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THE

KAY SOCIETY

INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV

This volume is issued to the Subscribers to the RAY SOCIETY for

the Year 1919

LONDON
MCMXX

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

BRITISH OETHOPTEEA

WILLIAM JOHN LUCAS, B.A.,

FELLOW OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Author of 'A Monograph of the British Dragonflies,' 'British Butterflies*

'British Hawk-moths,' etc.

LONDON
PRINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY

1920

PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON AND WEST NEWMAN, LTD.
LONDON AND DORKING.

PREFACE.

IN presenting to the entomological public a " Mono-
graph of the British Orthoptera ' a few words are
necessary with regard to the scope and object of the
work.

Though the treatment adopted may seem to reduce
the list of our species to a smaller total than that
usually given, it has been employed with the object of
confining attention to those species only that can with
reason be looked upon as dwellers in our midst, the
criterion of British nationality being whether breeding
takes place in these islands, or not. If it does, the
insect concerned has been given a definite status on
our list, even though it may be able to exist with us
only under artificial conditions of warmth and shelter.
By this arrangement a large number of casual visitors
(conveyed here nearly always by accidental transpor-
tation) are excluded, as having no claim whatever to
be called British insects.

It can scarcely be expected that an}^ great addition
will be made to the number of British species, yet one
or two new ones may fairly be looked for, when those
naturalists who investigate our orthopterous fauna
have become more numerous. On the other hand, it is
to be feared that one of our earwigs is destined to
almost certain extinction in the near future.

Under the heading " synonymy ' will be found

VI PEEFACE.

references to a few authors, either because their
writings|are of interest to English readers, or as being
the authorities for important synonyms. Those readers
who require a more complete synonymy are referred
to W. F. Kirby's ' Synonymic List of the Orthoptera/
a reference to this important work being given in the
treatment of each insect.

At the present day there is no necessity to make an
apology for occupying space with original descriptions,
their value being generally acknowledged.

In most cases the early stages of our Orthoptera are
but little known, nor is it an easy matter to investigate
them. Here anyone taking up the study of the Order
will find great scope for his activities.

For some naturalists the habits and distribution of the
various species have a special interest. These branches
of the subject, therefore, have been treated as fully as
circumstances would allow. Here also is abundant
opportunity for research. There are in fact large
tracts of the British Isles whose orthopterous fauna is
practically unknown, and, until students of the Order
become more numerous, apparently must remain so.

It is the very pleasing duty of the author to record
his obligation to a large number of correspondents^
who have provided notes and sent lists of localities or
insects for inspection to assist him in the compilation
of the paragraphs on British distribution. The list
includes: W. J. Ashdown, E. A. Atmore, E. C. Bedwell,
H. W. Bell-Marley, G-. C. Bignell, L. Blathwayt, E. N.
Bloomfield, W. Bracken, C. A. Briggs, S. E. Brock,.
F. Balfour-Browne, M. Burr, H. Campion, Gr. C.
Champion, T. A. Chapman, A. Cant, R. T. Cassal,
A. J. Chitty, T. A. Coward, C. W. Dale, J. G. Dalgliesh,

PKEFACE. Yll

W. Daws, F. H. Day, H. M. Edelsten, F. W. Edwards,
J. Edwards, W. Evans, Gr. E. Frisby, H. Gruermonprez,
J. N. Halbert, A. H. Hamm, B. S. Harwood, W. Hewett,
W. Holland, W. J. Jones, F. C. R. Jourdain, S. W.
Kemp, C. Gr. Lamb, G. T. Lyle, B. McGowan, H. Main,
H. Moore, C. Morley, K. J. Morton, J. Nicholson, Gr. T.
Porritt, R. B. and Miss Nellie Robertson, A. 0. Rowden,
E. Saunders, D. Sharp, Eland Shaw, A. Sich, E. J. B.
Sopp, R. South, A. M. Stewart, E. A. C. Stowell, J. R.
le B. Tomlin, H. R. Wakefield, J. J. Walker, W. West,
0. Whittaker, J. W. Yerbury, and many others who
have kindly helped in a similar way.

Most of the Irish localities are due to specimens in
the collection at Trinity College, Dublin, the list of
which was communicated by S. W. Kemp: hence the
reference — -fide Kemp.

All the plates and figures have been reproduced
from the author's drawings or photographs, with the
exception of Plate IV, fig. o, and the whole of Plate VI,
which are from photographs by H. Main, B.Sc. ;
Plate XVIII, fig. 3, from a photograph by G. T. Lyle ;
and Plate IV, fig. 1 from a photograph by the late H. F.
Hayman.

In a work containing so much detail and involving
so many references it would be too optimistic to expect
that no error has escaped notice ; but if the corrigenda
have been reduced to a minimum, the result should be
attributed to the assiduity with which the late Secre-
tary of the Ray Society, Mr. J. Hopkinson, brought
his great experience to bear in piloting the book along
its passage through the press.

W. J. LUCAS.

KlNGSTON-ON-THAMES ;

July, 1919.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

INTRODUCTION . 1

SUB-ORDER I. FORFICULODEA 7

GENUS 1. ANISOLABIS . . 15

2. LABIDURA . 20

3. LABIA . . 28

4. PROLABIA . 35

5. FORFICULA . . 39

6. APTERYGIDA . . 58
SUB-ORDER II. BLATTODEA. . 62

GENUS 1. ECTOBIUS . 73

2. BLATTELLA . . 85

3. BLATTA ... 93

4. PERIPLANETA . 100

5. LEUCOPH^A . . Ill
SUB-ORDER III. GRYLLODEA . 118

GENUS 1. GRYLLOTALPA . 121

2. NEMOBIUS . 130

3. GRYLLUS . . 134

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

PAGE

SUB-ORDER IV. LOCUSTODEA . 146

GENUS 1. PHOLIDOPTERA . 151

2. METRIOPTERA 157

3. TETTIGONIA . . 171

4. PHASGONURA . 176

5. CONOCEPHALUS . 184

6. MECONEMA . . 189

7. LEPTOPHYES . . 193
SUB-ORDER Y. ACRIDIODEA . 200

GENUS 1. TETRIX . . . 206

2. GOMPHOCERUS . 217

3. MECOSTETHUS 225

4. STENOBOTHRUS . 230

5. OMOCESTUS . . 234

6. STAURODERUS . 242

7. CHORTHIPPUS . 248
ORTHOPTERA OF THE CHANNEL

ISLANDS . ... 257

259

31294

LIST OF THE PLATES.

PLATE

I. — Fig. 1.- — Mantis religiosa. Fig. 2. — Bacillus rossii.
Fig. 3. — Campodea sp. Fig. 4. — Nymphal earwig.
II. — Figs. 1-8. — Males of the British Forficulodea.
III. — Figs. 1, 2. — Labidura riparia.
IV. — Figs. 1—3. — Labi dura riparia.

V. — Figs. 1-3. — Anisolabis annulipes. Fig. 4. — Prolalla
arachidis. Figs. 5, 6. — Forficula lesnei. Fig. 7.-
Apterygida albipennis.
VI. --Figs. 1-6.- -Details of British Cockroaches. Figs.

7; S.—-Forficula auricularia.
VII. --Figs. 1-8.- -British Cockroaches.
VIII. — Figs. 1-5. — British species of Ectobius.

IX.- -Fig. 1. — Periplaneta americana. Fig. 2. — P. austra-

lasise.
X. — Fig. 1. — Leucophzea surinamensis. Fig. 2. — Blatta

orientalis.
XI. — Fig. 1. — Periplaneta americzna. Fig. 2. — P. austra-

lasive. Fig! 3. — Leucoph&a surinamensis.
XII. — Figs. 1, 2. — Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa. Figs. 3, 4.-

Gryllus domesticus.
XIII. — Figs. 1, 2. — Nemobms sylvestris. Fig. 3. — Gryllus

campestris.

XIV. — Figs. 1-9. — Females of British Locustodea.
XV.--Figs. 1, 2. — Pholidoptera griseoaptera. Figs. 3, 4.-
Conoceplialus dorsalis.

LIST OF THE PLATES. XI

PLATE

XVI. — Figs. 1-3. — British species of Metrioptera.
XVII. — Fig. 1. — Tettigonia verrucivora. Fig. 2. — Phasgo-
nura viridissima. Figs. 3, 4. — Leptophyes puncta-
tissima. Fig. 5. — Meconema thalassinum.
XVIII. — Figs. 1, 2. — Phasgonura viridissima. Fig. 3. —

Meconema thalassinum.

XIX. — Figs. 1-8. — British Gomphocerids and Stenobothrids.
XX. — Figs. 1-9. — Elytra of males of British Acridiodea

(except Tetrix).

XXI. — Figs. 1, 2. — British species of Tetrix.
XXII. — Figs. 1, 2. — Mecostethus grossus.

XXIII. — Fig. 1. — Tetrix subulatus. Figs. 2, 3. — Gomphocerus
macidatus. Figs. 4, 5. — G. rufus. Fig. 6. —
Omocestusrufipes. Fig. 7. — Chorthippusparallelus.
Fig. 8. — Stenobothrus lineatus. Fig. 9. — Chor-
thippus elegans.

XXIV. — Figs. 1, 2. — Omocestus viridulus.
XXV. — Figs. 1, 2. — Stauroderus bicolor.

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

FIGS. PAGE

1. — Dorsal and ventral view of a generalised earwig . 8

2. — Callipers of British earwigs, males . . .10

3.- -Deformed callipers of British earwigs . .11

4.- -Extremity 'of abdomen of Labia minor, male . 30

5. — Antenna of Labia and Prolabia . . .36

6.- -Wing of Forficula auricularia . . .41

7. — Egg of F. auricularia . . . .41

8. — Apex of abdomen of F. auricularia, male . . 41

9. — Apex of abdomen of F. auricularia, female . 41

10.--Pronota of British Ectobii, males . . .64

11. — Mid leg of Periplaneta australasise . . 64

12.- -Elytron and wing of Periplaneta americana . 65

13. — Ootheca of certain cockroaches . . .68

14. — Ectobius lapponicus and details . . .75

15. — Blattella germanica . . . . .88

16. — Blatta orientalis . . . . .95

17. — Periplaneta australasise . . . . 106

18. — Fore leg of Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa . .123

19. — Ovipositors of British Locustodea . . . 148

20. — Egg of Leptophyes punctatissima and of Metrioptera

albopunctata . . . . .159
21. — Apex of abdomen of Meconema thalassinum, male . 190

22. — Pronota of British Acridiodea . . . 202

23. — Elytron and wing of an Acridian grasshopper . 204
24. — Tetrix subulatus ..... 209

25. — Ovipositor of Stenobothrus lineatus . . 233

BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

INTRODUCTION.

IN the Orthoptera we have one of those orders of
insects which have frequently been spoken of as
" neglected,' and the reason for the use of the term

O '

is not far to seek. Many- -perhaps too many- -of
those who take an interest in anv division of the

•>

insect-world, do so with almost the sole object (in
itself laudable enough no doubt) of forming a collection
of specimens that shall delight the eye by their
pleasing appearance. Even when they breed the

insects on which their choice has fallen, thev do so

in order to fill up with perfect specimens the ranks
in their cabinets. To these, such groups as the
Orthoptera can scarcely be expected to appeal.

Others there are who capture and breed insects
with the object of ascertaining what may be learnt of
their habits, of discovering the life-history both of the

O t/

individual and of its race, of tracing the relationships
that exist, or have existed, between insect-races extant
or extinct, or with some other scientific purpose in
view. To the notice of these our Orthoptera may
with confidence be presented. Let it be added also,
that as the specimens increase in number, many of
them possessing in one way or another an individuality
of their own, the collection will soon become as pleasing
in the eyes of its compiler as any formed of the more
showy members of the insect -race.

Perhaps, however, the great point in favour of the

2 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

Orthoptera as an Order of Insects worthy of study is
the fact that, leaving out the Protura, Zoraptera,
Collembola, Campodeioidea, and Thysanura, this Order
probably contains the oldest insects which have sur-
vived to the present geologic age.

In support of this statement it is sufficient here
to point to their geologic record, the slight post-
embryonic development which they display, the fre-
quent absence or rudimentary condition of the elytra
and wings, and the mandibulate mouth. Another
point testifying apparently to the antiquity of the
Order is the presence of cerci — resembling posterior
antennae, and no doubt in some cases useful as such-
throughout the British species. These cerci are very
characteristic of the apterous insect Campodea stapJii/-
linus (Plate I, fig. 1), which may, or may not, be an
extremely primitive insect come down to our timey
but at any rate is of an early type.* This simple
insect calls to mind a newly-hatched and therefore
wingless earwig (PI. I, fig. 2) in which the callipers
(cerci) are proportionately much longer and simpler
than thev are in the imao'o.f It should be noticed

«/ <~>

that they are present also in other ancient Orders,
such as the Plecoptera, Odonata, and Ephemeroptera.
Probably 10,000 species, which has been given as
an estimate of the total number of Orthoptera living
at the present day, is a very modest guess. About
500 are inhabitants of Europe, while of those which
may reasonably be considered British, there is an
interesting group containing the rather small total of
39 species, only a few of which extend their range
into Scotland. Not even all of these 39 can be looked
upon as indigenous, though such as are not are so far
naturalised as to breed here and thus establish their

* See ' Origin and Metamorphose s of Insects/ by the Right Hon. Lord
Avebury, 1902.

t C. J. Gahan's recent detection of joints in the callipers of an embry-
onic earwig, and their presence in the nymph of a Ceylon earwig, Dyscritina,
longisetosa, Westw. (- gerstteckeri Dohrii), investigated by E. E. Green,
strengthen this conclusion. See 'Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond./ 16 Mar. 1898;
and Burr's " Dermaptera," in ' Fauna of British India/ p. 11, 1910.

INTRODUCTION.

right to inclusion in our list. A considerable number
of others are met with casually, but can in no sense
be looked upon as British insects. As regards status,
then, our Orthoptera may thus be tabulated :-

a. Thirty-one species considered to be indigenous.

I). Eight aliens — naturalised, however, as shown by their

breeding here.
c. An uncertain but large and increasing number of casual

visitors — interesting, of course, but whose names must

not appear on our lists.

In order to show the position of the Order
Orthoptera within the Class Insecta, the scheme of
Insect Orders adopted is here given * : —

APTERYGOTA (wingless insects, supposed to have descended
from wingless ancestors): Order 1, Protnra; 2, Zor-
aptera; 3, Collembolat; 4,Campodeioidea; 5,Thysanura.

ANAPTERYGOTA (wingless insects, whose ancestors were
probably winged) : Order 6, Mallophaga ; 7, Anoplura ;
8, Siphonaptera.

EXOPTERYGOTA (winged insects, whose wings develop outside
the body, these Orders still containing- a fair number
of wingless, or imperfectly winged, forms). Order 9,
Orthoptera; 10, Plecoptera ; 11, Psocoptera ; 12,
Isoptera ; 13, Embioptera ; 14, Epherneroptera ; 15,
Paraneuroptera (= Odonata) ; 16, Thysanoptera; 17,
Hemiptera.

ENDOPTERYGOTA (winged insects, whose wings arise as
invaginations of the hypodermis, and for a time
project within the body, containing but few wingless
forms). Order 18, Neuroptera; 19, Trichoptera ; 20,
Lepidoptera ; 21, Coleoptera ; 22, Strepsiptera; 23,
Diptera ; 24, Hymenoptera.

AVe may define the ORTHOPTEEA (dofloc = straight ;

foov = a wing) as: Insects with month formed for
biting, the maxillary and labial palpi bent// conspicuous
and the labium being divided in the middle; the fore-
wings (elytra, or tegmina) stiff but not horny, closed over

* Compare "The Orders of Insects/' D. Sharp, 'Entomologist/ vol. xlii,
p. 270, 1909.

f It is possible that one or two of the Apterygote groups should not be
classed with Insects proper.

4 BRITISH ORTHOPTEKA.

flic hack (i n<l nun nl ly protecting the delicate hind-wings,
irliich are folded fanwise and in certain cases transversely
also; elijh'n <nnl /rings often rudimentary or absent;
gruirth a continuous process, abrupt metamorphoses being
tihxt'iif, the young (nymphs) 'much resembling their parents,
> wept for the wing*, which, gradually up/tear, wrapped
in sn/itll cases, and increase in size at each new ecdysis ;
no real jnij>nl instar.

Although there are very distinct sections of the

»/

Orthoptera, yet the Order as a whole is fairly well
defined, and few systematists seem to wish to readjust
the boundaries. The only doubtful point in reality
appears to be whether or not the earwigs should be
separated from the rest as a distinct Order. In the
present case it was not thought expedient to segregate
a group which appears to have sufficient points of
connection with the cockroaches to justify their being
placed near them. Further, if the earwigs are treated
as an Order there seems to be no sufficient reason
why the cockroaches and some other divisions should

not be treated in a similar way, and this would be

i/ •

inconvenient, if right. Handlirsch* has done so, it is
true, in a work in which he deals with fossil insects as
well as recent ones ; but it can be justified only if
the same amount of subdivision is undertaken in
certain other Orders- -the Hymenoptera for instance.
Leach not only separated the earwigs, as Uermaptera,
hut also constituted the cockroaches a distinct Order, as
Dictyoptera. On the other hand some entomologists

-Grassi, Oudemans, Finot, Minert, for example-
would add the Thysanura, or part of them, to the
Orthoptera, while others, would include the Odonata,
if not other insects also.

At the same time, within the Order as usually
defined, it is necessary to distinguish clearly the groups
which exist in Nature, and for these Brunner's
nomenclature has been adopted, making, however

: A. Handlirsch, ' Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten
Formen/ Leipzig, 1908.

» INTRODUCTION. O

(which he did not), the Earwigs correspond with the
others ; and this is more fully justified now that the
Hemimeridae and the Arixeniidae have to be associated
with them.

These groups* (or sub-orders) are :

1. FOEPICULODEA (Earwigs, with Arixenius and

Hemimerus).

2. BLATTODEA (Cockroaches).

3. MANTODUA (Soothsayers, or Praying Insects).

4. PHASMODEA (Leaf- and Stick-Insects).

5. GKYLLODEA (Crickets).

6. LOCUSTODEA (Long-horned Grasshoppers).

7. AcRm[ODEA (Short-horned Grasshoppers).
From the fact that the members of the first four

groups use their legs for running or Aval king, while
the last three are adepts at jumping, the former are
often spoken of as CUKSOIUA, while the latter are named
SALTATOIUA. The groups of the Cursoria are very
distinct one from another, the three groups of the
Saltatoria on the other hand being much more closely
related.

Mantodea and Phasmodea are not represented in
the British fauna, although M<nttis religiosa Linn.
(Plate I, fig. 3) and a Phasmid, Bacillus gallicux Char p.
(vide PI. I, fig. 4) ascend as far north as Central
France.

Flight is not usually a striking characteristic of the
Orthoptera, although there are important exceptions.
They usually run, walk, or hop, while the wings are
often abortive and nothing more than musical organs :

O o

not seldom they are absent altogether. " Singing" is,
however, practically confined to the Saltatoria, the
Cursoria being silent or nearly so.

A list of the British Orthoptera follows.

* Boliver subdivides the Orthoptera thus :

Section i. Dermaptera . . Fam. Forficulidse.
Section ii. Dictyoptera . . Fam. Blattidae and Mantidse.
Section iii. Euorthoptera . . Fam. Phasmidee, Acridiidse, Gryllidse

and Locustidse.

(6)

Order ORTHOPTERA.

Sub-order I. FORFICULODEA.

(Earwigs.)

Genus 1. ANISOLABIS Fieber.

1. A. annulipes Lucas.
2. LABIDURA Leach.

1. L. riparia Pallas.
„ 3. LABIA Leach.

1. L. minor Linn.
4. PROLABIA Burr.

1. P. arachidis Yersin.
„ 5. FORFICULA Linn.

1. F. auricularia Linn.

2. F. lesnei Finot.

,, 6. A.PTERYGIDA Westwood.

1. A. albipennis Megerle.

Sub-order II. BLATTODEA.

(Cockroaches.)

Genus 1. ECTOBIUS Stephens.

1. E. lapponicus Linn.

2. E. perspicillaris Herbst.

3. E. panzeri Stephens.
„ 2. BLATTELLA Caudell.

1. B. germanica Linn.

„ 3. BLATTA

1. B. orientalis Linn.
„ 4. PERIPLANETA Burmeister.

1. P. americana Linn.

2. P. australasiee Fabricius.
,, 5. LEUCOPHJEA Brunner.

1. L. surmamensis Linn.

Sub-order III. GRYLLODEA.

(Crickets.)

Gemis 1. GRYLLOTALPA Latreille.

1. G. gryllotalpa Linn.
„ 2. NEMOBIUS Serville.

1. N. sylvestris Fabricius.
„ 3. GRYLLUS Linn.

1. G. campestris Linn.

2. G. domesticus Linn.

Sub-order IY. LOCUSTODEA.
(Long-horned Grasshoppers.)

Genus 1. PHOLI.DOPTERA Wesmael.

1. P. griseoaptera De Geer.
„ 2. METRIOPTERA Wesmael.

1. M. albopanctata Goeze.

2. M. brachyptera Linn.

3. M. roeselii Hagenbach.
,, 3. TETTIGONIA Linn.

1. T. verrucivora Linn.
„ 4. PHASGONURA Stephens.

1. P. viridissima Linn.
„ 5. CONOCEPHALUS Thunberg.

1. C. dorsalis Latreille.
„ 6. MECONEMA Serville.

1. M. thalassinum De Geer.
„ 7. LEPTOPHYES Fieber.

1. L. punctatissima

Sub-order Y. ACRIDIODEA.

(Short-horned Grasshoppers.)

Genus 1. TETRIX Latreille.

1. T. subulatus Linn.

2. T. bipuiictatus Linn.

„ 2. GOMPHOCERUS Burmeister.

1. G. rufus Linn.

2. G. maculatus Thunberg.
„ 3. MECOSTETHUS Fieber.

1. M. grossus Linn.
„ 4. STENOBOTHRUS Fischer.

1. S. lineatus Panzer.
„ 5. OMOCESTUS Bolivar.

1. O. rufipes Zetterstedt.

2. O. viridulus Linn.
„ 6. STAURODERUS Bolivar.

1. S. bicolor Charpentier.
„ 7. CHORTHIPPUS Fieber.

1. C. elegans Charpentier.

2. C. parallelus Zetterstedt

Order ORTHOPTERA.

Sub-order I. FORFICULODEA.

(Earwigs.)

Dermaptera* LEACH Edin. Encycl. ix 1815.

ForficulidsR STEPH. Cat. Brit. Ins. Vol. I, p. 299 .... 1829.

STEPH. Illustr. Brit. Ent. Yol. VI, p. 3 . . . 1837.

Forficulina NEWM. Ent. Mag. Walker. Vol. 2, p. 424 . . . 1834.

Dermatoptera BURM. Handb. Ent, Vol. 2, p. 743 .. . 1838.

Euplexoptera WESTW. Zool. Journal, No. xix .... 1831.

Euplexoptera WESTW. Introd. Class. Ins. Vol. 1, p. 398 . . 1839.

Forficularia BRUNNER Prodr. Eur. Orth. p. 1 ... 1882.

Forficulodea BOLIVAR Rev. Biol. N~ord. Fr. Vol. 5, p. 477 . . 1893.

(Other names, which have been occasionally used, it is unnecessary

to quote.)

Due perhaps to the fact that in themselves the
Earwigs form a well -defined natural group, there has
been some considerable difference of opinion amongst
entomologists with regard to their relationship to
other insects. Many species in general appearance
are very like beetles, and Burr speaks of Labia minor
as flying with and mimicking certain Brachelytra.f
We are not therefore surprised to find that Linnaeus
classed them with the Coleoptera. Some systenmtists
consider that they should constitute a natural Order in
themselves- -Dermaptera, Dermatoptera, Euplexoptera.
More usually, however, they have been placed with
the Orthoptera, and that arrangement seems to be
the more generally accepted at the present time, and
withal the more reasonable also. Sharp considers
the only special structural characteristics to be " the
peculiar form of the tegmina and hind- wings, the
imbrication of the segments, and the forceps terminat-
ing the body."J

Apparently the geologic history of these insects
does not certainly extend back beyond Tertiary times.

De Geer had already proposed this term for the whole of the Orthoptera.
'Mem. pour serv. a 1'Hist. d'Ins.' I, Orth. vol. iii, 1773.
t ' Ent, Rec.' xi, No. 2, 1S99.
t ' Camb. Nat. Hist.' vol. v, p. 216.

BRITISH OETHOPTERA.

An insect, Baseopsis forficulina, lias been obtained
from the Lias in Switzerland,* but entomologists
generally do not consider it to be an earwig. Above
the Chalk, however, in Tertiary formations of Oligo-

d f- \-

ur /-

m.1

...-a

FIG. 1. — Dorsal view (A) and ventral view (B) of a generalised male
earwig-. A. fr, frons ; e, eye ; o, occiput ; pn, pronotum ; el, elytron ;
w, wing-tip ; 1, 2, 3, tarsal segments ; cl, claw ; pu, pnlvillus (seldom
present) ; 4-10, last seven segments of abdomen. The 3rd and
4th segments carry scent-folds as indicated. B. mp, maxillary
palpus ; a, antenna ; pr, prosternum ; ms, mesosternnm ; mt, meta-
sternum ; /, femur; ti, tibia ; ia, tarsus ; 2-10, last nine segments
of the abdomen ; py, pygidium ; c, callipers.

cene and Miocene times, earwigs certainly occur, and
Scudder has not long since described a dozen species
of one genus from the Lower Miocene beds of Floris-
sant alone. Not seldom the wings were expanded,

* < Die Urwelt der Schweiz,' by Prof. Oswald Heer, 1865.

FORFICULODEA.

and we gather that the insects have changed little in

O o

appearance, size, wing-form, and wing-expanse. The
callipers, however, seem to have been decidedly less
conspicuous than at present.

We may describe the Earwigs as : Injects irifh
slight post-embryonic development, the nymphs being renj
similar to the imagines. The hind femora are suitable
for running, the tarsi being of 3 segments usually u'ltlnmt
pulvillus. They are mute, stridulating organs being
absent. Their bodies are elongate, the arrange HI cut of
the segments of the abdomen being imbricate ami the
abdomen being terminated by cerci, which tal'e the form
of callipers. The elytra are leather-like and much
smaller than the vings, these latter being folded from
tin' baxc en n1 again at the middle of the 'anterior margin ;
many species, however, are wingless. Ocelli are absent.

In the male the number of segments of the abdomen

is ten, whereas in the female there are but eight, the
8th and 9th segments being aborted and practically
absent. In many earwigs, on the 4th segment at

i/ O

least, may be seen on each side a fold of the skin con-
nected with scent-glands. The number of segments
of the antennae varies from about ten to fifty, and this
is an important point in connection with classification.
Other points are the shape of the second tarsal segment,
of the pygidium (a small organ between the branches of
the callipers), of the sub-anal plate, and of the segment
preceding it. There is a small apical segment to the
palpi, which seems to be peculiar to the Forficulodea.
No doubt the callipers (or forceps, or pincers) are
the features of an Earwig which appeal first to an
ordinary observer, and to the naturalist they are of

«/ €/

interest on account of the history of their descent, and

the uses to which they are put. There seems to be no
doubt that thev are homologous with the cerci of

*/ O

Campodea, the Cockroaches, and some other insects,
but that they have been modified for special purposes.
The question as to what these purposes are has given
rise to some little discussion, and the discrepancies in

BRITISH ( WTHOPTERA.

the various records may sometimes be due to the fact
that not all species use them in the same way. Various
writers have stated that they are of use in folding
the Avings after flight, or in opening them in readi-
ness for it; but others have contradicted these state-

FIG. 2. — Callipers of British earwigs, males ( x 5). 1. Forftcula
auricularia Linnaeus. 2. F. auricularia var. forcipata Stephens.
3. F. lesnei Finot. 4. Labia minor Linnaeiis. 5. Labidura riparia
Pallas. 6. Anisolabis annulipes Lucas. 7. Apterygida albipennis
Megerle. 8. Prolabia arachidis Yersin.

ments, and the evidence seems to be conflicting (see
pp. 31. 32).* They are sometimes used as weapons of
offence (p. 25), and as means for the capture of prey
(p. 25). Sopp suggestsf that they may be employed

* M. Burr, ' Fauna of British India/ " Dermaptera," pp. 16, 17, 1910.
t E. J. B. Sopp, ' Proc. Lane, and dies. Ent. Soc/ 1905.

FORFJCULODEA.

for piercing plants to cause the flow of juices, on
which the insects mav then feed.

This brings us to the question of food, in connection
with which another interesting point arises. It is only
too clear that in the garden the common earwig attacks

o o

FIG. 3. — Deformed callipers of British earwigs. 1. Forficula auricu-
laria Linnaeus, $, Oxford, Apr. 1898 ( x 5). 2. F. auricularia, $ ,
Warwick, Sept. 1905 (x 5). 3. F. auricularia, g, Teddington,
11 Apr. 1908 ( x 5). 4. F. auricularia, $ , Deal, Sept. 1905 ( x 5).
5. Forficula lesnei Finot, $ , Boxhill, 1 Sept. 1898 ( x 5). 6. Aptery-
gida albipennis Megerle, $, near Dover, 7 Sept. 1908 ( x 5). 7,
Labidura riparia Pallas, <? , Southbourne, 31 Aug. 1912 (x 2'5).
8. L. riparia, $ , Southboume, 26 Aug. 1912 ( x 2-o).

the petals of dahlias and other flowers, though pos-
sibly the nectar at the base of the petals may in some
cases be the real attraction. Ripe fruit is also pro-
vender to its liking, fallen or damaged examples being
usually, if not always, those attacked. Yet it seems

12 IilUTISH ORTHOPTKRA.

certain that animal food, often in the form of other
insects, is most natural to earwigs, and that some species
feed upon it entirely (see p. 48, etc.). We might even
go so far as to suggest that the common earwig may not
be so entirely the gardener's enemy as it is generally
supposed to be. In Hawaii earwigs Avere seen to
destroy the sugar-cane leaf-hopper (Perkinsiella sac-
charicida Kirkaldy), one of the species so engaged
being Anisolabis annulipes.*

Whatever may be the real state of the case in the
matter of food, every naturalist ousrht to take a certain

amount of interest in these insects, from the fact that
in them the "maternal solicitude' for eggs and young*
shows a height of development as marked as it is un-
expected in such ancient insects. Writers from De
Geer (1773) onwards have commented on it, and H,
Gateau de Kerville has collected much of the informa-
tion, and given to the Avorld an interesting paper on
the subject. f The young, on the other hand, have
been known to devour the dead body of their mother. J

Perhaps earwigs are nauseous and not often eaten,
though Newstead ({ Entomologist,' 1895, p. 139) found
two specimens of Forficula in birds' stomachs during
seA^ere weather. § Spiders preying on earwigs, and the
method of securing their prey, are referred to in
6 Entom.' 1865, p. 227. Reference to parasites of
earwigs will be found in Butler's ' Household Insects' ;
' Entomologist,' 1876, p. 263, and 1889, p. 309 ; ' Ent,
Mo. Mag.' 1889, pp. 282 and 459; WestAvood's
'Introd. Mod. Class. Ins.' i, p. 404; H. H. Brindley's
paper in ' Camb. Philos. Soc. Proc.' July, 1918; etc.

Being adepts at running, earwigs have but little
occasion to use their wing's, and are seldom seen to

O '

employ them. As they hide in crevices and dark
corners during the day, seeking their prey at night, it

* R. C. L. Perkins, Hawaiian Gazette Co. Honolulu, 1903.
f H. G-. de Kerville, ' Accouplement, oeufs, et amour maternel des For-
ficulides/ Rouen, 1907.

J AVestwood, ' Mod. Class Ins.' p. 403.

Vide H. H. Brindley, ' Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc.' July, 1918.

FORFICULODEA. 13

is possible that they may, however, use their wings
more frequently than is suspected.

No doubt the term " Earwig ' took its rise from the

fact that the creature sometimes makes use of the
human ear for the sake of concealment. We should
scarcely expect that this would often occur, though
there are certainly authentic instances of its having
done so.* This origin of the name has been objected
to, and it has been suo-o-ested that the word is a cor-

o O

ruption of " ear-wing," the hind-wings of the insect
being, as a matter of fact, remarkably ear-like. It is
not at all likely, however, that the popular name of an
insect should be derived from a part of the creature
which by an ordinary person is never seen. Further,
throughout Europe it is the e&i'-trorm, -piercer, -t>or>*r<
or something of that kind (ci<l<' Westwood, 'Mod. Class.
Ins.'). In origin the svllable " wio- ' is connected with

o »/

the idea of running, in which mode of progression, as
we have said before, the earwig can hold its own with
most insects. Though an earwig may occasionally
conceal itself in an ear, we are not to believe that it
can "pass into the brain, and grow to the size of a
hen's eo-o-, setting up brain fever, from which the

O O * CJ 1

patient dies.': AVe are told, on the other hand, that
these insects were formerly o-iven as a medicine to

*J O

strengthen the nerves ! t

Burr % divides the Forficulodea into eight families :

1. AKIXENIID.K. 5. APACHYIDJE.

2. HEMIMEKIDJ:. 6. LABIID.E.

3. PYGIDICRANIDJE. 7. CHKLISOCHIDJ:.

4. LABIDDRID.E. <s. FoRFicoLmsj.
Seven species breed in Britain, and these are dis-
tributed amono-st three families only- -LabiduridaB,

o , . .

Labiidse, and ForficulidaB. The Labiidae contain Labia.
minor and Prolab'm arachidis (both in sub-family

* Kirby, ' Text-book of Entomology/ p. 82. It might be well to state
that an earwig, or any other insect, may be dislodged by pouring oil into
the ear.

t Webster, -'Proc. Lane, and Ches. Ent. Soc.' 1903.

£ M. Burr,. 'Genera Insectoruni,' Fascicule 122, Dermaptera, 19] 1.

14 BRITISH ORTHOPTKRA.

Labiinse). The Labiduridse contain Anlsolabis
lipes (sub-family Psalinae) and Labidura riparia (sub-
family Labidurinae). The Forficulidre contain the
other three species- -Forficnla auricularia, F. lemei>
and Apterygida albipennis (all in sub-family Forncu-
linse). Of these A. annulipes and P. arachidis are not
natives of Britain. There is little likelihood of the list of
indigenous species being increased, though Chelidurella
acanthopygia Gene may perhaps turn out to be British.
It should be sought for under stones on hills and moun-
tains.* The South-west of Ireland might possibly also
yield something new if it were thoroughly explored,

Females of Prolabia aracliidis, Apterygida albipennis,
and Forficnla, lesnei are very much alike; but the males
and remaining females may be easily separated with
the help of the following artificial table :-

A. Males without flattened hase to callipers.

a. Elytra and wings present.

i. Size very large ; colour pale

ochreous . . . L riparia.

ii. Size very small; colour dark

brown . . . L. minor.

b. Elytra present, wings absent ;

size moderate; colour brown.
i. Tooth near apex of calli-
pers of male . . .P. arachidis.
ii. Tooth near middle of calli-
pers of male . . A. albipenms.

c. Elytra and wings absent.

i. Colour black; right branch
of callipers of male more
curved than left . . A. annulipes.

B. Males with flattened base to callipers.

a. Size moderate ; colour brown.

i. Elytra and wings present . F. auricular ia+
ii. Elytra present ; wings ab-
sent . . . F. lesnei.

* M. Burr, ' Entomologist/ vol. xxxi, 1898, pi. ii, p. 125. Notes on the
insect are given, and both male and female are figured on a large scale.

ANISOLABIS. 1 5

Genus 1. ANISOLABIS Fieber.

Anisolabis FIEBER Lotos, vol. 3, p. 257 ..... 1853.
Forcinella DOHRN Stett, Ent. Zeit. vol. 23, p. 226 1862.

Brachylabis ibid. vol. 25, p. 292 (parti m) ..... 1864.

DESCRIPTION.- -Antenna 15-25 segments. Pronotum
nearly square. Elytra and wings wanting. Legs
somewhat short, but broad. Abdomen usually stout
and rather long. Lateral scent-folds sometimes missing,
but in other cases pronounced. Callipers of male
either straight, in contact, and tapering; or, strongly
curved, the right branch often more so than the left;
callipers of female straight, in contact, and tapering.

The genus, even as now restricted, contains nearly
fifty species, and is well distributed throughout the
world. There are two European representatives,
A. annulipes Luc. which is naturalised in some places
in Britain, and A. maritima Bon. which has occurred
here casually.

1. Anisolabis annulipes Lucas (H.).
(Plate II, fig. 4, and PI. V, figs. 1-3.)

niinulipes LUCAS (H.) Ann. soc. ent. de France,

ser. 2, Y, p. Ixxxiv .... 1847 — Forficesila.

„ FISCHER Orth. Europ. p. 69, Tab. vi,

fig. 6 . .... ISoS—Forficula.

DOHRN Stett. Ent, Zeit. vol. XX Y, p. 290 1864— Forcinella.

„ BRITNNER Prodr. Eur. Orth. p. 8 . . 1882 — Anisolabis.

„ FINOT Faune de la France, Orth. p. 64 . 1889 — Anisolabis.

SWALE Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 124 . 1894— Anisolabis.

,, BURR Brit. Orth. p 14, pi. i, f . 3 . . 1897 — Anisolabis.

„ WALKER Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 280 . . 1897 — Anisolabis.

„ LUCAS (W. J.) Entom. p. 125, with fig. 1897— Anisolabis.

Annulipes KIRBY Syn. Cat, Orth. i, p. 18 . 1904 — Anisolabis.

annulipes BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 5 . . 1910 — Anisolabis.
BURR Fauna Br. Ind. Derma p. p. 84,

fig. 24 .. . 1910— Anisolabis.

BURR Wytsinan's Gen. Ins. Fascic. 122,

p. 29 . . . . . . 1911 — Anisolabis.

„ LUCAS (W. J.) Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc.

p. 25, pi. iv and v 1912 — Anisolabis.

(Burr (Genera Insectorum) gives the following synonyms : — bor-
mansi Scudder ;. antoni Dohrn; antennata Kirby ; annulicornis
Blanchard ; variicornis Smith.)

„

]»') BRITISH OltTHOPTEKA.

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

•

Cette Forficesile que j'ai rencontree a Paris n'est probablement pas
indigene, je 1'ai troim'e an Jardin-des-Plantes. ca'chee sons qnelqnes
platras a la base d'nn mnr assez huniide. J'attribue la decouverte de
cette espece, qni est nouvelle, a Farrivee de caisses provenant de
FAmerique du nord. J'ai cherche a la rapporter aux especes decrites
par les auteurs, mais je ii';d trouve aucnne description qni pnisse Ini
appartenir. La description qne je doiine de cet insecte a ete faite sur
le vivant. et a cause de la singularity qni presentent les orgaiies de la
locomotion an sujet de la disposition des coulenrs, je propose de
designer ce f orfic nlien sons le nom de : —

Forficesilc mniulipes. Lnc.

Long. 15 millim. Larg. 3 millim. ^.

F. afm ; .intfeniiiinmi (>rimo articnlo rufescente duobits antepenultimis
tiffin-els ; capile post ice iransversim unisnlcato. prothorace, mesotliorace,
metathoraceque testaceo marginatis, hoc lortgUudinaliterunisulcato- abdo-
wine siibtilissime punctulaio. segment it ad basini ferrugineo suUlimbatis ;
ebelis validis, sub cur vat is intra sensiter denticulatis ; pedibusflavotestaceis,
fenioribus tibisquefusco-annulatis.

La tete est d'nn noir brillant, lisse et presente posterienrenient iin
silloii transversal assez profondement marque et legerenient en forme
de croissant ; en dessons elle est d'nn fanve-roiissatre avec sa partie
anterienre bordee de testace. Les yenx soiit d'nn noir-mat. La levre
superienre est d'nn brun-ronssatre ainsi qne les maiidibules ; quant anx
palpes maxillaires et labiaiix, ils sont d'un roux legerement teinte de
brun, avec les articles qni composent ces orgaiies anneles de testace.
Les antennes sont noirs, a 1'exception cependent dn premier article qui
est d'un. ronx-clair, et des deux avant-derniers qni sont testaces. Le
prothorax, est d'un noir brillant, borde snr les parties laterales, ainsi
qu'a la base, de testace ; il est lisse et oifre dans sa partie mediane nn
sillon longitudinal assez fortement accuse, qni ii'atteint pas tout a fait la
base, laquelle est sensiblement deprimee ; le mesothorax et le metathorax
sont de meme coulenr que le prothorax, avec leur base senlement finement
bordee de testace-roussiitre ; F abdomen est noir. tres finement ponctue,
avec tons les segments teintes a leur base de ferrugineux, a 1'exception
dependant du dernier qui est entierement noir, et qui presente pos-
terieurement un sillon longitudinal assez bien marque ; en dessous
Fabdomen est d'un brun-ferruginenx ; quant aux.pinces, elles sont
noires, robnstes, pen courbees, assez pencliees en dessous et, sensible-
ment denticulees a leur cote interne. Les pattes sont courtes, robustes,
d'nn jaune-testace, avec les femurs et la naissance des tibias anneles de
brun-fonce ; pour les tarses, ils sont roussatres, avec leurs crochets
ferrngineux.

Cette espece doiit je n'ai trouve qu'nn senl individu etait aptere ; je
Fai prise vers le milieu de septembre. (H. Lucas, ' Ann. soc. eiitom. de
France.' ser. '2, v, p. Ixxxiv.)

IMAGO (PI. II, fig. 4).- -Size moderate;
general colour sinning black. Length* about 11 mm.,
greatest width about 3 mm., length of callipers about
2 mm. Head black. Antennae of 16 segments, a few

* "Length" means total length, including the callipers, in all the

•earwigs.

ANISOLABIS ANNULIPES. 17

basal ones reddish, then several very dark, the 13th and
14th quite pale, the apical two again dark (PL V, fig. 2).
Pronotum squarish, lateral margins lighter, anterior
half sometimes lighter also. Elytra and wings entirely
absent. Abdomen sub-parallel, without scent-folds on
the basal segments ; the last dorsal segment larger,
with depressed medial line. Legs flattened, testaceous;
femora and tibiae with a dark band. Callipers (PL V,
fig. 3, and text-fig. 2, no. 6) nearly in contact at base,
short, stout, without teeth, but with slightly wrinkled
inner margin, the right branch more incurved at the
tip than the left.

FEMALE IMAGO (PL V, fig. 1).- -Resembling the
male rather closely ; usually, however, 2 or 3 mm.
longer. Callipers also longer, measuring about 3'4
mm. The two branches of the callipers alike, and
throughout their length more nearly contiguous than
in the male. The number of visible segments of the
abdomen, being two less than in the male, will be
found a useful feature for distinoniishino; the sexes.

o o

Ecii.— Burr ('Record,' 1912, p. 80) says that he
found numbers of A. annulipes under stones in a dry
river-bed just outside Funchal in Madeira. This was
on 30 September. The}^ generally occurred in pairs,
the female in three instances sitting in an apparently
dug-out depression in the earth, taking care of a pile
of about a dozen small oval cream-coloured eggs, a
little less than 1 mm. in length.

XYM.rH.--As the species possesses neither elytra nor
wings, the nymph is more than usually like the imago,
unless it is so young as to be markedly less in size.
Perhaps a browner colouring may be a nymphal
characteristic.

VARIATION. --Apart from considerable difference in
size between individual specimens, the greatest amount
of variation occurs in the dark bands on the legs, these
bands, indeed, being often entirely absent. It is,
therefore, unfortunate that the specific name should

18 BRITISH OBTHOPTEIU.

have been bestowed in reference to this point. In
the antennas the number of reddish segments varies
considerably and in consequence so does the number
of black ones ; occasionally the pale segments are
increased to three, or reduced to one. The pronotum
is sometimes almost entirely dark.

DATE.- -In the south of France, where A. aunulipes
occurs in a wild state, it is found in the summer and
autumn. Living under artificial conditions in this
country, no doubt imagines may always be found ;
probably also breeding is more or less continuous.

HABITS. — After reading the " Entomology of a
London Bakehouse ' in the April number of the
<Ent. Mo. Mag.' in 1894, H. Swale visited the
oldest bakehouse in Tavistock to search for insects.
Amongst the ashes under the furnace were great
numbers of an earwig, unlike any he had previously
seen. Several were taken home, and Saunders, to
whom a specimen was submitted, referred it to Aniso-
labis annulipes, Lucas,- -a species not before recorded
for Britain. The bakers said they had always seen
them there, so they must have arrived some years
before. Whence did they come?* On 27 Oct. 1896
Swale sent me two specimens, and said that they
had their nests in the crevices of the pillars which
support the oven and in the floor. He stated that it
was a very difficult hunting-ground and that a collector
was not particularly welcomed by the baker. Writing
to Burr in November of the same year Swale said
that they were less numerous than they had been,
and that he was going to leave them to propagate a
little. C. W. Bracken told me (in Hit. 1913) that
the bakehouse was pulled down ; so presumably the

* Swale made out that they were first observed about 1885. In 1916
Bracken solved the "mystery" (as Burr called it) of the occurrence of
A. annulipes in Tavistock. It appears that some years before 1894, when
Swale first found the earwigs, the father-in-law of the occupant of the
bakehouse was a Jamaica merchant, who, visiting his daughter, brought the
insects in his luggage. They formed a colony in the bakehouse just behind
the house.

ANISOLABIS ANNULIPES. 19

Tavistock colonv has died out. The house attached

«/

to the bakehouse was still standing in 1916.

In 1897 Commander J. J. Walker R.N. found an
immature earwig in the Chemical Works at Queen-
borough in Kent, which Burr considered to be A.
annulipes. In September and October Walker obtained
mature examples, which confirmed the identity of the
insect. They were found in one place in the yard of
the works amongst bones and rubbish under some old
sacks and barrels. In April, 1 898, he could not find
the species and concluded that the floods of November,
1897, had brought the colony to an end. This, how-
ever, was not the case, for in September, 1904, he was
able to send me a couple of specimens, and in 1906 he
sent others from the "sack-heaps" and said that the
species was commoner than he had seen it before. As
these sacks are to some extent decomposing there is
perhaps a temperature above the normal, as there
would be in a manure-heap. In August, 1909, Walker
found it as usual.

On more than one occasion the species has reached
Kew Gardens. That it has not established itself there
may be due to the war that is waged against such
intruders (see ' Entomologist,' 1897, p. 125).

At the end of March, 1900, E. C. Bedwell, while
searching for beetles in a soap-works at Bow in the
East End of London, found Anisolabis annulipes
established there. They seemed to be living under
very similar conditions to those that obtain with the
Queenborough insects, these also being found amongst
bones and in company with Prolabia arachidis as at
Queenborough (see 'Entomologist,' 1900, p. 157).*

Finally in November, 1910, in a bakery at Coat-
bridge in Scotland Gr. A. Brown obtained an earwig
which he subsequently found to be Anisolabis annulipes.
A further search yielded a number of specimens in-
cluding one or two nymphs. He thinks they would
be found elsewhere under similar conditions.

* Recently a colony has been discovered in Cheshire.

20 IIK'ITISII ORTHOPTERA.

Whether this insect is destined to become thoroughly
established in Britain is uncertain, and time alone will
show; but the tendency seems to be towards a con-
dition similar to that of the house-cricket and the
kitchen-cockroach.

DISTRIBUTION.- -Finot says (' Faune de la France/
" Orthoptera," p. 65) : " Cette espece, assez rare, habite
les parties les plus chaudes du littoral de la Provence,
pendant 1'ete et l'automne. Elle se tient sous les
pierres et les debris." In addition it is found in Sicily,
at Genoa and Pegli in Italy ; it is common in the
south and east of Spain ; and it also occurs commonly
in the Island of Madeira (Burr). In India and Ceylon
it is found also ; in fact it is cosmopolitan, being
practically a universally distributed species.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

ENGLAND. — Devon : Tavistock, in a bakehouse, first in 1894
(Swale). Kent : Queenborougli, chemical works, 1897 on-
wards ( Walker) . London : Bow, soap-works, March, 1900
(Bedwell). Surrey : Kew Gardens — 5 Apr. 1897, received
two, known to have come with plants from India; 9 Apr.
1897, received one small specimen (probably this species),
which came in sugarcane from Mauritius in August, 1894;
26 Oct. 1898, received one small specimen (probably this
species), which was found in a case from Penang (Lucas).
Cheshire : Acton Bridge — in a bone-works, Oct. 1916 (Tomlin).
Derbyshire: 1863, several, Bass' Brewery, Burton; whether
it breeds there is uncertain (E. Brown}.

SCOTLAND. — Lanarkshire : Coatbridge — in a bakery, Nov.
1910 (Brown).

Genus 2. LABIDURA Leach.

Labiditrn LEACH in Edinb. Encyc. vol. 9. p. 118 . . . 1815.

Forficesila SERVILLE in Ann. Sci. nat. vol. 22, pp. 32, 34 . 1831.

Demoyorgon KIRBY in Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. vol. 23. p. 513 1891.

DESCRIPTION. --Antennse from 20 to 36 segments.
Pronotum nearly square. Elytra well developed, but
\vino\s not always so. Body rather long; and flat:

e/ «/ O

LABIDU.RA. 21

scutellum and pygidium hidden; no lateral scent-
folds to abdomen. Callipers of male long, somewhat
slender, remote at base; of female, straight and
nearly in contact. There are two European species,
of which one, L. riparia, the type of the genus, is
British.

1. Labidura riparia Pallas.
(Plate II, fig. 2, and Pis. IV and V.)

riparia PALLAS Reise clurch verschiedene Pro-
vhrzen des Rnssisclien Reiches in den
Jahren 1768-74 (St. Petersburg), II

Anhang, p. 727 . . . . lT73—ForJicula.

FISCHER de W. Orth. Ross. p. 46 . . 1848—Forfice8ila.
„ • DOHRN Stettin entom. Zeit. xxiv, pp.

313-316 . ... . 1863— Labidura.

„ BRUNNER von W. Prod, der Ear. Orth.

p. 5, f. 1 ... . . 1882—Forficula.

SHAW Eiit. Mo. Mag. p. 356 . . 1889 — Labidura.

„ FINOT Faime de la France, Orth. p. 62,

ff. 28 & 29 . . ... 1889— Labidura.

BURR Brit. Orth. p. 12. pi. I, f. 1 . 1897— Labidura.

Riparia KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. i. p. 10 . . 1904— Labidura.

riparia LUCAS Entoni. xxxviii, p. 267 . . . 1905 — Labidura.

BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 3 . 1910— Labidura.

BURR Fauna Brit. India. Derm. p. 99 . 1910 — Labidura.

BURR Gen. Ins., Fasc. 122, p. 36 . 1911— Labidura.

LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc. p. 21,

pi. iv, f, 2 . . . . . 1912— Labidura.

pallqx* FABR. Syst. ent. p. 270 ; Ent. syst. II. p. 5 1775—Forficuhi.

gigantea FABR. Maiit. ins. i. p. 224 . . 1787—Forficiilu.

LEACH Edinb. Encycl. ix, p. 118 . 1815— Labidura.

STEPH. Brit. Entoni. Mandibul. vi, p. 8 1835-7 — Labidura.

(Burr (Genera Insectormn) gives also the following- synonyms :-
bilineutu Herbst : maxima Villers ; morbida Serville; distincta
Rodziaiiko; dubronii Borg : Mrschi Borg; mongolica Rehn ;
longipe tmis Borelli ; herculeana Fabr. ; bivittata King; terminal/*
Serville; bicolor and facheri Motschnlsky ; sinensis Burr; ajiiiiis
Guerin and Meneville'; amurensis Mots. ; auditor Scudder; clarki
Kirby; granulosa Kirby ; marginella Costa; saturaHs Burm. ;
huseinx Rehn; var. inerniis B runner; var. mixta. Bolivar; var.
herculeana Semenoif; var. dumonti Azani. ; but these do not
exhaust the list.)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
75. Forficula riparin.

F. auricularia duplo major, pallide grysea, inolliuscula. Thorax
marginatus, fasciis duabus longitudinalibus fuscis, per elytra et alulas
(elytris paulo longiores) continuatis. Capnt vertice testaceum, ocnlis

BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

fuscis. Abdomen medio dorso fuscum. Segmentum ultimum magnum,
durum, pallide gryseum, margine postico inter forfices bidentato.
Forfices rectiusculi, subulati, apice fuscescentes, dente unico circa
medium. Pedes et antennae pallidissima. Habitat in ripis praeruptis,
arenosis, prsecipue ad Irtin copiosissima, canalibus horizontalibus
latens. (Pallas, ' Reise versech. Prov. Russ. Reich.' II, Anhang, p. 727r
1773.)

MALE IMAGO (PL III, fig. I). --Size very large.
General colour pale greyish ochre ; under surface pale,
except abdomen which is the same as that of the
upper surface. (Being of this dirty cream-colour,
with darker markings in places, these earwigs are
extremely well protected by resemblance to the sand
on which they live in their British habitat.) The
head pale ochreous ; eyes dark brown ; antennas
yellowish, of 27-30 segments ; pronotum brown, with
pale margins and centre. Elytra (closed) with a large
orange-yellow V on a brown ground; sides pale;
small iving-tips pale with a darker centre ; legs very
pale. Abdomen with a mid-dorsal, darker, interrupted,
longitudinal band ; surface rather rough ; last segment
with a projection above the insertion, of each branch
of callipers and with two points between them. Legs
of callipers bowed and bearing internally a tooth
between the centre and the apex (fig. 2, no. 5) ; colour
ruddy-brown, dark towards the apex. Length, 19-30
mm. ; length of callipers, 8-13 mm.

FEMALE IMAGO (PI. Ill, fig. 2).- -General coZowr as in
male. Mid-dorsal band more pronounced on abdomen.
No points between branches of callipers, which are
shorter and without tooth. Length, 25-28*5 mm. ;
length of callipers, about 6' 5 mm.

NYMPH.- -One taken 12 Aug. 1914 was very pale,
the point of the face and the tips of the callipers
being slightly darker, and the eyes quite dark. In the
nymph the rudimentary wings show very distinctly.

VARIATION AND ABERRATIONS.- -In these earwigs there
is much variation in size, build, and colour, and many
forms have been described as separate species. The
wings and teeth of the callipers may be missing. As

LABIDURA RIPARIA. 23

these insects become darker in drying, some apparent
colour-variations may be due simply to the fact that
descriptions were made from dried specimens. Brachy-
pterous examples with reduced elytra and squared
pronotum were placed by Kirby in a special genus,
Demogorgon, but this arrangement cannot stand.
Some aberrations have been noticed. An individual
taken near Christchurch, Hants, on 26 Aug. 1912,
had the tip of its callipers bent at an angle and
turned inwards (fig. 3, no. 8), and had no wing-tips
visible, while the wings themselves were either
deformed or damaged. A male taken on 20 Aug.
1912 had but one visible wing-tip. On 31 Aug. 1912 a
male was captured with the left branch of the callipers
(fig. 3, no. 7) considerably shorter than the right one.

DATE. — Most of the recorded captures in Britain
have been made in July and August ; but some have
taken place in May and September. There seems to
be no information available for making, a more
definite statement. Specimens of all ages are to be
met with in August, one found on 27 Aug. 1904
being* verv small indeed. Finot says : " On trouve

O i/ v

des individus adultes pendant presque toute 1 anriee,
sous les debris, les pierres et les paquets de goemon '
(' Faune de la France ').

HABITS.- -In the British habitat the requisite con-
dition for the presence of //. riparia seems to be a slide
of loose soft sand (PI. IV, fig. 1) with some stones, pre-
ferably flat ones (some 4 or 5 inches across), lying on
its surface. Often there is a burrow under the stone,
into which the earwig can retreat. Sometimes their
presence may be guessed by small holes in the sand
leading under the stones beneath which they pass the
day. When a stone is removed and the insect is
exposed to the light, the hind part of the abdomen,
with the callipers, is often thrown forward over the
back, the earwig not trying at first to escape. This
gives it a very strange appearance and seems to be a

24 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

" terrifying attitude" (PI. V, figs. 2, 3). On one
occasion a female in captivity was noticed scratching
briskly with mid and fore legs in the sand that had
been placed in the box with her, as if with intent to
burrow. Sometimes in nature a male and a female
are found under the same stone.

While alive these earwigs are of a dirty cream tint,
with a little darker colouring in places, and therefore
are extremely well hidden from casual observation
by their resemblance to the pale yello\v sand which
fringes the shore. They do not, however, lay them-
selves open to detection, as they remain in hiding
during the day. On one occasion a captured specimen
was set free, when it ran very rapidly over the sand
and soon found a crevice in which to hide.

Feeding of course takes place at night. Two
captured in August 1908 were kept alive under
observation, being fed on animal food. One ate
rapidly off a small portion of kipper given to it, and
was equally satisfied with whiting. It fed freely also
for a time on a fragment of rabbit. Although it

o o

attacked white of egg, it appeared to have no great
liking for it. On 27 September it was found to
have almost entirely consumed its smaller companion,
although they had been living together for some time.
When food was placed in the box with it no move-
ment was made at first, but in one or two minutes it
roused itself, waved its antennas, turned towards and
then approached the food, apparently being always
perfectly certain with regard to the direction in

\vhich it lay. At the be^innino: of December it did

" ^ ^ •

not appear to be feeding. After living in captivity
over four months it succumbed during the Christmas
season. On another occasion L. riparia was found to
feed readily after dark on raw beef, but in the day
time remained still in the darkest corner of the box,

thus attesting the fact that it is a nocturnal insect.

Some I kept alive in captivity (taken 27 Aug. 1904) ate
rice-pudding, banana, and meat, but would not touch

LABIDURA IMPARIA. 25

grass. On one occasion, after fasting for twenty-
four hours, a female seized a cinnabar-moth ]arva
(Euchelia jacobaeae Linn.) of fair size and commenced
eating it at the head. It held the caterpillar with the
callipers, and seemed to be purposely stretching it.
Sometimes it appeared to experience a difficulty in
getting its callipers free. Another female came up,
upon which a fight with the callipers commenced
between them. They went more or less backwards
for the attack, the head, however, being turned a little
on one side, so that they might see what they were
doing. After a time two females and a nymph were
eating at the same larva, but not then holding it with
their callipers. Xotwith standing the fact that it was
a cinnabar larva- -orange and black- -they ate of it
greedily; but another larva of the same species put in
with a male and female was not touched, although left
with them all night.

Burr (< Ent. Record,' 1903, p. 262) says of a fine
male kept in captivity : " One day I put a large blue-
bottle in with him. As I dropped it into the bottle
the earwig at once raised his forceps vertically above
his back with great swiftness, and seized the blue-
bottle as it fell. He gripped it firmly with his forceps,
one branch of which entirely penetrated the fly ; then
he carried it round the bottle for a short time, probably

on account of the lie'ht. I w^as very interested to see

•
this use of the forceps, which form a dangerous

weapon against such small creatures as other insects ;
the tips are very sharp. Although the fly fell in upon
the earwig from behind, it was seized instantaneously,
with o-ood aim, as though he could see it coming

O O O

distinctly. I noticed that the Lobidiira generally ate
the soft parts of the flies which I gave it, and left the
outer shell, with the feet, antenna?, etc."

On another occasion these earwigs were often
noticed cleaning themselves assiduously, and they
would sometimes rub their body with their legs, as if
they were trying to allay irritation. If a little water

26 MKITISH ORTHOPTERA.

was placed in their box, they went to it and appeared
to drink it greedily. In the evening they would stand
on " tip-toe ' ' as it were, quite still for a long time in
the bright light under a table-lamp, whereas in the
daytime they liked to hide away out of the light as
much as possible. In the beginning of January these
examples, though they drank readily, seldom seemed
to wish to eat.

Sharp mentions (' Entom.' 1910, p. 250) a case of
" maternal solicitude ' which he noticed on one
occasion in the Eastern Pyrenees, and (' Insecta,' iy
p. 214) that " this species is said to move its eggs
from place to place, so as to keep them in situations
favourable for their development."

DISTRIBUTION.- -L. riparia is found on the coast in
Southern Europe. In France it is common on the-
south coast, and has been found as far north as
Brittany. It has occurred near Geneva ; in Silesia,
Saxony, and Thuringia; near Berlin and near Vienna..
It is common in Spain and Portugal in suitable
localities. In Britain it is known only from one or
two spots near Bournemouth. It has been introduced
into the United States, where it is found on the Gulf-
coast. Other localities are S- America, India, Ceylon,
Burma, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Carthage, Korea,,
Madeira, Cape Colony, Orange River Colony, Trans-
vaal, Rhodesia, Assumption, Cargados, Carajos Islands,.
Chagos Islands, etc. In fact it is now cosmopolitan,
although apparently a Palaearctic insect originally.
Outside England it occurs on river-banks, as well as
on the seashore.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

It is unfortunate that this earwig occurs,, so far as is
known,, only along a small part of the south coast in the
neighbourhood of Bournemouth, where too it appears to be
getting more scarce. This is, of course, to be expected as
buildings increase around Bournemouth and Pokesdown, and
the wild character of the sandy cliffs gives place to stately
roads and promenades. The late C. W. Dale, writing hi

LABIDURA RIPARIA. 27

1900, says that L. riparia was first secured by the Rev. W.
Bingley on 7 July 1808. The specimens were exhibited the
following November by G. B. Sowerby at a meeting of
the old Entomological Society. Bingley, in a letter to the
Treasurer of the Linnean Society, states that as he was
walking- on the beach west of Christen urch, just at the close
of the evening, he saw two or three large insects running
along the sand, about or rather below high-water mark, and
from their size and manner he took them to be young mole-
crickets. Surprised at seeing such insects in that situation,
he examined them as well as the light would permit, and, by
their immense forceps and size, found them to be a species of
Forficula hitherto undescribed as British. He took home
some specimens, and ascertained them to be the Forficula
gigantea of Fabricius. Sloman, a friend of Bingley, sought
for them afterwards in the same place, and found a great
number concealed under large stones on the sands. The
largest Bingley could secure was nearly fifteen lines in
length (= about 30 mm.), exclusive of the antennae, which
measured somewhat more than half an inch. Sloman, who
lived at Wick, and Lockyer of Christchurch, accompanied
J. C. Dale and Dashwood to the same spot — Mount Misery
— in 1818, but with no success. This earwig came to be
reckoned amongst the extinct British species (its native
origin being actually questioned by the Rev. W. Kirby in
his 'Introduction to Entomology7) until 1865, when a few
were taken on the shore close to Hengistbury Head by
Dosseter. The next was taken near the pier at Bourne-
mouth, by E. Saunders, in 1874. Kemp- Welch, in an article
on the great earwig (' Transactions of Dorset Field Club/
vol. viii, p. 61) records and figures a specimen in his
possession as having been taken on the beach under Brank-
some Park, some two miles westward from Bournemouth,
within the limits of Dorsetshire, on 27 May 1886, by E. Lovett
of Croydon (see ' Entom/ 1900, p. 75).

In addition to these mentioned by Dale, C. A. Briggs
had a male taken on the beach at Bournemouth, July 1850,
by E. W. Janson, and perhaps it might be possible to
find a few other records, or specimens, if it were worth
while to make the attempt. No further specimen seems
to have come to hand until in 1900 (about August) Major
R. B. Robertson took a female, which he gave to me, near a
street lamp in Pokesdown, Hants. On 17 July 1902 his
daughter, Miss Nellie Robertson, took a female on the sands
at the same place. A little later I received from Major

28 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

Robertson a fine pair taken on 14 Sept. 1902, and on 19 Sept.
Miss Nellie Robertson sent me two males and three females,
taken on the shore at Pokesdown. On 6 Aug. 1903, in
company with Major Robertson's daughters, I made the
personal acquaintance of L. riparia &t Pokesdown and in
about 20 minutes we took between us 16 specimens. On
19 Aug. 1903 I found several between Pokesdown and
Southbourne. On 12 and 27 Aug. 1904 I again captured
specimens at Southbourne, as also on 1 Aug. 1907. On
10 Aug. 1908 I took three examples, one being a very large
male, near Branksome — no doubt in Kemp-Welch's locality—
and A. H. Hamm took one on 12 Aug. in the same year near
Boscombe. On 3 Aug. 1909 I took three specimens near
Southbourne, and on 10 Aug. 1910 J. J. F. X. King and
myself took one or two more at the same place. In 1912
four were obtained near Southbourne on 20 Aug., four on
26 Aug., and four more on 31 Aug. In the autumn of 1914
R. B. Good found a single female under stones at the foot
of the cliff near Southbourne. After a strict search in Aug.
1918, two small nymphs only could be found. So it seems
likely, as mentioned above, that, as Bournemouth extends,
these earwigs may become extinct in that district in the near
future, and at present we know of no other British locality.
The Rev. J. Gr. Wood in ' Insects at Home ' mentions one
without date taken on the beach at Folkestone, but this
appears to need corroboration. Burr says it has been taken
at Bonchurch, Isle of Wight.1*

From Liverpool three casuals have been recorded by E. J. B.
Sopp : a male captured in an office in Castle Street, in Oct.
1893 ; a male (lacking the tooth in the callipers), captured in
S. John's Market in July 1903; and^a nymph from Williamson
Square, 1902.

Genus 3. LABIA Leach.

Labia LEACH Edinb. Encycl. ix, p. 118 . . 1815.

Copiscelis FIEBER Lotos, vol. 3, p. 257 . . . 1853.

DESCRIPTION. — Antennae with elongate cylindrical

O J

segments, the fourth and fifth almost or quite as long
as the third. Head smooth, tumid, parallel-sided,
narrow ; sutures almost or quite obsolete ; posterior
margin truncate; cheeks smooth, not inflated; eyes
small, not so long as the basal antennal segment.

* Morey's ' Nat. Hist, of Isle of Wight/ p. 295, 1909, but I have seen no
further record of it.

LABI A.

Pronotum subquadrate, gently widened posteriorly
in macropterous forms. Elytra perfect, smooth, not
keeled. Wings perfect or abortive. Abdomen parallel-
sided. Legs not very long; tarsi slender, as long as the
tibia?, first and third segments about equally long, the
second minute. Callipers various, generally remote
in the male. Pygidium various (Burr, ' Genera
Insect or um ').

The genus contains about fifty species, the type L.
'minor being the only British and European representa-
tive of the genus.

1. Labia minor Leach.
(Plate II, fig. 1.)

minor LINN. Syst. nat. ed. x, i, p. 423 .
,, LEACH Edinb. encycl. viii. p. 707
STEPH. Mand. vi. p. 8
FISCHER Orth. Eur. p. 70. tab. vi, f. 7a-d .
FRIV. Orth. Hung. p. 46 .
BRUNNER Prod, der Eur. Orth. p. 10, f. 3
SHAW Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 357
FINOT Faune Fr., Orth. p. 65, f . 31 .
BURR Brit, Orth. p. 15, pi. 1, fig. 4 .
Minor KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. i. p. 25 .
minor BURR Syn. Orth. West, Eur. p. 5

„ BURR Genera Iiisectorum, Fasc. 122. p. 55
LUCAS Proc, S. Lond. Ent. Soc. p. 24, pi.

iv. f. 1 ....

min n ta SCUDD. Bost. journ. nat, hist, vii, pp.
415-416 .

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

FORFICULA minor. 2. F. elytris testaceis iminaculatis. . . . Fn.
suec. 600. Forficnla alis elytro concoloribus. . . Habitat in
Europa. (C. Linnaeus, ' Systema Naturae,' Tom. i, 1758, p. 423.)

861. FORFICULA minor elytris testaceis imniaculatis.
Forficula alis elytro concoloribus. Fn. 600. . . . Habitat in
sterquiliniis. . . . DESCR. Dimidio minor est hsec species, colore
castaneo. Caput et thorax nigricantia. Elytra et al-x (quae com-
plicata? apice prominent) castaiiea ; abdomen castaneuin. Forceps
caudae erectior. Antenna X tantum articulis, non vero X1Y, uti
praecedens. Pedes et abdomen subtus pallidiora. (C. Linnaeus, 'Fauna
suecica.' p. 234, 1761.)

MALE IMAGO (PL II, fig. 1). — Size small; general
colour rather dark sienna-brown, head darker, legs
paler ; somewhat pubescent. Antennae (fig. 5, a) of
12 segments, two at the base paler, and two or three

1758-

1816-

1837

1853

1867

1882-

1889-

1897-

1904-

1910-

1911-

1912-

-Forfici'ln.

-Labia.

-Forficula.

-Forfieesila.

-Labia.

-Lab in.

-Labia.
186'2-Labia.

30 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

at the tip quite pale ; hind margin of pronotum rounded ;
part of wings exposed behind elytra rather large ;
second tarsal segment of legs small and cylindrical. A
long spine on the ventral side of the penultimate
segment of the abdomen, between the callipers, which
might be taken for the pygidium (fig. 4). Callipers
(fig. 2, no. 4) somewhat remote at the base, incurved
at the apex, serrated on the inner margin. Length up
to 9 mm. ; length of callipers about 2' 2 5 mm.

FIG. 4. — Labia minor Linnseus, $ ; ventral view of the extremity of

the abdomen (much magnified).

FEMALE IMAGO.- -Similar to the male; but the callipers
are contiguous at the base and practically so in their
whole length. Length about 8 mm. ; length of callipers
about 1 mm.

VARIATION.- -Except in size, I have found but slight
variation in this little earwig. It should be borne in
mind, when calculating the length of this and other
earwigs, that the abdomen often contracts very much
in drying. Preserved specimens are therefore usually
shorter than they were in life. To prevent this con-
traction earwigs may be carded as soon as killed.

DATE.- -1 April appears to be the earliest date of
which I have a note, while the latest is 1 November,
the former record being due to E. J. B. Sopp, the latter
to R. S. Bagnall. Probably, however, the species spends
the winter in the perfect state ; indeed if imagines are
to be found immediately before the winter season and
again just after it closes, this must almost necessarily
be the case. Apparently other British earwigs act in
a similar way.

LABIA MINOR. 31

HABITS.- -One of the most striking points in connec-
tion with Labia minor is the readiness with which it
takes to the wing. In consequence of this it is possible
to watch the insect folding and unfolding its wings-
a difficult matter in species, which, unlike L. minor,
seldom take to flight, at any rate in daylight. On
27 April 1897 I captured a male on the wing in

Kingston-on-Thames. The dav was very hot and

«/ t/

sultry, and a thunderstorm occurred about a couple of
hours after the capture. As it flew the earwig looked
small, and its wings appeared whitish in colour. Con-
fined in a small collecting-tube, it appeared to use its
callipers to unfold its wings. F. Walker states* that
" sometimes when it opens its elytra and prepares to
fly, its wings do not readily unfold, and it immediately
recurves its abdomen and applies its forceps to them,
and then they expand at once as if a spring was
loosened. The use of the forceps in folding up the
wings was suggested in print many years ago."
Staveley in ' British Insects ' mentions that a corre-
spondent of the ' Zoologist ' described L. minor, when
about to take flight, as turning up its tail and inserting
a point of the callipers under first one wing-case and
then the other, by this means quickly unfolding the
wings. Further, at the meeting of the Entomological
Society of London, on 2 Oct. 1865, Weir mentioned
that he had observed an example of. L. minor use its
anal callipers to unfold its wings. Finally M. Burr
told met that a specimen once alighted on the hand of
I. Jones of Garth, when he noticed that the callipers
were distinctly used to unfold the wings : he did not
notice whether they were used to fold them up.

On the other hand H. Moore, speaking of the opening
and closing of the wings in this insect, says : "I
watched the operation one evening not once but many
times. The wings were shot out rapidly with a jerk.
Then as soon as the creature landed on the bottom or

* ' Entomologist/ 1869, p. 356.
f In litt. 14 Xov. 1904.

BRITISH OKTHOPTERA.

side of the box in which it was confined, they remained
a short time their full length over the back of the
abdomen, and, while I was watching for the forceps
to come into use they were quickly drawn up under
the elytra. Further observation revealed the modus

€/

operandi. The forceps were not used at all, but the
femora of the mid-legs were raised so that the knees
touched the hinge- joints of the costal nervures, this
allowing them to bend, the wings folding automatically
as they were drawn over the back and under the elytra.
The wings were not seized by the forceps and by them
tucked away ; the insect can and does secure its wings
properly without their aid. After watching for a long
time I most positively affirm that in no instance were
the forceps used. Indeed, if, as Wood says, the primary
use of the forceps is to pack the wings under the
elytra, what, one may ask, can be their purpose amongst
the apterous species ? ' As to this Burr says that
about half the known species of earwigs are incapable
of flight.* Here the matter must be left at present.

On 14 July 1907 I caught a female on my umbrella,
and the pale segments at the tip of the antennas were
very noticeable when the insect moved.

L. minor sometimes swarms in the sunshine over old
dung-heaps and so forth. It may also be taken in
market-gardens, where there is a range of forcing-
lights over manure : it may then be found crawling-
under the glass. R. McLachlan once statedf that on
passing a stable, with dung-hill, etc., at the exit of the
railway-station at Lewisham, one of the sultry after-
noons in the last week of September 1903, he saw
quite a swarm of flying insects, which he took to be
winged ants ; but, on catching one in his hat, he found
them to be Labia minor. It is usually common enough,
he ,says, about roadside dung-heaps around London in
the summer and ordinarily lasts only a short time on
the win of ; but never before had he seen it so late.

o ~

* In litt. 14 Nov. 1904.

t ' Ent. Mo. Mag.' 1903, p. 285.

LABI A MINOR. 33

R. S. Bagnall states* that "on Nov. 1, whilst
examining a manure-heap in Aswell Park for cole-
optera, Professor Beare and myself turned it up in
large numbers. I was struck with the peculiar super-
ficial resemblance of L. minor to a rather common
beetle, Lithocharis ochracea Gr., found with the ear-
wig." It is stated that L. minor is frequently attracted
to light.

Writing on 11 March 1916, 0. Whittaker told me
that when in camp with his regiment at Exning in
Suffolk, not far from Newmarket, L. minor occurred
very commonly during October and the end of
September 1915, the ground outside his tent often
revealing the presence of at least three per square
foot. He took two dozen in a couple of minutes one
evening as he sat at tea and still there were more.
Writing again on 19 May 1916, he said that two days
before he was at Bury St. Edmunds and at 5.30 p.m.
there were dozens upon dozens of L. minor on the
wing. About half-way back to Newmarket the Red
Cross car broke down, and he had to wait for an hour
by the road-side until another car came. It w^as a
beautiful evening, and still more L. minor were to be

seen. Had he had collecting materials he could have

•
obtained a hundred or two without wasting much

time. Previous to these two occasions Whittaker had
taken only a couple of single examples. My own
captures have been single ones also, and probably not
a dozen in all.

DISTRIBUTION.--!}, minor is a native of the Palasarctic
Region, and is common throughout Europe. It has
been introduced into North America, and is now
firmly established there. In Africa it is to be found in
Cape Colony, as well as from Somaliland to the Congo.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

ENGLAND. — Berks : Aldworth (Tomlin) ; Reading, July 1911,
common in garden (Tomlin}; Tubney (Holland).' 'Berwick-

* ' Ent. Record/ vol. xx, 1908, p. 305.

34 BRITISH OBTHOPTEBA.

(Babbington, jide Stephens). Cambs : Wicken
(Cliff i/} ; Cambridge (Camb. Univ, Museum) ; around Cam-
bridge, very common in 1908 (Edwards). Cheshire : Acton
Bridge (T<»n Jin). Cumberland: fairly general (Day) ; Salkeld
(Day); garden in Carlisle (Day). Derbyshire: Burton, etc.
(Broirn): Little Eaton (Pullen). Devon : Lynmonth (JBriggs)-,
I My mouth (Bracken). Durham : Hartlepool (Gardner). Essex:
Epping Forest (Campion) ; Walthamstow (Campion) • North
Woolwich (Main). Hants: Brockenhurst (Lucas)-, near
Winlaton (Bagnall). I. of Wight : Newport (Moreij). Here-
fordshire: West Malvern (Tomlin) ; Ledbury (Tomlin}; Stoke
Edith (Tomlin) ; Eastnor (Whittaker). Herts : Tring (Donis-
tJiorpe). Kent: Rusthall Common, Tunbridge Wells (Sopp);
Broadstairs (Sopp) ; Lewisham (McLachlan) ; Sheerness
(Chitty) ; Faversham District (Chitty) ; Walmer (Sauze).
Lancashire : Grange-over-sands (Sopp) ; Poolmouth, Sankey
(Dunlop). Lincolnshire: Alford (Porritt) ; Chauntry (Mason).
Middx. : Chiswick (Bell-Marley] ; S. Kensington (Donisthorpe) .
Monmoiith : Tintern (Camb. Univ. Museum). Norfolk:
(Edwards). Notts : Nottingham District (Shaw); Sturton-le-
Steeple (Shaw) ; South Leverton (Thornley). Rutland: (fide
1 Victoria History' of the County). Somerset : Combre Florey
near Taunton (Jones) . Staffordshire : (fide Jourdain) . Suffolk :
Fakenham (Shaw) ; Bentley (Morley) ; Claydon Bridge
(Morley) ; Yarmouth (Paget) ; Walton (Morley) ; Wickham
Market (Morley); Glemsford (Tomlin); Framlingham (Mor-
ley); Tuddenham Fen (Morley); Exning (Whittaker); Bury
St. Edmunds ( Whittaker) ; Blackenham, in flood refuse
(Morley). Surrey : Headley Lane (Chitty) ; Leatherhead
(Briggs) ; Kew Gardens (Nicholson) ; Kingston-on-Thames
and Surbiton (Lucas) ; Dormans (Burr) ; Reigate (Saunders) ;
Dorking (Guermonprez) ; Southwark Street, Blackfriars Bridge
(Dyke) ; Oxshott (Ashby) ; Witley (Dalgleish) ; Wandsworth
(Shaiu) ; Farnham District (Sopp). Sussex: Bognor (Guermon-
prez) ; Hastings District (Bloomfield) ; Lewes (Chitty) ; East
Cliif, Brighton (Morley); Eastbourne (Sof^)', Polegate (Mor-
ley). Warwickshire: Off church Bury, Leamington (Chitty).
Yorkshire: Huddersfield (Porritt); Brough (Porritt) ; Heck-
mondwyke (Morley) ; Ferriby (Camb. Univ. Museum).

Isle of Man : Port Erin (Cassal).

WALES.— South (Chitty) ; North, 16 labelled "Snowdon" in
the Hope Colleclion at Oxford (testeBurr).

SCOTLAND. — Dumfriesshire : in flood refuse in Ellangowan
District (McGowan). Edinburghshire : Comiston, Morningside,
Craigentinny (Evans). Fifeshire; common at Pettycur, flying

LAJBIA MINOR.

in sunshine, July 1901 (Evans). Forfarshire : 1813 (Don).
Haddlngtonshire : at foot of Lammermuirs (Evans).

IRELAND. — Armagh: (Johnson); Belfast district (Buckle).
Cork: Roscarberiy (Cuthbert). Donegal; Foyle district
(Buckle). Dublin: Santry (Halbert). Kerry; Garage Lake
(Donisthorpe) . Kilkenny: Thomastown (Nalbert). Wexford :
(Halbert). Wicklow : Bray (Cuthbert).

Genus 4. PROLABIA Burr.

Prolabia BURR Deutsche Ent. Nat. Bibl. vol. ii, p. 60 . . . 1911.

Description.- -In general this genus agrees with
Labia, but it was established by Burr for those species
with the segments of the antennae beyond the third all
short, and generally more or less conical or pyriform.
The type of the genus is the insect before us, P.
arachidis Yersin.

JJ
J)

1. Prolabia arachidis Yers.
(Plate II, fig. 3, and PL V, fig. 4.)

arachidis YERSIN Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 8,

p. 509, pi. 10, figs. 33-35 . . 1859-
FINOT Faune de la Fr. Orth. p. 70 . 1889-
BURR Brit. Orth. p. 17, pi. 1. fig. 8 . 1897-
WALKER Ent. Mo. Mag. pp. 132, 280 1897-
Arachidis KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. i, p. 44 . . 1904-
arachidis BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 8 . . 1910-
BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 151
(addenda) .....
,, BURR Fauna Brit. India, Derm. p.

123, fig. 82

„ BURR Gen. Ins., Fasc. 122, p. 57

MOTSCH. Boll. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol.

36, pi. 1

DOHRN Stett. Ent. Zeit. vol. 25, p. 427
GERST. Arch. f. Naturg. vol. 35, p.
221

-Forftcula.

-Chelidura.

-Apterygida.

mgnpenms

wallacei
yravidula

1910— Labia.

1910— Labia.
1911— Prolabia.

1863—Forficula.
1864— Labia.

1869 — Apterygida.

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

Couleur de poix. Tete noire, antennes de 12 a 14 articles, fauves a
la base. Pronotum borde de fauve ; elytres noires, quelquefois bordees
de fauve posterieuremeiit. Pattes ferrugineuses on testacees ; base des
cuisses ordinairement tachee de noir ; abdomen lisse, glabre, plis des 2e
et 3e segments distincts, dernier segment du male quadrangulaire, avec
une fossette au milieu pres du bord posterieur ; 8e segment ventral du
male demi-circulaire, echancre peu profondement au sommet. Lame
anale du male saillante a la base interne de la piuce, demi-polygonale.

36 imiTISH OUTHOPTERA.

Pince du male petite, nrquce, ferrugineuse, quelquefois noire an milieu,
grossierement ponctuee, avec line dent interne an deux tiers, a partir
de la base. Dernier segment dorsal de la femelle comme celui du male ;
6e segment ventral de la femelle demi-circulaire, 11011 echancre, lame
anale etroite. visible en dessous a la base interne de la pince ; celle-ci
courte, 1111 peu arquce vers son sommet, branches un pen entrecroisees.—
Long, du $ et de la ? , 8 mill. ; pince du ^ 2 a 2i mill. ; de la $ , If
mill. — Marseille. (M. A. Yersin, " Note sur quelques orthopteres nou-
veaux ou peu connus d'Europe," ' Annales de la Soc. Ent. de France,'
28 Dec, 1859, p. 509, PI. 10, figs. 33-35.)

MALE IMAGO (PI. V, fig. 4*).- -Colour chestnut-
brown, head darker, legs paler ; practically hairless.
Length 8 mm. ; length of callipers 2-2*5 mm. Antennae
(fig. 5, b) of 12-13 segments, paler at the base. Pro-
notuni squarish, with straight hind-margin ; lateral
margins rather paler. Elytra free. Wings absent.
Scent-folds rather distinct, on 3rd and 4th segments of

FIG. 5. — Basal segments of antenna of Labia Leach (a) and Prolabia

Burr (6). (Much magnified.)

the abdomen ; anal dorsal segment with a central,
posterior depression, and no tubercles. Callipers
rather small and somewhat slender, curving gradually
inwards, with a tooth on the internal margin about
one-third of the length of the callipers from the apex,
and a second indistinct one at the base (fig. 2, rjo. 8).

FEMALE IMAGO.- -Much as the male. Length 8 mm. ;
length of callipers 1'75 mm. Callipers short, straight
except near the tip, where they curve inwards a little,
and tend to cross.

NYMPH.- -In the nymph the callipers are slender,
and curved somewhat as in the male. At the base of
the femora there is a broad dark band. In some cases
at any rate there is a broad pale hind-margin to the
pronotum.

VARIATION AND ABERRATION.- -Colouring varies in

PftOLABIA ARACHIDIS. 37

depth. The callipers are sometimes quite dark,
especially at the tip ; but, what is more important, the
tooth towards the tip may be very small or quite
absent. The dark band at the base of the femora,
which seems to be constant in the nymph, appears
sometimes in the imago. P. arachidis is a delicate
insect, which is seldom captured with its antennas
intact ; the callipers too are sometimes broken.

DATE. — As P% araclndis occurs in this country only
under artificial conditions, imagines are probably
always to be found, and it is quite likely that breeding
is continuous. I received a number of nymphs and
imagines captured on 16 Oct. 1917, at Acton Bridge:
some of the nymphs were quite small.

HAP, ITS, ETC.- -M. Yersin, who first described P.
arachidis, says :--" Cette Forficule a ete trouvee dans
le mois d'Octobre [1859] a Marseille, par M. Raymond,
qui 1'a prise sur les quais au milieu d'un chargement
d'Arachides." In 1897 Commander J. J. Walker
discovered it at the Sheppy Glue and Chemical works
at Queenborough, and exhibited it at the meeting of
the Entomological Society of London on 5 May 1897.
In April of the next year he found them just as
abundant. After a visit in August 1904 he sent me
examples which were somewhat imperfect as regards
antenna3, and said : — " It is almost impossible to catch
the creature without breaking these organs." On
17 Sept. 1906 they were less common. In 1909
Walker found P. arachidis at Queenborough, not only
indoors (though more frequently there), but also in the
open amongst old sacks. As, however, these sacks
were to some extent decomposing, there was perhaps a
temperature above the normal, just as there would be
in a manure-heap. At the end of March 1900 E. C.
Bedwell found this earwig while searching for beetles
amongst a store of bones in some soap-works at Bow.
In April 1916 H. Moore received alive several
examples (the majority being nymphs), taken in a
City warehouse in bales of rush-baskets from Japan.

38 BRITISH OttTHOPTERA.

On 19 Oct. 1916, J. R. le B. Tomlin found P.
arachidis in bone refuse at some bone-works at Acton
Bridge. He again visited the works on 16 Oct.
1917, and sent me over forty specimens, most being
alive when I received them. Amongst these were a
considerable number of nymphs, some being quite
small, as mentioned above.

In the 'Naturalist,' June 1915, p. 209, H. H.
Corbett makes the following interesting record. On
May 8 he was asked to visit a tannery in Doncaster, in
order to examine some damaged hides from India.
The hides had evidently got damp during trans-
shipment, and fermentation had taken place. Those
which he saw were stained almost black in parts, and
there were many cracks and holes in them. On and
about them were numerous insects, some dead and
crushed, manv alive and active. One bale had not

been opened, but on thrusting his hand into it, it was
found to be very warm inside. Two days later he
again visited the place while the bale was being-
opened . As the heated and rotten hides were lifted
off, insects crawled and ran about in hundreds. He
took samples of all that he could catch and amongst
them was the earwig P. aracliidis, as was almost to be
expected.

DISTRIBUTION.- -Although P. arachidis breeds under
artificial conditions in Europe, it is an exotic species,
which has, however, become absolutely cosmopolitan,
so much so that its original home is unknown. This
may, however, have been tropical Asia, where it, at
any rate, is well established. It has been found in
addition at various ports in Africa and America, in
New Guinea, at Mombasa, in Australia, in islands in
the Indian and Pacific Oceans, in Burmah, etc.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

ENGLAND. — Cheshire : 1916, Bonevvorks at Acton Bridge
(Tomlin). Kent: 1897, Chemical Works at Queenborough
(Walker). Middlesex: 1900, soap-works, Bow (Bed tc ell) ;

PROLABIA ARACHIDIS. 39

1916, warehouse in the City (Moore). Yorkshire : 1915,
Tannery at- Doncaster (Gorbett).

Genus 5. FORFICULA Linn.

Forficula LINN. Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), vol. i, p. 423 . . . . 1758.

DESCRIPTION.- -Linnaeus describes the genus : "An-
tennae setacege. Elytra dimidiata. Aide tectae. Gauda
forcipata." He gives two species, auricularia and
minor ; and in a foot-note lie adds : " Forficulse Larvat
ntjiles cursitantes sunt." At present this genus alone
contains some 40 species, of which Forficula auricularia
Linn, is the type.

In Forficula the antennas have 10-15 segments, all
being quite cylindrical or almost so ; pronotum more
or less rectangular ; elytra well developed, smooth,
and keelless ; wings sometimes prominent, at others
abbreviated or absent ; legs rather slender ; abdomen
somewhat flattened, broadest near the middle, then
narrowing to the apex- -slightly in the male, more
decidedly in the female ; lateral scent-folds distinct ;
pygidium of male small and globose or produced and
prominent ; callipers of the male flattened towards the
base and there armed with teeth, then more slender
and incurved ; callipers of the female in contact, simple
and straight.

1. Forficula auricularia Linn.
(Plate II, figs. 6, 7.)

a LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. x, vol. i, p. 423 . 1758 — Forficula.

„ LINN. Faun. Suec. p. 234 . . . 1761 — Forficula.

„ STEPH. 111. Brit. Ent. vol. vi, p. 4, pi.

xxviii, f. 1 . . . . . . 1835— Forficula.

neglect a MARSHAM Eiit. Brit. vol. ii, p. 529 . 1802— Forficula.

media MARSHAM Ent. Brit. vol. ii, p. 530 . 1802 — Forficula.

borealis STEPH. 111. Brit. Ent. vol. vi, p. 5, pi.

xxviii, f. 3 . . . . . . 1835 — Forficula.

ord pi it, i STEPH. 111. Brit. Ent. vol. vi, p. 6. pi.

xxviii, f. 4 1835 — Forficula.

i BnUNNER Prod. Ear. Orth. p. 12 . 1882 — Forficula.

40 I'.IMTISII OKTIlol'Tia'A.

auricularia FINOT Faune de la France, Orth. p. 66,

ff. 32-34 1889— Forficula.

SHAW Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 355 . 1889— Forficula.

BURR Brit. Orth. p. 15, pi. i, f. 5 . 1897— Forficula.

Auricularia KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. i, p. 49 . 1904 — Forficula.

• inricularia BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 6 . . 1910 — Forficula.

BURR Gen. Ins., Fasc. 122, p. 81 . . 1911— Forficula.
LUCAS Proc. S. Loiid. Ent. Soc. p. 24,

pis. iv ff. 6 and 7 and v ff. 1 and 2 . 1912— Forficula.
BRiNDLEYProc.Camb.Philos.Soc. 1912-1918— Forficula,
CHAPMAN Ent. Rec. Jan. . . . 1917 — Forficula.

(Other synonyms are F. major De Geer, F. dentata Fabr., F. parallela
Fabr., F. infumata Megerle, F. cyclolabia Schm., F. macrolabia
Schm., and F. lurida Fisch. F. neglecta Marsham is an ordinary
female ; F. media Marsham is F. auricularia with rather longer
callipers than those of the usual form ; F. borealis Steph. has
still longer callipers ; F. forcipata Steph. has very long callipers.)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

auricularia 1. F. elytris apice albis. Fn. svec. 599.
Habitat in Europa.

(C. Linnaeus, 'Systema naturae.,' Tom. i, 1758, p. 423.)
860. FORFICULA auricularia elytris apice albis. Fn. 599.
Suecis Twestiert, Oernmask.
Habitat in terra prsegnanti.

DESCR. Insectum oblonguin. Antennas setacea3, longas, tredecim
vel quatuordecim articulis. Clypeus Thoracis planus ; antice
truncatus, pone rotundatus, pallidus, in medio niger. Elytra
pallide rufa. Alx extra elytra prominulse, apice extrorsum
alba; ovata macula. Abdomen rufescens, nudum. Cauda
duobus unguibus arcuatis, apice conniventibus, corneis
forcipata.

(C. Linnaeus, ' Fauna Suecica/ p. 234, 1761.)

MALE IMAGO (PI. II, fig. 6). --General colour dark
chestnut, leys paler. Length 14-21 mm., or more;
length of callipers 3-9 mm., or more. Antennas of 14
segments, the basal ones being rather paler ; eyes black.
Pronotum dark, with paler margins. Elytra pale, with
straight hind-margin. Wings (fig. 6) ample, hyaline.
Scent-folds present on third and fourth segments of
abdomen ; anal segment with four posterior tubercles.
Callipers* (fig. 2, no. 1) reddish, darker at the tip;
in the typical form flattened and irregularly toothed
on the inner margin at the base ; one large tooth where
the branches commence to curve ; these are then more
slender and curved almost in a circle (fig. 8).

* Some country people in Scotland call the earwig the " Horned Gollich."

FORFICULA AUK I C UL All I A .

FEMALE IMAGO. --Similar to the male; but the anal
tubercles are not so pronounced, and the callipers are
simple, almost in contact, and nearly straight except

•

FIG. 6. — Wing of Forficula auricularia Linnaeus ( x 8).

at the tip (fig. 9). Lenr/fh 14-19 mm. ; length of
callipers 2 "5-3 '5 mm.*

EGGS (fig. 7). — Slightly oval, but nearly elliptical;
pale yellowish; smooth and shining with a pearly lustre ;
longest axis about 1*25 mm., shortest about 1 mm.

Fio. 7. — Egg of Forficula auricula ,-'«i. Linnaeus ( x 16).

FIG. 8. — Forficula auricularia Linnaeus. Apex of abdomen of male ( x 8).

FIG. 9. — Forficula auricularia Linnaeus. Apex of. abdomen of female ( x 8).

This measurement and description were made from
eggs found in a garden in Southport by 0. Whittaker.
Not many eggs appear to be laid, and perhaps a batch
for this species would usually contain about 25. There

* For papers on the Proportion of the Sexes by H. H. Brindley see
' Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc.' 1912 and 1914. At present few definite conclusions
can be drawn from the many observations made.

1 1' 1',1,'ITISII nUTHOPTERA.

seem to be no records of eggs being found except in
winter and spring, and pairing probably takes place
in late autumn or early winter. I have myself found
eggs as early as Jan. 28, on which date in 1906
I discovered beneath some Scotch firs on Esher
Common, Surrey, about two or three inches under
ground, a female of this species, with her eggs, near
the -rhizome of a bracken-fern. They were placed in
a glass-topped box w^ith a little moss and soil. Later,
the mother was seen carefully hunting over the soil,
and, on finding an egg, picking it up and carrying it
away in her jaws to the shelter of the moss out of
sight. On Jan. 31 there was a little heap of 16 eggs.
Though they are fairly large, this seems -a small
number ; but perhaps some were lost when I inadver-
tently brought them to light in the woods. On
Feb. 2, and on the morning of Feb. 3, the mother
was apparently u brooding over her eggs," but after
that they seemed to be scattered and neglected. On
Feb. 7 they were in the same state, and, on examination
with a lens I found several, at least, bent in on one
sjde. I concluded that they were dead, and that the
mother knew the fact.

This date (Jan. 28) seems early for eggs, at any
rate in England ; and indeed on April 25 of the same
year, in the New Forest, I found, in a piece of a
decaying branch on the ground, two females together
with some eggs and some very young nymphs.

On 15 March, 1914, eggs were found in stumps
from which Scotch firs had been cut down on Esher
Common. A batch was brought home as well as a
female imago (with one branch of the callipers broken)
found at the same time. In captivity she did not seem
to take any notice of the eggs. Perhaps they were dead,
or, just possibly, they may not have belonged to her.

In the usual way the eggs are laid in a little
covered-in excavation about an inch below the surface
of the ground or else in " convenient crevices of vege-
tation." The eggs are collected together by the fore

FORFICULA AURICULAIMA. 43

legs. Shortly before rupture of the egg-membrane
the position of the head is easily seen by the black
eyes. The young appears to bite through the mem-
brane and comes out head first, aiding its emergence
with the first pair of legs. As more of the body is
freed the other legs in succession push away the egg-
membrane, which is not always easily discarded. The
newly hatched nymphs are about 4 mm. long. They
are active and begin feeding in a few hours, or even
less, after leaving the egg-membrane. (H. H. Brindley,
' Proc. Cainb. Philos. Soc.' Feb. 1914.)

NYMPH. — Although the nymph in general appearance
resembles rather closely a small imago, closer exami-
nation reveals : a more livid colouring ; the absence
of wings ; and simple callipers somewhat resembling
those of the female, but more slender and propor-
tionately longer. The chitinous envelope must be
more delicate, for carded specimens, especially the
younger ones, collapse entirely as they dry.

On 2 April 1896 in a rotten tree stump on Esher
Common I came across a female with some eggs. The

earwig:, a few of the eo-crs, and some of the rotten wood,

i
were placed in a small glass-topped box. As mentioned

in the case above, the earwig carefully collected the
eggs and placed them in a heap under the wood. If
they were moved, or by the movement of the box
were brought into the light, she carried them under
cover, carefully lifting them with her jaws. So far
the remarks of De Gleer, in his account of the maternal
solicitude of the earwig for eggs and young, were
confirmed (see below) ; but after the young appeared,
which took place in two or three days, she did not
appear to me to pay much attention to them, though
certainly I did not observe them very frequently.
Soon after hatching they were colourless and almost
transparent, their heads being large, and their antennse
and callipers of inordinate length : the wings and
elytra were of course quite wanting. The young soon
became darker. Changes of skin occurred, but I

14 IIIMTIS1I ORTIIOPTERA.

cannot say how many, and by the end of July the
single survivor, a female, was mature. She was small,
probably through being brought up under unnatural
conditions, and maybe being short of food. They
were usually fed on fruit, whereas their proper food
is probably not vegetable but animal. They ate
greedily of banana, on one occasion, antennae and
palpi moving incessantly the wrhile.

On 20 April 1914 Dr. T. A. Chapman gave me a
living nymph of F. auricular ia with the following
history :--" Early in January I brought into the house
a plant in a pot that had up till then been out-of-
doors. One day early in February I found on a leaf
of the plant a young earwig. I expected others to
show themselves, but none did. It was so small that
I was rather surprised it was out of the 'nest.' I
have since kept it and fed it. It has moulted three
times when it ate the cast skins, and has regenerated
two joints that were missing from an antenna. How
did it happen that there was a solitary earwig at such
a date ? It must have been still younger when brought
in, as it was several weeks later when I found it." I
saw no evidence of its moulting again till 10 May,
when some time that day (after the morning) it cast
its skin, which it did not eat, and about 6 p.m. was
pure pellucid white except the eyes which were black.
It was then a small mature male. It had eaten very
little, I fancy, since I received it ; probably I did not
give it food to its liking.

On one occasion there was beaten from a tree on
Esher Common, about 10.30 a.m., a male which had
apparently just cast its last nymph-skin. It was of
a uniform pale creamy-white tint, except the eyes,
which were black, and a little dark cloudiness in the
lower part of the abdomen, due apparently to the
contents. It had practically assumed its correct colours
by evening. This was on the 26th of September (1900),
which seems a late date for the nymph.

In the course of experiments in breeding F. tni

FORFICULA AURTCULARIA. 45

/aria, Dr. T. A. Chapman found that the nymph
passed through six moults, and therefore that there
were seven instars (not including the egg-stage), the
imago being the seventh. In the 1st instar the
antennas had 8 segments, in the 2nd and 3rd 10, in
the 4th and 5th 11, in the 6th 12, and in the 7th
(imaginal) 14. In two cases at the 3rd instar the
mother was dead or eaten, either having been killed
by her offspring or having died of old age.

VARIATION AND ABERRATION. --F. nn'ri<'nl<tria may be
said, for an earwig, to show much variation, and this
takes place mainly along three lines : 1 , colour ; 2, mag-
nitude ; 3, shape and relative size of the callipers.
The colour may be so much darker than the normal
as to appear almost black, the legs also partaking in
the deeper tint. The difference in size is often very
striking even when there is no variation from the
usual form. For example Col. J. "W. Yerbury gave
me a male of the typical form taken at Spey Bridge
on 31 July 1911, whose total length was 20'5 mm.,
5'5 mm. being clue to the callipers. On the other
hand I have a male from near Oxford whose total
length does not reach 12 mm.

Usually, however, the large males have highly
developed and lengthened callipers. As mentioned
already, the names media, borealis, and forcipata were
given to these forms when they were thought to be
distinct species. It is necessary, however, to retain
forcipata only, which belongs to the extreme and
fairly constant form (fig. 2, no. 2), for intermediates
do not seem to occur at all frequently. Some of these
examples of var. forcipata are indeed fine insects.
One was taken, on 26 July 1910 by Percy M. Bright
on the cliffs at Freshwater in the Isle of Wight,
whose length from mouth to tip of callipers was 25
mm., the callipers themselves measuring 10 mm.*

* It was evident on examination that the insect was damaged. When
etherised two dipterous larvse, each measuring 6'25 mm. in length, belonging
to the Muscidae, emerged from it.

46 HWT1SH ORTHOPTttRA

This, however, \\ as eclipsed by a male taken by H. H.
Brindley in the uninhabited islet of Rosevear in the
Scillies. The callipers alone in this case measured
12'25 mm., while the total length of the insect (which
is damaged) appears to be about 32 mm. Burr
notices an individual with very small callipers — a
rare aberration.

On the visible wing-tip there is often a pale spot,
which becomes a very conspicuous adornment of a
form from Macedonia, var. conspicua Luc.

In the summer of 1903 Burr took at Gompton
Bay in the Isle of Wight two wingless female ear-
wigs amongst typical F. auric/ularia . This is most
interesting since the females of this species can
scarcely be distinguished from the females of F.
decipiens Gene, and F. silana Costa, except for the
absence of the wings in the last two species. Have
we here a wingless form (apparently unknown pre-
viously) of F. auricularia ? , or a species new to
Britain ? The latter could be proved only by the
discovery of the males.*

Not infrequently aberrant forms come to hand,
chiefly in connection with the callipers : a few of
these must be referred to. In April 1898 I took in a
garden at Oxford a female with the left branch of the
callipers much shorter than the right and twisted
(fig. 3, no. 1). Amongst a number of examples found
in a garden in the town of Warwick, September 1905,
was a male with very abnormal callipers (fig. 3, no. 2).
They were long and slender, but the chief peculiarity
was that they were soldered together at the base, while
the distal part seemed to be jointed to the basal. If
this is the meaning of the peculiarity, it is of interest
in connection with the fact that the cerci of other
Orthoptera are regularly jointed. Also in September
1905 R. A. R. Priske took a male (fig. 3, no. 4) at Deal,
in which the left branch of the callipers was normal,
but the right was large as in var. forcipata, but more

* Vide ' Ent. Mo. Mag/ (2), vol. xxii, p. 226, fig. 7.

FORFICULA AUR1CULARIA. 47

strongly curved. In a garden at Ted dington, Middlesex,
I found in April 1908 a male (fig. 3, no. 3) with the left
branch of the callipers simple and the right normal of
the small rounded type. C. A. Briggs possessed a
similar one. In August 1903 H. Donisthorpe took a
male at Hyde in which the right branch was simple
as in the female.* No doubt it would be quite easy
to multiply instances of such aberrations.

DATE.- -Apparently F. aiiricularia may be found as
an imago throughout the year, those surviving after
the winter having passed it more or less in a state of
hibernation. Many females no doubt survive, as eggs
seem to occur only in winter and spring ; whether
males survive as frequently it would not be easy to
tell. That the latter sex does hibernate is certain,
for I have found them more than once under conditions
such that they must have done so. On 14 January
1906 I met with one in a rotten tree-stump on Esher
Common, Surrey. On 25 February 1905 I discovered
more than one inside dead and hollow stems of deadly
nightshade (Atropa belladonna Linn.) on Ermyn Street,
near Leatherhead, Surrey. Nymphs occur so late in
the season that it seems difficult sometimes to consider
them as coming from winter or spring eggs, though
the insect is thought to be only single-brooded ; but
this and many other points in connection with even the
common earwig need elucidation by entomologists,
and H. H. Brindley of Cambridge is working hard to
increase our knowledge of this very common insect.

HABITS.- -What is the natural food of F. auricnlaria?
This is an important point; for whether it is to be
looked upon as friend or foe depends upon the answer
which is to be given to this question. That it often
hides amongst the petals of some flowers is common
knowledge, and that it damages them is equally certain.
This may be due to the nectar at their base being

* Brindley (' Ent. Mo. Mag.' Mar. 1918) figures an example with one leg of
the callipers branched.

attractive to tlic earwigs, for they have a certain
amount of liking for ripe fruit.

It seems to be the fact, however, that earwigs are
by nature animal feeders* and that other insects form
their staple food. One or two in stances might be cited.
In August 1909 H. Eltringham noticed at South Shields
a common earwig (he thinks a male) eating in the
evening the eggs of Tryphaena pronuba Linn., as the
moth deposited them. It ate probably about 60 by the
next morning. Staveley (' British Insects ') quotes a case
of F. auricular ia seizing a small beetle round its middle
with the callipers and carrying it away in spite of its
struggles. Camerano, Riihl, and others have noticed

o o '

that the earwig is fond of a carnivorous diet. F.
auricular ia is reported to be beneficial by exterminating
Iarva3 of ConcJiilis ambiguella Hubn,,f and its destroying
the sugar-cane leaf -hopper (Perkinsiella saccharicida)
has already been referred to. In 1829 McGlorrie states
that the earwig destroys the larvae of Cecidomyia
tritici Kirby, three of which he successively presented
to an earwig which devoured them immediately. J J. W.
Douglas states that earwigs are probably coccidiferous,
as judged by two young earwigs being found engaged
in demolishing the last remains of a Lecanium ribis.§
On the other hand F. V. Theobald on one occasion
found the young of F. auricularia, which were very
numerous, destructive to tender hop-foliage at night;
he also states that this earwig " is often very abundant
and destructive to flowers and vegetables." ||

In a paper "Notes on certain Parasites, food, etc.,"
of the common earwig, Brindley discusses fully his
experiments and observations on the food of this
earwig. He found it both an animal and a vegetable
feeder (' Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc.' Feb. 1914). Sopp
considered it " largely carnivorous by choice, but often

* Vide H. H. Brindley, ' Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc.' July 1918.
t ' Hovartani Lapok,' 1899, p. 175, and appendix, p. 16.
+ London's ' Mag. Nat. Hist.' Nov. 1829.
§ ' Ent. Mo. Mag.' 1882, p. 88.
' Ent. Mo. Mag.' 1896, p. 60.

FORFICULA AURICULABIA.. 49

phytophagous, frugivorous, or even necrophorous by
necessity."

One point in the oeconomy of F. anricnlaria is the
care it bestows on eggs and young. H. Gadeau de
Kerville in a paper published at Rouen in 1907 has
collected some of the information on this subject, from
the time of De Geer onwards. Though often quoted,
it is nevertheless expedient to give a translation of
De Geer's observations. He speaks substantially as
follows* :-

" At the beginning of June I found under a stone a
female earwig with several small insects, which were
quite obviously her progeny. They did not leave her,
and even placed themselves under her body as chickens
under a hen. So insects of this kind take care, in a
way, of their offspring after they are born, and stay
near them as if wishing to protect them.

" Except in a few points the young resemble their
parents. ... I placed them with their mother in
a box, wherein I had put a little fresh earth, and it
was curious to see how they crept under the body and
between the legs of their mother, who remained very
quiet and allowed them to do so. She, as it were,
covered them as a hen does her chicks, and they often
remained in this position for hours together

" Again at the beginning of April 1759 I found
some female earwigs under stones, with a mass of
eggs, on which the mother was seated, and of which
she took the greatest care, never going a step away
from them. (M. Frisch has observed this before me.)
I took the mother with her eggs and placed them in a
box half-filled with fresh earth, the eggs being scattered
here and there ; but she soon picked up the eggs,
carrying them in her iaws. After a few days I saw

•/ " <I e/

that she had collected the eggs into one place on the
surface of the earth in the box, and that she remained
constantly seated upon them in such a way that she
really seemed to be covering them."

* C. de Geer, ' Memoires pour servir a 1'hist. des Ins ' t. iii, p. 548, 1773.

50 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

These observations are confirmed by Kirby and
Spence, Taschenberg, Camerano, Rnhl, Larbaletrier,
Lesne, and others including the present writer (see
pp. 42-44). Dr. Chapman even suggests that the
mother may collect food for her young. Bits of grass
was the provender indicated, which however is not
the kind of food that one would expect an earwig
to choose.*

Sharp records the following casef : " On the shore
at Hayling Island I lifted a small stone- -some 6-9

cubic inches — rather firmly fixed in the tenacious soil

«/

a little above the tide-line, and found under it a
female earwig:. The creature was covering a small

O O

cavity, and this cavity was filled with numerous
minute young earwigs; only one young one was at
large and this was close to the mother. As the little
family was evidently disturbed by the discovery I
replace^ the stone, and did not take possession of the
mother. I feel pretty sure, however^ that the species
was Forficula auriciilaria, the common earwig. The

e/ O

psychology of such cases might give rise to interesting
discussions. But at present I think all that can be
considered certain is that association between mother
and offspring is continued after deposition of the eggs,
and is prolonged even after the hatching of the
young." From what I have noticed myself I agree
with Sharp that the question of " maternal solicitude '
must not be pressed too far. Indeed A. 0. Eowden
found on 26 April 1902 at Dawlish Warren in Devon
a female " with its vouns: (which it seems to have since

t- O \

eaten) in a hole in the sand, just above, and very close
to, high water-mark."

F. auricularia does not readily take to the wing in
the ordinary way, though there may be certain atmo-

i/ «/ • O «/

spheric conditions which conduce to its doing so.
There seem to be few actual records of flight for this
species. W. E. Collinge mentions J their flying in at a

* ' Entomologist,' 1910, p. 292.
t 'Entomologist,' 1910, p. 250.
£ ' Journal of Economic Biology/ vol. in, pt. 2, 1908.

EORF1CULA AURICULABIA. 51

window between 9.30 and 10.30 p.m. on three warm,
dark, sultry, calm nights in succession. Twenty-six
entered, and all were males. He was able also to give
two instances of flight in the daylight. Theobald *
savs the adults readily take to the wins; on certain

J tJ O

nights, especially when the moon is bright, and that
numbers used later in the year to fly into his house
attracted by the lights. In Aug. 1867 W. D. Douglas
caught one flying at night in a garden at Lee. They
often come to the entomologist's " sugar" ; but it has
not been noticed whether they arrive on the wing. In
consequence of F. auricularia so seldom being seen to
fly, little is known as to whether the callipers are
used in opening or closing the wings. Burr, however,
mentions that it has been observed in one instance.

Occasionally F. auricularia occurs in great numbers.
Such was the case near Kingston-on-Thames in 1881.
Writing on 18 March 1916, 0. Whittaker sent to
me from the camp at Newmarket the following note
of the occurrence of this earwig in large numbers.
It appears that the orderly room in which he was
working consisted of a canvas tent supported by a
longitudinal ridge-pole resting on three upright posts.
Every day F. auricularia sought refuge up by the
ridge-pole, where they must have been in thousands.
From this elevation they used in the day-time to drop
excreta. Out of curiosity he one morning placed a
piece of paper on a table directly beneath the ridge-
pole. It was left for an hour, and, when counted, the
number of spots of excreta was found to be " three
score and eleven." This experiment was performed
about the end of June or beginning of July ; but F.
<ini'irnl<iria swarmed there all through the summer.
In the morniriof he would find five or six in his rifle-

breech and as many in the barrel. He did not take a

census of males and females, though the circumstances
would have afforded an excellent opportunity for doing
so. One morning he killed over 100 in one tent

* ' Ent. Mo. Mag.' (2), vii, p. 60, 1896.

52 BRITISH OKTHOPTEKA.

without making an appreciable effect on their numbers.
There were about 100 tents and thousands of earwigs
in each. He did not see any examples of var.
forcipata.

Six, four males and two females, were taken from
a wasps' nest at Manchester on 8 Sept. 1910 (Mrs.
Cawlev, f Lane, and Chesh. Fauna Records ').

t/ ' * '

H. Y. Corbett relates how on 2 Sept. 1916 a fight
took place between ants (Mi/rmica ruginodis Nyl) and
a male common earwig. The latter made much use of
legs and callipers, but after a struggle of some two
hours he was much weakened and dragged into the
nest ('Naturalist,' Nov. 1916, p. 348).

7, anricularia is as common throuh-

out Europe as it is in Britain. It occurs also in Asia
Minor, North Africa, and Madeira. It has found its
way to North America, and to Christchurch, New
Zealand, while it is mentioned for Japan.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

Apparently this earwig is ubiquitous throughout the British
Isles, and to give all the localities that have been recorded
would be useless. It will be necessary therefore to mention
only outlying localities. Such are : St. Kilda and North
Uist (0, W. Dale] ; south end of Mull of Cantyre (Stewart) ;
Lunna in Shetland (Peacocke) ; Bass Bock and Isle of May
(Evans) ; Kilantringan, Wigtonshire (Evan§) ; Isle of Man
(Shaw); Scilly Islands (Brindley) ; Lundy (Walker] ; Fair
Isles, Northumberland (Grimshcm') ; Gt. Aran in Gal way Bay,
Tory Island, and Clare Island (Carpenter) *

" High males," i. e. var. forcipata, occur not uncommonly,
but I have records for the following counties only : Dorset,
Hants, Kent, Lancashire, Middlesex, Somerset, Suffolk, and
Worcester. It is sometimes considered an island-form and
there are records of it for St. Kilda and the Scilly Isles. Its
distribution clearly requires much further investigation.
Brindley has written on the earwigs of the Scilly Isles, where
generally speaking these insects are numerous and var.
forcipata is common. ('Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc.' Feb. 1914, etc.)

* Dr. F. A. Walker says that F. auriculai-ia abounds in the Faroe Islands,
but does not occur in Iceland ('Entom.' 1890, p. 378).

.FORFICULA LESNEI.

2. Forficula lesnei Finot.
(Plate II, flg. 8, and PL V, figs. 5 and 6.)

lesnei FINOT Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. vii, p. 189 .
„ FINOT Faune de la Fr. Ins. Ortli. p. 68,

f. 2.
pubescens SHAW Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 358

BURR Ent. Mo. Mag. (2), vii. p. 230 .
BURR Brit, Orth. p. 16, pi. i. f. 6 .
lesnei LUCAS Entom. xxxi, p. 49. pi. 1, f. 1, and

Entoni. xxxi, p. 273, fig. in text .
Lesnei KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. i, p. 50 .
lesnei BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 7

„ BURR Genera Insectorum, Fascicule 122,

p. 82

„ LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc. p. 25,

pi. iv, f . 8

1887— Forficula.

1889—Forlicula.
1889—Fvrficula.
1896-^Fwficula.
1897 — Forficula.

1898—Forficula.
1904— Forficula.
1910— Forficula.

1911 — For Jicula.
1912— Forficula.

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

FORFICULA LESNEI, Finot. — J1. Long, corporis : 6-10 mill.; pro-
noti : 1'5-1'S mill. ; elytrorum : l'4-2mill.; forcipis: 3 mill. — $. Long,
corporis: 8-9 mill.; pronoti : 1'5-1'S mill.; elytrorum: 1'8 mill.;
forcipis : 1'8 mill.

Fusco-testacea. Caput concolor, parte anteriore fusca. Antennae
pallidae, articulis 12 instructive . Pronotum concolor di*co fusco. quad-
ratum maryine postico rotundato. Elytra s.ubtiliter impresso-punctata,
margine postico truncate anyulis rotundatis. Alae abortivae sub elytri*
totae absconditae. Pedes fitsco-testacei. Abdomen impresso-punctatum ;
plicis lateralibus in segmento terfi'j minimi's, in seynn>itf» quarto parri*.
Seynuntum anale postice subbituberculatum, lutere subplicatum. Lamina
subgenitalis transversa, postice rotnudatn.

^. C i'ii ni forcipis pronoto duplo vix longiora, usque ad medium
dilatata. contiyua. et maryine inferno crenulata, 'id apicem dilatufionis
subdentata ; dehinc subteretia, semicirculariter incurva, ad apict'm IKIIK!
contigua. Pygidinm qnadratum bituberculatum.

$. Criiva forcipis subimquetrC^ recta, «}>ice incurva. Pyyidiinn.
exiyiuim.

Habitat in sepibns et herbis, tempore leptembre, prope Saint- Arnoult
et Benerville (Calvados).

Cette espece, iiiterniediaire entre les Forficula pubescens Gene et
Forficula decipiens Gene, toutes deux meridionales, a ete decouverte
dans le Calvados, pres de Trouville. en septembre, sur les branches
des buissons. dans les haies et sur les herbes. par M. Pierre Lesne.

Je crois que c'est cette meme espece qui me fut signalee. il y a quel-
ques annees, du chemin de Fourqueux pres Saint-Germain-en-Laye,
par M. L. Brisout de Barneville, qui la rapportait avec beaucoup de
doute au Forjicula pubescens Gene.

Quoi qu'il en soit de cette localite de Saint-Germain, dont je n'ai
point vu les types, le Forficula Lesnei diifere bien des autres Forjicula
connus, notamment par la forme des branches de la pince des $ ,
ranches qui sont dilatees jusqu'au millieu de leur longueur.

54 BRITISH OHTHOPTEKA.

Ces branches different cle ceiles du Forjicula pubescens Gene par
1'absence de la partie subcontigue et de 1'epine interne ; elles ont une
grande analogic avec ceiles du Forficula decipiens Gene, abstraction
t'aite de la longueur proportionnelle de la dilatation, qui n'est que d'un
tiers dans decipiens et des deux tiers chez pubescens. Elles se dis-
tinguent cependant bien de ceiles de decipiens par le renflement
qu'elles presentent a 1'apex interne de la dilatation, renflement qui
rappelle 1'epine de pubescens. Forficula Lesnei est en outre constam-
ment plus fonce et plus uniforme de couleur que ces deux especes ;
il se distingue facilement des deux autres Forjicula a ailes nulles,
Tomis Kol. et Aetolica Brunner, dont les pinces des <$ ont une longueur
trois fois superieure a celle du pronotum. (Finot, ' Bull. Soc. Ent.
France,' (6) vii, p. clxxxix (1887).)

MALE IMAGO (PI. V, f. o).- -Colour bright sienna-
brown, legs and antennas somewhat paler, head with
a ruddier tinge. Length 12-14*5 mm. ; length of
callipers 2'5-3'5 mm. Antenna consisting of 12 seg-
ments. Pronotum squarish, with hind-margin curved.
Elytra with margins nearly straight. Wings aborted.
Abdomen with small lateral scent-folcfs on segments 3
and 4 ; on the anal segment two posterior tubercles ;
the subgenital lamina rounded behind. The callipers
(fig. 2, no. 8) dilated in the basal half, contiguous and
crenulated along the darker inner margin : the dilata-
tion ending with a blunt tooth internally : thence
branches more slender, and curved almost in the form
of a circle : the darker tips not meeting. The pygidium
squarish, with two tubercles.

FEMALE IMAGO (PL V, f. 6). --Much like the male.
Length 12-14-5 mm. ; length of callipers about 2 mm.
The callipers simple, straight and almost in contact ;
the tips, however, curved inwards slightly. Pygidium
very small.

NYMPH. — Since the imagines are wingless, the

o o

nymphs, except when they are quite small, closely
resemble them. The callipers are rather long and
very slender. It does not seem clear whether the sex
of the larger nymphs may be distinguished, in this
and other earwigs, by means of the callipers when they
are approaching maturity : in general they appear to
resemble those organs in the female, which may be the
more primitive form.

FORFICULA LESNEI. 55

VARIATION AND ABERRATION.- -There is but slight
variation in size or colour. AY. J. Ashdown notes that
the tips of the callipers of the male do not always
gape, but are sometimes in contact, and that occa-
sionally those organs are more elongate than usual.
W. West gave me a male, taken at Boxhill on 1
September 1898, in which the usually curved part of
the left branch of the callipers is nearly straight
(fig. 3, no. 5).

DATE.- -In England F. lesnei is mature at the end
of the summer and in the autumn, some even being in
the nymphal stage in September. Ashdown says that
he takes only females in the spring. He therefore
concludes that they alone hibernate ; but perhaps both
sexes may do so, for Com1'- J. J. AYalker took a male

in moss at Streatlev in Berks on 21 October 1905, and

•/

another male in a tuft of grass at Headington Wick
near Oxford on 24 November 1906.

HABITS.- -In his 'British Orthoptera,' 1897, Burr
figured a Forjir/'hi /mbescens Gene, which he took in
Sept. 189(3 at the Warren, Folkestone. After examining
the figure de Bormans suggested that the insect was
really F. lesnei Finot. On Burr's examining the
insect further and comparing it with Finot's figures
and description, there was no doubt that the Folke-
stone earwig was a true F. lesnei. In October 1897
AY. AArest took a male by sweeping on the chalk in
the neighbourhood of Reigate in Surrey at a spot where
Ononis was growing in plenty. During 1898, while
searching more especially for Hemiptera, AYest was on
the alert for F. lesnei and his efforts were crowned
with unexpected success. On 1 September, while
beating birch near Leatherhead, he took two males.
On the 3rd of the same .month, at Reigate, using the
sweeping-net from 10 a.m. till 3 p.m. for Hemiptera,
he swept every patch of Ononis he could find, and not
an earAvig came to the net ; but, when beating white-
thorn, hazel, etc., F. lesnei was taken quite commonly.
Clearly there was no special connection between the

56 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

earwig and the restharrow (Ononis). The same season
Ashdown found this earwig in many places around
Leatherhead during September and October, and in
some places it seemed to replace F. auricularia.
He took it in the sweeping-net and by beating old
hedges.

Early in October 1899, with Ashdown, I visited two
of the haunts of F. lesnei near Leatherhead. Beating
bushes in the hedgerows produced it in considerable
numbers ; in fact it was obtained much more commonly
than its congener F. aiiricularia, as many as three or
four being more than once found in the umbrella at
the same time. It is readily distinguished at sight
from the commoner species by its much smaller size,
its rich sienna-red colouring, and in the male by
the shape and colour of the callipers, which look
conspicuously pale. Of course, closer examination
reveals the fact that there are no wings in either sex.
Males occurred rather more commonly than females.
Notice was taken of the plants of which the hedges
consisted, from which F. lesnei was beaten. The
following were amongst them :- -Bramble, hazel, way-
faring-tree, dogwood, blackthorn, whitethorn, elder,
rose, ivy, oak, maple, and spindle-tree. The list is
long enough, but probably no significance is to be
attached to it, as no doubt the earwigs used the bushes
for shelter, or were seeking their food upon them.
F. lesnei will eat fruit, and Ashdown fed some on rice ;
but if the truth were known, it would probably turn
out that they are omnivorous, even if they are not
more often insectivorous, seeking their food on the

7 O

plants from which they are swept or beaten. It may
be mentioned that Burr obtained this earwig amongst
thistles and nettles in the Isle of Wight, while Tomlin
took it on yellow horned poppy at Swanage. Burr
found it more frequently in the evening than in the
daytime on 8 September 1907 by sweeping amongst
flowers and shrubs at Folkestone Warren, while Porritt
(13 September 1913) got it there plentifully by beating

FORFJCQLA LESNEI. 57

16w plants. A few also occurred to him on "sugared '
posts in the evenings. In speaking of his records of
F. pubescens ( = F. lesnei) C, W. Dale says it occurs
chiefly amongst reeds on the south coast.*

DISTRIBUTION. — This earwig has a very limited
distribution. It occurs in France, Southern England,
Northern Spain, and perhaps Portugal- -nowhere else
so far as is known at present. It was first described
as a distinct species from specimens captured near
Benerville (Calvados) by P. Lesne in 1887.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

F. lesnei has now been taken in quite a number of English
localities, and there is little doubt that they will be added to
considerably in the future. It may be local, for it must be
recollected that this earwig cannot fly and therefore the male
must seek the female by aid of its legs alone ; this may
perhaps restrict the distribution. At present the list of
localities is :

ENGLAND. — Berks : near Wallingford, a £ , Sept. 1892
(Donisthorpe) ; Bradfield College near Reading (Chitty) ;
Streatley, a £ , 21 Oct. 1905 (Wa/krr) ; Cothill near Abingdon,
singly twice, 18 and 20 Sept. 1910 (Walker). Cornwall:
Falmouth (C. W. Dale) • Scilly Isles, first few days of October
1890 (C. W. Dale). Devon: Sidmouth (Bracken). Dorset:
common on coast (Briggs) ; Weymouth (J. C. Dale) \ Char-
mouth Sept. 1837 (J. C. Dale) ; Bournemouth (C. W. Dale) ;
Glanvilles Wootton, two (C. W. Dale) ; Swanage (Tomlin).
Essex : Colchester, in the early part of 1898 (Hanraod).
Hants : Bonchurch, Isle of Wight (J. C. Dale) ; Freshwater,
1. of Wight (Burr) • Yentnor and Compton, 1. of Wight
(Burr) ; Undercliff and Blackgang, I. of Wight (Burr) •
Niton and S. Catherine's Point (Donisthorpe). Kent : Folke-
stone Warren, Sept. 1896 (Burr)-, Queensdown Warren near
Chatham, probably 1899 (Walker). O.cou : a specimen in the
Hope Museum in Oxford labelled "Kingston in hedges,
1840 '• (teste Hamm)- Beckley, 10 Sept. 1904 (Walker);
Heading-ton Wick near Oxford, a male, 24 Nov. 1906 (Walker).
Surrey : near Reigate (West) ; near Ramnore, 8 Oct. 1899
(Lucas); Witley two, -1909 (Dalgleish) • Boxhill (Burr).
Sussex, : Pagham and Selsea (Guermonprez) . Wilts : Wilton
near Salisbury, one taken by Curtis, May 1852 [fide C. W. Dale).

* ' Entomologist/ 1895, p. 333.

58 MRITLSH ORTHOPTERA.

Genus 6. APTERYGIDA Westwood.

Apterygida WESTWOOD Intro. Mod. Class. Ins. vol. ii, p. 44 . 1840.

DESCRIPTION. — This genus resembles Forficula in

~ .'

every respect except that the callipers of the male
are remote and slender and that the wings are usually
abbreviated. .1. albipennis Meg. is the type of the
genus.

1. Apterygida albipennis Megerle.
-(Plate II, fig. 5, and PL V, fig. 7.)

albipennis MEG. (Apud Charp.) Hor. Ent. p. 68 . 1825— Forficula,
media HAGENB. (nee Marsham) Synib. Ins.

Helv. p. 16, if. 6, 7 . . . 1822— Forficula.

pedestris BORRELLI (Apud Gene) Ann. Soc.

Nat, Reg. Lonib. Veil. vol. ii, p. 13. 1832 — Forficula.

albipennis STEPH. Maiid. vi, p. 7, pi. 28, f. 5 . 1837 — Chelidura.

BRUNNER Prod. Eur. Orth. p. 21 . 1882-rChelidura.

SHAW Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 359 . . 1889— Chelidura.
FINOT Fanne de la Fr., Orth. p. 70,

f. 37 .... . 1889— Chelidura.

BURR Brit, Orth. p. 17, pi. 1. f. 7 . 1897— Apterygida.

Albipennis KIRBY Svii. Cat. Orth. i, p. 44 . . 1904 — Apterygida.

media BURR Syn. Orth. West. Eur. p. 8 . 1910 — Apterygida.
dlbipennis BURR Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 122,

p. 80, pi. 7, f. 13 . 1911—Apterygida.

„ LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc. p. 25,

pi. 5, f. 7 . . . . . 1912 — Apterygida.

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

Forficula a Ibipennis.
(Meg. de Muchfeld.)

Hageiibach, pag. 16, fig. 7, mas. fig. 8, fcem. F. media.
Habitat circa Basileam et in aliis Europse australis partibus.

Nomeii F. albipennis a clarissimo de Muchfeld huic insecto irnpo-
situm melius Hageiibacbiano mihi videtur. quum F. mediani jam
habeamus a cl. Marsham propositam [perperam vero hoc nomine
marem ForficulsB niinoris veluti speciem pecnliarem signavit] et quum
nomina a magnitudine data plerumque inutilia siiit facileque in errores
inducaiit.

Descriptio Hagenbachiaiia perbona est : icones optima.

Dens in latere iiiferiori forcipis maris in medio positus est : in F.
gigantea est apici propior : in F. auricula ria basi propior.

Notatu prsecipue dignum est, hanc Forficulam elytris quideni, sed 11011
alls instructam esse.

(Charpeiitier, ' Horse Entomologicse,' p. 68, 1825.)

APTERYGIDA ALBIPENNIS. 59

MALE IMAGO (PL V, f. 7). --Col our pale sienna-brown,
legs, antennae, and callipers usually paler, pubescent.
Size rather less than typical F. auricularia. Length
13-16 mm., length of callipers 3-4*5 mm. Antennae
of 12 segments. Pronotum with hind margin rounded.

Elytra free, hind margin straight. Wings absent.
Abdomen covered with fine hairs; with bright dark
scent-folds on segments 3 and 4 ; a tubercle on each
side of the anal segment ; pygidium squarish, notched
behind. Callipers (fig. 2, no. 7) slender, hairy, only
slightly incurved, undilated, bearing one tooth at about
the middle of each branch of the callipers on the inner
side, and a blunt one at the base ; tips not contiguous.

FEMALE IMAGO.- -Much as the male, except that the
anal segment is narrow, and without tubercles, while
the callipers are nearly straight and unarmed. Length,
12-14 mm., length of callipers 2'5 mm.

VARIATION.- -In dried examples there is considerable
variation in size ; but probably this would be less
conspicuous in the living insects. Some are much
darker than usual, the deeper colour extending to
antennae, legs, and callipers (fig. 3, no. 6).

DATE.- -Westwood's Ashford specimens were taken
in June (fide C. W. Dale). B. S. Harwood has taken
it on 31 August and also in September. Porritt took
it profusely in September 1913, while Chitty found it
in evidence from the end of July till the 10th of
October, 1904. Apparently, like F. lesnei, it is mature
in its British localities in late summer and autumn.
Nothing seems known about the earlier stages, at any
rate in this country.

HABITS. — According to C. W. Dale, Westwood's
historical specimens were taken (scantily, Burr) in
a nursery-garden at Ashford. A. J. Chitty found
them plentifully in the autumn of 1904 in the same
district in which West-wood obtained them nearly
three-quarters of a century before. They occurred
throuo-hout the district in suitable localities, which

60 BRITISH OHTHOPTERA.

appeared to be in the valleys where the soil was light
and chalky, and where there was plenty of vegetation.
They Avere generally on the sunny side of the valley,
or at any rate sun seemed necessary for them. Chitty
found a few beneath bark in company with F. auri-
cula rid ; but they were generally obtainable by sweeping
herbage, especially where plants like marjoram were
growing. The largest haul was from some hop-bines
after the hops had been picked; but they had previously
been swept from the sunny bank below the hedge
of this hop-garden. Chitty found the female more
abundant than the male. He thought A. albipennis
must have been more plentiful than usual in 1904, or
he would have noticed it before.

During September 1915, while "beating' for
moths Harwood found this earwig in Suffolk, and
in Essex across the River Stour. He considered the
species not rare, since it occurred in three places, but
certainly very local, as other apparently suitable spots
failed to produce a specimen. It was beaten from
hedges and other similar places. As mentioned in
connection with F. lesnei, its localness may to some
extent be due to its being wingless. When sending
me some specimens taken in the evening of 31 August
1917 at Sudbury, Suffolk, Harwood said: "It seems
not uncommon round Sudbury by beating herbage,
but you soon get out of its range."

On one occasion Porritt took A. albipennis about
Stonehall Farm in Kent by beating nettles over an
umbrella. It is worth noting that Burr is able to say
that some 30 years before 1908 there was a hop-garden
at Stonehall. Burr also states that in France it seems
to be most frequent on clematis and other shrubs,
especially near streams.

DISTRIBUTION. --J.. albipennis is' an insect of Central
Europe- -France, England, Holland, Belgium, Switzer-
land, Austria, Spain, and Greece at least. Norfolk
appears to be the northern limit of its distribution
and Granada the southern.

APTERYGIDA ALBIPENNIS. 61

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

ENGLAND. — Kent : Ashford,* June 1832 according to C. W.
Dale (Westwood) ; Charing in the Pilgrim's Way, hop-garden
above Hockley Hole, road between Eastling and Newnham,
and an out-of-the-way part of Dodington, all in 1904 (Chitty) ;
Watersend, Stonehall; Lydden, in 1908 (Burr) ; Beach-
borough behind Folkestone 1911 (Burr). Norfolk : a pair
near Norwich, about 1889 (Edwards). Suffolk: near Sud-
bury, 1915 and 1917 (Harwood). Essex ; near River Stour,
1915 (Harwood).

CASUAL EARWIGS.

Four at least have been noticed in England :-

Anisolabis maritima Boiielli. This earwig was found by T. J.
Bold near South Shields in 1856. It was taken in heaps of ballast
emptied by ships returning from abroad and was evidently an importa-
tion. Presumably it has disappeared, otherwise it would rank, as a
naturalised alien, with A. anmdipes and P. arachidis. In general
aspect it is somewhat like A. anmdipes, but it is rather larger and dark
brown in colour. It has also occurred in the Breweries at Burton,
probably imported with barrel-staves (E. Brown, fide F. Jourdain).

Chelisoches morio Fabr. A pair came to Kew Gardens in sugar-cane
from Mauritius in August 1894. They are large black insects quite
distinct from any British species. (Figured in ' Entomologist,' March
1898.)

Anechura lewisi Burr. In 1904 a single specimen, a male, was taken
amongst " sweepings " in St. John's Market, Liverpool. It is about
as large as F. auricularia, and resembles it in colour; but the much
bowed callipers at once distinguish it from the common British species.
(Figured in •Entomologist,' May, 1910.)

Doru lineare Eschsch. In June 1905. a single male of this Central
American species was taken in Liverpool Dock. The yellow lines
along elytra and wing-tips, and the long callipers with tooth near the
apex, make this also a distinct species.

* In the Hope Collection at Oxford, there is one pair, old and in bad
conditions No locality is attached, but the specimens are probably some of
the original ones taken at Ashford by Westwood. Jn his handwriting they
are labelled " F. centralis, Westw., M.S." (Burr).

Sub-order II. BLATTODEA.

(Cockroaches.)

Cockroaches or Blackbeetles ! As we have so often
been told, the second colloquial name of these insects
is not a happy one, since they are neither black nor
beetles, though to the casual observer they are suffi-
ciently dark, and like enough to beetles, to well merit

*/ CD

the title. The other popular name- -Cockroach- -seems
scarcely more appropriate, since the creatures bearing
it have no connection with either fowl or fish. This
term seems to be derived from the Spanish word
" cucaracha," but if this means "a little berry," the
fitness of the name again is not very apparent.
"Cucaracha," it seems, means " woodlouse " also, and
a curled-up woodlouse would not be so very unlike a
cockroach ootheca.

Shelford has an interesting note on this subject. He
remarks that Americans have abbreviated this word to
"roach," and says*: — "As s roach ' is good Anglo-
Saxon for a species of fish, the use of the word for an
insect is objectionable. ' Cockroach ' is derived from
the Spanish ' cucaracha,' a word of obscure etymology
but possibly derived from some South American Indian
word signifying this insect. ' Cuco ' in Spanish means
a sort of caterpillar or bug, and 'cucaracha' is possibly
connected with this : if so the elision of tfte first
syllable of f Cockroach,' the syllable which originally
gave the word its significance, is doubly objectionable."

Two colloquial names attached to an insect proclaim
it a familiar one ; and it would seem that to the
cockroaches the well-known proverb may with justice
be applied, which says that "familiarity breeds
contempt ' ; though it may be that to those whose
duties lie in the kitchen or the bakehouse "contempt'
is far too mild a term by which to express their

* ' A Naturalist in Borneo/ p. 114.

JBLATTODEA. 63

feelings towards these venerable members of the
insect tribes. The limited number of entomologists,
who have given closer attention to them, look upon
them, however, with quite different eyes.

We may define the BLATTODEA as :

Orthoptera with all the legs more or less alike; the
large and- free coxa', entirely covering the ventral surface
of the thorax and the base of the abdomen ; tarsi of five
segments. Head, in repose, bent under the thorax, so
that the fore part points backwards; antennas long and
slender (there being often nearly a hundred segments).
Pronotum shield-Wee, frequently quite concealing the
head. Wings with tin' anal region capable of fan-like
folding (but the alar organs are rariable and sometimes
''iitiffli/ absent). Cerci, variable in size find shape,
^resent in -both, sexes ; a pair of slender styles also
usually present in the male.

Twelve families are comprised within the sub-order
Blattodea :

W.B.* 1. ECTOBIID.K. 7. BLABERID^.

W.B. 2. PHYLLODROMIIR*;. \V. 8. CORYDIDJE.

3. NYCTIBORIDJ:. 9. OXYHALOIDJS.

4. EPILAMPRIILT;. 10. PERISPH.ERIID^.
W.B. 5. PERIPLANETIKK. 11. PANESTHIID.&.
W.B. 6. PANCHLORID^;. 12. GEOSCAPHEUSID.E.

Only five of these families are represented in western
Europe. Of these, four contain species that are found
to breed in Britain, though but one — the Ectobiidas-
contains indigenous British insects.

No striking resemblance is borne by the typical

cockroach to any other insect. Its next of kin perhaps

-an aberrant member of the Forficulodea — approaches

it most nearly in appearance ; but even between these

the resemblance is not very great.

One point about a cockroach which first engages
attention is its extreme flatness, that is to say the
narrow space which separates the dorsal from the
ventral surface. This feature enables it easily to hide

* W = represented in Western Europe ; B = represented in the British
Isles.

64 IUUT1SH OBTHOl'TERA.

away in a narrow crevice during daylight, or should
it be disturbed in the course of its midnight revels.

Another point is the well-developed pronotum,
which (besides often affording the means of differ-
entiating species) serves as an efficient protection for
the fore part of the body, just as the elytra, when
present, may do for the hinder part (fig. 10). In
ordinary circumstances the head is bent under the
pronotum, so that the front of the face is turned

10. — Pronota of males of a, Ectobius lapponicus Linnaeus ; b, Ectobius
perspicillaris Herbst ; c, Ectobius panzeri Stephens (magnified).

downwards. Though the head is usually thus hidden,
and the face is inclined downwards, it can be turned
upwards and outwards, till the mouth-parts project
considerably forward. Two small areas close to the
eyes and to the insertion of the antennae, of a paler
colour than the parts around, and frequently mem-
branous in structure, are called fenestrae. In the
males of some species they are replaced by ocelli.

FIG. 11. — Mid-leg- of Periplaneta australasise Fabricius, to illustrate
the highly developed coxa and the spines on the femur and tibia
(x abt. 3).

On glancing at the ventral surface we are at once
confronted with two other striking points in cockroach
anatomy- -the enormous development of the coxae of
all the legs, and the spiny armament of the tibiae
(fig. 11).

In recent cockroaches the elytra and wings almost
always differ considerably in both shape and texture.

BLATTODEA.

Amongst the various species, too, there is much
diversity in their length compared with that of the
abdomen, being longer in some, abbreviated in others,
while from some species they are absent altogether.
In certain cases the wings are less fully developed
than the elytra, while the length of these appendages
may be different in the two sexes. It might seem
that here we have a ready means of grouping the
various genera and species, but in practice it is found
that the relative development of the alar organs is of

FIG. 12. — Elytron and wing of Periplaneta americana. sc, subcosta ;
r, radius ; in, medius ; cu, cubitus ; la, first anal nervure ; aa,
anal area containing the remaining anal nervures. 1, area between
margin and subcosta ; 2, area between subcosta and radius; 3, area
between radius and first anal nervure.

slight importance, as indeed is the case throughout
the Orthoptera.

In accordance with recent nomenclature of insect
wing-neuration the following, omitting the costa, are
the main nervures of the elytron of a cockroach : —

1. The subcosta, in some descriptions called the mediastinal
nervure.

2. The radius.
o. The medius.

I5RIT1S11 ORTHOPTEEA.

4. The cubitn*. This and the previous one replace what
were known as the two branches of the median, or the anterior
and posterior uinar nervures.

5. The first anal nervure, in the region where the elytron is
divided into anterior and anal parts.

6. The remaining anal nervures, filling the anal area.

The areas thus formed are :

1. That between the margin and the subcosta, sometimes
called the mediastinal.

2. That between the snbcosta and the radius, sometimes
called the scapular.

3. The median between the radius and the first anal ner-
vure, which mav be subdivided if necessary.

*/ t/

4. The anal area, comprising the rest of the elytron.

In the wing the principal nervures hold the same
relative positions. The anal area, which at rest is
folded longitudinally like a fan, often occupies more
than half the wing and is much more delicate in struc-
ture than the anterior part, which in texture resembles,
to a great extent, the elytron. Wings and elytra are
both well filled with branches of the several nervures.
It should be noticed that when the alar organs are
folded there is no mid-dorsal suture, but the left
elytron overlaps the right. In the wing of Ectobius
(and some other genera) there is a small " apical
triangular area," which gives the wing a distinctive
appearance. This area folds independently of the rest
of the wing (see fig. 14).

In each sex there appear to be ten abdominal seg-
ments, besides a couple of " podical plates," lying one
on each side of the anus, which, according to Huxley,
may represent the dorsal part of an eleventh. The
first segment is rudimentary, especially the ventral
plate. In the female the 8th and 9th segments are
visible only when the abdomen is distended. In the
same sex the ventral plate of the 7th segment is of
large size, and in the hinder part boat-shaped to assist
in the .discharge of the ootheca. The ventral plate
of the 7th segment is called the lamina subyenitalis ;
in the male the ventral plate of the 9th segment

BLATTODEA. 67

goes by the same name. The lamina subgenitalis is
the last visible ventral plate in both sexes. The
10th dorsal plate is called the lamina supra-analis,
and is different in shape in the two sexes.

From beneath the edo-es of the 10th segment in both

o o

sexes spring the cerci, which vary in shape and are
usually jointed, the number of segments in Blafta
orientalis and Peri/planeta australaside being sixteen.
Seeing that these appendages are supplied with large
nerves, it would seem that they are not merely orna-
mental ; perhaps they serve as posterior antenna.*
They seem often to vary in development almost in
direct proportion to that of the alar organs, being to
all appearance absent in many wingless forms, though
search will reveal them as small plates.

Besides the cerci the males in some s'pecies have,
projecting from the lamina subgenitalis, two styles.
These are absent from the adult females, though they
are present in the nymphs. Perhaps they are homo-
logues of the true legs, and, if so, constitute one more
point tending to show how old, as a family, the cock-
roaches are. The males of some species have glands
on the dorsal surface of the abdomen, towards the
apex, which may be " scent glands. There are ten
pairs of spiracles, eight being on the abdomen, and
two on the thorax between the bases of the legs.

Occasionally a female may be noticed with a horny
purse-like capsule protruding from the hinder end of
her abdomen. This is the ootheca or egg- case (fig. 13).
It is formed inside the body of the female, and in B.
<>>-ientalis contains sixteen eggs in two rows of eight.
Till that number is complete the case is carried about,
and then, after a time — some days maybe- -it is
deposited. In many cases the ootheca is wanting, and
it is possible that cockroaches of the past had it not,
for Brogniart credits some with an exserted ovipositor.
In some cases the ootheca is retained within the brood-

* It seems that olfactory sense organs are considered to be borne by the
cerci, as well as by the antennse (Hauser, Forrel, etc.).

BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

pouch of the mother, and so the young are born alive ;
in other cases, even, the ootheca is replaced by a simple
transparent membrane also retained within the brood-
pouch. Some cockroaches exhibit " maternal solici-
tude ' by carrying their lately-hatched young.*

When newly hatched the young are white with
black e}7es ; but they soon assume their proper colour.
They closely resemble the adults except for the
absence of wings. Post-embryonic development is
slight- -another sign of antiquity in the cockroach
group. At the fifth to the seventh ecdysis (the
number is uncertain) the nymph becomes an imago,

FIG. 13. — Oothecse of cockroaches. 1, of Ectobius lapponicus ( x about
7) ; 2 and 3, of Blatta orientalis ( x 2), 3 with one face of the ootheca
removed to reveal the row of eggs ; 4, of Periplaneta americana
( x 2'5) ; 5, of Blattella germanica (x 2'5).

and, in the winged species, bears the organs of flight.
How long an individual cockroach may live is doubt-
ful, but it is supposed that the term of its existence
may, under favourable circumstances, extend to five
years.

It is interesting to note that Shelford found in
Sarawak some very interesting cockroaches which
were truly aquatic, and that Dr. N. Annandale had
previously found water-cockroaches in the Malay
Peninsula.f

* See Shelford's 'A Naturalist in Borneo/ pp. 117, 118.
f ' A Naturalist in Borneo/ p. 118 et seqq.

BLATTODEA. G9

Cockroaches will eat almost anything — even their
own. dead bodies, or at any rate those of their com-
panions--^!^ Miall says, " cucumber disagrees with
them horribly." As regards insecticides there seems

«/ o

to be some conflict of opinions, but apparently phos-
phorus-paste may sometimes be claimed as successful.
It must, however, be borne in mind that the cockroach
has its place in nature. It is an effective scavenger
and so far must be looked upon as a useful insect, and
no doubt would be so regarded could we but conquer
our rooted dislike to it, and the cockroach get rid of
its unpleasant odour. Cockroaches are lovers of
warmth and are really numerous only in tropical
regions. British cockroaches, too, lack the beautiful
colours sometimes found in foreign species.*

In the Silurian sandstone of Calvados in France,
the late M. Brogniart found a fossil which he con-
sidered to be part of an elytron of a cockroach, and
named it Palasoblattina douvillei. Brauer, however,
thinks it more probably belongs to an insect like the
mole-cricket, while Sharp inclines to the opinion that
it does not belong to the Insecta at all. If there were
no doubt concerning the identification, this fragment
would represent the oldest insect known.

It is in the Carboniferous period of Palaeozoic times
that cockroaches first appear with certainty upon the
scene — or rather, that evidences of them first appear,
which is probably a very different matter. The Coal-
measures of Great Britain, Belgium, and Germany,
and the Coal-measures and Millstone Grit of America,
have supplied a great number of cockroaches, which
group of insects appears to have been more numer-
ously represented and more generally distributed than
any other at this period, which in fact has been called
the " Age of Cockroaches." The Permian period has
produced only a few insects, though amongst them are

* For " stridulation " in the genus Nauphseta see ' A Naturalist in Borneo/
p. 141.

70 BRITISH ORTHOPTER.A.

several examples of the Blattodea ; but apparently
none have come to Ii2rht in this country.

o «/

Passing to Mesozoic times the Triassic rocks of
America have produced a number of specimens of the
Blattodea, but tins is not the case in Europe. In the
Lias fossil insects are numerous, and examples of
those we are considering are represented both in
Britain and on the Continent. The Purbeck beds of
the Upper Oolite have preserved several species, but
they appear to be absent from the Cretaceous forma-
tions, as we should expect, seeing that a large pro-
portion of these rocks are of marine origin and were
deposited in deep water.

In Cainozoic times the Eocene period does not seem
to have produced fossil cockroaches in Britain, but
perhaps the conditions, under which the formations
during the period were deposited, were not favourable
to their preservation. The rest of the Tertiary forma-
tions are absent , from, or not well represented in
Britain ; but the Blattodea have left some remains in
Miocene strata on the Continent, and a few have been
preserved in amber. In the Post-tertiary period
fossil insects are rare, except Coleoptera, to which
Order all must perhaps be referred.

Judging by the wings, from which almost entirely
our knowledge of fossil cockroaches is derived, these
insects are found to bear a close general resemblance
to recent forms. They, however, present three impor-
tant differences. First, the elytra and wings were
similar in appearance and transparent; second, the
same number of nervures was developed in both,
whereas in recent forms they are reduced in number
in the elytra ; third, the arrangement of the nervures
in the anal area was different. In fact the wino\s,

O '

rather than the elytra, of recent cockroaches preserve
more closely the appearance of both wings and elytra
of fossil forms. Since Palaeozoic times cockroaches
appear to have decreased in numbers greatly, if not so
much in sL?e, and they must now be looked upon as

BLATTODEA. < J

but a dwindling remnant of a dying race. Let the
careful housewife find in this fact what consolation
she can : at any rate she may rejoice that the Carbo-
niferous period is past and that she is not required to
combat the host of cockroaches which luxuriated in
the warm, moist climate of that far-distant age.

If we were to admit to the British list all the
cockroaches which under any circumstances have
occurred in Britain, the number of species would be
quite considerable. It would be necessary to group
them in three categories :

a. Three natives, that is, undoubtedly indigenous species.

b. Five naturalised aliens,* which seem now to be thoroughly
established and to breed here, though not under natural
conditions.

c. Casual visitors — a large number, which should not,
however, appear on our list, and which therefore I shall do
little more than mention.

In the first group are three insects only : Ectobl/'x
l«l>ponicm Linn., E. perspicillaris Fuessly, and E.
panzer i Steph. All live out of doors, on bushes,
amongst herbage, and in similar situations. They are
small, active insects, very delicate in structure, and
with nothing at all repulsive in their appearance
(PL VIII). Of the five in the second group Blattn
orientalis Linn, has been long established; Blattella
germatiira Linn, and Periplaneta americana Linn, were
the next to settle down amongst us; P. australasise

o *

Fabr. followed later; while Leucophssa surinamensis
Linn, is quite a recent introduction to our fauna.
Of the casual visitors none seem at present to show
any inclination to establish colonies in the British
Isles.

' Shelford (' Ent. Rec.' 1912, p. 217) considered the following five species
to be cosmopolitan : — (I) Blattella germanica Linn. (2) Periplaneta ameri-
cana Linn. (3) P. australasiae Fabr. (4) RhyparoMa maderse, Fabr. (5)
Leucophaea surinamensis Linn. Blatta orientalis Linn, is also of wide distri-
bution. All except B. orientalis are properly tropical insects, though they
may sometimes extend into temperate regions, where, however, they do not
seem able to establish themselves naturally.

BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

9 mm. E. perspicillaris.^

25 mm. B. orientalis.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO BRITISH BLATTODEA.

A. Indigenous; living under

natural conditions; small. about
(a). Pronotum dark, with pale

margins . . . *10 mm. E. lapponicus.
(b). Pronotum pale, with a few

darker dots
(c). Pronotum pale, with dark

markings on disc; very

small . . . . 8 mm. E. panzeri.

B. Naturalised; living under arti-

ficial conditions ; larger.

(a). Dark; wings rudimentary

in female, truncated in

male ....

(b). Wings developed in both

sexes.

i. Femora with spines.
(1). Ochreous-brown; two
dark lines on prono-
tum; rather small . 13 mm. B. germanica.
(2). Sienna-brown; pro-
notum nearly con-

coloroug; large . 35 mm. P. americana.
(3). Sienna -brown; pro-
notum with yellow
margin; mediastinal
area of elytra

yellow; large. . 27mm. P. australasise,
ii. Femora without spines.
(1). Very dark; pronotum
chiefly black; size
moderate 20 mm. L. surinamensis.

Approximate length from front of head in resting- position to tip of
abdomen. As cabinet specimens naturally dry in this position, such
measurements are most convenient for purposes of comparison.

f Although, as is usually done, E. perspicillaris is here treated as distinct
from E. lapponicus, it may ultimately be necessary to place them together
as two forms of the same species. The males are certainly unlike in appear-
ance ; but in the females of E. lapponicus the dark centre to the pronotum
often tends to disappear, while the organs of flight vary in development.
Consequently the suspicion arises that we may not really be dealing with
two distinct species. Further examination of the two forms, especially in
the way of intermediates, is called for.

BLATTODEA.

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE THREE BRITISH ECTOBII.

1. Size .

2. Colour

3. Pronotum.

4. Elytra, £ .

5. Elytra, ? .

6. Wings

7. Wings

8. Legs .

9. Abdomen

10. Cerci

E. lupponlcus.

E. perspicillaris.

10 mm.

Dark yellowish-
grey.

Dark with pale
borders.

Fully developed.

Reaching fourth
segment.

Fully developed.
Rudimentary.

Rather dark.
Dark except
apex.

Blackish.

9 mm.
Straw-coloured.

Pale, almost

concolorous.
Fully developed.
Fully developed,

a little shorter

than in $ .
Fully developed.
Fully developed,

a little shorter

than in <$ .
Pale.
Ochreous, with

marginal darker

spots.
Pale.

E. panzeri.

8 mm.

Dark yellowish-
grey.

Pale with darker
marks.

Fully developed.

Reaching third
segment.

Fully developed.
Rudimentary.

Usually dark.
Dark, paler
along centre.

Very dark.

Genus 1. ECTOBIUS Stephens.

Ectobius STEPH. Illus. Brit. Ent. Maud. VI, p. 45.
Ectobia WESTWOOD Intro. Mod. Class. Ins. II, p. 44-.
Blaita auctorum.

1835.

1840.

When founding the genus Stephens gave the follow-
ing characters :--" Ante mm glabrous, very slender;
head nut ant ; thorax rounded in front, and concealing
the head, slightly produced in the middle behind ; eyes
small; elytra in the males as long as the abdomen,
with a single curved channel towards the base ; wings
generally complete in both sexes; bod// oblong, more
or less depressed above, mostly glabrous, sometimes
slightly pubescent above; abdomen of the males
furnished at the apex with two jointed processes only,
but destitute of styles; in the female the terminal

e/ ^

segment is not carinated beneath ; legs moderate,
posterior rather the longest; femora rarely with spines
beneath ; tibiae with spines on the outer edge ; tarsi
with the three basal joints gradually diminishing in
length, the basal one not so long as the four others

BIUT1SH ORTHOPTEl; A .

united; chui* without a cushion between them."
(Stephens, '111. Brit. Ent. Maud.,' VI, p. 45 (1835).)
It should be noted further that the folded elytra do
not cover the .scutellum. The " apical triangular
area' of the wings (an interesting feature of our
native cockroaches) is rather conspicuous. On the
anterior margin of the underside of the femora are
two spines. The supra-anal plate in both sexes is
narrow and transverse, and the sub-genital plate
of the male has no styles. The genus as at present
constituted contains some fourteen species. The type
of the genus is Ectobius lapponicus Linn.

1. Ectobius lapponicus Linn.

(Plate VII, fig. 1 ; PI. VIII, figs. 1 and 2 ; and

fig. 14 in text.)

lapponica LINN. Syst. Nat. (Ed. x), torn, i, p. 425,

No. 8

„ LINN. Faun. Siiec. p. 235
„ CURTIS Brit. Ent. No. 556, figs.
lapponicus STEPH. 111. Br. Ent. Mand. vi, p. 46, pi

xxviii, f . 7 . .
lapponica BRUNNER Nouv. Syst. Blatt. p. 53, pi. i

f. 1

BRUN. Prod, der Em-., Orth. p. 31, f. 7
., ELAND SHAW Syn. Brit. Orth. in Ent

Mo. Mag. p. 367, f. 1 .
., FINOT Faune de la France, Orth. p. 77, ff

42-44

BURR Brit. Orth. p. 21, pi. ii, f. 1 .
Lapponica KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. i, p. 61
lapponica SHELFORD Gen. Ins. fasc. 55, p. 7, pi. i

ff. 3, 8«, 86

BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 12
lapponicus LUCAS Proc. S. Loiid. Ent. Soc. p. 35,
pi. iii, ff. 1, la, 1& ....

(Other synonyms are: — liemipteva Fabr. ; sylvestris Scop.; nigro-
fusca De Geer ; lucida Hagenbach ; helvetica Hageiib. ; germanica
Desmarest. Stephens ('111. Br. Ins.' vi, p. 47) gives E. perspi-
cillaris Fues. as British, but Eland Shaw found that his specimen
in the British Museum is E. lapponicus Linn.)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

lapponica. 8. B. flavescens, elytris nigro niaculatis. Fn. svec. 618.
Habitat in, Lapponise imprimis, casis, consumit Pisces.
(C. Limiffius, ' Syst. nat.,' Tom. i, p. 425. 1758.)

1761— Blatt a.
1835—Blatta.

1835— Ectobius.

1865—Ectobia.

1882—Ectoblo.

1889—Ectobia.

1889—Ectobia.
I897—Ectobt'«.

1907—Edobia.
1910—Ectobia.

1915— Ectobius.

ECTOBIUS LAPPONICUS.

863. BLATTA lapponica flavescens, elytris nigro maculatis. Fn. 618.

Habitat in casis Lapponum sylvaticoruni inter pisciuin squamas

frequentissima. Durn pisces absque sale a Lapponibus exsi-

caiitur, ssepe nnico die. ab hac omnino consumimtur.

DESCR. Magnitude majoris mnscse. Thoracis clypeus mem-

braiiaceus, patens, marginatus, ovalis, diaphanus. Elyti-«

membranaceo-pellucida, cornei coloris, stria loiigitudinali

elevata, in qua striae ducuiitur versus posteriores margines

utrinque, ut coe'ant in striam longitudinalem minores ad

angulum acutum ; puncta aliquot iiigricantia teniere elytris

adspersa. Pedes cornei coloris : tibiae spinosse. Antenna'

longse, setacese. Al& inferiores aqueae. Cornicula duo

articulata, recurva supra anum.

(C. Linnseus, ' Fn. Suec.,' p. 235, 1761.)

MALE IMAGO (PL VIII, f. I).- -Colour dark yellowish-
grey. Length* (head hidden) 10-11 mm. Head and
antennae blackish ; pronotum dark, or even black, with
pale, pellucid borders. Elytra fully developed, pale

FIG. 14. — Ectobius lapponicus Linnaeus. 1, male, 2, female ( x I'o) ;
3, elytron, and 4, wing (more highly magnified).

yellowish-brown, with a few darker blotches, and a
number of small black spots ; nervures pale. Wings
fully developed, smoky -brown. Leys often dark, or
partly so. Abdomen shining, dark except at the apex.
Gerci blackish.

FEMALE IMAGO (PI. VIII, f. 2).- -Colour much paler
usually, and wanting the dark centre to the pronotum.
Length 8-9 mm. Elytra truncate, not extending
beyond the fourth segment of the abdomen. Wings
rudimentary. Abdomen, shining, dark except margins
and apex.

Length of the cockroaches is taken in " rest position " —with head
hidden.

76 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

OOTHECA (fig. lo, no. 1).- -Bright sienna-brown,
having somewhat the appearance of a small leguminous
seed. On 5 July 1902 several E. lapponicus were
taken at Boldermere, near Wisley in Surrey — in one
instance a pair in copula. The female was rather
smaller, much lighter, rounder in outline, and possess-
ing shorter elytra, than the male. These were taken
home alive. On 19 July the female was protruding a
pnle yellowish-brown ootheca — at any rate on that day
it was first noticed, and she had been looked at most
days previously. So the ootheca is not apparent till
some days after copulation. The male died a day or
so after capture ; the female was fed on strawberry
and then on banana. The ootheca was dropped on
24 July, and never became darker than palish sienna-
brown. It was smaller than usually given in figures,
but that may have been due to the unnatural conditions
under which the female was living when it was being
formed.

NYMPH.- -Burr* says that the nymphs are entirely
black, except the sides of the pronotum which are
pale. A very small one I have from the New Forest
is nearly uniform sienna-brown.

VARIATION.- -Size is fairly constant; but depth of
colouring varies considerably, especially in the female.
A form with generally paler colour and reddish
pronotum makes a close approach in appearance to
E. perspicillaris Herbst. On 6 May 1908 Shelf ord
exhibited at the Entom. Society of London a species
very near to E. lapponicus, preserved in amber.

DATE.- -This cockroach may be found from May to
September at least. How the winter is passed does
not seem to have been observed.

HABITS.- -E. lapponicus may be found under moss
and dry leaves, amongst the undergrowth in woods,
and, generally, on vegetation close to the ground,
though it may sometimes be obtained from bushes or

^D */

* ' Syn. Orth. W. Europe/ p. 12.

ECTOBIUS LAPPONICUS. 77

trees. Curtis found it on fern in the New Forest
and on white-thorns near Reading. Gr. T. Lyle
swept a male from rushes in a damp spot on a New
Forest heath. Linnaeus (see above, p. 75) credits
this cockroach with eating the dried fish of the Lap-
landers. It often comes at night to the lepidopterist's
" sugar. ': Whether it finds the bait by flight, or not,
I cannot say. This is quite likely, for Curtis notes
that he took it on the wing ; and at Aldridge Hill in
the New Forest, on 30 July 1909, I captured one,
which readily took to flight before it was secured.
This, I believe, was the first time I saw a cockroach fly.

DISTRIBUTION.- -Not infrequent in northern and
central Europe- -England, Denmark, Norway, Lapland,
Finland, Holland, Belgium, France (chiefly northern),
Austria. In southern Europe (Spain, etc.) it becomes
less common and is more a mountain insect — on Mt.
Etna for instance, and the mountains of Bosnia and
Herzegovina.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

ENGLAND. — Berks : (Hamm.) ; near Reading (Curtis) ; Sun-
ning Hill (Hope Coll. Oxon); Bagley Wood (probably); most
woods in the county (Holland). Devon* : Exeter and Torquay
(Bracken); Aldermaston, 26 June 1908 (Tomlin). Essex-:
Bpping Forest, often comes to "sugar" (W. Cole, from E. N.
Buxton's 'Epping Forest/ 7th ed. 1905, p. 94). Hants : New
Forest, sometimes abundant (Lucas, etc.) ; Pamber Forest
(Tomlin) ; Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight (Morey). Surrey :
Downs near Horsley, Gomshall, etc., on left bank of Mole
(Ashdown); Ockham Common (Lucas) ; Albury and Byfleet
(Burr) ; Oxshott, 2 females, 13 Sept. 1902 (South) ; Leather-
head (Briggs); Dorking (Chittij); Haslemere (Shaw); Devil's
Punch Bowl, Hindhead (Lucas); Peaslake (Carr). Sussex:
near Cocking, beaten from trees (Burr) ; Slindon Wood,
Eartham, and Dane Wood (Guermonprez) . (An example from
Birkenhead Docks (Cheshire), and several from a dock at
Bootle (Lancashire) must be looked upon as accidental
importations.)

* A specimen in 1877, recorded by Parfitt as taken in the vaults of the
City Bank, Exeter, was no doubt Blattella, germanica.

78 BKIT1SH ORTHOPTEKA.

2. Ectobius perspicillaris Herbst. (= livid a Fabr.).
(Plate VII, fig. 3, and PI. VIII, fig. 5.)

perspicillaris HERBST Fuessly, Arch. Ent. p. 186,

pi. 49, f. 11 1786— Blatta.

pallida OLIV. Ent. Metli. iv, p. 319, n. 29 . 1789— Blatta.

livida FABR. Ent. Syst. vol. 2, p. 10, n. 23 . 1793— Blatta.

h'ridus STEPH. 111. Br. Ent. Hand, vi, p. 48 . 1835— Ectobius

lirnln BRUNNER Nouv. Syst. Blatt. p. 59 . 1865 — Ectobia.

BRUNNER Prod, der Enr. Ortli. p. 35 1882— Ectobia.
ELAND SHAW Syn. Brit. Ortli. in

Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 369 . . 1889—Ectolria.

FINOT Faune de la Fr., Orth. p. 78 . 1889— Ectobia.

BURR Brit. Orth. p. 23, pi. ii, f. 3 . 1897— Ectobia.

Perspicillaris KIRBY Syii. Cat. Orth. p. 63 . . 1904 — Ectobia.

perspicillaris SHELFORD Gen. Ins. fasc. 55, p. 7,

pi. i, f. 7 1907— Ectobia.

in-ida BURR Syn. Orth. W. Em-, p. 13 . 1910— Ectobia,

perspicillaris BURR Syn. Orth. W. Enr. p. 152 . 1910 — Ectobius.
„ LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc. p. 35,

pl.iii, i. 3 . 1915— Ectobius.

(Other synonyms are Brynneri Seoane, and concolor Hagenb.)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

*12. Perspicillaris. Reppen. Tab. xlix, fig. 11.

Fabricius hiilt zwar diese Art nur fiir eine Varietat der Bl. lapponica ;
allein ich glaiibe doch, es sen erne eigne Art, weil ich sie nie hier
gefunden habe, wo doch die Bl. lapponica so haufig ist ; hiiigegen habe
ich sie in Reppen gefunden. wo ich jene niemals wahrgenommen. Sie
hat grade die Gestalt des Weibchens von der Bl. lapponica, welches,
wie bekamit, so viel kiirzer ist. Die Deckschilde habeii auch die Reihe
branner Pnnkte, aber der Brustschild ist an den Seiten ganz durch-
scheinend, wie Glas, nnd in der Mitte rothlich gelb ; Fiihlhorner and
Fiisse sind ganz blass nnd halbdurchscheiiiend, die bey jenen dunkler
sind. (Herbst, Fuessly, ' Archiv,' p. 186, 1786.)*

10. B. Perspicillaris, PI. 49, fig. 11, variet. B. Lapponicx Fabr. Ent.
Syst. ii, p. 10, n. 21. Elle ressemble parfaitement a la femelle de
Lapponica, qui est plus conrte que le male. Les elytres out aussi nne
rangee de points noirs ; rnais le corcelet a les bords transparens et
ii'est fauve qu'au milieu. Les antennes et les pattes sont pales et demi
traiisparentes, tandis qu'elles sont obscures a la Lapponica. (Archives
de 1'histoire des Insectes, publiees en allemand par Jean Gaspar
Fuessly. Traduites en Francais. Winterthour, 1794, p. 171.)

livida. 23. B. livida immaculata elytris ad angulum acutum striatis.
Geoff. Ins. i, 381, 3.

Habitat in Gallia. Mus. Dom. Bosc.

Aifinis Bl. lapponica. Antennae corpore longiores, fuscae. Thorax,
elytra striata, corpus pallida immaculata.

(Fabr. ' Ent. Syst.' ii, p. 10, n. 23, 1793.)

* E. perspicillaris of Stephens (' 111. Br. Ent.' vi, p. 47) = E. lapponicus
(vide Eland Shaw in ' Ent, Mo. Mag/ 1889, p. 368).

ECTOBIUS PERSPICILLAKIS. 79<

MALE IMAGO (PI. VIII, f. 5). --General colour pale
ochre or straw colour. Length about 9 mm., inter-
mediate between that of L. lapponicus and L. panzeri.
Head and antennas slightly redder than the general
colour ; eyes nearly black. Pronotum (fig. 10 b) reddish-
ochre, with slightly darker marks on the disc, and
pellucid margins. Elytra lanceolate with very incon-
spicuous dark dots, reaching beyond the tip of the
abdomen. Wings fully developed, costal region pale
ochre, the remainder nearly colourless. Legs pale, with
a transparent appearance. Abdomen reddish ochre,
with a row of darker marks along each side. Cerci
pale, similar in colour to that of the abdomen.

FEMALE IMAGO.- -Rather broader in build and not
quite so long, but otherwise much like the male.
Elytra and wings shorter than' those of the male, but

both fully developed.

OOTHECA.- -Brunner (6 Prodromus,' p. 35) says:
" Oothecae ab illis E. lapponicae L. hand diversae '
The ootheca differs little from that of E. lapponicus.
At present I have not seen a female with one.

NYMPH. — Again I quote Brunner, who says : "Larvae
primi stadii thorace ferrugineo, abdomine fusco, stadi-
orum posteriori! m unicolores ferrugineae, f route et
segmentis thoracis disperse fusco-punctatis ' -In the
first stage the nymphs have a rust-coloured thorax
and dark abdomen ; in later stages they are uniformly
rust-coloured with the " forehead ' and thorax bearing
scattered dark dots.

VARIATION, ETC.- -Apparently E. perspicillaris does
not vary much in either size or colour. The general
tint, including that of the cerci, may at times be darker.
E. pallidus of Stephens* is not a distinct species, but
Eland Shaw,t after examining in the British Museum
what are believed to be the types, thinks that it is
a rather dark form of E. perspicillaris.

* ' 111. Brit. Ins/ vi, p. 48.

f ' Ent. Mo. Mag.' 1889, p. 361).

80 BRITISH ORTHOPTEEA.

DATE. --Records of captures that have come under
my notice extend from the 17th of June till the 26th
of September ; but August and September seem to be
the best months in which to obtain imagines. Pre-
sumably this species passes the winter in the same
way as the other two British species of Ectobius, what-
ever that may be- -as imagines seems most reasonable.

HABITS, ETC.- -Unfortunately little has been observed
in Britain in connection with the habits and life-
history of this cockroach- -very little in fact with
regard to any of our Ectobii. It has been obtained
from oak and Scotch-fir (Milton) ; on sand-dunes and
amongst bracken (Buxton) ; on the entomologist's
" sugar ' ' at Studland in Dorset (Button) ; under dead
leaves in the New Forest in September (Eland Shaw) ;
flying actively in hot sunshine on Wrotham Down in
Kent (Buxton).

DISTRIBUTION.- -E. perspicillaris is widely distributed
in central and southern Europe, but is not very
common towards the north, its place being taken
apparently by E. lapponicus. It has been found at least
in the south of England, in Holland, Belgium, France,
Germany, Austria, Spain, Italy, Dalmatia, and Algeria.

BEITISH LOCALITIES.

Apparently this cockroach is not frequent in England, and
of the records that have been made over a considerable
number of years one would like to feel certain that all refer
without doubt to this species and never to E. lapponicus, for
pale examples of the latter might quite easily be mistaken for
darker examples of the former if indeed the species are
distinct. The only specimens I possess were taken in the
district between Leatherhead and Dorking in Surrey.

Eecords are :

ENGLAND. — Devon: var. pallidus (Stephens). Dorset:
Lulworth Cove, 18 Sept. (F. W. Edwards) • Studland, 5 July
(Buxton) ; Perndown, near Wimborne Minster (Sopp) ;
Portland (C. W. Dale)- Glanvilles Wootton (J. C. Dale).
Hants : Bournemouth, one (Harwood) • New Forest (Eland
Shaw); var. pallidus, New Forest (Stephens). Sussex;

ECTOBIUS PERSPIC1LLARIS. 81

Hastings District (Bloomfield) • Slindon, no males (Guermon-
prezf; Fair Mile, Dane Wood, Eartham, Charlton Forest,
Bognor, Cocking, and Itchenor (Guermonprez) . Surrey :
common in several parts of Mickleham and on Box Hill, all
on the right bank of the River Mole (Ashdoicn) ; Woking
(Saunderx) ; Reigate, 26 Sept. (Chapman). Middlesex : Ruislip
(McLachlan) . Kent: Broadwater Forest near Tunbridge
Wells, early Sept. (Milton) ; Blean Wood, Faversham
(Chitty) ; Wrotharn Down, 17 June (Button) ; Darenth Wood
and Birch Wood (Stephens).

(An example from Birkenhead Docks (Cheshire) was clearly
a casual introduction.)

3. Ectobius panzer i Stepli.
(Plate VII, fig. 2, and PI. VIII, figs. 3 and 4.)

Panzeri STEPH. 111. Brit. Ent. Mand. vi, p. 47 . 1835 — Ectobius.
ericetorum WESMAEL 1838, Bull. Acad. Brnx. v,

p. 587, tab. i, f . 2 . 1838— Blatta.

,, BRUNNER Nouv. Syst. Blatt, p. 58 . 1865 — Ectobia.

BRUNNER Prod, der Eur. Orth. p. 34 . 1882— Ectobia.
Panzeri ELAND SHAW Syn. Brit. Orth. in Ent.

Mo. Mag. p. 368 . . 1889— Ectobia.

ericetorum FINOT Faune de la France, Orthopt.

p. 77. f. 45 . . . . . 1889— Ectobia.

panzeri BURR Brit. Orth. p. 22, pi. ii, f. 2 . 1897 — Ectobia.

Panzeri KIRBY Syn Cat. Orth. p. 62 . 1904— Ectobia.

panzeri SHELFORD Gen. Ins. fasc. 55, p. 7 . 1907 — Ectobia.

BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 12 . . 1910— Ectobia.

„ LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Eiit. Soc. p. 35^

pi. iii, f . 2 . 1915— Ectobius.

nigripes STEPH. 111. Brit. Ent, Mand. vi. p. 48

(var.) ....... 1835 — Ectobius.

(Other synonyms are: germanica Panzer; concolor Serv. ; arenicola
Fisch.)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

Ectobius panzeri. Elongatus, pallide-ochraceo-flavescens, tlwracis
disco testaceo-fusco, elyt.ris pallidis lateribus meinbranaceo-pellucidis,
disco fere immacidato, antennis pedibusque piceis. (Long. corp. 5-6 lin.)
Bl. Panzeri. Steph. Catal. 304, ^7"o. 3360. — Bl. germanica. Panzer
Faun. Germ, ii, f. 16.

Slightly elongate, or elliptic ; of a pale ochreous yellow ; head
dusky ; mouth pale ; thorax with its disc testaceous -brown, sometimes
a little blackish, the margins pale and pellucid ; elytra also pale, the
lateral margins pellucid brownish-yellow, the disc with a few minute
brownish atoms ; abdomen beneath pitchy, above pale testaceous
brown ; legs pale pitchy, the femora palest and without spines ;
antennse also pitchy. ( j. F. Stephens, ' Illustr. Brit. Ent. Mand.' vi,
p. 47, 1835.)

82 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

[Ectobius nigripes. Elongatits. ochraceo-flavescens, thoracis disco
antennis pedibueque nit/ris, tarsorum articulo basalt coxisque albidis.
(Long. corp. 6 lin.)

Bl. nigripes. Steph. Catal. 304, No. 3361.

Elongate-ovate, or elliptic ; ochreous-yellow, with a brownish tinge ;
head, antennae, and eyes, black ; thorax with its disc black, the margins
pale testaceous and pellucid; elytra pale yellowish-brown, or ochreous,
with some remote, somewhat indistinct, darker atoms 011 the disc,
especially towards the apex ; abdomen black beneath, dark brownish-
ochre above, with a black streak on each side ; legs black, with the
coxae pale ochreous, the base of the tarsi whitish ; femora without
spines. (Steph. ' Illustr. Brit. Ent.' Mand. vi, p. 48, 1835.)]

MALK IMAGO (PI. VIII, f. o). --Colour dark yellowish-
grey. Length up to 8 mm. Head and antennae very dark,
a pale streak between, the eyes; pronotum (fig. 10 c)
yellowish, with pellucid lateral margins, and dark
blotches on the disc almost forming two longitudinal
lines. Elytra pale yellowish with many dark dots,
lanceolate, extending beyond the tip of the abdomen.
Wings, pale smoky, iridescent. Legs yellowish, darker
at the joints. Abdomen above yellowish along the
centre, but dark along the sides. Gerci very dark.

FEMALE IMAGO (PI. VIII, f . 4).- -Colour as in the male.
Length 8 mm., or less. Pronotnm less spotted. Elytra
truncate, not extending beyond the third segment of
the abdomen. Wings rudimentary. Each segment
of the abdomen with an irregular dorsal band of black
blotches.

OOTHECA.- -In colour the ootheca is dark chestnut,
while in size and general appearance it is very like
that of E. lapponicus. The female is sometimes found
carrying its ootheca — e. g. one at Blackgang Chine,
Isle of Wight (Hope Coll. Oxford), one at St. Helens,
I. of Wight, 25 August 1909 (Donisthorpe), one at
Chapman's Pool near St. Alban's Head, 26 August
1905 (Tomlin), one at Beaulieu Heath in the New
Forest 1 September 1909 (Lucas). King took a pair
in copula in the New Forest, 9 August 1898. These
dates tend to show that the species breeds at the end
of the summer. The abbreviated elytra of the female
give one the impression at first that a nymph is
carrying an ootheca.

ECTOBiUS PANZEKl. 83

NYMPH.- -Except for the lack of the abbreviated
elytra, the nymph looks much like a small female ; it
may, however, be known by the presence on the dorsal
surface of the thorax of a large, very distinct, black
mark, something like a capital A with very short legs.

VARIATION. — In colour this little cockroach varies a
great deal, but not in size. In Britain it is usually a
rather dark insect, some specimens being so dark,
especially in the legs, that they appear almost black.
Stephens described this very dark form as a distinct
species under the name of nigripes (p. 82).* The
fact is, however, that generally speaking the insect
becomes darker the farther north it is found. English
examples may belong to either form, but apparently
the majority are distinctly black. When darkening
occurs the pale vertex seems to remain unaltered, and
even shows up the more distinctly amidst the dark
surroundings : the pale line, too, along the centre of
the pronotum remains to some extent ; while the basal
segment of the tarsi seems to be constantly pale also.

O f *-

Var. concolor Serv. is of a uniform pale tint. This
form occurs in central and southern Spain, on the north
coast of Portugal, and in Dalmatia.

DATE.- -There are records of the occurrence of E.
panzeri from June till past the middle of September.
Most of them are in August, which seems to be the
best month for the adult insect. In June and, to a
less extent, in July many will still be nymphs. How
the winter is passed seems not at present to have been
ascertained.

HABITS, ETC.' — On 8 August 1896 I first made personal
acquaintance with this cockroach, having found it on
that date in some numbers near Christchurch in Hants.
They were under dried seaweed and other rubbish only
a few yards from the shore, on ground that would
apparently be often washed by the sea itself. They
were very active, and, as soon as uncovered, scurried

C*'

* Perhaps the var. nigripes Steph. = hseckeli Bolivar.

84 mtrnsH ORTHOPTERA.

away into the nearest hiding-place. The females were
perhaps rather more common than the males, and many
examples of both sexes were dark, especially in the legs.
They were very soft and tender and soon succumbed in
the cyanide-bottle. Sandy ground, and especially sand
hills near the coast and those covered with marrma-
grass, seem to suit these little cockroaches; but they
are often found on heather and other low herbage, or
on the ground in healthy spots. From the herbage
they may be obtained with the sweeping-net. Being
so lively in their movements and at the same time so
delicate, they are easily damaged when collected by
hand from the ground. They come to the entomo-
logist's " sugar." Porritt found them under old bark
and rotten wood on posts adjoining the golf-links at
Churston in Devon, and I met with them myself on
one occasion, when breaking up a decayed tree-stump
by the side of Beaulieu River in the New Forest. On
another occasion, 21 August 1.910, at Holm Hill, also
in the New Forest, when breaking up and examining
the trunk of a small dead pine that had been burnt in
a heath-fire, I met with two or three specimens of
E. panzeri. At the same time a centipede (Scolopendra)
was captured, holding one of these cockroaches, which
apparently it had just caught. Though not dead, the
cockroach moved but little : possibly the centipede
may have paralysed it. While I watched, the centi-
pede seemed to be using its poison-jaws much as if
they were legs. The cockroach was held beneath the
captor's body by several of the anterior pairs of legs,
ventral surface upwards ; I presume in order that the
softer parts of its prey might more easily be devoured.
The centipede seemed distressed because it could not
hide, but nevertheless fed greedily on the cockroach,
sometimes waving its antennas vigorously. The centi-
pede was livid pink in colour, a rather small species,
or perhaps the young of a larger kind. I have also
found E. panzeri hiding under the coping of the brick
wall of a railway bridge in the New Forest.

ECTOBUIS PANZERI. 85

DISTRIBUTION.- -E. panzeri is found over most of
western Europe — south of England ; Belgium ;
Holland ; France (especially in the north and
centre) ; Switzerland ; Spain ; Portugal ; sparingly
in Germany, Dalmatia, and Ferrol.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

So far as records show, this cockroach is found in the
south of England only; and from them we see that its habitat
extends from Cornwall through every county along the coast
to Suffolk. There is also one record for Surrey.

ENGLAND. — Cornwall : Tresco, one of the Scilly Isles (Burr) •
Lelant (Porritt) ; Lizard (Shaw] ; Hayle (Burr) ; Kynance
Cove (Edwards) ; Land's End (J. C. Dale). Devon : South
Devon coast (Porritt) • Kingsbridge and Plymouth (Stephens) ;
cliffs, Wembury (Bignell) ; Whiresand Bay (Keys) ; Exmouth
(Parfitt) ; Churston (Porritt) ; Tregantle (Keys) ; Berry Head
(Edwards); Dawlish (Lucas); SI apt on (Champion). Dorset:
near Studland (Lucas) • between Studland and the mouth of
Poole Harbour (Lucas) ; Lulworth Cove (Briggs) ; Portland
(Edwards) ; Chesil Beach and Glanvilles Wootton (C. W.
Dale) ; St. Alban's Head (Tomliu) ; Swanage (Buxton).
Essex : Clacton-on-Sea (Hancood) • coast near Colchester
(Sopp). Hants : Parley Heatli (Donisthorpe) • near Christ-
church (Lucas) ; New Forest, frequently (Lucas) ; Hayling
Island (Burr) ; near Bournemouth (Ashdown) ; Boscombe,
1903 (Burr). ' Isle of Wight: Blackgang Chine (Hope Coll.,
Oxford) ; Alum Bay, Totland Bay, Yarmouth, Compton Bay,
undercliff at St. Catherine's Point (Burr) ; Parkhurst Forest
(Morley). Kent : Deal (Bedwell) ; sandhills along the shore-
line in Sandwich Bay from Deal to Shellness (Burr) • Sunny
Carvett near Lydden (Burr). Suffolk : Lowestoft (Saunders) ;
Coston sandhills and Felixstowe sandhills (Morley). Surrey:
Thursley,one (Dalgliesh). Sussex: Camber Sands (Bloomfield) .

(var. nigripes has been recorded from Lelant, Lizard,
Whitesaud Bay, Exmonth, Lulworth Cove, Portland, New
Forest, Bournemouth, Boscombe, and near Christchurch. No
doubt many additions might be made to this list).

Genus 2. BLATTELLA Caudell.

Phylhdromia SERVILLK Orth. p. 105 . . . 1839.

PhyUodroniia BRUNNER Nouv. Syst. Blatt. p. 88 ... 1865.
BlatteUa CAUDELL Notes Nom. Blatt. (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash, v,

No. 3, p. 232) . .... 1903.

8(3 HKITISH OttTHOPTERA.

Our single species, B. germanica, used to appear
in the genus Phyllodromia Serv., which was thus
diagnosed :

Abdomen conique, plus allonge que dans la premiere
division [i. e. " Blatte vraie, Blatta propru1. dicta '
dans les males surtout ; diminuant sensiblement de
largeur, des sa base. Plaque sousanale des males, en
cone allonge et point u. Septieme ou dernier segment
abdominal, de meme largeur a peu pres que le
sixieme, et point echancre : taille ordinairement petite.
(Phyllodroinie, Pkyllodromia.) (<t>u'AAov, feuille ; SOE^W,
je cours.) (Serville, ' Ins, Orth.' p. 105 (1859).)

Phyllodromia was, however, preoccupied in the
Diptera ; so in 1903 A. K". Caudell proposed Blattella
for Phyllodromia, the type being Blatta germanica of
Linnasus. Most orthopterists followed him but R.
Shelford did riot, because it was obvious that Phyllo-
dromia was in need of revision and subdivision.
Shelford came to the conclusion that Phyllodromia
Serv. should be split into at least six genera, one of
which is Blattella Gaud., and the others Neoblattella
Shel., Margattea She!., Supella SheL, Eobotta Shel.,
and Chorisoblatta Shel.

Diagnosis of Blattella Gaud, in Shelfordian sense :

Antennae setaceous. Tegmina and wings exceeding
the apex of the abdomen. Tegmina with longitudinal
discoidal sectors. Wings with the anterior part
rather narrow, scarcely tapering to the base, ulnar
vein simple or bifurcate, very rarely tri-ramose, no
apical triangle. Front femora armed on the anterior
margin beneath with a complete row of spines, the
more distal shorter than the more proximal. Sexes
similar. Ootheca coriaceous, carried by the female
with the suture directed to one side. Type of genus
-Blatta (jennanica Linn. (" Preliminary diagnoses of
some new genera of Blattidae," ' But. Mo. Mag.' 1911,
p. 154.)

'•
• •

BLATTELLA GERMANICA. 87

1. Blattella germanica Linn.
(Plate VI, fig. 2 ; PL VII, fig. 4; and fig. 15 in text.)

germanica LINNJEUS Syst. Nat. ii. p. 688 . 1766 — Blatta.
yermanicus STEPH. 111. Br. Ent. Mand. vi, p.

46. 11. 1 ... . 1835—Ectobius.
germanica "\VfiSTW. Intro. Mod. Class. Ins. I,

p. 515. f. 51 . . 1839— Ectobia.

SERV. Orth. p. 107. n. 36 . 1839— PhyUodromia.
BRUNNER Nouv. Syst. Blatt. p. 90,

pi. ii, f. 7 1865 — PhyUodromia.

„ BRUNNER Prod, der Eur. Orth. p.

46, pi. i, f. 9 1882— PhyUodromia.

ELAND SHAW Syn. Br. Orth. p. 370

(Ent. Mo. Mag.) . . . . 1889—Phijllodromia.
FINOT Faune de la Fr. Orth. p. 81.

f. 47 .... . 1889—Phijllodromia.

BURR Br. Orth. p. 23. pi. ii. f. 4 . 1897— PhyUodromia.

KIRBY Syn. Cat, Orth. i, p. 87 . 1904— PhyUodromia.

BURR Syn. Orth. W. Europe, p. 16 1910— PhyUodromia.

BURR Syn. Orth. W. Europe, p. 152 1910— Blattella.
„ LUCAS Proc. S. Loiid. Ent. Soc. p.

36, pi. iii. f . 4 . . 1915— Blattella.

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

germanica. 9. B. livida, corpore flavescente, thorace lineis duabus

nigris parallelis.
Habitat in Dania. Brunvirhe.
Corpus flavescens, maynitudine B. lapponicn'. Thorax

nti elytra may/'* lirentia : linex* 2 thoracis longi-

tudiuales, parallels niara'. laliusculae.
(C. Linnaeus, ' Syst. Nat.' Ed. xii. torn, i, pars ii, p. 688,

1766.)

MALE IMAGO (fig. 15 a). --General coluin1 nearly
uniform dark ochre, or tawny. Length 13-14 mm.
Antennas having the appearance of being finely ringed
with brown; eyes black. Pwnotnm with two longi-
tudinal distinct dark brown streaks, not quite reaching
front or hind maro-in, but continued vaguely on meso-

and metanotum ; lateral margins of pronoturn almost
pellucid. Elijtrn lanceolate, bright ochre in colour,
immaculate ; iriiu/x ochreous in costal region, the
remainder nearly colourless, nervures darker ; ley*
pale ; tip of tibia?, and of tarsi usually, darker. Dorsal
surface of abdomen darker, especially along the middle ;
cere I of the general colour, rather long.

BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

B. germanica looks somewhat like E. lappofoicus, but
is sensibly larger, and of a brio-liter colour. It lacks

v ' D

the " apical area ' of the wings, present in Ectobius,
and has a differently marked pronotum.

FEMALE IMAGO (fig. 15 I).- -Except that it is longer
and a little broader in build, the female is similar to
the male. Like the male it has ample wings.

OOTHECA (fig. 13, no. 5).- -In appearance the ootheca
of B. germanica is very different, not only from that
of the three preceding species, but also from that of
the three which follow. These six are well described

FIG. 15. — Blattella germanica Linnaeus, a, male ; Z>, female ( x 2).

as purse-like, but that of B. germanica is nearly
rectangular in shape, and not so thick, compared
with its length and breadth. The depressions between
the chambers containing the eggs are well-pronounced.
The ootheca is dark brown in colour, with a glossy
surface. The length is about 7 mm., and the breadth
about' 3 mm. Main found that the young emerged
almost as soon as the ootheca was deposited, and
Blatchley (the ' Blattidse of Indiana ') confirms this.
He says that B. germanica carries its ootheca for
several days with half or three-fourths of its length
protruding, and mentions the fact that one, with its
ootheca in this condition, was placed in a bottle at
11 p.m. and the young had emerged at 8 the following

BLATTELLA GERMANIC A. 89

morning. The ootheca contains some 18-20 egg-
chambers on each side, and a case is recorded in which
40 young were produced from a single ootheca. The
female with this ootheca was captured by Keys in a
restaurant at Plymouth. While the female is carrying

*/ *^

the ootheca the suture is not vertical but directed to
one side.

NYMPH. --On first emerging from the egg the nymph
is colourless. AVhen Hearing maturity it is very dark,
except the legs and the lateral margins of the thorax
which are tawny : the antennas are moderately dark.
The two longitudinal bands on the pronotum are very
wide and but just separated by a paler line. The
width of the nymph is very much greater, compared
with the length, than that of the adult. P>. germanica
is credited with rapid growth, attaining full develop-
ment in a few months.

VARIATION.- -I?, germanica is not a variable species;
but it might be mentioned that Prince exhibited at
the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society,
on 19 October 1903, a specimen taken at Birkenhead
considerably darker than the type.

DATE. --Since in Britain this cockroach lives under
artificial conditions, and where the temperature is
usually above the normal, breeding is probably con-
tinuous, and examples in all stages might be expected
to occur together, as is the case with the common
cockroach, B. orientals. I have records of the ootheca
being carried at Zool. Gardens about 1st of April
(Lncfis), at Derby 28th April (Pull en), in Birmingham
at the end of May (Imms), and at Plymouth in
September ( Keys) .

HABITS, ETC.- -15. germanica and the four species
that follow it are not indigenous in Britain, and must
be described as " naturalised aliens." This species
occurs wild in woods in Russia as well as in Prussia,
and there seems to be no good reason why it should
not establish itself out-of-doors in these islands.

90 mU'i'ISH ORTHOITERA.

Reports of its being so taken are rare, and apparently
must be looked upon merely as casual occurrences.
The following case, however, is interesting. On
31 January 1911, when " the country was iron-bound
in a black frost," Burr found B. germanica and
B. oriental is swarming within a rubbish-heap in a
brickyard near Cheriton, Kent. Though the weather
was very cold, the fermentation in the large heap of
ashes and refuse produced much heat. In this case,
of course the congenial warmth accounts for the
presence of these cockroaches out-of-doors.* Finot
says that there are reports of its having been found in
France upon trees and under dry leaves ; but he
considers the cases accidental or erroneous. t

Unlike most cockroaches, this one has several
common names. At Aldershot, I understand, it is
sometimes called the " Shiner," which term is quite
appropriate. Popular opinion in France and Russia
points to Germany as the home of this cockroach, a
belief which Linnaeus has stereotyped in its specific
name. It is therefore not surprising that in Russia it
should be called the " Prussian." In Germany, how-
ever, they will have none of this, and call it the
" Russian/ It seems to have a liking for the

neighbourhood of water-pipes and for similar situa-
tions, which may account for a Lancashire name- -the
" Steam -fly." At any rate it gets its American name
of " Croton-buo- ' from its beino- first noticed when

o O

water from the Croton River was led into New York.
In this connection it might be mentioned that it was
found swarming behind hot- water pipes in 1916 at a
Church Army shelter at Swansea (in lift. H. R.
Wakefield).

In a particular locality it often swarms, but may at
the same time have a very restricted range. Its
migratory habits have been treated by Howard. J
B. germanica is said to have been introduced into

* l Entomologist/ 1912, p. 115.

t ' Faune de la France/ Orth. p. 81.

£ ' Insect Life/ vii, p. 349.

BLATTELLA GERMANICA. 91

England by the soldiers returning from the Crimea
in 1857 ; but this is erroneous : it was present in parts
of the British Isles before that date. For Stephens *
placed it amongst the indigenous species, although he
says it is extremely doubtful whether this insect is
really indigenous, as it appears to be confined to
dwellings and warehouses, and it occurs, not un-
commonly, in merchant vessels. t Further, there is
distinct evidence, from the Hope Collection in Oxford,
that it was numerous in parts of Britain before the
date of the return from the Crimea. There are several
old specimens, one of which is labelled " Infesting the
kitchens of houses at Kildare, Ireland, living behind
the skirting and abounding in the crevices of the
kitchen-table, destroying all kinds of paper and in
many ways very troublesome, March 1852." There
is another specimen labelled in the same handwriting,
" Mr. Gray Dudley ; taken by him in his garden at

«/ »/ K

the foot of Castle Hill."} Kirby and Spence say that

it comes out in the da v time.

DISTRIBUTION. — B. yc'nnanira is a cosmopolitan
species, and is spreading everywhere. Its home
appears to be the more central and northern parts of
the Palearctic region. It occurs wild in the north-east
of Europe as far west as Thuringia and Saxony, the
Hartz Mountains and Westphalia, and also at Koster
Neuberg near Vienna. It seems to be commoner in

eastern than in western Europe. Other localities for
it are France (houses and vessels), Holland and
Belgium, Britain, Spain, Xorth Africa, North
America, Japan, Siberia, Mexico, Ceylon, Xew
Holland, Xew Guinea, Jamaica, Martinique, Chili,
Paraguay, probably Australia, and no doubt many
other places also.

: ' 111. Br. Eiit. Mand.' vi, p. 46, 1835.

t Kirby and Spence (1828) mention it as "abounding in some houses," i,
p. 24:2.

J Burr, ' Ent. Eecord,' xii, 1900, p. 98. Had Dale's examples (now in
Oxford) only been labelled they might have been useful in this connection.

92 BRITISH OBTHOPTEttA.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

At the present time B. germanica is well established in a
number of localities — chiefly in bakeries, warehouses, hotels,
restaurants, Zoological Gardens, and other similar places. It
is probable that the following list is very far from exhaustive,
and from some of the places mentioned it may since have
disappeared. Further, it lias not always been put on record
whether the examples cited were settled colonists or merely
chance visitors.

ENGLAND. — Berks : neighbourhood of Radley College
(Burr). Cambridge: Cambridge (Harmer, University
Museum). Cheshire: Birkenhead, Borough Hospital (Holt) •
Birkenhead, docks (Prince) ; Birkenhead, two bakeries
(Sopp) ; Hoylake, scarce (Sopp) ; West Kirby, in profusion
in a restricted area (Sop2^). Cumberland : Carlisle, Carr's
Biscuit Works and elsewhere (Day). Derbyshire ; Derby,
where it was breeding (Pulleii). Devon: a Plymouth
restaurant, 1895 (Bracken) ; many houses in Plymouth
(Bignell & Keys). Hants: Portsmouth, Central Hotel
(Colthrup). Isle of Wight : Shanklin, one in a house,
another in a grocery store (Poole). Kent : Dover and
Ramsgate (Sopp) • Cheriton (Burr) • Isle of Sheppey, and
Woolwich Barracks (Porritt) ; Blackheath, swarming in an
old house (Lucas). Lancashire : Bolton, common in a cotton
mill (Midgley) ; Bootle, North docks (Sopp) ; Liverpool,
abundant (Sopp), Hanover Street (Elliott), in profusion in
cellars in Clayton Square (Sopp), warehouses in Brunswick
and other docks (Sopp) ; Manchester, in restaurants and the
monkey-house at Belle Vue (Chappell) ; Oldhnm, in a cotton-
mill (Chappell) • Warrington, from Walker's Brewery (Warr.
Municipal Mus.) • Preston (Chappell) • Didsbury, imago and
nymphs, house, 1915 (Dixon). Lincolnshire : Lincoln (Mason).
London : Zoological Gardens (Shaio) ; cellar in Shoe Lane
(Chitty) • Natural History Museum, S. Kensington (Morlet/) ;
various restaurants, Queen's Gate Gardens, gravel path at
St. Mary's Hospital, " Old Cheshire Cheese''" Fleet Street
(Shaw) • Admiralty Restaurant, abundant (Buckstone).
Norfolk: (Edivttrds). Notts: Mansfield (Sopp). Oxford-
shire: Oxford, Randolph Hotel kitchen (Hamm). Surrey:
Aldershot (Burr) ; one (probably), a nymph, known to have
come to Kew Gardens with plants from India, 1897 (Lucas).
Sussex: Hastings, hotels (Burr) ; Bognor, common in houses
(Carter) • Eastbourne (Burr). Warwickshire : Birmingham,
two in packing-ease — a female with ootheca, and a nymph

BLA-TTELLA GEKMANICA. 93

(Imnis). Yorkshire: Bradford, numerous in warehouses
(Carter) ; Leeds, since 1855 in one baker's shop (Miall) ;
Doncaster, swarming in a house (Corbett) ; on one occasion
abundant in rotting hides from India, at a tannery in
Doncaster (Corbett) ; Barn si ey, one (Bay ford) ; abundant in
a grocer's shop at Sheffield (Bayford).

WALES. — Glamorgan : Swansea, swarming at a Church
Army shelter (Wa~kefield).

SCOTLAND. --Evans says (( Annals of Scott. Nat. Hist/ Jan.
1901: "In 1897 I obtained two or three dozen examples
of this small cockroach from a hotel in George Street,
Edinburgh, as recorded in this magazine for 1899 (p. 117) ;
and Dr. R. S. MacDougall informs me he got it sent from a
restaurant in the town three years ago. Its occurrence, in
abundance, in a newspaper office, Glasgow, in 1880, was
recorded by Professor Trail in the ( Scottish Naturalist J the
following year (vol. vi, p. 14)."

IRELAND. — Dublin : Rathmines (fide Kemp) ; Gardens of
Zoological Society, Phoenix Park (fide Kern]}). Down :
Strabane (fide Kemp}. Kildare : Kildare (Hope Department,
Oxford). Armagh : Poyntzpass (Johnson).

Genus 3. BLATTA Linn.

Blatta LINN. Syst. Nat. (ed. x), i, p. 424 . 1758.

Kakerlac LATE,. Gen. Crustac. et Ins . 1808.

Kakerlac LATR. Fnm. Nat. Regne Anim. p. 411 . . 1825.

Steleopyga FISCH. de W. Bull. Mosc. vi, pp. 356, 366 . . 1833.

Stylopyga FISCH. de W. Orth. Ross. p. 68 . . 1846.

Stylopyga BRUNNER, Nouv. Syst, Blatt, p. 222 . . 1865.

193. BLATTA. Caput inclinatnm.

Antenna setaceae.

Elytra Alseque planae, subcoriacese.
Thorax planiusculus, orbiculatus, marginatus.
Pedes cursorii.

Comicula duo supra caudam.
(C. Linnseus, ' Systema Naturae,' torn, i, p. 424,
1758.)

(Linnaeus adds as a footnote — " Blattse lucifugae cum Larvis
suis rodimt cibaria, coria, putridaque varia, celeri cursu
se subtrahentes." He gives nine species: 1. gigantea,
2. 89gyptiaca, 3. surinamensis, 4. americana, 5. nivea,
6. africana, 7. orientalis, 8. lapponica, 9. oblongata.)

Iii this genus the sexes are unlike. Antennge are
long and hairlike, and the pronotum does not cover
the top of the head. Elytra and wings are variable

94 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

in their development, but they do not reach the tip
of the abdomen. The legs are well armed with spines,
the femora included ; the pulvilli are minute. Type
of the genus JJldtta orientalis Limn., the only European
species.

1. Blatta orientalis Linn.

(Plate VII, fig. 5; PI. X, figs. 3 and 4; and fig. 16

in text.)

orientalis LINN. Syst. Nat. (ed. x), i, p. 424,

no. 7 1758— Blatta.

,, LINN. Faun. Suec. (ed. ii), p. 234,

no. 862 1761— Blatta.

„ SERV. Ann. Sci. Nat. xxi, p. 29 . 1831 — Kakerlac.

„ BURM. Haiidb. Eiit. ii, p. 504, no. 5 . 1838 — Periplaneta.

„ FISCHER de W. Orth. Ross. p. 70,

pi. 24, ff. 1-3 ... . IS^—Stylupyga.

„ BRUNNER Nouv. Syst. Blatt. p. 226 1865 — Periplaneta.

„ BRUNNER Prod. Enr. Orth. p. 49 . 1882 — Periplaneta.
„ MIALL & DENNY Struc. and Life-

hist. of the Cockroach . . . 1886 — Periplaneta. •
„ ELAND SHAW Syn. Brit. Orth. in

Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 371 . . . 1889— Periplaneta.
„ FINOT Faune de la Fr. Orth. p. 83.

f. 49 1889— Periplaneta,

BURR Brit. Orth., p. 24, pi. ii, f. 5 . 1897— Blatta.

Orientalis KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. i, p. 136 . 1904 — Blatta.

orientalis BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 16 . 1910— Blatta.

,, SHELFORD Gen. Ins. Fasc. 109, p. 15 1910 — Blatta.

,, LUCAS Proc. S. Loiid. Ent. Soc. p.

36, pi. iii, ff. 5, 5 a . . 1915— Blatta.

(Other synonyms are: B. hicifuga Frisch. ; B. culinaris de Geer;
B.ferrugineofusca Groiiovius; B.ferruginea Thimberg ; K.castanea
Blanchard ; K. platystetho Philippi ; B. badia Sanssure ; P. iateralis
Walker.)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

orientalis 7. B. ferrugineo-fusca elytris sulco oblongo impresso. Fn.

svec. 617.

Habitat in America, hospitatur in Oriente : imprimis in

jarina, Pane etc. liodie in Russia? adjacentibits region-

ibus frequens ; incepit nuperis temporibus Hohni;tj, uti

dudum in Finlandia. Consumit Panem, cibaria, calceos

etc. lucifuga.

(C. Linnseus, ' Systema NaturaB,' i, p. 424, 1758.)

862. BLATTA orientalis ferrugineo-fusca, elytris sulco oblongo

irnpressis. Fn. 617.
Fennoitibiis Torraka. Dracan.
Habitat in Molendinis, prsesertim in fumosis hypocaustis

Finnorum (Pyrten), ubi devastat panes, ocreas, et varia

BLATTA OEIENTALIS.

utensilia incolaruru ; rarius Stockholmise et alibi, noctu
prsedatur ; accensa caudela auf ugit ocyus.
DESCE,. Magiiitudo Grylli tota testaceo-fusca sen ferrugineo
nigricans et quasi usta. Clypeus tlwraci incumbens planus,
ovalis, transversalis. Elytra diaphana, abdomine breviora,
oyali-oblonga : singula tribus striis a basi exeuntibus,
quarum intermedia elevata : interior excavata, incurvata
conficiens cum pari spatium ovatum inclusum ; exterior
excavata juxta marginem, brevis ; striae absque ullo certo
ordine : cauda duobus mucronibus. Pedes aculeati. MAS
alas et elytra gerit. FJEMINA ejus tan turn rudimenta.
(C. Linnaeus, 'Faun. Suec.' p. 234. 1761.)

MALE IMAGO (PI. X, fig. 4). --General colour almost
uniform dark brown- -nearly black. Lent/tit up to

a b

FIG. 16. — Blatta orientalis Linnaeus, a, male ; b, female ( x abt. 1'5).

about 25 mm. Antennae about as long as the body,
second and third segments about equal. Elytra dark
brown, covering:' some two-thirds of the abdomen,

somewhat truncate at the apex. Wings equalling the
elytra in length, anterior part brown, posterior
hyaline ; legs somewhat paler than the general colour,
well armed with spines. Supra-anal plate of abdo-
men nearly straight, posterior margin paler. Styles
present.

FEMALE IMAGO (PI. X, fig. 3).- -General colour

(.M> BRITISH OKTHOPTEIIA.

and /1'injfli much as in the male ; abdomen broader.
Elytra in the form of short lobes, but possessing
veins. l\'i/ir/s rudimentary. Supra-anal plate deeply
notched. Oatheca with dorsal suture. Third segment

of (inlrmidB longer than the second.

OOTHKCA (fig. 13, nos. 2 and 3).- -In B. orientalis
the dark brown swollen ootlieca, with dorsal suture,
measures about 12 mm. by 6 mm., and contains two
rows of eight eggs each, carefully fitted to economise
space. It is carried for a time (as to how long
opinions differ) protruding in an upward curve from
the extremity of the abdomen. One observer gives
12 hours only as the period during which it is
carried ; but probabty the usual period is a longer one
than this. The time which elapses before hatching
occurs is apparently a variable one also. It has been
recorded that this period extends to twelve months;
but Brindley, in the course of experiments made in
1897, found that "all cases that hatched did so
within a few days after deposition." Although it
might at first appear so, this subject is not easy of
investigation.

^ — .-

NYMPH. — It is very difficult, as Brindley found, to
rear cockroaches from the egg in captivity, and it
would seem that only a small percentage of eggs hatch
from the oothecaa, that are placed in a position selected
by the parent insect. According to Westwood the
embryos, when ready to emerge, eject a kind of saliva
from their mouth, with which to soften the ootheca
along its serrated edge, and so make emergence easy.
On escaping the nymphs are Avhite and wingless ;
otherwise they are miniatures of their parents. It is
not quite certain whether or not a moult immediately
occurs ; one takes place about a month later, and
another at the end of the first year. Further moults
occur at the end of each year, till, after six or seven,
the nymph becomes an image. Growth, therefore, is
slow. Wing-rudiments are present during the last
two or three stadia. When the time for the final

BLATTA OKIENTALIS. 97

change occurs, the skin cracks along the back of the

o O

thorax, and the imago slowly and carefully draws itself
out. As after each moult (ecdysis), it is at first

white, but in about three davs it attains its full colour.

The nymph, which in appearance closely resembles
the female imago, is, like her, almost black in colour.

DATE. — Living under artificial conditions of warmth

and protection, 13. oriental i* is probably continuous-
brooded, though it is of course possible that inherited
habits may keep it to its natural breeding season.

HABITS, ETC.- -Coming no doubt from a warmer
climate than our own, the common cockroach seeks
out spots for a habitation where a genial temperature
is fairly continuous. Hence its predilection for kitchens,
bakehouses, Zoological Gardens, etc., where, in addition
to the warmth, food is easily procurable. It is an
omnivorous feeder, scarcely anything coming amiss-
ink, blacking, the film on photographic plates, its dead
companions, cast-skins, and empty oothecse. Cucumber,
we are told, disagrees with it, and, according to some,
phosphorus-paste is fatal. If B. oi-i<'nt(iU* gets access
to human food it spoils more than it eats, owing to the
unpleasant odour left behind it. In its habits it is
nocturnal, hiding in narrow crevices during the day,
its flattened build specially fitting it for so hiding.
Still the cockroach has some compensating points- -it
is a useful scavenger, and an enemy of the bed-bug.
TTe have been told that it has been employed in
medicine, and that it even has a pleasant taste ; but
its great use is in the biological laboratory. There
great numbers are dissected: for B. orientalis is

readily obtainable and at the same time serves admir-

•/

ably as the type of an insect in a fairly unspecialised
state.

Though it has been taken out of doors occasionally,
there seems to be little, or no, tendency towards
acclimatisation in Britain. On very warm nights it

«/ o

no doubt often conies out into the open air ; but it has
once or twice been met with farther afield than this.

98 BRITISH ORTHOFTERA.

Chitty found it in woods near Barnet (Herts). On
29 March 1907 W. Daws took a female in a garden
(presumably at Mansfield, Notts) at a distance from
any house in a heap of garden refuse : it was very
stupefied and did not attempt to escape. Morley
found two specimens on 9 January 1896, hibernating
beneath the bark of a large elm- tree at Ewell, near
Epsom, but he had never heard of any other " wild '
catch : there was a cottage about a hundred yards
away, but no other houses were in the vicinity. On 81
January 1911 Burr found this cockroach, along with
Blattella germanica, within a rubbish -heap in a brick-
yard near Cheriton in Kent (see p. 90). In the Hope
Collection at Oxford there is a female nymph, labelled
" under bark of tree 10 feet up, K.Gr." [perhaps " Kew
Gardens "] (Burr).

DISTRIBUTION.- -In B. orientalis we have a cosmo-
politan species, which is now found practically every-
where. It had in fact become such a wanderer that
its original home was uncertain. Linnaeus says :
" Habitat in America, hospitatur in Oriente." (It is a
native of America, but has taken up its abode in the
East.) Further he says : " Hodie in Russise adja-
centibus regionibus frequens ; incepit nuperis tem-
poribus Holmise, 1 739, uti dudum in Finlandia.':
(Common at the present day in parts near Russia, it
has lately, 1739, reached Stockholm, and but just
appeared in Finland.) He is mistaken with regard to
America, for B. orientalis is a native of the Old World,
and, so far as Britain is concerned, does not belie its
scientific name. Perhaps its original habitat has at
last been discovered, for Shelf or d says (referring to
4 Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersbourg ' xii (1907) p. 401) :
" Curiously enough it has not been met with in a
truly wild state until quite recently ; the first speci-
mens that were found were caught in houses, and
though it has always been assumed that it was
imported into Europe from the East, I am not aware
that it has ever been found in Asia except as an

BLATTA OBIENTALIS. 99

•unwelcome guest in human habitations. The dis-
covery of specimens in the Crimean peninsula living
under dead leaves, vegetable detritus and stones, in
woods and copses far from any human habitation, is
a fact of considerable interest, and it is perhaps per-
missible now to regard Southern Russia as the centre
whence this ubiquitous insect has spread." This in
itself does not constitute a proof that the original home
of B. orientalis has been discovered, for but nineteen
specimens in all were examined ; but there is a very
fair probability that such is the case ; all the same,
though it has now spread practically all over the
world, it still inhabits principally Asia and Europe-
almost always, it would seem, living indoors under
artificial conditions.

DISTRIBUTION IN BRITAIN.

Following the trade routes B. orientalis made its way to
Holland and England in the reign of Elizabeth. Early in the
seventeenth century Swammerdam knew it as an inhabitant
of Holland,, and spoke of it as: " Insectum illud Indicum, sub
nomine Kak'kerlak satis notum ' -the Indian insect well known
as Kakkerlak. In 16:24 Moufet, in his 'Insectorum Theatrum/
speaks of its occurrence in wine-cellars, etc., in England. It
seems to have spread here slowly, for Gilbert White, in 1790,
speaks of it as an unusual insect at Selborne. By 1829 it was
established at Derby. It is possible that it may not yet have
reached some northern and western villages. It has, however,
been observed in the Scilly Isles, in the Isle of Man, and in
the Orkneys.

In Sibbald's " Historia Aniuialium in Scotia' ('Scotia
Illustrata/ 1684) we find, Blatta, the Moth-fly, which is pre-
sumably B. orientalis. In a "List of Insects found in the
neighbourhood of Edinburgh ' by C. Stewart, published in
the ' Memoirs of the Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc/ for 1809,
vol. i, p. 572, occurs Blatta orientalis. In Gr. Don's "Account
of the Plants and Animals of the County of Forfar '
(Headrick's ' View of the Agriculture of Angus, or For-
farshire/ 1813, Appendix, p. 50) we read: " Blatta orientalis
found in some of the bakehouses in the seaport towns."

* < A Naturalist in Borneo/ p. 115, 1916.

100 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

Evans"* speaks of it as- -" Common in kitchens, bakehouses, etc.
in most towns. I have found it occasionally even in isolated
farmhouses, and Mr. R. Godfrey tells me cockroaches, no doubt
of this species, are common in coal-pits about Bo'ness. I also
heard of their presence in a coal-pit near Dalkeith a number
of years ago." It is reported from Paisley (A. M. Stewart],
and as abundant in houses, etc., in the Ellangowan district of
Dumfries (B. McGowan). In Ireland it has occurred in
Dublin, Donegal, and Armagh (fide S. W. Kemp), etc.
Probably B. orientalis is dominant over B. germanica and
P. americana, although it has been thought that B. germanica
is displacing it in Vienna. In Kew Gardens it seems to be
less common than P. austro2asise.

Genus 4. PERIPLANETA Burm.

Periplaneta BURMEISTER Handb. Eiit. vol. ii, p. 502 . . . 1838.
Cacerlaca SAUSSURE Mem. Hist. Nat. Mexique. Blatt.,p. 71 . 1864.
Blatta auctorum.

Sexes very similar ; antennas slender, longer than
the body. Pronotum with margins convex, lateral
ones deflexed and approaching anteriorly, so that the
front margin is narrow, pronotnm not covering the
back of the head, widest beyond the middle. Elytra
.and wings usually extending considerably beyond the
tip of the abdomen. Legs strongly spined, spines on
tibiae arranged in three rows ; basal segment of hind
tarsi as long as, or longer than, the remaining
segments together; the whole tarsus spined "beneath;
pulvilli very small. Cerci and styles long. Type of
the genus Periplaneta americana Linn.

TABLE or SPECIES.

1. Elytrn unicolorous ; pronotum bright brown,

clouded ; cerci of male long, curved after

death, rather light in colour . . . americana.

2. Elytra with a yellow streak in the mediastinal

area ; pronotum dark with a yellow border ;

cerci straight, darker .... australasise.

* 'Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist.' Jan. 1901.

TERIPLANETA AMERICANA. 101

1. Periplaneta americana Linn.

(Plate VI, figs. 3-6 ; PL VII, fig-. 6 ; PL IX, fig. 1 ;

PL XI, fig. L)

americana LINN. Syst. Nat. (ed. x). vol. i. p. 424,

n. 4 . . . . . . 1758— Blatta.

„ SERV. Ann. Sci. Nat, xxii. p. 39 . 1831 — Kakerlac.

„ BTJRM. Haiidb. Ent. vol. ii, p. 503 . 1838— Periplaneta.
BRUNNER Nouv. Syst. Blatt. p. 232.

pi. v, f. 24 . 1865— Periplaneta.
„ BRUNNER Prod, der Ear. Orth. p.

50, pi. i, f. 11 . . . . IS82— Periplaneta.

„ ELAND SHA\Y Syn. Brit. Orth. in

Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 371. f. 2 . . 1889— Periplaneta.

FINOT Fiiune de la Fr.. Orth. p. 83 . 1889— Per iplaneta.

BURR Brit. Orth. p. 26, pi. ii, f. 6 . 1897— Periplaneta.

Americana KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. i, p. 140 . 1904 — Periplaneta.

americana SHELFORD Gen. Ins. Fasc. 109. p. 18 1910 — Periplaneta.

BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 17 . 1910— Periplaneta.

„ LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc.

p. 37, pi. iii, f. 6, (>a . . . 1915 — Periplaneta.

(Other synonyms are : B. kakkerlac De G-eer ; B. aureluinensis Four-
croy ; B. sicdfolia Stoll ; B. a n ,-a ntiaca Stoll ; P. stolida Walker.)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

americana, 4. B. ferrnginea, thoracis clypeo postice exalbido.
Habitat in America.

Major B. orientali, sed simillima. Elytra Alxqne
corpore longiores. Antennae lonyte.

(C. Linnaeus, ' Syst. Nat.' torn, i, p. 424, 1758.)

MALE IMAGO (PL IX, fig. 1).-- General colour bright
sienna-brown. Length about 35 mm. Antenna3- much
longer than the body. Pronotum mottled, in a ring-
within the margin, with lighter brown. Elytra some-
what pointed at the tip ; elytra and wiugs (fig. 15)
both longer than the abdomen. Legs bright brown,
heavily spined. Supra-anal plate notched, pellucid.
Oerci long, tapering, curved after death. Styles long.

FEMALE IMAGO (PL XI, fig. I).- -Colour and size
much as in the male. Wings, in this sex also, longer
than the body. Elytra slightly truncate at the tip.
Abdomen broader. Cerci more straight and less

tapering. Supra- anal plate brown, not pellucid.

OOTHECA (fig. 13, no. 4).- -Dark brown, with suture
dorsal. Those which I possess apparently contain at

102 BRITISH ORTHOPTEKA.

the most 14 eggs--one seems to have only ten.
Nevertheless it may be correct that the normal number
is 16. In shape the ootheca closely resembles that of
/>'. orientalis, but is perhaps a little more rectangular.*

Rather uniform rich sienna-brown, mottled

with a lighter tint on the dorsal surface of the thorax.
Abdomen darker, legs paler. Cerci straight, lanceo-
late, dark.

VARIATION.- -P. americana is subject to a little
variation in size ; otherwise it is fairly constant,
except in the mottling of the pronotum. Here the
paler tint is sometimes greater in extent and more
sharply defined, giving somewhat the appearance of
the pronotum of P. australasise. Brunner mentions
" varietas pronoti disco toto pallido."

DATE.- -No doubt the same should be said of this
species (and of P. australasiae, and L. surinamensis)
as of B. orientalis (p. 97). A P. americana was,
however, found at Liverpool Docks, with its ootheca
protruding, on 30 December 1904.

HABITS, ETC.- -P. americana is the largest of the
cockroaches that breed in Britain. Apparently there
is no likelihood of its being acclimatised out-of-doors,
but the list of its adopted haunts under artificial
conditions is a long one :- -houses, breweries, bake-
houses, warehouses, docks, sugar-refineries, rubber
and dye works, nurseries, hothouses, Zoological
Gardens, etc. On 23 October 1910 a good number
(taken to be this species) were seen in the old
insect-house at the Zoological Gardens. They were
continually emerging from the grating over the
hot-water pipes, and ate readily some sugar put
clown for them. Previously, on 22 May 1907, in the
insect-house this cockroach was noticed to be quite
at home in a free state, and apparently its presence

* I have oothecse of Ectobius and Elattella, which look' as if they had been
deposited in an unfinished state, and so under unnatural conditions. Perhaps
this may sometimes help to explain the varying time of carrying the ootheca
and the varying interval that elapses before hatching.

PKRIPLANETA AMERICANA. 103

there was well known to the sparrows, for while we
were watching a sparrow carried away a specimen
from before us. Possibly the same thins: had occurred

«/ o

before, as several wings and other remains were
noticed near, the feast apparently having taken place
on the spot when the house was free of visitors. In
1897 Bell-Marley found them at the Junior U.S. Club
in London, in the cellars. He could hear the rustling
of their wings as they hurried away, and he saw
manv in the act of flying. F. AY. Edwards had

e/ t/

some specimens sent to him from a coalmine in
Monmouthshire, where they were known to have
been present for some years. Bignell speaks of
P. (imericana as driving out B. orientdlis at Plymouth:

O J

while, on the other hand, Carter told Burr that it was
once common at Bradford, but that it had disappeared
and been replaced by B. tjermanica and B. orientalis.
From its being so great a pest on board many ships, it
is often spoken of as the "ship-cockroach." As
regards food it seems to be practically omnivorous.

DISTRIBUTION.- -According to Brunner, " Cette
Blattaire se rencontre dans le monde entier " : it is
in fact a cosmopolitan species. In England it is
numerous at the Zoological Gardens, in docks, ware-
houses, etc. In Europe it is abundant under similar

conditions. Finot savs that in France it is found

in ports, vessels, shops of colonial produce, sugar-
refineries, and hothouses : it is naturalised only in
certain ports of the Mediterranean coast. Though
TTalsh doubts if P. americana is really indigenous to
America but suspects its importation from Asia, it
does appear to hail from South America and has
followed the trade-routes over nearly all the world.
In Honolulu it often flies durins: the day.* In Cairo

it was found indoors (F. "W. Sowerby).

* •' It is probably the species of which Captain John Smith,, of Virginia
fame, wrote in 1624 — ' a certaine India Bug, called by the Spaniards a
Cacarootch, the which creeping into Chests they eat and defile with their
ill-scented dung' ( Shelf ord, 'A Naturalist in Borneo,' p. 115 (1916).

104 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

DlSTKIBUTION IN BRITAIN.

Perhaps the earliest reference we have to P. americana as
British is Stephen's statement in his 'Illustrations' as to its
being frequently taken in London previous to 1835. It was
first recorded from Burton in 1842 (Jourdain) and in 1869
had inhabited the breweries there for some years (Brown).
From the following localities at least it has also been recorded ;
but it is not always certain whether the references are to

«/

casuals or colonists : —

ENGLAND. — Cambridge: (Sopfi). Derbyshire: Burton,
breweries [Brown] ; occasionally in Derby (Pullen). Devon :
(About twelve years since (in Hit. 1903) Bignell observed a
great number in the streets of Plymouth, evidently having
flown from a ship then in Great Western Dock. Since that
time they have established themselves in several bakehouses
in Plymouth (Bignell).) Common in Plymouth in houses,
bakehouses, etc. (Bracken 1913). Gloucestershire: (Edwards).
Kent: Dover (Burr). Lancashire: Leyland near Preston in
rubber-works (Charnley) ; Liverpool docks (C. W. Dale 1886,
Charnley 1904) ; Manchester — in rubber-, dye-, and sugar-
works (Chappell), from a brewery yard in Feb. and June
1903 (Sopp), Ancoats, one (Crabtree), in Princess Street
(Nathan). London: Zoological Gardens (Lucas) ; about two
dozen, taken April 1916, in a warehouse in the City, amongst
bales of rush baskets from Japan (Moore) ; Covent Garden,
two, 20 Feb. 1897 (Bell-Marley, who did not think them
established there) ; Silvertown, thoroughly established in a
sugar refinery (Lucas) ; warehouses near the Thames, Red
Lion, and Bloomsbury Square (H. C. R. ' Science Gossip/
1868); Junior U.S. Club cellars 1897, established (Bell-
Marley). Middlesex: Forty Hill, Enfielcl, nymphs and
imagines, 20 March 1907 (Edelsten) ; Chiswick, Royal Horti-
cultural Society's Gardens, 7 November 1896, a fine speci-
men (Wright). Monmouthshire : a coal-mine at Pontnewydd,
established (Edwards). Norfolk: (Edwards). Notts: Work sop,
casual, 20 Mar. 1902 (Eland Shaw) ; Mansfield, male and
female, 19 Feb. 1906 (Daics), Surrey : Kew Gardens — a
large one found in the tropical propagating pits, April 1897 ;
one imago and three nymphs found alive in a case received,
18 October 1898, from the Belgian Congo State; four fine
specimens found in a case of plants from Singapore, June
1899; and two imagines in a package from Burma, March
1900. This species, which has established itself at the Zoo-
logical Gardens in Regent's Park, does not seem to have done
so at present in Kew Gardens — or at any rate not to the same

PEEIPLANETA AMERICANA. 105

extent as P. australasiss. Yorkshire: Goole (Burr) ; Keighley
(B utter field) -, Bradford and Huddersfield (Porritt).

WALES. — Glamorgan : Swansea, brought to H. R. Wakefield
on 4 Jan. 1917 from Pentre Pit (depth not known) ; the colliers
call them " pit beetles"; they are abundant in the colliery
workings.

SCOTLAND. — " The only place in which I have met with this
large species, to which the name of " Ship Cockroach ' has
been applied, is in the palm house of the Royal Botanic
Garden in Edinburgh, where, in July 1879, I obtained
several. One which I still possess has been shown to Mr.
Burr, who confirms my identification. I have heard of its
occurrence elsewhere in Edinburgh or Leith." (W. Evans,
f Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist.' Jan. 1901.) [Apparently they have
since disappeared from the Gardens.]

IRELAND. — Belfast : (fide Kemp). Dublin : abundant in a
soap factory (Carpenter).

2. Periplaneta australasise Fabr.

(Plate VII, fig. 7; PL IX, fig. 2; PL XI, fig. 2; and

figs. 11 and 17 in text.)

australasise FABR. Syst. Ent. p. 271. n. 5 . 1775 — Blatta.

„ BURM. Handb. Ent. ii, p. 503, 11. 4 . 1838 — Periplaneta.
„ BRUNNER Nouv. Syst. Blatt. p. 233,

n. 11 1865 — Periplaneta.

„ ELAND SHAW Syn. Brit. Orth. in Ent.

Mo. Mag. p. 371 . . . 1889— Pe rip Ian et a.

BURR Brit. Orth. p. 26, pi. ii, f. 7 . 1897— Periplaneta.

Australasia? KIREY Syn. Cat. Orth. i, p. 141. . 1904 — Periplaneta.
australasise MANGAN Mth. pts. of some Blattidae

(Proc. Roy. Irish. Acad.) pis. i-iii . 1908 — Periplaneta.

BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 17 . 1910— Periplaneta.

„ SHELFORD Gen. Ins. Fasc. 109, p.1 18 1910 — Periplaneta.
„ LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc. p. 37,

pi. ii, ff. 7, 7 a . . . . 1915 — Periplaneta.

„ SHELFORD Nat. in Borneo, p. 115

et. seqq. ...... 1916 — Periplaneta.

(Other synonyms are : B. doming ensis Beauvois ; P. zonata de Haan ;
P. repanda Walker ; P. subcincta Walk. ; P. inclusa Walk. ; P.
emittens Walk. ; Polyzosteria subornata Walk, (nymph).)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

Blatta australasise.

5. B. ferruginea, thorace atro ; annulo albo, elytris basi lineola alba.
Capta frequens in nave e mari pacifico et regionibus incognitis rever-
tente.

106

BRITISH ORTHOPTEKA.

Magnitude et statnra B. americanse. Caput atrura, margine baseos
albo. Thorax ater, iiitens, annnlo rnagno albo. Margo tamen
omnis ater. Elytra ferruginea, striata, Tinea longitudinal! alba ad
marginem exteriorem baseos.

(J. C. Fabricius, ' Syst. Ent.' p. 271, 1775.)

MALE IMAGO (PL IX, fig. 2). --General colour rich
sienna-brown. Length some 27 mm. Head with a
yellow ring round the insertion of the antennas, and a
great part of the face yellowish-brown; antennae
exceeding the body in length. Pronotum with a bright,
distinct, yellow ring within the margin, broader pos-
teriorly ; disc and margin of pronotum dark. Elytra
with the mediastinal area yellow, reaching (as well as

?,M_ C

FIG. 17. — Periplaneta australasix Fabricius. Dorsal and ventral aspect

( x 1-5). c, coxae.

the wings) beyond the tip of the abdomen. Legs (fig. 11)
with the femora somewhat paler, strongly spined.
Supra-anal plate notched. Cerci rather dark brown,
lanceolate, nearly straight.

FEMALE IMAGO (fig. 17).- -Female closely resembling
the male ; but slightly darker, a little broader and less
graceful in outline, wing-tips slightly less pointed,
and the supra-anal plate notched and strongly arched.

NYMPH.- -Sienna-brown, rather prettily mottled and
spotted with lighter brown. (A very small one, about
3 mm. long (which I take to be this species) has two
transverse whitish bands, one behind the pronotum
and the other across the abdomen.)

PEBIPLAXETA AUSTRALASIA. 107

VARIATION. --Size and general colouring are fairly
constant. The arrangement and relative proportions
of the two colours on the pronotum vary somewhat,

and the ' yellow rino- is sometimes nearly obsolete.

«/ «/

A specimen from the Victoria regia House in Kew
Gardens had the yellow ring of the pronotum reduced
to a thin band anteriorly and a three-pointed spot
behind : the face also was dark in colour.

DATE.- -No doubt the same may be said of this
species as of filittfa orientalis on p. 97.

HABITS, ETC.- -Some cockroaches that are domiciled
with us act the part of scavengers to a great extent,
and, though obnoxious in many ways, probably do
very little real damage. Apparently, however, this
cannot be said of P. (iitxti-tditxiaB; the reports of
damage done by it are too frequent and definite.*
Apart from a considerable number of casual examples
which are from time to time reported as arriving
here, this cockroach is often found established in
orchid and other glasshouses, in Botanic Gardens,

o '

in the Zoological Gardens, and in similar places. On

12 January 1914 in the warm tortoise-house in the

Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, some imagines
of P. australasiae were seen. One, apparently hurt,
wriggled on its back down to the water. After a
time a Painted Terrapin (Ghrysemys picta) of North
America caught and ate it. Xo doubt in such a
locality the conditions of existence are very favour-
able to it. Apparently the same may be said of Kew
Gardens, where it is strongly established : it appears
to be the most abundant of the cockroaches found
there. I had several times received consignments
from the Gardens, and on 10 April 1897 I paid a
visit to examine it in its adopted home. AVe went
first to one of the very hot forcing-pits, where some
were generally to be found, but did not see any.
Specimens that had been previously captured and

* Shelf ord found it a serious museum-pest in Sarawak ('A Naturalist in
Borneo/ p. 116).

108 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

were in a box were very lively, no doubt owing to
the very warm atmosphere. We then went to the
Palm House, where a large number of very lively
individuals were found ; two only, however, were

*/~

imagines- -most were very small. They were chiefly
to be met with on palms, bananas, and so forth, hiding
amongst the dead leaves, etc., on the stems and trunks.
Phosphorus-paste had been freely used to mitigate the
nuisance, and it was thought with some effect.

Of P. australasiaB at Kew, W. Watson wrote in
the ' Bulletin ' : " Their haunts are dry holes and
corners about the stages and hot-water pipes, the
sheathing-bases of palm, banana, and pandanus leaves,,
and among the crocks in large plant-pots and tubs.
They are in hiding during the day, but at night they
come out and run or fly about among the plants^
devouring flowers and leaves like rabbits. Such
plants as Eucharis, Crinum, and Alpinia, when in
flower, have little chance in the palm house, where
the cockroaches are most abundant ; they also find
out the ripening bananas and soon devour them..
They are as clever as mice in scenting food and more
clever in learning what to avoid in the shape of a
trap or poison. Jars with a little treacle at the
bottom will trap them for a few weeks, then the bait
must be changed to beer, linseed-oil, or sugar and
water, otherwise the cockroaches cease to be attracted.
We have caught as many as 400 in one
night in the palm house, and as they appear to be
vegetarians as a rule and to eat a great deal of food
it will be seen how troublesome they may become
in large plant-houses. In the smaller houses they
give less trouble, because they can be more easily
kept clown. They breed very rapidly and the young
start foraodno- very early. : (' Wild Fauna and Flora

«/ u

of Kew Gardens,' vi.)

DISTRIBUTION.- -It seems quite clear that australaside
is a misnomer. Shelford thinks it an infrequent
immigrant only into Australia, and that its real home

PERIPLANETA AUSTBALASLE. 109

may be South-eastern Asia or tropical Africa. It is
now a cosmopolitan species. It is established in
Britain and other parts of Europe, while it is
recorded from Madeira, St. Thomas, Batavia, Columbia,
Padang, Florida, Central America, and Brazil at least.

DISTRIBUTION IN BRITAIN.

Occurrences of this cockroach,, which have come under my
notice, are fairly numerous; but, as with P. americana, it is
nob always clear whether the references are to residents or
casuals. Early in 1886 McLachlaii received for identifica-
tion several examples of P. australasiae which had been
found, probably in a warehouse, at Belfast.* Although it
had already been noticed as occurring* in several continental
ports, this was thought to be its first appearance as a British
insect. There are, however, specimens in one of Westwood's
"Economic Cabinets" in the Hope Museum at Oxford. One
of these is described as, " destroying orchids end of August
1865"; and the other as, "doing mischief in orchid-house in
1871." C. W. Dale could carry the record even farther back,
for he sayst : "There appears to be a mistaken idea in the
minds of some entomologists that these [P. australasiae and
P. americana, etc.] are recent additions to the British fauna.
This is not so, for I have specimens of the former taken in a
grocer's shop at Sherborne as long ago as 1839, but which
have stood in my collection as representatives of the latter."
In the " Dale Collection," no\v in Oxford, two examples-
an imago and a nymph — judging by the labels, are the
specimens referred to. I first made acquaintance with this
species as a British insect on 20 April 1895 when Mrs. W. D.
Drury gave me a specimen which she took out in the open
on that date in Kew Gardens. Records so far received or
noticed are :

ENGLAND. — Cambridgeshire: Cambridge, Botanic- Gardens,
flourishing in 1893 (D. Sharp). Cornwall: Truro, one, May
1906 (Rollaston). Derbyshire: Accidentally imported with
plants from Queensland, and first noticed at Calke Abbey, in
1897; now a resident, breeding in one of the outhouses
(Harpur-Crewe, fide Jourdain, 1905); Buxtoii, 1904 (Sopp).
Dorset: Sherborne (C. W. Dale). Gloucestershire: (Edwards).
Hants; Brockenhurst, 1906, a nymph amongst bananas ( If. E.
Sharp) ; Bishop's Waltham, at Swanmore Park Gardens,

* ' Ent. Mo. Mag.' 1887, p. 235.
f ' Entomologist/ 1896, p. 164.

110 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

established and numerous (Molynenx). Lancashire : Liver-
pool Docks, from a cargo of linseed (Hardy) ; Wavertree,
from hot-houses, where the insects are believed to nibble the
aerial roots of orchids (Harrison] ; Worsley, naturalised
(Stott), whence they have been received in all stages of
growth during the past few years [1905] (Sopp). Lincoln-
shire : Louth, one female, 1902 (Carter). London: Zoological
Gardens (Lucas); Brixton (Taylor). Middlesex: Orchid-
house at Potter's Bar (Bedwell). Notts: Mansfield, a male,.
14 February 1907" (Daws) ; Wiseton Hall, numerous in glass-
houses, 1902 (Shaw). Suffolk: Occasionally imported to
Ipswich in linseed, etc. (Morley). Surrey: Orchid-house,
Camberwell, 1899 (Lucas) ; Kew Gardens — Apart from those
bred in the Gardens, a number have arrived in cases from
abroad : a nymph found on living plants from Ootacamund in
India, 3 April 1897 ; two in a box from Dominica about April
1897 ; a nymph, received July 1898, in a case from Buitenzorg,
Java; a nymph, received April 1901, in a Wardian case
from Calcutta ; a nymph, amongst Catasetum lonyifolium
from Demerara, about April 1897 ; one imago from pit A, about
April 1897 ; one imago and two nymphs, received 18 October
1898, in a case from the Belgian Congo State (Lucas, fKew
Bulletin/ Addl. Series, v, 1906). Sussex: Preston near
Brighton, one (Morris). Yorkshire: Barnsley, one in bananas
(Bay ford) • Keighley, 1914 (Porritt) ; Bradford district
(Carter) ; abundant, 1898, in a greenhouse at Shibden,
Halifax (Porritt).

WALES. — Glamorgan: Brought 29 Jan. 1917 to H. R.
Wakefield, Swansea, by the Spanish Consul, who said that
these cockroaches had played havoc with his orchids, more
especially the Catleyias and Vandas. As new growth makes
its appearance it is immediately devoured by these unwelcome
visitors. Probably they came over with some S. American
orchids.

SCOTLAND. — Edinburghshire : " Wishing to know if P. ameri-
cana was still present at the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, I
wrote to Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, and have received from
him the following interesting information : ' The Cockroach
at the Garden for the last few years is P. australasise. When
I have desired Cockroaches, and they have been trapped for
me, this is the one we always get* (in litt, 5 December 1900).
It would thus appear that P. americana has been ousted by this
form' (Evans, Jan. 1901). Perthshire: In an orchid-house
at Fargandenny, where it had been observed for three years,
and had caused a deal of damage (Waimvright) . Renfrew-

PERIPLANETA AUSTRALASIA. Ill

shire : One, alive, out of a cluster of bananas from the Canary
Islands, in a fruiterer's shop at Paisley, about the end of 1900
(Stewart}.

IRELAND. — Armagh: Belfast (McLachlan). Dublin: Dublin,
greenhouses in the Botanic G-ardens (Halbert).

Genus 5. LEUCOPHJEA Brunner.

Leucophsea BRUNNER Nouv. Syst. Blatt, p. 278 .... 1865.
Pycnoscelus SCUDDER Boston Journ. Nat. Hist, vii, p. 424, nymph 1862.

(\tvKo<j)aio£ = fuscus.)

This name was introduced by Brunner in his
'Nouveau Systeme des Blattaires ' in 1865, as a sub-
genus of Panchlora Burm., to contain those insects
with " Color fuscus vel testaceus," p. 272. He placed
in the sub-genus P. surinamensis Linn., P. nicjra
Brunn., P. pcecila Schaum., and P. maderde Fabr.
Later he restricted the sub-genus to L. surinamensis
and L. niger. The name Pycnoscelus was created for
a genus in which to place P. obscurus, which Scudder
thought new, but which was really the nymph of
L. surinamensis. Type of the genus, Leucophaea
surinamensis Linn.

1. Leucophaea surinamensis Linn.
(Plate VII, fig. 8 ; PL X, figs. 1 and 2 ; PL XI, fig. 3.)

surinamensis LINN. Syst. Nat. (ed. x) i, p. 424,

n. 3 l75S—Blatta.

„ BRUNNER Nouv. Syst. Blatt. p. 278,

n. 12, pi. 7, f. 32 A-E . . 1865— Panchlora.

„ BURR Brit. Orth. p. 28, pi. 2 a, f. 2 . 1897 — Leucophaea.

„ KIRBY, Syn. Cat. Orth. i, p. 151 . 1904 — Leucophsea.

„ LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Eiit. Soc.

p. 38, figs. 8. 8 a, 8b . . . 1915 — Leucopluvu.

[Other synonyms are : Blatta melanocephala Stoll ; B. indict i
Fabricins ; B. punctata Esch. ; B. corticum Serv. ; Panchlora
submarginata Walker ; P. occipitalis Walk. ; P. celebesa Walk. ;
Pycnoscelus obscurus Scudder (iiymph).J

(B. inclica of Fal^ricius is a small form (which some still consider
distinct) with abbreviated elytra).

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

surinamensis. 3. B. livida, thoracis margine antico albo.

Habitat Surinam!.

(C. Linnaeus, ' Syst. Nat,' ed. x, torn, i, p. 424, 1758.)

112 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

]\JALK IMAGO (PL XI, fig. 3). --General colour dark
brown. Len</tit some 20 mm. Head black; mouth-
parts yellowish; a yellow ring round the insertion of the
antrninv, which are rather short. Pronotum black and
shining, with a pale yellowish anterior margin. Elytra
fully developed, yellow-brown, with a pale streak in
the mediastinal area and a dark streak anterior to it
near the base of the elytron. Wings fully developed,
anterior part similar in appearance to the elytra, the
remainder slightly smoky. Legs yellow-brown, heavily
spined. Abdomen dark above, sometimes ornamented
a little with marginal yellowish spots ; below, -to a
great extent of a deep russet tint. Cerci very short,
triangular.

FEMALE IMAGO. — Closely resembling the male as the
colour is the same, and elytra and wings are fully
developed, although the elytra are usually perhaps
rather shorter than in the male. The length in this
sex may be usually rather greater.

NYMPH (PI. X, fig. 2).- -Very dark above, chiefly
russet below ; legs yellow-brown. A large specimen
had two transverse dorsal yellowish bands (connected
at their extremities) on the abdomen near the base, and
a single one near the apex. Brunner* thus describes
the nymph :--u La larve est d'une forme ovale tres-
prononcee, en ce que son abdomen est beaucoup plus
large que le pronotum. Toute sa surface est brim
fonce et tons les bords sont finement liseres d'un brim
un peu plus clair ; la band testacee du bord anterieur
du pronotum, que Ton observe dans les individus
adultes, est effacee. Toute sa surface est luisante, a
1'exception des cinq derniers segments dorsaux de
1' abdomen, qui sont opaques et converts de points
eleves. Cette difference de texture donne a cette larve
un aspect particulier."

OOTHECA. -I have not myself met with a specimen
of the ootheca of this cockroach, but Brunner* thus

* 'Nouveau Systeme de Blattaires/ p. 278 (1865).

LEUCOPH^EA SURINAMENSIS.

describes it:- -"La coque a la forme d'un cylindre
comprime, tres-long ; les quinze compartiments des
deux cotes y sont fortement indiques exterieurement
par des stries enfoncees. La suture est lisse et Ton
remarque que les compartiments des deux cotes se
joignent a la suture en ordre alternant, de sorte que le
compartiment de 1'un des cotes se case ton jours dans
1' angle forme par deux compartiments du cote oppose;
la ligne de jonction va par consequent en zig-zag.
L'oviscapte est couche horizontalement dans le dernier
segment de la femelle. Ses dimensions sont : longueur
8 mm., hauteur 2*8 mm., largeur 1'8 mm."

VARIATION.- -So far as my own experience goes L»
surinamensis varies little in colour and general appear-
ance, but may do so considerably in size. An imago
received from Kew Gardens, 29 September 1909,
measured only 16 mm. in length. Sopp has one
measuring but 15 mm., while another in his possession
measures 24 mm. Tarsal segments are sometimes
reduced to four.

DATE. — As this cockroach is found only under arti-

«/

ficial conditions in Britain, no doubt the same must be
said of its breeding habits as of those of B. orientalis
(vide p. 97).

DISTRIBUTION.- -L. surinamensis is now a cosmo-
politan species, having spread, through the influence
of trade, from its tropical home to many other parts
of the globe. It has been noted from Britain, France,
Spain, Burmah, Amoy, India, Java, Philippines, China,
Senegal, Cayenne, Martinique, Central America, Brazil,
Mexico, United States, British Columbia, Honolulu,*
and no doubt several other places.

HABITS AND BRITISH LOCALITIES.

This cockroach seems to have been first recorded for Britain
by Burr,t Ghiermonprez having' sent him one of two taken

De Bormans says it is found in Honolulu under stones; but it is not
very common, the males being- very rare.
t ' Ent. Mo. Mag/ 2nd series, viii, p. 14.

114 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

in a house at Bognor, Sussex, and supposed to have been
imported from Madeira in bananas. One would gather from
this that the date of first appearance of L. surinamensis in
Britain was just prior to 1897. Reference, however, to Professor
Westwood's "Economic Cabinets " in the Hope Museum at
Oxford carries the date back at least to 1868. Specimens
there are credited with eating plants and stove fruits in house
(April, 1868) and destroying orchids (March, 1869). In
WestwoocFs Economic Collection there are also some undated
specimens accompanied by the following interesting letter : —

GENTLEMEN,

I herewith enclose for your inspection two species of Beetles which
.are most pernicious to Pines.

They first attack them when in bloom, gnawing the flowers to such
an extent that causes great deformity in the Fruit, which, when
commenced ripening, they burrow holes in, so that frequently before
the fruit is quite colored the better half of it is consumed.

I have been battling with these pests for the last five years, and
trying to exterminate them but, am sorry to say, the more I fight the
stronger they seem to get, as they breed at a most inconceivable rate in
the plunging material which is composed of tan and leaves.

I have employed Phosphorus but to no purpose, and latterly have
laid traps for them in the following manner.

I get a lot of three inch pots and place in each a slice of carrot — then
half fill the pots with moulded [? mouldy] hay and place them between
the pines — then at night go round with a pail of hot water and pour
the contents of each trap into it, and have in this manner destroyed
tens of thousands — and yet at this moment the plunging material is
literally alive with them.

Would you kindly give me the names of the species as I have never
met with such before, and also advise what means I can adopt for
getting rid of such formidable pests.

I am, Gentlemen,

Your obedt- serv*-

R. W.

[Sent to the Editors of the ' Gardener's Chronicle/ who presumably
sent it on to Professor Westwood. At the meeting of the Entomological
Society of London on 5 April 1869 Westwood exhibited Blatta inelano-
cephala (presumably = L. surinamensis) as having been found destructive
in orchid-houses in this country. No doubt the exhibit consisted of
•some of the examples at present in his Economic Collection.]

In 1897 (15 Apr.) I received two — an imago and a nymph
-taken in the tropical propagating pits in Kew Gardens, and
in 1898 (9 June) I received another nymph from Kew, found
in cocoa-nut fibre in one of the tropical houses. Nymphs
cannot always be identified with absolute certainty but there
appeared to be no doubt in thesp cases. No further notices
of the insect appeared for a few years, but on 17 October
1904 it was exhibited at the meeting of the Lancashire and
•Cheshire Entomological Society. Four insects, it appears,

LEUCOPH3EA SUBINAMENSTS. 115

had been captured amongst peats at Fallowfield, Manchester.
These were sent to Sopp by Dr. W. E. Hoyle in Sept. 1903,
and'J. R. Hardy visited the locality during* the winter of
1904 and found the species to be apparently breeding amongst
the turfs, some twenty insects, in all stages of growth, having
been sent to Sopp alive. On 30 Dec. 1904 one was caught in
Liverpool Docks by J. Edwards and given to Sopp : this appa-
rently had been introduced amongst grain from San Francisco.

About the same date L. surinamensis occurred abundantly
in a tanpit adjoining the greenhouses of a private garden
between Chelmsford and Bloomfield, Essex, and was doing
considerable harm to the pine-apples, orchids, and other plants.
There was no doubt of its breeding in this locality, as it had
been established for several years and the specimens brought
were of every age and size, from recently hatched young to
mature insects. In the past few years numerous tropical
plants had been brought into the garden and the cockroaches
may have been brought with one of them."*

In 1906 one, which had been taken in Bradford Market,
Yorkshire, was given to J. W. Carter. This, Porritt says,
was the first 'recorded example for Yorkshire. During
1907-8 F. Rhodes gave Carter several specimens from a
hothouse in Lister Park, Manningham, Yorkshire, wrhere the
.species had become firmly established. To conclude the list,
I received from G. T. Lyle a specimen found on Christmas
Day 1908 in a hothouse at Bishopstoke, Hants.

Meanwhile L. surinamensis had become abundant at Kew
Gardens. Though not known to be injurious, still it was
looked on with considerable suspicion. It was infesting the
•cocoa-nut fibre beds in the tropical propagating-houses.
Writing on 20 April 1907, G. Nicholson said it " is, or
was, abundant in the tropical houses. It is extremely
active, and disappears with a diving-like motion under the
fibre. So far we have not noticed that it does any harm,
and it is not trapped like B. orientalis, P. americana, or
P. australasise. Hand-catching seems to be the only way
of dealing with it." Apparently it has taken up its abode
and intends to stay in Kew Gardens. " Handsome is as
handsome does ' no doubt ; but much as the authorities at
Kew would prefer its room to its presence, it is, nevertheless,
.an interesting little " beast" of very elegant proportions, and
will not disgrace the orthopterist's cabinet. t

E. C. Horrell, 'Entomologist/ 1905, p. 92.

t In Ireland this cockroach has been found in Botanic Gardens — in Belfast
(Welch) and in Dublin (H albert).

116 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

CASUAL COCKROACHES.

Quite a large number of species of cockroaches are known to have
occurred as casuals in Britain. Far the greater part no doubt of those
which are seen at all meet an untimely fate beneath the heel of the first
observer, and of those which are preserved many probably have never
been recorded, or the records have escaped my notice. So the some-
what lengthy list that follows is scarcely likely to be by any means
exhaustive. It is quite possible, too, that the identification of even
these is not always reliable. So far as can be seen, none seem likely
to establish themselves here, so their occurrences and the list of them
are really of very little importance. These cockroaches, in fact, cannot
in any sense be looked upon as British insects. Apparently the most
frequently occurring are Ehyparobia maderx Fabr. and some of the
green Pancklorx — P. exoleta Biirm. and one or two other species, not
easily distinguished from the last or from one another. An example of
the former — a casual which I received alive — escaped for a time and
deposited between some papers an ill-formed ootheca. At present my
list of casuals is :

Ischnoptera strigosa Schaum. (= natalensis Wlk.). — One imported to
Kew Gardens (Lucas).

Nyctibora holosericea Burm. (figured in ' Entomologist,' 1900, p. 3).—
One from Ship Canal, Manchester, exhibited at Lane, and dies. Ent.
Soc., 19 March 1906 (Sopp) ; one captured at Kew, June 1904 (Sopp) ;
one in Mansfield Market-place, 28 February 1907 (Daws) ; one, Coveiit
Garden, 6 July 1897, figured in 'Entomologist,' 1900, p. 3 (Burr)- a
nymph (probably) brought to Mr. Daws of Mansfield, April 1908.

Nyctibora brunnea Thunb. — Bradford Market, Yorkshire, one
(Carter).

Nyctibora sericea Burm. — One, Saiidowii, Isle of Wight, 1906
(Taylor).

Heminyctobora truncata Sauss. & Z. — One [? Barnsley] (Bay ford}.

Phoraspis leucogramma Perty.— Liverpool Docks (Sopp).

Epilampra caraibsea Sauss. & Z. — A male from Queen's Square,
Liverpool, received by Sopp, July 1902 (Sopp).

E. burmeisteri Guer. — One, November 1905, and one, January 1906,
from the Ship Canal Docks, Manchester (Sopp).

E. grisea de Geer. — Louth, Lincolnshire (Carter).

Dorylsea rhombifolia Stoll. (= Stylopyga decorata Brun.). — One.
Worksop, 20 March 1902 (Shaw) ; a living nymph, which had partly
eaten another, given me by H. Main, 8 Sept. 1904 ; it came in a sugar-
vessel from Java (Lucas) ; one, Natural History Museum, S. Kensing-
ton, 16 November 1907 (Kirby).

Eurycotis finschiana Sauss. & Z. — Louth, Lincolnshire (Carter).

Rhyparobia maderae Fabr. (figured in 'Entomologist,' 1896, p. 169).-
Several specimens observed in the streets of Plymouth about 20 years
since [note written 1903] having flown from a ship in the Great Western
Railway Docks (Bignell) ; one, found by H. O. Dixon in a desk at
Coveiit Garden, Sept. 1900 (Lucas) ; one, taken at Chelsea, 1894 (Briggs) ;
one, taken at Covent Garden, Nov. 1895 (Briggs) ; one, Bermondsey,
16 June 1896 (Tutt) ; EnfieldPool, August 1907 (Camb. Univ. Museum) ;
one, Surbiton, 17 February 1908 (Lucas) ; several imported into Derby
with fruit : specimens in Derby Museum (Pullen) ; Hoyland Common,
near Barnsley, Yorkshire, alive amongst onions, 10 September (Dyson) ;.
Bradford, Yorkshire, one in an orchid-house (Carter).

CASUAL COCKROACHES. 117

•»

Panchlora exoleta* Burni. — One, at Coalville, Leicestershire, June
1902 (Shaw} ; one, at Maxwelltown, Dumfries, 1902 (Shaw) ; one at
Leeds, 9 December 1904 (Brown) ; in the wholesale market at Hudders-
field. 18 March 1905 (Wattam) ; at Mansfield, Notts, 25 October 1906
(Dau-s) : Hartlepool, one, 19 February 1914 (Gardner) • Skelnianthorpe,
Yorkshire, one flying about in the road (Lawton) ; Bradford, Yorkshire,
in an orchid house (Carter) ; Bradford, another (Carter) ; one, (? Bourne-
mouth) 1913 (Tatchell) ; Plymouth. Devon, one, December 1916.

Panchlora virescens* Thuiib. — Liverpool, exhibited at Lane, and
Ches. Eiit. Soc., 21 March 1904 (Sopp) ; Leylaiid, exhibited at Lane,
and Ches. Eiit. Soc., 17 October 1904 (Charnley] ; Manchester, one in
November, and one in December 1905 (Garnett) ; two, Manchester Ship
Canal Docks.- 21 November 1905 (Ray -Hardy) ; Hoylake, Cheshire,
9 August 1906 (Jennings); Warrington (Collins).

P. nivea* Linn. — Warrington, November 1907 (Sopp) ; one (probably
this species) exhibited at Entom. Soc. Lond., 6 May 1908 (Waterhouse) ;
one, Cupar, Fife, June 1909 (Brown) ; one, on the wing at Treiitham,
North Stafford, October 1910 (Stott) ; Louth. Lincolnshire (Carter).

P. virldis* Fabr. — One (probably this species), Romsey, 3 May 1901
(Jenvey) ; Liverpool, exhibited at Lane, and Ches. Ent. Soc., 21 March
1904 : Liverpool docks, one, 1896 (Sopp) • (probably this species)
occasionally imported into Edinburgh (Emus).

Nauphseta brazzae Bolivar.— Four, found at Kew Gardens, 18 October
1898, in a case from the Belgian Congo State (figured in the ' Wild
Fauna and Flora of Kew,' vi).

N. bivittata Bnrm. (= cinerea Oliv.). — One, found at Kewr Gardens
in a Wardian case received from Calcutta. April 1901 (Figured in the
• Wild Fauna and Flora of Kew.' vi) ; one exhibited at the S. Lond. Eiit.
and Nat. Hist. Soc., 9 Sept. 1909, as N. circumvagans by H. Main — no
doubt this species.

Blabera gigantea Linn. — This very large cockroach, called " The
Drummer " in Central America and the West Indies, has been taken in
Liverpool Docks (W. Gardner) ; West India Docks, London (Stephens) ;
Bradford in Yorkshire, about 1895 (Sopp) ; Huddersfield (Sopp).

Blabera cubensis Sauss. — Two, taken at Oxford — one 16 August 1906,
the other 2 September 1906 (Hamm) ; introduced into Deptford by
Shipping (? one) (Moore}.

(Ectobius palltns Steph. (; 111. Brit. Ins.' Maiid. vi,p. 46) was described
from a single dried specimen, which had been " taken near London."
Eland Shaw says : " Fischer queries it as synonymous with E. lapponicus
Linn." I have examined Stephens' specimen which is in the British
Museum, and it is not an Ectobia, but a Phylladromia, and I should
think it probably a stray exotic species (" Syn. Brit. Orth." in ' Ent.
Mo. Mag.' 1889, p. 369).)

* P. exoleta, P. virescens, P. nivea, and P. viridis are so mvich alike that
identifications are in some cases doubtful. The last three possibly are not
all distinct. These pale green Panchlorss have been taken once or twice in
Ireland.

Sub-Order III. GIRYLLODEA.

(Crickets.)

Four crickets are the sole British representatives
of a group of insects which present not a few points
of interest. Around one of them indeed- -the house-
cricket- -tradition has spread a halo almost of sanctity,
though in real life the housewife and the baker do not
regard it with the same degree of favour. Romance,
however, must be allowed to see with other eyes, when
it contemplates the " Cricket on the Hearth," which
novelists delight to honour and whose praises poets
have so freely sung. The homely song of the cricket
may perhaps be pleasant to some, and for a time may
be tolerated by all on account of its associations ; but
the continuance of its shrill " piping ' may well be
understood to become a nuisance very soon.

•'

We may define the G-RYLLODEA as : Orthoptera with
slender, usually long, antennae. Elytra (at rest) with the
dorsal part lying flat on the body, and the lateral turned
down over the sides. Tarsi usually of three segments ;
In'.nd legs suited for leaping. "Ears" situated on the fore
tibiae, the "musical ' apparatus being found on the basal
part of the elytra of the male. Female with a long exserted
ovipositor (except in Gryllotalpids3 and Tridactylidde).
Cerci long. Many wingless forms.

Seven families are usually given as comprising the
Gryllodea : —

1. TRIDACTYLIDJE. W. 5. (ECANTHIDJE.

W.B. 2. GRYLLOTALPID^:. W. 6. TRIGONIDIID^:.

W. 3. MYRMECOPHILIDJE. 7. ENEOPTERID.E.

W.B. 4. GRYLLIDJE.

In Britain we have representatives of two families-
only. Three of our four species fall into the typical
family — Gryllidae- -the remaining one into the Gryllo-

GRYLLODEA. 119

talpidae. Two only- -Gryllus domesticus and Gri/llotalpa
gryllotalpa--a.re recorded from Scotland. Western
Europe has a far more representative list.

Between the Gryllodea and the next sub-order- -the
Locustodea- -there is a somewhat close connection.
The " musical ' organs are similarly situated, and in
each the female has in general an exserted ovipositor ;
but on the other hand the tarsal segments are different
in number, and the form of the elytra is not the same
in both. This sub-order, however, would form a very
natural group were it not for the Tridactylidae and the
Gryllotalpidae, neither of which has an ovipositor, while
the former has short antennae. Since the Gryllotalpidaa
live underground, their forelegs are so modified as
to become efficient digging organs, resembling quite
noticeably those of the " mole ' itself. (This modifica-
tion of the forelegs is shared with the Tridactvlidaa.)

Speaking of British species primarily, the broad
rounded vertex of the head is not separated from the
" fore-head ' by a furrow as in the Locustodea. The
veining of the elytra is somewhat difficult to folloAr.
Especially is this the case in species where the elytra
are much altered by reduction, as in our wood-cricket
(Neinobius sylvestris) and in the mole-cricket (Gryllo-
talpa gryllotalpa). Further complications of a con-
fusing character are introduced in the case of the males,
in that the basal parts of the elytra are modified to
produce a stridulating instrument, which constitutes
the " musical " apparatus. Fortunately the elucidation
of the nervuration is not necessary for discriminating"

€/ *_V

the four British species, which are so very dissimilar.

Both elytra are similar, the right usually lying upon
the left, the contrary being the general arrange-
ment in the Orthoptera. The wings are very different
from the elytra, being ample and delicate. They are
frequently rolled up at the apex, these portions having
the appearance of a pair of additional cerci,and possibly
being capable of use as sensory organs. The cerci
themselves are not segmented, but are often very long

120 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

and flexible : they bear a variety of sense organs, and
probably act the part of " posterior antennae."

As in the Locustodea the hind legs are usually
employed in jumping, and well some species are able
to use them ; the mid and fore legs are simple walking
legs, except in two families, in which, as already stated,
they are changed into implements for digging. Each
fore leg possesses a pair of tympana, or " ears.': The
tarsi have three segments, the first being long, the
second very short, the third bearing the claws without
pad or membrane betwreen them.

It is scarcely necessary to state that the faculty of
" singing ' is well developed, and our four species are
adepts at the art, but other members of the Gryllodea
leave them far behind. To produce the sound one
elytron has a file on its surface, while the other has a
sharp edge on its margin. When the elytra are rapidly
vibrated the sharp edge acting on the file produces the
" musical ' sound.

Crickets lay eggs without an egg- case of any kind,
and the young resemble the adults somewhat closely,
there being, as with the rest of the Orthoptera, but
little post-embryonic development. They pass through
a. considerable number of ecdyses (possibly as many as
a dozen) before becoming imagines.

CockerelP mentions a couple of fossil Grylloids from
the Oolite in Britain. Woods f states that Gryllidae
occur in the Lias and in the Olio'ocene amber.

Popular names have been bestoived upon each of
our four crickets ; but in this case the reason is
probably not so much to be found in the fact that
they are well known, as that they are sufficiently
distinct from one another to make a common name
possible. So little resemblance in fact is there between
them that an identification table is scarcely necessary.
The following artificial one is, however, given :-

* "Fossil British Insects" ('Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus./ vol. xlix, No. 2119,
p. 470).

t 'Palaeontology/ p. 335.

GRYLLODEA.

121

mm. N. sylvestris.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO BRITISH GRYLLODEA.

A. Ovipositor exserted; fore legs

normal.

(a). Spines of hind tibiae long,
slender,, moveable ; first
segment of hind tarsi not
serrate; species dark
brown, small . . .
(b). Spines of hind tarsi strong,
fixed ; first segment of
hind tarsi serrate on both
sides, species larger.

(1). Very dark and bulky . 23 mm. Gr. campestris.
(2). Greyish - brown ; less
bulky

B. Ovipositor not exserted ; fore

legs modified for digging ;
size very large

18 mm. 6r. domesticus.

45 mm. G. gryllotalpa.

Genus 1. GRYLLOTALPA Latr.

1802.
1758.
1815.

Gryllotalpa LATR. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii. p. '2~~>

Acheta part, LINN. Syst. Nat. (ed. x), i, p. 428

•Curtilla OKEN Lehrb. Nat. iii, p. 445 . ...

(Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth. ii. p. 4 (1906), uses Curtilla, apparently to
avoid the repetition Gryllotalpa cjrijUotalpn.)

DESCRIPTION.- Body downy. Antennae sturdy,
scarcely longer than the pronotum, with many seg-
ments. Two lateral ocelli developed, but the middle
one abortive. Pronotum large and shield -like. Elytra
reduced in size and somewhat triangular in shape ;
nervuration not normal. Wings fully developed in
both sexes ; in a position cf rest the tips rolled
up forming a tail. Fore legs much altered to form
implements for digging. Mid and hind legs as in
the rest of the Gryllodea : posterior femora dilated.
The abdomen showing nine segments in the male
and seven in the female. No ovipositor visible. The
cerci very long, curved, and downy. The genus is
well distributed over the world, and all species are

* Average length of the female from the front of the head to the base of
the ovipositor.

122 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

fossorial. The only European species, Gryllotalpa
gryllotalpa Linn., is the type of the genus.

1. Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linn.
(Plate XII, figs. 1 and 2.) .

gryllotalpa, LINN. Syst. Nat. (ed. x), i, p. 428,

n. 19 Yt^— Gryllus (Acheta).

,, LINN. Faun. Suec. p. 236, n. 866 1761 — Gryllus.

gryllo talpa WHITE Nat. Hist, of Selbome,

Letter xlviii .... 1789 — Gryllus.
talpa OLIV. Enc. Meth., Ins. vi, p. 633,

11. 1 1791— Gryllus.

vulgaris LATR. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xii,

p. 122 1804—Gnjllotalpa.

CURTIS Brit. Ent. No. 456 . 1833— Gryllotalpa.
„ BRUNNER Prod. der. Eur. Ortli.

p. 451, f. 107 . . . . 1882— Gryllotalpa.
„ FINOT Faune de la Fr. Orth.

p. 246. pi. xii, f. 159 . . 1889— Gryllotalpa.
„ ELAND SHAW Syn. Brit. Ortli.

in Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 173 . 1890— Gryllotalpa.

gryllotalpa BURR Brit. Ortli. p. 67, pi. v, f . 7 1897— Gryllotalpa.

Gryllotalpa KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. ii, p. 4 . 1906 — Curtilla.

gryllotalpa BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 148 1910 -Gryllotalpa,
„ LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc.

p. 53, pi. vi, f. 1 . 1915— Gryllotalpa.

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

Gryllotalpa. 19. G. A. thorace rotuiidato, alis caudatis elytro longi-

oribus, pedibus anticis palmatis tomentosis.
Fn. svec. 619. Gryllus pedibus anticis palmatis.
Habitat in Europse et Americse borealis herbosis et
cultis, Hortorum liostis.

(C. Liimseus, ' Syst, Nat.' (Ed. x), torn, i, p. 428,

1758.)
866. GRYLLUS Gryllotalpa thorace rotundato, alis caudatis elytris

longioribus, pedibus anticis palmatis tomentosis.
Gryllus pedibus anticis palmatis. .Fn.,619.
Habitat in Scania campestri, ubi vesperi cantillat uti Rana

Hyla vel Rallus Crex. Hortis noxius.

DESCR. Diifert a reliquis manifeste variis notis. 1. Magni-
tudine, utpote omnibus nostris insectis, excepto Cancro,
major. 2. Pedibus anticis villosis et palmatis. 3. Alis
superioribus cinereis vasis nigricantibus : inferioribus longi-
oribus, acuminatis. Cauda biseta est, uti sequentis.
(C. Linn^us, ' Faun. Suec.,' p. 236, 1761.)

MALE IMAGO. --General colour dark reddish-brown,,
darker in parts, legs paler. Size large ; length some

GRYLLOTALPA GRYLLOTALPA. 123

45 mm. Surface somewhat pubescent. Head extended,
pointed ; antennae rather short, but of many segments ;
eyes small but prominent ; lateral ocelli well marked,
but median one abortive. Pronotum large, shield-like,
slightly hollowed in front, rounded behind. Elytra
abbreviated ; radial nervure with many branches ;
nervures strongly marked. Wings fully developed,
forming, when folded, two long tails, usually extending
beyond the tip of the abdomen. Forelegs (fig. 18) very
strong, dilated so as to form digging organs; coxae large;
trochanter produced into a pointed process ; femora
compressed, sinuate on the lower margin; tibiae dilated,
lower margin with four pronounced teeth ; on the
inner side below the upper margin a slit-like tym-

FIG. 18. — Foreleg of Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linn. ( x 3).

panum (or auditory organ) ; tarsi with first two seg-
ments dilated and pointed, the distal one small with
two small, straight, unequal claws. Mid and hind
leas much as in other Grvllodea, but the femora and

«/ •

tibiae somewhat dilated. Hind tibiae with a few strong
spines. AbJomen showing nine segments, and bearing
at its apex two hairy cerci, nearly as long as the
antennae.

FEMALE IMAGO (PL XII, figs. 1 and 2).- -Very closely
resembling the male, for the abdomen, although show-
ing but seven segments, is very like that of the male,
and the wings in both sexes are fully developed.
Further there is no exserted ovipositor. A point of
distinction may be seen in the elytra, as the cells at the
base are more regular in the female than in the male.
The males seem to be scarce. Curtis says that in the
two he had seen the right elytron overlapped the other,
whereas the reverse was the case in the females.

124 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

EGGS.- -Tlie mole-cricket is credited with laying
some 200-400 eggs which hatch in three to four
weeks. Gilbert White's off-quoted letter xlviii con-
tains the following interesting note :--" About the
beginning of May they lay their eggs, as I was once
an eye-witness; for a gardener at a house where I
was on a visit, happened to be mowing, on the 6th
of that month, by the side of a canal, his scythe
struck too deep, pared off a large piece of turf, and
laid open to view a curious scene of domestic economy.
There were many caverns and winding passages lead-
ing to a kind of chamber, neatly smoothed and rounded,
and about the size of a moderate snuff-box. Within
this secret nursery were deposited near a hundred
eggs of a dirty yellow colour, and enveloped in a
tough skin, but too lately excluded to contain any
rudiments of y 011112% beingf full of a viscous substance.

i/ O J O

The eggs lay but shallow, and within the influence
of the sun, just under a little heap of fresh-mowed
mould, like that which is raised by ants." G. "W.
Kirkaldy in a paper on " Maternal Solicitude in
BAiynchota and other Non-social Insects ' (' Entom.'
1903, p. 113) states that the earliest reference to
parental care in the mole-cricket appears to be that
of Goedaerdt,* who states that it takes particular care
of its eggs, raising up the nests in a hot and dry
season, so that the young almost touch the surface of
the earth and are thereby cherished by the sun's heat;
contrariwise they sink the nests down when the air
is cold and moist. They also act as unceasing sentinels
round the nest. Eoesel cites this account and gives
a coloured sectional drawing of the nest and eggs.
Audouin states that all authors agree in saying that
the mole-cricket takes the greatest care of its young,
but Groedaerdt is the only author Kirkaldy can trace
who relates his personal observations. Kirby and

* Goedaerdt in ' Metamorphosis Naturalis ' (cir. 1669) gives in pi. Ixxvi,
vol. i, p. 140, a fairly good figure of the mole-cricket, and below it a batch
of eggs in " nest."

GRYLLOTALPA GRYLLOTALPA. 125

Spence speak of a female defending with its jaws the
eggs, which were menaced by a black ground-beetle.

NYMPH.- -Between the nymph and the imago the
resemblance is very close, except for the smaller size
of the former and the absence or rudimentary condition

€/

of the organs of flight. It seems clear that the nymph
requires more than a year to complete its growth and
become an imago. It therefore must hibernate, as the
imago probably does also, for Bracken took a full-
grown male alive on the sand-hills near St. Minver,
North Cornwall, during- the week ending- 20 December

o o

1912. The mother watches the newly-hatched young

«/ «/

carefully and, it is said, supplies them with food till
their first ecdysis, after which they disperse and look
after themselves. Staveley says, however, that they
live together till they are adult during the summer
following after that in which they were hatched. It
has been stated that the mother eats most of the
young; but another writer says that it is only the
males which are guilty. Some of these statements,
however, probably need confirmation.

VARIATION.- -There is a rare variety with abbreviated
wings, Qrr/llotalpa cophta de Haan, which was con-
sidered a distinct species, but is now referred to
G. gryllotalpa Linn., variation in wing-length being
not uncommon amongst the Orthoptera, and insuffi-
cient to distinguish species. Var. coplita has been
taken at Brindisi and elsewhere (B runner).

DATE.- -About mid- April the mole-crickets may be
heard singing their love-ditty in a low dull jarring
uninterrupted note not unlike that of the nightjar or
goatsucker (Caprimulgus curopmis Linn.), but more
inward.* Gilbert White found that in one case they
laid their eggs about the beginning of May. If these
hatch in three or four weeks, the young nymphs would
be about in the summer. It seems that these are not
adult till the next year. Their parents also, it would

* Kirby & Spence, ii, p. 39-i.

126 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

appear, may survive the winter, witness the example,
already mentioned, taken by Bracken on 20 Dec.
1 912. The mole-cricket is not now common in Britain,
so it does not seem possible to speak definitely of its
habits here.

HABITS.- -Four common names at least have been
bestowed on Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, and all are appro-
priate--mole-cricket, fen-cricket, churr-worm, and eve-
churr. The most cursory examination of the forelegs
reveals the fact that these are wonderfully well adapted
as tools for burrowing in the ground. Placed on soil
such as it likes- -wet or swampy ground especially —
the mole-cricket buries itself with great rapidity. It
works along underground like a field-mouse, raising
a ridge as it goes.* It is able to run backwards quite

easilv, a feat which must be extremely useful to it

<j 3 i/

while moving about its burrows. That the long cerci
(and even the curled-up wing-tips) act as antennae
under such circumstances is certainly reasonable, but
cannot be said to have been proved. The mole-cricket
is a cumbersome looking insect, but it takes to the
wing nevertheless. G. Dalgliesh took one in Surrey
-a very fine specimen — which flew against his face
about 9 p.m. in June. Parfitt mentions examples in
the streets of Exeter early in the morning, the inference
being that they flew there. H. Moore found one in
Lower Road, Deptford, which he considered to have
been attracted by the electric light. F. "W. Sowerby
mentions the mole-cricket having been attracted by
light in Egypt. Curtis t says: "This insect is
supposed to be the c Will o' the wisp,' the ' ignis
fatuus,' about which so much has been said and so
little proved, the phantom that has eluded the vigi-
lance of the naturalist and the curious for ages."
Kirby and Spence { say that in 1780 a learned friend
had a mole-cricket brought to him by a farmer, who

* Kirby & Spence, ii, p. 362.

t ' British Entomology/ No. 456.

^ Kirby & Spence, ii, p. 416.

GRYLLOTALPA GEYLLOTALPA. 127

told him that one of his people, seeing a Jack-o9 lantern,
pursued it and knocked it down, when it proved to be
the insect shown to him. Since there seems no reason
for doubting the record, perhaps we may presume that
this particular insect was rendered luminous through
being attacked by a fungus.

Meadows, peat-bogs, and damp ground generally
seem to be the favourite habitat of the mole-cricket ;
consequently the sides of ponds, streams, and canals
suit them well. AYhere they are plentiful they may
invade potato-fields, gardens, hot-beds, and dunghills.
Samouelle says that though horse-dun Q* attracts them,

•/

hog's dung expels them. If they get into cultivated
ground in any numbers they do much damage by
burrowing underground and devouring the roots and
tubers. In France they damage the roots of the grass.
They, however, will eat animal food. Staveley says
they have been known to attack and devour each other !
In captivity Burr fed them on potatoes, turnips, meat,
etc., keeping them in cages, but taking the precaution
of separating individuals to prevent fighting and
mutilation. So far as the British Isles are concerned
it seems scarcely necessary to state that " they may be
killed by pouring boiling water mixed with a little oil
into their holes ; they then come up to die ' (Burr).

Gilbert White,* who seems to have had an excep-
tional opportunity of observing this insect at Selborne,
says : " GryUus gri/llo t<.dpa (the mole-cricket) haunts
moist meadows, and frequents the sides of ponds and
banks of streams, performing all its functions in a
swampy wet soil. With a pair of fore-feet, curiously
adapted to the purpose, it burrows and works under
ground like the mole, raising a ridge as it proceeds,
but seldom throwing up hillocks.

"As mole-crickets often infest gardens by the sides
of canals, they are unwelcome guests to the gardener,
raising up ridges in their subterranean progress, and
rendering the walks unsightly. If they take to the

* ' Nat, Hist, of Selborne/ Letter xlviii, 1789.

128 BEITISH OETHOPTERA.

kitchen quarters, they occasion great damage among^
the plants and roots, by destroying whole beds of
cabbages, young legumes, and flowers. When dug
out they seem very slow and helpless, and make no
use of their wings by day ;• but at night they come
abroad, and make long excursions, as 1 have been
convinced by finding stragglers, in a morning, . in
improbable places, in fine weather, about the middle
of April, and just at the close of day, they begin to
solace themselves with a low, dull, jarring note,
continued for a long time without interruption, and
not unlike the chattering of the fern-owl, or goat-
sucker, but more inward. . . .

" When mole-crickets fly they move ( cursu undoso*
rising and falling in curves, .

DISTRIBUTION.- -6r. gryllotalpa is found in the British
Isles, Sweden, Holland, Belgium, France, Spain, Italy,
Egypt, etc.- -in fact, speaking generally, its habitat is
Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

In the British Isles the mole-cricket appears now to be
seldom noticed, though probably it is not so scarce as this
would seem to imply. Like its namesake with the velvet fur,
it is an underground animal, and may therefore very easily
escape notice. There seems, however, reason to suppose that
it is less common with us than it used to be. Although I
have received living examples I have never met with it
myself, and know personally of hut one locality where it is
permanently established. At a certain spot in the south of
the New Forest one of the keepers seems at any time to be
able to obtain specimens by digging for them in the clayey
soil. From this locality I have several examples, and from
the same source, I believe, came one in July 1911 which
measured about 50 mm. in length and 66'5 mm. in wing-
expanse. The following records have come under my notice : —

ENGLAND. — Berks : Besselsleigh (Distant}. Cambridgeshire:
Ickleton, 1780 (Kirby & Spence). Cornwall : A male imago
taken alive on the sandhills at St. Enodoc near St. Minver,
December 1912 (Bracken}. Derbyshire : Although described
by Glover (' History of the County of Derby/ 1829) as

GRYLLOTALPA GEYLLOTALPA. 129

"often infesting gardens by the side of canals/' the absence
of any confirmatory evidence renders its occurrence very
doubtful (Jourdain). Devon: (Stephens). Bignell had seen
three found in a potato-patch, which had consumed a great
portion of the potato under which they were found in
September (Bignell). Rather frequent in the neighbourhood
of Exeter ;• a few years since (sc. 1882) several were found in.
the streets early in the morning (Parfitt). Bracken (1916)
seems to write somewhat doubtfully of it as a Devon insect at
the present time. Hants : Isle of Wight. Burr states in
'The Natural History of the Isle of Wight' (F. Morey,
1909) : " Mr. Morey writes me that he has seen specimens
which were dug up in a garden at Newport many years ago.
Mr. P. Wadham, of Newport, found nine of these insects
about six years since when turning over a heap of damp
sandy soil in his garden through which flows the stream
known as the Lukely. He has also dug out specimens on the
banks of the Medina at Snide"; Netley (Briggs) • Southamp-
ton, a living example exhibited by W. Sharp at Entom. Soc.
Lond. 2 Nov. 1887, having between the spines of its hind legs
a number of living acari (Sharp) ; Selborne, very common in
the time of Gilbert White, about 1789 ; New Forest, Brocken-
hurst, and near Ramnor (Lucas). Kent : a living specimen
found outside his house in Lower Road, Deptford (no
doubt attracted by electric light) exhibited by H. Moore at
S. Lond. Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc. 8 Sept. 1904 (Moore). Lan-
cashire : near Manchester (Jacoby). Lincolnshire: Grimsby,
July 1902 (Hicks). Norfolk: Stoke Holy Cross (Edwards) •
Caistor, occasionally (Paget, fide Bloomjield) . Oxon : near
Oxford (Shipp). Staffordshire : Taken in gardens about
Birmingham (R. Garner's ' History of the County of Stafford/
1844 (teste Jourdain). Surrey ; Churt, 1901 and another in
1908 (Dalgliesh) ; one, which flew against Mr. Dalgliesh's
face outside his garden-gate at Milford about 9 p.m. 011 3
June 1902, and fell down : it was a very fine specimen.
Sussex : By Chichester Canal (Anderson). Wilts : Hartmoor
near Devizes (Lyle).

SCOTLAND. — Sibbald (1684) gives Gryllotalpa, the Mole, or
Fen Cricket as a Scotch insect; G. Don (1913) mentions it
for the county of Forfar. W. Evans, however, can find
no evidence corroborative of Sibbald and Don's statements.
He says further (Jan. 1901) that sixty years ago the Rev. J.
Duncan wrote : " The Mole Cricket is unknown in Scotland '
(' Nat. Lib. Entom.' vol. i, 1840, p. 247). It is satisfactory
to note that this is no longer true, for in 1899 a single

O ' O

130 BRITISH ORTHOPTEUA.

example was taken at Kilmalcolrn in Renfrewshire, and is
now in the Museum at Paisley (Stewart).

IRELAND. — One example only represents Ireland also. It is
a female taken in County Derry, and presented by Major
Bruce to the collection at Trinity College, Dublin. The insect
was found in an old buried canoe near Trome at the northern
end of Lough Neagh 1899 (fide Kemp}.

Genus 2. NEMOBIUS Serv.

Nemobius SERV. Ins. Orth. p. 345 . . 1839.

Pronemobius BOLIVAR Ann. Sci. Nat. Porto, v, p. 41 . . 1898.

DESCRIPTION. — Size small. The whole body bearing

v O

rather long scattered hairs. Head short, blunt ; ocelli,
when in evidence, arranged in the form of a triangle.

~ o

Elytra abbreviated, truncate, radial nervure without
branches. Wings (in European species) absent. The
fore tibia? furnished with a tympanum on the outer
side -only. Hind tibiae with long moveable spines, and
six terminal spurs. First segment of hind tarsi hairy,
neither sulcate nor serrate above. Ovipositor straight
or somewhat incurved. Type of the genus Nemobius
sylvestris Fabricius.

1. Nemobius sylvestris Fabricius.
(Plate XIII, figs. 1 and 2.)

sylvestris FABR. Ent. Syst. ii, p. 33, n. 18 . . 1793 — Acheta.

„ LATR. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xii, p. 124 . 1804 — Gryllus.

„ CURTIS Brit. Ent. vii, pi. ccxciii . . 1830 — Acheta.

„ SERV. Orth. p. 348, no. 1 . . . . 1839 — Nemobius.
BRUNNER Prod. der. Enr. Orth. p. 424,

f . 98 1S82— Nemobius.

FINOT Faune de la Fr., Orth. p. 234, pi.

xii, f. 151 1889— Nemobic*.

„ ELAND SHAW Syn. Brit. Orth., in Ent.

Mo. Mag. p. 170 1890 — Nemobius.

BURR Brit, Orth. p. 64, pi. v, f . 4 . . ISW—Nemobius-.

Sylvestris KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. ii, p. 14 . . 1906 — Nemobius.

sylvestris BURR Syn. Orth. "W. Ear. p. 138 . . 1910 — Nemobius.
„ JJUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc. p. 51,

pi. vi, f . 4 . . . . . . 1915 — Nemobius.

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

18. A. aptera nigra elytris fornicatis brevissimis cinereis fusco

lineatis. sylvestris.
Habitat in Gallia Mus. Dom. Bosc.

NEMOBIUS SYLVESTRIS. 131

Declarata videtur. Corpus parvum, nigrum. Caput atruin,
nitidum orbita oculorum subpallescente. Thorax pallens
margine omni nigi'icaiite. Elytra brevia, fornicata, palles-
ceiitia, fusco striata. Abdomen nigrum ense recurvo, nigro,
stylis duobus longiore.

(J. C. Fabricius, ' Ent. Syst.' ii, p. 33, n. 18, 1793.)

MALE IMAGO (PI. XIII, fig. 1).- -General colour very
dark brown with paler markings. Surface sparsely
hairy. Length some 9-10 mm. Head short, black,
with yellow markings, the most noticeable being a
pentagon. Maxillary palpi dilated and otherwise
modified. Elytra abbreviated, truncated, longer than
the pronotum, nervures dark. Wings absent. Pronotum
with upper surface somewhat paler than the general
colour. Fore tibise with an auditory organ (tympanum)
on the outer side only. Hind tibids with spines long
and moveable — six at the distal end, and above them
three on each margin arranged alternately. Basal
segment of hind tarsi hairy. CVrr/ long, rather pale,
hairy. Sab-genital lamina compressed and bluntly
pointed.

FEMALE IMAGO (PL XIII, fig. 2).- -A little larger than
the male. Elytra much shorter, nervures dark, straight;
hind margins forming a concave A. Ovipositor
straight ; at least as lonp; as the abdomen.

O cj

NYMPH.- -Except when nearing maturity, the nymph
may of course be readily distinguished by its smaller
size. Further it lacks the elytra, and is even darker
in colour than the adult.

DATE.- -Imagines are numerous in the New Forest
in late summer, and, as some are to be found in spring
and autumn, it would appear that they may sometimes
(if perhaps but seldom) hibernate at that stage. As
evidence of this Gr. T. Lyle sent me thence three
living examples, which he had found crawling and
hopping about on fallen sweet chestnut leaves on 12
February 1910. Two were nymphs, but the third, a
female, appeared to be adult. Of the small ones he
saw great numbers, but he met with only the single

132 BKITISH ORTHOPTERA.

large specimen. Again on 12 November 1911 he
sent me a male which he found hopping about amidst
fallen oak leaves on the 5th of the month at Pignell
AYood. Nymphs may be obtained nearly the whole year
through. On 1 March 1914, for example, a short
search was made in a known locality in the Forest,
when one nymph at least was seen, but no imago.
On the lOth of April in the same year I saw in a spot
near Lady Cross, amongst dead leaves, a number of
nymphs and with them one male, much larger than
the rest, but not an imago. Both imagines and small
nymphs were obtained on 8 September 1912. B. S.
Harwood met with this cricket in the Forest in October
1912, but the condition is not recorded. It would
therefore appear that breeding takes place in the
summer, but that the young do not become adult till
late spring or early summer of the next year.

HABITS, ETC.- -In the New Forest this little cricket
appears to frequent dry banks, especially where there
are plenty of fallen leaves. If the bank is by the side
of a stream the crickets seem to keep well above the
water. I cannot recall having met with them amongst
coniferous trees, the fallen leaves from which would
not afford the kind of cover they evidently like. Both
sexes run about very rapidly by fits and starts when
first disturbed, and often take short leaps of some 9 or
10 inches in length, so thev are rather difficult to

O t/

catch. They may be running and hopping about in all
directions when first discovered in any spot, but after
a time, if still disturbed, they take cover till there is
little evidence of their presence. The hand seems to
be the best means to employ for their capture, but
being delicate little creatures, they are sometimes
damaged in the process. Indeed specimens are often
taken that have lost a hind leg. What is their
natural food it is hard to say. Lyle once sent me a
female (one out of four specimens) which he found,
about 10 September 1916, amongst the debris of a
decayed Boletus. Of course they may simply have been

NEMOBIUS SYLVESTEIS. 133

sheltering there, or have come to feed on the many
living creatures that such a fungus usually contains.
As the result of observations on specimens in captivity
they would seem to be rather general feeders. On
2 August 1915 I captured some females in the neigh-
bourhood of Lady Cross in the New Forest. These were
kept alive at home and supplied with food of various
kinds. Leaves of Pyrus torminalis Ehrh. (service
tree) happened to be given them ; on these they fed.
Banana was also accepted. Bread was readily eaten
on 12 August, and the next day they fed freely on raw
beef. Later in the day (loth) I noticed a quantity of
cork fragments in the large tube in which they were
confined, bitten off, I presume, in an attempt to make
a way out of the prison. They would not take to a
nasturtium leaf. One escaped on August the 14th.
The next day the remaining two were offered a piece
of cheese, but they did not appear to eat it readily.
A rose leaf was but little attacked, although Pyrus
torminalis (of the same Natural Order) had seemed
quite acceptable. When in captivit}7 apparently bread
is a suitable food ; but it is possible that in nature
these crickets are omnivorous, like their relatives of
the kitchen. Like them also the wood-crickets are
very "musical' in summer days in the New Forest.
On August nights, too, when scarcely a living thing-
betrays its presence by sound, a quiet chirping is
occasionally heard, which I presume is clue to these
little crickets.

DISTRIBUTION.- -N. sylvestris is found in woods
throughout Central Europe (Burr). Though of limited
distribution in Britain, it occurs across the sea in
Holland, Belgium, and France. Apparently it is less
general in the south, but has been taken in Spain, as well
as in Algeria on the other side of the Mediterranean.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

Curtis tells us that this cricket was first discovered as
British by J. C. Dale who found it "amongst dead leaves

134 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

in a gravel-pit; the middle of August, near Lyndhurst in the
New Forest." I have met with it in many parts of the Forest ;
in fact anyone wishing to capture it, will find this quite easy,
so long as he will bear in mind the habits of the insect. Till
recently the New Forest was considered to be its only British
habitat ; but Burr is able to say * : " This species has occurred
commonly for the last ten years or more at Bordwood, near
San down (in the Isle of Wight) ; and has also been noticed
in Parkhurst Forest (Poole) ; swept in Parkhurst Forest,
August, 1907; also on previous occasions (Morey)" There
is no inherent reason why it should not be found in oak or
mixed woods in other places. Perhaps the most promising
spots in which to search for it would be dry sunny banks
in the rides and clearings. Parfitt states that he found one
specimen in a wood near St. Mary's Clyst in Devonshire, and
the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain once told me that a single specimen
had been taken at Willington in Derbyshire by G. Pullen.
Although these need confirmation as new habitats, there is
no reason why they should not be such.

Genus o. GRYLLUS Linn.

GryUus Ucheta} LINN. Syst. Nat. (ed. x) i, pp. 425-433 . 1758.

Acheta FABR. Syst. Ent. p. 279 1775.

Gryllus LATE. Hist. Nat, Crust. Ins. iii, p. 276 . . 1802.

Liogryllus SAUSS. Mem. Soc. Geneve, xxv, p. 134 .... 1877.

LINNAEUS' DESCRIPTION.

194. GRYLLUS. Caput nutaiis, maxillosum, palpis qnatuor ad

maxillas.
Antennse setacese.

Al& deflexs3 : superiores flexiles, sTibmembranacese.
Pedes saltatorii plerisque.
Linnssus thus subdivides the genus :—

*MANTIS. Thorax elongatus, sublinearis. Pedes antici remotissimi

a reliquis. (10 species.)
**ACRIDA. Caput conicum thorace long his, Antennis ensiformibus.

(2 species.)

***BULLA. Thorax carinatus. Antenna thorace breviores. (6 species.)
* ACHETA. Cauda setis duabus. (4 species.)
^TETTIGONIA. Cauda ensif era feminis. (17 species.)
**LocusTA. Cauda simplex. (20 species.)
On pa^e 432 is the following foot-note :—

Grylli Lanw pler&que habitant sub terra, pvpx etiam excurrunt et
cum parentibus planfas vorant,dum mares stridenti musica sonant.
And 011 page 433 :—

Gryllos cum Slattis ordine naturah jungerent Hemipteris, si
Character oh fine ret ur combinans.

(C. Linn^us, ' Syst. Nat.' (ed. x), i, pp. 425-433, 1758.)

* 'Nat, Hist, of Isle of Wight,' F. Morey, 1909.

GEYLLUS. 135

TABLE OF SPECIES.

1 . Large and bulky ; colour chiefly black ;

wings abbreviated ; ocelli nearly in a

straight line ; length 23 mm. . . G. campestris.

'1. Smaller and more slender; colour grey- ^

brown; wings fully developed; ocelli

in a triangle; length 18 mm. . . G. domestlcus.

1. Gryllus campestris Linn.
(Plate XIII, fig. 3.)

campestris LINN. Syst Nat, (ed. x) p. 428 . 1758 — Gryllus (Acheta).

FABR. Syst. Ent. p. 281, n. 7 . 1775 — Acheta.
,, SCHRANK Enum. Ins. Austr. p.

244, n. 465 . . . 1784— Gryllus.

„ WHITE (GILBERT) Nat. Hist.

Selborne, Letter xlvi . . 1789 — Gryllus.
,, SATJSS. Mem. Soc. Geneve, xxv,

p. 105 ..... 1877 — Liogryllus.
„ BRUNNER Prod, der Ear. Orth.

p. 428 . . * . . 1882— GryUu*.

„ FINOT Faune de la France, Orth.,

p. 237, pi. xii. f. 152 . . 1889— Gryllus.
ELAND SHAW Syii. Brit. Orth.,

in Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 171 . . 1890—Gryllus.

BURR Brit. Orth. p. 65, pi. v, f. 5 1897 — Gnjllus.

Campestris KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. ii, p. 25 . 1906 — Aclieto.

rmnpestris BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 140 1910 — Gryllus.
LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc.

p. 52, pi. vi, f. 3 . . . 1915 — Gryllus.

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

campestris. 21. G. A. thorace rotundatp, cauda biseta stylo lineari,

alis elytro brevioribus, corpore nigro.
Habitat in Europa australiore.

(C. Linnaeus, ' Syst. Nat.' (ed. x), i, p. 428, 1758.)

MALE IMAGO (PI. XIII, fig. 3).- -General colour
black; build bulky; size large; leur/tli up to 23 mm.
Head large, globular,, broader than the pronotum ;
ocelli nearly in a straight line, the middle one a little

«/ *^

the lower. Pronotum small compared with the head.
Elytra longer than the abdomen, smoky brown, when
closed with a yellowish streak extending across their
base. Winys shorter than the elytra. Hind femora
bright brown below. Hind tibise with five spines on
each internal margin (in addition to the apical spines).

136 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

FEMALE IMAGO.- -By the presence of a straight ovi-
positor some 12-14 mm. long, the female may readily
be distinguished from the male, which in general
appearance it otherwise much resembles. The elytra
are one or two mm. less in length than in the male,
and less distinctly coloured.

EGGS.- -Gilbert White describes some taken from
the body of a female, as numerous, long and narrow,
of a yellow colour, and covered with a very tough
skin.

NYMPH.- -In colour the nymph is shining black
with a slight bronzy tint. It is found in the autumn
and again in the early spring. It appears to have six
or seven ecdyses and is mature during the summer
months.

VARIATION. — Very occasionally a form is found with
fully developed wings. This has been described by
Krauss as var. caudata. It is not recorded for Britain.
There is such a specimen in the Hope Collection at
Oxford, which Burr, however, thinks may be G. bi-
maculcdus De Geer.

HABITS. --Gilbert White had special opportunities
for examining the habits of this cricket, which is now
apparently rare with us. His observations he has
recorded in Letter xlvi of his c Natural History of
Selborne.' I cannot do better than quote the greater
part of it :

" There is a steep abrupt pasture-field interspersed with furze
close to the back of this village, well known by the name of the Short
Lithe, consisting of a rocky dry soil, and inclining to the afternoon
sun. This spot abounds with the Gryllus campesiris, or field-cricket ;
which, though frequent in these parts, is by no means a common insect
in many other counties.

" . . . They are so shy and cautious that it is no easy matter to
get a sight of them ; for, feeling a person's footsteps as he advances,
they stop short in the midst of their song, and retire backward nimbly
into their burrows, where they lurk till all suspicion of danger is over.

" At first we attempted to dig them out with a spade, but without
any great success; for either we could not get to the bottom of the
hole, which often terminated under a great stone ; or else, in breaking
up the ground, we inadvertently squeezed the poor insect to death.
Out of one so bruised we took a multitude of eggs, which were long and

GRYLLUS CAMPESTRIS. 137

narrow, of a yellow colour, and covered with a very tough skin. . . .

" . . . [But] a pliant stalk of grass, gently insinuated into the
caverns, will probe their windings to the bottom, and quickly bring-
out the inhabitant. ... It is remarkable that, though these insects
are furnished with long legs behind, and brawny thighs for leaping,
like grasshoppers ; yet when driven from their holes they show no
activity, but crawl along in a shiftless manner, so as easily to be taken ;
and again, though provided with a curious apparatus of wings, yet they
never exert them when there seems to be the greatest occasion. The
males only make that shrilling noise ; ... it is raised by a brisk
friction of one wing against the other. They are solitary beings, living
singly male or female, each as it may happen; . . . the wings
may be useful perhaps during the hours of night. When the males
meet they will fight fiercely. . . . With their strong jaws, toothed
like the shears of a lobster's claws, they perforate and round their
curious regular cells, having no fore- claws to dig, like the mole-cricket.
. . . Of such herbs as grow before the mouths of their burrows they
eat indiscriminately ; and on a little platform, which they make just by,
they drop their dung ; and never, in the day time, seem to stir more than
two or three inches from home. Sitting in the entrance of their caverns
they chirp all night as well as day from the middle of the month of
May to the middle of July ; and in hot weather, when they are most
vigorous, they make the hills echo ; and, in the stiller hours of darkness,
may be heard to a considerable distance. In the beginning of the
season their notes are more faint and inward ; but become louder as
the summer advances, and so die away again by degrees. . . . The
shrilling of the field-cricket, though sharp and stridulous, yet mar-
vellously delights some hearers, filling their minds with a train of
summer ideas of everything that is rural, verdurous, and joyous.

" About the 10th March the crickets appear at the mouths of their
cells, which they then open and bore, and shape very elegantly. All
that ever I have seen at that season were in their pupa state, and had
only the rudiments of wings, lying under a skin or coat, which must
be cast before the insect can arrive at its perfect state ; from whence
I should suppose that the old ones of last year do not always survive
the winter. In August their holes begin to be obliterated, and the
insects are seen no more till spring. . .

" One of these crickets, when confined in a paper cage and set in the
sun, and supplied with plants moistened with water, will feed and thrive,
and become so merry and loud as to be irksome in the same room where
a person is sitting; if the plants are not wetted it will die." (Gilbert
White, 1789.)

In Italy these crickets are kept in little wicker-
cages for the sake of their song, in much the same
way as Gilbert White kept them. To a meeting of
the Entom. Soc. of London, 21 October 1896, AY. B.
Spence sent from Florence for exhibition specimens
in such cages. He stated that they were sold by the
Italians on Ascension Day in accordance with an
ancient custom. The Eev. A. E. Eaton says that in
Lisbon and Oporto male field-crickets are sold in

138 I1IMT1SH ORTHOPTKRA.

miniature cages by bird-fanciers at the rate of a penny
:ij>iece. They are kept in stock by hundreds together
in open tea-chests, lined for the first three or four
inches from the top with strips of tin, and are fed
upon lettuces. The inhabitants like to have a " grille '
in the room and make pets of them. Their song is.
more sonorous than that of the house-cricket, and
attention has been called to the fact that it becomes
sharper before rain.

Xo doubt the field-cricket is a somewhat omnivorous,
feeder ; in captivity it may be fed on lettuce, sugar,
meat, etc. Burr says it chews wood, paper — anything ;
it sometimes turns cannibal. Curtis remarks : " I have
been informed that in France children decoy these
insects from their burrows by inserting a fly attached
to the end of a horse-hair. ':

DISTRIBUTION. --G. campestris is found throughout
Europe except in the extreme north, and is reported
from Asia Minor, Algeria, and Egypt ; its favourite
haunts are hot and dry spots. In Switzerland it
reaches an altitude of 6,500 ft.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

Apparently the field-cricket was once more common in
England than it is now. Whether this was the case or not,
everything points to the fact that at the present day it is
very rare and local. Stephens recorded it from Windsor,
New Forest/* Devon, and Cornwall, but there seems to be no
further confirmation of its presence now in any of these
localities. Records I am able to give are :

ENGLAND. — Hants ; Common at Selborne in White's time
(1789). In 1904 C. W. Dale told me that he had four speci-
mens taken by his brother at Christchurch in 1885. These
are no doubt four of the eight examples in the " Dale Collec-
tion ' now in Oxford. In 1901 I received from Major R. B.
Robertson a nymph taken at Pokesdown, probably the previous
year. Norfolk : Reported by J. Edwards. Staffordshire :
Rare, but caught in North Staffordshire (R. Garner's ' History
of the County of Stafford/ 1844; fide Rev. F. Jourdain).

* There is a male in the Hope Collection in Oxford, labelled " Weaver,
N. F.," which may be a New Forest specimen.

GRYLLUS CAMPESTRIS. 139

Surrey : A colony between Eashing and Grbdalmihg, whence
J. Gf. Dalgliesh received specimens. In the Victoria History
of Hampshire Burr mentions Farnham (Smith) : apparently
Farnham is the Surrey town, which, however, is near the
Hampshire border. One, Rotherhithe, 1904 (Moore). Sussex ;
In December 1899 I received a male from Rev. E. N.
Bloomfieldj which was taken at Pett in that year. It was
discovered by its shrill voice, and was found on lifting up a
slab of wood in a temporary bathing-shed on the beach. It
was said to have been in a hole beneath the slab. It was the
only specimen, and Bloomfield had seen no other. C. A.
Briggs had a male obtained from Bennett's sale in 1891 ;
and K. B. Nevinson has a male bought in an old collection
of aculeates formed by Dr. Dowie of Eastbourne.

SCOTLAND. — C. Stewart (1809) gives it as a Scotch insect in
the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, while Gr. Don (1813) claims
it for the County of Forfar. \V. Evans, however, can find no
evidence in support of Stewart's and Don's records, except
the statement made by James Wilson in the seventh edition
of the ' Encyclopaedia Britannica ' (Entom., p. 158), viz. : " We
heard its song near Edinburgh for the first time last summer'

/ 1 Q O •"> \

(loooj.

2. Gryllus domesticus Linn.
(Plate XII, figs. 3 and 4.)

domesticus LINN. Syst. Nat. (ed. x) t. i. p.

428, n. 20 .... 1758— Gryllus (Acheta).

LINN. Faun. Suec. p. 236. n. 867 1761— Gryllus.

domestica FABR. Sjst. Ent. p. 280. n. 2 . 1775 — Acheta.
domesticus WHITE (GILBERT) ISTat. Hist.

Selbome. Letter xlvii . . 1789 — Gryllus.
BRUNNER Prod, der Eur. Ortli.

p. 432. f. 99 ... 1882— Gryllus.

„ FINOT Faune de la Fr. Ortli.

pp. 237. 239 . . . 1889— Gryllus.

„ ELAND SHAW Syii. Brit. Orth..

in Ent. Mo. Mag., p. 172 . 1890 -Gryllus.

BURR Brit. Ortli. p. 66, pi. v. f. 6 1897— Gryllus.

Domesticus KIRBY Syii. Cat. Ortli. ii. p. 28 . 1906 — Gryllus.

domesticus BURR Syii. Orth. W. Eur. p. 141 1910 — Gryllus.

LUCAS Proc. S. Loud. Ent. Soc.

p. 52, pi. vi, f. 2 . 1915 — Gryllus.

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

domesticus. 20. G-. A. thorace rotundato, alis caudatis elytro longi-

oribus, pedibus simplicibus, corpore glauco.

140 BEITISH ORTHOPTEKA.

Faun. svec. 620. Gryllus cauda biseta, alis inferi-
oribus acuminatis longioribus, pedibus simplicibus.
Habitat hodie in Europse muris domesticis.

(C. Linnaeus, ' Syst. Nat.' ed. x: t. i, p. 428, 1758.)
867. GRYLLUS domesticua thorace rotundato, alis caudatis elytro

longioribus, pedibus simplicibus, corpore glabro.
Gryllus cauda biseta, alis inferioribus acuminatis longioribus,

pedibus simplicibus. Fn. 620.
Suecis Syrsa.

Hospitatur apud nos in Doniibus. ubi in argillaceis muris
cuniculos forma/t, et stridule cantillat, preesertim per noctes,
inhabitatoribus ingratus ; pellitur Nymphsese radice et Populi
tremulse ligno. It. oel. 84.

(C. Linnaeus, k Faun. Suec.' p. 236. 1761.)

MALE IMAGO (PI. XII, fig. 3). --General colour
yellowish-grey, of a redder tint anteriorly. Length
up to 18 or 19 mm. Head reddish-brown with three
dark bands — a curved one between the antennae, a
straight one between the eyes, and a third along the
back of the head ; ocelli in a distinct triangle. Pro-
notum transversely almost rectangular, marked with
large dark blotches. Elytra not reaching the tip of
the abdomen ; venation much modified ; radial nervure
with three branches ; a dark streak at the fold
between the dorsal and lateral areas. Wings fully
developed, longer than the abdomen, terminating in
rather long " tails." Hind tibiae heavily spined in two
rows, in addition to the apical " spurs." Gerci long,
slender, tapering, hairy.

FEMALE IMAGO (PL XII, fig. 4). — Size and colouring
much as in the male. It may be distinguished by the
unmodified venation of the elytra and the presence of
a long slender ovipositor. The cerci-like " tails ' of
the wings are somewhat more pronounced than in the
male.

N-YMPH.- -Yellowish-grey like the imago ; but as in
the imago also the tint may be sometimes much darker.
It may possess rudimentary alar organs, or be destitute
of them, according to age.

VARIATION.- -Though usually rather pale in tint, this
is not always the case, individuals occasionally being
quite dark. Sometimes the wings are abbreviated and

GRYLLUS DOMESTICUS. 141

the tails absent ; but this is a very rare form, Brunner
havino* heard of it only from Egypt. Burr found at

O v Ot/i.

Radley examples with one wing abbreviated and the
other perfectly developed. As the organs of flight
may be damaged in combat, a casual examination may
sometimes lead to a false conclusion in these and other
pugnacious insects.

DATE.- -Owing to the artificial conditions under
which the house-cricket lives in Britain, it has lost
touch with the seasons, and examples in all stages of
growth may be found together.

HABITS, ETC.- -For the well-being of G. domesticus a
high temperature seems to be necessary ; at any rate
it chooses the warmest corners of kitchens and bake-
houses for its habitation, and for this reason prefers
the bakehouse to the dwelling-house. It feeds on
rubbish, refuse, bread, etc., and seems to have a
partiality for sweets. To this last liking may perhaps
l}e due the fact that, as Curtis says, " it may be
captured, like wasps, by bottles filled with beer."
Living in so high a temperature the cricket may be
expected to be a thirsty creature, hence perhaps the
accusation brought against it of gnawing the wet linen
and other materials hung up in the kitchen to dry.

Ray says that both sexes fly with an undulating
motion, like the woodpecker's, alternately ascending
with expanded wings and descending with folded ones,
or, "volatu -undoso9 as Gilbert White says. They
sometimes disappear from one house and as suddenly
reappear in another, and this migration may have
taken place by flight. Crickets, however, burrow in
soft mortar (especially in newly-built houses) in order
to get from room to room,* and perhaps may by this
means sometimes migrate from house to house.

Saussure, Scudder, and others have discussed the
means by which crickets produce their well-known
chirping. The elytra are elevated so as to form an

* Kirby & Spence, ii, p. 362.

142 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

acute angle with the body, and then are rubbed against
each other by a horizontal and very brisk motion.*
The male imagines only are musical. They are some-
times heard in the daytime, but are most noisy at
night, when their monotonous " song ' may become
very unpleasant. If crickets chirp unusually, wet
weather it is said may be expected. Burr heard the
chirp of a cricket (which he considered must have
been G. domestic us) at the bottom of a pit of the coal-
mines of Mariemont in Belgium, at a depth of 683
metres (about 2219 feet). The "song5 was heard
close to the engines only, near the bottom of the shaft.

In connection with the chirping of the house-cricket,
F. Milton recordsf the following interesting occur-
rence:--" As I was sand-papering some cork for ento-
mological purposes in the quiet hours of the night
some time ago, I saw a cricket, Acketa domestica,
coming towards me. I stopped sand-papering, the
cricket stopped; moved, the cricket ran away;
resumed my work, the cricket returned. I repeated
it two or three times, and at last it came so near to me
that I was able to catch it. From this it seems that
although crickets have ears, which I understand are
situated in the tibia of the front legs, they are not able
to distinguish between the noise made by sand-paper-
ing cork and that produced by themselves. This is
but a single instance it is true."

Gilbert White gives some interesting notes on the
house-cricket, of which the following may be quoted^ :
" They show a great propensity for liquids, being-
found frequently drowned in pans of water, milk, broth,
or the like. . . . [They are also] very voracious ;
for they will eat the scummings of pots, and yeast, salt,
and crumbs of bread, and any kitchen offal or sweep-
ings. In the summer we have observed them to fly,

when it becomes dusk, out of the windows, and over

7 «

Kirby & Spence, ii, p. 392.
i ' Entomologist,' 1895, p. 304.
{ ' Natural History of Selborne,' letter xlvii, 1789.

GRYLLUS DOMESTICOS. 143

the neighbouring roofs. This feat of activity accounts
for the sudden manner in which they often leave their
haunts, as it does for the method by which they come
to houses where they wrere not known before.
\Vben they increase to a great degree, as they did once
in the house where I am now writing, they become
noisome pests, flying into the candles, and dashing into
people's faces ; but may be blasted and destroyed by
gunpowder discharged into their crevices and crannies.
In families, at such times, they are, like Pharaoh's
plague of frogs--4 in their bedchambers, and upon
their beds, and in their ovens, and in their kneedino--

troughs.' . . . Cats catch hearth-crickets,' and,
playing with them as they do with mice, devour
them/3

DISTRIBUTION. — G. domesticus does not seem at the
present time to lead a truly wild life anywhere ; in
fact its original habitat is uncertain, though probably
it was Xorthern. Africa. F. "W. Sowerby found it on
bare sand in Egypt. It is widely distributed in the
Old AVorld, and is also found in Xorth America,
though how it reached the Xew AVorld seems not to be
established.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

Xot a great many records of the occurrence of the house-
cricket in the British Isles are to hand. This is possibly due
to the fact that most entomologists think it unnecessary to
note the presence of an insect which is considered to be
ubiquitous. I give below all the records I have met with at
various times for the reason that the house-cricket seems
undoubtedly to be on the decrease in these islands — perhaps,
as some suggest — being gradually displaced by cockroaches.

ENGLAND. -— Berks : Neighbourhood of Radley College
(Burr) ; Maidenhead (Hamni). Cheshire: Birkenhead, formerly
common, in bakehouses where they have now been replaced by
cockroaches (Sopp) • Chester (Tomlin) ; Hoylake and West
Kirby, scarce (Sopp); Delarnere, one captured amongst leaves
in the Forest, 1898 (Sopp). Derbyshire: Common in kitchens
and bakehouses in Ashburne district (Jourdain) ; many were
to be heard in a field used for tipping the town refuse, near

144 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

Asliburne, in the fine weather of June 1904 (Jourdain).
Devon : Generally distributed (Bignell) ; considered general
(Bracken) ; Wrangaton 1908 (de la Garde) • Halsworthy
1912 (Bracken}. Essex: In houses, Walthamstow (Campion).
Hunts : Selborne, in the time of Gilbert White evidently
common, 1789 (White)-, Winchester (Chitty). Isle of Wight :
Occasionally in houses at Newport and probably throughout
the island (Morey) ; frequent in bakehouses, but less common
than formerly owing to the improved ovens that have been
introduced (Poole). Hertfordshire: Radlett, a male in a house
in November 1915 (Boycott) • St. Albans, in kitchen at The
Grange, 1900 (HopJcinson). Lancashire : Darwen (Birks) ;
Bootle (Hughmans) ; Cartmel (Sopp) ; Liverpool, not so
common as formerly (Sopp) ; Manchester (Chappell) • Rivington
Pike, captured in the open (Harrison) ; Southport, common
in hothouses in Hesketh Park (Sopp). Lincolnshire : Caistor,
and Bottesford Manor House formerly (Peacock) ; Market
Easen, Louth, and Burgh-on-Bain (Carter). London: Hoxton,
in a bakehouse (Milton) ; Bayswater, in a house (Pascoe).
Middlesex: Teddington 1897 (Lucas) • Bedford Park, Chiswick
('Entom./ 1886, p. 66). Isle of Man: Laxey 1904 (Shaw);
Ballaraugh 1904 (Shaw) ; Ballaugh 1904 (C assail). Norfolk:
(Edwards). Notts: Nottingham (Carr). Ox-on: Oxford (Lucas).
Somerset: Batheaston (Blathivayt). Staffordshire: (Jourdain).
Suffolk : Ipswich, bakehouses, etc. (Morley) ; Yarmouth, in
some bakehouses very common (Paget) ; Colchester, in a
bakehouse (Hanvood). Surrey: Abundant at bakers' shops
fit East Grin stead (Burr) ; Kingstou-on-Thames 1898 (Lucas)-,
Bisley 1899 (Flcklin) ; Haslemere, in a bakehouse, 1908
(Dalgliesh). Sussex: Not uncommon in old houses (Burr);
Bognor (G-uermonprez) ; Shqreham (Colthrup); Guestling 1901
(Bloomfield) ; Hastings district, not uncommon in cottages but
less common than formerly (Bloomfield about 1902). York-
shire: Huddersfield, etc. (Porritt).

SCOTLAND. — Eenfreic shire : A female, Kilbarchan (Stewart) ;
Paisley, in mills and bakehouses (Stewart). Writing from
Paisley 1 September 1902, Stewart says :

" Five or six years ago a colony made its appearance on a
moor near here, which had been acquired by the Glasgow
Corporation as a dumping ground for the city refuse. They
multiplied exceedingly and by the end of the summer to walk
over the place was to be "deered" with their whittling. The
following winter seems to have killed them all off, as not a
whistle has been heard since."

On 25 June 1907 dozens were heard chirping in an old

GRYLLUS DOMESTICUS. 145

quarry west of Slateford, near Edinburgh : on 20 July they
were again heard. AY. Evans then visited the place and
found the insects quite numerous,, and at all stages from
newly-hatched young to full-sized adults. They were living
under a layer of rubbish that had from time to time been
deposited in the quarry. No doubt the crickets had been
introduced with some of this rubbish.

iSibbald (1684) gave "Grill us Focarius" (presumably G-.
domesticns] as a Scotch insect; C. Stewart (1809) states that
it was to be found in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh ;
(r. Don (1813) says,, speaking of Forfarshire, that it was
sometimes found near bakers' ovens, but rare. W. Evans
(Jan. 1901) says :

" The house cricket is still to be got about bakers' ovens
in Edinburgh and other towns, but so far as I can learn it is
seldom found in dwelling-houses now. My specimens were

taken in a bakehouse in the Xewingrton. district of Edinburgh

in 1886. Mr. R. Service tells me there are plenty in Dumfries,
and Mr. G. Bolam says it occurs in Berwick-on-Tweed, but is
not very numerous."

IRELAND.- -Donegal : Coolmore (fide Kemp). Fermanagh:
Belleisle (fide Kemp). Kerry: Valencia (Praeger). Mayo;
Clare Island (Praeger).

CASUAL CRICKETS.

Homcegryllus reticulatus Fabr. — -A female was found, 18 Oct. 1898, at
Kew Gardens in a case from the Belgian Congo State.

Gryllodes (probably hebraeus Saussure) . — Several were taken by G.
Massie in the Jodrell Laboratory at Kew Gardens. Apparently they
were breeding there.

Gryllodes sp. — One was found at Kew Gardens in a Wardian case
from Calcutta in 1899.

Gryllacris sp. — A specimen was found on Nepenthes in propagating
pits at Kew Gardens, 6 October 1897.

Gryllus bimaculatus de Geer. One was found at the Liverpool Docks
in a fruit cargo from Spain (Sopp) ; one, introduced by shipping to
Deptford, shown at S. Lond. Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc. by H. Moore,
•24 April 1913

Myrmecophila acervorum Panz. — Westwood recorded this insect as
having been, taken by Mr. Hope in moss in Archdeacon's Copse near
Netley in Shropshire. Further evidence, however, is necessary to confirm
it as British. Wasmann records it from North and Central Europe.
It lives in ants' nests and therefore coiild scarcely be a casual. There
is no reason why it should not be a British insect, as it would easily
escape notice, being but 3*5 mm. long and affecting so retired a habitat.
It has been found with Formica fusca, F. sanguinea, Lasius niger,
L. alienus, ^lyrmica l&vinodis. and Tetramorium csespitium.

((Ecanthus pellucens Scop. — One was supposed to have been taken by
Ha worth, near Halvergate in Norfolk. Westwood, however, after
purchasing his cabinet, said that the insect had been misnamed. It
appears now to be lost.)

( 146 )

Sub-order IV. LOCUSTODEA.

(Long-horned Grasshoppers.)

It is unfortunate that the locusts of ill repute do
not belong to the Locustodea, or Long-horned Grass-
hoppers. The locust-swarms, in fact, which some-
times devastate wide regions in climates warmer than
our own, are Short-horned Grasshoppers, and belong
therefore to the Acridiodea. There has existed, it
must be admitted, a great deal of confusion with
regard to the names of the larger divisions of the
grasshoppers and crickets, but, according to the
arrangement here followed, the colloquial term " locust'
does not refer to insects which are included in the
group Locustodea. Kir by in his ' Synonymic Catalogue
of the Orthoptera ' prefers to use for this group
the name Phasgonuridas, and to transfer the name
Locustida3 to the Acridiodea. or Short-horned Grass-
hoppers. Presuming that this S}^stem of nomenclature
is better, it, on the other hand, has the very great
drawback of making " confusion worse confounded."

We may define the Locustodea as : Orthoptera with
hindlegs longer (often much longer) than the forelegs or
midlegs, and leaving the femora swollen at the base ;
tarsi of four segment* ; fore tibiae generally provided with
an "ear' situated just belon: the knee, the "musical*
apparatus (when present) being found on the basal part
of the elytra of the male ; antennae very long and slender
(there being more than thirty segments) ; ovipositor usual!//
long and sword-shaped ; many 'wingless species.

Fifteen families are usually given as comprising the
Locustodea : —

W.* 1. STENOPALMATIDJE. W.B. 6. DECTICIDJS.

2. GEYLLACRID^. W.B. 7. LOCUSTIDJS.

3. HETRODID.E. W. 8. SAGTD.I:.

W. 4. EPHIPPJGERID.E. 9. TYMPANOPHORIDJE.

5. CALLIMENID^. W.B.* 10. CONOCEPHALID^:.

W = represented in Western Europe ; B = represented in the British
Isles.

LOCUSTODEA. 147

11. PSEUDOPHYLLIDJ]. W.B. 14.

12. PROCHILID.E. W.B. 15. PHANEROPTERID^E.

13. MECOPODJD.E.

While eight of these families are represented in
Western Europe, but five extend so far as the British
Isles- -Decticidse, Loeustidae, Conocephalidae, Meco-
nemidae, and Phaneropteridse. Xine species only are
known with certainty to be natives of Britain, thousrh

i/ O

Phaneroptera falcatd Scop, may quite likely turn out
to be so. One British species, Phasgonura viridissima
Linn., finds a place in the typical family. Our nine
representatives compare very unfavourably in number
with those found in Western Europe, which sum up
to over one hundred and sixty. There is apparently
only a sino-le reliable record of a locustid from

«/ o

Scotland.

At present I have not met with the eggs of all
of our species, but in several cases they may be
described as rather long curved cylinders with rounded
extremities; those of _/>/>/ny;/////-x punctatissima Bosc
are, however, of quite a different shape. \Vith her
formidable scythe-shaped ovipositor the female places
the eggs singly, below the surface of the ground in the
case of some species, within the twigs or stems of
plants in that of others. They are' laid in the autumn
and apparently hatch in the spring. After some half-
a-dozen ecdyses the adult state is reached in the
summer — often quite late, and seldom before the latter
part of July. There is little post-embryonic develop-
ment and a pupa-stage is absent, the insects being
nymphs from the time of leaving the e^g- till thev

tJ O e/

become imagines. The wings become more pronounced
at each ecdysis after their first appearance ; many
species, however, remain wingless, or nearly so>
throughout their life. As a rule Locustids are sedentary
and nocturnal in their habits, as compared with the
following group, the Acridians.

While, too, the latter are herbivorous insects, the
former are not entirely so, and specimens kept in

148

BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

captivity often become cannibals. It may even be
that some species are regularly carnivorous.

In the Locustodea the vertex of the head is produced

FIG. 19. — Ovipositors of British species of Locustodea, to show
relative size and shape ( x 3). 1. Metrioptera brachyptera Linnaeus.
2. M. roeselii Hagenbach. 3. M. albopunctata Goeze. 4. Phas-
gonura viridissima Linnaeus. 5. Meconema thalassinum De Geer.
6. Tettigonia verrucivora Linnaeus. 7. Conocephalus dorsalis La-
treille. 8. Pholidoptera griseoaptera De Geer. 9. Leptophyes
punctatissima Bosc.

LOCUSTODEA. 149

between the swollen bases of the lono^ antennae to a

greater or less extent, and in various forms. The
margin of the vertex is separated from the frons by a
furrow, immediately below which is the vestige of the
median ocellus, the lateral ones being absent.

Of the pronotum the lateral ridges are usually
wanting (but maybe seen in one or two of our species),
and the median one, if present, is not strongly marked..
In some cases the side flap runs backwards in a single
curve, but in others it is hollowed out at the shoulder.
The prosternurn may be plain or armed with two spines.

Normally the venation of the elytra is somewhat
simple, there being the subcostal nervure, the radius,.
medius, and cubitus, followed by the first anal nervure,

the dividing nervure, and the remaining anal nervures;
the anal area beyond the dividing nervure is in the
male modified to form a musical apparatus. In this
region the left elytron, which at rest overlaps the
right, has the nervures thickened, especially below;.
while in the same part of the right elytron is a bright
transparent "speculum ' -a vibrating membrane. The
rubbing together of the two elytra produces the
" song," a kind of file on the left elytron passing
across a sharp edge on the right one, and the whole
forming a sort of violin. These musical organs are
found in the male only, except in two non-British
families. In species in which the elytra are greatly
reduced, it is these parts which remain. The tympana
or " ears'' are on the tibiae of the forelegs. The

'song' is more shrill than in the next group, the
Acridiodea, in which, too, the sound is produced in a
different manner.

Though the British species are easily distinguished
without their aid, the number and position (or the
absence) of spines on the tibiae are used in classifica-
tion, while the presence or absence of apical spurs is
important for the same reason. As already mentioned
the fore tibiae of the male bear near their base the
tympana, or external " ears," which may be oval,

150

BRITISH ORTHOPTEEA.

concliate, or simply a cleft (as in most genera). The
mid tibia3 resemble the fore, except for the absence
of the tympana. The hind tibia3 have a double row
of spines above and below, and the apical spurs below
(usually four in number) assist the insect in making
its spring, as well as affording a useful point for
classificatory purposes. The fore tibia3 may be plain
or sulcate : the first and second segments of the tarsi
are sulcate, except in Leptophyes, so far as British
grasshoppers are concerned.

Though colour, size, and wing-development are not
good points on which to differentiate species, yet, as
our nine natives are easily separated by such means, a
table is drawn up on these lines. It must, of course,
be used for no other purpose than for identifying the
British species.

BEITISH LOCUSTIDS.

A. Wings reduced to vestiges ;
elvtra very small.

•/ */

(a). Bright green, with

minute black spots . ^15 mm.
(b). Ruddy brown . .18 mm.
Wings and elytra half de-
veloped.

(a) . Brown, with pale margin
all round flaps of pro-
notum . . .17 mm.
(6). Brown, with pale hind

margin to flaps. . 17 mm.
(c) . Pale green,with crimson-
brown dorsal surface;
very slender species .
Wings and elytra fully deve-
loped.
(a). Clear green.

(i). Size small . .13 mm.
(ii). Size large . . 33 mm.
(b}. Green, with dark spots

on elytra .
(c). Brown ....

L. pnnctatissima.
P. griseoaptera.

M. roeselii.

M. brachyptera.

16 mm. C. dorsalis.

J/. tlialassinum.
P. viridlssima.

35 mm. T. verrucivora.
21 mm. M. albopunctata.

* Average length of the body of the female from the front of the head to
the base of the ovipositor.

PHOLIDOPTERA. 151

Genus 1. PHOLIDOPTERA Wesmael.

Pholidnptera WESMAEL Bull. Acad. Sc. Brux. v, p. 592 . . 1838.
Micropteryx STEPHENS 111. Br. Ent. Maiid. vi, p. 12 [name pre-
occupied] ........ 1835.

Olyntlioscelis FISCHER DE WALD. Bull. Soc. Mosc. xii, p. 110 . 1839.

Thamnotrizon FISCHER DE WALD. Orth. Eur. p. 261 . . . 1853.

Vertex broader than the basal segment of the an-
tennse. Pronotnm more or less produced posteriorly ;
without carinae or with lateral carinse only posteriorly,
no median carina; lateral lobes well developed. Pro-
sternum unarmed. Wings abbreviate, the elytra shorter
than the body, not passing the end of the abdomen,
usually no longer, or even shorter, than the pronotum.
Legs moderate, the posterior femora from two to three
times as long as the pronotum and usually strongly
swollen basally; all the femora unarmed or the posterior
ones rarely spinose vent/rally ; anterior tibiae armed
above on the outer carina only with three spines ;
posterior tibiiB with four apical spurs beneath ; free
plantula no longer than the first tarsal segment,
sometimes not over half as long. Anal segment of the
male rounded posteriorly or acuminately bilobate.
Cerci of the male nearly straight, apically somewhat
incurved, basally toothed on the inner side ; subgenital
plate in the male posteriorly subemarginate or deeply
incised. Ovipositor sometimes nearly straight but
usually curved more or less upwards, acuminate.
(A. N. Caudell, ' Grenera Insectorum,' fasc. 72, 1908.)

1. Pholidoptera griseoaptera De Geer.
(Plate XIV, fig. 4 ; PI. XV, figs. 1 and 2.)

c/riseo-aptera DE GEER Mem. Ins. iii, p. 436 . 1773 — Locusta.
cinereus GMELIN in Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed.

13), i (4). p. 2071, n. 28 . I79Q—Gryllus.

clypeata PANZER Faun. Ins. Germ. fasc.

33, pi. iv . . . . . 1796 — Locusta.

aptera CHARP. Hor. Ent. p. 117 . . 1825 — Locusta.

cinereus BRUNNER Prod, der Eur. Orth.

p. 343 ..... 1882 — Thamnotrizon.

152 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

dnereus FINOT Faime de la Fr. Orth. pp.

2ix>. 202 . . 1889—Thamnotrizon,

„ ELAND SHAW Mon. Brit, Orth.,

in Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 63 . . 1890 — Thamnotrizon.

„ BURR Brit. Orth. p. 55, pi. iv, f. 12 1897 — Tliamnotrizon.

„ LUCAS Entomologist, p. 290, pi.

iii, f . 1 . . . . 1899 — Thamnotrizon.

Griseoaptera KIRBY Syn. Cat, Orth. ii, p. 202 1906 — Pholidoptem .

t/rtseoaptera CAUDELL Gen. Ins. fasc. 72. p. 30 1908 — Pholidoptera.

griseo-aptera'BTJKB, Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 106 1910 — Olynthoscelis.
griseoaptera LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc.

p. 55. pi. i, f. 4. . . . 1914 — Pliolidoptera.

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

Sauterelle 5. Sauterelle yrise sans ailes, avec deux bandes noires sur
iion-ailee la tete et le corcelet.

grise. Locusta (griseo-aptera) grisea aptera, capite thoraceque

fasciis duabus nicjris.

Le 5 Septembre de 1'annee 1760, je trouvai a Wik, terre seigneuriale
pres de la ville d'Upsal. des Sauterelles remarquables, un pen plus
grandes qne celles de 1'espece precedente [Locusta brachyptera^, ayant
de tres-longues antennes a filets coniques, et la femelle portant au.
derriere une tarriere plus courte que le corps, courbee en-haut et en
forme d'une faucille, ou d'une lame de couteau courbee. J'en ai eu de&
males et des femelles.

Les femelles ir ont absolumeiit point d'ailes : car on ne pent gueres
dormer le nom d'ailes a deux petites lames ovales qu'elles out derriere
le corcelet, une de chaque cote. Les males out de nieme derriere le
corcelet ou sur la poitrine deux pieces applaties membraneuses. qui:
egalent a peine le tiers de la longueur du corps, et dont 1'une est en
recouvrement de Tautre. Ces pieces sont equivalantes aux etuis coriaces
des autres Sauterelles ; celle du dessous est meme garnie d'nn petit
miroir, comme on en voit sur les grandes Sauterelles, et Tautre a
plusieurs grosses nervures irregulieres. On ne trouve point d'ailes en
dessous de ces demi-etuis. De chaque cote de la poitrine, pres du
corcelet, on voit dans Fun. et 1'autre sexe une grande ouverture ovale,
ou une cavite enfoncee dans le corps. La tete n'a point d'yeux lisses.

Tout le corps est gris, mais la tete et le corcelet ont de chaque cote
une large bande longitudinale noire, et le dessous du ventre est d'un
jaune verdatre. Dans tout le reste elles sont sernblables ?\ celles de
1'espece precedente, et leurs cuisses posterieures ont aussi la large bande
longitudinale noire. (De Geer, ' Mem. Ins.' iii, p. 436, 1773.)

MALE IMAGO (PI. XV, fig. I).- -Colour greyish-brown,
usually with a ruddy blush. Lengtli some 15 mm.
Head large, with dusky markings, rounded ou the
vertex ; antennas hair-like, considerably longer than the
body ; pronotiim saddle-shaped, with dark markings on
the lateral flaps, flat dorsally, broader posteriorly,
finely edged on the lateral and hind margins with a

PHOLtDOPTERA GRISEOAPTERA.

pale line; elytra yellowish, wrinkled, scale-like, not
half the 'length of the abdomen; -wings absent; fore
and mid legs of moderate length, hind legs very long
(some 43 mm.) ; femora unarmed, mottled, hind ones
much swollen at the base ; fore tibiie with, three spines
above, hind tibiae with four apical spurs below ; first
tarsal segment with pronounced free plantules. Abdo-
men brown above and somewhat mottled, vellow below ;

' V

cerci conical, straight, hairy, with an internal tooth
near the base ; subgenital lamina yellow, styles short.

FEMALE IMAGO (PI. XV, fig. 2).- -Larger (15 to
18 mm.), but in colour much resembling the male.
Elytra lateral, reduced to tiny scales, only just pro-
jecting beyond the pronotum ; dorsal surface of the
pronotum more rounded than in the male ; posteriorly
a median carina indicated (perhaps more clearly than
in the male). Ovipositor long (9 to 10 mm.), smooth >
rather broad, curved well upwards, sharp-pointed.

NYMPH.- -In appearance much resembling small
adults, the elytra-scales gradually developing as the
nymphs approach maturity. The colour is perhaps of
a rather more uniform greyish tint. Burr remarks
that the abdomen is sometimes green.

VARIATION, ETC.- -There is some difference in size,
though not of a very noticeable character, and occa-
sionally individuals are met with of a rather darker
tint than the normal; but the species with us is not a
variable one. Bracken took one of a distinctly reddish

«/

chestnut colour at Woolacombe in Devon. A male,
taken by F. W. Terry near Wimbledon in August 1901 ,
besides the normal pair of auditory organs situated at
the basal extremity of the fore tibiae, had a pair on the
mid tibias also. Their position and external appearance
were quite normal, so presumably they were functional.
The abnormality was unnoticed till the insect had

«/

been killed, so it w~as impossible to test its power of
responding to sound by means of these additional
tympana. Other males appeared to answer one

15 1 IMUTISH ORTHOPTEKA.

another's chirpings, so the experiment would have
been an interesting one, had it been possible.

DATE. - -It seems clear that the eggs are laid in the
autumn, and hatch the following spring. Indeed on
one occasion in October H. Gruermonprez found a
female laying her eggs in an elm tree at night, with
the ovipositor firmly fixed in the trunk. This occurred
at Aldwich in Sussex. Nymphs are recorded as having
been met with in May, from which time they continue
through June and July, and even later. Bracken
" swept newly hatched nymphs from nettles near
Plymouth on 10 June 1916. Imagines seem to appear
as early as July ; they are at their best in August and
September, but may continue well into October. Burr
speaks of their still chirping near Dover on 21 October
1907.

HABITS, ETC.- -Nettle-beds, coarse herbage, brambles,
low bushes- -such are the places which these grass-
hoppers are credited with frequenting. In the New
Forest, where I have had many opportunities of
observing them, they appear to have a partiality for
coarse herbage, especially in grassy rides in the woods.
Spots that are somewhat moist seem to be quite as
much to their liking as drier places. They are con-
spicuous insects, with a bulky appearance, and, though
wingless, are quite active. When one tries to catch
them they hop briskly away, or drop into the herbage
out of sight. They are best- caught by hand : grassy
herbage retards the net, while brambles hold it.

Burr describes the chirp of the male as a short
tss tss, and says that it is most frequently to be heard
after dark- -of ten as late as between 10 and 12 o'clock
-on warm August and September evenings, especially
before rain. Some naturalists consider the males to
be less commonly seen than the females ; but, by any-
one who is able to stalk them by their chirp, the males
may perhaps be more easily caught. They sometimes
come to the lepidopterist's " sugar. ': This habit has
been noticed at Torquay (Porritt and Hamm) ; in

PHOL1DOPTERA GETSEOAPTEBA. 155

Beiitley Woods, Suffolk (Hurley) ; in the Xew Forest
(Lucas). It is quite likely, however, that it is not
the sugar which attracts them, but its insect visitors;
for these grasshoppers, like other Locnsticls, are well
known to be to some extent carnivorous. E. A. Fitch
states that three pupas of Pyrameis cardui Linn,
were soon devoured by one of these grasshoppers
which was introduced into the cage containing them.*
In captivity Burr and Bracken fed P. griseoaptera
on lettuce, while the latter reared some newly hatched
nymphs of this species and of L. punctatissima almost
to maturity on rose leaves. Chvino- however, to their

«/ O

being kept together in confinement, the majority were
eaten by their companions. " Long-horned ' grass-
hoppers should always be housed singly ; they may
then be kept alive for some time. A female of this
species, which I brought away from the Xew Forest
at the beginning of September 1909, lived in captivity
till October the 6th, when of course it was nearine* the

natural term of its existence.

It is surprising how much vitality in sects 'sometimes
display. On one occasion I had taken some examples
of P. griseoaptera in the New Forest and wished to pre-
serve them as cabinet specimens. So, after they had
been killed as I thought, they were eviscerated in
order to preserve their colour, and then set. Several
hours later I was startled at finding that two of them
were quite alive as regards the anterior parts, one
especially so.

DISTRIBUTION. — P. griseoaptera is a common grass-
hopper in northern and central Europe — England,
France, Belgium, Switzerland, Sweden, Lapland. It is
less common in the south but occurs in Italy and Spain.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

In the south of England this grasshopper is usually con-
sidered to be common ; personally I have met with it only
in the New Forest district, where, however, it is plentiful
•enough. It is not recorded from Ireland, and but doubt-

* ' Entomologist/ 1879, p. 285.

156 J51UT1SH ORTHOPTKRA.

fully from AV;iles, though it is probably present in both
countries. It has not been met with in Scotland, and appa-
rently does not occur north of the Tweed. Records are :

ENGLAND. — Bedfordshire: Near Bedford (Porritt). Berks:
Near Radley College, Bagley Wood, and Goring (Burr) ;
Bucks: (Carrington). Cheshire: A single specimen received
from Minshull Vernon in Oct. 1902 (Sopp). Cornwall:
Bnirkoii says it is very common in many places in Devon
and Cornwall ; fairly common at Wider-mouth Bay near Bude
(Bracken) ; Falmouth (Shaw). Derbyshire : AtRepton Shrubs,
but rare (Brown). Devon: East Lynn River (Briggs) • Lyn-
mouth (Champion) • Stoke Woods, Exeter, and Sidmonth
(Rowderi) ; Bovey Tracey (Summerson) ; Ivybridge (Bignell) ;
Haldon (Parfitt) ; near Dartmouth (Porritt) ; Dartmoor
(Shaw) • near Bideford (Ansorge) ; not uncommon near
Seaton (Champion) ; Beer (Lyle) ; Torquay and Churston
(Porritt) ; Woolacombe (Bracken) ; common near Plymouth
(Bracken); Westward Ho (Mead- Waldo). Dorset: Glanville&
Wootton (Dal?) ; Bridport (Shaw) ; very common at Broad-
windsor near Beaminster (Jourdain). Essex : near Maldon
(Fitch : ' En torn./ 1879, p. 288) ; Westcliff (Luvoni). Glouces-
tershire: (Edwards}; Wotton (Perkins). Hants: Common
in New Forest (Lucas) ; Fordingbridge (Lucas) ; common
at Aldershot (Sopp). Isle of Wight ; Yarmouth (Stowell) ;
Sandown (Holland) ; Freshwater, Compton Farm, Blackgang,
Undercliff, and Parkhurst Forest (Burr). Herefordshire:
Hereford (Winston) • Great Do ward Hill (Tomlin). Hertford-
shire: Hemel Hempstead (GMs) ; Hertford, (Stephens).
Kent : Darenth (Stephens) ; Folkestone (Briggs) ; Chattenden
Woods near Strood (Milton); Favershara District (Chitty) •
Edenbridge and Eastry, also heard at Fredville, Barfreston,.
Wingham, Kearsney, and Alkham (Burr) ; Stonehall
(Porritt); Dartford (West) ; Bostal Heath (Shaw) ; Plumstead
(Shaw). Lincolnshire : Hangham Pasture, abundant (Wallis
Kew) ; Linwood near Louth (Goulding). Middlesex : Acton,
1885 (Winston) ; Wormwood Scrubs (Shaic). Monmouth-
shire : near Chepstow (Burkill). Norfolk: (Edwards).
Oxon : Oxford (Xiphidium clypeatum in Prof. Westwood's
Garden, 1876). Somerset: Coinbre Florey near Taunton^
very common (Jones) ; Batheaston (Blathwayt). Suffolk :
Bungay Common (Tuck) ; Wherstead (Mprley) ; Acrida
aptera, at Lound Wood near Yarmouth (Paget) ; Bentley
Woods (Morley) ; Colchester (Harwood) . Surrey: Bellagio
near East Grinstead (Burr) ; common at Farnham (Sopp) ;
Hale (Sopp) ; near Wimbledon, 1901 (Terry) ; Lingfield

PHOLIDOPTERA GRISEOAPTEftA. 157

{Burr) ; Surbiton (Burr}. Sussex : Guestling (Bloomfield) ;
Lewes, Chailey (McLachlan) ; Eastbourne (Winston); Aldwich;
Bognor and District (G-uermonprez) ; Ashdown Forest (Burr);
Slindon (Guermonprez) ; East Grinstead (Burr). Wilts: West
Wood near Marlborough (Stowell).

WALES.- -In the Cambridge University Museum are speci-
mens labelled "Rnglan (Perkins) ; Grower vi. 97." Presumably
these are Welsh examples.

Genus 2. METRIOPTERA \Vesmael.

Metrioptera. WESMAEL Bull. Aoad. Sc. Bmx. vol. v. p. 592 . 1838.
Platycleis FIBBER, in Kelch, Grimdl. Keimtn. Orthopt. p. 2 . 1852.
•Chelidnptera WESMAEL Bull. Ac-ad. Sc. Brux. vol. v, p. 591 . 1838.

Vertex broad. Pronotum rounded above or flat,
with or without carinse, the lateral ones, when present,
dull and nearly straight or bowed outwards posteriorly ;
lateral lobes well developed. Prosternum unarmed.
Organs of flight fully developed or abbreviated, the
elytra ranging from as long as the pronotum, rarely
less, to much longer than the bodv. Le^s variable in

O i/O

length, the posterior femora, two and a half times as
long as the pronotum, or longer ; all the femora
unarmed ; anterior tibiae armed above, on the outer
side only, with three spines ; posterior tibise with four
apical spurs below ; free plantula sometimes as long, or
nearly as long, as the first segment of the tarsi, but
usually not more than half as long. Cerci of the male
armed with a tooth on the inner side at the base or
before the middle. Ovipositor usually somewhat
curved upwards, sometimes nearly straight, pointed,
apically smooth or finely crenulate. (A. JN\ Caudell.)
Type of the genus Metrioptera brachyptera Linn.

TABLE OF THE BRITISH SPECIES.

1. Elytra and wings fully developed . . M. allopunctata.

2. Elytra abbreviated ; wings vestigial.

(a). Pale posterior margin to lateral

flap of pronotum ; ovipositor

9 mm. . . . J/. brachyptera.

(b). Pale margin all round flap of

pronotum; ovipositor 6 mm. . M. roeselii.

158 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

1. Metrioptera albopunctata Goeze.
(Plate XIV, fig. 8 ; PI. XVI, fig. 3.)

albopunctatus GOEZE Eiit. Beytr. ii, p. 89, n. 1 . 1778 — Tettigonia.

grisea FABR. Spec. Ins. i, p. 359, 11. 22 . 1781 — Locusta.

griseus SERV. Ins. Ovth. p. 488 . . 1839 — Decticus.

FIEB. Kelch. Kenntn. Orth. p. 2 . ISSZ—Platyclei*.
grisea BRUNNER Prod, der Eur. Orth.

p. 347 . . 18S2—Platycleis.

„ FINOT Faune de la Fr. Orth. pp.

204, 205 lS$9—Platycleis.

„ ELAND SHAW Mon. Brit. Orth.,

in Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 94 . . 1890—Platycleis.

BURR Brit. Orth. p. 57, pi. iv, f . 13 ISW—Platycleis.

Albopunctata KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. ii. p. 203. 19()6~Chelid<>ptera.

albopunctata CAUDELL Gen. Ins. fasc. 72, p. 31 1908— Metrioptera.

grisea BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 109 1910—Platycleis.

albopunctata LUCAS Proc. S. Loiid. Ent. Soc.

p. 55, pi. i, f. 8 . . . . 1914— Metrioptera.

(Other synonyms: — L. striata Thuiib. ; L. denticulata Panz. ; L.
falcata Zett.)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
IV. Tettigonia, Sabelschwanze.

1. Albo-punctatus, der Weisspwrikt.

Rosels Iiisekteiibel. 2. B. Samml. der Heuschr. p. 128, t. 20

ff. 8, 9, 10.
Feminise corpus viridesceiis ; mas fusco-testaceus ; elytris flavo-

marginatis et maculatis ; in feinorum junctura punctum

albissimum.

(Goeze, ' Ent. Beytr.' ii, p. 89 (1778).)

MALE IMAGO (PI. XVI, fig. o).- -Colour rather bright
brown, mottled and spotted with very dark brown : for
a day or two after reaching maturity a green tint may
remain upon the sides, and Groeze's description (above)
of the female seems to have been made from such a
specimen. Le-nyth some 18 mm. The slender antennae
longer than the body. Side flaps of the pronutum
sometimes edged with a paler tint, dimly suggesting
the margin in M. roeselii. Elytra narrow, but fully
developed, pale brown with darker markings. Wings
fully developed, nearly hyaline, with brown nervures.
Hind legs about three times as long as the fore legs,
femora much swollen at the base and marked there with
a dark patch. Thorax (as well as abdomen) pale below.
Anal segment deeply furrowed, lobes pointed. Cerci

METRIOPTERA ALBOPUNCTATA. 159

pointed, conical, hairy, with a tooth nearer the apex
than the middle. Subgenilal lamina emarginate, styles
rather long.

FEMALE IMAGO (PL XIV, fig. 8).- -Elytra and wings
fully developed as in the male. Colouring as in the
male. Length some 21 mm. Subgenital lamina emar-
ginate with rounded lobes. Cerci without a tooth.
Ovipositor 9 mm. from base to tip. shining, curved
somewhat upwards, pale at the base but very dark for
the most part, finely crenulated below towards the apex.

EGG (fig. 20).- -H. M. Edelsten, when "sugaring'1
at Dartmouth on one occasion, found a female M.
albopunctata laying eggs in one of the posts, with its
ovipositor thrust deeply into a chink in the wood. He

FIG. 20. — Egg of (1) Leptophyes punctatissima Bosc ( x 6) ; (2) Metrioptera.

albopunctata G-oeze ( x 6).

very aptly remarked : " What curious black cigar-
shaped things the eggs are ! : They are really a little
curved- -sausage-shaped. Those I possess were
extracted from females and are practically black in
colour (dull yellow when immature), while the surface
is finely granulated. The length is 4 mm. and the
breadth about 0*8 mm.

NYMPH.- -Brunner describes the nymph (evidently
when approaching maturity) as greenish, pronotum
crimson (purpureuw) , lateral flaps green, elytra with
two large black spots, posterior femora and ventral
surface of abdomen bright green. After the final
ecdysis the green colour on the sides is evident for two

or three davs.

VARIATION. — Bracken took a pale example on the

160 BRITISH OETHOPTERA.

sand-dunes at Braunton Burrows, which he contrasts
with a dark specimen from cliffs in another locality.
Edelsten notes a female at Dartmouth with the top of
its head and the plate on the thorax quite red, and I
have taken a female with the dorsal surface of head and
thorax rust-coloured. If a series of British examples
is examined a little variation in the length of the
elytra will be noticed. The species with us, however,
does not appear to vary to any extent.

DATE.- -Eggs are laid in the autumn and hatch in
the spring. Nymphs are found in the early summer
and imagines in the late summer and autumn.
Stephens mentions the occurrence of specimens at
Dover at the end of July, but does not say whether
they were mature or not. Judging by the records
August and September seem to be the best months for
imagines, though they may live on into October,
Morley having met with the species in Sussex on the
llth of that month in 1894. Nymphs sometimes
occur very late : I took one on 26 August 1903 on the
Hampshire coast, while Burr found female nymphs as
late as 8 September in 1896, at Folkestone Warren.

HABITS.--III England this grasshopper seems to have
a liking for barren uncultivated spots especially on a
chalky hillside ; but it is not confined to such places,
being found on cliffs on sandy soil near Plymouth, and
on sand-dunes at Sandwich, while Burr found it
plentiful on the outcrop of the Greensand at Compton
Bay in the Isle of Wight. It has been spoken of more
than once as connected with the rest-harrow (Ononis
spinosa Linn.) ; but it remains to be seen whether or not
this is an accidental association. Amongst rough
herbage on a cliff-side in the south of England M.
albopunciata may be expected. I have once or twice
noticed that it occurred on a damp clayey spot, where
the surface of the cliff was breaking away or sliding
downwards. Morley found it on plants on the Sussex
coast. It has been taken at " sugar ' -at Torquay
(Hamm and Bracken) and at Dartmouth (Edelsten).

METR10PTERA ALBOPUNCTATA. 161

This is a very active creature, which when disturbed
tries to hide amongst the rough vegetation, where it is
not easily found, for its colouring assimilates extremely
well with such surroundings. Burr found If. albo-
punctata easy to keep in confinement, and that it ate
flies greedily. In 1896 he remarked that he had
never heard the species chirp. On the surface of soft
sand it is almost helpless, leaping apparently being
impossible.

DISTRIBUTION.- -This Locustid is found practically
throughout Europe- -England, Holland, Belgium,
France, Switzerland, Sweden, Spain, Italy, and
Montenegro at the least- -as well as in Asia Minor,
Syria, the Caucasus, and Madeira.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

M. albopunctata occurs in all the counties of the south coast
of England, while there is one record for Suffolk, and, rather
strangely, one from the inland county of Derby. Records are :

ENGLAND. — Cornwall : Tregantle near Plymouth (Bracken) ;
Land's End (Burr}; common at Fowey (Stoicell). Devon:
Torquay, Whitsancls near Plymouth, and one at Braunton
Burrows (Bracken) ; Dartmouth (Eddvten) ; Dawlish (Bab-
Line/ton — Stephens' Illus.). Dorset : Chapman's Pool, and
coast between Lul worth and Wey mouth (Lucas) ; Charmouth
(Burr); Isle of Portland (C. IF. Dale). Hants: Coast near
Milton, and near Mudeford (Lucas) ; Barton (Edwards) ;
Hayling Island, Southsea, and Southampton (Burr). Isle of
Wight : Compton Bay (Porritt) ; common at the Undercliff
and Blackgang (Burr). Sussex : Southwick Beach (Morley) ;
Hastings, on the hill above the town (Saunders). Kent :
Folkestone (Brlggs and Burr) ; Deal and Sandwich Bay
(Burr) ; St. Margaret's Bay (Chitty) ; beneath cliffs at
Dover (Stephens). Suffolk: Colchester (Hancood). Derby-
shire : Near Derby : specimens now in Derby Museum (Pullen)*

2. Metrioptera brachyptera Linn.
(Plate XIV, fig. 7 ; PL XVI, fig. 2.)

brachypterus LINN. Faun. Suec. (ed. 2), p. 237,

11.868 1761—Gryllus.

brachyptera DE GEER Mem. Ins. iii, pp. 433-

434, n. 4, pi. xxii, ff. 2, 3 . . 1773— Locusta.

162 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

brachyptera LATR. Cuv. Regne Anim. (ed. 2), v,

p. 184 note ..... 1829 — Anisoptera.
STEPH. 111. Br. Ent. Mand. vi, p. 13,

11. 3 ..... 1835 — Micropteryx.

brachypterus BURM. Hand, ii, p. 711, n. 7 . . 1838 — Decticus.
„ FIEB. Kelcli. Kenntn. Orth. p. 2,

11. 4 ... . . 1852— Platycleis.

brachyptera BRUNNER Prod, der Eur. Orth.

p. 356 1882— Platycleis.

FINOT Faune de la France. Orth.

pp. 204, 208 .... 1889— Platycleis.
„ ELAND SHAW Mon. Br. Orth., in

Ent, Mo. Mag. p. 95 . . . 1890— Platycleis.

BURR Brit. Orth. p. 57, pi. v, f. 1 1897— Platycleis.

Brachyptera KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. p. 209 . 1906 — Chelidoptera.

brachyptera CAUDELL Gen. Ins. Fasc. 72. p. 31 1908 — Mefrioptera.

BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 112 . IQIQ— Platycleis.
„ LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc.

p. 55, pi. i, f. 7; pi. iii, f . i . . 1914 — Metrioptera.

(Other synonyms : P. alpinus Fieb. ; L. marginata Thunb., var. ;
P. brachyptera, var. tnacroptera Stal.)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

868. GRYLLUS brachypterus griseo-fuscus, elytris alisque corpore

dimidio brevioribus.
Habitat in Suecia, De Geer.

DESCR. : Thorax latere postico ntrinque linea alba terminatus.
Totus viresceus. Femora linea longitudinal i nigra. Al&
elytris, elytra abdomine breviora. Ensis adscendens.
(C. Liimams, 'Faun. Suec.,' p. 237, 1761.)

MALE IMAGO (PI. XVI, fig. 2). --Colour in general
dark brown with darker markings, variegated with
green. Length 16 mm. Head having at the top a
broad longitudinal pale (sometimes greenish) band,
stretching back to the pronotnm, and edged with a
wide black stripe. Antennas very slender, longer than
the body. Pronotnm flat, with a median carina pos-
teriorly, usually dark green dorsally ; a broad pale
yellowish band along the hind margin of the dark
side-flap. Elytra shorter than the abdomen, pointed,
grey-brown with front and hind margins green ;
" musical ' apparatus distinctly provided for on the
part of the elytra remaining; wings minute- -quite
vestigial. Femora with black dots, the swollen base
of the hind ones greenish below, and having a longi-
tudinal black streak on both aspects. Abdomen yellow

METRIOFTERA BRACHYPTERA. 163

below. Anal segment emarginate at hind edge with
lobes rather sharp-pointed. Cerci stout at base, a
prominent tooth about the middle internally, slender
beyond the tooth. Subgenital lamina long, pale, with
a median carina, emarginate ; styles moderate in length.

J O f C3

FEMALE IMAGO (PL XIV, fig. 7).- -Very closely resem-
bling the male in general, but a little larger. El//tr<r,
not modified to form a "musical5 apparatus. Ceri-i
not toothed. Subgenital lamina with a small posterior
notch. Ovipositor long — about 10 mm., shining, getting
darker in colour from base to tip,, where it is very
slightly crenulated, only gradually curved on both

O t/ «/ «/

edges.

EGGS.- -Closely resembling those of M. albopunctata,
but perhaps a little more slender ; about 4 mm. long-
by 1 mm. broad ; very dark brown ; cigar-shaped
with a slight curve. (Extracted from the body of a
female.)

NYMPH.- -Except for the smaller size, and the
absence or still greater abbreviation of the elytra,
the nymph closely resembles the imago especially in
the case of the female, whose ovipositor appears dis-
proportionately long.

VARIATION.- -There is a very scarce variety in which
the organs of flight are perfectly developed, but it has
not yet been recorded for Britain. A fairly common
form has the green parts of the elytra replaced by
grey-brown, a change which considerably alters the
appearance of the insect. Occasionally the pale pos-
terior margin of the side-flap of the pronotum is
continued faintly all round, in which case a hurried

determination might cause a false record of M. roeselii.

DATE. — Eggs, which are laid in the autumn, hatch
in the spring. The earliest records of capture I
have are 1 July (Oxshott, R. South), 19 July
(Ashdown Forest), and 29 July (Cumberland) ; but
whether the insects were mature, or not, I cannot
say. My latest capture took place on 24 October in

164 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

1897 on Esher Common, Surrey. August and Sep-
tember are the best months for imagines.

HABITS, ETC.- -In my own experience M. bracliyptem
inhabits heathy ground, but affects by preference moist
spots, or even the surface of bogs. It should there-
fore be looked for amongst the cross-leaved heath

(l\i'ii'(i tetralix) rather than those species which prefer
drier ground. In such spots the vegetation is often
rank and luxuriant. Consequently, although this
grasshopper is not particularly active, its capture
requires patience. After a hop or tw^o it often takes
refuge and hides at the base of the herbage. At
times its mode of progression partakes more of the
nature of a walk or a run than of a hop. The species
is easily noticed " in the field," as, in the living insect,
the green parts of its colour-pattern show up rather
clearly.

If several are kept together 'in. captivity, they must
be well supplied with food, or they will probably turn
cannibal. About 6 October 1905 one of two caught
near Oxsbott, Surrey, and kept in a glass-bottomed
box, partly devoured the other. Whether the victim
became moribund, or whether it was forcibly overcome
by its companion, I cannot say; but, as was clear
from the movements of its jaws, it was not lifeless
while the other was feeding upon it. Grass had been
supplied to them, but it soon became dry, and hunger
probably induced the cannibalism. H. Campion relates
a similar experience. Of two also obtained at Oxshott
(1 July 1911), one cast its skin in a glass-bottomed
box, and later made a meal of the skin. For some
days they were kept in a fish-globe with a Gomphocerus
maculatus, also from Oxshott. The G. maculatus looked
a little sluggish one night, and the next morning was
dead, and one of the Locustids was feeding upon it.
As an instance of the vitality displayed by a female
of this species the following may be mentioned. Two,
a male and a female, taken on Esher Common, after
being in a cyanide-bottle for a short time, were placed

METRTOPTERA BRACHYPTEUA. 165

in a tin box. The female recovered, and a day or

«.

two afterwards was found to be quite lively, with the
dead body of the male partly devoured.

DISTRIBUTION. — From Lapland in the north to the
Alps in the south, and from the west to the Ural
Mountains in the east. It has also been found in
Amur.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

England is the only part of the British Isles from which
J/. brachyptera has been reported. Here in a few counties it
is found, these being- usually in the south. It is a local insect,
but sometimes common where it occurs.

ENGLAND.- -Berk*: (Hamm). Buck*: East Burnham
Common (Campion). Cornwall: Quintrel! Downs, Newquay
(Edwards). Cumberland: Salkeld; not uncommon on one
of the low fells in south-east Cumberland on heathy ground
(Day). Derbyshire: ? at Repton Shrubs (Brown)*. Devon:
Haldon and Woodbury Common (Parfitt). Dorset : Purbeck
Heaths (C. W. Dale). Hants: Xew Forest, common (Lucas);
Bournemouth (Porritt) ; in numbers (1903) at St. Catherine's
Hill at the back of Christchurch (Burr). Kent: Between
Wahner and Dover (Lucas) ; Daren th Wood (Stephens) ;
Broad water Down, Tunbridge Wells (Gruermonprez) . Norfolk :
King's Lynn (Atmore). Surrey: Wisley and Leith Hill
( Briggs), Esher Common, Oxshott Heath, and Woking
(Lucas) • Witley (Dalgtiesh) ; Frensham Heath (Sopp) ;
Ooombe Wood and near Ripley (Stephens). Sussex: Bexhill
(Butler) • cliffs at Hastings (Guermonprez) ; Ashdown Forest
(Burr). Yorkshire: Thorue Moor and Stensall Common
(Porritt).

3. Metrioptera roeselii Hagenbach.
(Plate XIV, fig. 9; PL XVI, fig. 1.)

roeselii HAGENB. Symb. Faun. Ins. Helv. i,

p. 39, f. 24 . ... 1822— Locust a.

brevipennis CHARP. Horse Ent. p. 114 . . 1825 — Locusta.
roeselii STEPH. 111. Br. Ins. Mand. vi, p. 13,

11. 2 ... 1835 — Micropteryx.

Roeselii BEUNNEK Prod, der Eur. Orth.

p. 358 .... . l8S'2—Platycleis.

roeselii FINOT Faune de la Fr., Orth. pp.

205,209 ..... 1889—Platycleis.

166 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

Roeselii ELAND SHAW Mon. Brit. Orth. in

Ent, Mo. Mag. p. 96 . . 1890— Platycleis.

roeselii BURR Brit. Orth. p. 58. pi. v. f. 2
Roeselii KIRBY Syn. Cat, Orth. p. 210
roeselii CAUDELL Gen. Ins. Fasc. 72. p. 32
BURR Syn. Orth. W. Em-, p. 113
CAMPION Entom. xlv. p. 117; xlvi

p. 37 .

LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc
p. 56, pi. i, f. 9 .

1897 — Platycleis.
1906 — Chelidoptera.

1908 — Metrioptera.
1910— Platycleis.

1912-3 — Metrioptera.
1914—Metrioptem.

(Other synonyms : P. roeseli Bol. ; D. sinuatiis Fiscli. ; L. diluta
Charp. var. ; D.pellucida Herr.-Sclmff. ; P. roeselii var. macroptera
Brunn. ; P. roeselii var. bispina Bol.)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
Fig. 24.

LOCUSTA ROESELII.

Nova species.

L. viridis vel grisea, thoracis dorso piano, subtricarinato, latevibus
flavo-marginato, hemelytris abdominalis tertiam partein aeqnantibus
griseis, femoribus posticis vitta loiigitudinali dentata atra, ensi minuto
subrecurvo.

Roesel Insectenbel. Tom. 2, Tab. 20, fig. 9.

Habitat Basileae.

[A long description in Latin follows this diagnosis.]
(Hagenbach, ' Synib. Faun. Ins. Helv.,' p. 39, 1822.)

MALE IMAGO (PI. XVI, fig. 1).- -General colour of
matured adult brown, variegated with green, especially
in specimens which have recently passed through the
last ecdysis. Length 16 mm. Head ash-coloured ;
vertex very broad, edged with black, and having a
central longitudinal fine pale line on each side of
which is a fine darker line ; the long slender antennae-
light brown. Pronotum with the brown disc broad
,and flat, the dark side-flaps edged "all round' with
a pale greenish or yellowish border. Elytra abbreviated
(not so long as the abdomen), somewhat rectangular in
shape, truncated behind, in colour pale greenish brown
with dark brown nervures. Wiiujs minute (about
2*5 mm. long), even more vestigial than in M. bracliy-
ptera. Legs brown, sometimes with a green tinge in
places, hind femora with a broad dark streak on the
swollen part. Sides of thorax and abdomen with a
row of yellow markings ; dorsal surface of abdomen

METRIOPTERA ROESELII. 167

brown, ventral yellow. Anal segment excavated,
emarginate, lobes produced. Gerci rather slender, a
pronounced tooth nearer the apex than the base.
Subgenital lamina pale, slightly concave, acutely emar-
ginate, with a median carina, styles rather prominent.

FEMALE IMAGO (PI. XI V, fig. 9). --In colour much as
in the male, in size a little larger. Elytra smaller, vein-
ing simpler; wings as small as in the male. Subgenital
lamina pale, deeply emarginate. Ovipositor short
(about 7 mm. long), turned sharply upwards, lower
edge gently curved, upper nearly straight, getting*
darker from base to tip which is slightly crenulated
along the edges, shining. Gerci without teeth.

EGGS.- -In shape a curved cylinder with bluntly-
rounded ends ; about 4-25 mm. long by '75 mm. broad;
brown ; finely but regularly granulated. (Extracted

•j O «/ O

from the body of a female sent alive from Trusthorpe
in 1912.)

VARIATION.- -Very rarely the organs of night are
fully developed, but no instance has been noticed in
Britain. In coloration, that of the male appears to
be more constant than that of the female. The most
variable parts are the spots on the sides of thorax
and abdomen and the border of the side-flaps of the
pronotum : these may be light green, bright yellow, or
some intermediate tint. In some cases the median •
longitudinal light line on the vertex of the head is
not evident : when present this may, or may not, be
continued on the pronotum. In some females bright
green is conspicuous in their scheme of coloration; in
others the colour as a whole is bright brown, the tint
of which may vary.

NY AJ PH.- -Two dried examples that I possess, except
for the smaller size and less developed organs of flight,
much resemble the adult form; but nymphal grass-
hoppers alter in drying much more than do the adults.
A female nymph taken by Luvoni on 28 August was
very green indeed, and a brighter green tint seems to

168 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

be a sign of the "teneral" condition in imago, as well
as in nymph. Porritt mentions the green tint of
specimens he took at Trusthorpe in 1912, and this
may perhaps have been due to retarded colour-change
owing to the unsummerlike weather of that year.
Guermonprez showed Burr a very young Locustid
nymph from Par in Cornwall. The pale border showed
up distinctly, but the pale border is more conspicuous
in M. albopunctata in the nymph al stage, and I believe
this is the case in M. brachi/ptera also. It would,
therefore, be unwise to assign to this species all
nymphs with pale border all round the flaps of the
pronotum.

DATE.- -It may safely be assumed that the eggs laid
in the autumn hatch in the following spring. Nymphs
have been observed on 24 June (Harwood) ; and a
female, still not adult, was taken by A. Luvoni on
28 August. H. Campion records imagines on 21 July,
and the capture of two males on 22 September. One
of these last survived in captivity till 28 September
and the other till 12 October.

HABITS, ETC.- -So few are the known localities for
this grasshopper in England, that it is not easy, to say
exactly what its predilections are as regards a suitable
haunt. One of its known habitats is amongst coarse
grass on sandhills (Porritt) ; another is amongst long
grass at the foot of a sea-wall (Soutli) ; a reed-patch
on the shore of the Thames estuary (West) is a
third ; while a fourth is a sunny, grassy hill-side,
overgrown with thistles, ragwort, and other plants
(Campion). Burr considers rank vegetation in damp
fields, and herbage, favourite spots for the species.
Campion has kept both males and females alive in
captivity for two or three weeks, feeding them on fresh
grass, of which they ate greedily while it remained
fresh. All the specimens that he had under observation
were kept indoors in large dry fish-globes. More than
once he found that dead, or dying, examples were
partly eaten by their companions. This cannibalistic

METRFOPTERA KOESEL1I. 169

tendency is, however, not uncommon amongst Locustids.
AVhile under observation he found, as a general rule, a
tendency for the green coloured parts to change to
yello\v or light brown. The pale margin of the lateral
flaps of the pronotum shared in this change, and the
transition from green to yellow in all cases progressed
from the posterior margin forwards. This observation
seems to reconcile the discrepancy with regard to the
coloration of the margin as o-iven by various authors,

CJ? (/

and the colour found by Porritt to be universal in his
Trusthorpe specimens of 1912. One which he sent me
alive from that locality still has the margin of a greenish
tin ore although it is now nearly six years old.

O O tl i

DISTRIBUTION. — J/. roeselii is chiefly European, its
distribution being somewhat similar to that of J/.
brachyptera : apparently, however, it is less frequent
in the north but extends farther south. On the
Continent it is not purely littoral as it appears to be
in England. It has been mentioned as present in
Sweden (r), Denmark, England, France, Belgium,
S. Germany, Italy, Croatia, Istria. Servia, Bosnia,
Herzegovina, Spain (r'), Caucasus. Perhaps it crosses
the Ural Mountains.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

In Britain so far as at present known this species is con-
fined to the south-east coast of England, and till a few years
ago was almost lost to sight. Even now recorded localities
for it are extremely few.

Stephens says: "This species appears to be very rare in
this country. I have hitherto seen, so far as I remember,
two examples only, which are in my own collection, and were
found in the vicinity of the Metropolis in the autumn, I believe
.at Hampstead."*

In 1886 E. Saunders took one at Herne Bay in August.

In August 1888 it was found plentifully by H. Wallis Kew
amongst coarse grass "along by the footpath*' on the sand-
hills at Trusthorpe, between Mablethorpe and Sutton-on-Sea
in Lincolnshire.

* '111. Br. Ent. Mand.' vi, p. 13, 1835.

170 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

Next follows a male from a field at Herne Bay, probably
the locality in which Saunders took it. It is in H. Guermon-
prez' collection. This record appears to be undated."*

On 8 April 1912 JB. S. Harwood sent me a male for purposes
of identification, and afterwards gave it to me. It and others
were taken on the Essex coast. He apparently saw it first in
1903 (the specimen sent was dated 3 Sept. 1903), and took a
few only during the years till 1910, when he saw perhaps a
dozen nymphs and took several adults. He also took one in
1911. On 15 April 1912 he said : "I have three or four more
males and two or three females and have sent several away as
brachyptera" In 1912 Harwood noticed nymphs on 24 June
and captured four adult females on 7 September. One of
these females he added to my collection.

On 13 September 1907 Campion took a female at Herne
Bay ; but he could not find the species there in September
1908.

On 1 August 1911 South took a male at Lelc/h in Essex.

On 3 September 1911 W. West captured five males and
two females on the bank of the Thames a few miles below
Gravesend. Two pairs were placed in his own collection, the
odd specimen he gave to me.

From 21 July to 22 September 1912 examples were taken
at Westcliff and Canvey Island, thus adding two new localities
to the list, A. Luvoni being the fortunate discoverer.

In August 1912 Campion was again able to take a few
specimens at Herne Bai/.^f

On 22 August 1912 West took a female near Gravesend and
gave it to me.

In 1912 Porritt visited Kew's old locality at Trusthorpe to
see if M. roeselii was still to be found there. He was in the
locality from 27 August till 9 September. His visit com-
menced the day after the great floods in Norfolk and Lincoln-
shire, due to the long-continued torrential rains. Although
during his stay there was comparatively little rain, the ground
for some days was in many places a veritable swamp, and the
wind day after day blew with such violence from the north
and east, and was so bitterly cold, that collecting was as
unprofitable as it was uncomfortable. M. roeselii seemed to
be exceedingly local, being apparently almost confined to a
stretch of the sandhills, about 100 yards long by 10 or 12 yards
wide, on the land side. Although he carefully examined many

* ' Entomologist/ 1897, p. 28.

f About 1887 C. O. Waterhouse took 5 males, 2 females, and a female
nymph at Herne Bay, mostly in July. 'Entomologist,' 1912, p. 118.

METJRIOPTERA ROESELII. 171

other places to all appearance exactly similar, he could find
no trace of it elsewhere. It occurred amongst the long* rank
grasses, from the base to ten or a dozen yards up the steep
side of the sandhills. The bright green border of the side-
flap of the pronotum was most conspicuous as soon as the
insect was seen at all. In many specimens there was a good
deal of green about the femora, etc., although in others these
parts were brown. Indeed the living insect is far more
distinct from J/. brtichyptera than the descriptions seem to
indicate. Writing 10 September 1912 Porritt said: "I send
you a living specimen of P. roeselii which I took at Trusthorpe
on 9 Sept. During the past fortnight I took three dozen
there, notwithstanding- atrocious entomological weather. All
my specimens, without exception, had the semicircular border
round the side flap of the bright grass-green colour of this
specimen, whereas all descriptions of it I have seen give the
colour as yellowish or yellowish-white. No doubt that idea
has been got from dried or set specimens, as I find the colour
soon goes after the death of the insect, and in some of the
earliest-caught specimens on the setting-boards the green has
already quite faded away. The colour in other respects, as
you will see, is also slightly different from that of the published
descriptions. I managed to find only two specimens yesterday
morning in the strong wintry gale blowing, one of which I
now send to you."

It will be seen that all the British examples have been
taken about the mouth of the Thames, or on the east coast
south of the Humber, if we omit a doubtful nymph in
Gruermonprez' collection from Par in Cornwall.

Genus 3. TETTIGONIA Linn.

Gryllus Tettigonia LINN. Syst. Nat, (10) vol. i. p. 429 . . 1758.

Decticus SERVILLE Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. 22. p. 155 . . . 1831.

Linnasus divides his genus Gryllus into six sub-
genera, one of which, Tettu/onia, with seventeen species,
he characterises as : " Cauda ensifera feminis."

More clearly diagnosed the genus is*as follows :-
Vertex broad. Pronotum unarmed, with or without
carinse. Organs of flight fully developed, the elytra
usually twice as long as the pronotum, or more. Legs
long, the hind femora very long and much swollen at
the base. Fore tibiae armed above on the outer side

L72

BRITISH ORTHOPTEKA.

four spines, the hind tibias with four spurs beneath
at the apex ; free plantules shorter than the basal seg-
ment of the tarsus. Anal segment of the male exca-
vate ; the cerci in the same sex bearing an internal
tooth. Ovipositor curved very gradually upwards.
Tvpe of the genus Gryllus Tettigonia verrucivora
Linnaeus.

1 . Tettigonia verrucivora Linn.
(Plate XIV, fig. 2; PI. XVII, fig. 1.)

verrucivorus LINN. Syst. Nat. (eel. x), i, p.

431,ii.38 . . . 1758— Gryllus Tettigonia.
„ LINN. Faun. Suec. (ed. ii),

p. 237, 11. 870 . . 1761— Gryllus.

verrucivora DE GEER Mem. Ins. iii, p.

430, n. 2, pi. xxi, ff. 1, 2 . 1773—Locusta.
Bingleii (var.) CURTIS Brit. Eiit. ii, pi.

Ixxxii ....
SERV. Ann. Sci. Nat. xxii,

p. 155 ....
DUNCAN Jardine's Nat.

Libr., Ins. i, p. 253, pi.

xiii, f . 2 . . .

BRUNNER Prod. Ear. Ortli.

p. 363, f . 88 .
FINOT, Faune de la Fr..

Orth. p. 213, pi. xi, f. 144 1889— Decticus.
ELAND SHAW Mon. Brit.

Orth., in Ent. Mo. Mag.

p. 96 . . . . 1890— Decticus.
BURR Brit, Orth. p. 59, pi.

v, f . 3 . . . . 1897 — Decticus.
(var. buyssoni) AZAM Rev.

Sci. Boiirboim. xv. p. 39 1902 — Decticus.
KIRBY Syii. Cat, Orth. p.

213

verrucivorus
verrucivora

verrucivorus

1825—Acrida.
1831 — Decticus.

1848—Acrida.

1882— Decticus.

Verrucivora
verrucivora

CAUDELL Gen. Ins. Fasc.

1-1, p. 28 .
verrucivorus BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur.

p. 114

1906— Tettigonia.
1908— Tettigonia.
1910— Decticus.

verrucvora

&UCAS Proc. S. Loud. Ent.

Soc. p. 54, pi. i, f. 2 . 1914— Tettigonia.

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

verrncivorus. 38. Gr. T. thorace subquadrato lasvi, alis viridibus fusco

niaculatis, aiitennis setaceis loiigitudine corporis.
Habitat in Europa.
(C. Linnseus, ' Syst. Nat.' ed. x, torn, i, p. 431, 1758.)

TETTIGOXTA VKKRUCIVORA. 173

870. GRYLLUS verrucivorns thorace subquadrato Isevi, alls viridibus
fusco maculatis, antennis setaceis longitudine corporis.

Gryllus cauda ensifera recta corpore subviridi. It. goth. 253.
Fn. 621.

Habitat in pratis. Rustici huic insecto verrucas manus ad-
movent, quas praemordet et evorait in vulnus liquoreni, unde
verruca contabescit.

DESCR. Distinguitur a reliquis variis iiotis. Thoracis armatura
triangulari, seu ad latera deorsum producta et a tergo versus
alas dilatata. Feminu ad aiium ensem gerit bivalvein ; M<is
elytris versus basin foramine amplo, nienibrana pellucida
consolidate, quibus sonum effecit sub cantu. Color totius
corporis maxima ex parte viridis.

(C. Linnseus, 'Faun. Suec." p. 237. 1761.)

MALE IMAGO (PL XVII, fig. 1 ).- -Colour a combination
of green and yellowish or olivaceous brown. Length
some 28-35 mm. He<.nl with broad and rounded vertex ;
frons green or reddish yellow; antennae about as long as
the body. Pronotum very pronouncedly saddle-shaped,
dorsal part flat, widening backwards, with a median
and two lateral carinae ; side-flaps also flat, colour
greenish or yellowish, or the two combined. Enjtro
longer than the body, green or green and brown, with
very dark markings, especially a row, or rows, of large
spots along the central region of the elytra, each spot
consisting of a dense cluster of small ones. Wings
fully developed, hyaline, slightly brown along the
costal region. Fore fan-urn verv short, hind ones

CD t/ t,

very long, greenish, very much swollen at the base
and there having darker markings arranged somewhat

o o o

as a series of transverse lines. Fore tibiae with a row
of four spines above ; hind tibia? with four strong*
apical spines below. The pl<uttnh'« of hind tarsi not
very long. Abdomen brownish, on the sides the
margins of segments paler and there with some dark
dots. Anal segment deeply excavated, with pointed
lobes. Cerci stout, a short tooth at about the middle.
Stibgenital lamina slightly emarginate, with rather long*
styles.

FEMALE IMAGO (PI. XIV, fig. 2). --Colour much as in
the male. Length some 35 mm. Elytra and wings fully
developed as in the male. Cerci without a tooth. 3-ub-

174 BRITISH OETHOPTEEA.

genital lamina triangular, roundly emarginate at the
apex. Ovipositor some 21 mm. long, brown, smooth,
nearly straight till towards the tip, where it turns
upwards somewhat, is a little wider, and is slightly
crenulated.

EGG. --Cigar-shaped, but slightly curved; brown;
about 5 mm. long and 2 mm. in greatest width.
(Extracted from the body of a female.)

NYMPH.- -All the examples of this insect that I
possess are mature. Of the nymphs Brunner says :
" Larvas alis maculis magnis cluabus nigris, interdum
obliteratis." This says but little, as apparently the
dark spots on the wing-pads are not peculiar to this
species.

VARIATION.- -T. verrucivora is subject to considerable
variation in both size and colouring. In the usual
form green is the prevailing colour ; but this tint may
be replaced to a great extent by brown. This form
was described by Curtis from specimens in the cabinets
of Dale and Haw^orth as Acrida bingleii in the follow-
ing terms, Curtis considering it a distinct species :-
"Male brown, tinged with green. Head rounded,
pale and dull green. Thorax of the same colour,
slightly carinated, dilated behind. Abdomen piceous,
edges of the segments pale. Elytra pale fuscous,
tinged with green, spotted with brown, the central
spots the largest, interior margin green towards the
base. Wings transparent greenish at their base.
Legs griseous-yellow ; posterior thighs green at their
base, variegated with brown. Female dull and pale
ochraceous, variegated with brown. Abdomen pale
down the back ; piceous on the sides with irregular
pale margins to the segments. Ovipositor slightly
recurved, brown with a rosy tinge. ': Azam, under
the name buyssoni, describes a form with the hind
margin of the pronotum more rounded, the spot on
the side-flap more clearly defined, the elytra longer,
the pointed lobes of the supra-anal plate straight, and

TETTIGOXIA VERRUCIVORA. 175

the subgenital plate more strongly emarginate. Some
Lydden examples suggest this form.

DATE. — July 3 is the earliest date given for the
capture of this species in England- -by J. C. Dale in
the Xew Forest. We have also records for 20 July;
80 July ; 14 August ; 25 September at Lydden near
Dover ; and 1 6 October at the same place.

HABITS, ETC.- -T. verrucivora should be looked for
in dry barren spots, clearings in woods, and other
similar places. Patience is required in stalking it
down, since it chirps only when the sun is hot. Once
detected, however, to follow it is easv, as its lono* le^s

O c!>

and " oily ' green colour are very conspicuous. It
looks like a frog when making its great leaps in the
long grass. The specific name verrucivora, or " Wart-
biter," is due to a habit of the Swedish peasants, who
used them, so Linnaeus tells us, to bite off their warts.
Possibly the brown fluid discharged from the mouth,
when this and other grasshoppers are handled, may
have some salutary effect conducing to the disappear-
ance of the warts, presuming, of course, that they do
disappear under this drastic treatment.

DISTRIBUTION.- -Generally speaking this grasshopper

is found in Europe and in Northern and Western

Asia. In Europe it occurs from Lapland to Greece

-Sweden, common; England, very sparingly; France,

common; Holland; Belgium, fairly common; Italy,

O i/ v '

in the Alps to 7000 feet ; Spain, apparently only in
the mountains ; Montenegro ; Wallachia.

DISTRIBUTION IN BRITAIN.

It is unfortunate that the finest of our Locustids should also
be the least common. So far as we know it has occurred onlv

«/

at a few spots in the south of England ; but, as it is frequent
in Sweden, there is no apparent reason why it should be so
local, and why it should not occur in Scotland. Stephens
says that it " once occurred in great plenty in a field near
Rochester in September, where it was observed by Professor
Henslow, to whom I am indebted for fine examples." J. C.

176 BRITISH OETHOPTERA.

I )a,le told Curtis that the brown form, bingleii Curtis, " was
first taken at Goodwin's Croft, near Christchurch, Hampshire,
and given to the late Rev. W. Bingley. Dale's female was
taken 30th July, 1818, by the side of a barley field near
Christchurch, and his male at the same place the 14th of
August following/' A male lingleii (probably one of Curtis'
types) but of the green form (!) is in the Hope Museum at
Oxford (Burr). C. W. Dale speaks of a fiue female (colour
not mentioned) taken by his father in the New Forest, 3 July
1844. Here I might mention that H. Bath speaks of a
var binglii taken in the New Forest in September, 1891.
Eland Shaw records two green females taken by H. C.'
Phillips at St. Margaret's Bay, Kent, in August 1886, and
Bath a green female from Deal in 1889, in which year Burr
says two green females were taken at St. Margaret's Bay.
Since then Sandison has taken it in the latter locality, and
the late Rev. E. N. Bloomfield informed me that Gordon
Murray took a green female there in 1900. About 1907
Burr discovered a colony at Lydden about four miles from
Dover, and gave me two males taken there. In 1913 Porritt
found it rare in this locality ..t

Genus 4. PHASGONURA Stephens.

Phasgonura STEPH. 111. Brit. Ent. Maud, vi, p. 15 . 1835.

Tettigonia, part, LINN. Syst. Nat. (ed. x), i, p. 429 . 1758.

Locusta GEOFFR. Hist. Ins. i, p. 396 . . . 1762,

Acrida KIRBY Zool. Journ. i, p. 432 . . . . 1825.

Acrida CURTIS Brit. Ent. ii, pi. Ixxxii and text . . . 1825.

Conocephalus, part, THUNB. Mem. Acad. Petersb. v, p. 278 . 1815.

Stephens thus describes the genus : " Body elongate^
stoutish, smooth ; front acuminated between the
antennas, the latter longer than the body, with the basal
joint very robust and produced within, the second also
robust, but much smaller : the remainder extremely

minute, and gradually diminishing in breadth to the
apex ; eyes large, prominent ; thorax depressed above
and flattened behind, where it bears an abbreviated
ridge, the sides rather suddenly deflexed, the hinder
margin rounded and produced ; elytra considerably

* Curtis, ' British Entomology/ JS"o. 82, where A. bingleii is beautifully
figured.

t Some of the records of this species are a little confused ; they perhaps
require careful sifting, if this is now possible.

PHASGONURA. 177

longer than the abdomen, very much deflexed, im-
maculate, flat at the base of the suture, where in the
male is an ocellar process, transparent on the right
elytron ; wings ample, narrowish, as long as the elytra ;
breast beneath with two spinous processes and four
elongate lobes ; abdomen of the males with four styles
at the apex, and of the female with two and an
elongate straight acute ovipositor ; legs moderate ;
hinder femora with a groove beneath ; tibia3 spinous,
posterior with two distinct rows of minute spines.'1
(' Illus. Brit. Ent., Hand.' vol. vi, p. 15, 1835.)

1. Phasgonura viridissima Linn.

(Plate XIV, fig. 1; PI. XVII, fig. 2; PI. XVIII,

figs. 1 and 2.)

viridissima LINN. Syst. Nat. (ed. x), i,

p. 430, 11. 37 ... 1758 — Gryllus Tettigonia.
viridissimus LINN. Faun. Suec. (ed. ii),

p. 237, 11. 869 1761— Gryllus.
viridis cantatrix DE GEER Mem. Ins. iii,

p. 428, n. 1. . . 1773— Locusta.

viridissima FABR. Syst. Ent. p. 280. n. 22 1775 — Locusta.
viridissimus THUNB. Mem. Acad. Petersb.

v, p. 278 .... 1815 — Conoceplialus.
viridissima WESTW. Stephens 111. Brit.

Ent. Maud. vi. p. 16 . . 1835 — Phasgonura.
„ BRUNNER Prodr. Enr. Orth.

p. 307 .... 1882 — Locusta.
„ FINOT Faune de la Fr., Ortli.

p. 191 .... 1889— Locusta.
„ . ELAND SHAW Mon. Brit.

Orth. in Ent. Mo. Mag.

p. 62 1890 — Locusta.

„ BURR Brit. Orth. p. 54, pi. iv,

f. 11 1897— Locusta.

Viridissima KIRBY Syii. Cat. Orth. ii,

p. 217 . " . . . . 1906 — Phasgonura.
viridissima BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur.

p. 93 . . . . 1910— Locusta.

„ LUCAS Proc. S. Loiid. Ent.

Soc. p. 53, pi. i, f . 1 ; pi. ii 1914 — Phasgonura.

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

viridissimus. 37. Gr. T. thorace rotundato, alis viridibus ininiaculatis,

antennis setaceis longissimis.
Habitat in Europa.
Ensis rectissimus, strictus.
(C. Linmeus, ' Syst. Nat,' ed. x, torn, i, p. 430, 1758.)

178 I5KITI8H OKTHOPTEUA.

M;II. GRYLLUS viridissimus thorace rotundato, alls viridibus

immaculatis, antennis setaceis longissimis.
Habitat in Pratis rarius.

DESCR. Corpus inter nostrates maximum. Caput et Thorax
olivaces. Thorn.!- lyevis iiec angnlatus, dorso planiusculus
lobo scutellari obtusissimo. Ahr virides immaculatse. Ensis
recta.

(C. Linnanis, 'Faun. Suec.' p. 237, 1761.)

MALE IMAGO (PI. XVII, fig. 2). — Colour bright rich
green, sometimes partly light brown above. Length
some 30 mm. Head greenish, with the vertex bluntly
protruding between the eyes, and there divided by a
longitudinal furrow. Pronotum green or pale brown,
saddle-shaped, smooth, rounded behind, often with a
darker streak down the middle, sometimes with a
slight dorsal carina behind, no lateral carinas. Pro-

O t 3

stt'i'inrm with two long spines, meso- and meta-sternal
lobes pointed. Elytra fully developed, green, anal
region modified and variegated with brown and

O £J

yellow. Wings fully developed, hyaline, slightly green
along the costal edge ; nervures pale brown. Legs
green ; fore and mid femora with short black spines
on the front margin below, hind femora with them on
both margins ; fore tibia? with a tympanum on both
sides and with three spines above ; hind tibia? with
two apical spurs above and four below. Anal segment
deeply silicate, produced behind into two lobes. Cerci
long, slender, green, with an internal basal tooth.
Subgenitai lamina with long yellowish styles.

FEMALE IMAGO (PI. XVIII, fig. T).- -Colouring much
as in the male. Length some 30-35 mm. Anal region
of the elytra unmodified, and with a varying amount
of brown colouring. Elytra and wings both fully
developed as in the male. Cerci shorter, without a
tooth. Subgenitai lamina strongly emarginate. Ovi-
jHwitor some 24mm. long; nearly straight, but turned
slightly downwards towards the tip ; green, becoming
brown at the apex.

EGG. --Closely resembling that of T. verrucivora ;
dark brown ; cigar-shaped, but curved more on one

PHASGOXURA VIRIDISSIMA. 179

side than on the other ; about 5*5 mm. long, by about
1*5 mm. broad.

METAMORPHOSIS.- -In 1913 A. B. Luvoni \vas fortu-
nate enough to be able to observe the development of
a female nymph. An interesting note by him on the
subject appeared in the pages of the ' Entomologist/
the substance of which is here given. The nymph was
captured on 22 June, and, judging by what followed,
appeared to be in the second or third stage, The
ovipositor was about 3 mm. long, and the wings were
scarcely noticeable. Various kinds of grass, dandelion,
knapweed, bindweed, and one or two kinds of tmtter-
cup were supplied as food. The next day it was
found to have fed freely on Ranunculus repens, feeding,
time being apparently night or early morning. This
plant be it noted was growing in profusion where the
nymph, was captured. On 25 June an ecdysis took
place, after which the ovipositor and wings measured
() mm. and 3 mm. respectively. The next occurred on
10 July, when the ovipositor became 15 mm. and the
wings 9 mm., while the total length was 34 mm.

After the second ecdvsis the antenna?, which had been

damaged and were unequal in length, became normal.
The final ecdysis took place on 31 July about 6.30 a.m.,
and the imago, after eating the empty skin, clung for
some time to the grass-stems, apparently to allow of
the proper development of the wings. For three days
before an ecdysis the nymph ceased to feed and became
sluggish and whitish in colour, and it was two days
after the change before proper coloration was acquired.
The cast skin was always eaten, the time occupied in
the feast being: about one and a half hours, and the

O '

hind legs being eaten last. This nymph particularly
appreciated being placed in the sun.

VARIATION.- -P. viridissima is not variable to any
extent. There is, ho\vever, some difference in size,
and in the amount of brown colour which usurps the
green. On one occasion Porritt examined some thirty
specimens and found that three or four of them (in-

180 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

eluding both sexes) had bright yellow legs, while all
the rest had them olive-coloured.

DATE.- -Nymphs have been noted as occurring in
June and as late as the end of July, while adults have
been recorded in late July, August, September, and
till October the 6th, the best months for the species
being apparently August and September. R. ]\1.
Sotheby kept alive till a few days before 14 November
one captured on 22 July.

HABITS, ETC.- -Cliff -sides covered with rough vegeta-
tion, thick herbage on sandhills, sunny hedge-banks,
beds of nettles, thistles, bramble-bushes, furze-bushes,
thickets, trees occasionally, and raspberry-canes in a
garden- -such are some of the spots chosen by the
" Great Green Grasshopper.'1 In most of these places
so well is it protected by coloration that until it moves
or chirps it is not easily detected. Not perhaps so
skilful at hopping as some of its kind, it moves rapidly
nevertheless, running being apparently its chief mode
of progression : it is also able to fly. A curious habit
it has when crawling on a smooth surface. An
immature Locustid, presumably P. viridissima, was sent
to me 011 one occasion. It was put into an ordinary
breeding-cage, up the glass face of which it began to
crawl. While doing so it continually put its tarsi
into its mouth, apparently to make them wet, so that
they might cling the better to the smooth surface.
"W. Gr. Tenant* relates how one he kept in captivity
did exactly the same thing.

Vegetable substances, maybe, are the normal food
of P. viridissima, and it certainly devours grass.
Morley found it upon and eating Angelica sylvestris,
while it has been noticed eating seeds of a dock placed
in its cage, and Luvoni fed a nymph he was rearing
011 Ranunculus repens. It, however, readily feeds on
animal matter, such as small grasshoppers, whose neck
one was noticed often to break before it ate them ;

* 'Entomologist/ 1878, p. 183.

PHASGONUEA VIRIDISSIMA. 181

small house-flies too are readily taken. Tenant

mentions that a captive in his possession ate a yellow
imderwing moth (Tryph&na pronuba), and extracted
and ate the honey-bag of a humble-bee ; it also killed
and fed freely on butterflies supplied to it. Like
other Locustids, this species readily turns cannibal,
and feeds on dead examples of its own species,
possibly having killed the victims first. The ento-
mologist's " sugar ' has frequently been found attrac-
tive--not only the sugar itself, but also the moths
that come to feast upon the sweets. It will feed on
sugar in captivity.

Many an account has been mven of the harsh and

«/ o

strident 'song" of the great green grasshopper and
of the means by which the sound is produced. In an
early volume of the ' Entomologist "* will be found
the following interesting note on this subject by
R. L ad dim an n :-

"I have for several years past been entertained by
their nocturnal concerts in my ' mothing ' expeditions.
The males commence their stridulations just before
sundown, which extend far into the night, and the per-
formance of several of these insects in close proximity
is almost deafening. . . . The male takes up his
position on the topmost twig in the hedgerow- -often
on an ear of corn- -which position he will maintain
during the whole of the evening, and will there

o o

6 rasp ' away unceasingly for hours, if not disturbed ;
he will often be found performing on or near the
same twio- the next evening Three years ao;o I turned

o D t/ o

out a male of this insect in my garden, who perched
himself on the topmost branch of a tall larch tree,
where he carried on his harsh evensong for more than
a week, when I missed him and never heard him
afterwards. These insects seem to be sifted with a

species of ventriloquism, for it is often extremely
difficult to mark the spot whence the ' singing '
appears to proceed. ... In confinement these grass-

* 1879, p. 21.

182 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

hoppers will sing as vigorously as if in their native
haunts."

After death, while the muscles are still rela.xed,
the chirping may be produced mechanically by moving
the wings as the insect does.

Porritt states* that in the second half of August

3, near Deal in Kent, it occurred in plenty. It
was found most readily after dark by the aid of a
lamp, and a dozen adult specimens might easily have
been found in an evening on the tops of the rank
herbage skirting the sandhill ditch. This grasshopper
bites readily and fiercely, so it is best to hold it by
both its long hind-legs. If one only is held, the insect
will break itself free, leaving the leg behind. In
1905, on the North Cornish coast A. E. Gibbs found it
come to " susrar ' as a nvmph at first, as well as in

o »/ JT

the adult stage later.

DISTRIBUTION.- -Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor,
and Amur- -common in Europe, from Sweden to Sicily ;
abundant in France and Beloium ; common in the

south of England, locally, chiefly near the southern
coast; Holland; etc.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

If we were to judge by records only, we should conclude
that P. viridissima is practically unknown as a British insect
outside England. In G. Don's ' Account of the Plants and
Animals of the County of Forfar/ 1813_, mridissimus is men-
tioned certainly, but it' it was present in Scotland then it lias
since disappeared — or perhaps, needs to be rediscovered. For
Ireland I have not seen a suggestion of its presence ! B. J.
Pocock took it in Glamorganshire, thus providing a solitary
record for Wales.

ENGLAND. — Berks : Tubney (Hamm), Cliilswell Hill neat-
Oxford (Lucas; possibly Wood's "outside Oxford " refers to
the same locality) ; Streatley (Tomliri). Cornwall: Abundant
near Mawgan Forth and not common at Wider in outh Bay
near Bnde (Bracken) ; Tresco in the Scilly Isles (Norgate) ;
Pen dower Castle on the east coast (Hodge) • very common
near Padstow (Lamb) • Land's End (Shaiv). Cumberland :

* ' Ent. Mo. Mag.' 1889, p. 215.

PHASGONURA VIRIDISS1MA. 183

A record for Cumberland is found in Stephens' ' Illustrations/
It would probably be on the authority of T. C. Hey sham
(F. H. Day, in Hit. to Burr}. Derbyshire: One brought to
the Museum at Derby by a boy, taken a few miles from
Derby about 1896 or 1897 (Pullen). Dc^on: Bickleigh,
Horrabridge, Bovisand, and near Plymouth (Bignell) ; Teign-
mouth, Newton Abbott, and Saunton (ParfiH) ; Churston
(Porritt) ; Torquay (Hamm) ; Ilfracombe (Sop})) ; Dawlish
(Champion) ; Beer (Lyl?) ; Dartmouth and Axmouth
(Edwards) ; Cawsand a village on Plymouth Sound, Ivy-
bridge, Laddiswell, Woolacombe, and Bovey Tracey
(Bracken). Dorset: Cliffs near Swanage (Lucas); Wyke
Regis near Weymouth, and Osmington Mills (Lyle) ; Brid-
port (Shaw). Essex:. Colchester (Hartcood) ; Felixstowe
(Dodds) ; Southend (Powers); Westcliff (Luvoni) ; Hants:
Avon side at Christchurch (Lyle) ; Lymington (Meek) ; Pokes-
down (Robertson). Isle of Wight: Freshwater (Sopp) ; Cliffs
at Compton Bay, and inland (Burr) ; stridulation heard in
Parkhurst Forest (Burr) ; Blackgang, and the Undercliff
(Burr)-, White Cliff Bay (R. W. Ponlton) ; Yeiitnor
(Turner). Hertfordshire:. Hertford (Stephen*). Huntinydon-
shire : Ramsey (Oliver). Kent: Abbot's Wood (Sotheby) ;
Folkestone (Briggs) ; St. Margaret's Bay (Porritt) ; Deal
(Clarke) ; Broadstairs (Fowler) • Doddington (Ghitty) ;
Ramsgate (Eland Shaw] ; Sandwich Bay, Herne Bay,
Eastry, Fredville, and Adisham (Burr) ; Seabrook between
Hythe and Sandgate (Richards). London : Willesdeii (Klein) ;
Battersea Fields (Stephens). Norfolk: (Edwards); Huck-
ling Marshes (Balfour-Browne) ; King's Lynn (Atmore) ;
Caistor Marrams (Paget, fide Bloomjield). Noiiliants : Peter-
borough^ and near Walton Station (Morley). Oxon : Islip
(Bayzand) ; near Binsey (Holland] ; Hardwicke near Reading
(Holland); ^fThe Parks" Oxford (one male in Hope Collec-
tion). Rutlandshire : according' to the Victoria History of
the county. Somerset : Cheddar (Edwards) ; Burnham
(Blathu-ayt) ; Weston-super-Mare (Whittaker). Suffolk:
Near Felixstowe (Gurney) ; Clay don (^lorley) ; banks of
the Gipping at Sproughton (reported to Morley) ; one or two
in coll. Wheel (fide Morley); Bury St. Edmunds (Tuck).
Surrey : Near Godalming (Latter) ; near Thursley (Dalgliesh) ;
Pickett's Hole, Ranmore ( Williams) . Sussex : Near Chichester
(Roebuck) ; Hastings Cemetery (Bloomfield) ; Bognor
monprez) ; Eastbourne (Main). Yorkshire : (Porritt).
WHALES. — Glamorgan: Rhosili (Pocock).

184 BRITISH ORTEOPTERA.

Genus 5. CONOCEPHALUS Tlmnberg.

ConocepJialns THUNBERG Mem. Acad. Petersb. v, p. 218 . 1815.

Anisoptera LATR. Cuv. Begne Anim. (ed. ii), v, p. 184, note . 1829.

Xiphidion SERV. Ann. Sci. Nat. xxii, p. 159 1831.

Xiphidium BURM. Handb. Ent. ii, p. 707 . 1838.

Thunberg thus diagnoses the genus : —

Antennae setaceae, corporis longitudine.

Cop at convexum, acuminato-conicum.

Thorax convexus, supra planiusculus, deflexus,
postice rotundatus.

Corpus elongatum, angustatum.

Hemelytra alls aequalia, lanceolata, obtusa, deflexa,
apice compressa, corpora duplo longiora.

Pedes ut in dry His.

1. Conocephalus dorsalis Latr.
(Plate XIV, fig. 6 ; PL XV, figs. 3 and 4.)

dorsalis LATR. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xii, p. 133,

n. 9 1804 — Locusta.

dorsale BURM. Handb. Ent. ii, p. 708, n. 5 . 1838 — Xiphidium*

BRUNNER Prod, der Enr. Orth. p. 302 1882 — Xiphidium.

FINOT Orth. France, pp. 101, 102 . 1883— Xiphidion.
„ FINOT Faune de la Fr. Orth. pp. 187,

189 ...... 1889— Xiphidion.

SHAW Mon. Brit. Orth., in Ent. Mo.

Mag. p. 61 1890 — Xiphidium.

BURR Brit. Orth. p. 53, pi. iv, f. 10 . 1897— Xiphidium.

LUCAS Entomologist, p. 290, pi. iii, f. 2 1899— Xiphidium.

Dorsale KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. ii, p. 282 . . 1906— Anisoptera.

dorsale BURR Syn. Orth. W. Enr. p. 91 . . 1910 — Xiphidium.

(loi-xalis LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc. p. 53,

pi i, f . 6 1914 — Conocephalus,

(Other synonyms : L. fasca Zett. ; C. discolor, $ , Thunb.)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

9. S. DORSALE ; I. dorsalis.

Verte ; aiitennes, dos dn corselet et elytres, bruns ; elevation sur le
vertex de la tete ; elytres 1111 pen plus longnes que la moitie de 1'abdo-
men, depassant im pen les ailes, arrondies an l)out. Tariere de la
femelle presqne de la longueur du corps, arquee, brune ; abdomen brun,
cercle de verd. — Sur les bords de 1'etang de Saint- Gratien, aux environs
de Moiitmorency. [This was placed in a group headed *^* Elytres,

CONOCEPHALUS DORSALIS. 185

sensiblement plus courtes que 1'abdomen, ou tres courtes, quelquefois
nulles.J

(P. A. Latreille, ' Hist. Nat. Crust, et. Ins.' xii, p. 133, 1804.)

MALE IMAGO (PI. XV, fig. 3). --In general bright
green in colour, except along the middle of the dorsal
aspect of the body from tip of head to end of abdo-
men, this being dull crimson. Length some 13 mm.
Head greenish, dull crimson dorsally, with the vertex
produced considerably between the antennae as a
flattened vertical plate. An ten nse, very long and slender.
Pronotum rounded, without carinaB ; an inflated spot,
resembling1 a small bubble at the hind margin of

O O

each flap ; a broad, mid-dorsal, dull crimson stripe.
Prqsternum with two spines. Eli/trn nearly hyaline
particularly in the costal region, in the middle region
pale reddish brown with brown nervures ; acute ;
produced at the anal angle ; shorter than the abdo-
men. U7///-/X considerably shorter than the elytra, with
brownish nervures. Fore cox% with a long curved
spine. Fore tibise without spines ; tympana almost
hidden. Hind ///'///'long, slender, with two apical spurs
above and four below. Hind femora swollen towards

the base, then very slender ; without spines below.
Anal segment with two prominent blunt teeth, hiding
the supra-anal plate. Cerci stout, pointed, rough, with
a curved tooth near the tip. Styles short, straight.

FEMALE IMAGO (PL XV, fig. 4). --Colour i 'nn similar to
that of male. Length some 14-16 mm. Elytra reduced
as in male. Wings reduced far more than elytra.
Cerci not toothed. Ovipositor, nearly 8 mm. long ; pale
brown ; gradually turned upwards ; slightly crenulated
at the tip.

EGG. --One egg which I possess (extracted from the
body of a female) is pale in colour and therefore
probably not ready to be deposited. It is cylindrical
with rounded ends, and somewhat more curved and
slender than those of Locustids already noticed. Still

»/

it quite preserves the " family-likeness."

186 IIKITLSH ORTHOPTERA.

XYMPH.- -Xyinphs of the grasshoppers usually
collapse very badly in drying, but this species is one of
the worst offenders. However, the resemblance to
the adult is always sufficient to prevent misidentifica-
tion. Bracken, who tried to rear a Devonshire nymph,
says of it that it had the characteristically produced
vertex but the elytra and wings were not yet deve-
loped. The oily-green colour of the adult stage was
evident, and the dorsal reddish-brown stripe was very
marked. Its length was 5 mm., and it was taken on

O '

10 June.

VARIATION, ETC. — One hot day in August 1899 "W. H.
Harwood captured a macropterous form of G. dorsculis
on the Essex coast, not far from Clacton-on-Sea. It
presented a very strange appearance on the wing. He

and his son disturbed and cauerlit another, which was

set free as its antennae were defective. They could
meet with no more. Though Harwood had fre-
quently seen the species in the locality, he had not
previously found a macropterous specimen. Examina-
tion of normal specimens at once reveals the fact that
though elytra are useful for stridulation, both they and
the wings are qnite useless for flight. In this example,
however, the wings and elytra are from IS to 19 mm.
long- -fully developed in fact — and quite suitable for
use in flight. The macropterous condition in G. dorsalis
is certainly rare, even if it has previously been noticed
at all. This condition of the species recalls to some
extent a neighbouring species, G. fuscus Fabr.

DATE. — Late summer is the time for this insect,
August and September being the best months. It is
doubtful if mature examples have been met with in
July, but they may extend into October. Xyinphs
have been observed as early as 10 June and as late as
2 October.

HABITS, ETC.- -Herbage ; reeds ; associated wiihGarex,
Aii(/<'H,:a, and sea-lavender; marshy ground; salt-
marshes, sandhills — such are some of the haunts that

CONOCEPHALUS DOESALIS. 187

G. dorsal is selects. In consequence of possessing such
tiny wings it cannot fly, but it hops very actively from
blade to blade of the tussocks of long grass amongst
which it lives, and, as it clings very tightly to them, it
is not easy to secure the insect by sweeping, nor would
it be wise to try, the build of the creature being so
frail. Perhaps the hands are the best implements with
which to effect its capture, as they are certainly the
readiest. If thoroughly disturbed it goes down towards
the roots of the grass, and there cannot be found. It
seems to like tussocks of a tall, soft, pale green grass,
and apparently prefers wet spots, though its habitat
may not be entirely restricted to them.

On one occasion a nymph was observed to be
extremely well protected on a blade of grass, where it
rested with its legs stretched out in a line with its
body in some such manner as many of the long-legged
spiders do. Such a position it took up very readily.
Its habitat, usually not very accessible, also serves it as
a means of protection. On one occasion Edelsten found
them " very common on reeds at night in the Norfolk
Broads "—on 28 and 29 July 1906. The colour of the
liquid emitted from the mouth when the insect is held
captive is in this case dark purple-brown. What
appeared to be a case of cannibalism has come under
my notice.

Porritt, who found several near Churston in South
Devon in the years 1900 and 1902, gave Bracken in
1912 the precise spot where he might be expected to

find them. A search on 26 Ausrust 1914, made bv the

. "

latter, was rewarded by the capture of three specimens,
after five hours of patient sweeping. These three
(two males and a female) were taken in exactly the
same spot as that in which Porritt took them some ten
years before. This is a striking illustration of the way
in which certain insects continue to breed for years in
a limited area. This grasshopper presents a graceful
and pretty appearance when, in its favourite haunts, it
suns itself on rushes or leaves of iris, its long antennae

188 liRITISH ORTHOPTEKA.

gently waving like threads of spun glass. Porritt's
colony still persisted in 1916. On 23 August in that
\ car Bracken and his son, in the intervals between
showers of heavy rain, swept yards and yards of rushes
standing in several inches of water, and took six,
missing others. Sweeping damages them, but it
was the only method of capture available on this
occasion.

DISTRIBUTION.- -Widely distributed, though local, in
northern and central Europe — in Sweden and Denmark ;
Holland and Belgium ; England, locally ; France, chiefly
in the north ; Germany, commoner in the north than
in the south ; Austria, rather rare.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

No douht this is a scarce insect in Britain ; hut searching
for it in the kind of habitat in which it delights is not always
easy or pleasant, so that it may not be quite so uncommon as
at first sight appears. All the known localities for it are in
the south and east of England, usually near the coast.

Records are :

ENGLAND. — Cambridgeshire : Chippenham Fen (Porritt) ;
Cambridge (Babbington, in Stephens" Illustrations ') ; Wicken
Fen (Lyte). Devon: South,, not uncommon (Porritt) ; Broad-
lands, Churston (Porritt)-, Churston Ferrers (Edwards);.
Budleigh Salterton (Champion) ; Bere Alston, River Tavy
(Bracken). Dorset: Near -Studland (Lucas). Essex: Near
Clacton, macropterous (Harwood) ; Walton - on - the - Naze
(Yerbury) ; North Essex coast (Harwood). Hants: Denny
Bog, New Forest (Lucas) ; near Hengistbury Head (Lucas).
I. of Wight: Between Freshwater and Yarmouth (C. W.
Dale) • Yarmouth (Burr) ; near Freshwater (Burr) ; Rookley
Wilderness (Morley). Kent: Herne Bay (launders)- Deal
(Porritt) ; Blean Wood, Sheppey (Chitty) • Sandwich, and at
Ham Ponds near Eastry (Burr). Norfolk: Horning and
Ranwortli (Edwards) ; Wood Marsh, Sutton (Balfour-Browne) ; .
Broads [apparently Stalham] (Porritt). Suffolk: Barnby
Broad, Benacre Broad, and Tuddenham Fen (Morley);.
Southwold (Bloomjfteld) ; Aldeburgh (Scott) ; Mildenhall
(Perkins, in Camb. Univ. Museum). Surrey: Near Witley
(Dalgliesh). Sussex: Guestling (Bloomfield) ; Pagham Marsh,
(Guermonprez) .

MECONEMA. 189

Genus 6. MECONEMA Serville.

Meconema SERV. Ann. Sci. Nat. xxii, p. 157 ..... 1831.

Small, pale-green insects. Vertex bluntly produced
between the antennas, which are very long and have
about seven distant dark rings. Pronotum small and
smooth. Elytra, free from pronotum (in the English
species), fully developed. Tympana of fore tibiae
open ; male without stridulating apparatus. Fore
tibiae without apical spines. First and second tarsal
segments sulcate at the side. Cerci of male lono',

D O '

entire, incurved with blunt apex. Styles small and
hairy. Ovipositor long, gently curved upwards,
margins smooth.

1. Meconema thalassinum De Geer.
(Plate XIV, fig. 3 ; PI. XVII, fig. 5 ; PL XVIII, fig. 3.)

thalassina DE GEER Mem. Ins. iii, p. 433, 11. 3 1771 — Locnsta.

varia FABR. Syst. Ent. p. 287, n. 24 . . 1775 — Locust*.

SERV. Ann. Sci. Nat. xxii, p. 158, n.l 1831 — Meconema.
varium FISCH. Orth. Eur. p. 240, n. 1, pi. xii,

ft'. 19, 20 1853— Meconema.

„ BRUNNER Prod. der Eur. Orth. p. 296 1882 — Meconemn.

varia FINOT Faune de la Fr. Orth. p. 185 . 1889 — Meconema.

varium ELAND SHAW Mon. Brit. Orth. in

Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 60 . . 1890— Meconema.

BURR Brit. Orth. p. 52, pi. iv, f. 9 . 1897— Meconema.

Thalassina KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. ii, p. 370 . 1906— Meconema.

varium BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 89 . 1910—

thalassinum LUCAS Proc. S.Lond. Ent. Soc. p. 52,

pi. i, f. 3 1914—

(Other synonyms : G. arboreus Fuessly ; G. viridissimus minor Sulz. ;
G.falcatus Schrank ; G. nana Stoll )

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

3. Sauterelle cTun verd celadon, a aniennes et pattes Sauterelle

jaundlres, a tarriere recourbee dans la femelle. celadon.

Locusta (thalassina) caeruleo-viridis, antennis pedi-
busque jlavescentibus, cauda foeminae ensifera
recurvata.

Cette Sauterelle ressemble beaucoup, a la grandeur pres, a la grand
Sauterelle toute verte qui chante sur les arbres ; mais elle est petite et
au dessous de la grandeur mediocre, ou longue de huit lignes. Je 1'ai

190 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

trouvee ;\ Utrecht sur 1'Orme, mais je ne'ai pas encore vue en Suede.
Elle est entierement d'un verd celadon, sans taclies. Les antennes, qui
sont jaunatres de meme que les pattes, sont longues, deliees et a filets
roniques. On ne lui voit point d'yenx lisses. La femelle porte tine
tarriere recourbee en dessus en forme de faucille et de la longueur du
corps.

(C. de Geer. ' Mem. Ins.' iii, p. 433, 1773.)

MALK IMAGO.- -General colour pale green, yellow
dorsally; length some 12-14 mm. Head with the
vertex produced to a point between the swollen bases
of the antennss, which are very long, and distantly
marked with several minute dark brown ring;s. Eyes

o • >

projecting. . P-ronotum short, much rounded behind,
practically without carinse, yellow mid-dorsally, with
two small black spots. Elytra fully developed, bright

FIG. 21. — Apex of abdomen and cerci of male Meconema thalassinum

De Geer (much magnified).

green with paler nervures, semi-transparent. Wings
fully developed, hyaline, tinged with green towards
the costal margin. Legs pale, hind femora not greatly
swollen at the base ; tympana on fore tibia3 open ;
tarsi brown. Cerci (fig. 21) long, slightly hairy,
slender, blunt and slightly clubbed at the tip, crossing,
not toothed. Subgenital lamina broadly emarginate ;
short hairy styles bent backwards.

FEMALE IMAGO (PL X'VII, fig. 5).- -In colour much as
the male ; perhaps slightly less in length. Elytra and
•irintjs fully developed as in the male. Cerci short,
simple. Ovipositor 9 mm. in length ; green with brown
tip ; gently curved upwards. Subgenital lamina with
two sharp projections in the centre, nearly in contact.

EGG-LAYING (PL XVIII, fig. 3).— On 19 October

MECOXEMA THALASSINUM. 191

11J11 G. T. Lyle, while " sugaring' in the New Forest
at 6,45 p.m. noticed a Meconema thalassinum ovipositing
in the chinks of the bark of an oak-tree. The ovi-
positor was inserted to half its length. A second
insect was also noticed in a similar position on a
neighbouring tree. On visiting Holland's Wood a
nio'ht or two afterwards the grasshoppers could be
found ovipositing on every fifth or sixth tree. This
plenty continued till 27 October, but when another
visit was paid to the spot on 14 November not a single
grasshopper could be detected. M. thalassinum is
frequently seen on the tree-trunks in the autumn,
which is clearly the normal period for egg-laying.
The eofo-s themselves I do not know.

NYMPH.- -Larger nymphs resemble very closely the
adults, but the absence or rudimentary condition of
elytra and wings distinguishes them, and they could
scarcely be confused with any other species.

VARIATION.- -Notwithstanding the synonym, varium,
by which this grasshopper was for a long time known,
it is not at all a variable species, either in size or
colouring: the original name, thalassinum, much better
describes the insect.

DATE.- -This is an autumn insect in the adult form,
for it seems seldom, if ever, to be mature before August.
C. W. Dale records it " late in November' at Grlan-
villes Wootton. Burr says it sometimes may be taken
crawling up the windows inside houses, even as late
as November.

HABITS.- -If. thalassinum., the " silent grasshopper
of the forest trees," is probably far more common
than is generally supposed. It lives chiefly on oaks
and limes, but does not confine itself to these trees ; it
has been found on maple, beech, and bay, and no doubt
chestnut and other trees are favoured also. It has
been bred from oak-galls- -those of Cijiups kullari Htg.
"\Ve may assume, I suppose, that the female when
ovipositing was tempted to make use of the hole by

102 MKITISH ORTHOPTERA.

which the hymenopteron escaped. Since this insect
passes its life amongst the foliage of large trees, we
may take it for granted that their leaves constitute
its food. Whether this is so or not, its tastes are
not entirely vegetarian, for it is found as a frequent
visitor to the entomologist's " sugar." It is carnivorous
also on occasion, for, of a pair put into a box without
food, the female ate a great part of the male, though
whether her companion died first I cannot say. " Beat-
ing ' the trees is the best method of procuring
specimens.

DISTRIBUTION.- -In Europe this grasshopper is found
from Southern Sweden to beyond the Alps- -Sweden,
Holland, Belgium, England, France, Denmark, Switzer-
land, Italy, Spain, Tyrol. It apparently does not
extend to the East.

BEITISH LOCALITIES.

ENGLAND. — Bedfordshire : Near Bedford (Porritt). Berk* ;
Streatley (Tomliri) • neighbourhood of Radley College (Burr).
.BwcAtffChesham (Donisthorpe) . Cambridgeshire : Whittlesford
(Lamb); Cambridge (Bateson) ; Chippenhaii Fen (Edwards)-,
Wicken Fen (Morley) ; West Wickham (Shaw). Cornwall:
It can be taken in abundance in August, September, and
October in the Priory Gardens, Saltash (on the Cornish side
of River Tamar, opposite Devonport), where it is found freely
on bay (Bracken) . Devon : Fairly common in woods and
generally distributed (Bignell) ; Cann Woods and Shaugh
Woods (Bracken) • Lynmonth and East Lynn River (Briggs) ;
Totnes (Lucas) ; Stoke Woods near Exeter (Roivden) ;
near Bideford (Ansorge) ; Torquay and Bampford Speke
(Bracken) • Nymet Rowland and Chnrston (Porritt). Dorset :
Glanvilles Wootton (C. IF. Dale). Essex: Epping Forest
(Shaw) ; Epping Forest near Chingford (Campion); They don
Bois (Milton); Colchester (Harwood). Hants: New Forest,
common (Lucas). I. of Wight : Found commonly by beating
at Bordwood near Sandown, and on street lamps in Shanklin
(Poole) ; in a house at Newport, and in Marvel Copse (Morey).
In October and late into November they often come into
houses through the windows : they seem commonest after
high wind,, which blows them down from the trees — chiefly

MECONEMA THALASSINUM. 193

limes and oaks (Morey). Herts: Rickmans worth (Carrington) ;
Shenley (Speyer). Kent ; New Eltliam (Kemp) ; Faversham
District (C kitty) ; Dartford (Shaw)-, Maidstone (Frenilin).
London: Hyde Park (Winston); Kensington Gardens (Shaw).
Middlesex : Hanvvell ( Webb) ; Hayes Common (Gribbs) ; Bushey
Park and Home Park Hampton Court (Lucas) • Harrow Weald
(Priske). Norfolk: (Edwards); Foxley Wood (Hope Coll.
in Oxford). Northants : Easton Maudit (Shaw). Notts:
Treswell Wood (Shaw) • Aspley Woods (Thornley). Oxon :
Oxford (in Prof. Westwood's Grarden) ; Stoiiesfield, Wituey,
Milton-under-Wychwood, and Woodstock (Holland). Somer-
set : C ombre Florey near Tanntoii (Jones) ; Batlieaston
(Blathwayt). Suffolk: Ipswich (Morley) ; Bentley Woods
(Morley) ; Tostock (Tuck). Surrey : Leatherhead and
Horsley (Briggs) ; Coombe Wood and Ripley (Stephens);
Boxliill (McLachlan) ; near Ashtead, Kingston-on-Thames,
Richmond Park, near Effingham Station, Oxshott, and Kew
G-ardens (Lucas); Royal Hort. Soc. Gardens, Wisley (Wallis) ;
Surbitoii (G-oss) ; Dormans (Burr) ; Bisley (FicMin) ; AYitley
(Dalgliesh) . Sussex ; Sliiidon, Dale Park, Bognor and
district, and near Bosham (Guermonprez) ; East Grinstead
(Burr); Guestling (Bloomjield) . Yorkshire: Edlington Wood
near Doncaster (Porritt).

SCOTLAND. — In ' A List of Insects found in the neighbour-
hood of Edinburgh ' by C. Stewart, 1809, G-ryllus varius
occurs. Also in G. Don's ' Account of the Plants and
Animals of the County of Forfar/ 1813, the name varius is
mentioned. If this insect was found in Scotland then it
seems since to have disappeared; or, more probably, is
awaiting a new discoverer.

IRELAND. --Limerick (fide Kemp).

Genus 7. LEPTOPHYES Fieber.

Leptophijes FIEB. Lotos, iii, p. 174

Ephippigera (preoccupied) STEPH. 111. Brit. Eiit. Maud, vi, p. 11 335.

Species small and fragile. Pronotum smooth.
Elytra rudimentary; wings abortive. Fore coxas
unarmed. First and second segments of tarsi smooth
at the side, without a groove. Ovipositor short, but
broad and compressed, 'pointed, regularly rounded at
the lower border; in the apical part fine serrations

on both edo-es.

194 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

1. Leptophyes punctatissima Bosc.
(Plate XIV, fig. 5 ; PI. XVII, figs. 3 and 4.)

1792— Locust a.
1839—Barbitistes.

1853—

1878 — Leptopli

punctatissima Bosc Actes, Soc. d'Hist. Nat

Paris, i, p. 44, pi. x. ff. 5, 6
SERV. Ins. Orth. p. 480
FISCH. Orth. Eur. p. 232. n. 10

pi. xii, f. 15 ...
,, BRUNN. Mon. Phan. pp. 78. 80

Prod, der Eur. Orth. pp. 284. 285 lSS'2—Leptcyhyes.
„ FINOT Faune de la Fr. Orth.

p. 180, pi. ix. f. 123 . . . lS$9—Le2)tophyes.
SHAW Mon. Brit, Orth. in Ent.

Mo. Mao-, p. 58 . . . . 1890— Lep^liyes.

„ BURR Brit, Orth. p. 50, pi. iv, f. 8 1897 — Leptophyes.

Punctatissima KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. ii, p. 389 1906 — Leptophyes.

punctatissima BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 86 . 1910 — Leptophyes.

„ LUCAS Proc, S. Loud. Ent. Soc.

p. 51. pi. i. f. 5 . . . . 1914 — Leptophyes.

(Other synonyms: L. autumnalis Hagenb. ; E. rirescens Steph. :
B. glabricauda Borck (nymph) ; Acrida Standishi Dale (var.) )

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

LOCUSTA PUNCTATISSIMA.

Locusta. Aptera, viridis, tliorace vittis duabus luteis, dbdomine punctis

numerosis fvscis, dorso linea ferruginca.
Habitat Parisiis.

[A long description in French follows. PL x. fig. 5 shows the male
in dorsal view and the female in profile view.]
(L. A.G. Bosc, 'Actes Soc. d'Hist, Nat, Paris".' i, p. 45, 1792.)

MALE IMAGO (PL XVII, fig. 3).— General colour full
green with numerous small dark dots. Length 12 mm.
tinder- surf ace paler and unspotted. Face paler green,
unspotted, upper lip whitish ; antennae very long, with
a few dark rings, brownish with basal segments more
yellow ; eijes yellowish, marked with brown ; top of
head edged with yellow laterally. Pronotum green
spotted and marked with reddish-brown, and bordered
by a yellowish lateral line. Elytra reduced to about
the length of the pronotum, dull yellow edged laterally
with dark brown. TP/y^/.s abortive. Tibix and tarsi
brownish-yellow, femora green with black dots. Abdo-
men with rather broad mid-dorsal, ruddy-brown or
yellowish line. The strongly incurved pointed cerci

LEPTOPHYES PUNCTATISS1MA. 195

pale ruddy yellowish-brown. Subgenital lamina yellow-
ish, long, turned sharply upwards, truncate at apex,
median longitudinal ridge below.

FEMALE IMAGO (PI. XVII, fig. 4*).- -Colouring much
as in the male, but build somewhat more bulky.
Wings abortive as in the male, and elytra still smaller
than in that sex. Ovipositor short, broad, dilated at
the base, then much compressed, upper margin slightly
and lower very much curved upwards, shining green
with crimson-brown margins, edges crenulated in the
apical part:

EGGS (fig. 20). --In this species the eggs are totally
unlike the eggs of any other British locustid with
which I am acquainted. They are flat and very thin,
elliptical in outline, reddish-brown in colour, and about
3 mm. long by 1/7-3 broad. To all appearance they
are admirably adapted for laying in very narrow chinks
in the bark of a tree.

NYMPH.- -Between the nymphs and the adults there
is a very close reseml dance which is enhanced by the
very rudimentary condition, in the latter, of the organs
of flight.

VACATION.- -There may be a little difference in size
and slight differences in colour, but, as far as my own

experience goes, the species is a very constant one.

DATE.- -Though imagines may sometimes occur at
the end of July, August and September are the best
months for adults. They may continue into October,
and according to C. W. Dale they have occurred at
Grlanvilles Wootton late in November. Xo doubt the
eggs are laid in the autumn and hatch in the following
spring.

HABITS, ETC.- -A strange looking insect is our sole
representative of the genus Leptophyes and of the
family Phaneropteridge. It may be found on shrubs
and bushes, a favourite resting-place apparently being
the upper surface of a bramble-leaf, where, as it is far
from agile, it may be captured without much trouble,

196 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

provided it is not startled so much as to cause it to
drop amongst the lower herbage- -its best method of
escape. Other plants on which it has been recorded
as seen are : a strawberry-bed in a garden, on and
about young withey plants in an osier-bed, on alder
leaves about two or three feet from the ground, and
on clematis in a garden. Theobald speaks of it as a
pest on peach-trees. Some examples captured in the
Xew Forest in August 1914 fed well on mountain-ash

leaves and on rose-leaves from the garden. One
morning, out of three put alive in a glass-topped box
one had disappeared with the exception of one or two
small fragments. So evidently this species sometimes
develops cannibalistic tastes. Early in September
another, a female, seemed unwell, but nevertheless fed
rather freely on rose-leaf ; the next day it was dead.
The remaining specimen, a male, was then " killed ' in
the cyanide-bottle and sent to Gr. T. Lvle together

€/ «/ O

with a Hymenopteron, which appeared to have beenbred
from it. Lyle wrote saying : " On its arrival here I
noticed that its antennas were moving, and to-day, on
opening the box, I was surprised to see it jump out :
this evening it seems quite well." The Hymenopteron
was a Braconid, and no doubt was bred from an Aphis
accidentally introduced with the rose-leaves.

L. pundatissima has several times been noted as
visiting the lepidopterist's sugar, where its plump
little body, practical absence of organs of flight, and
long legs, remind one somewhat -of a spider rather
than a grasshopper. Bignell bred the species from
oak-galls (Cynips kollari) in May. In August 11)08
some wood-ants (Formica nifa) were seen trying to
carry away a specimen of this grasshopper, but I did
not await the result of their endeavours.

To obtain specimens the lower branches of trees
may be beaten as the lepidopterist beats for larvae, or
the low-growing bushes and herbage may be swept
with a net, such as the coleopterist uses, strong enough
to withstand the bramble-hooks ; but, if its colours

LEPTOPHYES PUNCTATISSIMA. 197

will allow of its being detected, hand-picking is the
best method to pursue for obtaining so delicate an
insect. As the set specimen dries the fine green
colour changes to a dull brown, but if the body is
eviscerated, the contents being replaced by a small
amount of cotton-wool, colouring alters but little, and
the preserved insect gives a good idea of its appear-
ance in the living state.

DISTRIBUTION.- -Central and south-eastern Europe-
Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Britain, France,

Switzerland, Northern Italv, Austria, and Germany —

i t/

also in Palestine.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

Most of the records of L. pum-tni ixxima in these islands
are from England and those chieHy from the south and east.
There are besides single ones from Wales and Scotland, and
two from Ireland.

ENGLAND. — Berks : Bagley Wood, and the neighbourhood
of Radley College (Burr). Cambridgeshire: Wicken (Porritt);
Cambridge (Btiteson). Cornwall: \Videmouth Bay near
Bude, and Snltash (Bracken). Devon ; East Lynn ,-md
Lynmonth (Briggs) • Cann and Bickleigh Woods (Bignell) ;
Barnstaple, Nyinet Rowland, and Churston (Porritt) ; Coombe
Martin (Shaic) ; Tot nes (Sicintoii) • Plympton near Plymouth,
Woolacombe, Shaug'h Bridge, and Torquay (Bracken).
Dorset : Glanvilles Wootton (C. W. Dale) ; Dorchester (Sopp) ;
Essex: Colchester (Haru-ood). Gloucestershire: (Edwards).
Hants : New Forest (Lucas) ; Hayling Island (Guermonprez) ;
Lord Wood Southampton, and Aldershot (Sopp). Hereford-
shire : Lord's Wood (Tomlin). Hertfordshire,: near Hertford
(Stephens)- Hemel Hempstead (Gibbs). I. of M'ight : Yar-
mouth (Morley) • Freshwater, Freshwater Bay, Compton,
Blackgang Chine, Underchff, and Parkhurst Forest (Burr).
Kent : Folkestone Warren (Moore) ; Chittenden Woods near
Strood (Milton) • New Eltham (Kemp) ; Darenth and Birch
Woods (Stephens) ; Huntingfield, Walmer, and Deal (Chitty) ;
Dart-ford (McLachlan) • near Maidstone (Fremlin) ; Blear
Wood near Herne Bay (Guermonprez) ; Eastry, Sibertswold,
MIR! the Warren (Burr). Lincolnshire : Near Lincoln (Mas-
hum) ; Skellingthorpe Wood near Lincoln, and Gate Burton
(Shaw)-, Little By tham (Stow). Middlesex: Hanwell (Webb);

198 BRLTISH ORTHOPTURA.

Twickenham (McLachlan) ; East Finchley (Williams).
Norfolk; (Edwards) ; Bostal Heath near Plumstead (Shaw).
Somerset: Batheastoii (Blathwayt). Suffolk: Bury St. Ed-
munds (Nurse) ; Felixstowe, Bramford Marshes, Assiiigton
Thicks, Farnham, Derrington, and Bentley Woods (Morley).
Sussex : Bognor and district, and Slindon (Guermonprez) •
Ouestlitig (Bloomfield) • Polegate (Shaw) ; East Grinstead
(Burr); Hastings (Shaw). Surrey: Oxshott (South)-, Wim-
bledon and Dormans (Burr) • Witley (Dalgliesh) • Farnham
District, Tilford, and Frensham (Sopp); Ashtead, Merrow
Downs, and near Lower Maiden (Lucas) : Surbiton (Gosx) ;
Send (Rawes) • Dorking (Guermonprez) ; Walton-on-Thames
(Annett) • near Guildford (Cooper) • Bisley (Flcklin) ; Boxhill
(Briggs). Notts : S. Leverton and Treswell Wood (Thornley) ;
N. Leverton (Shaw). Wilts : West Wood near Marlborough
(Stowell).

WALES. — Carnarvonshire : Penmaenmawr (Porritt) .

SCOTLAND.- -Wigtonshire : One specimen, basking in the sun
on a large flat boulder, above high- water mark and below
the Garheugh Rocks, Luce Bay, about 3 p m. on 15 Oct.,
after a severe storm. There are no trees within halt' a mile
of the spot. (/. G. Gordon, 'Entom. Record/ 1906, p. 77.)
This is the only well authenticated record of a Locustid
grasshopper from Scotland.

IRELAND. — Cork: Fermoy (fide Kemp). Dublin: Howth
(fide Kemp).

CASUAL LOCUSTIDS.

1. Tachycines asynamorus Adelung (= Diestrammena marmorata
Haaii). — In the ' Entomologist,' vol. xlvii, 1914, p. 145, I published a
figure and notes on the occurrence of this large spider-like species.
which occurred about 1912 in a nursery at S. Leonards. I had
previously received it from Kew Gardens, and on 1 October 1913
received decomposing fragments of what I took to be other specimens,
which were taken at Ipswich. This species is not unlikely to occur
again under similar circumstances, and being apparently an animal
feeder, might prove a useful insect. .

2. Gryllacris sp. — A specimen was found on Nepenthes in propagating
pits at Kew Gardens, 6 October 1897. Being a nymph the species
remains undetermined.

3. Tettigonia albifrons Fabr. — One example of this large and hand-
some species was taken at Ramsgate in or about 1850 by Dorsitor, who
gave it to E. W. Jaiisoii, whose son gave it to C. A. Briggs.

4. Copiophora cornuta De Geer. — One taken in a hot-house near
Birmingham. McLachlan (' Eiitom. Soc. Proc.' 4 Nov. 1885) said that
it was not the first time it had been taken in this country.

5. Copiophora sp. — In a hot-house at Lee. (Billups, ' Entorn. Soc.
Lend. ' 5 February 1883.)

LEPTOPHYES PUXCTATISSIMA. 199

6. Lirometopum brevirostre Stal. — A full-grown specimen was found
at Kew Gardens on the underside of the leaf of an unnamed avoid. It
is a large brilliant green grasshopper with ovipositor of inordinate
length. Though differing slightly from the typical form, it no doubt
belongs to the species named. (' Kew Bulletin/ Additional Series, v,
1906.)

7. Agrcecia vittipes Redt. — One was taken in niid July 1902 at St.
Albans, Hertfordshire. (W. P. Westell, ' Record,' 1902, p. 269.)

8. Ducetia thymifolia Fabr. (= Phaneroptera privata Walk.). — One
was recorded in the ; Proceedings of the Entom. Soc. of London,' 1896,
p. xvi, as taken at Merton Hall. Xorfolk. It was identified as belonging
to this species from the male type in the British Museum. Its origin is
not known, but it is scarcely likely to occur again.

9. Phaneroptera falcata Scop. This is a pale green, slender Locustid
of moderate size, with wings about a third as long again as the elytra,
these being again a little longer than the body, which may reach a
length of 18 mm. One specimen was taken by Dr. Mason in September
1881 at Porthgwarra near Land's End. at rest on the grass near a foot-
path. In 1907 W. Daws of Mansfield sent me for inspection an insect
which he took at Sennen Cove, 11 September 1884. He said that it was
delicate-looking when fresh, with long antenna?, and that the wings
were much longer than the elytra when closed. It reached me unfor-
tunately in a very fragmentary condition, but it seemed without doubt
to be P. f alcat<r. There is, therefore, a chance of this insect being
given a recognised position in our list, if some enterprising entomologist
will search the Land's End district at the end of summer.

10. Phaneroptera quadripunctata Brunii. — This species was met with
in some numbers in a vinery near Chester in 1905. and a living example
was exhibited at the Entomological Society of London by Dr. Gahan,
18 October 1905.

'Xiphidiitiit f'tscinn Fabr. has found its way into the older lists
through a mistake, C. dorsalis having been taken for this species.)

( 200 )

Sub-order V. ACRIDIODEA.

(Short-horned Grasshoppers.)

Included in the Acridiodea are immense numbers of
grasshoppers, which may be denned as : Orthoptera
•with hind legs longer than fore or mid legs and having
their femora wider towards tlie base ; the " ear' on the
first seament of the abdomen, at the side, towards the
top, the "music' being produced btj hind leg anJ
eh/tron ; ante-mite short; tarsi ivith three segments;
ovipositor not conspicuous, composed of four short valves.

Females may be distinguished by the form of the
external genital organs, there being an ovipositor of
four valves, which project beyond the supra-anal plate
and sub-genital lamina. In the male the sub-genital
lamina is recurved and somewhat pointed, forming the
apex of the abdomen.

We may divide the Acridiodea into nine families :

W.B.* 1. TETRIGID.E. W. 6.

2. PNEUMORID.E. W. 7. PYRGOMORPHIDJS.

3. MASTACIDJE. W. 8. PAMPHAGIDJS.

4. PROSCOPIID^;. W. 9. ACRIDIIDJE.
W.B. 5. TRUXALID^E.

Two only of these contain British representatives,
the Truxalida? and the Tetrigidse- -nine species being
found in the former family, and two, belonging to the
genus Tetrix, in the latter. The typical family,
Acridiidge, containing the migratory locusts, includes
no species native to Britain. Though we possess so
few species, and most of those that we do possess are
small, yet they give a fairly good idea of the Acridiodea
as a whole.

In some cases the eggs are elongated cylinders with
rounded ends slightly curved in the long axis, but
how far this is general in the group I cannot say. The

* W. means represented in Western Europe ; B. means represented in
Britain.

ACRIDIODEA. 201

female, with the valvular processes at the extremity of
her abdomen, excavates a hole in the soil and there
places the eggs, providing them at the same time with
a protective covering, thus giving a hint of relation-
ship between the Acridiodea and the Blattodea, which,
Ave have seen, place their eggs in a horny pouch. J.
Iviinckel d'Herculais ('Comptes Rendus,' cxix, pp. 244-
247) describes the method of egg-laying pursued by
an Acridian grasshopper, and J. L. Hancock (' The
Tettigidae of Xortli America ') does the same for an
American species of the genus Teii'lc. After hatching-
there are some half-dozen ecdyses, the wings gradually
developing as the insects grow to their full size. As
in the preceding groups there is little post-embryonic
development, the insects being nymphs from the time
of hatching till they reach maturity. In this stap;e it

O i/ «/ O

is often not easy readily to distinguish one species from
a nearly allied one.

Food appears to be in general of a vegetable nature.
Most of our species eat grass, holding on to a blade
with their legs and biting downwards along its edge.
The Tetrigidge, however, are something like earth-
worms in the nature of their, food. They seldom
browse off higher plants but confine their attention
chiefly to lichens, mosses, and the surface-soil, which
contains various forms of low plant-life.

To everyone the " song ' of the grasshopper is
familiar, and every naturalist will appreciate the
words of the poet Keats, who says :

" When all the birds are faint with the hot sun.
And hide in cooling trees, a voice will run
From hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead ;
It is the grasshopper's. . . ."

The chirp is produced by the rubbing together of the
outer surface of the elytron and the inner surface of
the hind femur. A series of small teeth on the latter
scrape against a projecting vein on the former, and
thus produce the sound, as may easily be tested
experimentally with a recently killed insect.

202

BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

How skilfully some grasshoppers, after one of their
flying leaps, land unerringly on a slender grass-stem
or similar object?! This argues that their sight is of
no mean order.

There is often some considerable difficulty in
distinguishing allied species of the Acridiodea. In our

ffl

FIG. 22. — Pronota of British species of Acridiodea (except Tetrix
Latreille) to show the arrangement of the three carinse and the
cross-furrow ( X 5). 1. Gomphocerus rufus Linnaeus. 2. G.maculatus
Tlmnberg'. 3. Mecostethus grossus Linnaeus. 4. Stenoiboihrus
lineatus Panzer. 5. Ovnocestus rufipes Zetterstedt. 6. 0. viridulus
Linnaeus. 7. Stauroderus bicolor Charpentier. 8. Chorthippus
elegans Charpentier. 9. C. parallelus Zetterstedt.

own examples there is usually great diversity of colour
amongst individuals of the same species. Of Stauro-
derus bicolor it would scarcely be an exaggeration to

«,

say that no two are alike in colour. One feels certain,
whatever may be the agency which brought about the
result, that their colouring, wherever the surroundings

ACHIDIODEA. 203

are sufficiently definite, assimilates — sometimes with

wonderful accuracy — with such surrounding's. Ghor-

«/ o

thippus parallelns also varies greatly : the other British
members of the Stenobothrus-group do not appear to
do so to the same extent, but perhaps this is only
because I have met with them in fewer localities, or
because the nature of their habitat is less varied. Of
our two " club-horned " species, Gomphocerus maculatus
varies as much as does Stauroderus bicolor, but G. rufi<*
appears to be much more constant. Both the British
species of Tetriie are also very variable in their colour
and markings.

For this reason colour .must be but little relied on
for distinguishing species. In connection with classi-
fication the following are some of the points which are

most useful, and it is chiefly on these that the accom-

•

panying identification table lias been founded :

1. The foveolae of the vertex — little depressions, often

quadrangular, on each side of the vertex, or top of
the head, between the eyes.

2. The median sulcus (depression) down the centre of the

frons (containing the median ocellus), the two lateral
ones being* less useful.

3. The colour of the palpi.

4. The tip of the short antennae, which never consist of

more than 25 segments.

5. The position of the cross furrow of the pronotum.

6. The amount of bending and the position of the angle of

each of the lateral carinje of the pronotum.

7. The hind margin of the pronotum, which is usually very

obtusely angled, but in the genus Tetrix is produced a
long way backwards.

8. The presence or absence of a pad between the claws of

the tarsi.

9. The presence or absence of a tooth at the base of the

valves of the ovipositor.
10. The amount of development of the organs of flight in the

imao-o.

11. The region of the elytra near the base, between the

~ «/ f

costa and the sub-costa, that between the sub-costal
branches, and in some cases that between the medius
and the cubitus.

204

BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

lii an elytron of a normal member of the Acridiodea,.
which is fairly typical of elytra and wings of the
Orthoptera, the principal nervures are :

1. The costa, which constitutes tlie fore margin of the

elytron.

2. The sub-costa in two branches.

s c

FIG. 23. — Elytron and Aving of an Acridian grasshopper. Nervures .-
c, costa ; s, siibcosta ; R, radius ; M, niedius ; cu, cubitus ;
AJ, first anal ; A2, A3, etc., remaining anal nervures ; D, dividing
nervure.

3. The radius, which, at the base, is closely associated with

the sub-costa.

4. The medius.

5. The cubitus, which is closely associated with the medius

at the base, the region between them being distinctive
in one case — 8. lineatus.

6. The first anal nervure, which is separate from the

remaining anals.

7. Between the first and remaining anal nervures is'jthe

first anal fold (in which is developed in some Orthop-
tera the dividing nervure — not a primary one).

AOEIDIODEA.

205

gross its.

8. The rest of the anal nervures are closely associated with
one another at the base of the elytron.

In the wing the costa is scarcely developed, and the
first branch of the sub-costa becomes the marginal

nervure. The medius appears to branch off from the
radius some distance from the base of the wing.
The dividing nervure is present. The second and
succeeding branches of the anal nervure occupy the
greater part of the wing-area. The wing is of less
importance for distinguishing species than the elytron.
The tendency to become rudimentary or abortive is
much greater in the wing than in the elytron.

BRITISH SPECIES or ACEIDIODEA.

A. Pronotum not extending beyond thorax ;

a pad between the tarsal claws.
(a). Foveolae of vertex almost absent;
species large .....
(l>). Foveolas of vertex well marked;

species smaller.
(i). Antennae not clubbed.

1. Tooth at base of valves of ovi-

positor ; area between medius and
cubitus of elytron large, with
regular reticulation .

2. No tooth at base ; less regular

reticulation in a narrower area,
(a) . Costa unarched near base ; area
between costa and sub-costa
extending far beyond middle
of elytron.

(i). Greenish; palpi coloured as

face .....

(ii). Partly ruddy ; palpi white at

tip . . . . . 0. rufipes.
(b). Costa arched near base; area
between costa and sub-costa
shorter.

(i). Lateral carinae of pronotum
sharply angled .

S. lineatus.

0. viridulus.

S. bicolor.

(ii). Lateral carinae nearly
straight.

206 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

(a). Elytra and wings de-
veloped . . . C. elegant.
(/3). Elytra abbreviated in
female ; wing ahortive
in both cases . . C.
(ii). Antennas clubbed.

1. Colour somewhat uniform brown ;

costa arched at the base ; clubs
pronounced, whitish at tip . G-. rufus.

2. Smaller ; spotted and varying

much ; costa unarched at base ;
clubs less pronounced ; not white
at the tip . . . . Gr. mnculatus.

B. Pronotum covering the abdomen ; no pad
between the tarsal claws ; species very
small.

(a). Stout; pronotum extending to tip of
hind femora ; ridge of pronotum
elevated ; two black spots some-
times present . . . . T. bipunctatu
(b). More slender; pronotum extending
well beyond the tip of hind femora ;
ridge less pronounced . . T. subulatus.

Genus 1. TETBIX Latr.

(GROUSE LOCUSTS.;

Gryllus BuUa LINN. Syst, Nat, (eel. x) i, p. 427 . . 1758.

Acrydium GEOFF. Hist. Ins. i, p. 390 . . 17<i±

Acridiiim SCHRANK Fauna Boica, ii, p. 30 . . 1801.

Tetrix LATR. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xii. p. 161 . 1804.

Tettix CHARP. Germ. Zeitschr. Ent. iii, p. 315 . 1841.

Amongst the smallest of the Orthoptera. Vertex,
viewed from the side, more or less distinctly produced
in advance of the eyes. Antennae short, stout or
slender, consisting of twelve to fourteen segments.
Pronotum large, covering mesonotum, metanotum, and
not infrequently reaching beyond the tip of the
abdomen and the apex of the hind femora ; lateral
lobes two-angled behind. Elytra reduced to two small
lobes or scales, situated in the hinder of the two angles
of the flap of the pronotum. Wings may be large

TETRIX. 207

and well developed. There are about four or five
ecdyses, and the imago may sometimes perhaps live
Ion o-er than one vear.

o «/

By means of the table just given the two British
species, when mature, may be distinguished without
any difficulty.

1. Tetrix subulatus Linn.

(Plate XXI, fig. 2 ; PI. XXIII, fig. 1 ; and Fig. 24 in

text.)

subulatus LINN. Syst. Nat. (ed. x), torn, i, p.

4-28.ii.18 . . . 1758— GryllasBuUn.

„ LINN. Faun. Suec. (ed. ii), p. 236,

n. 865 ... . 1761— GryUu*.

subulatum DE GEER Mein. Ins. iii. p. 484. 11. 12 1773 — Acrydium.
,, SCHRANK Fauna Boica. ii. p. 32. 11.

1022 . ... 1801— Acridium.

subulata LATR. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xii, p.

Ml, 11. 2 . . 1804— Tetrix.

subuliituiti CURTIS Brit. Entom. n. 439 . •. 1833 — Aery d Linn,
subulata CHARP. Germ. Zeitschr. Ent. iii. p.

315 18±1— Tettix.

subulatus BRUNNER Prod. der. Eur. Orth. p.

237, f. 56 c . . . 1882— Tettix.

subulata FINOT Faune de la Fr., Ortli. p. 167,

pi. viii, f. 116 . 188.9— Tetrix.

subulatus SHAW Moii. Brit. Orth. in Ent. Mo.

Mag. p. 454 1889— Tettix.

BURR Brit. Orth. p. 47, pi. iv, f. 3 . ]s!'7 -Tettix.

LUCAS Entomologist, p. 165, ff. 1, 2 1901 — Tettix.

BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 77 . 1910— Tettix.

Subulatum'KinEY Syn. Cat. Orth. iii. p. 36 . 1910 — Acrydium.
subulatus LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Eut. Soc. p.

33, pi. iv, f. 11 1913— Tetrix.

(Other synonyms: A. bipintrtafum Panz. ; T. panzer i St. Farg A.
Serv.; A. bimacidatum Zett.; A. dorsale Zett. ; T. maryinata St.
Farg & Serv. ; and G. striatus Gmel. For a long list of varietal
names see Kirby, ' Syn. Cat. Orth.' iii. pp. 37-39.)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

subulatus. 18. G. B. thoracis scutello abdomine longiore.

Fn. svec. 624. Gryllus elytris nullis, thorace pro-

ducto abdomine longiore.
Habitat in Europa adfossas et aquas staguantes.

(C. Linnaeus, ' Syst. Nat.' torn, i, p. 428, 1758.)
865. GRTLLUS subulatus thoracis scutello abdomine longiore.

Gryllus elytris nullis, thorace producto abdomine longiore.
Fn. 624f

208 BRITISH. ORTHOPTERA.

Habitat in pi atis ad fossas et aquas stagnantes, primo vere.
DESCR. Statura prsecedentis [i.e. bipunctatus] sed angustior et

Thorax scutellaris ipso corpore fere duplo longior. Antenna-

l»reves.

(C. Linnseus, ' Fn. Suec.' p. 236, 1761.)

MALE IMAGO.- -General colour very dark brown (but
it7; varies a great deal), marked and mottled at times
with lighter or darker tints. Build slender. Length

O i/

some 9-1 2 mm. Vertex produced in an obtuse angle ;
fi/es closer than in T. lipunctatus; pronotum flatter;
very attenuated posteriorly, and reaching much beyond
the apex of the hind femora ; median carina not much
raised, especially behind. The pronotum sometimes
has the two black spots from which the next species is
named. Elytra reduced to tiny pads; but wings ample,
as long as the pronotal process. The arrangement
of the nervures in the wing is, however, abnormal.
In front of the dividing nervure the wing is much
chitinised and compressed, so that the nervures are
brought together, the subcosta, radius, and medius
being fused in the middle, and the cubitus greatly
suppressed : it is not easy to distinguish them.

FEMALE IMAGO (Fig. 24).- -In this sex there is more
variation in colour than in the male. The female, too,
is appreciably larger. Voices of the ovipositor are
similar to those of T. bipunctatus.

NYMPH.- -In addition to the feebler texture, the
pronotal extension is shorter, and there is but one
sinus to the hind border of the side flap of the
pronotum.

VARIATION.- -T. subulatus varies greatly both in size
and in colouring, especially in the female ; the male is
dark and more constant in the New Forest where I
have had most experience of the species. There is a
well-marked form of the female with a circular whitish
patch on the broad fore part of the pronotum, the rest
of the upper surface being mottled with dark and
yellowish brown. Some specimens have a lighter
stripe down the pronotum. Azam mentions a var.

TETRIX SUBULATQS. 209

saJdberoi Saulcv. with short winsfs and pronotum. A

•/ f ' O A

nymph was taken in the Xew Forest, with the circular
whitish patch on the pronotum : this had immature
dark wings and a very short pronotum. So possibly
var. sahlbergi is a nymph. A prettily coloured specimen
of a QTeenish tint was taken on one occasion.

DATE. — Judging by my own experience this species
appears to be in the nymphal condition till well into
August, after which imagines may be taken rather
freely. This points to the fact that, like its commoner

FIG. 24. — Tetrix subulatus Limiseus (x 3'25). The form with pale
pronotum, bearing t\vo spots as in T. bipunctatus Linn.

congener, it passes the winter as an imago, and that
the eggs are laid in the spring- -probably about May.
That it does hibernate as an imago I was able to
establish in 1918. On 27 April I visited a locality in
which I knew these grasshoppers to occur and found
them present in large numbers. In all 23 specimens
were taken, almost promiscuously, and put in a laurel-
bottle. On examining them afterwards all were found
to be adult- -16 females and 7 males. (The difference
in numbers of the two sexes may mean little, as the
males are very small and inconspicuous.)

HABITS, ETC. — At Maiiborough Deeps in the Xew
Forest (apparently a long-disused marl-pit of great
extent) T. snlulatus occurs rather freely in wet places,
where a great deal of moss and similar vegetation is

210 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

found on the soil. There it is best captured by sweeping,
though I suspect that the insect, which is very obscure
and difficult to see, is captured as it jumps in front of
the net. Should one be sighted, it is not at all an
easy matter to hunt it down, so closely does it resemble
a particle of soil when it alights upon the ground. On
a landslip on the shore near Milton (Hants) where it

occurs, the soil is also of a marlv nature. Shaw took

«/•

it on the landslip at Charmouth. Burr once took a
specimen which was swimming on the surface of a
sluggish stream that was full of animal life. At first
he could scarcely imagine what it was, for its motion
was entirely different from that of the common surface
insects. It had doubtless fallen in by accident, and
was swimming towards the shore with powerful strokes
of its hind legs. Other Acridian grasshoppers use

their hind lesfs on occasion for swimming in the same

way. It is worth noting that I discovered the presence
of this grasshopper at Marlborough Deeps, in con-
sequence of a specimen jumping into the water as I
passed one of the numerous ponds to be found in that
locality. An example from this place taken on
20 August was kept alive for a long time. Damp
Sphagnum was in the box with it, and I gave it no
other food. It was quite lively, when examined on
22 December, but was dead when I looked at it on
3 January following. Possibly it might have survived
the winter had it been allowed to hibernate properly
out of doors.

After the above was written I had the following
experience of the species in the spring of 1918, when
I re-visited Marlborough Deeps on purpose to search
for it. I found the grasshoppers very commonly on
ground rather sparsely covered with short grass and
other small vegetation amongst the ponds and damp
places. All appeared to be mature. In the bright
-unshine they got up on the wing in all directions,
and flew two or three yards, or even more, at a time.
Apparently they did not use their wings if a cloud

TETRIX SUBULATUS. 211

passed over the sun. As they could turn in the air,
they were employing their wings for true flight. They
did this to avoid some object, or the water, as it
appeared, although they seemed fairly well at home in
the latter element. They swam quite well, even under
the surface, propelling themselves by means of their
hind legs. As I had no net, I captured them by hand,
but found it a difficult matter to follow them (parti-
cularly the small dark males) more especially as little
black spiders were running on the ground, little black
flies were flitting over it, and other small insects kept
rising up from it. I fancy (but am not certain) that
when they are followed the flight of these grasshoppers
becomes less and less strong. They varied greatly in
colour and conspicuousness. In the form with the
pale disc on the fore part of the pronotum, var. stylifer
Luc., the colouring is really due to the pale tint of the
pronotum being interrupted by two large black tri-
angular spots, similarly situated to those from which
T. bipunctatus derives its name.

DISTRIBUTION.- -This little grasshopper is widely
distributed in Europe — England, Holland, Belgium,
France. Alps, Pyrenees, and Spain at least. It also
occurs in Asia (Kirby).

BRITISH LOCALITIES.
Jude'ino- by the records T. subulatus is an uncommon insect

p O J .

in Britain. So inconspicuous is it, however, that it may
only be awaiting investigators to put it on a much better
footing-.

ENGLAND. — Berks: Neighbourhood of Radley College (Burr).
Cambridgeshire : Cambridge (Hope Coll., Oxford) ; Wicken
and Burvvell Fens (Horley). Cornwall: Padstow (Lamb);
Xewquay (Burr) • Widemouth Bay near Bude (Bracken).
Devon: Bignall considered that it was generally distributed,
but Bracken does not find it so now. He says: " T. bi-
jtiuictatus is common everywhere here [presumably near
Plymouth] but T. subulatns rarely occurs. Mr. J. H. Keys
has given me one taken at Nodder Bridge (near Plymouth
but on the Cornish side of the Tamar) 24 April 1915. All

212

UK1TISH ORTHOPTERA.

my previous captures were made at Bude and Braunton
Burrows." Dorset : Glanviiles Wootton (/. C. Dale) ; Stud-
land (Yerbury) ; landslip near Charrnouth (Shaw). Gloucester-
shire: (Edwards). Hants : Coast near Milton (Lucas)- New
Forest- -Holmsley (Pijfard) and Marlborough Deeps (Lucas) •
Barton (Edwards] (perhaps the Milton locality). Huntingdon-
shire: Whittlesea Mere (J. C. Dale). Kent: Folkestone
\Varren (Burr). Norfolk: (Edwards)-, Broads (Stalham)
(Porritt). Suffolk: Mildenhall (Perkins); Tuddenham Feu
(Morley). Surrey : Dorm an s near East Grinstead (Burr).
IRELAND. — Limerick ; (fide Kemp).

Tetrix bipunctatus Linn.
(Plate XXI, fig. 1.)

bipunctatus LINN. Syst. Nat. (ed. x), p. 427,
11. 17

I7a8—Gnjllus Butta,

1801 — Acridium.

bipunctata

„ LINN. Faun. Suec. (ed. ii), p. 235,

n. 864

bipunctatum FABR. Syst. Ent. p. 278, n. 1 . 1775 — Acnjdium.
„ SCHRANK Fauna Boica, ii, p. 32,

n. 1023

bipunctata LATR. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xii,

p. 164, n. 1

bipunctatum CURTIS Brit. Entom. 11. 439
bipunctata FIEB. Abh. Bohm. Ges. (5), iii,

p. 411, n. 4, pi. x, ff. 14-16
bipunctatus BRUNNER Prod, der Eur. Orth.

p. 235 ...
FINOT Faune de la Fr., Orth.

p. 166

bipunctatus SHAW Mon. Brit. Orth. in Ent.

Mo. Mag. p. 454 . . 1889— Tettix.

„ BURR Brit. Orth. p. 44, pi. iv,

f . 2 . . . . . 1897— Tettix.

„ LUCAS Entomologist, p\ 165,

pi. iii, ff. la, 2a. . . . 1901— Tettix.
BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 76 1910— Tettix.
Bipunctatum KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. iii, p. 39 1910 — ^
bipunctatus LUCAS Proc. S. Loud. Ent. Soc.

p. 32, pi. iv, f. 10 . . . 1913— Tetrix.

(Other synonyms are: A. scutellatum De Geer; A. xypliotlnjreum
Schrank ; T. schrankii Fieb.; A. opacum Herbst; A. gybbum Oliv. ;
A. ephippium Zett.; A. binotatnm Zett.; T. obsctira Hagenb. ^
A. cristatum Zett. ; A. himtlatum Thunb. ; T. nutans Fieb. ;
T. linnei Fieb. For a long list of varietal names see Kirby ' Syn,
Cat, Orth.' iii, pp. 40-42.)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
bipunctatus. 17. G. B. thoracis scutello abdouiinis longitudine.

ix.
1833 — Acrydiiini.

ISU—Tettix,
ISS'2— Tettix.
1889— Tetrix.

TETRIX BIPUNCTATUS. 213

Fn. svec. 623. Gryllus elytris nullis, thorace in elytron
longitudinale extenso macula utrinque nigra rhombea.
Habitat in Europa.

(C. Linnaeus, ' Syst. Nat.' ed. x, torn, i, p. 427. 1758.)

864. G-RYLLUS Mpunctatns thoracis scutello abdominis longitudine.

Giylhis elytris nullis, thorace in elytron longitudinale extenso

macula utrinque rhombea nigra. Fn. 623.
Habitat in pratis siccioribus.

DESCR. Est species e niinimis hujus generis. Manifeste
distinguitur scuto Thoracis producto ad longitudinem abdo-
minis. linea longitudinal! elevata, et punctis duobus oppositis
atris rhombeis, ssepe in medio longitudinis. Alx albae sub
hac crusta absconduiitur. Antenna breviores snnt in hac,
qnam in alia ulla. Elytra e thorace producto longitudine
abdominis.
(C. Linnaeus, ' Fn. Suec.' p. 235, 1761.)

LE IMAGO.- -Colour brown, of a wide range of
tints, extending almost from white to black ; variously
marked and mottled ; surface rugose ; build stout.
Lem/th (including pronotum) 7 '5-11 mm. Vertex
produced between the eves in a broad obtuse angle ;
eyes rather distant. Frons having a longitudinal
median sulcus with raised edge, the median ocellus
being: at its forward end. Antennae short and slender.

Pronotum narrow in front, wider above the wings,
then narrowing, and ending bluntly, but reaching the
tip of the abdomen ; median carina raised considerably ;
two black spots sometimes present just behind the
widest part (whence the specific name) ; side flaps
bisinuate behind. Elytra, reduced to tiny pads, situated
in the more dorsal sinus of the pronotal flaps. Wrings
quite small and probably useless as organs of flight.
Prosternum produced a little in front. Hind femora
stout. Xo pad between the tarsal claws.

FEMALE IMAGO (Plate XXI, fig. 1). — In appearance
much like the male. AYings much more reduced.
Valves of the ovipositor rather long, rough, and

finely toothed.

«/

XYMPH.- -In addition to its softer texture, the pro-
notum is shorter but has a more elevated median
carina. The lateral flaps of the pronotum are simply
curved behind, and not bisinuate.

214 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

EGGS AND EGG-LAYING.- -Information about our two
species is not forthcoming on this point. Hancock has
investigated the matter with regard to one or two
American species. The eggs were slightly curved in
their long axis, about one-third as wide as long ; they
terminated in a long process, so as to resemble a club
with a short handle ; they were pinkish-white when
laid, but turned to an opaque greenish-yellow-white.
The eggs were laid side by side in a pear-shaped mass
glued together, the processes being upwards. The
female made a shallow hole by spreading and closing
her ovipositor blades, and by lengthening her abdomen,
the hind legs being drawn up out of the w^ay. It took
about one hour to lay the eggs, which were not numerous
-about a dozen more or less. After the process was
finished the earth was scraped over the spot. When
the opportunity arises it will be interesting to see
whether the British species proceed in a similar way.

VARIATION.- -Like T. subulatus, this little grasshopper
varies enormously in size, and still more than that
species in colour. The range is from practically black,
through dark brown, dull red, and lighter browns, to a
dirty white. There may be in addition various markings
and mottlings. A conspicuous form has a broad
yellowish-white mid-dorsal stripe. The two black
spots on the pronotum, from which the species derives
its scientific name, may be conspicuous, indistinct, or
absent. A very dark example, with pronotum exten-
ding a little beyond the tip of the hind femora, taken
by Yerbury at Nethy Bridge, looked remarkably like
T.fuliginosus Zett.,but was not. This should be British,

but the moment of its discovery has not yet arrived.

«/ i/

3urr states that a fully-winged form has been taken in
France. Fieber figured and described the nymph as
schrankii, the distinction depending chiefly on the one-
lobed hind margin of the side-flaps of the pronotum ;
but Brunner points out that this is a characteristic of
all the species in the nymph-stage. Dr. Buchanan
White recorded scliranldi for Scotland in 1870.

TETRIX BIPUNOTATUS. 215

DATE. — Probably the eo-o-s are laid about May. The

t/ «/

nymph-stage lasts during the early part of the summer,
and imao-ines beafin to be found during August. These

O O O O

hibernate and appear again at least as early as March ;
possibly they get about in genial weather before that
month. Nymphs may be found even after August.
On one occasion I saw an imasfo in the New Forest

resting on a leaf on 3 September. By its side was the
empty skin- -a pale ghostly image of the nymph as
these grasshopper sloughs always are. The change
had taken place so recently that the imago was
scarcely strong enough to leap.

HABITS, ETC.- -T. bipunctatus is usually found in
drier places than its congener. It may be expected in
woods amongst dry leaves, amongst short grass in

O «/

clearings of woods, on moorland and hillside slopes, on
sand-hills, etc. Personally I think the most likely spot
in which to look for it is a warm margin of a wood,
where the soil is only partly covered with vegetation.
Such a spot serves to hide it admirably, for it does not
jump on to stems of grass or other vegetation, but
alights on the ground, where it need scarcely be said
that its colouring conceals it effectually. I once saw a
specimen swimming in the water standing in a cartrut
near Oxshott in Surrey. Presumably it had hopped
into the water and was swimming out again. Morley
mentions two " flying in sunshine ' at Bentley "Woods
in Suffolk. This might be- expected of T. subulatus,
but the size of the wings seems to preclude the possi-
bility in the case of T. bipunctatus. This grasshopper
may be taken by sweeping, presuming it has not taken
up its abode where brambles occur, as it so often does.
It is not, however, so small as to make stalking and
hand-capture a very difficult matter.

DISTRIBUTION. — This Tetrix is found over nearly the

whole of Europe, including Lapland, Norway, Holland,
Belgium, England, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy. It
also occurs in Asia Minor, Siberia, and Amur.

216 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

T. bipunctatus is one of our common grasshoppers, occur-
ring in all four divisions of the United Kingdom. The list
of localities is therefore somewhat lengthy.

ENGLAND. — Berks : Wantage and Tubney (Holland) ;
Streatley (Tomlin); neighbourhood of Radley College (Burr),
Battersea (Samouelle). Cheshire: Caldy, Hartford, Hoy lake
District, Wallasey, and West Kirby (Sopp). Cornwall :
Padstow (Lamb) ; Quintrel Downs Newquay (Edwards) •
Widemouth Bay near Bude, Wanson Mouth near Bude, and
Watergate Bay near Newquay (Bracken) ; Shierock (Yerbury).
Cumberland: Fairly general (Day); Orton (Day). Derbyshire:
Common in Bretby Park (Brown). Devon; Generally dis-
tributed (Bracken) ; Plympton near Plymouth, Shaugh Bridge,
Walkliam Valley, Newnham near Plympton, Lee Woods near
Woolacombe, and at Cawsand (Cosden) ; Beacon in sheltered
hollows at the foot of the tor (Bracken) ; Rockford (Briggs).
Dorset: Goathorn Peninsula (with rather long pronotum),
and Studland (Yerbury). Essex: Epping Forest (Ansorge).
Gloucestershire : (Edwards) ; Cotswulds near Painswick
(Edwards). Hants: New Forest, near Christchurch, coast
near Milford (Lucas) ; Pamber (Tomlin) ; Hayling Island
(Guermonprez) ; near Eastleigh (Edwards)-, Aldershot (Sopp);
Barton (Edwards). 1. of Wight : Parkhurst Forest, Compton
Bay, and on the Undercliif (Burr) ; Marvel (Morley). Here-
fordshire: West Malvern and Whitbourne (Tomlin). Kent;
Wye (Porritt) ; Faversham District (Chitty) ; Orford (South) ;
Darenth (Sharp). Lancashire : Ainsdale (Coward) ; Orms-
kirk (Score) ; Scarisbrick (Chaster) ; Alithwaite, Ay side,
Birkdale, Cark-in-Cartmel, Cartmel, Grange -over- Sands,
Hightown, Holker, Kent^s Bank, Lindale, Newton -in -
Furness, Silverdale, and Southport (Sopp). Leicester :
(Porritt). Lincolnshire: Manton Common and Scotton
Common (Peacock) ; Grantham (Records Lines. Nat. Union) ;
Market Raseii (Cassal) ; Gurnhills Wood, Ashby, and
Skellingthorpe (Shaw) ; Mumby Chapel (Mason) • Alford,
and Greenfield Wood near Alford ( Woodthorpe) ; Linwood
Warren (Thornley). I. of Man: Lonan (SJiaw) • Ballangh
(Cassal). Middlesex: Harrow Weald (PrisJce). Norfolk:
(Edwards) ; Ormesby Parish (B. -Browne) • Broads, apparently
Stalham (Porritt). Notts: Retford (Pegler) • Burton Joyce
(Carr). O&on : Near Henley-on -Thames (Scott). Suffolk:
Ipswich District, Woodbridge, Dodnash Wood, Lakenham
Heath, Barnby Broad, Assington Thicks, Lakenham Marshes,

TETRIX BIPUNCTATUS. 217

and Bentley Woods (Morley) -, Yarmouth (Paget). Surrey:
Bookham Common, Boxhill, Esher Common, Oxshott, Ocknam
Common, Horsley, and near Xetley Heatli (Lucas) ; Roy.
Hort. Soc. Gardens, TVisley ( \VctlUs) • Farnham District
(Sopp) ; Byfleet (Porritt) ; Dorking (Ghiermonprez) . Sussex :
East Sussex (Porritt} ; Slindon and Dale Park (Guermonprez) ;
Forest How and Ashdown Forest (Burr) • St. Leonards
Ansorge)-, Hailsham (Porritt}; Gruestling (Bloomfield) . York-
shire ; Levisham near Xewtondale (Porritt).

\VALES. — -Pembrokeshire: (Jones). South Wales: (Chitty).

SCOTLAND. — Argyll : Oban. (Evans). Arran : Brodick
(Ercnift). Dumbartonshire: Peaton, Loch Long (Evans).
Dumfriesshire: Ellangowan District (McGoican). Elyin-
sliire : Forres (Chitty) ; Brodie (Yerbury). Fife: AVest
\Vemyssand Thornton (Evans}. Haddinytonshire : Saltoun
(E'Ti.ns). Inverness-shire: Strathglass (Briggs) ; Upper Glen
Spean (Evans)-, Nethy Bridge (Yerbury}; Abernethy Forest
and Banks of Xethy (Cambridge Univ. Museum). Nairn -
xlu're : Xairn (Yerbury}. Orkneys: Hoy (McArthur). Perth-
xh'tre : Lockard, Muthill, Callander, Aberfoyle, Loch Chon,
and Blair Athol (Evans). Rannoch : On the Moors, and
Raniioch (Porritt). SutJterlaud : Lochinver (Yerbury). The
species is widely distributed and not uncommon in Scotland,
except in the Lowlands, where it is seldom met with. It
was recorded from Forfarshire by G. Don in 1813, and
Dr. Buchanan-White recorded it under the name of T.
*<-lii'ankii from Ross-shire, Inverness-shire, and Kircudbright-
shire (Evans).

IRELAND. — Armagh : Ardmore (fide Kemp}. Gahcay : Recess
(fide Kemp). Kerry : Glengariff and Kenmare (fide Kemp).
\Ve-.cford: Killoughrum (fide Kemp).

Genus '2. GOMPHOCERUS Thunb.

Gomphocerus Thunb. Mem. Acad. Petersb. v, p. 221 . . : 1815.

Gomphocerus differs from Stenobothrus Fiscli. (vide
infra} by the apex of the antennas being clubbed,, and
the first segment of the abdomen having a more or
less open tympanum. Type of genus G. ru/us. Our
two species, which are not at all alike, may readily be
separated by the table on p. 206.

218 BRITISH OETHOPTEKA.

1. Gomphocerus rufus Linn.

(Plate XIX, fig. 1 ; PL XX, fig. 2 ; PL XXIII,

figs. 4 and 5.)

rnfii-s LINN. Syst. Nat. (ed. x), i, p. 433,

11. 57 1758 — Gryllus Locusta^

LINN. Faun. Suec. p. 239, n. 876 . 1761— Gryllus.
cluvicorne DE GEER Mem. Ins. iii, p. 482,

11. 10, pi. xxiii, f. 13 . . . 1773 — Acrydium.
rufnm OLIV. Enc. Meth. Ins. vi, p. 230,

11. 66 1791 — Acrydium.

rufus THUNB. Mem. Acad. Petersb. v,

p. 221 ..... 1815 — Gomphocerus.
„ BRUNNER Prod, der Eur. Ortli.

p. 131 1882 — Gomphocerus.

,, FINOT Fauiie de la Fr., Ortli.

pp. 131, 132, pi. vii, f . 95 . . 1889— Gomphocerus.
SHAW Mon. Brit. Ortli. in Ent.

Mo. Mag. p. 419 . . 1889— Gomphocerus.

BURR Brit. Ortli. p. 39. pi. iii. f. 8 1897 — Gomphocerus.

BURR Syii. Orth. W. Eur. p. 48 . 1910 — Gomphocerus:

Rufus KIRBY Syn. Cat. Ortli. iii, p. 156 1910 — Gomphocerus.

rufus LUCAS Proc. S. Loiid. Eiit. Soc.

p. 32, pi. iv, f . 8 . . . . 1913 — Gomphocerus.

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

rufus. 57. G. L. thorace cruciate, corpora rufo, elytris griseis,

an tennis subclavatis.

Fn. svec. 629. Gryllus aiitennis subclavatis acutis.
Habitat in Europa.

(C. Linnaeus, 'Syst. Nat.' (ed. x), torn, i, p. 433, 1758.)
876. GRYLLUS rufus thorace cruciato, corpore rufo, elytris griseis.

aiitennis subclavatis.

Gryllns aiitennis subclavatis acutis. Fn. 629.
Habitat in pratis Roslagise.

DESCR. Est inter miiiores, 11011 rninimos. Totus rufus.
Thoracis anguli nigri lineola alba. Femora rubra. Elytra
grisea, inimaculata. Antenna? clavatse, ut in Papilionibus
diurnis, sed tanien apice parum elongatis, et summo apice
exalbidis.

(C. Linnaeus, ' Faun. Suec.' p. 239, 1761.)

MALE IMAGO (Plate XXIII, fig. 5).- -General colour
reddish-brown, with but few markings. Length some
14 mm. Vertex produced in a triangular form between
the eyes ; foveolae of the vertex small ; median sulcus of
the frons scarcely extending above the ocellus ; antennse-
long, strongly clubbed, and then produced to a white
tip. Pronotum with lateral carina3 obtusely angled in

GOMPHOCERUS RUFUS. 219

front of the cross furrow, which is about half-way
between the front and hind margins : usually two longi-

O «.'

tudinal black lines interrupted by the oblique lateral
caringe. Elytra (PI. XX, fig. 2) well developed, almost
uniform pale brown ; costal nervure arched near the
base ; area between costa and first sub-costa extending
three-quarters of the elytron. Wings fully developed,
tinged with brown towards the apex. Abdomen yellow
below.

FEMALE IMAGO (Plate XXIII, fig. 4). — Colour much
as in the male. Length 17-20 mm. Antennde shorter,
clubs far less pronounced than in the male. Elytra and
wings not quite reaching the tip of the abdomen.
Valves of the ovipositor short.

EGG.- -Roughly cylindrical. It is somewhat rounder
at one end, while the other turns slightly to one side.

o «/

Length 4 mm. It appears to be not quite circular in
section, the width in one direction being 1 mm., at
right angles to it O9 mm. The examples examined
were extracted from a dead female and put in weak
spirit, so the natural colour is uncertain. The surface
was a little wrinkled transversely, but this was perhaps
due to the spirit.

VARIATION.- -Cr. rufus seems to be rather constant in
its colouring. In each sex there may be a cream-

o i

coloured mid-dorsal stripe on the thorax.

DATE.- -August and September seem to be the months
when this grasshopper may most certainly be found
mature ; but Chapman has taken it in Surrey as late as
31 October. I mio-ht add that I have found nymphs.

t > c, _L

also in Surrey, as late as 9 September.

HABITS, ETC.- -Dry grassy banks, grassy hill-sides,
clearings in woods, and similar spots seem to consti-
tute the habitat of this grasshopper. Where it occurs
the clubbed antennae- -dark club with white tip- -are
quite easily noticed, especially in the male, though the

rather short elvtra of the female are inclined to suo-o-est

C. parallelus. The one haunt in which I know it best

l!-_!0 1MMTI.SH ORTHOPTKHA.

is a spot of no great extent by the side of one of a
string of ponds on Bookham Common in Surrey. On
one occasion I brought home alive two nymphs and
i liree imagines from this place. It was on the 9th of
September ; and on the morning of the 14th one nymph
was found to have cast its skin and become a mature
female, and judging by its appearance the change had
occurred but a short time before the imao'o was noticed.

These were fed on grass. Several examples put into
a laurel-bottle, with perhaps a spot or two of benzine,
were of a brilliant crimson colour when removed a day
or two later, and this tint to some extent they retained
when dry.

DISTRIBUTION.- -6r. rufus seems to be generally dis-
tributed in northern and central Europe, it having
been recorded from England, Belgium, France, Scan-
dinavia, Lapland, and Italy at least. Siberia has also
been o*iven as a localitv.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

This grasshopper is not common with us ; in fact it has
been recorded from seven English counties only.

ENGLAND. — Berks: (Hamm). Devon: Wembury and Bolt
Head (Bignell) • Dawlish and sandhills at Exmouth (Parfitt).
Gloucestershire: Colesbourne (Edwards). Hants: C. W. Dale
says his father took it at Lyndhurst in the New Forest in
1827 and 1830. I have not met with it in the Forest myself.
Kent : Burr reported it from Folkestone Warren, but said it
seemed to have disappeared on a later occasion ; Maidstone
(Shaw); Sheppey (Burr). Surrey: Bookham Common, the
Sheepleas at Horsley, and between Denbies and Pickett's
Hole (Lucas) ; Compton (Edwards) ; Leatherhead (Burr) ;
Boxhill (Briggs) • Eeigate (Billups) ; Redhill (Frisby) • Colley
Hill, Dorking, and Buckland (Chapman) ; Battersea Fields
early in the 19th century by Samouelle (C. W. Dale) ; Oxshott
(Burr; but T have not met with it there). Dr. Chapman
found the species in suitable spots on the southern slope of
the North Downs from Reigate to Pickett's Hole, sometimes
quite commonly. A Buckland locality, where he knew the
species previously but where the insects are scarce, is part of
the same slope of the North Downs several miles to the east.

GOMPHOCERUS EUFUS. 221

No doubt farther search would reveal a still more extended
habitat in that district of Surrey. Sussex : Linchdown, Good-
wood, and Eartham (Guermonprez) .

2. Gomphocerus maculatus Thunb.

(Plate XIX, fisr. 2; PL XX, fio>. 3; PI. XXIII, fies.

2 and 3.)

maculatus THUXB. Mem. Acad. Petersb. v. p

221

biguttatus CHARP. Hor. Ent. p. 166 .
maculatus BRUNNER Prod, cler Eur. Orth. p

132

SHAW Mou. Brit. Orth. in Ent. Mo

Mag. p. 420 ....
„ FIXOT Faune de la Fr. Orth. pp. 131

133 ...
BURR Brit. Orth. p. 40. pi. iii, f. 10
BURR Syn. Orth. AV. Eur. p. 4^
Maculatus KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. iii. p. 157
maculatus LUCAS Proc. S. Loud. Ent. Soc. p. 32
pi. iv, f. 9 ...

1815 — Gompliocerus.
lS-2o—GruUus.

1882 — Gomphocerus.
1889 — Gompliocerus.

1889 — Gomphocerus.
1897 — Gompliocerus.
1910 — Gompliocerus.
1910 — Gompli ocerus.

1913 — Gompliocerus.

(Other synonyms: S. antennatus Friv. ; GE. pulla Fisch.-Waldh. ;
S. sausurii Seaoue. Stephens names three forms — eleyoiis. erice-
tarius, and calidomensis.)

ORIGIXAL DESCRIPTION.

G. maculatus : fnscus, viridi-variegatus.

Habitat in Svecia.

Similis G. rufo, sed distinctus Elytris fuscis. supra liuea virescente.

lateribus maculis albidis plnrimis.

Femora supra viridia. lateribus grisea. nigro maculata.
Tibiae ciiiereae spinis iiigris.
A. capite ad apicem thoracis saepe linea rubra.

(Thunberg, • Mem. Acad. Petersb.' v, p. 221. 1815.)

IMAGO (PI. XXIII, fig. 2).- -Small. Colon rimj
very various, but in general presenting a very spotted
appearance. Length some !•: mm. Antennas less
clubbed than in G. rufu.s, and without the white tip ;
foveolae of the vertex deep ; m^Umt sulrux of thefrons
small ; vertex produced as a triangle between the eyes.
Cross-furrow of the pronotum at about the middle ;
lateral carinaB deeply angled about the middle of the
prozona and each crossed by an interrupted longitudinal
black streak. Spotted elytra (PI. XX, fig. 3), with

222 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

t lie costal margin unarched at the base ; region between
radius and cubitus containing some white spots. Wings
smoky at the apex. Hind femora variegated.

FEMALE IMAGO (PL XXIII, fig. 3).- -Colour in general
like that of the male. A larger insect, its length beino-

O o &

some 15-16 mm. Elytra reaching the tip of the
abdomen. Antennae shorter than in the male, and
almost imperceptibly clubbed. Valves of the ovipositor
short.

VARIATION.- -These grasshoppers display an almost
endless range of colour- variation. Some are richly
spotted with cream, green, red, and various shades of
brown. Some again are nearly black. Others, when
the elytra are closed, have a conspicuous pale stripe
along the back. At Trebarwith in Cornwall, Bracken
found them almost without exception various shades of
brown, but at Ugborough and Lee Woods in Devon
they were nearly all black. They were dark generally
•on the S. Devon moorland margin, while those met
with near the sea were pale. On dark soil in the New
Forest, not yet covered with vegetation after a fire,
one or two very dark specimens were noticed, while
bright colours appeared to be absent ; amongst heather
on the other hand they are sometimes very prettily
marked with crimson and green. Evans found them
almost black where heather had been burnt in Dum-
bartonshire. High on the screes of limestone rock in
Dovedale, Jourdain noticed that they harmonised
wonderfully with their surroundings. In fact, however
brought about, assimilation to the environment is
undoubtedly the result of the great range of colouring.

DATE. --(jr. macidatus has a longer life as an imago
than most of our Acridian grasshoppers, in that it
may usually be found mature in the latter half of June.
July, August, and September are the best months for
it ; but it lives on into October, the latest date I have
being 26 October in 1918.

HABITS, ETC.- -Heaths, moors, and downs, especially

GOMPHOCEEUS MACULATUS. 223

where the land is. lying waste, with upland pastures
and rocky ground, are some of the spots in which this
common little grasshopper may be found. Owing to
the close assimilation of its colouring to its surroundings,
already referred to, it is probably more common even
than it appears to be. The high degree of " protective
resemblance ' it exhibits is worthy of closer study.
Kirby in the ' Text-book of Entomology,' p. 87 (1885),
gives an account of the courtship of this insect, and
Brock also gives an interesting account of an observa-
tion he made on the same subject in the ' Entomolo-
gist' for 1914, pp. 104,105.

DISTRIBUTION.- -G. inacnlatus is found in northern,
western, and central Europe, records being to hand
from Lapland, Xorway, Sweden, Holland, Belgium,
Great Britain, Ireland, France, Germany, Austria,
Serbia, and Spain at least. It also occurs in Asia.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

Unlike its congener G. rnfits, this grasshopper has been
reported from a large number of localities in the British Isles.
Still there are thirteen English counties that appear to be
without a record.

ENGLAND. — Berks : Besselsleigh and Tubney (Hamm).
Bucks : Pitstone (Mrs. G. J. Ashby) ; East Burnham Common
(Campion). Cambridgeshire: Devil's Ditch, Newmarket
Heath (/. C. Dale)-, Wicken (Porritt). Cheshire: Thurst-
aston (Coward); Hoylake District and Bidston (Sopp).
Cornwall: Fowey (Stowell); Trebarwith (Bracken); The
Lizard (Shaw); Scilly Isles (( Entomologist/ 1872, p. 4, as
biguttulus). Cumberland : Salkeld and Wan Fell near Penrith
(Dai/). Derbyshire: Little Eaton and Breadsall Moor
(Pullen) ; Lathkill Dale (Jourdain) ; Dovedale (IF. E. Ei-ans).
Devon : Lynmouth and Linton (Briggs) ; near Dawlish
(Lucas) ; Dartmoor (Shaw) ; between Exeter and Budleigh
Salterton, as biguttulus (Kirby) ; Wembury and Torcross
(Bignell) ; Haldon, Woodbuiy, and Blackdown (Parjitt) ; Lee
Woods, Woolacombe, Ugborough Beacon, and Cawsand
(Cosdon) Beacon (Bracken). Dorset : Near Studl and (Lucas).
Essex: Epping Forest (Shaw); Clacton-on-Sea (Harwood).
Gloucestershire: (Edwards). Hants: Southsea, Hayling*
Island, and St. Catherine's Hill near Christchurch (Burr) ;

224 BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

New Forest. Need's Ore,, and near Christchurch (Lucas) ;
Bonrnemoutli (Kemp-Welch). I. of ]\7i</]tf : Yarmouth (Lucas) ;
Afton Down near Freshwater., Blackgang Chine, Parkhurst
Forest, Underclrff, and St. Catherine's Point (Burr).
Hertfordshire: Royston (Harwood) . Kent: Near Deal.
(Porritt) ; Tunbridge Wells (Guermonprez) ; Bostal (Shaw).
Lancashire : Silverdale and St. Anne's-on-Sea (Porritt) ;
Ainsdale (Coward) • Alithwaite, Birkdale District, Cark in
Cartmel, Ellerhow, Grange-over-sands, Hampsfell, Holker
Park, Liiideth, Newrton-in-Furness (Sopp) • Lathom and
Ormskirk (Score) ; Scarisbrick (Chaster). Lincolnshire :
Mablethorpe (Porritt) • Brumby Common, Sweetingthorne
Wood, Borksey, and Laughterton (Shaiv) ; Linwood near
Louth, and Manton Common (Thornley). Middlesex: Acton,
1886 (Winston). I. of Man : Lonan. (Shaw). Norfolk: Near
Waxham, Thursford, Kockham, Syderstone Common, Docking
Common (Shaic) ; Yarmouth sand-hills (Winston); King's
Lynn and Hunstanton (Atmore). Notts : Edwinstone and
Everton (Thornley) ; Sherwood Forest (Porritt) ; Wheatley
(Chamberlin) . Rutland: Present according to the Victoria
History of the County. Somerset : Lundy Island, as biyut-
tatus (Smith) ; Combre Florey near Taunton (Jones) ; Bath-
easton (Blathwaijt). Staffordshire: Dovedale (Jourdain).
Suffolk : Lakenheath Warren, Devil's Ditch, Foxhall, Gorton
Sand-hills, Southwold, and Lowestoft District (Morley) ; Tud-
denham (Porritt) ; Mildenhall (Perkins). Surrey: NearWey-
bridge Station, Merrow Downs, Oxshott, Boxhill, Esher
Common, and Devil's Punch Bow7! at Hindhead (Lucas) ; Fren-
sham and Farnham Commons (Sopp) ; Redhill (-Frisby) ;
Blindley Heath near G-odstone (Burr):, Wimbledon (Shaw) •
Wisley (South); Buckland Hill (Chapman). Sussex: Ash-
down Forest and Forest Row (Burr) ; Beachy Head (Porritt) ;
Dallington (Bloomfield) ; Eastbourne (Sopp) ; Heyshott,
Cocking, Pagham, and Eartham (Guermonprez). Westmor-
land: Arnside and Arnside Knott (Gamble). Yorkshire:
Scunthorpe (Baysford) • Strensall, and Kirby-moorside
(Hewett).

WALES. — Anglesey: (Mason):, Llanfaethlu (Morton). Car-
narvonshire: Near Conway (Porritt); Mynydd Hill at
700 ft. (Stowell). Glamorganshire: Gower (Cambridge Uniy.
Museum). Merionethshire : Arthog (Nevinson). Pembroke-
shir'e : (Jones); Newport (8 hau').

SCOTLAND.- -G. maculatus is widelv distributed and not

uncommon in Scotland, occurring both on the coast and
inland : a bare spot on a railway or other bank is, according

GOMPHOCERUS MACULATUS. 225

to my experience, a favourite habitat (Evans). Aberdeen :
Lumphanan (Morton). Clackmannan: Castle Campbell,
Dollar, and Forest Hill (Evans). Dumbarton: side of hill
road above Peaton, Loch Long (Era?**). Dumfries: Ellan-
gowan (McGowan). Elgin: Forres (Chitty). Fife: Aber-
dour, Petty cur, Thornton, and Falkland (Evans). Haddington :
Saltoun, Dunbar, Aberlady, and Luffness (Evan.-:). Inverness:
Beauly (Chitty); Netliy Bridge (Yerbury). Linlithgow :
Craigton, Priestwich, Linlithgow. Cockleroy, Kipps Castle,
Cockmuir, and AVinchburgh (Brock) ; N. Queensferry (Evans).
Midlothian: Boghall at foot of Pentland Hills, and Ravens-
neuk Moor near Penicuik (Evans). Nairn : Nairn (Yerbury).
Peebles: Peebles (Thornley). Perth: Aberfoyle (Stewart);
Glen Farg (Evans). Sutherland: Xear Rogart and Lair
(Munro). Wt<jtan : Kirkcowan (Brock).

IRELAND. — Co /•/,•; Bear Haven (fide Kemp). Wicldow :
Callary (fide Kemp).

Genus 3. MECOSTETHUS Fieb.

Mecosteilius pt., FIEBER Kelch. Orth. Oberschles. p. 1 . 185:2.

Stetheophywa FISCH. Orth. Ear. p. ^T 1853.

Stetheophyma KIRBY Syn. Cut. Orth. iii. p. 167 . . 1910.

DIAGNOSIS.- -Vertex produced ; foveolae very small,
triangular. Antennae filiform, in the female about as
long as combined head and pronotum, considerably
longer in the male. Pronotum with a median carina,
and distinct straiglitish lateral carinae; cross-furrow
at or a little in front of the middle. Elytra well
developed in both sexes ; sub-costal nervure extending
beyond the middle ; costal margin arched at the base,
where an adventitious nervure is developed ; area
between medius and cubitus with an intercalary nervure
and a double row of cross nervures. Subgenital plate
of the male produced to an acute apex. Valves of the
ovipositor considerably exserted, the upper pair having
some fine crenulations above.

226

.IJIMTISI! OIITIIOITKKA.

1. Mecostethus grossus Linn.
(Plate XX, fig. 4; PL XXII.)

grossus LINN. Syst. Nat. (ed. x), i, p. 433.

11. 58

„ LINN. Faun. Suec. (ed. ii), p. 239,

n. 877

„ FIEB. Kelch, Orth. Oberschles. p. 1,

11. 2

1758 — Locust a
1761— G-njUus.

2— Mecostethus.

1882— Mecostethus.
1889—Mecostethv*.

1889—Mecostetlnis.
1897—Mecostethws.
1899— Mecostetlut*.
1910 — Stetheophyma.

1913—Mecostethn*.

grossum FISCH. Orth. Eur. p. 357, n. ],

pi. xvi, f . 3 . . . . . 1853 — Stetheophyma.
grossus FIEB. Syn. Eur. Orth. p. 10 . , 1854 — Mecostethus.
BRUNNER, Prod. der. Eur. Orth.

p. 94, f . 24 ..

„ SHAW Men. Brit, Orth. in Eiit.

Mo. Mag. p. 412 ....

„ FINOT Faune de la Fr. Orth. p. 104.

pi. iv. f . 61 . ...

BURR Brit. Orth. p. 33, pi. iii, f. 1

,, LUCAS Entomologist, p. 169, pi. ii

Grossum KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. iii, p. 167 .

grossus LUCAS Proc. S.Loiid. Ent. Soc.p. 2s.

1 • • • f* o

pi. ill, I. o

(Other synonyms: A. rubripes De Geer; G. L. germanicus Stoll ;
G. flavipes Gmel.; G. flavipes Steph.)

Unfortunately there has been considerable confusion in the nomen-
clature of this species. Several specimens are in the British
Museum Collection, in the Hope Museum at Oxford, and in the
Dublin Natural History Museum, in each case labelled fl.avij- -.
This is due no doubt to Donovan who gives a good figure of
the species (' Nat. Hist. Brit. Ins.' xii, p. 87, tab. 391), but applies
to it Guielhrs name flavipes. Ridley's Kerry specimen w;i>
recorded as Pachytylus cinerascens Fabr.. which mistake no
doubt arose through his finding, either in Fischer's ' Orthoptera
Europsea' or in Brunner's ' Prodromus,' Locusta flavipes given
as a synonym for Pachytylus cinerascens, the second error being
probably due to the former (vide Eland Shaw, ' Ent. Mo. Mag.'
1889, p. 412, and 1893, p. 20).

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

grossus. 58. G. L. femoribus sanguineis, elytris virescenti-subrufis,

aiitennis cyliiidricis. Fn. svec. 627.
Habitat in Europa.

(C. Linnaeus, 'Syst. Nat.' ed. x, torn, i, p. 433, 1758.)
877. GRYLLUS grossus femoribus sanguineis. elytris virescenti-
subrufis, aiitennis cyliiidricis. Fn. 627.
Habitat in pratis rarius, ut Bolstavik et alibi in Roslag/'a.
DESCR. Est e maximis nostris, et reliquis pallidior et femoribus
subtus rubris saturatioribus. Abdomen subtus viridi-flavum.
Elytra flavo-pallida, prsesertim aiitico margine, alias reticulata

}IEOOSTETHUS GROSSUS. 227

uti alee. Antenna cylindracese 24. articulis. Tibin' postica-
iiigrse dentibus albis, tenninatse quatuor unguibus prseter
ungues palmaruni. Femora postica latere inferiore rubra.
Totus supra obsolete brurmeus sen fusco-lividus, inter pedes
anticos acumen tboracis flavescens.

(C. Linnseus, ' Faun. Suec.' p. 239, 1761.)

MALE IMAGO.- -In general colouring the living' insect
is bright yellowish-green and brown, with crimson
hind femora. Size bulky. Length 22-32 mm. Expanse
of wings 42— 5 -J mm. JVvMe triangular, the blunt apex
being forward; foveolae indistinct. Antenna fairly long.
Pronotum somewhat narrowed in front ; lateral carina?
nearly straight, median prominent ; transverse furrow
in front of the middle : hind margin bluntly rounded.

o «/

Thorax pale green ventrally. Elytra (PL XX, fig. 4)
more or less tinged with brown, especially at the apex ;
a yellow streak along the b.-isal two-thirds of the costal
region, in other parts nervures brown. Winy* brownish
at the tip, more or less hyaline elsewhere ; anterior
nervures brown, hinder ones mostly colourless. Fore
and mid legs brownish. Femur of hind legs carmine
beneath, with an internal black streak, swollen junction
of femur and tibia black ; tibia yellow, generally with
two black rings, spines black. Abdomen yellowish
ventrally.

FEMALE IMAGO (PI. XXII).- -Colouring similar to that
of the male. Size larger, sometimes much larger.

o o

Antennae not so long in proportion as those of the
male. Valves of the ovipositor elongate, with several
small crenulations above.

EGGS. --Cigar-shaped ; very slightly curved in their
length ; considerably more pointed at one end than at
the other ; surface slightly granulated ; dull ochreous
yellow in colour (but colour may not be reliable, as the
eggs were not laid but extracted from the dead insect) ;
length about 5*8 mm., greatest diameter about 1 '5 mm.

XYMPH.- -Xymphs may be recognised as such by the
undeveloped organs of flight. They are often almost
entirely of a beautiful rosy red colour.

228 MUITISH ORTHOPTERA.

VARIATION.- -As far as my own observation goes the
species is not subject to much variation except in size,
but in this respect the range is certainly very great.
I once took a very bright female in the New Forest
with rosy dorsal surface of the thorax.

DATE. --On 28 July 1919 I took a mature example,
and in early years imagines may perhaps be expected
by the end of July, but probably they seldom reach
that stage till August, which month and the next are
the best in which to seek the species.

HABITS, ETC.- -Perhaps the fact that M. grossus loves
the very wet, and therefore least accessible, parts of
bogs and marshes may have been the cause of its
having almost escaped notice in the British Isles for
so long a time. At Irstead it was taken amongst bog-
myrtle and rank grass, but these conditions do not
seem to be so much a necessity as a very wet state of
the soil. It readily takes to the wing when disturbed
aaid then makes short but rapid flights of about ten or
a dozen yards, but it usually will not move unless the
sun is shining. One that flew near me had its long

~ o

legs stretched out behind it, like those of a heron on
the wing. When stalked it sometimes rises once or
twice, but if thoroughly disturbed hides amongst the
rank bog vegetation, with which its colours harmonise
so well that it is seldom again found ; and for this
reason it would seldom be discovered unless it took to
the wing. When flying it is so conspicuous an insect

that it is certain to be noticed. Though so bulky, on

~ «/ '

one occasion in the New Forest I came across a male
being carried off by the Hobber-fly, Asilus crabroni-
formis Linn. The prey was as large as the captor,
and probably of a greater weight.

On 4 September 1910 a male and a female captured
in the New Forest were kept alive, and taken to
Kingstoii-on- Thames 011 the 10th. There they were
placed in a large fish-globe containing Sphagnum and
a tuft of grass, the top of the globe being covered with
muslin. One was noticed eating the grass, holding

MECOSTETHUS GROSSUS. 229

the blade with its fore legs in order to bite along the
edge. Its action had a very " human ' appearance,
like that of a squirrel with a nut. They were seen
paired more than once, but I saw no eggs. The male
was dead on 18 September, while the female succumbed
about the 26th, the latter having eaten much grass
a few days before. When handled M. grossits emits a
dark brown-green fluid from its mouth.

DISTRIBUTION. — This grasshopper is found in Europe
and Siberia, its range in the former extending: from
Lapland to the Alps. It has been recorded from
Lapland, Holland, Belgium, England, Ireland, France,
Austria, and the north of Spain and Portugal.

BRITISH DISTRIBUTION AND HISTORY.
In 1889 Eland Shaw wrote : — " M. arossus is distributed

widely over Northern Europe and in Spain in marshy localities,,
and will, I expect, be found fairly plentiful in our fen districts
when properly looked for " (<Ent. Mo. Mag/ 1889, p. 413).
Captures in recent years show that this prophecy has to a
great extent been fulfilled, it' in the term " fen ' we may
include " bogs," such as those which occur so commonly in
the New Forest.

At the date above mentioned Shaw knew of but two modern
captures of this species ; one specimen taken by McLachlan
in the fens of Norfolk, and one by H. N. Ridley between
Glencar and Waterville in Co. Kerry, the latter being recorded
n the ' Ent. Mo. Mag/ vol. xx,p. 215, asPcichytylus cinerascens.
Previous to 1889, however, J. C. Dale took the species at
Whittlesea Mere, Parley Heath, and in the New Forest ; while
C. W. Dale recorded it as occurring on the Dorset heaths
and in the Isle of Purbeck, the last specimens he took in the
latter locality being captured on 27 July 1880. C. W. Dale
says further that it " has occurred in the west of Ireland,
and in the counties of Dorsetshire, Hampshire, Huntingdon-
shire, Cambridgeshire, and Norfolk; and in former years
in the marshes close to London * ('Eiuom/ 1895, p. 333).
Bardulph Fen is one of the actual localities referred to.

On 10 September 1892 one male was taken at Irstead in
Norfolk (Shaw) amongst tall rank grass close to the bank of
the River Bure, this being the first recorded capture of the
species in Britain since the taking of the Kerry specimen.,

IMMTISH ORTHOFTKRA.

which was recorded by Ridley in January 1884. In July
1895 it occurred in abundance in the West of Ireland, as
recorded in the ' Irish Naturalist/ vol. iv, pp. 228 and 258,
by M. G. H. Carpenter; while in September of the same
\ oar B. G. Rye took the species in Norfolk in some numbers
by sweeping the bog-myrtle (Myrica gale). The next year
\\r. Jeffreys took several in a bog a few miles from Lyndhurst
in the New Forest ; and he found it also in another spot on
the same side of the Forest (in litt. 1897). In the beginning
nf August 1898 J. J. F.X. King and myself found the species
fairly common in two bogs 011 the other side of the Forest,
hi that season, which was a rather late one, it commenced to
appear in the imaginal form just about the beginning of
August. As the days went on it seemed to increase in
numbers, but nymphs were still taken. Since 1898 the species
lias rewarded my search in a number of parts of the Forest,
and it may safely be said that it is plentiful in that district,
occurring in most bogs that are not quite small. Perhaps
Paget's "Locustaflavipes Belton Bog, common," is this species
(fide Morley). F. Balfour-Browne reports it for Norfolk in
Sutton and Barton Parishes as well as in Catford,in September,
all the places being in the Ant valley : J. Edwards reports it
for Horning, and F. H. Haines from Morden in Dorset.

S. W. Kemp found, in the Trinity Coll. Collection in Dublin,
specimens from Oughtered and Recess (Co. Galway) and
from Killarney (Co. Kerry)., and two specimens in Haliday's
Collection probably from Kerry or Galway: Another locality
isFoxford, Co. Mayo (British Museum).

C. Stewart in a " List of Insects found in the neighbourhood
of Edinburgh," 1809, gives Gryllus grossus ; and in G. Don's
'Account of the Plants and Animals of the County of Forfar/
1813, Gryllus grossus also occurs. These records, however,
are not sufficient to warrant our claiming it as a Scotch insect
though there is no reason whv it should not occur on boo's in

*/ O

the west.

Genus 4. STENOBOTHRUS Fiscli.

Stenobothrus FISCH. Orth. Eur. pp. 296, 313 . 1853.

In tbe wide sense Stenobothrus may be diagnosed as
follows : Foveolse of vertex narrow, somewhat oblong

•. <73

in shape. . mtennaR filiform. Pronotum with one cross-
furrow ; median carina distinct, lateral ones straight

STENOBOTHRTJS.

231

or more or less incurved. Vlytra fully developed
(rarely abortive) ; costal area more or less extended,
either narrow throughout or dilated at the base. No
intercalary nervure. Wimjx fully developed (rarely
abortive or wanting)- First segment of the abdomen

O/ O

with a closed tympanum ; subgenital plate in the male
recurved. Valves of the urijiusitor short, but exserted,
sometimes bearing a lateral basal tooth.

Stenobothrus, in this sense, was an unwieldy genus;
Bolivar therefore split it up into four as follows, one
being- Stenobothrus in a restricted sense :-

1 . Costal area of elytra gradually
narrowed towards the apex, pro-
longed along the costal margin,
and not dilated with a lobe at
the base, so that the costal
margin is straight.
2. Valves of the ovipositor armed
with a strong tooth on the
outer side, pointing in the
same direction as the points
of the valves
'2/2. Valves of the ovipositor with

no lateral tooth

1.1. Costal nrea of elytra rapidly

narrowing towards the apex,

generally not exceeding half the

length of the elytra, broadest

near the base so as to form a

lobe or dilatation, so that the

costal margin is not straight,

but convex near the base.

2. Lateral carinse of pronotum

bent in at an angle or curved

in the prozona, diverging

posteriorly ....

2.2. Lateral car in as of pronotum

straight and parallel or only

very slightly curved in the

prozona

Stenobothrus Fischer.
Omocestus Bolivar.

Staurodenis Bolivar.

Chorthippus Fieber.

('Cat. Sinop. Orth. Fn. Iberica/ pp. 45, 46, 1900.)

UKITISII OKTHOITEKA.

1. Stenobothrus lineatus Panzer.
(Plan* XIX, fig. 3 ; PL XX, fig. 1 ; PL XXIII, fig. 8.)

lineatus PANZ. Faun. Ins. Germ. fasc. xxxiii, f . 9 1796 — Gryllus.
FISCH. Orth. Em-, p. 325, 11. 9, pi. xvii,

f . 1 ..... . . 1853— Stenobothrus.

BRUNNER Prod. der. Eur. Oith. p. 104 1882 — Stenobothrus.
SHAW Mem. Brit. Orth. in Ent. Mo.

Mag. p. 414 ..... 1889— Stenobothrus.

FINOT Faime de la Fr Orth. pp. 109,

111, pi. v, ff. 68, 69 . . . . 1889— Stenobothrus.

BURR Brit. Orth. p. 35, pi. iii. f. 2 . 1897— Stenobothrus.

BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 33 . . 1910— Stenobothrus.

Lineatus KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. iii, p. 162 . 1910 — Stenobothrus.
lineatus LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc. p. 29,

pi. iii, f . 2 ...... 1913 — Stenobothrus.

(Other synonyms: — G. (L.) teuellus Stoll; A. megacephalum Seidl.)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
GRYLLUS LINEATUS.
Die gestricheUe Grylle.

Gryllus lineatus : thorace carinato viridis, elytris apice lineola oblique
alba.

Caput viride. Os flavum. Antennae flavae apice fuscae. Thorax
carinatus margine laterali utrinque linea elevata rosea. Elytra viridia
apice fusca. striga reticulata oblique alba. Corpus fuscuni. Femora
postice clavata supra viridia.

Habitat in Germaniae campis arenosis.

(G. W. F. Panzer, 'Fauna ins. Germ.' fasc. xxxiii, 1796.)

[There is a fairly good coloured figure.]

MALE IiLuaj.- -Much green in the general colouring ;
but it is relieved by various markings, which give a
pleasing appearance. Length some 14-15 mm. Head
large, green. Vertex roundly produced a little between
the eyes ; foveola3 practically absent, as is also the
median s'ulcus of the frons. Pronotum dark green,
rounded behind ; cross farrow at about the middle ;
lateral carinse slightly angled in the middle of the
prozona, pale and often tinged with rosy, interrupting
two longitudinal black lines. Elytra (PI. XX, fig. 1)
pale brown, with a crescent-shaped white spot sur-
rounded by a brown ring ; anal area green ; the wide
area between the medius and cubitus crossed by closely
set parallel nervures ; costal area long ; elytra longer
than the abdomen. Wings smoky at the tip. Hind

STENOBOTHBUS LIXKA'LTS. 233

femora sometimes green above, otherwise legs brown.
Tip of abdomen reddish in this sex.

FEMALE IMAGO (PL XXIII, fig. 8). — Colouring in
general as in male. Size much bulkier; length some
19—23 mm. Antennae shorter than in the male. Elytro
about as long as the abdomen ; a whitish streak between
the two branches of the sub-costa. Ovipositor (fig.
25) heavy-looking, all the valves having an external

«/ o

tooth.

DATK. — It is sometimes mature bv the end of Julv ;

«/ «

but August and September are the best months for the

FIG. 25. — Ovipositor of Stenobothri's lin>.''ih<s Panzer. Side vie\v, much

magnified.

species in the imaginal condition. It continues, how-
ever, into October. The nymph stage may continue
for a long time ; one taken on October 18th became
an imago in captivity on October 21st.

HABITS.- -Personally I have not had very much
experience of the species in natural conditions. Shaw
says its habitat is dry meadows. I know it only from
cliff sides, and the southern slope of the Xorth Downs.
In the latter locality it appears to flourish.

DISTRIBUTION.- -Europe except in the extreme north
(Burr) ; Siberia (Kirby). It is reported from England,
France, Spain, Switzerland, Belgium, and Sweden at
least.

BRITISH LOCALITIKS.

All of the records, which are not at all numerous, are from
England, most of them being in the south, frequently near
the sea.

281- Mli'ITlSII OimiOPTKKA.

ENGLAND. — Berks : Reported from near Kadley College
(Burr). Devon: \ rarity (Bracken)-, Wembury Cliffs (Big-
ni'11) ; Braunton Burrows (Parfitt). Dorset: Between Lul-
worth and Weymouth, and near Stadland (Lucas). Gloucester-
Colesbourne (Edwards). Hampshire: Bournemouth
New Forest (Burr mentions it, but I have not
met with it there). Kent: Folkestone (Briggs) ; Dover
(Porritt) ; Charing (Chitty) ; Stonehall, and near Sibertswold
(Burr). Norfolk: Docking Common (Share). Surrey: Box-
In 11 (Briggs) ; Leatherhead (Burr) ; Redhill (Frisby) ; Merrow
Downs, and between Denbies and Prckett's Hole (Lucas) •
Buckland and Dorking (Chapman). Dr. Chapman on inves-
tigating the habitat of this grasshopper on the southern
slope of tlie North Downs found examples in suitable spots from
Reigate to Pickett's Hole, sometimes quite commonly. A
Buckland locality, where he knew them to be present pre-
viously, but where they are scarce, is part of the1 same slope
of the North Downs several miles to the east. Probably a
stricter search would extend the known range of the species
in this district. Sussex: Selsea, Cocking Down, and Good-
wood (Gruermonprez) .

2. St. (Oinocestus) rufipes Zett.
(Plate XIX, fig. 5; PL XX, fig. 5; PI. XXIII, fig. 6.)

rnjipes ZETT. Orth. Suec. p. 90, 11. 9, <$ . 1821— Gryll,'*.

n-utrnUs ZETT. Orth. Suec. p. 89, n. 8, ? . 1821—Gryllus.

rv-fipes FISCH. Orth. Eur. p. 331, n.12 a, pi. xvi,

f. 16 1853—StenobotKrus.

„ BRUNNER Prod, der Ear. Orth. p. 113 1882 — Stenobothrus.

SHAW Mon. Brit. Orth. in Eiit. Mo.

Mag. p. 416 ... . 1889 — Stenobotlirus.

FINOT Fauiie de la Fr. Orth. pp. 109,

116, pi. v, ft'. 77. 78 . . . . 1889— Stenobothrus.

BURR Brit. Orth. p. 36, pi. iii. f. 4 . I897—Sten<,bothrus.

BURR Syu. Orth. W. Eur. p. 38 I9l0—0>uocestus.

\'<'iif,r«Us KIRBY Syii. Cat. Orth. iii, p. 174 . 1910 — Onwrextiis.
rn.fi pes LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc. p. 30,

pi. iii, f. 4 1913— Omocesfais.

(Otlier synonyms: 0. r-'n-'nl nl inn- Wesm. ; C. ZettershdtU Fieb. ; A.
abdominale Herr.-Schaff. ; (E. cruentata Brullo : CE. geniculata

Brulle; L. niin/ntn Stepli.)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

!>. G. rufipes, thoraee tricar iiiato, carinis laterali]>us curvafcis ; fuscus,
thoracis vitta media longitudinali hemelytrorumque dorso,

ST. (OMOCESTUS) EUFIPES. 235

testaceis ; pedibus glabris. posticis, ventre anoque, saiiguineis

Hab. in pratis aridis ad Liirketorp Ostogothiae & ad Bjoriistorp
Scaniae. a die 6 Aug. usque ad diem 14 Sept. visus. varius. Strideiitem
11011 audivi, at mores de cetero G. viridnli. Lavvas hujus specie!
15 Aug. depreheiidi.

Descr. 1, v.- Mas. Statura corporis G. viridnli. sed duplo minor, mari
G. paralleli aequalis. Cciput forma vulgari. fusco-bruniieum, palpis
testaceis. Frous magis decliva. quam in G. viridido. Ocnli ovati.
brimnei, in exsiccatis saepe glauci. Antennae tborace fere dimidio
longiores, obscurae, basi plerumque pallidae. Thorax ut in priori
constructus, at dorso aiitice adhuc angustiori, quam in illo; fuscus,
vitta media longitudinal! plerumque testacea, iiiterduiu brunnea. A:
linea utrinque. cariiiis lateralibus abrupta, atra. Hemelytra longitudine
apicem femorum posticoriim attiiigunt, at abdomme (circiter '2 liii.)
loiigiora. dorso pallida. margiiie exteriori late apiceque, iiigris ; liiieola
versus apicem alba, in plerisque distincta. Alae fuscae. Abdoitn-i/
nigricans, ventre anoque sangumeis. Pede* glabri. fusco-testacei,
postici sanguine!, geiiubus. tibiarum summo apice spiiiisque iiigricanti-
bus. Pulvilli determinati, fusci.

Obs. Color vivorum in exsiccatis beiie coiiservatur. Yariat, sero
auctumiio, tot as obscurior. pedibus posticis testaceis.
(Zetterstedt, 'Orthoptera Sueciae.' p. 90, 1821.)

[Zetterstedt described the female and the male as t\vo species;
the former, which he names G. vt'n trail*, is no. X. while the
latter, G. rufipes, is 110. 9. The name of the male has been
almost universally employed, and to introduce confusion by
adopting now Zetterstedt's name for the female would be, to
say the least, pedantic. For the sake of those interested, how-
ever, his description of that sex is appended.

x. G. ventralis thorace tricarinato. cariiiis lateralibus curvatis : niger,
verticis thoracisque linea longitudinali hemelytrorumque dorso,
viridibus ; pedibus glabris, posticorum tibiis l)asi amiulo albo ;
ventre sanguineo ( ? ).

Hab. in prato ad Esperod in Faroe ci a Tranas Scaniae. meiis.
Septenil). rarissime.

Descr. 1. v. Feui. Affinis praecedenti \_Grylhis viridulus], at ejus
individuum masculum magiiitudine vix attingit, \. me judice,
distiiictus. Differt ab illo, praeter colorem determinate aliuin,
aiiteniiis pedibusque anticis paullo brevioribus &. thoracis
cariiiis lateralibus paullo magis curvatis, uiide liujus dorsum
aiitice augustius Videtur. Caput iiigro-fuscum, palporum apice
pallido. Yertex ut in priori constriictus, viridis. linea utrinque
iiigra. Frons qnoque ut in praecedente, at minus forte convexa.
Oculi ovati. subdepressi, brunnei. Antennae thorace paullo
brevories, 22-articulatae ? testaceae, apice iiigro. Tliorax lati-
tudiiie fere duplo longior, aiiterius angtistatus, antice truncatus,
lobo-laterali deflexo subaiigulato, postice rotuiidatus, marginatus,
supra tricarinatus, cariiiis lateralibus aiitice distincte curvatis,
11011 autem aiigulatis ; niger, dorso viridi, & cariiiis pallidis, linea
quoque ordinaria, atra, cariiiis lateralibus abrupta, utrinque
adest. Hemelytra longitudine apicem femorum posticorum
attingunt, dorso viridia, margine exteriori apiceque late iiigris,
& liiieola obliqua versus apicem distinction alba. Alae nigri-
cantes. Abdomen, nigrum, iiitidum, ventre sanguineo. Pedes

236 HKlTISIl OimiOFTERA.

forma vulgari, glabri, iiigri, anteriores picei, posticorum femori-
bns subtus flavis tibiisque annulo ad basin albo. (Zett. 'Orth.
Suec." p. 89, 1821.)]

MALI; IMA<;<> (PL XXIII, fig. 6). --General colour
dark brown with a ruddy tint in places. Small.
Length 12-1-3 mm. Apex of palpi strikingly pale,
against the dark jaws. Vertex produced in a triangle
between the eyes ; foveolae oblong, rather shallow but
well marked, median sulcus of frons moderately deep
below the ocellus. Pronotum with cross furrow very
nearly in the centre, but perhaps a little nearer the
front ; a black interrupted streak on each side ; lateral
carinae angled abqut the middle of the prozona ; in
front of the angle carinae nearly parallel ; hind margin
rather angled than rounded. Elytra- (PI. XX, fig. 5)
longer than abdomen ; pale brown, somewhat spotted ;
region between medius and cubitus narrow, cross
nervures sub-regular. Wings smoky towards the tip.
Legs somewhat ruddy. Abdomen dark, yellow below,
bright ruddy at the apex.

EMALE IMAGO (PL XXIII, fig. 6). --Colour similar to
that of the male, except that the mid-dorsal region is
usually green, causing this sex to closely resemble that
of 0. viridulus ; but the palpi are very distinctive.
Bulk much more considerable than that of the male.
Lengtii- 18-19 mm. Antennas rather shorter than
in the male. Elytra as long as, or longer than, the
abdomen; anal area green. Abdomen and legs not so

brioiitlv coloured as in the male. Valves of the on-

*— ^

positov without an external tooth, lower ones with
inner margin produced into a rather sharp point.

DISTINCTION FROM 0. viridulus. — (1) The darker colour
of 0. rufipe*. (2) The distinctly pale palpi. (3) The
elytra spotted in the area between media and cubitus.
(4) The brightly ruddy abdomen.

Sometimes 8. bicolor has a reddish apex to the
abdomen in the male, so the structure should be
examined with the table of genera on page 231 to

ST. (OMOCESTUS) RUFIPES. 237

prevent mistakes. In 0. rnjipe* the angle of the lateral
carinse of the pronotnm is less sharply curved than in
8. bicolor.

DATE. --July, August, and September are the best
months for the imago ; but it may possibly be mature
in June. I have met with nymphs on 11 August in
the New Forest.

HAIHTS, ETC.- -Personally I have had experience of
this species only in the New Forest. There it seems
to like open healthy or dry ground, especially just
outside a wood or plantation, or in a ride or clearing.
In captivity it fed on grass, eating along the margin of
a leaf. One was thus kept alive for six or seven
weeks, dying on or about 14 October.

DISTRIBUTION.- -This species is considered to be
generally distributed over Europe from Sweden to the
Mediterranean, its range being similar to that of
0. viridulus, but it is less frequent in the north, and
does not reach so great an altitude as its cono-ener.

~ o

It is recorded from England, France, Scandinavia,
Holland, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, and Italy at least.
It is also found in Algeria, Asia Minor, and Siberia.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

ENGLAND.- -.Ber&s : Neighbourhood of Radley College (Burr).
Cambridgeshire : Wicken (Porritt). Devon: On the coast,, not
common (Bignell) ; Lyntoii (Briggs) ; Churston (Porritt) •
\Voollacombe (Bracken). Gloucestershire: Wot tori (Shaw).
Hants : New Forest in many places (Lucas) • Bournemouth
(Burr). Kent: Deal (Briggs); Herne Bay (Waterhouse,
exhibited at Ent. Soc. Lond. 7 Sept, 1887) ; Bromley (Shaw).
Lake District : (Porritt). Somerset: Batheaston (Blathwayt).
Suffolk : " Broad/' apparently near Barnby, and two doubtful
records — Beccles and Ipswich District (Morley). Surrey:
Leitli Hill (Briggs) ; Boxhill (Burr). Sussex : Abbot's Wood
(Porritt) ; Guestling, some years ago (Bloomjield) . Yorkshire :
Thome Moor, Sandburn, Castle Howard, and near York
(Porritt) ; Strensall Common (fide Sopp).

WALES. — Carnarvonshire : Penmaenmawr (Porritt).

(Burr says it Las been recorded from Rannocli in Scotland :
lie thinks C. W. Dale was his authority.)

238 I5KITISH OlvTHOlTKK'A.

• ). St, (Omocestus) viridulus Linn.
(Plate XIX, fig. G; PI. XX, fig. 6 ; PI. XX1Y.)

LINN. Syst. Nat. (ed. x) i, p. 433,

n. 55 . . . . . . 1758 — Grtjllus Locust a.

LINN. Faun. Suec. (ed. ii), p. 238,

II. 874 ...... V761—Gryllus.

FISCH. Orth. Eur. p. 329. 11. 12, pi.

xvi, f. 15 . . . 1853 — Stenobothrus.

BRUNNER Prod, der Eur. Orth. p.

III, f. 28 E ... . 1882—Stenobothrus.
SHAW Mon. Brit. Orth. in Ent.

Mo. Mag. p. 415 . . . 1889—Stenobothrus.

FINOT Faivne de la Fr. Orth. pp.

109, 116, pi. v, ff. 75, 76 . . 188Q—Stenobothrus.

BURR Brit. Orth. p. 35, pi. iii, f. 3 1897—Stenobothrus.

BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 39 . 1910— Omocesttt*.

Viridulus KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. iii. p. 175 . 1910 — Omocestit*
ru- id iii us LUCAS Proe. S. Lond. Ent. Soc. p.

30, pi. iii. f . 1 . . . 1913 — Omocestus.

(Other synonyms :—G. rubicundus Gin el. ; L. apricct Steph. ; A.
rufomarginatum De Geer ; A. nigrnterminatum, De Geer; G.
dimidiutus, Thunb. ; G. marginalis Thunb.)

Type of genus Omocestus.

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

viridulus. 55. G. L. thorace cruciate, corpore supra viridi, elytrorum

margine albido. Fn. *vec. 626.
It. wgoth. 276. Gryllus capite thorace elytrisque

superne viridibus.
Habitat in Europa.

(C. Linnseus, ' Syst. Nat.' ed. x. Tom. i, p. 433, 1758.)
874. GRYLLUS viridulus thorace cruciate, corpore supra viridi,

elytrorum margine albido. Fn. 616.
Habitat copiosissime omnium ad SursviJeen juxta mare, ubi

instar sementantis segetis ante pedes cadit.

DESCR. Hie inter minimos (si 11011 minimus omnium) nostros
numerandus est. Corpus superne viride, quum captit et
thorax supra saturate viridia. Alx> dilute virides, exteriores
sive elytra viridia margine exteriore sen lateri albo. Abdo-
men, pectus, femora, facies pallida. Antenna articulis xxiii
circiter constant.

VARIAT in quibusdam angulo utriiique thoracis dorsali lineola
alba et alia lineola alba inter marginem elytrorum album et
discam alee.

(C. Linnaeus, 'Faun. Suec/ p. 238, 1761.)

MALE IMAGO (PI. XXIV, fig. 1) --Colour usually ruddy
brown and green ; sometimes the mid-dorsal region
green, which gives a green appearance to the whole
insect. Lenr/tli- 14-15 mm. Apex of palpi concolorous

ST. (OMOCESTUS) YIKIMCLCS. 239

with the jaws. Vertw produced as in 0. rtiji/ws, with
a central carina at the tip. For^olw of the vertex as
in 0. riifipf*. Median xiilc.m of the frons moderately
pronounced below the conspicuous median ocellus.
Cross furrow of the pronotum slightly nearer the front
margin ; two longitudinal black streaks, interrupted
by the lateral cavinae (usually pale), which are slightly
angled near the front margin of the pronotum. Elytra
(PI. XX, fig. 6) longer than abdomen, pale brown,
sometimes with anal area greenish ; less spotted than in
0. rnji}xj* ; region between medius and cubitus narrow,
with subregular cross nervures. IV rut/a smoky at the
apex. Hind femora usually brown.

FE.MALK IMACO (PI. XXIV, fig. 2).- -Colour more green
than that of the male ; //,///'/ femora often green. Much
more bulky than the male. 'Lcmjth- 18-28 mm. Antennae
slio'htlv shorter than those of the male. AY////W about

O tt if

as long as abdomen or longer ; anal area green ; usually
a dull yellowish or pinkish streak between the sub-
costal nervures. Valves of the ovipositor without an
external tooth ; inner edge of lower ones produced
into a rather sharp point.

VA i. -[ATI ox.- -There is a form of the female with sides
of head and pronotum, all the legs, and the fore part
of the elytra of a deep rosy red. Eland Shaw has speci-
mens of this form from Yarmouth (Winston) and Louth
(Wallis-Kew). It is perhaps Stephens's nibi<-n ,ul« .
On 14 August 1917 I took a female in the Xew Forest
somewhat resembling this form. There was very much
deep dull crimson in its colouring. Even when seen
on the grass it was so strikingly coloured as to catch

O <~J «/

the attention immediately. The antennae were tinned

^ o

with crimson towards the base ; the dorsal surface was
green generally as usual, except for a median crimson
line on head and thorax ; face, sides of head and thorax,
and dorsal surface of the femora of all the legs were
crimson ; costal region of the elytra dull crimson.
Shaw speaks of an example with yellow femora. On

240 B KIT IS 1 1 ORTlIOITEltA.

the whole, however, I have not found ('). viridulus
subject to much variation.

DATK.- -This species is usually mature soon after the
middle of June, and it may be found from that time
till well into September, if not later. It is in fact one
of the earliest of our grasshoppers to reach the mature
condition.

HABITS, ETC-.- -Possibly there may be some connection
between the green colouring of 0. viridulus and its
apparent preference for grassy places. On the whole
perhaps it affects slightly elevated grass lands, moors,
and similar places more frequently than low lying
spots, though Morley records it from marshes at
Beccles. In captivity it will eat grass, holding a blade
with its fore legs, so as to eat along the margin, as
noticed of other British Acridians. The following
curious occurrence may be worthy of note. On
1 August 1910 at a damp spot in a " ride ' in the New
Forest, where grass was luxuriant, a number of grass-
hoppers were found dead, but holding to the grass as
if simply resting there. Perhaps all were 0. viridulus.
In some cases the abdomen seemed unduly distended,
but there was no obvious cause of death.* Was the
luxuriant grass too succulent for them ?

DISTRIBUTION. --0. viridulus is widely distributed in
northern and central Europe, and is found in Siberia
and Amur.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

0. viridulus is one of our common grasshoppers,, being
found in all four divisions of tlie United Kingdom.

EN GLAND.-- .Be r&s : Neighbourhood of Radley College
(Burr). Sucks; East Burnham Common, and Burnham
Beeches (Campion). Cambridgeshire: Wicken (Porritt).
Cheshire : Delamere, Great Meols, and Hoy lake (Sopp) • Frod-
sham (Warring ton Municipal Museum). Cornwall: Cloggy
Moor (Daws) ; Perranportli (Bracken) . Cumberland: Salkeld

: A female Gompliocerus maculatus was found in a similar condition in the

New Forest on 19 August 1918.

ST. (OMOCESTUS) VIRIDUL1TS. 241

(Day). Derbyshire : Dovedale (Jourdain) ; Kirk Iretoii
(Abell) ; common in Burton District (Broii-u) ; Little Eaton
(Pullen). Devon : Common everywhere (Bignell),\)ui Bracken
does not find it so ; it is not so common as S. hicolor (Bracken] ;
Lynn Valley (Briggs) ; Dartmoor (Shaw) ; Cawsand (Cosdon)
Beacon, Woolacombe, Cliffs at Plymouth Sound (Bracken).
Essex: Epping Forest (Shaw). Hants: New Forest, and
Hengistbury Head (Lucas). I. of Wight : Yarmouth (Lucas) ;
Parkhurst Forest (Burr) ; Haven Street Woods (Morley) ;
Newport (Morey). Herefordshire: Near Downton (Stowell).
Kent : Ham Ponds, Sandwich Bay, Golgotha, Stonehall,
Chalksole, Ewell Minnis, and Folkestone Warren. (Burr).
Lancashire : Alithwaite, Birkdale, Cark-in-Cartmel, Fresh -
field, Grange-over-Sands, Hampsfell, Holker, and Silverdale
(Sopp) • Latliom and Ormskirk (Score). Lincolnshire:
Brumby Common, Cabourne, Pillar Woods, and Burringham
(Shaw) • S cotton . Common and Manton Common (Thornley) ;
Mumby Chapel (Mason); Louth (Wallis-Kew). Middlesex:
Hadley Wood, 1892 (Shaw)-, Acton, 1885 (Winston). I. of
Man: Douglas (Porritt) ; Laxey (Shaw) ; Ballaugh (Cassal).
Norfolk : Docking Common, Sculthorpe Moor, Thursford,
Fakenham, and The Staith, Hickling Broad (Shaiv) ; Yar-
mouth (Winston); Surlingham Inroad (Morley). Notts:
Edwinstowe and Obertoii (Shaw) ; Kingston-on-Soar (Thorn-
ley) • Worksop (Hough ton) ; Mansfield (Daws). Somerset:
Combre Florey near Taunton (Jones) ; Batheaston (Blathwayt).
Staffordshire: Ellastone (Jourdain). Suffolk: Beccles,
Barn by Broad, Southwold, Tuddenham Fen, and Lowestoft
District (Morley). Surrey : Esher Common, Horsley, Oxshott,
Byfleet Canal, Bookham Common, Prince's Coverts, Wimble-
don Common, Netley Heath, and Boxhill (Lucas) ; Leith
Hill (Briggs). Sussex: Forest Row, Ashdown Forest, and
East (Irinstead (Burr) ; " Long Meadow " (Porritt) • Ewhurst
(Bloomfield) ; Beachy Head (Stevens) • Cocking and Good-
wood (G-tiermonprez). Warwickshire: Coventry (Whittaker).
Westmorland: Arnside and Arnside Knott (Gamble). Wilts:
Marlborough District (Stowell). Yorks : Huddersfield, Brad-
ford, Castle Howard, Hayburn A\Vke, Thorne, and Landburn
(Porritt) ; G-rassingtoii (Hartley) ; Caterick (Chitty) ; Stren-
sall Common and Speeton (Hr.wett) .

WALES. -- Anglesey : (Mason). Carnarvonshire: Mynydd
Hill (Stowell). Flintshire: Mannercli (Meek). Merioneth-
shire: Arthog (Nevinson). Pembrokeshire: (Jones).

SCOTLAND.- -This grasshopper is common in Scotland, more
especiallv in hilly or inland districts : it doubtless occurs all

24l> BlUTISH OKTIIOITKKA.

over the country, being adult chiefly in August and September.
Kecords are as follows : Aberdeenshire : Lumphanan (Morton,).
Arr/yle : South end of Mull of Kintyre (Stewart). Berwick-
shire: Carfrae Common, Laramermuirs (Evans). Dumfries:
Ellangowan District (McG-owan). Fifeshire : Thornton, Tents-
innir, Aberdonr, and Falkland (Evans). Haddingtonshire :
Tyninghaine, and east bank of Dean Burn above Pogbie
(Evans). Inverness-shire: Beauly near Inverness (Chitty) ;
Nethy Bridge (Yerbury) ; Upper Glen Spean (Evans).
Lanarkshire: Carlnke (Morton); Elvanfoot (Evans). Lin-
lithgowshire : common and generally distributed in suitable
localities ; Drumsh or eland, Craigton, Riccarton. Hills, and
Kirkliston, also Linlithgow and Bathgate Hills, up to 800 ft.
(Brock). Brock notes that from highly cultivated ground
near Kirkliston it had disappeared before 1912. Mid
Lothian: Braid and Blackford Hills, Pentland Hills at Bog-
hall and Glencorse, Kirknewtoii, and west bank of Dean Burn
below Soutra Hill (Evans). Perthshire: Aberfoyle and Blair
Athol (Evans). Renfrewshire: Kilbarchan (Stewart). Stir-
lingshire : Ben Lomond (Shaw) • Craigbarnet, Campsie
(Evans). Wigtonshire : Killantringan (Evans); Kirkcowan
( Brock) .

IKELAND. — Armagh : Lough Gill. Cork : Adrigole. Done-
gal : Coolmore and McDara Isles. Dublin: Chapelizod.
Fermanagh : Beleck. Galway : Oughterard. Kerry : Kil-
larney. Louth : Castle Bellingham and Dundalk. Meath :
Drogheda and Mentrim. Westmeath. Wicldow : Bray and
Glandalough — (all fide Kemp). Shaw also records the species
from Howth (co. Dublin) and from co. Limerick, and Morton,
from Emyvale (co. Monaghan).

4. St. (Stauroderus) bicolor Charp.
(Plate XIX, fig. 4 ; PL XX, fig. 7 ; PI. XXV.)

bicolor CHARP. Hor. Eiit. p. 161 . . . 1825 — Gryllus.
BRIS. Ann. Soc. Ent, Fr. (3) iv, p. 748,

note ....... 1856 — Stenobothrus.

BRUNNEE, Prod, der Eur. Orth. p. 120,

f. 28G 1882— Stenobothrus.

„ SHAW Mon. Brit. Orth. in Ent. Mo. Mag.

p. 417, ff. 3, 4, 5 1889— Stenobothrus.

., FINOT Fanne de la Fr. Orth. pp. 110,

122, pi. vi, f. 83 1889— Stenobothrus,

BURR Brit. Orth. p. 37, pi. iii, f. 5 \ 1897— Stenobothrus.

BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 44 . . 1910— Stauroderus.

ST. (STAURODERUS) BICOLOR. 243

Bicolor KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. iii, p. 181 . . 1910 — Stauroderus.
bicolor LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc. p. 30,

pi. iii, f . 5 1913 — Stauroderus.

(Other synonyms : G. mollis Charp. ; L. mollis Steph. ; L. biguttula
Steph. ; L. vittata Steph. ; L. haemorrhoidalis Steph. ; L. rhom-
boidea Steph. ; L. varipes Steph. ; L. venosa Steph.)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

Gryllns bicolor.

Gr. thorace cruciate, corporis lateribus pedibusqiie ferrugineo-luteis,
fusco subirroratis : elytris et superiore corporis parte atris.
Schaeff. Icon. Tab. 243, fig. 5, 6, foem.

Habitat in Silesia, Helvetia.

Gr. biguttulo affinis ; foeniina mare plerumque quinta parte major,
interdum aequalis. Colore luteo vel luride aurantio laterum pedumque
et colore atro verticis, thoracis dorsi elytrorumque facile dignosci potest.

Caput maris valde, foeininae minus declive, luteum, vertice atro.
Antennae ut in congeneribus. fuscae, basi lutescentes.

Thorax tetragonus, linea dorsali elevata recta et duabus lateralibus
paullum aiigulato-curvatis : luteus. supra ater.

Abdomen supra fuscum, postice rutilum : infra virescens : in mare
coloribus vivacioribus, quam in foemina.

Elytra oblonga, attenuata : in mare pauxilluluin antica parte dilatata.
forma fere Gr. viriduli ; fuliginosa, nervis f uscioribus ; loculo lucidiore
apicem versus, ubi in aliis speciebus affinibus macula obliqua alba posita
est. Interdum adsunt maculae plures parvae fuscae, praecipue in
niaribus.

Alae pellucidae, nervis fuscis, ad apiceni et marginem anticum fusci-
oribus.

Pedes onines lutei, fusco-punctati. Feniorum posticorum latera
exterua disco fusco : latera interim fusco-variegata : inferiora flavida.
Tibiae posticae rufesceiites vel virescentes, geniculis vix obscurioribus.

Mares magiiitudine paullulo ampliore et elytris atteiiuatis a maribus
Gr. biguttuli et Gr. mollis optirne distinguuutur.

Diversani hanc esse quidem et lion varietateni Gr. biguttuli credo.
cui in inultis quidem partibus persimilis est. Mas, uti jam dixi, tota
elytrorum forma ab illo recedit, et de colore viridi vel rubro, in Gr.
biguttuli foemiiiis occurrente, nunquam quidquam in Gr. bicolori
observavi.

Magis in agris, quam in pratis et collibus habitare videtur.
(Charpeiitier, ' Horae Entomologicae,' p. 161, 1825.)

MALE IMAGO (PI. XXV, fig. 2).- -Colour very variable,
usually some tint of brown more or less variegated ;
somewhat hairy, especially when newly adult. Length
some 13 mm. A ntennse rather long. Vertex produced
in a somewhat triangular point ; foveolse oblong, well
marked ; median sulcu* of the frons long, pronounced.
Cross furrow of the pronotum rather nearer the fore
margin ; lateral carinae sharply angled about the
middle of the prozona ; interrupted dark longitudinal

244 IIK1TJSH OUTHOPT.EKA.

lines sometimes present. Hii/1r<i (PI. XX, fig. 7),
longer than the abdomen ; costa arched near the base ;
some shade of brown ; usually spotted. Wings hyaline,
but sometimes smoky just at the tip. Leys of various
tints, usually variegated, sometimes ringed. Apex of
abdomen sometimes red.

FEMALE IMAGO (PL XXV, fig. 1). — Colour and length
of the antenna much as in the male. Size much larger ;
length some 22 mm. Elytra reaching beyond the apex
of the abdomen ; sometimes a pale streak between
the subcostals. Ovipositor short, valves rather blunt,
without an external tooth.

VARIATION.- -Extremely variable in colour — scarcely
two being exactly alike. The general colouring may
be green, red, purplish-yellow, grey, brown, almost
black, and sometimes variegated. Whenever the
surroundings are sufficiently definite, the colour assi-
milates, sometimes most accurately, with them. Porritt
records an interesting case of this kind. " St. Anne's-
on-Sea is a modern seaside resort built upon the sand-
hills of the Lancashire coast. On the outskirts of the
town there are often small sandy spaces left between
the houses, and in some of these ashes and other
rubbish from the houses have been thrown, the con-
sequence being that the sand has become of dirtier and
darker appearance. In such situations 8. bicolor still
flourishes, but there is a very perceptible difference in
the colour of the specimens as compared with the
ordinary forms, the tendency to become darker being
so marked that some of them are already absolutely
black. On the open sandhills the colours of the species,
though variable as usual, are quite normal." Hamm
noticed that a common grasshopper (probably S. bicolor)
was red on the Red Sandstone in Devon. Owing to
this great tendency to variation a number of names
have been given to the various forms, and three are to
some extent in use :

(1) mollis Charp.--the green form.

(2) pnrpurascens Fieb.--the reddish-purple form.

ST. (STAURODEK'US) BICOLOE. 245

(3) nigrina Fieb.--the dark form.

Burr says there are in the Hope Collection in Oxford
(with many others imlabelled) one male labelled " cru-
cigera" and another male " Isle of Purbeck, 1830,
L. rubicunda' [this apparently = purpurascens Pieb.].
Rubicunda has usually been referred to 0. viridulus of
which (as mentioned on p. 239) a reddish form is
sometimes taken. A strikingly coloured form, longi-
tudinalis Luc., has the dorsal surface including the
elytra nearly black, while the legs and sides are
yellow. It occurred in 1918 at Arthog in Merioneth-
shire, and in the Xew Forest.

DATE. — S. bicolor mav be found as an imago for a

«/ o

longer period than the rest of our grasshoppers
belonging to the Acridiodea. It begins to appear in
June, and continues through July, August, September,
and October, even into November. November the ninth
is the latest date on which I have met with the species,
the locality being at the Black Pond on Esher Common

t/ O

in Surrey.

HABITS, ETC.- -So common is this grasshopper with us
that it is not easy to give the kind of locality in which
it may be sought. It does not like woods, but prefers
open places, and such as are fairly dry ; consequently
it is often found on sandhills. It sometimes rests on
walls or pailings. Morley found it on a first storey
window-sill !

DISTRIBUTION.- -Common in Europe (Lapland, Norway,
Sweden, Denmark, the British Isles, Holland, Belgium,
France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Germany,
Austria) ; found also in Asia (Siberia, Mongolia, Corea,
Japan. Asia Minor, Burma), and North Africa.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

S. bicolor may fairly be looked upon as the British grass-
hopper, and may safely be said to occur throughout the
British Isles. There are still, however, nine English counties
for which I have no records. My list is as follows :

ENGLAND. — Bedfordshire : Near Sharnbrook (Zrwcas) . Berks :

246 BRITISH ORTHOPTEEA.

White Horse Hill near the " Blowing Stone," near Letcombe
Basset, and Chilswell Hill (Lucas) ; Crookham Common near
Newbury (Morley) ; Wellington College and Tubney (Hamm) ;
Bradfield College (Chitty) ; neighbourhood of Radley College
(Burr). Bucks : Kingsley (Lucas) • Pitstone (Mrs. Ashbi/).
Cambridgeshire : Wickeii, with vars. mollis and purpurascens
(Porritt). Cheshire : Caldy, Heswall, Hoylake, Parkgate,
and West Kirby (Sopp). Cornwall: The Lizard and
Falmouth (Shaw) ; Widemonth Bay near Bnde, with var.
purpurascens occasionally (Bracken) : Downderry on shore of
Whitesand Bay, dull reddish-brown tint, also at Wliitesand
Bay Hotel, Sheirock, and Port Wrickle (Yerbury) ; Fowey
(Stowell). Cumberland: Silloth, Allonby, and Wan Fell
near Penrith (Day). Derbyshire: Dovedale (Jourdain).
Devon: Common all over the county, very variable in colour
(Bignell) ; the three named vars. occur (Bracken] ; near
Dawlish (Lucas) • Lynton and Lynmouth (Briggs) ; Sidmoutli
(Rowden) ; near Bideford (Ansorge) ; Starcross and the South
Devon coast generally (Porritt). Dorset: Near Lul worth
Cove, cliffs at Swan age, Chapman's Pool where very variable,
near Portland, near Studland, Bincombe, and near Preston
(Lucas). Essex : Strawberry Hill Loughton, and Epping
Forest (Campion) ; Colchester (Harwood). Gloucestershire:
(Edwards); Clifton near Bristol (Pocock}. Hants: New
Forest, Hurst Castle, near Lymington, and coast near Milton
and Mudeford (Lucas) • Whale Island Portsmouth (Cant) •
Bournemouth (Winston) ; Hayling Island (Sharp). I. of
Wight: Yarmouth (Lucas) • Sandown (Holland). Hereford-
shire : West Malvern and Huntshain Hill (Tomlin) ; near
Downtoii (Stowell). Hertfordshire: Hemel Hernpstead
(Gibbs) ; St. Albans (Duthie). Huntingdonshire: Ramsey
(Campion). Kent: Folkestone Warren, with vars. mollis and
purpurascens, and Langdon Hole near Dover (Burr) • Deal
(Porritt) ; Blean Wood, Faversham District, and Staplehurst
District (Chitty):, Margate and Bostal Common (Shaw);
Herne Bay (Campion) ; heard at Stonehall Farm near Lydden
(Burr). Lancashire: Birkdale (Whittaker) • Lathoin and
Ormskirk (Score) ; Cark-in-Cartmel, Cartmel, Hightown,
Liverpool, Sefton Park, Scarisbrick and Silverdale (Sopp).
Lincolnshire: Brumby Common, Sweetingthorne "Wood,
Torksey, Gate Burton, Newton Cliff, Caborne, and Marton
Cliff (Shaw) ; Cadney (Peacock) ; Scotton Common, Boston,
Kirton Marsh, and Crowland (Thornley) • Mumby Chapel,
Mablethorpe, Well Yale, Trusthorpe, and Cleethorpes
(Porritt). Isle of Man : Douglas (Porritt)} Laxey (Shaw)-

ST. (STATJRODERUS) BICOLOR. 247

Ballaugh, Dhoon Glen, Glen Mona, Point of Ayr, Andreas,
Jurby, Kirk Midall, and Douglas Head (Cassal). Middlesex :
Home Park Hampton Court (Lucas) ; Hadlej^Wood (Shaw) •
Acton, 1885 (Winston); Chiswick, 1906 (Stch) ; Paddington,
1901 (Clarke)-, Baling, 1903 (Walker); Staines (Campion).
Norfolk: Docking' Common, with vars. mollis &nd purpurascens,
Gunthorpe, Waxham, and Clay-next-the-sea (Shaw) ; Yar-
mouth (Winston); Hunstanton (Porritt) ; Wood Marsh
Sutton (Bal four- Browne) ; King's Lynn (Atmore). Northants :
Harleston (Fieldsend). Notts: Cottam, S. Leverton, X.
Lever ton, Bull well Forest outside Nottingham, Clarbo rough,
and Bampton (Shaw) ; Kingston-on-Soar, Evertoii Barrow
Hills, with var. moll is (Thornley) : Checkerhouse (Houghton) ;
Retford (Pegler) ; Thorney (Carr). Oxon: Shotover Hill
(Lucas). Somerset: Combre Florey near Taunton (Jones);
Batheaston (Blathwayt). Suffolk: Mildenhall (Perkins, Camb.
Univ. Museum) ; Wherstead, Dodnash Wood, Foxhall, Oulton
Bi-oad, Icklingham, Farnham, Aldeburgh, Felixstowe, Dunwich,
Bramford, and Bentley Woods (Morley) ; Southwold (Bloom-
field) ; Tuddenham (Porritt). Surrey: near Newland's
Corner, Bookham Common, Prince's Coverts Clay gate,
Oxshott Heath, Esher Common, Boxhill, Downs near Rail-
more, and between Denbies and Pickett's Hole (Lucas) ;
Frensham Heath (Thornley) ; Boxhill, var. mollis (Mc-
Lachlan) Kew Gardens (Nicholson) ; Roy. Hort. Society's
Gardens, Wisley (Wallis) ; Colley Hill and Dorking (Chap-
man) ; Garden at Upper Tooting, and Horsley (South) ; Send
(Rawes); Red hill (Frisky). Sussex: Ashdowii Forest (Burr} ;
Eastbourne (South) ; Hastings District (Bloomfield) ; Bognor
(Gruermonprez) ; St. Leonard's (Shaw) ; Beachy iles-di (Stevens).
Wilts: Marlborough District (Stoivell). Yorkshire: Castle
Howard, Hayburn Wyke, and Scarborough (Porritt) ; Scun-
thorpe (Bay ford) ; Red House Wood, Reighton Gap, and
Mai-ston (Hewett).

WALES. - • Anglesey : (Mason) ; Llanfaethlu (Morton).
Carnarvonshire : Mynvdd Hill (Stowell) ; Penmaenmawr
(Porritt). Merionethshire : Arthog (Nevinson). Pembroke-
shire : Abundant, especially on shore, with green var.
(Jones) ; Newport, with var. purpurascens (Shaw).

SCOTLAND. — Very common on the sea-banks, links, and
coast sandhills along the east side of Scotland, and doubtless
on the wrest too (Evans). Argyll : South end of Mull of
Kintyre (Stewart). Berwickshire : Burnmouth (Evans). Dum-
barton: Peaton, Loch Long (Erans). Dumfries: Ellangowan
District (McGowan). Elgin: Forres (Chitty). Fife: Aber-

248 BIimSH OKTIIOPTKKA.

dour, Tentsmuir, find Kinghorn (Evans). Haddington:
North of Tynemouth, Waughton, Port Seton, Dunbnr, Luff-
ness Links, type and var. pnrpurascenx, Nortli Berwick, and
Grullane (Evans). Mid Lothian: Dalkeitli Park (Ecdii*).
}\'it/finrn: Near Kirkcowan Station, about 8 miles from the
sea (Brock).

IRELAND.- -Wicklovv. Dublin, Limerick, Kerry, and Louth
(fide Kemp) • near Limerick (Sh-aw). In Co. Dublin- -Ho nth,
Dalkey, Malaliide, and Three Rock Mountain (Shaic).

5. St. (Chorthippus) elegans Charp.
(Plate XIX, fig. 7; PL XX, fig. 8; PL XXIII, fig. 9.)

elegans CHARP. Hor. Eiit. p. 153 . . 1825 — Gryllus.

FISCH. Orth. Eur. p. 318, n. 4,

pi. 16, f. 11 . . . 1853—Stenol)othru8.

„ FIEB. Lotos, iii, p. 117, n. 32 . 1853 — Chorthippus.

„ BRUNNER Prod, der Eur. Orth.

p. 125, f. 28 H . . . 1882—Stenobothrus.
SHAW Mon. Brit, Orth. in Eiit

Mo. Mag. p. 418 . . . I889-r-8tenol>athnM.
„ FINOT Faune de la Fr. Orth.

pp. Ill, 116, pi. vii, ff. 89, 90 1889—Stenobothrus.
., BURR Brit. Orth. p. 37, pi. iii,

f . 6 1897—Stenobothrus.

BURR Syn. Orth. W. Eur. p. 45 I9IQ—Chorthippu*.

Albomarginatus KIRBY Syn. Cat. Orth. iii, p. 185 1910 — Clioriliippv*.
elegans LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc.

p. 31, pi. iv, f . 6 . . 1913 — Chorfhippus.

(Other synonyms : L. tricarinata Steph. ; G. blandus Fisch.-Waldh. ;
CE. dichroa Eversm.)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

Gryllus elegans.

Gr. capite valde declivi, thorace carinis tribus rectis.

Mas thoracis dorso rufesceiite, lateribus pleruraque viridibus : elytris
ut plurimuni lion coloratis, margiiie aiitico dilatato, corpore paullo
longioribus.

Foemina mare multo major : liiiea atra thoracis, carinis lateralibus
plerumcRie adhaerente : elytris oblongis (11011 dilatatis) corpore breviori-
bus, laete viridibus aut rutilo-testaceis, vitta longa alba ad marginem
anticum, cui altera atra, interdum satis lata, adjacet.

Habitat in Silesiae pratis humidis, in Hungaria, in Gallia meridionali.
(Charpentier, ' Hor. Ent.' p. 153, 1825.)

[In 1773 De Geer described certain grasshoppers as Acrydium albo-
marqinatum. Kirby in his 'Catalogue' adopts this name in place
of C. eleyans for the species under consideration. Possibly De Geer
had this species before him, and there may exist the means of knowing
this ; but the points of distinction employed seem scarcely sufficient

ST. (CHOBTH.IPPUS) KLEGANS. 249

in themselves to make it certain. They depend chiefly on colour,
and the white streak to which importance is attached is a female
characteristic in several species. He mentions four forms which might
or might not belong to the same species. So at present I content
myself with quoting De Geer's description :

Criquet a e- 7. Criquet verd OIL bruit, ^' venire grix <£• n etuis bordr*

tuis bordes de blanc.

de l.tlanc. Acrydium (albo-margiiiatum) viride sen ftiscum, ab-

domine griseo, elytris albo marginatis.
Us sont au dessons de la grandeur mediocre, ou longs
de pres de neuf lignes, & on les trouve en quantite dans
les prairies. II y en a de trois varietes. mais tons out
nne forme semblable, & ils convieiinent tons entre eux,
en ce que le cute exterieur des etuis est borde de blanc,
que le dessus du corcelet a de chaque cote une ligne
longitudinale blanche elevee en arrete, & que le ventre
est gris en dessus a taches noires & verdfitre en dessous.
Ceux de la premiere variete out la tete, le corcelet, les
pattes & les etuis des ailes d'un verd de grameii fonce.
Sur d'autres les cotes de la tete & du corcelet, avec la
plus graiide partie des pattes, sont verds, mais le dessus
de la tete. & du corcelet & les etuis sont d'mi br.im
griseatre. Enfin il y en a encore d'autres, sur qui toutes
ces parties sont d'uii brun griseatre & sur lesquelles on
ne voit point de verd. J'en ai eu uii quatrienie, dont le
dessus de la tete & du corcelet avec les etuis etoient d'un
brun rougeatre ou tirant sur la couleur de chair, le reste
etant verd.

Les antemies de tons ces Criquets sont brunes, de grosseur
cgale & de la longueur de la tete &. du corcelet. Les etuis
et les ailes de la femelle sont plus courtes que le corps. Les
yeux a reseau sont d'un lirun obscur, & on voit aussi sur
la tete les trois petits yeux lisses.

(De Geer, 'Mem. Ins.' iii, p. 480, 1773.)]

MALK IMAGO (PI. XXIII, fig. 9). — General cohm.r green
or brow.n. Length 18-14 mm. Vertex produced into
a triangular point between the large and prominent
eves: foveoJde oblong, stronoiy marked : median sulnix

• ' O ' O «/

of the frons long and deep with the ocellus well marked
in the middle; cnitrnuse- long. Cross furrow of the
pro not inn almost in the middle; carinse nearly parallel,
but lateral ones approaching slightly forwards, and
just lightly curved. Elytra (PI. XX, fig. 8) fully,
developed, with the costa arched at the base. Wings
fully developed, hyaline, slightly smoky at the tip.

FEMALE IMAGO.- -General colour as in the male. Con-
siderably larger; length- some 20 mm. Elytra and
if ing* fully developed as in the male ; but only reaching

IJ1MTISH OltTHOPTERA.

(sometimes barely reaching) the apex of the abdomen.
Elytra with a whitish streak between the two branches
of the subcosta. Valves of the ovipositor not much
protruded, without an external tooth.

VARIATION. — At the Deal Sandhills 0. elegans was
found to be brownish in colour, harmonising with the
soil, just as the green ones do with the grass in the
New Forest (although brown examples occur there
with the green). At Holmsley in the New Forest a
few had the dorsal surface more or less rosy. The
antennae may be rosy except at the base, especially in
some specimens.

DATE.- -August and September are the best months
for this grasshopper, although apparently it is some-
times mature earlier.

H/\ BITS. --In the New Forest G. degans is found in
damp grassy spots, and it is reported from marshes at
Burgh Castle and swamps at Sandwich Bay. On the
other hand it is quite as frequently reported from sand-
hills ; while Harwood found it on sea-walls at Colchester,
and Yerbury in a saltmarsh at Walton-on-the-Naze.
Possibly there is some factor in common to these
various habitats, which on the surface is not apparent.
While the males are active enough, the females do not

o •*

jump at all well.

DISTRIBUTION.- -Although this species has a wide range
on the Continent, Burr considers that it is not common.
It has been reported from Sweden, Denmark, Holland,
Belgium, British Isles, France, Germany, Austria,
Hungary, Spain, Istria, Croatia, Transylvania, Mol-
davia, Serbia and Bosnia. Kirby also gives North
and West Asia.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

ENGLAND.- -Berks : Crookliam Common near Newbury
(Morley). Cambridgeshire: Wicken (Porritt). Cheshire:
Ship Canal banks, Acton Grange (Dunlop) ; Leasowe (Sopp).
Dorset: Weytnouth (Briggs). Essex: Leigh. (Briggs) ; Col.

ST. (CHORTHIPPUS) ELEGANS. 251

cliester (Harwood) ; Walton-on-the-Naze (Yerbury). Kent:
Deal (Briggs) ; Slieppey (Cliittij) • Sandwich, Sandwich Bay,
and Ham Ponds (Burr) • Herne Bay (Campion}. Hants:
New Forest (Lucas) ; Aldershot (Sopp). I. of Wight : Fresh-
water Bay, Freshwater Swamp, and Parkhurst Forest (Burr] ;
Ventnor (Morleu). Lancashire: Grange-over- Sands and
Silverdale (Sopp). Lincolnshire : Mablethorpe (Wallis-Kew) ;
Ingoldmells (Peacock) ; Mumby Chapel and Well Yale
(Mason) ; Kir ton Wash near Boston (Thornley) ; Trustnorpe
and Sutton-on-Sea (Porritt). Middlesex: Acton (Winston};
Wormwood Scrubs (Shaw). Norfolk: King's Lynn. (Atmore);
Hockham and near Waxham (Shaw) ; Hnnstanton and dis-
trict (Porritt) ; Horning and Eley (Erin-aril*). Suffolk:
South wold (Bloomfield) • Burgh Castle and Tuddenham Fen
(Morley) ; Mildenhall (Perkins). Snrrei/ : Tilford and Hale
(Sopp)- Boxhill (West). Sussex: Ewhurst (Bloomfield)', Will-
ingdon (Sopp); Eastbourne (W<ttrr]ionse) ; Pagham Marsh
(Grmrmonprez) .

Porritt took it at Penmaenmawr in N. Wales ; and it occurs
in Ireland (fide Kemp).

6. St. (Chorthippus) parallelus Zett.
(Plate XIX, fig. 3; PI. XX, fig. 9 ; PL XXIII, fig. 7.)

parallelus ZETT. Orth. Snec. p. 85, n. 6 . 1821 — Gryllus.

BRUNNEK Prod, der Ear. Orth. p.

1-27. 11. 27 1882—Stenobothrus.

SHAW Moii. Brit. Orth. in Ent. Mo.

Mag. p. 418 1889-Stenobothru.$.

FINOT Faune de la Fr. Orth. pp. Ill,

129, pi. vii, f. 94 . . ' . . 1889—Stenobothrus.

BURR Brit. Orth. p. 38, pi. iii, f. 7 . ISW—Stenobothi-us.

BURR Syii. Orth. W. Ear. p. 46 . 1910— Chorthippus.

Parallel as KIRBY Syn. Cat, Orth. iii, p. 186 . 1910— Chorthippu*.
IKiraUelus LUCAS Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc. p. 31,

pi. iv, f. 7 1913— Chorthippu.-:

(Other synonyms :—G. montanus Charp. ; P. tennis Brulle ; P. climi-
diata Brulle ; C.praiorum Fieb.)

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.

6. G. parallelus thorace tricarinato, carinis lateralibus subrectis ;
supra lateribusque viridis, subtus flavicans, geniculis pednm
posticorum iiigris ; hemelytris in mare paullo, in femina abdo-
mine duplo, breviora, in iitroque sexu pallescentia, unicolora.

Hab. in pratis G-ottlandiae, Olandiae, Ostrogothiae &. Scaniae, inens.
Julio & Aiigusto, parcius ; a D. Bohenian e Smolandria quoque com-

IUMT1SH OKTHOPTEKA.

municatus ; A: alia vice a D. Marklin. patria 11011 indicata. Fortiter
stridet. Mores praecedentis. [Gryllus dorsatus^]

Descr. I. v. Mas & Fern. Statura prioris, magnitudine minori, im-
primis maris, qui femina duplo minor ; diifert praecipue a praecedente
c;ipite thoraceque totis virescentibus, hemelytris brevioribus, uni-
coloribus, £- pedum posteriorum geniculis nigris. Caput cum antennis &
oculis omnino ut in praecedente constructum, colore viridi. Thor«,>'
etiam ut in illo, totus virescens. Hemelytra in mare abdomine paullo
(circiter linea) breviora, pallida, immacnlata ; in femina dimidiam
abdomiiiis partem vix attingunt. tola viridia, unicolora. Abdomen
dovso aut viridi-fiiscuni, aut brunneum, lateribus saepe nigro-macu-
latum, vent-re dilutiori. Differentia sexus ut in prioribus. Pedes
glabri, testacei, posticorum femoribus supra viridi) >us. subtus flavis
geniculis nigris, saltern fuscis. Pulvilli perspicni.

Variat $ . antennis totis testaceis ; variat etiam femina tota obscura
vel pallida.

Obs. Hanc speciem, quae omnino distincta videtur, in copula
depreliendere mihi adhuc lion contigit. Femina an rite explicata ?
Pupas sexus masculi cum imaginibus saepe inveni.
(Zetterstedt, ' Orthoptera Sueciae,' p. 85, 1821.)

MALE IMAGO (PI. XXIII, fig. 7). --Colour very variable,
usually brown, or a great part green, small. Length
12-13 mm. Antennae, long. Vertex produced as a
triangle between the eyes ; foveolds very unpronounced ;
median sulcus of the irons deep, with ocellus con-
spicuous nearer the top. Cross, furrow of pronotwni
nearer the hind margin; carinse somewhat parallel,
but less so than in C. elegans', lateral ones curved
inwards in front of the cross furrow. Elytra (PI. XX,
fig. 9), fully developed; reaching nearly to the tip
of the abdomen ; usually pale brown, without spots ;
costa arched at the base. Wings abortive ; about
2'5 mm. long.

FEMALE JMA.GO.- -Colour even more variable than in
the male. Size much larger. Length some 20-22 mm.
Antennse shorter and more slender. Lateral carinse of
pronotum somewhat more parallel than in the male.
Elytra green or brown, abbreviated, rhomboidal ; costa
arched at the base. Wings abortive, about 3 mm. long.
Ovipositor somewhat blunt, rather prominent ; without
external tooth.

VARIATION.- -(7. parallelus is a very variable insect,
the female particularly. Usually the tendency is in
one of two directions — towards brown or towards

ST. (CHORTHIPPUS) PAEALLEUJS. 253

green. A pretty form is one in which there is a
pronounced rosy tinge. In the j^ew Forest I once
met with a o-reen female havino- a yellow-brown dorsal

<D O v

streak along the thorax, elytra and abdomen- -a rather
striking form. T\vo females from Ashburn in Derby-
shire had a yellow line along the costal region of the
elytra. G. iiionf<'innx Char p. is a rare form with elytra
and wings perfectly developed in both sexes (Shaw).
Specimens found in marshy spots, however, with more
fully developed wings and the valves of the ovipositor
long and noticeable might perhaps be C. longwornis
Latr.

DATE.- -This grasshopper is mature about the
beginning of July. It may be found as an imago in
July, August, September and October, finally dis-
appearing about the end of the last-named month.
My latest capture took place in fact on the olst of
October.

HABITS, HTC.- -Meadows and open ground constitute
the usual habitat of this very common grasshopper.
Possibly it prefers ground that is inclined to be damp
rather than too dry. It may be captured by sweeping,
but since it cannot fly, it is easily taken by hand.
Seeing that the poor development of its organs of
flight will not allow of its making long flying leaps,

the liability to vary may be useful to some extent in

»/ i/ t/

its struggle for existence ; for the result seems often
to be a general resemblance to its environment. This
species, also, feeds on grass, holding the leaf or stem
in the usual way with its fore legs and eating along
the margin of the leaf.

DISTRIBUTION.- -One of the commonest of European
grasshoppers, it is found throughout the Continent,
and occurs also in Northern and Western Asia.

BRITISH LOCALITIES.

We have a large number of records for C. parallelus in
England, a few for Wales, a fair number for Scotland, but
apparently none for Ireland.

25 I BRITISH ORTHOPTERA.

ENGLAND. — Berks : Crookliain Common near Newbury
(Morley) ; Chilswell Hill near Oxford, White Horse Hill ne;ir
the " Blowing Stone," and near Letcombe Basset (Lucas) ;
Wantage (Holland) ; neighbourhood of Radley College
(Burr). Bucks: Kingsley and near Ilmer (Lucas). Cheshire :
Acton Bridge (Pearse) ; Thurstaston (Coward) : Bidston,
Leasowe, Hoy lake, and West Kirby District (Sopp). Corn-
wall : Lizard and Falmouth (Shaw) ; common in N. Cornwall
(Bracken) ; Widemouth Bay near Bade (Bracken] ; Lelantand
Sheirock (Yerbury) ; Fowey (S to-well). Cumberland: Salkeld
and Wan Fell (Day). Derbyshire: Holt Wood, Clifton near
Ashburn (Jourdain) ; common in several localities in the
Ashburn District (Jourdain)-, Kirk Iretoii (Abell). Devon:
Common in fields and meadows (Bignell) ; generally dis-
tributed (Bracken) ; Stoke Woods Exeter (Rowden) • near
Bideford (Ansorge) ; Dartmoor [Shaw] ; Beer (Lyle). Dorset, :
Near Lnlworth Cove, cliffs near Swanage, Chapman's Pool,
Bincombe, Upwey, and near Preston (Lucas) ; Eype and
Eversliot (Shaw). Essex: Epping Forest (Shaw) • Colchester
(Harwood). Gloucestershire : (Edwards) • Clifton (? county),
1885 (Pocock}. Hants: New Forest and Hengistbury Head
(Lucas); Bournemouth (Shaw); near Eastleigh (Edwards).
I. of Wight : Yarmouth and Cowes (Lucas). Herefordshire:
Near Dowiitoii (Stowell) ; West Malvern and Huntsharn Hill
(Tomlin). Hertfordshire: Hemel Hempstead (Gibbs). Kent:
Langdon Hole near Dover, and Folkestone Warren (Burr) •
heard at Stonehall Farm near Lydden (Burr) • Deal, Staple-
hurst District, and Faversham District (Chitty) ; Herne Bay
(South). Lancashire: Ainsdale (Coward); Birkdale, Flook-
burgh, Grange-over-Sands, Kent^s Bank, and Southport
(Sopp) ; Lathom and Ormskirk (Score). Lincolnshire:
Brumby Common, Gate Burton, Trentside, Brandon, Cabourne,
Caistor, Hun don. Manor, and Santon (Shaw) ; Scotton Com-
mon (Thornley) ; Well(Porritt). Middlesex; Baling (Walker) ;
Harrow Weald (Priske) ; Willesden and Acton (Shaw).
Norfolk: Ringstead Downs, Hunstan ton (Porritt) • Thursford
(Shaw); King's Lynn (Atmore). Northants : Harleston
(Fields-end). Notts: Treswell Wood, Clarborough, Welham,
and Cottam (Shaw) ; Kingston-on-Soar and Retford District
(Tltornley) ; Thorney (Carr). O.ron : Blenheim Park, 1832
(Hope Collection, Oxford) ; Shotover Hill (Lucas). Somerset :
Combre Florey near rI1aunton (Jones) ; Batheaston (Blathivayt) .
Staffordshire: Ellastone (Jourdain). Suffolk: Ipswich,
Bramford, Wherstead, Alderton, and Aldeburgh (Morley) ;
Tostock (Tuck). Surrey: Kew Gardens, near Newland's

ST. (CHORTHIPPUS) PARALLELUS, 255

Corner, Merrow Downs, Boxhill, Aslitead Woods, Byfleet
Canal, near Wisley, AVisley Common, near Effingham Station,
Arbrook Common, Esher Common, Oxshott Heath, and Book-
ham Common (Lucas] ; Send (Raices) ; Redhill (Frisby) ;
Richmond Park and Wimbledon. Common (Shaw] • Dorking
(Chapman). Sussex: Polegate ( Waterhouse) ; Hastings and
Eastbourne (Shaw) ; Bognor (Guermonprez) ; Beachy Head
(Adkin) ; Guestling, etc., in Hastings District (Bloomfield) ;
Ashdown Forest (Burr). Warwickshire: Between Warwick
and Leek Wootton (Lucas) • Offchnrch (Chitty). Wilts :
Marl borough District (S tow ell). Yorkshire: Huddersfield,
Askern, and Thorne (Porritt) ; Strensall Common (Newett).

WALES. — Carnarvonshire: Mynydd Hill (Stoic ell) ; Pen-
maenmawr (Porritt). S. Wales (Chitty). Pembrokeshire:
(Jones), Newport (Shaw).

SCOTLAXK — Aberdeen: Lumphanan (Morton). Argyll:
Loch Awe (Evans) ; nymphs at Lochgoilhead (Shaw). Dum-
barton : Coulport, east side of Loch Long (Evans). Dumfries:
Ellangowan District (McGoiran). i'lfe : Tentsmuir (Evans).
Haddington : Dean Burn above Pogbie (Evans). Inverness:
Upper Glen Spea,n (Evans). Lanark: Elvanfoot (Evans).
Linlithgow : Boness (Evans) • Drumshoreland (Brock). Mid
Lotliian : Bavelaw Moss, and near Glencol Reservoir, Pent-
lands (Evans). Perth : Balquhidder, and Rannoch Moor,
near head of Loch Laidon (Evans). Sutherland : JSTear
Rogart and Lairg (Minim) ; nymphs at Lochinver (Yerbury).

CASUAL SHORT-HORNED GRASSHOPPERS, ETC.

Gomphocerus sibiricus Linn. — One specimen, in the Hope Collection
at Oxford, " was captured on the hills near Netley." Being a native
of South and Central Europe, and of Asia, it is scarcely likely to have
been anything more than a casual. It may be recognized by (i) its
swollen fore tibiae, (ii) its unicolorous antennae, and (iii) its being
without spots.

Pachytylus migratorius Linn, and Pachytylus danicus Linn. (=
cinerascens Fabr.). These are migratory locusts, which occasionally
straggle as far as the British Isles (and of course may also be
introduced casually). There is, however, much confusion in the
records of the two. In some years— 1842, 1846, 1847. 1857, 1876,
etc. — flights seem to have reached us. Though many have been
recorded as P. migratorius, probably most were P. danicus, the former
inhabiting Eastern Europe, while the latter is a resident in France,
if not in Belgium. The following points may assist in separating the
two species : P. migratorius has the pronotum rounded, and not much
raised ; hind tibise yellow or livid ; size about the same in both sexes.
P. danicus has the pronotum ending, both before and behind, in a
blunt point, and more raised than in the other species ; hind tibise
reddish ; female considerably larger than the male. Moreover, as

256 UIMT1SH OUTHOlTEJv'A.

already mentioned, while P. migratorius is an eastern species rarely
extending even to France, P. dauicus is more western in its range and
breeds in the south of France.

(Edipoda cserulescens Linn, occurs as a casual occasionally ; it is
resident in the Channel Islands. Its wings — pale blue with a black
band — make it a conspicuous insect, when those organs are spread.

Acridium aegyptium Linn, has occurred casually a considerable number
of times, having been introduced apparently with fruit or vegetables.
It is a south European species, the nearest breeding place to us being
the south of France. It is a very large dark greyish insect with base
of wings smoky and part of hind legs purplish. The nymphs may be
yellow or green.

Schistocerca peregrina Oliv. (= tartar ica Linn.). In 1869 this migrant
arrived in the British Isles in considerable numbers, reaching at least
as far north as Burtoii-on-Trent. There is 110 record of its occurrence
since that date. This is the large locust — light reddish in colour, with
paler spots and markings — which does so much damage in Algeria.

(Podisma pedestre Linn. (= Pezotettix pedester) has got into our older
lists through a mistake for Chorthippus pardllelus. Its elytra are
rudimentary and the hind tibia? bright blue.)

(Psophus stridulus Linn, was given as British in Stewart's 'Elements
of Nat. Hist/ 1805, ii, p. 95, but no doubt through a mistake. It is
a rather large handsome insect, having vermilion wings tipped with
black.)

(257)

APPENDIX.

ORTHOPTERA OF THE CHANNEL ISLANDS.

Although the Channel Islands cannot be considered as
belonging to the British biological area, still it will not be
out of place to notice the species of Orthoptera that have
been recorded as occurring there. As a matter of fact, how-
ever, very few species have been put on record, and it is
evident that the orthopterous fauna stands as much in need
of investigation in these islands as it does in so many parts
of the British Isles. Of the seventeen species reported (in
one or two cases doubtfully), four — Stauroderus vagans,
Omocestus hzemoroidalis, (Edipoda cgerulescens, and Chorthippus
pulvinatus — are not British Insects. The Orthoptera of the
Channel Islands at present known are :

Forficula auricularia Linn. — Guernsey and Alderney (Luff)-,
Sark (Shaw) ; seems to be common in all the islands (Burr) \
var. forcipata taken in the Islands of Libou and Chapelle
Dom Hue (Luff).

Labia minor Linn. — Abundant in Guernsey (Luff').

Ectobius panzeri Steph.- -Found in Guernsey, common in
Alderney (Luff).

Ectobius perspicillaris Herbst. — Common in Guernsey and
Alderney (Luff).

Blattella germanica Linn. — Guernsey (Luff) • received from
Guernsey (Bloomfield).

Blatta orientalis Linn. — Guernsey (Luff).

Periplaneta americana Linn. — Guernsey (Luff).

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linn. — Dalgleish was accustomed to
receive living examples from Guernsey (in litt., 23 March
1911); (also Luff and Bloomfield).

Gryllus domesticus Linn.- -Houses in Guernsey (Luff).

Metrioptera albopunctata Goeze. — Common in Guernsey
(Luff) ; received from Guernsey (Bloomfield) ; Sark (Shaw) ;
received from Jersey (Cartwright).

Phasgonura viridissima Linn. — Common in Guernsey (Luff).

Tetrix subulatus Linn. — Common in Guernsey (Luff).

Omocestus hsemoroidalis Charp. — One specimen from Jersey
(Cartwright).

Stauroderus vagans Fieb. — In Jersey, apparently rather
common (Cartwright) ; Burr says doubtfully indicated for
Jersey. This species is very like S. bicolor, but the cariuas of

258 BRITISH ORTHOPTEttA.

the pronotum are more rounded at the angles and the trans-
verse furrow is nearer the hind margin ; whereas in 8. bicolor
it is nearer the fore margin and the sternum is hairy.

Stauroderus bicolor Charp. — Guernsey and Sark (Shaw);
abundant in Guernsey (Luff) ; common in Jersey (Cartwright).

Chorthippus pulvinatus Fisch. de W.- -Doubtfully recorded
for Jersey (Burr).

(Edipoda cserulescens Linn. — Not uncommon in Guernsey,
also from Jersey (Luff).

CORRIGENDA.

p. 86, line 22, for "Eobatta" read "Eoblatta.3'

p. 145, lines 32 and 33, constituting a record of " Gryllacris," should be
omitted here. They appear correctly on p. 198.

p. 249, lines 30 and 31, for " Les etuis les ailes" read "Les etuis et les
ailes."

p. 252, line 11, for "aut viridi fuscuin" read "aut viridi-fuscum."

( 259 )

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

(Synonyms and varietal names in italics.)

abdominal e 234

acanthopygia (Chelidurella) 14

acervorum (Myrniecophila) 145

Acheta 121, 134

Acrida 134, 176

Acridiidse 5, 200

Acridiodea 5, 6, 146, 200

Acridium 206

Acrydium 206

aegyptiaca (Blatta) 93

aegyptium (Acridium) 256

Aetolica (Forficula) 54

affinis 21

africana (Blatta) 93

albifrons (Tettigonia) 198

albipennis (Apterygida) 6, 10, 11, 14,

58
albo-marginatum (Acrydium) 248,

249
albopunctata (Metrioptera) 6, 148,

150, 157, 158, 163, 168, 257
alpinus 162
americana (Periplaneta) 6,65,68,71,

72, 100, 101, 109, 110, 115, 257
amurensis 21
Anapterygota 3
Anisolabis 15
Anisoptera 184
annulicornis 15
annulipes (Anisolabis) 6, 10, 12, 14,

15, 61

annulipes (Forficesila) 16
Anoplura 3
antennata 15
antennatus 221
antoni 15
aprica 238

aptera 151

Apterygida 58

Apterygota 3

arachidis (Prolabia) 6, 10, 13, 14, 35,

arboreus 189
arenicola 81
Arixeniidse 13
Arixenius 5

asynamorus (Tachyciiies) 198
auditor 21
aurantiaca 101
aurelianensis 101
auricularia (Forficula) 6, 10, 11, 14,

39, 56, 60, 61, 257
australasiae (Periplaneta) 6, 64, 67,

71, 72, 100, 102, 105, 115
autumnalis 194

bicolor (Stauroderus) 6, 202, 203,
205, 237, 241, 242, 257, 258

bicolor 21

biguttatus 221, 224

biguttula 243

biguttulus 243

bilineata 21

bimaculatum 207

bimaculatus (Gryllus) 136, 145

bingleii 172, 174

binotatum 212

bipunctatum 207

bipunctatus (Tetrix) 6, 206, 208, 209,
211, 212

bispina 166

bivittata 21

bivittata (Nauphseta) 117

Blaberidse 63

260

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

blandus 248

Blatta 93

Blattella 85, 86, 102

Blattidse 5

Blattodea, 5, 6, 62

borealis 39, 40, 45

bormansi 15

Brachylabis 15

brachyptera (Metrioptera), 6, 148,

150, 157, 161, 168, 169, 171
brazzae (Nauphseta) 117
brevipennis 165

brevirostre (Lirometopum) 199
brunnea (Nyctibora) 116
Bulla 134, 206

burineisteri (Epilampra) 116
buyssoni 174, 176

Cacerlaca 100

cserulescens ((Edipoda) 256, 257, 258

calidoniensis 221

Callimenidae 146

campestris (Gryllus) 6, 121, 135

Campodea 9

Campodeioidea 2, 3

caraibsea (Epilampra) 116

caudata 136

celebesa 111

centralis (F.) 61

Chelidoptera 157

Chelisochidse 13

Chorisoblatta 86

Chorthippus 231

cinerascens (Pachytylus) 226, 229

cinerea 117

cinereus 151

circumvagans (Nauphseta) 117

clarki 21

clavicorne 218

clypeata 151

clypeatum (Xiphidium) 156

Coleoptera 3

Collembola 2, 3

Conocephalidse 146, 147

Conocephalus 176, 184

concolor 81

conspicita 46

cophta 125

Copiophora 198

Copiscelis 28

cornuta (Copiophora) 198

corticum 111

Corydidse 63

cristatum 212

crucigera 245

cruentata 234

cubensis (Blabera) 117

Cursoria 5

Curtilla 121

cyclolabia 40

danicus (Pachytylus) 255, 256

decipiens (Forficula), 46, 53, 54

decorata (Stylopyga) 116

Decticidse 146, 147

Decticus 171

Demogorgon 20, 23

dentata 40

denticulata 158

Dermaptera 4, 5, 7

Dermatoptera 7

dichroa 248

Dictyoptera 4, 5

diluta 166

dimidiata 251

dimidiatus 238

Diptera 3

discolor 184

distincta 21

domesticus (Gryllus) 6, 119, 121,

135, 139, 257
domingensis 105
dorsale 207
dorsalis (Conocephalus) 6, 148, 150,

184, 199

douvillei (Palceoblattina) 69
dubronii 21
dumonti 21

Ectobia 73, 117
Ectobiidae 63
Ectobius 66, 73, 80, 102
elegans 221

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

261

elegans (Chorthippus) 6, 202, 206,

248

Embioptera 3
emittens 105
Endopterygota 3
Eneopteridse 118
Eoblatta 86
Epheineroptera 2, 3
Ephippigera 193
Ephippigeridae 146
ephippium 212
Epilampridse 63
cricetarius 221
ericetorum 81
E uorthoptera 5
Euplekoptera 7
Euplexoptera 7
exoleta (Panchlora) 116, 117
Exopterygota 3

falcata 158

falcata (Phaneroptera) 147, 199
falcatus 189

finschiana (Eurycotis) 116
fischeri 21
ftaiipes 226

flavipes (Locusta) 226, 230
Focarius (Grillus) 145
Forcinella 15

forcipata 10, 39, 40, 45, 46, 52, 257
Forficesila 15, 20
Forficula 12, 15, 39
Forficiilaria 7
Forficulidse 5, 7, 13
Forfieulina 7
forficulina (Baseopsis) 8
Forficulodea 5, 6, 7, 63
fusea 184

fuscum (Xiphidium) 199
fuscus (Conocephalns) 186
fuliginosus (Tetrix) 214

gallicus (Bacillus) 5
geniculata 234
Geoscapheusidoe 63
germanica 74, 81

germanica (Blattella) 6, 71, 72, 77,

86, 87, 98, 100, 103, 257
germanicus 226
gerstaeckeri (Discritina) 2
gigantea 21, 27
gigantea (Blabera) 117
gigantea (Blatta) 93
glabricauda 194
Gomphocerus 217
Gryllacridae 146
Gryllacris 198
Gryllidae 5, 118, 120
Gryllodea 5, 6, 118
Gryllodes 145
Gry Holds 120
Gryllotalpa 121
gryllotalpa (Gryllotalpa) 6, 68, 119,

121, 122, 257
Gryllotalpidse 118, 119
Gryllus 134
granulosa 21
gravidula 35
griseo, 158

grisea (Epilampra) 116
griseoaptera (Pholidoptera) 6, 148,

150, 151

grossus (Gryllus) 230
grossus (Mecostethus) 6, 202, 205, 226
gybbum 212

hxckeli 83

hsemoroidalis (Omocestus) 257

haemorrhoidalis 243

hebrseus (Gryllodes) 145

helvetica 74

Hemimeridae 13

Heminierus 5

hemiptera 74

Hemiptera 3

herculeana 21

Hetrodidse 146

holosericea (Nyctibora) 116

huseinss 21

Hymenoptera 3, 4

inclusd 105
in die a 111

262

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

inermis 21
infumata 40
Isoptera 3

Kakerlac 93, 99
kakkerlac 101
karschi 21

Labia 28, 36

Labidura 20

Labiduridse 13

Labidurinae 14

Labiidse 13

Labiinte 14

lapponicus (Ectobius) 6, 64, 68, 71,

72, 73, 74, 78, 79, 80, 82, 88, 117
Lepidoptera 3
Leptophyes 150, 193, 195
lesnei (Forficula) 6, 10, 11, 14, 53,

59,60

leucogramma (Phoraspis) 116
Leiicophsea 111
lewisi (Anechura) 61
lineare (Doru) 61
lineatus (Stenobothrus) 6, 202, 204,

205, 232
linnei 212
Liogryllus 134
livida (Ectobia) 78
Locusta 134, 176
Locustidae 5, 146, 147
Locustodea 5, 6, 119, 120, 146
longicornis (Chorthippus) 253
longipennis 21
longisetosa (Dyscritina) 2
longitudinalis 245
lucida 74
lurida 40
lunulatum 212

macrolabia 40

macroptera 162, 166

maculatus (Gomphocerus) 6, 164,

202, 203, 206, 221, 240
maderse (Ehyparobia) 71, 111, 116
major 40
Mallophaga 3

Mantidse 5

Mantis 134

Mantodea 5

Margattea 86

margiiiata 162, 207

marginatus 238

marginella 21

maritima (Anisolabis) 15, 61

marmorata (Diestrammena) 198

Mastacidaa 200

maxima, 21

Meconema 189

Meconemida? 147

Mecopodidae 147

Mecostethus 225

media 39, 40, 45

media (Apterygida) 58

megacephalum 232

melanocephala 111, 114

Metrioptera 157

Micropteryx 151

migratorius (Pachytylus) 255, 256

miniata 234

minor (Labia) 6, 7, 10, 13, 14, 29, 257

minuta 29

mixta 21

mollis 243, 244, 246, 247

mongolica 21

montanus 251, 253

morbida 21

morio (Chelisoches) 61

Myrmecophilida3 118

nana 189
natalensis 116
Nauphseta 69
neglecfa 39, 40
Nemobius 130
Neoblattella 86
Neuroptera 3
niger (Leucophasa) 111
nigrina 244
nigripennis 35
nigripes 81, 82, 83, 85
m'grofusca 74
nigroterminatum 238
nivea (Blatta) 93

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

263

nivea (Panchlora) 117
nutans 212
Nyctiboridse 63

oblongata (Blatta) 93

obscura 212

obscurus (Pycnoscelus) 111

occipitalis 111

Odonata 2, 3, 4

(Ecanthidae 118

(Edipodidse 200

Olynthoscelis 151

Omocestus 231, 238

opacum 212

orientalis (Blatta) 6, 67, 68, 71, 72,

89, 90, 94, 102, 103, 107, 113, 115,

257

Orthoptera 3, 6
Oxyhaloidse 63

pallens (Ectobius) 117

pallidus (Ectobius) 79, 80

pallipes 21

Pamphagidse 200

Panchlora 111, 116, 117

Panchloridse 63

Panesthiidae 63

panzer i 207

panzeri (Ectobius) 6, 64, 71, 72, 73,

'81, 257
parallela 40
parallelus (Chorthippus) 6, 202, 203,

206, 219, 251, 256
Paraneuroptera 3
pedester (Pezotettix) 256
pedestre (Podisuia) 256
pedestris 58

pellucens ((Ecanthus) 145
pellucida 166

peregrina (Scliistocerca) 256
Periplaneta 100
Periplanetidee 63
Perisphseriidae 63
perspicillaris (Ectobius) 6, 64,71,72,

73, 74, 76, 78, 257
Phasgonura 176
Phasgonuridse 146
Phaneropterida? 147, 195

Phasniidae 5

Phasmodea 5

Pholidoptera 151

Phyllodromia 85, 86, 117

Phyllodromiidae 63

Platycleis 157

Plecoptera 2, 3

Pneumoridse 200

pcecila (Leucopha?a) 111

pratorum 251

privata (Phaneroptera) 199

Prochilidse 147

Prolabia 35, 36

Pronemobius, 130

Proscopiidae 200

Protura 2, 3

Psalinse 14

Pseudophyllidae 147

Psocoptera 3

pubescens (Forficiila) 53, 54, 55, 57

pttlla 221

pulvinatus (Chorthippus) 257, 258

j'Hnctata 111

punctatissima (Leptophyes) 6, 147,

148, 150, 155, 159, 194
i'ti ,-purascens 244, 245, 246, 247, 248
Pycnoscelus 111
Pygidicranidae 13
Pyrgomorphidas 200

quadripunctata (Phaneroptera) 199

religiosa (Mantis) 5

repanda 105

reticulatus (Honioegryllus) 145

rhombifolia (Doryla3a) 116

rhomboidea 243

riparia (Labidura) 6, 10, 11, 14, 21

roeseli 166

roeselii (Metrioptera) 6, 148, 150, 157,

163, 165

rubicunda 239, 245
rubicundus 238
rubripes 226
rufipes (Omocestus) 6, 202, 205, 234,

239
rufomarginatum 238

204

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

rufus (Gornphocerus) 6, 202, 203,
206, 217, 218, 223

Sagidse 146

sahlbergi 209

Saltatoria 5

saturalis 21

sausurii 221

schrankii 212, 214, 217

scutellatum 212

sericea (Nyctibora) 116

sibiricus (Gomphocerus) 255

siccifolia 101

silana (Forficula) 46

sinensis 21

sinuatus 166

Siphonaptera 3

StandisTvi 194

stapliylinus (Campodea) 2

Stauroderus 231

Stenobothrus 203, 217, 230, 231

Stenopalmatidse 146

Stetheophyma 225

stolida 101

Strepsiptera 3

striata 158

striatus 207

stridulus (Psoplius) 256

strlgosa (Ischnoptera) 116

stylifer 211

Stylopyga 93

subcincta 105

submarginata 111

swbornaia 105

subulatus (Tetrix) 6, 206, 207, 214,

215, 257
Supella 86
siirinaniensis (Leucophsea) 6, 71, 72,

102, 111
sylvestris 74
sylvestris (Nemobius) 6, 119, 121, 130

talpa 122
tartarica 256
tenellus 232
tennis 251
terminalis 21
Tetrigidse 200

Tetrix 200, 201, 202, 203, 206

Tettigonia 134, 171, 176

Tettix 206

fchalassinum (Meconema) 6, 148, 150,

189

Thamnotrizon 151
thymifolia (Ducetia) 199
Thysanoptera 3
Thysaiiura 2, 3, 4
Tolmis (Forficula) 54

tricarinata 248
Trichoptera 3
Tridactylidse 118
Trigonidiidse 118, 119
truncata (Heminyctibora) 116
Truxalidae 200
Tympanophoridse 146

vagans (Stauroderus) 257

variicornis 15

varipes 243

varium 189

varius (Gryllus) 193

venosa 243

ventralis (Gryllus) 234, 235

verrucivora (Tettigonia) 6, 148, 150,

172, 177
virescens 394

virescens (Panchlora) 117
viridis (Panchlora) 117
viridissima (Phasgonura) 6, 147, 148,

150, 177, 257
viridissimus minor 189
viridulum 234
viridulus (Omocestus) 6, 202, 205,

236, 237, 238, 245
vittata 243

vittipes (Agroecia) 199
vulgaris 122

wallacei 35

Xiphidion 184
Xiphidium 184
xyphotliyreum 212

Zetterstedtii 234
zonata 105
Zoraptera 2, 3

ADLABD AND SON AND WEST NEVVJIAN, LTD., LONDON AND DOKK1NG.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES

Plate 1

PLATE I.
FIG.

1. Mantis religiosa Linnasus. (p. 5) x 1.

2. Bacillus rossii Fabricius, female, (p. 5) x abt. '67,

3. Campodea sp. (p. 2) x 11.

4. Very young nymphal earwig, (p. 2) x abt. 15.

Plate 1.

Plate 2

PLATE II.

Photograph of the males of the British earwigs, for comparison

as regards size and appearance. x 1'7.
FIG.

1. Labia minor Linnaeus, (p. 29)

2. Labidura riparia Pallas, (p. 21)

3. Prolabia arachidis Yersin. (p. 35)

4. Anisolabis annulipes Lucns (H.). (p. 15)

5. Apterygida albipennis Megerle. (p. 58)

6. Forficula auricularia Linnaeus, (p. 39)

7. F. auricularia, var. forcipata Stephens, (p. 45)
«. F. lesnei Finot. (p. 53)

Plate II.

Plate 3

PLATE III.

FIGS.

1, 2. Ldbidura riparia Pallas, drawn from living examples
taken on the Hampshire coast in 1912. (p. 21)
Fig. 1. — Male. Fig. 2. — Female, x 2'5.

Plate HI.

Plate 4

PLATE IV.

FIG.

1. Habitat of Labidura riparia Pallas on the Hampshire

coast, (p. 23)

2. L. riparia, male and female, the former in " threatening

attitude/5 (p. 24) Under nat. size.

3. L. riparia, male, cowering on the sand. (p. 24) Nat. size.

Plate IV

; /.-, /

- •

fi$

£L 5»JT

"^»fe

*j»

Plate 5

PLATE V.

FIGS.

1, 2, 3. Anisolabls annulipes Lucas, (p. 15) Fig. 1. — Female
imago, x 3. Fig. 2. — Antenna. x 12. Fig. 3.

-Callipers of male. x 7*5.
4. Prolabia arachidis Yersin. (p. 35) Male imago.

x 3.
5, 6. Forficula lesnei Finot. (p. 53) Fig. 5. — Male imago.

x 3. Fig. 6. — Callipers of female. x 6.
7. Apterygida albipennis Megerle. (p. 58) Male imago,
x 3.

Plate V.

VrH

Plate 6

PLATE VI.

FIG.

1. Ootheca of Ectobius* Stephens, (pp. 76, 82) x 5.

2. Blattella germanica Linnaeus, ventral aspect when carrying

ootheca. (p. 88) x 2.

3. Ootheca of Periplaneta americana Linnaeus, with nymph

emerging, (p. 102) x 2.

4. P. americana carrying ootheca, dorsal view. (p. 102)

x 2.

5. P. americana, lateral view. x 2.

6. P. americana, ventral view. x 2.

7. Forficula auricularia Linnaeus, in nest with eggs. (pp. 49,

50) Nat. size.

8. Nest of F. auricularia, containing eggs. Nat. size.

* Probably E. panzeri.

Plate VI.

"^^;

;

Plate 7

PLATE VII.

FIG.

1. Ectobius lapponicus Linnaeus, (p. 74) Fig. 1. — Male

imago. Nat. size. Fig. 1 a. --Female imago. Nat. size.
Fig. Ib. — Pronotum. x 4.

2. E. panzeri Stephens, (p. 82) Pronotum. x 4.

3. E. perspicillaris Herbst. (p. 79) Pronotum. x 4.

4. Blattella germanica Linnaeus. (p. 87) Fig. 4. — Imago.

x about "67. Fig. 4 a. — Nymph. x about '67.

5. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus, (p. 94) Fig. 5. — Male imago.

x about '67. Fig. 5 a. — Female imago. x about *67.

6. Periplaneta, americana Linnaeus, (p. 101) Fig. 6. — Male

imago with wings spread. x about *67. Fig. 6a.-
Imago with wings closed. x about '67.

7. P. australasise Fabricius. (p. 105) Fig. 76. — Imago with

wings spread. x about "67. Fig. 7a.--Imago with
wings closed. x about '67.

8. LeucophsBCi surinamensis Linnaeus, (p. Ill) Fig. 8.-

Imago with wings spread. x about '67. Fig. 8 a.—
Imago with wings closed. x about '67. Fig. 8b.
-Nymph. x about '67.

Plate VII.

Plate 8

PLATE VIII.
FIG.

1. Ectobius lapponicus Linna3us. (p. 75) Male imago. New

Forest, 4 June 1899. x 2.

2. E. lapponicus Linnaeus. (p. 75) Female imago. New

Forest, June 1914. x 2.

3. E. perspicillaris Herbst. (p. 79) Imago. Mickleham

Downs, Surrey, 19 Aug. 1906. x 2.

4. E. panzeri Stephens, (p. 82) Male imago. New Forest,

20 Aug. 1917. x 2.

5. E. panzeri Stephens, (p. 82) Female imago. New Forest,

11 Aug. 1915. x 2.

Plate VIII.

Plate 9

PLATE IX.

FIG.

1. Periplaneta americana Linnasus. (p. 101) Male imago

with wings spread. Nat. size.

2. P. australasisB Fabricius. (p. 106) Male imago with

wings spread. Kew Gardens, 23 Apr. 1895. Nat. size.

Plate IX.

•

Plate 10

PLATE X.

FIGS.

1, 2. Leucophsea surinamensis Liniiaeus. (p. 112) Fig. 1.-

Irnago with wings spread. Fig. 2. — Nymph. Kevv

Gardens. x about 1*2.
3, 4. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus. (p. 95) Fig1. 3. — Female

imago. Fig. 4. — Male imago. Kingston-on-Thames.

Nat. size.

Plate X

Plate 11

PLATE XI.

FIG.

1. Periplaneta americana Liniifeus. (p. 101). Imago with

wings closed. Zoological Gardens, London. x 1*5.

2. P. dustralobsise Fabricius. (p. 106) Imago with wings

closed. Kew Gardens. x 1*5.

3. Leucophzea surinamensis Linnaeus, (p. 112) Imago with

wings closed. Kew Gardens. x 1-5.

Plate XI.

Plate 12

PLATE XII.

FIGS.

1, 2. Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linngeus. (p. 122) Fig. 1. —
Female imago with wings spread. Fig. 2.- -Female
imago with wings closed. New Forest. Nat. size.

3, 4. Gryllus domesticus Linnaeus. (p. 140) Fig. 3. — Male
imago. Fig. 4. — Female imago. Teddington, Middle-
sex. Nat. size.

Plate XI 1.

r7^w«»» « v ^ ,

Plate 13

PLATE XIII.

FIGS.

1, 2. Nemobius sylvestris Fabricius. (p. 131) Fig. 1. — Male

imago. Fig. 2.- -Fern ale imago. New Forest, x 3.
3. G-ryllus campestris Linnaeus. (p. 135) Male imago.
Pett, Sussex. Nat. size.

Plate XIII.

Plate 14

PLATE XIV.

FIG.

1. Phasgonura viridissima Linnaaus. (p. 178)

2. Tettigonia verrucivora Linnaeus, (p. 173)

3. Meconema thalassinum De Geer. (p. 190)

4. Pholidoptera griseoaptera De Geer. (p. 153)

5. Leptophyes punctatissima Bosc. (p. 194)

6. Conocephalus dorsalis Latreille. (p. 185)

7. Metrioptera brachyptera Linnaeus, (p. 163)

8. M. albopunctata Goeze. (p. 159)

9. M. roeselii Hageiibach. (p. 167)

Female imagines, for purposes of comparison,

all x about '67.

Plate XIV

Plate 15

PLATE XV.

FIGS.

1, 2. Pholidoptera griseoaptera De Geer. (p. 152) Fig. 1. —

Male imago. Fig. 2. — Female imago. New Forest.

Nat. size.
3, 4. Conocephalus dorsalis Latreille. (p. 185) Fig. 1. — Male

imago. Fig. 2. --Female imago. Nat. size.

Plate XV.

Plate 16

PLATE XVI.

FIG.

1. Metrioptera roeselii Hagenbach. (p. 166) Male imago.

2. M. Itrachyptera Linnaeus, (p. 162) Male imago.

3. M. albopunctata Goeze. (p. 158) Male imago.

The three British species of the genus, all x 2.

Plate XV L

Plate 17

PLATE XVII.
FIGS.

1. Tettigonia verrucivora Linnaeus, (p. 173) Male imago.

Stonehall,, near Dover, Oct. 1907. Nat. size.

2. Phasgonura viridissima Linnaeus, (p. 178) Male imago.

Torquay, 12 Aug. 1899. Nat. size.

3, 4. Leptophyes punctatissima Bosc. (p. 194) Fig. 3. — Male
imago. New Forest, 4 Aug. 1900. Fig. 4. — Female
imago. Near Guildford, Aug. 1897. x 1'5.
5. MeconemathalassinumTteQeeT. (p. 190) Female imago.
New Forest, 4 Aug. 1900. x 1-5.

Plate XVII.

•2 \

Plate 18

PLATE XVIII.

FIGS.

1, 2. Phasgonura viridissima Linnaeus. (p. 178) Fig. 1.-
Female imago with, wings spread. Nat. size. Fig. 2.
-In situ on furze-bush and closely resembling its
surroundings.

3. Meconema thalassinum De Geer. (p. 190) Female imago,
on trunk of oak, in the position assumed while ovi-
positing. New Forest, Oct. 1911. Nat. size.

Plate XV IU.

Plate 19

PLATE XIX.

British Gromphocerids and Stenobothrids for purposes

of comparison. All x '84.
FIG.

1. Gomphocerus rufns LinnaBus. (p. 218) Male imago.

Denbies, Surrey, 12 Sept. 1916.

2. G. maculatus Thuuberg. (p. 221) Male imago. Boxhill,

Surrey, 8 Sept, 1916.

3. Stenobothrus lineatus Panzer, (p. 233) Female imago.

Denbies, 12 Sept. 1916.

4. Stauroderus bicolor Charpentier. (p. 244) Female imago.

5. Omocestus rufipes Zetterstedt. (p. 236) Female imago.

New Forest, 21 Aug. 1912.

6. 0. viridulus Linnaeus, (p. 239) Female imago. New

Forest, 8 Aug. 1905.

7. Chorthippus elegans Charpentier. (p. 249) Male imago.

New Forest, 27 Aug. 1903.

8. C. parallelus Zetterstedt. (p. 252) Male imago. New

Forest, 21 Aug. 1905.

Plate XIX

Plate 20

PLATE XX.

Elytra of the males of the British Acridians (except Tetrix) ;

costal margin upward except fig. 4. x 2'25.
FIG.

1 . Stenobothrus lineatus Panzer, (p. 232)

2. G-omphocerus rufus Linnaeus, (p. 218)

3. G. maculatus Thunberg. (p. 221)

4. MecoxtetJius grossus Linnaeus, (p. 227)

5. Omocestus rufipes Zetterstedt. (p. 236)

6. 0. viridulus Linnaeus, (p. 238)

7. Stauroderus bicolor Charpentier. (p. 243)

8. CJiorthippus elegans Charpentier. (p. 249)

9. C. parallelus Zetterstedt, (p. 252)

Plate XX.

Plate 21

PLATE XXI.

FIGS.

1,1 a. Tetrix bipunctatus Linnasus. (p. 212) Fig. 1. — Dorsal

view. Fig. la. — Lateral view of female. x 4.
2, 2 a. T. subulatus Linnaeus, (p. 207) Fig. 2. — Dorsal view.

Fig. 2 a. — Lateral view. x 4.

Plate XXL

Plate 22

PLATE XXII.

FIGS.

1,2. Mecostethus grossus Linnaeus, (p. 226) Fig. 1. — Female
imago with wings spread. Fig. 2. — Female imago
with wings closed. New Forest, x 1*5.

Plate XXI 1.

Plate 23

PLATE XXIII.

FIGS.

1. Tetrix siibulatus Linnaeus, (p. 207) Male imago of uni-
form ruddy tint. Widemouth, Bude, Aug. 1911. x 3.

2, 3. Gomphocerus maculatns Thunberg. (p. 221) Fig. 2.-
Antenna of male. New Forest, 5 Aug. 1893. Fig. 3.-
Antenna of female. Christchurch, Hants, 9 Aug. 1897.
x 20.

4,5. G. rufus Linnaeus . (p. 218) Fig. 4. — Antenna of female.
Bookham Common, Surrey, 11 Sept. 1904. Fig. 5.-
Antenna of male. Bookham Common, 3 Sept. 1895.
x 20.

6. Omocestus rufipes Zetterstedt. (p. 234) Face of imago,,

to illustrate the white palpi. New Forest., 19l4.
x 6.

7. Chorthippus parallelus Zetterstedt. (p. 251) Male

imago. Near Weymouth, Aug. 1902. x 2.

8. Stenobothrus lineatus Panzer, (p. 232) Male imago.

Dorking, Surrey, Sept. 1916. x 2.

9. Chorthippus elegans Charpentier. (p. 248) Male imago,

Holmsley, New Forest, 2 Sept. 1918. x 2.

Plate XXII I.

Plate 24

PLATE XXIY.

FIGS.

1, 2. Omocestus viridulus Linnaeus, (p. 238) Fig. 1. — Male
imago with wings spread. x about 3. Fig. 2.-
Female imago with, wings closed, x 2.

Plate XXIV.

Plate 25

PLATE

FIGS.

1, 2. Stauroderus bicolor Charpentier. (p. 242) Fig. 1. —
Female imago with wings spread. Weymouth, Aug.
1902. x about 2. Fig. 2. — Male imago with wings
closed; speckled form. Swanage, 17 Aug. 1908. x 2.

Plate XXV.

THE

RAY SOCIETY

LIST OF

RECENT AND FORTHCOMING

PUBLICATIONS.

JANUARY, 1920.

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL.
1919-20.

PHOF. W. C. McINTOSH, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., ETC.

CHARLES OLDHAM, F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

PROF. E. B. POULTON, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
SIR DAVID PRAIN, C.M.G., C.I.E., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S.

Couturtl.

ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. B. DAYDON JACKSON, Ph.D., F.L.S.

Lt.-Col. A. W. ALCOCK, C.I.E., M.B., G. B. LONGSTAFF, M.D., F.L.S.

LL.D., F.R.S. A w OKEj F.L.S.,

E. A. BOWLES, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. R. s. W< gBABS, F.R.M.S.

Rev. C. R. N. BURROWS, F.E.S. A. W SHEPPARD, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.

T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.K.S., F.Z.S., C< D. SOAR, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.

W. MARK WEBB, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.
Rev. ALFRED FULLER, M.A., F.E.S. JQSEPH Wl F.R.M.S.

T. H. HISCOTT. F.R.M.S.

treasurer.

SIDNEY F. HARMER, M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

W. T. CALMAN, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S.;
1, Mount Park Crescent, Baling, W. 5.

RECENTLY ISSUED AND FORTHCOMING

MONOGRAPHS.

For the Sixty-first Year, 1904.

82. The British Desmidiacese. By W. and G-. S. WEST.
Vol. I. xxxvi + 224 + 64 pp., 32 plates. 8vo. 1904.

83. The British Tunicata. By the late JOSHUA ALDER and the
late ALBANY HANCOCK. Edited by JOHN HOPKIXSON. Vol. I.
With a History of the Work by Canon A. M. NORMAN.
xvi + 146 4- 42 pp., 20 plates, and frontispiece. 8vo.
1905.

For the Sixty-second Year, 1905.

84. The British Desmidiaceae. By W. and (i. S. WEST. Vol.
II. x + 206 + 64pp., 32 plates (xxxiii-lxiv). 8vo. 1905.

85. The British Freshwater lihizopoda and Heliozoa. By
JAMES CASH, assisted by JOHN HOPKINSON. Vol. I. The
Rhizopoda, Part I. x + 150 + 32 pp., 16 plates. Svo. 1905.

For the SLvty-third Year, 1906.

M>. The British Tunicata. By the late JOSHUA ALDER and the
late ALBANY HANCOCK. Edited by JOHN HOPKINSON. Vol.

II. With Lives of the Authors by Canon Norman and
Dennis Embleton. xxviii + 164 -f 62 pp., 30 plates (xxi-1),
;md frontispiece. 8vo. 1907.

For the Sixty-fourth Year, 1907.

S7. The British Marine Annelids. By W. C. MC!NTOSH.
Vol. II, Part I. Polychasta. Nephthydidse to Syllidae. viii
+ 232 + 46 pp., 22 plates (xliii-1, Ivii-lxx). Folio. 1908.

For the Si.i'ty-Jifth Year, 1908.

88. The British Desmicliacere. By AV. and G. S. WEST. Vol.

III. xvi + 274 + 62pp., 31 plates (Ixv-xcv). 8vo. 1908.

89. The British Freshwater Rhizopoda and Heliozoa. By
the late JAMES CASH, assisted by JOHN HOPKINSON. Vol. II.
The Rhizopoda, Part II. xviii + 168 + 32 pp., 16 plates
(xvii-xxxii), and frontispiece. 8vo. 1909.

4 RECENTLY ISSUED AND

For tlte Sixty-sixth Year, 1909.

90. The British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. By the late
JOSHUA ALDER and the late ALBANY HANCOCK. Part 8 (sup-
plementary). Text by Sir CHARLES ELIOT. viii 4- 198 4-
18 pp., 8 plates. Folio. 1910.

For the Sixtii -seventh Year, 1910.

91. The British Marine Annelids. By W. C. MC!NTOSH.
Vol. II, Part 2. Polychseta. Syllidre to Ariciidre. vii 4- 292

(233-524) 4- 46 pp., 23 plates (li-lvi, Lxxi-lxxxvii). Folio.
1910.

For the Sixty-eighth Year, 1911.

92. The British DesmidiaceaB. By W. and G. S. WEST.
Vol. IV. xiv 4- 194 4- 66 pp., 33 plates (xcvi-cxxviii). 8vo.
1912.

93. The British Tunicata. By the late JOSHUA ALDER and
the late ALBANY HANCOCK. Edited by JOHN HOPKINSON. Vol.
III. xii 4- 114 4- 34 pp., 16 plates (li-lxvi), and frontispiece.
8vo. 1912.

For the Sixty-ninth Year, 1912.

94. A Bibliography of the Tunicata. By JOHN HOPKINSON.
xii + 288 pp. 8vo. 1913.

95. The British Parasitic Copepoda. By THOMAS and
ANDREW SCOTT. Vol. I (Copepoda parasitic on Fishes, Part
I).— Text, xii + 256 pp., 2 plates. 8vo. 1913.

For the Seventieth Year, 1913.

96. The British Parasitic Copepoda, By THOMAS and
ANDREW SCOTT. Vol. II (Copepoda parasitic on Fishes, Part
II).— Plates, xii + 144 pp., 72 plates. 8vo. 1913.

For the Seventy-first Year, 1914.

97. The British Marine Annelids. By W. C. MC!NTOSH.
Vol. III. Part I. — Text. Polychseta. Oplieliidae to
Ammocharida?. viii + 368 pp. Folio. 1915.

For the Seventy -second Year, 1915.

98. The British Freshwater Rhizopoda and Heliozoa. By
JAMES CASH and G. H. WAILES, assisted by JOHN HOPKINSON.
Vol. III. The Rhizopoda, Part III. By G. H. WAILES.
xxiv + 156 4- 52pp., 25 plates (xxxiii-lvii), and frontispiece.
8vo. 1915.

FORTHCOMING MONOGRAPHS. 0

For the Seventy -second Year, 1915 (contd.).

99. The Principles of Plant-Teratology. By W. C. WOES-
DELL. Vol. I. xxix + 270 + 50 pp., 25 plates. 8vo. 1915.

For the Seventy-third Year, 1916.

100. The British Marine Annelids. By W. C. MC!NTOSH.
Vol. III. Part II. — Plates, viii + 48 pp., 24 plates. Folio.
1915.

101. The Principles of Plant-Teratology. By W. C.
WORSDELL. Vol. II. xvi + 296 + 56 pp., 28 plates (xxvi-
liii). 8vo. 1916.

For tie Seventy-fourth Year, 1917.

102. The British Charophyta. By JAMES GROVES and Canon
GEORGE RUSSELL BULLOCK- WEBSTER. Vol. I. Nitelleas, with
Introduction, xiv + 142 + 40 pp., 20 plates. 1920.

For the Seventy-fifth Year, 1918.

103. The British Freshwater Rhizopoda and Heliozoa. By
JAMES CASH and G. H. WAILES, assisted by JOHN HOPKINSON.
Vol. IV. Supplement to the Rhizopoda by G. H. WAILES
and Bibliography by JOHN HOPKINSON. xii -f 130 + 12 pp.,
6 plates (Iviii-lxiii). 8vo. 1919.

For the Seventy -sixth Year, 1919.

104. A Monograph of the British Orthoptera. By W. J.
LUCAS, xii + 264 + 52 pp., 26 plates. 1920.

In Course of Publication.

The British Freshwater Rhizopoda and Heliozoa. By
the late JAMES CASH and G. H. WAILES. (Vol. V, Heliozoa,
will complete the work.)

The British Charophyta. By JAMES GROVES and Canon
BULLOCK- WEBSTER. (Vol. II will complete the work.)

The British Marine Annelids. Bv Prof. W. C. MC!NTOSH.

€/

The British Desmidiacea3. By the late W. and G. S. WEST.

\ •)

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