Blackmani
Blomfieldi.
Blomfieldi.
Pfciffcr 63
Ferussac 54
Ferussac 56
Pfciffcr 32
Cox 50
Cox 42
Cox 45
Cox 57
Cox 58
Boivini 67
bombycina. Pfciffcr 20
Brazieri. Cox 14
brevipila. Pfciffcr 47
brcvipila. Pfciffcr 48
Bulimics Maconclli. Peeve.. 6
bullacea. Pfciffcr 26
bullacea. Pfciffcr 27
Busbyi 5
capillacea. Ferussac 25
eapillacca. Ferussac . . 25, 26, 28
carcbarias. Pfciffcr 45
Carocolla Novcc Hollandicc.
Gray , 68
PAGE
Helix. Cassandra. Pfciffcr 50
— ecllaria 0
— cerata. Cox 58
— cerata. Cox 58
— ccrca. Cox 58
— circumcincta. Cox 3
— Clarcnccnsis. Cox 4
— cochlidium. Cox 13
— cochlidium. Cox 14
— coma. Gray 21
— confusa. Pfciffcr 24
— conoidea. Cox 63
— conscendens. Cox 67
— coriaria. Pfeiffer 36
— coriaria. Pfeiffer .... 38,39,46
— corneo-virens. Pfeiffer .... 46
— corneo-virens. Pfeiffer 39
— corticicola. Cox 19
— costata. Miiller 62
— Creedi. Cox. See additions
— Crotali. Cox 2
— cumulus. Pfciffcr 34
— Cunningbami. Gray 52
— cuprea. Cox 22
— Curtisiana. Pfciffcr 58
— cyclostoma 16
— cyclostomata. Lc Guilloic . . 61
— Cygnea. Benson 16
— cyrtopleura. Pfciffcr 23
' — Delessertiana. LeGuiUou.. 61
— delta. Pfeiffer 63
— Diemenensis. Cox 20
— Diemenensis. Cox 21, 29
— Dringi. Pfeiffer 64
— Duclosiana. Ferussac 47
— ductilis. Pfeiffer 10
— Dunkiensis. Forbes 43
— Dunkiensis. Forbes 42
— Dupuyana. Pfciffcr 65
— Dupuyana. Pfeiffer 65, 68
— Duralensis. Cox 46
— Edward si. Cox. See additions
— Evandaleana. Pfeiffer .... 51
— exocarpi. Cox 44
— Expeditionis. Cox 37
— Falconari. Reeve 5
— Falconari. Reeve 6, 62
— fencstrata. Cox 63
— Flindersi. Adams % Angas 51
— Forbcsi. Cox 58
— Forsteriana. Pfeiffer 42
— Franklandiensis. Forbes .... 27
— Franklandiensis. Forbes .... 30
— Fraseri. Gray 64
— Fraseri. Gray 56, 58
— fricata. Gould 11
— fricata Nanina. Gould .... 11
— fucata. Pfeiffer 67
— fucata. Pfeiffer 68
— funerea. Cox 16
— funiculata. Pfciffcr 46
INDEX.
- • -
111
PAGE
Helix, funiculala. Pfeifer..,.,, 57
— Gartneriana. Pfeifer 66
— Gartneriana. Pfeifer 67
— Georgiana. Quoij et Gaimard 28
— Gilberti. Pfeifer 30
— Gilberti. Pfeifer 36
— glaberrima 9
— Grandi Le. Cox 23
— Grayi. Pfeifer 35
~ Grayi. Pfeifer. . 36, 37, 38, 39, 42
— Greenhilli. Cox 40
— gulosa. Gould 55
— Hamiltoni. Cox 32
— Harriettte. Cox 29
— Hobarti. Cox 22
— Hystrix. Cox 48
— impexa. Peeve 2
— Incei. Pfeifer 54
— Ineei. Pfeifer 57,58
— ineonspicua. Forbes 2
— Indica. Pfeifer 33
— inusta. Cox 13
— inusta. Cox 16
— irradiata. Gould 35
— iuloidea. Forbes 17
— iuloidea. Forbes . . 13, 16, 17, 23
— Jacksoniensis. Gray 7
- — Janellei. Le Gillou 56
— Jervisensis. Quoy et Gaimard 30
— Jervisensis. Quoy et Gaimard 31, 36
— Kreffti. Cox 2
— lassa. Reeve 37
— lampra. Pfeifer 28
— lampra. Pfeifer 29
— lamproides. Cox 28
— Launcestonensis. Reeve .... 31
— Le Grandi. Cox 23
— Leichhardti. Cox 25
— leptogramma, Pfeifer .... 41
— leptogramma. Pfeifer 50
— Lessoni. Pjeiffer 55
— Lessoni. Pfeifer 55, 56, 58
— leucocheilus. Cox 54
— Lincolniensis. Pfeifer .... 51
— lirata. Cox 15
— lira ta. Cox 14, 20
— Lizardensis. Pfeifer 33
— Lorioliana. Crosse 52
— luteo-fusca. Cox 52
— Lyndhurstensis. Cox 11
— MacGillivrayi. Forbes .... 62
— Macleayi. Cox 45
— Maconelli. Reeve 6
— mansueta. Pfeifer 69
— mansueta. Pfeifer 48
— marcescens. Cox 37
— marcescens. Cox 60
— Marian. Cox 54
— marmorata. Cox 3
— Mastersi 36
— Melbournensis. Cox , 22
PAGE
Helix, microcosmos. Cox 3
— microscopica. Cox 3
— minima. Cox 10
— misella. Ferussac 3
— Mitchellse. Cox 65
— monacha. Pfeifer 38
— monaeha. Pfr 39
— Moretonensis. Pfr 5
— Moretonensis. Pfr 4
— morosa. Morelet 60
— Morti. Cox 21
— Morti. Cox 22
— mucida. Pfr 59
— mucosa. Cox 19
— Muhlfeldtiana. Pfr 53
— Mulgoaj. Cox 38
— murina. Pfr 60
— Murphyi. Cox 23
— Murrayana. Pfr 14
— Namoiensis. Cox 29
— Nanina atramentaria. Shut'
tleworth , 5
— Nanina fricata. Gould .... 11
— nautiloides. Cox 13
— nitida. Mutter 9
— n itida. Midler 7
— Nova? Hollandiso. Gray .... 68
— Nova Hollandia, Carocolla.
Gray 68
— Omicron. Pfr. 18
— Omicron. Pfr 18,19
— Ophelia. Pfr 34
— pachystyla. Pfr 40
— pachystyla. Pfr 40, 41
— pachystyloides. Cox 41
— -pachystyloides. Cox 40, 45
— imleata. Reeve 44
— paradoxa. Cox 21
— Parramattensis. Cox 8
— patruclis. Adams and Angas 49
— pelodes. Pfr 43
— Penolensis. Cox 8
— perinflata. Pfr 45
— pexa. Cox 13
— plectilis. Benson 44
— plectilis. Benson 64
— pliculosa. Pfr 60
— Poiretiana. Pfr 66
— pomum. Pfr 40
— pomum. Pfr 45
— Porteri. Cox 48
— Porteri. Cox 48
— prunum. Ferussac 43
— prunum. Ferussac , 43
— ptycomphala. Pfr 24
— ptycomphala. Pfr 24
— pudibunda. Cox 4
— radians. Pfr 7
— Ramsayi. Cox 30
— rapida. Pfr 19
— retepora. Cox 21
IV
I>T)EX.
Helix. Ricbmondiana. Pfeiffer.
pace |
. 62
rot a bilis,
rustica.
rustics.
Saturni.
Salurni.
Scotti.
Reeve 53
Pfr
Pfr
Cox ...
Cox
Cox
semicastanea. Pfr.
aemmiffra. Crosse
sericatula. Pfr. .
sericatula. Pfr.. . ,
3
14
14, 15, 20
39
56
55
12
....13,14
similaris.
similis. Cox
Sinclairi. Pfr
sphecroidca. Lc Giallou
Ferussac 58
. 23
. 32
. 40
splcndidula. Pfr.
splendidida. Pfr. . .
Strangei. Pfr.
27,
10
28
26
Strangei. Pfr 10, 25, 28, 29
Strangcoides
sfrangulata.
Stroudensis.
Stutcbburyi.
subangulata.
27
61
20
39
12
3
36
Victoria?,
villaris.
villaris.
Cox
Homb. ct Jaeq.
Cox
Pfr
Pfr
subangulata. Adams and Angus
subgranosa. Le Guillou....
sublesta. Benson 16
sublcsta. Benson 17
subrugata. Pfr 4
subrugatu. Pfr 4, 5
Sydneyensis. Cox 9
Sydneyensis. Cox 9
Taranaki. Gray 61
Cox 22
Benson 63
Homb et Jacq . . . 61
Ferussac 42
61
8
40
37
2
2
18
Tasmanire.
tescorum.
Torrcsiana.
torulus.
Tuckcri. Pfr
turriculata. Cox
turriculata. Cox
Urvillei. Homb et Jacq
Cox
Pfr
Pfr
— vinitincta. Cox
— ritracea. See Additions
— vitrea Bermatocera 45
— Walkcri. Gray 28
— Walkeri Zonites. Gray .... 28
— Waterbousiei. Cox 3
— Wellingtonensis. Cox .... 29
— AVesselensis. Cox. See additions
— Wilcoxi. Cox 9
— Wilcoxi. Cox 8
— Yorkensis. Pfr 34
— Yorkensis. Pfr 34
— Yulei. Forbes 57
— Yidci. Forbes 55, 58
— ziezac. Gould 18
— Zonites Walkeri. Gray .... 2S
HYALINA. Pfr 9
I'AOE
HYDRA. Adams 49
HYGROMIA. Pfeiffer 30
IX OPERCULATA 1
L1PARUS. Pfr 71
M ACROCYOLIS. Pfr 52
MESEMBRINUS. Pfr 71
MICROCYSTIS. Pfr 7
NAPJEUS. Pfr. .' CS
OMi'itALOTKoris. Pfr 104
— malleata. Pfr 104
— malleata, Hydrocena. Pfr. . . 104
OPEAS. Pfr ; 69
OPERCULATA 91
OPISOPHTHALMA. Pfr 92
PARYPHANTA. Pfr. . ] 5
PATULA. Pfr 24
PLAGIOPTY'CHA. Pfr 47
PLAXISPIRA. Pfr 47
PXEUMONOPOMA. Pfr 91
POMATIA. Pfr 35
Pupa. Lamarck 78
— Australia. Adams §• Angus . 79
— Kingi. Cox 79
— Lincolniensis Cox 80
— Margaretse. Cox 80
— Masters!. Cox 79
— Moretonensis. Cox 81
— Xelsoni. Cox 79
— Strangei. Pfr 80
— Vertigo Australia. Adams
and Angus 79
— Vertigo Lincolniensis. Cox.. SO
Pupixa. Vignurd 99
— bilinguis. Pfr 100
— bilinguis. Pfr 101, 102
— Coxi". Morelet 100
— meridionalis. Pfr 100
— Pfeifferi. Bolirn 103
— Pfeifferi. Bohm 102
— pineticola. Cox 102
— planilabris. Pfr 99
— pupinella Whartoni. Cox . . 99
— pupinella MucGillivruyi. Cox 100
— robusta. Cox 101
— Strangei. Pfr 103
— Strangei. Pfr. 103
— Thomsoni. Forbes 102
— rentrosa. Bohm 102
— Wilcoxi. Cox 101
PUPINEA. Pfr 99
REALIEA. Pfr 104
RHABDOTUS. Pfr 72
RHYSSOTA. Pfr. 4
ROTITLA. Pfr. 33
Succinea. Draparnaud 87
— amphibia. Braparnaud .. 88,91
— aperta. Cox 90
■ — arborea. Adams § Angus . . 89
— Australis. Ferussac 88
— Australis. Pfr 88
— Eucalypti. Cox 90
INDEX.
PAGE
Succixea. MacGillivrayi. Cox .. 90
— Menkeana. Pfeiffer 91
— Nortoni. Cox .' 90
— oblonga. Draparnaud ..... 88
— putris. Linneeus 88
— rhodostoma. Cox 88
— scalarina. Pfr 89
— scalarina. Pfr 89
— strigata. Pfr 88
— strigata. Pfr 89, 90
— strigillata. Adams § Angus 89
— Succinea 8S
TACHEA. Pfr 63
TEMESA. Pfr 81
THERSITES*. Pfr 62
TROCHOMORPHA. Pfr 34
Truncatella. Bisso 92
— Brazieri. Cox 93
— ferruginea, Cox 94
— marginata. Kuster 92
— marginata. Kuster 93
— Pfeifferi. Martens 94
— scalarina. Cox 93
— scalaria 93
— teres. Pfr 92
— Yorkensis. Cox 93
VALLONIA. Pfr 61
VERTIGO. Miilhr 78
PAGE
VIDENA. Pfeiffer 31
Vitrina. Drapamaud 82
— Aquila. See additions
— Australis, Pfr 87
— Australis. Pfr 87
— castanea. Pfr 84
— Freycineti. Ferussae 83
— Helix Busbyi 83
— hyalina. Pfr 85
— inflata. Reeve S6
— leucospira. Pfr 83
— MacGillivrayi. Cox 86
— Mastersi. Cox 86
— megastoma. Cox 87
— Milligani. Pfr 82
— nigra. Quoy ct Gaimard. ... 84
— planilabris. Cox 86
— robusta. Gould 84
— section Peltclla 87
— Strangei. Pfr 85
— Strangei. Pfr 83, 84, 86
— Tasmania 84
— Verreaivxi. Pfr 83
— Verreauxi. Pfr 84
— virens. Pfr 85
;- vitrina 85, 86
XEROPHILA. Pfr 31
XESTA. Pfr 2
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
Sub-Kingdom II.— MOLLUSCA.
Class II.— GASTEBOPODA.
Order II.— PULMONIFEBA.
Section A.— INOPEECULATA. Section B.— OPEECULATA.
Section A.— INOPEECULATA.
Family.— HELICID^].
Shell external, usually well developed and capable of
containing the entire animal ; aperture closed by an epi-
phragni during hybernation.
Animal hermaphrodite, having a short well developed
retractile head, with four cylindrical, retractile tentacles,
the upper pair longest, and bearing eye-specks at their
summits, the lower occasionally wanting [Section Vertigo).
Body spiral, distinct from the foot ; respiratory orifice near
the base of the right ocular tentacle, small and valve-like ;
mouth armed with a horny, dentated, crescent-shaped upper
mandible; lingual membrane oblong, central teeth incon-
spicuous, laterals numerous, similar.
Genus
HELIX. — Linnjeus.
Shell umbilicated, perforate, or imperforate, discoidal,
globosely-depressed or conoidal ; aperture transverse, ob-
lique, lunar or roundish ; peristome patulous or reflected,
margins distinct, remote, or united by callus.
Animal with a long foot, pointed behind ; lingual teeth
usually in straight rows, edge teeth dentated.
2 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
L— SECTION XESTA. Pfr. Vees. p. 120.
* H. villans. * H. circumcincta. * H. rustica.
* H. Waterhousei. * H. mierocosmos.
1. Helix villaris. Pfr. Plate X. Fig. 8, natural size and
magnified. M.C.
Pfr.,' Pro. Zool. Soc, 1854, p. 146.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1375.
Helix Kreffti. Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, 1864, p. 21.
Shell perforated, orbicular, depressed, thin, pellucid, smooth, with
microscopic strife, very glossy, reddish -yellow ; spire broadly convex ;
whorls 5, slightly convex, suture slightly margined, last rounded at
the periphery, less convex at the base ; under surface flesh coloured
and opaque' about the very minute umbilicus ; aperture diagonal,
lunate, slightly pearly within ; peristome simple, thin, straight, the
columellar margin rather sloping, thickened above, with a callus
inwardly, and very slightly reflected outwardly.
Diameter, greatest 0-50 ; least 0-50 ; height 0-25 of an inch.
Habitat. Cape York.— Cox. Eocky Isles, near Cape Flattery. —
MacGillivray.
I cannot venture to keep the shell formerly named by me R. Kreffti
distinct from H. villaris of Pfeifler, whose description is quite satis-
factory; while that of Eeeve is less so. A remarkably polished,
shining, oily-looking shell of a rich honey colour, with the columella
white and callous within.
2. Helix rustica. Pfr. Plate IX. Fig. 3 natural size, 3 a.
magnified. M.C.
Pfr., in Zeit-schrift fur. Malac., 1852, p. 112.
Helix inconspicua. Forbes, Voy. Rattlesnake, Vol. II., p. 379. Plate
II. Fig. 3.
Helix impexa. Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 795.
Helix Crotali. Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, 1864, p. 18.
Shell minutely perforated, depress^ -convex, thin, smooth, rather
glossy, very faintly striated, pale horny ; spire very short, obtusely
conical, suture shallow, slightly margined ; whorls 5, regularly in-
creasing, rather flattened, last convex, slightly flattened above, not
continued in front ; aperture diagonal, lunate ; peristome simple,
acute, regular, columellar margin slightly expanded, and reflected
above.
Diameter, greatest 0-30 ; least 0-27 ; height 0'15 of an inch.
Habitat. "Low Islands" in Trinity Bay, and Howick Isle, No. I. —
MacGillivray. Flinders Eange, South Australia. — Angas. Eapid
Bay, South Australia. — Masters.
I have taken the description from five specimens presented to the
Australian Museum by the original collector, and from the precise
locality whence Forbe's specimens were derived. They are much
duller than specimens from other places, which those in the Cumin-
gian collection, described by Pfeifler and Eeeve, undoubtedly were,
as they are usually more glossy, and varying in colour — being white
and crystalline, pale, yellowish horny, or of a reddish tint. The
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 3
South Australian specimens from Minder's Range, determined by
Angas to be of this species, present certain differences, being of a
duller aspect, more coarsely marked, and depressed. My specimens
from Rapid Bay are normal.
3. Helix circumcincta. Cox. Plate V. Fig. 6 a. natural size,
6 b. magnified. M.C.
Helix marmorata. Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, 1864, p. 20.
Shell minutely perforated, depressly and roundly-convex, thin, very
smooth and shining, with microscopic spiral and transverse lines
along the suture and centre of last whorl, reddish-horny, pale about
the umbilicus ; spire widely and flatly conical, very obtuse ; suture
obscurely margined ; whorls 5, gradually increasing, the last
rounded ; aperture diagonal, broadly lunate ; peristome simple, thin,
the columellar margin very slightly reflected above, and sometimes
partially concealing the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0*40; least 0*35 ; height 0'15 of an inch.
Habitat. Kiama. — Masters. Along the shaded banks of the Nepean
River, New South "Wales. — Co.r.
As my former name marmorata, applicable to the animal, was found to
have been in previous use, it is necessary to change it. Closely
allied to the preceding, of which it would seem to be the southern
representative. In one or two of my specimens there is even shown
a tendency to opacity round the umbilicus, and to the white callosity
of the upper part of the columella. The pale band seems to be con-
stant. Specimens of this shell sent to Cuming for comparison were
returned with the name H. misella, Per. — an imperforate species, with
the last whorl carinated, and having an angularly lunate mouth.
4. Helix Waterhousei. Cox.
Helix sub-angulata, Adams and Angas, Pro. Zool Soc., 1863, p. 521.
Shell orbicularly-conoidal, very thin, pellucid, glassy, pale straw
coloured, narrowly umbilicated; whorls flat, very finely concen-
trically striated, last somewhat angular at the periphery ; aperture
very oblique, lunately oval, broader than long ; lip acute, shortly
reflected, scarcely covering the umbilicus.
Length ^ line ; breadth 3 lines.
Habitat. South Australia, under stones and logs. — Angas.
A small species, somewhat resembling LT. rustica, Pfr., but with the
last whorl sub-angular at the periphery, and with a narrow um-
bilicus which is nearly concealed by a short reflexion of the colu-
mellar margin.
The description is entirely taken from the work quoted above. The
specific name given by Adams and Angas had, however, been applied
in 1854, by Pfeiffer, to a Tasmanian species. A new name is there-
fore necessary.
5. Helix microcosmos. Cox. Plate VIII. Fig. 12, natural
size and magnified. M.C.
Helix microscopica. Cox.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, 1864, p. 21.
Shell perforated, depressly-globose, thin, transparent, not shining,
4 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
irregularly and rather closely striately ribbed, some of the riblets
more prominent than others, interstices very minutely striated and
granulated, reddish-horny ; spire obtusely convex ; suture rather
impressed ; whorls 4, convex, slowly increasing, last convexly-
rounded ; base rather convex, which is more glossy, and less promi-
nently ribbed than above, umbilicus minute ; aperture oblique,
somewhat squarely -lunate ; peristome simple, outer lip slightly
curved, lower more so, and columella nearly straight, slightly
thickened and reflexed above.
Diameter, greatest 006 ; least 0*04 ; height 030 of an inch.
Habitat. Stroud. — King. Darling Point and Shark Bay, Sydney.
Gore's Hill, Lane Cove, N. S. W.— Brazier.
The most minute of the Australian Helices known to me. It can be
easily recognised by attending to the characters.
II.— SECTION EHYSSOTA. Pfr. Vers. p. 121.
* H. pudibunda. * H. subrugata, Pfr. * H. Moretonensis.
6. Helix pudibunda. Cox. Plate II. Fig. 1L M.C.
Shell perforated, depressly-turbinate, thin and transparent, very
smooth, shewing under the lens very faint curved Hues, and traces of
still fainter spiral Hues, shining, pinkish or flesh coloured; spire
broadly conical, rather acute ; whorls 6, flatly convex, last not
descending in front, the periphery shewing nearly obsolete traces of
a keel, below convex, glossy, generally opaquely milky-white about
the umbilicus, which is minute and shallow ; aperture diagonal,
somewhat squarely-lunar, pearly within; peristome simple, acute,
columellar margin very slightly triangularly dilated and reflected
above. In old age, white and callous.
Diameter 0-65 ; height 0'55 of an inch.
Habitat. Eichniond Eiver. — MacGillivray. Moreton Bay. — Masters.
The smoothness, want of carina, pinkish colour, and callous columella
are the chief points of distinction between this and BZ. Moretonensis
and DT. subrugata.
7. Helix subrugata. Pfr. Plate IX. Fig. 2 natural size, 2 a.,
2 b. magnified. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1851, p. 259.
Helix Clarencensis. Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 594.
Shell slightly perforated, depressly-turbinate, very thin, smooth,
transparent, shining, white, olivaceous, or yellowish-horny, finely
and irregularly arcuately striated, and under the microscope
closely spirally striated ; spire shortly conical, rather acute ; whorls
6, very flatly convex, last very slightly descending in front, very
obtusely carinated ; base rather convex, shining, with radiating
faint .lines ; aperture diagonal, very slightly angularly rounded ;
peristome simple, acute, externally bluntly angular, columellar
margin above shortly triangularly dilated, scarcely reflected.
Diameter, greatest 0'42 ; least 0-40 ; height 0-25 of an inch.
Habitat. Clarence Eiver, &c. — MacGillivray.
After comparing a large number of specimens, I have satisfied myself
AUSTRALIAN LAXD SHELLS. 5
that this is the shell described by Pfeiffer as H. subrugata, although
his description is too brief to ensure absolute certainty.
8. Helix Moretonensis. Pfr. Plate X. Fig. 2, 2 a. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1854, p. 52.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1313.
Shell perforated, conoidly-lenticular, very thin, sub-arcuately-plicate,
dull above, shining below, olivaceous or yellowish-horny ; spire
broadly conoid, somewhat acuminate ; suture simple, impressed ;
whorls 6, very slightly convex, last not descending in front, flattened
above, convex below, rather sharply keeled ; aperture diagonal,
somewhat angularly lunate, pearly within ; peristome acute, thin,
more or less distinctly angular in front at the columella, shortly and
triangularly dilated, reflected and half concealing the minute um-
bilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0'50 ; least 0*45 ; height 0-20 of an inch.
Habitat. Eichmond Eiver. — MacGillicray. Moreton Bay. — Masters.
A coarser, duller, and more angular shell than the two preceding species.
III.— SECTION PAKYPHANTA. Pfr. Yees. p. 122.
* H. atramentaria.
9. Helix atramentaria. Skuttleworth. Plate III. Fig. 2 a.,
2 b. M.C.
Nanina atramentaria. Shuttl., in Mittkeilungen der Naturf. Gesellsch.
in Bern., 1852, p. 194.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, sub-discoid, covered with a very dark
blackish-purple glossy epidermis, showing numerous lines of growth,
most distinct about the suture, and under the lens minute rugfe
crossing them and occupying the whole upper surface ; spire short,
obtuse ; whorls 4, convex, very rapidly increasing, last scarcely de-
flexed in front, depressed, and inflated; below very glossy, umbilicus
l-5th of the smaller diameter ; aperture rather more than diagonally
oblique, lunately-oval ; peristome simple, the epidermis covering it,
the right margin produced in a flexuous manner at the centre, colu-
mella very shortly expanded above and reflected, to conceal about \
of the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 1 "40 ; least 1*10; height 0-55 of an inch.
Habitat. Mount Arnold and Bendigo, Victoria. — Cox.
This very remarkable shell, like the New Zealand Helix Busbyi in
miniature, resembles no other known Australian species.
IV.— SECTION HELICOPHANTA. Pfr. Yees. p. 122.
* H. Falconari. * H. Maconelli. * H. Banneri.
10. Helix Falconari. Peeve. Plate VI. Fig. 6. M.C.
Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 63.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 355.
Shell umbilicated, ovate, thin, smooth, covered with a rather glossy
brownish, reddish, or yellowish epidermis, faintly rugosely striated,
6 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
crossed with fainter very minute corrugations, variously marked with
interrupted dark bands and series of blotches, frequently obsolete or
wanting, and usually near the suture darker and flame-like ; spire
small, obtuse ; whorls 4, convex, very rapidly increasing, the last
very much dilated and produced in front, diagonally from the axis,
much compressed about the large deep and funnel-shaped umbilicus;
aperture oblique, lunately oblong, bluish and somewhat iridescent ;
peristome thin, margins slightly approximating and joined by a very
thin callus, outer nearly straight, anterior regularly curved, colu-
mellar sinuated in the centre, much expanded, and reflected in an
arched manner over the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 3P50 ; least 2-60 ; height 200 of an inch.
Habitat. Manning, Bellinger, Clarence, Richmond and Tweed Rivers,
N. S. "W. — MacGillivray. Ipswich, Queensland. — Masters.
A variety of a uniform fulvous colour is frequently met with.
This fine species is very variable in its markings, but yet not admissible
of division into varieties, with the exception of that mentioned, of
which I have many specimens from the Richmond River.
11. Helix Maconelli. Reeve. Plate III. Fig. 5. M.O.
Bulimus Maconelli. Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 198. Moll PI. XII.
Shell imperforate, ovate, thin, finely striated, the striae decussated by
very faint corrugated wavy lines, covered with a reddish chestnut
epidermis, with numerous (4 to 8), spiral, interrupted dark bands
of various width, consisting of separate rectangular blotches, with
series of larger and darker markings near the suture, with yellow or
paler interstices ; spire short, obtuse ; whorls 4, moderately convex,
very rapidly increasing, last inflated and produced in front in
the direction of the axis ; aperture oblique, lunately oval, bluish-
grey, and pearly within ; peristome simple, acute, margins joined
by a very thin callus, right rather straightly curved, basal regularly
arcuated, columellar nearly straight, whitely callous, flatly reflected
and adnate.
Diameter, greatest 3-20 ; least 2 20 ; height 2-10 of an inch.
Habitat. Brisbane, Queensland. — Maconell.
This has generally been regarded as a Bulimus ; it is, however, so
remarkably allied to Hdix Falconari, that it seems more natural that
they should be generically associated. The markings and even the
minute sculpturing may be said to be identical, but the present
species is more lengthened or Bulimoid, and is imperforate.
IS. Helix Banneri. MacGillivray. M.S.S.
Pfr.} Fro. Zool. Soc, 1862, p. 270.
Shell umbilicated, turbinately-globose, rather thin, obliquely irregu-
larly striated and very thickly pustulated, reddish-yellow, with a
yellowish band near the suture ; spire shortly turbinate, apex rather
acute ; whorls 4^, convex, the last ventricose, deeply descending in
front; columella slightly arched, sinuous; aperture almost diagonal,
lunately rounded, somewhat pearly within ; peristome thin, shortly
expanded, scarcely reflected, margins converging, joined by a thin
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. /
callus, columellar extremely dilated, reflexed in a vaulted mauner,
adherent, and more or less completely shutting up the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 1/61 ; least 1*30; height 1*22 of an inch.
Habitat. Cape Direction. — Banner and MacGillivray.
The above description has been wholly taken from Pfeiffer, as I have
no specimen to refer to ; the original, probably still unique, is part
of the Cumingian collection in the British Museum.
V.— SECTION MICROCYSTIS. Pfr. Vers. p. 122.
* H. Jacksoniensis. * H. radians.
13. Helix Jacksoniensis. Gray. Plate XI. Fig. 6, copied
from Reeve.
Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 65.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1462.
Shell imperforate (scarcely minutely umbilicated, Reeve), depressed,
solid (horny, Reeve), slightly arcuately striated, reddish-yellow,
radiated with a deeper colour ; spire slightly elevated, obtuse,
suture margined ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, slowly increasing, last
not descending, flattened at the base, and impressed in the centre ;
aperture scarcely oblique, lunate ; peristome straight, somewhat
callous within, margins distant, columella slanting.
Diameter, greatest 0-29 ; least 0"27 ; height 0-13 of an inch.
Habitat. Near Port Jackson. — Cunningham ?
Never having seen this shell, of which I cannot help suspecting that
the locality assigned is wrong, I have given Pfeiffer' s description of
it from the British Museum specimen, and apparently also that
figured by Peeve, who remarks — "An obtusely depressed, shining,
horny species, streaked and tinted with burnt red." In Gray's
original account, it is stated to resemble H. nitida in form, but to
be imperforate. His measurements are — axis 3 lines ; diameter
Z\ lines.
14. Helix radians. Pfr. Plate XVII. Fig. 2, copied from Reeve.
Pfr., Pro Zool. Soc, 1851.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 618.
Shell imperforate, depressed, thin, smooth, very shining, horny,
irregularly radiated with white streaks, spire very short, convex,
suture impressed, slightly margined ; whorls 4^, slightly flattened,
last not descending, angular above, convex at the base, slightly im-
pressed at the middle ; aperture sub-vertical, angularly lunate ;
peristome extremely simple, straight, acute.
Diameter, greatest 0*35 ; least 0-31 ; height 0'16 of an inch.
Habitat. Port Jackson, Sydney. — Strange.
Description taken from Pfeiffer. Peeve remarks of it — "An extremely
transparent bright horny species of simple character." He does not
allude to the white radiating streaks. Its claim to be Australian I
take from Pfeiffer's Mon. Sel. Yiv., Vol. IV., p. 17.
8 AUSTRALIAN' LAXD SHELLS.
VI.— SECTION CONULUS. Pfr. Yers. p. 123.
* H. turriculata. * H. Penolensis.
* H. Wilcoxi. * H. Parramattensis.
16. Helix turriculata. Cox. Plate VIII. Fig. 11 , natural size
and magnified. M.C.
Shell minutely umbilicatecl, semi-globosely conical, very thin, trans-
parent, pale horny, and somewhat glassy, very lightly striated
throughout ; spire conical, obtuse ; whorls 6, slowly increasing,
slightly convex, last keeled, not descending ; base slightly sloping,
very finely striated as above, and more glossy ; aperture moderately
oblique, angularly lunate ; peristome simple, thin, slightly angular
in front, columella moderately dilated above and expanded.
Diameter, greatest 0-15 ; least 0-13 ; height 0-10 of an inch.
Habitat. Miriam Vale, Port Curtis, Queensland. — Blomfield.
A delicate glassy-horny conical species, the very regular spire of which
is three times the height of the base ; it is nearly allied to the less
trochiform, hyaline, and more coarsely sculptured species, H.
Wilcoxi.
16. Helix Parramattensis. Cox. Plate VI. Fig. 10, natural
size and magnified. M.C.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, 1864, p. 20.
Shell not umbilicated, turbinately globose, thin, shining, pale, yellowish-
horny, smooth ; spire obtusely conical ; whorls 6, very regularly in-
creasing, moderately convex, last more so ; base convex, very glossy;
aperture slightly oblique, lunate ; peristome thin, simple, regular,
columellar margin scarcely expanded above.
Diameter, greatest 0'19 ; least 0'16; height 0-14 of an inch.
Habitat. Parramatta. — King. Lyndhurst, near Sydney. — MacGil-
livray. Wollongong. — Masters. Botanic Gardens, Sj'dney. — Brazier.
An inconspicuous little horny conical shell, globose below, without any
markings.
17- Helix Penolensis. Cox. Plate XI. Fig. 12, natural size
and magnified. M.C.
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1867.
Shell umbilicated, somewhat globosely-depressed, thin, very finely
striately ribbed, pale fleshy-horny, slightly shining ; spire broadly
conical, obtuse ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last obtusely cari-
nated, not descending in front, above rather flattened near the
mouth, below more convex ; aperture angularly-broadly-lunate ;
peristome simple, thin, right margin very slightly curved, angular at
the keel, then arcuately curved, forming almost half a circle to the
slightly dilated and reflected callous columella, partially concealing
the small umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0-15 ; least 0"13 ; height 0"08 of an inch.
Habitat. Penola, South Australia. — Woods.
A rather dull, small, horny, broadly semi-conical species, allied to H.
turriculata.
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 9
18. Helix Wilcoxi. Cox. Plate IV. Fig. 12, natural size and
magnified. M.C.
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 594.
Shell minutely umbilicated, globosely-conical, very thin, shining,
hyaline, glassy-white or very pale yellow, finely, regularly, and
closely striated across the whorls ; spire conical, obtuse, suture finely
margined ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last obscurely keeled
below, equalling the rest in height ; aperture slightly oblique,
lunate ; peristome simple, thin, straight, columellar margin very
briefly expanded at the base, and. half covering the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0-18 ; least 0-16; height 0 20 of an inch.
Habitat. Clarence and Eichmond Rivers, on leaves of trees. — Mac-
Gillivray.
VII.— SECTION HYALINA. Pfr. Vers. p. 124.
* H. Sydneyensis. * H. albumenoidea.
* H. nitida. * H. minima.
* H. splendidula. * H. Lyndhurstensis.
* H. ductilis. * H. subangulata. Pfr.
* H. fricata.
19. Helix Sydneyensis. Cox. Plate IX. Pig. 16 slightly mag-
nified; and Plate XVIII. Pig. 3 natural size, 3 a. magnified. M.C.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Zand Shells, 1864, p. 37.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, rather solid, shining, transparent, faintly
and closely striated with fines of growth, yellowish-horny above ;
spire slightly elevated, roundly obtuse, suture very obsoletely
margined ; whorls 5£ to 6, slightly convex, the last not descending
in front, convex, slightly depressed above ; base flatly convex,
opaquely whitish, umbilicus very large, equalling one-fifth of the
diameter of the circumference ; aperture diagonally oblique, some-
what roundly and obliquely lunate ; peristome smooth, straight,
margins converging, columellar not dilated or expanded.
Diameter, greatest 0-53 ; least 0'45 ; height 0-25 of an inch.
Habitat. Abundant in gardens and cellars about Sydney. — Cox.
In the above there is frequently present a spiral reddish thread
below the suture. Careful comparison with specimens of the
European H. ceVaria shew in that species greater flatness of spire
and of the shell generally, and there is a decided difference in the
shade of colour. H. Sydneyensis is very closely allied to H.
glaberrima from the Solomon Islands, in the description of which by
Pfeiffer and Eeeve no mention is made of the obsoletely striated
markings.
20. Helix nitida. Midler. Plate IX. Pig. 15, 15 a. natural
size and magnified. M.C.
Mailer, Hist. Nat. Verm., Vol. II., p. 32.
Shell umbilicated, depressly-globular, thin, shining, transparent,
very faintly transversely striated, horny, tawny throughout ; spire
slightly elevated, obtusely rounded ; whorls 5, moderately convex,
10 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
last rounded ; base excavated about the umbilicus, 'which is pervious,
moderate, equalling about one-seventh of the diameter.
Diameter, greatest 020 ; least 0" 17 ; height 0-10 of an inch.
Habitat. Darling Point, Lyndhurst, and elsewhere about Svdney. —
Cox.
A small flattish horny species, hollowed out about the umbilicus.
Widely distributed in the localities mentioned above. It may
possibly be an introduction of the European species, from which it
differs in no respect.
21. Helix splendidula. Pfr. Plate III. Fig. 3, natural size
and enlarged. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool, Soc, 1845, p. 128.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 973.
Shell umbilicated, very much depressed, thin, transparent, shining,
horny, finely and closely striated, transversely, and with very minute
spiral decussating lines, of a rich tawny colour ; spire very slightly
projecting, very obtuse ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, slightly con-
vex, last not produced in front where it is rather depressed above,
and wide ; umbilicus large, perspective, equalling ^ of the diameter ;
aperture diagonal, ovately-lunar ; peristome simple, acute, above
slightly curved, thin, regularly arcuate to the base of the columella,
which is not dilated.
Diameter, greatest 0-35; least 0-30 ; height 0*10 of an inch.
Habitat. Moreton Bay. — King. Palls of the Clyde, Clarence Piver.
— Mac Gillivray . Cape York. — Cuming.
A species which has a wide range along the east coast of Australia,
and varies considerably in size, degree of flatness, distinctness of the
stria?, colour, and glossiness. The finest specimens which I have
seen are from the brushes of the Clarence and Richmond Pivers,
and the same holds good with H. Strangei, an allied shell often
found in its company.
22. Helix ductilis. Pfr.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 385.
Shell umbiUcated, discoid, thin, under the lens very closely finely
striated, whitish-glassy-green ; spire flat ; whorls 5, flattish, gradu-
ally increasing, last not descending, depressed, rounded at the
periphery, scarcely more convex at the base ; umbilicus perspective,
exceeding j of the diameter ; aperture oblique, widely lunate ; peris-
tome simple, straight, margins scarcely converging, columellar
short, vertical, sub-angular at its junction with the basal.
Diameter, greatest 0-25 ; least 0-22 ; height 0-08 of an inch.
Habitat. Drayton Pange, Queensland. — Stutchbury.
23. Helix minima. Cox. Plate XII. Pig. ?8, natural size and
magnified. Australian Museum.
Shell broadby umbilicated, discoid, shining, yellowish-horny, very
finely striated above, smooth at the base ; whorls 5, regularly
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 11
increasing, convex, narrow, last whorl a little descending in front,
suture strongly impressed ; spire flat ; excavated round the um-
bilicus ; mouth lunately-rounded, lip simple, thin, not reflected at
the columella.
Diameter, greatest 0-07 ; least 0'06 ; height 0-03 of an inch.
Habitat. Mount "Wellington, Tasmania. — Masters.
24. Helix albumenoidea. Cox. Plate XII. Fig. 2, natural size
and magnified. Australian Museum.
Shell umbilicated, flattened, thin, opalescent, opacpie, bluish-white,
resembling coagulated albumen, smooth, dull, not shining ; spire
scarcely elevated ; suture impressed, margined ; whorls 4i to 5,
smoothly rounded, last not descending in front, the last two whorls
of a uniform diameter ; base convex, of a uniform colour and aspect,
with upper surface ; umbilicus deep, narrow, slightly excavated
round about ; aperture diagonal, ovately rounded ; peristome
simple, blunt, margins slightly converging, columella dilated at its
insertion.
Diameter, greatest 0*20 ; least 0*16 ; height 0-10 of an inch.
Habitat. Flinder's Range, South Australia. — Masters.
25. Helix fricata. Gould.
Nanina fricata. Gould, Expedition Shells, 1851, p. 32.
Reeve, Gone. Icon. sp. 1033.
Shell rotate, thin, greenish-horny, above slightly convex, sculptured
above with frequent radiating threads, sometimes forked, beneath
very smooth ; umbilicus wide, deep, funnel-shaped ; whorls 4£ ;
suture impressed ; aperture rounded ; lip simple.
Diameter 7- 10th ; axis % of a line.
Habitat. Illawarra, New South Wales. — Drayton.
The above is entirely taken from Gould's original description, as
quoted by Pfeiffer, in Mon. BZel. Viv., Vol. III., p. 93. I doubt
whether Peeve' s figure is intended for the shell of Gould, as the
former speaks of "the two characteristic red lines," not at all
alluded to by the other.
26. Helix Lyndhurstensis. Cox. Plate XVII. Fig. i natiiral
size, la., lb. much magnified. Museum, P. L. King.
Shell largely and openly umbiheated, pellucid, rotundately depressed,
obsoletely striated, smooth, shining ; spire obtusely convex, brown-
ish ; whorls 4 to 5, the last dilated ; aperture lunately-circular ;
peristome simple, acute.
Diameter 0*25; height 0-09 of an inch.
Habitat. Lyndhurst, Sydney. — King.
The only specimens which I have seen of this species are in the cabinet
of the Rev. P. L. King, of Parramatta, by whose kindness I have
been enabled to figure this and many other species.
12
AUSTRALIANS LAND SHELLS.
27. Helix SUbangulata. Pfr. Plate IX. Fig. 6, copied from
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1854, p. 53.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1301.
Shell umbilicated, convexly-depressed, rather solid, finely striated,
scarcely shining, waxy, ornamented with a narrow chestnut band
near the suture, and 2 broader ones (3 in Pceve's Fig.) beneath
the periphery ; spire short, convex, obtuse ; whorls 4^, slightly con-
vex, gradually increasing, last not descending, periphery slightly
angled, base rather flat, aperture oblique, of a rounded squarish
form ; peristome simple, straight, with margins nearly parallel, the
columellar being expanded near the umbilicus, which is of a moderate
size and open.
Diameter, greatest 0-64 ; least 0-50 ; height 0*45 of an inch.
Habitat. Van Diemen's Land. — Pfeijfer.
As I have never seen this species, I have taken the above description
from Pfeiffer, Hon. Hel. Viv., Vol. PV., and the figure from Peeve,
Gone. Icon.
VIII.— SECTION DISCUS. Pfr. Vers. p. 125.
* H.
sericatula.
* H.
inusta.
* H.
cochlidium.
* H.
pexa.
* H.
Murrayana.
* H.
Brazieri.
* H.
Saturn i.
* H.
lirata.
* H.
Adelaidae.
* H.
albanensis.
* H.
funerea.
* H.
sublesta.
* H.
Cygnea.
* H.
iuloidea.
* H.
Belli.
* H.
vinitincta.
* H.
omicron.
* H.
ziczac.
* H.
corticicola.
* H.
mucosa.
* H.
rapida.
* H.
bombycina.
* H.
Sroudensis.
* H.
Diemenensis.
* H.
retepora.
* H.
Morti.
* H.
Tasmanica.
* H.
Hobarti.
* H.
cuprea.
* H.
Melbournensis
* H.
Le Grandi.
* H.
similia.
* H.
Murphy i.
28. Helix sericatula. Pfr. Plate XII. Pig. 6 natural size, and
6 a. magnified. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc., 1849, p. 127.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 812.
Shell perforated, depressed, discoid, thin, closely and rather finely
striately ribbed, greyish-horny, rayed with dark brown, the streaks
generally in clusters, not shining, but sometimes with a silky lustre ;
spire flat ; whorls \\, slightly convex, last not descending in front,
rounded, somewhat impressed near the umbilicus ; aperture slightly
oblique, lunate, sometimes pearly within ; peristome simple, rather
obtuse, straight, the columellar margin sloping, slightly reflected
above, and partially concealing the small umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0-20; least 01 7 ; height 0*10 of an inch.
Habitat, Garden, Clark, and Shark Islands, in Port Jackson ; also
abundant in the neighbourhood of Sydney, and in other parts of the
colony. — Cox.
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 13
A shell easily recognised, although it varies much in markings,
and is sometimes without any, and entirely of a light brown.
Usually the ribs are black at intervals, or wholly, giving the shell a
streaked appearance.
29. Helix inusta. Cox. Plate X. Fig. 3, natural sue and mag-
■ nified. M.C.
Helix nautiloides. Cox.
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1865, p. 696.
Shell perforated, orbicularly depressed, discoid, regularly finely ribbed
in an arcuately curved manner, covered with a reddish-horny epi-
dermis, not shining ; spire flat, suture impressed ; whorls 4, convex,
the last rounded and rather tumid, above towards the suture convex,
slightly flattened towards the mouth, not descending ; aperture
nearly diagonal, obliquely ovately -lunate, pearly within ; peristome
simple, sinuated above, at first horizontal, then sloping downwards,
and curved to the columella, which is slightly expanded above, and
partially concealing the small umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0-23 ; least 0'19 ; height 0"12 of an inch.
Habitat. Clarence and Richmond Rivers. — MacGillivray.
A dull reddish-brown shell, closely allied to H. sericatula, but a
smaller, more delicate, and a more finely ribbed species. A pale
variety from the Clyde River has 5 whorls, and some small dark
specimens from Greystane's, Parramatta, almost inosculate with the
preceding species.
30. Helix cochlidium. Cox. Plate VIII. Pig 1, natural size
and magnified. M.C.
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1867.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, sub-discoid, thin, translucent, glassy, not
shining, with numerous prominent, thin, elevated, pbcate ribs,
regular, arcuately curved, the interstices under the lens very minutely
granulated and linearly streaked, white; spire flat, suture moderate;
whorls 4£, convex, the last narrow, rounded, rather flattened from
without, not descending in front, but rather inflated below ; below
plicately ribbed as above, outer margin of umbilicus steep, and not
gradually merging into the base ; umbilicus wide, only slightly
narrower at the bottom; aperture oblique, lunate, higher than
broad; peristome simple, frequently when formed by one of the
plicate ribs appearing as if expanded.
Diameter, greatest 0-09 ; least 0-08 ; height 0-04 of an inch.
Habitat. Clarence River, under logs with PL. iuloidea. — MacGillivray.
Closely allied to the next species, but comparatively with it, strongly,
and even coarsely sculptured. Named from the staircase like appear-
ance of the umbilicus.
31. Helix pexa. Cox. Plate VIII. Pig. 2, natural size and
magnified. M.C.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, discoid, thin, transparent, not shining,
very regularly and closely arcuately costate, each costa generally
14 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
appearing like two coalescent interstices, not striate under the lens,
pale yellowish-horny; spire flat, suture moderate ; whorls 4, convex,
the last narrow, rounded ; below slightly shining, the costse con-
tinued into the umbilicus, which is perspective, equalling -| of the
diameter ; aperture nearly diagonal, lunate ; peristome, simple, thin.
Diameter, greatest 0-08 ; least 0 07 ; height 0-04 of an inch.
Habitat. Greystanes, Prospect, near Parramatta, N. S. W. — Cox.
Easily distinguished from W. cochlidium by difference in colour, and
the fineness of the minute ribs, which are also very much more
numerous than in its white plicately-ribbed ally. The name is in-
tended to apply to the neat combed-out appearance of the little ribs.
32. Helix Murrayana. Pfr.
Pfr., Pro. Zool Soc, 1863, p. 527.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, rather thin, very closely covered with
thread-like folds, scarcely shining, brown ; spire flat ; whorls 5,
rather convex, regularly increasing, last rounded, not descending ;
umbilicus equalling about ^ of the diameter ; apertiu'e slightly
oblique, roundly-lunate ; peristome simple, straight, margins con-
verging, columella scarcely dilated near the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0"27 ; least 0-24 ; height 0-12 of an inch.
Habitat. Murray Cliffs, South Australia, under stones and among
grass in the ledges. — Angas.
To Pfeiffer's description I may add that Angas speaks of it as a small,
flattened, finely plicate species, with a large umbilicus.
33. Helix Br azieri. Cox. Plate XI. Pig. 18, natural size and
magnified. Mr. Brazier's Cabinet.
Shell umbilicated, flatly discoid, thin, very closely and very finely
ribbed, with, under the lens, extremely faint parallel lines between
the ribs, and very much stronger decussating lines, ash grey, with
occasional dark lines and streaks across the whorls ; spire flat,
suture deeply impressed ; whorls 5, regularly increasing, last
equally rounded above and below ; base ribbed as iippet surface,
umbilicus i the width of the shell, perspective, very broadly conical
and rounded at the bottom; aperture nearly vertical, broadly lunate ;
peristome simple, acute.
Diameter, greatest 9* 13 ; least 0-10 ; height 0 05 of an inch.
Habitat. Cook's Eiver, Sydney, N. S. W., under stones in dry places.
— Brazier.
Allied to DT. saturni and H. lirata. Its ash-grey colours and streaks
resemble the commonest forms of H. sericatula, and the enor-
mous proportional width of the umbilicus is very distinctive.
The markings, although somewhat difficult to describe clearly, are
characteristic.
34. Helix Saturni. Cox. Plate VI. Pig. 11, natural size and
magnified. M.C.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, 1864, p. 35.
Shell umbilicated, flatly discoid, thin, not shining, finely and promi-
nently ribbed, not very regularly, the interstices under the lens
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 15
with fine parallel lines not decussated, reddish-horny ; spire flat,
suture deeply impressed ; whorls 5, very regularly increasing, last
equally rounded above and below ; base marked as upper surface,
the ribs running into the umbilicus, which is wide, perspective, and
equalling £ of the diameter ; aperture slightly oblique, lunate,
peristome simple, acute.
Diameter, greatest 0' '14; least 0*12 ; height 0-05 of an inch.
Habitat. Rushcutters' Bay, Darling Point, Craigend, &c, near
Sydney, New South Wales. — Cox.
A shell easily distinguished from its allies by attention to the
description.
35. Helix lirata. Cox. Plate XL Fig. 3, natural siz? and
magnified. M.C.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, 1864, p. 38.
Shell umbilicated, flatly discoid, thin, strongly and regularly, not con-
fusedly, ribbed, the ribs rather distant, with, under the lens, the
interstices occupied by thread-like lines, decussated under a higher
power with still fainter lines, horny brownish chestnut ; spire flat
or very slightly submerged ; whorls 3£, last very regularly rounded
above and below ; base with ribs and thread-like lines as above,
umbilicus perspective, J the width of the shell ; aperture vertical,
semilunar ; peristome simple, thin, regular.
Diameter, greatest 0-10 ; least 0-09 ; height 0*05 of an inch.
Habitat. Rushcutter Bay, near Sydney. — MacGillivray.
The nearest ally of this shell is H. Saturni, but the two need never be
mistaken when brought together.
36. Helix Adelaidse. PJr.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 387.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, keeled, rather thin, striated, white above
with a brownish band ; spire scarcely elevated, rather blunt at the
apex, horny ; whorls 4, slightly convex, last not descending, some-
what sharply keeled above the periphery, inflated at the base ;
umbilicus perspective, nearly equalling ^ of the diameter ; aperture
almost diagonal, lunately-rounded, scarcely angular at the keel;
peristome straight, very slightly lipped within, margins converging,
columella somewhat spreading.
Diameter, greatest 0 24 ; least 0-20 ; height 0*12 of an inch.
Habitat. Adelaide, South Australia. — Cuming.
37. Helix albanensis. Cox. Plate IV. Fig. 2, natural size
and magnified. M.C.
Shell umbilicated, depressly-convex, arcuately, closely and sharply
ribbed, not shining, yellowish, with numerous short radiating
reddish-brown bands ; spire moderately conoid, obtuse, suture well
marked ; whorls 5, slowly increasing, rather convex, last rounded
and somewhat inflated towards the mouth ; umbilicus perspective,
16 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
•£• of the diameter; aperture roundly-lunate, slightly oblique ; peris-
tome thin, simple, the margins converging and joined by a thin
callus.
Diameter, greatest 0-20 ; least 0*18 ; height (MO of an inch.
Habitat. King George's Sound. — Masters.
The red markings are characteristic, but it does not very closely
resemble the two next species from the same colony.
38. Helix funerea. Cox. Plate III. Fig. 1, natural size and
magnified. M.C.
Shell urnbilicated, depressed, nearly discoid, rather thin, rather
strongly, regularly, and very closely arcuately ribbed both above
and below, covered with dark blackish-grey epidermis with no
lustre ; spire flat, or very nearly so ; whorls 4, convex, last rounded,
not descending in front ; umbilicus perspective ; equalling J of the
diameter ; aperture nearly diagonal, ovately -lunate, pearly within ;
peristome simple, thin, straight, columellar margin very sbghtly
expanded.
Diameter, greatest 0-25 ; least 0'21 ; height 0-10 of an inch.
Habitat. Mudgee, New South Wales, in decayed logs. — Cox.
Apparently little subject to variation in colour, very beautifully repre-
senting H. inusta, but more coarsely sculptured, and having a large
umbihcus.
39. Helix sublesta. Benson. Plate XL Fig. 10, copied from Reeve.
Bens., Ann. and Mag., Nat. Hist., 1853, Vol. II., p. 30.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1177.
Shell rather widely urnbilicated, depressed, almost discoid, thin, very
minutely striated like small ribs, above reddish-horny, below horny;
spire scarcely elevated ; suture impressed ; whorls 4, slightly convex,
the last not descending, roundish ; umbilicus perspective, occupying
almost \ of the diameter ; aperture vertical, roundly-lunate ; peris-
tome simple, straight, acute, margin- approximating.
Diameter, greatest 0-14; least 0-10 ; height 0*05 of an inch.
Habitat. Freemantle, "Western Australia. — Bacon.
Not having seen a specimen of this shell, the above description has
been taken from Pfeiffer's Mon. Hel. Viv., Vol. IV., p. 89. Benson
states that it is "near H. iuloidea." Peeve, "on examination,"
declares it to be operculated, and to be a Cyclostoma ; an opinion
which Pfeiffer states is evidently erroneous.
40. Helix Cygnea. Benson. Plate XII. Fig 3, copied from Reeve.
Bens., Ann. and Mag., Nat. Hist., 1853, 2nd ser., Vol. XL, p. 30.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1182.
Shell urnbilicated, orbicularly depressed, sub-discoid, thin, brown
horny, obliquely and somewhat membranously ribbed, extremely
minute, descending strise seen with the lens ; spire scarcely
elevated, flattened at the apex (-P/K), convex (Reeve) ; whorls not
quite 4-^, convex, rather narrow, last not descending, rounded ;
umbihcus conical, almost equalling I of the diameter ; aperture
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 17
scarcely oblkxue, roundly-lunate, Pfr. , nearly circular, Peeve ;
peristome simple, straight, margins somewhat approximating,
columellar margin scarcely dilated, shortly reflected.
Diameter, greatest 0*16 ; least 0'15 ; height 0"06 of an inch.
Habitat. Perth, Western Australia. — Bacon.
Like the preceding, this description is not original, but extracted from
Pfeiffer's Jlon. Hel Viv., Vol. IV., p. 89, and from Eeeve, who
states it to be a " light horny species, delicately encircled with fine
ring-like ribleis." Benson says it is ''like II. sublesta and H.
iuloidea. "
41. Helix iuloidea. Forbes. Plate XI. Fig 19, natural site and
magnified. M.O.
Forbes, Yoy. Rattlesnalce, Vol. II., p. 379. PI. II. F. 4.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1464.
Shell umbilicated, depressly- orbicular, rather thin, regularly and
closely finely ribbed, reddish-horny ; spire fiat, excavated in the
centre, suture deep ; whorls 4, convex, last rounded, rather tumid,
not descending in front ; umbilicus wide, deep and perspective,
equalling \ of the diameter ; aperture very nearly vertical, lunate,
higher than wide ; peristome simple, thin, angulated near the body
whorl.
Diameter, greatest O'lo ; least 0"13 ; height O'Oo of an inch.
Habitat. Port Molle, North Australia. — llacGillivray. Clarence River,
&c. — Cox.
Although varying in size and colour — for I have received not only very
pale, but even pure white varieties from the Clarence River — also
in the degree of excavation of the spire, it is a shell of very easy
recognition.
42. Helix Belli. Cox. Plate VI. Fig. 3, natural size and mag-
nified. M.C.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 22, 18G4.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, ^discoid, thin, transparent ; regularly,
very closely, and very finely marked with thread-like stria?, varying
in colour from pale-horny, and reddish-yellow, to reddish-chestnut,
slightly shining; spire flat, sometimes slightly concave; suture deeply
impressed ; whorls 5, very gradually increasing, convex, the last
narrow, rounded, rather dilated below, not descending in front ;
below linearly marked as above, rather suddenly merging into the
deep perspective umbilicus, which is nearly j? the width of the
shell ; aperture lunate ; peristome simple, thin, outer margin
slightly curved.
Diameter, greatest 0-08 ; least G"07 ; height 0-03 of an inch.
Habitat. Green Oakes, Darling Point, Sydney. — Bell.
A minute, very much depressed, finely striated, brownish shell, not
resembling any other Australian species.
18 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
43. Helix vinitincta. Cox. Plate I. Fig. 6, 6 a. natural size
and magnified. M.C.
Shell umbilicated, on both sides depressed, involute, thin, horny,
closely covered with plait-like riblets, not shining, covered with a
deep reddish-chestnut epidermis ; spire concave, the whorls forming
an upper, wide, spiral umbilicus, penetrating £ of the thick-
ness of the shell ; whorls 4, quickly increasing, last narrower than
high, convex along the periphery, witli an obsolete ridge above com-
pressed from behind ; base flatly rounded, almost ribbed as above ;
umbilicus very open, exposing the whorls, shallow ; aperture oval,
twice the length from above downwards as from before backwards,
almost vertical ; peristome simple, very slightly thickened and
everted, margins separated by the last wliorl which bulges into the
centre of the oval aperture.
Diameter, greatest 027 ; least 0*23; height 0-10 of an inch.
Habitat. Upper Richmond River, under logs in the brushes."-
MacGillkray.
Closely allied in form to those specimens of H. 0 micron, which have
the spire submersed, but wanting the red markings, attaining a
much larger size, and being of a deep vinous hue all over.
44. Helix Omicron. Pfr. Plate X. Fig. 1, natural size and
magnified. M.C.
Pfr.,' Zeit-schrift fur 3/alac, 1851, p. 128.
H. Ammonitoides. Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 1246.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, concave on both sides, thin, very closely
covered with thread-like ribs or folds, not shining, horny, with
numerous streaks and zigzag markings, straight, curved, and
oblicpie ; spire either deeply concave or level with the surface ;
whorls 4, very rapidly increasing, convex, last large, rounded, higher
than broad, not descending in front ; below plicately ribbed as
above ; umbilicus with steep margin, conical, about 3 of the diameter ;
aperture almost vertical, broadly-lunar ; peristome simple, thin,
] uargins remote, yet tending to converge, outer regularly curved,
columellar margin slightly sinuated below and then slanting upwards.
Diameter, greatest 0-22 ; least 0-l8 ; height 0-08 of an inch.
Habitat. Richmond River. — MacQillivray. Brisbane. — Masters. Port
Curtis. — Blaekman. Var. from Clarence River.
Although a variable species, it yet may be generally recognised at
once by the red markings, which, however, vary in intensity, and
are wanting in some small pale specimens.
45. Helix ziczac, Gould.
Gould, Pro. Bod. Soc, 1846, p. 166.
Gould, Expedition Shells, 1851, p. 41. Fig. 44.
Shell small, rounded, depressed, whitish-straw-coloured, painted with
small, oblique, lightning-like, brown Hues, and furrowed with acute,
closely-set, reflected, hairy plates; beneath convex, perforated with a
AtSTRALIAX LAXD SHELLS. 19
large stair-case-like umbilicus ; whorls 6, convex, narrow ; aperture
sub-circular; sub-angulated at the base; lip simple, reflected near the
umbilicus.
Width 0-30 ; height 0-18 of an inch.
Habitat. New South "Wales. — Gould.
Probably allied to H. Omicron, which, however, has no pilosity. No
reference to the spire is given in the preceding description, taken
from the original, as copied by Pfeifl'er, Mon. Hel. Yiv., Vol. 1,
p. 116.
46. Helix corticicola. Cox. Plate VII. Fig. 7, 7 a. natural size
and magnified. M.C.
Cox, Pro".7iool. Soc, 1866, p. 374.
Shell rather widely umbilicated, depressly-circular, slightly shining,
covered with a yellowish-red epidermi?, above with pale radiating
streaks, irregularly and rather thickly ribbed, below rather smooth,
under the lens exhibiting obsolete spiral lines ; spire depressed ;
whorls 5, slantingly-convex, very gradually increasing, last obtusely
keeled, towards the mouth obsoletely so ; aperture lunately-sub-
circular ; peristome thin, simple, not dilated at the columella.
Diameter, greatest 0'30 ; least 0*25 ; height 0*15 of an inch.
Habitat. Lismore, Richmond River, under bark in a pine scrub. —
JIacGillivray.
47. Helix mucosa. Cox. Plate XL Fig. 14, natural size and
magnified. M.C.
Shell umbilicated, depressly-orbicular, almost discoid, closely and
irregularly striated in a wrinkled manner, rather solid, shining as if
from oil or mucus ; spire very widely conical, apex sunk ; whorls 4^,
very slowly increasing, slightly convex, last suddenly deflected in
front, obsoletely keeled ; base convex, rugosely striated as above,
but more lightly ; umbilicus perspective, nearly equalling -J- of the
diameter; aperture roundly-lunate; peristome simple, straight, mar-
gins somewhat approximating, columellar margin above, rather
strongly expanded and reflexed.
Diameter, greatest 0-30; least 0*25 ; height 0'14 of an inch.
Habitat. Clarence River, under a log in a brush. — MacGillivray.
A single specimen, in fine condition.
48. Helix rapida. Pfr. Plate 111. Fig 9a., 9b. natural size and
magnified. M.C.
Pfr., Zeit-schrift far Malac, 1853, p. 54.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1038.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, discoid, thin, horny, indistinctly rugosely
striated, most strongly about the suture, decussated under the lens
by minute, wrinkled, spiral lines, shining, profusely covered with
deep reddish-chestnut wavy patches, mostly radiating, streaks,
blotches, and spots ; spire flat ; whorls 3-L, rapidly increasing,
slightly convex, the last wide, slightly depressed above, rounded,
20 AUSTRALIAN T.AXP STIKLI B.
not descending in front ; base moderately convex and gradually
merging into the umbilicus, which is perspective, and nearly equals
^ of the diameter ; very glossy below, markings mostly interrupted,
or broken up, and zigzag ; aperture oblique, lunately-rounded ;
peristome simple, acute, approximating at the margins.
Diameter, greatest 0'28 ; leant 0-25 ; height 010 of an inch.
Habitat. Cape York, N. Australia. — Edwards.
This well marked species, discoid, shining, and curiously radiated with
reddish-chestnut, was originally described as being from New Zea-
land, and a large variety, yellow, ornamented along the suture with
a broad, jointed, chestnut band, as occurring in the Solomon Islands.
My Australian specimens agree perfectly with Pfeiffer's description
in his Jlon. llel. Viv., Vol. III., p. 633, and also with specimens
from the New Hebrides.
49. Helix bombyeina. Pfr. Plate X. Fig. 11. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool, Soc, 1854, p. 54.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1314.
Shell umbilicatecl, depressed, discoid, thin, horny, closely, obliquely,
and strongly striated, encircled with very numerous spiral bands and
lines of various hues of yellow, red, and brown ; spire flattened ;
whorls 4, rapidly increasing, nearby flat, last very large, depressed,
searceby descending in front; aperture lunately-oval ; base smooth,
yellowish, very glossy ; umbilicus perspective, equalling ^ of the
diameter ; peristome simple, thin, straight, margins approximating,
outer dilated, columellar margin scarcely expanded above.
Piatneter, greatest 0-57 ; least 055 ; height 0-30 of an inch.
Habitat. Mount "Wellington, Tasmania.— Ie Grande.
50. Eelix Stroudeusis. Cox. Plate XL Fig. 1, natural size and
magnified. . M.C.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 20, 1864.
Shell umbilicated, depressly-orbicular, nearly discoid, rather thin,
translucent, not .shining, with numerous close, fine, curved riblets,
pule yellowish-horny; spire scarcely projecting, flat, suture deep;
whorls 4, very gradually increasing, last roundly- convex ; base
marked as above, the riblets running into the umbilicus, which is
small and pervious ; aperture diagonal, lunate ; peristome simple,
thin, right lip sub-angular.
Diameter, greatest 0*12 ; least 0-10 ; height 0-03 of an inch.
Habitat. Stroud, Port Stephens, New South Wales. — lung.
Avery minute species, allied to II. Sat urn i, II. lirata, &c, but differing
from all the somewhat similarly sculptured species in having a small
umbilicus.
61. Helix Diemenensis. Cox. Plate VII. Fig 6, 6 a. natural size
and magnified. M.C.
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1867.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, orbicular, discoid, thin, translucent, with
very numerous prominent riblets, not shining, with many radiate
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. ' 21
pale red bauds ; spire small, slightly prominent, suture moderate ;
whorls 4^, slowly increasing, slightly convex, last regularly roundly
convex, not descending in front ; umbilicus equalling I- of the
diameter; aperture obliquely-lunate; peristome simple, thin, straight.
Diameter, greatest 037 ; least G"33 ; height 0-14 of an inch.
Habitat. Tasmania. — Le Grande.
The two specimens which I possess, and also the two in the collection
of the Rev. R. L. King, are imperfect in the mouth, so that I can
say nothing regarding the upper part of the columella.
Pfeiffer, in Mon. Hel. Viv., Vol. IV., p. 94, says, the Helix coma of
Gray is a "New Zealand species, and that it is even found in Van
Piemen's Land." A reference to the description of H coma, in
Vol. III., p. 99 of the same work, indicates a very strong probability
that my Helix Diemenensis is the same. This, however, is only noted
now as a point to be attended to in due time,
52. Helix retepora. Cox. Plate VII. Fig. 8, 8 a. natural size
and magnified. M.C
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1867, p. 39.
Shell perforated, depressly-orbicular, rather solid, not shining, very
closely, strongly and almost regularly ribbed in a radiate, curved
manner, some of the ribs much more projecting than others, and at
somewhat regular intervals, the interstices crossed by minute and
close raised lines, giving under the lens the idea of network ; dull
reddish-brown; spire slightly prominent, flatly rounded, obtuse,
suture distinct; whorls 4.V, gradually increasing, slightly convex,
last roundly convex ; base sculptured as upper surface ; aperture
oblicpiely-lunate, enamelled within ; peristome simple, thin ; colu-
mella above triangularly dilated and reflected, half concealing the
rather small umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0-19 ; least 0-18 ; height 0"07 of an inch.
Habitat. Flinder's Eange, S. Australia. — Masters.
53. Helix Morti. Cox. Plate XI. Fig. 13, natural size and
magnified. M.C
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 22, 1864.
Helix paradoxa. Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 21, 186i
Bather widely and deeply umbilicated, depressly-convex, irregularly
transversely ribbed, the interstices being decussately-punctately
striate ; slightly shining, translucent, horny-brown ; whorls 3 to 3^-,
moderately convex, the last rounded, not descending ; spire slightly
elevated, obtuse ; aperture roundly-lunate, margins approaching ;
peristome simple, the columellar border slightly everted.
Diameter, greatest 0-08 ; least 0'07 ; height 0-04 of an inch.
Habitat. Green Oakes, Darling Point. Marrickville. Dawes Point,
and elsewhere about Sydney. Chatsworth. Campbelltown. Clarence
River. Clyde River. Dapto, in N. S. W. ; also S. Australia, W
Aiistralia, and Tasmania. — Cox.
22 AUSTItAUAX LAND SHELLS.
The lips are sometimes faintly joined by a callus, and the shell exhibits
variation in tho distinctness of its arched ribs which are sometimes
obsolete.
54. Helix Tasmaniae. Cox. Plate XII. Fig. 4, natural size and
magnified. Australian Museum.
Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, each whorl regularly marked
above with alternate dark-chestnut and light segments ; regularly
and strongly ribbed ; thin, spire slightly raised ; whorls 5, flatteued
towards the suture, the last a little descending in front, base con-
vex ; umbilicus deeply funnel-shaped ; aperture roundly-dilated,
lip simple, sharp, margins closely approaching, columellar margin
not dilated at its base.
Diameter, greatest 013; least 0-11 ; height 0-07 of an inch.
Habitat. Mount Wellington, Tasmania. — Masters.
55. Helix Hobarti. Cox. Plate XII. Fig. 11, natural me and
magnified. Australian Museum.
Shell openly and deeply umbilicated, depressed, dusky-brown, closely
and regularly transversely ribbed ; spire only slightly elevated
principally produced by the depression of the last whorl ; whorls
'H, rounded ; base convex, with a funnel-shaped umbilicus ; aper-
ture almost round ; peristome simple, margins closely approxima-
ting, no evertion of the columellar margin.
Diameter, greatest 01 2 ; least 0-09 ; height 0*05 of an inch.
Habitat. The Domain, Hobart Town, Tasmania. — 3/asters.
Closely allied to H. Morti, of New South Wales.
56. Helix CUprea. Cox. Plate XII. Fig. 9, natural size and
magnified. Australian Museum.
Shell with a deep, rather large umbilicus, discoid ; spire flat, but not
impressed ; of a light copper colour, with metallic lustre ; whorls
4-i- to 5, gradually increasing, last whorl rounded, closely and finely
striated above and at the base, suture broad, last whorl slightly
depressed in front ; aperture rounded ; lip simple, margins approxi-
mating, columellar margin at the base very slightly everted.
Diameter, greatest 0-10 ; least 0'08 ; height 0-06 of an inch.
Habitat. King George's Sound, W. Australia. — Masters.
57. Helix Melbournensis. Cox. Plate XII. Fig. 10, natural size
and magnified. Australian Museum.
Shell umbilicated, depressly-globose, finely and regularly striated,
converging towards the umbilicus, uniformly brown, lighter below
than above ; whorls 4^, rounded, gradually increasing, suture im-
pressed, spire moderafely elevated ; aperture lunately- rounded ; lip
simple, margins converging, columellar margin broadly reflected at
its base, covering the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0-20 ; least 0-17 ; height 0-14 of an inch.
Habitat. Melbourne, Victoria. — Masters.
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 23
58. Helix Le Grandi. Cox. Plate XII. Fig. 7, natural size and
magnified. Australian Museum.
Shell openly umbilicated, depressly-orbicular, rather irregularly,
closely, and sharply striated, reddish-brown ; spire flat, but not
excavated in the centre ; suture impressed ; whorls 41 flattened and
slanting towards the suture, last tumid, not descending in front ;
umbilicus widely open, freely exposing the whorls ; aperture round,
lips simple, thin, margins closely approaching, columellar margin
not reflected at the base.
Diameter, greatest 0-13 ; least 0-12 ; height 0-07 of an inch.
Habitat. Mount Wellington, Tasmania.— Masters.
Closely allied to, and resembling H. iuloidea.
59- Helix similis- Cox. Plate XII. Fig. 12, natural size and
magnified. Australian Museum.
Shell deeply and perspectively umbilicated, discoid, spire depressed,
chestnut-brown, not shining, regularly and finely ribbed on the
uj)per and under surface ; whorls 4^, rounded, last whorl descending
a Little in front, suture deep and narrow ; peristome simple, thin ;
aperture round, margins closely approximating, columellar margin
not reflected at the base.
Diameter, greatest 0'08 ; least 0-07 ; height 0-04 of an inch.
Habitat. Mount Wellington, Tasmania. — Masters.
60. Helix Murphyi. Cox. M.C.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 37, 1864.
Shell openly umbilicated, depressed, reddish-horny, slightly shining,
closely and obliquely elevately ribbed and under the lens, decus-
sately striated ; whorls 5, rather plainly convex, the last sharply
keeled, spire obtuse ; aperture moderately oblique, triangularly
ovate ; peristome simple and sharp.
Diameter, greatest 018 ; least 0'16 ; height 0-09 of an inch,
Habitat. AVollongong, under stones. — Masters.
IX.— SECTION ANGASELLA. Adams.
* H. cyrtopleura.
61. Helix cyrtopleura. Pfr. Plate IX. Fig. 13, 13a., copied
from Joum. de Conehyl.
Pfr., Joum. de Conehyl, 1862, p. 227. PI. X. Fig. 1.
Shell rather widely umbilicated, depressed, shaped like a Planorbis,
rather solid, with veiw close arcuate thread-like ribs, whitish ; spire
flat ; whorls 4 or 4-±-, scarcely convex, last more convex, almost
rounded, not descending in front ; aperture oblique, lunately-sub-
circular, shining within ; peristome white, callous, margins con-
verging, right shortly expanded, basal slightly reflected.
Diameter, greatest 0-70 ; least 0-57 ; height 025 of an inch.
Habitat. Plains in the neighbourhood of I ake Torrens, South Aus-
tralia.— Angus.
2 1 AUSTBALIAN LAND SHELLS.
The above description is merely a translation from Pfeiffer, who states
that the specimens wero "dead shells." Angas, Pro. Zool. Soc,
18GS, p. 521, speaks of " this strongly plicate, flattened, and widely
umbilicated species" as being the type of this section.
X.— SECTION PATITLA. Pfr. Vers. p. 12G.
* II. ptychoinphala. * H. confusa. * H. Leichhardti.
* II. eaiullacea. * H. Stranarei. * PI. bullacea.
i. O
* H. Franklandiensis. * H. Strangeoides. * II. Greorgiana.
* H. Walkeri. * H. lampra. * H. lamproides.
* H. Wellingtonensis * H. Namoiensis. * H. Harrietts.
* H. Ramsayi.
62. Helix ptychomphala. Pfr. Plate VII. Pig. 1, la.
Also Plate XVIII. Pig. 5. M.O.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1851, p. 98.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 760.
Shell umbilicated, depressfy-globose, rather thin, very closely rugosely
striated with a few nearly obsolete indications of decussating lines,
shining, horny, yellowish or reddish, with irregular darker trans-
verse streaks ; spire small, convexly rounded ; whorls 4-^, last
roundly-swollen, not turned down in front ; base convex, smooth at
the umbilicus, which is usually chestnut, and surrounded by a yellow
band, the opening plicated within, rather large, perspective, equalling
about 1 -6th the diameter ; aperture moderately oblique, irregularly
hmately-oval, higher than broad; peristome simple, thin, columellar
margin rather straightly ascending, callous, moderately dilated and
reflected.
Diameter, greatest 1*15 j least l'OO ; height 0-60 of an inch.
Habitat. Cape Upstart. — MacGillivray. Wide Bay. — Stutchbury.
Manning Eiver. — Cox.
63. Helix confusa. Pfr. Plate IV. Pig. 3 ; also Plate XVIII.
Fig. 4. M.O.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1855, p. 112.
Umbilicated, conoidly-semi-globular, rather thin, very glossy, closely
and regularly finely striated, yellowish, reddish or reddish-chestnut,
with hregular radiating darker bands ; spire short, obtusely- conical;
whorls 4£, slightly convex, last wide and inflated, not descending in
front, rather flattened above ; base convex, smoother and much more
shining than the upper surface ; umbilicus perspective, equalling
1-Cth of the diameter, within uniform in colour, strongly striated ;
aperture very nearly diagonal, roundly-lunate, pearly within,
margins approaching ; peristome simple, thin, scarcely dilated at
the columellar margin.
Diameter, greatest l-45 ; least 1*25; height 0-G0 of an inch.
Habitat. Ipswich. — Masters. Wide Bay. — ICing. Cape Upstart and
Upper Richmond River. — MacGillivray.
Pfeifter remarks that it differs from the nearly allied .IT. ptychomphala,
in having the stria? straight, and not undulated, in the last whorl
AUSTRALIAN LAXD SHELLS. 25
being broader, sub-depressed, almost smooth, and the umbilicus of
the same colour as the rest of the shell, instead of being chestnut,
surrounded by a yellow band. A variety, of which I have numerous
specimens from the Richmond River, differs in being duller above,
in the greater completeness of the ribs which are scarcely fainter
towards the mouth, and in the entire absence of the spiral lines
occasionally met with in this fine species.
64. Helix Leichhardti. Cox. Plate V. Fig. 1. Australian
Museum.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 3-3, 18G4.
Shell umbilicated, conoiclly-sami- globular, rather thin, glossy, closely,
not very regularly, and frequently anastomosedly striated, with no
indications of spiral decussating lines, reddish-yellow, tinged with
green, with some dark irregular radiating streaks ; spire convex,
obtuse ; whorls 4^, moderately convex, last very large, inflated,
deflected at the mouth, depressly-convex above, flattened at the
mouth ; below convex, a faint yellow ring round the umbilicus,
which is perspective, and equals ^ of diameter ; aperture oblique,
irregularly ovately-lunate, broader than high ; peristome simple,
plain, straight, right margin nearly straight, anterior and columellar
margins gradually merging, arcuately curved, very slightly dilated
and reflected above.
Diameter, f/reatest 1-40; least P20; height 050 of an inch.
Habitat. Australia. — Leichhardt.
65. Helix capillacea. Fer. Plate VI. Fig. 7 ; and Plate XL
Fig. 8. M.C.
Fer., Hist., p. 206. PI. LXXXII. F. 5.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, closely and almost regularly striated,
thin, glossy, horny-yellow; spire scarcely or not at all showing;
whorls 4, quickly increasing, flatly-convex, last very large, de-
pressly-convex, not descending in front ; base more convex,
smoother, more glossy; umbilicus pervious, about 1 -5th of diameter;
aperture diagonal, transversely, lunately-oval, wider than high;
peristome simple, thin, straight, margins approximating, columellar
margin very slightly expanded.
Diameter, greatest 0-95 ; least 0'80 ; height 0-27 of an inch.
Habitat. Garden Island, Port Jackson, &c. — Cox.
Specimens of a shell from Garden Island, Port Jackson, in my col-
lection, so thoroughly agree with the description of Ferrusac of IT.
capillacea, copied in Pfeiffer's Hon. LTel. Yiv., Vol. I., p. 90, and as
perfectly with the three figures in the original plate, with which I
have carefully compared them, that I have not the slightest hesi-
tation in referring them to that species originally stated as from
Port Jackson. And as this is merely one of the forms of a very
variable species, long afterwards named H. Strangei by Pfeiffer, the
latter name should be regarded as a synonym. However, to com-
promise the matter, I here beg to include under the head DT.
26 AUSTRALIAN L.VXD SHELLS.
capillacea all those shells of the Port Jackson type, with the spire
flat, or nearly so, and for the group, much depressed, and finely and
closely ribbed, without any decussating spiral lines.
I possess a large specimen from the shores of Port Jackson, l-00 by
0-85 of an inch, veiy rudely sculptured, and from the prominence of
the lines of growth evidently an old shell, in which there are no
spiral lines, and where the spire is quite flat.
66. Helix Strangei. Pfr. Plate XTIII. Fig. 17. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1848, p. 108.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 416.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, rather thin, shining, pellucid, closely
striately-ribbed above, decussated with very numerous impressed
spiral lines, yellowish, reddish, or chestnut-horny ; spire slightly
elevated, obtuse ; whorls 5, slightly convex, last large, tumid, de-
pressed above, convex externally and below, not descending in front;
base nearly smooth, with obsolete indications of strire and concentric
lines, very glossy ; umbilicus rather large, about 1 -5th of the
diameter, pervious ; aperture moderately oblique, lunately-oval
within, somewhat pearly ; peristome simple, thin, straight, margins
approximating, right rather straight, outer regularly arched, colu-
mellar margin thinly expanded, and reflected above.
Diameter, greatest 1*05 ; least 090 ; height 0-40 of an inch.
Habitat. Brisbane Water. Lane Cove. Penrith. Also Clarence, Rich-
mond, and other rivers, as far north as Port Denison. — Cox.
This species is subject to considerable variation. The spiral decus-
sating lines are sometimes absent, thus indicating a passage to H.
capillacea ; but these specimens are not so depressed, nor is the spire
so flat ; usually the shell looks as if varnished, and the rib-like
stripe, except towards the apex, are never so prominent as in H.
capillacea ; indeed, the last are occasionally almost obsolete, as in
a specimen from Ash Island, Hunter Eiver. Examples from the
brushes often exhibit, especially on the under surface, a fine deep
chestnut hue, and in such situations this shell attains to its greatest
dimensions. The measurements, however, are not those of one of
the largest size.
67. Helix bullacea. Pfr. Plate IY. Pig. 11 ; and Plate II.
Fig. 10. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1854, p. 53.
Peeve, Con. Icon. sp. 1288.
Helix assimilans. Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 593.
Shell umbilicated, convexlv-depressed, thin, glossy, pellucid, above
very closely set with distinct thread-like stri?e, reddish-horny ; spire
small, slightly convex ; whorls 4, quickly increasing, rather con-
vex, last rounded and smooth at the periphery, slightly depressed
above at the mouth, rather inflated outwardly, not descending in
front ; base convex, very faintly radiately striated, yellowish-horny,
very glossy ; umbilicus modeiate, 1 -5th of the diameter; aperture
diagonal, almost roundly-lunate, slightly iridescent within ; peris-
tome simple, thin, straight, margins convergent, sometimes joined
AUSTRALIAN LAXD SHELLS. 27
by a very thin callus, columellar margin above triangularly dilated
and reflected.
Diameter, greatest 0*70 ; least 0-55 ; height 0-25 of an inch.
Habitat. Clarence and Richmond Rivers. — MacGillivray.
As I have reason to suspect the shell I formerly named H. assimilans
to be that previously described as H. bullacea, of Pfr., I have here
placed them under one description, but with much uncertainty.
My specimens agree sufficiently well with Pfeiffer's descrip-
tion, Hon. Eel. Vie, Vol IV., p. 92 ; but when I compare
them with Reeve's figure, to which Pfeiffer refers, I see that
this does not agree, being prominently striped, with the letter
press, which gives the colour as ash-horny, treats of spiral strire, and
whorls obsoletely-roundly-keeled at the periphery. Consequently,
this second reference, instead of being of assistance, tends only to
confound the matter, for both refer to the Cumingian cabinet for the
type specimen.
68. Helix Franklandiensis. Forbes. Plate III. Pig. 7. M.C.
Forbes, Voy. Rattlesnake, Vol. II., p. 372. PI. II. F. 2, a. b.
Shell umbilicated, rather flatly-orbieularry-depressed, thin, very glossy,
yellowish-horn colour, faintly striated, with numerous irregular
radiating darker streaks ; spire very small, nearly flat ; whorls 5,
slightly convex, last convex, very much dilated, slightly depressed
near the mouth ; base convex, of same tint as upper surface and
equally shining; umbilicus wide, perspective, equalling rather more
than \ of the diameter ; aperture nearly diagonal, roundly or
slightly ovately-lunate ; peristome thin, simple, straight, margins
approximating, columellar margin not dilated above.
Diameter, greatest 1'10; least 0-95 ; height 0*45 of an inch.
Habitat. Frankland and Lizard Isles, Queensland. — MaeGillivray.
N.B. — This species is referred by Pfeiffer to his section Discus.
69. Helix Strangeoides. Cox. Plate XVII. Fig. 3, natural
size. Fig. 3 a., 3 b. much magnified.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 20, 1864.
Shell umbilicated, very depressly-orbicular, somewhat discoid, thin,
transparent, shining, irregularly and rather coarsely striated, de-
cussated with numerous fine, close, spiral lines, yellowish-horny ;
spire very slightly prominent, rounded ; whorls 4, very rapidly
increasing, last depressed above, roundly-convex outwardly and
below ; base smooth, with faint markings ; umbilicus large, open,
nearly \ of diameter ; aperture lunately-ovate ; peristome simple,
thin, margins approaching.
Diameter, greatest 0-40 ; least 0'33 ; height 0*15 of an inch.
Habitat. Moreton Bay. — King.
Distinguished from H. splendidula by the possession of the spiral decus-
sating lines. Four specimens in the collection of the Rev. R. L. King
are all that I have seen.
28 AUSTRALIAN* LAND SHELLS.
70. Helix Georgiana. Quoy et G aim ard. Plate XIX. Fig. 1.
Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. do V Astrol. et ZeUe. Moll., p. 129. PI. X.
P. 26—30
Desh., in Per. Hist. Moll 1, p. 88. N. 119. PL LXXXIV. P. 3—4.
Shell sub-discoid, depressed, thin, brittle, translucent, yellow, above
very finely and deeply striated, beneath smooth and widely umbili-
cated ; spire very short ; whorls 4, slightly convex, last large ;
aperture oblique, simple, sub -circular.
Diameter 0-43 ; height 0-24 of an inch.
Habitat. King George's Sound. — Quoy et Gaimard.
The above is a translation of Deshaye's description, in preference to
the original one of its first describers. The figures indicate a shell
of the size of U. splendulula, but with exceedingly delicate, regular
ribbed lines throughout, even descending into the umbilicus.
71. Helix Walkeri. Gray.
Zonites "Walkeri. Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 63.
Shell depressed, umbilicated, polished, yellowish-brown ; whorls 3-|,
very quickly increasing, ventricose, finely concentrically striated
above with dense spiral stride • umbilicus deep ; aperture large.
Axis 8 lines ; diameter 1 inch.
Habitat. About seventy miles from Port Macquarie. — Cunningham.
This must be closely allied to II. capiUacea, and H. strangei. The
original description is given verbatim, as I have not seen an
authentic specimen, nor has Pfeirfer. It appears to me that the
word ■•concentrically" is a mistake for " radiately ;" the fact of
"spiral" or concentric stria) having been subsequently mentioned
indicates this.
72. Helix lampra. Pfr. Plate X. Fig. 9. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc., 1854, p. 53.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1295.
Shell umbilicated, convexly-depressed, chin, horny, translucent, very
glossy, with fine arcuate rib-like stria?, from dark green to deep
greenish-chestnut ; spire small, convex, obtuse ; whorls 4, quickly
increasing, last depressed, expanded outwardly, not descending in
front ; base smoother, bright greenish-yellow ; umbilicus about l-5th
of the diameter ; aperture lunately-oval, nearly diagonal ; peristome
simple, thin, straight, margins converging, columellar margin very
slightly reflexed above.
Diameter, greatest 0-90 ; least 0*70 ; height 0-30 of an inch.
Habitat. Launceston, Tasmania. — Gunn.
A remarkably glossy species, occasionally of a uniform olive green.
73. Helix lamproides. Cox. Plate X. Fig. 13. M.O.
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1867.
Shell umbilicated, convexly-depressed, thin, closely and irregularly
striately ribbed, above scarcely shining, below more so, horny-
reddish, paler beneath ; spire small, slightly convex, obtuse ; whorls
AtJSTRALIAK LAXD SHELLS. 29
4, quickly increasing, last not descending, depressed above, beneath
convex, bluntly angular ; aperture oblique, lunately-rounded ; peris-
tome simple, thin, margins converging, right straight, angular in
front, columellar margin arched, neither dilated nor reflexed.
Diameter, greatest 0*57 ; least 050; height 0'22 of an inch.
Habitat. N.W. coast of Tasmania. — Cox.
Closely allied to 77. lampra, but differing in being more coarsely sculp-
tured, and wanting the extreme polish of that species, besides being
obtusely carinated, and having the aperture angular externally.
74. Helix Wellingtonensis, Cox. Plate VII. Fig. 5, 5 a.
natural size and magnified.
Cox, Pro. Zool. 5oc.,»t867.
Shell umbilicated, depressly-orbicular, sub-discoid, thin, with thread-
like riblets radiating sub-arcuately, frecjuently extending even to the
umbilicus, not shining, varying in colour from glassy-white to dirty
yellow ; spire small, scarcely elevated ; whorls 4, slowly increasing,
moderately convex, last more convex, not descending in front ;
umbilicus perspective, equalling \ of the diameter ; aperture mode-
rately oblique, lunate ; peristome simple, thin, straight, margins
approaching, columellar margin neither dilated nor reflexed.
Diameter, greatest 027 ; least 0-23 ; height Oil of an inch.
Habitat. Mount Wellington, Tasmania. — Cox.
Closely allied to 77. Diemenensis, but differing in sculpture, in having
fewer and more thread-like ribs, and also in other respects.
75. Helix Namoiensis. Cox. Plate XVIII. Fig. 10, 10 a. M.C.
Shell deeply, rather narrowly umbilicated, thin, transparent, shining,
very smooth everywhere, light olive-brown, orbicularly depressed;
spire but little raised; whorls 5, rounded, last dilated, not descend-
ing in front ; aperture large, obliquely ovately-rounded, opalescent
within ; peristome simple, lip thin and sharp, darkened on the
outer surface, margins approaching, columellar margin slightly
dilated at the base.
Diameter, greatest 0-93 ; least 0-75 ; height O'oo of an inch.
Habitat. Namoi Eiver, N.S.W. — Scott,
This fine species presented to me by my friend, Mr. Walker Scott,
much resembles 77. strangei and other allied species in general
aspect, but is at once distinguished from it by the absence of any
sculpture on the upper surface, by the smallness of the umbilicus,
and by the dark outer surface of the peristome.
76. Helix Harriett*©. Cox. Plate XVIII. Pig. 9, 9 a.
Shell largely and openly umbilicated, flatly-depressed, thin, pale,
yellowish-brown, shining, coarsely striated on the upper surface,
smooth at the base, irregidarly streaked with dark brown and yel-
lowish-brown ; spire flattened ; whorls 4, rather rapidly increasing,
fiat above, convex below, giving to the last whorl a blunt angled
30 AtSTBALlAX LAKD SHELLS.
appearance, no depression of last whorl ; peristome irregularly
rounded, lip simple, sharp, margins closely approximating, colu-
mellar margin moderately reflexed at the base ; umbilicus equalling
•£ the diameter of the shell.
Diameter, greatest 0'54 ; least 0-42 ; height 0*33 of an inch.
Habitat. Richmond River. — Ramsay.
Closely resembling young specimens of II. FranJIandiensis.
77. Helxi Ramsayi. Cox. Plate XVHI. Fig. 11, 11a.
Shell broadly and largely umbilicated, sub-discoid, depressed, covered
with a thin, smooth, bright olive epidermis, rugosely striated; spire
but little elevated ; whorls 4j? to 5, rapidly increasing, last whorl
round, broader and much dilated, very slightly deflected in front ;
umbilicus large and open, exposing the other whorls ; aperture hori-
zontal, large, ovately-rounded, bluish-white within, lip simple,
margins approximating, not reflected at the columella.
Diameter, greatest l-30 ; least 0-90 ; height 0-60 of an inch.
Habitat. Richmond River. — Ramsay.
This fine species may be at once recognised from all others of its type
by the large inflation of the last whorl.
XL— SECTION HYGBOMIA. Rfr. Vers. p. 127.
* H. Jervisensis. * H. Gilberti.
78. Helix Jervisensis. Quoy et Gaimard. Plate I. Fig. 2,
2 a. M.C.
Quoy et Gaimard, Toy aVAstr. II., t. 10, f. 26—30.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 758.
Shell perforate, depressly conoidly-globose, thin, fragile, obliquely
striated with some irregularity, and granulated under the lens,
transparent, of a pale-horny tint, generally red about the suture,
and the umbilical region ; spire conical, and somewhat obtuse ;
whorls 5, somewliat convex, the last inflated, and slightly keeled at
the circumference ; aperture large, oblique, rotundately-lunate ;
peristome with a thin rose coloured lip, and with margins apart ;
columella dilated above, into a somewhat broad plate, half covering
the perforation.
Diameter, greatest 0,(J2 ; least 0-73 ; height 0-75 of an inch.
Habitat. Jervis Bay. — Quoy et Gaimard. Brisbane Water. — MacGil-
livray. Botany Bay Swamps. — Cox. Lane Cove, N.S.W. — Brazier.
This species is abundant about the swamps near Botany Ba}r, and
agrees so thoroughly with the characters as given by Pfeiffer — Mon.
Hel. Fiv., Vol. III., p. 118 — that I have thought it better to give a
translation of his original description.
79. Helix Gilberti. Tfr. Plate I. Fig. 8 ; and Plate XVIII.
Fig. 7 . M.C.
Pfr., Fro Zool. Soc., 1845, p. 127.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, distinctly striated, very minutely granu-
lated, thin, of a pale-horny tint, ornamented by a red line at the
AtfsTRALIAX LAND SHELLS. ."51
suture ; whorls 4^-, somewhat convex, the last convex at the base ;
umbilicus moderate and pervious ; aperture rotundately-lunar ;
peristome simple and straight, with the columellar margin very little
dilated and reflected.
Diameter, greatest 1"12 ; least 0-84 ; height 0*78 of an inch.
Habitat. Darling Downs, Queensland. — Gilbert. Brisbane Water. — -
MacGittivray. Hunter Eiver, &c. — Cox.
The above description is taken from Pfeiffer's Hon. If el. Viv., Vol. I.,
p. 108, published in 1848. Subsecpiently, in 1859, he mentions in Sup-
plement IV. of same work, that his previous description of this species
was taken from an impei-fect specimen. In its adult state, he states
that, "it is extremely like H. Jervlsensis ; its greatest diameter, 22;
least 18; height 13^ mill. The right margin of the peristome is some-
what expanded ; the columella of a violet tint, and reflected over the
umbilicus. It differs from H. Jervlsensis in being a more solid shell,
by the more gradual increase of the whorls, and by the less inflation
of the last."
XII.— SECTION XEKOPHILA. Pfr. Vers. p. 130.
,;i Australis.
80. Helix Australis. Menlce. Plate IX. Pig. 7, copied from Reeve,
llenlce, Moll. Nov. Roll, p. 6.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 803.
Shell umbilicated, orbicularly-convex, smooth, obsoletely striated,
whitish, painted with obsolete grey radiating spots, and interrupted
bands ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing ; umbilicus narrow, open ;
aperture wide, throat ferruginous.
Diameter, breadth 4 ; height 2 — 3 lines.
Habitat. Mount Eliza, Swan Eiver, Western Australia. — Priess.
Reeve's figure represents three conspicuous spiral bands on the last
whorl. The above is simply a copy of Menke's original description
which Pfeiffer also copies.
XIII.— SECTION VIDENA. Pfr. Vers. p. 131.
* H. Launcestonensis. * H. bisulcata.
* H. Sinclairi. * H. Hamiltoni.
* H. Lizardensis.
81. Helix Launcestonensis. Reeve. Plate VII. Fig. 4, 4a. M.C.
Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1852, p. 31. PI. XIII. P. 11.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 968.
Shell umbilicated, conoid, solid, opacpue, not shining, finely granulated,
and closely covered above with wrinkled and granular elevated
ridges, and spiral lines of various sizes, variegated with yellowish-
green and black ; spire broadly-conical, rather obtuse ; whorls 5,
very slightly convex, slowly increasing, last acutely keeled, suddenly
descending in front ; base convex, very smooth, shining, deep black,
with a very narrow yellow line under the periphery, sometimes
wanting, and a broad bright-yellow band beneath ; umbilicus rather
32 ATJSTEALIAH LAND SHELLS.
largo, perspective; aperture very oblique, lunately-elliptieal; peris-
tome somewhat simple, margins converging, right slightly curved,
then a strong- sinuation in front, columellar margin slightly curved,
moderately thickened, and slightly reflected.
Diameter, greatest 1 ■;)(); hast T20; height 0-65 of an inch.
Habitat. Tasmania. — Gfunn.
82. Helix bisulcata. Pfr. Plate IX. Fig. 19, copied from Reeve.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1852, p. 135.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 969.
Shell widely umbilicated, convexly-depressed, spirally and very
minutely obliquely wrinkle-striated, shining, tawny-chestnut ; spire
shortly conoidly-convex, slightly obtuse at -the apex ; suture im-
pressed ; whorls 6^, slightly convex, last much wider, periphery ob-
soletely angular, not descending in front, base flat, sub-compressed
about the umbilicus, on both sides impressly furrowed in the
middle ; aperture small, slightly oblique, sub-triangularly-lunate ;
peristome rather simple, margins scarcely converging, right straight,
sloping, basal slightly arched, somewhat thickened.
Diameter, greatest 1-14; least 098; height 0'50 of an inch.
Habitat. Tasmania. — Gunn.
Reeve remarks of this, that it is Solariiform, that the lip is simple,
peculiarly wart-toothed within, along the line formed by the im-
pressed groove.
83. Helix Sinclairi. Pfr. Plate VII. Fig. 3 a., natural size,
3, slighthj enlarged, 3 b., a portion magnified. M.C.
Pfr., Zeit-schrift fur Malac, 1845, p. 154.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1444.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, thin, translucent, not shining, very
regularly and very closely, rather prominently, ribbed, horny-
yellowish, with many interrupted spiral reddish bands ; spire
flattened; whorls 4, flatly-convex, quickly increasing, last large,
depressed, convex externally, much deflected in front ; base smoother
and more glossy, umbilicus widely funnel-shaped, nearly equalling
■J of the diameter ; aperture diagonal, ovately-lunar ; peristome
simple, thin, regular, margins approximating, columellar margin
scarcely dilated or reflected.
Diameter, greatest 0'70 ; least 0-60 ; height 0'25 of an inch.
Habitat. Mount Wellington and elsewhere, in Tasmania. — Cox.
As Peeve remarks, this species is chiefly remarkable for its beautiful
close-set ribbed sculpture.
83. Helix Hamilton!. Cox. Plate VII. Fig. 2, natural size,
2 a. enlarged. M.C.
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1867.
Shell umbilicated, sub-discoid, eonvexly depressed, thin, very closely
and sub-arcuately ribbed, interstices with extremely fine thread-like
lines, crossed by extremely minute spiral ones, giving the shell,
under the lens, a linearly granular appearance, not shining, pale
AUSXUALIAJS' LAND SHELLS. 33
reddish-horny ; spire small, scarcely projecting, sometimes flat,
.suture impressed ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, flatly-convex, last
somewhat inflated, roundly convex, not descending in front, at the
mouth moderately flattened above ; base with the strife smaller ; um-
bilicus perspective, nearly equalling l-5th of the diameter; aperture
diagonal, Innately-oval ; peristome simple, thin, straight, margins ap-
proaching, columellar margin above moderately dilated and reflected.
Diameter, greatest 0-70 ; least 0*50 ; height 0-20 of an inch.
Habitat. Mount Wellington, Macquarie Harbour, and N.E. coast of
Tasmania.
A small dark variety from the last mentioned locality has the decus-
sating striae nearly obsolete.
85. Helix Lizardensis. Pfr. Piate IV. Fig. 1, natural size
and magnified. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool, Soc., 1862, p. 269.
Shell umbilicated, lenticular, earinated, slightly solid, under the lens,
striately ribbed, with a conspicuous spiral raised line or rib, or
second keel along, and slightly above the keel and suture, greenish-
horny ; spire conieally-convex ; whorls 8, very slowly increasing,
rather flattened ; base convex, somewhat coarsely ribbed under the
lens, umbilicus rather large, deep, equalling 1-oth of the diameter;
aperture oblique, narrowly angularly-lunate ; peristome simple,
straight, not dilated above.
Diameter, greatest 0-28 ; least 0-26 ; height 0-13 of an inch.
Habitat. Lizard Island, on the ground among dead leaves, &e. — ■
JIacGillivrag.
Not liable to be confounded with any other Australian species of Helix.
XIV.— SECTION EOTULA. Pfr. Vers. p. 131.
* H. Indica.
86. Helix Indica. Pfr. Plate IX. Pig. 10, copied from Peeve.
Pfr., iSymbolce, Vol. III., p. 66.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1290.
Shell umbilicated, orbicularly-convex, rather solid, rib-like striated on
the upper part, and closely granulately decussated by impressed
lines, fulvous ; whorls 5 to 6, rather flat, the last more convex at the
base, smooth, marked with a few impressed concentric lines below
the keel ; aperture angularly-lunar ; lip straight, white, columellar
margin rather thickened, shortly reflected.
Diameter, greatest 0*80 ; least 0*63 ; height 0-55 of an inch.
Habitat. Moreton Bay, Queensland. — Strange.
Never having seen specimens of this well known Indian species, I have
taken the description of it from Peeve.
D
3 ! AtTSTliALIAX LAND SHELLS.
XV.— SECTION TROCHOMORPHA. Pfr. Vers. p. 132.
"•'•'• H. Yorkensis. * H. cumulus. * II. Ophelia.
87- Helix Yorkensis. Pfr. Plato IX. Fig. 8, copied from
Reeve. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zoo!. Soc., 1854, p. 14-5.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 1372.
(Shell with au almost covered perforation, turbinately-depressed,
thin, sculptured with hair-like striae, silky, somewhat reddish and
horny ; spire convexly-conoid, apex tine, suture smooth, simple ;
whorls 5, slightly convex, gradually increasing, last not descend-
ing, slightly angled at the circumference ; base somewhat shining,
impressed in the centre ; aperture diagonal, rotundately -lunar, of a
somewhat pearly-reddish, tint within ; peristome simple, straight,
margins slightly approached ; columella callus, and dilated above
the perforation.
Diameter, greatest 0'39 ; least 033 ; height 0-19 of an inch.
Habitat. Cape York, North Australia. — MacGillivray.
Specimens received from the late Mr. Cuming, labelled II. Yorkensis
so thoroughly disagree with the above description of Pfeiffer's that
I have thought it advisable not to figure them, but rather to copy
Reeve's figure, with which it agrees.
88. Helix cumulus. Pfr. Plate IX. Pig. 11, copied from Reeve.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1854, p. 145.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1368.
Shell perforate, turbinately semi-glubose, thin, very slightly striated,
shining, brown-yellow, horny ; spire convexly-conoid, apex fine,
slightly projecting ; suture smooth, scarcely margined ; Avhorls
5^-, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last not descend-
ing, moderately angled at the circumference, a little convex at
the base ; aperture diagonal, lunate ; peristome simple, straight,
margins separated, columellar margin a little arched, slightly dilated
and reflected above.
Diameter, greatest 039 ; least 0-35 ; height 019 of an inch.
Habitat. Manning River, New South "Wales. — Pfeiffer.
Not having seen this species, I have taken Pfeiffer's characters of it,
and given Reeve's figure. A variety of larger dimensions is noted
by Pfeiffer.
89. Helix Ophelia. Pfr. Plate IX. Pig. 4, natural size and
magnified. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool Soc, 1854, p. 146.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 1345.
i hell perforate, turbinatety-depressed, thin, under the lens irregularly
marked with hair-like stria:*, scarcely shining, diaphanous, horny,
marked with narrow reddish streaks ; spire convexly-conoid, apex
fine, pointed ; whorls 5, flattish, rather prominent, gradually in-
creasing in size, the last not descending, moderately angled, rather
AUST11ALIAN LAND SHELLS.
35
flattened at the base ; aperture oblique, rotundly-lmaate, shining
within; peristome simple, straight, margins slightly converging,
basal margin somewhat narrowed ; columella sloped, and near the
umbilicus, which is very narrow but perforate, slightly reflected.
Diameter, greatest Q'31 ; least 0'27 ; height 0-18 of an inch.
Habitat. Cape York, North Australia. — Edwards.
The shell figured, exactly corresponds with Pfeiffer's description, as
here given ; but not with the figure and description of this species
given by Peeve, as copied in Plate XVII. Fig. 17.
XVI.— SECTION CYSTICOPSIS. Pfr. Vers. p. 133.
* H. irradiata.
90. Helix irradiata. Gould.
Gould, Expedition Shells, p. 25. PI. 5. Pig. Go.
Shell imperforate, conically globose, thin, whitish, above radiately
tesselated with purple, and striated with closely set acute lines of
growth, below rounded ; whorls 6, convex, the last somewhat
angular ; aperture transverse, lunate ; peristome acute, incurved
towards the columella, and scarcely reflected.
Width, \; height, § of an inch.
Habitat. New Holland. — Gould.
The above description is taken from Gould. Pfeitfer states that it
neither agrees with the figure, nor the dimensions.
XVII.— SECTION POMATIA. Pfr
* H. Victoria).
* H. expeditionis.
* H. marcescens.
* II. monacha.
Vers. p. 133.
* H.
* H.
* H.
* H.
Grayi.
coriaria.
subgranosa.
hesa.
H.
H.
H.
H.
Mulgorc.
Scotti.
Stutchburyi.
Greenhilli.
Plate VI.
Pig.
5 ; Plate I.
68.
Figs. 1
M.C.
91. Helix Grayi. Pfr.
and 9 ; and Plate X. Fig.
Pfr., Symbola; Vol. IIP, p.
Reeve, Con. Icon. sp. 755.
Shell with the umbilicus partially concealed, globosely-depressed,
rather thin, striated and granulated all over, of a pale horny -yellow;
the suture and basal area of a purple-chestnut, with the spire very
little elevated ; whorls 5 to 5i, somewhat convex, the last reflexed
for a short distance in front, umbilicus narrow ; aperture lunate,
circular, lip slightly rose-coloured within ; peristome simple, right
margin straight, the columellar margin dilated, reflected, and rose
coloured.
Diameter, greatest 1*15 ; least POO; height 0*95 of an inch.
Habitat. Brisbane Water. Ash Island. Hunter Eiver. Clarence
River, and other rivers as far as Brisbane, north of Sydney.
Also as far south of Sydney as Ulladulla, but never far from the sea
coast. — Cox.
As a general rule this species is easily distinguished by the purple-red
band which surrounds the umbilicus, and follows the suture ; but
by relying on this character alone, it is apt to be confounded with
30 AUsil;AUAN I. AM' SHELLS.
.//. Qilberti and II Jcrvisensis ; varieties of it are frequently of a dark
chestnut colour, Plate I. Fig. 9, others of a pale straw colour,
Plate X. Fig. 7, where the presence of the band at the suture
and round the umbilicus are altogether wanting. A third variety
also occurs, Plate I. Fig. 4, where the shell is surrounded with
a broad pale-yellow band.
92. Helix coriaria. Pfr. Plate II. Fig. 7. Plate VIII. Fig. 10 ;
and Plate X. Fig. 5. M.C.
Pfr., Zeit-sehrift fur Jlalac, 1847, p. 145.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 417.
Helix Mastersi. Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 19, 1864.
Perforated, depressly-globose, solid, slightly shining, radiately stri-
ated, very finely and closely granulated, bright or dark-chestnut,
paler towards the apex ; spire widely conoid, obtuse at the apex ;
whorls 0, gradually increasing, moderately convex, last descending
in front ; base shining, obsoletely granulated, but the radiate striae
very distinct at the umbilicus ; aperture Innately-rounded, within
livid, pearly ; peristome straight, obtuse, expanded, white or bluish,
margins distant, columellar margin thickened and reflected, above
triangularly expanded and almost entirely covering the umbilicus,
leaving merely a narrow fissure.
Diameter, greatest 1*35 ; least 1*10 ; height 0-90 of an inch.
Habitat. Clarence Piver. — MacGillivrag. Kiama. UUadulla. Merim-
bula. — Masters. Nulla Mountains. Ash Island, N.8.W. — Cox.
The locality of the specimen in the Cumingian collection, described by
Pfeili'er and figured by Peeve, who copies the original description,
was doubtful, but in Vol. IV., p. 167, of lion. ITel. Via., it is stated
thet there is a variety, of a dirty yellow colour, from Western Aus-
tralia. My description is taken from specimens from Kiama and the
Clarence Piver Heads, representing the type. But this species varies
considerably, inosculating even with II. Grayi, A remarkable
variety of great size from Kiama, chestnut below and yellowish above,
with white lip., is figured in PI. VIII., Fig. 10. A pink lip is usual
among those from Merimbula, Kiama, and especially the Nulla
Mountain, and the size is smaller than in the type. At Ash Island
a rather small stout variety is found, chestnut, with pinkish lip ;
this inosculates with a variety of LT. Grayi. The last variety
to be mentioned, figured PL X., Fig. 5, very dark, granulated
and ribbed as usual, with pink lip and livid mouth, does
not present any tangible specific difference from the preceding. It
is from Ulladulla, collected by Mr. Masters. Although of small
dimensions, 0-90. 0"75. (K50 of an inch, the lip is fully formed, the
umbilicus perfectly closed, and a thin callous deposit extends between
the margin.
L»*
93. Helix subgranosa. Le Guillou.
Le Gallic, in Revue Zool., 1842, p. 137.
Pfr., Mm. Hel. Viv., Vol. I., p. 83.
Shell sub-globose, umbilicated, thin, pellucid, of a light reddish-brown
colour, beneath a dusky white, finely, longitudinally and transverse!}'
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 37
striated, for the most part granulated; whorls 4, convexl}' depressed;
peristome sharp, angled near the umbilicus, lip straight, dilated
above the umbilicus, and broadly reflected.
Diameter I'lO ; height 090 of an inch.
Habitat. Northern Australia. — Is Guillou.
Not having ever seen this species, the above characters have been
taken from Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Vw.
94. Helix lsesa. Reeve. Plate IT. Fig. 9. M.C.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1490.
Shell rather narrowly deeply umbilicated, depressly- globose, plicately
striated, and everywhere minutely granulated, livid-greenish, purple
stained ; spire sub-conoid ; whorls 5 to 6, convex, the last a little
deflected in front ; aperture rotundately-lunar, lip expandidly re-
flected, white, broadly dilated at the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0-98 ; least 0'59 ; height 0-68 of an inch.
Habitat. Dural, near "Wiseman's Ferry, Hawkesbury River. — Cox.
Hunter River. — Scott.
Reeve, from whom the above description is taken, observes, that it is a
simple minutely granulated species, of a peculiar purple livid or
greenish hue, allied to IT. Grayi.
95. Helix Victorise. Cox. Plate XII. Fig. 5. Australian
Museum.
Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressly-globose, thin, finely plicately
striated, uniformly bi*own, but lighter at the base than above;
whorls 5, rather rounded, the last much inflated ; spire short, suture
impressed ; aperture rounded, lip thin, simple, margins approxi-
mating, columella!- margin at its base only slightly reflected.
Diameter, greatest 0*63 ; least 0-50 ; height 0-45 of an inch.
Habitat. Western Port, Victoria. — Masters.
96. Helix expeditionis. Cox. Plate XVIII. Fig. 12. Australian
Museum.
Shell openly umbilicated, glohosely-depressed, transversely dilated,
thin, transparent, light yellowish-brown ; whorls 5^ to G, the last
very large, descending in front, irregularly roughly striated, shining,
not granular ; aperture lunar-oval, faintly tinged inside, within the
peristome, with lilac ; lip white, porcellaneous, everted for about
| of its extent from the columella, the margin of which is rather
broadly expanded, \ covering the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest l-04; least 090 ; height 0*80 of an inch.
Habitat. Tropical Australia.— Sir Thomas Mitchell.
97. Helix maicescens. Cox. Plate IV. Fig. 5 ; and Plate XVIII.
Fig. 6, 6 a. M.C.
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1807.
Shell narrowly and deeply umbilicated, depressly-orbicular, thin,
translucent, rather shining, very slightly rugosely striated and
under the lens, very finely granulated, horny-yellowish ; spire con-
38 AUSTRALIAN LAX'D SHELLS.
vex, obtuse, suture moderate, margined with a narrow reddish streak ;
whorls 5, slowly increasing, slightly convex, last roundly convex ;
aperture lunately-rounded ; peristome straight, thin, margins some-
what appi'oaching, columellar margin above dilated and reflected.
Diameter, greatest O'OS ; least 0 57 ; hnght 0*30 of an inch.
Habitat. Clarence River, about South Grafton (under bark and logs).
— Mac Gillie ray.
A thin horny semi-transparent .shell, like a starved miniature of H.
Grayi, and to be placed next to II. aridorum, a much more globose
shell, with a deeply impressed suture. The reddish streak along the
suture is not always present.
98. Helix monacha. Pfr. Plate XVIII. Fig. 13, from Pro.
Zool. Soc. M.O.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 25. Plate XLIII. Fig. 7.
Shell imperforate, globosely-conical, solid, roughly striated and under
the lens, minutely granulated, of a chestnut colour ; spire conoidly
elevated, rather obtuse; whorls oj, moderately convex, gradually
increasing in size, the last slightly descending in front, obsoletepy
sub-angled in the middle ; aperture for the most part diagonal,
rotundately-lunar, livid within, shining ; peristome flesh coloured,
shortly expanded throughout ; margins separated, the columellar
margin being expanded at its insertion into a triangular adnate plate.
Diameter, greatest 108 ; least 0"85 ; height 090 of an inch.
Habitat. Ash Island, Hunter River ; also Mulgoa, near Penrith, and
at the Kurrajong, N.S.W. — Cox.
This species is not abundant, and is apt to be confounded with the
smaller specimens of II. coriaria, and the dark specimens of H.
Grayi.
99. Helix MulgOSe. Cox. Plate I. Figs. 3, 7, 7 a. M.C.
Shell with a deep almost covered umbilicus, thin, light, transparent,
horny, turbinately-globose, generally reddish-brown, Fig. 3, but
frequently pale olive-green, Fig. 7 ; whorls 6, the last much in-
flated, and obsoletely keeled, descending in front; obliquely, rather
roughly striated above the obsolete keel, smooth and shining below ;
aperture lunately-rounded, light purple within ; peristome very
slightly thickened ; lip a little everted, pale bluish- white ; margins
approaching, joined by a thin shining callosity; columella white,
dilated, almost covering the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 1*05 ; least 0"90 ; height l'OO of an inch.
Habitat. Mulgoa, near Penrith, N.S.W. — Cox.
At times, after rain, this species is very abundant, otherwise it is not
to be found except by digging deeply about the roots of shrubs
where it buries itself, and remains for months. There are two very
distinct varieties of it — one of a reddish-brown colour, the other of a
pale olive-green. This species has for years given me much trouble
in determining several of the species of the Australian Land Shells ;
for a time I considered it as a variety of II. Grayi, but, although
extremely like varieties of that species, where no red blotch is found
AUSTKALIAN LAND SHELLS. 39
round the umbilicus, or following the course of the suture, it is a
muck thinner, lighter, and less solid shell ; but the two species are
easily distinguished by the animal, on which more stress should be
laid in the determination of species. In hopes of having the species
determined, I forwarded to the late Mr. Hugh Cuming, to whom I
am indebted for many similar acts of kindness, a number of speci-
mens ; the greater number of them were returned to me, labelled
H. monaoha of Pfr., and the others H. corneo-virens ; but they do not
agree with the descriptions of those species as given by Pfeiffer. A
number of specimens of a shell lately added to the Australian
Museum from Eastern Creek, about 20 miles from Mulgoa, by
Mr. Masters, so thoroughly agree with the general characters I
have given of this species, except, that they have the colouring round
the umbilicus, and following the line of suture as in H. Gragi, which
makes it very doubtful to which species these specimens should be
refeiTed.
100. Helix Scotti. Cox. Plate X. Fig. 4, 4 a. M.C.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, 1864, p. 36.
Shell narrowly umbilicated, turbinateby-globose, radiately-roughly
striated, minutely granular throughout, sub-pellucid, chestnut
coloured, paler at the apex ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last
tumid and rounded; aperture lunately-sub-circular; peristome mode-
rately thickened, straight, partly reflected, white within.
Diameter, greatest 1'50; least l-25 ; height 0-90 of an inch.
Habitat. Mount Keera, AVollongong, N.S.W. — Mrs. Edxoard Forde.
Closely allied to the larger specimens of II. coriaria, found at the
Clarence River Heads.
101. Helix Stufcchburyi. Pfr. Plate X. Pig 10. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 18.36, p. 386.
Shell perforated, depressly-globose, rather thin, smooth, translucent,
slightly shining, radiately rugosely ribbed, yellowish-horny, with
two spiral red bands — one above the periphery, the other at the
suture ; spire short, convexly-conoid, obtuse at the apex ; whorls 5,
slowly increasing, convex, last rounded, slightly descending in front ;
aperture diagonal, roundly-lunar; peristome simple, thin, margins
scarcely converging ; columella callus, white, slightly expanded,
triangularly dilated above, and ^ concealing the moderately sized
umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0'68 ; least 0-60 ; height 0-35 of an inch.
Habitat. Drayton Range, Queensland. — Stutchbury. Upper Dawson
Paver, Queensland. — Greenh ill.
Pive specimens from the second locality agree so well with Pfeiffer's
description, that I do not hesitate to consider them as identical,
although I can see none of the "minute granulations under the lens,"
and no mention is made of the shell being radiately ribbed or
marked, as indeed nearly all Australian DTelices are.
40 AUSTRALIAN LA1\TD SHELLS.
102. Helix Greenhilli. Cox. Plate IX. Fig, 1 ; and Plate
XYLIL Fig. 8. M.O.
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 186-j.
Jour, de ConchyL, I860, p. 4G.
Shell umbilicated, globosely-turbinated, smooth, obsoletely striated,
under the lens are manifested minute undulating lines, closely packed
together, reddish-chestnut above, greenish-yellow below ; whorls 6,
the last very large, convex, the others only slightly convex ; aperture
lunately-sub-circular ; peristome thin, moderately reflected, colu-
mellar margin dilated at the base, almost covering the umbilicus ;
lip white within, greenish-yellow without.
Diameter, greatest l-20; least 1.00; height 0*90 of an inch.
Habitat. Upper Dawson River, in Queensland. — Greenhill.
In general appearance very like II. pachystyloides, but at once dis-
tinguished from that species, or any other Australian land shell, by
the wavy lines of sculpture.
134.
I]
EL-
-SECTION
GA]
LAXIAS. Pfr.
Vers. p.
*
H.
pachystyla.
* H.
Dunkiensis. * H.
torulus.
*
H.
prunum.
* H.
Forsteriana. * H.
aridorum.
$
H.
funiculata.
* H.
pachystyloides. * H.
pom tun.
•*
H.
exocarpi.
* H.
carcharias. * H.
perinflata.
*
H.
plectilis.
* H.
corneo-virens. * H.
Duralensis
%•
H.
leptogramma.
* H.
Blackmani. * H.
Macleayi.
103. Helix pomum. Pfr. Plate IV. Fig. 7. M.C.
Pfr., Symbol®, Vol. II., p. 3.7, 1842.
Helix sphseroidea. Le Guillou, Revue. Zool., 1845, p. 188.
Helix Urvillei. Hombr. et Jaeq., Yoy. an Pole Sud., Yol. Y., p. 1.
PI. 3. Fig. 1—:}, 18.34.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 362.
Shell narrowly umbilicated, globular, solid, glossy, obsoletely wrinkled
with hues of growth and still more faintly with transverse lines
sometimes wanting, covered uniformly with a tawny -yellow epidermis,
occasionally reddish, and frequently paler at the base ; spire very
short, obtuse, suture irregularly crenulated ; whorls 4-k to 5, convex,
rapidly increasing, the last inflated, suddenly deflected in front,
narrowly channeled out near the umbilicus; aperture nearly diagonal,
Innately-rounded ; peristome Avliite, moderately thickened and slightly
everted, the dilated coiumellar margin with a wide tooth-like en-
largement internally, and externally, nearly covering the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 1-60; least l-35 ; height loO of an inch.
Habitat. Port Essington. — Mac Gill ivray. Arnheim's Land, iS.W.
Australia. — Cox.
Representing H. pachystyla of the N.E. coast.
104. Helix pachystyla. Pfr. Plate VI. Fig. 8. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1845, p. 71.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 364.
Shell imperforate, globular, solid, glossy, faintly wrinkled with lines of
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 41
growth, having finer strife between, and decussated with still fainter
concentric and oblique rugose stria?, covered with reddish-yellowish,
or greenish-brown epidermis, generally streaked with brown ; spire
very short, obtuse ; suture indistinctly crenulated ; whorls 5 to
5A-, convex, rapidly increasing, the last inflated, shortly deflected
anteriorly; aperture nearly diagonal, irregularly Innately-rounded ;
peristome white, thickened, slightly reflected, especially at the base,
columellar margin expanded, hollowed, nearly straight within, and
forming an obsolete broad tooth, externally spread over the um-
bilicus, edges connected by a callus.
Diameter, greatest 1'80; least l'oO; height 1*30 of an inch.
Habitat. Facing Isle, Port Curtis, Dunk Isle, Cape Upstart, and Wide
Bay. — MacGillivrag. Port Denison and Rockhampton, Queens-
land.— Cox.
A more ponderous shell than the preceding, which seems peculiar to
N.W. Australia, while the present ranges along the whole of the
N.E. coast. It is also distinguished by having transverse striae, and
being quite imperforate. I have a very remarkable variety of this
species from Miriam Vale, Port Curtis, it is very thin, greenish-olive,
and of very small size ; a small mature specimen, the margins of the
mouth of which are joined by a callus, measuring not more than 0*95,
0-80, and 0 60 of an inch.
105. Helix pachystyloides. Cox. Plate V. Fig. 4. M.C.
Shell narrowly and deeply umbilicated, globular, somewhat solid,
horny-yellow, rather glossy ; the light wrinkled lines of growth de-
cussated with irregular wrinkles, very closely set together ; spire
short, obtuse ; suture irregularly crenulated ; whorls 5, convex,
rapidly increasing, last very large, inflated below ; aperture nearly
diagonal, irregularly roundly-lunate ; margins slightly approaching,
and connected by a thin callus, white lipped, livid within ; peristome
flesh-coloured, uniformly curved, expanded outwardly, more so in
front, and on the columellar margin, which is dilated above, some-
what callus within and outwardly partially concealing the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 1 20 ; least 1*00; height 0*85 of an inch.
Habitat. Cape York. — Darnel.
Varies considerably in solidity, being sometimes even delicate, thin
and horny, it is then most nearly allied to the very small, but ex-
umbilicated variety of H. pachystgla alluded to.
106. Helix ieptogramma. Pfr. Plate XL Fig. 4, copied
from Reeve.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1845, p. 127.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 437.
Shell umbilicated, globose, thin, striated, with close-set concentric,
impressed lines, fleshy- white, with three or four narrow red bands ;
whorls 4 i-, rather convex, last inflated, shortly descending in front ;
aperture scai'cely oblique, roundly-lunate ; peristome white, simple,
shortly expanded, margins joined with a diffused very thin callus,
42 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
columellar margin much dilated, white, shining, reflected, -| con-
cealing the narrow umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0*67 ; least 055 ; height 051 of an inch.
Habitat. Cygnet Bay, North Australia. — Pfeiffer. South Australia. —
Reeve — which is undoubtedly a mistake, Mr. Gb F. Angas having lately
found inside the specimens now in the British Museum a label
marked in Lieut. Dring's own handwriting, "Cygnet Bay, N.
Australia."
Reeve remarks of this species, that it is a light globose shell, encircled
round the middle and upper part with three or four delicately
painted brownish-red bands. Its closest affinity is with U. oitceniata
of South Australia.
107. Helix Forsteriana. Pfr. Plate IV. Fig. 8. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1851.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 439.
Shell umbilieated, depressly-globose, rather thin, above finely granu-
lated throughout, reddish-brown of various tints, encircled by two
pale yellowish bands ; spire not much elevated, convexly-conical ;
whorls 6, slowly increasing, moderately convex, last roundly-convex,
descending in front; base convex, smooth, yellowish-white, um-
bilicus small, deep, a brown spot inside the columella ; aperture
diagonal, sub-ovately-lunate ; peristome simple, straight, margins
scarcely approaching, slightly expanded and reflected anteriorly,
and more so along the columella which is dilated above.
Diameter, greatest l-25 ; least 1-10 ; height 0-70 of an inch.
Habitat Islands off the N.E. coast of Australia. — IlacGiUivray.
Although subject to considerable variation in size, distinctness of the
bands, and in other respects, this shell does not merge into anjr
other species. It should come next to H. Grayi, but it is always a more
depressed shell. The largest specimens in my collection are from
the Howick Isles, including a beautiful albino variety, which might
be mistaken for H. Dunlciensis, and the smallest from the Percy Isles,
in which last, the depressed form, the granulated surface, the bands
and the columellar spot are perfectly distinct.
108. Helix torillus. Ferussac. Plate XL Fig. 5, copied from
Ferussac.
Ferussac, Hist. Moll. PI. XXVII. Fig. 3-4.
Shell sub-perforated, globular, white, smooth, surrounded by a small
transverse brown band, inflated at the base ; whorls 6, convex,
narrow ; aperture small, roundly-lunate ; pei'istome simple, white,
upper margin sub-expanded, reflected, somewhat covering the perfo-
ration.
Diameter, greatest 0G0 ; least 0-51 ; height 0"43 of an inch.
Habitat. New Holland. — Ferussac.
The description is from Pfeiffer's Mm. Hel. Viv., Vol. I, p. 238.
Judging from the figures, the shell appears to partake more of the
Polynesian than Australian type. The spire is small, conical, and
acute.
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 43
109. Helix Dunkiensis. Forbes. Plate VIII. Fig 9. Aus-
tralian Museum.
Forbes, Voy. Rattlesnake, Vol. II., p. 378.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 756.
•Shell umbilicated, depressly-globose, solid, rather glossy, closely
striated, minutely granulated, pale yellow ; spire convexly-conoid,
obtuse ; whorls 6, moderately convex, slowly increasing, last sud-
denly deflected in front, very faintly carinated, rather inflated at the
base; aperture diagonal, roundly-lunate, margins slightly approach-
ing, white within ; peristome with the basal and columellar margins
slightly expanded and reflected, slightly dilated above, and covering
\ of the deep moderately sized umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest l-40 ; least 1*15 ; height 0-70 of an inch.
Habitat. Dunk Island, North Australia. — MacGillivray.
The above description, agreeing with that of Forbes, has been taken
from a very fine authentic specimen, presented to the Australian
Museum by the original collector. The descriptions of Pfeiffer and
Reeve do not agree with each other, although professedly derived
from the same source, viz., the Cumingian collection. Reeve's
description and figure have certainly not been taken from Dunk
Island specimens.
110. Helix prunum. Ferussac. Plate IV. Fig 6. Australian
Museum.
Ferussac Hist. Moll. PL 26. Fig. 7—8.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 353.
Helix argillacea. Gray, not Ferussac.
Helix pelodes, Pfr., Pro. Zool. Roc, 1845, p. 126.
Shell umbilicated, somewhat depressly-globose, rather thin, somewhat
shining, finely rugosely striated, and minutely granulated, pale flesh
coloured, tinged with pink above; spire short, moderately obtuse ;
whorls 6, convex, rapidly increasing, last inflated, in front slightly
descending ; below paler, umbilicus moderate, deep ; aperture ob-
lique, Innately-circular, within pearly pink ; peristome straight,
expanded, margins somewhat approximating, columellar margin
much dilated above, and ^ concealing the umbibcus.
Diameter, greatest 1*20; least TOO; height 0-70 of an inch.
Habitat. Port Essington — on bark of the native tea tree — Melaleuca.
— Mac GilUvray.
The preceding description has been taken from two specimens in the
Australian Museum, collected by the late Mr. MacGillivray, who in-
formd me that much of the pink or rosy hue had faded during the last
sixteen years. Eeeve's figure represents this shell, but Ferussac's
two most assuredly do not. It agrees with Pfeiffer' a description of
H. pelodes, which he himself has finally merged into H. prunum. A
shell sent to me by the late Mr. Cuming as " II. prunum, Port
Essington," and figured PI. IV., Fig. 4, appears to be H. argillacea,
Fer., from Timor, where it is abundant. I have never known a
specimen of E. argillacea yet found on the Australian continent.
44 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
111. Helix plectilis. Benson. Plate IX. Fig. 17, copied from
Reeve.
Benson, Ann. and Mar/., Nat. Hist, 1853, p. 29.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1162.
Helix paleata. Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1309.
Shell with a nearly covered umbilicus, globose, brownish-white, opaque,
strongly wrinkled above with very oblique elevated wrinkles, which
are angularly flexuose, and irregular ; beneath, towards the umbilicus,
marked with radiating, straight, and thinner wrinkles ; spire very
slightly elevated, apex obtuse; whorls 4, convex, sub-angular, last
deflected in front ; aperture diagonal, somewhat circular ; peristome
expanded throughout, slightly reflexed, margins closely approaching,
joined by a thin callus, columellar margin vaulted, widely reflected,
more or less covering the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0\57 ; least 0-47 ; height 0'3o of an inch.
Habitat. Shark Bay and Swan River, Western Australia. Benson.
This description is merely a version of that of Pfeiffer Mon. Hel. Vie,
Vol. IV., p. 250. Peeve remarks that the crumpled sculpture of
this species is quite distinct from anything previously known.
112. Helix aridorum. Cox. Plate XI. Pig. 16, 16 a. M.O.
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1867.
Shell deeply umbilicated, depressly -globose, thin, transparent, slightly
shining, radiately rugosely striated and under the lens, very
finely granulated, pale yellowish-horny; spire small, widely de-
pressed, apex obtuse, suture deeply impressed ; whorls 4^, convex,
last very large, rounded, swollen; base paler and smoother; aperture
Innately circular ; peristome thin, straight, reflected, margins eon-
verging, columellar margin moderately dilated at the base, and
covering •§■ of the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0*55; least 0-45 ; heir/hi 0'30 of an inch.
Habitat. Clarence River, under logs in ironbark ranges, burrowing
in di'y weather. — Mac Gill kray. Brisbane, Queensland. — Masters.
113. Helix exocarpi. Cox. Plate II. Fig. 2. M.C.
Shell umbilieated, depressry-orbicular, nearly discoid, solid, ob-
scurely, irregularly and sometimes coarsely striated, everywhere
finely granulated, not shining, pale 3'ello wish-brown ; spire low,
widely-convexly-conical ; whorls .">, very gradually increasing, flatly
convex, last bluntly angular at the periphery, roundly-convex below,
descending in front ; base paler and smoother, and less finely granu-
lated than above ; aperture diagonal, hmately-rounded ; peristome
simple, regular, slightly expanded, margins approximating, colu-
mellar margin triangularly dilated above, and reflected, partially
covering the moderately sized umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0*70 ; least 0-6o ; height 0*35 of an inch.
Habitat. Cherry Tree Hill. Mudgee and Ryalstone, N.S.W. — Cox.
AiVHIAUAV LAM) SHELLS. 4o
114. Helix carcharias. Pfr.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc., 1863, p. 528.
(Shell with a nearly covered umbilicus, conoidly-globose, slightly solid,
uuder the leus very minutely granulated, flesh coloured ; spire
conical, apex smooth and rather obtuse ; whorls 5, rather convex,
the upper ones irregularly tuberculately-plicate, last ventricose,
above more lightly plicate, below radiately striated, white, in front
greatly deflected; aperture diagonal, sub-circular; peristome simple,
thin, narrowly expanded, margins approximated, columellar margin
widely reflected in a vaulted manner over the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0-77 ; least 0-63 ; height 0-55 of an inch.
Habitat. Shark Bay, Western Australia.
The preceding description has been entirely taken from the source
above quoted, as I have never seen a specimen.
115 Helix perinflata. Pfr.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc., 1803, p. 528.
Shell umbiiicated, globose, solid, shewing wrinkled lines of growth,
decussated by impressed lines descending forwards, pinkish-white ;
spire convexly-conoid, apex obtuse; whorls 41, last large, ventricose,
below very much inflated, obsoletely marked with spiral stria?, de-
flexed in front ; aperture diagonal, lunately-rounded ; peristome
briefly expanded, columellar margin dilated, and reflected over the
narrow umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 093 ; least 0-79 ; height 0*79 of an inch.
Habitat. MacDonnell iianges, central Australia. — Waterhouse.
Allied to H. pomum. The description is that of Pfeiffer.
116. Helix Blackmani. Cox. Plate XL Fig. 7, 7 a. Aus-
tralian Museum.
Shell umbiiicated, globosely-turbinate, thin, not shining, eveiwwhere
obscurely radiately striated, and, under the lens, minutely granu-
lated, yellowish-horny ; spire conical, apex obtuse, suture rather
deep ; whorls 5, convex, quickly increasing, last very large, inflated,
regularly rounded throughout, strongly constricted behind the
mouth ; aperture diagonal, lunately-roundly-oval ; peristome simple,
straight, thin, much expanded, white, margins very slightly con-
verging, joined by a very thin callus, collumellar margin expanded
above, and I concealing; the moderatelv sized umbiHcus.
Diameter, greatest 0'65 ; least 0'55 ; height 0'45 of an inch.
Habitat. Warroo, Port Curtis, Queensland.. — Blackman.
The only two specimens T have seen, are in the collection of the Aus-
tralian Museum, and have a striking resemblance in form to
Dermatocera vitrea. It may also in some manner be looked upon as
connecting such shells as H. pachystyloides and DT. aridorum.
117. Helix Macieayi. Cox. Plate VIII. Fig. 3. M.C.
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1861.
Shell imperforate, depressly-globose, rather thin, smooth, shining,
finely radiately striated, pale yellowish-brown, with a single narrow
46 ATSTHAUAN LAXD SFIELLS.
dark-purple spiral band, becoming- very indistinct towards the end of
the last whorl ; spire convexly-conical, obtuse ; whorls 5, increasing
in convexity downwards, last rounded, descending in front ; aperture
diagonal, lunatoly-ovate ; peristome straight, expanded ; columella
nearly vertical, dilated, actuate, and completely closing the um-
bilicus; inner lip dark purple, margins not approaching, joined by
a thin dark callus.
Diameter, greatest 1*15; least POO; height 0-6-5 of an inch.
Habitat. Port Denison, Queensland. — Masters and Reinhird.
This handsome species, of which several specimens have been found
on the trunks of the native fig tree, is one of the many departures
from the general Australian type, and bears a western Pacific or
Philippine aspect.
118. Helix Duralensis. Cox. Plate VIII. Fig. 8, 8 a. M.C.
Shell umbilicated, depressly-turbinate, rather solid, roughly ribbed,
especially at the suture, very minutely granulated, dark chestnut,
somewhat lighter below; spire short, obtuse; whorls 5, gradually
increasing in size, rather convex, the last keeled, rounded in front, a
little descending; aperture diagonal, rotundately-lunar, pale rose-
colour ; peristome simple, straight, very thinly reflexed, columellar
margin dilated above, and I covering the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0-80 ; least 0-64 ; height 0-58 of an inch. ■
Habitat. Dural, near Wiseman's Perry, on the Hawkesbury River,
N.S.W.— Cox.
A miniature representative of IT. coriaria, especially of those specimens
collected by Mr. Masters, at Ulladulla. A variety is sometimes met
with of a dull yellow colour, pale below, with a white mouth.
119. Helix funiculata. Pfr. Plate XI. Fig. 15. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1854.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1363.
(Shell rather largely umbilicated, orbicular, rather swollen, oblicpiely
plicately striated, and rugosely granulated, fulvous-chestnut, encircled
with a single pale zone ; spire convex, with the suture impressed ;
whorls 7, rounded, the last somewhat obscurely encircled with a
broad obtuse keel ; aperture orbicularly-lunar, lip a little reflected,
broadly depressed at the columella.
Diameter, greatest POO; least 0-80 ; height 0-65 of an inch.
Habitat. Islands in Torres Straits, North Australia. — Edwards.
120. Helix corneo-virens. Pfr. Plate XVIII. Fig. 2,
copied from Reeve. M.C.
Pfr., Zeit-schrift fur Maine., 1851, p. 25.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1366.
Shell with a nearly covered umbilicus, conoidly-globose, thin, some-
what inflated, obliquely rugose at the upper part, smooth beneath,
horny-green, sub-diaphanous ; spire obtuse ; whorls 5 to 6, slightly
convex, the last faintly angled, descending in front ; aperture ob-
AUSTKALIAX LAXD SHELLS. 47
liqiiely-lunar, rather large, lip thinly reflected, broadly depressed at
the columella, lip white.
Diameter, greatest 0-97 ; least()-~3; height 0*83 of an inch.
Habitat. Picton and Mulgoa, New South Wales. — Cox.
Reeve, from whom this description is taken, states that it is "a
light sub-inflated diaphanous horny shell, of simple character."
The late Mr. Hugh Cuming was the first to draw my attention to
the identity of this species.
XIX.— SECTION PLAGIOPTYCHA. Pfr. Vers. p. 135.
* H. duclosiana.
121. Helix duclosiana. Fer. Plate XI. Fig. 2, 2a., copied
from Ferussae.
'Ferussae, Hist. Moll. PI. 51, A. Pig. 6.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 761.
Shell umbilicatecl, depressly-semi-globose, rather thin, very finely
obliquely striated, shining, alabaster-white ; spire shortly conoid,
apex rather obtuse ; whorls \\, slightly convex, last somewhat de-
pressed, descending in front, rather flattened at the base ; aperture
diagonal, lunately-oval ; peristome simple, margins somewhat ap-
proaching, right slightly expanded, basal furnished within with a
deep transverse deposit of callus, outwardly forming a white
wrinkled mark like a cicatrix, columellar margin dilated above, re-
flexed, J covering the narrow umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest G"60; least 0-.51 ; height 0"31 of an inch.
Habitat. New Holland. — Ferussae.
I have given Pfeiffer's description of this shell Jlon. Hel. Viv., Vol.
III., p. 243, which, I think, has been erroneously considered to be
Australian. Peeve remarks that it is a semi-transparent white shell,
having a tooth-like callosity within the aperture, and no correspond-
ing indentation without. As this forms one of a small and very
natural group of shells, the rest of which are known to be "West
Indian, it seems probable that its true habitat will prove to be some
locality nearer Hayti than Australia.
XX.— SECTION PLANISPIRA. Pfr. Vers. p. 136.
* H. brevipila. * H. Porteri. * H. Hystrix.
122. Helix brevipila. Pfr. Plate V. Fig. 2 a., 2b., natural me
and magnified. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1849, p. 130.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 777.
Shell umbilicated, depressly-globose, thin, translucent, obsoletely ru-
gosely striated, and, under the lens, very finely rugose, covered
throughout with short stiff hairs, horny reddish-brown ; spire small,
broadly conical, apex acute ; whorls 5, rather convex, last rounded,
large, somewhat tumid, deflected in front; umbilicus narrow ; aper-
48 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
ture lunately-oval ; peristome white, thin, expanded, reflected, mar-
gins approximating, columella!- partially concealing the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 000 ; least 0-50 ; height 0\30 of an inch.
Habitat. Widely distributed, from South Australia and Victoria,
through New South Wales and Queensland to Cape York ; and the
Islands in Torres Strait.
From so extensive a geographical range this species might be expected to
vary much. Those described are of the largest size, from the Clarence
.River. But the shell is usually smaller, very thin, shewing under
the lens little of any wrinkling of the surface, and having the spire
either flat or even submersed. A pretty smooth variety from Cape
York has the spire as acute as in those described. In large speci-
mens the pili almost entirely disappear. Those I have from Vic-
toria are unusually dark in colour.
123. Helix Porteri. Cox. Plate III. Fig. 6 a., 6 b. M.C
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1866, p. 373.
Shell umbilicatecl, depressly-circular, rather swollen, under the lens
obsoietely plicately striated, minutely granulated, and thickly studded
with veiw short hairs, reddish-chestnut ; spire small, obtuse ; whorls
4^-, convex, last swollen, suddenly deflected in front, constricted
behind the mouth ; aperture roundly-lunate ; peristome rather thin,
expanded, white, margins approximating, lower border rather
straight, columellar margin dilated above and reflected, partially
concealing the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0"7o ; least 0*63; height 0'50 of an inch.
Habitat. Upper Clarence River, at Guy Faux. — Porter. Upper
Richmond River, at Cowlong, in Cedar brushes under logs. — Mac-
Gillkray.
This shell bears much general resemblance to specimens of H. mansueta,
from the Pine Mountain, Lis more, which are darker than Queens-
land specimens ; but the presence of pili, the white lip, the
narrower and more covered umbilicus, are very distinctive characters
in H. Porteri, which is besides closely allied to the more diminutive
H. brevipila, and occupies a place between it and H. mansueta.
124. Helix Hystrix. Cox. Plate XVII. Fig. o, natural size,
5 a. and 5 b. magnified. Australian Museum.
Shell openly umbilicated, discoid, flattened on the top, yellowish-brown,
covered with coarse long bristles in regular rows ; whorls 5, gradu-
ally increasing, rounded, last descending in front, suture deep and
narrow ; aperture diagonal, rounded ; peristome simple, lip everted,
columellar margin not dilated.
Diameter, greatest O'oo ; least 0-44 ; height 0'23 of an inch.
Habitat. Port Curtis. — Cox.
Unlike any other Australian species, and at once recognised by its
discoid form and bristled surface.
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS, 4!)
XXI.— SECTION HYDEA. Adams.
* H. patruelis. -f H. Angasiana. * H. biteeniata.
* H. Cassandra. * H. Flindersi. * H. Evandaleana.
* H. Lincolnicnsis. v" H. Lorioliana. * H. luteo-fusca.
125. Helix patruelis. Adams and Angus. Plate III. Fig 8. M.C.
Adams and Angas, Pro. Zool Soc, 1863, p. 520.
Shell uinbilicated, orbicularly-depressed, rather coarsely rugosely
ribbed, especially at the suture, rather thin, moderately shining,
reddish-chestnut, with a pale spiral band under the suture ; spire
widely and obtusely-conical ; whorls 5, convex, last whorl sometimes
indistinctly angulated, not descending in front ; base smoother and
more glossy than above, with a wide yellowish patch surrounding
the dark circumference of the umbilicus, which is moderate and
deep ; aperture diagonal, lunately-ovate ; peristome simple, thin,
straight, the dark columellar margin dilated above and reflected, to
cover ■£ of the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest l-00 ; least 0-80 ; height 0*50 of an inch.
Habitat. Port Lincoln, under dead logs. — Angas. Flinders Island. —
Cox.
A very variable species ; an examination of a series collected by Mr.
Masters shows the ground colour to range from pale reddish-horny to
very dark reddish-chestnut, the band is seldom very well defined,
is often very indistinct, and occasionally wanting ; and the yellow
patch on the base may be indistinct or absent. Two specimens from
Flinders Island are of a smaller variety ; but there can ba no doubt as
to specific identity, for one shows very plainly, not merely, in addition
to similarity of sculpturing, &c, the pale patch on the lower surface,
but also the spiral band below the suture.
126. Helix Angasiana. Pfr. Plate VI. Fig. 4. M.C.
Pfr., Journ. de Conchy!., 1862; p. 228. PI. X. Fig. 2.
Shell perforated, globularly-conical, solid, porcellaneous, shining, white,
under the lens closely and irregularly obsoletely rugosely striated,
giving a granular feel to the touch, and more obsoletely decussated
with spiral lines ; spire conoid, obtuse ; whorls 5, convex, last
descending in front, very large, inflated ; aperture moderately
oblique, nearly round ; peristome straight, smoothly thickened and
expanded, especially on the columellar margin where it nearly con-
ceals the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0-85 ; least G"75 ; height 070 of an inch.
Habitat. Darling liiver, New South Wales. — Masters.
This singular, smooth, white, porcellaneous shell, without any
coloured markings whatever, corresponds exactly with the origi-
nal description and figures by Pfeiffer, quoted above. The
colour was stated to be "whitish?" It is probable that it was a
very old shell, from its extensive deposit of callous matter.
Subsequently, in the Journ. de Conchyl., 1863, p. 275, M. Crosse
remarks that an examination of two living specimens shows that the
diagnosis should be modified, the individual figured having lost all its
50 AUSTRALIAN L VXD SHELLS.
colours. Iii this lie is mistaken — the coloration lie gives agrees very
well with that of an extensive series of specimens in nvv possession of
the next species ; hut not one of those coloured ones has the outer
lip more than very faintly thickened and reflected, as stated by Angas,
Pro. Zool. Soc, 1863, p. 520, to bo the case with his — nor have any
of those, upwards of 100 in number, collected lately by Mr. Masters.
"While not desirous to add to the number of doubtful species, I can-
not admit that the thin, brightly banded, conspicuously striately
ribbed specimens to be next described, as specifically identical with
this massive, smooth, porcellaneous, granular, white shell already dis-
tinguished, and I therefore make it a new species. Pfeiffer's original is
stated by him to be from the neighbourhood of Lake Torrens, in
29° S. latitude. Angas gives " under salt bushes, on the plains at
Arrowie, near Lake Torrens."
127. Helix bitseniata. Cox. Plate IV. Pig. 9. M.C.
H. Angasiana, not of Pfeiffer. Crosse, Journ. de Conchyl., 1863,
p. 275.
Angas, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1863, p. 520.
Shell perforated, glob ularly- conical, thin, translucent, slightly glossy,
rather strongly rugosely and somewhat plicately striated, more so at
the suture, horny-reddish-yellow, sometimes tinged with green, with
two spiral bands of purplish-chestnut on each whorl, one under the
suture, the other along the middle ; spire obtusely-conical ; whorls
5, convex, last inflated, not descending in front ; base convex, pale
yellowish-horny, umbilicus small, -i covered; aperture ovately-lunar ;
peristome straight, very slightly thickened and expanded, right
and outer border regularly curved, columellar margin forming a
blunt angle, and then slanting upwards, dilated and reflected, very
moderately callous, white or pinkish, as is also in the interior of the
mouth.
Diameter, greatest 0-70 ; least 0-65 ; height 0-50 of an inch.
Habitat. Port Augusta, South AustraHa. — Masters.
Enough has already been stated regarding the specific distinctness of
this shell and H. Angasiana. The name indicates the chief, perhaps
the only, character by which it may readily be known from H.
leptogramma, and yet occasionally the bands are nearly obsolete.
128. Helix Cassandra. Pfr.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1863, p. 527.
Shell moderately umbilicated, globosely-depressed, thin, finely striated,
and very minutely granulated, hardly shining, above pale broAvnish-
yellow, obsoletely marked with some deeper bands, beneath
whitish; spire shortly conically- elevated, with a minute vertex; whorls
5, regularly increasing, the uppermost scarcely at all convex, last
inflated, scarcely deflected in front ; aperture roundly-lunate, some-
what pearly within ; peristome simple, thin, right margin straight,
basal slightly reflected, dilated at the umbilicus into a vaulted
triangular plate.
Diameter, greatest T02 ; least 0'86 ; height 0'59 of an inch.
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 51
Habitat. Lower Murray Eiver, S. Australia, in bushy patches amongst
sandstone cliffs. — Angas.
I have taken Pfeiffer's description. Adams and Angas remark oi
this shell, that "it is a delicate pale-brown and whitish banded
species, somewhat depressed in form, with the outer lip but slightly
reflected."
129. Helix Flindersi. Adams and Angas.
Adams and Angas, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1863, p. 521.
Shell globosely-conoid, rather thin, moderately umbilicated, brownish-
white ; whorls 4£, rather convex, rugosely striated, last large, in-
flated ; aperture lunately-ovate, lip callous, partially covering the
umbilicus.
Length 7 ; breadth 7 lines.
Habitat. Tillowie, near the western slopes of Flinder's Eange, South
Australia. — A ngas.
Mr. Angas, from whose description the preceding has been taken,
further says that "this remarkably compact and globose species, of
which only two specimens have hitherto been found, is c' aracterised
by the rugose strife of the whorls, and by its conoidal spire."
130. Helix Evandaleana. Pfr. Plate IX. Fig. 18, 18 a. en-
larged. M.O.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1863, p. 528.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, rather thin, rugosely- striated, and under
the lens granulated and furnished with short hairs, dirty-yellowish
or blackish-brown ; spire slightly elevated, obtuse, suture rather
deep ; whorls 4, convex, last more or less obtusely carinated ; base
convex, the striae and granulations gradually becoming fainter ; um-
bilicus moderate, deep ; aperture lunately-ovate ; peristome simple,
thin, more or less angular externally, at the columella triangularly
dilated above.
Diameter, greatest 0*55 ; least G"47 ; height 0'30 of an inch.
Habitat. Evandale, under dead logs. — Angas. Barrier Ranges, S.
Australia. — Masters.
I have not seen in any other species the same kind of rugose striation,
granulation, and pilosity, the last often obsolete, which seems to be
characteristic. Angas speaks ofa" large umbilicus," while Pfeiffer
writes of the same shell " subanguste urabilicata."
131. Helix Lincolniensis. Pfr. Plate VI. Fig. 9. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc., 1863, p. 527.
Shell umbilicated, somewhat conoidly-depressed, rather thin and mode-
rately glossy, pellucid, very closely, coarsely and irregularly rugosely
striated, and finely granulated, of a rich deep-chestnut throughout ;
spire slightly elevated, widely conical, obtuse, suture pale ; whorls 5,
rather flattened, last rounded, rather depressed above, and some-
times indistinctly angular at the periphery, descending in front ;
base less strongly striated than above, smoother and more glossy,
Umbilicus small ; aperture lunately-ovate ; peristome simple, thin,
0*2 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
straight, margins moderately approximating, columellar margin
rather widely expanded above, and reliected over A of the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0-80; least 0-70 ; height 0-.35 of an inch.
Habitat. Port Lincoln, S. Australia. — Angas and Masters.
My specimens do not vary materially in any respect.
132. Helix Lorioliana, Crosse. Plate III. Fig. 4 a, 4 b. M.C.
Crosse, Journ. de Conchy!., 1863, p. 273. PI. IX. Fig. 6.
Shell perforate, depressly-globose, rather thin, smooth, moderately
shining, rugosely striated, especially at the suture, pale reddish-
yellow, surrounded with two reddish-chestnut bands, one on the
periphery, the other under the suture ; spire moderate, depressly
and broadly-convex ; whorls 5, moderately convex, last convex,
rather dilated towards the mouth, descending in front ; base smooth,
sliining, of a paler yellow than above, and more glossy, umbilicus
nearly covered ; aperture extremely oblique with a horizontal ten-
dency, white within, shewing the two bands; peristome simple, thin,
expanded, margins rather approximating, columellar margin thinly,
broadly, and triangularly expanded above, tinged with rose colour,
and reflected, so as nearly to conceal the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 105 ; least 0*95 ; height 0-60 of an inch.
Habitat. Flinder's Range, S. Australia, in ravines on its western slopes.
■ — Angas.
Angas remarks of this, that it is the largest S. Australian land shell
yet discovered, of a yellowish-horn colour, banded with orange-
brown. The preceding description has been taken from a series of
beautiful specimens collected on Flinder's Eange by Mr. Masters,
not one of which agrees precisely with the figure and description of
Crosse, probably taken from a single specimen. His shell is very
much more globose, and it is described as imperforate, while in none
that I have seen has the umbilicus been covered over.
133. Helix luteo-fusca. Cox. Plate XII. Fig 1, and 1 a. Aus-
tralian Museum.
Shell openly umbilicated, depressed, oblicpuely rugosely striated, and
obsoletely granulated, thin, yellowish-brown or dark chestnut; spire
rather prominent ; whorls 4£, regularly increasing, last whorl de-
pressed throughout, on which the elevation of the spire depends,
periphery blunt, slightly angled, base convex ; aperture diagonal,
lunately-rounded ; peristome simple, lip thin, margins approaching,
columellar margin but little everted, the opposite margin inserted
beneath the angulation of the second whorl.
Diameter, greatest 065 ; least 0"50 ; height 0*33 of an inch.
Habitat. Flinder's Eange, S. Australia. — Masters.
XXII.— SECTION MACEOCYCLIS. Pfr. Vers. p. 137.
* H. Cunninghami. * H. Miihlfeldtiana.
134. Helix Cunninghami. Gray. Plate I. Fig. 5, 5 a. M.C.
Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 64.
Griffiths, Animal Kingdom. PL XXXVI. Fig. 4.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 363.
Shell umbilicated, very much depressed, discoid, solid, rugosely
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 53
striated, more or less decussated with spiral lines, banded with dark
brown and yellow ; spire very slightly prominent ; whorls 4 to 5,
quickly increasing, slightly convex, last very wide, very bluntly
keeled, convex above, dilated and obliquely produce I, and in front
suddenly deflected; below more shining than above, of a deep
brownish-black from the periphery to the centre of last whorl, then
reddish-yellow to the bottom of the extremely wide and perspective
umbilicus ; aperture nearly horizontal, transversely lunately-oval ;
peristome purplish-black within, thickened, reflected, margins ap-
proximating and joined with a callus, right slightly curved, anterior
rather more so, columellar margin nearly straight, thickened above
with a callus.
Diameter, greatest 2*60 ; least 2,00 ; height 0-80 of an inch.
Habitat. Brisbane, Wide Bay, Port Curtis, and Pockhampton,
Queensland. — Cox.
Of this very remarkable shell the preceding description applies to what
may be considered as the type, but it is extremely variable. In
size, my largest specimen measures 2-80, and my smallest (adult)
1*90 inches, in greatest diameter. The lip may be altogether white,
Fig. 5, or purplish-black, Fig. 5 a., or in fact of various tints
between white and purplish-blaek. Some enormous specimens from
Port Curtis are of a green colour as the prevailing hue, Fig 5, and
then have the lip very greatly thickened and reflected, with a copious
callous deposit between the margins. A series of specimens of a
small variety from Pockhampton, shew below a similar appearance
to that in the description, but above, the bauds, mostly narrow, are
very numerous and decided.
135. Helix Muhlfeldtiana. Pfr. Plate VI. Fig. 2. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1851.
H. rotabilis. Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. .361.
Shell umbilicated, very much depressed, discoid, solid, scarcely shining,
rugosely striated, decussated by very indistinct spiral wrinkled lines,
blackish-chestnut, with obscure traces of bands ; spire scarcely pro-
jecting and sometimes flat ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, very
slightly convex, last very wide, swollen, obliquely produced, and
suddenly deflected in front, bluntly keeled for one-half its length ;
below coloured as above, umbilicus \evy wide and perspective ;
aperture nearly horizontal, transversely ovately-lunar, margined
within with glossy dark purplish-black, with bluish interior ; peris-
tome simple, not thickened or reflected except on the columella,
margins approaching, connected by a callus, right arcuate, left nearly
straight, thickened and very slightly reflected above.
Diameter, greatest 250 ; least 1*85 ; height 0-70 of an inch.
Habitat. Pichmond River. — JIacGilk'vrag.
Closely allied to the preceding species, but is smaller, and of a dull
generally uniform hue, with the lip thin.
O-t AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
XXIII.— SECTION AMPELITA. Pfr. Vers. p. 137.
* H. leucocheilus.
136. Helix leucocheilus. Cox. Plate VIII. Fig. 7, 7 a, 7 b. M.C.
Helix Marine. Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 593.
Shell umbilicated, depressly-orbicular, nearly discoid, solid, pellucid,
obsoletely radiately striated, under the lens, on both sides, minutely
granulated, colour varying between dirty-yellow and pale-chestnut ;
a reddish or chestnut spiral band above the keel, and another along
the suture, with a broad chestnut ring surrounding the umbilicus,
which is pale within; spire slightly convex ; whorls 5, rather flattened,
last keeled behind, remainder convexly-rounded ; aperture sub-
quadrately-ovate ; peristome white, lipped within, expanded, colu-
mella very slightly expanded, and concealing a very small portion of
the umbilicus, which is pervious and moderate.
Diameter, greatest 0-65 ; least 0*57 ; height 0*30 of an inch.
Habitat. Clarence and Richmond Rivers, N. S. "W. — MacGillivray.
Brisbane, Queensland. — Brazier.
Among the few varieties there is one of a reddish-chestnut colour
without bands, Fig. 7 a.
XXIV.— SECTION CAM JENA. Pfr. Vers. p. 138.
* H. bipartita. * H. semicastanea. * H. similaris.
* H. Incei. * H. Yulei. * H. mansueta.
* H. Lessoni. * H. Blomfieldi. * H. mucida.
* H. append iculata. * H. cerata. * H. pliculosa.
* H. Curtisiana. * H. murina. * H. morosa.
137. Helix bipartita. Fer. Plate V. Fig. 7. M.C.
Fer., Hist. PL LXXV. A. Fig. 1.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 359.
Shell umbilicated, globose, inflated, solid, irregularly striated, under
the lens minutely granulated, reddish-yellow, with a narrow reddish-
chestnut band under the suture, body whorl, below the periphery,
dark purplish- chestnut; spire semi-globular, suture crenulated ; whorls
7, slightly convex, last descending in front ; aperture diagonal,
ovately-lunar, white within ; peristome white, expanded and re-
flected, margins rather approaching and joined with a very thin
callus.
Diameter, greatest 2-60 ; least 2-00 ; height 1*70 of an inch.
Habitat. Cape York, Albany Island, Cape Direction, N. E. Aus-
tralia.— Mac Gillivray.
This species varies much in colour. Some of my specimens, of a pale-
yellowish hue, have the lower half of the body whorl scarcely a
shade darker tban the upper portion.
138. Helix Incei. Pfr. Plate V. Fig. 5. Plate XVIII. Figl. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1845, p. 126.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 356.
Shell umbilicated, depressby-globose, very finely striated, with nume-
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 55
rous spiral lines and yellow bands of reddish-chestnut and black ;
spire convexly-conoid ; whorls 6, slightly convex, last rounded,
rather suddenly deflected in front ; mouth diagonally ovately -lunate,
white within, shewing the bands ; peristome straight, slightly
thickened, moderately expanded, but scarcely reflected, margins
slightly approximating, columellar margin purplish and triangularly
dilated above, reflected, and nearly covering the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 1-25 ; least POO ; height 0-70 of an inch.
Habitat. Ipswich, Port Curtis, Port Denison, Gape Upstart, Upper
Maiy and Upper Dawson Rivers, and other localities in Queens-
land.— Cox.
The description applies to the most prevalent form of the shell as
figured. It is, however, subject to considerable variation. In some
localities it becomes much larger and more solid than usual, when it
corresponds with the description of Pfeiffer, iron. Hel. Yiv., Vol. I.,
p. 329, and resembles the figures of Peeve, who also gives a
variety of uniform fulvous-brown, without bands. There is another
curious one, which Pfeiffer calls var p., and of which I possess speci-
mens, chestnut, with the bands indistinct, and the last whorl yellow
at the base. Plate XVIII. , Pig 1, represents a large thin variety
numerously and finely banded, from Wide Bay. In fact, among its
variations there are some so closely connecting it with H. Lessoni as
to render it difficult to separate them. On the other hand, its
affinities with H. Yulei are very obvious.
139. Helix Lessoni. Pfr. Plate IV. Fig 10. M.C.
Pfr., tiymbolce, Vol. III., p. 71.
Helix gulosa. Gould, Exped. Shells, 1846, p. 17, according to Pfeiffer.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 754.
H. seminigra. Crosse, Journ. de Conchyl, 1864, p. 289.
Shell perforated, globular, very finely closely striated, rather solid,
blackish-chestnut, pale towards the apex, and sometimes spirally
lined ; spire obtusely-conical or nearly convex, suture pale ; whorls
6, slightly convex, last inflated, deflected in front ; base convex,
frequently shewing traces of spiral lines and bands, especially
within the mouth ; aperture diagonal, roundly to ovately-lunate,
of a shining bvid hue within ; peristome expanded throughout,
rather thickened, white, mai'gins slightly approaching, columellar
' margin above dilated and reflected, so as partially, sometimes
almost entirely, to cover the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 1*45; least 1*30; height POO of an inch.
Habitat. Port Curtis, Queensland. — Cox.
A variable shell, usually to be recognised at once among its allies by
its comparatively small size, the dimensions given above are from an
unusually large specimen, its dark, nearly black, unhanded lower
portion, and its pale narrowly banded spire, and white lip. Some
small specimens of H. appendiculata approach it very closely. I
have not the slightest hesitation in referring II. seminigra of Crosse
to this species. It is scarcely even a variety. Specimens from
56 AVSTHAUAN LAST) SUKLI.S.
Miriam Vale, Port Curtis, Queensland, agree in all respects with the
published description and measurements.
140. Helix appendiculata. Pfr. Plate V. Fig. 11. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1854, p. 149.
Rveve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1353.
Shell umbilicated, globosely- turbinated, slightly solid, very finely obli-
quely striated, and, under the lens, covered with extremely faint
short minute lines, giving the appearance of lengthened granules,
reddish-yellow, spirally banded and lineated with deep chestnut,
darker about the mouth ; spire broadly-conoid, obtuse ; whorls 6,
slightly convex, last convex, above strongly deflected in front ; base
marked as above, umbilicus deep, nearly covered ; aperture diagonal,
ovately-lunate, white within, then purplish ; peristome simple, white
or purplish, straight, margins somewhat converging, right expanded,
basal reflected, columellar margin above broadly dilated and re-
flected at the umbilicus, which it nearly conceals.
Diameter, greatest 1*50 ; hast 1*25 ; height 0-85 of an inch.
Habitat. Port Denison, Queensland. — Masters.
This, which is a beautiful representative of the larger, more solid,
black lipped, and ex-umbilicated H. Fraseri, is generally banded in
a precisely similar manner to that species. It has, however, equally
close affinities with PL. Lessoni, evident only after examination of a
large series of specimens.
141. Helix semicastaaea. Pfr. Plate V. Fig. 10. M.C.
Pfr., Zeit-schrift fur Malac, 1849, p. 77.
Helix bipartita. ' Var. Desh. in Per. Hist. PL CYII. A. F. 16, 17.
Helix Janellei. Le Guillou, Revue. Zool., 1842, p. 137.
Helix bipartita V Per., Ilombr. and Jaca. Voy. an Pole Sud. Zool.,
Vol V., p. 3. PI. III. Fig. 7— 9, 1854.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1348.
Shell umbilicated, turbinately-globosj, striated, under the lens
minutely granulated, somewhat glossy, translucent, above reddish-
yellow, base below periphery of body whorl deep chestnut ; spire
depressly-conoid ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, slightly convex, last
deflected in front ; aperture roundly-lunate, white within, thickened
with a callus, expanded, and on anterior and columellar lips reflected,
above concealing ^ of the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 1"65 ; least P40 ; height POO of an inch.
Habitat. Islands of N.E. coast of Australia and Torres Strait,
from Lizard Island to Stephen's Island.
This species, unquestionably a modified H. bipartita, is so vari-
able that a dozen well marked varieties might easily be selected
from among the hundreds of specimens now before me. I have
taken the preceding description from a Lizard Island specimen. On
the peak of that island, the late Mr. MacGillivray found very large
and thin specimens under stones, and on the lower grounds, in the
scrubs, about the roots of trees, and among dead leaves, a smaller,
stouter, and brightly coloured but variable form was abundant; while
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 61
on a mound-like rocky islet, distant from tlie shore a couple of
hundred yards, a small, dull, solid variety, not exceeding- an inch in
diameter, but undeniably specifically identical, was met with. A pale
band round the periphery is very often present, and marks the
division between the upper light and the lower dark portions of the
shell. Yet this may be wanting, there being no line of demarcation,
the whole surface being yellowish-white. And as a contrast to these
last, some specimens are throughout of a dark-chestnut. The differ-
ence in size is very great ; my smallest specimen, fully formed, is
less than an inch in diameter. H. funiculata, described elsewhere,
I would refer to this head without hesitation ; a specimen before
ine, picked out from a number collected on Stephen's Island, agrees
with the descriptions of Pfeiffer and Reeve, and the figure of the
latter ; it is of a fulvous chestnut colour, encircled with a single
pale zone.
142. Helix Yulei. Forbes. Plate V. Fig. 3. M.C.
Forbes, Toy. Rattlesnake, Vol. II., p. 377. PI. II. Fig. 6.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1447.
Shell umbilicated, depressly-globose, obliquely finely striated, ful-
vous, ornamented with broad blackish zones ; spire sub-conoid,
rather obtuse at the apex ; whorls 5, rather convex, the last descend-
ing in front, rounded at the periphery, rather fiat at the base ; um-
bilicus funnel shaped, dark-chestnut ; aperture almost diagonal,
lunately sub-circular, lip black, margins approximating, broadly ex-
panded, columellar margin dilated.
Diameter, greatest 1*36; least 1'10; height 0 87 of an inch.
Habitat. Port Molle, and Islands off Port Denison, Queensland. — Mac-
Gillivrag.
I have adopted Pfeift'er's description, Mon. Hel. J'iv , Vol. III., p.
224, as ReeA-e has done, because it has been taken from the typical
specimen clesmbed by Forbes. My own, from Port Denison, are
paler than in Reeve's figure, but still have a decided fulvous tinge
in some cases ; the number of dark chestnut spiral lines and bands
varies from 4 to 8. The black lip and umbilical patch afford dis-
tinctive characters between this and //. Incei, to which it is most
intimately allied.
143. Helix Blomfieldi. Cox. Plate I. Fig. 1. M.C.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 19, 1864.
Shell imperforate, solid, globosely-conical, very finely closely striated,
deep purplish-chestnut on body whorl, the second generally very much
lighter, and the remainder reddish-yellow, these last usually have a
few very inconspicuous spiral coloured lines or bands, and obsolete
microscopic spiral lines ; spire large, very gradually-conical, blunt,
suture margined below with yellow ; whorls 6, rather convex, 2nd
large, 3rd very large, inflated, much produced, slightly convex above
to the periphery ; aperture diagonal, ovately lunate, within glossy,
of a purplish-leaden hue ; peristome straight, everywhere expanded,
and reflected, margins joined by a thin callus, columellar margin
58 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
expanded over the umbilicus, by which it is at length completely
hidden.
Diameter, greatest 1*80; least P30; height 1*20 of an inch.
Habitat. Miriam Vale, Port Curtis, Queensland. — Blomfield.
The nearest approach to this species is made by the uniformly dark
variety of H. Frazeri, mentioned under its proper head. But this is
remarkable for its unusual elongation above and below, giving it
something of a Bulimoid appearance.
144. Helix cerata. Cox. Plate VIII. Pig. 4. M.C.
H. Porbesi. Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 40.
H. cerea. Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 36, 1864.
Shell imperforate, solid, giobosely-eonical, rather glossy, finely striated,
very pale waxy-yellow, with numerous spiral reddish lines, and very
narrow bands ; spire rather large, broadly-conical, obtuse ; whorls
7, rather convex, last very large, dilated and produced in front,
above deflected ; aperture diagonal, ovately-lunate, white within ;
peristome straight, everywhere expanded and slightly reflected,
margins scarcely approximating, joined by a callus ; columella
thickened and expanded, completely obliterating the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest P60; least P25; height 1-10 of an inch.
Habitat. Port Molle and Port Denison, Queensland. — Masters.
A very remarkable shell, in form and solidity approaching II. Blom-
jieldi, and in colour and markings II. Incei. In short the wonderful
parallelism of these shells is so obvious that it may be set down as
II. cerata is to H. Incei, so is H. Blomfieldi to 27. Lessoni. The
ground colour is white ; the epidermis is remarkably thin. The
shell has a waxy and smooth, rather glossy appearance, especially
below.
145. Helix Curtisiana. Pfr.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1863, p. 528.
Shell narrowly umbilicated, conoid! y-seini-globose, solid, striated,
chestnut ; spire conoidly-convex, above whitish, apex rather obtuse ;
suture with a white thread ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, last large,
convex, somewhat angular above the middle, flattish at the base,
descending in front ; aperture nearly diagonal, roundly-lunate ;
peristome scarcely thickened, narrowly expanded, columellar margin
triangularly dilated above.
Diameter, greatest PI 4; least 0'98; height 0'67 of an inch.
Habitat. Port Curtis. — Angas.
This description has been translated from Pfeiffer, who indicates the
position of the shell to be next H. Yulei.
146. Helix similaris. Per. Plate IX. Pig. 14. M.C.
Fer., Hist. Moll. PI. XXV. B. Pig. 1—4; and PL XXVII. A. Fig. 3.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 149.
Shell umbilicated, depressly-globose, scarcely shining, rather thin,
translucent, striated, pale yellowish-horny, with, usually, a narrow
reddish band ; spire obtusely-conical ; whorls convex, last slightly
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 59
descending in front ; aperture roundly-lunate, diagonal ; peristome
white within, straight, slightly expanded and reflected ; columella
dilated above and ^ covering the moderately sized and pervious
umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0*65 ; least 0-50 ; height 0-30 of an inch.
Habitat. Frankland Isles, N.E. coast of Australia. — MacGillivray.
Double Bay, Sydney, N.S.W., in gardens. — Cox.
In the last mentioned locality, where Mrs. Forde first observed it as a
novelty, it occurred in Mr. Guilfcyle's nursery, and was doubtless an
importation among soil with plants. With reference to the locality
on the Frankland Isles, the late Professor E. Forbes suggested that it
might have been carried thither by floating timber, which is ex-
tremely probable. It is pre-eminently a wanderer, as will be seen
by the list of places, widely separated, where it has been found : —
Cuba, Brazil, Reunion, Mauritius, Natal, Java, Bengal, China,
Sandwich Islands.
147. Helix mansueta. Pfr. Plate II. Fig. 4. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soe., 1854, p. 57.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1304.
Shell umbilicated, orbicularly-depressed, rather thin, diaphanous, very
closely but almost obsoletely striated and under the lens, minutely
granulated, without lustre, deep vinous-chestaut ; spire short,
broadly-conical, rather acute at the apex, suture impressed ; whorls
5, convex, very gradually increasing, last nearly descending in front,
rounded ; umbilicus moderate, perspective ; aperture diagonal,
lunately-oval ; peristome usually pale or coloured, not thickened,
very briefly expanded, margins rather approximating, columellar
margin slightly triangularly dilated above and reflected.
Diameter, greatest O70 ; least 0*55 ; height 0-30 of an inch.
Habitat. Moreton Bay, Queensland. — Masters. Richmond River,
N. S. W.— Mac Gillivray.
Perhaps the descriptions of Pfeiffer and Reeve, which frequently dis-
agree, were taken from a single specimen. None of mine shew any
angularity on the periphery as stated by them, but not shown on
Reeve's figure, nor are there either pale or dark markings about the
umbilicus, as mentioned by these writers. All the specimens which I
have seen are concolorous, and of a vinous hue.
148. Helix mucida. Pfr.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 329.
Shell umbilicated, turbinately-depressed, rather thin, finely striated,
deep red, appearing as if spread over with mould ; spire conoid,
rather blunt ; whorls 5, convex, gradually increasing, last rounded,
descending in front, sub-angular around the funnel-shaped um-
bilicus ; aperture nearly diagonal, roundly lunar, shining flesh-colour
within ; peristome briefly expanded, margins scarcely converging,
columellar margin triangularly dilated above and spreading.
Diameter, greatest 0-79; least 065 ; height 0*43 of an inch.
Habitat. Percy Isles, N. E. Coast of Australia. — Chimmo.
60 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
A variety of smaller dimensions is alluded to by Pfeiffer, from whom
the preceding has been entirely taken, Mon. Ilel. Viv., Vol. IV.,
p. 264. Doubtless a very remarkable and easily distinguished
species, from its deep red colour and "mouldy" appearance.
149. Helix pliculosa. Pfr. Plate IX. Fig. 12. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 386.
Shell umbilicated, turbinately-globose, delicately thin, above closely
covered with little folds, diaphanous, slightly shining, reddish-
horny ; spire conoid, apex fine ; whorls 5, slightly convex, last sub-
angular above the middle, rounded in front, scarcely descending,
inflated at the base, somewhat compressed about the moderate,
pervious umbilicus ; aperture oblique, lunately-rounded ; peristome
white, margins somewhat converging, right slightly expanded, colu-
mellar margin dilated above, reflected, and forming with the basal
an obtuse angle.
Diameter, greatest 0'63 ; least 0-51 ; height 0-39 of an inch.
Habitat, Drayton Range, Queensland. — Stutchlury. Rockhampton. —
Cox.
I have adopted Pfeiffer's description with very slight alteration, as the
only specimen in my cabinet is not in very good condition. Although
this shell may be associated with H. aridorum and H. marcescens, it is
not granulated.
150. Helix murina. Pfr.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 384.
Shell umbilicated, turbinately - globose, thin, regularly striated,
granular, somewhat roughened, deep red ; spire shortly conoid,
slightly obtuse ; whorls nearly 5, convex, last inflated, scarcely
descending in front, somewhat compressed about the moderate,
pervious umbilicus ; aperture diagonal, lunately-rounded, pearly
within ; peristome brownish, fleshy, everywhere shortly expanded,
margins somewhat converging, columellar margin dilated above,
reflected in a vaulted manner.
Diameter, greatest 0-60 ; least 0-47 ; height 0'35 of an inch.
Var. /3. Paler, brownish-horny, with white peristome.
Habitat, Admiralty Islands. Var. /3. Northern Australia. — Stidchbury.
The preceding has been entirely derived from Pfeiffer, Jlon. Hel. Viv.,
Vol. IV., p. 267.
151. Helix morosa. Moreht.
Morelet, in Journ. de Conchyl., 1853-4, p. 369. Plate XI. Fig. 15.
Shell with covered umbilicus, turbinately-globose, depressed, thin,
plicately striated, granulated under the lens, of a uniform dark-
chestnut colour ; spire conoidly-depressed ; whorls 6, somewhat con-
vex, gradually increasing in size, the last not descending, base
almost flat ; aperture oval, of a uniform colour ; peristome scarcely
thickened, shortly reflected, of a violet tint, margins joined by a
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 6t
callus, columellar margin dilated into a triangular plate concealing
the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 1*22 ; least 1*12 ; height 0*78 of an inch.
Habitat. Moreton Bay, Queensland. — Morelet.
XXV.— SECTION VALLONIA. PJr. Vers. p. 139.
* H. cyclostomata. * H. Delessertiana. * H. Alexandra.
152. Helix cyclostomata. Le Guillou. Plate X. Fig. 12,
natural size and magnified. M.C.
Le Guillou, Revue. Zool., 1842, p. 141.
Helix Tuckeri. Pfr., Symbol®, Vol. III., p. 77, 1846.
Helix strangulata. Homb. et Jacq., Voy. au Pole Sud., Zool., Vol. V.,
p. 16, 1854. Plate VI. Pig. 1—4.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, thin, slightly shining, pellucid, faintly
striated, and sparingly covered with very short hairs, brownish-
horny, occasionally with an obscure reddish line ; spire slightly
elevated ; whorls 4, flattish, last bulging and turned down in front,
constricted behind the aperture ; base convex, umbilicus moderate,
open ; aperture diagonal, somewhat circular ; peristome white within,
slightly thickened and reflected, the margins approaching.
Diameter, greatest 0'40 ; least 0'32 ; height 015 of an inch.
Habitat. Queensland, from Brisbane to Cape York, both near the
coast and inland ; also in the islands of Torres Strait. — Cox. Dr.
Mueller has even sent me specimens from St. Kilda, near Melbourne.
153. Helix Delessertiana. Le Guillou. Plate V. Figs. 8 a.,
8 b. M.C.
Le Guillou, Revue. Zool., 1842, p. 138.
Helix Taranaki. Gray, M.S.S., inPfr.'s Symbolce, Vol.111., p. 19, 1846.
Helix Torresiana. Homb. et Jacq., Voy. au Pole Sud., Zool., Vol. V.,
p. 10, 1854. PI. IV. Pig. 24—27."
Shell umbilicated, depressed, rather solid, rather shining, closely,
regularly, and rather strongly striately ribbed, either white and
' rather glossy, or pale horny ; spire slightly prominent, suture rather
impressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last convex and rather
tumid, scarcely descending in front ; base with ribs smoother than
above, umbilicus moderate, deep ; aperture lunately-ovate, slightly
broader than high ; peristome thin, expanded, white within, margins
approximating, columellar margin scarcely expanded above, and
slightly reflected.
Diameter, greatest 0-70 ; least 0#57 ; height 0-35 of an inch.
Habitat. Islands of Torres Strait, from Nogo Island on the south to
"Warrior Island on the north. — MacGillivray.
A fine series of specimens has satisfied me regarding the correctness of
the synonyms given above.
154. Helix Alexandrse. Cox. Plate VI. Fig. 1, natural size
and magnified. M.C.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 35, 1864.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, glassy, translucent, shining, faintly and
62 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
not regularly, finely, inembranousby ribbed ; spire slightly promi-
nent, suture impressed ; whorls 4, regularly increasing, convex, last
slightly dofleoted in front ; base striated as above to the bottom of
the perspective umbilicus, which equals j of the diameter ; aperture
diagonal, nearly circular ; peristome thickened, expanded, slightly
reflected, white, margins nearly continuous.
Diameter, greatest 0-09 ; least 0-07 ; height 005 of an inch.
Habitat. Petersham. Marrickville. Glehe. Craigend, and other
places about Sydney. — Cox.
A very neat little shell, of a delicate white, tinged with blue, and very
closely allied to the European H. costata of Midler.
XXVI.— SECTION THERSITES. Pfr. Vers. p. 141.
* H. Eichmondiana. * H. Bidwilli.
* H. MacGillivrayi. * H. delta.
165. Helix Eichmondiana. Pfr. Elate VIII. Figs. 5 and 6.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 252.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 365.
Shell imperforate, broadly trochiform, solid, opaque, shining, closely
and irregularly, obliquely, finely striated and granulated, dark chest-
nut, reddish at the apex ; spire conical, rounded at the apex ; whorls
6, flattened, very gradually increasing, last slightly descending in
front, sharply keeled at the periphery ; base flat, aperture very
oblique, triangularly ovate, at the keel pointedly produced in front,
within glossy livid ; peristome thickened, chestnut or blackish-brown,
margins not approaching, joined with a thin callus, expanded and
slightly reflected, especially towards the columella.
Diameter, greatest 2 "20; least 2-00; height l'OO of an inch.
Habitat. Eichmond Eiver, N. S. W. — Cox.
Apparently confined to that district, where it occurs in plenty along
with H. Falconari, in the vast Cedar and Eine brushes, both keeping
under logs, &c, in dry weather. A pale variety of this fine species
is not uncommon, Eig. 6. The colour is reddish or yellowish, of
various degrees of intensity, with a narrow, dark, spiral band, and a
dark blotch in the umbilical region.
156. Helix MacGillivrayi. Forbes. Elate II. Fig. 12. M.C.
Forbes, Voy. of Rattlesnake, Vol. II., p. 377. PI. III. Fig. 1.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 357.
Shell imperforate, trochiform, rather thin, smooth, moderately shining,
very closely obliquely and spirally striated throughout, flesh coloured,
irregularly interspersed with minute dark, rounded dots ; spire
conical, apex acute, bluish-black ; whorls 5, flat, the last keeled,
suddenly descending in front, beneath the keel somewhat com-
pressed and convex ; mouth very oblique, sinuately and irregularly
triangular ; peristome thin, white within, surrounded by a dark
band, right margin arched, then forming a rounded projection, fol-
lowed by a rounded sinus, thence to the columella slightly curved,
collumella slightly ascending, callous, dark chestnut at the base.
Diameter, greatest 0*90 ; least 0'75 ; height 0*67 of an inch.
AUSTKALIAN LAND SHELLS. 63
Habitat. Frankland Isles, N. E. Coast of Australia, on trees. — Mac-
Gillivray.
A handsome and very singular shell, of which Forbes remarks that it
strikingly resembles in shape some marine Zizyphini.
157. Helix Bidwilli. Pfr. Plate II. Tig. 3. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1853.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. ep. 1034.
Shell imperforate, pyramidally-conical, smooth, very faintly obliquely
striatulated, shining, white, marked with small burnt red spots, for
the most part arranged spirally, and largest about the mouth ; spire
regularly conical, suture very slightly impressed ; whorls 6, very
nearly fiat, last carinated, slightly swollen in front, and constricted
at the mouth ; base flat, with larger and darker blotches than above ;
aperture very oblique, somewhat oval ; peristome black, thinly
rounded, slightly reflected on the left, margins not approximating,
but joined by a very thin dark callus.
Diameter, greatest OwO ; least 0-63 ; height 0*65 of an inch.
Habitat. Mary River and Ipswich, Queensland. — Bid-well. Rich-
mond River, N. 8. W. — MacGillivray.
A handsome trochiform shell, which ascends smooth-stemmed trees in
the brushes to the height of 30 feet and upwards. It was originally
found by the late Mr. Bidwill, C.C.L.
158. Helix delta. Pfr. Plate IY. Pig. 13, natural size and
magnified. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc., 1856, p. 386.
Helix conoidea. Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 21, 1864.
Helix fenestrata. Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1866, p. 374.
Shell perforated, globosely- conical, keeled, thin, fleshy white, with
numerous faintly irregular elevated ribs, under the lens shewing
more minute spiral decussating lines, giving a fenestrated appear-
ance to the shell, especially towards the apex ; spire conical, obtuse ;
whorls 6, slightly convex, last somewhat sharply keeled ; aperture
diagonal, sub-angularly-lunate, pearly within ; peristome simple,
thin, acute, very slightly expanded on the columella above and re-
flected, somewhat covering the minute umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 040 ; least 0*35 ; height 0*25 of an inch.
Habitat. Drayton Range, Queensland. — Stutchbury. Cabbage Tree
Island, Port Stephens, N. S. W. — King. Pine Mountain, Lismore,
Richmond River, N. S. W., on trunks of trees. — MacGillivray.
The fenestration of this very distinct, carinated, and widely conical
shell is sometimes indistinct.
XXVIL— SECTION TACHEA. Pfr. Vers. p. 142.
* H. tescorum. * H. Dringi.
159. Helix tescorum. Bens. Plate IX. Fig. 5, copied from Peeve.
Reeve, Con. Icon. sp. 1154.
Benson, Ann. and Mag., Nat. Hist., 1853, p. 30.
Shell imperforate, conoidly-globose, solid, whitish (an colorata?),
fi4 AUSTRALIAN LAM) r-HET.T.S.
(greenish horny, Reevr), irregularly striated ; spire conoid, rather
obtuse, suture deeply channelled ; whorls 5.\, slightly convex, last
rounded, deflected in front ; aperture diagonal, roundly-lunate ;
peristome thickened, right margin scarcely expanded, basal re-
flected, columellar margin dilated, appressed (columellar margin re-
flected, broadly callously dilated over the umbilical area, Reeve).
Diameter, greatest 0-77 ; least 0-68 ; height 0-41 of an inch.
Habitat. Shark's Bay, Western Australia. — Benson.
Pfeiffer's description is that given above from Mon. Bel. Viv., Vol. IV.,
p. 283. Benson states that it was found along with H. plectilis, and
appeared to be in a sub-fossil state.
Reeve remarks that this species "has a worn opaque- white aspect, but it
has some faint traces of rusty-brown, so that the species in fine con-
dition may probably be coloured."
160. Helix Dringi. Pfr. Plate XL Fig. 9, copied from Reeve.
Pfr., Symbols, Vol. ILL, p. 73.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 769.
Shell with a covered umbilicus, depressed, thin, fragile, above very
closely and very finely plicated, whitish, opaque, girt with pellucid
lines ; spire somewhat flattened ; whorls 4-|, scarcely convex, last
slightly compressed on the side, smooth at the base, inflated ; aper-
ture lunar, of one colour ; peristome expanded, somewhat thickened
within, columellar margin shortly arched, dilated, reflected, and
appressed.
Diameter, greatest 0*51 ; least 0'43 ; height 0-29 of an inch.
Habitat. Eastern Australia, near Torres Strait, under decayed leaves.
— Dring.
I have given Pfeiffer's description. The specimen is unique. Peeve
speaks of it as a delicate flatly, globose, opaque, white species,
encircled with pellucid bands and lines.
XXVIII.— SECTION CALLIOOCHLIAS. Pfr. Vers.
p. 143.
* H. Praseri. * H. Mitchells.
161. Helix Fraseri. Gray. Plate X. Fig. 6. M.O.
Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1836, p. 63, and in Griffith's Anim. Kingd.
Moll. PI. XXXVI.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 360.
Shell imperforate, globosely-turbinated, smooth, very faintly obliquely
striated, under the lens exhibiting extremely minute spiral lines and
lengthened granulations not perceptible to the touch, reddish-yellow,
with numerous spiral chestnut lines and bands, darker about the
mouth ; spire broadly conical, obtuse ; whorls 6, slightly convex,
last convex, above deflected in front ; base marked as above, but
granulations more distinct ; aperture diagonal, ovately-lunate, black
within, then of a shining livid hue ; peristome straight, broadly ex-
panded, reflected, margins rather approaching, and connected by
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 65
a very thin callus, columellar margin much thickened above and
expanded.
Diameter, greatest 2-00 ; least 1"60 ; height 1*10 of an inch.
Habitat. Clarence and Richmond Rivers, N. S. W. Brisbane and
Wide Bay, Queensland.
A variable shell. The preceding description applies to what I consider
to be the typical form, with black lip and decided markings. A
larger variety, of which one individual measures 2-25 ; 1*75 ; 1*70 of
an inch, is scarcely so brightly marked, and has the lip and colu-
mella of an obscure violaceous or livid hue. Reeve's figure and
Pfeiffer's description, Mon. Hel. Viv., Vol. I., p. 246, apply more
particularly to this variety. A very beautiful variety from the
Clarence River, smooth and glossy, the sculpture being reduced to
its minimum, is of an intense blackish-chestnut, gradually fading
into pale reddish-chestnut at the apex. Another variety, although
dark and unhanded below, has the spire pale, and finely spirally
lined ; and there are several others.
162. Helix Mitchellse. Cox. Plate IX. Fig. 9. M C.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 19, 1864.
Shell imperforate, globosely-turbinated, solid, striated with the lines
of growth, under the lens universally reticularly or irregularly
linearly granulated, deep reddish-chestnut, with four yellow bands,
one broad in umbilical region, another narrow along the periphery,
with a blackish band above it. a third, broader and separated by a
dark band from a very narrow fourth at the suture ; spire roundly
convex, obtuse ; whorls 6^, very regularly increasing, convex, last
deflected in front, convex below ; aperture very oblique, truncately-
elliptical, within of a pearly bluish tint ; peristome thickened, lipped
within, reflected, inner edge glossy, chestnut black, margins con-
nected with a thin dark callus, anterior rather sinuated near the peri-
phery, columellar margin flattened, with a very prominent inner lip,
having an obsolete tooth-like callosity near the centre.
Diameter, greatest l-80; least l-50; height 1*20 of an inch.
Habitat. Clarence River, N. S. W. — Mitchell. Beach Hut, Emmigrant
Creek, Richmond River, under masses of dead leaves. — Cox.
This fine species, the specimen of which described and figured, is from
the cabinet of Mrs. Mitchell ; but I have received since several fine
specimens from the locality above mentioned. It is extremely
interesting, from its wonderful resemblance in sculpture and colo-
ration to H. Dupuyana, a depressly-conical and carinated species.
We see here how, in two groups, or sections of the great genus
Helix, one in each beautifully represents the other.
XXIX.— SECTION GEOTKOCHTTS. Pfr. Vers. p. 145.
* H. Dupuyana. * H. fucata. * H. Giirtneriana.
* H. conscendens. * H. Poiretiana. * H. Nova3-Hollandia\
163. Helix Dupuyana. Pfr. Plate II. Fig. 5. M.C.
33. Helix Dupuyana. Pfr. Plate II. Fig.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1851, p. 159.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 354.
66 AUSTRALIAN LA^ SHELLS.
Shell imperforate, depressly-conical, solid, the lines of growth some-
times rather diagonally decussated, prominent and rugose, with very
faint lines, and the whole surface has a minutely granularly reticu-
lated appearance under the lens, rich chestnut, with two narrow
fulvous bands, one below the suture, the other on the periphery,
and the latter with a faint dark band above it ; spire broadly conoid,
obtuse at the apex; whorls oh, flatly convex, last deflected in front,
angled at the periphery, swollen at the mouth, and rather excavated
above ; base usually with a yellowish mark round the umbilical
region ; aperture very oblique, truncately oval ; peristome thickened,
lipped within, slightly expanded, callous, very daik glossy-chestnut,
as is the thin callus connecting the margins and the base of the
columella, on which, at the centre, is a long tooth-like callosity.
Diameter, greatest 145 ; least 1-20 ; height 0-80 of an inch.
Habitat. Ash Island and Hexham, Hunter River. — Scott. Bellinger and
Upper Clarence Rivers, N. S W. — Cox.
Rather a variable species, as may be seen by comparing the figures
and descriptions quoted above. Pfeiffer, Mm. Hel. Viv., Vol. IV.,
p. 200, mentions what he calls var. /3. as being more depressed, with
a convexly- conoid spire, ehestmit, with one yellow band at the
periphery, and another in the umbilical region. Add a second yellow
band under the suture, and one has the type and commonest form as
described above.
164. Helix Gartneriana. Pfr. Plate XL Fig n, copied from
Reeve.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1851, p. 253.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 419.
Shell umbilicated, cone-shaped, solid, irregularly elevatedly striated,
opaque, slightly shining, yellowish-flesh coloured ; spire conical,
apex obtuse ; suture somewhat margined ; whorls 7, convex, last
sub-angular at the periphery, encircled by a red line, not descending
in front, beneath rather flat ; umbilicus very narrow, open ; aperture
slightly oblique, somewhat square ; peristome white, upper margin
almost angularly arched, expanded, basal nearly straight, columellar
margin pinkish, short, vertical and reflected.
Diameter, greatest 087 ; least 0-75 ; height 0-87 of an inch.
Habitat. Port Essington. — Mac G ill iv ray.
The preceding description has been taken verbatim, except the locality,
from Pfeifler's lion. BZel. Viv., Vol. III., p. 220. Reeve remarks
that the columellar margin is stained with a characteristic purple
violet blotch.
165. Helix Poiretiana. Pfr. Plate II. Fig. l. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1851, p. 254.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 418.
Shell perforate, conical, rather solid, smooth, rather shining, opaque,
very finely obliquely striated, fleshy white, frequently irregxdarly
streaked with pale brown along the lines of growth ; spire very tall,
conical, suture impressed ; whorls 7, nearly flat, last more rounded,
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 67
convex below, with a narrow reddish-brown band under tho
pheriphery, very slightly descending in front ; aperture diagonal,
lunately rounded ; peristome expanded, reflected, thin edged, mar-
gins not approaching, columellar margin thicker and nearly conceal-
ing the narrow umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 0-80 ; least 0-70 ; height l-00 of an inch.
Habitat. Night Island, N. E. Coast of Australia, on trees. — Mac-
Gillivray and Edwards.
Several mistakes regarding identity and locality between this and II.
Gdertneriana have been made by Pfeiffer, Forbes, Reeve, and
myself. This shell, I am enabled to state with certainty, is not from
Port Essington as originally stated. It was first found in the locality
indicated by me during the voyage of the Beagle, and subsequently
during that of the Rattlesnake, and since then it has twice been col-
lected there for me in abundance. It is curious that this fine shell
should apparently be completely confined to one little island, the dry
portion of which is not more than a quarter of a mile in length.
166. Helix fucata. Pfr. Plate II. Fig. 8. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1853, p. 59.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 1029.
Shell imperforate, globosely-conical, rather solid, shining, porcellaneous,
under the lens obliquely striated, also but more faintly, spirally and
decussatedly striated, white, with three black spiral bands, and
another faint reddish one above each of the central bands ; spire
sharply conical, acute and reddish at the apex, suture smooth ;
whorls 5, nearly flat, last convex, scarcely descending ; base rather
flat, with a black umbilical mark ; aperture diagonal, lunately-oval ;
peristome thin, right margin rather straight, anterior produced and
curved, left expanded and reflected, collumellar margin tinged with
pink.
Diameter, greatest 065 ; least 0-55 ; height 050 of an inch.
Habitat. Wide Bay and Maryborough, Queensland. — Strange and
Bidivill.
A very beautifully painted glossy shell, resembling a South Sea
Island group, illustrated by R. Boivini.
167. Helix conscendens. Cox. Plate II. Fig. 6. M.C.
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1866, p. 374.
Shell imperforate, globosely conical, very thin, pellucid, somewhat
glassy, rather shining, under the lens obsoletely obliquely striated,
whitish, with one band more or less conspicuously coloured ; spire
conical, coloured at the tip ; whorls 6, slightly convex, last very
large, slightly deflected, with an obsolete keel ; aperture diagonal,
lunately-ovate ; peristome thin, outer margin somewhat sinuated,
columella above slightly reflected.
Diameter, greatest G" 60 ; least 0- 50 ; height 0'55 of an inch.
Habitat. Lismore, Upper Richmond River, on trees in the pine
brushes. — Mac Gill iv ray.
68 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
The band varies in intensity of colour, from deep black bordered with
red to reddish-brown or pinkish, and in old specimens is very faintly
indicated. This species is closely related to the many banded and
lined H. fucata of Wide Bay.
168. Helix Novse-Hollandiae- Gray.
Carocolla Novre-Hollandire. Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 67.
Shell orbicular, conical, sub-depressed, sub-perforate, thin, smooth,
very finely elevately-punctate, pale fulvous ; spire conical, convex ;
whorls 6, distinct, with a brown sub-median band, last with a pale
angular keel, convex in front, deep brown about the axis ; aperture
sub-angular ; peristome sub-inflexed behind the keel, somewhat
thickened, reflected, black, outer lip thin, brown, throat whitish,
with a pellucid band.
Diameter 14 lines, axis 9 lines.
Habitat. N. S. W. 200 miles from Port Macquarie. — Cunningham.
This description is a translation of the original. After much reflection
I feel scarcely any doubt of the specific identity of this shell with
If. Dupuyana, a point which inspection of the original specimen will
probably settle at once in the affirmative, and if so, Dr. Gray's name
has the priority.
Genus
BULIMUS.— Scopoli.
Shell oblong or tiirreted ; aperture with unequal longi-
tudinal margins, toothless or dentate ; columella entire,
revolute externally or nearly simple ; peristome simple or
expanded.
Animal like Helix. — Woodward, p. 164.
XXX.— SECTION NAPiEUS. Pfr. Vers. p. 153.
* B. Pacificus. Pfr. * B. lepidula. Ad. and Ang.
* B. Adelaide. Ad. and Any.
169. Bulimus Pacificus. Pfr. Plate XIII. Pig. 3. M.C.
Pfr., Mm. Jlel. Viv., Vol. IV., p. 414.
Pupa Paeifica. Pfr., Pro. Zool Soc., p. 31, 1846.
Shell deeply fissured, ovately-cvlindrical, very finely oblicpiely striated,
rather solid, yellowish -horny ; apex rounded; whorls 5, convex, last
nearly equalling ^ of the entire length ; aperture lunately-rounded
or semi-oval ; peristome white, lipped, shortly expanded, right lip
briefly curved above with generally a small callous tubercle close
to it on the body whorl, then nearly straight, rounded in front,
columella!1 margin more expanded.
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 69
Length 0*15 ; breadth (WO ; aperture 0*05 long, of an inch.
Habitat. Brisbane, Ipswich, Port Curtis, &c, along the coasts
and islands of Queensland, to Cape York and the islands of Torres
Strait. — HacGillivray.
170. Bulimus lepidula. Ad. and Ang.
Bulimulus (Chondrula) lepidula. Adams and Angas, Pro. Z>ol. Soc,
p. 38, 1864.
Shell turreted, pupiform, umbilicated, thin, shining, semi-pellucid,
horny ; whorls 5, strongly convex, longitudinally striated ; aperture
roundly-ovate; peristome interrupted, white, widely reflected;
mouth above with a small, white, tubercular callosity.
Length 2 lines ; breadth 1 line.
Habitat. Shark's Bay, N. AV. Australia. — Angas.
It is remarked by the authors quoted above, whose description I have
given unaltered, that this little species differs from B. Adelaides, in
being semi-pellucid, shining, and of a horn colour, also that the
whorls are much more strongly convex.
171. Bulimus Adelaidse. Ad. and Ang. M.C.
Buliminus (Chondrula) Adelaidae. Adams and Angas, Pro. Zool.
Soc, p. 522, 1863.
Pupa Eamsayi. Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 28, 1864.
Shell umbilicated, somewhat fusiformly cylindrical, rather solid, very
finely longitudinally striated, pale brown, or whitish ; whorls 6,
rather convex, apex rounded, four first gradually increasing, 5th and
6th of equal width, last equalling about 5 of the length ; aperture
vertical, oval obliquely truncated ; peristome white, expanded, right
margin curved, with a conspicuous white tooth-like callosity in the
angle, columellar margin much more callous and expanded.
Length 0-24; breadth 0'10 ; aperture 0*06 long, of an inch.
Habitat. Probably generally distributed in South Australia. My
specimens are from Rapid Bay, and "Wallaroo. — Masters.
XXXI.— SECTION OPEAS. Pfr. Vers. p. 156.
* B. Tuckeri.
173. Bulimus Tuckeri. Pfr. Plate XIII. Fig. 9. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1846, p. 30.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 481.
Bulimus "Walli. Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 24, 1864.
Shell perforate, cylindrically acuminate, very thin, shining, distinctly
longitudinally striated, glassy, whitish or pale yellowish ; spire very
long, tapering, obtuse at the apex ; whorls 8, convex, last equalling
l of the entire length ; aperture of a long oval form ; peristome
simple, acute, columellar margin nearly straight, very slightly
dilated above.
Length 0"42 ; breadth (HO ; aperture 0*10 long, of an inch.
70 AUSTRALIAN LAND SUELLS.
Habitat. Clarence Heads, N. S. W. Generally distributed throughout
Queensland and its islands, from Brisbane to Cape York. Found
generally in the isles of the S. W. Pacific, and has been introduced
to S}Tdney with plants from Aneiteum. — MacGillivray.
Varies considerably in size, and slightly in acuteness of the spire, and
also in the distinctness of the longitudinal stria).
The specimens formerly described by me as B. Walli, I can now only
look upon as a variety of this species of exaggerated length.
XXXII.— SECTION CARYODES. Pfr. Vers. p. 157.
* B. Dufresni. * B. Angasianus.
173. Bulimus Dufresni. Leach. Plate XIII. Pig. 12. M.C.
Leach, Miscell. Zool., p. 153. PI. CXX.
Helix Dufresni. Fer., Hist. PI. CXIII. Pig. 1—3.
Shell imperforate, ovately-oblong, rather solid, shining, and almost
smooth, although faintly marked with longitudinal striae and granu-
lations, chestnut brown, encircled by yellow and blackish bands;
spire obtuse, suture crenulated below ; whorls 5, slightly convex,
last nearly equalling the spire ; aperture oval, very slightly oblique,
bluish within ; peristome simple, rounded on the edge, frequently
moderately thickened, right and basal margins regularly and mode-
rately arcuate, columellar margin partially twisted in the centre,
and above slightly expanded and adherent.
Length 1*60 ; breadth 0'80 ; aperture 0-80 long ; 0*50 wide, of an inch.
Habitat. Tasmania. Widely distributed and very abundant. — Cox.
A handsome and variable species. One median spiral band is generally
present, usually flanked with two paler ones. Sometimes there are
longitudinal markings in addition. Some stunted varieties do not
exceed 8-10ths of an inch in length.
174. Bulimus Angasianus. Pfr. Plate XIII. Pig. 2. M.O.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, p. 528, 1863.
Shell imperforate, rather broadly and conically ovate, thin, trans-
lucent, shining, very closely and smoothly striately ribbed, the striae
very conspicuous at the sutures, decussated with spiral lines,
especially above, pale horny, reddish-brown, with two bright yellow
bands generally margined with brown lines ; spire short, conical,
obtuse, apex granular ; whorls 4, convex, last longer than the spire,
rounded at the base ; aperture angularly oval, within pearly, and
showing the two bands white instead of yellow ; peristome simple,
regular, thin, columellar margin whitely callous, slightly expanded,
and outwardly reflected, but sometimes leaving a fissure leading
to the covered umbilicus.
Length 0-90; breadth 050 ; aperture 0-50 long ; 0-35 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Port Lincoln, S. Australia, on an open heath. — Angas.
Among the numerous specimens collected by Mr. Masters of this
species a striking variety occurs. It is of a beautiful bright yellow
colour, with indications of a single reddish spiral line.
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 71
XXXIII.— SECTION LIPARUS. Pfr. Vers. p. 157.
* B. atoraatus.
175. Bulimus atomatus. Gray. Plate XIII. Fig. 8 ; and
Plate XVIII. Fig. 15. M.O.
Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 64.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 184.
Shell imperforate, acutely ovate, thin, translucent, slightly shining,
thickly marked with flattened longitudinal striae, decussated with
irregular spiral lines, pale yellowish-brown, thickly covered with
dark markings, mostly in interrupted streaks, spots, and zigzag
lines ; spire conical, rather blunt at the apex ; whorls 5, moderately
convex, last equalling about 4-7th of the entire length ; aperture
narrowly oval, bluish within ; peristome simple, straight, thin, outer
and anterior margins regularly ai'ched, columellar margin neai-ly
straight, and vertical above, slightly expanded and reflected, quite
covering the umbilicus, and leaving only a small shallow groove in
its place.
Length 2-30; breadth 1-25 ; aperture 1'40 long; 0'65 wide, of an inch.
Habitat. 70 miles from Port Macquarie. — Cunningham. Ash Island
and Hexham, Hunter Paver. — Scott. Port Stephens. Manning
Eiver, N. S. YV. — King.
This seems a fit place to mention, as this description is some-
what at variance with Pfeiffer's, that the number of whorls, one less
than he makes it, is counted from a front view, and as is also the
proportion between the last whorl and the rest of the shell, which is
simply the relation of the mouth. He gives no directions on these
points, as he does regarding measurements.
XXXIV. — SECTION MESEMBEINUS. Pfr. Vers.
p. 158.
* B. dux. *'•' B. inflatus. * B. Tasmanicus.
176. Bulimus dux. Pfr. Plate XIII. Fig. 4; and Plate
XVIII. Fig. 16. M.O.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, p. 24, 1861.
Shell sub-perforate, elongately-oval, solid, opaque, not shining, with
numerous longitudinal and irregular, generally flattened, lines of
growth, decussated more or less distinctly above with spiral lines,
dull greyish- white ; spire short, conical, acute at the apex, suture
slightly impressed, crenulated, margined ; whorls 5 to 5£, very
slightly convex, last rather more than half the entire length ;
aperture narrowly oval, rosy-pink within ; peristome simple, straight ;
columella dilated and reflected, almost entirely concealing the um-
bilical fissure.
Length 1-90; breadth 1*10; aperture 1*05 long; 0*50 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. King George's Sound, W. Australia. — Masters.
A very remarkable, large, solid, whitish shell, resembling a semi-fossil.
72 AUSTRALIAX LAND SHELLS.
177. Bulimus inflatus. Lam. Plate XII. Fig. 14, copied
from Reeve.
Lamarck, Anim. satis Vertebr., Edt. Beshayes., Vol. VIII., p. 230.
Reeve, Cone. Leon. sp. 512.
Shell perforate, ovate, ventricose, longitudinally roughly striated,
solid, dead white ; spire conical, blunt ; whorls 5 to b\, rather eon-
vex, last scarcely exceeding the spire ; aperture oval ; peristome
simple, acute, columellar margin rather broadly dilated and re-
flected, not concealing the umbilicus.
Length 0-75 ; breadth 0-43 ; aperture 0-41 long; 0-21 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. New Holland. — Deshayes.
Never having seen this shell, which may be looked upon as doubtfully
Australian, I have compiled the above from Pfeiffer's JLon. Hel. Viv.,
Vol. II., p. 189, having also Beeve's description and plate before
me. A very large specimen is stated to measure 1-06 by 0-55 of an
inch.
178. Bulimus Tasmanicus. Pfr. Plate XIII. Pig. 1.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, p. 260, 1851.
Shell imperforate, conically-ovate, rather solid, translucent, with little
lustre, flatly and rather coarsely longitudinally striated, whitish,
originally covered with a reddish-brown epidermis, often remaining
as long close streaks along the lines of growth, but frequently
entirely absent when the surface may have a dull chalky appearance ;
spire reddish, and papillary at the apex ; whorls 5, slightly convex,
last nearly thrice the length of the spire, rounded at the base ; aper-
ture very slightly oblique, of a rather lengthened oval, pale yellow
within; peristome simple, straight, thin, columellar margin very
slightly rolled back.
Length 1*10 ; breadth 0*60 ; aperture 0*65 long ; 0*40 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Tasmania, climbing on trees. — Gunn.
A shell varying in relative length and breadth, but more so in mark-
ings, from the absence or presence of the coloured epidermis.
XXXV.— SECTION KHABDOTUS. Pfr. Vers. p. 158.
* B. Bidwilli * B. Baconi. * B. indutus.
* B. bulla. * B. Onslowi. * B. melo.
* B. Kingi. * B. rhodostoma. * B. Mastersi.
179. Bulimus Bidwilli. Cox. Plate XIII. Fig. 11. Museum,
Eev. E. L. King.
Shell nearly imperforate, of a lengthened oval form, rather thin, smooth,
very indistinctly striated, not shining, white, with numerous black and
reddish spiral bands, and, on each whorl, more or less distinctly, a
band of elongated black or reddish markings ; spire acutely conical,
bluish at the tip ; whorls 6, very slightly convex, last not ventricose,
deeply and irregularly stained with black and red; aperture up-
rightly oval ; peristome simple, regular, thin, columellar margin
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 73
white, slightly expanded and reflected, but not quite covering the
umbilical orifice.
Length 0-77 ; breadth 0'40 ; aperture O40 long ; O30 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Burnett River, Queensland, on the tops of trees. — Bidwill.
The only gaily painted Australian Bulimics known. Notwithstanding
habit, mode of colouration, and geographical remoteness, it ought, I
think, to come next to B. Kingi.
180. Bulimus Baconi. Benson.
Benson, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., Vol. XIII., p. 99, 1854.
Shell perforate, ovate, thin, closely striated, the upper portion of the
whorls somewhat granulated from spiral strife, silky, pellucid,
yellowish, with two chestnut bands ; spire very slightly convexly-
conical, apex obtuse, papillary ; whorls 5, slightly convex, crenu-
lated at the suture, last inflated, scarcely exceeding the spire in
length ; aperture hardly oblique, oval, within coloured as without,
but paler ; peristome simple, straight, right margin above somewhat
spreading and turned up, columellar margin brownish violet, above
dilated and reflected.
Length 0-94; breadth 1*55 ; aperture 0"53 long ; 0*31 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Darling Range, TV. Australia. — Bacon.
The preceding description has been taken, verbatim, from that of
Pfeiffer, in Mon. JLel. Viv., Vol. IV, p. 479. Benson remarks that
in its transverse bands and colouring this shell differs from all the
W. Australian species, and inclines to the Tasmanian B. Dufresni.
181. Bulimus indutus. MenJcc. Plate XIII. Fig. 10.
Menke, Moll. Nov. Roll. Spec, p. 6, 1843.
Shell perforate, oblong and acutely ovate, solid, rather shining,
longitudinally striated, and under the lens rugose above, white
under a reddish-yellow epidermis ; spire obtuse at the apex, suture
crenulated ; whorls 5, very slightly convex, last equalling the spire ;
aperture elliptically-ovate, white within ; peristome simple, acute ;
columella thickened above and slightly dilated, whitish or flesh
coloured.
Length 1*50 ; breadth 0-70 ; aperture 0-75 long ; 0-50 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Darling Range and Mount Eliza, TV. Australia. — Priess.
Perth, TV. Australia. — Bacon.
In my collection there are two specimens of a shell from Mr. Cuming,
marked li B. rhodostoma," Western Australia. As these agree with
the original description of B. indutus of Menke, and that of Pfeiffer,
Mon. Hel. Viv., I have made out the above description by collating
from all three sources. At the same time it appears to me highly
probable that the two are specifically identical ; the markings, and
colour of the mouth within, are not good points of difference, unless
confirmed by others, and Gray's name has the priority.
182. Bulimus bulla. Menke.
Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. Spec, p. 7, 1843.
Shell perforate, elbiptically-ovate, rather solid, longitudinally striated,
white under a thin greenish-yellow epidermis, with brown ribbons
74 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
and bands ; whorls 6, convex above, somewhat margined and fringed
at the suture ; spire moderate, obtuse ; aperture elliptically-ovate,
throat white ; columella straight, lip acute.
Habitat. Darling Eange, W. Australia. — Priess. Perth, W. Australia.
— Bacon.
There are two varieties : A. with a band at the base and beneath the
suture, and continuous brown somewhat bundled scattered ribbons
— length 10, breadth 6 lines. B. with a single band beneath the
suture, and two other obsolete interrupted brown bands in the
middle of the last whorl.
The description is a mere translation of the original as quoted above,
for I have never seen a specimen.
183. Bulimus Onslowi. Cox. Plate XIII. Fig. 13. Austra-
lian Museum.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 24, 1864.
Shell perforate, broadly ovate, rather solid, somewhat shining, striated,
surrounded by spiral decussating lines, giving the surface a rough
granular appearance on the upper half, whitish, with numerous
deeply reddish longitudinal irregular bands and blotches ; spire very
short, broadly conical, obtuse, suture crenulated ; whorls 4, rather
convex, last much inflated, longer than the spire ; aperture ellipti-
cally-ovate, reddish-brown, and cloudy within ; peristome simple,
acute, columellar margin white, expanded and reflected, covering
and nearly concealing the narrow perforation.
Length 0*80 ; breadth 0-55 ; aperture 0-55 long ; 0*30 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Dirk Hartog's Island, W. Australia. — Capt. Onslow.
A very distinct, remarkably inflated, and shortly spired species,
beautifully striped with red and white.
184. Bulimus melo. Quoy et Gaimard. Plate XIII. Fig. 6. M.C.
Helix melo. Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. oV Astr., Zool., Vol. II., p. 109.
PI. IX. Fig. 4—5.
Helix melo. Var. Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. d'Astr., Zool., Vol. II., p.
110. Plate IX. Fig. 6— 7.
Bulimus melo. Reeve, Cone. Leon. sp. 243.
Bulimus physoides. Reeve, Cone. Leon. sp. 507.
Shell perforate, ovate, solid, rather shining, longitudinally rugosely
striated, seldom strongly, except under the sutures, whitish or pale
yellow, with or without irregular reddish or chestnut streaks, and a
red sutural band ; spire conical, rather acute ; whorls 5, slightly
convex, last swollen, rather less than equalling or exceeding
the spire ; aperture oval ; peristome simple, straight, acute, gradu-
ally roundly merging into the columellar margin, which is rather
callous, expanded, and reflected, nearly covering the narrow but
always open umbilical fissure.
Length T20 ; breadth 0-70 ; aperture 0'70 long ; 0"40 wide, of an inch.
Habitat. King George's Sound. — Quoy et Gaimard. Masters, 8fc.
District Hay, W. Australia, on a species of melaleuca, gregarious in
October. — Priess, apud Menke. Freemantle, W. Australia. — Bacon.
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 75
This species, which far exceeds B. Kingi in diversity of markings, con-
spicuously differs from it in the first instance by its greater solidity
and less lengthened form. Meuke, Moll. Nov. Moll. Spec, p. 7, 1843,
specifies four varieties. Pfeiffer gives descriptions of six, Mon. Hel.
Vtv., Vol. IV., p. 477 ; and my own collection could furnish others.
Yet a few are pretty constant in their characters. The description
given above applies to what is perhaps the most usual, the pale
cokmred type. These pale shells have almost a porcellaneous ap-
pearance ; they may be entirely unmarked, have a sutural band of
reddish-chestnut, with or without longitudinal streaks of the same,
pale and indistinct, or numerous and deeply coloured, &c. ; the
mouth within is white, or shewing a pinkish hue, and there is very
frequently a fleshy tint on the columella and about the umbilicus.
Of the dark series, the most remarkable, which includes my largest
specimens, are very closely and narrowly longitudinally streaked,
with white, chestnut, or reddish-brown, &c. The interior of the mouth
is purplish, darker in proportion to the colour of the shell. In old
specimens the columella is very much thickened and callous above,
but the umbilicus is never completely closed. This last is Pfeiffer's
var. S., and is represented by Peeve, sp. 243. A much smaller dark
variety, nearly black, with a reddish apex, and very finely longitu-
dinally streaked with white threads, has a single reddish spiral
band, and the mouth is black within.
A variety found along with the preceding by Mr. Masters, on an island
in King George's Sound, has a very pale chestnut ground, a reddish
apex, a dark spiral band under the suture, and is handsomely
streaked with dark chestnut and threads of white. Lastly, there is
one prominently streaked blackish and reddish, which has three
markings, interrupted by light spiral bands.
185. Bulimus Kingi. Gray. Plate XIII. Fig. 7. M.O.
Gray, Ann of Phil, New Ser., Vol. IX., p. 414, 1825.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 336.
Helix trilineata. Quoy et Gaimard, Yoy. d,Astr.y Zool., Vol. II., p.
107. PI. IX. Pig. 1—3.
Ferussac et Deshaye's Hist. Moll. Atlas, Vol. II., 1832. PI. CL.
Fig. 11—12.
Bulimus trilineatus. Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 310, and sp. 397.
Bulimus Sayi. Pfr., Pro Zool. Soc, 1846, p. 114.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 458.
Bulimus melo. Var. /3., Menlce, Moll. Nov. Roll. Spec., p. 7, 1843.
Shell nearly imperforate, of a lengthened oval, rather solid, translucent,
rather shining, closely, irregularly, and rather strongly striated,
especially at the sutures, whitish, streaked longitudinally with very
numerous, flarae-like, interrupted or continuous dark chestnut mark-
ings ; spire conical, rather acute ; whorls 6, very slightly convex,
last not ventricose, usually rather shorter than the spire, frequently
equalling and rarely slightly exceeding it ; aperture oval to oblong-
oval, shining within, purplish-chestnut ; peristome simple, acute ;
columella callously white, with a dark patch outside, slightly dilated
76 AUSTRALIA* LAND SHELL?.
and reflected, reducing the vestige of an umbilicus to a very slight,
aperture.
Length 1*15 ; breadth, 0-oo ; aperture 055 long ; 0-30 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Bald Head, King George's Sound, W. Australia. — King.
Quoy and Gaimard, and Masters.
A great deal of confusion has been unnecessarily created with reference
to B. Kingi in its relationship to B. trilineatus. Nearly twenty
3'ears ago Pfeifler, Man. Hel. Viv., Vol. II., p. 174, observed that B.
trilineatus seemed to be a variety of B. Kingi. It would have been
better perhaps had he acted upon this opinion, which might have
saved three out of the four figures, with descriptions in Peeve, which
are calculated to confound. Let the reader carefully compare the
plates and descriptions of sp. 310, and sp. 397, and he will see a
good example of attempted conchological mystification, without any
excuse on the score of difficulty.
Having examined many hundred specimens of Bulimi other than B.
melo, collected at King George's Sound by Mr. Masters, I feel no
hesitation whatever in referring them to one species. Those corres-
ponding with Gray's original description of B. Kingi, as being
conically-ovate, with aperture equal to the spire and being inside
the mouth of a purplish black, are easily picked out ; but there exist
gradations between such and the ovately- conical shape, with spire
longer than the last whorl of Quoy and Gaimard' 's original descrip-
tion of B. trilineatus, I therefore join them. My description applies
to shells exhibiting the most usual style of marking, including the
short Kingi and the long trilineata, marked precisely alike, and in
shape graduating as one series. Among the varieties one is whitish
with very faint }'ellowish streaks ; this has the mouth white within.
Another pale variety, with more frequent, but very narrow dark
streaks, has the darkened mouth and dark columella patch of the
description. This is always a much thinner shell than B. melo, more
elongated, and not inflated.
Here I take the liberty of referring to the figure in Wood's Index
Testaceologicus, edition by Hanley, 18 ">6 — Helix. Plate VII. Fig.
27 a. — for the purpose of expressing my admiration of the ingenuity
displayed in producing a figure so utterly at variance with what it is
intended to represent ; yet, the very next figure, that of B. Bufresni,
although also on a very small scale, is remarkably good.
186. Bulimus rhodostoma. Gray. Plate XII. Fig 13, copied
from Reeve.
Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 65.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 323.
Shell narrowly umbiheated, ovate, solid, striated, obsoletely decussated
above with concentric lines, reddish-yellow, clouded with rose colour,
obsoletely banded with brown ; spire conical, acute ; whorls 7,
scarcely convex, last scarcely exceeding the spire ; suture somewhat
crenulated ; columella nearly straight ; aperture ovately-oblong, rose
coloured within ; peristome simple, obtuse, margins sub-parallel,
columellar margin reflected, vaulted.
AUSTBALIAX LAND SI1ELLS. 77
Length 1*22; breadth, 0-67 ; aperture 0-69 long ; 0433 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. New Holland.— Gray.
187. Bulimus Mastersi. Cox. Plate XIII. Fig 14. M.C.
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1867, p. 39.
Shell imperforate, ovately-conical, rather solid, rugosely-plicate, sculp-
tured principally at the suture with interrupted spiral furrows,
shining yellow or reddish-brown, adorned with longitudinal bands,
formed by coalescent lines, mostly white and porcellaneous ; spire
small, convexly- conical, obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 4, mode-
rately convex, the last 4 times exceeding the spire, base rounded ;
aperture moderately oblique, angularly oval, faintly showing within
the external bands ; peristome simple, straight, slender, white,
columellar margin slightly thickened above.
Length 0-74 ; diameter 045 of an inch.
Habitat. Port Lincoln, South Australia. — Masters.
The coalescent porcellaneous bands, on a darker ground, constitute the
most prominent feature of this pretty species, whose nearest ally is
B. trilineatus of Western Australia.
Genus
ACHATINELLA.— Swainsox.
Shell bulimoid, columella generally with a twisted
conical or lamelliform tooth.
XXXVI.— SECTION FBICKELLA. Pfr. Vers. p. 1C6.
Sub-perforate, oblong ; wall of the aperture furnished
with a plate entering spirally inwards ; columellar fold
compressed, central ; peristome simple, straight.
* A. Jacksonensis. * A. Wakefieldise.
188. Achatinella Jacksonensis. Cox. Plate XII. Fig. 15,
natural size and magnified. M.C.
Bulimus Jacksonensis. Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells,
p. 25, 1864.
Shell sub -perforate, oblong turreted, very thin, translucent, rather
shining, smooth, under the lens shewing faint longitudinal striae,
yellowish-horny ; spire elongated, gradually tapering, rather blunt
at the apex ; whorls 5 to 6, slightly convex, last equalling \ of the
length ; aperture irregularly ovate, with a thin central, vertical,
parietal plate ; columella twisted, its edge entering spirally inwards,
leaving above it a deep entering groove or channel; peristome simple,
acute.
Length 0-14 ; breadth 0*06 ; aperture 0-05 lonq, of an inch.
78 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
Habitat. Darling Point, and other places about Port Jackson. Wol-
longong, &c. — Mac GiUivray.
This inconspicuous little horny-brown shell I placed provisionally with
Bulimus, when describing it three years ago. The curious twisted
columella, and the parietal plate, were duly noticed in the original
description. They are not compatible with Bulimus. On again
taking up the subject, I find that the species under consideration
comes within the section Frickella of the genus Achatinella. As
all the hitherto recorded species of that genus — 210 in 1859, accord-
ing to Pfeiffer's Mon. Hel. Viv., Vol. TV., p. 570 — are peculiar to the
Sandwich Islands, it is a matter of extreme interest to find even an
aberrant form, previously known by one species only, represented in
Australia.
189. Achatinella Wakefieldise. Cox. M.C.
Shell imperforate, ovately-conical, very thin, translucent, rather shining,
smooth, microscopically striated, yellowish-hcrny ; spire conical,
obtuse at the apex; whorls 4, slightly .convex, last large, tumid,
equalling ^ of the length ; aperture irregularly ovate, with a very
thin central, vertical, parietal plate ; columella thinly expanded and
revolute inwards, grooved above ; peristome simple, acute.
Length 0'10 ; breadth 0-07 ; aperture 0-05 long, of an inch.
Habitat.. Grafton, Clarence River, in decaying wood. — Wakefield.
Ballina, Richmond River, on flowers and leaves of Hibiscus. — Ramsay.
A very distinct species, differing from the preceding in form, number
of whorls, relative length of last whorl, &c.
Genus
PUPA,— Lamarck.
Shell rimate or perforate, cylindrical, ovate or bulimi-
formed; last whorl in proportion small; aperture somewhat
irregular, semi-oval or roundish, toothless or dentate ;
peristome somewhat simple or expanded, margins equal,
somewhat parallel, distant, mostly united by a callous
lamina.
Animal with a short foot, pointed behind ; lower tentacles
short. Mandibles finely striated, not rostrate, slightly
arcuate ; margins concave, entire, in the middle generally
slightly prominent. Lingual teeth of the usual form, and
moderately numerous.
XXXVII.- SECTION VERTIGO. Muller.
Shell minute, sometimes sinistral, ovate, apex acuminate,
obtuse ; whorls 5 to 6, last rounded ; aperture large, semi-
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 79
oval with 4 to 7 folds ; peristome scarcely expanded, white
lipped.
Animal with the oral tentacles rudimentary or obsolete.
P. Australia. * P. Kingi. * P. Nelsoni.
Margaretse.
Australis.
* P.
Kingi.
* P
Strangei.
* P.
Lincolniensis.
* P
* P.
Moretonensis.
190. Pupa Australis.
Vertigo Australis. Adams and Angas, Pro. Zool Soc, 1863, p. 522.
Shell sinistral, apex obtuse, umbilicately fissured, pale brown ; whorls
7, convex, obliquely strongly striated ; aperture semi-ovate, with
one parietal and one columellar fold ; peristome thickened and
widely dilated.
Length 2 ; breadth f lines.
Habitat. Rapid Bay, S. Australia, in crevices of rocks. — Angas.
Copied from the source quoted above. Angas remarks of it — a cylin-
drical, and, for the genus, a large species, with the aperture fur-
nished with but two plicse.
191. Pupa Kingi. Cox. Plate XIV. Pig. 17, 17 a. M.C.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Zand Shells, p. 28, 1864.
Pupa Mastersi. Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 29, 1864.
Shell sinistral, perforate, shortly cylindrically elliptical, very finely
striated, thin, not shining, deep reddish-chestnut horny ; spire
roundly obtuse ; whorls 4, rather convex, last ^ of shell; aperture
large, somewhat four sided, truncated obliquely, irregularly con-
stricted, furnished with three teeth — one, the largest and most acute
on the wall of the aperture ; a second, smaller, wider, and obtuse
on the columella; and a third, the smallest, and deepest on the
outer lip ; peristome occasionally slightly thickened and expanded,
indented in the centre of outer lip under a sinuation.
Length 0'07 ; breadth 0-04 of an inch.
Habitat. Parramatta, N. S. W. — King. Wbllongong. — Masters. Glebe
Point, Sydney. — Brazier.
The chestnut-horny colour, indented outer lip, together with the pecu-
liarities of the dentition, render this a well marked species.
193. Pupa Nelsoni. Cox. Plate XIV. Fig. 19, 19 a. M.C.
Shell sinistral, perforate, elliptically cylindrical, thin, smooth, micro-
scopically striated, horny reddish-yellow, slightly shining ; spire
slowly narrowing, obtusely rounded ; whorls 5 to 6, slightly convex,
last about £ the length of the shell ; aperture, large, rounded, trun-
cated above, with a conspicuous lamelliform tooth on the wall of the
aperture, and another, or tubercular callosity, sometimes larger, but
obsolete in young specimens at the columellar junction ; peristome
and teeth white, former expanded, especially at the columella, and
not obstructing the minute umbilical opening at the bottom of a deep
fissure.
Length 0-15; breadth 0-07 ; aperture 0-05 long, of an inch.
Habitat. Nelson Bay, near Sydney, N. S. VV. — King.
80 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
193. Pupa Strangei. Pfr. Plate XIV. Fig. 15, 15 a. left
varied/. Fig. 18, 18 a. right variety. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zooi. Soc, 1852, p. 69.
Shell dextral or sinistral, fissured, elliptically oblong, thin, not shining,
very faintly striated, white, hyaline ; spire convexly turreted, apex
roundly obtuse ; whorls 5, convex, last about I of the shell, com-
pressed in front ; aperture oval, obliquely truncated, with 7 teeth, 2
lamellated close together on the wall of the aperture, 2 on the colu-
mella, and 3 more deeply situated within the outer and basal
margin ; peristome expanded, white, as are the teeth.
Length Oil ; breadth 0-05 of an inch.
Habitat. Garden Island, Port Jackson. — Strange. Clyde Biver,
I'arramatta, Port Stephen, and many localities in the vicinity of
S}7dney, as Darling and Glebe Points, Lyndhurst. Chatsworth,
SouthCreek, N. S. W.— Masters.
A dextral variety of this species differs in no essential character,
fig. 18, 18 a. Near the sea the specimens seem to be almost uni-
versally sinistral, while more inland the reverse is the case, sinistrals
being rare.
194. Pupa Lincolniensis. Cox. Plate XIV. Fig. 16.
Vertigo Lincolniensis. Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1867.
Shell sinistral, rimate, elliptically-oblong, very finely obliquely striated,
whitish or rufous horny ; spire obtuse ; whorls 4 to 6, rather convex,
last by no means equalling the rest ; aperture almost vertical,
lunately-circular ; peristome thickened, expanded, white, margins
distant, columellar margin straight,, sinistral margin above obtusely
angled; body whorl centrically armed with a prominent, obtuse,
white tooth.
Length 0-13 ; diameter 008 of an inch.
Habitat. Port Lincoln, South Australia. — Masters.
195. Pupa Margaretse. Cox. Plate XIV. Fig. 20, 20 a. much
magnified. Australian Museum.
Shell dextral, yellowish-brown, minutely perforate, oval, under the
lens closely and finely striated, opaque ; whorls 5, convex, the last
equalling A- the length of the shell ; suture shallow ; aperture
squarely-oval, having 5 teeth (plicce), 1 large and unequally divided,
situated in the centre of the last whorl, with the points separated, a
2nd sharp and pointed, opposite to the first bifid tooth, and a 3rd
and a 4th on the columellar side between the 1st and 2nd — the one
nearest the columella being thick and blunt, almost a rounded pro-
jection, the other is short and sharp ; a 5th, situated between the
first two, inserted near the junction of the peristome with the body
whorl, is short and thick at the base ; peristome thickened, dilated,
and reflected, smooth and white, as also are the teeth, margins
joined by a broad thick callus, forming with the peristome a con-
tinuous circle.
Diameter 0-06 ; length 0-13 of an inch.
Habitat. Wallaroo, 8. Australia. — Masters.
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 81
198. Pupa Moretonensis. Cox. Plato XIV. Fig. 21, 21 a.
much magnified. Australian Museum.
Shell small, dextral, sub-perforate, ovate, faintly obliquely striated,
yellowish-horny, apex obtuse ; whorls \\, rounded, the last equalling
more than half the length of the shell; suture deep and broad;
aperture squarely-oval, longer than broad, having four teetli (plicae)
— 1 large and bifid, placed closely together, each pointed, the points
divergent, situated in the centre of the aperture on the body whorl ;
a 2nd, longer and thicker, directly opposite to the bifid one ; a 3rd
near the columella, midway between the other two, short and
pointed, thickened at and about its base ; a -1th less prominent, and
directly opposite to the last, the whole dividing the aperture into
4 equal parts ; peristome thickened, broadly and irregularly ex-
jmnded, smooth and white, as also are the teeth ; margins joined by
a broad thick callus, continuous with the peristome.
Diameter 0 06 ; length 0-11 of an inch.
Habitat. Moreton Bay, Queensland. — Masters.
Genus
BALE A. — Prideaux.
Shell turreted, conical, or clavate, slender, usually sinis-
tral, many whorled ; aperture semi-oval, or slightly pyri-
formed ; peristome acute, expanded, margins unequal ;
wall of the aperture with one slight plait ; columella
simple or transversely plicate ; jaw not contracted.
Animal like Helix ; teeth 20*20; rows 130, Thomson;
mandibles finely striated, not rostrate.
XXXVIII.— SECTION TEMESA. Pfr. Vers. p. 179.
* B. Australis.
197. Balea Australis. Forbes. Plate XII. Fig. 16 natural size,
16 a. magnified. M.C.
Forbes, Voy. of Rattlesnake, Vol. II., p. 380. Moll PL II. Pig. 9.
Shell perforated, dextral, cylinclrically turreted, decollated, rather thin,
with close, prominent, raised riblets along the line of growth, dead
white, covered with a yellowish epidermis; whorls 11, rather
flattened, last sub-angular beneath the middle ; aperture nearly
vertical, angularly ovate, and sharply angled above and below, con-
stricted above the middle, within fleshy brown, shining ; peristome
continuous, thickened, expanded, right margin above slightly im-
82 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
pressed, columella nearly straight, with one or two small callosities
inside, one like a fold, angiriar above, then concave, and on centre
of the apertural wall a prominent plate projects and extends spirally
out of sight.
Length 0-7(J ; width 0-16 ; aperture 0 17 long ; broad (HI of an inch.
Habitat. Port Molie, Queensland. — MacGillivray. Miriam Yale, Port
Curtis, Queensland. — Blackman.
The description applies to specimens from the latter locality, with fully
formed mouths; I cannot find that the " three folded columella" of
Forbes' original description agrees with mine, unless he has in-
tended the plait on the body whorl to be the superior on the colu-
mella, and by misprint inferior has been given.
Genus
VITRINA.— Draparnaud.
Shell imperforate, very thin, pellucid, hyaline, depressed ;
spire short; whorls 2 to 3, rapidly enlarging; aperture
large, lunate or rounded, columellar margin slightly in-
flected ; peristome thin, often membranous.
Animal elongated, too large for complete retraction into
the shell ; mantle produced, transversely rugose, covering
the front edge of the last whorl and part of the spire of the
shell, and furnished with a posterior lobe on the right side.
Mandibles arcuate, rostrate ; lingual teeth (of type, Vitrina
Draparnaudz), 100 rows of 75 each; marginal teeth with
a single, long, recurved apex. — Thomson.
I may here remark that the animals of all the Australian
Vitrince have more the characters of Arion, the tail being
longer, more abruptly truncated, the mantle more de-
veloped and possessing a caudal gland.
* V. Milligani. * V. Freycineti. * V. leucospira.
* V. Verreauxi. * V. castanea. * V. robusta.
* V. nigra. * V. Strangei. * V. hyalina.
* V. virens. * V. inflata. * V. Mastersi.
* V. MacGillivrayi. * V. megastoma. * V. Australis.
198. Vitrina Milligani. Pfr. Plate XIV. Pig. 2, 2 a. M.O.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1852, p. 56.
Shell depressly-ovate, rather solid, polished, very glossy, translucent,
olive black ; spire convex ; whorls 3, 2nd convex, last depressly
rounded ; aperture more oblique than diagonal, lunately rounded-
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 83
oval, within coloured as without; peristome simple, right margin
dilated forwards, anterior regularly, and columella slightly arched.
Diameter, greatest 0'83 ; least 0*60; height 0-35 ; aperture 045 long ;
0*45 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Island in Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania. — Milligan.
This remarkable, shining, and nearly black Vitrina resembles in
a most striking manner very young specimens of Helix Busbyi, of
New Zealand, but, like all others of the genus, is imperforate.
199. Vitrina Freycineti. Fer. Plate XIV. Fig. 4, 4 a. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1849, p. 132.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 21.
Shell depressed, very thin, diaphanous, smooth, shining, very faintly
plicately striated ; spire minute, not projecting, suture impressed,
faintly margined ; whorls 3j, enlarging rapidly, last rather narrow
at the base, rather depressed above, less so below ; aperture large,
elliptically lunate ; peristome simple.
Diameter, greatest 0 65; least 040 ; height 0*25; aperture 0-40 long ;
0-32 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Lane Cove, N. S. W.
Reeve remarks of this, that it is distinguished chiefly by its narrowly
produced transverse form.
200. Vitrina leucospira. Pfr. Plate XIV. Fig. 6, copied
from Peeve.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 326.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 42.
Shell depressly sub-globular, outline oval, very thin, slightly striated,
pellucid, shining, yellowish hyaline ; spire scarcely convex, white ;
suture hardly margined ; whorls 4, slightly convex, third perceptibly
pellucidly radiate, last rounded ; aperture oblique, lunately sub-
circular ; peristome thin, margins converging, somewhat inflected,
right strongly arched in front, columella nearly straight, short,
thread-like.
Diameter, greatest 0'53 ; least 0"45 ; height 0-33 of an inch.
Habitat. Australia.
Not having seen a specimen of this most globular of Australian
Vitrina, I have drawn upon Pfeiffer — Hon. DTel. Yiv., Vol. IV.,
p. 796. Peeve says it is globose, and but little depressed, thin, sub-
membraneous, with the apex opaque, milky white. I may observe
that this kind of white apex is occasionally met with in other
species, and frequently in V. Strangei.
201. Vitrina Verreauxi. Pfr. Plate XIV. Fig. 14, 14 a. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1849, p. 132.
Peeve, Cone Icon. sp. 21.
Shell depressly auriform, thin, diaphanous, slightly shining, smooth,
frequently rugosely striated at the suture, faintly elsewhere ; spire
nearly flat, suture impressed, narrowly margined ; whorls 3, the last
depressed above, produced, rounded at the periphery and below ;
84 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
aperture diagonal, Innately ovate ; peristome simple, sharp, right
margin curved forwards, then gradually rounding to the columellar
margin, which is membranous.
Diameter, greatest 055 ; least 0-45 ; height 0-17 ; aperture, length 0-40 ;
brcii (1th 0'35 of an inch.
Habitat. Australia. — T'erreaux. Mount Wellington. North "West
Coast, and elsewhere in Tasmania.
Reeve sa>s this is chiefly distinguished by its narrowly produced trans-
verse form ; but this, it must be recollected, is to a much less degree
than the words would imply. My Tasmanian specimens, including
3 from Cuming, marked V. Verreauxi, B. Tasmania, agree with
Pfeiffer's description ; but in it there is no mention made of the
membranous columellar margin.
202. Vitrina castanea. Pfr. Plate XIV. Fig. 11, copied
from Reeve.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1851, p. 56.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 37.
Shell depressed, with the periphery ovate, slightly striated, very
polished, chestnut coloured ; spire flat ; whorls 3, scarcely convex,
the last large, with a broad membranous edge beneath ; aperture a
little oblicpie, lunate oval ; peristome with a yellow stripe behind its
membranous margin.
Diameter, greatest 0-35 ; least 0'27 ; height 020 of an inch.
Habitat. Australia. • Verreaux.
To the preceding description taken from Pfeiffer may be added, that
Peeve alludes to it as a bright transparent shell, of a rich chestnut
olive hue.
203. Vitrina robusta. Gould.
Gould, Pro. Boston Soc, 1846.
Expedition Shells. PL I. Pig. 11.
Shell helicoid, transverse, depressed and globose, rather strong,
polished, very bright, pale yellowish-green, striated with regular, ob-
tuse, lines of growth ; spire obtuse ; whorls 3, the last large ; apes
sub-central, rounded beneath; aperture rounded, left margin reflected
above, forming a small umbilical fissure.
Breadth A-, axis \ of an inch. From the figure — greater diameter 6-60 ;
lesser diameter 0 40; alt. 0-31 of an inch.
Habitat. East Coast of Australia. — Gould.
The preceding is Gotdd's description from Pfeiffer, in Brit. Mus. Cat.
of Palm., p. 69. It seems to me that this is in no respect different
from that named V. Strang ei three years afterwards.
204. Vitrina nigra. Quoy et Gaimard.
Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. cVAstrol, Zool., Vol. II., p. 135. PI. XL
Fig. 8—9.
Shell oval, rather flattened, reddish ; aperture elliptical, ample, left
margin slightly inflected ; whorls 4, the last very large.
Diameter 6 ; height 2\ lines (French).
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 85
Habitat. Poit Western, Victoria. — Quoy et Gaimard.
The preceding is taken, from Quoy, who remarks that the animal is
black, large, with an elongate neck, and contractile into the shell.
205. Vitrina Strangei. PJr. Plate XIV. Fig. 9, 9 a. large
variety. Plate XIV. Fig. 3, 3 a. small variety.
PJr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1849, p. 132.
Peeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 48.
Shell depressly semi-globose, thin, smooth, transparent, very faintly
arcuately striated, more conspicuously at the suture, and sometimes,
under the lens, shewing indications of spiral impressed lines, golden,
yellowish, greenish, or pale hyalme; spire small, slightly prominent,
suture impressed, slightly bordered; whorls 3, slightly convex,
rapidly increasing, last depressed above, rounded outwardly, and
more convex below ; aperture oblique, large, lunate, rounded ;
peristome simple, rather blunt, margins approximating, right dilated
forwards, columella receding, much curved, with a narrow membra-
nacious margin.
Diameter, greatest 065 ; least 0'45 ; height G"25 ; aperture 0"40 long ; 0-37
wide, of an inch.
Habitat. Cook's River. Lane Cove. Mulgoa. Dural. Clarence
and Pichmond Rivers, N. 8. W. Brisbane. Fitzroy River, Queens-
land.— Cox.
A shell so widely distributed might be expected to present many
variations, yet it does not, excepting those of mere size, colour,
and degree of transparency ; almost universally, however, it is a
beautifully bright, clear, transparent shell.
206. Vitrina hyalina. Pfr. Plate XIV. Fig. 7, 7 a. M.C.
PJr., Pro. Zool, Soc, 1854, p.' 296.
Shell clepressly-globose, very thin, smooth, pellucid, greenish hyaline ;
spire slightly elevated, slightly obtuse; whorls, nearly 4, slightly
convex, last smooth towards the suture, which is margined, distantly
radiately striated, *rounded at the base, rather wide ; aperture
diagonal, lunately rounded ; peristome simple, right margin rather
dilated in front, columella very much arched.
Diameter, greatest 0 27 ; least 0'21 ; height 0-14 of an inch.
Habitat. Moreton Bay. — Strange.
The smallest recorded Australian species, found, I believe, on trees.
Specimens of a small leaf-inhabiting Vitrina from Queensland
and the Richmond River, and also Elizabeth Bay in the vicinity of
Sydney, in my collection, I refer, but not with certainty, to this
species. The whorls in the largest are not more than 3 ; the spire
is not elevated, and the columellar margin is membranous. I may
add that they are not the young of other species.
207. Vitrina virens. Pfr. Plate XIV. Fig. 5, 5 a. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1848, p. 108.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 14.
Shell depressed, somewhat broadly ear-shaped, or roundly elliptical,
86 AUSTRALIAN LAND SITELLS.
very faintly striated, rather solid for the genus, dull greenish-
olive ; spire rather flattened ; whorls 3, very slightly convex, rapidly
increasing, last depressly rounded ; aperture Innately-roundish ;
peristome thin, decliningly curved above, regularly arcuate in frunt,
columella curved below, and nearly straight above, minutely re-
flexed to form an umbilical fissure.
Diameter, greatest 0"70; least 0-.30 ; height 0-20; aperture 0*40 long ;
0-37 broad of an inch.
Habitat. Moreton Bay, Queensland. Clarence River, N. S. W. —
Mac Gillivray.
208. Vitrina inflata. Reeve. Plate XIV. Fig. 1, copied from
Reeve.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 64. *
Shell ovately ear-shaped, yellowish-homy, but little shining ; spire
small, scarcely emerged ; whorls convex, inflated, thinly arcuately
striated ; aperture rather largely openly ovate.
Habitat. Sydney. — Mrs. Cuming.
Reeve, whose description has been copied, further states, that notwith-
standing the close affinity of many species of this form of Vitrina, he
is unable to refer the present to any previously described. It has a
peculiarly inflated open-mouthed character. Measurements are not
given, and the figure is an enlarged one.
209. Vitrina Mastersi. Cox. Plate XIV. Fig. 12, 12 a. M.O.
Shell depressed, very thin, smooth, transparent, extremely shining,
very finely curvately striated, with a few faint spiral lines, bright
golden yellow with occasionally a greenish tinge ; spire very slightly
prominent, apex central, suture impressed, narrowly margined;
whorls 3, slightly convex, last rather depressed, rounded at the
periphery, and rather convex beneath on outer half; aperture
diagonal, lunately ovate; peristome simple, right margin slightly
dilated above and in front, left rather straightly continuous with the
columella, which is strongly arcuate above, the left margin and base
membranous and flattened.
Diameter, greatest 0-55; least 0"38 ; height 0-17; aperture 035 long ;
0 27 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Kiama, N. S. W. — Masters.
A delicate bright golden-yellow hyaline shell, allied to V. Strangei, but
easily distinguished by being much more depressed, and having half
of the base membranous. The animal of this shell is whitish, and
not grey as in V. Strangei.
210. Vitrina MacGillivrayi. Cox. Plate XIV. Fig. 8,
8 a. M.C.
Vitrina planilabris. Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1865, p. 697.
Shell ear-shaped, very much depressed, thin, translucent, polished,
clothed with an olive-green epidermis, shortly striated, and under
the lens are seen a few spiral depressed lines ; spire very small,
scarcely prominent, nucleus whitish ; whorls 3, the last very large,
ATTSTKALIAN LAND SHELLS. 87
flatly convex exteriorly ; aperture lunately-ovate, pearly within ;
peristome thin, columeliar margin very thin, flat, keeled without.
Diameter, greatest 0-80 ; least OoO ; height 0-26 ; aperture 0m 55 long ; 042
wide, of an inch.
Habitat. Mitchell Eiver. — Porter. TJrara Eiver, New South Wales. —
MacGillivray.
This species is large and very much depressed. It is easily dis-
tinguished by the flatness of the base of the shell along the inner
lip. The animal when disturbed exudes a secretion of a purple
colour. Young shells show great tumidity of the body whorl.
211. Vitrina megastoma. Cox. Plate XIV. Fig. 13, 13 a.
Shell depressed, of a longish auriform, smooth, very thin, transparent,
greenish, shining, ver}' faintly striated ; spire not prominent ; whorls
3, slightly convex, last, depressed above, rounded at the periphery
and below ; aperture very large, oblique, lunately-ovate ; peristome
regular, right margin rather straight, then arched in front, and after
this less curved to the middle of the columella where it becomes
arched ; left margin and base of the shell membranous, flattened.
Diameter, greatest 0"45 ; least 0*30; height 0-10 ; aperture 0-35 long ;
026 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Clarence Eiver. — MacGillivray.
An elongated bright greenish-yellow hyaline shell, remarkable for the
narrowness of the last whorl below, and the lai'ge size of the aper-
ture. To a certain extent it exhibits a transition to the Section
Peltella, represented by the next species, V. Australis.
213. Vitrina Australis. Pfr. M. Plate XIV. Fig. 10,
copied from Reeve.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 70.
Shell very depressly ear-shaped, open at the base, yellowish-horny ;
spire small, rather immersed ; whorls impressed at the sutures,
faintly arcuately plicately striated, membranous at the edge.
Habitat. Eastern Australia. — Reeve.
The above has been taken from Eeeve.
This species is an example of a Section Peltella, which differs from
others of the genus in having only a portion of the whorls formed ; the
base of the shell next the animal is open or too membranous to be
preserved.
Genus
SUCCINEA.— Draparnaud.
Shell imperforate, thin, ovate or oblong ; spire very
small ; aperture large, obliquely oval ; columella simple,
acute, straight ; peristome simple, acute, straight.
Animal amphibious, large, heliciform ; tentacles short
88 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
and thick, upper ones of even thickness towards the apex,
thence attenuated ; foot broad ; lingual teeth like Helix ;
Succinea put r is has 50 rows of 65 teeth each. — Thomson.
* S. Australia. * S. sfcrigata. * S. scalarina.
* S. strigillata. '•'•1 8. arborea. * S. Eucalypti.
* S. Nortoni. * S. MacGillivrayi. * S. aperta.
* S. Menkeana.
213. Succinea Australis. Far. Plate XV. Fig. 7, 7 a. M.C.
Ferussac, Hist. Moll. PL XII. Pig. 11.
Shell ovately-eonical, thin, rugosely striated, pellucid, pale horny,
sometimes marked with darker streaks ; spire conical, acute ; whorls
3 J, convex, last forming 2- -'3rd of the length, columella sub-callous,
somewhat slightly receding ; aperture acuminately oval, incumbent ;
peristome simple, straight.
Length 0-47 ; breadth 032 ; aperture 032 long ; 0'20 broad, of mi inch.
Habitat. Tasmania. — Gunn.
Por the purpose of serving as a starting point, and to determine the
identity of this the first mentioned of Australian Succinea, I have
copied. Pfeiffer's description, taking the measurements from my own
specimens. Perhaps l( acutely" had better be substituted for
"acuminately;" I cannot count more than 3 whorls, the number
represented in Ferussac's figure.
When Perussac named and described this species, he gave as its
habitat " Australian Isles." Quoy and Gaimard afterwards found
in Tasmania a Succinea, which the)' also referred to S. Australis, and
figured and described it. Of course, neither their descriptions nor
figures agree perfectly. Pfeiffer, many years afterwards, having
previously in 1848 pointed out the discrepancy between the figures,
in 1 8 - j 9 — Jlon. Ilel. Viv., Vol. IV., p. 812 — gives an original
description of S. Australis from Tasmanian specimens, with which
certain of those in my collection agree. It may be mentioned here,
in case it should be supposed that New Caledonia is included in the
range of this species, that in the " Faun. Conch , Sfe., de la Nouvelle
Caledonia,'''' by M. Granics, the figure given from a New Caledonian
specimen is that of another species, as one glance at the left lip will
show, while the description is Pfeiffer's, verbatim, from Tasmanian
specimens.
In Menke's specimen, " Molluscorum JVovce Hollandice" he records,
p. 6, the existence of Succinct' amphibia, of Drap., as occurring
under the bark of Eucalypti, in the district of Hay, W. Australia,
and S oblong a, Drap., in the fissures of calcareous rocks, not far from
the sea, near Perth, Western Australia. The first of these is by
Pfeiffer looked on as a synonj-rn of S. putris, Lin., and like the
latter is believed to be confined to Europe.
214. Succinea strigata. Pfr. Plate XV. Fig. 1, la. dark
variety, 2 light variety, enlarged. M.C.
PJr., Pro. Zool. Soc., 1854, p. 297.
Succinea rhodostoma. Cox, Catalogue of Australian Zand Shells, 1864.
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS- 89
Shell ovately acuminate, thin, opaque, slightly shining, longitudinally
and irregulaiiy striated, whitish, yellowish, or reddish-horny, with
occasional pale streaks ; spire conical, acute, papillary ; whorls 3,
convex, last inflated ; the aperture slightly exceeding the spire,
scarcely oblique, irregularly and narrowly ovate, enamelled within
of general colour of shell ; peristome simple, thin, columella very
narrow, whitely callous.
Length 0^45 ; breadth 0'23; aperture 0"25 long ; 0-20 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Port Lincoln, Point Lowly, Wallaroo, Plinder's Bange,
Penola, S. Australia. — Angas, Masters, Woods, fyc.
The above description exhibits the ordinary and average appearance of
this shell, which, however, attains to greater dimensions. A large
white variety from Wallaroo is remarkable. Mr. Masters informed
me that this species, which he found in every place he visited in
South Australia, does not confine itself to the ground, but is equally
found on trees.
315. Succinea scalarina. Pfr.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc., 1861, p. 28.
Shell ovately-conical, "scalarina," rather solid, irregularly rugosely
plicated, slightly shining, reddish ; spire elongated, lather acute ;
whorls 3-^, convex, last slightly exceeding the spire, somewhat
attenuated at the base ; columella receding, nearly straight, forming
with the peristome an indistinct angle ; aperture oblique, oval,
scarcely angular above ; peristome simple, columellar margin slightly
reflected above.
Diameter, greatest 0'51 ; least 030 ; height 021 of an inch.
Habitat. King George's Sound, W. Australia. — Angas.
The preceding description has been entirely taken from Pfeiffer.
It will be seen by the measurements to be one of the largest Austra-
lian species. Scalarina may be translated as resembling a staircase —
but conchological latin is not always to be found in a dictionary.
216. Succinea strigillata. Adams and Angas. Plate XV.
Pig 5, 5 a. enlarged. M.O.
Adams and Angas, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 38.
Shell ovately conical, thin, semi-pellucid, pale horny yellow ; spire
scai'cely equalling the aperture, apex papillary ; whorls 3^-, strongly
convex, longitudinally, finely and minutely striated ; aperture oblong
ovate, left margin with a long thin callous deposit, right simple.
Length 5 lines ; breadth 1\ lines.
Habitat. Shark's Bay, N. W. Australia. — Angas.
The authors from whom the description has been taken remark that it
is somewhat allied to S. strigata, having the same papillary apex,
but differing in being smaller, thinner, of a lighter colour, and in the
whorls being less strongly rugose.
217. Succinea arborea. Adams and Angas.
Adams and Angas, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1863, p. 523.
Shell oblong ovate ; spire shorter than the aperture, apex papillary,
white, golden horny, pellucid ; whorls 3, strongly convex, longi-
90 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
tudinally "strigosis" (qu. strigatis-furrowed ?) ; aperture oblong
ovate, left lip furnished with a thin callus, right lip simple, arched.
Length 4 lines ; breadth 2 lines.
Habitat. Burnside, and hills near Adelaide, S. Australia, beneath
bark of gum trees. — Angus.
Not having seen specimens of this small species, I have been obliged
to copy the original description. It is stated to be as strictly arbo-
real, as S. strigata is terrestrial.
218. Succinea Eucalypti. Cox. Plate XV. Fig. 3, 3 a. en-
larged, 3 b. on bark. M.C.
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1864, p.
Shell ovate, thin, shining, translucent, smooth, very faintly and irregu-
larly striated, pale reddish-horny ; spire very short, obtuse and
papillary at the apex ; whorls 3, convex, last ovate ; aperture about
twice the length of the spire, of a nearly regular oval, very slightly
oblique, within thinly enamelled and glossy; peristome simple,
straight, margins connected by thin callus, columella nearly straight,
receding towards the axis.
Length 0-28; breadth 0-17 ; aperture 0-20 long ; 0-10 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Throughout N. S. W., from the Clyde Eiver on the South,
to the Clarence Eiver on the north, New South Wales. Facing-
Island, Port Curtis, Queensland. — Cox.
Although this small species is chiefly found under the bark of gum
trees, Eucalypti, it is not confined to such situations, but goes out
on the branches and leaves of other trees and bushes.
219. Succinea Nortoni. Cox. Plate XV. Fig. 4, 4 a. en-
larged. * M.C.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, 1864, p. 27.
Shell ovate, thin, extremely ventricose, pellucid, horny, apex reddish;
whorls 4, roughly and irregularly longitudinally ribbed, last very
largely inflated ; aperture ovate ; peristome simple, acute ; columella
simple, straight, acute.
Length G"47 ; breadth 0-36 of an inch.
Habitat. Norton's Basin, Nepean Eiver, N. S. W. — Cox.
220. Succinea MacGillivrayi. Cox. Plate XV. Fig. 6,
6 a. enlarged. M.C.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, 1864, p. 27.
Shell ovate, extremely ventricose, dirty brown, apex rose-coloured ;
whorls 3, under the lens minutely striated; aperture very large,
ovate ; peristome simple, acute ; columella simple, acute, straight.
Length G"30 ; breadth 0-20 of an inch.
Habitat. Mount Henry, Mulgoa, N. S. W., under stones in moist
places. — Cox.
221. Succinea aperta. Cox. Plate XVII. Fig. 6, 6 a., 6 b.
much magnified. Australian Museum.
Shell oval, very thin, yellowish-horny, pellucid, polished, lightly
striated ; spire very small, equalling only £ the length of the aper-
ATTSTKALIAN LAND SHELLS. 91
ture, conical dull, rose- coloured ; whorls 4, convex, the last very
largely and openly dilated, suture deep ; aperture very large,
wide, openly and flatly expanded, giving the shell the appear-
ance of a scoop ; peristome simple, columella arched and not
thickened by a callus.
Diameter, greatest 0-46 ; least 0-28 ; aperture 0-36 long ; 025 broad of
an inch.
Habitat. King George's Sound, W. Australia. — Masters.
This species may at once be identified by the broad, shallow, flattened
out appearance of the last whorl.
222. Succinea Menkeana. Pfr.
Pfr., Mon. mi. Fiv., Vol. III., p. 14.
Succinea amphibia. Uenke, Moll. Nov. JIoll., p. 6.
Shell ovately-elliptical, thin, distinctly striated, pellucid, shining,
horny ; spire short, papilla?fornied, suture deep ; whorls 2£, the last
but one very convex, the last attenuated at the base ; columella
somewhat callous, regularly curved ; aperture slightly oblique,
regularly oval ; peristome simple, thin, margins approaching.
Length 0-27 ; breadth 0-14 ; height 0*15 ; aperture 0" 19 long ; 0*11 broad,
of an inch.
Habitat. New Holland. — Priess.
This description is taken from the'author above quoted.
Section B.— OPEECULATA.
PNEUMONOPOMA.— Ppeiffer.
Mon. Pneiim. Viv., 1852, Introd., p. 1. Suppl. prim., 1858, p. 1. Suppl.
Sec, 1865, p. 1.
Terrestrial Mollusca breathing air by lungs, and fur-
nished with an operculum attached to the foot of the
animal, by which it closes the aperture of its spiral shell.
All the animals of this order strongly resemble each
other in structure, by which, besides the operculum, they
are easily distinguished from the other terrestrial Mollusca
(Limacidcv, Helicidce, Oncidiadce, Lymnceidce, Auricididce).
The sexes are strictly distinct, never hermaphrodites, as in
Helicea, and the animals bear 2 contractile, not retractile,
tentacles, at whose posterior or exterior bases the eyes are
placed. In some the mantle margin is free, by which
character Ferussac distinguished the Helicince from the
Turbines ; in others, the mantle is entirely hidden within
the shell.
92 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
Sub-ordek L— OPISOPHTHALMA. Pfeiffer.
Mon. Pneum. Viv., 1852, p. 3. Suppl. prim.] 1858, p. 2. Suppl. Sec ,
1865, p. 1.
Eyes placed on the upper part of the head behind the
base of the subulate tentacles ; foot rather short.
Fam. I.— ACICULACEA. Pfeiffer.
Mon. Pneum. Viv., 1852, p. 3. Suppl. prim., 185P, p. '6. Suppl Sec ,
1865, p. 1.
Operculum thin, spiral, few whorled.
Genus
TJRUNCATELLA.-Kisso.
Shell minute, imperforate, turreted, adult always trun-
cated, sub-cylindrical, smooth or ribbed ; aperture oval or
elliptical, entire ; peristome continuous, straight or slightly
expanded, simple or duplicate. Operculum thin, horny,
hardly sub-spiral, nucleus basal,
Animal, tentacles two, short, triangularly diverging,
cylindrical, obtuse ; eyes centrally behind ; foot short,
rounded at each end ; head proboscidiformed, bi-lobed, by
which and the short foot the animal is enabled to creep,
* T. teres. * T. marginata. * T. scalarina.
* T. Yorkensis. * T. Brazieri. * T, Pfeifferi.
* T. ferruginea.
223. Truncatella teres. Pfr. Plate XV. Pig 9 natural size,
9 a., 9 b. much enlarged. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc., 1856.
Shell hardly sublimate, cylindrical, rather thin, more or less distinctly
longitudinally ribbed, pellucid, shining, reddish-horny ; suture
margined, strongly plicately-crenated ; whorls in the adult state 4,
somewhat equal, rather convex, last shortly crested at the base,
callous, whitish ; aperture vertical, broadly oval, above angulated,
towards the right dilated ; peristome simple, continuous, right
margin rather expanded, attached to the columella! margin.
Length 0-23 ; breadth 0'07 ; aperture obliquely 0-07 long, of an inch.
Habitat. Trinity Bay, N. E. Australia. — MacGillivray.
The above is the original description given by Pfeiffer.
224. Truncatella marginata. Kuster. Plate XV. Fig. 8
natural size, 8 a., 8 b. much enlarged. M.C.
Kuster, Mon., p. 12, Sp. 8, p. 2. Pig. 24—26.
Shell subrimate, cylindrical, gradually attenuating upwards, rather
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 93
thin, shining, amber-colour or pale yellow ; suture margined, fur-
nished with papillseformed folds ; whorls in the adult state 4 to 4^-,
rather convex, last with folds at the base, very shortly or obsoletely
crested ; aperture vertical, angulaidy oval, somewhat broad at the
base ; peristome continuous, thin, rather expanded.
Obs. Young shell turreted, apex acute ; whorls 8, swollen, ribbed
above, last obtusely angled.
Length 0*25 ; breadth 009 ; aperture about O07 long, of an inch.
Habitat. Port Lincoln, S. Australia, very plentiful. — Masters.
225. Truncatella scalarina. Cox. Plate XV. Fig. 10 natural
size, 10 a., 10 b. much enlarged. M.C.
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1867^ p. 40.
Shell imperforate, fusiformly turreted, smooth, shining, white ; spire
decollated, suture constricted ; whorls 4 at the least, convex, strongly
longitudinally and regularly ribbed, last ecpialling in length the
three preceding ones ; aperture oblique, oblongly-ovate ; peristome
continuous, free, callous, expanded, especially above, exhibiting
underneath a bilabiated form, right margin curved, rounded below,
superior margin nearly straight ; operculum ?
Length 023 ; breadth O'll of an inch.
Habitat. Port Lincoln, in great abundance. — Masters.
This remarkable shell, reminding one somewhat of a scalaria, occurs in
a semi-fossil state in the same district where the recent smaller and
smoother T. marginata, Kiister, appears to be plentiful.
226. Truncatella Yorkensis. Cox. Plate XV. Fig. 11 natural
size, 11a., lib. much enlarged. M.C.
Shell scarcely rimate, cylindrical, attenuated, rather thin, ribs dull-
pale-yellow, scarcely waving, very slightly elevated, smooth, with
the interstices diaphanous, chalky white and equi-distant, suture
indented; whorls in the adult state 4, slightly convex, last elongated;
aperture vertical, large and broadly oval, angled above ; peristome
white, continuous, slightly thickened, straight, columellar margin
expanded and moderately reflected ; operculum ?
Length 0-34 ; breadth 013 ; aperture 0-08 long, of an inch.
Habitat. Cape York, N. E. Australia. — Darnel.
This species may be distinguished by its fine straight shining ribs with
chalky interstices, acd its pure white mouth.
227. Truncatella Brazieri. Cox. Plate XV. Fig. 12 natural
size, 12 a., 12 b. much enlarged. M.C
Shell rimate, cylindrical, sub-attenuated, solid, ribs elevated, rather
straight, large, and widely separated, the interstices longitudinally
striated, reddish-yellow ; whorls in the adult state 4, rather convex,
gradually increasing in size, suture margined ; aperture oval ; peris-
tome continuous, thickened ; columellar margin straight, thickened,
and reflected ; operculum ?
Length 0-27 ; breadth 0*10 ; aperture 0-09 long, of an inch.
94 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
Habitat. Miller's Point, Sydney, N. S. W., one foot above high water
mark, living under wood. — Brazier.
This species is easily recognised by the broad sculptured interstices
between the well defined ribs, and by its margined suture. I have
named it after my friend, Mr. John Brazier, to whose care and
perseverance in collecting, this and many other rare species of land
and marine Mollusca have been added to our Australian fauna.
228. Truncatella Pfeifferi. Martens. Museum, Mr. Brazier.
Martens, in Malac. BL, Vol. VIII., p. 43, I860.
Shell rimate, shortly sub-cylindrical, slightly attenuated upwards,
rather solid, ribs somewhat straight, interstices equi-distant, in the
last whorl the sculpture disappears, yellow ; suture indented ; whorls
in the adult state 4^, rather convex, last rounded at the base,
shortly descending ; aperture vertical, oval, not widened at the base;
peristome continuous, straight, obtuse.
Length 0 23 ; breadth 0- 1 1 ; aperture 0 07 long, of an inch.
Habitat. Shark Island, Port Jackson, Sydney, New South Wales. —
Brazier.
The above is Martens description, as given by Pfeiffer, of this species,
the original specimens of which were found in Japan.
229. Truncatella ferruginea. Cox. M.C.
Shell sub-rimate, rather solid, cylindrical, tapering, truncate, dull
reddish, costulate, ribs numerous, much raised, regular, scarcely
waving, interstices smooth ; whorls 4, gradually increasing, suture
deep, not puckered ; aperture vertical, oval, pointed above ; peris-
tome much thickened, continuous, pale and glossy, columella callous,
thickened, continuous with the peristome ; operculum ?
Length 0-28 ; breadth 0-12 ; aperture 0-08 of an inch.
Habitat. Cape York, N. E. Australia. — Darnel.
Fam. II.— DIPLOMMATINACEA Pfeiffer.
Mon. Pneum. Viv., 1858. SuppA. prim., p. 9. Suppl. Sec. 1865, p. 8.
Eyes placed on the outer basis of the long filiform ten-
tacles, sessile upon two lobes. Operculum subtestaceous,
few whorled.
Genus
BLANFORDIA.— Menke ?
Operculum horny, paucispiral, with a sub-central nu-
cleus ; aperture oval, continuous ; shell spiral, umbilicated,
decollated.
* B. striatula. * B. pyrrhostoma.
AUSTEALIAN LAND SHELLS. 95
230. Blanfordia striatula. Menke. Plate XV. Fig. 13 natural
size, 13 a., 13 b. much enlarged, 13 c. operculum of same. M.C.
Menke, Moll. Nov. Holland, p. 9.
Shell rimate, truncately fusiform, rather smooth, not shining-, covered
with dull olivaceous epidermis ; spire tapering, decollated, suture
distinct ; whorls in adult state 4, gradually increasing ; aperture
almost vertical, its axis slightly oblique, elliptical ; peristome rbd-
dish-brown within, moderately thickened, and on columellar margin
expanded, leaving uncovered a small umbilical fissure ; operculum
black, horny, 3 — 4 spiral.
Length 0-33 ; breadth 0-17 ; aperture 0-07 long, of an inch.
Habitat. Adelaide, South Australia. Tasmania. — Angas. Botanic
Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria. — Brazier.
I cannot find any clue whatever to the work in which this genus was
first published by Menke ; in fact my only record of it is a remark
by Angas, in Pro. Zool. Soc, 1863, p. 523 ; and the characters above
are taken from specimens in my collection. Pfeiffer, in his Supple-
ment II., 1865, p. 8, of Pneumonopomorum Viventium, in alluding to
this species, doubts to which genus it belongs.
231. Blanfordia pyrrhostoma. Cox. Plate XV. Fig. 14,
14 a. Australian Museum.
Shell rimate, cylindrically tapering, decollated, obsoletely rib-striated,
especially on the first whorl, and there decussated with fine spiral
lines, dull white without lustre ; spire very regularly tapering ;
whorls, at least, six, uniformly slightly convex, last convex ; aper-
ture slightly oblique, its axis divergent from that of the shell, nearly
elliptical; peristome white, inside of mouth bright red, enamelled,
margins slightly joined by a callus, expanded, especially below and on
columellar margin, leaving uncovered a minute umbilical fissure and
aperture.
Length 0-70 ; breadth 0*30 ; aperture 0*20 long, of an inch.
Habitat. Sharks Bay, Western Australia. — Masters.
The only specimens of this shell (4) which I have seen are in the
Australian Museum. All have a dull, dead, semi-fossil chalky look,
yet the brightness of the enamelled mouth shews that they are not
" dead shells." Probably the number of whorls will be found to be
about 9.
Genus
DIPLOMMATINA.— Benson.
Shell minute, dextral or sinistral, thin, conical, whorls
costulated, convex, last sub-ascendant ; aperture nearly
circular ; peristome double, outer expanded ; operculum
96 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
thin, horny, round, panci-spiral with thin prominent
lamina? on their external edges.
Animal like Cy do pi tor us.
* D. Bensoni. * D. Australia).
232. Diplornmatina Bensoni. A. Adams. Plate XVI. Fig.
1 natural size, 1 a., lb. magnified. M.C.
A. Adams, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1852, p. 94.
Shell sinistral, imperfectly rimate, cylindrically ovate, pupiforru, with
regular, distant, oblique, prominent, continuous, or nearly so, libs
crossing the whorls, the interstices under the lens finely transversely
striated, white, not shining ; whorls convex, 1st papillose, 2nd very
much broader, 3rd, 4th, and 5th suddenly enlarging and tumidly
convex, 4 and 5 widest and equal, but last projecting more behind,
last whorl contracted ; aperture vertical, circular ; peristome porcel-
laneously white, outer portion slightly expanded, inner separated
by a groove straight, slightly expanded on the right lip.
Length 0-12 ; breadth, 0-07 of an inch.
Habitat. Moreton Bay, Queensland. — Strange.
Two specimens which the Rev. R. L. King has obligingly lent me are
marked as from the Clarence River, N. S. W. The rimation or sub-
stitute for an umbilical opening is, in this species, confined to a
slight shallow hollow. A Norfolk Island species, not yet named,
approaches more closely to the present than any of the four Lord
Howe Islaud Diplornmatina' described by Pfeiffer, although the latter
locality is within a day's steaming of New South "Wales, and the
former five times as far distant.
233. Diplornmatina Australise. Benson, Plate XVII. Fig.
7, 7 a., 7 b. much magnified. Australian Museum.
Benson, in Ann, and Mag., Nat, His., 2nd Ser., XV., p. 331, 1855.
Shell sinistral, rimate, sub-ovately-conical, glabrous, faintly ribbed,
pale horn}r ; spire ovately-conical, apex rather acute ; wrhorls 6, con-
vex, last narrowed, ascending in front ; aperture vertical, sub-
circular ; peristome double, posteriorly expanded, anteriorly rather
expanded, margins shining, diaphanous, joined by a callus, exterior
margin shortly produced above, columellar margin dilated with a
tubercle inconspicuous or obsolete. Operculum remote, squarish,
plate scarcely raised.
Length 0-13 ; breadth scarcely 0'07 of an inch.
Habitat. Mount Warren, Point Danger, Eastern Australia. — Strange.
Sub-order II.— ECTOPHTHALMA. Pfeiffer.
Mon. Pneum, Viv., 1852, p 14. Siijyrf. jorim. 1858, p. 14. Suppl. Sec,
1865, p. 13.
Eyes placed at the external base of the tentacles ; foot
snb-elongated. Opercnlnm horny or testaceous, distinctly
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 97
spiral or not spiral, not concentrically striated. The two
families, Cyclostomacea and Helicinacea, are distinguished
from each other by this last character.
Fam. I.— CYCLOSTOMACEA. Pfelffer.
Man. Pneum. Viv., 1852, p. 14. Suppl. prim., 1858, p. 14. Suppl.
See., 1865, p. 13.
Operculum distinctly spiral, testaceous, cartilaginous, or
horny, with very many sub-equal whorls, or with few
rapidly increasing ; remaining characters according to sub-
order.
Sub-fam. II.— CYCLOPHOREA. Tfeiffer.
Mon. Pneum. Viv., Suppl. prim. 1858, p. 38. Suppl- Sec. 1865, p. 58.
Operculum horny, rather thin, devoid of external tes-
taceous covering, sub-circular, many whorled, nucleus
central, shell turbinated or depressed.
Genus
CYCLOPHORUS.— Montfort.
Shell globose-turbinate, depressed or discoidal, openly
umbilicated ; aperture circular ; peristome continuous, ex-
panded or straight ; epidermis thick. Operculum horny,
thin, many whorled, more or less concave externally.
Animal with long slender pointed tentacles ; foot broadly
expanded, not grooved. — Woodivard.
* C. liricinctus. * C. orbiculatus.
234. Cyclophorus liricinctus. Reeve. Plate XVI. Fig. 4, copied
from Reeve.
Cyclostoma liricinctum. Bens.
Cyclostoma orbiculatuin. Bens., Mag. and Ann., Nat. Hist., 1853,
p. 106.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 100 and 101.
Shell depressed, orbicular, whitish, spirally ridged, radiately striated
in the furrows; spire scarcely elevated, apex obtuse, suture exca-
vated ; whorls 3^-, slightly convex, last rounded, encircled by 8
ridges ; aperture sub-circular, obliquely angulated above ; peristome
straight, acute; umbilicus broad, perspective; operculum horny,
thin, spiral.
Diameter, greatest 0*16 ; least 0*13 ; height 0'08 of an inch.
Habitat. "Western Australia.- — Bacon.
H
98 AUSTKALIAN LAUD SHELLS.
The preceding description is copied from the original. Reeve remarks
that it is quite of a distinct type. The spiral ridges are not delicate
raised lines, but strongly sculptured ridges, with the interstices
flatly grooved. Cyclostoma orbiculatum of Benson is regarded by
Reeve, who had the great advantage of comparing the original
specimens, as being merely a smooth variety, which indeed might
almost have been inferred from the descriptions, and I have, there-
fore, given that name as a synonym.
235. Cyclophorus orbiculatus. Pfr. Plate XVI. Fig. 5,
copied from Reeve.
Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 101.
Cyclostoma orbiculatum. Benson, Ann. and Mag., Nat. Hist., 1853,
Yol. XI., p. 106.
Shell excavately umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, whitish ; whorls
spirally ridged, and grooved at the sutures and around the umbilicus,
smooth between ; aperture small, circular, lip simple.
Diameter, greatest 0-16 ; least 0-13 ; height 0-08 of an inch.
Habitat. Shores of Swan River, Western Australia. — Bacon.
Reeve, whose description of this .species I have given above, doubts if
this is anything more than a smooth variety of Cyclophorus liricinctus,
as he found obvious traces of the spiral grooves and ridges, and next
the suture and around the umbilicus they are more decided.
Genus
DERMATOCERA.— H. and A. Adams.
Shell globose-conical, narrowly umbilicated, not keeled ;
whorls rounded ; aperture sub-circular ; peristome reflected,
shortly expanded, with distant margins, borders sometimes
united by a thin callus. Operculum membranous, closely
whorled, flat.
Animal with a conical horn, and protected by an epider-
mis on the posterior part of the foot.
* D. vitrea.
236. Dermatocera vitrea. Lesson. Plate XVI. Fig. 2, 2 a.
Fig. 3 spotted variety, copied from Reeve. M.C.
Dermatocera vitrea. Lesson. Pfr., Mon. Pneum. Yiv., Suppl. prim.,
1858, p. 78.
Leptopoma vitreum. Lesson. Pfr., Mon. Pneum. Viv., 1852, p. 101.
Leptopoma vitreum. Lesson. Reeve, Cone. Icon. sp. 15.
Cyclostoma vitrea. Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, p. 346. Plate XIII.
Fig. 6.
Shell globosely-conical, rather thin, oblicpiely striated, and more
finely decussated with minute spiral lines, rather shining, white ;
spire sharply conical, apex acute ; whorls 5, convex, last very large,
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 99
inflated; apertute diagonal, nearly round; peristome thin, expanded,
columellar margin straight, at its lower part forming an angle out-
wardly, margins closely approximating and joined by a thin callus,
umbilicus half covered by the columella.
Diameter, greatest 0-62 ; least 0*45 ; height 0'40 ; aperture 0-30 broad, of
an inch.
Habitat. All along the N. E. Coast of Australia and its islands, on
leaves of trees and bushes. — MacGillivray.
Of this species, which occurs also in India, the Philippines, Java, &c,
I believe the pure white variety is the only one which has yet been
observed in AustraKa.
Sub-fam. III.— PUPINEA. Ffeiffcr.
Pfr.f Mon. Pneum. Viv., 1858. Suppl. prim., p. 78. Supp>l. Sec, 1865,
p. 86.
Operculum horny, rather thin, multi-spiral, nucleus
central. Shell sub-pupseform, often irregular.
Genus
PUPINA— VlGNAFJ).
Shell pupa-shaped, for the most part covered by a
smooth callus, usually polished ; aperture circular ; peris-
tome simple, thickenecl or reflected ; columellar margin
divided in the middle by a transverse channel ; right
margin forming a second channel at its insertion. Oper-
culum thin, membranaceous, narrow-whorled, flattish.
* P. planilabris. * P. meridionalis. * P. Coxi.
* P. bilinguis. * P. Wilcoxi. * P. robusta.
* P. ventrosa. * P. pineticola. * P. Thomsoni.
* P. Pfeifferi. * P. Strangei.
237. Pupina planilabris. Pfr. Plate XVI. Fig 11 natural
size, 11 a., lib. much enlarged. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1863, p. 526.
Pupinella Whartoni. Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p.
32, 1864.
Shell widely rimately umbilicate, acuminately oblong, solid, trans-
lucent, smooth, slightly shining, very finely and closely striated, pale
yellowish to reddish-horny ; spire gradually tapering, obtuse at the tip,
suture moderate, not margined nor enamelled ; whorls 6, very slightly
convex, gradually increasing, last when viewed in front eqiialling
the rest ; aperture nearly vertical, circular ; peristome pale, thickened,
rather widely expanded, in front frequently grooved, rendering it
bilabiate, the right margin above divided by a narrow fissure, pro-
tected posteriorly by a callous lamina, columella slightly produced in
the centre, where is another narrow canal, outwardly circular ; um-
100 AUSTBALIAST LAND SHELLS.
bilieal space large, bordered bolow by a well marked ridge continu-
ous with the canal, and having a hollow beyond it.
Length 0-53 ; breadth 0-26 ; aperture 0-12 long, of an inch.
Habitat. Miriam Vale, Port Curtis. Kockkampton, and Port Denison,
Queensland. — Cox.
The largest and dullest Australian species, remarkable also for its
broad and conspicuous umbilical fossa.
238. Pupina meridionalis. Pfr. Plate XVI. Fig. 7 natural
size, 7 a., 7 b. much magnified, 7 c. the operculum. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1863, p. 526.
Pupinella MacGillivrayi. Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells,
1864.
Shell imperforate, ovately-oblong, sobd, translucent, shining, with
extremely faint under the lens and very often obsolete lines crossing
the whorls, pale reddish-horny ; spire tumid and suddenly roundly
tapering, apex slightly obtuse, suture slightly impressed ; whorls 6,
slightly convex, last more than equalling the remainder, and penul-
timate equal to three before it ; aperture almost vertical, circular ;
peristome white, thickened, scarcely expanded, right margin forming
a second channel at its insertion, rather wide and nearly vertical,
protected by a bluntly triangular lamina, centre of columella with
margin enclosing a tubular canal, cutting the lip horizontally as a
narrow fissure, the tongue portion above broad and truncate.
Length 0-50 ; breadth 0*23 ; aperture 0-12 long, of an inch.
Habitat. Port Denison, Queensland. — Wall.
Like the preceding this is a large sized species, more glossy, but less
so than any of the succeeding.
239. Pupina Coxi. Morelet. Plate XVI. Fig. 10 natural size,
10a., 10 b. much magnified. M.C.
Morelet, in Journ. Conch., XII. 3, 1864, p. 289.
Shell broadly rimate, pupi-formed, horny, sub-diaphanous, shining,
under the lens closely finely striated ; spire oblongly- conical, apex
rather acute ; whorls 6, rather convex, last hardly striated, anteriorly
fiattish, obsoletely marked by wavy spiral lines, funicidated around
the umbilical cleft, shortly descending ; aperture circular, bicanicu-
lated ; peristome thickened, expanded, pallid, cut directly across by
channels, external margin, outwardly and immediately above, super-
iicially furrowed, the furrow becoming compressed towards the colu-
mellar margin. Operculum thin, horny, narrow whorled ; nucleus
concave.
Length 0-55; breadth 0-21 of an inch.
Habitat. Miriam Vale, Port Curtis, Australia. — Blomfield.
240. Pupina bilinguis. Pfr. Plate XVI. Fig. 6 natural size,
6 a., 6 b. much magnified. M.C.
Pfr., Mag. and Ann., Nat. Hist., 1851., p. 492.
Shell oblong-ovate, rather thin, polished, shining, pellucid, upper
whorls closely striated, the striae obsolete on the remainder, glassy
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 101
white, pale yellow or reddish ; spire rather suddenly tapering, ob-
tuse, suture slightly impressed, scarcely callous ; whorls 6, four
upper moderately convex, rest less so, last in front equalling all
the others ; aperture vertical, circular, continuous ; peristome white
or pale, thickened, briefly expanded, upper channel rather wide,
ascending, in a line with the apex, inwardly bordered by a slightly
curved triangular tongue, columellar channel obliquely and out-
wardly ascending, the lip partially surrounding its rounded outer
orifice, above with a broad triangular, pointed columellar tongue.
Length 0-37 ; breadth 0-18 ; aperture 0-10 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Cape York. Albany Island. Lizard Island. "Restoration
Island. Mount Adolphus Island, &c, N. E. Coast of Australia. —
MacGillivray.
241. Pupina Wilcoxi. Cox. PlateX VI. Fig. 15 natural size,
15 a., 15 b. much magnified. M.C.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 32, 1864.
Shell oblong-ovate, moderately solid, polished, shining, pellucid,
smooth, sometimes very obsoletely striated above under the lens,
glassy white or pale reddish-horny ; spire tapering, obtuse, suture
lightly impressed and slightly callous ; whorls 6, uppermost mode-
rately convex, rest less so, last whorl in front rather exceeding the
rest ; aperture nearly round, vertical ; peristome and lingual ap-
pendages white, thickened, briefly expanded, upper canal, in the
angle of the upper lip, obliquely ascending inwardly, lower canal
cutting the columellar margin obliquely, protected above by a some-
what quadrate colmnellar tongue, roundly truncate.
Length 0-37 ; breadth 0-20; aperture 0-10 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Clarence Biver, New South Wales, under and in decaying
logs. — Wilcox. Moreton Bay. — Bidwill.
This highly polished beautiful species is closely allied to P. bilinguis.
The truncation of the columellar tongue, which I find constant, is
the most notable character.
242. Pupina robusta. Cox. Plate XVI. Pig. 13 natural size,
13 a., 13 b. much magnified. M.C.
Shell oblong-ovate, moderately solid, polished, shining, pellucid, not
striated, pale yellowish or reddish-horny ; spire ovately tapering,
obtuse, suture thinly enamelled on two lower whorls ; whorls 5 to 6,
last in front more than equalling the remainder, penultimate equal
to those above ; aperture nearly circular, vertical, produced obliquely
outwards ; peristome and auricles white or pale, thickened, expanded,
upper channel wide, vertical, bordered by a plate shewing a triangu-
lar front, lower channel obliquely cutting the columella much above
the centre, and having a small lamella, triangular from in front.
Length 0*33 ; breadth 047 ; aperture 0*10 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. "Warro, Port Curtis, Queensland. — Blachman.
Closely allied to P. bilinguis, but smaller and stouter, lip not continuous,
and having the line of axis of the mouth much more oblique, and
the lower canal higher upon the columella. A very young specimen,
102 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
apparently of this species, is very finely striated under the lens, but
I cannot see any strise in full grown specimens.
243. Pupina ventrosa. Dohrn. Plate XVI. Tig. 14 natural
size, 14 a., 14b. much magnified. M.C.
Dohrn, Pro. Zoo!, Pro., 1862, p. 183.
Shell ovate, rather thin, polished, shining, transparent, smooth, not
striated, pale reddish-horny ; spire ovately-conical, slightly obtuse,
suture scarcely impressed, and on the two lower usually callous, and
sometimes with a very faint streak of red ; whorls 5, three upper-
most, slightly convex, lower two continuous, last viewed in front
much more than equalling the remainder ; aperture vertical, circular;
peristome slightly thickened, scarcely expanded, upper channel
oblique, protected by a triangular blunt plate, columellar a little
above the centre, with a triangular obtuse auricle, about equalling
the other in size.
Length 0-30; breadth 0*17; aperture 0- 10 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Endeavour River, N. E. Australia. — ■MacGillivray.
This shell is smaller and less elongated than P. bilinguis, and the
mouth is less oblique to the axis. Dohrn's locality, " Cape York,"
is a mistake.
244. Pupina pineticola. Cox. Plate XVI. Fig. 8 natural
size, 8 a., 8 b. much magnified. M.C.
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1866, p. 375.
Shell fusiformly ovate or pupiform, rather solid, smooth, shining, in
youth very finely striated, the stria; disappearing or becoming obso-
lete, glassy white, or pale reddish-horny ; spire suddenly tapering,
obtuse, lower suture enamelled ; whorls 5, last viewed in front ex-
ceeding half the length of the shell, penultimate equal to last in
width, and equalling in length those above it ; aperture circular,
slightly oblique ; peristome and auricles white or pale, thickened,
upper canal in a line with the apex, lamella showing in front, acute,
triangular, inferior canal obliquely cutting the columella near its
centre, with a short triangular plate above.
Length 0"22 ; breadth (Ml ; aperture 0*06 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Pine Mountain, Lismore, Upper Eichmond Eiver, on the
ground, burrowing in dry weather. — MacGillivray.
The nearest allied species is P. Pfeifferi ; but this is a larger and stouter
shell, having the axis of the mouth more divergent, and very
different canals.
245. Pupina Tliomsoni. Forbes. Plate XVI. Eig. 12, 12 a,,
12 b. much magnified, Museum, Eev. E. L. King.
Forbes, Fog. Raitlesnalce, Vol. II., p. 381. Plate III. Fig. 2.
Shell ovate, solid, polished, shining, smooth, not striated, very pale
reddish-horny; spire short, obtuse, suture very slightly impressed ;
whorls 5 to 6, last in front longer than the remainder, penultimate
larger than all those above ; aperture orbicular, continuous on body
whorl, vertical ; peristome and auricles white, much callously
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 103
thickened, upper canal covered by a large curved triangular tongue,
inferior larger at the lower columellar margin, formed above by the
large roundly truncate termination of the columella, and below by
the lip, both of which margins are prolonged upon the back of the
whorl like parallel and somewhat diverging walls.
Length 0-30 ; breadth 0-16 ; aperture 0-06 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Fitzroy Island, N. E. Coast of Australia. — MacGillivray.
This remarkable species is so unlike any other Australian Pupina that
it need never be confounded with them.
246. Pupina Pfeifferi. Dohm. Plate XVI. Fig. 9 natural
size, 9 a., 9 b. much magnified. M.C.
Dohm, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1862, p. 183.
Shell narrowly ovate, pupiform, smooth, polished, shining, glassy,
translucent, white to very pale yellowish or reddish ; spire ovately-
conical, obtuse ; whorls 5, suture scarcely impressed, callous, sub-
margined, last in front equalling ^ of length ; aperture slightly
diagonal, the lower margin being advanced, circular ; peristome
white, thickened, very slightly expanded, upper canal viewed in
front with an acutely triangular tongue, lower very narrow,
obliquely cutting the centre of the columella, and bordered above by
a rather broad truncately rounded auricle.
Length 0'22 ; breadth 0*10; aperture 0'05 broad, of an inch.
Habitat. "Eocky Isle," off Cape Flattery. Lizard Island, and Cape
York, N. E. Coast of Australia. Darnley Island, Torres Straits. —
MacGillivray.
The smallest Australian species, which is said by Dohrn to differ from
P. Strangei, to which it is closely allied, in the parietal lamella
(acute, entering), the oblique aperture, the callous suture, &c. It
may be here mentioned that after examining the opercula of all the
previous species of Pupina I found nothing abnormal.
247. Pupina Strangei. Pfr.
Pfeiffer, in Pro. Zool. Soc, 1854, causu omissa?
Pfeiffer, in Make. Bl., 1854, p. 90.
Shell pupce-form, very thin, pellucid, very shining, pale horny ; spire
swollen, conical towards the top, somewhat acute ; suture not callous ;
whorls 5 \, convex, last contracted, scarcely projecting beyond the
base of the axis ; aperture sub-circular, bicaniculated ; parietal
callus slightly prominent, on both sides ending in a very small acute
tooth, separated by the narrow channels from the shortly reflected,
somewhat thickened peristome.
Length 0'22 ; Diameter, greatest 0-ll ; aperture 0'06 wide, of an inch.
Habitat. Moreton Bay, Queensland. — Strange.
Genus
GALLIA.— Gray.
Shell pupiform, covered with a smooth shining callus ;
peristome sub-continuous, straight, scarcely thickened, not
104 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
intersected, columcllar margin entire, above appressed,
reflected, altogether closing the perforation, which, is con-
spicuous in young shells. Operculum thin, membranous,
narrow whorled.
* C. splendens.
248. Callia splendens. JDohm. Plate XVII. Fig. 8 natural
size, 8 a., 8 b. much magnified. M.C.
Dohrn, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1862, p. 183.
Shell conically-ovate, rather thin, smooth, very glossy, pellucid, pale
reddish-horny ; suture impressed, narrowly margined ; whorls 5,
gradually increasing, slightly convex, last viewed in front more
than equalling j of the length ; aperture vertical, acutely, irregu-
larly and slightly obliquely ovate ; peristome thickened, moderately
expanded all round, slightly expanded and thickened at the colu-
mella.
Length 0-28 ; breadth 0'15 ; aperture 0*11 long, of an inch.
Habitat. Lizard Island, N. E. Coast of Australia, among dead leaves,
&c. — Mac Gillivray.
Br. Dohrn states the operculum to be "normal," by which, I presume,
he means similar to that of C. lubria, the only previotxsly known
species. Now, in that, both aperture and operculum are circular ;
here, they are ovate, and the lid is extremely thin, membraneous,
and, under the microscope, exhibits no circular lines of growth
whatever.
Sub-jam. VIII.— REALLEA. Pfeiffer.
Pfr., Mon. Pneum. Viv., Suppl. prim., 1858, p. 153. Suppl. Sec, 18G5,
p. 170.
Operculum horny, sub-ovalj few whorled, nucleus
eccentric.
Genus
OMPHALOTROPIS.— Pfeiffer.
Shell perforate or narrowly umbilicated, turreted ovate
or globose-turbinate, carinated around the perforation ;
aperture ovate, oval or semi-circular; peristome simple,
with distant and disjointed margins, straight or expanded.
Operculum thin, horny, pauci-spiral.
* 0. malleata.
249. Omphalotropis malleata. Pfr.
Pfr., Mon. Pneum. Viv., 1865. Suppl. Sec, p. 177.
Hydrocena malleata. Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1854, p. 308.
Pfr., Mon. Pneum. Viv., 1858. Suppl. prim., p. 164.
Shell somewhat perforate, ovately-conical, irregularly marked as if
hammered, variegated with flesh colour and whitish ; spire conical,
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 105
acute ; whorls 6, flattish, last nearly equalling the spire, ventricose,
with a cord-like keel round the umbilicus ; aperture slightly oblique,
angularly oval, orange or yellow within ; peristome somewhat
callous, right margin straight, basal rather angularly produced,
columellar somewhat spreading.
Length 0*27 ; breadth 0*18 of an inch.
Habitat. Australia. — Pfeiffer.
All relating to this shell, which I have not seen, has been taken from
Pfeiffer.
Pam. II.— HELICINACEA. Pfeiffer.
Pfr., Mon. Pneum. Viv., 1852, p. 318. Suppl. prim., 1858, p. 169.
Suppl. Sec 1865, p. 184.
Operculum without any vestige of a spire, testaceous,
thick, or homy, thin (it is not possible to form a well
defined family from the material of the operculum), semi-
oval, or sub-triangular. For remaining characters consult
sub-order II. — Ectophthalma. Pfr. p. 96.
Sub-fam. II.— HELICINEA. Pfeiffer.
Pfr., Hon. Pneum. Viv., Suppl. Sec, 1865, p. 211.
Shell heliciform, turbinated or depressed, often carinated ;
aperture semi-oval, or sub -triangular. Operculum not
spiral, smooth or granulated.
For the description of the animal, consult sub-order
II. — Ectophthalma. Pfr. p. 96.
Genus
HELICINA.— Lamarck.
Shell heliciform, turbinate, globose or depressed, covered
beneath with callus round the columella, which is rather
straight and flattish ; aperture triangular or semi-ovate,
entire ; peristome simple, straight or thickened, often
spreading broadly. Operculum thin, annular, semi-ovate,
membranaceous or shelly.
Animal like Cyclophorus ; lingual teeth 3. 1. 3. — Gray.
* H. diversicolor. * H. Draytonensis. * H. reticulata.
* H. CHadstonensis. ** H. fulgurata. * H. Lizardensis.
* H. Yorkensis. * H. Gouldiana.
250. Helicina diversicolor. Cox. Plate XVII. Fig. 9 natural
size, 9 a., 9 b. much magnified. M.O.
Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1866.
Shell globosely-conoid, obsoletely sub-carinated, solid, above sub-
106 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
conical, beneath depressly-convex ; base -whitish, gradually on the
penultimate whorl tinged with violet, afterwards violet, then reddish,
with the apex whitish, under the lens radiately plicately-rugose, last
whorl with numerous obsolete spiral lines ; spire obtuse at the apex ;
whorls 5, flatly slightly convex ; aperture oblique, lunate ; peristome
white, slightly thickened, very briefly expanded, columellar junction
below somewhat angularly rounded. Operculum reddish-horny.
Diameter, greatest 0'23 ; least 0-20; height 0'20 of an inch.
Habitat. Brisbane, Ipswich, and Pine Mountain, Queensland. —
Masters and Brazier. Pine Mountain, Lismore, Eichmond River, on
leaves and trunks of trees. — MacGillivray.
Closely allied to IT. Dragtonensis. A variable shell in colour ; it fre-
quently has a dead and chalky, instead of a porcellaneous, appear-
ance, and the red and violet of the spire are sometimes greenish, or
bluish, or altogether wanting ; the throat is occasionally reddish or
yellowish, instead of white. My Queensland specimens are not
generally so brightly coloured as a series from the Eichmond.
251. Helicina Draytonensis. Pfr. Plate XVII. Fig. 13
natural size, 13a., 13 b. much magnified. M.O.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 393. lion. Pneum. Viv., 1853. Suppl.
prim,., p. 207.
Shell conoid, rather solid, rugosely striated, and marked with some
spiral striae, slightly shining, flesh coloured ; spire conoid, apex
rather pointed, yellow ; whorls 4-A-, rather flattened, last somewhat
keeled, base more convex, with thin callus drawn over it somewhat
diffusely ; aperture diagonal, triangularly semi-oval ; peristome
white, shortly expanded, basal margin slightly arched, angularly
joined with the short, simple, columella ; operculum fulvous horny.
Diameter, greatest 0-25 ; least 0*18 ; height 0"14 of an inch.
Habitat. Drayton Eange, Queensland. — Stutchhury.
Although I have two specimens sent me by Cuming under this name,
and they agree with the description, yet I have preferred to give
Pfeiffer's account, merely adding the colour of the operculum, which
is present in one of the two.
252. Helicina reticulata. Pfr. Plate XVII. Pig. 14 natural
size, 14 a., 14 b. much magnified. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1862, 'p. 277.
Shell trochiform, rather solid, thickly spirally grooved and ridged,
crossed by fainter markings and lines of growTth, flesh coloured,
irregularly marked with blotches, spots, streaks of red or yellow ;
spire conoid, rather mamillary at the apex ; whorls 4, flattened, last
indistinctly sub-angular at the periphery, base with thin granulated
callus, partially bounded by a groove ; aperture very oblique, some-
what triangular ; peristome very slightly thickened and expanded,
white, angular above, roundly produced in front and rounded below ;
operculum dark chestnut, with a pale nucleus.
Diameter, greatest 0"25 ; least 0-22 ; height 0"15 of an inch.
Habitat. Cape York, and elsewhere on the N. E. Coast of Australia. —
Mac Gill it rag.
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 107
253. Helicina Gladstonensis. Cox. Plate XVII. Fig. 11
natural size, 11a., lib. much magnified, lie. portion of surface. M.O.
Cox, Catalogue of Australian Land Shells, p. 34, 1864.
Shell dopressly globular, very irregularly rugose, the corrugations
often confluent, tending to run in two directions and cross each
other diagonally, with some spiral lines, and others oblique, pale
reddish-brown, sometimes whitish towards the mouth, mottled with
white wrinkles, which look as if enamelled ; spire broadly conical,
obtuse ; whorls 5, last obscurely angulated at the base, convexly
rounded for remainder ; callous deposit at the base thin, granulated ;
aperture diagonal, triangularly semi- circular ; peristome white,
thickened, moderately reflected, angular above, rounded below,
moderately produced in front ; operculum dark, horny.
Diameter, greatest 0-15 ; least 0-13 ; height 0'10 of an inch.
Habitat. Gladstone, Port Curtis, Queensland. — Blomfield.
The smallest recorded Australian species, variable somewhat in colour,
but very remarkable on account of the irregular rugae, sometimes
continuous, and forming short elevated linear wrinkles.
254. Helicina fulgurata. Cox. Plate XVII. Pig. 10 natural
size, 10a., 10 b. much magnified.
Shell lenticular, sharply carinate, without any spiral lines, only shew-
ing very faintly under a lens of high power, radiating striae, rather
shining, reddish-yellow, with numerous zigzag white radiating bands;
spire broadly conical, scarcely obtuse, suture margined along penul-
timate whorl ; whorls 4J, nearly flat, last very sharply carinated,
base with a circumscribed callous deposit ; aperture somewhat
triangular, oblique ; peristome {not perfect) very slightly arcuate
above, more so below, with an external angle, columella straight ;
operculum shelly, white.
Diameter, greatest 0'25 ; least 0*20 ; height 0-12 of an inch.
Habitat. Rocky Isle, near Cape Flattery, N. E. Australia. — Mac-
Gillivray.
255. Helicina Lizardensis. Cox. Plate XVII. Fig 12 natural
size, 12 a., 12 b. much magnified, 12 c. operculum. M.O.
Shell between globosely-conical and trochiform, rather solid, glossy,
spirally, regularly striated, with very faint radiating decussated
lines, whitish, with one broad spiral yellow band ; spire broadly
conical, apex obtuse ; whorls 5, flattened, last rounded at the peri-
phery; base with an extensive deposit of thin granulated callus,
partially circumscribed by a groove ; aperture diagonal, somewhat
triangular ; peristome white, slightly thickened and expanded,
angular above, roundly produced outwardly, and roundly joining the
columella ; operculum reddish-horny.
Diameter, greatest 0-25 ; least 0-23 ; height 0'21 of an inch.
Habitat. Lizard Island, N. E. Coast of Australia. — MacGilMvray.
Judging from Pfeiffer's description of H. Yorlcetisis this is its nearest
ally ; indeed, were it not that my six specimens exactly agree with
each other in sculpture, markings, &c., and have the operculum
108 AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS.
reddish-horny instead of white, I should have been inclined to pause
before describing it as a new species.
256. Helicina Yorkensis. Pfr. Plate XVII. Fig. 16 natural
size, 16 a., 16 b. much magnified. M.C.
Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc, 1862, p. 277. Man. Pneum. Viv., 1865. Suiyl
Sec, p. 228.
Shell globosely-conical, rather solid, somewhat closely spirally striated,
flesh-coloured, with a sutural yellow fascia, and another broader
brownish- violet band ; spire regularly conoid, rather acute at the
apex ; whorls about 5, flattened, last a little exceeding the spire,
rounded at the periphery, beneath in the centre with white, granu-
lated circumscribed callus ; columella callous, arched, not very
oblique, somewhat serai-circular ; peristome shortly expanded, basal
margin arcuately joined with the columella ; operculum whitish.
Diameter, greatest 0*22 ; least 0-20 ; height 0*17 of an inch.
Habitat. Cape York, N. E. Coast of Australia. — MacGillivray.
I copy Pfeiffer's description, not having access to any specimen having
yellow and violet spiral bands, and a whitish operculum. Two
specimens received from Cuming, in whose collection the type is
retained, belong to two varieties of another species.
257. Helicina Gouldiana. Forbes. Plate XVII. Pig. 15
natural size, 15 a., 15 b. much maqnified. M.C.
Forbes, Fog. of Rattlesnake, Vol. II., p. 382. PI. III. Fig. 3. _
Shell depressly- globose, rather solid, slightly shining, spirally
striated, the stria) faintly intersected by radiating lines, colour red-
dish, yellowish, or brownish ; spire broadly conoid, obtuse; whorls
5, flattened, last obscurely angulated ; aperture oblique, somewhat
triangularly lunate, angular above and below, with much finely
granulated, thin, callosity between the margins ; peristome white,
thickened, shortly expanded ; operculum yellowish-horny.
Diameter, greatest 0' 23 ; least 0'20; height 0*15 of an inch.
Habitat. " Two Isles," near Cape Flattery, and Lizard Island, N. E.
Coast of Australia. — MacGillivray.
AUSTRALIAN LAND SHELLS. 109
ADDITIONS.
Page 11. No. 25. Helix fricata. Gould. Add Plate XI. Fig 17,
copied from Reeve.
,, 21. ,, 51. Helix Diemenensis. In the observations, after
Helix coma of Gray. Add Plate XVII. Fig
4, copied from Reeve.
„ 26. „ 66. Helix Strangei. After Plate XVIII. Fig 17.
Add also Plate V. Fig 9.
,, 69. ,, 171. Bulirnus Adelaicke. Ad. and Ang. Add Plate
XIII. Fig 5.
258. Helix vitracea. Ferussac. Plate XI. Fig 20, 20 a., copied
from Ferussac.
Rfr., Hon. Ret. Viv., 1848, Vol. 1, p. 233.
Helix vitracea. Fer. pr. 146. Hist. t. 64, F. 5.
Shell, with the perforation covered, globulose, thin, glassy, carinated ;
whorls 4-|, rather convex, aperture lunately elliptical ; peristome
simple, somewhat reflected.
Diameter, mqj. 19 ; min. 16 ; alt 14 mill.
Habitat. New Holland. — Reck.
259. Vitrina aquila. Cox. Plate XVIII. Fig 14, 14a.
Shell globosely-auriforrn, opal-horny, more opaque below than above,
but little shining, regularly and strongly striated with Lines of
growth which are decussated by very fine striae ; spire raised,
papilliform ; whorls 4, the last globose ; suture broadly and dis-
tinctly margined ; aperture oblique, ovately-rounded, margin well
defined.
Diameter greatest 0-78 ; least 0-55 ; height 0-45 ; aperture, 0*48 long, 0*45
broad, of an inch.
Habitat. Eagle Scrub, near Brisbane, Queensland — Brazier. Under
bark at the root of a tree.
260. Helix Edwardsi. Cox. Plate XIX. Fig. 3, 3a. M.C.
Shell solid, openly, narrowly, and deeply perforated, globose, striated
by lines of growth which are everywhere closely decussated by fine
transverse anastomosing wrinkles of irregular size, giving, without
the aid of a lens, a wavy granular appearance, white beneath an
olive-yellow epidermis, and ornamented by a broad very dark chest-
nut band below the suture ; spire short, obtusely conoid ; whorls 5,
the last much the largest, inflated, descending in front ; aperture
110 AUSTRALIAN LANU SHELLS.
ovately-rounded, opal within, except opposite to the band, when it is
of the same colour ; peristome thickened, intensely black, and
coarsely granulated by large round black granules oasily recognised
without the aid of a lens, margin reflected, columellar margin not
toothed, broadly dilated and reflected, £ covering the umbilicus,
margins approached, joined by a thick black callus, spreading
over that portion of the body whorl which projects into the aperture
as far as can be seen, and having the same coarse granular aspect as
the peristome.
Diameter, greatest 1*57; least 1-28 ; height 1*47 of an inch.
Habitat. The Liverpool River, N. Coast of Australia. — Edwards.
This fine species, as well as the two following, were obtained during
Captain Cadell's recent expedition to the N. Coast of Australia, in
large numbers, at the locality mentioned. Closely allied to and
resembling Helix pomum, but easily distinguished from that species
by its black coarsely granular aperture, by the black band which
follows the suture, and by its transverse wrinkled sculptured surface.
261. Helix Creedi. Cox. Plate XIX. Fig. 2, 2a. M.C.
Shell deeply, openly, but rather narrowly perforated, globosely depressed,
finely striated by lines of growth, dull-fawn coloured, darker towards
the apex of the spire, ornamented by two brown bands, one forming
a fine dark margin to the suture, the second rather above the peri-
phery ; whorls 5-|, convex, the last rapidly increasing in size, rather
inflated, descending in front, spire slightly raised, margin broad,
impressed ; aperture oblique, thinly enamelled, shining and whitish
within ; peristome a little thickened and broadly reflected, margins
somewhat approached, joined by a thin shining callus ; columellar
' margin dilated, slightly covering the umbilicus.
Diameter, greatest 105 ; least 0-82 ; height 0-70 of an inch.
Habitat. Cadell's Straits, N. Coast of Australia. — Dr. Creed.
262. Helix Wesselensis. Cox. Plate XIX. Fig. 4, 4a, 4b. M.C.
Shell deeply, openly, and rather broadly unibilicated, globosely
depressed, white, thin, transparent, shining, very faintly striated by
lines of growth, ornamented by two orange-brown bands, one very
narrow, forming a margin to the suture below, the second narrow
above the periphery ; whorls 5, flat above, rounded, and rather
dilated below, gradually increasing in size till the last ■£ turn, when
it becomes flattened on the side and narrowed, and towards the
peristome sharply reflected and constricted below, forming a broad
deep channel running into the umbilicus ; suture deep, broad ;
aperture ovately rounded ; peristome thin, margins much approached,
unconnected by a callous deposit, right margin slightly everted, left
and columellar margin broadly reflected, arching over the channel
running into the umbilicus, formed by the constriction of the last
whorl.
Diameter, greatest 0*83 ; least 0-65 ; height 0-40 of an inch.
Habitat. Wessel Islands, near the N. Coast of Australia. — Dr. Creed.
Plstl 1
Z a
From Nature* on Stone
by Harriet Scott
Allan -S-Wtglev Printers. Sy.iney.
Plate II
r • Stopps
J Sharkes
s.
m
4 a
6 a.
2. A
^
2 >,
• 9 a
4 h
6 i
9 1
n Stone
by Han
-r.
'
12
fe
A
^c^
J3
ureAcnStone
by Helena Forde
Allan *WigJe- ■ I
2 a
5.
2 i
a i
FrocTLKature> on Stone
by Harriet Scott
Allan .- .
■ .
■ .
2a.
3b
/M.S.
5a.
6 a
7a
/M.S.
u
/vs.
8a
la
N.S.
«.s.
rrom.Vature.v on Stone
by Harriet Scott
Allan *Wig1ey Printers. Sydney
n-
j
n
Sa.
4
4c%
■
P B
2 JL
3a
2t>
£f
^^^*
^
11
10
12
13
^
14
15 a
13 a.
(jg^
18
]£
17
1.5
19
^*
18 a.
■ 5*h : ■■, '.
t '• H.IJf .. I
Allan •
10
-■
2 a
n
^j.
12
18
<5
16
20
8
13
16
n
10
16 a
IIW* J
7a
14=
13
by He]
[ ^ f
la
\
*
&W
lsa
**&
15
FromNnture Aon Stone
by Helena Korde
Allan & Ifl i . ■
Plate Xlll.
&
I
r
...... . '.; .
. .
18 a.
21
20 a
21a
rVom Nature I on Si ■
bj Harriet :_"<< gtt
AlUn *Wigley Printers. Sydney*
Plate
FromNa^1-ei,>nSlon
by Harriet Scott
AJlan *\Vi£ley. Printers. Sydney.
Hlnte as.
A
6 a.
8a
12
i€a.
#
in
I 1
la a_
2 a.
8h
loi
12 t
-'
14b
71
V
Tc
31
"
13 a
13 b
15
16 h
ua
13
lo a
FromNature *on Stone
by Helena Forde.
Allan v u.j'i.'. Pnniei 3yd nc\
la
ah
ll
3i
€,
From Nature fron Stone
by Helena Forde
\ v Wiglej Printers, Sydney
Plate . jfl
03
byflaxriel Scott
Allan AWitrtey l'rn.i ri
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11