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BADHAMIA UTRICULARIS Berk.
Plasmodium spreading on glass, magnified 15 times.
Part of the same, showing nuclei, magnified 400 times.
jot
r
A MONOGRAPH
OF THE
MYCETOZOA
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
OF THE SPECIES IX THE
HERBARIUM OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
BY
ARTHUR LISTER, F.R.S., F.L.S.
SECOND EDITION, REVISED
BY
OULIELMA LISTER, F.L.S.
WITH TWO HUNDRED AND ONE PLATES
AND FIFTY-SIX WOODCUTS
<V
LONDON >
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM
AND SOLD BY
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DULAU & CO., LTD., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W. ;
AND AT THE
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W.
1911
{All Rights Reserved)
V
o-.
London :
W1THERBY & Co.
Letterpress and CoLorR Printers
326 HIGH HOLBOBN
If//
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
' I 'HE widespread interest aroused in the study of the
•*■ Mycetozoa by the publication of Mr. Lister's work
has found expression in a large influx of material,
the study of which has led to the recognition of new genera
and species, and an extension of our knowledge of the
geographical distribution of known forms ; and has in some
instances rendered necessary a re-consideration of views
previously held. These considerations, together with the
revision of the nomenclature in conformity with the Inter-
national Rules, practically necessitated re-writing the book
when the need arose for a new edition. In the preparation
of this edition Miss Lister has continued the work in which
she ^as for so long and so intimately associated with her
father, and for which she is so eminently well equipped.
A special feature of the second edition is the replacement
of the collotype plates by a new and more complete series.
A large proportion have been reproduced by the three-colour
process, and greater justice has thus been done to the
original drawings by Mr. and Miss Lister, than was possible
by the method of reproduction formerly employed ; that so
large a proportion are reproduced in colour is due to Miss
Lister's generosity. A bibliography has been added, and
also a short glossary which supplements the explanation of
terms given in the Introduction.
In order to make the National Collection as complete as
possible, Miss Lister is generously presenting a large series of
specimens to the Museum.
A. B. RENDLE.
Department of Botany,
November, 1911.
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
THE collection of specimens of Mycetozoa in the
Herbarium of the British Museum has been greatly
increased in recent years. The additions include
the large collection of the late C. E. Broome, bequeathed by
him to the Museum, and that of H. W. Ravenel, purchased
from his widow.
It was necessary to make a critical examination of the
whole of the materials in the Herbarium. Mr. Arthur Lister,
who has devoted much attention to these organisms, was
fortunately able to undertake this work ; and he agreed at
the same time to prepare a monograph of the whole class
based on this examination.
This volume, the result of his labours, contains descriptions
not only from the specimens in the Museum, but also from
types in various public and private Herbaria, and from his
own rich collection. Mr. Lister has generously presented a
large series of specimens to the Museum, so that the Herbarium
now contains types of all the species described by him in this
monograph.
The volume is fully illustrated with plates mechanically
reproduced from faithful water-colour drawings by the
author and by his accomplished daughter, to whom in the
Introduction Mr. Lister acknowledges his obligations.
WILLIAM CARRUTHERS.
November, 1894.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Note to Second Edition 1
Introduction ........ -4
Synopsis of Orders and List of Genera ... 2]
Descriptions of Genera and Species . . . .25
Additional List of Synonyms ..... 263
List of Species to be Discarded .... 268
Bibliography . . . . . . . .271
Glossary ......... 279
Index ........ . 281
Index of Plates ........ 301
NOTE TO SECOND EDITION
It was my father's intention to have brought out the second
edition of this Catalogue himself, and the book in its present
form has been largely compiled from material collected by
him. In the many alterations now introduced, his views
have been for the most part embodied.
I had the privilege of being associated with him both in the
preparation of the first edition and in the work undertaken
in anticipation of the second. In bringing this edition to
completion since his death in 1908, I have endeavoured to
follow the conclusions arrived at in discussing with him the
different points as they arose.
In the first edition of the present work the custom was
followed, by which the first authentic specific name
published under the genus in which the species now
stands takes precedence of all others. When the Rules of
Nomenclature were revised in 1905, it was agreed to follow
in this respect the " Laws of Botanical Nomenclature," drawn
up by Alphonse de Candoile in 1867, namely, to adopt the
earliest specific name under whatever genus it may have4>een
published ; and at the recent International Botanical Congress
at Brussels (1910) it was decided that the starting point
for these names, as well as for those of the genera of
Mycetozoa, should be the " Species Plantarum " of Linnaeus,
published in 1753. This principle was observed by Prof.
T. H. Macbride in the compilation of his " Slime-Moulds
of North America," and the results of his researches, and
moreover, his friendly correspondence, have been of much
assistance to me in making the numerous changes in familiar
names in the present edition of the British Museum Catalogue
necessitated by the adoption of a new rule of nomenclature.
I have traced the history of the species in the library of the
Department of Botany at the Museum, a task which in the
former edition was kindly undertaken by Mr. Carruthers, who
was then at the head of the Department. I cannot be too
grateful to Dr. Rendle and the present staff of the department
for their unfailing kindness and courtesy in facilitating the
labour involved in this part of the work.
2 MYCETOZOA
In the introduction to the first edition my father expressed
his thanks to those from whom he had received assistance,
and I here quote his own words : "I offer my grateful acknow-
ledgments to those through whose courtesy I have been enabled
to study the various herbarium specimens that have come
under my notice ; to the Director of the Royal Gardens at
Kew for giving me special facilities for investigating the
collection under his care, which includes Berkeley's precious
series, containing a great number of original types from India,
New Zealand, and America, that supplied Rostafinski with a
large part of the material introduced into the Appendix to
his Monograph. These types are to a large extent duplicated
in Broome's and Ravenel's collections in the British Museum.
To Professor Bayley Balfour I return my thanks for much
friendly assistance and for the opportunity of inspecting the
specimens in the Royal Herbarium at Edinburgh, including
Greville's collection and an almost complete set of type
examples supplied by the late Professor de Bary ; to Professor
van Tiegbem for the inspection of the collection of the Paris
Museum ; to Professor A. Blytt for an opportunity of examin-
ing the most important types in the Museum at Christiania ;
to Dr. Boerlage for giving me access to the Leyden collections ;
and especially to Graf zu Solms-Laubach for the privilege
afforded me of inspecting de Bary's invaluable collection at
Strassburg, containing a large proportion of the type specimens
referred to by Rostafinski in his original Monograph ; to Dr.
Rex, of Philadelphia, for a nearly complete series of the species
found in the United States of America, now represented in
the British Museum collection, and for the communication of
his views on a group to which he has devoted many years
of careful research. I am also grateful to my friend Professor
Farlow for many valuable specimens and useful suggestions ;
and to Professor Macbride, of Iowa, and Mr. Morgan, of Ohio,
for a fine series of the Mycetozoa from their respective districts ;
also to Dr. Haviland for specimens of great interest from
Borneo. Mr. Camm, of Smethwick, and Mr. Saunders, of
Luton, have supplied me with many scarce British species ;
and to Mr. Phillips and Mr. Massee I am obliged for kindly
entrusting me with their collections for examination."
I should like to add my grateful thanks to those who, since
the publication of the first edition, have greatly assisted both
my father and myself by sending us specimens, as well as by
their correspondence.
Dr. W. C. Sturgis, of Colorado Springs, has, for fourteen
years, been a fellow-worker on whose friendly co-operation
we could always depend ; Dr. Jahn, of Berlin, has generously
placed the results of his work on the life history of the group
NOTE TO SECOND EDITION •>
at our disposal. In studying the distribution of the different
species we have been greatly indebted to the collections made
by the Rev. W. Cran and also by Professor Raunkiaer in the
West Indies, by Dr. R. E. Fries in Sweden and Bolivia, by
Professor Penzig in Java, and by Mr. Hugo Bilgram in Penn-
sylvania. The observations of our friend Mr. Petch on the
Mycetozoa of Ceylon have been of great value, and our know-
ledge of those of Japan has been much increased by the un-
wearied labours and graphic correspondence of Mr. K. Minakata,
from whom we have received nearly three hundred specimens.
The numerous gatherings made by Dr. C. Torrend in Portugal
are the first examples of this group recorded from that country
and have been kindly sent us for inspection. Dr. Celakovsky
has presented us with a valuable collection of his Bohemian
gatherings ; we have also had the advantage of receiving
many Swiss specimens from our friend Professor Hans Schinz,
of Zurich, and, recently, from M. Meylan from the Jura
Mountains. There are many others whose names I have not
mentioned to whose contributions we have been greatly
indebted.
I should like to repeat on my own account the acknow-
ledgment given above to Professor Farlow for his continued
assistance and sympathy, and to Mr. James Saunders for his
constant assiduity not only in reporting his own investiga-
tions but in arousing the interest of others in the subject.
I cannot close without saying how invaluable it has been to
me to have the counsel and experience of my brother Mr.
J. J. Lister to rely on in continuing our father's work.
The plates at the end of the volume are reproductions of
water-colour drawings made under the camera lucida by my
father and myself, and are here reduced to half the diameter
of the originals.
G. LISTER.
INTRODUCTION
Fries gave the name of Myxogastres, in 1829, to the group of
organisms described in this Monograph, placing it among the
Gasteromycetous Fungi. In 1833 Wallroth substituted the
term Myxomycetes (Schleimpilze) for the older name, and this
came to be the generally accepted designation. Later in-
vestigations showed that the spores, instead of producing
a mycelium, as in the case of fungi, give birth to swarm-cells,
which coalesce to form a plasmodium. In consequence of
this discovery, which indicated a relationship with the lower
forms of animal life, de Bary in 1858 introduced the name
Mycetozoa.
Under the head of Mycetozoa, de Bary still retained the
term Myxomycetes for the section so named by Wallroth,
but linked with it the Acrasieae of Van Tieghem {Sorophora
Zopf), a small group inhabiting the excrement of animals.
In these the spores produce swarm-cells, which multiply by
division but do not pass through a flagellate stage or coalesce
to form a plasmodium. At a certain period, when the fruits
are about to be formed, the swarm-cells approach each other
and adhere loosely in branching strings ; they eventually
concentrate at various points, becoming massed together in
aggregations of more or less definite shape ; the swarm-cells,
however, do not lose their individuality. In Dictyostelium
and some other genera of the Acrasieae, a stalk is formed by
the arrangement of a number of individuals in vertical rows in
the centre of the heap ; the surrounding amoeboid bodies creep
up this stalk and form a cluster at the extremity, where each
amoeboid swarm-cell acquires a spore-wall ; the spore-cluster
is not enclosed by a definite sporangium- wall.
Rostafinsk' followed de Bary in the view that the formation
of a plasmodium indicates a wide separation in the natural
position of the Myxomycetes from the fungi, but he suppressed
that name entirely, adopting de Bary's class name Mycetozoa
in its place ; at the same time, he admitted into his Monograph
0f1 INTRODUCTION 5
Dictyostelium, a genus of the Acrasieae. The reason for his
including this genus may be the fact, pointed out by de Bary,
that Brefeld in first describing the dense aggregations of
swarm-cells into the stalked spore-masses of Dictyostelium,
refers to them as being " plasmodia, that is, products of the
coalescence of swarm-cells " ; and it was not until after the
publication of Rostafmski's Monograph that Van Tieghem in
1880 and Brefeld in 1884 corrected this statement.
Accepting the Mycetozoa as established by Rostafinski,
but excluding Dictyostelium on the ground of its not forming a
true plasmodium, we have a clearly defined group of organisms
separated from all others by the following combination of
characters : A spore provided with a firm wall produces on
germination an amoeboid swarm-cell which soon acquires a
flageUum. The swarm-cells multiply by division and sub-
sequently coalesce to form a plasmodium which exhibits a
rhythmic streaming. The plasmodium gives rise to fruits
which consist of supporting structures and spores. In the
Endosporeae these take the form of sporangia, each having a
wall within which the free spores are developed. A capillitium
or system of threads forming a scaffolding among the spores
is present in most genera. In the Exosporeae they consist
of sporophores bearing numerous spores on their surface.
The fact referred to below that the swarm-cells ingest
bacteria, appears to strengthen the view that the group is
more nearly associated with the lower forms of animal than of
vegetable life, and the name of Mycetozoa appears to mark its
true position in the borderland between the two kingdoms.
The Spore and Swarm-cell. — The spores of the Endosporeae
are mostly spherical, but occasionally they are ellipsoid.
Their size is so uniform in each species that their measurement
affords a valuable character for specific determination, though
in a few cases (as in Leocarpus fragilis and some others)
different gatherings vary considerably in the size of the spores.
The spore-wall is variously coloured in the different species.
It is described by Zopf as showing the chemical reaction of
cellulose, and consisting of a simple firm membrane.* The
spores of several species of Didymium and Trichia, when
crushed and stained, show the existence of two layers, the
inner more delicate and appearing less deeply stained than the
outer. In Physarum, Arcyria, and genera with thin-walled
spores, an inner layer has not been traced. The spore- wall
may be either smooth, warted or reticulated, and often shows
a thinner area where dehiscence takes place. The contents
of the spore consist of faintly granular protoplasm with a
single central nucleus. In abnormal developments, monstrous
Die Pilztbiere," p. 53, in Schent " Handbuch der Botanik," iii. 2 (1884).
A*
6
MYCETOZOA
spores, often of irregular shape and containing several nuclei,
are of frequent occurrence.
The spores while remaining in a dry state retain their
vitality for several years. The length of time that elapses
before the germination of the spore after it has been placed
in water varies with the species, and often in different gather-
ings of the same species. Observations on the darker spores of
Stemonitis fusca showed germination after nine or twelve hours,
while in the pale-spored variety it occurred in twenty-eight
minutes. In Reticularia Lycoperdon it usually takes place
in less than an hour in fresh gatherings ; spores from a speci-
men which had been stored for nearly three years began to
germinate in four hours, and in twenty hours the contents
of nearly every spore had
emerged. The spores of
Didymium difforme that had
been preserved three years
and nine months, on being
placed in water produced
abundant swarm - cells in
twenty-eight hours, and in
a few days all the spores
appeared to have germinated.
The spore-wall is ruptured
by the swelling of the con-
tents, which slowly emerge
and lie as a nearly pellucid
globule by the side of the
empty spore - case.* After
remaining quiescent for a
few minutes amoeboid move-
Fig. 1. — Didymium difforme Duby.
a. Spore.
b. Swarm-cell escaping from the spore-case.
c. Newly hatched swarm-cell containing a
nucleus and three vacuoles.
rf. Flagellated swarm-cell.
e. Swarm-cell, with two vacuoles containing mentS begin tO take place,
bacteria, and produced at the posterior QT-,rl olinvflir aft-Q-rw-nrrlQ a
end into pseudopodia, to one of which *na snomv altera aras a
a bacterium is attached. flagellum is produced. IlllS
/. Amoeboid swarm-cell. . °, n , , , j ..
Magnified 720 times. is at first a somewhat tenta-
tive process, and the flagellum
is frequently withdrawn ; but within a quarter of an hour
it acquires its full length of about 15 /x, and by its lashing
strokes the swarm-cell swims off with a dancing movement.
At this stage it is pyriform in shape, the interior body-
substance is granular and contains a contractile vacuole,
and often one or more vacuoles in addition which do not
usually show contraction. At the narrow end is placed the
nucleus, which can easily be recognised by its lighter and
more homogeneous appearance and central nucleolus. The
* Pinoy has shown that in the case of the Sorophora the presence of certain bacteria
is necessary for the germination of the spores, and his experiments suggest that this
may also be true of the Mycetozoa (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, xx. 627 & 688).
INTRODUCTION
nucleus does not alter its position, though constant move-
ment is observed among the constituents of the granular
part. Connecting the nucleus with the base of the
flagellum is a bell-shaped tract free from granules,
which takes when stained a rather darker colour than
the surrounding cytoplasm.* The whole swarm-cell is
enclosed by a layer of hyaloplasm of extreme tenuity over
most of the surface, but thicker at the posterior end, where it
often extends in a brush of two to eight more or less slender
pseudopodia. In addition to the dancing motion, which is
maintained as long as they are free in the water, the swarm-
cells when they come to rest exhibit movements of an amoe-
boid character, and spread with an irregular outline ; or they
assume a linear form and
creep over a level surface
with a snail-like motion,
the flagellum being ex-
tended in advance. In
this position the move-
ment of the interior sub-
stance is seen to advantage,
In the large swarm-cells of
Amaurochaete fuliginosa it
may almost be described
as streaming, the granules
passing from one end to
the other in constant flow.
Thehyaloplasmic extension
at the posterior end con-
tinually changes its form Flg
and it is here that refuse
■mn+tp.ri<5rli«pViflr0-prl Aftpr nucleus by karyokinesis. Magnified 1200 times.
mallei IS CUSCnargea. Alter Drawnfrom stained preparations in Canada
a time the creeping move- balsam.
ment is again exchanged for
the dancing. In all cultivations of germinating spores, a
number of the swarm-cells, after a short period of activity,
withdraw the flagellum and become encysted in a globular
form (the microcysts of Cienkowski). After being dried and
re-wetted, the contents burst the membranous cyst-wall, which
remains as an empty hyaline sac, and emerge to resume their
activity. If bacteria are introduced into a cultivation of
swarm-cells on the stage of the microscope, they are seen
to be laid hold of by the pseudopodia and drawn into the
interior of the swarm-cells, where they are enclosed in a
digestive vacuole. Several bacteria are brought in turn to
the same chamber, or fresh captures are conveyed into one
or more additional vacuoles. The protrusion of pseudopodia
Plenge, " Geisselglocke " Jahn in Ber. Deutech. Bot. Gesell.,
2 — Amaurochaete fuliginosa Macbr.
a to /. Successive stages in bipartition of
swarm-cell, accompanied by the division of the
* " Verbindungssttick
xxii. 86.
a!
;*
$
MYCETOZOA
usually ceases for a time after such ingestion, and the hinder
end of the swarm-cell takes a rounded form. In the course
of an hour or two the bacteria are assimilated, and the digestive
vacuoles disappear. Unicellular algae and inorganic matter
are sometimes taken in, which are subsequently discharged.
Both ingress and egress are observed to take place only at the
posterior end.* De Bary stated that swarm-cells derive
their support only from nutrient matter in solutionf , and it may
be that they are to some extent nourished in this manner ; but
considering the large number of species belonging to different
genera which have been observed to prey actively on bacteria,
it cannot be doubted that these form an important part of
their food.
Bipartition of the swarm-cells is observed to begin a few
hours after they leave the spore-case, and is several times
repeated in the course of the three, or four succeeding days.
The bipartition is preceded by the withdrawal of the
flagellum and the swarm-
cell taking a spherical form. '
The nucleus then divides by
karyokinesis ; the swarm-
cell becomes ellipsoid and
later a constriction ap-
pears in the middle. As
bipartition proceeds .the
nuclear plate divides and
the two halves separate,
the connecting achromatic
fibres being discernible.
The daughter-nuclei at
Fig. 3.— didymium difforme Duby. length retreat to the op-
Young Plasmodium, with converging amoe- posite poles of the SWarm-
boid swarm-cells. A number of microcysts (m) npii whir>h in ihmif a
were present in this preparation, one of which CBU' "'J^"- *" «*uuuu <*
is being digested in a vacuole (v). An empty quarter of an hour from
spore-shell is shown at s. . , ■■ - , ,
Magnified 470 times. the beginning of the pro-
cess of constriction is com-
pletely divided (fig. 2). A flagellum is in a short time produced
by each daughter-cell, which then assumes the original form
of the parent. Jahn has shown that the bell-shaped tract
crowning the nucleus is formed again after mitosis from the
spindle fibres of the dividing nucleus, and that the flagellum
is produced from its apex (I.e., p. 89).
After dividing in the manner described, through a period
of uncertain duration, the swarm-cells withdraw the flagellum,
* Lister, " On the Ingestion of Food Material by the Swarm-Cells of Mycetozoa,"
.in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) XXV. 435 (1889).
t De Bary, " Comp. Morph. and Biol. Fungi, Mycetozoa, etc.," 452.
INTRODUCTION
and creep with slow amoeboid movement. When two of
them come in contact with each other they may coalesce ;
others congregate at this point and a centre is formed to which
great numbers converge, and though they may remain distinct
for some time, they ultimately unite and mingle into one
moving mass, the plasmodium of Cienkowski (fig. 3). The
young plasmodia appear to exercise a definitely attracting
influence on the swarm-cells in their neighbourhood. Although
the fusing swarm-cells thus lose their individuality, their
nuclei, so far as has been observed, remain distinct. For
example, eight swarm-cells were counted uniting and forming
a plasmodium, and
their eight nuclei
could be afterwards
distinguished ; but
when this number is
exceeded the move-
ments of the plas-
modium and the
inconspicuous nature
of the nuclei present
difficulties in the way
of their recognition,
Whatever reason
there may be from
general considera-
tions to regard this
fusion of individuals
as akin to conjuga-
tion, no fusion of
nuclei, which appears
to be an essential part
of that process, has
yet been observed.
In the Exosporeae,
represented by the
single genus Ceratio-
myxa, the mature
spore is ellipsoid, and
consists of granular
protoplasm containing four nuclei ; it is enclosed by a mem-
branous and colourless spore-wall. On placing the spores
in rain water, the membranous wall is seen almost immediately
to slip free from the protoplasmic contents, often with a sudden
jerk, and by this action may be removed to some distance
from the now naked spore, while it retains its original form as
an empty transparent sac. The naked spore remains from
Fig. 4. — Ceratiomtxa frdticulosa Macbr.
a. Spore.
b. Spore-contents escaping from the spore-wall.
c. to g. Successive stages in the division of the naked
spore to eight.
h. Cluster of eight swarm-cells.
Magnified 1200 times.
10 MYCETOZOA
six to nine hours without any apparent alteration ; at the
end of this time a slow amoeboid change of outline is observed,
sometimes accompanied by the projection of numerous pointed
pseudopodia. The four nuclei now divide by karyokinesis. A
constriction appears in the middle portion of the cell, followed
by a second constriction in each half. The first division
may now become complete, but usually the whole of the spore
contents remain united until a further constriction takes place
in each quarter, and in about an hour from the time when
the first movement was observed the originally ellipsoid body
is divided into eight spherical portions, each containing a
nucleus. These portions occasionally become free at this
stage, but as a rule they continue attached to one another by
narrow bridges ; a few minutes later each protrudes a flagellum
and assumes the pyriform figure of a swarm-cell ; then by the
united lashing movement of their flagella the cluster of eight
swarm-cells swims away (fig. 4). They may remain connected
for an hour or more, but eventually become detached, and
resemble the swarm-cells of the Endosporeae as above described.
The swarm-cells have been observed to piss into the amoeboid
stage, as in the Endosporeae, but the fusion of these amoebae
to form a plasmodium has not been directly observed.
The Plasmodium. — Several of the phenomena which are met
with in the swarm-cell may be seen in the plasmodium on an
extended scale. Like the former when in the amoeboid phase,
it is endowed with power of locomotion, and advances over the
substratum with a creeping movement. The interior sub-
stance consists of granular protoplasm, containing numerous
nuclei and vacuoles. The latter vary in size, and are often
seen to contract and discharge their contents, which are either
watery or contain refuse matter. The movements in the
interior of the swarm-cell are extended into a systematic circu-
lation in the plasmodium, which spreads in a network of veins
with a few principal channels. Through these the granular
substance streams in a rapid torrent which gradually comes
to a pause in the space of a minute and a half to two minutes,
and then immediately reverses its course. A rhythmic flow
is thus maintained backwards and forwards at nearly equal
intervals, but always of somewhat longer duration in the
direction in which the plasmodium is creeping. The flow is
continued from the larger to the smaller veins which branch
with increasing intricacy till they are lost in the broad tumid
margin of the advancing plasmodium (see Frontispiece). The
whole is invested by a layer of hyaloplasm devoid of granular
particles, but merging imperceptibly into the inner stratum.
The hyaloplasm exhibits amoeboid movements, projecting and
withdrawing pseudopodia, and is unequal in thickness over
INTRODUCTION 11
different parts ; it is generally abundant at the advancing
margin. The hyaloplasm appears to be a more firm condition
of the protoplasm assumed when exposed on the surface.
How far it may have a relation to the rhythmic streaming of
the plasmodium, or what causes that movement, has not been
ascertained. The track where a plasmodium has passed is
marked by a large residuum of substance free from granules
and charged with refuse matter.
The description given above applies to plasmodia which
creep over dead leaves or the surface of logs or woody fungi.
Those which inhabit the interior of rotten wood usually
emerge only at the time of spore-formation, and then appear
as cushion-like masses or as scattered globules. The plas-
modia of the Calcarineae contain granules of calcium carbonate
(designated " lime "). The granules vary in abundance in
different species, being small and inconspicuous under the
microscope in some, while in the opaque white plasmodium
of Diderma hemisphericum they appear like crowded glass beads
2 /x or more in diameter, and greatly impede the streaming
movement. The colour of the plasmodium is usually either
white, yellow, or pink ; in some cases it is purple or green.
It is generally constant in each species. An exception occurs
in Trichia decipiens, which usually rises from rotten wood in
rosy pink globules, but frequently the plasmodium is watery
white ; the two colours are not met with together in the
same growth, but the sporangia from each are identical in
all characters. Dianema depressum has, as a rule, a white
Plasmodium, but occasionally pink.
De Bary's statement that " union never takes place between
plasmodia of different species "* is fully borne out by the
experience of others, and no satisfactory evidence to the
contrary has been obtained.
The food of plasmodia varies according to the species.
Those which live among dead leaves spread with veins which
are brown from the incorporation of decayed vegetable
matter, and the refuse is discharged shortly before they form
into sporangia. The jslasmodium of Badhamia panicea
thrives on the inner bark of felled elms, and is difficult to
discern on the red-brown substratum owing to the fragments
of bark with which it is densely charged ; it becomes pure
white by the rejection of enclosed matter before fruiting.
Occasionally the question of food is somewhat obscure : for
example, the plasmodium of Amaurochaete fuliginosa rises
in cushions from half an inch to two inches in diameter from
the hard and apparently sound wood of Scotch firs ; that of
Stemonitis splendens may also be found emerging from the sawn
* De Bary, I.e., 426.
12
MYCETOZOA
surface of fir stumps which show no sign of decay, and. covering
an area of six to seven square inches. Whatever solid matter
these plasmodia may have ingested has been parted with
before leaving the wood, but it appears probable that their
food Mas absorbed in a state of solution. The plasmodium
of Badhamia utricular is is one of the very few we are
acquainted with that feed on living fungi. It is capable of
being cultivated without limit on Stereum hirsutum and allied
species, and can be observed under the microscope to dissolve
fungus hyphae as the hyaline border of a wave of the yellow
Plasmodium advances over them.* The growth of this species
is often very rapid ; a plasmodium measuring about a square
inch in area on a large pileus of Auricularia mesenterica has
been seen to increase during
twenty hours so as to cover
more than six square inches ;
the vigorous flow extended
over the meshes between
the veins and produced an
unbroken surface, f
The mode in which the
multiplication of nuclei
takes place requires further
investigation. That they
sometimes divide by karyo-
kinesis is proved by the
case described in Journ.
Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xxix. 541.
In that instance a plas-
modium of B. utricularis
growing on Auricularia
mesenterica partly spread in
a network of veins over
two large cover slips. These
films were stained and mounted. In these two preparations
the nuclei are seen to be dividing by karyokinesis ; the stages
represented show the nuclear spindle, and the nuclear plate
divided and the two halves still connected by achromatic
fibres (fig. 5). Part of the same plasmodium spread over
another coverslip, and was killed and stained with the others.
The nuclei in this preparation have the appearance most
commonly met with, containing a central nucleolus, and with-
out any indication of karyokinetic division. The main body
Fig. 5. — Badhamia utricularis Berk.
Division of nuclei by karyokinesis in the
streaming Plasmodium.
From a preparation stained in safranin, and
mounted in Canada balsam.
Magnified 1200 times.
* Lister, "Notes on Plasmodium of Badhamia and Brefeldia," Ann. Bot., ii. 13 (1888).
t Constant ineanu has made a number of interesting experiments on the cultivation
of Mycetozoa with artificially prepared nutritive media; see his paper " Ueber die
Kntwicklungsbedingungen der Myxomyceten," Ann. Myc, iv. 49."> (1906).
INTRODUCTION
13
of the plasraodium continued to creep over the Auricularia
for several days after these observations had been made.
This experiment affords clear evidence that under certain
conditions the nuclei of the actively streaming plasmodium
divide by karyokinesis, but what these conditions are remains
at present unexplained. The process no doubt is a rapid one,
occupying about half an hour ; but the following observations
point to the conclusion arrived at from many previous experi-
ments, that it is not the only way by which the nuclei increase
in number. A rapidly increasing plasmodium of Badhamia
spread over two pilei of Auricularia in the course of fourteen
hours ; during this period a portion of the plasmodium was
taken every quarter of an hour, and smeared on a coverslip
and stained. Each of the fifty-five mountings shows the
nuclei in the usual vast abundance, suggesting that their
numbers had increased, pari
passu, with the growth of the
plasmodium, and in none of
them is there any appearance
of karyokinetic division. From
the time occupied by the
karyokinetic process in the
maturing sporangium we are
satisfied that it could not have
escaped detection if it had
occurred during those fourteen
hours (fig. 6). It would therefore
appear probable that a multi-
plication of nuclei had taken
place by some other means.
\*l
Fig. 6. — Badiiamia. utricularis Berk.
Group of nuclei from actively feeding
They Vary in Size from 2* 5 to 5 yu.. plasraodium that covered two pilei of
fWfl<?irmflllv thpr^ arp nnwnr Auricidaria in fourteen hours, showing the
wcuctbiunctny wieie die d.pped,i- ^regular size of the nuclei and large nucleoli.
anceS which Strongly Suggest . Stained in picro-carmrae and mounted
j . . . -, , . . . ° J. °* in Canada Balsam. Magnified 1200 times.
that simple division of a nucleus
is taking place. Some days later
when the plasmodium had ceased to feed, and was collecting
together to form into sporangia, stainings showed the nuclei
more equal in size, measuring 4 to 5 p in diameter. This
experiment may be taken to add materially to the evidence
that under some conditions the increase in the number of the
nuclei is brought about by simple division.*
The plasmodium of the exosporous Ceratiomyxa issues from
the interior of rotten wood to form cushion-like heaps which
rapidly extend into columnar or branching sporophores. As
* I learn by correspondence with Dr. Jahn that in preparations of creeping Plas-
modium made at successive intervaLs he has again obtained the mitotic division of the
nuclei. I)r. Jahn inclines to the view that the increase of nuclei in the Plasmodium
occurs solely by this process, but as stated in the text, it is desirable that further in-
vestigation as to the mode of increase should be made. — G. L.
14
MYCETOZOA
the streaming movement common to both divisions of the
Mycetozoa is not described by Famintzin and Woronin in their
valuable paper on Ceratiornyxa* the following observations
may be given. Rounded cushions of plasmodium were
placed under a cover-slip supported at the margins by wet blot-
ting-paper, and were thus enclosed in a moist chamber. The
Plasmodium spread in a film over the glass, and eventually
developed into healthy sporophores. At the earliest stage
that could be observed under the microscope the Plas-
modium was seen to be sharply differentiated into two elements
—a hyaline part which ultimately forms the principal con-
stituent of the gelatinous column of the young sporophore,
and the granular protoplasm containing numerous small
nuclei. In the film on the cover-glass the granular substance
spread in a network of veins through the hyaline portion.
Through these veins the protoplasm streamed in rhythmic
flow, first in one direction and then in the other, at the same
intervals of time as in the Endosporeae.
The Sclerotium. — Plasmodia may pass into the resting
stage or sclerotium, and this change may be induced by
exposure to dry air. In some cases, however, it occurs when
water and apparently food material are present, and the cause
for the change is then difficult to discover. As the Plas-
modium of Badhamia utricularis becomes dry, the streaming
movement gradually ceases, and the granular protoplasm
becomes aggregated in discrete masses surrounded by hyalo-
plasm ; the refuse matter is thrown out, and a membranous
cyst-wall forms round each mass, which also includes 10 to
20 nucbi ; the cysts become packed into thick agglomerations
of irregular shape, drying to a horny consistence.! The
changes of outline seen in the maturing sclerotia cannot be
merely the effect of shrinking from drying, and as under the
microscope we frequently observe the cysts along the margin
of a forming sclerotium creep among each other with amoeboid
movement, it is probable that the change in shape of the mass
may thus be accounted for. The sclerotium of this species
can revive after preservation in a dry state for three years, on
being placed in water. Recently formed sclerotium resumes the
streaming condition in a few hours, but after remaining dry for
more than a year it requires to be kept Avet for some days
before the movement begins ; the cyst-walls are then absorbed,
and their contents coalesce. It frequently happens that parts
of old sclerotia are incapable of resuscitation, but they afford
a pabulum for the newly awakened plasmodium, through
whose veins the cysts may be seen to be carried along
and broken up. The sclerotium of Didymium squamulosum
* " Ueber Ceratium hydnoides," M£m. Acad. P<5tersbourg, xx. 3 (1873).
t Lister, '* Notes on Plasmodium of Badhamia and Brefeldia" Ann. Bot., ii. 13 (1888).
INTRODUCTION 15
is sprinkled over with a deposit of crystals of lime, and after
being revived the cyst-walls are not dissolved as in Badhamia,
but remain as empty hyaline sacs when the contents have
<?rept out. The formation of sclerotium in plasmodia inhabiting
the interior of rotten wood is less easy to follow, but it is
probably of frequent occurrence. A plasmodium of Stemonitis
fusca, cultivated from spores in a moist chamber, passed into
the resting state a few days after it had formed, spreading in
a single layer of crowded cysts on the surface of the glass.
This sclerotium was dried and re-wetted, when it revived,
and the cyst-walls were dissolved ; the cultivation was con-
ducted with pure water, with no attempt to supply nourish-
ment, and the plasmodium returned to the encysted condition
in about twenty-four hours ; it was again dried and again
revived, but afterwards it reassumed the sclerotium state,
from which it could not be reawakened.
The Sporangium and Sporophore. — The formation of the
sporangium in the Endosporeae has been minutely described
by de Bary,* and a brief notice of the general characters
will be sufficient here. The plasmodium usually leaves the
moist surroundings where it has been feeding and creeps
to some drier place more suited to the dispersion of the
spores. It concentrates at certain points and develops
into sporangia of the forms characteristic of the species.
They are either simple, though often densely clustered, or
they are combined into an aethalium, a cushion-like structure
consisting of numerous convoluted or imperfectly-defined
sporangia. The simple forms are either symmetrical,
with or without a stalk, or they are unsymmetrical,
spreading on the substratum with an irregular outline,
when they are called plasmodiocarps. In most cases
the shape of the sporangium is nearly constant, though
in others it is subject to much variation. Two abundant
species, Physarum nutans and Didymium squamulosum, may
be mentioned as examples of variable habit ; in each of them
we often find vein-like plasmodiocarps, and symmetrical
sporangia both stalked and sessile resulting from the same
plasmodium. It is true of the shape of the sporangium,
as it is of the size of the spores and the form and colour of
the capillitium, that though a valuable guide, it cannot be
taken as supplying a rigid specific character. The want of
a sufficient series of specimens showing how widely a species
may vary, has led to the multiplication of names without
adequate grounds.
In examining the rising sporangia of Physarum nutans in
a moist chamber under the microscope, the projecting masses of
Plasmodium are seen to pulsate, swelling or shrinking as the
* I.e., 424.
16
MYCETOZOA
rhythmic flow advances or retreats, but gradually growing with
the advancing movement. As the sporangia develop, an
envelope, the sporangium-wall, is secreted by the protoplasm
at the surface. This is at first of a gelatinous consistency,
but ultimately becomes membranous. Simultaneously a
system of branching anastomosing threads, the capillitium,
is secreted in the interior of the sporangium, forming a
network traversing the still homogeneous protoplasm. The
basal part of each young sporangium contracts and forms
a stalk consisting of a tube of tougher hyaline substance, the
continuation of the sporangium- wall, through which the
protoplasm continues to
flow until the surround-
ing veins have emptied
their contents into the
spherical head. The
coarse refuse matter
which has not been
discharged along the
track of the Plasmo-
dium, where it often
takes the form of a
hypothallus connecting
the sporangia, is de-
posited in the centre
of the stalk.
In the genus Physarum
the lime- granules which
abounded in the Plas-
modium are in part
incorporated in the
wall-substance, and in
part deposited within
lime-knots or vesicular
swellings of the hyaline threads of the capillitium. In
Didymium the lime-granules which can be seen in the Plas-
modium are dissolved in the sporangium, and the salt in
solution passing through the soft sporangium-wall forms into
crystals on the outer surface. The various kinds of
capillitium represented in the different genera and species
are described in the text. In all genera that possess a
capillitium, this structure is developed before spore-formation.
The formation of spores in the Endosporeae is preceded by
the division of the nuclei in the spore-plasm by karyokinesis.
The process was first recorded by Strasburger as occurring in
the genus Trichia* Recent observations show that this
Fig. 7. — Comatkicha nigra Schroeter.
From a stained preparation of a young sporan-
gium, showing the spore-plasm separated into
rounded masses about groups of nuclei, which
are dividing by karyokinesis ; the nuclear division
has reached the ' ' spindle stage " ; the spindles are
seen in profile in all cases but one in which the
equatorial plate is seen from one of the poles of
the spindle. Magnified 1200 times.
Botan. Zeit., xlii. 305 (18S4).
INTRODUCTION
17
mode of nuclear division takes place in the sporangium only
•once, and occurs almost simultaneously in all the nuclei rather
more than an hour before the spores begin to be formed. It is
difficult to ascertain the exact number of the chromosomes
on account of their small size ; Harper* counted twelve in
Fuligo, and Jahnf considers the number in Trichia and Arcyria
to be sixteen (" eight double chromosomes ").
In Badhamia, Physarum, Craterium, Didymium, Stemonitis,
Lamproderma, and Comatricha, when the spindle stage is
reached, the plasma breaks up into lobed masses containing
six to ten nuclei (fig. 7). During the later stages of nuclear
division these become sub-divided until reduced to masses of
two spores' capacity,
each containing a pair
of nuclei resulting from
.a, division (fig. 8). By
a final constriction these
divide into the ultimate
spores, each containing
a single nucleus. In a
short time the spore-
wall is acquired, and
the active stage of the
organism comes to a
■close.
In the genera just
mentioned, spore-forma-
tion occurs in warm
weather about twenty
hours after the sporangia
have taken form. In
Trichia the interval is much longer, extending from
two to four days according to the temperature. In
this genus and also in Arcyria, Lycogala, and Reticularia
the spore-plasm is not seen to separate in lobed masses at
the time when the nuclear spindle is formed, but the
karyokinetic process is completed and the daughter-nuclei
a,re definitely parted from one another before the plasma
breaks up and encloses each nucleus in a young spore.
The sporophores of Ceratiomyxa are columnar, or confluent
and interlacing. In their early stage the protoplasmic matter
ispreads throughout the superficial part of the columns, and
also in numerous veins traversing the watery gelatinous
interior substance. These veins are ultimately withdrawn
to the outer layer, where they form a close network. The
Fig. 8. — Comatricha nigra Schroeter.
From a stained preparation of a young spor-
angium, showing the plasma separated into
masses of two spores' capacity round the nuclei,
which have almost divided by karyokinesis.
Magnified 1200 times.
* Botanical Gazette, xxx. 217 (1900). t Myxomycetenstudien — 6. Kernversch-
melzungen und Reduktionsteilungen," Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell., xxv. 24 (1907).
18 MYCETOZOA
nuclei now divide by karyokinesis ;* the network of proto-
plasm then spreads out to form a continuous superficial
covering, which rapidly divides into polyhedral portions or
cells of equal size, each containing a single nucleus. The whole
sporophore is invested by a thin hyaline layer. The contents
of each cell now rise as a shortly cylindrical projection from
the surface of the sporophore, carrying with it a hyaline
investment, which becomes constricted at the base until an
elongated membranous stalk is formed, bearing at its apex
a globule, the young spore, consisting of granular proto-
plasm and a nucleus. This nucleus now divides twice by
karyokinesis. f The mature spore, an ellipsoid body enclosed
in a membranous wall, thus contains four nuclei. It is easily
detached from the stalk, and the gelatinous sporophore dries
to a membrane of the frailest structure, to disappear with the
first shower of rain. It is probable that the sporophores of
Ceratiomyxa may be regarded as representing the sporangia
of the Endosporeae. We have in both cases supporting struc-
tures and spore-plasm, the nuclei of which divide by karyo
kinesis shortly before the spores are formed. The mature
spore in Ceratiomyxa is more advanced than that of the
Endosporeae in that the nucleus has already undergone two
divisions within the spore.
Distribution and Specific Characters. — The geographical dis-
tribution of many of the species is very wide, as might be
expected from the ease with which their minute spores can
be carried by currents of air. Some, however, appear to be
characteristic of warmer climates, such as Physarum roseum,
Physarella oblonga, Trichamphora pezizoidea ; while others are
usually found in alpine regions in the neighbourhood of
melting snow, e.g. Diderma niveum, Lepidoderma Carestianum,
Lamproderma violaceum var. Carestiae.%
In England some species may occur at any season of the
year after moist weather, e.g. Physarum nutans, Craterium
minutum, Didymium squamulosum, Trichia varia ; others again
appear only in the summer and autumn, e.g. Physarum
psittacinum, Stemonitis herbatica, Dictydium cancellatum, and
most of those species that inhabit heaps of old straw.
The main characters distinguishing the different species are
remarkably constant in sporangia gathered in all parts of
the world. Specimens of Hemitrichia clavata, H. Serpula,
Dictydium cancellatum, and Trichia decipiens, have been
* See Jahn in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell., xxvia 342-352 (1908). t Jahn, op. cifc.,
xxv. 25 (1907) ; Olive in Trans. Wise. Ac. Sci., xv. 753 (1907).
t M. Meylan has published interesting observations on the species occurring at
different elevations and seasons in the Jura Mountains (see Bull. Soc. Vaud., xliv.
285-302, 1908).
INTRODUCTION 19
obtained from Europe, India, and North and South America
identical to the most minute microscopic detail ; and numerous
other equally stable forms might be cited. On the other
hand, in many instances intermediate forms occur whose
position is difficult to assign. In some cases it is possible to
regard climatic or seasonal conditions as the cause of
variation. The American and tropical examples of the genus
Cribraria are more elegant in form than individuals of the
same species found in Britain and on the Continent, and
most of them show a tendency towards the great regularity
typical of C. intricata, a striking and well-marked species
which is abundant in those regions, but rare in our less brilliant
atmosphere. The more elegant growth in the American species
is not confined to the genus Cribraria, but is of general occur-
rence ; and it is probable that this modification of type is
due to the influence of climate. This is what might be
looked for when we consider the effects which changes of
weather produce in the development of sporangia in this
country. On old decaying stumps which can be kept under
observation for several years, growths of Trichia affinis may
year after year present the same typical characters, only
differing in the elaters in one season being slightly thicker
than those in another. But should cold weather set in while
the plasmodium is rising, the arrangement of the spiral bands
may be so abnormal as to suggest a marked variety. With
a return of milder weather, however, the original form re-
appears, leaving no doubt that all have been derived from
a common parentage. In some extensive gatherings of the
same species which have matured in hot, dry weather, the
elaters are so reduced in size as scarcely to exceed the
diameter of a spore in length, though the sporangia are
perfectly normal in form and the spores are marked with
the typical sculpture. Developments of Trichia persimilis of
the typical form have been followed after a few nights' frost
by a growth in which the short and nearly smooth elaters
closely resemble those of Oligonema nitens, though the spores
and the shape of the sporangia retain the normal character.
In Stemonitis, Lamproderma, Prototrichia, and other genera,
great modifications are caused by changes of temperature.
But, after all aUowance has been made for such agencies, it
must be recognized that certain species are subject to
variation for which no cause can be given.
In the systematic account of the Mycetozoa the descriptions
given are those of the most frequent type of each species.
Subordinate types representing distinct centres about which
examples group themselves, but connected with the main
type by gradations of character, are described as varieties.
20 INTRODUCTION
Systematic Arrangement. — In preparing this Catalogue of the
collection of Mycetozoa in the British Museum, the arrange-
ment of orders and genera given by Rostafinski in his
Monograph* has in the main been followed, with such altera-
tions as observations made during recent years have rendered
necessary. De Bary made the group the subject of minute
and thorough investigation ; f and Rostafinski, while studying
under him at Strassburg, devised a system of classification
which is clear and comprehensive, and is now generally
accepted.
The division by Rostafinski of the main section Endosporeae
into two parts, distinguished by the colour of the spores, has
been objected to as being artificial and wanting in universal
application, but the cases which offer difficulty with regard to
their position under this scheme are few, and on the whole
the species range themselves under the separate heads in a
remarkably natural manner.
Although the search for specimens of the Mycetozoa has
been comparatively limited, owing, no doubt, to the small size
of the objects, yet in consequence of the persistent nature of
the sporangia, we possess, in the different herbaria, specimens
representing the gatherings from many countries during more
than half a century, and some of them dating back a
hundred years. Where they have escaped rough treatment,
they completely retain their specific characters. When we
consider the cosmopolitan distribution of the species, owing,
we may conclude, to the long-continued vitality and minuteness
of the spores, it may be doubted whether any hitherto
unsearched region will add very largely to the number with
which we are already acquainted. It is their life history
which is at present imperfectly known, and it is in this
direction that the important work of the future must lie.
* Sluzowce (Mycetozoa) Monographia (Paris : 1875).
t Comp. Morph. and Biol. Fungi, Mycetozoa, etc., 421.
SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND LIST OF
GENERA OF MYCETOZOA
Subclass I.— EXOSPOREAE.
Spores developed outside a sporophore. (P. 25.)
Order I. — Ceratiomyxaceae. Sporophores membranous,,
branched ; spores white, borne singly on filiform stalks
arising from the areolated sporophore. (P. 25.)
Genus 1. Ceratiomyxa Schroeter. (P. 25.)
Subclass II.— ENDOSPOREAE.
Spores developed inside a sporangium.
Cohort I.—AMAUROSPORALES. Spores violet-brown*
or purplish-grey (ferruginous in Stemonitis ferruginea and S.
flavogenita, colourless in Echinostelium). (P. 26.)
Subcohort I. — CALCARINEAE. Sporangia provided with
lime (calcium carbonate). (P. 26.)
Order I. — Physaraceae. Lime in the form of mintue
round granules (occasionally in rounded nodules in Diachaea).
(P. 26.)
Genus 2. Badhamia Berk. (P. 30.)
3. Physarum Pers. (P. 40.)
4. Fuligo Haller. (P. 85.)
5. Erionema Penzig. (P. 89.
6. Trichamphora Jungh. (P. 8y.i
7. Physarella Peck. (P. 91.)
8. Cienkowshia Rost. (P. 92.)
9. Craterium Trentep. (P. 93.)
10. Leocarpus Link. (P. 98.)
11. Diderma Pers. (P. 99.)
12. Colloderma G. Lister. (P. 116.)
13. Physarina von Hohnel. (P. 117.
14. Diachaea Fries. (P. 117.)
Order II. — Didymiaceae. Lime in crystals deposited out-
side the sporangium-wall. (P. 122.)
Genus 15. Didymium Schrad. (P. 123.)
16. Mucilago Adanson. (P. 137.)
17. Lepidoderma de Bary. (P. 139.)
* The colours of the spores are given thoughout as they are seen
when magnified and with transmitted light.
22 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND
Subcohort II. — AMAUROCHAETINEAE. Sporangia
without lime. (P. 141.)
Order I. — Stemonitaceae. Sporangia distinct, provided
with a stalk and columella. (P. 141.)
Genus 18. Stemonitis Gled. (P. 143.)
19. Comatricha Preuss. (P. 151.)
20. Enerthenema Bowm. (P. 160.)
21. Lamproderma Rost. (P. 161.)
22. Clastoderma Blytt. (P. 169.)
23. Echinostelium de Bary. (P. 170.)
Order II. — Amaurochaetaceae. Sporangia combined to
form an aethalium. (P. 170.)
Genus 24. Amaurochaete Rost. (P. 171.)
25. Brefeldia Rost. (P. 172.)
Cohort II.— LAM PROSPOR ALES. Spores variously
coloured, not violet-brown or purplish-grey (except in Licea
minima and Listerella, q.v.).
Subcohort l.—ANEMINEAE. Capillitium wanting, or if
present not forming a system of uniform threads (except in
Alwisia, q.v.). (P. 173.)
Order I. — Heterodermaceae. Sporangium-wall mem-
branous, beset with microscopic round plasmodic granules,
and (except in Lindbladia) forming a net in the upper part.
(P. 173.)
Genus 26. Lindbladia Fries. (P. 174.)
27. Cribraria Pers. (P. 175.)
28. Dictydium Schrad. (P. 185.)
Order II. — Liceaceae. Sporangia solitary ; sporangium-
wall cartilaginous (membranous in Licea biforis). (P. 186.)
Genus 29. Licea Schrad. (P. 187.)
30. Orcadella Wing. (P. 190.)]
Order III. — Tubulinaceae. Sporangium-wall mem-
branous, without plasmodic granules ; sporangia clustered,
cylindrical or ellipsoid. (P. 190.)
Genus 31. Tubifera Gmelin. (P. 191.)
32. Alwisia Berk. & Br. (P. 193.)
Order IV — Reticulariaceae. Sporangia closely com-
pacted and usually forming an aethaliuni ; sporangium-
walls usually incomplete or forming a spurious capillitium ;
true capillitium none, or in Liceopsis consisting of a few
branching threads or strands. (P. 194.)
LIST OF GENERA 23
Genus 33. Dictydiaeihalium Rost. (P. 196.)
34. Enteridium Ehrenb. (P. 197.)
35. Eeticularia Bull. (P. 198.)
36. Liceopsis Torrend. (P. 199.)
Order V. — Lycogalaceae. Sporangia forming an aetha-
lium ; pseudo-capillitium consisting of branched colourless
tubes. (P. 200.)
Genus 37. Lycogala Adanson. (P. 200.)
Subcohort II. — Calonemineae. Capillitium present as a
system of uniform or sculptured threads. (P. 204.)
Order I. — Trichiaceae. Capillitium consisting of tubular
threads, which are either free and unbranched (" elaters "), or
form a network branching at wide angles ; thickenings in the
form of spirals or rings. (P. 204.) b
Genus 38. Trichia Haller. (P. 205.)
39. Oligonema Rost. (P. 219.)
40. Calonema Morgan. (P. 221.)
41. Hemitrichia Rost. (P. 222.)
42. Cornuvia Rost. (P. 231.) j
Order II. — Arcyriaceae. Capillitium a network of tubular
threads branching at wide angles and thickened with cogs,
half rings (rings in Arcyria annulifera), spines, or warts
(capillitium often scanty and of free threads in Perichaena
corticalis). (P. 231.)
Genus 43. Arcyria Wiggers. (P. 232.)
44. Lachnobolus Fries. (P. 246.)
45. Perichaena Fries. (P. 247.)
Order III. — Margaritaceae. Capillitium consisting of
solid threads, either coiled and hair-like or nearly straight
and attached to the sporangium-wall, simple or branching
at acute angles. (P. 254.)
Genus 46. Margarita Lister. (P. 256.)
47. Dianema Rex. (P. 257.)
48. Prototrichia Rost. (P. 260.)
49. Listerella Jahn. (P. 261.)
b 2
MYCETOZOA.
Subclass I.— EXOSPOREAE.
Spores developed outside the sporophores.
Order I. — Ceratiomyxaceae.
Sporophores membranous, branched ; spores white, borne
singly on filiform stalks rising from the areolated sporophore.
Genus L— CERATIOMYXA Schroeter in Engler & Prantl
Nat. Pflanzenfam., I. i. 16 (1889). Sporophores consisting
of membranous processes, either branching from a common
base or forking repeatedly or forming a network ; the
surface is mapped out into polyhedral areolae, from the
centre of each of which arises a slender
stalk bearing a single ellipsoid colourless
spore. — Ceratium Alb. & Schw. Consp.
Fung., 358 (1805) non Schrank (1793).
Fig. 9. — Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa Macbr.
o. Clusters of sporophores. Twice natural size.
b. Sporophore. Magnified 40 times.
c. Four areolae of mature sporophore ; one spore still
attached to its stalk, and another free. Magnified
480 times. Fig. 9.
1. C. fruticulosa Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 18 (1899).
Plasmodium usually colourless. Sporophores white or
pinkish- yellow, membranous, forming a tuft of simple or
forked fasciculate branches 1 mm. or more high, -07 mm.
thick, or consisting of more or less anastomosing broad
bands, from which arise irregular lobes. Spores white,
smooth, ovoid, 10 X 6 to 13 X 7 /*.. — Byssus fruticulosus
MueU. in PI. Dan., fasc. xii. 6, t. 718, fig. 2 (1777)-.
Tremella hydnoidea Jacq. Misc., i. 145, t. 16 (1778). Clavaria
puccinea Batsch Elench. Fung., 139, fig. 49 (1783). C. byssoides
Bull. Champ., 209, t. 415, fig. 2 (1791). Puccinia byssoides
Omel. Syst. Nat., 1462 (1791). Isaria mucida Pers. in Roemer
N. Mag. Bot., i. 121 (1794). Ceratium liydnoides Alb. &
Schw. Consp. Fung., 358 (1805): Fr. Syst. Myc. iii. 294-
26 EXOSPOREAE [CERATIOMYXA
Fam. & Wor. in Mem. Acad. Imp. Petersb., ser. 7, xx. 4
(1873) ; Zopf Pilzthiere, 69 & 174 ; de Bary Comp.
Morph. Fungi, 432 ; Cooke Brit. Fungi, ii. 550. C. pyxidatum
Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung., 359. Ceratiomyxa mucida
Schroet. in Engl. & Prantl Nat. Pflanz., I. i. 16 (1889);
Lister Mycetozoa, 25 (1894).
Var. 1. — flexuosa Lister : sporophores elongated, slender,
white, profusely branching but not anastomosing, 2 to 5 mm.
high. — Ceratium arbuscula Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc,
xiv. 97 (1873). C. filiforme Berk. & Br. I.e.
Var. 2. — porioides Lister : sporophores densely compacted
to form a honeycomb-like growth, superficially resembling
Polyporus vulgaris Fr., though more minute. Ceratium
porioides Alb. & Schw. I.e. Ceratiomyxa porioides Schroet.
I.e. ; Macbr. I.e., 19.
PI. 1. — a. Sporophores of typical form (England) ; b. sporophores of var. rlexuosa
(Ceylon) ; c. sporophores of var. porioides (Iowa) ; d. clavate end of sporophore ;
all the spores but five have fallen from their stalks ; e. spore.
Intermediate forms connecting the two varieties with the type are
of frequent occurrence. The plasmodium is sometimes yellowish-pink
in colour.
Hab. On rotten wood ; common and widely distributed. — Lyme
Regis (B.M. 1166); Borneo (B.M. 1167); Iowa (B.M. 1169): var.
flexuosa — Ceylon (B.M. 1578) ; Brisbane ( B.M. 1579) ; Japan (B.M.
2301): var. porioides— Upsala (B.M. 1168); Iowa (B.M. 1025).
Subclass II.— ENDOSPOREAE.
Spores developed within sporangia.
Cohort I.—AMAUROSPORALES.
Capillitium present. Spores violet-brown or purplish-grey
(ferruginous in Stemonitis ferruginea and S. flavogenita,
colourless in Echinostelium).
Subcohort l.—CALCARINEAE.
Deposits of lime either (a) in minute granules included in
the sporangium-wall, in expansions of the capillitium or in the
stalk; or (b) in the form of stellate or lenticular crystals
scattered over the sporangium-wall.
Order I. — Physaraceae.
Deposits of lime in minute round granules more or less
aggregated, included in the sporangium-wall and in vesicular
expansions of the capillitium (=lime-knots), except in Diderma,
Colloderma and Physarina where there are no lime-knots, and
in Diachaea, in which the lime is confined to the stalk and
columella and is sometimes in the form of rounded nodules.
PHYSARACEAE
27
KEY TO THE GENERA OF PHYSARACEAE.
A. Capillitium a coarse network charged with lime
throughout. (2) Badhamia.
Fig. 10. — Badhamia utricularis Berk.
a. Cluster of sporangia. Magnified 3\ times.
b. Fragment of capillitium and spore-cluster. Magnified
140 times.
Fig. 10.
B. Capillitium a network of slender threads with vesicular
expansions filled with lime-granules (lime-knots).
a. Sporangia combined into a convolute aetkalium.
(4) Fuligo.
Fig. 11. — Fuligo septic^ Gmel.
a. Aethalium. One-third natural size.
b. Capillitium threads with lime-knots and two spores.
Magnified 120 times.
Fig. 11.
b. Sporangia single, scattered or aggregated.
Sporangia subglobose, lenticular, or in the form of plasmo-
diocarps ; capilhtium without free hooked branches.
(3) Physartjm.
Fig. 12. — Physarum nutans Pers.
a. Two sporangia. Magnified 9 times.
6. Capilhtium threads, with lime-knots, attached to a
fragment of the sporangium-wall. Magnified 110
times.
Fis. 12.
Sporangia long, cylindrical, branching ; capilhtium a close
elastic network, with minute lime-knots
Fig. 13. — Erionema aureum Penzig.
a. Cluster of sporangia. Magnified 6 times.
b. Capillitium and spores. Magnified 140 times.
(5) Erionema,
Fig. 13
28
ENDOSPOREAE
Sporangia saucer-shaped on dark reddish stalks.
(6) Trichamphora
Fig. 14. — Trichamphora pezizoidea Jungh.
a. Group of sporangia. Magnified 5} times.
b. Capillitium with two spores. Magnified 140 times.
Fig. 14.
Sporangia shortly cylindrical, tubular, stalked.
(7) Physarella.
Fig. 15. — Physarella oblonga Morg.
Two sporangia, one perfect, the other dehiscing in revo-
lute lobes from the funnel-shaped columella. Mag-
nified 6? times.
Fig. 15.
Plasmodiocarps cylindrical, branching and anastomosing ;
capillitium with free hooked branches ; lime-knots taking the
form of vertical plates.
(8) Cienkowskia.
Fig. 16. — Cienkowskia reticulata Rost.
a. Part of branching plasmodiocarp. Magnified 4 times.
b. Capillitium threads and part of a perforated lime-
plate. Magnified 140 times.
Fig. 16.
Sporangia in the shape of a covered goblet, ovoid ; stalks
cartilaginous.
(9) Craterium.
Fig. 17. — Craterium minuium Fr.
Mag-
a. Two sporangia ; in one the lid has fallen away.
nified 10 times.
b. Capillitium with lime-knots and two spores. Mag-
nified 110 times.
Fig. 17
PHYSARACEAE
29
Sporangia ovoid, shining, clustered ; stalks membranous.
(10) Leocarpus.
Fig. 18. — Leocirpus jragilis Rost.
a. Cluster of sporangia. Magnified 2£ times.
b. Hyaline threads and a branching lime-knot of the
capillitium, with two spores. Magnified 120 times.
C. Capillitium without lime-knots.
Sporangium-wall opaque, smooth.
Fig. 19. — Diderma testaeium Pers.
a. Group of three sporangia ; in the upper one the double
wall is broken away in part and the columella exposed.
Magnified 9 times.
A. Portion of the outer and inner layers of the sporangium-
wall, to the latter the capillitium threads are attached ;
three spores. Magnified 170 times.
Fig. 18.
(11) Diderma.
Fig. 19.
Outer sporangium- wall gelatinous, translucent when moist ;
inner wall membranous. (12) Colloderma.
Fig. 20. — Colloderma oculatum G. Lister.
a. Moistened sporangium ; the dark mass of spores
shows through the translucent walls. Magnified
13 times.
b. Capillitium and spores. Magnified 140 times
Fig. 20.
Sporangium -wall opaque, rough with numerous blunt peg-
like prominences.
(13) Physarina.
Fig. 21. — Physarina echinocepkala von Hiihnel.
a. Sporangia, Magnified 15 times.
b. Capillitium and spores with fragment of sporangium-
wall. Magnified 140 times.
Fig. 21
30 ENDOSPOREAE [BADHAMIA
Sporangium-wall hyaline, without lime.
(14) Diachaea.
Tig. 22. — Diachaea leucopoda Rost.
Two sporangia, one entire, the other deprived of
the spores and showing capillitium and columella.
Magnified 22 times.
Fig. 22.
Genus 2. — BADHAMIA Berkeley in Trans. Linn. Soc,
xxi. 153 (1852). Sporangia stalked, sessile, or forming
plasmodiocarps ; sporangium-wall single, with included lime-
granules ; capillitium consisting of a coarse network charged
with granules of lime (sometimes constricted here and there
into narrow hyaline threads) ; spores clustered or free, warted,
reticulated, or nearly smooth.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BADHAMIA.
A. Spores clustered : —
a. Spores warted chiefly on one side —
a. Sporangia 1 to 1-5 mm. diam. —
* Lime in sporangia and capillitium white —
Plasmodium yellow ; sporangia grey, clustered
or scattered, sessile or with membranous
stalks. 1. B. capsulifera
Sporangia grey, with firm stalks.
2. B. papaveracea
Plasmodium white ; sporangia white, heaped.
3. B. populina
** Lime in sporangia and capillitium yellow.
7. B. nitens
/3. Sporangia 0*3 to 0-5 mm. diam.; capillitium white or
apricot-coloured. 8. B. versicolor
b. Spores equally warted all over. 4. B. utricularis
B. Spores not clustered : —
a. Sporangia yellow or orange. 9. B. decipiens
b. Sporangia white or grey —
Sporangia globose, sessile or on short membranous
stalks ; spores violet-brown ; Plasmodium orange.
5. B. foliicola-
I
badhamia] physaraceae 31
Sporangia globose on long membranous stalks ; spores
nearly smooth, blackish. 6. B. magna ■
Sporangia subglobose, sessile or with firm yellow or
brown stalks ; spores closely spinulose, dark purple-
brown. 10. B. macrocarpa
Sporangia subglobose, slightly depressed, sessile
or stalked ; stalks black below, grey above ; spores
violet-brown. 11. B. affinis
Sporangia discoid, depressed, on short black stalks ;
spores violet-brown. 12. B. orbiculata
Sporangia subglobose, sessile ; spores violet-brown,
nearly smooth ; plasmodium white.
13. B. panicea
c. Sporangia chalk-white, sessile, hemispherical or forming
plasmodiocarps ; spores smooth, ellipsoid.
14. B. ovispora
d. Sporangia flesh-coloured or purple-brown —
Sporangia sessile, without a true columella.
15. B. lilacina •
Sporangia stalked, stalk continued into the sporan-
gium as a columella. 16. B. rubiginosa .
1. B. capsulifera Berk, in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxi. 153
(1852). Plasmodium chrome-yellow. Sporangia globose or
P3Triform, usually sessile, 1 to 1-5 mm. diani., greyish-white ;
sporangium-wall hyaline, with lime-granules sparsely dis-
tributed. Stalk when present membranous, straw-coloured,
usually short. Capilhtium a network of flat bands with
broad thin expansions at the angles ; lime- granules evenly
but not densely distributed throughout. Spores dark purple-
brown, adhering in clusters of 8 to 20, spinulose, more
strongly warted on the outer surface as they he in the
cluster, 11 to 13/xdiam. — Rost. Mon., p. 141. Macbr. N.
Am. Slime-Moulds, 68. Sphaerocarpus capsulifer Bull. Champ.
139, t. 470, fig. 2 (1791). Physarum hyalinum Pers. in
Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 88 (1794)? P. cinereum Link in
Berl. Mag, hi. 27 (1809) ? P. capsuliferum Chev. Fl. Paris, i.
339 (1826). P. vancellatum Walk. Fl. Crypt. Germ., 351
(1833) ? Trichia capsulifer DC. Fl. Fr., ii. 254 (1805).
Badhamia hyalina Berk. I.e. ; Rost. Mon., p. 139 ; Lister
Mycetozoa, 30. B. varia Mass. Mon., 319 (1892), in part.
PI. 3.— a. sporangia ; 6. fragment of capillitium with a cluster of spores and one
free spore ; c. spore ; (England).
This species forms small plasmodia. It is subject to considerable
variation in the shape of the sporangia, and the clustering and markings,
of the spores. In some gatherings the spores are greyer and not so
32 ENDOSPOREAE [BADHAM1A
dark a3 in the type, loosely adhering, and scarcely rougher on one
side, not exceeding 10 to 11 /x diam. All intermediate forms occur
between this and the typical form with its large and rather compact
clusters of darker larger spores. B. hyalina Berk, is described as
differing from B. capsulifera in having spherical instead of obovate
sporangia, but as we not infrequently meet with both spherical and
pyriform sporangia intermixed the shape cannot be accepted as
distinctive. B. capsulifera takes precedence as being the older specific
name. Possibly B. melanospora Speg. (in Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg.,
p. 150, 1880) with sessile sporangia and black spores clustered or free
measuring 15 /x, is a form of B. capsulifera, but in the absence of the
type this must remain uncertain.
Hob. On logs of fir, oak, alder, etc. — Batheaston, Somerset (B.M.
36); Bristol (B.M. 79); Leighton, Beds (B.M. 1170); Luton, Beds
(1171); Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1172); France (Paris Herb.);
Austria (B.M. 2062) ; Germany (B.M. 2063) ; Portugal (B.M. 2087).
2. B. papaveracea Berk. & Rav. in Grev., ii. 66 (1873).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia subglobose, greyish- white, nearly
smooth, 0-7 to 1 mm. diam., shortly stalked or sessile,
gregarious ; sporangium-wall with scanty deposits of lime.
Stalk firm, dark brown, rarely straw-coloured, 02 to 0-3 mm.
high. Capillitium as in B. capsulifera. Spores purple-
brown, closely compacted in clusters of 6 to 10, more strongly
warted on the outer third, 10 to 13 /x diam. — Rost. Mon., App
p. 3 ; Mass. Mon., 323 (in part) ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 69. B. hyalina var. papaveracea Lister Mycetozoa
30 (1894).
PI. 3.— d. sporangia ; e. two clusters of spores ; (New Jersey).
This species is closely allied to B. capsulifera and connected with it
by intermediate forms ; it is distinguished by the firmer stalks and the
smaller more compact spore-clusters.
Hab. On bark. — Pennsylvania (B.M. 996b) ; Massachusetts (B.M.
1173) ; New Jersey (B.M. 1862) ; Japan (B.M. 1985).
3. B. populina Lister in Journ. Bot., xlii. 129 (1904).
Plasmodium white or cream-white. Sporangia white,
subglobose or ovoid, smooth, 1-5 mm. diam., sessile,
heaped, or rarely solitary on short yellowish- brown stalks ;
sporangium-wall with abundant deposits of lime-granules.
Capillitium a coarse network of broad strands charged
with lime-granules throughout. Spores 10 to 12 p, diam.,
in clusters of 16 to 20 or more, purple-brown, minutely
wTarted, the warting rather stronger on one side ; they are
usually marked by one or more narrow ridges or bands.
— Sturgis in Colorado Coll. Publ., Science Ser., xii. 11 (1907).
PI. 2.— a. sporangia ; b. fragment of capillitium with two clusters of spores and
two free spores ; c. spores ; (England).
This species is allied to B. capsulifera, but is distinguished by the
heaped white sporangia arising from white plasmodium, and by the
apores being usually banded. Amongst numerous gatherings made
badhamia] physaraceae 33
by Dr. Sturgis and Mr. E. Bethel in Colorado, some sporangia have
the dark banded spores characteristic of the English and French
specimens, while others have paler spores with little or no banding ;
these pale-spored forms approach very closely the paler-spored gather-
ings of B. capsulifera, typical examples of which appear to be seldom,
met with in North America.
Hab. On fallen logs of Populus and Negundo. — Essex (B.M. 1969) ;
France (B.M. 2064) ; Colorado (B.M. 2065').
4. B. utricularis Berk, in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxi. 153
(1852). Plasmodium chrome-yellow. Sporangia ovoid, sub-
globose, or confluent and lobed, 0-5 to 1 mm. diam., clustered,
cinereous or iridescent- violet, often marked with the white
attachments of the capilhtium, sessile or on membranous
straw-coloured branching stalks ; sporangium-wall hyaline
with sparsely distributed minute granules of lime. Capillitium
as in B. capsulifera. Spores bright brown or violet-brown,
usually adhering in loose clusters of 7 to 10, spinulose, 9 to
12 /x diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 142, figs. 110-112. Sphaerocarpus
utricularis Bull. Champ., ii. 128 (1791). Trichia coerulea
Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot., i. 229 (1797) ? T. utricularis
DC. Fl. Fr., 251 (1805). T. rubiformis Purt. in Brit. PL
of Midi. Count., iii. 291, t. 37 (1821) non Pers. Physarum
ovoideum Schum. Enum. PL SaelL, ii. 198 (1803). P.
hyalinum /?. chalybaeum Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung., 92
(1805). P. botryoides Fr. Stirp. Femsj., 83 (1825). P. botrytes
Somm. Fl. Lapp., 242 (1826). Diderma papaverinum Wallr.
Fl. Crypt. Germ., 375 (1833). Badhamia varia Mass. Mon.,
319 (1892) in part.
PI. 4.— a. cluster of sporangia ; b. fragment of capillitium with a cluster of spore3
and three free spores ; c. cluster of spores ; d. spore ; (England).
This species differs from B. capsulifera in habitat, in having large
Plasmodia commonly producing some thousands of sporangia, and in
the spores being brighter in colour, with coarser and less crowded
spines, without the cluster of warts on one side. In cultivations
carried on continuously for many years, the four varieties described
in Rostafinski's Monograph have presented themselves. The capilli-
tium varied both in form and in the amount of lime it contained ; in
some cases the threads were broad with wide expansions at the angles, in
others they were narrow and but little widened at the angles ; in some
the lime was abundant, in others only a few scattered granules could
be found. The degree of clustering of the spores varied in different
growths though all were cultivated from one original gathering of
Plasmodium, but they were never free. In some specimens in the
Strassburg collection the spores show but slight indication of
clustering, in others this character is well marked.
Hab. Plasmodium extensively creeping over the bark of fallen
trees, logs, etc., feeding on effused fungi, especially Stereum hirsutum and
Polyporus versicolor. — Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 103) ; Lyme Regis,
Dorset (B.M. 1174); Glamis, Forfarshire (B.M. 149); France (Paris
Herb.); Germany (Strassb. Herb.); Italy (K. 165); Portugal (B.M.
2066); Massachusetts (B.M. 1177).
54 BNDOSPOREAE [BADHAMIA
5. B. foliicola Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxv. 209 (1897).
Plasmodium orange. Sporangia subglobose, 0-5 to 1 mm.'
diam., iridescent-grey, sessile and crowded, or standing
singly on slender pale yellowish-brown stalks 02 to 0-5 mm.
long. Capillitium a network of slender strands with white
lime deposits. Spores free, sometimes showing a slight
tendency to adhere in loose clusters, violet- brown, minutely
spinulose, 9 to 11 ^ diam.— Torrend Flore des Myxomyc^tes,
p. 210.*
PI. 11.— a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore ; (England).
This species is not infrequent in this country, where it sometimes
occurs in great profusion on turf, on heaps of old straw or dead leaves,
or on twigs. From B. utricularia, to which it is very closely allied,'
it is distinguished by the simple stalks, the free and minutely spinulose
spores, and by the difference of habitat ; from B. panicea it differs in
having orange Plasmodium and rather rougher spores. The descrip-
tion of B. microcarpa Schroet. (in Cohn Crypt. Fl. Schlesien, iii. pt. i.
131, 1889) would apply to B. foliicola except that the spores are given
as measuring only 7 '5 to 9 fx ; in the absence of the type, however, we
cannot be sure that this reference is correct.
Hab. On turf, straw, dead leaves or twigs. — Wanstead, Essex
(B.M. 1695); France (B.M. 2067); Switzerland (B.M. 2070); Sweden
(B.M. 2068) ; Portugal (B.M. 2069).
6. B. magna Peck in Rep. New York Mus., xxxi. 57
(1879). Plasmodium ? Sporangia globose, 1 mm. diam.,
violet-grey, iridescent, clustered on long membranous
yellowish slender branching stalks 4 mm. long or more ;
sporangium-wall with scanty deposits of lime. Capillitium
as in B. capsulifera Berk. Spores purplish-black, very
minutely spinulose with a paler smoother area of dehiscence,
not clustered, 9 to 10 /* diam. — Dictydium magnum Peck
I.e., xxiv. 84 (1872). B. varia Mass. Mon., 319 (in part).
PL 9.— a. sporangia (Vermont, X. York ; Peck's type) ; b. spores.
This species has been recorded hitherto from America only.
Hab. On dead wood. — Maine (B.M. 1585) ; Philadelphia (B M
2071).
7. B. nitens Berk, in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxi. 153 (1852).
Plasmodium yellow. Sporangia sessile, subglobose, gregarious
or clustered, about 1 mm. diam., sometimes forming plasmo-
diocarps, golden-yellow, rugose, or greenish with yellow warts
and ridges ; sporangium- wall membranous, with included
clusters of yellow lime-granules. Capillitium yellow or orange,
a coarse network of rugged bands, rarely contracted to form
short hyaline threads connecting branched lime-knots ;
deposits of lime usually dense, sometimes scanty. Spores
purple-brown, in close clusters of 6 to 10, minutely spinulose,
* Extrait de la Broteria, Ser. Bot, vi. (1907), vii. (190S), viii. (1909).
badhamia] physaraceae 35
coarsely warted on the outer third, sometimes nearly free
and less strongly warted on one side, 10 to 13 /x diam. — Rost.
Mon., App. p. 3; Mass. Mon., 324. B. pallida Berk. I.e.
B. fulvella Berk. I.e., 154 ? B. inaurata Currey in Trans.
Linn. Soc., xxiv. 156 (1863). B. Alexandrowiczii Rost. Mon.,
p. 146 (1875). B. decipiens Lister Mycetozoa, 32 (1894), in
part. Didymium reticulatum Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc.,
xv. 83 (1876). Lepidoderma reticulatum Mass. Mon., 252
(1892).
PI. 5.— a. b. sporangia ; c. capillitium attached to fragment of sporangium-wall
and three clusters of spores ; d. spore ; (England).
Examination of the type specimens of B. nitens and B. pallida from
East Bergholt, Essex (Kew 1218, 1235), and of B. inaurata from
Carlisle (B.M. 151), shows that they are all the same species, with yellow
sporangium-walls and closely clustered spores coarsely warted on one
side. The type of Didymium, reticulatum Berk. & Br. from Ceylon
(B.M. 574) has few spores remaining, but these are loosely clustered ;
the specimen is therefore placed under B. nitens.
Hab. On dead wood.— Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1179) ; Cadding-
ton, Beds (B.M. 1178); Poland (Strassb. Herb.); Ceylon (B.M. 574);
Antigua (B.M. 1640) ; Dominica (B.M. 1640a).
8. B. versicolor Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxix. 81,
tab. 419, 2a to e (1901). Plasmodium ? Sporangia sub-
globose, sessile, minute, 0-3 to 0-5 mm. diam., scattered or
in small clusters, grey or flesh-coloured, somewhat rugose ;
sporangium-wall membranous with scanty deposits of lime-
granules. Capillitium a network of broad or narrow strands
charged throughout with Ume-granules, white or apricot
coloured. Spores ovoid, 10 X 8 to 12 X 9 /*, arranged in
clusters of 10 to 40, forming hollow spheres, dull purple and
minutely warted at the broad end, nearly colourless and
smooth elsewhere. — Sturgis in Colorado Coll. Publ., Sci.
Ser. xii. 13 (1907).
PI. 6.— a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and clusters of spores with some free spores ;
c. spore; (Scotland).
This minute species appears to be allied on the one hand to B.
capsidifera, and on the other to B. nitens. As yet it has been recorded
only from two widely separated localities. The Rev. W. Cran has
found it on about a dozen occasions near Rhynie, Aberdeenshire,
where it occurred on living trees at a height of five or six feet from the
ground ; in 1906 the same form was discovered by Mr. E. Bethel on the
bark of fallen trunks of " box-elder " (Negundo) near Boulder, Colorado.
Hab. On bark and lichen. — Aberdeenshire (B.M. 1759) ; Colorado
(B.M. 2072).
9. B. decipiens Berk, in Grev., ii. 66 (1873). Plasmodium
yellow ? Sporangia sessile, subglobose, or forming curved
plasmodiocarps 0*3 to 0-7 mm. diam., scattered, rugose or
nearly smooth, yellow or orange; sporangium- wall membranous
with included clusters of yellow lime-granules. Columella
36 ENDOSPOREAB [BADHAMIA
none. Capillitium yellow or pale orange, a coarse network
densely charged throughout with lime-granules, or formed
of large angular and branching lime-knots with few connecting
hyaline threads. Spores free, violet-brown, spinulose, often
rather paler and smoother on one side, 10 to 13 /x diam. —
Macbr. N. Am. Slime Moulds, 63. Physarum decipiens Curt,
in Amer. Journ. Sci., vi. 352 (1848). P. chrysotrichum Berk.
& Curt, in Grev., ii. 66 (1873). Badhamia chrysotricha Rost.
Mon., App. p. 4(1876).
PI. l.—a. sporangia (South Carolina ; legit Curtis) ; b. capillitium and spores with
fragment of sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
A portion of the type from South Carolina in the British Museum
(B.M. 994) has little left for identification, yet some spores and a frag-
ment of sporangium-wall which were scraped off are identical with a
good specimen in the Strassb. Herb, sent by Prof. Farlow from Curtis's
original gathering. B. decipiens is distinguished from B. nitens by having
free spores. From Pliysarum aariscalpium Cke., the stouter forms of which
it closely resembles, the present species differs in the absence of a stalk,
in the more complete Badhamia character of the capillitium, and usually
in the darker spores. MM. Pavillard and Lagarde describe the young
sporangia as being first milk-white, then saffron-yellow, then intense
green from the purple spores showing through the moist walls ; finally,
when dry, the sporangia assume an orange-yellow colour (see Bull. Soc.
Myc. Fr., xix. fasc. 2, 87 (1903).
Hab. On dead wood. — Yorks (B.M. slide) ; Sweden (Herb. R. E.
Fries) ; Montpellier (B.M. 2073) ; Hartz Mountains (B.M. 2074) ;
South Carolina (B.M. 994).
10. B. macrocarpa Rost. Mon., p. 143, figs. 118, 120 ,121
(1875). Plasmodium white.* Sporangia sessile or stalked,
subglobose, aggregated or gregarious, 0-5 to 1 mm. diam.,
greyish-white, rugose ; sporangium-wall membranous, varying
in the amount of included lime-deposits. Stalk when present
firm, about 0-7 mm. long, 0*03 to 0*1 mm. diam., furrowed,
yellow or brown. Capillitium an irregular network formed of
broad, branching white lime-knots, with narrower connecting
strands, charged throughout with granules of lime. Spores
dark purple-brown, minutely and closely spinulose all over,
not clustered, 11 to 15 ^ diam. — Mass. Mon., 317; Macbr. N.
Am. Slime-Moulds, 69. Physarum macrocarpon Ces. in Rabenh.
Fungi Eur., no. 1968 (1854), & in Flora, xxxviii. 271 (1855).
PI. 8.— a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore ; (England). * |
The American specimens of this species appear to be, as a rule, smaller
than the European gatherings, and the stalks, when present, are more
slender.
Hab. On dead wood.— Flitwick, Beds (B.M. 1183); Staffordshire
(B.M. 1184); Holland (Leyden Herb.); France (K. 183); Berlin
(B.M. 434) ; Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ; Italy (B.M. 1792) ; Philadelphia
(B.M. 1185) ; Colorado (B.M. 2076) ; Japan (B.M. 2075).
* Constantineanu describes the colour of the Plasmodium as yellow (Ann. Myc, iv. 512).
badhamia] physakaceae 37
11. B. affinis Rost. Mon., p. 143 (1873). Plasmodium ?
Sporangia hemispherical, somewhat depressed, flattened
or umbilicate beneath, about 0-5 mm. diam., greyish-
white, rugulose, gregarious, stalked or sessile. Stalk varying
from Ol to 0-7 mm. in length, black, or black below and white
above, furrowed. Capilhtium as in B. macrocarpa. Spores
violet-brown, minutely spinulose, 12 to 15 fx diam. — Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 66.
The type specimen from Chili appears to be lost ; Prof. Macbride ,
however, finds North American gatherings agreeing so perfectly with
Rostafinski's description, that he has felt justified in naming them
B. affinis. This species appears to hold an intermediate position
between B. macrocarpa and B. orbiculata, differing from the former
in the more depressed sporangia and paler spores, and from the latter
in the sporangia being smaller and less discoid in shape. Specimens
corresponding closely with one named B. affinis by Prof. Macbride
have been obtained several times in Japan by Mr. Kumagusu Minakata,
whose investigations have added so much to our knowledge of the
Mycetozoa of that country. Sporangia similar to those from Japan
have recently been found by the Rev. W. Cran on moss growing on
wood in Aberdeenshire.
Hab. On bark and moss. — Pennsylvania (B.M. 2077) ; Kii, Japan
(B.M. 2078) ; Aberdeenshire (B.M. slide).
12. B. orbiculata Rex in Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phil.
1893, 372. Plasmodium cream-coloured. Sporangia scat-
tered, orbicular, discoidal, or irregularly elongated, flattened
or concave above, about 0-7 mm. diam., greyish-white,
shortly stalked or sessile, sometimes forming extended
plasmodiocarps ; sporangium-wall membranous, with scanty
deposits of lime granules. Stalk black, furrowed, 0-1 to 0*3
mm. high. Capilhtium a network of branched strands, charged
with lime-granules, sometimes uniting to form a central
calcareous plate, or of almost simple rod-like tubes attached
above and below to the sporangium-wall. Spores violet-brown,,
minutely warted, 12 to 15 /a diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slinie-
Moulds, 66. B. macrocarpa Lister Mycetozoa, 34, in part.
PI. S.—d. sporangia ; e. /. spores ; (Philadelphia).
This species, though closely allied to B. macrocarpa, appears to-
maintain its characters well. It has now been found repeatedly in
many of the States of Xorth America, in the West Indies, and in Japan.
Hab. On dead wood.— Colorado (B.M. 2057) ; Dominica (B.M.
1642) ; Japan (B.M. 2079).
13. B. panicea Rost. in Fuckel Symb. Myc, Nachtr. 2?
p. 71 (1873). Plasmodium white. Sporangia subglobose,
0-4 to 1-2 mm. diam., scattered, or closely aggregated and
angled by mutual pressure, white or cinereous, sessile, often
seated on a dark red hypothallus, rarely with short dark
red stalks; sporangium-wall membranous, with included
c
38 ENDOSPOREAE [BADHAMIA
deposits of lime-granules in dense clusters forming raised warts
or veins. Capillitium white, a profuse network of broad or
narrow bands, charged with granules of lime, often densely
conrluent at the base and forming an ivory-white columella,
sometimes with a few hyaline connecting threads. Spores
violet-brown, very minutely warted, not clustered, 11 /a diam. —
— Rost. Mon., p/l44, figs. 114, 116; Mass. Mon., 318 ; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 64. Physarum paniceum Fr. Syst. Myc,
hi. 141 (1829). Badhamia verna, Rost. I.e. p. 145, in part.
PI. 10.— a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore ; (England).
When, as occasionally happens, the sporangia are shortly stalked, this
species shows a marked affinity to Physarum pusillum (q.v. 64). The
specimen from Freiburg named by Rostafinski B. verna (B.M. 1189) is
a form of B. panicea with scanty lime.
Hab. On bark and wood ; frequent in Britain. — Batheaston,
Somerset (B.M. 77); Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1186); Cambridge
(B.M. 1187); France (B.M. 425); Germany (B.M. 424); Switzerland
(Zurich Herb.) ; Sweden (B.M. 2080) ; Portugal (B.M. 2081) ; Colorado
(B.M. 2082).
14. B. ovispora Racib. in Rozpr. Mat.-Przyr. Akad.
Krak., xii. 72, tab. 4, fig. 2 (1884). Plasmodium ? Sporangia
sessile, white or ochraceous, smooth or rugose, hemispherical,
0-5 mm. diam., or forming irregular and often branching
plasmodiocarps, crowded or scattered ; sporangium-wall thick
but friable from the dense deposits of lime granules. Capilli-
tium white, fragile, consisting of an irregular network of
tubes filled with loosely adhering lime-granules, often uniting
to form a columella at the base of the sporangium. Spores
free, purple-brown, ellipsoid, 10x8 to 16x10 /a, smooth,
traversed lengthwise by a low ridge or fold marking the fine
of dehiscence.
PI. 12.— a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore ; (Bedfordshire).
This minute species has been found repeatedly, and in some years
very abundantly, on heaps of old straw during the months of August
and September in the counties of Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire since
1897 when the first British gathering was made by Mr. James Saunders.
Hab. On branches of Popidus canescens DO, and on old straw. —
Stopseley, Beds (B.M. 1694); Bushey, Herts (B.M. 2083); Bohemia,
<B.M. slide).
15. B. lilacina Rost. Versuch, 10 (1873). Plasmodium
bright yellow. Sporangia subglobose, about 0*5 mm. diam.,
isessile, rarely shortly stalked, gregarious, or crowded and angled
by mutual pressure, smooth, flesh-colour or whitish ; sporan-
gium-wall opaque from included deposits of lime. Capilhtium
flesh-coloured or nearly white, — a rugged network with large
knots of irregular shape densely charged with lime-granules,
often confluent in the centre and forming a pseudo-columella.
Spores dark purple-brown, rough or reticulated with prominent
badhamia] physaraceae 39
■ '
and confluent warts and ridges, 10 to 15 fi diam. — Rost. Mon.
p. 145, figs. 108, 109; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 65. Phys-
arum lilacinum Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 141 (1829). P. continuum
Mass. Mon., 308 (1892). Craterium lilacinum Mass. I.e. 271.
PI. 13.— a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore ; (Pilmoor, Yorks).
Prof. Macbride describes this species as common in the eastern
U.S.A. In Britain it appears to be less frequent, though the small
pink sporangia when maturing among grass and moss on open ground
may easily escape detection.
Hab. On dead wood, twigs, Sphagnum, etc. — Pilmoor, Yorks (B.M.
1190); Arisaig, Scotland (B.M. 2084); Germany (B.M. 488); New
York (B.M. 1191).
16. B. rubiginosa Rost. Mon., App. p. 5, fig. 115 (1876).
Plasmodium bright yellow. Sporangia obovoid, stalked, rarely
sessile, 0'5 mm. broad, rufous, or purplish-brown, usually
paler above, the upper part of the wall breaking away in
fragments from the more persistent lower part ; sporangium-
wall purplish, membranous, more or less charged with granules
of lime. Stalk cylindrical or widening at the base, usually
about the length of the sporangium, smooth, purplish-
brown, continued within the sporangium to more than half
its height as a pale clavate or cylindrical columella. Capil-
litium a white or pale rufous rugged network, usually densely
charged with linie-granules, spreading from all parts of the
columella to the sporangium-wall, sometimes with a few
hyaline connecting threads. Spores dark purplish-brown, »3S"m
minutely spinulose. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 70.
Physarum rubiginosum Chev. Fl. Paris, i. 338 (1826). Scyphium
rubiginosum Rost. Mon., p. 148 (1875). Craterium rubiginosum
Mass. Mon., 270 (1892). Didymium Curtisii Berk, in Grew,
ii. 65 (1873). Badhamia Curtisii Rost. Mon., App. p. 5.
B. subaquila Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 64. Craterium
Curtisii Mass. Mon., 272. Craterium obovatum Peck in Rep.
New York Mus., xxvi. 75 (1874).
Var. 1. — dictyospora Lister: sporangia obovoid; spores
marked with prominent more or less confluent warts, or
reticulated. — Badhamia dictyospora Rost. Mon., App. p. 4.
Craterium dictyospermum Mass. Mon., 270.
Var. 2. — globosa Lister in Journ. Bot., xlii. 130 (1904): spor-
angia subglobose, 0-7 mm. diam., purplish-grey ; stalk dark
brown, 0-5 to 1 mm. long ; columella dark brown, clavate ;
spores strongly reticulated and warted. — Diderma Hookeri
Berk, in Hooker Fl. Nov. Zel., pt. 2, 191 (1855) ? Lumpro-
derma Hookeri Rost. Mon., App. p. 24 (1876) ? Diachaea
Hookeri Mass. I.e. 260 ? Chcndrioderma Hookeri Lister
Mycetozoa, 85 (1894) ?
PI. 14.— a. sporangia; b. spore; (Philadelphia); c. sporangia of var. dictyospora ;
d. e. capillitium and spores of same ; (Epping Forest); /. sporangia of var. globosa ;
g. spore of same ; (N. Wales).
c2
40 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
The type of Didymium Curtiaii Berk, from South Carolina (B.M.
406) differs from typical B. rubiginosa only in being sessile or shortly
stalked. The type of B. siibaquila Macbr. from Maine (B.M. 3184) is
similar, but has completely sessile sporangia on a stout purplish
hypothallus ; in both British and American gatherings of B. rubiginosa,
however, the length of the stalk is subject to great variation, and the
sessile character alone would not appear to constitute a specific difference.
The typical form of the present species with minutely spinulose spores
is very abundant in the United States, but does not appear to be
common in Europe, and has not yet been obtained from the British
Isles. The var. dictyospora has been found several times in England
and Scotland, and also in Germany and Portugal. The var. globosa
has been obtained from various parts of England, from Wales, and
Ireland, always occurring on moss and ferns growing on wet rocks.
The resemblance which these gatherings bear to the unsatisfactory
type of Diderma Hookeri Berk. (K. 1559), from New Zealand, is very
striking. In the latter specimen the sporangia are studded over the
leaves of a species of Hymenophyllum, and were evidently much
weathered at the time of collection ; hardly any spores remain, and
even these may possibly have been introduced from external sources ;
the few slender bases of capillitium threads springing from the stout
columella strongly resemble those about the columella of B. rubiginosa
var. globosa, in some forms of which the capillitium is often very slender
and contains little or no lime. Although complete proof of the identity
of Diderma Hookeri and B. rubiginosa var. globosa cannot perhaps now
be obtained, the probability that they are the same form is strong.
(See Journ. Bot., xliii. 151, 1905.)
Hab. In woods on fallen brushwood, etc. ; var. globosa on moss on
wet rocks.— Paris (B.M. 2105); Philadelphia (B.M. 1194); Maine
(B.M. 1587); Iowa (B.M. 815); South Carolina (B.M. 406): var.
dictyospora, Leighton, Beds (B.M. 1192) ; Appin, Argyllshire (K. 193) ;
North Germany (B.M. 2218) ; Portugal (B.M. 2085) : var. globosa,
Cheshire (B.M. 1036) ; North Wales (B.M. 1704) ; Galway (B.M. 2086).
SPECIES REJECTED AND DOUBTFUL.
Badhamia fulvescens Cooke is probably a fungus and to be
referred to the Perisporiacei, fide Dr. M. C. Cooke.
B. irregularis Cooke & Ellis in Grev., v. 89 (1877), from New
Jersey, is described as having scattered sessile subglobose
or confluent sporangia, blackish-brown in colour, with
rough, blackish spores 10 fx diam. This account is too
brief for instruction.
Genus 3.— PHYSARUM Persoonin Usteri Ann. Bot., xv. 5
(1795). Sporangia stalked, sessile, or forming plasmodio-
carps; sporangium-wall either single, or consisting of two
more or less separable layers, and containing minute rounded
lime-granuler distributed in loose or dense clusters or com-
pacted into a crust ; the lime always included and not in
superficial crystals. Stalk at first tubular (solid in P.
penetrate) ; the tube may become contracted and its
walls be wrinkled with longitudinal folds and translucent or
physarttm] physaraceae 41
opaque with deposits of lime in the wall- substance ; or the
tube may be filled at the base or throughout with refuse
matter discharged from the plasmodium, or with deposits
of lime, giving the stalk a brittle structure with a chalk-like
section. CapiUitium forming a network of hyaline threads
with vesicular expansions containing deposits of lime (lime-
knots).
The genus Tilmadoche is described by Rostafinski (Mon., p. 126) a3
differing from Physarum in the capillitium forking repeatedly at a
narrow angle, and being provided with few and small lime-knots.
These characters are too inconstant to be of value in classification.
In P. nutans Pers., which from its abundance affords ample facility
for study, we not infrequently observe in a growth from one plasmodium
some sporangia with capillitium characteristic of Physarum and others
of Tilmadoche. P. polycephalum Schwein. (syn. T. gyrocephala Rost.)
frequently has capillitium with large lime-knots and broad membranous
expansions. T. oblonga Rost. and T. Mans Rost. are now included
under Physarella oblonga (Berk. &Curt.) Morgan, a species distinguished
from its allies by well-marked characters of shape and capillitium that
fully entitle it to a position in a separate genus. For these reasons
the genus Tilmadoche is not retained.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHYSARUM.
. Sporangia stalked (occasional sessile forms) :—
a. Stalks charged with lime throughout —
a. Capillitium lax —
Stalk white ; sporangia grey ; lime-knots large, white ;
columella none. 1. P. leucopus
Stalk white, rarely rufous ; sporangia tawny,
globose; columella conical. 2. P. melleum
Stalk white ; sporangia sulphur-yellow ; columella
none. 3. P. sulphureum
Stalk olive or yellowish, short or absent ; sporangia
olive or yellow, globose, ovoid or forming plas-
modiocarps; columella none. 4. P. variabile
Stalk and sporangium yellow or orange ; columella
large, hemispherical. 5. P. luteo-album
b. Capillitium dense, persistent —
Stalk white or brownish below ; sporangium white ;
lime-knots small, white. 6. P. globuliferum
Stalk, sporangium, and lime-knots red.
7. P. pulchripes
Stalk, sporangium, and lime-knots mouse-brown.
8. P. murinum
42 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARTJM
Stalk, sporangium, and lime-knots purple.
9. P. pulcherrimum
Stalk, sporangium, and lime-knots yellow ; robust.
10. P. citrinum
Stalk, sporangium, and lime-knots straw-coloured ;
slender. 11. P. tenerum
Stalk and sporangium white ; capillitium with a
central ball of lime. 12. P. compactum
Stalk ochraceous, often absent ; sporangium white,
ovoid or cylindrical, with a long pseudo-columella.
13. P. mutabile
b. Stalks without lime, or with deposits in the wall only —
(See also 13).
a. Lime-knots purple-red ; sporangium rose-red.
14. P. roseum
/?. Limo-knots and sporangium violet-purple.
15. P. Newtoni
y. Lime- knots orange; sporangium glossy, mottled blue
and red ; stalk red or orange. 16. P. psittacinum
8. Lime-knots orange ; sporangium bronze ; stalk black ;
spores reticulated. 17. P. dictyospermum
e. Lime-knots yellow or orange ; sporangia yellow,
orange, or grey —
Sporangia subglobose or lenticular, on slender stalks ;
capillitium lax ; lime-knots fusiform.
18. P. viride
Sporangia subglobose on stout stalks ; linie-knots
pale yellow, angular or branching.
19. P. Bethelii
Sporangia contorted, stalked, usually clustered ;
capillitium lax ; lime-knots fusiform.
20. P. polycephalum
Sporangia subglobose, yellow or iridescent-bronze ;
stalks red-brown ; slender capillitium persistent ;
lime-knots angular, small. 21. P. flavicomum
Sporangia globose on slender yellow stalks; lime-
knots angular. 22. P. galbeum
Sporangia subglobose or obovoid, yellow with a
reddish base ; lime-knots angular, large.
23. P. Maydis
physarumJ physaraceae 43
Sporangia subglobose ; stalks brown and short, or
absent; lime-knots large and branching.
24. P. auriscalpium
Sporangia subglobose, pale yellow; stalks when
present membranous. 25. P. fulvum
Stalk penetrating the sporangium for four-fifths of its
height. 26. P. penetrate
£. Lime-knots white, sporangia yellow or brown —
Sporangia subglobose, yellow, rugose ; stalks red.
27. P. citrinellum
Sporangia subglobose, pale yellow ; stalks flesh-
coloured. 28. P. carneum
Sporangia brown, smooth, shining ; stalks when
present red. 29. P. brunneolum
i). Lime-knots white ; sporangia grey or white —
* Stalk free from refuse matter —
Stalk straw-coloured ; sporangia globose ; capilli-
tium with a central ball of lime. 30. P. nucleatum
Stalk straw-coloured, slender ; sporangia compressed ;
spores marked with patches of warts.
31. P. straminipes
Stalk red-brown ; sporangia globose, white
32. P. pusillum
Stalk white, membranous, short or absent ; sporangia
ovoid, or subglobose (and then sessile), without
pseudo-columella. 33. P. didermoides
** Stalk containing refuse matter —
Stalk buff, black, or white ; sporangia subglobose ;
spores brownish- violet. 34. P. nutans
Stalk white or yellowish, sporangia discoid, often
umbilicate above, spores brownish- violet.
35. P. javanicum
Stalk black, or black below, white above; sporangia
ovoid or subglobose, usually with a long columella.
36. P. crateriforme
Stalk black, buff, or white, stout ; sporangia com-
pressed, lime-knots rounded ; spores dark purple-
brown. 37. P. compressum
Stalk brown or white ; sporangia subglobose ;
lime-knots angular ; spores dark purple-brown.
38. P. connatum
44 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
Stalk yellowish or dark, slender ; sporangia com-
pressed and lobed, often clustered (smaller than
P. compressum, to which it is very nearly allied).
39. P. reniforme
B. Sporangia sessile, never stalked — (for occasional sessile
forms, see 4, 8, 13, 24, 25, 29, 31, 33, 34, 37).
a. Lime-knots white —
a. Sporangium -wall single —
Sporangia subglobose or forming plasmodiocarps,
white or grey; spores pale brownish- violet, 7-8, a
diam. 40. P. cinereum
Sporangia subglobose, heaped, the walls with scanty
or no lime deposits, spores brownish- violet. 10-11 p
diam. 41. P. atrum
Sporangia subglobose or forming plasmodiocarps ;
white or grey, spores dark violet-brown, 9—11 //,
diam. 42. P. vemum
Sporangia much compressed, forming rosettes or net-
like plasmodiocarps ; lime-knots fusiform.
43. P. gyrosum
Sporangia crowded, chestnut-brown.
44. P. Gulielmae
b. Sporangium- wall double —
* Sporangia scattered, forming plasmodiocarps —
Plasmodiocarps sinuous, compressed, white ; spores
marked with strong ridges and spines, brownish
purple. 45. P. echinosporum
Plasmodiocarps sinuous, compressed, white or buff;
inner wall fragile, colourless ; spores purple-
brown, spinulose. 46. P. sinuosum
Plasmodiocarps sinuous, buff or brown, marked with
pale lines of dehiscence ; spores pale brownish
violet, nearly smooth. 47. P. bogoriense
Plasmodiocarps white, usually compressed ; inner
wall purplish, sub-persistent ; spores dark purplish
brown, spinulose. 48. P. bitectum
** Sporangia crowded, reniform or subglobose —
Sporangia white, subglobose, outer wall shell-like.
49. P. testaceum
Sporangia yellow ; spores dark, rough, 10-14 jx.
50. P. contextum
physarum] physaraceae 45
Sporangia pale yellow ; spores pale, nearly smooth,
8-10 /x. 51. P. conglomeratum
b. Lime-knots yellow, red, or brown —
Slender plasmodiocarps and large branching lime-
knots yellow. 52. P. Serpula
Plasmodiocarps and lime-knots brown. 53. P. aeneum
Sporangia red or brownish buff ; lime-knots large,
angular, orange-red or red-brown.
54. P. rubiginosum
Sporangia red ; linie-knots rounded, yellow, usually
with red centres. 55. P. lateritium
Sporangia yellow or orange with single walls ; lime-
knots angular, yellow. 56. P. virescens
Plasmodiocarps stout, yellow or buff, with double
walls ; lime-knots large, yellow, angular.
57. P. alpinum
1. P. leucopus Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., iii. 27
(1809). Plasmodium opaque- white. Total height about 1 mm.
Sporangia globose, greyish- white or glaucous, 0*5 mm. diam.,
gregarious or clustered, stalked, rarely almost sessile ;
sporangium-wall delicately membranous, containing scattered
or clustered white globular lime-granules. Stalk white,
stout, 0-15 to 02 mm. thick, with a few shallow longitudinal
furrows, erect, rigid, brittle, somewhat narrowing upwards,
chalk-white in section to the base, rising from a more or less
developed white hypothallus, enclosing no refuse matter.
Columella none. Capillitium consisting of delicate branching
hyaline threads connecting large irregular white lime-
knots, which are 10 to 50 /x broad and filled with globular
lime-granules 1 to 1-5 /x diam. Spores violet-brown, minutely
spinulose, 7 to 10 /x diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 101 ; Mass. Mon.,
287, in part ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 48. P.
bullatum Link I.e. ; Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. Fl., Pilze,
45, t. 22. Didymium leucopus Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 121 (1829).
PL 15. — a. sporangia; b. capillitium with fragment of sporangium-wall and spores
■c. spore ; (England).
The snow-white stalk, which is chalk-white in section to the base,
distinguishes P. leucopus from P. nutans, where the stalk almost
always contains dark refuse matter, while the lax capillitium,
with large lime-knots and the large lime-granules in the knots and
sporangium-wall, separate it from P. globuliferum. Sporangia some-
times occur having more slender buff or pale brown stalks in company
with others having the usual white stalks.
Hab. On dead leaves, moss, etc. — Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 48) ;
Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1196) ; France (B.M. 3185) ; Sweden (B.M.
2088); Germany (B.M. 2089); Portugal (B.M. 2090); Java (B.M. 2091);
Ohio (B.M. 1198); New Granada (Paris Herb. ).
46 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
2. P. melleum Mass. Mon., 278 (1892). Plasmodium yellow.
Total height 0-8 mm. Sporangia globose, stalked, erect,
yellow or brownish-yellow, 0*5 mm. diam. ; sporangium- wall
membranous, often wrinkled, persistent at the base, yellowish,
with minute yellow lime granules sparsely distributed. Stalk
white, buff, or rufous, stout, opaque, with few shallow furrows,
chalky in section. Columella short, conical. Capilhtium
consisting of irregularly-branching delicate hyaline threads,
sometimes expanded at the axils, with lime- knots white or
yellowish, various in shape and size, mostly large and angled.
Spores violet-brown, almost smooth, 7 to 8 fx diam. — Macbr. N.
Am. Slime-Moulds, 47. Didymium melleum Berk. & Br. in
Journ. Linn. Soc, xiv. 83 (1873). Physarum Schumacheri, var.
(3 melleum Rost. Mon., App. p. 7. P. Kalchbrenneri Mass.
Mon., 297. P. rubropunctatum Pat. in Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr.,
ix. 143 (1893) ? Didymium chrysopeplum Berk. & Curt, in
Grev., ii. 53 (1873). Cytidium melleum Morg. Myx. Miami
Valley, 83 (1896).
PI. 23. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore ; (Philadelphia).
Common in the United States, and apparently abundant throughout
the tropics ; hitherto the only European records known are those
made by Dr. C. Torrend, who has several times gathered the species
in Portugal. Mr. Petch describes the plasmodium as being watery
ochraceous-yellow (in Ann. Perad., iv. 329).
Hab. On dead wood, leaves, etc. — Portugal (B.M. 2092) ; Cape
(K. 347) ; Ceylon (B.M. 411) ; Borneo (B.M. 1257) ; Java (B.M. 2093) ;
Japan (B.M. 1996) ; Philippine Islands (B.M. 2050) ; Philadelphia
(B.M. 1210); Ohio (B.M. 1211); Iowa (B.M. 1018); Antigua (B.M.
1645) ; Brazil (B.M. 2094).
3. P. sulphureum Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung., 93,
tab. 6, fig. 1 (1805). Plasmodium? Sporangia subglobose,
ruguloso-squamulose, suphur- yellow, gregarious, 0*6 to 0-8 mm.
diam., stalked ; sporangium-wall membranous, with crowded
clusters of yellow lime-granules. Stalk stout, white, dirty
white or yellowish, 0-1 to 0*3 mm. high, furrowed, densely
charged with lime within. Columella none. Capillitium
with abundant large, irregular, often branching white lime-
knots, and rather short connecting threads. Spores violet-
brown, spinulose, 9 to 11 /x diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 101. P.
flavum Fr. Symb. Gast., 22 (1818) ; Rost. I.e., 100. P.
lepidodermoides Blytt in Bidr. Norg., Sop. iii. 4 (1892) ?
Craterium flavum Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand., 454 (1849).
PI. 65. — a. sporangia ; 6. capillitium and spores, with fragment of sporangium-
wall ; c. spore ; (Sweden).
Specimens gathered by Dr. R. E. Fries from near Upsala correspond
exactly with the illustration of the type in Consp. Fung., I.e. This
species is closely related to P. variabile Rex, from the stalked forms of
which it is distinguished by the more globose sporangia and the rather
physakum] physaraceae 47
larger and darker spores. The graphic description of P. flavum Fr.,
with its rugose but glossy (glaberrima) yellow sporangia and short
yellowish- white furrowed stalks, applies well to the present species.
In Sy sterna Mycologium, p. 135, Fries places P. flavum next after P.
sulphureum ; the distinctions he makes between the two species are
the bright yellow rather than sulphur-coloured sporangia and yellow not
white stalks of P. flavum ; sporangia showing varying shades of bright-
ness, with white or yellowish stalks, may however occur in a single
group of P. sulphureum. The type of P. lepidodermoides BlyttfromRollag,
Telemarken, on moss (B. M. slide), has subglobose stalked sporangia,
0-7 to 0'8 mm. diam. ; the sporangium-wall breaks up into shining
convex pale brown scales, densely charged with deposits of lime ; there
is no columella ; the stalks are 0'5 mm. high, stout, furrowed, broader
at the base, cream-white, without lime-deposits ; the capillitium con-
sists of large irregular shrunken whitish lime-knots connected by
branching hyaline threads ; the s23ores are purple-brown, spinulose,
9 to 11 /JL diam. ; the scales of the sporangium-wall and the shrunken
lime-knots suggest that this is not a perfect development ; probably
it is a form of P. sulphureum, in which we have met with some sporangia
having almost no lime in the stalk associated with others whose stalks
are rich in lime. P. lepidodermoides bears some resemblance to P.
citrinellum Peck, but the stalks are cream-white, not orange-red as in the
latter species.
Hob. On dead leaves. — Upsala (B.M. 2095) ; Brandenburg (B.M.
2096).
4. P. variabile Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1893, 371.
Plasmodium ? Total height about 1 mm. Sporangia gregarious,
piriform, ovoid, or subglobose, 0*4 to 0-5 mm. broad, stalked
or sessile, rugose, often somewhat glossy, yellowish-olive ;
sporangium- wall membranous, with dense innate deposits of
yellowish lime-granules. Stalk stout, conical, furrowed,
0-4 mm. high or less, yellowish-brown, densely charged with
white lime-granules. Columella none. Capillitium a close
network of slender hyaline threads with membranous
expansions at the axils of the branches ; lime-knots numerous,
irregularly branching, many large and confluent, white or
pale yellow. Spores brownish- violet, spinulose, 9 to 10 ^
diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 39.
Var. sessile Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxvi. 114 (1898) :
sporangia sessile, forming curved branching plasmodiocarps,
yellow or bright orange, occasionally almost white. — Petch
in Ann. Perad., iv. 329.
PI. 21. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore ; (New York).
PI. 22. — var. gessile : a. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; b. sporangia (Antigua) ; c. capilli-
tium and spores ; d. spore.
Hob. On dead leaves.— Banff, Canada (B.M. 3189) ; Iowa (B.M.
812); New York (B.M. slide) ; Venezuela (B.M. slide): var. sessile —
Antigua (B.M. 1644) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 2097) ; South Carolina
(B.M. 991); Ceylon (B.M. 2098).
48 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
5. P. luteo-album Lister in Journ. Bot., xlii. 130, t. 459,
fig. 2 (1904). Plasmodium ? Sporangia stalked, gregarious,
subghjbose, about 1 mm. broad, 07 mm. high, yellow shading
into white, deep orange or olivaceous, smooth or rugulose ;
sporangium-wall pale yellow or orange, with dense or scanty
deposits of yellow lime -granules. Stalk stout, smooth, 0-5
to 1 mm. long, 0-2 mm. thick, bright yellow or orange above,
nearly white below, either cylindrical and densely charged
with lime-granules throughout, or narrowed towards the base
and the lime there in the form of crystalline nodules.
Columella large, subglobose oi shortly clavate, pale yellow or
orange. Capillitium either of very slender pale yellow threads,
branching at acute angles and anastomosing, or of broad
yellow simple or forked strands, persistent after the dispersion
of the spores ; lime-knots few, small, yellow, linear or
fusiform. Spores purple-brown, strongly spinulose, 10 to 12 /j.
diam.
PI. 24. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore ; (Ventimiglia).
This well-marked species was first gathered in January, 1903, by
Miss Constance Pirn, who found about twenty pale yellow sporangia
on pine needles, in the gardens of Sir T. Hanbury, La Mortola, Venti-
miglia. Since then a form agreeing in all essentials with the type,
but with orange or olive-coloured sporangia, has been found in abund-
ance on the shores of the Kolksee, E. Holstein, by Dr. H. Ronn, in an
akjer wood, in the winter of 1909-1910. The same form was
obtained near Lyme Regis, in March, 1910, on dead alder and bramble
leaves in a boggy copse In these later gatherings the sporangia are
either scattered or united in pairs ; the sporangium-walls have usually
scanty deposits of lime, and readily fall away, leaving a collar-like rim
round the base of the columella, and exposing the persistent brush of
yellow capillitium ; the lime-knots are usually very slender, and often
consist merely of a row of lime-granules enclosed in a thread of the
capillitium ; the strongly spinulose spores are rather paler than in the
La Mortola specimen (see P. luteo-album var. aureum Ronn in Schrift.
Naturw. Ver. Schles.-Holst., xv. 51).
Hab. On pine needles.— Devon (B.M. 31S7); Italy (B.M. 2099);
Bolstein (B.M. 3186).
6. P. globuliferum Pers. Syn., 175 (1801). Plasmodium ?
Total height 1 to 1-5 mm. Sporangia gregarious, globose,
stalked, erect, white, 0*5 mm. diam. ; sporangium-wall
membranous, with crowded clusters of included lime-granules.
Stalk white or pale buff, sometimes red-brown towards the
base, 0*5 to 1 mm. long, 0*05 to 0-1 mm. thick, nearly smooth,
brittle, chalky in section. Columella conical. Capillitium
persistent, retaining the form of the sporangium after the
dispersion of the spores, forming a close network of widely
branching hyaline threads with numerous fusiform or rounded
white lime-knots 10 to 20 diam. Spores violet-brown,
almost smooth, 6 to 8 /x diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 98, fig. 86 ;
physarum] physaraceae 49
Mass. Mon., 297 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 45. Sphaero-
carpus globulifer Bull. Champ., 134, t. 484, fig. 3 (1791).
Stemonitis globulifera Gmel. Syst. Nat., ii. p. 1469 (1791).
Diderma globuliferum Fries Syst. Myc, iii. 100 (1829).
Physarum Petersii var. Farlowii Rost. Mon., App. p. 6
(1876). P. albicans Peck, in Rep. New York Mus., xxx. 50
(1878) ; Mass. I.e., 312. Physarum columbinum Macbr. in
Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. 384 (1893). P. relatum Morgan
Myx. Miami Valley, 98 (1896). P. delicatissimum Speg. in
Anal. Mus. Nac. Buen. Aires, vi. 199 (1899) ? Didymium
subroseum Peck I.e., xxviii. 54 (1879). D. longipes Mass.
I.e., 236 (1892)?
PI. 16. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitiuni and spores ; c. spore ; (Philadelphia).
The types of P. Petersii var. Farlowii Rost., and P. albicans Peck
are the same species as the specimen of P. globuliferum in the Strass-
burg collection. P. columbinum Macbride, from Iowa (B.M. 1012),
is also P. globuliferum ; it has snow-white, occasionally red-brown,
stalks, and well-developed conical columellae. In the specimen from
Dr. Rex (B.M. 1202) marked by him "P. Petersii var. Farlowii, con-
globate form," the sporangia are in clusters of from 6 to 14 together,
as in the compound forms of P. polycephalum. Prof. Macbride has seen
the type of P. relatum Morg., and considers it to be a delicate form of the
present species.
Hab. On dead wood. — Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ; Sweden (B.M.
2100) ; Switzerland (B.M. 2101) ; Bohemia (B.M. 2102) ; Bonin
Islands (K. 333) ; Borneo (B.M. 1200a) ; New Zealand (B.M. 2104) ;
Philadelphia (B.M. 1202); Ohio (B.M. 1199); Iowa (B.M. 1015);
Japan (B.M. 2103).
7. P. pulcbripes Peck in Bull. Buff. Soc. N. Hist., i. 64
(1873). Plasmodium ? Total height 1 to 2 mm. Sporangia
stalked, globose, yellow-orange, orange-red to dark brown,
sometimes grey from the absence of lime, about 0*5 mm. diam. ;
sporangium- wall membranous, with deposits of lime usually
abundant, sometimes scanty. Stalk vermilion-red or red-
brown, 0*5 to 1*5 mm. long, 0-l mm. thick, somewhat narrowed
upwards, densely charged with red or brown lime-granules,
brittle. Columella conical. Capillitium with red or reddish-
brown lime-knots, in other respects as in P. globuliferum.
Spores violet-brown, almost smooth, 6 to 8 //. diam. — Mass.
Mon., 315. P. Petersii Berk. & Curt, in Grev., ii. 66
(1873) ; Mass. I.e., 295, in part. P.Ravenelii Mass. I.e., 281.
P. rufipes Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 50 (1899). Didymium
erythrinum Berk, in Grev., ii. 52 (1873) ; Mass. I.e., 249.
D. Ravenelii Berk. & Curt, in Grev., ii. 53. Cytidium rufipes
Morg. Myx. Miami Valley, 81 (1896).
PI. 17. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore ; (Philadelphia.)
A frequent species in the United States, differing from P. globuli-
ferum chiefly in the red colour of the lime ; this character appears to
be constant. Prof. Macbride has named the present species P. rufipes.
50 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
This specific name had its origin in Physarum aurantium B rufipes
Alb. & Schw. (Consp. Fung., 94, 1805), = Diderma rufipes Fr. Syst.
Myc, iii. 101 (1829), = P. Schumacheri var. rufipes Rost. Mon., App.
p. 7. The single German gathering described under these names
has long since disappeared ; in the original description Albertini and
Schweinitz make no mention of the presence or absence of lime in the
stalk ; the sporangia are said to be globose or obovate, to be provided
with a spurious central columella, and to have been found " on a heap of
dead leaves, twigs, etc." ; these characters are not appropriate to P. pid-
chripes, a species which appears always on dead wood, and has been
recorded hitherto with certainty only from the United States. What
P. aurantium B rufipes Alb. & Sch. really was remains a matter for
conjecture ; Rostafinski states that he had not seen the type specimen.
It would seem better therefore to drop the specifi.* name rufipes. The
type of Didymium erythrinum Berk. (K. 1265) is somewhat immature,
but shows the opaque red-brown stalks densely charged with lime
throughout characteristic of P. pidchripes ; it was wrongly placed by
Rostafinski under P. psittacinum (Mon., App. p. 8), a species without
columella, and with translucent stalks free from lime granules. The
type of Didymium Ravenelii Berk. & Curt, from North Carolina (B.M.
1738) is a form of the present species 'with red-brown stalks, columellae
and lime-knots. The type of P. Peter sii Berk. & Curt, from Alabama
(K. 1254) is also identical with P. pulchripes. Peck's name is here
adopted as being free from ambiguity.
8. P. murinum Lister Mycetozoa, 41 (1894). Plasmodium?
Sporangia globose, about 0-5 mm. diam., stalked or sessile and
forming plasmodiocarps, pale pinkish or greyish brown, rugose ;
sporangium-wall membranous, with included clusters of brown
lime-granules. Stalk erect, 05 mm. long or shorter, 0-1 mm.
thick, of equal breadth throughout, brown, furrowed, contain-
ing dense deposits of white or brown lime-granules. Columella
present only in the stalked forms, conical. Capillitium
forming either a dense network of widely branching hyaline
threads, persistent after the dispersion of the spores, with
ovoid brown lime-knots, or a looser network of hyaline
threads, with numerous elongated irregularly branching lime-
knots. Spores pale brownish- violet, nearly smooth, 8 to 10 p.
diam. — P. Braunianum Lister in Journ. Bot., xxix. 259(1891)
(non Rost). P. Ravenelii Macbr., N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 48
(1898) (non Mass). Cytidium Ravenelii Morg. Myx. Miami
Valley, 82 (1896).
PI. 18. — a. sporangia; b. capillitium and spores; c. spore; (Philadelphia).
This species is closely allied on the one hand to P. globuliferum
and on the other to P. pulchripes ; it is distinguished from both by
the brown colour of the sporangium, lime-knots and stalk.
Hob. On dead leaves and wood. — North Wales (B.M. 2106),
Moffat, Scotland (B.M. slide) ; Sweden (B.M. 2107) ; Switzerland
(Zurich Herb.) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1204) ; Ohio (B.M. 1203).
9. P. pulcherrimum Berk. & Rav. in Grev., ii. 65 (1873).
Plasmodium? Total height 1 mm. Sporangia stalked,
physarum] physaraceae 51
globose, flattened beneath, erect or inclined, purple, 0-4 to
0-5 mm. diam., gregarious ; sporangium- wall membranous,
pale purple, with scattered clusters of large purple globular
lime-granules (1 // diam.). Stalk purple, subulate, OS to 1 mm.
long, brittle, containing lime. Columella small, convex, or
none. Capillitium a close network of delicate purplish threads,
broader and more expanded at the axils below ; lime-knots
numerous, small, roundish, filled with purple globular lime-
granules. Spores pale dull red, almost smooth, 7 to 8 /x diam. —
Rost. Mon., p. 105, fig. 84 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 49.
Physarum atrorubrum Peck, in Rep. New York Mus., xxxi.
40 (1879) ; Mass. Mon.. 294.
PI. 19. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore ; (Ceylon).
Hob. On dead wood.— Ceylon (B.M. 2108) ; Ohio (B.M. 1207) ;
Iowa (B.M. 1013) ; South Carolina (B.M. 412) ; Philadelphia (B.M.
1809).
10. P. citrinum Schumacher Enum. PL Saell., ii. 201 (1803).
Plasmodium bright yellow. Total height 0-8 to 2 mm.
Sporangia globose, rugose, stalked, rarely nearly sessile,
erect, yellow to yellowish -grey, 0-4 to 0*7 mm. diam. ;
sporangium-wall membranous with included clusters of yellow
lime granules. Stalk golden - yellow, opaque with dense
deposits of lime, stout, somewhat furrowed, 0- 1 to 0*6 mm. long,
chalky in section, often rising from a vein-like hypothallus.
Columella short, conical or obtuse. Capillitium a somewhat
close network of hyaline rigid threads with flat expansions
at the axils, persistent after the dispersion of the spores ;
lime-knots yellow, numerous, varying in shape and size,
usually rounded, seldom developed at the axils of the branches.
Spores violet-brown, almost smooth, 7 to 10 fi diam. — Fr.
Symb. Gast., 22 (1818) ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 56.
P. compactum Ehrenb. Syl. Ber., 21 (1818). P. Schumacheri
Spreng. Sys. Veg., iv. 528 (1827) ; Rost. Mon., p. 98 ; Mass.
Mon., 275. P. aureum (3 chrysopus Lev. in Ann. Sc. Nat.,
ser. 3, v. 166 (1846). P. Schroeteri Rost. I.e., 419 ? P. Leveillei
Rost. Mon., App. p. 7 (1876), in part ; Mass. I.e., 296.
PI. 20. — a. sporangia ; 6. capillitium and spores ; c. spore ; (Bedfordshire).
Pvostafinski describes P. Leveillei as being closely allied to the
present species, but having larger spores, measuring 10 to 11 /x instead
of 7 to 8 /a. His type of P. Leveillei a from Freiburg, leg. de Bary
(Strassb. Herb.), is P. citrinum with large yellow sporangia and spores
8 fi diam. ; the gathering from Venezuela (K. 1261) quoted by him as
P. Leveillei fi auripes is P. citrinum with rather long stalks, and spores
measuring 10 fi ; his P. Leveillei a from Chili (ex herb. Gay, Paris Herb.)
is typical P. viride.
Hob. On dead wood and moss. — Hertfordshire (B.M. 1208) ;
Falmouth (B.M. 2110); Aberdeen (B.M. 2109); Switzerland (B.M.
2111); Austria (B.M. 2112); Germany (B.M. 1209); Venezuela
(K. 1261).
52 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
11. P. tenerum Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1890,
192. Plasmodium primrose-yellow. Total height 1 to 2 mm.
Sporangia glohose, stalked, erect or nodding, gregarious,
yellow, seldom grey, 04 mm. diam. ; sporangium-wall
membranous with closely-set rounded clusters of included
granules. Stalk subulate, slender, opaque, 05 to 1-7 mm.
long, pale yellow, and filled with lime above, darker below
from the presence of refuse matter. Columella none.
Capillitium of very slender hyaline threads forming a regu-
larly meshed network, often persistent after the dispersion
of the spores, with numerous round or rounded yellow lime-
knots, the axils of the branches slender and mostly free from
lime. Spores brownish-violet, nearly smooth, 7 to 8/x diam.
P. maculatum Macbr. in Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii.
383 (1893) ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 47. P. obrusseum
Macbr. I.e., 52, in part (1899). Lepidoderma Kurzii Berk, in
Herb. ; Mass. Mon., 255 (1892) ?
PI. 25. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore ; (Philadelphia).
This species is closely allied to P. citrinum, differing in the more
slender form, in the delicate flexuose capillitium threads connecting
the lime-knots, and in the absence of a columella.
Hab. On dead wood. — Portugal (B.M. 2114); Antigua (B.M.
1646) ; Adirondack Mountains, New York (B.M. 1891) ; Ohio (B.M.
1213) ; Brazil (B.M. 2115) ; Japan (B.M. 2116) ; Borneo (B.M. 1212).
12. P. compactum Lister. Plasmodium ? Total height
1 to 2 mm. Sporangia stalked, globose or somewhat flattened
below, 0-5 mm. diam., erect or nodding, spotted with pure
white, grey or bronze colour and iridescent between the
rounded spots ; sporangium-wall membranous, with numerous
well-defined rounded clusters of closely compacted lime
granules. Stalk erect or flexuose, subulate, furrowed,
0*5 to 1-5 mm. long, O05 to 0*13 mm. thick at the base ;
white and densely charged with lime above, brown or black
below from the presence of refuse matter ; or white with
chalky section to the base. Columella none, or represented
by closely compacted lime-knots forming a globular cluster
0-1 mm. diam. near the apex of the stalk, but lying free in the
capillitium. Capillitium abundant, of extremely delicate
branching and anastomosing threads without expansions at
the axils, somewhat persistent, and of a pale bluish colour
after the dispersion of the spores ; lime-knots white, few,
small, fusiform, except in the central globular cluster. Spores
violet-brown, almost smooth, 7 to 9 /x diam. — Tilmadoche
compacta Wing, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1889, 48 ;
Mass. Mon., 332; Macbr. N. Am. Slime - Moulds, 61.
Lepidoderma stellatum Mass. I.e., 252 (1892). Didymium
Barteri Mass. I.e., 231.
physarum] physaraceae 53
PI. 26. — a. sporangia ; b. apex of stalk and capillitium, with fragment of sporangium -
wall, showing sharply defined clusters of lime-granules ; c capillitium and spores ;
d. spore ; (Dominica).
An excellent account of this species is given by Mr. Wingate (I.e.).
He describes the sporangium-wall as splitting on maturity in a
floriform manner, which is a marked character in many specimens ;
his description of the stalk as " yellowish-white with a brown or
blackish base " appears to be correct for the American gatherings.
In a fine specimen of P. compactnm in the Kew collection from
Dominica, K. 567 (type of Lepidoderma stellatum Mass.) the stalks
are pure white with a chalky section to the base. A specimen from
French Guiana in the Paris Museum, under the name Physarum
leucophaeum, is precisely similar in all respects to the Dominica gathering
of P. compactnm. The type of Didymium columbinam Berk. & Curt.
(Tilmadoche columbina Host. Mon., App. p. 13), Venezuela (K. 1428),
may be this species, but nothing now remains of the specimen
but a few stalks and a little of the extremely delicate capillitium.
D. Barteri Mass. (type in Herb. Massee) collected by Barter on Prince's
Island, Niger Expedition, in 1881, is clearly P. compactnm ; the specimen
is quoted under P. globidiferum by Rostafinski (Mon., App. p. 5).
Hob. On dead wood.— Java (B.M. 2117); Borneo (B.M. slide);
Dominica (K. 567) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 875) ; Ohio (B.M. 1214) ;
Kansas (B.M. 2118); South Carolina (B.M. 571); Antigua (B.M.
1647) ; Brazil (B.M. 2119).
13. P. mutabile Lister. Plasmodium ? Sporangia cylin-
drical, ovoid, or subglobose, 0*3 to 0-6 mm. diam., white,
rugulose, either stalked or sessile, often forming elongated
branched plasmodiocarps ; sporangium-wall with rather evenly
distributed deposits of white lime-granules. Stalks stout or
slender, 0-1 to 0*4 mm. high, ochraceous-yellow, usually en-
closing white lime granules but sometimes almost free from
lime, often connected at the base by a yellowish or white
hypothallus. Capillitium a persistent network of firm hyaline
threads with expansions at the axils ; lime-ki40ts white,
varying in size and shape, either scattered through the cajulli-
tium, or in the stalked forms for the most part confluent in
the centre of the sporangium and forming a clavate columella
which is either free or continuous with the apex of the stalk-
Spores purple-brown, sjnnulose, 7 to 8 /x diam. — Crateriachea
mutabilis Rost. Mon., p. 126 (1875) ; Mass. Mon., 344.
Physarum cinereum Lister Mycetozoa. 56 (1894), in part.
P. Crateriachea Lister in Joum. Bot., xxxiii. 323 (1895).
PI. 44. — a. sporangia (from near Luton, Beds); b. capillitium and spores; c. spore.
A widely distributed and variable species. In this country it is
sometimes found in great abundance on heaps of old straw, dead leaves
or herbaceous stems ; stalked, sessile or plasmodiocarp forms occur
side by side, while the lime-knots show every stage from being quite free
to uniting to form a well-defined clavate or cylindrical columella. The
specimens distributed by Cesati as " Didymium neapolitanum," from
Naples (B.M. 573), and also those marked Didymium squamulosum var.
herbarum by Rabenhorst & Winter, no. 2969, from Pavia (B.M. 542),
D
54 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
are the sessile subglobose form of the present species ; in both the
lime-knots are partly free, partly united to form an irregular pseudo-
columella.
Hab. On dead leaves, herbaceous stems, etc. — Beds (B.M. 2158) ;
Wilts (B.M. 1548) ; Surrey (B.M. 2160) ; near Paris (B.M. 2159) ;
Sweden (Herb. Dr. R. E. Fries) ; Germany (Herb. Strassburg) ; Italy
(B.M. 573); Cameroons, West Africa (B.M. 2161); Ceylon (B.M.
2162).
14. P. roseum Berk. &Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc.,xiv. 84(1873).
Plasmodium maroon-red. Total height 1 mm. Sporangia
globose, 0*4 mm. diam., stalked, gregarious, nearly smooth,
bright rose-coloured ; sporangium- wall membranous, with
included clusters of purple-red lime-granules. Stalk erect,
slender, subulate, bright brown, translucent, longitudinally
rugose. Columella none. Capillitium a loose network of
delicate pale lilac threads, with rather few large irregularly
branching purple-red lime-knots. Spores reddish-lilac or
reddish-brown, minutely spinulose, 7 to 10 /x diam. — Host.
Mon., App. p. 10; Mass. Mon., 294; Petch in Ann. Perad.,
iv. 331.
PI. 27. — a. sporangia (Ceylon) ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore.
This species differs from P. pulcherrimum in the large lime-knots
and the translucent bright brown stalks.
Hab. On dead wood.— Ceylon (B.M. 2121) ; Borneo (B.M. 2122) ;
Java (B.M. 2120) ; Japan (1993).
15. P. Newtoni Macbride in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii.
390 (1893). Plasmodium ? Sporangia shortly stalked or
sessile, globose, or flattened and umbilicate above, about
0-5 mm. diam., violet-purple, smooth, opaque ; sporangium-
wall membranous above, with included deposits of purple
lime-granules, rugose and thickened towards the base where
it is deep purple and densely charged with calcareous deposits.
Stalk strongly wrinkled, purple-brown. Columella none.
Capillitium consisting of delicate branching violet threads,
with numerous large angular purple lime-knots. Spores
dark purple-brown, rough with irregularly scattered warts,
8-10 fx diam.— Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 37.
PI. 28. — a. stalked and sessile sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores ; e. spore ;
(Colorado).
The shape of the sporangia and the dark rough spores appear to
be the only points which distinguish this rare species from Craterium
paraguayense (Spegaz. ) Lister, with which it agrees in colour, in the
character of the capillitium, and in the structure of the sporangium-
wall.
Hab. On sticks at an altitude of several thousand feet, Pikes Peak,
Colorado (B.M. 1014).
physartjm] physaraceae 55
16. P. psittacinum Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. Fl., Pilze,
125, t. 62 (1817). Plasmodium orange. Total height 1 mm.
Sporangia stalked, globose or somewhat depressed, gregari-
ous, 0-5 to 0-8 mm. diam., purplish-blue mottled with red,
iridescent ; sporangium-wall hyaline, delicately membranous,
sprinkled with orange spots of thicker more or less granular
substance. Stalk erect or curved, furrowed, vermilion or
orange-red, intense clear orange in mountings in glycerine,
without deposits of lime, rising from a well-developed
hypothallus of the same colour. Columella none. Capillitium
a close network of flat arching colourless or yellowish threads,
broad at the axils ; lime-knots numerous, varying in size,
sharply angular, often branching, or confluent in the centre
of the sporangium, bright orange, obscurely granular or
translucent. Spores greyish-violet, nearly smooth, 7 to 8 ft
diam.— Post. Mon., p. 104, figs. 75, 76 ; Mass. Mon., 274 ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 51. P. Carlylei Mass. I.e., 293.
Var. fulvum Lister : stalk and base of sporangium-
wall fulvous- yellow instead of vermilion. — Lister in Journ.
Bot. xliv. 228 (1906).
PL 29. — a. sporangia (Lyme Regis) ; b. sporangia of var. fulvum (Ceylon) ; e .
capillitium and spores, with fragment of sporangium- wall showing crystalline discs ;
d. spore.
In glycerine mountings of this species flattened disc-shaped
crystalline bodias with radiating structure are usually seen imbedded
in the sporangium-wall, as in P. virescens and P. dictyospermum. The
type specimen of P. Carlylei Mass. from Carlisle (K. 68) is normal
P. psittacinum.
Hab. On dead wood. — Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1217) ; Cornwall
(B.M. 2123) ; Wales (B.M. 2125) ; Dublin (2124) ; Berlin (B.M.
2126) ; Sweden (B.M. 2127) ; Austria (B.M. 2128) ; Switzerland (Herb.
Zurich) ; Massachusetts (B.M. 2129) ; New York (B.M. 1894) : var.
fulvum— Ceylon (B.M. 2130) ; Japan (B.M. 1994).
17. P. dictyospermum Lister in Journ. Bot., xliii. 112
(1905). Plasmodium ? Sporangia subglobose, shortly stalked,
erect, scattered, 0*5 to 0-6 mm. diam., dull orange or
dark olive-brown, glossy ; sporangium- wall membranous,
rather firm, orange. Stalk 0*1 to 0*5 mm. high, black,
enclosing dark refuse matter, or sometimes pale yellow above
from superficial deposits of lime-granules. Columella black,
conical or hemispherical, short or one-third the height of the
sporangium. Capillitium an abundant persistent network
of slender colourless threads, with small fusiform orange-red
lime-knots. Spores pale purplish-grey, 10 to 11 /x diam.,
closely reticulated with narrow dark bands ; these form a net
with five or six meshes in a row on one side of the spore ;
on the other side the meshes are more faint and irregular. —
Torrend Fl. Myx.; 195.
d2
56 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
PI. 30. — a. sporangia ; 6. capillitium and spores, with fragment of sporangium-
wall showing the crystalline discs ; c. two spores showing respectively the strong
and delicate reticulation of the two sides.
Tho only record of this species is a gathering of twenty-seven sporangia,
made by Miss A. Hibbert-Ware in dense bush on Stewart Island, New
Zealand. It is distinguished from the other known species of Physarum
by the strongly reticulated spores. Its nearest ally is, perhaps, P.
psittacinum, which it resembles in having orange-red lime-knots, and
in the sporangium-wall being studded with orange crystalline discs.
Hab. On dead wood.— New Zealand (B.M. 2131).
18. P. viride Pers. in Usteri Ann. Bot., xv. 6 (1795).
Plasmodium yellow. Total height about 1 mm. Sporangia
stalked, subglobose, lenticular, nodding, 0*3 to 05 mm.
diam., yellow ; sporangiuin-wall dehiscing in fragments,
membranous, with included clusters of yellow lime-
granules more or less closely disposed. Stalk subulate,
slender, striate, grey or straw-coloured, sometimes yellow
at the apex shading to red below, usually brown in the lower
half from enclosed refuse matter, without deposits of lime.
Columella none. Capillitium a loose irregular network of
slender acutely branching hyaline threads, with fusiform
orange lime-knots. Spores brownish- violet, almost smooth,
7 to 10 /u diam. — Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. PL, Pilze, 49,
t. 24. Sphaerocarpus viridis Bull. Champ., t. 407, fig. 1 (1791).
Stemonitis viridis Gmel. Syst. Nat., ii. 1469 (1791). Physarum
aureum Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., 88 (1794). P. nutans (3
viride, y aureum. Fries Syst. Myc, iii. 129 (1829). Trichia
viridis DC. Fl. Pr., ii. 253 (1805). Tilmadoche mutabilis
Rost. Mon., p. 129 (1875) ; Mass. Mon., 329. T. viridis
Sacc. in Michelia, ii. 263 (1880) ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 59.
Var. 1. — aurantium Lister : sporangia orange, lime-knots
orange, fusiform. Sphaerocarpus aurantius Bull. I.e., t. 484.
fig. 2. Stemonitis aurantia Gmel. I.e., 1469. Physarum
aurantium Pers. Syn. Fung. 173. P. nutans y coccineum
Fr. I.e. P. striatum c aurantiacum Fr. I.e., 131. Trichia
aurantia DC. I.e.,
Var. 2. — incanum Lister : sporangia grey or pale-yellowish
grey, lime-knots pale yellow, fusiform. Sphaerocarpus luteus
Bull. I.e., t. 407, fig. 2 ? Stemonitis bicolor Gmel. I.e., 1469.
Physarum luteum Pers. Syn. Fung., 172 (1801). Trichia
lutea DC. I.e.
Var. 3. — rigidum Lister : sporangia yellow or dull orange ;
lime-knots long, simple and rod-like, or forked, orange ; hyaline
threads often scanty ; spores 9 to 12 p. — Minakata in Bot.
Mag. Tokyo, xxii. 318 (1908).
PI. 31. — a. sporangia (England) ; b. sporangia of var. aurantium (England) ;
c. sporangia of var. incanum (England) ; d. capillitium and spores ; e. spore.
PI. 199. — var. rigidum ; a. sporangia (Japan) ; b. spores and capillitium, with frag-
ment of sporangium wall ; c. spore.
physarum] physaraceae 57
In this abundant and variable species, the sporangium-wall as in
P. nutans is somewhat persistent when the lime is abimdant ; when this
is more scanty the wall soon breaks up in small fragments, remaining
attached to the capillitium. The colour of the sporangia found on the
same stump may differ from one year to another. The lime-knots are
very variable both in size and colour ; pale yellow sporangia have
often red-brown knots, and dark sporangia have light orange knots.
The stalks vary in tint in all forms. The specimen from Chili (leg.
Gay) in the Paris Museum, given by Rostafinski (Mon., App. p. 7)
as a type of Physarum Leveillei var. chrysopus, is the orange form of
P. viride ; the stalks are free from lime deposits and the capillitium con-
sists of slender threads with fusiform orange lime-knots. The var.
rigidum has marked characteristics, but is connected with typical
P. viride by intermediate forms. The lenticular sporangia are either
convex, flat, or umbilicate above, and are often somewhat iridescent
from having little lime in their fragile walls ; the stalks vary in colour
as in other forms of P. viride ; the capillitium consists in some gatherings
of rather few simple or forked threads and flattened tubes, with scanty
lime deposits, while in other gatherings it is composed of straight rod-
like tubes densely charged with lime-granules, and attached to the
sporangium-walls above and below either directly or by short hyaline
threads ; the spores are usually larger and rather darker than in typical
P. viride. This variety has now been obtained from the West Indies,
from Ceylon, and several times from Japan.
Hob. On dead wood. — Leytonstone, Essex (B.M. 1219) ; Bath-
easton, Gloucestershire (B.M. 90) ; Yorks (B.M. 1046) ; France (Paris
Herb.); Germany (B.M. 506); Norway (B.M. 1220); Portugal
(B.M. 2132); Ceylon (K. 1420); Borneo (B.M. 1221); Japan (B.M.
1989) ; Bonin Islands (K. 335) ; Iowa (B.M. 805) ; New Jersey
(B.M. 1223) ; Chili (Paris Herb.).
19. P. Bethelii Macbr. in litt. Plasmodium ? Sporangia
stalked, subglobose umbilicate beneath, erect or in-
clined, 0-5 to 0-7 mm. diam., pale sulphur-yellow, or when
free from lime iridescent-violet ; sporangium-wall mem-
branous with more or less abundant deposits of sulphur-
yellow lime-granules. Stalk firm, dark brown or black,
containing dark refuse matter, 0-1 to 05 mm. high. Colu-
mella none. Capillitium a dense network of delicate hyaline
threads with irregular and often branching pale yellow lime-
knots. Spores vioiet-brown, minutely warted, 9 to 10^ diam.
PI. 200. — a. iridescent sporangia (Colorado, from type specimen) ; b. capillitium
and spores ; c. spore ; d. sporangia with abundant lime (Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado).
This species appears to be closely allied to P. viride var. incanum,
from which it is distinguished by the stouter habit, the branching and
larger lime-knots, and by the darker spores. It has been found twice,
each time in Colorado, once by Mr. E. Bethel, once by Dr. Sturgis.
The sporangia gathered by Dr. Sturgis vary from sulphur-yellow to
iridescent- violet according to the lime in the walls being abundant or
absent ; those gathered by Mr. Bethel are iridescent-violet, but some
show scanty pale yellow lime-deposits on the walls ; the capillitium and
spores are similar in both specimens.
Hob. On dead wood.— Colorado (B.M. 2133, 2134).
58 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
20. P. polycephalum Schwein. Syn. Fung. Carol.,
63 (1822). Plasmodium occurring in masses of decaying
leaves or in rotten logs ; at first colourless, as it emerges
for fructification white, then yellow, spreading far over
all adjacent objects (Macbride). Total height 1-5 to 2 mm.
Sporangia stalked, compressed vertically, lenticular, un-
dulate or lobed, confluent in clusters of 5 to 10 together,
grey or yellow ; sporangium- wall membranous, with
scattered thin included clusters of white or yellow lime-
granules. Stalks subulate, slender, inclined, usually fascicu-
late, 5 to 10 combined, yellow or tawny, translucent, without
deposits of lime. Columella none. Capillitium a loose net-
work of slender threads with many flat expansions at the
axils ; lime-knots yellow, very variable in shape, size, and
abundance. Spores violet-brown, minutely spinulose, 8 to
10 fx diam. — Didymium 'polycephalum Fries Syst. Myc, iii.
122 (1829). D. polymorphum Mont, in Ann. Sci. Nat.,
ser. 2, viii. 361 (1837). D. gyrocephalum Mont. I.e., 362.
D. luteogriseum Berk. & Curt, in Grev., ii. 65 (1873). Phy-
sarum polymorphum Rost. Mon., p. 107 (1875) ; Mass. Mon.,
283 ; Lister Mycetozoa, 48. Tilmadoche gyrocephala Rost.
I.e., p. 131 (1875) ; Mass. Mon., 335. T. polycephala Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 57 (1899).
Var. obrusseum Lister : sporangia single, not united in
clusters. — Didymium obrusseum Berk. & Curt, in Journ.
Linn. Soc, x. 348 (1869). D. tenerrimum Berk. & Curt. I.e. ;
Mass. Mon., 247. Physarum obrusseum Rost. Mon., App.
p. 11 (1876) ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 52.
PI. 34. — a. yellow and grey sporangia (Philadelphia) ; b. capillitium and spores ;
c. spore.
The description given by Schweinitz of Physarum polycephalum is
sufficiently good to leave no doubt as its referring to the present
species ; this name therefore takes precedence over Physarum poly-
morphum (Mont.) Rost. The four specimens referred to in Rostafinski's
Monograph under the latter name, from Cuba, S. Carolina, New Jersey,
and Pennsylvania, are in the Kevv Herbarium. The type of Tilmadoche
gyrocephala (Mont.) Rost. from Brazil appears to have been lost, but
from Rostafinski's excellent description it clearly must be assigned
to the present species. The type of Didymium obrusseum Berk. & Curt.,
no. 532 Fung. Cub. (B.M. 440) has much compressed and undulated
sporangia, similar to the simple sporangia frequently met with in
P. polycephalum. The colour of the sporangia varies from grey to yellow
in the same gatherings.
Hob. On dead wood, etc. — Pennyslvania (B.M. 860) ; Iowa (B.M.
1227) ; Ohio (B.M. 1225) ; Brazil (B.M. 2135) ; Borneo (B.M. 2138) ;
Japan (B.M. 2137) : var. obrusseum — Cuba (B.M. 440).
21. P. flavicomum Berk, in Hook. Loud. Journ. Bot.,
iv. 66 (1845). Plasmodium yellowish-green (teste Ravenel).
Total height 1-2 to 1-75 mm. Sporangia subglobose, or
physarum] physaraceae 59
flattened beneath, stalked, nodding, 0-4 to 0-5 mm. diam.,
yellow, or grey with a yellow base, or iridescent from the
absence of lime, smooth ; sporangium-wall membranous,
colourless above, yellowish below. Stalk slender, subulate,
striate, without deposits of lime, red or copper- coloured.
Columella none. Capillitium a close network of slender hyaline
threads with numerous yellow flat expansions at the axils ;
often persistent and retaining the form of the sporangium
after the dispersion of the spores ; lime-knots usually small,
angular, yellow. Spores pale violet-brown, almost smooth,
7 to 9 fx diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 53. P. cupripes
Berk. & Rav. in Grev., ii. 65 (1873) ; Mass. Mon., 284. P.
Berkeleyi Rost. Mon., p. 105 (1875) ; Lister Mycetozoa, 47.
Didymium flavicomum Mass. I.e., 242 (1892).
PI. 32. — a. sporangia (South Carolina) ; b. capillitium and spores.
The red-brown stalks usually free from all refuse matter, the denser
net of the capillitium and more angular lime-knots distinguish this
species from P. viride. It appears to be closely allied to both P.
galbeum Wing., and P. Maydis (Morg. ) Torrend ; from the former it
differs in having red-brown, not yellow stalks, and in the well-defined
lime-knots ; from the latter in the more slender habit, and in the
persistent dense network of the capillitium.
Hab. On dead wood.— South Carolina (B.M. 439, 870, 993) ; New
Jersey (B.M. 1794); New Zealand (B.M. 2139).
22. P galbeum Wing, in Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
53 (1899). Plasmodium ? Sporangia globose, scattered,
stalked, usually erect, 0-4 to 0-5 mm. diam., bright yellow,
smooth ; sporangium- wall membranous, with rather dense
clusters of yellow lime-granules. Stalk subulate or nearly
cylindrical, 0-5 to 0*7 mm. high, translucent, yellow, or yellow
above and orange-red below. Columella none. Capillitium a
dense network of pale yellow threads or flattened strands ;
lime-knots reduced to scanty deposits of lime in the expanded
axils of the branches. Spores pale violet, almost smooth,
7 to 9 /x diam.
PI. 199. — d. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; e. capillitium and spores ; /. spore.
This species is closely allied to P. flavicomum (q.v.), but the distin-
guishing characters appear to be constant ; it has been found in several
States of N. America, in England, and in Portugal.
Hab. On dead twigs. — Witley, Surrey (B.M. 2140) ; Shropshire
(B.M. 2141) ; Portugal (B.M. 2142) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1893).
23. P. Maydis Torrend Plore des Myxomycetes, 193 (1909).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia globose or obovoid, 0-4 to 0-6 mm.
diam., stalked, scattered or gregarious, bright yellow or dull
yellowish-buff, rugulose or scaly, often rufous below ; sporan-
gium-wall jrellow and membranous above, usually firm and
redder at the base, containing abundant deposits of yellow
60 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
lime-granules. Stalk firm, dark red-bro\vn, translucent,
0-1 to 0*6 mm. high, stout or slender. Columella none.
Capillitium a network of hyaline threads with expansions at
the axils ; lime-knots numerous, branching, yellow, some
occasionally uniting to form a pseudo-columella. Spores
pale violet, nearly smooth, 9 to 10 /x diam. C rater ium Maydis
Morg. Myx. Miami Valley, 87 (1896) ; Macbride N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, 74.
PI. 32. — c. sporangia (Ceylon) ; d. capillitium and spores ; e. spore.
The slender forms of this species closely resemble P. flavicomum,
while the stouter forms with short stalks appear to merge insensibly
into P. auriscalpium ; it presents, however, a distinct and fairly constant
centre, and has now been obtained from Ohio and Iowa in the United
States, and from Antigua, Ceylon, and Java. It has been placed by Mr.
Morgan and Professor Macbride in the closely allied genus Cratcrium
on account of the thickened base of the sporangium-wall ; but this
feature is not always present, and is one that may also be seen to a
certain extent in both P. flavicomum and P. auriscalpium. We therefore
follow Dr. Torrend in transferring Cratcrium Maydis to the genus
Physarum, that it may stand between the two species with which it
appears to form the connecting link.
Hab. On dead wood, twigs, maize stalks, etc. — Iowa (B.M. 1017) ;
Antigua (B.M. 1649) ; Ceylon (B.M. 2143) ; Java (B.M. 2144).
24. P. auriscalpium Cooke in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New
York, xi. 384 (1877). Plasmodium ? Sporangia subglobose,
0-4 to 0-8 mm. diam., stalked or sessile, yellow, orange
or rufous, rugulose or scaly, scattered or in small
clusters ; sporangium- wall membranous, with clustered
deposits of lime-granules. Stalk red-brown or blackish-
brown, translucent, 0-1 to 0-4 mm. high. Capillitium con-
sisting of large branching orange-yellow lime-knots, con-
nected by short hyaline threads. Spores brownish- violet,
minutely spinulose, 9 to 10 /j. diam. — Lister in Journ. Bot.,
xxxvi. 115 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 38. P. ornatum
Peck in Rep. N. Y. Mus., xxxi. 40 (1879). P. oblatum Macbr.
Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. 384 (1893). P. sulphuretim
Sturgis in Bot. Gaz., xviii. 197, t. xx, figs. 5-8 (1893).
Badhamia citrinella Cel. fil. Myx. Bohm., 76, t. iv, fig. 1
(1893)* ; see Lister in Journ. Bot., xl. 211.
Pl. 33. — a. sporangia (South Carolina) ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore.
This species is closely allied on the one hand to P. Maydis and on the
other to Badhamia decipiens (q.v. ; see also note to P. pusillum, p. 65.)
Hab. On dead wood and twigs.— Near Paris (B.M. 2148) ; North
Germany (B.M. 2145); Portugal (B.M. 2146); New Hampshire (B.M.
1717) ; South Carolina (B.M. 863).
25. P. fulvum Lister non Fries. Plasmodium yellow. Spor-
angia globose or obovoid, 0-6 to 0-8 mm. diam., cream-white
or pale fulvous, nearly smooth or rugulose, stalked or sessile,
* In Arch. Naturw. Land. Bohm. vii. 5, p. 76.
physarum] physaraceae 61
with a hypothallus of branching fulvous strands ; sporangium-
wall of two closely connected layers enclosing abundant
deposits of lime-granules. Stalk 0-1 to 0-5 mm. long,
fulvous, weak and almost membranous, expanding below
into strands of the hypothallus. Columella none. Capillitium
a dense persistent network of nearly colourless threads,
with membranous expansions at the axils, and with scattered
angular often branched pale yellow lime-knots. Spores
dark purple-brown, spinulose, 10 to 12 /x diam. Leocarpus
fulvus Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 82 (1899).
PI. 66. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores, with fragment of sporangium-
wall ; c. spore ; (Colorado).
The type of this species was gathered by Mr. E. Bethel " on living
willow," growing in snow, 11,000 feet altitude, Loveland Pass, Colorado,
in June, 189G. Dr. Sturgis has kindly allowed us to examine two
other specimens, both of which were sent him by Mr. Wingate under the
name " Physarum albescens Phillips," and which he agrees with us in
thinking should be placed under P. fulvum. He has not been able to
trace the origin of the name " P. albescens " Phillips, and apparently
it has never been published. One specimen is marked " Iowa, leg.
Holway, ex herb. Rex," the other " Louisiana, leg. Langlois, ex herb.
Ellis." In both gatherings the pale cream-coloured sporangia are
either subglobose and sessile, or form short plasmodiocarps, and show
but little development of hypothallus ; they agree in other respects with
the type of P. fulvum, except that the lime-knots in the Louisiana
specimens are smaller and brighter yellow, and the Iowa specimen
has rather paler and smoother spores that measure only 8 to 10 /a.
Hob. On leaves and twigs. — Near Denver, Colorado (B.M. 2147)
26. P. penetrale Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1891,
389. Plasmodium ? Sporangia stalked, erect, ellipsoid, or
globose, 0-3 x 0-5 mm. diam., grey or pale greenish-yellow,
smooth ; sporangium- wall membranous, rather firm, semi-
transparent, with innate scattered clusters of pale yellow or
white lime-granules, rupturing when mature into from two to
four segments. Stalk erect or curved, 0-5 to 2 mm. high,
slender, subulate, smooth and solid, translucent, dull red or
golden-red. Columella formed by a continuation of the stalk,
penetrating the sporangium to about four-fifths its height,
slender, scarcely tapering to the abruptly conical or expanded
end, yellow. Capillitium a close network of hyaline threads
with triangular expansions at the axils of the branches,
arising from the whole length of the columella, persistent after
the dispersion of the spores ; lime-knots scattered, small,
rounded, yellow. Spores pale brownish-violet, delicately
spinulose, 5 to 6-5 jx diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 55.
PI. 36. — a. sporangia (Ireland) ; 6. sporangium after dispersion of spores showing
the long columella, from a glycerine preparation ; c. capillitium and spores ; d. spores.
An immature specimen of this remarkable species occurs in the
Strassburg collection named by Rostafinski " Craterium leucocephalum,
62 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
unreif." It has now been obtained from east and west North America,
from England, Scotland, and Ireland, from Sweden, Germany, and
Portugal, and from Java.
Hob. On dead wood and moss. — Luton, Beds (B.M. 2149) ; Ireland
(B.M. 2150); Upsala (B.M. 2151) ; Lisbon (B.M. 2152) ; Philadelphia
(B.M. 1229).
27. P. citrinellum Peck in Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
xxxi. 55 (1879). Plasmodium ? Sporangia subglobose, 0-6
to 0-8 mm. diam., stalked, erect, gregarious, rugose, lemon-
yellow or ocliraceous, tinged with orange at the base ;
sporangium-wall of two layers, the outer cartilaginous, yellow,
rugose, with dense included deposits of lime, easily
separating from the colourless membranous inner layer.
Columella none. Stalk cylindrical, 0-3 to 0-4 mm. high, stout,
plicate, orange-red, translucent. Capillitium a network of
colourless hyaline threads, with many large, irregular, and
branching white lime-knots. Spores purple-brown, rather
strongly spinulose, 10 to 12 /x diam. — Mass. Mon., 278 ;
Sturgis in Trans. Conn. Acad., x. 470-472. P. caespitosum
Schwein. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, n.s. iv. 258 (1832) ? ; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 37. Didymium flavidum Peck I.e.,
xxviii. 54 (1879). Diderma citrinum Peck non Fries I.e., xxii.
89 (1869). Craterium citrinellum Lister Mycetozoa, 74 (1894).
PI. 68. a. sporangia (Japan) ; b. sessile sporangia (New Hampshire) ; c. capilli-
tium and spores, with fragment of sporangium-wall ; d. spore.
In the first edition of the present work this species was placed in the
genus Craterium in view of its affinity with C. aareum ; as however
there is no tendency in P. citrinellum to form on dehiscing a regular cup,
it seems better to replace it in the genus Physarum. The slight tendency
in C. aureum to form such a cup allows us to regard it as a Craterium,
though at this point the distinction between the two genera becomes
obviously artificial. Other differences from C. aureum are the more
globose stouter-walled sporangia, and the larger rougher spores.
Professor Macbride has regarded P. caespitosum Schwein. as being
probably the present species, but Schweinitz's type appears to have been
lost ; the original description is short and no mention is made of the
colour or structure of the stalk ; this reference therefore is very uncertain.
Dr. Sturgis has examined the type of P. flavidum, which was first
described by Peck under Didymium in 1875, and finds that it is an
immature specimen of the present species with sessile or shortly stalked
sporangia (see Sturgis, I.e.) ; this name was not actually published,
however, till 1879, the year in which a more definitely stalked form of
the same species was published by Peck as P. citrinellum, under which
name it has generally been distributed in the United States. In the
first edition of " Mycetozoa," p. 62, the opinion was expressed that
P. flavum Fr. was probably the present species ; but the description
given by Fries of the yellowish-white stalks of his P. flavum applies
rather to P. sulphureum Alb. & Schw. (q.v. 46) than to P. citrinellum,
the stalks of which are orange-red and translucent. P. citrinellum
has hitherto been recorded only from the United States and Japan.
Hab. On dead wood and moss. — Adirondack Mts., N.Y. (B.M.
1283, 1892) ; Japan (B.M. 2153).
physarum] physaraceae 63
28. P. carneum G. Lister & Sturgis in Journ. Bot., xlviii.
73 (1910). Plasmodium ? Sporangia gregarious, stalked,
subglobose, 0-4 to 0*6 mm. diam., ochraceous-yellow, with
a pinkish flesh-coloured base, smooth or rugulose ; sporangium-
wall membranous, pale yellow, with evenly distributed
deposits of lime-granules, thicker at the base. Stalk cylin-
drical, pinkish flesh-coloured, translucent, without deposits
of lime, 0*2 to 0-3 mm. high. Capillitium a dense network
of fragile angular and branching white lime-knots with short
connecting hyaline threads. Spores purplish-brown, spinulose,
8 /x diam.
This species was found in sonie abundance on dead wood, on Cheyenne
Mt., Colorado Springs, by Dr. W. C. Sturgis, in the autumn of 1908.
It appears to be allied to P. citrinellam Peck, but differs in the mem-
branous sporangium-wall, in the closer network of the capillitium, in
the slender flesh-coloured stalks, and smaller spores.
Hab. On dead wood.— Colorado (B.M. 3188).
29. P. brunneolum Mass. Mon., 280 (1892). Plasmodium ?
Sporangia globose, or subglobose and slightly depressed,
stalked or sessile, 0-6 to 0-9 mm. diam., gregarious, yellow-
brown, glossy ; sporangium-wall dehiscing in revolute lobes,
consisting of two layers, the outer yellow-brown, cartilagin-
ous, the inner membranous, enclosing abundant deposits of
white lime-granules. Stalk firm, cylindrical, red-brown or
nearly black, without lime, 0-2 to 0-4 mm. high. Capillitium
a network of colourless threads with numerous large irregular
white linie-knots, some of which may coalesce to form a pseudo-
columella. Spores purple-brown, spinulose, 8 to 10 p. diam.
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 32. Diderma brunneolum
Phill. in Grev., v. 114 (1877) ; see note under Craterium
pedunculatum Trentep., Lister Mycetozoa, 71.
PI. 69. — a, b. sporangia from Portugal and California ; c. capillitium and spores,
with fragment of sporangium-wall ; d. spore.
This species resembles Craterium minutum Fr. in the texture and
colour of the sporangium-wall, but differs strikingly in having no lid,
as well as in the more delicate capillitium threads, and rougher spores.
The type specimen, marked Diderma brunneolum in Phillips' herbarium,
was gathered in California by Dr. Harkness in 1877, and consisted of
sessile sporangia only. Since then this species has twice been collected
in Portugal by Dr. C. Torrend, who found it on dead leaves of Agave
americana and on fir bark, with both stalked and sessile sporangia.
Hab. On dead bark and leaves. — California (B.M. slide) ; Portugal
(B.M. 2154).
30. P. nucleatum Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1891,
389. Plasmodium ? Total height 1 to 2 mm. Sporangia
globose, stalked, erect or inclined, 0-5 mm. diam., white, rarely
iridescent from absence of lime ; sporangium-wall membranous,
with scattered included clusters of white lime-granules. Stalk
64 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
subulate or nearly cylindrical, 0-7 to To mm. long, longitudin-
ally rugose, pale buff or yellow, translucent above, without
deposits of lime, enclosing refuse matter at the base. Columella
none. Capillitium a close persistent network of very slender
colourless threads with scattered minute rounded white lime-
knots ; in the centre of the capillitium is usually suspended
a shining white calcareous ball, 0-1 to 0-15 mm. diam., some-
times replaced by a cluster of irregular lime-knots ; lime-
granules, 1 to 2 jx, diam. Spores pale violet-brown, minutely
spinulose. 6 to 7 n diam. — Macbride N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 54 ;
P. simile Rost. Mon., App. p. 6 (1876) ?; Mass. Mon., 286?
PI. 35. — a. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; b. capillitium showing the central calcareous
ball surrounded by small lime-knots ; c. spore.
The type specimen of P. simile Rost., from Curtis, South Carolina
(K. 1255), has buff stalks without lime deposits, and delicate persistent
capillitium with a central mass of lime ; it is a poor development and
in imperfect preservation ; perhaps it should be referred to the present
species, although Rostafmski's description of P. simile with the stalk
continued into the sporangium as a cylindrical columella would apply
better to P. globuliferum (see Rost. Mon., App. p. 6).
Hob. On dead wood.— Philadelphia (B.M. 2155) ; Iowa (B.M. 1019) ;
Antigua (B.M. slide) ; Java (B.M. 2156) ; Borneo (B.M. 2157) ; Japan
(B.M. 1991).
31. P. straminipes Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxvi. 163,
t. 386, fig. 2 (1898). Plasmodium milk-white. Sporangia greyish-
white, obovoid or wedge-shaped, 0*7 mm. diam., clustered or
scattered, on long or short stalks, two or more often borne on
a single stalk, or sessile and subglobose or irregularly ellipsoid ;
sporangium-wall colourless or pale purple, membranous,
rather firm, with dense included clusters of lime-granules.
Stalks straw-coloured, translucent, often 2mm. long, membran-
ous or cartilaginous, flattened or filiform, free from refuse
matter, often continued below into a strand-like hypothallus.
Capillitium a persistent network of stout rigid hyaline threads
with expansions at the axils, and numerous rounded white
lime-knots, some of which often unite to form a pseudo-
columella. Spores 10 to 11 /x diam., purple-brown, marked
with broad patches of warts separated by smoother tracts.
— Torrend Fl. Myx., 197.
PI. 42. — a. sporangia (Lyme Regis) ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore.
Allied to P. compressum, but distinguished by the long slender
translucent stalks, the rigid capillitium, and the peculiar distribution of
warts on the spores.
Hab. On dead leaves, straw, etc. — Beds (B.M. 1709) ; Lyme Regis
(B.M. 1700) ; Norfolk (B.M. 2163) ; Somerset (B.M. 2164) ; Aberdeen
(B.M. 2165) ; Berlin (B.M. 2166).
32. P. pusillum Lister. Plasmodium watery-white.
Total height 1 to 2 mm. Sporangia subglobose, rarely obovoid
physarum] physaraceae 65
or lenticular, stalked, erect or somewhat inclined, scattered,
0*4 to 0*6 mm. diam., white with a reddish base, rugose ;
sporangium- wall membranous, colourless above, with dense
clusters of included white granules, thickened and rufous at
the base. Stalk subulate or cylindrical, furrowed, 05 to 1-5 mm.
long, red-brown, free from refuse matter. Columella none.
Capillitium a network of colourless branching threads with
lime-knots often varying in the same development ; they
are either small and few, or large branching and numerous, or
approaching the type of Badhamia. Spores pale brownish-
violet, almost smooth, 8 to 11//. diam. — Didymium pusillum
Berk. & Curt, in Grev., ii. 53 (1873). Physarum nodulosum
Cooke & Balf., Rav. N. Amer. Fung., no. 479 (1881) (undes-
cribed) ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 51 (1899). P. calidris
Lister in Journ. Bot., xxix. 258 (1891) ; Lister Mycetozoa, 52.
P. gravidum Morg. Myx. Miami Valley, 96 (1896). Badhamia
nodulosa Mass. in Journ. Myc, v. 186 (1889) ; Mass. Mon.,
322. Craterium nodulosum Morg. I.e., 15.
PI. 43. — a. sporangia (Bedfordshire) ; b. capillitium and spores of the same ; c.
sporangia of stouter form (Wanstead, Essex) ; d. capillitium and spores of the same ;
«. spore.
P. pusillum in its various forms, shows amongst the species of
Physarum, with white lime-granules a striking resemblance to the group
P. flavicomum, P. Maydis and P. auriscalpium amongst the species with
yellow lime-granules, while the short-stalked form of P. pusillum
with Badhamia-like capillitium merges into Badhamia panicea as P.
auriscalpium merges into Badhamia decipiens. The specimen from
South Carolina in the Kew Herbarium, K. 1492, contains the type of
this species. It consists of two specimens on two slips of wood marked
" Didymium pusillum.'''' On one slip is the present species, described
by Berkeley under this name in Grev. I.e. On the other are a few
sporangia of D. nigripes var. xanthopus ; these exactly resemble the
type of D. proximum Berk. ( — D. nigripes Fr. var. xanthopus), also
from South Carolina. Confusion has arisen owing to this inadvertent
combination of two species, with the result that Rostafinski gives
D. pusillum as a synonym for D. proximum (Rost. Mon., App. p. 23),
only noticing the characters of the latter. The specimen from Broome's
Herb, named P. elephantinum Berk. &Br. in MS., from Ceylon(B.M. 453),
is a large form of the present species, with capillitium and spores similar
to those in the English gatherings. P. nodulosum Cooke & Balf.
(B.M. 858) from South Carolina is also P. pusillum, but has almost
Badhamia-like capillitium.
Hab. On dead leaves, twigs, straw, etc. ; frequent. — Lyme Regis
(B.M. 1237) ; Bedfordshire (B.M. 1703) ; Northants (K. 1549) ; Linlith-
gow (K. 1504) ; Montpellier (B.M. 2168) ; Parma (B.M. 496) ; Portugal
(B.M. 2173); Switzerland (Herb. Zurich); Germany (B.M. 2169);
Nielgherries (K. 1531) ; Ceylon (B.M. 453) ; Java (B.M. 2170) ; New
Zealand (B.M. 2171) ; Japan (B.M. 2172) ; South Carolina (B.M. 858) ;
Antigua (B.M. 1650) ; Bolivia (B.M. 2174).
33. P. didermoides Rost. Mon., p. 97, fig. 87 (1875).
Plasmodium white. Total height 05 to 1*3 mm. Sporangia
66 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
stalked, erect and ovoid, about 0*8 ram. high, 0-5 mm. broad,
or sessile, ovoid or subglobose, crowded, white, or dark grey
above from the falling away or discontinuance of the outer
calcareous crust ; sporangium- wall of three layers, the outer
a dense deciduous deposit of white lime-granules, the middle
layer a delicate colourless membrane with scattered lime-
granules, closely combined with an inner purplish, areolated,
thicker layer. Stalk variable in length and thickness, white,
membranous, not containing refuse matter and rarely
enclosing lime-granules, rising from a plicate white hypo-
thallus. Columella none. Capillitium consisting of numerous
rounded white lime-knots connected by short, seldom
branching hyaline threads, which are purple at the attach-
ments to the sporangium- wall. Spores very dark purple-
brown, closely and minutely spinulose, 10 to 13 //, diam. —
Mass. Mon., 291 ; Macbride N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 40. Spu-
maria ? didermoides Acharius in Pers. Syn., Addenda xxix.
(1801). Physarum conglobatum Fr. Symb. Gast., 21 (1818)?
P. lividum ft licheniforme Rost. Mon., p. 96 ; Mass. Mon., 304
(in part). P. cinereum var. ovoideum Sacc. in Michelia, ii.
334 (1882) ; Mass. Mon., 299. P. platense Speg. in Ann. Mus.
Nac. Buen. Aires, vi. 199 (1899) ? Spumaria licheniformis
Schwein. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, n.s. iv. 261 (1832).
Claustria didermoides Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand., ii. 451 (1849)
Didymium congestum Berk. & Br. in Ann. Mag. N.H., ser. 2
v. 365 (1850). Badhamia ? pulcherrima Speg. in B. Acad.
Nac. Cienc. Cord., xi. 474 (1889) ?
Var. lividum Lister, differs from the type in the grey
sporangia being always sessile and having usually a single
layer only to the sporangium- wall, in the lime-knots being
more angular, and in the rougher purple-black spores being
paler and smoother on one side. — Lister in Journ. Bot.,
xxxvi. 161 (1898).
PI. 45. — a. sporangia (Flitwick, Beds); b. capillitium and spores, with fragment
of sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
PI. 46. — var. lividum ; a. sporangia (Flitwick, Beds) ; b. capillitium and spores,
with fragment of sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
P. cinereum var. ovoideum Sacc. on Ailanthus glandulosa from Lyon,
leg. J. Therry (B.M. 432), is a short-stalked form of P. didermoides, with
sporangia arising from a white membranous hypothallus. P. lividum
var. licheniforme Rost., portions of the type of which from South
Carolina are in the Strassburg and Kew collections, is a sessile form of
P. didermoides. The var. lividum has hitherto been recorded only
from the county of Bedfordshire in this country. It was first observed
in April, 1897, on heaps of old straw near Luton by Mr. James Saunders,
who has since found it in half-a-dozen stations in that neighbourhood ;
it appears almost every year during the summer and autumn months,
often in great profusion, upon neglected straw heaps, sometimes in
company with the typical form. A specimen gathered near Lisbon by
physarum] physakaceae 67
Dr. C. Torrend among dead twigs appears to be intermediate between the
type and var. lividum ; the sessile globose sporangia have firm but single
walls, and the lime-knots are rather angular, while the spores are
dark brown and traversed by a band almost free from warts. Another
gathering by Dr. Torrend, from Cintra, resembles typical P. didermoides
in all respects except that the stalks are cylindrical and charged with
white lime-granules throughout. (Compare P. testaceum Sturg., p. 79.)
Hob. On dead wood, leaves, or old straw. — Bedfordshire (B.M.
2175); Somerset (B.M. 2176); Hampshire (B.M. 2177) ; Lyons, France
(B.M. 432) ; Germany (B.M. 2178) ; Sweden (B.M. 2180) ; Portugal
(B.M. 2179) ; Cameroons (Herb. Dr. Jahn) ; Ceylon (B.M. 420) ;
Java (B.M. 2181); Japan (B.M. 2182); Iowa (B.M. 809); Ohio
(B.M. 1242) ; North Carolina (B.M. 998) ; Brazil (B.M. 2184) : var.
lividum— Bedfordshire (B.M. 1696) ; Portugal (B.M. 2183).
34. P. nutans Pers. in Usteri Ann. Bot., xv. 6 ( 1795). Plas-
modium watery white, or yellowish-grey from the presence of
foreign matter. Total height 1 to 1-5 mm. Sporangia stalked,
erect or nodding, subglobose or lenticular, more or less flattened
or concave beneath, 04 to 0*7 mm. broad, white, greyish- white,
or violet-grey, gregarious ; sporangium- wall membranous, with
included minute white granules in more or less dense clusters.
Stalk subulate, longitudinally wrinkled, grey, yellowish,
olivaceous or black, translucent above, sometimes opaque and
white from deposits of lime in the wall, the tube of the stalk
containing refuse matter but not lime. Capillitium consisting of
slender colourless threads, brandling at an acute angle and
anastomosing, with few flat expansions at the axils and few
small white lime-knots. Spores clear brownish- violet, nearly
smooth or minutely spinulose, 8 to 10 fx diam. — Pr. Syst.
Myc, iii. 128. Sphaerocarpus albus Bull. Champ., 137, t. 407,
fig. 3, t. 470, fig. 1, a to g (1791). Stemonitis alba Gmel.
Syst. Nat., 1469 (1791). P. bulbiforme Schum. Enum. PI.
Saell., ii. 200 (1803). P. albo-punctatum Schum. I.e., 200.
P. Didymium Schum. I.e., 202 ? P. marginatum Schum.
I.e., 202 ? P. Pini Schum. I.e., 203. P. solutum Schum.
I.e., 204 ? P. furfuraceum Schum. I.e. P. albipes Link in
Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., iii. 27 (1809) ? P. sulcatum Link
I.e., 27 ? P. connatum Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. FL, Pilze, 83,
t. 41 (1817)? P. gracilentum Fr. I.e., 133 (1829). P. cernuum
Fr. I.e., 130. Trichia nutans Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot., i.
227 (1797). T. cernua Schum. I.e., 211. Didymium marginatum
Fr. I.e., 115. D. furfuraceum Fr. I.e., 116. Tilmadoche cernua
Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand., 454 (1849). T. nutans Rost. Mon.,
p. 127 (1875) ; Mass. Mon., 327. T. Pini Rost. I.e., 128. T.
gracilenta Rost. I.e., 129 ; Mass. I.e., 330. T. anomala Mass.
I.e., 333 ? T. alba Macbr. N. Am. Sliine-Moulds, 58 (1899).
Subsp. leucophaeum Lister : sporangia usually erect, 0-5
to 1 mm. diam., stalked, sessile or forming plasmodiocarps ;
68 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
stalks stouter, rarely containing lime ; columella occasionally
present as an irregular or conical continuation of the stalk into
the sporangium ; capillitium usually more rigid than in the
type, with broad expansions at the axils and large, often
branching lime-knots that are sometimes confluent in
the centre of the sporangium ; spores 9 to 11 p. — Physarum
leucophaeum Fr. Symb. Gast., 24 (1818) ; Rost. Mon., p. 113,
figs. 77, 78, 89 ; Mass. Mon., 288 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
44. P. confluens Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., vii. 43
(1815) ? P. hypnorum Link I.e., 43 ? P. connexum Link I.e.,
iii. 28 (1809)? P. conglobatum Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. Fl.,
Pilze. 81, t. 40 (1817). P. albipes de Bary in Zeitschr. Wiss.
Zool.,x. 95 (1860). P.granulatum Balf. in Grev., x. 115 (1882);
Mass. I.e., 289. P. imitans Racib. in Rozpr., Mat.-Przyr.
Acad. Krak., xii. 73 (1884). P. Readeri Mass. I.e., 282.
Sphaerocarpus albus Bull. Champ., 137, t. 470 h to l
(1791). Trichia filameniosa Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot.,
i. 227 (1797). Tilmadoche nephroidea Cel. fil. Myx. Bohm.,
69 (1893).
PI. 37. — a. sporangia (Essex) ; b. capillitium and spores ; e. spore : d. d.1 sporangia
intermediate between the typical form and sub-species leucophaeum (Essex) ; e. capilli-
tium of d., with abundant lime-knots ; /. capillitium of d.' with few small lime-knots.
PI. 38. — a. sporangia of subsp. leueophaeum (Essex) ; b. capillitium and spores of the
same ; c. robust sporangia, with much lime in the walls ; d. capillitium and spores
of c ; e. spore.
An extremely variable and abundant species. The stalked and
plasrnodiocarp forms may develop from the same growth of Plas-
modium ; sporangia may be found with delicate capillitium and few
minute lime-knots, associated with others from the same plasmodium
with wide expansions at the angles of the threads and with large lime-
knots ; some may have erect stalks enclosing much refuse, standing with
others more weakly formed, containing little refuse matter and cernuous
from the weight of the sporangium. As in all the Calcarineae the amount
of lime in the sporangium-wall is liable to great variation ; where the
supply is abundant it gives firmness and persistence to the membrane ;
where it is scanty the wall is fragile or evanescent, as in the form named
by Rostafinski Tilmadoche nutans. In contrast with the latter, a robust
form occurs, having a short stout stalk, often projecting within the
sporangium in a conical point, with lime-knots of large size, either
distributed among the capillitium or confluent in the centre ; between
these extreme forms all shades of "difference may be found, making it
difficult to define even distinct varieties. Examination of a large series
leads to the conclusion that P. leucophaeum is not a distinct species,
but must be included under P. nutans. The specimen of T. gracilenta
Rost. from Poland in the Strassburg collection is a minute form of
P. nutans with small, nearly globose sporangia of a greyish-white or
greyish-violet colour, as described in Rostafinski's monograph, and not
" fusco-atra " as given in Sacc. Syll., vii. p. 360. The type of Physarum
Readeri Mass., from Melbourne (K. 500), is the subsp. leucophaeum,
with spores 8 to 9 p. diam. (not 15 to 16 p). The type of P. granulatum
Balf. fil. (K. 67) is the same subspecies with the lime of the sporangium -
wall in sand-like granules, a not infrequent modification in species of
physarum] physaraceae 69
Physaraceae (cf. P. compressum). P. musicola Pers. is referred to by
Persoon in Syn. Fung. 171 (1801) as hardly to be distinguished from
the somewhat larger species P. nutans : it may therefore be included
here, as may also Tilmadoche Pini Rost., which is described as
similar to P. nutans but of erect and somewhat larger more robust
growth.
Hab. On dead wood and leaves. — Wanstead, Essex (B.M. 1230) ;
Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1232) ; Sweden (B.M. 2185) ; Germany
(B.M. 500) ; Italy (B.M. 498) ; Portugal (B.M. 2186) ; Ceylon (B.M.
2187) ; Philippine Islands (B.M. 2034) ; Japan (B.M. 1990) ; Maine,
U.S.A. (B.M. 1593) : subsp. leucophaeum—Lyme Regis (B.M. 1233) ;
Brentwood, Essex (B.M. 1234) ; Staffordshire (B.M. 1235) ; North
Ireland (B.M. 2188): Baden (B.M. 497); Bohemia (B.M. 2189);
Australia (K. 500) ; Maine (B.M. 1236).
35. P. javanicum Racib. in Hedw., xxxvii. 53 (1898).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia scattered, stalked, orbicular,
flattened or somewhat convex below, umbilicate above, 0*6
to OS mm. diam., 0-25 mm. thick, greyish-white ; sporan-
gium-wall membranous with evenly distributed lime-granules,
fragile and fugacious above with a more persistent base.
Stalk subulate, slender, flexuose, 1*5 to 1*8 mm. high, greyish-
white or pale straw-coloured above, darker from included
refuse matter below. Capillitium a lax network of rather
rigid threads with long fusiform and branching white lime-
knots, or almost BadhamiaAike and consisting of a network
of branching tubes filled with lime-granules and attached
to the sporangium-walls by straight hyaline threads. Spores
greyish violet, nearly smooth, 10 /x diam. — Penzig Myxom.
Buit., 30 (1898).
PI. 197. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium, with fragment of sporangium-wall ; c. spore ;
(Java)
This graceful species is said to be common around Buitenzorg and
not unfrequent at Tjibodas in the Island of Java. It appears to be
closely allied to P. nutans, differing in the shape of the sporangia and
the more rigid capillitium. It bears considerable resemblance to
Trichamphora pezizoidea Jungh., but the sporangia are more umbilicate,
less saucer-shaped, and the colour of the stalks is pale straw-coloured
instead of dark red.
Hab. On dead wood.— Java (B.M. 2190).
36. P. crateriforme Petch in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Perad., iv.
304 (1909). Plasmodium ? Sporangia scattered or in groups,
greyish-white, either cylindrical, obovoid, spherical or
reniform, sometimes depressed, stalked or occasionally
sessile ; sporangium - wall membranous with clustered
deposits of white lime-granules. Stalk conical, black, or
black below and white above, opaque from included refuse
matter, 01 to 0*7 mm. long. Columella variable in colour
and shape, white, yellow-brown or black, cylindrical and
reaching to the apex of the sporangium, or ending short
E
70 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
of it and then clavate or shortly conical, sometimes absent.
Lime-knots either united to form a massive columella giving
off horizontal spike-like points which end in simple or forked
hyaline threads uniting with the sporangium-wall, or in the
spherical sporangia branched and forming an almost Badhamia-
like network with few connecting threads. Spores violet-
brown, closely spinulose, 10-13 yu, diam. — Petch I.e., 336.
PI. 76. — a. b. sporangia of various shapes ; some sporangia in 6. have no columella
(Ceylon) ; c. sporangium with spores dispersed showing columella ; d. apex of
columella ; e. capillitium from sporangium without columella ; /. spore.
In this variable species a single development may show ovoid,
globose and reniform sporangia ; the columella may reach and expand
into the upper sporangium-wall and the capillitium show scanty
fusiform lime-knots, or the columella may be absent and the lime-knots
abundant. When spherical sporangia appear alone they closely
resemble P. nutans subsp. leucophaeum, but may be distinguished by
the laxer net of the capillitium, the more branched lime-knots, and the
rather larger spores.
Hab. On dead wood.— Lisbon (B.M. 2193) ; Ceylon (B.M. 2191)
Japan (B.M. 2192) ; Antigua (B.M. slide).
36. P. compressum Alb. & Schw. Consp.Fung. 97 (1805).
Plasmodium white. Total height 1 to 15 mm. Sporangia
reniform, or obovoid, compressed, erect, splitting along the ridge
remote from the base, stalked, sessile, or forming plasmodio-
carps, scattered, closely aggregated or confluent, white or
grey, rugose or warted ; sporangium-wall membranous,
colourless or purplish below, including dense clusters of
white lime-granules that appear under a low magnification as
thickly-set white spots. Stalk stout, equal, furrowed, black
from contained refuse matter, or brownish, or white from
deposits of lime in the wall, never with a chalk-white fracture
at the base. Columella none. Capillitium a close network,
with numerous rounded white lime-knots varying in shape
and size, connected by rather short seldom branching
hyaline threads. Spores dark purplish-brown, more or less
spinulose or echinulate, 9 to 14 /x diam. — Sacc. Syll., vii.
337. P. griseum Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., hi. 27
(1809) ? P. nephroideum Rost. Mon., p. 93, figs. 80 to 82;
Mass. Mon., 285 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 41, in part.
P. candidum Rost. I.e., p. 96. P. afjine Rost. I.e., App. p. 5.
P. lividum var. conglobatum Rost. I.e., p. 95, in part. P.
Phillipsii Balf. fil. in Grew, x. 116 (1882). P. glaucum Mass.
I.e., 284. Didymium glaucum Phill. in Grev., v. 114 (1876).
PI. 39. — a. sporangia of various shapes developed from the same Plasmodium
(Hertfordshire) ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore.
PI. 40. — a. sporangia from the type of P. Phillipsii ; b. capillitium and spores.
The sporangia of this abundant species vary extremely in shape and
general appearance. In some forms they resemble those of the following
allied species, from which they may be distinguished by the following
physarum] ph ysaraceae 7 1
characters : from P. nutans by the abundant lime-knots and darker
spores ; from P. vemum the sessile forms are separated by the more
compressed sporangia and darker spores; from P. didermoides by the
presence of refuse matter in the stalk and by the single sporangium -
wall ; from P. sinuosum by the darker spores and shorter plasmodio-
carps. For other allied species, see P. straminipes, P. connatum, and
P. reniforme. Much difference is found in the size and roughness of the
spores in sporangia from the same cultivation ; in some they measure 12
to 15 fx, and are strongly spinulose, while in others they are smoother,
and average 9 to 1 1 /«- diam. The spines are usually evenly distributed,
but are sometimes grouped in patches separated by narrow smoother
tracts, which gives the spore a facetted appearance, but this feature is
never so marked as in P. straminipes. The granules in the sporangium-
wall frequently coalesce into vitreous superficial scales or coarse
particles, and those in the lime-knots become transparent and lose their
granular character ; this feature is also met with in other species of
Physarum. In preparations in water of highly calcareous sporangia
part of the solid matter is found to dissolve, and, on drying, to crystallise
on the slide in particles resembling those described. A cultivation from
an extensive growth of plasmodium exhibited the forms a, {$, and y in
the development of the sporangia :
a. Sporangia obovoid or reniform, laterally compressed, on short
black or grey stalks, or sessile.
(3. Sporangia obovoid or reniform, on white stalks 0"5 mm. long.
y. Plasmodiocarps lobed and confluent.
The specimens named P. nephroideum Rost. (Strassb. Herb.) are
the form a. The type of P. candidum Rost., from Juan Fernandez
(K. 510), is the form ft ; in some of the sporangia the lime-knots-
coalesce to form a central mass ; that of P. Phillipsii Balf., from
Phillips' Herb., shows the forms a and y ; and that of P. lividum var.
conglobatum Rost., from Ceylon, no. 55 (K. 1244), is the form a with
short black stalks ; that of P. affine Rost., from Cuba, no. 907 (K. 1350),
is the form R with white stalks. The specimen named Didymium
botryoides Berk, in Herb., from New Zealand (K. 1523) — named by
Massee D. radiatum B. & C. — is the form a. D. pruinosum Berk. & Curt.,
from Cuba (K. 1515), given by Rostafinski as a synonym for P. neph-
roideum (Rost., App., p. 5), is the form a. The type of Didymium
glaucum Phill. from California is form a ; the sporangia are either on
short black stalks or sessile.
Hob. On dead leaves, twigs, straw, etc. — Bedfordshire (B.M. 1238) ;
Hertfordshire (B.M. 1239); Shrewsbury (B.M. 115); Birmingham
(B.M. 1240) ; Forres (K. 106) ; Sweden (B.M. 2195) ; near Paris (B.M.
2197) ; near Berlin (B.M. 1050) ; Italy (B.M. 423) ; Portugal (B.M.
2196) ; Ceylon (B.M. 419) ; Australia (K. 1314) ; New Zealand
(B.M. 2198); Philippine Islands (B.M. 2041); Japan (B.M. 2199);
Colorado (B.M. 2200) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 2201) ; Dominica (B.M.
1651a) ; Brazil (B.M. 1779).
38. P. connatum Lister {non Ditm.) Plasmodium white.
Sporangia stalked, scattered and free, or grouped in clusters
of two or more, globose, turbinate or reniform, greyish-
white, 0*5 to 07 mm. diam. ; sporangium-wall membranous
with clustered deposits of lime-granules, rarely iridescent
and almost free from lime. Stalk stout, furrowed, dark or
e2
72 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
pale brown, buff or whitish, 0*1 to 0*7 mm. long, opaque
with enclosed refuse matter. Capillitium a network of flexuose
hyaline threads with numerous rounded or angular white
lime-knots. Spores purple-brown, minutely spinulose, 10 to
11 jjl diam. Didymium connaium Peck in Rep. N.Y. Mus.,
xxvi. 74 (1874) ; Sturgis in Trans. Conn. Acad., x. 477 (1900).
Physarum connexum Link, Morg. Myx. Miami Valley, 92
(1896). P. compressum var. 8, Lister Mycetozoa, 54 (1894).
P. nephroideum Rost., Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 41
(1899), in part. P. tropicale Macbr. I.e., 45.
PI. 40. — c. sporangia (Iowa) ; d. capillitium and spores ; e. spore.
This species is referred to by Dr. Sturgis (I.e.) as being one of the
commonest of northern New England, and is abundant also in the
central and western United States. In the old world it has been
obtained in England and Sweden. Although very nearly allied to
P. compressum it may be distinguished by the sporangia being more
symmetrical and not compressed, and by the more angular lime-knots.
P. tropicale Macbr. is a rather large form of the present species
with little lime in the iridescent sporangium-walls and in the
capillitium.
Hah. On dead wood. — Bedfordshire (B.M. 2202) ; near Upsala
(B.M. 2203) ; Maine, U.S.A. (B.M. 1589) ; Iowa (B.M. 806) ; Mexico
(B.M. 2204).
39. P. reniforme Lister. Plasmodium ? Sporangia
scattered or clustered, stalked or almost sessile, reniform,
obconic, bolster-shaped or lobed, usually compressed, 0-4 to
0*9 mm. diam., often confluent in clusters of from three to
twenty or more, greyish- white ; sporangium- wall membranous,
with clustered deposits of lime-granules. Stalk wrinkled,
variable in colour, either pale yellow, yellow-brown, or
fuscous, usually rather slender and flexuose, 0*3 to 1 mm.
long, enclosing refuse matter at the base. Capillitium with
rshort hyaline threads connecting the numerous angular
lime-knots that are often united to form a pseudo-columella,
sometimes almost Badhamia-\ike. Spores brownish-purple,
either faintly or strongly spinulose, 9 to 15 /x diam. — Til-
madoche reniformis Mass. Mon., 336 (1892). Didymium
echinospora Mass. I.e., 239. Physarum nicaraguense Macbr.
hi BuU. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. 382 (1893), & N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 43 ; Petch in Ann., Perad., iv. 334. P. compressum
Alb. & Schw., Lister Mycetozoa, 54, in part (1894).
PI. 41. — a. sporangia (Nicaragua) ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore.
This species, like the last, is nearly allied to P. compressum. It has
now been obtained from many parts of the world retaining the following
distinctive features : — the sporangia are smaller and more clustered than
in P. compressum, the stalks are more slender, and the capillitium
is often so densely charged with lime as to assume almost a Badhamia
character. In the type from Ceylon (K. 1406) and in Didymium
echinospora Mass.. also from Ceylon (K. 1407), the sporangia are reniform
physarum] physaeaceae 73
or lobed, with slender brown stalks, and with spores 12 to 15 fx equally
spinose all over. In extensive gatherings made by Mr. T. Petch
at Peradeniya, Ceylon, where the species is fairly common, the sporangia
are either single or massed together in large clusters, the spores average
10 jx, and are often facetted with patches of warts separated by smoother
tracts somewhat as in P. straminipes. Mr. K. Minakata sends from
Japan a specimen (B.M. 2205) similar to the type in every respect,
except that the spores show something of " facetting." The type of
P.nicarci'jxense Macbr. is very similar to Mr. Petch 's gatherings, but the
spores, which measure 9 to 11 ft, have the spinules evenly distributed.
It appears possible that Physarum fasciculatum Jungh. (Fl. Crypt.
Java, 11, pi. 2, fig. 8, 1838, syn. Badhamia fasciculata Rost. Mon.,
App. p. 2), may have been the present species. It is described as having
globose white sporangia, dehiscing irregularly, fugacious above, per
sistent below ; stalks connected in clusters of three to six or more, erect,
tough, dirty yellowish, attenuated upwards ; capillitium of tubes as in
BadJiamia ; spores violet, smooth, 1 1 to 12 /jl. Specimens of P. reniforme
gathered in Java by Prof. Penzig and recorded by him as Badhamia
fasciculata (Myx. Buit., 18) agree with the above description, except that
the sporangia are obconic, and the capillitium is more that of a
Physarum, having the large branching lime-knots connected by short
hyaline threads.
Hab. On dead wood.— Ceylon (B.M. 420) ; Japan (B.M. 2205) ;
Philippine Islands (B.M. 2044) ; Java (B.M. 2330) ; Nicaragua
(B.M. 1010).
40. P. cinereum Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 89
(1794). Plasmodium watery- white. Sporangia sessile, sub-
globose, pulvinate, heaped, crowded or scattered, or forming
simple or branched plasmodiocarps, 0-3 to 0'5 mm. broad,
cinereous, more or less warted or veined with white ; spor-
angium-wall membranous with included clusters of white lime-
granules. Columella none. Capillitium of branching hyaline
threads, with numerous white lime-knots varying in size and
shape, sometimes forming a Badhamia-like network with
few hyaline threads. Spores bright violet-brown, almost
smooth or spinulose, 7 to 10 /x diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 102,
figs. 71, 72, 85 ; Mass. Mon., 298 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 34. Lycoperdon cinereum Batsch Elench. Fung.,
155 (1783). Trichia coerulea Trentep. in Roth Catal.
Bot., i. 229 (1797) ? Physarum violaceum Schum. Enum. PL
Saell., ii. 199 (1803) ? P. plumbeum Pr. Syst. Myc, in. 142
(1829) ; Morg. Myx. Miami Valley, 98 (1896) ; Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, 35. P. capense Rost. Mon., p. 113, fig. 93
(1875)? P. scrobiculatum Mass. I.e., 300. Didymium cinereum
Fr. I.e., 126. I), scrobiculatum Berk, in Hook. Lond. Journ.
Bot., iv. 66 (1845). D. oxalinum Peck in Rep. N.Y. State
Mus., xxxi. 41 (1879).
PI. 47. — a. sporangia (Essex) ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore.
This widely distributed species is often abundant on dead leaves,
fir needles, or in heaps of old straw. It appears to merge naturally
74 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
l>\ many intermediate gatherings into P. vcrnum Komm., which perhaps
is hardly more than a very robust variety with larger, darker spores.
When the sporangia are clustered and nearly destitute of lime, P.
dnen urn is with difficulty distinguishable from P. atrum Schwein. (q.v.).
Pln/.sttrnm cnnnlobatum Ditm. (in Sturm Deutsch. Fl., Pilzo, i. 40:
Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 142) has been placed by Rostafinski as a synonym
for the present species; but the descriptions are too imperfect to be
instructive. From Berkeley's description of Didymium scrobiculatinti
Rostafinski was probably right in placing it under P. cinereum ; hardly
au\ t hing remains of the type from Swan River, Australia, hi Berkeley's
Herb. (K. 151 S).
Hab. On dead leaves, etc. — Devon (B.M. 1244) ; Essex (B.M.
1243); Bedfordshire (B.M. 2208); Wiltshire (2207); Aberdeen
i B.M. 2211) ; France (Paris Herb.) ; near Berlin (B.M. 2209) ; Sweden
(B.M. 2210); Portugal (B.M. 2212); Italy (B.M. 1972); Ceylon (K.
1284) ; New South Wales (B.M. 2213) ; New Zealand (2214) ; Philip-
pine Islands (B.M. 2032) ; Japan (B.M. 2215) ; Pennyslvania (B.M.
1246); Iowa (B.M. 1245); South Carolina (B.M. 431); Brazil B.M.
2216); Antigua (B.M. 1652).
41. P. atrum Schwein. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, n.s.
iv. 258 (1832). Plasmodium yellow, or white ? Sporangia
subglobose, 0*2 to 0*4 mm. diam., sessile, confluent, clustered
or heaped, dull violet-brown, often veined with white
or sprinkled with minute white warts ; sporangium-wall
membranous, pale purplish, with or without scanty
deposits of lime. Capillitium a sparse network of hyaline
threads with small angular or branching white lime-knots.
Spores brownish-violet, minutely warted, 10 to 12 /x diam. —
Morg. Myx. Miami Valley, 99 (1896) ; Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, 36. P. reliculatum Berl. in Sacc. Syll. Fung.,
vii. 350 (1888).
PI. 64. — a. sporangia (New Brunswick) ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment
of sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
It has been doubted if this is a distinct species, or if it may not be a
large-spored and almost limeless form in some cases of P. cinereum
in others of P. virescens. The late Dr. Rex, who had wide experience
of North American Mycetozoa, wrote of it in 1892 : ' This, though
found in some quantity was probably abnormal ; I think it is probably
P. virescens with a minimum of lime." Prof. Farlow, writing in 1902,
observes that in July of that year, " this was by far the commonest
species on moss, dead leaves and twigs, in the fir woods on Campobello
Island, New Brunswick " ; he adds that the plasmodium was yellow,
but does not express a decided opinion as to the validity of P. atrum
as a species. Dr. Jahn has repeatedly gathered a similar form in
woods near Berlin, arising from white plasmodium. The capillitium is
often entirely limeless. With our present imperfect knowledge, it
would seem well for convenience to recognise Schweinitz's species ;
P. atrum here includes both the German and American gatherings.
Hab. On dead wood, twigs, etc. — Berlin (B.M. 2277) ; New Bruns-
wick (B.M. 2279) ; New Hants (B.M. 2278).
physarum] physaraceae 75
42. P. vernum Somin. in litt. ex Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 146
(1829). Plasmodium white. Sporangia sessile, subglobose
or forming short or elongated often crowded plasmodiocarps,
greyish-white, 05 to 1 mm. diam., often several millimeters
in length, rugulose ; sporangium- wall membranous usually
densely charged with lime-granules, sometimes iridescent
from absence of lime. Capillitium consisting of short hyaline
threads connecting numerous angular branching white lime-
knots, that often unite in the centre to form a pseudo-colu-
mella. Spores purplish-brown, spinulose, 9 to 12 fi diam. —
Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxv. 210. Badhamia vema Rost.
Mon., p. 145 (1875), in part.
PI. 48. — a. sporangia (Arolla, Switzerland) ; b. capillitium and spores ; e. spore.
This species differs from P. cinereum to which it is very closely allied
by the darker and visually larger spores. It is abundant in this country
on heaps of dead leaves and old straw. The typical robust form, rich
in calcareous deposits, and often forming long plasmodiocarps is one of
the commonest species in the Swiss Alps in spring, where it occurs hi
company with Diderma niveum and Lepidoderma Carestianum on dead
twigs, leaves and grass close to the edge of melting snow. A variety of
P. vernum having small scattered sporangia, iridescent from absence of
lime, but with abundant white lime-knots, appears almost every autumn
in England and on the Continent ; if it were not for the darker brown
spores, this form would seem to be more nearly allied to P. cinereum.
Hab. On dead leaves and twigs, straw, etc. — Bedfordshire (B.M.
1699)
1701)
2281)
Epping Forest (B.M. 1702) ; Christiania, 'part of type (B.M.
Arolla, Switzerland (B.M. 2280) ; Jura Mountains (B.M.
Austria (B.M. 2282) ; Portugal (B.M. 2283) ; Cuba (B.M. 429).
43. P. gyrosum Rost. Mon., p. Ill (1875), in part. Plas-
modium creamy-white, or dull yellowish- white. Sporangia
sessile, much compressed, clustered, forming rosettes or
net-like plasmodiocarps one to many millimeters diam.,
pinkish grey, usually seated on a pink or dull red hypothallus ;
sporangium-wall membranous with clustered deposits of white
or reddish lime-granules. Capillitiuni a scanty network of
hyaline threads with numerous large white transversely placed
fusiform or irregular lime-knots. Spores pale brownish- violet,
minutely spinulose, 7 to 10 //. diam. — Mass. Mon., 307, in
part ; Lister in Journ. Bot., xl. 210, t. 438, fig. 2; Petch in
Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Perad., iv. 339. Lignidium reni forme
Fr. Sym. Gast., 10 (1817) ? Fuligo septica Gmel., Lister
Mycetozoa, 66 (1894), in part. F. gyrosa Jahn in Ber.
Deutsch. Bot. Gesell., xx. 272 t. xiii, figs 3, 4 (1902).
PI. 52. — a. rosette-like cluster of sporangia (Ceylon) ; b. capillitium and spores :
c. spore.
In the first edition of the present work P. gyrosum was regarded
as a form of Fuligo septica ; gatherings from many parts of the world
have since fully established its position as a distinct species. It appears
76 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARTJM
to be on the borderline between the genera Physamm and Fuligo ;
the sporangia are eitlnT simple, or form a net which may be regarded
either as a much branched plasmodiocarp or as a small aothalium.
Dr. J aim describes his finding the sporangia repeatedly on earth and
seedling plants in the forcing-houses of the Botanic Gardens, Berlin ;
it has also been found in the open air in Germany. Mr. T. Petch,
writing from Ceylon, says, "I found one evening a creamy-white
Plasmodium emerging in small pillars about 1 cm. high from the sides
of holes <i inches deep on land prepared £Qr piantmg COcoa. Next
morning all the pillars had collapsed into small rosettes on a central
pinkish hypothaUus ; with the exception of one piece on a blade of
grass the sporangia were all formed on stone, pieces of glass and earth,
and seemed to be in a continuous sheet, but they separated easily
from each other." Mr. K. Minakata describes his rinding the " pale
sordid yellow " plasmodium of this species " on the perpendicular
stone basement of an outhouse at Nakayama, Kii, Japan," forming a
mass 6 cm. across, and 12 cm. above the surface of the ground. It has
also been obtained from North and South America.
Didymium daedalium Berk. & Br. (in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2,
v. 366, 1850) is possibly the present species ; the description is as
follows : — " Sporangia connate, labyrinthine-sinuous, pale brick-red,
of the same colour as the short connate stalks, sprinkled with white
meal ; flocci white ; spores purple-black, smooth, globose. Hab. In
great abundance in a cucumber frame. — Milton, Norths. Spreading
far and wide in little globose masses ; stems reddish-brown, inclining
to orange, connate, as if composed of little flat bran-like membranes,
sporangia having a greyish tinge from the contained spores, which are
purple-black ; variegated with the white flocci, which are frequently
forked, and vary greatly in width, being in parts flat, broad, and
membranous." In the absence of the type this reference must remain
uncertain.
Hab. On earth, leaves, etc. — Berlin (B.M. 2285) ; Ceylon (B.M.
2287) ; Japan (B.M. 2284) ; New York (B.M. 1970) ; Brazil (B.M.
2286).
44. P. Gulielmae Penzig Myx. Buit., 34 (1898). Plasmo-
dium yellow. Sporangia subglobose or reniform, sessile,
about 0*4 mm. diam., brownish-orange or chestnut-
brown, rugulose. clustered or heaped, often with a yellow
membranous hypothaUus ; sporangium- wall membranous
or somewhat cartilaginous, with abundant clustered deposits
of bro wish-yellow lime-granules. Capillitium a network of
hyaline threads with large white angular or branching lime-
knots. Spores purple-brown, spinulose, 10 to 12 /j. diam. —
Torrend Fl. Myx., 182.
PI. 63. — a. sporangia (Sweden) ; b. capillitium and spores, with fragment of
sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
Allied perhaps to P. virescens or possibly to P. contextum, but differing
notably from both in the combination of brown sporangia and white
lime-knots. Rostafinski's account of P. Famintzini (Mon., p. 107)
which has apparently been found only once, in Poland, and having
minute, crowded, dull chestnut sporangia and " milky yellow " lime-
knots, applies fairly well to P. Gulielmae, but we have nothing in the
physarum] physaraceae 77
present species corresponding to the " elastic capillitium elongated
after dehiscence " characterising P. Famintzini, the affinity of which,
must in the absence of the type remain uncertain.
Hab. On twigs, herbaceous stems, etc. — Kiel, Germany (herb. Dr.
R. Trilling); Sweden (B.M. 1941); Switzerland (B.M. 2288); Java
(Herb. Penzig).
45. P. echinosporum Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxvii. 147, t.
398, fig. 1, a, b, c (1899). Plasmodium? Sporangia scattered,
forming chalk-white usually curved plasmodiocarps, strongly
compressed laterally, dehiscing along the thin upper ridge ;
sporangium- wall of two layers, the outer smooth, eggshell-
like, charged with minute lime-granules, separating from
the inner membranous iridescent pale purplish layer.
Capillitium consisting of numerous smooth white lime-knots,
irregular in shape and size, connected by short hyaline threads.
Spores purple, 8 //. diam., marked with strong ridges and
spines. — Torrend Fl. Myx., 178.
PI. 53. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore ; (Antigua).
Hab. On dead leaves. — Antigua (B.M. 1940).
46. P. sinuosum Weinm. ex Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 145 (1829).
Plasmodium white. Sporangia sessile, scattered, elongated,
laterally compressed, sinuous or branched, equal in breadth
from the base to the flattened upper ridge, which at length
splits longitudinally, or sometimes pulvinate and bursting
irregularly, white, grey, or yellowish ; sporangium-wall
double, the outer layer with copious deposits of lime, smooth
or reticulated, the inner wrinkled and colourless, showing
as a pale membrane along the fine of dehiscence, adhering
to the outer layer below. Capillitium consisting of numerous
white, often branching lime-knots, varying in shape and size,
connected by rather short hyaline threads. Spores violet-
brown, spinulose, 8 to 10 fi diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 112 ;
Mass. Mon., 305 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 28. Reti-
cular ia sinuosa Bull. Champ., 94, t. 446, fig. 3 (1791).
Physarum bivalve Pers. in Usteri Ann. Bot., xv. 5 (1795) ;
Lister Mycetozoa, 57 (1894). Angioridium sinuosum Grev.
Scot, Crypt. Fl., t. 310 (1828). Diderma valvatum Fr. Syst,
Myc, iii. 109 (1829). Carcerina valvata Fr. Summ. Veg.
Scand., 451 (1849).
PI. 49. — a. sporangia (Essex) ; b. capillitium and spores, with fragment of
sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
The characters of this abundant and widely distributed species are
retained on the whole with great constancy. It is closely allied to both
P. bitectum and P. bogoriense, differing from the former in having the
inner sporangium-wall wrinkled and colourless, in the smaller lime-
knots, and in the uniformly spinulose spores, and from the latter
species in the dehiscence of the sporangia along the upper ridge only,
and in the larger darker spores.
; S ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
If 'ib. On dead leaves and twigs. — Xear Bristol (B.M. 116); Essex
(B.M. 1249); Bedfordshire (B.M. 1248); France (K. 28); Germany
(B.M. 510); Finland (B.M. 450); Bohemia (B.M. 446); Italy (K.
1345); Portugal (B.M. 2289); Ceylon (B.M. 451); Java (Herb.
Ponziu) ; .Japan (l'...M. 1993); Iowa (B.M. 811); London, Canada
(B.M. 1797); South Carolina (B.M. 932); Colorado (B.M. 2290);
Chili (Paris Herb.).
47. P. bogoriense Racib. in Hedw., xxxvii. 52 (1898).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia scattered or gregarious, sessile on a
narrow base, ovoid and somewhat angular, or forming
flexuose plasmodiocarps, varying in colour, reddish-brown
buff, yellow or nearly white ; outer sporangium-wall smooth,
white on the inner side, densely charged with white lime-
granules; this layer is usually areolated with pale lines of dehis-
cence and at length separates in reflexed lobes from the more
persistent membranous inner wall. Capillitium consisting
of numerous large white smooth-walled rounded and branching
lime-knots connected by slender hyaline threads. Spores
pale violet-brown, nearly smooth, 8 /x diam. — Petch in
Ann. Perad., 338. Diderma pallidum Berk. & Curt, in Grev.,
ii. 52 (1873) undescribed. Physarum 'pallidum Lister in
Journ. Bot., xxxvi. 117 (1898) ; Sturgis in Colorado Coll.
Publ.. Sci. Ser., xii. 20.
PI. 50. — a. sporangia (Antigua) ; b. capillitium and spores, with fragment of double
sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
Closely allied to P. sinuosum, q.v.
Hab. On dead leaves. — Portugal (B.M. 2291) ; Cameroons, West
Africa (B.M. 2292); Ceylon (Peradeniya Herb.); Java (B.M. 2294);
Brisbane (B.M. 535) ; South Carolina (B.M. 849) ; Colorado (B.M. 2293);
Antigua (B.M. 1653) ; Brazil (B.M. 2295).
48. P. bitectum Lister. Plasmodium white. Sporangia
scattered, sessile, and either subglobose or obovoid,
0'6 to 0*8 mm. diam., or forming curved and flexuose plas-
modiocarps 2 to 6 mm. long, rounded, or laterally compressed,
smooth, white or buff ; sporangium- wall double, the outer wall
densely charged with white lime-granules, free and deciduous
above, recurved and persistent below ; inner wall smooth,
membranous, pale purplish, more persistent. Capillitium a
network of hyaline threads, with numerous variously shaped
large smooth-walled white lime-knots. Spores 10 to 12 jx
diam., purplish-brown, spinulose, with a paler and smoother
area of dehiscence. P. Diderma Lister (non Rost.) in Journ.
Bot., xxix. 260 (1891), & Mycetozoa, 57; Sturgis I.e.
PI. 51. — a. sporangia (Bedfordshire); b. capillitium and spores, with fragment of
double sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
This abundant species is allied to P. sinuosum, from which it differs
in having a smooth purplish inner sporangium-wall and rougher spores
smoother and paler on one side. In the first edition of the present
physarum] physaraceae 79
work this species was referred to P. Diderma Rost. ; a subsequent more
complete translation of Rostafinski's description shows P. Diderma
to have had crowded globose sporangia, characters inapplicable to the
present species, for which therefore a new name, P. bitectum, is here
adopted. In the absence of the type from Warsaw, the position of
P. Diderma remains uncertain, but the description applies fairly to
P. didermoides var. lividum.
Hab. On dead leaves, twigs, etc.- — Wanstead, Essex (B.M. 1250) ;
Norfolk (B.M. 2296); Flitwick, Beds (B.M. 1251); Germany (B.M.
512) ; S. France (B.M. 2297) ; Portugal (B.M. 2298) ; Washington
State (B.M. 2299); Colorado (B.M. 2301); California (B.M. 2300);
Venezuela (B.M. 2302).
49. P. testaceum Sturgis in Colorado Coll. Publ., Sci.
Ser., xii. 18 (1907). Plasmodium ? Sporangia sessile, white,
subglobose, clustered and polygonal from mutual pressure,
0-7 mm. diam. ; outer sporangium-wall white, eggshell-like,
separating from the membranous colourless inner wall.
Capillitium consisting of numerous large and small angular
branching white lime-knots connected by short hyaline threads.
Spores purplish-brown or greyish -purple, spinulose, distinctly
darker and more spinulose on one side, 8 to 10 /x diam. —
P. didermoides var. lividum Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxvi. 162
(1898), in part.
PI. 54. — a. Sporangia (Colorado) ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore.
This species is closely allied to P. didermoides var. lividum, from
which it differs in the double sporangium-wall and the large branching
lime-knots ; it has hitherto been recorded only from the United States,
where it appears to be widely distributed and not infrequent.
Hab. On dead wood —Maine (B.M. 1595) ; Vermont (B.M. 2303) ;
Massachusetts (B.M. 2305) ; Ohio (B.M. 2304) ; Colorado (B.M. 2058).
50. P. contextum Pers. Syn., 168 (1801). Plasmodium
yellow. Sporangia sessile, subglobose, ovoid, erect, 04 to
0-6 mm. diam., or reniform and elongated on a broad base,
crowded, often angled by mutual pressure, rounded or flattened
above, smooth, yellowish-white or ochraceous ; sporangium-
wall double, the outer layer cartilaginous, usually with
dense deposits of lime, often breaking away in the upper
part from the thin inner layer. Columella none. Capillitium
with scanty hyaline threads and numerous large irregularly
branching white lime-knots. Spores dark violet-brown,
spinulose, 10 to 13 /j. diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 109 ; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 31. Diderma contextum Pers. Obs.
Myc, i. 89 (1796). D. ochroleucum Berk. & Curt, in Grev.,
ii. 52 (1873). D. flavidum Peck in Rep. N.Y. State Mus.,
xxviii. 54 (1879). Physarum conglomeratum Mass. Mon.,
304 (1892). Lycoperdon luteum Jacq. Misc., 138, t. 8 (1778) ?
Leocarpus contextus Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand., 450 (1849).
Pi. 55. — a. sporangia (Surrey); b. capillitium and spores, with fragment of
sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
80 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
The present species is closely allied to P. conglomcratum, from which
it differs in the larger rougher spores and in the structure of the
sporarfgium-walL The type of Diderma ochroleucum Berk. & Curt.
from Pennsylvania (K. 1533) is typical P. contextum.
Hab. On dead leaves and twigs. — Near Lyme Regis (B.M. 125.")) ;
near Birmingham (B.M. 1254); near Paris (B.M. 2307); Germany
(B.M. 4 IS); Sweden (B.M. 2308); Austria (B.M. 2306); Tasmania
(B.M. 2309); Iowa (B.M. 808); Wisconsin (B.M. 1876); Philadelphia
(B.M. 2310) ; Colorado (B.M. 2311).
51. P. conglomeratum Rost. Mon., p. 108, figs. 73, 79,
90 (1875). Plasmodium ? Sporangia subglobose, sessile on
a broad base, densely aggregated on one plane, angled by
mutual pressure, 03 to 05 mm. broad, yellow or buffish-
white, mottled with paler shades ; sporangium-wall double,
the inner layer of the convex upper wall having translucent,
pale yellow curved thickened areas, with a vitreous fracture ;
the outer layer thick, Avith deposits of easily crumbling yellow
lime-granules. Capillitium consisting of delicate branching
hyaline threads, with numerous white or yellowish branching
often confluent lime-knots. Spores pale violet-brown, almost
smooth, 8 to 10 fx diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 31.
Spumaria minuta Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., li. 196 (1803)?
S. granulata Schum. I.e. ? Diderma conglomeratum Fr. Syst.
Myc, iii. Ill (1829) ? D. minutum Fr. I.e. ? D. gramdatum
Fr. I.e., 110 ? D. flavum Weinm. Hymen. & Gasterom.
593 (1836) ? D. rugulosnm Weinm. I.e., 594 ? Leocarpus
granulatus Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand., 451 (1849) ? L. minutus
Fr. I.e., 450 ? Carcerina conglomerata Fr. I.e., 451 ? Physarum
Rostafinskii Mass. Mon., 301 (1892).
PI. 56. — a. sporangia (Germany) ; b. capillitium and spores, with fragment ol
sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
This species and the preceding are distinguished by differences in the
structure of the sporangium-wall and spores, — microscopic characters
that the earlier authors were unable to detect ; the synonymy quoted
above is therefore uncertain, and may refer in part to P. con-
textum. The vitreous structure of the inner wall of the upper part
of the sporangium is constant in all the specimens of the present species
that we have examined. Fries distinguished Diderma conglomeratum
from D. contextum chiefly by the difference of the capillitium ; he
describes the presence of a columella in both species, but speaks of the
deposits of lime as being more largely developed in D. conglomeratum.
This is an uncertain character, and varies in different gatherings.
Rostafinski was the first to detect the main specific difference, and
pointed out that in Physarum contextum the spores are rough and
measure 10 to '3 fx, while in P. conglomeratum they are nearly smooth
and measure 8 to 9 /x diam. He follows Fries in referring to a columella
in P. conglomeratum, but adds that it is free and not always evident,
and he describes P. contextum as being usually without a columella.
The specimen K. 1277 marked Diderma conglomeratum by Fries,
gathered in West Sweden, and taken by Mr. Massee as his type of
physarum] physaraceae 81
P. conglomeratum (I.e. 304), is typical P. contextum ; the name P. Rosta-
finskii Mass., which is given to supersede P. conglomeratum Rost. is
therefore unnecessary.
Hab. On dead leaves and twigs. — Darenth, Kent (B.M. 417) ;
Hutton, Yorks (B.M. 2312) ; Lyme Regis (B.M. 2313) ; Germany (B.M.
415) ; Sikkim, India (B.M. 416) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 2314).
52. P. Serpula Morgan Myx. Miami Valley, 101 (1896).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia sessile, subglobose or forming
long straight or flexuose, simple, branched or ring-shaped
plasmodiocarps, 03 mm. diam., yellow or ochraceous ;
sporangium-wall membranous, with dense evenly distributed
deposits of yellow lime-granules. Capillitium consisting
of numerous angular and branching pale yellow lime-knots,
connected by short and scanty hyaline threads. Spores
purplish-brown, spinulose, with a paler and smoother area of
dehiscence, 10 to 12 /x diam. — Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxvi. 116
(1898); Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 29. P. gyrosum
Mass. Mon., 307 (1892), in part. Badhamia decipiens Lister
Mycetozoa, 32 (1894), in part.
PI. 57. — a. plasmodiocarp (Philadelphia) ; b. capillitium and spores, with
fragment of sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
Various attempts were made to unite this well-marked form with
previously known species, until the late A. P. Morgan established its
position by publishing it as Physarum Serpula. In Schweinitz's
herbarium at Philadelphia it was named P. reticulatum Alb. & Schw.,
(syn. Cienkowskia reticulata Rost.); it was distributed as P. gyrosum
Rost. by Ellis (X. Am. Fungi, no. 1396) ; and in the first edition of the
present work it was included under a nearly related species, Badhamia
decipiens Berk., from which it differs in the paler lime-knots being
connected by hyaline threads, and in the spores being distinctly paler
and smoother on one side.
Hab. On dead leaves. — Shawangunk Mountains, New York (B.M.
1181) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1870) ; Ohio (B.M. 1180).
53. P. aeneum R. E. Fries in Arkiv Bot,, i. 62 (1903). Plas-
modium ? Sporangia sessile, subglobose, or forming straight
or curved, simple branching or net-like plasmodiocarps,
0-3 to 04 mm. diam., pinkish-brown or bronze-colour, glossy ;
outer sporangium-wall somewhat cartilaginous, brown,
brittle, with deposits of lime-granules, separating and folding
back above from the shining membranous inner wall. Capilli-
tium a network of hyaline threads with numerous rather
small round or angular dark or pale brown Hme-knots, which
sometimes unite to form a pseudo-columella. Spores pale
brownish-violet, nearly smooth, 6 to 8 //, diam. — P. murinum
var. aeneum Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxvi. 117, t. 385,
fig. 4 (1898).
PI. 58. — a. sporangia (Bolivia) ; 6. capillitium and spores, with fragment of
sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
82 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
This species was first discovered by tin- Rev. W. Cran in the
island of Dominica in 1897 ; in July, L902, it was collected in Bolivia
by Dr R. E. Fries, who established its right to specific rank ; since then
large gatherings have been made in the island of Santa Cruz, West
I in lies, by Prof. C. Raunkiaer. In the Dominicia specimen the lime-
knots are more angular than in those from Bolivia and Santa Cruz,
but in other respects the gatherings are very similar.
Hab. On dead palm leaves, twigs, etc. — Dominica (B.M. 1643);
Santa Cruz, West Indies (B.M. 2316) ; near Tarija, Bolivia (B.M. 2313).
54. P. rubiginosum Fries Symb. Gast., 21 (1817). Plasmo-
dium orange-red {fide Schroeter). Sporangia subglobose,
0*5 to 1 mm. diam., sessile, gregarious or crowded, smooth
or rugulose, scarlet, reddish- or olive-brown ; sporangium-
wall membranous, with dense included clusters of orange
lime-granules. Columella none. Capillitium an abundant
network of hyaline threads with frequent triangular
membranous expansions at the axils of the branches ; lime-
knots large, angular, branching, orange-red or red-brown.
Spores pale violet-brown, spinulose, 8 to 11/x diam. — Rost.
Mon., p. 104 ; Blytt in Bidr. Norg., Sop., iii. 4 ; Schroeter
in Cohn Krypt. FL Schles., hi., pt. 1, 129 ; Mass. Mon., 302.
P. fulvum Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 143 (1829).
Pi. 59. — a. sporangia (Brandenburg) ; b. sporangia (New York) ; c. capillitium and
spores, with fragment of sporangium-wall ; d. spore.
Closely allied to P. auriscalpium from which it differs in the redder
colour and sessile habit of the sporangia and in the more abundant
hyaline network of the capillitium. A gathering from Philadelphia
sent by Mr. Wingate to Mr. Massee under the name of Leocarpus
squamulosus has glossy red-brown sporangia and dark red-brown
capillitium ; another from Gaddonfield, New York, collected by Dr.
Sturgis, has similar capillitium and orange-red sporangia fading where
exposed to strong light to a dull ochraceous colour ; in all other respects
these gatherings agree with the typical form of P. rubiginosum.
Hab. On dead wood and moss.— Brandenburg (B.M. 2317) ;
Norway (B.M. 2318) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 2319).
55. P. lateritium Morgan Myx. Miami Valley, 95
(1896). Plasmodium ? Sporangia subglobose, 0-3 to
0-7 mm. diam., sessile, or forming simple branched
or net-like plasmodiocarps, terete or laterally compressed,
gregarious, more rarely clustered, orange, brick-red, rosy-
red, or red-brown, somewhat rugose, rupturing irregularly ;
sporangium-wall membranous, colourless above, yellow at the
base, with included clusters of red or orange lime-granules.
Columella none. Capillitium a network of slender colour-
less or pale yellow threads, with rounded lime-knots varying
in shape and size, the knots orange, or showing red centres
surrounded by yellowish round lime-granules. Spores pale
brownish- violet, almost smooth, 6 to 9 ^ diam. — Macbride
N. Am. Slime Moulds, 33 (1899). Didymium lateritium
physarum] physaraceae 83
Berk.& Rav.inGrev.,ii. 65 (1873). D.croceoflavum'Berk. & Br.
in Journ. Linn. Soc, xiv. 84 (1873). Physarum Braunianum
de Bary, Rost. Mon., p. 105 (1875). P. Ditmari y lateritium
Rost. Mon., App. p. 9 (1876). Physarum Ditmari (3 croceo-
flavum Rost. I.e., p. 9. P. inaequale Peck in Rep. N. York
Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxi. 40 (1879). P. chrysotrichum Mass.
Mon., 300 (1892), in part. P. fulgens Pat. in Bull. Soc. Mvc.
Fr., viii. 122 (1892)?
PI. 60. — a. sporangia (South Carolina) ; b. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; c. capillitium
and spores, with fragment of sporangium-wall ; d. spore.
Pi. 61. — d. sporangia of type of P. Braunianum de Bary (Berlin).
This species is variable in the colour and shape of the sporangia ;
the bright rosy form somewhat resembles P. rubiginosum, but is
distinguished by the paler more rounded lime-knots ; the orange form
appears to be nearly allied to P. virescens, but differs in the sporangia
being more scattered and having a tendency to form long slender
plasmodiocarps, which are often pale yellow or grey in the lower part.
The specimen from Carolina marked in Berkeley's herbarium Didy-
mium terrigenum Berk. & Curt. (B.M. 575) is in poor condition but seems
to be the present species rather than P. virescens, with which it was
placed in the first edition of this work. Dr. Jahn has recently found
in the herbarium of the Berlin Museum the type of P. Braunianum
de Bary, collected in June, 1852, on moss in Griinewald near Berlin,
by A. Braun. The minute sporangia are globose, clustered or scattered,
0*2 to 0"3 mm. diam., purplish-brown and either without lime deposits, or
spotted and veined with clusters of brick-red lime-granules ; the
scanty capillitium consists of slender hyaline threads and yellow or
nearly white lime-knots ; the spores are violet-grey, 9 //, diam. ; the
specimen is not perfectly developed, and it is a question whether it
should be placed with P. virescens or P. lateritium but the brick-red
colour of the sporangia favours the latter position.
Hob. On dead leaves, wood, and twigs. — Near Berlin (B.M. 2322) ;
Ceylon (B.M. 414) ; Java (B.M. 2320) ; Georgia (B.M. 899) ; Ohio
(B.M. 1263) ; Adirondack Mountains, New York (B.M. 1264) ; Antigua
(B.M. 1655) ; Brazil (B.M. 2321).
56. P. virescens Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. Fl., Pilze,
i. 123, t. lxi (1817). Plasmodium lemon-yellow. Sporangia
subglobose or irregularly ovoid, 0-2 to 0-4 mm. diam., sessile,
heaped or gregarious, rugose or nearly smooth, pale yellowish-
green, orange-yellow, or purple-brown from the absence of lime ;
sporangium-wall membranous, with dense included clusters
of minute yellow lime-granules, rarely without lime. Columella-
none. Capillitium a network of hyaline threads with fusiform
roundish or irregular yellow lime-knots. Spores almost
smooth, pale violet-brown, 7 to 10 p, diam. — Rost. Mon.,
p. 103 ; Mass. Mon., 277 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 33.
P. thejoteum Fr. Symb. Gast., 21 (1818) ; Macbr. I.e., 36.
P. Ditmari Rost. Mon., App. p. 8 (1876). Didymium nectriae-
forme Berk. & Curt, in Grev., ii. 66 (1873). D. sinajpinum
Cooke Myx. Brit., 33 (1877).
84 ENDOSPOREAE [PHYSARUM
Var. 1. — obscurum Lister : sporangia sessile, 0-4 to 0-8 mm.
diam., subglobose or forming plasmodiocarps, gregarious
or crowded, greenish-grey, often spotted with pale yellow
or olive-brown, somewhat glossy; sporangium-wall mem-
branous, colourless above, yellow at the base, either without
lime, or with widely scattered clusters of whitish lime-
granules : lime-knots bright yellow : spores 6 to 8 /x diam.
Var. 2. nitens Lister : sporangia subglobose, 0-5 to 0-8 mm.
diam., sessile, gregarious, not clustered, bright yellow : spores
7 to 9 (l diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 34. P. luteolum
Peck in Rep. N. York Mus. Nat. Hist,, xxx. 50 (1878) ? ;
see Sturgis in Trans. Conn. Acad., x. 470 (1900). P. auris-
calpium Macbr. (non Cooke) in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii.
158 (1893).
PI. 61. — a. sporangia (Essex) ; b. capillitium and spores, with fragment of sporan-
gium-wall, showing three calcareous discs; c. spore; e. sporangia of var.
obscurum (Devon).
PI. 62. — var. nitens ; a. sporangia (Maine) ; b. capillitium and spores, with
fragment of sporangium- wall ; c. spore.
Glycerine mountings of the typical form show, dispersed in the
sporangium-wall, flattened disc-shaped crystalline bodies with a radiat-
ing structure, measuring 10 to 20 /x diameter ; these are also found in
the sporangium-wall of P. psittacinum, P. dictyospermum, and Graterium
leucocephalum ; they do not appear to be present in vars. obscurum
and nitens. Through the courtesy of Professor Macbride we have
received a specimen of the form he has published as P. theioteum Fr.
(B.M. 2329) ; the small golden-yellow sporangia are on dead wood,
and crowded, not heaped, on a membranous hypothallus ; the sporan-
gium-walls with their characteristic " discs," the capillitium and spores
are those of typical P. virescens. The var. obscurum has been found four
times in England, and has also been recorded from Scotland, Hungary,
and the Adirondack Mts., New York ; the capillitium and spores are
similar to the typical form, but in external appearance it differs markedly
in the larger and often scattered sporangia with glossy and almost
limeless walls. The var. nitens is a handsozne form, having rather larger
sporangia than the type, with which it is connected by gatherings
intermediate in character. Dr. Sturgis has examined the scanty and
injured remains of the type of P. luteolum Peck in the New York State
Museum at Albany ; he regards it as being probably P. virescens var.
nitens, and considers that Peck's name should be discarded (see
Sturgis I.e.).
Hab. On dead leaves, moss, etc., more rarely on wood. — Epping
Forest, Essex (B.M. 1256) ; Dorset (B.M. 2323) ; Norfolk (B.M. 2324) ;
France (Paris Herb.) ; Germany (B.M. 413) ; Dorfhalden (B.M. 861) ;
Bohemia (B.M. 2326) ; Switzerland (B.M. 2325) ; Massachusetts
(B.M. 1258) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1905) : var. obscurum — Devon
(B.M. 1257) ; Hungary (K. 1529) ; Adirondack Mountains (B.M. 1259) :
var. nitens — New Hampshire (B.M. 1260); Maine (B.M. 1261); Iowa
(B.M. 1011).
57. P. alpinum G. Lister in Journ. Bot., xlviii. 73
(1910). Plasmodium ? Sporangia clustered or scattered,
sessile, 1 to 1-3 mm. diam., or forming curved or straight
FULIGO] PHYSARACEAE 85
plasrnodiocarps 2 to 30 mm. long, pale yellow or ochraceous,
scaly or smooth ; outer sporangium-wall densely charged
with calcareous deposits, separating from the membranous
inner wall. Capillitium with abundant and rather large simple
or branching yellow lime-knots connected by a scanty network
of firm hyaline threads with broad membranous expansions.
Spores purple-brown, closely and minutely warted, 9 to 14 fx,
diam. — P. virescens Ditm. var. alpina Lister in Journ. Bot.,
xlvi. 216 (1908).
PI. 62. — d. sporangia (California) ; e. capillitium and spores, with fragment o:
sporangium-wall ; /. spore.
This species was first gathered in the Blue Canon, California, by Dr.
Harkness (B.M. 2327), and was named in Phillips' herbarium Badhamia
inaurata (see Mycetozoa, ed. 1, p. 61). It has since been found near
Arolla, Switzerland, 8,000 feet altitude, and M. Ch. Meylan has
repeatedly gathered it in the Jura Mountains, near Ste. Croix, at an
elevation of from 3,000 to 4,000 feet, where it appeared on turf on the
mountain-side in the company of P. vernum after the thawing of the
winter snows. In general structure and in the colour of the spores
the present species is curiously like the alpine form of P. vernum,
though differing entirely in the yellow colour of the sporangia and
lime-knots. It appears to be related to P. contextum from which it
is distinguished by the yellow lime-knots and by the sporangia being
larger, more scattered, and usually forming plasmodio carps.
Hab. On leaves, grass and sticks in alpine regions. — Ste. Croix,
Jura Mountains (B.M. 2328) ; California (B.M. 2327).
The following species of Physarum are rejected from their
descriptions being too brief to be serviceable : —
P. atrum Fr. P. flavomrens Alb. & Schw.
P. chlorinum Cooke. P. hypnophilum Fr.
P. connatum Schum. P. luteovalve Schwein.
P. corrugatum Link. P. piceum Fr.
P. crustiforme Speg. P. polyaedron Schwein.
P. elegans Schwein. P. purpurascens Link.
P. elongation Link. P. stipitatum Chev.
P. fimetarium Schum. P. villosum Schum.
The description of Tilmadoche cavipes Berk, from the
Andaman Isles (see Grev., xi. 39) — with brick-red sporangia,
cottony white stalks, and yellow spores — suggests that this
species should be excluded from the Mycetozoa.
Genus 4.— FULIGO Haller Hist. Stirp. Helv., iii. 110
(1768). Sporangia elongated, branching and interwoven,
combined to form a pulvinate aethalium ; the outer layer of
sporangia often barren and forming a cortex charged with
deposits of lime-granules and without spores ; capillitium
with few or many lime-knots.
86 ENDOSPOREAE [FULIGO
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF FULIGO.
Aethalium and lime-knots yellow, rarely reddish or white ;
spores 1 to % }x. \. F. septica
Aethalium yellowish-grey ; lime-knots numerous, orange-
yellow ; spores 10 to 11 //,. 2. F. muscorum
Aethalium and lime-knots pure white, the latter large ; spores
10 to 14 p., often ellipsoid. 3. F. cinerea
1. F. septica Gmelin Syst. Nat., 1466 (1791). Plas-
modium yellow, rarely white. Aethalia pulvinate, varying
much in size, from 2 mm. to 20 cm. broad, yellow, pinkish
or dull white or reddish-brown. The sporangia constituting
the aethalium are intricately coiled and anastomosing, 0- 2 to
0-25 mm. broad, with air spaces in the intervals which permeate
the mass ; the cortex is sometimes wanting, when the surface
is grey and marked with brain-like convolutions ; sporangium-
walls within the aethalium membranous, very fragile, colourless,
with scattered deposits of lime-granules. Columella none.
Capillitium scanty or abundant, consisting of a loose network
of slender hyaline threads more or less expanded at the axils,
with fusiform or branching yeUow or whitish lime-knots,
varying much in size. Spores violet, almost smooth, 6 to
8 fx, rarely 8 to 10 fx diam. — Blytt in Bidr. Norg., Sop. hi. 5
(1892). Mucor septicus Linn. Sp. PL, ed. 2, 1656 (1763).
M. primus (ovatus) Schaeff. Fung. Bav., 132, fig. 192 (1763).
M. Mucilago Scop. Fl. Cam., ed. 2, ii. 492 (1772). Reticularia
lutea Bull. Champ., 87, t. 380, fig. 1 (1791). R. hortensis
Bull. I.e., 86, t. 424, fig. 2. R. carnosa Bull. I.e., 85, t. 424, fig. 1.?
Fuligo flava Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 88 (1794). F. rufa
Pers. I.e. F.vaporaria Pers. Obs., i. 92. F. Candida Pers. I.e.
F. laevis Pers. Syn., 160 (1801). F. violacea Pers. I.e. ; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 24. F. flavescens Schum. Enum. PI.
Saell., ii. 194 (1803). F. varians Somm. Fl. Lapp., 239 (1826) ;
Rost. Mon., p. 134 ; Mass. Mon., 430. F. tatrica Racib. in
Hedw., xxiv. 169 (1885). F. ovata Macbr. I.e., 23 (1899).
Aethalium flavum, Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., hi. 42 (1809)
A. septicum Fr. Syst. Myc., hi. 93 (1829). A. ferrincola
Schwein. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, n.s. iv. 261 (1832) ? Licea
Lindheimeri Berk, in Grev., ii. 68 (1873).* Tubulina Lindheimeri
Mass. I.e., 42 (1892). Physarum cerebrinum Mass. I.e., 306.
PI. 74. — a. part of a small ecorticate aethalium (Essex) ; b. white aethalium
(Hants); c. reddish aethalium (Essex); d. capillitium and spores from aethalium
" c." ; e. capillitium and spores from aethalium " a." ; /. spore.
* Through the courtesy of Prof. Macbride we have had the opportunity of examining
the specimen described under the name of Licea Lindheimeri Berk., by Morgan (Myx.
Miami Valley, Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 147, t. xii.. figs 6, 6a, 66); it is an
ascomyectous fungus belonging to the Order Perisporiacei , probably a species of
Emericella.
FULIGO] PHYSARACEAE 87
This conspicuous species has received the popular English name of
" Flowers of Tan " from its frequent occurrence in tan-yards on heaps
of spent tan. It is perhaps the most abundant and widely distributed
of all the Mycetozoa. The colour of the plasmodium is usually bright
lemon-yellow, but Dr. Jahn finds in the woods near Berlin a white
variety, having the typical small violet spores, maturing from white
Plasmodium. The aethalia vary much in size, in colour, and in the
amount to which the cortex is developed. It is found that if the rising
Plasmodium is protected by a bell-glass from currents of dry air, the
sporangia develop well throughout, there is no cortical layer, and a
number of small aethalia may be formed rather than a single large one ;
when on the other hand the young aethalium is exposed to dry winds or
sunlight, the cortex becomes thick. The type of Physarum cerebrinvm
Mass., produced in a hot-house at Kew (K. 195), is a form of F. septica
with no cortex developed over the convoluted sporangia. In the type
specimen of Licea Lindheimeri Berk, from Texas (K. 1648) only the basal
part of an aethalium remains ; it is an orange form of the present
species with scanty capillitium and violet spores measuring 5 to 7 /x.
Hob. On dead wood, tan, etc. — Leytonstone, Essex (B.M. 1265) ;
Lyme Regis (B.M. 1266) ; Highgate (B.M. 155) ; France (B.M. 459) ;
Germany (B.M. 457) ; Austria (B.M. 460) ; Italy (B.M. 461) ; Finland
(B.M. 463); South Africa (K. 232); Ceylon (Peradeniya Herb.);
Queensland (B.M. 468); New Zealand (B.M. 2331); Japan (B.M.
1997) ; Virginia (B.M. 1954) ; Dominica (B.M. 1745) ; Antigua (B.M.
1656) ; Brazil (B.M. 2332).
2. F. muscorum Alb. & Schwein. Consp. Fung., 86, t. vii,
fig. 1 (1805). Plasmodium apricot-yellow, translucent.
Aethalia pulvinate, 2 mm. to 5 cm. in diam., scattered, clustered
or somewhat imbricated, nearly smooth, formed of very closely
interwoven sporangia, yellowish-grey or grey, seated on an
orange hypothallus ; cortex scanty or none ; sporangium-wall
membranous with scattered deposits of orange lime-granules.
Capillitium of numerous irregular often branching orange
lime-knots connected by rather short hyaline threads. Spores
violet-brown, spinulose, 10 to 11 ^ diam. — Macbr., N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, 24. Lignidium griseoflavum Link in Mag. Ges.
Nat. Fr. Berl, iii. 24 (1809). L. muscicola Fr. Symb. Gast., 10
(1817). Reticularia muscorum Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 91 (1829).
Physarum gyrosum Rost. Mon., p. Ill (1875), in part.
Licea ochracea Peck in Rep. N. York Mus. Nat. Hist.,
xxviii. 55 (1879). Fuligo ochracea Peck I.e., xxxi. 56 (1879) ;
Mass. Mon., 342 ; Lister Mycetozoa, 67. F. simulans Karst.
in Bidr. Kann. Finl. Nat., xxxi. 108 (1879).
PL 77. — a. aethalium, on moss (Surrey) ; b. capillitium and spores with frag-
ment of sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
This species differs from F. septica in the smooth clustered aethalia,
in the orange lime-knots connected by short hyaline threads, and in the
larger rougher spores. In some seasons the plasmodium is abundant
on turf, rushes, etc., on moist moorland, occurring in masses many
inches across, and creeping up the adjacent plants to form on the under
surface of their stems and leaves numerous rounded aethalia, whose
F 2
88 ENDOSPOREAE [FULIGO
dingy colour renders them when mature and dry extremely incon-
spicuous. When protected from currents of air, the sporangia form
less compact aethalia, and may in part remain free as simple or branched
plasmodiocarps.
Hob. On sticks, rushes, bracken, etc., in moist places. — Epping
Forest, Essex (B.M. 2333) ; Beds (B.M. 2334) ; Surrey (B.M. 2335) ;
North Wales (B.M. 1765) ; Brandenburg (B.M. 2223) ; Sweden (Herb.
Dr. R. E. Fries); Switzerland (Zurich Herb.); Ceylon (Peradeniya
Herb.) ; Adirondack Mountains, New York (B.M. 1267) ; Maine
(B.M. 2336).
3. F. cinerea Morg. Myx. Miami Valley, 105 (1896).
Plasmodium white. Aethalia pulvinate, elongate, simple
or branched, 4 to 60 mm. long, scattered or gregarious, formed
of closely interwoven sporangia, usually enclosed in a smooth
white cortex densely charged with lime and continuous with
the white hypothallus. Sporangium- walls within the aetha-
lium more or less perfect, membranous, with deposits of white
lime-granules. Capillitium consisting of simple or branched
hyaline threads, and large white lime-knots that may unite to
form a pseudo-columella, or almost Badhamia-\ike. Spores
brownish- violet, spinulose, ellipsoid, 13 to 17 X 8 to 12 ,u, or
subglobose, 9 to 12 p diam. — Enteridium cinereum Schwein.
in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, n.s. iv. 261(1832). Physarum
ellipsosporum Rost. Mon., App. p. 10 (1876) ; Mass. Mon., 310 ;
Macbr., N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 27. Badhamia coadnata Rost.
Mon., p. 146 (1875) ; Mass. I.e., 325. Aethaliopsis stercori-
formis Zopf Pilzthiere, 150, fig. 26 (1884). Fuligo
stercoriformis Racib. in Hedw., xxvi. Ill (1887) ; Mass.
I.e., 342. F. ellipsospora Lister Mycetozoa, 67 ; Petch in
Ann. Perad., iv. 342.
Var. ecorticata Lister : aethalia composed of more loosely
combined sporangia, irregular in outline, without cortex,
white, buff, or pale reddish-brown ; spores often globose,
9 to 12 /x diam.
P1- 7.?,-~a- Part of an ecorticate aethalium (Beds) ; b. group of aethalia, on straw ;
c. capillitium and spores ; d. spore.
The typical form of this widely distributed species has been found
in some years in great abundance about heaps of old straw in Bedford-
shire, but does not appear to be common in the British Isles. Mr.
Petch describes it as being fairly abundant in Ceylon. The var.
ecorticata occurs both on dead leaves and on wood ; it is not infrequent
in this country, and has also been obtained from Germany and from
both the eastern and western United States ; the spores are usually
rather paler L.nd smaller than in the typical form, between which and the
white variety of F. septica it holds an intermediate position. The type
of Badhamia coadnata Rost. from Cuba in the Strassburg herbarium
consists of smooth corticate aethalia of the present species. From the
description and illustration of Aethaliopsis stercoriformis Zopf there
can be no doubt that this also is Fuligo cinerea.
trichamphora] physaraceae 89
Hob. On dead leaves, straw, etc. — Beds (B.M. 1761); Italy (B.M.
1786); Ceylon (Peradeniya Herb.); Philippine Islands (B.M. 2040);
Japan (B.M. 2339) ; Iowa*(B.M. 810) ; Ohio (B.M. 1268) : var. eeorticata
—Berks (B.M. 1720) ; Epping Forest (B.M. 2337) ; Germany (B.M.
2338) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 2340) ; Kansas (B.M. 2341).
Genus 5.— ERIONEMA Penzig in Myx. Buit., 36 (1898).
Sporangia forming long cylindrical simple or branched
plasmodiocarps ; capillitium a close elastic network of slender
colourless threads with few small lime-knots.
1. E. aureum Penz. I.e., 37. Plasmodium colourless or
yellowish. Sporangia long, cylindrical, 0-2 to 0-3 mm. diam.,
lemon-yellow, or greyish-olive spotted and banded with yellow,
either clustered and drooping on slender branched stalks,
or sessile and forming straight or curved branched and often
interlacing plasmodiocarps ; sporangium-wall a pale yellow
membrane, with more or less abundant deposits of yellow
lime-granules. Stalks yellow, filiform, merging into the
anastomosing strands of the hypothallus. Capillitium a close
persistent network of slender colourless threads with few small
fusiform yellow lime-knots ; at maturity the sporangium-wall
breaks away in flakes, and the cylindrical network of
capillitium expands longitudinally to several times its original
length. Spores pale brownish- violet, nearly smooth, 6 to 7 /x
diam. — Lister in Journ. Bot., xlii. 98, tab. 458 ; Petch in
Ann. Perad., iv. 341.
PI. 73. — a. sporangia (Java) ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore.
The present species is distinguished from Fuligo septica, some
©corticate forms of which it resembles, by the remarkable elastic
capillitium. Erio.nema aureum was first found by Professor Penzig in
the botanic gardens of Buitenzorg, in November, 1896 ; since then
Professor Ernst has again met with it in the island of Java ;
Mr. Kusano has found it in the botanic gardens, Tokyo, Japan, and
Mr. Petch has twice gathered it in Ceylon.
Hob. On dead twigs, leaves, etc. — Java (B.M. 1710) ; Japan
(B.M. 2342).
Genus 6.— TRICHAMPHORA Junghuhn Fl. Crypt. Jav.,
12 (1838). Sporangia discoid or saucer-shaped, stalked ;
stalk red-brown ; sporangium- wall membranous, with evenly
distributed deposits of lime-granules ; capihitium consisting
of colourless branching threads with many or few lime-knots,
or of membranous tubes, filled with lime throughout, or
without lime.
Trichamphora is somewhat artificially separated from the unwieldy
genus Physarum, to which it is very closely allied, on account of the
remarkable saucer-like shape of the sporangia, and from the capillitium
being frequently without any deposits of lime.
90 ENDOSPOREAE [TRICHAMPHORA
1. T. pezizoidea Jungh. I.e. Plasmodium greyish-white.
Total height 1 to 2-5 mm. Sporangia gregarious, stalked, discoid
or saucer-shaped, erect or somewhat inclined, 0-8 to 1-3 mm.
broad, 02 to 03 mm. thick, greyish-white ; sporangium-wall
membranous, with thin included deposits of lime equally
distributed, breaking up at maturity into areolae and
remaining attached to the capillitium after the dispersion
of the spores. Stalk subulate, longitudinally striate, reddish-
brown, translucent. Capillitium very variable, consisting
either of branching anastomosing colourless threads with
broad expansions at the axils and at the attachment to the
sporangium-wall, and either with or without fusiform lime-
knots, or Badhamia-\ike and formed of membranous tubes
filled with lime throughout. Spores dark or pale purplish-
brown, spinose, spinuloseor nearly smooth, 9 to 17 fi diam. —
Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxix. 85, & xlii. 132. Physarum
macrocarpum Fuckel Symb. Myc, 343 (1869) (non Cesati).
P. Muelleri Berk. MS. in herb. P. pezizoideum Pav. & Lag.
in Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr., xix. fasc. ii. 7 (1903). Trichamphora
Fuckeliana Rost. in Fuckel I.e., Nacb.tr. 2, 71 (1873) ;
Rost. Mon., p. 138. Didymium zeylanicum Berk. & Br. in
Hook. Journ. Bot., vi. 230 (1854). D. pezizoideum Mass. Mon.,
239 (1892). D. australe Mass. in Grev., xvii. 7 (1888).
D. parasiticum Sacc. & Syd. Syll. Fung., xiv. 836 (1899).
Chondrioderma pezizoides Rost. Mon., p. 424 (1875). C.
zeylanicum Rost. Mon., App. p. 15 (1876). C. Muelleri Rost.
I.e. C. Berkeleyanum Rost. I.e., p. 16. Badhamia Fuckeliana
Rost. 1.0., p. 2 ; Mass. I.e., 321.
PI. 72. — a. sporangia (Brisbane) ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall ; c. spore (Brisbane) ; d. spore (E. Africa).
This species often forms large plasmodia, resulting in many hundred
sporangia. It displays in its various forms all the types of capillitium
characteristic of Badhamia, Physarum and, to some extent, of Didy-
mium, and has been published under different names in each of these
genera. A large number of gatherings have now been obtained from
many parts of the world, having the characteristic saucer-shaped
sporangia* and translucent red-brown stalks, but exhibiting great
variety both in the amount of lime in the capillitium, and in the size,
colour and roughness of the spores. Junghuhn's type from Java is the
form with no lime in the slender threads of the capillitium, as also are
the types of Physarum Muelleri Berk, from Queensland, Chondrioderma
Berkeleyanum Rost. from Tahite, Didymium zeylanicum Berk. & Br.
from Ceylon, and D. australe Mass. from Brisbane. In the type of
Badhamia Fuckeliana Rost., from Germany, the capillitium consists
of membranous tubes free from lime-granules. A specimen from
Togo, German East Africa (B.M. 2343), collected by Staudt in 1897 has
Badhamia-like capillitium and dark echinulate spores 15 yu. diam.
A large gathering made by Mr. Petch in the Peradeniya Gardens,
* Discoid sporangia are met with also in Badhamia orbiculata, Physarum javanicnm,
P. viride var. rigidum and P. polycephalum var. ohrusseum.
physarella] physaraceae 9]
Ceylon (B.M. 2344), has rather broad and nearly simple capillitium
threads with long fusiform lime-knots ; the spores are dark, spinulose,
and measure 17 /x diam. The specimen B.M. 2052 from the Philippine
Islands has slender branching capillitium, small lime-knots, and violet-
brown, minutely warted spores measuring 9 /x. The presant species
appears to be nearly allied to Physarum javanicum, but is distinguished
by the more saucer-shaped sporangia, the red colour of the stalks and
the darker usually larger spores.
Hab. On dead leaves, wood, Auricularia, etc. — Montpellier, France
(B.M. 2345) ; Germany (B.M. 403) ; Sweden (B.M. 1317) ; Togo,
East Africa (B.M. 2343); Madagascar (B.M. 1001); Natal (K. 376);
Ceylon (B.M. 576) ; Java (B.M. 2346) ; Borneo (B.M. 2347) ; Sumatra
(B.M. 1315) ; Queensland (B.M. 1316) ; Philippine Islands (B.M.
2036) ; Tahiti (K. 1207a) ; Brazil (B.M. 2348).
Genus 7.— PHYSARELLA Peck in Bull. Torr. Bot.
Club, xi. 61 (1882). Sporangia stalked, shortly cylindrical,
perforated from above by a deep umbilicus ; capillitium con-
sisting of slender threads with minute fusiform lime-knots,
and stout spine-like processes densely charged with lime-
granules, springing perpendicularly from the sporangium- wall.
1. P. oblonga Morg. Myx. Miami Valley, 79 (1896). Plas-
modium rich yellow. Total height about 3 mm. Sporangia
gregarious, stalked, shortly cylindrical, inclined, 0-8 mm. long,
0*6 mm. broad, perforated from above by a deep umbilicus,
which is continuous with the hollow stem, greenish or reddish -
yellow ; in abnormal developments sporangia erect, funnel-
shaped or irregularly expanded, rarely sessile and forming net-
like plasmodiocarps ; sporangium-wall a yellow membrane
thickened with included deposits of yellow lime-granules and
studded with the spine-like processes of the capillitium, at
length dehiscing round the cylindrical apex of the sporangium
and recurving in stellate lobes from the wall of the umbilicus,
which persists to form a hollow orange-yellow columella.
Stalk cylindrical, slender, broader at the base, or thick and
irregular, striate, red-brown, translucent. Capillitium con-
sisting normally of abundant filiform forking pale yellow
threads, with few minute fusiform yellow lime-knots, and
yellow or orange spine-like processes 0*2 mm. long, 20 /*. thick,
extending from the outer wall of the sporangium to the walls
of the columella, densely charged with granules of lime ;
in plasmodiocarp forms the capillitium may consist of a net-
work of yellowish threads with large irregular orange lime
knots, and have no spine-like processes. Spores violet-brown,
nearly smooth, 6 to 8 /x diam. — Macbride N. Am. Slime
Moulds, 71. Trichamphora oblonga Berk. & Curt, in Grev.,
ii. 66 (1873). Physarum rufibasis Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn,
Soc, xiv. 85 (1873). P. Mans, Mass. Mon., 296 (1892). Chon-
drioderma inflatum Rost. Mon., p. 425 (1875). Tilmadoche
92 ENDOSPOREAE [CIENKOWSKIA
ohloin/a Rost. Mon., App. p. 13 (1876). T. Mans Rost., I.e.,
p. 14. T. minuta Berl. in Sacc. Syll., vii. 361 (1888).
Physarella mirabilis Peck in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, ix. 61
(1882) ; Lister Mycetozoa, 68 ; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 339.
PI. 71. — a. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment
of sporangium-wall ; c. capillitium from an irregularly formed sporangium ;
d. spore.
This species when well formed presents a strikingly graceful aspect
either in the stage where the sporangia are still unbroken, or when they
have expanded in a flow< r-Iike manner to expose the orange trumpet-
shaped oolumellae and curious spike-like processes of the capillitium.
When development has not been perfect irregular distorted sporangia
occur. The type of Physartnn rufibasis Berk. & Br. from Ceylon has
open funnel-shaped sporangia on short stout stalks connected below
by an ample hypothallus. This is one of the two specimens quoted by
Rostafinski as types of his Tilmadoche Mans ; the other is referred to
as follows : — " The sjDecimen seen was gathered by Jan Kickx (father)
in Flanders, and marked by him Craterium minutum Fr." ; it appears
to be the only typical example of the present species yet recorded from
Europe. A specimen gathered by 'Sir. W. G. Freeman at Onitcha
Olona, Nigeria (B.M. 2349), shows every variety between typical
sporangia and net-like plasmodiocarps ; the latter have in part the
characteristic capillitium, and in part a capillitium consisting of a close
network of orange threads with small and large irregular and branching
lime-knots.
A remarkable form showing close affinity to the present species has
been found by Dr. Torrend on the bark and leaves of EucaVpytus
globulus in the royal park of Alfieti, Portugal, and has been named by
him Physarella lusitanica (Fl. Myx., 173, 1909). The sporangia are
subglobose or lenticular, and for the most part are deeply umbilicate
above ; in some cases the umbilicus is shallow, in others it is so deep
as to be continuous with the stalk ; the capillitium consists of a close
network of orange threads with few or many large irregular lime-knots,
while in one sporangium it was almost Badhamia-like. If this form
should prove constant it may well deserve specific rank.
Hob. On dead wood.— South Nigeria (B.M. 2349) ; Ceylon (B.M.
2350) ; Java (K. 1312) ; Borneo (B.M. slide) ; Philippine Islands
(B.M. 2055); Kansas (B.M. 2351); Ohio (B.M. 1260); Philadelphia
(B.M. 1269) ; Antigua (B.M. 1658) ; Brazil (B.M. 2352).
Genus 8. — CIENKOWSKIA Rostafinski Versuch, 9
(1873). Sporangia forming net-like plasmodiocarps. Sporan-
gium-wall cartilaginous at the base ; capillitium a loose
network of rigid threads with many free, curved, sharp-
pointed branchlets, connected with flat perforated calcareous
plates attached at their margins to the sporangium-wall.
1. C. reticulata Rost. I.e. Plasmodium deep orange-red.
Sporangia sessile, scattered, forming cylindrical usually
branched and net-like plasmodiocarps, 0-5 mm. diam.,
attached by a narrow basal keel to the substratum, yellow-
brown or orange, with pale transverse ridges, blotched with
crimson ; sporangium-w all orange-yellow, membranous
craterium] physaraceae 93
above, cartilaginous below, marked with the bases of
the calcareous plates of the capillitium. Columella
none. Capillitium consisting of an elastic network of flex-
uose rigid yellow threads, with numerous free sharp-
pointed uncinate branchlets, and of lime-deposits in the form
of flat, perforated, pale yellow plates disposed transversely
to the axis of the sporangium and connected by broad or
narrow attachments to the sporangium-wall, occasionally with
irregular lime-knots intermixed. Spores clear violet-brown,
minutely spinulose, 9 to 11 fx diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 91 ; Mass.
Mon., 337 ; Macbride N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 80 ; Petch in
Ann. Perad., iv. 341. Physarwn reticulatum Alb. & Schw.
Consp. Fung., 90 (1805) Diderma reticulatum Fr. Syst. Myc,
iii. 112 (1829).
PI. 70. — a. plasmodiocarp (Leicestershire) ; b. portion of a plasmodiocarp with
the wall broken and showing vertical plate-like lime-knots ; c. capillitium and spores,;
■d. spore.
The net-like plasmodiocarps of this species are often very extensive,
and may cover an area of several square inches. On maturity the spor-
angium wall usually breaks away above, and the capillitium expands
longitudinally to many times its original length and lies in orange-
coloured festoons about the surface of the wood, leaving exposed the
glossy crimson bases of the net-like plasmodiocarps. Mr. Petch found
this species to be fairly common at Peradeniya, Ceylon, from April to
June in 1905, but he met with no specimen in the four succeeding
years. He writes that on exposure to sunlight the rich red-brown
colour of the sporangia is soon lost, and they become blackish-brown,
while the capillitium is bleached almost white.
Hab. On dead wood. — Sibbertoft, Leicestershire (K. 1198) ; France
(Edinburgh Herb.); Germany (Strassburg Herb.); Portugal (B.M.
2846) ; Ceylon (B.M. 2353) ; Java (K. 1772) ; Iowa and Colorado
(Herb. Dr. W. C. Sturgis).
Genus 9.— CRATERIUM Trentepohl in Roth Catal.
Bot., i. 224 (1797). Sporangia stalked, either goblet-shaped
with a lid of thinner substance, or without a distinct lid
and obovoid or sub-globose ; sporangium-wall charged with
granules of lime, and cartilaginous at least in the lower part.
Capillitium consisting of hyaline threads connecting large
lime-knots, some of which often combine in the centre of the
sporangium to form more or less of a columella. Stalk
cartilaginous.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CRATERIUM.
A. Sporangium- wall smooth, glossy; lid distinct : —
Lime-knots white. 1. C. minutum
Lime-knots brown. 2. C. continuum
94 ENDOSPOREAE [CRATERIUM
B. Sporangium-wall mealy, often rugose ; lid less distinct or
indefinite : —
Sporangia violet. 3. C. paraguayense
Sporangia brown, powdered with white in the upper
part. 4. C. leucocephalum
Sporangia bright yellow. 5. C. aureum
1. C. minutum Fries Syst. Myc., iii. 151 (1829). Plasmodium
rich yellow. Total height 0-7 to 1-5 mm. Sporangia goblet-
shaped, stalked, erect, gregarious, 0-4 to 1*2 mm. high,
smooth, pale ochraceous, nut-brown or olive-brown ; lid
convex or flat, sometimes depressed, white or concolorous
with the sporangium ; sporangium-wall of two layers, the
outer cartilaginous, thickened at the rim below the lid,
translucent below and continued into the translucent stalk,
the inner layer densely charged with white lime-granules ;
lime almost absent in the olive-brown form. Stalk cylindrical,
plicate, 0-3 to 0*5 mm. long, dark brown, orange-brown or
yellowish, rising from a circular hypothallus. Capillitium con-
sisting of delicate colourless or yellow threads connecting
numerous large white lime-knots, some of which often com-
bine in the centre to form a pseudo-columella. Spores violet-
brown, minutely warted, 8 to 9 fx diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 120 ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 78. Peziza minuta Leers
Fl. Herborn., 277 (1775). Craterium pedunculatum Trentep.
in Roth Catal. Bot., i. 224 (1797) ; Lister Mycetozoa, 70.
C. vulgar e Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. Fl., Pilze, i. 17, t. 9
(1813) ; Rost. I.e., p. 118. C. pyriforme Ditm. I.e., p. 19r
t. 10 ; Rost. I.e., p. 120. C. turbinatum Fr. I.e., 152. C.
Oerstedtii Rost. I.e., p. 120 (1875). C. Friesii Rost. I.e., p.
122. C. confusum Mass. Mon., 263 (1892). Sphaerocarpa
operculata Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 220 (1803).
Physarum turbinatum Schum. I.e., 205.
PI. 78. — a. b. c. sporangia of various shapes (Dorset) ; d. capillitium and spores
with a fragment of sporangium-wall ; e. spore.
Observations on the development of sporangia from extensive
Plasmodia in leaf-heaps and in cultivations show that the varieties
in shape and colour described by Rostafinski under the names of
C. vulgare, C. pyriforme, C. minutum, and G. Friesii may arise from one
source, and no specific characters appear to exist to separate the four
forms. In examination of the type specimen of C. Oerstedtii in the
Strassburg Herbarium no character was observed to distinguish it
from the present species ; the sporangia are pyriform, and yellow-
brown ; no lid remains attached to a sporangium, but it is described
as white ; the capillitium resembles that met with in most forms of
G. minutum ; a distinct pseudo-columella is present. Specimens from
America are mostly of a dark olive colour, somewhat small in size,
crateritjm] physaraceae 95
and without a pseudo-columella. The most frequent form in Europe is
perhaps the var. confusum Rost. in the Strassburg Herb. ; it is rather
broad in shape, and yellow- brown. When old and weathered the
sporangia are apt to lose their colour and become white. In abnormal
developments they may be sessile or form short plasmodiocarps :
but there appears to be always some differentiation into a lid in the
upper part of the sporangium-walls.
Hab. On dead leaves, sticks, etc., common. — Lyme Regis, Dorset
(B.M. 1272) ; Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 179) ; Yorks (B.M. 1057) ;
Penzance (B.M. 24) ; Wales (B.M. 2354) ; France (B.M. 469) ; Germany
(B.M. 473) ; Sweden (K. 1359) ; Italy (K. 257) ; Hungary (K. 1362) ;
Madeira (K. 1363); Nigeria (Coll. W. G. Freeman); Ceylon (B.M.
472) ; West Australia (K. 1360) ; Tasmania (K. 1367) ; New Zealand
(B.M. 2355) ; Japan (B.M. 2356) ; Iowa (B.M. 1274) ; Philadelphia
(B.M. 1902) ; Colorado (B.M. 2357).
2. C. concinnum Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1893,
370. Plasmodium yolk-coloured. Total height 0-5 to 0-7 mm.
Sporangia broadly funnel-shaped or goblet-shaped, stalked,
0-2 to 0-5 mm. diam., smooth, pinkish-red or olive-brown,
often paler above, opening by a well-defined convex paler
lid ; sporangium-wall cartilaginous. Stalk red or brown,
0-1 to 0-2 mm. long. Columella none. Capillitium consisting
of numerous brown angular lime-knots, connected by short
and sparingly branched hyaline threads. Spores purplish -
brown, minutely warted, 8 to 9 /a diam. — Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, 78.
PI. 79. — a. b. sporangia of various shapes (Philadelphia) ; c. capillitium and
spores, with fragment of sporangium-wall ; d. spore.
This species is allied to C. minutum, but differs in the smaller size,
the brown lime-knots, and the browner spores.
Hab. On the burrs and leaves of Castanea sativa Mill. var. americana.
—Philadelphia (B.M. 1939); Poquonock, Connecticut (B.M. 2358).
3. C. paraguayense Lister. Plasmodium ? Sporangia
stalked, gregarious, goblet-shaped or cylindrical with a
convex apex, erect, 0-7 to 0*8 mm. high 0-3 to 0-6 mm.
broad, rugose, bright reddish- violet reticulated with a paler
shade ; on maturity the apex falls away, separating by an
irregular line, and not forming a distinct lid ; sporangium- wall
cartilaginous, composed of two closely connected layers with
deposits of pale violet lime-granules distributed throughout
but chiefly concentrated in pouch-like cavities of the wall,
causing the effect of pale reticulations in the opaque object.
Columella irregular or cylindrical, pale violet, charged with
lime throughout. Stalk cylindrical, 04 mm. high, 0-07 mm.
thick, plicate, purple, opaque, arising from a disc-shaped
hypothallus. Capillitium consisting of pale violet threads
connecting large violet lime-knots that combine in the centre
of the sporangium to form a columella which is either
96 ENPOSPOREAE [CRATERIUM
connected with or free from the apex of the stalk. Spores
violet, nearly smooth, 8 to 9/xdiam. — Didymium paraguayense
Spegaz. in Anal. Soc. Cient. Argent., xxii. 186 (1886) ;
.Mass. Mon., 250. D. guarapiense (errore) Spegaz. I.e., xxvi.
■60. Craterium rubescens Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
1893, 370 ; Lister Mycetozoa, 71 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 75. Iocraterium rubescens Jahn in Hedw., xliii.
302, fig. 1, a to e (1904). Iocraterium paraguayense Torr
end Fl. Myx., 174 (1909).
PI. 80. — a. sporangia (Brazil) ; b. a sporangium with broken walls showing
the columella ; c. capillitium and spores ; d. sporangia (Paraguay) ; e. capillitium
and spores of the same with fragment of sporangium-walls ; /. spore.
This species has been placed by Dr. Jahn in a new genus, Iocraterium,
on the ground that the central mass of confluent lime-knots is connected
with the apex of the stalk, and thus forms a true columella ; but this
■character does not appear to be constant, and is not evident in the
type of C. rubescens Rex from Louisiana.
Hab. On dead leaves. — Louisiana (B.M. slide) ; Paraguay (B.M.
1002a) ; Brazil (B.M. 2359).
4. C. leucocephalum Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. Fl., Pilze,
21, t. 11 (1813). Plasmodium rich yellow. Total height 1 mm.
Sporangia ovoid or turbinate, stalked, erect, 0*7 mm. high,
0*4 to 0-6 mm. broad, red-brown with white incrustations of
lime and usually spotted with minute yellow warts on the upper
half ; in abnormal developments plasmodiocarp forms may
occur. Lid white, convex. Sporangium-wall thin, consisting
of two closely connected layers ; the outer yellow, provided in
the upper part with scattered lime-deposits and studded with
shallow often colourless pouches containing dense aggregations
of white lime-granules, and associated with yellow crystalline
disc-shaped bodies ; the lower part cartilaginous, translucent,
of deeper colour, and continued into the stalk ; the inner
layer membranous and colourless. Stalk cylindrical, plicate,
0-3 to 0-5 mm. long, red-brown, translucent, cartilaginous, rising
from a circular hypothallus. Columella either absent or repre-
sented by a central mass of confluent lime-knots. Capillitium
consisting of large, irregularly shaped white or yellowish lime-
knots, connected by yellow branching hyaline threads, with
frequent flattened expansions at the axils. Spores violet-
brown, spinulose, 7 to 9 //, diam. — Fr. Syst. Myc, hi. 153 ; Rost.
Mon., p. 123; Mass. Mon., 267; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
76. Stemonitis leucocephala Pers. in Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1467
(1791). Peziza convivale Batsch Elench. Fung., 121 (1783) ?
Arcyria leucocephala HofTm. Fl. Crypt. Germ., t. 6 (1795).
Physarum leucosticlum Chev. Fl. Paris, i. 336 (1826) ? P.
xanthopus Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., ii. 358 (1833). Craterium
dcoperculatum Fr. in Weinm. Hymen. & Gasterom., 597 (1836).
craterium] physaraceae 97
C. pruinosum Corda Ic, vi. 13, t. ii, f. 33 (1854). C. Fuckelii
Mass. I.e., 272 (1892). G. convivale Morg. Myx. Miami Vallev,
86 (1896).
Var. 1. — cylindricum Lister: sporangia cylindrical, nearly
white with a reddish-brown base, the wall often without
crystalline discs. — C. minimum Berk. & Curt, in Grev., ii.
67 (1873); Mass. Mon., 272; Macbride N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 77. C. cylindricum, Mass. I.e., 268 (1892).
Var. 2. — scyphoides Lister : sporangia turbinate, the wall
thickened and rufous at the base, membranous and grey above,
dehiscing irregularly and not by a distinct lid. — Physarum
scyphoides Cooke & Balf. in Rav. N. Am. Fung., no. 480 ;
Mass. in Journ. Myc, v. 186, t. xiv, fig. 7 ; Mass. Mon., 282.
PI. 82. — a. b. sporangia of various shapes ; the wall of the middle one in 6. is
broken and shows a pseudo-columella (England) ; c. sporangia of var. cylindricum
(Ceylon); d. sporangia of var. scyphoides (Georgia, U.S.A.); e. spores and capillitiuni
with fragment of sporangium-wall showing crystalline discs ; /. spore.
The yellow crystalline bodies above mentioned are a marked feature
in this species. In the typical form they are present in the sporangium-
wall, in the lime-knots and columella. They can easily be detected by
treating the sporangia with xylol. Those in the wall are either nearly
superficial or are embedded in its substance ; they are usually disc-
shaped with a crenate margin, measuring 15 to 40 /ul diam., and marked
with lines radiating from the centre ; those in the lime-knots are some-
what globular, varying from 5 to 20 p- diam., and are often in clusters ;
they dissolve rapidly in dilute carbolic acid. The vars. cylindricum
and scyphoides have been regarded by some authors as distinct species,
but the characters distinguishing them from the typical form of
C. leucocephalum are very slight, and many intermediate links occur ;
they have the characteristic discs in the lime-knots, but not as a rule in
the sporangium -wall. The specimen issued by Fuckel as C. mutabile
Fr., Fung. Rhen. Exs. no. 1455 (B.M. 481) (type of G. Fuckelii Mass.),
is a subglobose form of the present species with the lime in the
sporangium- wall almost absent ; the spores measure 9 to 10 fi diam.,
and are minutely spinulose.
Hab. On dead leaves and twigs. Common. — Wanstead, Essex
(B.M. 1275) ; Luton, Beds (B.M. 1276) ; Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M.
1277); France (K. 282); Germany (B.M. 471); Switzerland (B.M.
2362); Austria (B.M. 2361); Italy (K. 297); Portugal (B.M. 2360);
Adirondack Mountains, New York (B.M. 1908) ; Washington State
(B.M. 2363) ; Antigua (B.M. 1659) : var. cylindricum— Ceylon (B.M.
480) ; Java (B.M. 2361) ; Japan (B.M. 2365) ; Ohio (B.M. 1278) :
var. scyphoides — Georgia (B.M. 455) ; Worcester, Mass. (B.M. 2366) ;
Galapagos Islands (B.M. 2367).
5. C. aureum Rost. Mon., p. 124 (1875). Plasmodium
lemon-yellow. Sporangia gregarious, obovoid, ovoid or
globose, 0-4 to 0-6 mm. diam., stalked, erect, rugose,
golden-yellow or greenish, fading almost to white on exposure,
without a defined lid, breaking up at maturity in the upper
part into areolae, or dehiscing almost to the base in stellate
98 ENDOSPOREAE [LEOCARPUS
lobes ; sporangium-wall single, membranous, with deposits of
included yellow lime-granules which are denser and of a deeper
yellow on the summit, somewhat stouter and more persistent
at the base where it is continued into the cartilaginous stalk.
Stalk cylindrical, 0-2 to 0-5 mm. long, stout, deeply furrowed,
nearly translucent, but charged with lime-granules, orange
or yellow, arising from a circular hypothallus. Columella
either absent or represented by a central mass of con-
fluent lime-knots. Capillitium of irregularly shaped yellow
lime-knots, varying much in size, connected by a network
of hyaline threads with triangular expansions at the axils
of the branches. Spores violet-brown, spinulose, 8 to 9 ft
diam.— Mass. Mon., 269 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
73. Trichia aurea Solium. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 208 (1803).
Craterium mutabile Fr. Syst.Myc, iii. 154 (1829) {non Symb.),
Gast. ; Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., ii. 357 ; Lister Mycetozoa, 73.
PI. 67. — a. sporangia (Devon) ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall; c. spore.
This species holds an intermediate position between the genera
Physarum and Craterium ; it is retained somewhat doubtfully in the
present genus on account of the usually ovoid sporangia having the
wall cartilaginous at the base, and from its general resemblance to C.
leucocephalum. It is nearly allied to P. citrinelhim Peck, but differs in
the shape of the sporangia, in the orange-yellow stalks, and in the smaller
spores. A specimen gathered by Mr. W. G. Freeman, on leaves, at
Onitcha Olona, South Nigeria, in 1904 (B.M. 2372), is probably a form
of the present species, though in the structure of the stalk it shows
affinities with P. svlphureum ; the sulphur-yellow obovoid sporangia
tend to expand on maturity in a stellate manner, and have a columella
which in some cases is attached to the apex of the stalk, and in others
is free ; the spores measure 7 to 8 /x ; the stalks are nearly white, and
are brittle from dense deposits of enclosed white lime -granules.
Hab. On dead leaves. — Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1280) ; Flitwick,
Beds (B.M. 1281a) ; Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 133) ; North Wales
(B.M. 2368); Appin, Scotland (K. 299); near Paris (B.M. 2369);
Germany (Strassb. Herb.) ; Portugal (B.M. 2370) ; Ceylon (Peradeniva
Herb.); Japan (B.M. 2371); Ohio (B.M. 1282); South Carolina
(B.M. 888).
Genus 10.— LEOCARPUS Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr.
Berl., iii. 25 (1809). Sporangium-wall of two layers, the
outer cartilaginous, shining, with deposits of lime on the inner
side, the inner hyaline. Capillitium consisting of a network
of rigid hyaline threads, with branched anastomosing brownish
lime-knots.
1. L. fra£ilis Rost. Mon., p. 132, fig. 93 (1875). Plas-
modium lemon-yellow. Sporangia clustered, obovoid or
globose, sessile or shortly stalked, 2 to 4 mm. long, yellowish-
brown, chestnut or purple-brown, shining as if varnished,
sometimes dehiscing in revolute floriform lobes ; the outer
DIDER3IA] PHYSABACEAE 99
layer of the sporangium-wall cartilaginous, orange-brown,
usually with dense deposits of lime-granules on the inner
side, the inner layer a firm hyaline membrane, giving attach-
ment to the capillitium. Columella none. Stalk short, weak,
yellowish, translucent, arising from a membranous hypo-
thallus. Capillitium a network of rigid hyaline threads with
flattened expansions at the axils, connected with angular
branching and anastomosing brown lime-knots. Spores
spinulose, 11 to 13 /x diam., occasionally 15 to 20^ diam..
sometimes slightly clustered, violet-brown or dark brown,
with a pale spot where dehiscence occurs. — Mass. Mon., 338 ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 81. Lycoperdon fragile Dicks.
PI. Crypt. Brit., i. 25, t. iii, fig. 5 (1785). Diderma verni-
cosam Pers. in Usteri Ann. Bot., xv. 34 (1795). D. atrovirens
Ft. Syst. Myc, iii. 103 (1829). Trichia lutea Trentep. in Roth
Catal. Bot., i. 230 (1797). Physarum nitidum Schum. Enum.
PI. Saell., ii. 205 (1803). P. vernicosum Schum. I.e., 206.
Leocarpus veniicosus Link I.e. ; Lister Mycetozoa, 75. L.
spermoides Link I.e. L. atrovirens Fr. Symb. Gast., 13 (1817).
L. ramosusFr. Summ. Veg. Scand., 450 (1849). Tripotrickia
elegans Corda Icon. Fung., i. 22, t. vi. f. 288a (1837).
PI. 81 — a. sporangia (England); b. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
The plasmodia of this species are frequently large, When about to
change into fruit they become orange-yellow, and often creep for a con-
siderable distance from their feeding grounds ; sporangia have been
found in one instance some feet up the trunk of a larch tree, and on
another occasion among the upper branches of a small furze bush.
Although abundant in temperate regions it does not appear to be
common in the tropics.
Hab. On dead leaves, twigs, etc. — Hornsey, Middlesex (B.M. 22) ;
Epping Forest, Essex (B.M. 1285) ; Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1284) ;
near Edinburgh (B.M. 1061) ; France (B.M. 2373) ; Portugal (B.M.
2374) ; Belgium (B.M. 482) ; Germanv (B.M. 1059) ; Bohemia
(B.M. 489); Finland (B.M. 491); East* Tibet (Edinburgh Herb.);
Tasmania (K. 1390) ; Massachusetts (B.M. 1859) ; Iowa (B.M. 818) ;
Colorado (B.M. 2375) ; South Carolina (B.M. 495) ; Xew Grenada
(B.M. 1060).
Genus 11. — DIDERMA Persoon in Roemer N. Mag.
Bot., i. 89 (1794). Sporangia stalked, sessile, or forming
plasmodiocarps ; sporangium-wall of two layers (single in
D. simplex), containing granular deposits of lime (except in
D. Trevelyani, q.v.). Columella usually present. Capillitium
threads simple or branched, without lime-knots.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DIDEBMA.
Subgenus 1. — Etjdiderma : outer sporangium- wall a smooth
crust composed of lime granules densely compacted (except
in D. simplex) ; inner layer membranous (see also No. 13).
100 EXDOSPOREAE [DIDERMA
a. Spores reticulated. 1. D. subdictyospermum
b. Spores not reticulated —
a. Sporangia white —
Sporangia disc-shaped, stalked.
2. D. hemisphericum
Plasmodiocarps flat ; columella brownish flesh-
coloured. 3. D. effusum
Sporangia hemispherical ; columella white, convex ;
inner sporangium-wall rarely persistent ; spores
violet-brown, 7-10 jx. 4. D. spumarioides
Sporangia subglobose ; columella small, convex,
white ; outer sporangium- wall shell-like, separating
from the persistent colourless inner wall ; spores
purplish-brown, 11-14 /x. 5. D.globosum
Sporangia subglobose or ovoid (or forming plas-
modiocarps in subsp. deplanatum) ; columella sub-
globose or clavate, orange, red-brown, or pale,
absent in plasmodiocarp forms ; inner wall
persistent, orange below ; spores purplish-brown,
9-14 jx. 6. D. niveum
b. Sporangia flesh-coloured, depressed. 7. D. testaceum
c. Sporangia reddish clay-coloured or brownish buff ; wall
single. 8. D. simplex
Subgenus 2. — Leangium : sporangium-wall cartilaginous.*
a. Sporangium-wall brown externally, white and crystalline
on the inner side ; columella often absent.
11. D. Trevelyani
b. Sporangium-wrall without a crystalline layer —
a. Spores with widely scattered warts ; sporangia stalked.
12. D. floriforme
b. Spores closely spinulose or nearly smooth —
Sporangia pinkish-brown, sessile, subglobose;
columella indefinite ; capillitium usually colour-
less. 9. D. Sauteri
Sporangia ochraceous, sessile, subglobose or ring-
shaped ; columella indefinite ; capillitium purple-
brown. 10. D. ochraceum
Sporangia white, grey or brown ; columella pale,
hemispherical ; stalk stout, ochraceous.
13. D. radiatum
* Sporangium-wall as in Eudiderma in the white forms of D. radiatum.
diderma] physaracbae 101
Sporangia mottled, brown ; columella convex,
ochraceous ; stalk black. 14. D. roanense
Sporangia brown, marked with close radiating dark
lines, usually sessile, hemispherical ; columella
white, covex. 15. D. asteroides
Sporangia and clavate columella white ; stalk
slender, black. 16. D. rugosum
Sporangia bright orange ; columella clavate or
globose ; stalk dark brown. 17. D. lucidum
Subgenus 1. — Eudiderma : sporangia sessile (or stalked in
Nos. 2 and 6) ; sporangium-wall dehiscing irregularly, consist-
ing of two layers (except in No. 8), the outer layer a smooth
crust of globular lime-granules, the inner layer membranous.
1. D. subdictyospermum Lister. Plasmodium ? Spor-
angia crowded, subglobose or hemispherical, sessile, 03 to
0-5 mm. diani., snow-white, seated on a well-developed white
hypothallus ; sporangium- wall thick, fragile, composed of an
outer crust of globular lime-granules closely adhering to the
delicate membranous inner layer. Columella hemispherical or
subglobose, white. Capillitium consisting of somewhat rigid
purplish sparingly branched threads, anastomosing near the
extremities. Spores 10 to 12 p diam., violet-brown, reticulated
with raised ridges or with broken bands that form a border
about 2 jx broad. — Chondrioderma subdicytospermum Rost.
Mon., App. p. 16 (1876) ; Lister Mycetozoa, 77 ; Penzig
Myx. Buit., 44. C. dealbatum Mass. Mon., 207 (1892). Didy-
mium dealbatum Berk. & Curt, in herb.
PL 87. — d, sporangia (Venezuela) ; e. capillitium and spores ; /. spores.
This species appears to be allied to D. spumarioides, but differs
essentially in the reticulated spores. The type from Venezuela (B.M.
570), marked in Berkeley's herbarium " Didymium dealbatum,"
remained undescribed until Rostafinski published it as Chondrioderma
subdictyospermum ; in this specimen the spores are provided with
protuberances either irregularly disposed or combined into an incom-
plete net. Two other gatherings have been obtained, one from the
Cape, the other from Java ; in these the spores are regularly reticulated
with raised bands.
Hob. On moss and dead leaves. — Cape (K. 466) ; Java (B.M. 2812) ;
Venezuela (B.M. 570).
2. D. hemisphericum Hornem. Fl. Dan., fasc. xxxiii.
13 (1829). Plasmodium opaque white. Sporangia scattered,
flat, disc-shaped on a central stalk, 1 to 1-25 mm. diam.,
rarely sessile and confluent, chalk-white ; sporangium-wall
of two layers on the flat upper surface, the outer a smooth
crust composed of globular lime-granules 1 to 3 p diam.,
easily separating and breaking away from the more persistent
G
102 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDERMA
membranous inner layer ; under surface rugose, thickened.
Stalk ochraceous or brownish, 0-2 to 0*8 mm. long, 0-25 mm.
thick, furrowed with wrinkles which are continued over the flat
under side of the sporangium, densely calcareous, often seated
on a white hypothallus. Columella indefinite, consisting of the
broad thickened base of the sporangium, flesh-red or flesh-
brown, charged with calcareous deposits in the form of nodules
and large rhomboidal crystals. Capillitium consisting of slender
colourless threads, variously branched and anastomosing,
or of violet-brown threads 1 to 2 //, thick, sparingly branched
except at the pale extremities. Spores pale violet-brown,
almost smooth, 7 to 9 /x diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
101 (1899). Beticularia hemispherica Bull. Champ., 93, t. 446,
fig. 1 (1791), in part ; Sow. Engl. Fung., t. 12. Physarum
depressum Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 202 (1803) ; P.
Michelii Corda Icon. Fung., v. p. 57, tab. iii, fig. 33 (1842).
Didymium hemisphericum Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 115 (1829), in
part. D. Michelii Lib. PI. Arduen. Exsic, fasc. ii. no. 180
(1832). Diderma depressum Fr. I.e., 108 ? Chondrioderma
Michelii Rost. in Fuckel Symb. Myc, Nachtr., ii. 74 (1873) ;
Rost. Mon., p. 172 ; Mass. Mon., 204 ; Lister Mycetozoa,
79. C. Friesianum Rost. I.e., 172 ? C. hemisphericum
Torrend Fl. Myx., 163 (1909).
PI. 83. — a. sporangia (England) ; b. capillitium with fragment of sporangium-
wall and spores ; c. capillitium of stouter form ; d. nodules of lime from the stalk ;
e. spore.
This species is abundant in the British Isles. It differs from Diderma
effusum in the larger discoid sporangia being provided with stout pale
stalks, which are rarely entirely absent in any development. D..
depressum Fr. is described as having regular orbicular sessile sporangia
with a thick white fugaceous outer peridium ; it was probably a sessile
form of the present species, but may possibly be referred to D. effusum.
Hob. On dead leaves and twigs. — Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1298) ;.
Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 47); Yorks (B.M. 1112); France (Paris
Herb.) ; Belgium (B.M. 513) ; Germany (Strassb. Herb.) ; Sweden
(K. 1449) ; Portugal (B.M. 2376) ; Ceylon (K. 1440) ; Java (Herb.
Penzig) ; South Carolina (B.M. 890) ; Pennsylvania (B.M. 1299) ;
California (B.M. 2377) ; Antigua (B.M. 1661).
3. D. effusum Morg. Myx. Miami Valley, 71 (1894) (non
Link). Plasmodium white. Sporangia sessile, gregarious,
much depressed, smooth, white, either rounded, 0-7 mm. diam.,
or more usually forming elongated and flat branching net-like or
effused plasmodiocarps, sometimes 6 cm. long and 1 cm. or more
broad ; sporangium-wall of two layers, the outer a thin fragile
crust of globular lime-granules, separating from the membran-
ous colourless inner wall. Columella pulvinate, depressed,
brownish flesh-coloured, enclosing white lime-granules.
Capillitium consisting of delicate colourless or pale purplish
diderma] physaraceae 103
threads, sparingly branched and anastomosing. Spores pale
violet-brown, nearly smooth, 6 to 8 /x diam. — Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, 94. Physarum effustim Schwein. in Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc.,n.s. iv. 257 (1832). Didymium reticulatum Rost. in
Fuckel Symb. Myc, Nachtr. 2, p. 73 (1873). Chondrioderma
reticulatum Rost. Mon., p. 170 (1875) ; Mass. Mon., 216 ; Lister
Mycetozoa, 79 ; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 344. C. Saundersii
Berk. & Br. in litt. ; Mass. Mon., 209 (1892). Diderma
reticulatum Morg. I.e., 71 ; Macbr. I.e., 95.
PI. 83. — /. orbicular and plasmodiocarp forms of sporangia (Philadelphia).
The species published by Morgan as Diderma effusum, was so named
after it had been shown by Dr. Rex to be similar to the Schweinitzian
type of Physarum effusum. Morgan's graphic description leaves no
doubt that his specimens were the reticulate and effused form of the
present species, which has usually been distributed under the name
Chondrioderma reticulatum Rost. ; by the rule of priority Schweinitz's
specific name must be retained. Diderma effusum is closely allied both
to D. hetnisphericum (q.v.) and to D. testaceum ; from the latter it is
distinguished by the more frequent plasmodiocarp habit, the flatter
sporangia and the absence of any rosy tinge in the sporangium-wall
and columella. Ceylon gatherings, marked " 75. Diderma depressum
Fr." (B.M. 514 ; K. 1438, 1439), showing flattened white plasmo-
diocarps with brownish flesh-coloured columella, must be referred to
the present species ; so also must the type of Chondrioderma Saundersii
Berk. & Br. from Java (B.M. 1962), in which the flat plasmodiocarps
are effused over the under side of pinnules of a species of Adiantum.
Hab. On dead leaves and twigs. — Flitwick, Beds (B.M. 1300) ;
Epping Forest, Essex (B.M. 2378); Wilts (B.M. 2381); Switzerland
(B.M. 2379) ; Germany (B.M. 2380) ; Portugal (B.M. 2383) ; Ceylon
(B.M. 514) ; Java (B.M. 1962) ; Japan (B.M. 2000) ; Ohio (B.M.
1302); New Hampshire (B.M. 1301); Iowa (B.M. 1022); Argentina
(B.M. 2382).
4. D. spumarioides Fries Syst. Myc, iii. 104 (1829).
Plasmodium opaque white. Sporangia crowded, globose,
sessile, 0*5 to 1 mm. diam., smooth or rugose, white ; often
seated on a strongly developed white hypothallus ; sporangium-
wall of two layers, the outer thick, fragile, composed of globular
lime-granules 1 to 2 /a diam., more or less adhering to the
membranous inner layer. Columella convex or hemispherical,
white or pale flesh-coloured. CapiUitium consisting of slender
flexuose purplish threads, branching at an acute angle and
somewhat anastomosing. Spores violet-brown, spinulose, 8
to 11/i, diam. — Morgan Myx. Miami Valley, 67; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 97. Didymium spumarioides Fr.
Symb. Gast., 20 (1818) ; Mass. Mon., 232. Reticularia
sphaeroidalis Bull. Champ., 94, t. 446, fig. 2 (1791) ?
Spumaria physaroides Pers. Syn., 163 (1801) ? Physarum
sphaeroidale Chev. Fl. Paris, i. 339 (1826) ? P. stromateum Link
Handb., iii. 409 (1833). Carcerina spumarioides Fr. Summ.
G 2
104 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDERMA
Veg. Scand., 451 (1849). Chondrioderma spumarioides Rost.
Mon., p. 174 (1875) ; Lister Mycetozoa, 76. C. stromateum
Rost. Mon., App. p. 18 (1876). C. virgineum Mass. I.e.,
207 (1892). Diderma cinereum Morg. Myx. Miami Valley,
70 (1894) ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 101. D. stromateum
Morg. I.e., 68.
PI. 84. — a. sporangia (England) ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
This species is closely allied to D. globosum with which it is connected
by intermediate forms ; it differs in having the layers of the sporangium-
wall more closely connected and in the smaller smoother spores. The
latter, being a microscopic character, could not be observed by the
earlier authors, who probably confused the two species. The type
of C. virgineum Mass. from Hampstead, Middlesex (K. 560), is a form of
D. spumarioides without hypothallus ; the capillitium in some sporangia
is normal, in others there are the expansions described by Massee.
The specimen named G. stromatexim by Rostafinski in the Strassb.
Herb, from Lochem (leg. Spree, Rab. Fung. Eur., no. 432, B.M. 515) ;
does not present any character by which it can be separated from the
present species. In gatherings made by Mr. Petch in Ceylon the mature
sporangia have their walls cracked into concave polygonal areolae,
whose edges form polygonal ridges (see Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 343) ;
a similar mode of dehiscence occurs in a gathering made by Mr. A . F.
Blakeslee in Venezuela (B.M. 2391) ; in other respects these specimens
are typical of the present species.
Hab. On dead leaves. Common in the British Isles. — Lyme Regis,
Dorset (B.M. 1287); Wanstead Park, Essex (B.M. 2384); Flitwick,
Beds (B.M. 2385) ; North Wales (B.M. 2386) ; Ireland (B.M. 2387) ;
Sweden (B.M. 2388) ; France (K. 37) ; Germany (B.M. 515) ; Portugal
(B.M. 2389); Ceylon (B.M. 2390); New York (B.M. 886); New
Hampshire (B.M. 1288) ; Washington State (B.M. 2393) ; Colorado
(B.M. 2392) ; Antigua (B.M. 1660) ; Venezuela (B.M. 2391).
5. D. globosum Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 89, t. iv,
figs. 4, 5 (1794). Plasmodium white. Sporangia globose,
sessile, crowded, 0-5 to 0-8 mm. diam., smooth, white or
cream-coloured ; usually seated on a strongly developed white
or cream-coloured hypothallus ; sporangium-wall of two layers,
the outer eggshell-like, composed of globular lime-granules
1 to 2 /x diam., often separating widely from the membranous
inner layer. Columella hemispherical or subglobose, usually
minute, white or pale flesh-coloured. Capillitium consisting
of slender irregularly branched and anastomosing pale
purplish threads, often with irregular expansions towards the
base enclosing a few lime-granules. Spores dark purplish-
brown, spinulose, 10 to 14 fx diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slinie-
Moulds, 97. D. crustaceum Peck in Rep. N. York Mus., xxvi.
74 (1874) ; Macbride I.e., 98. Didymium candidum Schrad.
Nov. PI. Gen., 25 (1797) ? D. globosum Chev. Fl. Paris, i.
•534 (1826) ? Chondrioderma globosum Rost. Mon., p. 180
(1875); Mass. Mon., 206; Lister Mycetozoa, 78. C. affine
diderma] physajraceae 105
Rost. Mon., App. p. 18 (1876) ; Mass. I.e., 210. C. similans
Rost. I.e., p. 20; Mass. I.e., 209. C. crustaceum Berlese in
Sacc. Syll., vii. 373 (1888); Mass. I.e., 215. C . frustulosum-
Pat. in Bull. Herb. Boiss., iii. 61 (1895)?
PI. 85. — a. sporangia seated on a stout hypothallus (Poland) ; b. capillitium and
spores with fragment of sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
Rostafinski describes the spores of Chondrioderma globosum as " pale
violet, 8 /jl diam.," but the specimen from Warsaw in the Strassburg
herbarium marked with this name in his handwriting (referred to
Rost. Mon., p. 180) has dark rough spores, 11 to 13 /t diam. Whether
Rostafinski had seen other specimens corresponding with his descrip-
tion remains uncertain ; such forms have been occasionally met with
in the United States (Macbr. I.e., 98), and appear to he on the border
line between D. globosum and D. spumarioides. The type of C. affine
Rost., also from Warsaw, is similar in all respects to the Warsaw gathering
of D. globosum, above referred to. Specimens of the present species
gathered on the Swiss Alps show interesting transitional forms ;
on the one hand they may approach D. spumarioides in having spores
only 10 /J. diam., and on the other they may resemble D. niveum in
the pale orange tint of the floor of the sporangia ; the latter are often
elongated to form short plasmodiocarps. (See Meylan in Bull. Soc.
Vaud., xliv. 289, 1908.)
Hob. On dead leaves and twigs. — Holt, Norfolk (B.M. 2394) ;
France (B.M. 2398) ; Strassburg (B.M. 1289) ; Sweden (B.M. 2395) ;
Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ; Italy (B.M. 525) ; Switzerland (B.M. 2396);
British Columbia (B.M. 2397) ; Kansas (B.M. 2399) ; Colorado (B.M.
2400) ; Iowa (B.M. 816) ; New Hampshire (B.M. 1288).
6. D. niveum Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 100 (1899).
Plasmodium white. Sporangia crowded, subglobose, or
hemispherical, sessile, 0-7 to 1*5 mm. diam., smooth, white,
sometimes seated on a white or dull yellow hypothallus ;
sporangium- wall of two layers, the outer densely charged
with white lime-granules, separating from the more persistent
inner layer, which is membranous and often iridescent above,
cartilaginous and orange below. Columella broad, convex,
or hemispherical, orange or buff. Capillitium of branching
and anastomosing rather stout purple threads with pale
extremities, sometimes intermixed with more delicate threads,
and often beaded with wart-like thickenings. Spores purple-
brown, minutely spinulose, 9 to 13 /x diam. — Chondrioderma
niveum Rost. Mon., p. 170 (1875); Mass. Mon., 206; Lister
Mycetozoa, 80. C. pkysaroides Rost. I.e. ; Mass. I.e., 214.
C. albescens Mass. I.e., 209 (1892). Diderma albescens Phill.
in Grev., v. 114 (1877).
Subsp. 1. — Lyallii Lister : sporangia subglobose or obovoid,
white or pale ochraceous, 1 to 1*5 mm. diam., sessile or on
short stout furrowed whitish stalks arising from a well
developed hypothallus ; columella hemispherical or clavate,
ochraceous ; spores purple-brown, spinose, 11 to 15 ^ diam. —
106 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDERMA
Lister in Journ. Bot., xlvi. 217. Chondrioderma Lyallii Mass.
Mon., 201 (1892) ; Lister Mycetozoa, 81. Diderma Lyallii
Macbr. I.e., 99 (1899).
Subsp. 2. — depianatum Lister : sporangia white or cream-
coloured, forming curved ring-shaped or net-like plasmodio-
carps; columella none, or represented by the thickened
orange base of the sporangium-wall ; spores 9 to 10 /x. —
Diderma depianatum Fr. Syst. My a, hi. 110 (1829) ; Berk,
in Sm. Engl. Fl., v. pt. 2, 312. D. contortum Hoffm. Fl.
Crypt. Germ., iii. tab. 9, fig. 2a (1795) ? Chondrioderma depian-
atum Rost. Mon., App. p. 17 (1876). C. mutabile Schroet. in
Cohn Krypt. Fl. Schles., iii. pt. 1, 123 (1885) ?
PI. 89. — a. sporangia (Vosges) ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall ; c. spore ; d. ring-shaped plasmodiocarp of subsp. depianatum
sporangium-wall partly broken away (England).
PI. 90. — subsp. Lyallii. ; a. sporangia (Switzerland) ; b. capillitium and spores
with fragment of sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
This species displays three well-marked phases. The type and the
subsp. Lyallii are essentially alpine forms, and occur in great abundance
on the turf of alpine pastures in springtime close to the edge of melting
snow ; connecting forms showing great variety in the shape of the
columella and size of the spores are frequently found (see R. E. Fries
in Arkiv. Bot., vi. no. 7, pp. 2, 8 ; Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud., xliv. 290).
The subsp. depianatum is the lowland phase of the species ; it is not
uncommon in this country. While some gatherings of this subspecies
have a definite columella and closely approach the type of D. niveum,
others show affinity with D. effusum in having more slender depressed
plasmodiocarps. The specimen in Berkeley's collection from Linlithgow
named by him Diderma cyanescens Fr., and by Rostafinski Chondrio-
derma niveum (K. 1435), is the subsp. depianatum, having the lower
part of the inner wall and base orange, and the columella depressed ;
it has the same rigid warted threads as the typical form. D. con-
tortum Hoffm. is cited by Fries as a synonym for his D. depianatum,
but it is somewhat doubtful from the figure and description if they refer
to the present species or to a nearly sessile form of D. hemisphericum.
The type of Chondrioderma physaroides Rost. gathered by A. de
Candolle " on mountain land, close to perpetual snow," is now in the
Geneva Museum ; it is the typical form of the present species ; so also
is Diderma albescens Phill., gathered by Harkness on the Blue Canon,
California.
Hab. On turf, twigs, etc., in alpine regions ; subsp. depianatum on
leaves and twigs on lower ground. — Near Berlin (B.M. 2401) ; Switzer-
land (B.M. 2402) ; Norway (B.M. slide) ; South Tyrol (B.M. 2404) ;
California (B.M- 1306) : subsp. Lyallii— Sweden (B.M. 2403) ; Saas,
Switzerland (B.M. 1307); Jura (B.M. 2405); Oregon Boundary,
U.S.A. (K. 380) : subsp. depianatum — Chislehurst, Kent (B.M. 27) ;
Carlisle (B.M. 1305) ; Appin, Scotland (K. 410) ; Linlithgow (K. 1435) ;
North Wales (B.M. 2406) ; Portugal (B.M. 2407).
7. D. testaceum Pers. Syn., 167 (1801). Plasmodium
yellowish-buff {fide Torrend). Sporangia sessile, subglobose,
depressed on a broad base, sometimes confluent, 0-8 mm.
diderma] physaraceae 107
diam., smooth, dull flesh-coloured or pale pinkish, often
becoming bleached ; sporangium- wall of two layers, the outer
thin, brittle, egg-shell-like, composed of globular lime-granules,
separating freely from the more persistent pinkish-grey
membranous inner layer. Columella large, convex or
hemispherical, together with the base of the sporangium flesh-
coloured or reddish-brown. Capillitium consisting of delicate
pale purplish branching flexuose threads. Spores pale violet-
brown, almost smooth, 7 to 8 /a diam. — Fr. Syst. Myc, iii.
107 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 99. Didymium testaceum
Schrad. Nov. PI. Gen., 25, tab. v, figs. 1, 2 (1797).
Diderma cubense Berk. & Curt, in Journ. Linn. Soc, x. 347
(1869). D. Mariae-Wilsoni Clinton in Rep. N. York Mus.,
xxvi. 74 (1874). D. sublateritium Berk. & Br. in Journ.
Linn. Soc, xiv, 82 (1873). Chondrioderma testaceum Rost.
Versuch, 13 (1873) ; Rost. Mon., p. 179 ; Mass. Mon., 210 ;
Lister Mycetozoa, 78. C. vaccinum Rost. I.e., 180 ? C.
sublateritium Rost. Mon., App. p. 19 (1876) ; Mass. I.e.,
211. C. cubense Rost. I.e.
PI. 87. — a. sporangia (Poland) ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment of spor-
angium-wall ; c. spore.
The type of Diderma sublateritium Berk. & Br., from Ceylon (K. 1454),
is more rufous in colour than is usual in the present species, though not
so deep in tone as the specimen from South Carolina (B.M. 520) ;
the capillitium and spores are typical of D. testaceum of which it is clearly
a form. Diderma vaccinum Dur. & Mont. (Expl. Sci. Alger., 407 t.
22 bis. f. 1 a to h, 1846), syn. Chondrioderma vaccinum Rost., is
described as having subglobose, bright fulvous sporangia, scanty
colourless capillitium, and large hemispherical columella. Rostafinski
suggests that it may be a form of D. testaceum (Mon. 180), but the
illustrations somewhat resemble the yellower forms of Didymium
Trochus.
Hab. On dead leaves and twigs. — Flitwick, Beds (B.M. 1292) ;
North Devon (B.M. 1293) ; Moffat, Scotland (B.M. 1294) ; France
(B.M. 517) ; Germany (B.M. 516) ; Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ; Portugal
(B.M. 2408) ; Ceylon (B.M. 1303) ; Japan (B.M. 2409) ; California
(B.M. 2410) ; Ohio (B.M. 1295) ; New York (B.M. 1296) ; South
Carolina (B.M. 520); Cuba (B.M. 1297); Ontario (B.M. 2411.)
8. D. simplex Lister. Plasmodium bright yellowish-brown.
Sporangia crowded or somewhat scattered, sessile, subglobose,
hemispherical and often depressed, 0-3 to 0-7 mm. diam.,
or forming short curved plasmodiocarps, smooth or rugulose,
ochraceous, reddish clay-coloured or bright chocolate-
brown, sometimes seated on a well-developed hypothallus ;
sporangium- wall single, membranous, with abundant deposits
of coloured lime-granules. Columella indefinite and rugose,
or convex. Capillitium consisting of slender colourless
branching threads, often beaded with lime-granules or with
expansions at the base containing lime-granules. Spores
108 ENPOSPOREAE [DIDERMA
brownish-violet, minutely warted, 8 to 10 ^ diam. — Chon-
drioderma simplex Schroet. in Colin Krypt. Fl. Schles., iii. pt. 1,
123 (1885) ; Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxix. 85, t. 419, fig. 1 a-d.
PI. 88. — a. sporangia (Scotland) ; b. capillitium and spores with portions of the
upper sporangium-wall and of the base of the sporangium ; c. spore ; d. sporangia
(Philadelphia).
This species occurs among moss and heath on exposed moorland, and
is also found among dead leaves. The colour of the sporangia varies
much in different gatherings. A specimen collected on Bartlett
Mountain, New Hampshire, by Professor Thaxter (B.M. 2415) resembles
D. simplex in general structure, but differs in the bright lemon-yellow
colour of the sporangia, many but not all of which have a well-
developed yellow hemispherical columella ; the capillitium threads
show no expansions with lime-granules. If this beautiful form should
prove constant it would deserve specific rank ; for the present it is
retained with D. simplex, to which it seems most nearly allied.
Hab. On heather and moss, or on dead leaves. — Aberdeen (B.M.
1762); North Wales (B.M. 1551); near Berlin (B.M. 2412); New
Jersey (B.M. 2413) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 2414) ; South Chili (B.M. 3194).
Subgenus 2. — Leangittm : sporangia stalked or sessile ;
sporangium-wall often dehiscing in revolute lobes from the
globose mass of spores, and consisting of two closely con-
nected layers, the outer layer cartilaginous, more or less
charged with included lime-granules, the inner membranous.
9. D. Sauteri Macbr. N. Am. Slime - Moulds, 103
(1899). Plasmodium opaque white (fide Torrend). Sporangia
sessile, somewhat aggregated, subglobose, depressed, 0-7 to
1 mm. diam., smooth, pale pinkish- or brownish-red ;
sporangium-wall of two layers, the outer cartilaginous, thin,
brittle, somewhat glossy, charged with innate lime-granules,
separating from the membranous inner layer. Columella
hardly evident, a rugose thickening of the brownish-red base
of the sporangium. Capillitium consisting of rather scanty,
sparingly branched colourless or pale violet threads, 2 to 4 ^
broad, persistent at the base. Spores dark violet-brown,
spinulose, 10 to 16 /x diam. — Chondrioderma Sauteri Rost.
Mon., p. 181 (1875) ; Mass. Mon., 217 ; Lister Mycetozoa,
83 ; Torrend Fl. Myx., 166. C. aculeatum Rex in Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phil., 1891, 390.
PI. 95. — a. sporangia (Portugal) ; 6. sporangia (Salzburg, Tyrol) ; c. spores and
capillitium, with fragments of upper sporangium -wall and columella ; d. spore.
The specimen in the Strassburg collection originally named " Diderma
deplanatum, ex. Herb. Sauter, ad muscos in montibus Salz.," seems
to be Rostafuvki's type of the present species ; it is well described
by him as "of coffee -and-milk colour, the outer wall brittle,
separating from the inner, which is membranous and colourless."
The species described by Dr. Rex as Chondrioderma aculeatum (B.M.
slide) is identical in all its characters with D. Sauteri. A specimen
in Greville's coll. in the Edinburgh Herb, marked " Diderma ? Appin.
diderma] physaraceae 109
Carm." is the same form and probably part of the same gathering as
K. 403, named " Diderma melaleucum Carm.," with a descriptive note
stating that it was gathered in Scotland by Captain Carmichael ; it
differs from the Salzburg and American gatherings in the rather darker
and larger sporangia, and in the broader, almost simple threads of the
more scanty capillitium, but it appears to be the present species.
Hob. On dead wood and moss. — Appin, Scotland (K. 403) ; Salz-
burg, Tyrol (Strassb. Herb.); Portugal (B.M. 2416); Adirondack
Mountains, New York (B.M. slide).
10. D. ochraceum G. C. Hoffin. Deutsch. Fl. Crypt., t. 9, fig.
2b (1795). Plasmodium lemon-yellow. Sporangia solitary
or in small clusters, sessile, hemispherical, 0*7 to 1 mm. diam.,
often forming curved and sometimes ring-shaped plas-
modiocarps, ochraceous ; outer sporangium- wall somewhat
cartilaginous, with abundant deposits of angular or round
yellow lime-granules, adhering to or free from the firm mem-
branous yellow inner wall. Columella indefinite. Capilli-
tium consisting of abundant simple or branching purple-
brown threads, often hyaline at the base. Spores purplish-
grey, minutely spinulose, 9 to 11 fx. — Chondrioderma ochraceum
Schroet. in Cohn Krypt.Fl. Schles., hi. pt. 1, 124 (1885) ; Mass.
Mon., 216 ; Lister Mycetozoa, 89, & in Journ. Bot., xxxix.
88, tab. 419, figs. 3a, and xliii. 150 ; Torrend Fl. Myx., 166.
PI. 96. — a. sporangia (X. Wales) ; 6. spores and capillitium showing attachment
of threads to sporangium-wall. ; c. spore.
It appears probable that Hoffmann's type of the present species is
represented by an unripe gathering marked " Diderma ochraceum "
in Persoon's collection in the Leyden Herbarium. Fries writes that he
had examined the type, but could not make out if the capillitium and
columella were present or absent (Syst. Myc, iii. Ill) ; he refers it
doubtfully to D. granulatum (Schum. ) Fr. Pvostafinski gives both these
names as synonyms for Physarum conglomeratum (Ft.) Rost., but
Hoffmann's figure of the scattered sporangia, and his description of their
being often traversed by the moss leaves on which they occur, are
entirely characteristic of the present species. The appropriate specific
name ochraceum appears to have been adopted independently by
Schroeter for his Silesian gathering. D. ochraceum has repeatedly been
found in company with Lepidoderma tigrinum (see Lister Mycetozoa,
106), a species which it strongly resembles in capillitium and spores.
Specimens of L. tigrinum have been found with the characteristic
calcareous discs of the sporangium-wall in part replaced by angular
lime-granules similar to those met with in D. ochraceum, and possibly
we may have here varying forms of the same species. Repeated observa-
tions, however, made in a wooded ravine in North Wales, where both
forms were developing daily for about a week, failed to show any
connecting links ; the Lepidoderma had always a dark orange stalk
and spongy hypothallus while the Diderma had, as constantly, sessile
sporangia and no hypothallus ; the former also matured from orange
and the latter from lemon-yellow plasmodium. Until we have further
light, the two forms must be placed as distinct though nearly allied
species.
1 10 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDERMA
Hab. On moss and liverworts on wet rocks. — North Wales (B.M.
2417) ; Japan (B.M. 2418) ; Massachusetts (B.M. slide).
11. D. Trevelyani Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 105 (1829). Plas-
modium ? Sporangia scattered or clustered, globose or sub-
ellipsoid, 1 to 1-5 mm. diam., sessile or shortly stalked, rarely
forming plasmodiocarps, verrucose or nearly smooth, reddish
or orange-brown ; sporangium-wall either splitting irregularly
or in unequal revolute petal-like lobes, white and glossy on
the inner side : of three closely connected layers, the outer
one cartilaginous, brown ; the inner delicately membranous,
giving attachment to the threads of the capillitium ; the
middle layer thick, composed of coarse irregular crystals of
lime. Stalk furrowed, reddish-brown, 0-1 to 0-5 mm. high,
0-1 to 0*15 mm. thick. Columella subglobose, either minute,
or more rarely large, but most frequently entirely absent.
Capillitium profuse, purple or purplish-brown, somewhat
rigid, either forming a network with dark bead-like thicken-
ings at the nodes and on the threads, or slender, branched,
with few thickenings. Spores dark violet-brown, spinulose,
10 to 13 [x diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 102. Lean-
gium Trevelyani Grev. Scot. Crypt. Fl., tab. 132 (1825).
Chondrioderma Trevelyani Rost. Mon., p. 182 (1875) ; Mass.
Mon., 202 ; Lister Mycetozoa, 82. C. Oerstedtii Rost. I.e.,
p. 184, figs. 154, 157 ; Mass. I.e., 203. C. geasteroides Phill.
in Mass., I.e., 201 (1892). Diderma geasteroides Phill. in
Grev., v. 113 (1877). D. laciniatum Phill., I.e. Lepidoderma
obovatum Mass., I.e., 254 ?
PI. 91. — a. expanded sporangia (California ; type of D. geasteroides) ; 6. entire
sporangia (England) ; c. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporangium wall ;
d. spore.
The crystalline middle layer of the sporangium-wall separates this
from all other species of the Leangium group. The type of D. Trevelyani
described and figured under the name of Leangium Trevelyani Grev.,
is in the Edinburgh Herbarium ; the sporangia are sessile on Mnium
undulatum, and were gathered by W. C. Trevelyan, Esq., who also sent
a specimen to Mr. Sowerby ; the gathering named Diderma Trevelyani,
" Sowerby Herb." (K. 1478), also on Mnium undulatum, is no doubt
the specimen referred to. Greville speaks of and figures a " very
minute columella " ; Berkeley in describing Trevelyan's gathering
states : " I find no trace of a columella ; the bottom of the peridium
within is perfectly even." Examination of the type in the Edinburgh
collection confirms Berkeley's statement as far as the sporangia now
remaining are concerned. That Greville was in all probability correct
with regard to other sporangia of the gathering may be inferred from
the variety seen in extensive developments found amongst grass on the
upper pastures of the Swiss Alps ; most of these sporangia are of the
usual character having a smooth pearly basal inner wall and showing no
trace of columella, others have a small, often eccentric columella, while
others again have a large subglobose columella. Associated with normal
sporangia broad plate-like plasmodiocarps sometimes occur. The
diderma] physaraceae 111
specimen from Jedburgh (K. 1477) referred to by Rostafinski as typical
Chondrioderma Oerstedtii (see Mon., App. p. 21) has the capillitium
and the structure of the sporangium similar to Greville's type of D.
Trevelyani ; these characters are also present in the types of D.
geasteroides Phill., and D. laciniatum Phul. from California. It seems
probable that the type of Lepidoderma obovatum Mass. from Sweden,
is the gathering of the present species made by L. Romell at Kumla
Station in August, 1885 (see Romell Fung. Exsic. no. 100 : K. 459,
B.M. 1783) and named by him provisionally " Didymium subcastaneum " ;
Mr. Massee's description agrees with the specimen in all respects ; he
states that the patches of lime are innate in the sporangium- wall ; this
feature is characteristic of the genus Diderma rather than of Lepidoderma.
Hob. On dead leaves, moss, etc. — Leicester ? ex Herb. Bloxam
(B.M. 26) ; Jedburgh, Scotland (K. 1477) ; Northumberland (K.
1478); near Edinburgh (Edinburgh Herb.) ; near Berlin (B.M. 1942);
Sweden (B.M. 1783) ; Switzerland (B.M. 2419) ; Colorado (B.M.
2420) ; California (Edinburgh Herb. ).
12. D. floriforme Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 89
(1794). Plasmodium greyish- white. Total height 1 to 2 mm.
Sporangia crowded, globose, stalked, erect, smooth, 0*8 mm.
diam., varying from white to ochraceous-brown ; sporangium-
wall splitting into several re volute petal-like lobes, pale
brown on the inner side, cartilaginous, opaque, with a closely
adhering membranous inner layer. Stalks cylindrical, furrowed,
0-5 to 1 mm. long, 0*15 mm. thick, ockraceous-brown, often
connected below by a weU-developed hypothallus. Columella
ovoid or hemispherical, brown, densely calcareous. Capillitium
consisting of slender sparingly branching threads with scattered
bead-like thickenings, thicker and anastomosing at the base,
dark violet-brown. Spores red violet-brown, paler on one side,
marked with widely separated obtuse warts, 9 to 11 /x diam. —
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 105. Sphaerocarpus floriformis
Bull. Champ., 142, t. 371 (1791). S. antiades BuU. I.e.,
127, t. 368, fig. 2 ? Didymium floriforme Schrad. Nov. Gen.
PL, 25 (1797). Diderma spurium Schum. Enum. PL SaelL,
ii. 197 (1803). D. lepidotum Fr. Syst. Myc, hi. 100 (1829).
Leangium floriforme Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Pr. BerL, hi. 26
(1809). L. lepidotum Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. PL, Pilze. 43,
t. 21 (1817). Physarum antiades Fr. I.e., 135 ? Chondrioderma
floriforme Rost. Mon., p. 184 (1875) ; Mass. Mon., 198 ; Lister
Mycetozoa, 85.
PI. 92. — a. sporangia before dehiscence (England) ; b. sporangia after dehiscence :
c. sporangia expanded and showing clavate columellae ; d. capillitium and spores ;
e. spore.
The purplish-red spores with strong scattered warts distinguish this
species from all forms of D. radiatum.
Hob. On dead wood. — Epping Forest, Essex (B.M. 1312) ; Middlesex
(B.M. 2421); Woburn Sands, Beds (B.M. 2423); Wvre Forest, Worcester-
shire (B.M. 2422) ; Germany (B.M. 533) ; Austria (B.M. 2424) ; Xew
Jersey (B.M. 1857) ; Ohio (B.M. 1314) ; Iowa (B.M. 817).
112 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDERMA
13. D. radiatum Lister. Plasmodium white or pale
yellow, rarely coral-red. Sporangia scattered or crowded,
subglobose or hemispherical and depressed, flattened or
umbilicate beneath, stalked or sessile, smooth or somewhat
wrinkled and rimose, 0*5 to 1*2 mm. diam., pale grey, white,
brownish or red-brown ; sporangium-wall dehiscing either
irregularly or in a stellate manner by revolute lobes, white
or pale brown on the inner side ; the outer layer cartilaginous,
with granular deposits of lime, not always closely connected
with the membranous inner layer. Stalk ochraceous, white, or
brown, 0-2 to 0*6 mm. high, usually short and stout, enclosing
white lime deposits. Columella hemispherical or subglobose,
0-5 mm. diam., densely calcareous. Capilhtium abundant,
dark violet-brown, radiating from the columella in somewhat
rigid threads, sparingly branched except at the colourless
extremities, rarely pale slender and flexuose. Spores dark
violet-brown, closely and minutely spinulose, 8 to 12 fx
diam — Lycoperdon radiatum L. Sp. PI., ed. 2, 1654(1763).
Didymium stellare Schrad. Nov. PI. Gen., 21, t. v, figs. 3, 4
(1797). D. Geaster Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berk, vii. 42
(1815). D. complanatum Fuck. Sym. Myc, 341 (1869). Diderma
stellare Pers. Syn., 164 (1801) ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
104. D. umbilicatum Pers. I.e., 165. D. crassipes Schum.
Enum. PL Saell., ii. 196 (1803). D. Carmichaelianum Berk, in
Sm. Engl. Fl., v. pt. 2, 311 (1836). D. concinnum Berk. & Curt.
in Grev., ii. 52 (1873), see Journ. Bot., xxxv. 212. Leangium
stellare Link I.e., hi. 26 (1809). Cionium stellare Spreng.
Syst. Orb. Veg., iv. 529 (1827). Chondrioderma radiatum
Host. Mon., p. 182 (1875) ; Mass. Mon., 200 ; Lister
Mycetozoa, 83. C. Carmichaelianum Cooke Myx. Brit., 42
(1877) ; Mass. Mon., 202, in part.
PI. 93. — a. pale sporangia (Devon) ; b. sporangia dehiscing irregularly and showing
the hemispherical columella ; c. capillitium and spores with fragment of the spor-
angium-wall ; d. spore.
PI. 94. — a. dark sporangia with walls dehiscing in lobes (Northumberland) ; b.
capillitium and spores.
This variable species presents three well-rnarked forms. One,
represented by the type of Lycoperdon radiatum in the Linnean
Herbarium, London, has brown often mottled sporangia whose walls
dehisce in a stellate manner (fig. 94a). The second has pale grey or
drab sporangia that dehisce irregularly (fig. 93a) ; this is the commonest
form in the British Isles, and was described by Persoon as a distinct
species, D. umbilicatum, but gatherings of intermediate character
frequently occur, and Rostafinski appears to have been justified in
uniting these ferns under one name. A third form has nearly white
sporangia ; the outer layer of the wall separates easily from the
membranous inner layer, and the spores measure 8 to 9 yu. ; it has been
named var. album by Torrend (Fl. Myx., 168). The development of
lime varies in different gatherings and often in individuals of the same
cluster ; the wall instead of being obscurely granular, as is usually
DIDERMA] physaraceae 113
the case, may be loaded with lime-granules ; or the lime may be only
partially present, forming a white cap to a dark sporangium, or the
sporangia may be dark brown with little or no lime in the wall. The
Plasmodium is usually pale yellow or almost white, but a variety has
been found by Dr. H. Ronn, in the neighbourhood of Kiel, with coral-
red plasmodium ; the resulting sporangia are of the grey form, while
the lime in the stalk and columella is pale pink instead of white. The
specimen in Berkeley's herbarium named Diderma Carmichaelianum,
K. 354, is a sessile form of D. radiatum. No note as to locality is
given ; it agrees perfectly, however, with Berkeley's description of
D. Carmichaelianum, and is probably his type from Appin, N.B.
Rostafinski has marked the label " Chondrioderma radiatum."
The type of Chondrioderma Stahlii Rost. from near Strassburg does
not appear in the quoted collections. It is described as follows : —
Sporangia globose, brownish, glossy ; sporangium-wall with scanty
deposits of lime-granules, dehiscing irregularly ; columella none, stalk
brown, shining; the capillitium consisting of dull violet, simple or
branching threads 1*2 to 2-3 //. diam.; the spores pale violet, faintly
warted, 92 fi> diam. Possibly this may be a form of D. radiatum, the
columella of which is sometimes inconspicuous.
Hab. On dead wood, twigs, etc. — Epping Forest, Essex (B.M.
2425) ; Boynton, Yorks (B.M. 1063) ; Hexham, Northumberland
(B.M. 2426) ; Flitwick, Beds (B.M. 1310) ; Devon (B.M. 1308)
North Wales (B.M. 2427) ; Scotland (B.M. 2428) ; Norway (B.M. 531)
Sweden (B.M. 2429) ; Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ; Germany (B.M. 2430)
Switzerland (B.M. 2431) ; Italy (B.M. 532) ; Portugal (B.M. 2433)
Japan (B.M. 2432) ; Virginia (B.M. 1311) ; Colorado (B.M. 2434).
14. D. roanense Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 104 (1899).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia scattered, stalked, hemispherical,
depressed or discoidal, 0*8 to 1*2 mm. diam., mottled red-
brown, or dark umber, with paler lines of dehiscence ; sporan-
gium-wall dehiscing irregularly or in a somewhat stellate
manner, consisting of two layers, the outer cartilaginous,
brown on the outer white on the inner side, more or less
adhering to the membranous inner layer. Stalk rather slender,
black, furrowed, 01 to 07 mm. high. Columella flat, discoidal,
ochraceous-brown. Capilhtium consisting of slender simple or
branched colourless threads. Spores purplish-brown, spinulose,
10 to 14 /a diam. — Chondrioderma roanense Rex in Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phil., 1893, 368. See note under C. radiatum Lister
Mycetozoa, 84, and in Journ. Bot., xxxv. 212.
PI. 94. — c. sporangia (Tennessee) ; d. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall.
Allied to D. radiatum, from which it is distinguished by the
discoid shape of the sporangia and the black stalks. Intermediate
forms apparently connecting the two species have been gathered by
Dr. Sturgis and Mr. Bethel in Colorado.
Hab. On dead wood. — Tennessee (B.M. slide) ; Orono, Maine,
U.S.A. (B.M. 1596) ; New Hampshire (B.M. 2435).
15. D. asteroides Lister. Plasmodium ? Sporangia scat-
tered, hemispherical or somewhat conical, 0-6 to 0-8 mm.
114 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDERMA
high, sessile, seldom either shortly stalked or forming plas-
modiocarps, purplisli-brown or bright chocolate-brown, often
mottled with darker spots or marked with numerous somewhat
parallel darker lines radiating from near the apex to the base
of the sporangium ; sporangium-wall dehiscing in a stellate
manner into from eight to twenty reflexed lobes, snow-white
on the inner side, the outer layer brown, cartilaginous, with
abundant deposits of lime on the inner side, closely connected
with the membranous inner layer. Stalk stout, white, filled
with lime-granules, 0*2 mm. high. Columella hemispherical,
or subglobose and depressed, white or cream-coloured.
Capillitium of slender simple or anastomosing colourless
or purplish threads. Spores purple-brown, minutely warted,
10 to 12 /x diam. — Chondrioderma aster vides Lister in
Journ. Bot., xl. 209, tab. 438, fig. 1, a-c (1902) ; Torrend
Fl. Myx., 166.
PI. 97. — a. sporangia (La Mortola, Italy) ; 6. capillitium and spores with frag-
ment of sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
Closely allied to D. radiatum of which it is perhaps hardly more than
a marked variety with dark, sessile and usually rather conical spor-
angia. It has been obtained twice from the Italian Riviera ; Dr.
Torrend has gathered it repeatedly in the neighbourhood of Lisbon,
and Herr Jaap has found it near Hamburg. Gatherings made by
Dr. Sturgis on Cheyenne Mt., Colorado, differ from the type only in
the more globose less conical shape of the sporangia.
Hab. On dead bark, pine needles, etc. — La Mortola, Italv
(B.M. 1971) ; Germany (B.M. 2437) ; Portugal (B.M. 2436) ; Colorado
(B.M. 2438).
16. D. rugosum Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 105
(1899). Plasmodium grey. Total height 0-7 to 1 mm.
Sporangia scattered, stalked, rarely sessile, subglobose or
hemispherical, 0*5 to 0*6 mm. diam., greyish-white, brown
at the base, reticulated with wrinkles " which divide the
wall into 25 to 30 irregularly polyhedral portions " ; sporan-
gium-wall single, papyraceous, with scanty deposits of lime
in minute granules. Stalk subulate, 0-2 to 0*6 mm. high,
furrowed, black. Columella clavate, about half the height of
the sporangium, rugose, chalky or yellowish- white. Capilli-
tium consisting of slender colourless or purplish threads,
anastomosing and branching towards the tips. Spores violet-
brown, minutely warted, 8 to 9 /x diam. — Chondrioderma
rugosum Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1893, 369 ; Lister
Mycetozoa, 84 ; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 345.
PI. 86. — a. sporangia (X. Carolina) ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall ; c. spore.
This species appears also to be allied to D. radiatum, as stated by Dr.
Rex, but is well distinguished by the wrinkled sporangia, the black
stalks, and the clavate shape of the white columellae. Since its first
diderma] physaraceae 115
discovery in North Carolina, it has been recorded from Iowa, Antigua,
and Dominica ; and Mr. Petch has found it several times in Ceylon.
Hob. On dead leaves, moss, etc. — Ceylon (B.M. 2439) ; North
Carolina (B.M. slide) ; Dominica (B.M. 1693).
17. D. lucidum Berk. & Br. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3,
vii. 380, t. xv, a, fig. 9 (1861). Plasmodium orange-yellow.
Sporangia scattered, subglobose, flattened beneath, 08 mm.
diam., usually stalked, orange or vermilion, glossy, dehiscing
irregularly or by four or five lobes that become pale at margins ;
outer layer of sporangium- wall translucent orange-yellow, with
scanty deposits of lime on the inner side, closely connected
with the yellow inner layer. Stalk slender, subulate, brownish-
black, 0-2 to 0-5 mm. high. Columella obconic or subglobose,
often shortly stalked, rugose, white or cream-coloured, filled
with lime-granules. Capillitium forming a scanty and
irregular network of stout purple-brown threads, often
expanded at the axils. Spores purplish-grey, closely spinulose,
13 to 15 /a diam. — Chondrioderma lucidum Cooke Myx. Brit.,
42 (1877) ; Mass. Mon., 204 ; Lister Mycetozoa, 86, and in
Journ. Bot., xxxix. 87. C. Carmichaelianum Mass. Mon.,
202 (1892), in part.
PI. 98. — a. sporangia ; b. sporangium broken and showing the columella ; c. capil-
litium and spores with fragment of sporangium- wall ; d. spore ; (North Wales).
In Berkeley's description of this species (l.c.) two localities are given,
Trefriw in Carnarvonshire, and Cumberland. Examples of the former
gathering are met with in Broome's collection in the British Museum
(B.M. 25), under the name of " Diderma lucidum" and in Berkeley's
collection at Kew, where it is marked " Diderma Carmichaelianum,
ex Herb. Broome " (K. 353). The Cumberland gathering does not
appear to be represented in the quoted collections. Since the first
gathering in 1860, D. lucidum has been foimd in two other stations
in North Wales, once near Dolgelly, and frequently in a ravine near
Llanymawddwy, where it has appeared in some abundance for several
years in succession on moss on wet rocks.
A remarkable specimen, apparently nearly allied to D. lucidum,
has been gathered by Mr. Petch on bark, at Telawakelee,
Ceylon, in August, 1905 (see Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 346). It
consists of about ten clustered and almost sessile sporangia, 0*6 mm.
diam. ; when first found they were bright yellow, but on exposure to
sunlight they faded to pale yellowish-buff ; their surface is smooth,
but pitted with thirty to fifty shallow pits or depressions ; the spor-
angium-wall is cartilaginous and contains abundant deposits of yellow
lime granules between the outer and inner layers ; beneath each of the
above-mentioned pits the wall is produced on the inner side into a stout,
pale yellow process filled with lime-granules ; some of these processes are
short, others are long and spike-like and either end freely in the cavity
of the sporangium or are connected with the columella ; the latter
is large, pale yellow, globular or clavate, and rough with spike-like
processes containing lime-granules ; a very short black stalk is present
in one sporangium ; the capillitium is a scanty network of rather stout
purple-brown threads ; the spores are purplish-grey, spinulose, and
110 ENDOSPOREAE [COLLODEEMA
measure 14 to 16 /a diam. It is j)ossible that the spike-like processes
of the columella and inner sporangium-wall may not be an entirely
normai development ; irregular growths of D. lucidum occasionally
show similar though much shorter ingrowths from the sporangium-
wall associated with a columella having a lobed and rough surface.
Until further gatherings have been obtained confirming the distinctive
characters of the Ceylon specimen, it may be placed provisionally with
D. lucidum.
Hab. On moss on wet rocks. — Trefriw, X. Wales (B.M. 25) ; Llany-
mawddwy (B.M. 1764).
Genus 12.— COLLODERMA G. Lister in Journ. Bot.,
xlviii. 312 (1910). Sporangia usually sessile ; sporangium-
wall consisting of two layers ; the outer gelatinous, with
superficial deposits of granular refuse-matter, and possibly
with additional deposits of minute lime-granules : the inner
layer membranous. Capillitium a network of purplish
threads without lime-knots.
This genus appears to be allied to Diderma, but differs in having a
gelatinous outer layer to the sporangium-wall and in the deposits of lime
being scanty or absent.
1. C. oculatum G. Lister, I.e. Plasmodium ? Sporangia
scattered or grouped in small clusters, sessile, rarely stalked,
either subglobose, 0*5 to 0-7 mm. diam., or forming short
plasmodiocarps, olive- or purplish-brown, glossy, sometimes
seated on a brownish-purple hypothallus ; sporangium-wall
of two layers ; the outer, when moist, thick, gelatinous,
byaline, more or less encrusted with yellowish- olive granular
refuse-matter ; the inner layer colourless, membranous,
firm. Stalk, when present, short, stout, dark brown.
Columella none. Capillitium branched and anastomosing to
form a network of pale or dark purplish-brown threads, colour-
less at the extremities, arising from the flat base of the
sporangium, 2 to 4 /x diam. below, becoming very slender
towards the surface. Spores brownish-purple, spinulose,
11 to 13 fj. diam. — Didymium oculatum Lippert in Verh.
Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, xliv. 72, t. 4 (1894).
This species was first observed by the late Christian Lippert, who
described it under the name of Didymium oculatum. It appeared on
old fir wood that had been brought from near Hallstadt, Upper Austria,
and kept for some months in a moist chamber. It has since been
obtained in Scotland by the Rev. W. Cran on hepatics and dead
coniferous wood, near Skene, Aberdeenshire, and also by Prof.
Farlow in New Hampshire. The young sporangia are at first dirty-
white, then bejonie yellow, and at length dark brown. When mature
and dry the sporangium-walls are brittle and dehisce irregularly. If
an unbroken sporangium be placed in water the outer gelatinous layer
of the wall swells and forms a hyaline investment O'l to 0'2 mm. thick,
completely surrounding the membranous inner layer with its enclosed
mass of spores and capillitium, and the " eye-like " effect is produced
diachaea] physaracbae 117
that suggested to Lippert the specific name of oculatum. Some of the
capillitium threads in all these gatherings show an unusual structure.
They consist of a hyaline sheath enclosing a darker axis ; this sheath
may be interrupted to form long or short bead-like segments. Other
threads have the usual homogeneous appearance. In Lippert's descrip-
tion, mention is made of scattered deposits of minute lime-granules
in the sporangium-wall. These are not present in either the Scotch
or American specimens.
Hab. On moss and dead coniferous wood. — Skene, Aberdeen
(B.M. 3193) ; Chocorua, New Hampshire (B.M. 3204).
Genus 13.— PHYSARINA von Hohnel in Sitzungsb. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, Math.-nat. KL, cxviii. 431 (1909). Sporangia
stalked, echinulate with numerous cylindrical blunt spine-
like processes projecting from the surface of the sporangium-
wall. Capillitium threads without lime-knots.
Closely allied to Diderma, from which it differs in the structure of
the sporangium-wall.
1. P. echinocephala von Hohnel I.e., 432, fig. 33.
Plasmodium ? Sporangia gregarious, stalked, subglobose,
0-4 to 0-5 mm. diam., pale pink or flesh-coloured ; sporangium-
wall of two layers, the outer layer somewhat cartilaginous,
enclosing lime-granules and produced into numerous (60 to 100)
blunt-ended cylindrical processes, 25 to 40 /x wide, and
80 fx. long, filled with lime-granules ; the inner layer smooth,
membranous, more or less adhering to the outer. Stalk stout,
conical, furrowed, flesh-coloured or nearly white, 0*1 to 0-4 mm.
high, filled with lime-granules, continued above into a pale
subglobose or hemispherical columella. Capillitium-threads
violet-brown, paler and branching at the extremities. Spores
nearly smooth, brownish- violet, 7 to 9 /a diam.
PI. 198. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores, with a fragment of sporangium-
wall showing one of the spine-like prominences ; c. spore ; (Java).
This remarkable species has hitherto been recorded only from Java,
where it has been gathered by both Prof. R. Ernst and Prof. F.v. Hohnel.
The latter describes the colour of the sporangia as blackish chocolate-
brown, but the sporangia received from him, and those of Prof. Ernst's
gathering in the Zurich Herbarium, are pale flesh-coloured.
Hab. On dead leaves.— Java (B.M. 2440).
Genus 14.— DIACHAEA Fries Syst. Orb. Veg., i. 143
(1825). Sporangium- wall hyaline, iridescent, without deposits
of lime. Walls of stalk and columella membranous, charged
with lime in the form of granules or crystalline nodules,
sometimes without lime. Capillitium a profuse network of
purplish threads, without lime-knots.
This genus forms a connecting link between the Calcarineae and the
Stemonitaceae. The limeless forms closely resemble some species of
Lamproderma, but are distinguished by having the walls of the
columella and stalk membranous.
H
118 ENDOSPOREAE [DIACHAEA
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DIACHAEA.
A. Sporangia globose : —
a. Lime in stalk white.
Spores with dark raised bands and tubercles.
3. D. splendens
Spores spinulose. 2. D. bulbillosa
Spores delicately reticulated. 4. D. subsessilis
b. Lime in stalk orange. 5. D. Thomasii
B. Sporangia cylindrical (globose in D. leucopoda var. globosa).
Spores nearly smooth ; lime in stalk white.
1. D. leucopoda
Spores delicately reticulated ; lime absent in the
two recorded gatherings. 6. D. cylindrica
Spores warted ; lime absent. 7. D. caespitosa
1. D. leucopoda Rost. Mon., p. 190, fig. 178 (1875).
Plasmodium opaque white. Sporangia gregarious, cylindrical,
obtuse, stalked, 0*7 mm. high by 0*25 mm. broad, iridescent
purple ; sporangium- wall membranous, hyaline. Stalk
white, stout, brittle, furrowed, one-third or one-half the
height of the sporangium, broad at the base, rising from a well
developed hypothallus, densely charged with round lime-
granules 2 to 4 /x diam. Columella cylindrical or narrowed
upwards, reaching half-way or nearly to the apex of the sporan-
gium, white, densely charged with lime in the form of granules,
sometimes in the form of crystalline nodules. CapiUitium
consisting of profusely branched and anastomosing threads
connecting the columella with the sporangium- wall, dark
violet-brown, colourless at the extremities. Spores dull violet,
minutely spinulose, 7 to 9 ft diam. — Mass. Mon., 259 ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 134. Trichia leucopodia Bull.
Champ., p. 121, t. 502, fig. 2 (1791). Stemonitis elegans
Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot., i. 220 (1797). 8. leucostyla
Pers. Syn., 186 (1801). S. leucopodia DC. Fl. Fr., ii. 257
(1805). Diachaea elegans Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg., i. 143 (1825) ;
Lister Mycetozoa, 91. D. confusa Mass. Mon., 259 (1892).
Var. globosa Lister : sporangia globose.
V\. 99. — a. sporangia (England) ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore.
This abundant and widely distributed species often forms large
Plasmodia that produce many hundred sporangia. The type of D. con-
fusa Mass. from Jamaica is a form of D. leucopoda ; the spores measure
7 to 8/i, and are not "clustered" but free, except where they are
diachaba] physaraceae 119
combined in masses by mould ; the lime in the stalk and columella is
in the form of crystalline nodules instead of lime granules, but this
modification occurs not infrequently in otherwise normal growths
of D. leucopoda. The var. globosa is apparently rare ; it has been
obtained in New Hampshire, U.S.A., in Chili, Japan and in Java.
Hob. On dead leaves, sticks, etc. — Wanstead, Essex (B.M. 1318) ;
Lyme Regis (B.M. 2442); Stafford (B.M. 2444); near Paris (B.M.
2445) ; Germany (B.M. 580) ; Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ; Sweden (B.M.
2446) ; Bohemia (B.M. 584) ; Austria (B.M. 1818) ; Italy (B.M. 1946) ;
Portugal (B.M. 2447); Central Africa (B.M. 1163); Nigeria (B.M.
2443); Natal (K. 433); S. India (B.M. 590); Ceylon (B.M. 591);
Java (Herb. Dr. Jahn, Berlin) ; Melbourne, Australia (B.M. 2449) ;
New Zealand (B.M. 2448) ; Japan (B.M. 1999) ; Colorado (B.M. 2450) ;
Ohio (B.M. 1319); New Jersey (B.M. 1842); Ontario (B.M. 2452);
Cuba (K. 438); Jamaica (Herb. Massee) ; Antigua (B.M. 2451);
Ecuador (B.M. 2453) ; Chili (B.M/ 2350) ; Paraguay (Paris Herb.).
2. D. bulbillosa Lister in litt., ex Penzig Myx. Buit., 47
(1898). Plasmodium ? Sporangia gregarious, globose,
stalked, 03 to 0-45 mm. diam., shining iridescent purple ;
sporangium-wall membranous, colourless. Stalk conical,
0*3 to 0-5 mm. high, expanded at the base, either white
throughout and filled with lime-granules, or brown and more
slender above, and containing lime in the form of crystal-
line nodules. Columella clavate, white or brown, containing
lime in the form of minute granules or in nodules, or entirely
without lime. Capillitium a rather lax network of purple-
brown threads, spreading from the columella to the sporan-
gium-wall. Spores violet-grey, marked with scattered warts
(from six to eight in a row across the hemisphere), 7 to 9 ^
diam. — Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxvi. 165, tab. 386, fig. 10
(1898) ; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 315, 347. Didymium bulbil-
losum Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc, xiv. 84 (1873).
Diachaea splendens Racib. in Hedw., xxxvii. 54 (non Peck).
Diachaeella bulbillosa v. Hohnel in Sitzungsber. k. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, Math.-nat. Kl., cxviii. 437, fig. 34 (1909).
PL 99. — g. spores (Java) ; h. spore, highly magnified.
This species is closely allied to the globose form of D. leucopoda.
but differs in having the spores marked with strong scattered warts.
Since the first gathering was made by Thwaites in Ceylon, in 1867,
D. bulbillosa has again been found abundantly in that island, by
Mr. Petch, on dead leaves. Prof. Penzig records this as being a common
species in Java. It has been made the type of a new genus, Diachaeella,
by Prof. v. Hohnel on account of the nodular character of the lime in
the stalk and columella, but this feature is by no means constant, and
may occur also in D. leucopoda and D. subsessilis.
Hab. On dead leaves, twigs, etc. — Ceylon (B.M. 592) ; Java
(B.M. 1707).
H 2
120 ENDOSPOREAE [DIACHAEA
3. D. splendens Peck in Rep. N. York Mus. Nat. Hist.,
xxx. £0 (1878). Sporangia metallic blue ; otherwise similar to
the globose form of D. leucopoda, except that the spores are
marked with dark raised bands and tubercles. — Mass. Mon.,
261 ; Macbride N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 135.
PI. 99. — d. sporangia (New York) ; e. capillitium and spores ; /. spores.
Hob. On dead leaves, sticks, etc. — Philadelphia (B.M. 1320) ;
Xew Haven, Conn. (B.M. 1321) ; Iowa (B.M. 1322).
4. D. subsessilis Peck in Rep. N. York Mus. Nat. Hist.,
xxxi. 41 (1879). Plasmodium yellow. Sporangia gregarious,
globose, 0-5 mm. diam., stalked, rarely sessile and forming
short plasmodiocarps, shining iridescent-purple or bronze ;
sporangium-wall membranous, colourless. Stalk stout,
conical, white and filled either with lime-granules or crystalline
nodules of lime, or brown and without lime, 0*2 to OS mm.
high. Columella conical, white, yellowish or brown, rarely
obsolete. Capillitium radiating from the columella and con-
sisting of branched and anastomosing purple-brown threads,
usually stouter and paler below, slender and colourless at the
tips. Spore- walls purplish-grey with yellow contents giving
a purplish-green effect, reticulated with rows of close-set
minute warts, forming a net with about six meshes across the
hemisphere, 7 to 10 /x. — Mass. Mon., 262; Rex in Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phil., 1893, 368 ; Burrell in Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc,
vi. 449, plate ; Petch in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Perad., iv. 347.
PI. 100. — a. sporangia with white stalks (Bedfordshire) ; b. sporangia with short
black stalks, and sessile sporangia ; c. capillitium and spores ; d. spore.
This species has now been obtained from many parts of the world.
Sporangia with limeless stalks, dark from enclosed refuse matter,
are often found associated with others having the stalks white and
containing lime-granules only. When the limeless form occurs alone
it resembles a Lamproderma externally, but may at once be distin-
guished by the_ membranous stalk and columella. Through the
courtesy of Dr. Celakovsky we have seen a glycerine preparation of
Lamproderma Fuckelianum Rost. var. cracowense Racib. ; it appears
to be a form of the present species without lime in the membranous
columella and short stalk ; the spores are purplish-grey, empty of
protoplasmic contents, and are closely reticulated with delicate raised
lines. The type of L. Fuckelianum Rost. (Mon., p. 208, t. xiii,
fig. 6) is not represented in the quoted collections, but Rostafinski's
illustration exactly represents the black-stalked limeless form of D.
xuhsessilia ; in the absence of the type of L. Fuckelianum however,
it would seem better to retain Peck's specific name although it is of
later date.
Hob. On dead leaves and twigs. — Flitwick, Beds (B.M. 1705) ;
Holt, Norfolk (B.M. 1706) ; Pitlochrie, N.B. (B.M. 2457) ; near Paris
(B.M. 2454) ; N. Germany (B.M. 2455) ; Ceylon (B.M. 2456) ; Antigua
(B.M. slide); Poquonnock, Conn. (B.M. 2458).
diachaea] physaraceae 121
5. D. Thomasii Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1892,
329. Plasmodium rich yellow. Sporangia globose, shortly
stalked or sessile, scattered or crowded on a common orange
hypothallus, 0*6 to 0*7 mm. diam., iridescent, copper-coloured
or violet-blue ; sporangium-wall membranous, hyaline. Stalk
short, stout, rich orange, densely charged with orange lime-
granules, continued above into the conical or shortly cylin-
drical columella. Capillitium radiating from all parts of the
columella, composed of rather rigid violet-brown threads,
branching and anastomosing, tapering to the hyaline
extremities. Spores grey with yellow contents resulting in an
olive-coloured effect, marked with small scattered warts, and
four to eight prominences, each of which a high magnifying
power resolves into a compact cluster of minute warts,
9 to 11 //. diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 136.
PL 101. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore ; (N. Carolina).
Hab. On dead bark and moss. — Cranberry, North Carolina (B.M.
1323) ; Tennessee (B.M. 2459).
6. D. cylindrica Bilgram m Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil..
1905, 524. Plasmodium ? Sporangia gregarious or clustered,
cylindrical, sessile, 1 to VI mm. high, 05 to 0*65 mm. thick,
shining iridescent-bronze or steel-grey ; sporangium-wall
membranous, colourless, at length breaking away in large
flakes. Columella pale brown, membranous, slender, extending
nearly to the apex of the sporangium, or discontinuous and
breaking up into irregular branching strands. Capillitium
consisting of branched and anastomosing purplish-brown
threads, spreading from all parts of the columella, slender and
colourless at the tips. Spores purplish-grey, 11 to 12 /a diam.,
reticulated as in D. subsessilis with rows of minute spines.
PI. 103. — a. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; b. sporangium after dispersion of spores :
c. capillitium and spores ; d. e. spores.
This species was first gathered by Dr. Rackstraw, in Fairraount
Park, Philadelphia ; several years later it was found again at a
spot about nine miles distant, by Mr. Hugo Bilgram. It closely
resembles D. caespitosa, from which it differs in having reticulated
spores.
Hab. On dead leaves and twigs. — Philadelphia (B.M. 2460).
7. D. caespitosa Lister in Journ. Bot., xlv. 186 (1907).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia in clusters of six to twenty, cylin-
drical or clavate- cylindrical, sessile or shortly stalked, 0*7 to
1-5 mm. high, 0*5 mm. thick, iridescent blue or bronze ; sporan-
gium-wall membranous, colourless, soon breaking away above,
more persistent below. Stalk slender, dark brown, 0*1 mm.
high, not enclosing lime-granules, arising from a yellowish
membranous hypothallus. Columella a slender, membranous
wrinkled tube, brown below, yellowish above, reaching to
122
ENDOSPOREAE
[DIDYMIUM
nearly the apex of the sporangium. Capillitiuin a network
of purple-brown threads spreading from all parts of the
columella. Spores with pale purplish-grey walls enclosing
yellow or colourless contents, marked with small scattered
warts, and several clusters of rather stronger warts, 9 to 11 \x. —
Comatricha caespitosa Sturgis in Bot. Gaz., xviii. 186, t. xx,
figs. 1 to 4 (1893) ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 124. Diachaea
Thomasii Rex, var. ? Lister Mycetozoa, 92 (1894).
Fig. 103. — /. sporangia; g. sporangium after dispersion of spores ; h. capillitium
and spores ; i. j. spores ; (Woods Holl, Mass).
This species was placed by Dr. Sturgis in the genus Comatricha ; its
affinities however would seem to be rather with Diachaea on account
of the membranous although limeless character of the stalk and
columella. It is closely allied to D. cylindrica (q.v.). D. caespitosa
has been recorded hitherto only from the Eastern United States ; it
has been gathered at Kittery, Mne. by Prof. Thaxter, at Woods
Holl, Mass. by Mr. M. B. M. Davis, and in North Carolina {fide Prof.
Macbride).
Hab. On moss.— Woods Holl, Mass. (B.M. 1324).
Order II. — Didymiaceae.
Deposits of lime in the form of crystals or crystalline discs
distributed over the sporangium- wall ; capillitium without
lime-knots ; sporangia simple, except in Mucilago, where they
are combined into an aethalium.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF DIDYMIACEAE.
Lime-crystals stellate ; sporangia single. (15) Didymium.
Fig. 23. — Didymium squamulosum Fr.
a. Two sporangia, one entire, the other showing
columella and capillitium.
times.
Magnified 12
b. Capillitium and fragment of sporangium-
wall, with crystals of calcium carbonate
and two spores. Magnified 200 times.
Fig. 23.
Lime-crystals stellate, heaped together, at first concealing
the confluent sporangia. (16) Mucilago.
Fig. 24. — Mucilago spongiosa Morg.
a. Aethalium. Natural size.
b. Capillitium and fragment of sporangium-
wall, with crystals of calcium carbonate
and two spores. Magnified 200 times.
Fig 24.
didymium]
DIDYMIACEAEj
123
Lime-crystals more or less lenticular and marked with radiating
striae, scattered over the sporangium-wall.
(17) Lepidoderma.
Fig. 25. — Lepidoderma tigrinum Rost.
o. Sporangium. Magnified 6 times.
b. Capillitium and spores. Magnified 140 times.
Fig. 25.
Genus 15.— DIDYMIUM Schrader 1 No v. Gen. Plant., 20
(1797). Sporangia stalked, sessile, or forming plasmodiocarps,
not united into an aethalium ; sporangium-wall membranous
or cartilaginous, beset with superficial crystals of lime either
scattered over the surface or combined into a separable
crust ; capillitium of branching threads, which are often
thickened at intervals with dark calyciform nodes, without
lime-knots.
The subgenus Lepidodermopsis forms a connecting link between the
true Didymia and the genus Lepidoderma, having the superficial
stellate crystals of the former, and the cartilaginous sporangium- wall
of the latter.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DIDYMIUM.
Subgenus 1. — Eudidymium. Sporangium-wall mem-
branous.
A. Superficial crystals closely combined to form a thin egg-
shell-like crust : —
Sporangia sessile, pulvinate ; capillitium threads
scanty, broad at the base or profuse and slender
throughout ; spores usually smooth.
1. D. difforme
Sporangia sessile, pulvinate; capillitium a network
of stout purple threads ; spores rough.
2. D. quitense
Sporangia sessile, flat ; capillitium rigid, dark,
profuse, slender at the points of attachment.
3. D. dvhium
Sporangia turbinate, shortly stalked or sessile ;
capilhtium rigid, usually colourless. 4. D. Trochus
B. Superficial crystals scattered or loosely combined : —
a. Plasmodiocarps ; capillitium associated with large olive-
coloured vesicles. 5. D. complanatum
1 24 ENDOSPOREAE [DYDYMIUM
b. Sporangia stalked or forming plasmodiocarps ; capilli-
tium without vesicles ; spores more or less spinulose —
a. Sporangia disc-shaped, with dark stalks.
6. D. Clavus
b. Sporangia subglobose or effused —
Stalk and columella dark brown ; stalk opaque and
granular. 7. D. melanosyermum
Stalk olive-brown or orange, translucent, not
granular. 8. D. nigripes
Stalk and columella white or yellowish ; crystals on
sporangium-wall scattered or forming a wrinkled
crust ; sporangia often forming plasmodiocarps,
dehiscing irregularly. 9. D. squamulosum
Sporangia forming slender plasmodiocarps with
scanty lime deposits, dehiscing in a circumcissile
manner ; columella none. 10. D. anellus
Sporangia forming large pulvinate plasmodiocarps,
1 to 25 mm. long, dehiscing irregularly ; columella
none ; capillitium forming an abundant elastic
network. 11. D. Wilczekii
Stalk short, membranous, pale buff ; crystals on
sporangium-wall forming a smooth, thick,
deciduous envelope. 13. D. crustaceum
C Sporangia with orange stalks ; sporangium- wall
hyaline ; spores dark brown, closely reticulated.
12. D. intermedium
Subgenus 2. — Lepidodermopsis. Sporangium-wall cartila-
ginous.
Stalk and columella orange or orange-brown ; sporan-
gium-wall areolated, orange- brown.
14. D. leoninum
1. D. difforme Duby Bot, Gall., ii. 858 (1830). Plas-
modium colourless or yellow. Sporangia scattered, pulvinate
on a broad base or forming irregularly elongated plasmodio-
carps, 0*4 to 2 mm. or more long, smooth, white ; sporangium-
wall of two layers, the outer a thin eggshell-like crust of
densely combined minute crystals of lime, separating from the
iridescent membranous inner layer, which is purplish or
colourless above, stout and yellowish-brown at the base
and thickened at the margin. Columella none. Capilli-
tium scanty, consisting of coarse or slender purple or colourless
flattened threads, usually broad at the base, branching
dichotomously and slender above. Spores dark purple-brown,
usually faintly and closely warted, sometimes marked with
didymium] didymiaceae 125
stronger scattered warts, 11 to 14 ^ diam. — Torrend Fl. Myx.,
149 ; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 348. Diderma difforme
Pers. Disp. Meth.,9 (1797). D. cyanescens'Fv. Syst. Myk., iii. 109
(1829). D. liceoides Fr. I.e., 107 ? D. nitens Klotzsch in Sm.
Engl. FL, v. pt. 2, 311 (1836). D. chalybeum Weinm. Hymen. &
Gast., 592 (1836). D. Libertianum Fres. Beitr. Myk., 28,
tab. iv. figs. 16 to 27 (1850). D. Persoonii Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, 96 (1899). Licea caesia Sclmm. Enum. PI.
Saell., ii. p. 219 (1803). L. alba Nees in Kunze & Schmidt
Myc, ii. 66 (1823). L. macrospora Schwein. in Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc, n.s, iv. 258 (1832). Didymium cyanescens Fr.
Symb. Gast., 19 (1817). D. Libertianum de Bary Mycetozoa,
124 (1864). Physarum album Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 147. P.
caesium Fr. I.e. Lycogala minutum Grev. Scot. Crypt. FL,
t. 40 (1823). Chondrioderma difforme Rost. in Fuckel Symb.
Myc, Nachtr., 73 (1873), & Mon., 177 ; Lister in Ann. Bot.,
iv. 281 ; Mass. Mon., 212. C. liceoides Rost. I.e., App.
p. 17 (1876) ; Mass. I.e., 215.
Var. comatum Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxix. 8. Capillitium
profuse, of slender straight branching threads, not thicker
below, dark or colourless. — Leocarpus calcareus Link in Mag.
Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., iii. 26 (1809) ? Chondrioderma calcareum
Rost. in Fuckel Symb. Myc, Nachtr., 74 (1873) ?
Pl. 104. — a. sporangia (Lyme Regis) ; b. capillitium and spores, with a fragment
of the upper and lower sporangium-wall ; c. capillitium and spores of var. comatum ;
d. spore of type.
This species is here removed from Chondrioderma (syn. Diderma)
where it was placed by Rostafmski, on account of the crystalline
character of the lime forming the outer crust of the sporangium-wall.
The type of Licea macrospora Schwein. from Carolina (K. 1206),
named Chondrioderma liceoides by Rostafmski, is a characteristic
specimen of the present species. The var. comatum has appeared
abundantly throughout the winter months for several years in the
neighbourhood of Lyme Regis ; it has also been obtained from Bedford-
shire and Cornwall, from Japan and Philadelphia. Besides being
characterised by having profuse capillitium, the plasmodiocarps are
often larger and more plate-like, and the spores greyer than in the
typical form, but these characters are not constant. There is no type
of Chondrioderma calcareum Rost. in the quoted collections ; the
description in Rostafinski's monograph, however, applies so well to
the var. comatum of D. difforme that there can be little doubt it refers
to this form.*
Hab. On dead leaves and herbaceous stems. Very common in the
British Isles. — Wanstead, Essex (B.M. 1325) ; Lyme Regis, Dorset
(B.M. 1326) ; Welshpool, Wales (B.M. 1062) ; France (K. 386) ;
Germany (B.M. 507); Belgium (K. 401); Switzerland (B.M. 1975);
Austria (B.M. 1815) ; Italy (B.M. 527) ; Portugal (B.M. 2461) ; India
(K. 1466) ; Seychelles (K. 1467) ; Japan (B.M. 2462) ; Philadelphia
(B.M. 2463) ; Carolina (K. 1206).
* The description of C. calcareum Rost. in Saccardo's Sylloge, vii. 370, is con-
tracted, and omits any reference to the abundant development of the capillitium.
126 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDYMIUM
2. D. quitense Torrend Fl. Myx., p. 150 (1909). Plas-
modium ? Sporangia scattered, sessile, hemispherical,
depressed, 04 to 0-5 mm. diam., smooth, white ; outer
sporangium-wall white, egg-shell-like, separating from the
membranous, pale purplish inner wall. Columella none.
Capillitium a network of rather stout purplish-brown flexuose
threads, equal in thickness throughout. Spores brownish-
purple, 13 to 14 /j. diam., marked with warts and minute
V-shaped ridges more or less united to form an imperfect
reticulation. — Chondrioderma quitense Pat. in Bull. Soc. Myc.
Fr., xi. 212 (1895) ?
Closely allied to D. difforme from which it differs in the flexuose
network of the capillitium and in the spores being marked with an
imperfect reticulation.
Hab. On dead leaves. — Ecuador (B.M. slide).
3. D. dubium Rost. Mon., p. 152 (1875). Plasmodium
watery white. Sporangia solitary, forming rounded or
irregular almost flat plasmodiocarps, 1 to 12 mm. broad,
0-13 mm. thick; sporangium-wall of two layers, the outer
consisting of an eggshell-like crust of closely combined
large stellate crystals, often extending beyond the broad
membranous base of the sporangium, and powdered with
free crystals, the inner layer membranous. Columella none.
Capillitium profuse, consisting of rigid, dark purplish-brown
threads, anastomosing chiefly above and below and attached
at either end by colourless slender branches to the
sporangium- wall. Spores violet-grey, spinulose or nearly
smooth, 8 to 15 /x diam. — Mass. Mon., 246. Didymium Listeri
Mass. I.e., 244.
PI. 105. — a. sporangia (Lyme Regis) ; b. c. various forms of capillitium and spores ,
with crystals from the sporangium-wall ; d. capillitium and spores of the type speci-
men from Hauenstein, Bohemia ; e. spore.
This species may be distinguished in the field from D. difforme
by the eggshell-like crust being powdered or mealy with loose crystals,
while that of D. difforme is quite smooth and almost glossy. D.
dubium is abundant in the neighbourhood of Lyme Regis, where it
presents considerable variation. In many gatherings the spores are
nearly smooth, measuring 8 to 10 /x diam., in others spinulose, 12 to
15 fi diam. ; the capillitium may differ from the usual form in being
flexuose with bead-like or irregular thickenings and in having short
free branches. Specimens submitted to Rostafinski are pronounced by
him to differ from the original Hauenstein gathering in having
smoother spores and more slender capillitium without thickenings ;
considering the variation mentioned above, these characters cannot
be accepted as sufficient to mark the Lyme Regis form as a distinct
species. This view is confirmed by inspection of part of the type
itself, which has kindly been presented to us by Dr. Celakovsky, jun.
Hab. On rotting leaves, especially on those of ivy and holly. —
Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1327) ; Bohemia (B.M. 2464).
didymium] didymiaceae 127
4. D. Trochus Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxvi. 164, tab. 386,
fig. 1, a to c (1898). Plasmodium bright " buttercup " yellow.
Sporangia scattered, hemispherical or top-shaped, 0*6 to 1 mm.
diam., shortly stalked or sessile, rarely forming plasmodio-
carps, smooth, cream-coloured or white ; sporangium- wall
readily falling off entire and consisting of two layers ; the outer
layer brittle and shell-like, composed of closely compacted,
angular or stellate crystals of lime forming a hemispherical
cap fitting on to the yellow-brown thickened margin of
the broad convex columella ; the inner layer membranous,
usually adhering to the outer layer. Stalk obconical or
shortly cylindrical, yellowish-brown, 0*2 to 0-4 mm. high,
filled like the columella with stellate crystals of lime.
Capillitium consisting of rigid and persistent colourless or
purplish-brown nearly simple or branched threads, sometimes
expanded below into membranous vesicles filled with lime-
crystals. Spores brownish-purple, 9 to 10 /x diam., strongly
warted, paler and the warts smaller on one side of the spore
than on the other. — Torrend Fl. Myx., 150.
PI. 106. — a. sporangia (Bedfordshire) ; b. capillitium and spores with fragments
of the crystalline outer layer of the sporangium-wall and of the columella ; c. spore.
This species has been recorded from three English counties, Beds,
Bucks and Surrey, and also from Portugal, where Dr. Torrend has
found it on decaying leaves of Agave. In this country it has been
found some years in great profusion on old straw-heaps among the
deeper layers of the straw. To collect perfect specimens may require
a little care, as the shell-like sporangium-walls and often the sporangia
themselves are easily detached. D. Trochlea differs from D. difforme,
its nearest ally, in the sporangia being usually provided with a stalk,
in the presence of a prominent columella, and in the warted spores.
Hab. On dead leaves and old straw. — Kitchen End, Beds (B.M.
1708) ; Reigate, Surrey (B.M. 2465) ; Portugal (B.M. 2466).
5. D. complanatum Rost. Mon., p. 151 (1875) (non Sckr&d) .
Plasmodium lemon-yellow. Sporangia forming scattered or
solitary depressed plasmodiocarps, 2 to 8 mm. broad, 0*1 to
0-15 mm. thick, either effused, perforated and net-like, or
vermiform, grey ; sporangium-wall membranous, colourless,
with scattered superficial stellate crystals of lime. Columella
none. Capillitium consisting of very slender somewhat
branching and anastomosing pale violet threads, connected
with numerous subglobose vesicles 20 to 50 /j. diam. filled with
yellow obscurely granular matter. Spores pale violet-brown,
minutely warted, 7 to 9 ^ diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
85. Lycoperdon complanatum Batsch Elench. Fung., i. 251
(1786)? Physarum confluens Pers. /3 muscigenum Alb. & Schw.
Consp. Fung., 61 (1805) ? Didymium Serpula Fr. Syst. My o.,
iii. 126 (1829) ? ; Rost. Mon., App. p. 21 ; Lister Mycetozoa, 96.
PI. 107. — a. plasmodiocarp (England) ; b. section of plasmodiocarp showing
capillitium with large vesicles ; c. capillitium and spores ; d. spore.
128 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDYMIUM
No writers before Rostafinski make any mention of the characteristic
vesicles of the capillitium, and the reference-! to Batsch and Fries
quoted above might apply as well to plasmodiocarp forms of D.
squamulosum which D. complanatum often superficially resembles. The
reference by Albortini & Schweinitz to the yellow plasmodium of Phy-
sarum confluent (J muscigenum (I.e.) makes it probable that they were
describing the present species in part at least. The drawing of the
capillitium in Mr. Massee's Monograph (fig. 56) of D. complanatum
does not represent the characteristic vesicles, and the specimens from
Kew, Batheaston, and Carlisle in his collection quoted by him under
this name (I.e. 234) are plasmodiocarp forms of D. squamulosum. These
vesicles are frequently traversed by the capillitium threads, and
are apparently formed later than the capillitium ; like the spores, they
are minutely warted.
Hab. On dead leaves. — Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 2467) ; Flit-
wick, Beds (B.M. 2468) ; Lynton, Devon (B.M. 1328) ; North Wales
{B.M. 2469) ; France (B.M. 2472) ; Germany (B.M. 1329) ; Portugal
(B.M. 2471); Switzerland (B.M. 2470); Philadelphia (B.M. 1330).
6. D. Clavus Rost. Mon., p. 153 (1875). Plasmodium grey
or colourless. Total height 0*4 to 0*8 mm. Sporangia
scattered, disc-shaped, stalked, erect, 0-7 to 1 mm. diam.,
0*2 mm. thick, greyish- white ; sporangium-wall membranous,
more or less spotted with reddish-brown and beset with super-
ficial clusters of stellate crystals of lime above, thickened and
brown at the base. Stalk cylindrical, longitudinally striate,
pale brown or black. Columella none, or represented only
by the thickened base of the sporangium-wall. Capillitium
profuse, consisting of sparingly branched colourless or purple-
brown threads. Spores pale violet-brown, almost smooth, 5 to
8 /i diam.— Mass. Mon., 230 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 90.
Physarum Clavus Alb. &Schw. Consp. Fung., 96 (1805). Reticu-
laria hemispherica Bull. Champ., p. 93, pi. 446, fig. 1, in part ?
Didymium melanopus (3 Clavus Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 114 (1829).
D. hemisphericum Fr. I.e., 115, in part ? D. commutabile
Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc, xiv. 83 (1873) ; Rost. Mon.,
App. p. 21. D. radiatum Mass. I.e., 229 (1892), in part. D.
neglectum Mass. (non Berk. & Br.) I.e., 231. D. Masseeanum
Sacc. & Syd. Syll. Fung., xiv. 836 (1899).
PI. 108. — a. b. sporangia (England) ; r. capillitium and spores with fragments of
the upper and lower sporangium-walls ; d. spore.
The characters of the type of D. commutabile Berk. & Br. from
Ceylon (B.M. 537) agree in all respects with those of the present
species, except that the stalk is 1*5 mm. long, and is encrusted with
deposits of lime. The type of D. neglectum Mass., from Philadelphia,
growing with Physarella oblonga, in Herb. Massee, is a slender form of
D. Clavus ; all the sporangia have the upper wall broken and the
spores shed, but sufficient remains to indicate the discoid form ; the
sporangium-wall is faintly mottled with brown ; the capillitium is
slender, the spores pale violet-brown, 5 to 6 jn diam.
didymium] didymiaceae 129*
Hob. On dead leaves, twigs, etc. Common. — Batheaston, Somerset
(B.M. 80); Epping Forest, Essex (B.M. 1331); Lyme Regis (B.M.
1332) ; near Aberdeen (B.M. 2473) ; Germany (Strassb. Herb.) ;
Portugal (B.M. 2474) ; Ceylon (B.M. 537) ; Java (B.M. 2475) ;
Philippine Islands (B.M. 2035) ; New York (B.M. 1881) ; Philadelphia
(B.M. slide) ; Antigua (B.M. 1664).
7. D. melanospermum Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 88
(1899). Plasmodium colourless or grey. Total height 0-5 to
1 mm. Sporangia gregarious, subglobose or hemispherical,
deeply umbilicate beneath, 0*7 to 1 mm. diam., either stalked
or sessile, often confluent, white or grey ; sporangium-wall
firm, mottled with purple-brown and beset with stellate
crystals of lime. Stalk cylindrical from a broad base, striate,
dark brown, rarely rufous, 02 to 07 mm. long, 005 to 0-2 mm.
thick, opaque and granular from enclosed refuse matter,
sometimes containing crystalline nodules of lime. Columella
large, hemispherical, umbilicate, dark brown, rarely whitish,
chambered, containing irregular nodules of lime. Capillitium
of stout sparingly branched or simple more or less flexuose
threads, colourless or purplish- brown, often showing dark caly-
ciform thickenings. Spores dark purplish-brown or purplish-
grey, with a thick spore-wall, nearly smooth or spinose, 9 to
12 jx diam. — Physarum melanospermum Pers. in Roemer N. Mag.
Bot., 88 (1794). P. farinaceum Pers. Syn., 174 (1801). P.
cinerascens Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 199 (1803) ? P. globosum
Schum. I.e., 203 ? P. sinuosum Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr.
Berl., hi. 27 (1809). P. capitatum Link I.e. P. nigrum Fr. Syst.
Myc, hi. 146 (1829) ? Didymium farinaceum Schrad. Nov.
Gen. PI., 26, t. 5, fig. 6 (1797) ; Rost. Mon., p. 154 ; Mass.
Mon., 219 ; Lister Mycetozoa, 97. D. complanatum Schrad
I.e., 24, t. 5, fig. 5 ? D. lobatum Nees Syst., 112 (1816) ? ;
Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 123. D. physaroides Fr. Symb. Gast., 21
(1818) ; Rost. Mon., p. 158 ; Mass. I.e., 233. D. melanopus
Fr. Syst. Myc. iii. 114 ? D. Fairmani Sacc. Journ. Myc, 1889,
79, & Fairman Contr. Myc. West N.Y., 52, t. hi., figs. 7 to 9.
Trichia compressa Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot., i. 229 (1797).
T. farinosa Poiret in Lam. Encycl., viii. 53 (1799). T. sphaero-
cephala Sow. Engl. Fung., t. 240 (1799). Spumaria physaroides
Pers. Syn. Fung., 163 (1801) ? Strongylium minus Fr. Symb.
Gast., 9 (1817).
Var. minus Lister : threads of capillitium slender ; spores
7 to 9 [x diam. — D. humile Hazsl. in Oester. Bot. Zeitschr.,
xxvii. 84 (1877). D. minus Morg. in Myx. Miami Valley 61,
1894 ; Macbr. I.e., 89.
PI. 112. — a. sporangia (England) ; 6. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium- wall ; c. spore ; d. sporangia of var. minus (England) ; e. capillitium
and spores of same ; /. spore.
Intermediate forms uniting the var. minus and the typical form are
so frequent that the former cannot be regarded as a distinct species ;.
130 BNDOSPOREAE [DIDYMIUM
it is, however, very constant in its characters from different parts of
the world, being distinguished by the smaller sporangia and more slender
capilLtium ; it often bears a considerable resemblance to D. nigripes,
and is named " D. microcarpum " Rost. (a synonym for D. nigripes) in
some specimens in Strassb. Herb. ; the opaque granular stalk distin-
guishes it from that species and its allies. Forms sometimes occur with
the upper part of the stalk as well as the columella pale brown and
filled with crystalline nodules of lime. Rostafinski's specimen of D.
physaroides in the Strassb. Herb, appears to be an imperfect develop-
ment of D. melanospermum ; the spores, many of which are abnormal
in shape and size, 15 to 50 ft long, are combined in agglutinated
masses, and the capillitium contains vesicular expansions filled with
lime such as are not unfrequent in imperfect growths of Didymium ;
the sporangia are mostly clustered and confluent, but in some cases
they are solitary ; the columella is dark brown and chambered, and
the sporangium-wall is mottled with purple-brown.
Hab. On dead wood, twigs and leaves, especially of Conifers.
Common. — Highgate, London (B.M. 1068) ; Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M.
1333) ; Ascot, Berks (B.M. 70) ; North Wales (B.M. 2476) ; near Aber-
deen (B.M. 2477) ; France (B.M. 1977) ; Germany (B.M. 422); Zurich
(B.M. 1560) ; Portugal (B.M. 2478) ; Bohemia (Herb. Celakovsky) ;
Mt. Ruwenzori, Africa (B.M. 1164) ; New Zealand (B.M. 2485); Maine,
U.S.A. (B.M. 1603) ; Georgia (B.M. 2480) ; South Carolina (B.M. 889) :
var. minus — Lyme Regis (B.M. 1334) ; France (B.M. 2481) ; Portugal
(B.M. 2486); Nigeria (B.M. 2482); Java (B.M. 2483); Antigua
(B.M. 2484) ; Ohio (B.M. 1336) ; South America (B.M. 2487).
8. D. nigripes Fries Syst. Myc, iii. 119 (1829). Plas-
modium grey or colourless. Total height 1 to 1*5 mm. Spor-
angia gregarious, hemispherical, umbilicate beneath, stalked,
erect, 05 to 0*7 mm. diam., white ; sporangium-waU mem-
branous, mottled with brown or colourless, beset with stellate
crystals of lime. Stalk cylindrical, one to three times the
height of the sporangium, longitudinally striate, varying in
colour from dark olive-brown to orange-brown, translucent,
not containing refuse matter. Columella subglobose, dark
brown, filled with irregular angular crystals of lime. Capilli-
tium of dehcate colourless or purplish-brown branching threads.
Spores pale violet-brown, nearly smooth, 8 to 11 /x diam. —
Berk, in Sm. Engl. Fl., v. pt. 2, 313 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 90. Physarum nigripes Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr.
Berl., iii. Diss. 1, p. 27 (1809) ; Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. Fl.,
Pilze, 85, t. 42 (1817). P. microcarpon Fr. Symb. Gast., 23
(1818). Didymium microcephalum Chev. Fung. & Byss. 111.,
fig. 2 (1837). D. porphyropus Dur. & Mont. Fl. Alg., 409 (1846).
D. microcarpon Rost. Mon., p. 157 (1875) ; Mass. Mon., 226.
D. tenue Pat. in Bull. Soc. Myc, iv. 96 (1888).
Var. eximium Lister : stalk dark orange, columella orange
or buff ; sporangium-wall firm, usually buff. — D. megalo-
sporum Berk. & Curt, in Grev., ii. 53 (1873). D. eximium
DIDYMIUM] didymiaceae 131
Peck in Rep. N. York Mus., xxxi. 41 (1879) ; Macbr. I.e., 92.
D.fulvellum Mass. I.e., 237 (1892).
Var. xanthopus Lister : stalk orange, columella white. —
Cionium xanthopus Ditm. I.e., 87, t. 43. C. iridis Ditm.
I.e., 13, t. 7. Diderma lobatum Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp., 240
(1826) ? Didymium xanthopus Fr. Sy t.Myc.,iii. 120; Macbr.
I.e., 91. D. iridis Fr. I.e., 120. D. lobatum var. stipitatum
Fr. I.e., 123 ? D. pertusum Berk. I.e., 313 ; Mass. I.e., 241.
D. proximum Berk. & Curt, in Grev., ii. 52 (1873) ; Rost.
Mon., App. p. 23. D. elegantissimum Mass. I.e., 243.
PI. 102. — a. sporangia (England) ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall ; c. spore ; d. sporangia of var. eximium (Mexico) ; e. sporangia of
var. xantfurpus ; f. capillitium and spores of same ; g. spore of same ; (England).
The above varieties have been, distinguished by specific names,
depending on the colour of the stalk, columella, and capillitium. The
capillitium may vary however from white to purplish-brown in the
same group of sporangia, and the colour of the stalk and columella is
also inconstant. The specimen B.M. 885, from Ravenel, South Carolina,
is intermediate between the typical form and the var. eximium, having
some sporangia with dark brown and others with deep orange stalks
and columellae on the same leaf. D. eximium Peck and D. fulvellum
Mass. have orange-red stalks, with the columellae orange or buff.
The type of D. proximum Berk. & Curt, from South Carolina (K. 1493)
has orange-red stalks and a pale buff columella. The type of D.
pertusum Berk, from Appin, N.B. (K. 463) has orange stalks and a
white columella ; it corresponds with the description of D. xanthopus
Fries in all essential characters. D. elegantissimum Mass. from
Charlottenburg (K. 1) is the same variety. These forms blend into one
another so completely that they are here united under D. nigripes.
In this species the upper part of the stalk as well as the columella
occasionally contains crystals of lime, as in D. melanospermum.
Hab. On dead leaves and twigs. Common. — Lynton, Devon (B.M.
1338) ; Lyme Regis (B.M. 1339) ; Epping Forest, Essex (B.M. 1337) ;
Wilts (B.M. 2488) ; North Wales (B.M. 2489) ; France (Paris Herb.) ;
Germany (B.M. 1558) ; Switzerland (B.M. 555) ; Portugal (B.M.
2490); Ceylon (B.M. 561); Singapore (B.M. 1935); Philippine
Islands (B.M. 2038) ; Ohio (B.M. 1341) ; South Carolina (B.M. 884) ;
Dominica (B.M. 1750) ; Brazil (B.M. 1776) ; Chili (Strassb. Herb.) :
var. eximium. — Wanstead, Essex (B.M. 2491) ; Muskoka, Canada
(B.M. 2493) ; New Jersey (B.M. 566) ; South Carolina (B.M. 885) ;
Colorado (B.M. 2492) ; Mexico (B.M. 2494) : var. xanthopus. — Somer-
set (B.M. 59); Staffordshire (B.M. 1342); Edinburgh (K. 440);
Appin, N.B. (K. 463); Germany (Strassb. Herb.); Italy (K. 334) ;
Switzerland (Herb. Zurich) ; Portugal (B.M. 2495) ; Ceylon (B.M.
577) ; Penang (B.M. 1730) ; Australia (B.M. 562) ; Philippine Islands
(B.M. 2042); Japan (B.M. 2001); Massachusetts (B.M. 1343); New
York (B.M. 564) ; South Carolina (K. 1492) ; Antigua (B.M. 1665) ;
Brazil (B.M. 2496) ; Bolivia (B.M. 2497).
9. D. squamulosum Fr. Symb. (Gasterom.), 19 (1818). Plas-
modium colourless. Sporangia gregarious, subglobose or
hemispherical, umbilicate beneath, 0-5 to 1 mm. diam.,
132 ENDOSPOREAE. [DIDYMIUM
stalked, sessile, or forming effused plasmodiocarps, snow-
white from abundant stellate crystals, which often form a
wrinkled deciduous scaly outer crust, or grey when the crystals
are more scanty ; in the plasmodiocarp forms the crystals are
often sparsely distributed ; sporangium-wall membranous,
sometimes mottled with red-brown towards the base, at length
breaking up into small fragments. Stalk white or pale yellow,
rarely orange, cylindrical, deeply furrowed, rough with
deposits of lime in minute crystals, varying much m length,
discoid at the base. Columella large or small, white
or yellowish, hemispherical, absent in effused plasmodio-
carps. Capillitium variable, of slender or coarse threads,
either almost simple or branching at an acute angle, colourless,
violet, or purplish-brown , usually with dark calyciform
thickenings. Spores violet-brown, 8 to 11 /x diam., faintly
or distinctly spinulose, the spinules often grouped in clusters. —
Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 118 ; Host. Mon., p. 159 ; Mass. Mon.,
223 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 87. Diderma squamulosum
Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung., 88 (1805). Licea stipitata DC.
Fl. Fr., ed. 2, 101 (1815). Didymium effusum Link in Mag. Ges.
Nat. Fr. Berl., 42 (1815) ; Rost. I.e., p. 163; Lister Myce-
tozoa, 99. D. herbarum Fr. I.e., 120. D. leucopus Fr. I.e., 121.
D. costatum Fr. I.e., 118. D. filamentosum Wallr. Fl. Crypt.
Germ., no. 2187 (1833) ? D. radiatum Berk. & Curt, in Journ.
Linn. Soc., x. 348 (1869) ; Mass. Mon., 229, in part. D.
Chondrioderma de Bary & Rost. in Alex. Stroj. &c, p. 89
(1872). D. neglectum Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc, xiv.
83 (1873). D. Fuckelianum Rost. Mon., p. 161 (1875). D.
praecox de Bary in Rab. Fung. Eur., no. 367 (1861) ; Rost.
I.e., p. 163. D. macrospermum Rost. I.e., p. 161. D. discoideum
Rost. I.e., p. 162. D. confluens Rost. Mon., App. p. 22
(1876). D. platypus Hazsl. in Oester. Bot. Zeitschr., xxvii.
83 (1877) ? D. angulatum Peck in Rep. N. York Mus.,
xxxi. 41 (1879). D. Cookei Raunk. in Bot. Tidssk., xvii.
86 (1888). D. Bonianum Pat. in Journ. de Bot., v. 316 (1891).
D. Alexandrowiczii Mass. I.e., 232 (1892). D. Tussilaginis
Mass., I.e., 244. D. affine Raunk. I.e., 88, t. v, figs. 3, 4.
Physarum confluens Pers. Syn., 169 (1801) ? ; Fr. I.e., 146,
in part ? P. alatum Fr. I.e., 132 ? P. Tussilaginis Berk.
& Br. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, xvii. 139 (1876).
Chondrioderma anomalum Rost. Mon., p. 169. C Alexandro-
wiczii, Rost. I.e., p. 169. Chondrioderma Cookei Rost.
Mon., App. p. 17 (1876).
Pl_ 109 — a# sessile sporangia, one is broken and shows the white columella
(England) ; b. stalked sporangia ; c. plasmodiocarp form without columella ; d.
sporangium with wrinkled crust (Devon) ; e. spore of same, marked with clustered
warts ; f. g.h. capillitium and spores of various forms, with crystals from sporangium-
wall ; t. spore of the usual form.
didymittm] didymiaceae 133
The numerous varieties which occur in this common and widely
distributed species have led to different forms receiving specific rank.
Observations conducted for a length of time on large growths among
one heap of leaves show that the colour of the capillitium varies from
almost black to colourless in the same locality ; a cluster on one leaf
may present several shades, and even in a single sporangium one-half
of the capillitium may be dark and the other half colourless ; this
difference of colour is seen in all forms, from the stalked sporangia to
effused plasmodiocarps. The stalk and columella may vary from white
to bright orange. The spinules on the spores are sometimes minute,
sometimes rather strongly developed, and are either regularly distributed
or grouped in a few large or small clusters. Spores showing small clusters
of rather larger spinules are of frequent occurrence in all forms of D.
squamulosum, and are found indeed occasionally in most species of
Didymium. The characters given as distinguishing D. effusum, D.
macrospermum, D. discoideum, D. praecox, and D. Fuckelianum are so
inconstant that they cannot be applied to mark even varieties of D.
squamulosum. In the specimen marked D. effusum Rost. in Strassb.
Herb., the sporangia are stalked or sessile, with slender white capil-
litium ; in the sporangium examined the threads in one portion are
without any thickenings ; in the remaining part there are numerous
small fusiform expansions containing lime, an irregular development not
infrequent in this species ; the spores are minutely spinulose. The
specimen of D. macrospermum in Strassb. Herb, has colourless capilli-
tium springing from a large white columella ; the spores are strongly
spinulose, 10 to 11/x diam. ; the size of the columella in the present
species is very variable, and the large development in the Strassburg
specimen of D. macrospermum is by no means exceptional. D. praecox
is described as having two walls ; the type specimen at Strassburg
is the frequent form of the present species, with the crust of crystals
on the sporangium-wall wrinkled and scaly. D. discoideum and D.
Fuckelianum are distinguished by the coloured stalk, columella, and
capillitium, and by the spotted membrane of the sporangium-wall ;
these characters are met with in different degrees in D. squamulosum,
associated with sporangia having white stalks and colourless walls and
capillitium. The type of D. radiatum Berk. & Curt, from Cuba
(K. 1516) is nearly destroyed; only the stalks remain, but these are
characteristic of the present species, being white, deeply furrowed,
granular with deposits of lime and arising from a discoid base.
Chondrioderma Alexandrowiczii Rost., the type specimen of which
from Poland is in the Strassburg Herb., is probably a form of D.
squamulosum ; the sporangia are sessile and have the capillitium and
spores of that species ; it differs from the typical form in the almost
entire absence of lime. A specimen from Lyme Regis has the spor-
angium-wall similar to that of the Polish specimen ; in both cases
it is membranous with cloudy brown spots, and with calcareous deposits
in the form of minute scattered spicules ; the capillitium in both is
violet-brown, beset with short spines, and colourless at the extremities ;
the columella in both is represented by a brown thickening of the base
without lime deposits ; the points of difference are that in the
Polish specimen the sporangia are subglobose or of irregular shape
on a broad base, and the sporangium-wall is crumpled and whitish ; in
the Lyme Regis specimen the sporangium is a depressed plasmodiocarp,
and resembles a Lamproderma in the iridescent wall ; but it is associated
with other sporangia scantily furnished with lime, and also with
134 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDYMIUM
those of the usual form. Chondrioderma Cookei Rost., of which the
type from Cheshire on leaves of Tussilago is represented both in Strassb.
Herb, and Brit. Mus. (B.M. 137), is also the present species ; it differs
from the usual form with sessile sporangia in having scanty deposits of
lime scattered in the form of minute spicules over the sporangium-wall ;
the capillitium is an irregular network of dull violet threads, with expan-
sions containing nodules of lime such as are of frequent occurrence in
imperfect developments both in this species and its allies ; the spores
are spinulose, 10 to 12 fx diam.
Hub. On dead leaves, straw, etc. Very common. — Lyme Regis,
Dorset (B.M. 1347) ; Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 37) ; Sydenham,
Surrey (B.M. 1070) ; Yorks (K. 462) ; Ireland (B.M. 2498) ; France
(K. 12) ; Germany (B.M. 530) ; Austria (B.M. 567) ; Italy (B.M. 433) ;
Portugal (B.M. 2499) ; Ceylon (B.M. 456) ; Java (B.M. 2500) ; New
Zealand (K. 1324) ; Japan (B.M. 2004) ; London, Canada (B.M.
1796) ; Washington State (B.M. 2502) ; Iowa (B.M. 2503) ; Kansas
(B.M. 2501); Vermont (B.M. 1349); Philadelphia (B.M. 1350);
South Carolina (K. 89) ; Antigua (B.M. 1666) ; Cuba (K. 542) ;
Brazil (B.M. 2504) ; Chili (Paris Herb.) ; Paraguay (Paris Herb.).
10. D. anellus Morgan Myx. Miami Valley, 64, t. xii.
fig. 41(1894). Plasmodium colourless. Sporangia scattered,
sessile, usually orbicular, umbilicate above, 0*3 to 0*5 mm.
diam., often forming slender plasmodiocarps elongated into
links and chains, grey, or glossy brown from absence of lime ;
sporangium-wall membranous, colourless or purplish-brown,
sparingly beset with minute crystals of lime, at length dehiscing
in a circumcissile manner. Columella none. Capillitium
consisting of slender flexuose violet-brown threads, simple
or somewhat branched and anastomosing. Spores purplish-
grey or purplish-brown, minutely spinulose, 7 to 9 /x diam. —
Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 349. D. effusum var. tenue Lister in
Journ. Bot., xxxv. 214 (1897).
PI. 110. — a. sporangia (Essex); b. capillitium and spores with fragment of spor-
angium-wall ; c. spore.
This species has been obtained from various parts of the world,
and, though closely resembling slender plasmodiocarp forms of D.
squamidosiim, appears to retain its distinctive characters, namely the
-circumcissile mode of dehiscence and the centrally depressed sporangia.
Hab. On dead leaves. — Wanstead Park, Essex (B.M. 1716);
Witley, Surrey (B.M. 2506) ; Yorks (B.M. 2507) ; Ceylon (B.M. 2505) ;
Ohio (B.M. 2059).
11. D. Wilczekii Meylan hi Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat.,
xliv. 290 (1908). Plasmodium grey. Sporangia scattered,
forming elongated curved or almost net-like plasmodiocarps,
1 to 2 mm. wide, 1 mm. to 3 cm. long, 0-3 to 0-5 mm. thick,
white, or glossy brownish-purjile when without lime ; sporan-
gium-wall dehiscing irregularly, membranous or somewhat
cartilaginous, colourless, yellowish or pale purplish, with
superficial deposits of minute stellate, rod-shaped, or nodular
crystals of lime, sometimes without any lime. Columella
didymium] didymiaceae 135
hardly developed, represented by the colourless or yellowish-
brown base of the sporangium-wall, which is usually thickened
beneath with a network of strands containing a few minute
lime crystals. Capillitium very abundant, consisting of pale
brownish-purple often slender threads combined to form an
elastic network, readily separating from the sporangium- walls.
Spores purple-brown, minutely and closely spinulose, 9 to
13 fx diam.
PI. 194. — a. b. plasmodiocarps (Jura Mountains) ; c. capillitium with fragments
of sporangium-walls ; d. spore.
This alpine species resembles the stouter plasmodiocarp forms of D.
8quamulosum, from which it is distinguished by the absence of a prom-
inent columella, the dense elastic network of capillitium and the darker
spores. M. Ch. Meylan describes the repeated occurrence of D. Wilczekii,
often in great abundance, on open ground in the Jura Mountains at an
altitude of 1,100 to 1,300 m. It appears in sprmg-time only, directly
after the winter snows have melted ; the sporangia are very fugacious,
and a shower of rain is sufficient to wash them away. Dr. R. E. Fries
has gathered what appears to be a form of the present species in
subalpine situations near Frostviken, Jamtland, Sweden ; the long
stout plasmodiocarps either have lime deposits in the form of minute
rod-shaped crystals, or are entirely without lime ; the capillitium
threads are stout and dark ; the whole growth so closely resembles
the sporangia of Lepidoderma Carestianum often found associated with
it on the same twigs and herbage, that in writing to Dr. Fries we gave it
as our opinion that his specimens might be a " Didymium form " of
the latter species (seeR. E. Fries in Ark. Bot., vi. No. 7, p. 3, & Lister
in Journ. Bot., xlvi. 218). M. Meylan's observations, however, have
established the constancy of this alpine Didymium, and the Swedish
gatherings should be referred to D. Wilczekii.
Hab. On turf and twigs in alpine situations. — Ste. Croix, Jura
(B.M. 2508) ; Arolla, Vallais, Switzerland (B.M. 2.309) ; Frostviken,
Sweden (B.M. 2.510).
12. D. intermedium Schroet. in Hedwigia, xxxv. 209
(1896). Plasmodium ? Sporangia gregarious or clustered,
stalked, discoid, convex above, widely and deeply umbilicate
beneath, often lobed or sinuous, 0-5 to 1 mm. diam., greyish
white ; sporangium- wall membranous, clothed with super-
ficial deposits of lime crystals. Stalk 0-7 to 1 mm. long, pale
yellow or buff, broad at the base and tapering upwards, rilled
like the columella with crystalline nodules of lime. Columella
convex, discoid, pale yellow or white, formed by a shallow
thickening of the base of the sporangium-wall, recurved at the
margin owing to the deeply umbilicate character of the spor-
angium. Capillitium of simple or branched slender colourless
threads. Spores dark purple-brown, 9 to 12 /x diam., marked
with a close irregular reticulation of minute ridges making
a border about 0*7 \x deep. — D. excelsum Jahn in Ber. Deutsch.
Bot. Gesell., xx. 275, t. xiii, figs. 5 to 10 (1902).
PI. 110. — d. sporangia, two have the walls and capillitium broken away exposing
the columella ; e. capillitium and spores ; /. spore ; (Brazil).
I 2
136 ENDOSPOREAE [DIDYMIUM
This species was obtained by Dr. A. Moller at Blumenau, Brazil.
It is allied to D. squamulosum, from which it is distinguished by the
shape of the sporangia and the markings of the spores ; the latter
closely resemble those of Mucilago spongiosa var. dictyospora in both
colour and reticulation.
Hob. On herbaceous stems. — Blumenau, Brazil (B.M. 1770).
13. D. crustaceura Fries Syst. Myc, iii. 124 (1829).
Plasmodium white. Sporangia globose, confluent, aggregated
or scattered, shortly stalked or sessile, 0-7 to 2 mm. diam.,
smooth and white from the thick fragile deciduous crust of
loosely compacted crystals of lime in which they are enclosed ;
when the crust has fallen away the sporangia appear
reniform or hemispherical and grey ; sporangium-wall mem-
branous, colourless, clothed with large stellate crystals of
lime. Stalks pale buff, 0*2 to 0-4 mm. high, membranous,
eight or ten often clustered together on an expansion
of the membranous hypothallus, at first concealed under the
crust of lime enclosing the sporangia. Columella small,
irregular, depressed, scarcely evident in the sessile forms,
white or pale buff, more or less charged with nodules of lime.
Capillitium consisting of colourless or pale violet branching
threads 0-5 to 1 yu, diam., often with minute fusiform
thickenings. Spores purplish-grey, strongly spinulose, 10 to
13 p, diam. — Rost. Mon., App. p. 22 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 86. D. confluens Rost. Mon., p. 164 (1875) ;
Mass. Mon., 235.
PI. 111. — a. sporangia (Devon) ; b. cluster of sporangia from which the outer
crust of lime has fallen away ; they arise from a common hypothallus, in one the wall
and capillitium are gone and the columella is exposed ; c. capillitium and spores with
crystals from the outer crust, also a portion of the columella with three nodules of
lime ; d. spores.
This species does not appear to be common ; it has been found in
Devon, Dorset and Hants, North Wales and Poland ; Rostaflnski refers
to gatherings from France, Denmark, Germany, Russia, Finland and
San Domingo; Prof. Macbride finds it in Iowa, U.S.A. It is closely
allied on the one hand to D. squamulosum and on the other to
Mucilago spongiosa. -The nomenclature given by Rostaflnski of earlier
date than that of Fries is very uncertain, and may apply equally well or
better to other species.
Hah. On dead leaves and grass.— Near Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M.
1354); North Wales (B.M. 3195); Poland (B.M. 1353).
14. D. leoninum Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc, xiv.
83 (1873). Plasmodium orange-red. Sporangia gregarious,
stalked, subglobose, 0*6 to 0-7 mm. diam., either dark purplish-
brown and glossy, broadly veined with white or buff deposits
of lime, or pale all over from being completely clothed with
lime crystals ; sporangium-wall at length breaking up into
fragments, cartilaginous, chestnut-brown with thinner yellow
lines of dehiscence (when seen by transmitted light) ; crystals
MUCILAGO] DIDYMIACEAB 137
of lime large, stellate. Stalks yellow, orange, or brown, 0*4 to
0*6 mm. high, often connected at the base by a vein-like
hypothallus, of spongy consistency within, and usually
charged, like the columella, with nodular crystals of lime
Columella subglobose, orange. Capillitium consisting of
slender purple-brown threads, branched and anastomosing,
colourless at the extremities. Spores violet-grey, 7 to 9 /x,
minutely warted all over ; about nine warts can be counted
in a row across the hemisphere. — Lister in Journ. Bot.
xlv., 187 ; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 350. Lepidoderma
tigrinum Rost. Mon., App. p. 23 (1876), in part ; Lister
Mycetozoa, 106, in part ; Penzig Myx. Buit., 51. Lepidoder-
mopsis leoninus v. Hohnel in Sitzungsber. k. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, Math.-Nat. KL, cxviii. 439, fig. 35 (1909).
PI. 113. — a. sporangia (Ceylon) ; b. sporangia after the capillitium and spores
have fallen away, showing the columellae ; c. capillitium and spores, with fragment of
columella and sporangium-wall with crystals of lime ; d. spore.
This handsome species is closely allied to Lepidoder?na tigrinum,
which it resembles in the cartilaginous sporangium-wall, and in the
structure of the orange stalk and columella ; it differs in the sporangia
being clothed with stellate crystals of lime, as in other Didymia, in the
sporangium-wall at length breaking up into areolae, and in the paler
smaller spores. Since the first gathering by Thwaites in Ceylon of the
immature specimen that forms the type (K. 1554), this species has been
found several times in that island by Mr. Petch, in perfect condition.
It has been collected on various occasions in Java by Professors
Penzig and Engler, and also by Prof, von Hohnel ; the latter makes it
the type of a new genus, Lepidodermopsis.
Hab. On dead leaves.— Ceylon (B.M. 2511); Java (B.M. 2512).
The following species are rejected by Rostafinski for what
appear to be sufficient reasons (see Rost. Mon., p. 229-301) :—
D. Linkii Fr.
D. muscicola Link.
D. nanum Fr. & Weinm.
D. parietinum Schrad.
D. plicatum Corda.
D. Weinmanni Fr.
D. Sowerbeii Berk, in Sm. Engl. Flora, v. pt. 2, 313,
must also be discarded as the description is too imperfect for
instruction.
Genus 16.— MUCILAGO Adanson Fam. PL, ii. 7 (1763).
The sporangia are confluent to form an aethalium, otherwise
the characters are those of the genus Didymium. — Spumaria
Pers. in Gmel. Syst. Nat., ii. 1466 (1791).
1. M. spongiosa Morgan in Bot. Gaz., xxiv. 56 (1897).
Plasmodium white or yellow. Aethalia composed of elongated
compressed lobed and confluent grey sporangia, arising in
138 ENDOSPOREAE [MUCILAGO
more or less loosely compacted clusters from branching pro-
cesses of the membranous hypothallus, clothed with a thick
but fragile and deciduous white universal covering of crystals
of lime ; 2 to 6 cm. long, 1 to 6 cm. wide, and about 1 cm.
thick ; sporangium-wall membranous, purplish or colourless.
Columella membranous, hollow, compressed, following in
its branches the form of the confluent sporangia, sometimes
absent. Capillitium a network of widely branching anastomos-
ing stout purplish-brown or colourless threads, often with dark
calyciform thickenings, hyaline at the extremities where it
is attached to the sporangium-wall or columella ; the threads
are accompanied occasionally by tubular processes of the spor-
angium-wall, which open externally, and either completely
perforate the flattened lobes of the sporangia or are continued
into the capillitium threads. Spores dull purple, strongly
spinulose, 10 to 13 /x diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
83. Mucor spongiosus Leysser Fl. Hal., 305 (1783). Reti-
cularia alba Bull. Champ., 92, t. 326 (1791). Spumaria
Mucilago Pers. I.e. • S. comuta Schum. Enum. PI. Saek1., ii. 195
(1803). 8. alba DC. Fl. Fr., ii. 261 (1805) ; Fr. Syst. Myc,
iii. 95 ; Rost. Mon., p. 191 ; Lister Mycetozoa, 104. Didy-
mium spumarioides Fr. I.e., 121 (1829). Diderma spumariae-
forme Wallr. Fl. Germ. Crypt., 374 (1833).
Var. 1.— dictyospora Fr. in Arkiv. Bot., i. 66 (1903) : lime
crystals small, nodular ; capillitium irregular, pale ; spores
very dark, closely reticulated, 12 to 13 ^ diam.
Var. 2. — solida Sturgis hi Colorado. Coll. Publ., Sci. Ser.,
xii., 29 (1907) : aethalia pulvmate compact, 4 to 5 cm.
diam., lime crystals small, often nodular ; capillitium scanty,
colourless, irregular ; spores spinulose, 9 to 11 fx diam.
PI. 117. — a. aethalium (England) ; b. cluster of sporangia from an aethalium ;
in three places they are broken and show hollow columellae ; c. capillitium and spores,
with crystals from the outer covering of lime ; d. spore ; e. spore of var. dictyospora.
This species is closely allied to Didymium crustaceum, but is dis-
tinguished by its aethalioid habit. In some seasons the cream-yellow
Plasmodium and large greyish-white aethalia form conspicuous features
about the blades and stalks of grass in pastures, especially in autumn.
The var. dictyospora was first gathered by Dr. R. E. Fries in Bolivia ;
it has since been found in some abundance in company with the typical
form about old straw heaps in Bedfordshire ; the aethalia are more
compact than in the type, and in the field are not always easily distin-
guishable from those of Fidigo cinerea. The var. solida is a still
more massive form ; it has been recorded hitherto from the State of
Colorado only.
Hab. On grass, dead leaves, etc., common in Europe and the United
States.— Highgate, Middlesex (B.M. 161); Bedfordshire (B.M. 2514);
Oxfordshire (B.M. 1083); Somerset (B.M. 171); Cromarty (B.M.
1088) ; Ireland (K. 584) ; France (B.M. 997) ; Belgium (B.M. 594) ;
lbpidoderma] didymiaceae 139
Germany (B.M. 599) ; Finland (B.M. 597) ; Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ;
Hungary (B.M. 1822) ; British Columbia (B.M. 2516) ; Ohio (B.M.
1358); Iowa (B.M. 1359); Colorado (B.M. 2515); Bolivia (B.M. 2513).
The type of Spumaria Micheneri Berk., from Pennsylvania (in
Grev., ii. 52, 1873), is not represented in the quoted collections,
and the description is too brief to be of value ; the species should
therefore be discarded.
Genus 17. — LEPIDODERMA de Bary in Rost. Versuch,
13 (1873). Sporangia stalked, sessile, or forming plasmodio-
carps ; sporangium-wall cartilaginous, beset with superficial
crystalline discs or scales ; capillitium rigid and without lime
(except in L. Carestianum var. granuliferum) .
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LEPIDODERMA.
Sporangia with orange stalks. 1. L. tigrinum
Sporangia rarely with short drab stalks, usually sessile
or forming plasmodiocarps. 2. L. Carestianum
1. L. tigrinum Rost. Versuch, 13 (1873). Plasmodium
orange-yellow. Sporangia scattered, subglobose, flattened
and umbilicate beneath, stalked, rarely sessile, 1 to 1-5 mm.
diain., olive- or purplish-grey, glossy, more or less closely beset
with rounded, angular, or star-shaped crystalline scales of
lime ; sporangium-wall cartilaginous, of two closely combined
layers, orange-yellow. Stalk stout, cylindrical 0*2 to 0*7 mm.
high, furrowed, orange-brown, of a spongy texture within,
containing deposits of lime ; rising from a hypothallus which
is either vein-like or effused and of a loose reticulated structure.
Columella hemispherical, orange, of the same texture as the
stalk, containing deposits of lime in rounded nodules. Capilli-
tium profuse, of straight or flexuose threads, sparingly
branched, dark purple-brown or grey. Spores dark purplish
grey, minutely and closely spinulose, 10 to 13 /a diam. — Rost.
Mon., p. 187 ; Mass. Mon., 253 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
106. Didymium tigrinum Schrad. Nov. Gen. PL, 22 (1797) ;
Er. Syst. Myc, hi. 117. D. rufipes Fr. I.e., 116. D. versipelle
Fr. I.e., 117 ? Physarum squamulosum Pers. Syn., 174 (1801).
P. tigrinum Pers. I.e. Leangium squamulosum Fr. Stirp.
Femsj., 83 (1827). Diderma citrinum Berk, in Sm. Engl.
Fl., v. pt. 2, 310 (1836) {non Schum.). Lepidoderma fulvum
Mass I.e., 253 (1892).
PI. 114. — o. sporangia (North Wales) ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment, of
sporangium-wall showing crystalline scales ; c. spore.
This species occurs not unfrequently in company with Diderma ochra
ceum (q.v.) to which it appears to be closely allied. The specimens of L.
fulvum Mass., from Scarborough (Herb. Mass.), and from Belle Croix,
France (K. 1555 ; Paris Herb.), are immature gatherings of the present
140 E>iDOSPOREAE [LEPIDODERMA
species ; the spores appear warted under a high magnifying power,
though the warts are faint from their unripe condition ; the French
specimen is part of the large gathering by Roussel, and is given as an
example of L. tigrinum by Rostafinski (Mon., p. 188).
Hab. On fir wood, moss, etc. — Loighton, Beds (B.M. 1360) ; North
Wales (B.M. 2517) ; Inverary, N.B. (K. 568) ; France (K. 1555) ;
Sweden (B.M. 2519); Denmark (K. 1557); Germany (B.M. 2518);
Italy (Strassb. Herb.) ; Massachusetts (B.M. 1361J : Washington
State (B.M. 2520).
2. L. Carestianum Rost. Mon., p. 188 (1875). Plas-
modium dirty white. Sporangia subglobose, often confluent,
or forming short or elongate pulvinate plasmodiocarps, 1 to
15 mm. long, 0*5 to 1 mm. thick, brownish-grey, closely beset
with white crystalline scales of lime ; sporangium-wall cartila-
ginous, dark brown. Columella hemispherical, or hardly
evident and represented by the thickened dark brown base of
the sporangium- wall, enclosing rounded nodules of lime.
Capillitium of colourless or purple-brown branching and
anastomosing threads 1 to 2/x thick. Spores dark purplish -
grey, minutely spinulose, 10 to 15 /x diam. — Mass. Mon., 255 ;
Schinz Myxom. Schweiz, 63. Reticularia Carestiana Rabenh.
Fung. Eur., no. 436 (1862).
Var. 1. — Chailletii Lister : sporangia globose or hemi-
spherical, 0-5 to 1 mm. diam., sessile, shortly stalked or
forming plasmodiocarps, grey or drab, with close-set crystal-
line scales of lime, usually seated on a well-developed brown
scaly hypothallus ; sporangium-wall cartilaginous, yellowish ;
stalk brown, 0*1 to 0-2 mm. high, containing like the columella
abundant lime- nodules ; columella pale or dark brown, rarely
orange, clavate, hemispherical or scarcely evident ; capillitium
more slender than in the type ; spores 10 to 13 /*. diam. —
Lister in Journ. Bot., xlvi. 218 (1908). Lepidoderma Chailletii
Rost. Mon., p. 189, fig. 179 (1875).
Var. 2. — granuliferum Lister : sporangia hemispherical or
forming elongate plasmodiocarps ; columella hemispherical
or hardly developed ; capillitium of branching and anastomos-
ing purplish-brown threads, with a few expansions, each
enclosing one or two rounded nodules of lime, 20 to 30 jx
diam., or forming a dense network of nearly colourless threads
expanded at the nodes to form star-shaped vesicles, each
usually enclosing a nodule of lime ; spores purple-brown, 12
to 18 fx diam.- — Schinz Myxom. Schweiz, 63 (1906). Didymium
granuliferum Phill. in Grev., v. 114, t. 88, f. 1 a-f (1877).
Badhamia granulifera Mass. Mon., 321 (1892). Lepidoderma
granuliferum Fr. in Arkiv. Bot., vi. no. 7, p. 3 (1906).
PI. 115. — a, plasmodiocarp (Switzerland); b. sporangia of var. granuliferum (Blue
Canon, California) ; c. capillitium and spores of the same ; d. spores with fragment
of sporangium-wall showing a crystalline scale, and capillitium partly normal, partly
with expansions enclosing lime-nodules (Switzerland).
lepldoderma]
STEMONITACEAE
141
PL 116. — a. sporangia approaching var. Chailletti (Arolla, Switzerland) ; b. spor-
angia of var. Chailletii (Devonshire) ; c. sporangia with walls broken and showing colu-
mellae ; d. capillitium and spores of same with fragment of sporangium-wall and
crystalline scales ; e. spore of same.
The most perfect development of this variable species appears to be
represented by two British gatherings of the var. Chailletii, made
respectively in Somerset and Devon, in winter time, by Miss Agnes Fry
and Mrs. Montague. The sporangia are globose and provided usually
with short stalks and well developed columellae. Rostafinski's type
of Lepidoderma Chailletii, from Hauenstein, Bohemia, has hemispherical
or elongated sporangia, sessile on broad bases, with columellae low
and ridge-like or hardly developed ; this variety appears to be a more
alpine form, and is abundant on the Jura Mountains and on the Swiss
Alps after the winter snows have melted. Every transition may be
found between the var. Chailletii with sessile and often confluent
sporangia, and the long plasmodiocarps of typical L. Carestianum.
All stages also occur on the Alps between plasmodiocarps having
normal capillitium free from lime, and those with capillitium branching
to form the sponge-like network enclosing abundant lime-nodules
characteristic of the var. granuliferum ; the latter variety has now
been obtained from California, Sweden and Switzerland. Prof. Farlow
finds that the typical form is abundant on the mountains of New
Hampshire in the spring-time.
Hab. On dead leaves, twigs, etc., chiefly in alpine regions. —
Devon (B.M. 2521); Sweden (B.M. 2523); Jura (B.M. 2522); North
Italy (B.M. 578) ; Chocorua, New Hampshire (B.M. 2524) ; California
(B.M. 1362).
Subcokort II.— AM A UROCHAETINEAE.
Sporangia single, or combined into an aethalium, without
deposits of lime ; capillitium and spores dark brown or
violet-brown , rarely ferruginous or colourless.
Order I. — Stemonitaceae.
Sporangia stalked ; sporangium-wall a delicate membrane,
often evanescent ; stalk extending within the sporangium
as a columella from which the branching threads of the
capillitium take their origin.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF STEMONITACEAE.
Sporangium-wall evanescent ; capillitium springing from all
parts of the elongated columella, ultimate branchlets united
to form a superficial net. (18) Stemonitis.
Fig. 26. — Stemonitis splendens Host.
a. Group of sporangia. Natural size.
b. Portion of capillitium and columella. Magnified
42 times.
Fig. 26.
142
ENDOSrOREAE
[STEMONITIS
Sporangium-wall evanescent ; capillitium as in Stemonitis,
but not forming a superficial net, or only imperfectly
towards the base of the sporangium. (19) Comatricha.
Fig. 27. — Comatricha nigra Schroeter.
a. Group of sporangia. Natural size.
b. Sporangium deprived of spores showing the capil
litium. Magnified 16 times.
Fig. 27.
Sporangium-wall evanescent ; columella reaching to the apex
of the sporangium ; capillitium springing from beneath the
superficially expanded end of the columella.
(20) Enerthenema.
.Fig. 28. — Enerthenema papillata Rost.
a. Group of sporangia. Twice the natural size.
b. Sporangium. Magnified 16 times.
e. Sporangium deprived of spores, showing the
capillitium. Magnified 16 times.
Fig. 28.
Sporangium-wall somewhat persistent as an iridescent mem-
brane ; capillitium radiating from the columella.
(21) Lamproderma.
Fig. 29. — Lamproderma scintillans Morgan.
a. Group of sporangia. Magnified 2$ times.
b. Sporangium deprived of spores, showing capil-
litium. Magnified 25 times.
Fig. 29.
Sporangium-wall persistent in the form of minute discs at
the apex of the rigid forking capillitium threads ; columella
short or hardly evident. (22) Clastoderma.
Fig. 30. — Clastoderma Debaryanum Blytt.
a. Group of sporangia. Magnified 10 times.
b. Sporangia deprived of spores, showing capillitium.
Magnified 64 times.
Fig. 30.
STEMONITIS] STEMONITACEAE 143
Capillitium scanty, colourless, branching from a short
columella ; sporangia very minute. (23) Echinostelitjm.
Fig. 31. — Echinostelium minutum de Bary.
o. Group of three sporangia. Magnified 20 times.
b Sporangium showing capillitium, all the spores
dispersed but two. Magnified 280 times.
c. Spore. Magnified 500 times.
Genus 18.— STEMONITIS Gleditsch Meth. Fung., 140,
tab. iv (1753). Sporangia cylindrical, stalked, fasciculate ;
the stalk extending within the sporangium to near the apex
as a columella (except in confluent forms) ; capillitium formed
of numerous threads radiating from all parts of the columella
and combined into a loose network, the ultimate branches
united into a superficial net.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STEMONITIS.
A. Spores grey, violet-grey, or rufous- violet : —
a. Spores reticulated, surface net of capillitium with angular
meshes. 1. S.fusca
b. Spores minutely warted, almost smooth —
Meshes of surface net rounded, 20 to 100 ^ or more wide
(imperfect in var. flaccida) ; spores 7 to 9 ll diam.
2. S. splendens
Sporangia confluent, without definite surface net, spores
9 to 11 fx. 3. S. confluens
Meshes of smooth surface net angular, less than 20 ll
wide ; spores 7 to 8 //, diam. ; plasmodium white ;
sporangia clustered. 4. S. herbatica
Meshes of uneven surface less than 20 fi wide; spores
7 to 8 jx diam. ; sporangia in scattered groups.
5. S. pallida
B. Spores pale ferruginous : —
Spores 7 to 9 /x diam. ; plasmodium yellow.
6. S. flavogenita
Spores 4 to 6 //. diam. ; plasmodium white.
7. S. ferruginea
1. S. fusca Roth in Roem. & Ust. Mag. Bot., i. pt. 2, p. 26
(1787). Plasmodium white, in rotten wood, maturing at the
place of emergence. Total height 5 to 20 mm. Sporangia
cylindrical, obtuse, stalked, brownish-purple, at first closely
144 EI7DOSPOREAE [STEMONITIS
fasciculate. Stalk black, shining, 1 to 4 mm. lung, rising from
a well-developed brown membranous hypothallus. Columella
reaching to near the apex of the sporangium. Capillitium
of dark brown threads springing from all parts of the columella,
combined into a loose network, the ultimate brandies forming
a delicate superficial net, with angular, unequal meshes
varying from 6 to 16 /x wide. Spores grey or rufous-violet,
reticulated with rows of minute spines or with raised bands,
8 to 10 fi diam.— Rost. Mon., p. 193 ; Mass. Mon., 72, in
part. S. fasciculata Pers. Obs. Myc, 56 (1796). S. maxima
Schwein. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, ser. 2, iv. 260 (1832) ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 116. S. dictyospora Rost. I.e.,
p. 195 (1875) ; Mass. I.e., 83. S. nigrescens Rex in Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phil., 1891, 392; Macbr. I.e., 116. S. castillensis
Macbr. in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. 381 (1893). Clathrus
nudus L. Sp. PL, 1179 (1753) ?
Var. 1. — rufescens Lister : spores faintly reticulated with
rows of minute spines, 5 to 8 /x diam.
Var. 2. — trechispora Torrend : spores reticulated with
raised bands. — Torrend Fl. Myx., p. 141.
Var. 3. — flaccida Lister : sporangia weak ; capillitium
scarcely forming a surface net.
Var. 4. — confluens Lister : sporangia confluent, without
superficial net or columellae. — Amaurochaete speciosa Zukal
in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, xxxv. 335, t. 15, fig. 8.
PI. 118.— a. b. sporangia (England) ; c. capillitium ; d. sporangia var. rufescens,
sporangium uniting the characters of the typical form and of var. rufescens ; i. three
e. capillitium of var. confluens ; /. spore ; g. spores, var. rufescens ; h. spores from one
spores trom one sporangium showing imperfect reticulation ; k. spores of var. trechi-
spora, from Venezuela, South Carolina and Japan respectively.
This abundant species is the commonest form of Stemonitis in Em-ope
and North America. The spores are never smooth, and when magnified
1,000 diam. present the folio wing modifications in surface-markings;
these consist either of spines thickened and connected at their bases,
forming a complete net with from 20 to 50 meshes on the surface of the
hemisphere, and giving a continuous border to the spore ; or the spines
are less connected, forming a broken net, and giving an irregular border to
the spore ; or the spines are distinct, arranged on a more or less reticu-
late plan, giving a spinulose margin to the spore ; more rarely the spores
are marked with a complete net of raised bands without spines. In the
var. rufescens the sculpture is usually less pronounced, but the minute
spines are arranged in the same manner as in the typical form, giving
either a close or open reticulation to the surface of the spore (not evenly
distributed as in the faintly warted spores of S. splendens). These two
varieties represent well-marked centres, but there is no definite boundary
between them denoting a true specific difference ; sporangia widely
differing in length and with long or short stalks may have spores of
either form ; the var. confluens occurs with both large and small spores.
Rostafinski's specimens of S. fusca from Vera Cruz (B.M. 631) and from
STEMONITIS] STEMONITACEAE 145
Ruda Guzowska (Strassb. Herb.) have the spores measuring 7 to 8 ft
diam. ; they are not smooth, as he states, but show about 28 meshes
of reticulation on the hemisphere. S. dictyospora Rost. appears to be
an unnecessary name ; it is represented in Kew Herb, by two speci-
mens referred to in Rost. Mon., App. p. 27. One of these from
Ceylon (K. 1622), bearing the signature of Rostafinski, is S. fusca var.
rufescens ; it has small spores, 5 to 6'5 ft diam., faintly reticulated with
rows of spinules. The other specimen is from Venezuela, on a palm leaf
(K. 1620, B.M. 648), and was marked by Berkeley 5. trechispora.
It consists of a number of small clusters of ill-developed sporangia with
irregular columellae and imperfect surface net; the spores are 10 to,
12 ft diam., marked with a strong complete reticulation in the form of
raised bands giving an even border 1 ft broad. Other gatherings
with spores showing a continuous reticulation of more or less raised
bands have been made in Europe, Japan and North America ; the-
spores, however, vary in size in the different specimens from 5 or 6 ft
to 10 or 11 ft, the sporangia range from 2 to 6 mm. in height, and the
capillitium also shows considerable variety. The banded reticulation
of the spores is thus associated with such different forms that it does
not appear to furnish a reliable character on which to found a distinct
species ; the various gatherings showing this feature are here placed
under the var. trechispora of the present species. Small forms of S. fusca
with spores measuring only 5-6 ft often show a close affinity to Coma-
tricha typhoides var. heterospora, q.v., from which they differ chiefly in
the more perfectly developed surface net of the capillitium. The
type of S. maxima Schwein. has spores 7 to 8 ft diam. with
reticulation precisely of the form above described of Rostafinski's
S. fusca from Ruda Guzowska. The type of S. nigrescens Rex, from
Philadelphia, has small sporangia with dark spores 8 ft diam. reticulated
as in typical S. fusca. The description and figure of Amaurochaete
speciosa Zukal leave little doubt that this is the var. confluens
of the present species. The confluent form of the sporangia may in
some cases be seen throughout the whole development from one
Plasmodium, the capillitium consisting of a profuse network of arching
threads with broad expansions at the nodes ; but sometimes only a part
presents the confluent form, and is associated with more or less perfect
sporangia with the normal superficial net.
Hab. On dead wood. Common. — Leytonstone, Essex (B.M. 1363)
Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 2525) ; Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 208)
Wales (K. 1601); Edinburgh (K. 796); France (Paris Herb.)
Germany (B.M. 623) ; Austria (B.M. 626) ; Switzerland (B.M. 2527)
Italy (B.M. 621) ; Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ; Russia (Paris Herb.)
Portugal (B.M. 2526) ; Ceylon (K. 1622) ; Singapore (B.M. 1367)
Java (K. 1591); Australia (B.M. 635); Xew Zealand (K. 666)
New Caledonia (Paris Herb.) ; Philippine Islands (B.M. 2046)
Tonga (B.M. 1368) ; Japan (B.M. 2528) ; British Columbia (B.M
2529) ; Iowa (B.M. 1366) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1910) ; Texas (B.M
919) ; Nicaragua (B.M. 1002) ; Vera Cruz (B.M. 631) ; Antigua
(B.M. 2530) ; Brazil (K. 686) ; Venezuela (B.M. 648).
2. S. splendens Rost. Mon., p. 195 (1875). Plasmodium
creamy-white. Total height 6 to 20 mm. Sporangia
cylindrical, obtuse, stalked, purplish-brown, closely fasciculate.
Stalk black, shining, slender, 1 to 4 mm. long, rising
146 ENDOSPOREAE [STEMONITIS
from a well-developed silvery or purplish hypothallus.
Columella reaching to near the apex of the sporangium, rigid.
Capillitium of purplish-brown threads, the principal branches
springing at distant intervals from the columella, at first
almost simple, suddenly branching to form a smooth superficial
net with rounded variously shaped meshes 20 to 70 p
wide. Spores pale reddish-purple, nearly smooth, or
minutely and closely warted, 7 to 9 p diam. — Torrend Fl.
Myx., 141. Stemonitis Morgani Peck in Bot. Gaz., v.
33 (1880); Mass. Mon., 86; Macbride N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 118. S. maxima Mass. {non Schwein.) I.e., 74.
S. Bauerlinii. Mass., see Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.
1890, 36 ; Mass. I.e., 79 (1892). S. acuminata Mass. I.e., 78.
S. fenestrata Macbr. I.e., 119.
Var. 1. — Webberi Lister : sporangia stiff, erect ; superficial
net complete, with meshes 80 to 100 p wide. — S. Webberi Rex
in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1891, 390 ; Macbr. I.e., 120.
Var. 2. — flaccida Lister : plasmodium white or pale yellow ;
sporangia weak, adhering to each other ; capillitium lax,
scarcely forming a superficial net ; membranous flakes of
sporangium- wall always present. — Comatricha flaccida Morg.
Myx. Miami Valley 51 (1894); Macbr. I.e., 133. Stemonitis
Tubulina Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung., 102 (1805) ? Dermo-
dium fallax Nees Syst., 109, f. 103 (1816). Jundzilla Tubulina
Racib. in Hedw., xxvi. Ill (1887).
PI. 121. — a. b. c. sporangia ; d. capillitium of specimen from Texas quoted by
Rostaflnski ; e. capillitium with membranous expansion, from Cuban specimen quoted
by Rostaflnski ; /. capillitium of S. Morgani Peck ; g. sporangia of var. flaccida ;
h. capillitium of same, with a persistent flake of the sporangium-wall ; i. spore.
The typical form of this species does not appear to be common in
Europe ; it is plentiful in India, America, Australia, and the Pacific
Islands, from which regions there are numerous specimens in the
Strassburg, British Museum and Kew collections, which were classed
under S. fusca until Rostaflnski detected the specific characters and
gave the name of S. splendens. The capillitium in this species exhibits
wide differences, but the spores are remarkably constant in colour,
size, and in the minute, evenly distributed warts, which are sometimes
scarcely apparent even when magnified 1,000 diam. The evanescent
sporangium-wall appears to be at first continuous with the super-
ficial net of the capillitium and is not merely attached by short spines
projecting from the net as in S. fusca. This character is illustrated by
a remarkable form described by Dr. Rex (in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
1890, 36) under the name S. Bauerlinii Mass.,/. fenestrata. He records
the appearance of successive growths of the Stemonitis at considerable
intervals of time on a limited area of a decaying log, apparently from
one original source. Through the courtesy of Dr. Rex the gatherings are
represented in the mountings in the British Museum. In mounting (a)
the sporangium-wall is persistent, forming a sheath perforated by circular
or oval openings 10 to 20 p wide, or in other words the superficial net is
expanded to form a perforated wall to the sporangium. Mounting (6)
STEMONTTIS] STEMONITAOEAE 147
is from a later gathering, with much of the character of (a), but approach-
ing nearer to the normal form. Mounting (c) is from a crop appearing
a month later than (b), in which there is a still more marked return to
the usual habit, with the meshes of the net 30 to 60 /a wide. The width
of the mesh varies much in Rostafinski's specimens from Cuba and Texas
(referred to in Rost. Mon., App. p. 27). In that from Cuba (B.M. 630)
the average width of the mesh is 70 /x; in that from Texas (K. 1631)
it is 20 fx. S. Morgani Peck, as illustrated by Ellis & Everhardt in X.
Am. Fungi, 2088, and S. Bauerlinii Mass. from New Guinea (K. 726),
are essentially the same form as the Cuba specimen, the mesh of
the superficial net averaging about 60 /x in width. The var. Webberi,
published by Dr. Rex as Stemonitis Webberi, has a wider surface mesh
than the typical form ; the type from Kansas is described as having the
spores ferruginous-coloured in mass, and the surface capillitium pale ;
the mounted specimens do not show this difference of colour.
This variety has been repeatedly gathered in Cornwall and the west
of Ireland, as well as in Japan and North America. The var. flaccida,
though closely resembling and merging into the var. Webberi, has even
more lax and broken capillitium, and weaker columellas ; the latter are
sometimes imperfectly formed or absent, and the sporangia more or
less confluent ; the spores in mass are rich purple-brown. It appears
to be common in the British Isles and throughout Europe, and has
also been found in several of the United States of America. These
two varieties are the only forms of S. splendens that have hitherto
been found in the British Isles. In looking through a large series of
specimens of this group there is a general character which rims
through them all in the appearance of the spores and in the
smooth purple-brown capillitium, which points to the conclusion
that however widely the size of the mesh of the surface-net may
vary, they are all forms of one species. The type of S. acuminata
Mass. from the Cape is the typical form of S. splendens with spores
measuring 7 to 8 /a (not 13 to 14 ft as given in Mass. Mon., 78.)
Hob. On dead wood.— Germany (B.M. 619) ; Italy (B.M. 999) ;
Angola (B.M. 1637); Natal (K. 694); Uganda (B.M. 1162); Mada-
gascar (Herb. Massee) ; Ceylon (Herb. Peradeniya) ; Australia (K.
716) ; New Zealand (K. 688) ; New Caledonia (B.M. 1093) ; Samoa
(B.M. 1372) ; Japan (B.M. 2005) ; Iowa (B.M. 820) ; Ohio (B.M. 1373) ;
Darien (B.M. 913) ; Cuba (B.M. 630) ; French Guiana (Paris Herb.) ;
Brazil (B.M. 1089) : var. Webberi— Falmouth (B.M. 2531); Killarney
(B.M. 2532) ; Ceylon (B.M. 1740) ; Japan (B.M. 2533) ; Ohio (B.M.
1375) ; Jamaica (B.M. 2534) : var. flaccida— Devon (B.M. 1377)
London (B.M. 2535) ; Surrey (B.M. 2537) ; Cambridge (B.M. 2538)
Germany (B.M. 2539); Sweden (B.M. 2540); Bohemia (B.M. 2541)
New Zealand (B.M. 2542) ; Ohio (B.M. 1376).
3. S. confluens Cooke & Ellis in Grev., v. 51 (1876).
Plasmodium white. Sporangia clustered, confluent ; stalks
short, indistinct ; columellae branched and irregular ; surface
net when present with wide irregular meshes. Spores reddish-
purple, 8 to 11 fx diam., spinulose. — Mass. Mon., 77 ; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 114. S. splendens var. confluens Lister
Mycetozoa, 112.
PI. 121.— fc. spore (England).
148 ENDOSPOREAE [STEMONITIS
Closely allied to S. splendens, of which it may possibly be a confluent
form ; the spores, however, appear to be always larger and darker.
Hob. On dead wood, leaves, etc. — New Forest, Hants (B.M. 2543) ;
Epping Forest, Essex (B.M. 2544) ; Beds (B.M. 2545) ; France (Paris
Herb.) ; New Jersey (B.M. slide) ; North Carolina (B.M. 935).
4. S. herbatica Peck in Rep. N. York Mus., xxvi. 75
(1874). Plasmodium white, rarely pale yellow. Sporangia
cylindrical, in densely fasciculated clusters, 5 to 9 mm. high,
reddish-brown. Stalks 0-8 to 2 mm. high, arising from a
membranous hypothallus. Capillitium of dark brown threads,
springing from the columella and forming a very loose network,
uniting at the surface into a net with rounded meshes, 10 to
20 i* diam. Spores pale reddish-grey, minutely spinulose,
6 to 8 fx diam. — Mass. Mon., 87. S. axifera Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 120 (1899), in part.
Var. confluens Lister : sporangia united to form a con-
volute aethalioid mass, with somewhat persistent sporangium-
walls, without distinct stalks or columellae ; capillitium an
irregular network.
PL 120. — a. sporangia (Peck's type from New York) ; b. capillitium ; c. d. spores ;
«. capillitium of Java specimen ; /. sporangia (Rangoon) ; g. capillitium of same.
The above description is made from Peck's type, kindly furnished
by Dr. Rex. S. herbatica holds an intermediate position between S.
flavogenita and S. splendens, having the denser capillitium and the
frequent habit of fruiting on herbaceous stems of the former species,
and the stouter surface-net and purplish spores of the latter. Different
gatherings show a tendency towards one or other of its allies ;
although not a sharply defined species it makes a useful centre under
which to place forms possessing a distinct general character which were
difficult to locate before Peck gave them, a specific rank. Rostafinski
united the present species with S. fusca, from which it is distinguished
by the nearly smooth spores and the wandering habit of the
Plasmodium. A gathering of S. herbatica from Freiburg is marked in
the Strassburg Herbarium by de Bary " S. fusca var. minor leiosperma,^
while a small form of S. fusca from the same locality is named by
him S. fusca var. minor trachispora. The var. confluens is remarkable
in having persistent sporangium-walls ; it has now been obtained
from Epping Forest, Essex, from Ceylon, and from Connecticut, U.S.A.
It was figured in the first edition of the present work as an exceptional
form of S. fusca var. confluens (p. Ill, PI. lxxvii. a).
Hab. On dead leaves and wood. — Epping Forest (B.M. 2546) ;
Witley, Surrey (B.M. 1713); Cambridge (B.M. 1714); Worcester
(B.M. 2548); Aberdeen (B.M. 2547); North Germany (B.M. 2549);
Switzerland (K. 1606) ; Italy (B.M. 1947) ; Portugal (B.M. 2550) ;
Angola (B.M. 1636); Ceylon (B.M. 2551); Pondicherry (B.M. 84a);
Rangoon (K. 1612) ; Java (B.M. 1091); Borneo (B.M. slide) ; Australia
(K. 711); New Zealand (B.M. 2552); Japan (B.M. 2554); Philippine
Islands (B.M. 2054); British Columbia (B.M. 2553); New York
(B.M. 1378) ; Carolina (K. 1581) : var. confluens — Epping Forest
(B.M. 2555) ; Ceylon (B.M. 2556) ; Connecticut (B.M. 2557).
STEMONITIS] STEMONITACBAE 149
5. S. pallida Wingate in Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
123 (1899). Plasmodium ? Total height 5 to 6*T Sporangia
scattered or clustered in small groups, cylindrical on short
stalks, violet-brown ; resembling S. herbatica, but differing
in the scattered habit, the uneven pale surface net of the capilli-
tium, and the firmer walled spores that assume a " coffee-
bean " shape when dry.— Wingate in Ellis & Everh. N. Am. Up
Fungi, no. 3498 (1897). S. tenerrima Morg. Myx. Miami
Valley, 53 (1894). S. carolinensis Macbr. I.e., 122.
PI. 120. — h. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; i. capillitium ; k. I. spores, two are con-
tracted and show the "coffee-bean" shape.
Hah. On dead wood.— Pennsylvania (B.M. 1748) ; Georgia (B.M.
2558) ; Alabama (B.M. 2559) ; South Carolina (B.M. 2560) ; Japan
(B.M. 2564).
6. S. fiavogenita Jahn in Abh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb., xlv.
165 (1904). Plasmodium translucent citron-yellow. Total
height 5 to 7 mm. Sporangia cylindrical, obtuse, in closely
fasciculate clusters, shortly stalked or nearly sessile, cinnamon-
brown. Stalk black, 0-5 to 1-5 mm. high. Columella often
ceasing below the summit of the sporangium. Capillitium
of ferruginous or brown threads, springing from the columella,
and forming a loose network with numerous broad mem-
branous expansions ; meshes of the delicate spinose super-
ficial net angular, rather uneven, varying from 6 to 16 diam.
Spores pale ferruginous, faintly warted, 7 to 9 p diam. —
Lister in Journ. Bot., xlii. 135" (1904) ; Ton-end Fl. Myx.,
144. 8. ferruginea Fr. Syst. Myc, hi. 158 (1829), in part ;
Rost. Mon., p. 196, in part ; Mass. Mon., 85, in part ; Lister
Mycetozoa, 114.
PI. 119. — a. sporangia (England) ; b. capillitium ; c. capillitium and columella,
the latter e ipanded to form a membranous cap at the apex of the sporangium ;
d. spore.
This species is abundant in the British Isles, and appears to be not,
uncommon in Europe, but has not been found hitherto elsewhere.
It is allied on the one hand to S. herbatica, and on the other to S..
ferruginea under which species it was included by the earlier authors ;
from the former it is distinguished by the delicate spinose surface net
of the capillitium and ferruginous spores, and from the latter by the
shortly stalked sporangia and larger spores measuring 7 to 9 /a ; from
both it differs in the yellow colour of the plasmodium. In the first
edition of the present work this species is described under the name
of S. ferruginea Ehrenb., but Dr. Jahn's researches have shown the
type of the latter, preserved in the Berlin Museum, to be the following
small-spored species, which was described as S. Smithii Macbr. in
Mycetozoa, p. 115. Neither Fries nor Rostafinski distinguished the
present species from S. ferruginea, the colour of whose plasmodium
they describe as yellow.
Hab. On dead wood and leaves ; the plasmodium often creeps
from the place of emergence and matures on the surrounding herbage. —
Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1380) ; Leigh-Wood, Somerset (B.M 206) ;
150 ENDOSPOREAE [STEMONITIS
Hartham, Wilts (B.M. 210) ; Wilmslow, Cheshire (B.M. 1381) ; North
Wales (B.M. 2562); Aberdeen (B.M. 2561); France (Paris Herb.);
Germany (K. 778) ; Hungary (K. 1616) ; Bohemia (B.M. 2563).
7. S. ferruginea Ehrenb. Sylv. Myc. Berol., 25 (1818).
Plasmodium white. Total height 7 to 20 mm. Sporangia
cylindrical, densely fasciculate, stalked, cinnamon-brown.
Stalks black, 3 to 7 mm. long, arising from a membranous
hypothallus. Columella ceasing below the apex of the spor-
angium. Capillitium much as in S. flavogenita, but the super-
ficial net is connected with the columella by fewer branches
and has rounded, more regular meshes, 5 to 10 /x diam. ; the
threads of the surface net are usually rather stout. Spores pale
ferruginous, nearly smooth, 4 to 6 /x diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 196,
in part ; Mass. Mon., 85, in part ; Jahn in Abh. Bot. Ver.
Brandenb., xlv. 164 (1904). Trichia axifera Bull. Champ.,
118, t. 477, fig. 1 (1791) ? S. fasciculate Schum. Enum. PL
Saell., ii. 216 (1803) ? S. violacea Schum. I.e. ? S. Smithii
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 121 ; Lister Myoetozoa, 115.
S. micros'pora Lister in litt. ex Morgan Myx. Miami Valley,
54 (1894).
Var. Smithii Lister : sporangia 3 to 6 mm. high, with surface
net of very slender threads, and intermediate capillitium well
developed. — 8. Smithii Macbr. in Bull. Nat. Hist., ii. 381
(1893). 8. subclavata Zoll. in Flora, xxx. 301 (1847) ?
PI. 119. — e. sporangia of various sizes (England); /. capillitium; g. spore.
This abundant and widely distributed species is subject to much
variation in the size of the sporangia and the stoutness of the capillitium.
The type of var. Smithii from Nicaragua has minute sporangia
with capillitium showing abundant intermediate network and a very
slender surface net ; the same form has now been found in many places,
and is connected with typical S. ferruginea by numerous gatherings
showing intermediate characters : it bears considerable resemblance to
Comatricha typhoides var. microspore* from which it is distinguished by
the more even and perfect surface net and the smoother spores.
Hob. On dead wood. — Epping Forest, Essex (B.M. 1384) ; Dudley,
Stafford (B.M. 1382) ; Luton, Beds (B.M. 1383) ; Reigate, Surrey
<B.M. 2567) ; Northumberland (B.M. 2569) ; Aberdeen (B.M. 2568) ;
■Germany (B.M. 2570) ; Switzerland (B.M. 2565) ; Bohemia (K. 729) ;
Austria (B.M. 1830); Sweden (B.M. 2571); Ceylon (B.M. 646);
New Zealand (K. 771); Australia (K. 758); Philippine Islands
(B.M. 2049) ; Japan (B.M. 2566) ; Iowa (B.M. 819) ; Ohio (B.M.
1386); Maps., U.S.A. (B.M. 641); South Carolina (B.M. 644);
Antigua (B.M. 1672); Darien (B.M. 643): Chili (Paris Herb. ); Brazil
(B.M. 1092) : var. Smithii — Yorks (B.M. 2572) ; Jura Mountains
(B.M. 2573); Ceylon (B.M. 2574); Java (B.M. 2575); Montreal
(B.M. 2576) ; New York (B.M. 2577) ; Ohio (B.M. 1387) ; Nicaragua
(B.M. 1004).
comatrichaJ stemonitaceae 151
Genus 19.— COMATRICHA Preuss in Linnaea, xxiv. 140
(1851). Sporangia cylindrical, ovoid or globose, gregarious or
scattered ; sporangium-wall evanescent (subpersistent in C.
typhoides), stalked, the black solid stalk extending within the
sporangium as a columella for half its length or more, branching
above, and continued into the capillitium, which consists
of numerous threads combined into a more or less uniform
network, not uniting to form an even superficial net.
The genus Cotnatricha is a somewhat artificial one, for it includes
species which agree with Lamproderma in all characters but the per-
sistent sporangium-wall, and with Stemonitis in all but the presence of
the superficial net of the capillitium, while in C. typhoides a surface
net is often developed on the lower half of the sporangium ; at the
same time it is a useful genus, typically marked by the uniform net-
work of the capillitium and by the isolated not fasciculate growth
of the sporangia.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF COMATRICHA.
A. Spores rather dark brownish- violet or grey : —
a. Spores nearly smooth —
Capillitium dense, crisped or flexuose, usually arising
from the whole length of the columella ; spores brown
in mass, 7 to 10 p. diam. ; on wood. 1. C. nigra
Resembling C. nigra, but spores black in mass, 10 to
11 p diam. 2. C. Suksdorjii
Capillitium with primary branches stout and nearly
straight, arising from the whole length of the columella ;
on wood. 3. C. laxa
Capillitium dense, arising by a few branches only from
the apex of the columella. 4. C. elegans
b. Spores spinulose or reticulated —
a. Sporangia globose ; columella ending in strong
branches continued into the flexuose network of the
capillitium ; spores warted ; on leaves. 5. C. lurida
b. Sporangia long, slender, cylindrical —
Spores closely reticulated. 9. C. longa
Spores spinulose. 10. C. irregularis
B. Spores pale ; lilac or reddish lilac : —
a. Spores marked with a few widely scattered warts,
otherwise smooth, or (in var. heterospora) delicateij^
reticulated, 4 to 6 p diam. ; on wood (var. microspora
on leaves). 8. C. typhoides
k 2
152 ENDOSPOREAE [COMATRICHA
b. Spores minutely spinulose or nearly smooth, 6 to 10 jx
diam. —
Sporangium-wall completely evanescent ; on leaves (on
wood in var. gracilis). 6. C. puchella
Sporangium-wall persistent at the base as a membranous
cup attached to the capillitium on leaves.
7. C. rubens
1. C. nigra Schroeter in Colin Krypt. Fl. Schles., hi. pt. 1.
118 (1885). Plasmodium watery- white. Total height 1 to
6 mm. Sporangia globose, ellipsoid or cylindrical, stalked,
scattered or gregarious, about 0*6 mm. diam., purplish-
brown ; sporangium-wall evanescent. Stalk subulate, slender,
black, sliming ; in the globose form usually 2 to 6 times the
length of the sporangium, equalling the length of the sporan-
gium or shorter in the cylindrical form, rising from a more or
less distinct hypothallus. Columella reaching to half the height,
or nearly to the apex of the sporangium, branching above
and continued into the capillitium. Capillitium a more or
less dense tangle of purplish-brown threads, springing from all
parts of the columella, anastomosing and branching in semi-
circular curves ; of nearly equal thickness throughout, the
ultimate branches looped and showing few free ends but
often marked with short spine-like branchlets. Spores
brownish- violet, nearly smooth, or minutely and closely
spinulose, 7 to 11 /x diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 128 ;
Sturgis hi Colorado Coll. Publ., Sci. Ser., xii. 33. Stemonitis
nigra Pers. in Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1467 (1791). S. atrofusca
Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., 91 (1794). S. reticulata
Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot., i. 223 (1797) ? S. ovata
Pers. Syn., 189 (1801). S. globosa Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii.
217 (1803) ? S. obtusata Fr. Syst. Myc, hi. 160 (1829). S.
Friesiana de Bary in Rabenh. Fung. Eur., no. 568 (1863) ;
Mass. Mon., 82. 8. subcaespitosaMass. I.e., 80 (1892). Trichia
alba Sow. Engl. Fung., t. 259 (1803) (nomen). Comatricha
obtusata Preuss in Linnaea, xxiv. 141 (1851) ; Lister Myce-
tozoa, 117. C. Friesiana Rost. Mon., p. 199 (1875). ' C.
subcaespitosa Peck in Rep. N. York Mus., xliii. 25 (1890).
C. Persoonii Cel. fill. Myx. Bohm., 50, t. 2, f. 4, 5 ; Macbr.
I.e., 132, in part.
Var. 1 .■ — alta Lister : sporangia oblong or cylindrical ; capil-
litium a tangle of long flexuose threads attached chiefly by
a few branches to the base of the columella. — C. alta Preuss
I.e., 141, and in Sturm Deutschl. Fl., Pilze, vi. 141, t. 71 (1862).
comatricha] stemoxitaceae 153
Var. 2. — aequalis Sturgis I.e., 34 : sporangia slender, cylin-
drical, 2 to 4 mm. long, on slender stalks 2 to 25 mm. high ;
capillitium a dense network of violet-brown threads. — 0.
aequalis Peck in Rep. X. York Mus., xxxi. 42 (1879) ; Macbr. N.
Am. Slime-Moulds, 131. Stemonitis aequalis Mass. Mon., 80.
PI. 123. — a. b. round sporangia (England) ; c. capillitium of same ; d. cylindrical
sporangia with capillitium of same ; d. cylindrical sporangia with capillitium attached
chiefly near the base of the columella (= form named C. alta by Preuss,) ; e. f .
capillitium and spore of same ; g. base of a small sporangium (fig. b) showing capillitium
with surface net ; h. cylindrical sporangia (England) ; I. sporangia of var. aequalis
New Hampshire) ; m, n. capillitium and spore of same.
A very abundant species in Europe, and not uncommon in some
States of North America. A single development often exhibits
much variation in the shape and size of the sporangia and in the
network of the capillitium. With the usual form, minute sporangia
may occur showing a close even surface net in the lower part of the capil-
litium, or they may approach C. laxa in having few and rigid capillitium
branches (cf. C. Ptrsoonii Cel. fil., I.e.). The var. alta is of frequent
occurrence in the British Isles ; the tangle of capillitium at length
falls away from the upper part of the columella, leaving the naked
spike-like apex exposed. The var. aequalis is a tall slender form
connected with typical C. nigra by many intermediate gatherings.
C. subcaespitosa Peck has slender ellipsoid sporangia, 2 mm. high with
the flexuose capillitium threads forming a more or less distinct surface
net in the lower part ; the spores measure 10 to 12 fi ; although an
unusually short-stalked delicate form it presents no characters by
which it can be separated from C. nigra.
Hob. On dead wood. — Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 220) ; Lyme
Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1388) ; Boynton, Yorks (B.M. 1095) ; Hexham,
Northumberland (B.M. 2578) ; Aberdeen (B.M. 2580) ; Ireland (B.M.
2582); France (Paris Herb.); Germany (B.M. 605); Norway (B.M.
2579) ; Sweden (B.M. 1728) ; Finland (B.M. 612) ; Poland (Strassb.
Herb.); Switzerland (B.M. 2581); Bohemia (Herb. Dr. Celakovsky) ;
Portugal (Herb. Dr. Torrend) ; Ceylon (Peradeniya Herb.) ; Japan
(B.M. 2583) ; Washington State (B.M. 2584) ; Colorado (B.M. 2585) ;
Ohio (Paris Herb.) ; Massachusetts (B.M. 1389) ; Maine (K. 657) ;
Antigua (B.M. slide) ; Brazil (B.M. 1774) : var. alta— Stafford (B.M.
2586) ; near Salisbury, Wilts (B.M. 2587) ; near Dorchester (B.M. 2588) :
var. aequalis — New York (B.M. slide) ; New Hampshire (B.M. 2589) ;
New Mexico (Herb. Dr. Sturgis).
2. C. Suksdorfii Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 132 (1899).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia scattered, globose or cylindrical,
0-5 to 0*9 mm. diam., purple-black. Stalk cylindrical, 0-3 to
0-7 mm. high. Capillitium a network of flexuose black threads
springing from all parts of the columella. Spores 9 to 13 jj.,
purplish-grey, faintly spinulose. — Stemonitis Suksdorfii Ellis
& Everh. in BuU. Washburn Coll., i. 5 (1882) ; Mass. Mon.,
76. Comatriclui obtusata Lister Mycetozoa, 118, in part. C.
nigra var. Suksdorfii Sturgis in Colorado Coll. Publ., Sci.
Ser., xii. 33 (1907).
PI. 123. — i. capillitium (Colorado) ; k. spore.
154 ENDOSPOREAE [COMATRICHA
This robust species is closely allied to C. nigra, with which it is
connected by intermediate forms. Prof. Macbride finds that the
distinguishing characters are well retained in repeated gatherings from
the Western States of America. C. Suksdorfii has also been obtained
from the Swiss Alps.
Hob. On dead wood. — Furstenalp, Switzerland (B.M. slide) ;
Colorado (B.M. 2590).
3. C. laxa Rost. Mon., p. 201 (1875). Plasmodium watery-
white. Total height, 1*5 to 3*5 mm. Sporangia subglobose
or shortly cylindrical, obtuse, scattered or gregarious. Stalk
black, shining, often stout, 0-2 to 0*6 mm. long. Columella
reaching nearly to the apex of the sporangium, narrowed
upwards. Capillitium usually lax, the primary threads
springing somewhat distantly from all parts of the columella,
at first straight or slightly curved, branching towards the
surface to form a loose network of slender threads, either
looped or with numerous straight free ends. Spores as in
C. nigra. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 127. Stemonitis laxa
Mass. Mon., 79. Badhamia penetralis Cooke & Ellis in Grev.,
v. 49 (1876) ? Lamproderma Ellisiana Cooke in Ann. Lye.
Nat. Hist. N. York, xi. 397 (1877) ? Comatricha macrosperma
Racib. in Rozpr. Mat. Przyr. Akad. Krak., xii. 76 (1884).
C. Ellisiana EUis & Everh. N. Am. Fung., ser. 2, no. 2696
(1891). C . Sommerfeltii Blytt in Bidr. K. Norg., Sop. hi. 8
(1892). C. Ellisii Morg. Myx. Miami Valley, 49 (1894).
PI. 124. — a. b. c. sporangia of various shapes (England) ; d. three sporangia showing
capillitium ; e. capillitium ; /. g. spores.
Intermediate forms connect this species with C. nigra, of which
it is hardly more than a marked variety. The type in the Strassburg
collection is well rendered by the photographic figure in Rostafinski's
Monograph ; it is a globose form with coarse and lax capillitium. A
similar form is found at Lyme Regis, together with growths having
more elongated sporangia ; among these there occur forms which
are identical with C. Ellisiana Ellis & Everh. (B.M. 1800). C. Sommer-
feltii Blytt has the lax capillitium of Rostafinski's type of C. laxa,
but has larger spores, 11 to 14 /a diam. ; the size of the spores, which
in other respects resemble those of C. laxa, can scarcely support a
separate specific rank being given to this gathering. I am indebted
to Prof. Blytt for kindly submitting the type of C. Sommerfeltii for
examination.
Lamproderma Ellisiana Cooke, is described as having spherical
sporangia on subulate stalks, slender forking blackish-purple capil-
litium-threads radiating from the apex of the short columella, and pale
lilac spores measuring 15 to 16 fi, grouped in clusters of five to six.
Xothing now remains of the type from New Jersey (K. 614) but a few
naked stalks ; and whether the specimen was in part a Lamproderma
as Massee regards it (Mon., 98), or a form of Comatricha laxa with
spherical sporangia — the same form in fact as Comatricha Ellisiana,
of which L. Ellisiana is quoted as a synonym by Ellis & Everhardt —
cannot now be determined.
comatricha] stemoxitaceae 155
Hab. On dead wood, twigs, etc. — Leytonstone, Essex (B.M. 1390) ;
Surrey (B.M. 2592); Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1391); Hants (B.M.
2593); Cornwall (B.M. 2591); Germany (Strassb. Herb.); Norway
(B.M. slide) ; Portugal (B.M. 2594) ; Japan (B.M. 2595) ; New Jersey
(B.M. 1800) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 2596).
4. C. elegans Lister Brit. Mus. Guide to Brit. Mycet.,
31 (1909). Plasmodium white. Sporangia scattered or
gregarious, globose, 0-2 to 05 mm. diam., purplish-brown.
Stalks black, slender, subulate, 0*6 to 1 mm. high. Columella
short, soon dividing into the few straight primary branches of
the capillitium ; these again branch repeatedly and form towards
the surface of the sporangium a loose tangle of slender flexuose
anastomosing threads ; spores pale brownish- violet, very
faintly spmulose, 8 to 10 /x diam. — Bostafinskia elegans Racib.
in Rozpr. Mat. Przyr. Akad. Krak., xii. 77 (1884) ; Torrend
Fl. Myx., 132. Raciborskia elegans Berl. in Sacc. Syll., vii. 400
(1888) ; Mass. Mon., 108 ; Lister Mycetozoa, 133.
PI. 124. — h. sporangia (Ceylon) ; i. k. sporangia after dispersion of spores ; I.
capillitium threads ; m. n. spores.
Although closely allied to C. nigra and connected with it by inter-
mediate gatherings, this form has now been obtained from many parts
of the world retaining the characteristic branching of the capillitium.
C. elegans shows considerable resemblance to Lamproderma arcyrionema,
but differs in the completely evanescent sporangium-wall and in the
larger spores.
Hab. On dead wood.— Near Salisbury, Wilts (B.M. 2597) ; North
Wales (B.M. 2598) ; Moffat, Scotland (B.M. 2599) ; Sweden (B.M.
2601); Poland (Raciborski's type) ; Portugal (B.M. 2602) ; Ceylon
(B.M. 2603) ; Japan (B.M. 2605) ; South Carolina (B.M. 922) ;
Colorado (B.M. 2604).
5. C. lurida Lister Mycetozoa, 119 (1894). Plasmodium
watery-white. Total height 1*25 mm. Sporangia globose
or subovoid, erect, 0*5 mm. diam., stalked, scattered, purplish-
brown ; sporangium- wall evanescent. Stalk setaceous, black,
shining, 0*75 mm. long, rising from a circular brown hypo-
thallus. Columella cylindrical, reaching to half the height
of the sporangium, dividing into stout branches at the apex,
and continued into the capillitium. Capillitium dark purplish-
brown throughout, spreading from the upper part of the
columella in flexuose anastomosing threads, with slender
brown free ends. Spores spherical or subovoid, purplish-grey,
coarsely warted, 8 to 10 jx diam. — Torrend Fl. Myx., 135.
PI. 127. — a. sporangia (England) ; b. columella and capillitium, with a frag-
ment of sporangium-wall to which spores are adhering ; c. spore.
This species has the habit of Lamproderma scintillans, from which it
is distinguished by the evanescent sporangium- wall, the more branching
columella, the uniform colour of the flexuose capillitium, and also by
the larger and more strongly warted spores. It resembles some forms
of C. nigra, but differs essentially in the spores and habitat.
156 EXDOSPOREAE [COMATRICHA
Hah. On dead leaves, especially those of holly and ivy. — Lyme
Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1399) : Reigate, Surrey (B.M. 2606) ; Witley,
Surrsy (B.M. 2607).
6. C. pulchella Rost. Mon., App. p. 27 (1876). Plas-
modium watery-white. Total height 0-7 to 2 mm. Sporangia
ovoid or cylindrical, stalked, scattered, lilac- or rufous-
brown ; sporangium- wall evanescent. Stalk black, 02
to 0-5 mm. high, rising from a circular, membranous
hypothallus. Columella reaching nearly to the apex of the
sporangium. Capillitium a network of flexuose anastomosing
brown threads springing from all parts of the columella,
looped at the surface, with few free ends. Spores pale lilac-
brown oi flesh-coloured, minutely warted, 6 to 8 /x diam. —
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 129. Stemonitis pulchella
Church. Bab. in Proc. Linn. Soc, i. 32 (1839) (nomen) ; Berk, in
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, vi. 431, t. 12, fig. 11 ; Mass. Mon.,
86. Comatricha Persoonii Rost. Mon., p. 201 (1875) ; Lister
Mycetozoa, 122.
Var. 1 . — tenerrima Lister : sporangia shortly cylindrical ;
stalks 0*5 to 1-5 mm. high ; spores and slender capillitium
threads flesh-coloured ; on dead leaves and herbaceous stems. —
Stemonitis tenerrima Curt, in Sill. Am. Journ., vi. 352 (1848) ;
Berk. & Curt, in Grev., ii. 69.
Var. 2. — fusca Lister : sporangia as in the type, but with
more rigid purplish-brown capillitium, and pale greyish-
brown spores ; on dead leaves and twigs. — Lister in Journ.
Bot., xxxv. 215 (1897).
Var. 3. — gracilis Lister : sporangia narrowly cylindrical ;
stalks 0*2 to 0*5 mm. high ; capillitium threads usually uniting
to form a close uneven surface net ; spores pale violet-grey,
very faintly warted, 5*6 to 7 /a; on dead wood — C. gracilis
Wingate in Ellis & Everh. N. Am. Fung. ser. 2, no. 2094 (1888).
C. Persoonii Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 132, in part.
PI. 126. — a. sporangia (England) ; b. capillitium and spores ; c. spore ; d. capillitium
and spores of var. fusca ; e. spore ; /. sporangia of var. tenerrima (England) ; g. h.
capillitium and spores of same : i sporangia of var. uracils (Japan) ; k. I. capillitium
and spores of same.
This species is allied to C. nigra and G. laxa, but differs in the paler
capillitium, and in the paler and more distinctly warted spores. The
typical form is not uncommon in the British Isles and in Europe,
but appears to be rare elsewhere ; the vars. tenerrima and gracilis
are widely distributed.
Hub. On dead leaves : var. gracilis on dead wood. — Lyme Regis,
Dorset (B.M. 1396) ; Bristol (B.M. 230) ; Batheaston, Somerset (B M.
221); Flitwick, Beds (B.M. 1398); Wanstead, Essex (B.M. 1397);
North Wales (B.M. 2608) ; Germany (B.M. 2609) ; Switzerland (B.M.
2610); var. fusca— Batheaston (B.M. 224); Wanstead (B.M. 2611);
I
comatricha] stemonitaceae 157
var. tenerrima— Cornwall ? (B.M. 217); Devon (B.M. 2612); France
(B.M. 2613) ; Japan (B.M. 2614) ; Antigua (B.M. 1675) ; Philadelphia
(B.M. slide) ; South Carolina (B.M. 904b) ; Brazil (B.M. 2615) : var.
gracilis— Vienna (B.M. 1831); Ceylon (B.M. 2616); Cameroons, West
Africa (B.M. 2618) ; Japan (B.M. 2617) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1884).
7. C. rubens Lister Mycetozoa, 123 (1894). Plasmodium
watery- white. Total height 1 to 2 mm. Sporangia scattered,
obovoid, ellipsoid, or subglobose, stalked, erect or inclined,
0-5 to 0-8 mm. long, 0-3 to 0-5 broad, pinkish-brown, shining
below ; sporangium- wall evanescent above, membranous and
persistent in the lower quarter, pinkish-brown. Stalk setaceous,
black, sliming, 0-6 to 1-3 mm. long, rising from a circular
brown hypothallus. Columella reaching to about two-thirds
the height of the sporangium, branching at the apex. Capilli-
tium of violet-brown threads, springing from all parts of the
columella, broad at the base, more or less flexuose, anastomos-
ing and branching at wide angles, often with flat expansions,
gradually narrowing to the slender straight free ends ; the
persistent base of the sporangium-wall is connected with
the lower part of the columella by capillitium threads with
broad attachments. Spores pale lilac-brown, minutely
spinulose, 7 to 8 /x diam. — Torrend Fl. Myx., 138.
PI. 127. — d. sporangia (England) ; e. columella and capillitium, with the per
sistent base of the sporangium-wall ; /. spore.
Closely allied to C. pulchella, but differing in shape, in the branching
of the capillitium, and in the persistent base of the sporangium-wall,
a character showing an approach to the genus Lamproderma.
Hob. On dead leaves. — Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1400) ; Witley,
Surrey (B.M. 2622) ; Epping Forest, Essex (B.M. 2623) ; Flitwick,
Beds '(B.M. 2621); Bulmer, Yorks (B.M. 2620); Philadelphia (B.M.
slide).
8. C. typhoides Rost. Versuch, 7 (1873). Plasmodium
watery- white. Total height 2 to 3 mm. Sporangia gregarious,
stalked, cylindrical, obtuse, at first silvery-grey from the
presence of the soon evanescent wall, then lilac-brown, 1*5 to
2-3 mm. long, 05 mm. broad. Stalk black, clothed with the
silvery membranous continuation of the sporangium- wall,
0-5 to 1-3 mm. long, 0-06 mm. thick, rising from a well-
developed hypothallus. Columella reaching to nearly the
summit of the sporangium, branching at the apex. Capillitium
a close network of flexuose, pale brown threads, springing from
aU parts of the columella, the ultimate branches more slender,
free, or forming an uneven net in the lower half. Spores pale
lilac-brown, marked with 3 to 5 prominent warts or clusters of
minute warts on the hemisphere, otherwise almost smooth or
very minutely warted, 6 to 7 /x diam. — Trichia typhoides Bull.
Champ.. 119, t. 477, f. 2(1791). Stemonitis typhina Wiggers
158 ENDOSPOREAE [COMATRICHA
Prim. Fl. Hols., 110 (1780) ?* ; Pers. Obs. Myc., i. 57 ; Mass.
Mon., 74. Stemonitis typhoides DC. Fl. Fr., ii. 257 (1805).
S. pumila Corcla J.cones, v. 59 (1842). S. afjinis Mass. I.e.,
76. S. atra Mass. I.e., 78. S. Carlylei Mass. I.e., 84.
Comatricha typhina Rc-st. Mon., p. 197 (1875). C. afjinis
Rost. I.e., p. 202. C. Stemonitis Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
130 (1899).
Var. 1. — heterospora Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
1893, 367 : sporangia more rufous in colour than in the typical
form ; sporangium-wall evanescent, stalk without a silvery
sheath ; capillitium forming an uneven surface net in the lower
part ; spores 5 to 6 /x diam., faintly reticulate between the warts
which high magnification resolves into patches of close-meshed
reticulation ; on dead wood. — Stemonitis pumila Fr. Syst. Myc.,
hi. 159 ?; S. virginiensii'Rex I.e., 1891, 391 ; Macbr. I.e., 117.
Comatricha dictyospora Cel. fil. Myx. Bohm., 49 (1893).
Var. 2. — microspora Lister : sporangia with surface net
very close and flexuose, spores nearly smooth, 3-5 to 4-5 p. diam ;
on dead leaves.
Var. 3. — similis Lister : sporangia slender, cylindrical ;.
sporangium-walls evanescent ; capillitium with an uneven sur-
face net below ; spores 6 to 7 p. diam., faintly warted with a
few larger and many smaller warts; on dead wood.
PI. 125. — a. sporangia (England) ; b. capillitium ; c. spores ; d. sporangia of var
heterospora (England) ; e. f. capillitium and spores of same ; g. sporangia of var.
microspora (England) ; h. i. capillitium and spores of same ; k. sporangia of var.
similis (Philadelphia) ; m, spore of same ; n. sporangia of a form intermediate between
var. heterospora and Stemonitis fusca (Colorado) ; o. p. capillitium and spores of same ;
g. spores of Stemonitis virginiensis Rex.
This abundant and widely distributed species shows great variety
in the denseness of its capillitium and the amount to which the surface
net is developed. The scattered warts, or in var. heterospora the
minute patches of close-meshed reticulation on the spores, first pointed
out by Dr. Rex, are however always present. The type of C. affinis,
Rost. from Freiburg, in the Strassburg collection, is not well developed
as shown by the abundance of immature spores ; but the capillitium is
that of the present species, and the spores have the characteristic
scattered warts. Stemonitis atra Mass., from New Zealand (K. 727),
has spores 6 to 8 p, diam., and appears to be the usual form of G.
typhoides. The var. heterospora is a well marked form. The
reticulation on the spores is usually faint and irregular, and the
capillitium often shows something of a surface net ; intermediate
forms with stronger spore-reticulation and with more or less definite
surface net to the capillitium occur, connecting this variety with
Stemonitis fusca. Such a form is seen in the specimen named Stemonitis
virginiensis Rex from the Alleghany Mountains, Virginia (B.M. 1914) ;
it has small loosely clustered sporangia showing the dense capillitium of
G. typhoides, but the spores are 6 p. diam. and marked with distinct
* The early names quoted by Rostafinski as synonyms for this species, such as
Mucor Stemonitis Scop., Clathrus pertusus Batsch, Stemonitis typhina Wiggers are
accompanied by vague and imperfect descriptions. Bulliard's excellent figures of
Trichia typhoides leave no doubt as to the species he represents.
comatricha] stemonitaceae 159
irregular lax reticulation. Another intermediate form is B.M. 2625,
from Switzerland, a gathering resembling S. fusca in capillitium,
but the spores having a faint reticulation exactly like that of
typical C. typhoides var. heterospora. The specimen named G. dictyospora,
gathered by Dr. Celakovsky near Tabor, Bohemia (B.M. 2626), has
small scattered sporangia with spores of the var. heterospora character,
but with dark lax capillitium resembling that of C. laxa. In the
present state of our knowledge we may regard these gatherings as
forms of one variable species. The var. similis has hitherto been
found only in the United States : the sporangia somewhat resemble
those of C. pulchella var. gracilis, but differ in being much longer and
in having spores marked with warts of unequal size.
Hob. On dead wood : var. microspora on dead leaves. — Ley ton-
stone, Essex (B.M. 1392) ; Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 2627) ; Luton,
Beds (B.M. 2628) ; North Wales (B.M. 2629) ; Germany (B.M. 629) ;
Switzerland (B.M. 2630); Poland (Strassb. Herb.); Portugal (B.M.
2631); Italy (B.M. 628); India (K. 1580); Java (B.M. 2633); New
Zealand (K. 727) ; Japan (B.M. 2632) ; Iowa (B.M. 1394) ; Phila-
delphia (B.M. 1393) ; Antigua (B.M. 1674) ; Brazil (B.M. 2634) :
var heterospora — Witley, Surrey (B.M. 2635) ; Swarraton, Hants (B.M.
2638) ; Northumberland (B.M. 2639) ; Scotland (B.M. 2636) ;
Switzerland (B.M. 2637) ; Portugal (B.M. 2624) ; Bohemia (B.M.
2626) ; Massachusetts (B.M. 2640) ; Virginia (B.M. 1914) : var.
microspora— Lyme Regis (B.M. 1395) ; Berlin (B.M. 638) ; Ohio (B.M.
2641) : var. similis— Iowa (B.M. 1007) ; South Carolina (B.M. 632).
9. C longa Peck in Rep. X. York Mus., xliii. 24 (1890).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia clustered, stalked, cylindrical,
elongated and slender, flexuose or drooping, 2 to 5 cm. long,
black ; sporangium-wall evanescent. Stalks very slender,
1 to 3 mm. long, black, rising from a well-developed mem-
branous hypothallus. Columella continued to near the apex
of the sporangium, very slender and wavy with zigzag
flexures in the upper part, tapering in breadth from 20 /x
at the base to 2 ^ near the summit. Capillitium a lax network
of dark brown threads, the terminal branches rigid, free,
forking at an acute angle. Spores dark grey, spinulose, the
spines connected at their bases by faint bands forming
a close reticulation, 8 to 9 fi diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 125 ; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 353. Stemonitis
loiuja Mass. Mon., 83 (1892). Comatricha equinoctialis Tor-
rend El. Myx., 138 (1909).
PI. 122. — a, b. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; c. capillitium from upper part of spor-
angium ; d. capillitium from lower part of sporangium ; e. spores.
From the absence of any superficial net in the capillitium this
species is placed in Comatricha, though in its fasciculate habit it
resembles a Stemonitis. The capillitium varies in different gather-
ings ; in some the threads are comparatively short, rigid throughout,
and anastomising but little ; in others they form a profuse network
with many membranous expansions and very slender free ends, but
the character of the dark reticulated spores remains constant in all
forms.
160 ENDOSPOREAE [ENERTHENEMA
Hob. On dead wood.— South West Africa (B.M. 1635) ; Ceylon
(Peradeniya Herb.); Java (B.M. 2643); Japan (B.M. 2644); Phila-
delphia (B.M. 900) ; South Carolina (B.M. 915) ; Nicaragua (K. 718) ;
Cuba (K. 1603) ; Antigua (B.M. 1673) ; Brazil (B.M. 2645).
10. C. irregularis Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1891,
393. Plasmodium ? Sporangia crowded, stalked, cylin-
drical, 2 to 5 mm. high, blackish-brown. Stalk black, slender,
1 to 3 mm. high. Columella straight or flexuose, reaching
nearly to the apex of the sporangium. Capillitium a close or
lax network of arcuate purple-brown threads, becoming
more slender towards the surface of the sporangium, and there
forming an irregular net, or ending in numerous colourless
free branchlets. Spores brownish-purple, often paler on one
side, closely spinulose, 8 to 10 p diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 126. Stemonitis crypta Schwein. in Trans. Amer. Phil.
Soc, iv. 260 (1832) ? Comatricha crypta Macbr. in Bull.
Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. 139 (1893). C. longa var. irregularis Lister
Mycetozoa, 120 (1894).
PL 122. — f. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; g. capillitium ; h. spore of usual type ;
i. spore showing a faint reticulation.
This species is closely allied to C. longa with which it is connected
by intermediate forms with more simple and rigid capillitium, and
with spores either spinose or faintly reticulated. It has been suggested
that Stemonitis crypta Schwein. was the present species, but the type
specimen is utterly lost (teste Rex), and the description is too vague
to be instructive.
Hob. On dead wood.— Maine, U.S.A. (B.M. 1608) ; Iowa (B.M.
1006) ; Colorado (B.M. 2646).
Genus 20.— ENERTHENEMA Bowman in Trans. Linn.
Soc, xvi. 152 (1830). Sporangia stalked ; columella reaching
to the summit of the sporangium ; capillitium springing
from beneath the superficially extended apex of the columella.
1. E. papillatum Rost. Mon., App. p. 28 (1876). Plas-
modium watery- white. Total height 1 to 1-5 mm. Sporangia
gregarious, globose, stalked, erect, 0-5 to 0-75 mm. diam., black
or purple-brown, crowned with the small iridescent salver-
shaped rarely papillate apex of the columella ; sporangium-
wall evanescent. Stalk cylindrical or conical, black. Columella
slender, cylindrical from a conical base, traversing the spor-
angium and expanding on the surface into a membranous disc
0*1 to 0*2 mm. broad. Capillitium threads spreading from the
expanded apex of the columella, long, slender, black, sparmgiy
branched, straight or flexuose. Spores greyish-brown, spinu-
lose, 8 to 10 /x diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 137. Stemo-
nitis papillata Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., 90, 1. 1, f . 4 (1794).
S. mammosa Fr. Syst. Myc, hi. 161 (1829). Arcyria atra
Schnm. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 215 (1803). Enerthenema elegans
lamproderma] stemonitacbae 161
Bowm, I.e., t. 16 ; Berk. & Br. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2,
v. 366 ; Rost. Mon., p. 209 ; Mass. Mon., 105 ; Lister Myce-
tozoa, 124. E. Berkeleyana Rost. Mon., App. p. 29 (1876) ;
Mass. I.e., 106. Ancyrophorus crassipes Raunkiaer in Bot.
Tidssk., xvii. 93 (1888) ; Mass. I.e., 107.
PI. 128. — a. sporangia (England) ; b. sporangia after dispersion of spores, showing
the capillitium arising from the apical disc of the columella ; c. sporangium with
capillitium arising from the whole length of the columella, found in company with
sporangia having normal capillitium ; d. e. spores.
Occasionally the capillitium threads are much branched and spring
from all parts of the columella, which may then terminate below the
apex of the sporangium ; this is frequently the case if the sporangia
have been slightly injured by being brought indoors in a young and
sensitive state ; all conditions between this and the normal form
occur in the same group of sporangia. The account and figure of
Ancyrophorous crassipes Raunkiaer, well represent this variety.
In what remains of the type of E. Berlceleyanum Rost., from South
Carolina (K. 1643), no spores of an Enerthenema can be detected ;
the specimen is beset with clusters of brown spores or dividing cells of
a parasitic fungus. Berkeley and Broome describe this specimen as
having the " spores produced in little heads surrounded by a common
vesicle at the free apices of the flocci," and of this being " almost the
only case in which the spores of a Myxogaster have been observed in
situ ; Ptychogaster is the single exception." The sporangia are of the
typical form of E. papillatum, and it is probable that the mould was
mistaken by Berkeley and Broome for the true spores.
Hob. On dead wood.— Wanstead, Essex (B.M. 1401) ; Devon
(B.M. 1402) ; Portbury, Somerset (B.M. 236) ; North Wales (B.M.
2647) ; Edinburgh (K. 1642) ; Ireland (B.M. 2648) ; France (Paris
Herb.); Germany (Strassb. Herb.); Denmark (Herb. Raunkiaer);
Switzerland (B.M. 2649) ; Portugal (B.M. 2650) ; Japan (B.M. 2651) ;
South Carolina (K. 1643) ; Colorado (B.M. 2652).
Genus 21. — LAMPRODERMA Rostafinski Versuch, 7
(1873). Sporangia usually stalked, globose or ellipsoid (some-
times forming plasmodiocarps in L. Lycopodii) ; sporangium-
wall membranous, somewhat persistent, shining with iridescent
colours ; stalk black ; columella cylindrical or clavate, reach-
ing to half or more than half the height of the sporangium ;
capillitium consisting of branched anastomosing threads,
radiating chiefly from the upper part of the columella.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LAMPRODERMA.
A. Spores more or less spinulose : —
a. Spores echinulate, 15 to 20 ^ diam. 1. L. echinulatum
b. Spores spinulose, or nearly smooth —
a. The dark flexuose capillitium arising by a few (6 to 9)
branches from the apex only of the columella ; spores
smooth. 2. L. arcyrionema
162 ENDOSPOREAE [LAMPRODERMA
b. Capillitiutn spreading in very numerous branches from
the abruptly ending columella —
Capillitium threads dark, pale at the base.
3. L. scintillans
Capillitium purple, with hyaline tips ; stalk usually
2 to 3 mm. 4. L. columbinum
Capillitium pale or brownish-purple ; stalk 1 mm. or
less. 5. L. violaceum
B. Spores reticulated.* 6. L. Lycopodii
1. L. echinulatum Rost. Mon., App. p. 25 (1876). Plas-
modium ? Total height 2 to 4 mm. Sporangia gregarious,
globose, stalked, erect, 0-5 to 1 mm. diam., shining with steel-
blue or green reflections ; sporangium- wall membranous,
persistent, purplish or fuliginous. Stalk subulate or
cylindrical, 1 to 2-7 mm. long, black, rising from a well-
developed hypothallus. Columella cylindrical, obtuse, about
half the height of the sporangium. Capillitium black, pale
purplish-brown, or nearly colourless, spreading chiefly from
the upper part of the columella, threads stout, sparingly
forked and anastomosing, colourless and slender at the
tips. Spores dark grey or brownish-purple, echinulate
with black spines, 15 to 20 /* diam. — Lister in Journ.
Bot., xxix. 261 (1891) ; Mass. Mon., 97. Stemonitis echinulata
Berk, in Hooker Fl. Tasm., pt. 2, 268 (1860). Lamproderma
Listeri Mass. I.e. (1892).
PL 134. — a. sporangia (New Zealand) ; b. columella of same ; c. sporangia
(Tasmania) ; d. columella and capillitium of same ; e. capillitium threads ; /. g.
spores ; h. sporangia (Moffat, Scotland) ; i. columella and capillitium ; k. capillitium-
threads.
In the type specimen from Tasmania many of the stalks are mis-
shapen and tumid, and the primary branches of the capillitium are soon
lost in a flaccid network of grey threads with broad expansions at the
angles ; somewhat similar appearances are met with both in the stalks
and capillitium of L. violaceum when matured under unfavourable
conditions, and this specimen is probably not well developed; the
primary threads in some parts are continuous and branched towards
the surface in the manner usual in Lamproderma. A specimen from
New Zealand gathered by Colenso (B.M. slide) is mouldy and difficult
to examine, but the capillitium forms less of a network, and more
nearly approaches the British gatherings, which are perfect
developments.
Hob. On dead wood. — Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. slide) ; Derby-
shire (B.M. £653) ; Moffat (B.M. slide) ; Ireland (B.M. 2654) ; Tas-
mania (K. 1621) ; New Zealand (B.M. slide).
2. L. arcyrionema Rost. Mon., p. 208 (1875). Plasmodium
watery- white. Total height 1 to 2 mm. Sporangia gregarious,
* See also L. violaceum var. dictyosporum.
lamproderma] stemonitaceae 163
globose, stalked, erect, 0*5 mm. cliam., steel-grey, blue or bronze,
shining iridescent ; sporangium-wall membranous, pale purple,
falling away in large fragments, persistent as a collar round the
base of the sporangium. Stalk subulate-setaceous, about
1 mm. high, black, shining. Columella slender, smooth,
cylindrical, reaching to one-third or one-half the height of
the sporangium, suddenly dividing at the apex into the few
primary branches of the capillitium. Capillitium of purple-
brown or black threads arising from the apex of the columella,
branching repeatedly and anastomosing to form a close
crisped network, with very short free ends. Spores pale
lilac-grey, very faintly warted, 6 to 7 yu. diam. — Mass. Mon.,
96 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 143. Stemonitis physaroides
var. subaeneus Berk, in Herb. Lamproderma subaeneum Mass.
I.e., 95. Comatricha Shimekiana Macbride in Bull. Nat. Hist.
Iowa, ii. 380, t. x, fig. 3 (1893).
PI. 129. — a. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; b. capillitium ; c. sporangia (England) ;
d. columella and capillitium of same ; e. spore.
This widely distributed species appears to be especially abundant in
the United States, where it is described by Dr. Rex as sometimer,
occurring in vast profusion, " covering one entire side of a fallen
log about 3 feet in diameter for a length of about 10 feet with the steel-
coloured sporangia." The specimens marked Stemonitis physaroides
var. subaeneus, from Ohio in Berkeley's collection (K. 1560, 1562)
correspond in every respect, in size, capillitium, and in the spores
which measure 6 to 7 /x, with Rostafinski's type of Lamproderma
arcyrionema in Strassb. Herb. Comatricha Shimekiana Macbr.
from Nicaragua (B.M. 1008), is a typical form of the present species.
The sporangia of L. arcyrionema are on the whole remarkably constant
in character. A variety has been found near Kamawata, Japan, by
Mr. K. Minakata (B.M. 2659), with unusually lax and slender capil-
litium, and with spores rather darker than in the typical form measuring
8 to 9 [t- diam.
Hob. On dead wood. — Epping Forest, Essex (B.M. slide) ; Luton,
Beds (B.M. 2655); Scarborough (B.M. 2656); France (Paris Herb.);
Poland (B.M. slide) ; Portugal (B.M. 2658) ; Ceylon (B.M. 2657) ;
Japan (B.M. 2006) ; Borneo (B.M. slide) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1814) ;
Ohio (B.M. 1406) ; Antigua (B.M. 1676) ; Nicaragua (B.M. 1008) ;
Brazil (B.M. 2660).
3. L. scintillans Morgan Myx. Miami Valley, 47 (1894).
Plasmodium watery-white. Total height 1 to 1-5 mm. Spor-
angia scattered or gregarious, globose, stalked, erect, 0*3 to
0-5 mm. diam.5 steel-blue, red or bronze, brilliantly iridescent ;
sporangium-wall delicately membranous, colourless, falling
away in large fragments. Stalk setaceous, black, shining,
rising from a purple-brown circular hypothallus. Columella
cylindrical, truncate, scarcely reaching to half the height of
the sporangium. Capillitium of rigid threads, radiating from
the apex of the columella, dichotomously branching and
anastomosing, black or purple-brown, pale at the base, rigid
164 ENEOSPOREAE [LAMPRO DERMA
and coloured to the free extremities ; the threads connecting
the apex of the columella with the somewhat persistent base
of the sporangium- wall usually slender and colourless. Spores
violet-grey, minutely warted, 6*5 to 8 /x diam. — Macbr. N.
Am. Slime-Moulds, 142. Stemonitis scintillans Berk. & Br.
in Journ. Linn. Soc, xv. 84 (1876). Lamproderma arcyrioides
var. iridea Cooke Myx. Brit., 50 (1877). L. irideum Mass.
Mon., 95 (1892) ; Lister Mycetozoa, 128. Enerthenema
muscorum Lev. in Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 4, xx. 289 (1863).
PI. 130. — a, b. sporangia (England) ; c. capillitium and columella ; d. branching
thread of capillitium showing the colourless base ; e. f. spores.
This species resembles some forms of L. violaceum, but is distin-
guished by the bases of the capillitium threads being pale where they
spring from the truncate apex of the columella ; apart from the character
of the capillitium, which is liable to some variation, it can always be dis
tinguished by the spores, which, instead of being minutely and closely
spinulose as in the pale-spored form of L. violaceum, are marked with
scattered warts that can easily be counted when magnified 1,000
diam., and number about thirty on the hemisphere. It is a most
abundant species in England ; in heaps of dead leaves it appears in
countless numbers, and in a dark fir plantation near Lyme Regis the
stones and herbage by the side of a rivulet appeared hoary over an
area of many square yards with the young rising sporangia, and a little
search showed the mature forms in equal abundance. The type
from Ceylon (K. 1634) agrees in all characters with the English gather-
ings, and is well described by Berkeley. There are several specimens
of this species in the Kew Collection, named L. arcyrioides var. iridea
Cke. (K. 615 — 619) ; these are referred to in Mr. Massee's Monograph
as having smooth spores measuring 11 to 16 p., which is misleading.
Specimens received from the United States, representing several
gatherings, agree in all respects with the type. The type of
Enerthenema muscorum Lev. from New Granada (B.M. 1032),
appears to be a form of the present species ; it is on moss, and
consists of scattered sporangia on setaceous stalks, with rigid capillitium
threads dark to the base ; the spores measure 7'5 to 9 fx, and are marked
with fewer and larger warts than in the type. Considering the unusual
character of the gathering it seems better to retain Berkeley's specific
name for the present species, which is associated with the typical
form, rather than revive that given by Leveille, although the latter is
of earlier date.
Hab. On dead leaves, straw, etc. Common in the British Isles. —
Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1407) ; Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 19-4) ;
Highgate, London (B.M. 1111); Epping Forest, Essex (B.M. 2661);
Hitchin, Herts (B.M. 2662) ; France (B.M. 617) ; Sweden (Herb.
Dr. R. E. Fries); Poland (Strassb. Herb.); Portugal (B.M. 2663);
Ceylon (K. 1634) ; Java (B.M. 2665) ; Japan (B.M. 2664) ; New
Jersey (B.M. 1911); Philadelphia (B.M. 1410); Ohio (B.M. 1409);
Iowa (B.M. 1009) ; South Carolina (B.M. 846) ; Antigua (B.M. 1677).
4. L. columbinum Rost. Versuch, 7 (1873). Plasmodium
colourless. Total height 2 to 3 mm. Sporangia gregarious,
globose or ellipsoid, stalked, erect, 0*5 to 0-8 mm. diam.,
purplish-black with iridescent violet or green reflections, or
lamproderma] stemonitaceae 165
shining like burnished brass ; sporangium- wall membranous,
persistent, purplish hi the lower part, usually mottled with
darker shades. Stalk cylindrical, usually 1-5 mm. high, 0*15
mm. thick, purplish-black, shining, longitudinally striate or
rugose, rising from a dark purplish hypothallus. Columella
cylindrical with a conical apex, or clavate, reaching to more than
half the height of the sporangium. Capillitium of brownish-
purple threads, radiating from the columella, sparingly forked
and anastomosing, towards the surface branching and form-
ing a delicate, nearly colourless network. Spores purple-
grey, closely spinulose, 11 to 14 ^ diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 203 ;
Mass. Mon., 100 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 141. Physarum
columbinum Pers. Obs. Myc, i. 5 (1796) ; Fr. Syst. Myc,
iii. 136 (1829). P. salicinum Schum. Enuni. PI. Saell., ii. 200
(1803) ? P. bryophilum~Fr. I.e., 135 ? Stemonitis physaroides
Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung., 103, t. 11, fig. 8 (1805) ? S. por-
phyra Berk. & Curt, in Grev., ii. 69 (1873) ? Lamproderma
physaroides Rost. Mon., p. 202 ; Mass. I.e., 103 ; Lister Myce-
tozoa, 125 ; Macbr. I.e., 139. L. Schimperi Rost. I.e., p. 203.
L. Staszycii Racib. hi Hedw., xxviii. 116 (1889).
Var. sessile Lister : sporangia sessile, without columella,
capillitium dark or pale. — Physarum iridescens Berk, in Hook.
Journ. Bot., iii. 20 (1851). Lamproderma iridescens Rost. Mon.,
App. p. 25 (1876).
PI. 131. — a. sporangia (England) ; b. c. sporangia (Switzerland) ; d. ellipsoid
sporangia (South America) ; e. f. capillitium and columella ; g. capillitium from
lower part of sporangium ; h. sporangia of var. sessile (England) ; i. capillitium
of same ; k. columellae of various shapes from one group of sporangia ; I. m. spores.
This beautiful and widely distributed species is subject to considerable
variation in the shape of both the sporangium and columella and in the
length of the stalk. Spherical forms with shorter stalks some-
times occur closely resembling L. violaceum var. Sauteri, from
which they may be distinguished by the capillitium threads being
less intricately branched and purple in colour with hyaline tips,
and by the purplish-grey spores. The tj^pe of Stemonitis iridescens
Berk, on Hepatics from the Pyrenees (K. 1318), is the var. sessile of
the present species; the sporangia, now broken, were globose, and
either sessile or on short stalks ; the capillitium is described by Rosta-
finski as colourless, though in a sporangium examined the few threads
that remain are dark brown ; the columella is absent, but the base of
the sporangium is thickened by a tissue of purplish-brown interwoven
bands ; the spores are purple-grey as in the type. Another gathering of
var. sessile from Norway, kindly furnished by Prof. Blytt, is on moss
associated with the long stalked form of L. columbinum ; the globose
sporangia are each seated on a yellowish horny cushion of dried Plas-
modium ; there is no stalk or columella ; the capillitium rises from
the broad base of the sporangium and is more rigid than that of the
stalked form ; the spores measure 16 to 19 fi ; in the accompanying
stalked sporangia they measure 12 to 13 /a. It would seem probable
that some gatherings at least of the var. sessile are not normal develop-
ments. Typical L. columbinum has occurred abundantly every autumn
for some years in succession on moss on wet rocks in a wooded ravine
166 E^TDOSPOREAE [LAMPRODERM A
in North Wales ; it is not unfrequently associated with Badhamia
rubiginosa var. globosa, and when the sporangia of the latter are almost
limeless, they can hardly be distinguished in the field from those of
L. columbinum. Fries describes the plasmodium of both Physarum
bryophilum and P. columbinum as yellow, and it is possible that
his specimens may in part have been the above-mentioned form
of B. rubiginosa which has bright lemon-yellow plasmodium. The
description and illustration of Stemonitis physaroides Alb. & Schw.,
with globose shining silvery-grey sporangia and compact globular
capillitium, suggest L. arcyrionema rather than the present species,
but in the absence of the type this reference is conjectural. The
specimen in the Strassburg herbarium of L. physaroides agrees in all
respects with the above description of L. columbinum. There are
three specimens in that collection marked by Rostafinski L. columbinum ;
one is the present species, one is a pale form of L. violaceum, and the
third is L. scintillans.
Hab. On fir wood, moss, etc. — Leighton, Beds (B.M. slide) ;
Gloucestershire (B.M. 204) ; Northumberland (B.M. 2660) ; Berwick
(K. 1568) ; Cornwall (B.M. 2667) ; North Wales (B.M. 2668) ; Moffat,
Scotland (B.M. slide) ; France (K. 628) ; Germany (B.M. 603) ;
Sweden (B.M. 2669) ; Norway (B.M. slide) ; Switzerland (B.M. 2670) ;
Japan (B.M. 2671); Massachusetts (B.M. 1403); Maine (B.M. 1611);
Adirondack Mountains, New York (B.M. 2672) : var. sessile — Leighton,
Beds (B.M. 1404); Aberdeen (B.M. 2673); Pyrenees (K. 1318);
Portugal (B.M. slide).
5. L. violaceum Rost. Versuch, 7 (1873). Plasmodium
watery- white. Total height 0*6 to 1*5 mm. Sporangia stalked,
rarely sessile, subglobose, more or less flattened and umbilicate
beneath, or shortly ellipsoid, erect, scattered or aggregated,
0*4 to 0*9 mm. diam., shining with iridescent blue, violet or
bronze reflections ; sporangium-wall membranous, somewhat
persistent, pale violet-brown. Stalk varying from very short to
one and a half times the height of the sporangium, black,
rising from a red-brown membranous hypothallus. Columella
one-third to two-thirds the height of the sporangium, cylin-
drical, obtuse, or sometimes narrowing to the apex. Capillitium
•of almost colourless or brown threads springing from the
upper part of the columella, branching and anastomosing
to form a more or less dense network, becoming very slender
towards the surface. Spores purplish-grey, minutely spinulose,
8 to 10 ju. diam. — Rost. in Fuckel Symb. Fung., Nachtr. 69 ;
Mon., p. 204 ; Mass. Mon., 94 ; Macbr. in N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
143. Stemonitis violacea Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 162 (1829). S.
urcyrioides Somm. in Mag. Nat., vii. 298 (1827). Lamproderma
urcyrioides Rost. Mon., p. 206 ; Blytt in Bidr. K. Norg., Sop.
iii. 8 ; Mass. I.e., 102. L. nigrescens Rost. I.e., p. 205 (1875) ?
L. leucosporum Rost. Mon., App. p. 26 (1876) ? L. minutum
Rost. I.e. ? L. nigrescens Sacc. in Michelia, ii. 262 (1882) {non
Rost.). L. Saccardianum Mass. I.e., 101 (1892). Tilmadoche
Berkeleyi., Mass. I.e. 332.
lamproderma] stemonitaceae 167
Var. 1. Sauteri Lister: sporangia globose, or ovoid-globose ;
capillitium brown; spores purple-brown, 11 to 15 /x diam.,
nearly smooth or spinose. — L. Sauteri Rost. Mon., p. 205 ;
Mass. Mon., 100 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 140. L.
robustum Ellis & Everli. in Mass. I.e., 99. L. arcyrioides
Morg. Myx. Miami Valley, 47 (1894).
Var. 2. Carestiae Lister : sporangia globose or ovoid, nearly
black, shortly stalked or quite sessile ; capillitium dark
purple-brown, forming either a dense network or consisting of
almost straight threads ; spores purple-brown, closely spinulose
or spinose, 9 to 16 /x diam. — Stemonitis Carestiae Ces. & de
Not. Erb. Crit. Ital., no. 888.
Var. 3. dictyosporum Lister : resembling var. Carestiae, but
with purplish-grey spores 10 to 14 /x, marked with spinules
and short ridges more or less united to form an irregular
reticulation. — Lister in Journ. Bot., xlvi. 218 (1908).
PI. 132. — a. b. sporangia (England) ; c. capillitium and columella ; d. e. spores
/. sporangium of var. Sauteri (Salzburg) ; g. m. spores of same ; h. sporangia of var
Carestiae (North Italy) ; i. capillitium and columella of same ; /.•. I. spores of same.
PI. 133. — /. sporangia of var. dictyosporum (Switzerland) ; g. sporangia of same
after dispersion of spores ; h. i. spores.
This species is abundant in the British Isles, in Europe and in North
America. The varieties given above are well-marked centres, round
which intermediate forms group themselves, but neither the size of the
spores, the colour of the capillitium, nor the shape of the sporangia
can be taken as giving constant specific characters. The typical
form appears to be usually found in the lowlands ; the three varieties
are essentially alpine forms. Gatherings made near Lyme Regis show
great variety of capillitium ; even in a single development it
may be either nearly colourless and flaccid, or brown and rigid, the
associated spores being pale violet-grey, closely and minutely spinulose,
8 to 10 /x diam. The original gathering on which Sommerfelt founded
S. arcyrioides, of which through the courtesy of Prof. Blytt of Christi-
ania a mounting is in the British Museum, has globose sporangia,
with brown capillitium and nearly smooth spores 8 to 9 /x diam., as in
typical L. violaceum. The measurement " 12-5 to 16"5 xi " given by
Rostafinski and repeated in other works is erroneous, but is corrected
by Prof. Blytt, I.e. By the strict application of the rule of priority,
the name L. arcyriodes should take precedence of L. violaceum, but the
former has been so long associated with a misleading description that
it would seem preferable to retain the familiar and appropriate name
given by Fries. The typo of L. Sauteri from Salzburg in the Tyrol,
now in the Strassburg Herbarium, has the same form of sporangium
and abundant brown capillitium as in the type of S. arcyrioides Somm.,
but has spinulose spores, 11 to 14 p- diam. The type of Lampro-
derma robustum Ellis and Everh., from Philadelphia (B.M. slide), is
var. Sauteri with dark, strongly spinulose spores 11 to 13 /x diam. ; it is
almost identical with the type of L. Sauteri. In some gatherings of var.
Carestiae the spores measure 9 /x, in others 11 to 14 \x, in others again
14 to 17 /x ; they are usually dark purplish-brown, and either nearly
smooth or strongly spinulose. The var. dictyosporum is distinguished
l2
168 ENDOSPOREAE [LAMPRODERMA
from var. Carestiae by the spore markings ; it appears to be abundant
in the Jura Mountains and on theSwiss Alps in spring-time.* The type
of Tilmadoche Berkeleyi Mass., from the United States (K. 1563a),
appears to be an immature specimen of L. violaceum.
Hab. On dead leaves, twigs and herbaceous stems. — Twycross,
Leicester (B.M. 203b) ; Brockley, Somerset (B.M. 202) ; Devon
(B.M. 1412); Luton Hoo, Beds (B.M. 1411); Cornwall (B.M. 2675);
Salop (B.M. 2674) ; Alnwick, Northumberland (B.M. 2676) ; North
Wales (B.M. 2677); Scotland (B.M. 2678); France (Paris Herb.);
Germany (Strassb. Herb.) ; Switzerland (Strassb. Herb.) ; Norway
(B.M. slide) ; Portugal (B.M. 2679) ; Maine (B.M. 1610) ; Massa-
chusetts (B.M. 1413); Ohio (B.M. 2680); Iowa (B.M. 2681); West
Virginia (B.M. 1919) : var. Sauteri— Tyrol (B.M. slide) ; Germanv
(B.M. 607b); Switzerland (B.M. 2682)*; Philadelphia (B.M. slide):
var. Carestiae— Clova, Scotland (B.M. 2683) ; Sweden (B.M. 2684) ;
Germany (B.M. 607a) ; Switzerland (B.M. 608) ; North Italy (B.M.
606) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1806) : var. dictyosporum — Switzerland
(B.M. 2686).
6. L. Lycopodii Raunkiaer in Bot. Tidssk., xvii. 109
(1888). Plasmodium ? Sporangia scattered or clustered,
globose, 0-8 mm. diam., stalked, sessile, or forming plas-
modiocarps, purple-brown, shining with iridescent colours ;
sporangium-wall membranous, colourless above, purplish-
brown below. Stalk black, 0-2 to 05 mm. high.
Columella cylindrical, reaching to half or two-thirds the height
of the sporangium, absent in the plasmodiocarp form. Capilli-
tium a network of pale purplish-brown flexuose threads,
which are stouter below, slender and colourless at the tips.
Spores brownish-purple, 12 to 18 /a diam., regularly reticulated
with narrow raised bands that form a net with from 14 to
24 meshes on the hemisphere, and show as a border 1 to
1-5 fx wide. — Lister in Journ. Bot., xlvi. 218. Stemonitis
cribrarioides Fr. Syst. Myc, hi. 163 (1829) ? Cribraria
Lycopodii F. Nees in litt. ex Fr. I.e. ?
PI. 133. — a. plasmodiocarp (Switzerland) ; b. c. capillitium ; d . e. spores.
This species is closely allied to L. violaceum var. dictyosporum from
which it differs in the perfectly reticulated and bordered spores, and
paler capillitium. Besides the type from Zealand two other
gatherings have been obtained — a plasmodiocarp form on Lycopodium
a'pinum found by Dr. A. Volkart on the Furstenalp, Graubunden,
1,700 m. alt., and a specimen with stalked sporangia, on a twig,
gathered by G. von Beck on the Alps near Vaduz, Lichtenstein,
* M. Ch. Meylan has recently published a new species, Lamproderma atrosporum (Bull.
Soc.Vaud.. xlvi. 51) which is distinguished by the following characters. The sporangium-
wall is either completely evanescent or adheres in fragments to the dark tips of the
capillitium ; *he latter resembles that of L. violaceum var. Carestiae ; the spore-; art-
black in mass, and either spinulose or marked with a close irregular network of ridges.
Underthis species he would include L. violaceum var. dictyosporum, and some
gatherings classed hitherto as L. violaceum var. Carestiae from which he considers
L. atrosporum always differs in having blacker spores and more fragmentary sporangium-
walls. In correspondence he writes that while L. violaceum together with the vars.
Sauteri and Carestiae are of frequent occurrence on the Jura Mountains and blend
freely into one another, he has never found forms connecting these with L. atrosporum
which occurs in similar situations and is also abundant.
clastoderma] stemonitaceae 169
at an altitude between 1,600 and 1,700 m. Stemonitis cribrarioides
Ft. is quoted by Prof. Raunkiaer as a possible synonym for the
present species, but in the absence of the type this determination
must remain conjectural.
Hab. On Lycopodium and dead twigs. — Graubunden, Switzerland
(B.M. slide) ; Lichtenstein, Austria (B.M. 2687).
Genus 22.— CLASTODERMA Blytt in Bot. Zeit., xxxviii.
343 (1880). Sporangia stalked, without lime ; columella
very short or hardly evident ; capillitium arising from the
apex of the columella as solid lilac or ochraceous threads,
repeatedly forking, sparingly anastomosing ; sporangium-wall
dividing into subhyaline membranous, rounded or sub-
polygonal fragments, attached to one or from two to five of
the ultimate branches of the capillitium ; spores pale brown.
—ORTHOTRICHIA Wingate in Journ. Myc, ii. 125 (1886).
1. C. Debaryanum Blytt I.e. Plasmodium ? Total height
1 to 1*25 mm. Sporangia gregarious, globose, stalked, 0*15 to
02 mm. diam., brown ; sporangium-wall membranous,
persistent only in circular or polygonal plates attached to
the ultimate branches of the capillitium. Stalks slender,
rugose below, suddenly smooth and filiform in the upper
fifth, brown. Columella short, dividing into the primary
branches of the capillitium. Capillitium of pale brown threads,
forking three or four times, sparingly anastomosing at the
surface or free, the ultimate branches attached singly or
two or three together tc the membranous plates of the sporan-
gium-wall. Spores pale brown, smooth, 7 to 10 jx diam. —
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 138. Orthotrichia microcephala
Wing. I.e. ; Mass. Mon., 109.
PL 135. — a. sporangia (Philadelphia) ; b. sporangia after dispersion of spores ;
c. capillitium branches ; d. capillitium with expanded membranous plates (Norway) ;
e. spore ; /'. sporangium (Norway) ; g. spore (Ceylon).
This species was discovered by Prof. Blytt in 1879, near Christiania,
growing on dead Polyporus. In the United States it has been re-
peatedly found, and was described by Mr. Wingate as Orthotrichia micro-
cephala. In these gatherings the threads anastomose more freely than
in the Norwegian specimen, and the disc-shaped fragments of the
sporangium-wall are usually less pronounced ; in some sporangia,
however, they agree essentially with the type kindly submitted for
examination by Prof. Blytt, and it cannot be doubted that they are
the same species. Mr. Fetch describes Clastoderma Debaryanum as
being rather common in Ceylon " on rotten wood in up-country jungles,"
but found also at lower elevations (see Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 354).
Hab. On dead wood. — Norway (Christiania Herb.); Sweden
(B.M. 2688) ; Austria (B.M. 2689) ; Portugal (B.M. 2690) ; Ceylon
(B.M. 2691) ; Borneo (B.M. slide) ; Japan (B.M. 2692) ; Philadelphia
(B.M. 874).
170
ENDOSPOKEAE
[ECHENOSTELIUM
Genus 23.— ECHINOSTELIUM de Bary in Rost. Versuch,
7 (1873). Sporangia stalked, very minute, 50 \x diam.,
colourless ; capillitium branches few, arising from the apex
of a short columella.*
1. E. minutum de Bary I.e. Plasmodium colourless. Spor-
angia scattered, stalked, colourless, globose, 40 to 50 /;. diam.
Sporangium-wall persistent at the base as a minute collar.
Stalk setaceous, narrowed upwards, 0*4 mm. long, hyaline,
enclosing nearly colourless refuse matter. Columella slender,
3 to 4 jx high. Capillitium of two or three colourless zigzag
threads, simple or sparingly branched and anastomosing,
with free spine-like branches. Spores colourless, smooth,
6 ix diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 215, figs. 53, 54, 58, 68 ; Mass.
Mom, 109.
PI. 128. — /. sporangia (Dumfriesshire) ; g. sporangium showing capillitium ;
all the spores but two are dispersed ; h. various forms of capillitium ; i. spores.
This inconspicuous species appears to be most nearly allied to
Clastoderma Debaryanum. It may be easily mistaken for the
fruit of a Mucor, which it superficially resembles. The only British
gatherings recorded are two made by Miss A. L. Smith who found it
on dead wood in Dumfriesshire, and also in Herefordshire. The spore
has not a perfectly uniform wall, but is divided into areolae by thin
lines of dehiscence.
Hab. On dead wood. — Hereford (B.M. slide) ; Austria (B.M. slide.)
Order II. — Amaurochaetaceae.
Sporangia combined into an aethalium. Capillitium dark
purple-brown, of irregular strands and threads, or of complex
structure.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF AMAUROCHAETACEAE.
Capillitium of irregularly branching threads.
(24) Amattrochaete.
Fig. 32. — Arnaurochaete luliginosa Macbr.
a. Aethalium. Half natural size.
b. Capillitium. Magnified 10 times.
Fig. 32.
* Eeimerlia hyalina F. v. Hohnel (Ann. Myc. i., 391 (1903) ), which has by
some writers been included among the Mycetozoa, does not appear to belong
to this group. Very little is known of its life history. The minute colourless
sporangia sorrjwhat resemble those of Echinostelium minutum in size and
shape. The slender subulate stalk penetrates the sporangium to form a long colu-
mella ; there is no capillitium ; the spores are held together by a drop of hyaline
mucilage ; they do not give rise to amoeboid bodies, but the contents consist of a long
closely coiled thread : when placed in water the spore-wall bursts and the thread
rapidly straightens into a non-motile rod 70 to 80 ix long, 0'2 ^ wide. These observa-
tions were made on specimens that appeared on dead wood at Lyme Regis in July, 1904 :
the further fate of the threads was not traced. It appears possible that Endodromia
vitrea Berk. (Hook. Journ. Bot., iii. 78, t. 1, f. c. (1841) ) is the same species.
amaurochaete] amaurochaetaceae
171
Capillitium of horizontal threads, with many chambered
vesicles.
(25) Brefeldia
Fig. 33. — Brefeldia maxima Rost.
o. Aethalium. Natural size.
b. Capillitium and spores. Magnified 50 times.
Fig. 33.
Genus 24.— AMAUROCHAETE Rostafinski Versuch, 8
(1873). Aethalium pulvinate, composed of elongated closely
compacted confluent sporangia ; sporangium-walls not
developed within the aethalium. Capillitium radiating from the
broad membranous base, consisting of numerous erect dark
purple-brown irregularly flattened ragged strands, dividing
into many anastomosing branches, which vary much in
length, thickness and regularity.
This genus appears to be closely allied to Stemonitis.
1. A. fuliginosa Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 109 (1899).
Plasmodium creamy-white. Aethalium pulvinate or variously
shaped, 2 mm. to 4 cm. or more broad, black, covered with
a silvery fragile cortical membrane ; individual sporan-
gium-walls undeveloped. Capillitium as described in the
genus, often scanty. Spores dull purple, paler on one side,
spinulose, 11 to 13 jx diam. — Lycoperdon fuliginosum Sow.
Engl. Fung., t. 257, with description (1803). Lycogala atrum
Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung., 83 (1805). Demordium inquinans
Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berk, iii. 25 (1809) ? Strongylium
majus Fr. Symb. Gast., 9 (1817). Lachnobolus cribrosus Fr.
Syst. Orb. Veg., 148 (1825) ? Reticulata atra Fr. Syst. Myc,
iii. 86 (1829). Amaurochaete atra Rost. Versuch, 8 (1873) ;
Mon., p. 211 ; Mass. Mon., 89 ; Lister Mycetozoa, 134.
PI. 136. — a. capillitium (England); b. c. spores.
Sowerby's illustration of Lycoperdon fuliginosum with the accompany-
ing note so well represents the present species, that his specific name
must take precedence over that of Albertini and Schweinitz which,
though given later, has been usually adopted.
Hob. On dead coniferous wood. — Halse House, Somerset (B.M.
17) ; Lyme Regis (B.M. 1416) ; Woking, Surrey (B.M. 2693) ; Haslemere
(B.M. 2695) ; Hull, Yorks (B.M. 2694) ; Scotland (B.M. 2696) ;
Norway (B.M. 1417) ; Germany (Berlin Herb.) ; Poland (Strassb.
Herb.); Portugal (B.M. 2697); Japan (B.M. 2698); Maine, U.S.A.
(K. 800).
172 ENDOSPOREAE [BREFELDIV
Genus 25.— BREFELDIA Rostafinski Versuch, 8 (1873).
Aethalium pulvinate, consisting of subcylindrical, somewhat
branched, and confluent sporangia, rising from a base of spongy
barren tissue, which is continued, chiefly among the lower
portions of the sporangia, in irregular folds ; imperfect
sporangium-walls and central columellae sometimes present.
Capillitium of numerous horizontal threads, uniting at the
surface of the adjacent sporangia to form many-chambered
vesicles.
1. B. maxima Rost. Versuch, 8 (1873). Plasmodium
creamy white. Aethalium pulvinate, 2 to 30 cm. across,
5 to 10 mm. thick, purplish-brown, composed of elongated
branching sporangia 0-3 to 0-5 mm. diam., extending upwards
from the spongy basal tissue which is continued among them
as irregularly branching purple-brown membranous folds ;
distinct rigid columellae often present. Capillitium consisting
of numerous threads radiating from near the central part of
the sporangium, but free from the columella ; each thread
expands at the boundary of the sporangium into a many-
chambered vesicle, which is continued into a corresponding
radial thread of the adjoining sporangium ; the proximal ends
of the threads are connected in clusters of three or four by
a fragile membrane ; the vesicles are of firm texture, often
containing a spore in several of the chambers, occasionally
coalescing in fewer or greater numbers to form vertical
scalariform strands. Spores purplish-brown, minutely spin-
ulose, 9 to 12 /a diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 213; Mass. Mom, 91;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 110. Dermodium inquinans Fr.
Symb. Gast. 9 (1817) ? Reticularia maxima Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg.,
i. 147 (1825). Licea perreptans Berk, in Gard. Chron., 1848, 451.
PI. 136. — d. subdiagrammatic view of portions of four columnar sporangia from
an aethalium ; each sporangium has a central columella, and is clothed on the surface
with numerous vesicles, from which short capillitium threads pass into the adjacent
sporangia ; at x. is seen a scalariform strand, formed by vertical union of a row of
vesicles ; e. capillitium threads and vesicles ; /. spores (England).
The complex structure of the capillitium is difficult to follow in
the lower part of an aethalium ; towards the surface the sporangia
are often separated from each other by narrow intervals. The sides
of the sporangia are then seen to glitter with the numberless vesicles
of the capillitium. The threads penetrate the adjacent sporangia to
the distance of 0'07 to 0'1 mm., or about half the radius. The entire
length of the threads, including the central vesicle, is 0"15 to 0-23 mm.
The mass of spores in the central part of the sporangium is not
traversed by any threads. In the lower strata the threads are some-
times attached at each extremity to folds of the membrane arising
from the spongy base ; the rigid collumellae, throughout the upper
part at least, appear to be free from the capillitium. The plasmodia are
sometimes very large, and may wander from the place of emergence
to mature into aethalia one or two feet in length. In the field this
species often shows considerable resemblance to the confluent form of
a Stemonitis, a genus to which Brefeldia appears to be nearly allied.
brefeldia]
HETEEODEEMACEAE.
173
Hob. On dead wood, etc. — Lyme Regis, (B.M. 2699) : Darenth,
Kent (B.M. 1110) ; Wanstead, Essex (B.M. 2700) ; Luton, Beds (B.M.
1418a); Birmingham (B.M. 1418); Boynton, Yorks (B.M. 1159);
France (Paris Herb.); Sweden (K. 781); Germany (B.M. 2249);
Switzerland (Hb. Zurich) ; Mass., U.S.A. (B.M. 1419) ; Iowa (B.M.
1020).
Cohort ll.—LAMPROSPORALES.
Spores variously coloured, not violet-brown or purplish -grey,
except in Licea minima and Listerella, q.v.
Subcohort l.—ANEMINEAE.
Capillitium absent or not forming a system of uniform
threads, except in Alwisia, q.v.
Order I. — Heterodermaceae.
Sporangium-wall membranous, studded with microscopic
round granules (plasmodic granules), either continuous or
forming a net in the upper part ; capillitium wanting ; spores
4 to 7 /j. diam.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF HETERODERMACEAE.
Sporangia sessile, compacted or aethalioid, the wall not form-
ing a net in the upper part. (26) Lestdbladia.
Fig. 34. — Lindbladia effusa Rost.
a. Aethalium. Xatural size,
ft. Vertical section of aethalium.
Magnified 6 times.
Fig. 34.
Sporangia stalked ; sporangium-wall with thickenings in the
form of a delicate persistent net expanded at the nodes.
(27) Cribraria.
Fig. 35. — Cribraria aurantiaca Schrad.
a. Group of sporangia. Twice natural size.
b. Sporangium after dispersion of the spores.
nifled 20 times.
Mag-
Fig. :J5.
Sporangia stalked ; sporangium-wall with thickenings in the
form of nearly parallel ribs extending from the base to the
apex, connected by delicate threads. (28) Dictydium.
174 ENDOSPOREAE [LINDBLADIA
Fig. 36. — Dictydium cancellation Macbr.
a. Group of sporangia. Twice natural size.
b. Sporangium after the dispersion of spores. Mag-
nified 20 times.
Fig. 36.
Genus 26.— LINDBLADIA Fries Summa Veg. Scand., 449
(1849). Sporangia either combined to form an aethalium, or
closely compacted ; rarely free, sessile, or stalked ; sporan-
gium-wall membranous, uniform, studded with microscopic
dark plasmodic granules.
1. L. effusa Host. Mon., p. 223 (1875). Plasmodium
blackish. Sporangia minute, combined to form a more or less
complex, effused or pulvinate aethalium, 2 to 10 mm. thick,
either black with a cortex of imperfectly developed spores,
or umber-brown and the surface formed by the membranous
walls of the convex summits of the component sporangia ;
hypothallus strongly developed, of membranous, more or less
spongy tissue ; sporangium-wall entire or perforated, mem-
branous, yellow-brown, uniform, studded with scattered
clusters of dark round plasmodic granules, 1 /x diam. Spores
ochraceus-brown, faintly warted, 4 to 6 /* diam. — Macbr. N.
Am. Slime-Moulds, 154. Licea effusa Ehrenb. Sylv. Myc.
Berol., 26 (1818). Lindbladia Tubulina Fr. Summ. Veg.
Scand., 449 (1849) ; Lister Mycetozoa, 137. Aethalium atrum
Preuss in Linnaea, xxiv. 141 (1851). Tubulina effusa Mass.
Mon., 41 (1892).
Var. simplex Rex in Bot. Gaz., xvii. 202 (1892) : sporangia
shortly cylindrical, closely compacted, sessile, rarely free and
shortly stalked. — Licea spermoides Berk. & Curt, in Grev.,
ii. 68 (1873). Physarum caespitosum Peck in Rep. N. York
Mus., xxvi. 75 (1874). Perichaena caespitosa Peck I.e., xxxi.
57 (1879). Tubulina spermoides Mass. Mon., 37 (1892). T.
caespitosa Mass. I.e., 43.
PI. 137. — a. vertical section of part of a pulvinate aethalium ; b. fragment of
sporangium-wall and spores ; c. closely compacted tubular sporangia, var. simplex ;
d. sessile and stalked sporangia, var. simplex, closely allied to Cribraria argillacea ;
e. fragment of sporangium-wall and spores of same ; /. spore ; (United States).
The sporangium-walls in the aethalioid form are usually continuous ;
some aethalia however, gathered by Mr. K. Minakata in the province of
Kii, Japan, have the walls widely perforated with large rounded
openings as in the genus Enteridium. The var. simplex has hitherto
been recorded only from the United States and Japan; it was
first described by Dr. Rex (I.e.), with a full account of the genus
Lindbladia and of the relationship which exists between L. effusa
CRIBRARIA] HETERODERMACEAE 175
and Cribraria argillacea. His gatherings show a complete series of
intermediate forms between the two species. Licea spermoides Berk.
& Curt, is var. simplex, and is represented by several specimens in
the Kew Collection, including the type from Alabama referred to by
Rostafinski in his App., p. 32 ; he cites the name as a synonym for
Cribraria argillacea (K. 1695), but although the sporangium-wall is
studded with patches of dark plasmodic granules, there is no indication
of a net to warrant its being placed under C. argillacea. The Plas-
modium of this species is described by Dr. Jahn as being " black,
like cart-wheel grease."
Hab. On dead wood. — Buhner, Yorks (B.M. 1420) ; Aspley,
Beds (B.M. 2702) ; North Wales (B.M. 2701) ; Aboyne, Scotland
(B.M. 244) ; Sweden (K. 1658) ; Germany (B.M. 2703) ; Portugal
(B.M. 2704) ; Ceylon (B.M. 2705) ; Japan (B.M. 2706) ; Washington
State (B.M. 2707) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1421, A, B) ; Colorado (B.M.
2708) : var. simplex— Japan (B.M. 2013) ; Ohio (B.M. 1421c) ; Iowa
(B.M. S22) ; South Carolina (B.M. 948).
Genus 27. — CRIBRARIA Persoon in Roemer Neues Mag.
Bot., i. 91 (1794). Sporangia globose or subpyriform,
stalked ; sporangium- wall persistent and forming a cup in the
lower half or reduced to a basal disc, continued above as a
net of slender threads more or less expanded and thickened at
the nodes, membranous and evanescent in the meshes of the net.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CRIBRARIA.
A. Nodes of the net not thickened : —
a. Sporangia clay- coloured, cup imperfectly defined, spor-
angium-wall subpersistent above. 1. C. argillacea
b. Sporangia dull crimson, net close. 2. C. rubiginosa
c. Sporangia nut-brown or rufous —
Sporangia 0-6 mm. diam., net lax. 3. C. rufa
Sporangia 0-1 to 0*2 mm. diam. 4. C. minutissima
B. Nodes of net thickened : —
a. Sporangia nut-brown —
a. Cup ribbed, perforated at the margin, merging into the
branching nodes. 5. G. macrocarpa
b. Cup well-defined, nodes usually flattened, angular,
branching. 6. C. aurantiaca
c. Cup replaced by strong ribs, nodes usually flattened.
7. C. splendens
d. Cup well-defined or absent, nodes thickened, prominent,
numerous —
Nodes with free rays, and connected by five to
eight slender threads.
8. C. intricata
Nodes rounded in outline, without free rays, con-
nected by four to five slender threads.
9. C. tenella
176 ENDCSPOREAE [CRIBRARIA
b. Sporangia dark or red-brown —
a. Stalk two or three times the height of the sporangium ;
plasmodic granules dark, 1 to 2 ft diam.
10. C. pyriformis
b. Stalk four to six times the height of the sporangium —
Cup one-third the height of the sporangium, nodes
polygonal. 11. C. languescens
Cup minute or absent, nodes rounded, prominent.
12. C. microcarpa
c. Sporangia purple —
Cup one-third the height of the sporangium, 0-7 mm.
diam. 13. C. purpurea
Cup one-half of the sporangium, 0-5 mm. diam.
14. C. elegans
d. Sporangia violet-blue, 025 mm. diam. 15. C. violacea
1. C. argillacea Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 91 (1794).
Plasmodium lead-coloured or purplish-olive. Total height
075 to 1*5 mm. Sporangia globose, crowded, stalked or nearly
sessile, 0*5 to 08 mm. diam., when immature lilac or lead-
coloured, at length clay-coloured ; cup imperfectly defined ;
sporangium-wall subpersistent throughout, delicately mem-
branous above, stouter towards the base, reticulated with
strongly or faintly thickened bands, which are studded with
dark plasmodic granules 1 //. diam., and form a net with hardly
expanded nodes and subquadrangular meshes about 0*1 mm.
wide. Stalk cylindrical, 0*1 to 0*8 mm. high, furrowed, dark
brown, arising from a well-developed hypothallus. Spores
ochraceous, nearly smooth, 5 to 6 fx diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 238 ;
Mass. Mon., 65 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 161. Stemo-
nitis argillacea Pers. in Gmel. Syst. Nat., ii. 1469 (1791).
S. sphaerocarpa Schrank in Roem. & Ust. Mag. Bot., xii. 20
(1790) ? Cribraria micropus Schrad. Nov. Gen. PL, 3
(1797). Licea brunnea Preuss in Linnaea, xxvi. 709 (1853) ?
PI. 138. — a. sporangia (England) ; b. net of sporangium-wall and stalk ; c. spores
and plasmodic granules ; d. spores.
This species varies much in the extent to which the net of the
sporangium-wall is developed. In the usual form the bands are dark
brown, well-defined, hardly expanded at the nodes, often stouter
towards the base ; but in some gatherings the thickenings are faint
and broad, aud the wall of the sporangium is nearly uniform in texture,
in which case it closely resembles the var. simplex of Lindbladia effusa.
Hab. On dead wood : common in Europe and the British Isles. —
Richmond, Surrey (B.M. 1422) ; Birmingham (B.M. 1424) ; Leighton,
Beds (B.M. 1423) ; Bovnton, Yorks (B.M. 1044) ; North AVales (B.M.
2709); Aboyne, Scotland (B.M. 243); Ireland (B.M. 2712); France
(B.M. 2713); Germany (B.M. 2267); Norway (Herb. Christiania) ;
cribraria] heterodermaceae 177
Switzerland (B.M. 2711) ; Portugal (B.M. 2710) ; New England
(B.M. 1425) ; Philadelphia (B.M. slide) ; Washington State (B.M.
2714) ; Colorado (B.M. 2715).
2. C. rubiginosa Fries Syst. Myc, iii. 172 (1829).
Plasmodium purple-black. Total height 2 to 4 mm. Sporangia
in large clusters, ellipsoid or subglobose, stalked, erect, 1 to
1-7 mm. high, 1 to 1-5 mm. broad, dull crimson; cup one-
third to half the height of the sporangium, ill-defined above,
marked with numerous oblique or longitudinal ribs, or with a
close reticulation of thickened bands, and studded with
plasmodic granules 1 to 1-5 \x diam. ; net of slender red-brown
rigid threads with a mesh about 0-1 mm. diam., without
conspicuous expansions at the nodes. Stalk rugged, dark
brown, 03 to 2 mm. long, 0*2 mm. thick. Spores rufous,
almost smooth, 5 to 6 fi diam. — Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud.,
xliv. 294 (1908).
PI. 139. — a. sporangia (Sweden) ; b. sporangium after dispersion of spores, from
a mounting in Canada Balsam ; c. part of net of sporangium-wall with margin of cup ;
d. e. spores.
This handsome species is allied to C. macrocarpa, but differs in the
ruddy colour of the spores, and in the less expanded nodes of the
sporangial net. M. Meylan finds in the Jura mountains a form with
stalks two and even three millemetres long which he has published as
var. longipes (I.e.) ; he states that it only appears in the autumn months.
Hab. On dead wood, etc. — Sweden (B.M. slide) ; Berne, Switzer-
land (B.M. 2716) ; Jura Mountains (B.M. 2717).
3. C. rufa Host. Mon., p. 232 (1875). Plasmodium milk-
white. Total height 1-5 to 2 mm. Sporangia scattered,
stalked, subglobose or turbinate, erect, 06 to 0-7 mm. diam.,
bright orange-red ; cup one-third the height of the sporan-
gium, with a regularly toothed margin, more or less ribbed,
the thicker ribs continued into the wide-meshed net ; the
plasmodic granules of the sporangium-wall hardly 1 ^ diam. ;
nodes of the net not expanded, or narrow, triangular and
flattened, connected by three or four firm threads. Stalk
cylindrical, the length of the sporangium or more, 02 mm.
thick, longitudinally rugose, black. Spores pale yellowish-
red, minutely warted, 5 to 8 //, diam. — Mass. Mon., 63. Stemo-
nitis rufa Roth Fl. Germ., i. 548 (1788). Cribraria rufescens
Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 91 (1794) ; Lister Mycetozoa,
140. C. intermedia Schrad. Nov. Gen. PI., 4 (1797). C.
fulva Schrad. I.e., 5.
PI. 140. — a. sporangia (Scotland); b. net and cup of sporangium- wall ; c. spore
and plasmodic-granules.
This well-marked species is remarkably constant in its characters ;
it appears to be most nearly allied to C. minutissima, from which it
differs in its much larger proportions.
Hab. On dead coniferous wood. — Witley, Surrey (B.M. 2718)
Woburn Sands, Beds (B.M. 2719) ; Derbyshire (B.M. 2724) ; North
178 ENDOSPOREAE [CRIBRARIA
Wales (B.M. 2720) ; Moffat, Scotland (B.M. 1427) ; Sweden (B.M.
2722); Germany (B.M. 2231); Switzerland (B.M. 2721); Bohemia
(B.M. 2723); Washington State (B.M. 2725).
4. C. minutissima Schwein. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.,n.s.
iv. 260 (1832). Plasmodium ? Total height 0-5 to 0-7 mm.
Sporangia stalked, gregarious, globose, erect or inclined,
0*1 to 0*2 mm. diam., nut-brown ; cup either about half the
height of the sporangium, or entirely wanting, pale nut-
brown, nearly even at the margin, faintly striate longitudinally
with lines of plasmodic granules 1 /x diam. ; nodes of the net
not expanded, or narrow and flattened, connected by three to
five delicate threads. Stalk filiform, one and a half to four
times the height of the sporangium, brown. Spores ochraceous,
minutely spinulose, 5 to 6-5 /x. — Rost. Mon., App. p. 31 ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 162. Cribraria minima Berk.
& Curt, in Grev., ii. 67 (1873) ; Mass. Mon., 59. C. micro-
scopica Berk. & Curt. I.e. ; Rost. I.e. ; Mass. Mon., 62.
PI. 140. — d. to g. sporangia after dispersion of spores ; h. spore and plasmodic
granules ; (United States).
In the large gatherings obtained by Dr. Rex of this minute species,
great variety is found in the size of the cup and in the extent to which
nodes of the net are enlarged. Nothing now remains in this country
of the type specimen of C. microscopica Berk. & Curt. ; but from
Berkeley's description and figure it differs from the present species only
in having the nodes of the net rather widely expanded, a character
so variable that G. microscopica is here included under C. minutissima.
The type of C. minima Berk., from South Carolina (B.M. 671) is the
form of the present species having a deep cup ; the nodes of the net
are either triangular or unexpanded.
Hob. On dead wood.— Ceylon (B.M. 2726) ; South Carolina (B.M.
671) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 2728) ; Colorado (B.M. 2727).
5. C. macrocarpa Schrad. Nov. Gen. PL, 8 (1797).
Plasmodium slate-coloured. Total height 2 mm. Sporangia
stalked, gregarious or scattered, globose or turbinate, erect,
0-6 to 1 mm. diam., rufous-brown ; cup about one-third of the
sporangium, orange-brown, with numerous dark longitudinal
ribs, perforated above, irregularly and deeply toothed at the
margin and merging into the branching nodes of the net ; nodes
flattened, elongated, confluent and irregular in the lower part,
branching and polygonal with the angles continued into the
connecting threads above; the nodes and ribs of the cup
studded with dark plasmodic granules 1 to 2 /x diam. Stalk 0-8
to *1 mm. high, 0*1 mm. thick, furrowed, dark brown. Spores
ochraceous, nearly smooth, 4 to 6 /x diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 238 ;
Mass. Mon., 56 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-moulds, 162. C.
tatrica Racib. in Hedw., xxiv. 170 (1885) Heterodictyon
Bieniaszii Racib. in Hedw., xxviii. 121 (1889).
crtbraria] heterodermaceae 179
PL 141. — a. sporangia after dispersion of spores ; b. part of net and cup of sporan-
gium (Freiburg, Germany, specimen named by Rostafinski) ; c. net and cup of
sporangium (Black Forest, Germany) ; d. spore, and plasmodic granules.
Specimens from America from low elevations have usually more
numerous and slender connecting threads and more prominent nodes
in the upper part of the net ; they approach forms of C. intricata,
while the European type is coarser and more nearly resembles bold
forms of G. aurantiaca. A gathering made by Dr. Rex at an elevation
of 6,200 feet on Roan Mount, North Carolina, exactly corresponds
with the specimen named by Rostafinski in the Strassburg collection.
Hab. On dead coniferous wood. — Glamis, Scotland (K. 1677) ;
Germanv (B.M. slide) ; Norway (B.M. slide) ; Switzerland (B.M.
2729) ; New York (B.M. 1429) ; "New Hants (B.M. slide).
6. C. aurantiaca Schrad. Nov. Gen. PI., 5 (1797). Plas-
modium sap-green or slate-grey. Total height 1 to 2 mm.
Sporangia gregarious, stalked, globose, erect or nodding,
0*4 to 0*7 mm. diam., nut-brown ; cup one-third the height
of the sporangium, irregularly and deeply toothed at the
margin, studded with round plasmodic granules 0-5 to 1 /x diam.
arranged in close lines radiating from the base of the sporan-
gium ; nodes of the net flattened, broad, branching and
angular, or narrow, the angles continued into the slender
connecting threads and often into a few free rays. Stalk
subulate, dark brown, two to four times the height of the
sporangium. Spores golden-yellow or ochraceous, smooth,
5 to 6 jx diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 233 ; Mass. Mon., 57 ; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 164. C. vulgaris Schrad. I.e., 6; Rost.
Mon., p. 234 ; Mass. Mon., 61. C. vulgaris var. aurantiaca
Pers. Syn. Fung., 194 (1801). C. variabilis Ficin. & Schub.
Fl. Dresden, ii. 296 (1823) ? C. intermedia Berk, in Sm.
Engl. Fl., v., pt. 2, 318 (1836).
Form a. Stalk one and a half times the height of the
sporangium ; nodes broad, polygonal.
Form (3. Stalk two to four times the height of the
sporangium ; nodes triangular, narrow.
PI. 142. — a. to c. sporangia of various forms, with spores dispersed ; d. part of
net and margin of cup of sporangium of form a. ; e. part of net and margin of cup
of form & ; /, 0. spores and plasmodic granules ; (England).
Rostafinski's specimens of C. vulgaris in Strassb. Herb., differ in no
respect from those he has named C. aurantiaca. In describing three
forms of C. vulgaris, "a. genuina, (3 aurantioides, y delicatula," he
recognises the great variability to which the species is subject, and
points out how closely his form R approaches C. aurantiaca. Gatherings
of C. aurantiaca at Lyme Regis, from the same fir log in consecutive
years, show variations in the cup, net, and colour, which illustrate the
characters given in Rostafinski's description and figures of both C.
aurantiaca and G. vulgaris ; the latter name is therefore placed
here as a synonym for the comprehensive species G. aurantiaca.
As a rule the shorter stalked sporangia have more expanded nodes.
Intermediate forms occur connecting C. aurantiaca with a group
of allied species ; a large form having a strongly ribbed cup
180 ENDOSPOREAE [CRIBRARIA
approaches C. macrocarpa ; when the nodes and cup have dense deposits
of dark plasmodic granules, the form approaches C. pyriformis ;
when the cup is shallow and is connected with the net by ribs, it may-
resemble G. splendens, while the forms with a close and regular net
approach C. tenella or C. intricata.
Hah. On dead wood. Common in Europe. — Lyme Regis, Dorset
(B.M. 1430); Luton, Beds (B.M. 1431); Witley, Surrey (B.M. 2730):
Norfolk (B.M. 2731); Glamis, Scotland (B.M. 246); France (B.M.
2732) ; Germany (B.M. 673) ; Sweden (B.M. 2734) ; Poland (Strassb.
Herb.); Switzerland (B.M. 2733); Austria (B.M. 1832); Portugal
(B.M. 2735) ; Japan (B.M. 2736) ; Philadelphia (B.M. slide) ; Colorado
(B.M. 2737).
7. C. splendens Pers. Syn. Fung., 191 (1801). Plas-
modium ? Total height T5 mm. Sporangia globose, stalked,
erect or inclined, scattered, 0*3 mm. diam., nut-brown ; spor-
angium-wall consisting in the lower half of about nine free
ribs with little trace of a persistent cup, continued into a loose
net with small often triangular nodes. Stalk slender,
brown, four or five times the length of the sporangium. Spores
pale ochre, almost smooth, 5 /x diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 236 ;
Mass. Mon., 64 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 164. Dicty-
dium splendens Schrad. Nov. Gen. PL, p. 14 (1797).
PI. 141. — e. sporangium after dispersion of spores (Germany ; specimen named by
Rostaflnski) ; /. part of net of sporangium ; g. sporangium (Switzerland) ; h. spores
and plasmodic granules.
The description given above is taken from a specimen named by
Rostaflnski in the Strassb. Herb., from the Feldberg near Freiburg.
C. splendens differs from C. aurantiaca in having s rong ribs taking the
place of a hemispherical cup. The persistent shining wall between the
net mentioned by Rostafinski has almost disappeared in this somewhat
injured specimen, but as the permanence of the membrane is met with
occasionally in nearly every species of Cribraria, the character is not
of great value. C. splendens appears to be connected by intermediate
forms with C. aurantiaca, C. intricata and C. tenella. M. Meylan finds
a beautiful form in the Jura Mountains with the nodes little or not at all
expanded ; it somewhat resembles C. minutissima, from which it
differs in the larger size and in the strong ribs at the base of the
sporangium.
Hab. On dead wood. — Feldberg, Germany (B.M. slide) ; Switzer-
land (B.M. 2738) ; Japan (B.M. 2739) ; Toronto, Canada (B.M. 2740) ;
Washington State (B.M. slide) ; Philadelphia (B.M. slide).
8. C. intricata Schrad. Nov. Gen. PL, 7 (1797). Plas-
modium ? Total height 1-5 to 3 mm. Sporangia gregarious,
stalked, globose, nodding or erect, 0-5 to 0*7 mm. diam.,
ochraceous-brown ; cup one-third the height of the sporangium,
yellow-brown, studded with brown plasmodic granules 0-5 to 2 /a
diam. arranged in close lines radiating from the base of the
sporangium ; margin more or less irregularly toothed ; net
close, regular ; nodes numerous, dark brown, thickened,
prominent, polygonal, often branching, with many free rays,
cribraria] heterodermaceae 181
and connected by five to eight very slender threads. Stalk
subulate, two to four times the height of the sporangium,
dark brown. Spores ochraceous, nearly smooth or faintly
warted, 5 to 6 /x diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 237 ; Mass. Mon., 59 ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 166. C. dictydioides Macbr.
I.e., 165, in part.
Var. dictydioides Lister : cup almost or quite obsolete ;
the nodes in the lower part of the net elongated and confluent,
forming ribs converging to the apex of the stalk. — Cribraria
dictydioides Cooke & Balf. in Rav. N. Amer. Fung., no. 475 ;
Mass. Mon., 65 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 165.
PI. 143. — a, b. sporangia after dispersion of spores ; c. part of net and cup of
sporangium (Borneo); d. sporangium after dispersion of spores, var. dictydioides
(South Carolina ; type of C. dictydioides Cooke & Balf.) ; e. spore and plasmodic
granules.
This species is abundant in the United States and in the warmer parts
of the world ; it appears to be less frequent in Europe, and the typical
form has only been met with in hot-houses in the British Isles ; forms
intermediate between C. intricata and C. aurantiaca are however not
uncommon in England. The specimens in the Strassburg and Kew
Herbaria marked Cribraria Balfourii de Bary, K. 963, 1673, on
Sphagnum from the hot - houses of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Edinburgh, are small developments of the var. dictydioides. A nearly
similar form has been obtained in orchid-houses at Lamberhurst, Kent,
and at Clevedon, Somerset. The last named specimen is quoted by
Mr. Massee as G. microcarpa (I.e., 64).
Hab. On dead wood. — Lamberhurst (B.M. slide) ; Clevedon
(B.M. slide); Switzerland (B.M. 2741); Italy (B.M. 1948); Ceylon
(B.M. 2742); New Zealand (B.M. 2743); Java (B.M. 1107); Borneo
(B.M. slide) ; Japan (B.M. 2014) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1872) ; Brazil
(B.M. 2744) ; South Carolina (B.M. 677).
9. C. tenella Schrad. Nov. Gen. PL, 6 (1797). Sporangia
closely resembling C. intricata in size, shape, colour, and
spores ; cup one-third the height of the sporangium, or more
or less obsolete ; net close, regular ; nodes numerous, dark
brown, rounded, rarely elongated, prominent, writh few or
no free rays, connected by three to six very slender threads. —
Rost. Mon., p. 235 ; Mass. Mon., 58 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 167. C. data Mass. I.e., 61.
PL 143. — /. sporangium after dispersion of spores ; g. part of net of sporangium
(Ceylon : named by Rostafinski) ; h. part of net and margin of cup (Philadelphia,
i. spore and plasmodic granules.
Both C. tenella and C. intricata are abundant in the United States,
where frequent intermediate forms occur. The specimen figured, from
Ceylon (K. 1684), referred to by Rostafinski as C. tenella (Mon.,
App. p. 31), has a small cup, rounded or elongated prominent nodes,
with no free rays ; it is similar to the specimens received from Dr.
Rex from the United States under that name ; Mr. Massee regards
it as a distinct species, C. elata. A very small neat variety of C. tenella
with long stalks, and sporangia 0*2 to 0-3 mm. diam. with hardly any
cup, has been obtained several times in the United States, and also
M
] 82 ENDOSPOREAE [CRIBRARIA
in the island of Dominica ; it closely resembles C. microcarpa, but
may be distinguished by the yellow-brown colour of the sporangia, and
the smaller plasmodic granules hardly 1 \x diam.
Hab. On dead wood. — Orchid House, Lamberhurst, Kent (B.M.
slide) ; Witley, Surrey (B.M. 2747) ; Scarborough (B.M. 2746) ;
Switzerland (B.M. 2745) ; Ceylon (B.M. 2748) ; Java (B.M. 2749) ;
Japan (B.M. 2010) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1434) ; Antigua (B.M. slide).
10. C. pyriformis Schrad. Nov. Gen. PI., 4 (1797). Plas-
modium ? Total height 1 to 1-7 mm. Sporangia gregarious,
turbinate or globose, stalked, 04 to 0*9 mm. diam., pinkish-
or yellowish-brown ; cup about one-third the height of the
sporangium, pale brownish-yellow, perforated and irregularly
toothed at the margin, or equally toothed, studded with large
round purple-brown plasmodic granules, 2 to 2-5 fj. diam.,
arranged in broad lines radiating from the base or evenly
distributed ; nodes of the net varying in shape and size,
flat, polygonal, or triangular, often branching, some usually
not expanded, charged with dark round plasmodic granules
and connected by pale brownish-yellow threads. Stalk
stout, 05 to 1*5 mm. high, dark purple-brown. Spores pale
oehraceous or pinkish, almost smooth, 5 to 6 fx diam. —
Rost. Mon., p. 237 ; Mass. Mon., 55 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 166.
Var. notabilis Rex in litt. : sporangia globose ; nodes
convex and prominent, rounded or irregular ; stalks slender.
PI. 144. — a. sporangia after dispersion of spores ; b. part of net and cup of sporan-
gium (Shrewsbury, England) ; c. sporangium from mounting in Canada balsam
(Germany, specimen named by Rostafinski) ; d. part of net and cup of same ;
e. sporangia after dispersion of spores, var. notabilis : /. g. part of net and cup of brown
and dark-brown sporangia; h. spore and plasmodic granules (United States)
spores.
The var. notabilis has been found in the United States, in Switzer-
land and in Portugal ; it differs from typical C. pyriformis in the
sporangia being always globose, the slender stalks, the delicate threads
of the net, and in the nodes, which, though variable in shape, are
usually prominent and convex ; it often approaches forms of C
■tenella and C. intricate. The plasmodic granules vary in abundance
in different gatherings.
Hab. On dead wood. — Beaufort, Scotland (B.M. 2751); France
{Paris Herb.); Berlin (B.M. 672); Sweden (B.M. 2753); Portugal
(B.M. 2752) ; New Hampshire (B.M. 2754) : var. notabilis — near
Zurich (B.M. 2755) ; Portugal (B.M. 2756) ; Adirondack Mountains,
New York (B.M. slide) ; North Carolina (B.M. slide).
11. C. languescens Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
1891, 394. Plasmodium ? Total height 2-5 to 3 mm.
Sporangia scattered, stalked, globose, drooping, 0*25 to
0-35 mm. diam., dull red ; cup about one-third the height of
the sporangium, red-brown, shining, studded with purple-brown
plasmodic granules 0*3 to 1-5 fx diam., arranged hi close lines
radiating from the apex of the stem ; margin toothed ; nodes
CRDBRARIAJ HETERODERMACEAE 183
of the net purplish-brown, thickened, rather prominent,
charged with dark granules, polygonal, with few free rays, and
with slender connecting threads ; meshes of the net triangular.
Stalk very slender, subulate, often sinuous or wavy, dark
red-brown. Spores pale red, almost smooth, 5 to 6' 5 /x diam. —
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 170. C. cuprea Morg. Myx.
Miami Valley, 16 (1893) ; Macbr. I.e., 171.
PL 145. — a. sporangia after dispersion of spores ; b. part of net and margin of cup
of sporangium ; c. spore and plasmodic granules ; (United States).
This slender species somewhat resembles C. microcarpa, but differs
in the well developed cup, and in the paler smaller plasmodic
granules.
Hob. On dead wood. — Austria (B.M. slide) ; Japan (B.M. 2757) ;
Ceylon (B.M. slide) ; Antigua (B.M. 1678) ; Santa Cruz, West Indies
(B.M. slide) ; New York (B.M. slide) ; Ohio (B.M. slide) ; South
Carolina (B.M. slide).
12. C. microcarpa Pers. Syn., 190 (1801). Plasmodium ?
Total height 0*7 to 2 mm. Sporangia gregarious, globose,
stalked, erect or nodding, 01 to 0*3 mm. diam., purplish-red ;
cup rudimentary or wanting ; net close, regular ; nodes of the
net subglobose, prominent, about 10 /x diam., densely charged
with usually very dark purple-brown plasmodic granules
1 to 2/x diam., connected by five or six slender pink threads.
Stalks slender, four to ten times the height of the sporangium,
purple-brown. Spores pale red, minutely spinulose, 5 to 6 /*
diam.— Rost. Mon., p. 235 ; Mass. Mon., 63 ; Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, 168 ? Petch in Ann. Pera., iv. 356. C.
capillaris Fr. Stirp. Femsj., 84 (1825) ? Dictydium micro-
carpum Schrad. Nov. Gen. PI., 13 (1797).
PI. 145. — d. e. sporangia after dispersion of spores (d. Germany, specimen named
by Rostafinski, e. United States) ; /. part of net with cup of sporangium (Germany) ;
g. the same (United States) ; h. spore and plasmodic granules.
Hob. On dead wood.— France (B.M. 2758) ; Germany (B.M. 676) ;
Austria (B.M. 2759) ; Portugal (B.M. 2760) ; Ceylon (B.M. 2761) ;
Japan (B.M. 2762) ; Philadelphia (B.M. slide) ; Connecticut (B.M.
2763).
13. C. purpurea Schrad. Nov. Gen. PL, 8 (1797). Plas-
modium ? Total height 2-5 mm. Sporangia gregarious,
globose, stalked, erect or inclined, 1 mm. diam-, purple ; cup
one-third of the sporangium, with a deeply toothed margin ;
net of slender threads with mesh of varying size, only a
few of the nodes expanded, flat, and angular ; the cup
and net thickly studded with round purple plasmodic granules
2 to 2-5 fx diam. Stalk cylindrical, furrowed, 1-5 mm. long,
0*1 mm. thick, purple-black. Spores purplish, minutely
warted, 5 to 6 ^ diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 233 ; Mass. Mon.,
57 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 169.
PI. 146. — o. sporangium after dispersion of spores ; b. part of net of same ; c. spore
and plasmodic granules ; (Salzburg, Tyrol).
M 2
184 ENDOSPOREAE [CRIBRARIA
Hab. _ On rotten wood. — Salzburg, Tyrol (B.M. slide) ; Bohemia
(Herb. Celakovsky) ; Switzerland (B.M. slide) ; Norway (B.M. slide) ;
Austria (B.M. 2764); New York (B.M. 1435); Maine (B.M. 1612).
14. C. elegans Berk. & Curt, in Grev., ii. 67 (1873). PL a
modium ? Total height 0- 7 to 1-3 mm. Sporangia gregarious,
globose, stalked, erect or inclined, 03 to 0*4 mm. diam., red-
purple ; cup about half the height of the sporangium, with
the margin deeply toothed and perforated ; net of very slender
threads connecting numerous branching flat expanded nodes ;
both cup and nodes thickly studded with round purple plas-
modic granules 2 to 25 jx diam. Stalk subulate, nearly smooth,
0*6 to 1 mm. long, purple-black. Spores pale violet, almost
smooth, 4 to 6 //, diam. — Rost. Mon., App. p. 31 ; Mass. Mon.,
55 ; Macbr. N.Am. Slime-Moulds, 169.
PI. 146. — d. sporangia after dispersion of spores ; e. part of net and margin of
cup ; /. spore and plasmodic granules ; (United States).
This species closely resembles a small form of C. purpurea ; hitherto
it has been obtained only from the United States, where, Prof. Macbride
writes, it is much the commoner of the two species.
Hab. On dead wood.— New York (B.M. slide); S. Carolina (B.M. 675).
15. C. violacea Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1891.
393. Plasmodium deep violet-black. Total height 0-5 to
1 mm. Sporangia gregarious, globose or ellipsoid, stalked,
erect or slightly nodding, about 0'2 mm. diam., dark violet
with a metallic sheen ; cup varying from one-third to two-
thirds the height of the sporangium or more, membranous,
violet-blue, the margin scalloped with few short teeth ; net of
slender threads connected with broadly expanded, flat, angular
nodes ; " exceptionally the apical portion is nearly entire,
being simply perforated with three or four oval or rounded
openings " (Rex) ; the cup and nodes are studded with purple
plasmodic granules 0-5 to 1 a diam. Stalk slender, subulate,
violet-black. Spores lilac, minutely and closely warted, 6 to
8 //. diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 168.
PI. 1 46.-3. sporangium after dispersion of spores (England) ; k. part of net and
margin of cup of same ; i. sporangia after dispersion of spores (United States) ; k.
part of net and cup of same ; spore and plasmodic granules.
This minute and widely distributed species differs from C. elegans
in the longer stalks, the smaller sporangia of a blue-, not red-purple,
colour, and in the larger spores.
Hab. On dead wood of beech, poplar, etc. — Ivinghoe, Bucks
(B.M. 1436) • near Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. slide) ; Aberdeen (B.M.
slide) ; Berlin (B.M. 2765) ; Austria (B.M. slide) ; Cameroons, West
Africa (B.M. 2766) ; Ceylon (B.M. 2767) ; Japan (B.M. slide) ;
Philadelphia (B.M. slide) ; Colorado (B.M. 2768); Antigua (B.M. 1679).
C. slellata Schum., C. didermoides Solium., O. badia Chev.,are
discarded by Rostafinski on what appear to be sufficient grounds.
dictydium] heterodermaceae 185
Genus 28.— DICTYDIUM SchraderNov. Gen. PL, 11 (1779).
Sporangia globose, stalked ; sporangium-wall formed of
parallel ribs extending from the base nearly to the apex,
connected by slender transverse threads, the intervening
wall evanescent or persistent only as a shallow cup.
1. D. cancel latum Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 172
(1899). Plasmodium purple-black. Total height 1 to 2 mm.
Sporangia gregarious, globose, usually cernuous, 05 to
0*7 mm. diam., dark red-brown, rarely purple ; sporan-
gium-wall forming a net with nearly square meshes, composed
of numerous (40 to 50) rigid longitudinal ribs 5 fx thick, con-
nected by slender transverse threads, and often forming an
irregular net at the apex ; basal cup scarcely developed.
Stalk subulate, bent or twisted at the slender apex, rich
purple-brown, one to three times the height of the sporan-
gium. Spores pale red, minutely warted, 4 to 7 /a diam.,
usually with two to four purple plasmodic granules on the
spore wall. — Mucor cancellatus Batsch Elench. Fung., ii. 135,
fig. 232 a, b, c (1789). Stemonitis cancellata Gmel. Syst. Nat.,
1468 (1791). Cribraria cernua Pers. Obs. Myc, i. 91 (1796).
C. exilis Macbr. in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. 378 (1893). Dicty-
dium umbilicatum Schrad. Nov. Gen. PI., 11 (1797) ; Lister
Mycetozoa, 148. D. ambiguum Schrad. I.e. ? D. cernuum
Nees Syst. Pilze, 120, fig. 117 (1816) : Rost. Mon., p. 229 ;
Mass. Mon., 67. D. trichiodes Chev. Fl. Paris, i. 327 (1826).
D. longipes Morgan Myx. Miami Valley, 17 (1893).
Var. 1. — fuscum Lister in Journ. Bot., xxxvi. 120 (1898) :
sporangia cernuous, smaller and browner than in the type,
with a well-defined cup from the margin of which the numerous
ribs arise.
Var. 2. — alpinum Lister : sporangia usually erect, brown,
with or without an irregular cup ; ribs from twenty to thirty,
branching in the upper third of the sporangium to form an
irregular Cribr aria-like net ; stalk not narrowed at the apex,
often rugged. — Dictydium anomalum Meylan in Bull. Soc.
Vaud., xliv. 295. Heterodictyon mirabile Rost. Mon., p. 231
(1875). Cribraria mirabilis Mass. Mon., 60 (1892).
PI. 147. — a. to d. sporangia of various forms after the dispersion of the spores ;
a. typical form ; b. var. fuscum ; c. form with irregular net found with sporangia of
usual type (England) ; d. erect sporangium (United States) ; e. spores, three of them
show plasmodic granules adhering ; /. g. sporangia of var. alpinum (type of Heterod-
ictyon mirabile Rost., from Freiburg) ; h. spores of same with plasmodic granules
adhering.
The ribs of the sporangium-wall are usually inflexed at the summit in
maturity, and break the ball of enclosed spores by vertical pressure ;
they consist of two layers, the outer smooth and shining, the inner
studded'with purple plasmodic granules 1 \i diam. ; in the typical form
they are usually free at the base of the sporangium, but are sometimes
connected by a small basal disc. In large developments of this species
186 ENDOSPOREAE [DICTYDIUM
at Lyme Regis, amongst typical sporangia irregular forms often occur
with the ribs branching and anastomosing from the base or dividing in
the upper half into a Cribraria-hke network (see PI. 147 c.) ; such
irregular forms constitute the var. anomalum of Dr. Jahn.* The
var. fuscum, with its well-defined cup, is a widely distributed
form, but is too inconstant to be regarded as a distinct species.
The var. alpinum has been obtained usually at higher altitudes ;
Dr. Sturgis has gathered it on Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado, and M.'
Meylan finds it abundant in the Jura Mountains, at an elevation of
1,000 to 1,450 m. in the autumn months ; the typical form he
obtains earlier in the year, from June to August, below 1,300 in
alt. The type of Heterodictyon mirabile Rost., from the Hollensteig
gorge in the Black Forest, is this variety ; the sporangia show
irregular basal cups, and the ribs are in many parts expanded
and form a loose imperfect net with broad and angular nodes ; in
other parts the ribs are connected by the usual delicate transverse
threads, and, though fewer in number and coarser than in the type,
are essentially of the same character. The specimen named Cribraria
exilis by Prof. Macbride, from Nicaragua (B.M. 1026), is a slender
purplish-red form of the present species, with a shallow cup connecting
the parallel ribs at the base.
Hob. On dead wood. Common. — Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M.
1438) ; Wanstead, Essex (B.M. 1439) ; Luton, Beds (B.M. 2769) ;
Glamis, Scotland (B.M. 241); France (Paris Herb.); Sweden (B.M.
2771); Germany (B.M. 660); Austria (B.M. 1828); Switzerland
(B.M. 2770); Italy (B.M. 659); Ceylon (B.M. 670); Christmas
Island, Java (B.M. 1440) ; Borneo (B.M. slide) ; Xew Zealand (B.M.
2772); Japan (B.M. 2773); Iowa (B.M. 821); Philadelphia (B.M.
1858) ; Antigua (B.M. 1680) ; Brazil (B.M. 2774) : var. fuscum—
Hants (B.M. 2775) ; Aberdeen (B.M. 2777) ; Norway (B.M. 2776) ;
Berlin (B.M. 2778) ; Switzerland (B.M. 2779) ; Japan (B.M. 2780) ;
Montreal (B.M. 2781) : var. alpinum — Jura Mountains (B.M. 2782) •
Colorado (B.M. 2783).
Order II. — Liceaceae.
Sporangia solitary, sessile or stalked ; sporangium-wall
cartilaginous, rarely membranous ; capillitium and columella
wanting.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF LICEACEAE.
Sporangia sessile, subglobose or forming plasmodiocarps.
(29) Licea.
Fig. 37. — Licea flexuosa Pers.
a. Group of i>lasmodiocarps. Twice natural size.
b. Plasmodiocarp. Magnified 6 times.
c. Spores. Magnified 200 times.
Fig. 37.
* A full account of the development of this species and some of the varieties to which
it is subject, is given by Dr. Jahn. in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges., xix., pp. 97-U5 (1901).
licea] liceaceab 187
Sporangia stalked, furnished with a lid of thinner substance.
(30) Orcadella.
Fig. 38. — Orcadella operculata Wingate.
a. Group of sporangia. Magnified 8 times.
b. Sporangium with open lid. Magnified 80 times.
Fig. 38.
Genus 29.— LICEA Schrader Nov. Gen. PL, 16 (1797).
Sporangia sessile, subglobose, hemispherical, or forming plas-
modiocarps ; sporangium-wall cartilaginous (membranous in
L.biforis) ; spores olive-brown, lilac-brown or nearly colourless .
KEY TO SPECIES OF LICEA.
A. Sporangium- wall cartilaginous : —
Sporangia hemispherical, dehiscing in lobes ; spores brown,
9 to 11 /x. 1. L. minima
Sporangia subglobose or bolster-shaped, dehiscing hi lobes ;
spores almost colourless, 8 to 10 /a. 2. L. castanea
Sporangia pulvinate, dehiscing in lobes ; spores 16 to 20 fx.
3. L. pusilla
Plasmodiocarps elongate, 2 to 4 mm. long, dehiscing
irregularly. 4. L. flexuosa
B. Sporangium-wall membranous ; plasmodiocarps about
0-2 mm. long, 0;1 mm. wide, dehiscing by a longitudinal
fissure. 5. L. biforis
1. L. minima Fr. Syst. Myc, hi. 199 (1829). Plasmodium
yellow (teste Rex). Sporangia scattered, hemispherical on
a broad base, depressed, 0*2 to 05 mm. diam., brown or nearly
black, dehiscing hi three or four lobes ; sporangium- wall
cartilaginous, dark brown, opaque with granular deposits,
except the margins of the lobes which are dotted on the
inner side with plasmoclic granules 1 to 2 /x diam. Spores
olivaceous-brown or lilac-brown, spinulose, 9 to 12 /x diam.,
the wall thinner on one side. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds,
148 ; Torrend Fl. Myx., 66. Tubulina minima Mass. Mon., 36.
Kleistobolus pusillus Lippert in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien.
xliv. 70, t. hi (1894).
PI. 148. — d. sporangia (United States) ; e. spores and fragment of sporangium-
wall showing the plasmodic granules on the margin of a lobe ; /. spore.
This minute species is closely allied to L. pusilla from which it
differs in the entire lobes of the sporangium and the smaller rougher
spores. Glycerine preparations of the type of Kleistobolus pusillus
188 ENDOSPOREAE [LICEA
Lippert, kindly lent by Prof. v. Hohnel, show this to be a nearly
typical example of the present species. The rudimentary capillitium
described by Lippert consists apparently of fungus hyphae traversing
the substratum on which the sporangia are seated. The spores are
faintly warted and measure 11 to 13 jx, not 7 to 9 /x, as stated by
Lippert.
Hob. On dead coniferous wood. — Finland (B.M. 654) ; Sweden
(K. 1646); Norway (B.M. slide); Germany (B.M. 2784); Austria
(B.M. 2786) ; Bohemia (Herb. Celakovsky) ; Portugal (B.M. 2785) ;
New Jersey (B.M. slide) ; Adirondack Mountains, New York (B.M.
slide).
2. L. castanea G. Lister in Journ. Bot., xlix. 61 (1911).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia scattered, sessile, subglobose, or
forming bolster-shaped plasmodiocarps, 0*2 to 09 mm. long,
0*2 to 04 mm. broad, chestnut or pale brown, smooth or
wrinkled ; sporangium-wall somewhat cartilaginous, nearly
colourless or pale brown, overlaid by a more or less con-
tinuous layer of brown granular refuse matter, dehiscing along
definite lines to form plates or lobes whose margins are often
marked with a row of plasmodic granules 1 p, diam. Spores
in mass olive-yellow, when magnified almost colourless,
smooth, 8 to 10 ft diam., their walls rather thinner on one
side.
This inconspicuous species was discovered in November, 1910, by
the Rev. W. Cran at Lesmoir, Aberdeenshire, on moss and the bark
of Pyrus Aucuparia. In size it resembles L. minima, but it is distin-
guished by the paler sporangia, usually areolated with prominent
lines of dehiscence, and by the smooth, pale spores.
Hab. On moss and bark. — Lesmoir, Aberdeenshire (B.M. 3201).
3. L. pusilla Schrad. Nov. Gen. PL, 19 (1797). Plas-
modium ? Sporangia scattered, hemispherical or pulvinate,
06 to 1 mm. diam., dark purple-brown, glossy on the inner
side, dehiscing in irregular lobes ; sporangium- wall cartila-
ginous, chestnut-brown, the margins of the lobes usually
crenate and undulate, dotted with plasmodic granules 1 to
2 /a diam. Spores olive- brown, 16 to 20 p. diam., closely and
minutely warted, the wall thinner on one side. — Maobr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 148. Protoderma pusilla Rost. Mon.,
p. 90 (1875). Protodermium 'pusillum Berl. in Sacc. Syll.,
vii. 328 (1888) ; Mass. Mon., 43.
PI. 149. — a. sporangia ; 6. fragment of sporangium- wall, and spores ; c. spore
(Scotland).
This species vas separated by Rostafinski from Licea, and placed in
the division Amaurosporeae as the type of a separate genus Protoderma,
on account of the colour of the spores. The examination of several
specimens in Strassb. Herb, and British Museum shows that the colour
of the spores is essentially olive-brown ; Schrader's original place for
the species is therefore retained.
lice a] lice ace ae 189
Hob. On dead wood. — Glamis, Scotland (B.M. 100) ; Sweden
(B.M. 2787) ; Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ; near Kiel, Germany (B.M.
2788).
4. L. flexuosa Pers. Syn. Fung., 197 (1801). Plas-
modium dull yellow or rose-coloured. Sporangia scattered,
pulvinate, depressed, or forming straight curved or branching
plasmodio carps 1 to 6 mm. long, either yellowish-brown and
glossy, or dark brown and opaque when an outer layer of
refuse matter is present ; sporangium-wall cartilaginous,
translucent, pale purplish-brown, usually more or less over-
laid with a thick mottled layer of olive-brown refuse matter,
dehiscing irregularly. Spores pale olive-brown, spinulose,
11 to 14 /a diam., yellowish-brown in mass. — Fr. Syst. Myc, iii.
197 ; Post. Mon., p. 218. L. variabilis Schrad. Nov. Gen.
PI., 18, pi. 6, figs. 5, 6 (1797) ? ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 146. L. Serpula Fr. Symb. Gast., 12 (1817) ?
L. alutacea Walk. Fl. Crvpt. Germ., 344 (1833). L. Schoenleinii
Johow Estud. Fl. Juan Fernandez, 195 (1896) ? Tubulina
flexuosa Poiret in Lam. Ency. Meth., viii. 131 (1808) ; Mass.
Mon., 37.
PI. 148. — a. plasmodiocarp (England) ; 6. fragment of sporangium-wall and
spores ; c. spore.
In the field this species somewhat resembles Enteridium olivaceum
var. liceoides, and also Dianema corticatum ; it differs from both in the
rough granular deposits on the sporangium-wall and in the yellowish-
brown colour of the spores.
Hob. On dead coniferous wood. — Witley, Surrey (B.M. 2789) ;
Alderbury, Wilts (B.M. 2790) ; Savernake Forest, Wilts (B.M. 2791) ;
Yorks (B.M. 2792) ; Northumberland (B.M. 2794) ; Aberdeen (B.M.
2795) ; Ireland (B.M. 2793) ; Norway (B.M. 1441) ; Freiburg, Germany
(Strassb. Herb.) ; Holstein (B.M. 2796).
5. L. biforis Morgan Myx. Miami Valley, 5, fig. 1 (1893).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia scattered, forming minute ellipsoid
or fusiform plasmodiocarps, 0*2 mm. long, 0-1 mm. broad,
glossy, yellow-brown, dehiscing along a central ridge or depres-
sion ; sporangium-wall membranous, minutely papillose,
almost colourless, with scanty superficial deposits of discharged
refuse matter. Spores somewhat ovoid, the wall thinner on
one side, 12 by 9 /x, almost colourless and smooth, pale
ochraceous in mass. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 147 ;
Lister in Journ. Bot., xlii. 135.
PI. 149.—?. six sporangia (Philadelphia) ; h. three sporangia ; i. fragment of
sporangium-wall and spores ; k. spore.
This species is almost too small to be detected with the naked eye ;
when magnified one hundred times it bears considerable resemblance
to a date stone.
Hob. On dead wood.— Philadelphia (B.M. 2061).
The descriptions of Licea badia Fr. and L. incarnata Preuss are too
brief to be instructive ; the species should therefore be discarded.
190 ENDOSPOREAE [ORCADELLA.
Genus 30. — ORCADELLA Wingate in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phil., 1889, 280. Sporangia stalked ; sporangium-wall opaque
with granular deposits except in the upper part where it forms
a membranous lid.
123. 0. operculata Wing. I.e. Plasmodium ? Total
height 0*4 to 0-9 mm. Sporangia scattered, urn-shaped or
subglobose, stalked, erect, 0-1 to 0*3 mm. diam., brown or
nearly black, provided with a convex or dome-shaped
dull yellow glossy lid ; sporangium-wall cartilaginous,
opaque from deposits of refuse matter ; lid membranous,
minutely papillose. Stalk cylindrical or subulate, furrowed,
nearly black, filled with dark refuse matter. Spores almost
colourless and smooth, 8 to 11 /x diam., yellowish or pink in
mass. — Mass. Mon., 49 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 158.
PI. 149. — d. sporangia ; e. fragment of sporangium-wall and papillose lid, with
spores ; /. spore ; (United States).
This minute species was first found by Mr. Harold Wingate in
Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, where it appeared in some abundance
on oak bark. In December, 1 908, a remarkable variety of O. operculata
was obtained in England by Mr. W. H. Burrell. The sporangia were
found on Hepaticae growing on beech bark, at Stratton Strawless,
Norfolk ; they differ from the type in having an ill-defined lid and in
the walls being dark and cartilaginous at the base only ; the remaining
sporangium-walls are membranous, pale olive-brown, translucent and
minutely papillose, and have a somewhat facetted appearance from
being marked with superficial patches of refuse matter ; the spore walls
are colourless, but the contents are pale rose-coloured ; this rosy tint
gives a striking appearance to the emerging swarm cells (see Burrell
in Trans. Norf. & Norw. Nat. Soc, ix. 106). Mr. Cran finds a similar
form near Aberdeen, associated with sporangia having well-defined
lids.
Hab. On dead bark. — Norfolk (B.M. slide) ; near Aberdeen (B.M
3202) ; N. Germany (Herb. Dr. Bonn) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1899).
Order III. — Tubulin ace ae.
Sporangia clustered, cylindrical or ellipsoid, stalked or sessile ;
sporangium-wall membranous, pale rufous, without plasmodic
granules ; spores minutely reticulated, 4 to 7 /a diam.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF TUBULINACEAE.
Sporangia cylindrical, compacted, with or without pseudo-
columella. (31) Tubieera.
kltW' "• \ I"' f ;') Fig. 39. — Tubifera ferruginosa Gmel.
-■Ji^i^gj Cluster of sporangia. Magnified 2* times.
Fig. 39.
tubifeka] tubulin aceae 191
Sporangia clustered, stalked, ellipsoid ; capillitium a brush
of tubular threads attached above and below to the sporan-
gium-wall. (32) Alwisia.
Fig. 40. — Alwisia Bombarda Berk. & Br.
a. Three clusters of sporangia. Twice natural size.
b. Immature sporangium ; the capillitium is seen
through the transparent walls. (Drawn
from a glycerine mounting.) Magnified 12
times.
c. Upper portion of three capillitium threads,
showing attachment to the; sporangium-wall.
Magnified 70 times.
Fig. 40.
Genus 31.— TUBIFERA Gmelin Syst. Nat., ii. 1472
(1791). Sporangia cylindrical, crowded on a common hypo-
thaUus.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TUBIFERA.
A. Sporangia without pseudo-columella : —
Sporangia clustered on a broad hypothallus, spores 5 to 8 /a.
1. T . ferruginosa
Sporangia clustered on a stalk-like hypothallus, spores
3 to 5 /x. 2. T. stipitata
B. Sporangium-wall with tubular extensions connecting it
with a hollow pseudo-columella. 3. T. Casparyi
1. T. ferruginosa Gmel. I.e. Plasmodium watery- white,
rarely bright yellow, changing to either rose-red or mulberry-
red in the young sporangia. Sporangia densely crowded,
cylindrical, angled by mutual pressure, convex or conical
above, 3 mm. long, 0*4 mm. broad, light reddish-brown or
umber, seated on a common spongy hypothallus and forming
a honeycomb-like rufous-brown mass, 2 to 7 cm. in
breadth ; sporangiuni-wall membranous, pale rufous-
brown. Spores pale rufous-brown, closely and minutely
reticulated over the greater part of the surface, the
remaining part nearly smooth, or marked with broken
ridges, 5 to 8 ^ diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 156.
Stemonitis ferruginosa Batsch Elench. Fung., 261, fig. 175
(1786). Tubulifera ceratum Mull. Fl. Dan., t. 659, fig. 2 (1777) ?
{nomen). T. arachnoidea Jacq. Misc., i. 144, t. 15 (1778) ?
T. coccinea Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot., i. 243 (1797).
Sphaerocarpus cylindricus Bull. Champ., 140, t. 470, fig. 3
(1791). S. fragiformis Bull. I.e., 141, t. 384. Tubulina
fragiformis Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 91 (1794) ;
Lister Mycetozoa, 153. T. fallax Pers. Obs. Myc, ii. 28
(1799). T. cylindrica DC. Fl. Fr., ii. 249 (1805) ; Rost.
Mon., p. 220 ; Rex in Bot. Gaz., xv. 315 ; Mass. Mon., 39.
T. conglobata Preuss in Linnaea, xxiv. 140 (1851). T.
192 ENDOSPOREAE [TUBIFERA
nitidissima Berk, in Joura. Linn. Soc, xviii. 387 (1881).
T. speciosa Speg. in Atti Soc. Critt. Ital., ser. 2., iii. 62 (1881).
Licea fragiformis Nees Syst., 107 (1816). L. cylindrica
Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 195 (1829). L. iricolor Zoll. in Flora,
xxx. 300 (1847). L. rubiformis Berk. & Curt, in Proc. Am.
Acad. Arts. & Sci., iv. 125 (1860). L. microsperma Berk. &
Curt, in Grev., ii. 68 (1873).
PL 150. — a. tubular sporangia clustered on a spongy barren base ; 6. spores :
in two the side is shown on which the reticulation is imperfect (England) ; c. part of
a cluster of sporangia with conical summits (United States).
The sporangium-wall when highly magnified is seen to be more or
less beset with minute colourless granules ; small pouches may also be
occasionally observed extending inwards to a greater or less degree,
which in some forms are produced into tubes passing across the sporan-
gium or taking an oblique course ; this appearance indicates a tendency
in the direction of the marked development of tubular processes in T.
Casparyi. The substance of the sporangium-wall varies in different
gatherings ; it may be iridescent and delicately membranous, or
firm and of considerable thickness. As the young thin-walled
sporangia mature their colour changes from rose-red to chestnut-
brown ; in stouter forms the young sporangia change from dark
mulberry-red to dark brown (see Rex I.e., 318). There is also some
variation in the shape of the upper portion of the sporangium ; in
some specimens of the more fragile type the apex is produced into a
sharp cone ; in others the sporangia are cylindrical, obtuse, and but
slightly connected with each other, those on the outside of the cluster
being often entirely free ; in the stouter type the walls are closely
compacted, and their apices form a level tesselated surface.
Hab. On dead wood. Common.— Bowood, Wilts (B.M. 302) ;
Pulloxhill, Beds (B.M. 2797); Clifton, Nottinghamshire (B.M. 1103);
Penzance (B.M. 303) ; Wales (B.M. 9) ; Aberdeen (B.M. 2798) ;
France (Paris Herb.) ; Germany (B.M. 656) ; Norway (B.M. 1443) ;
Finland (B.M. 655) ; Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ; Switzerland (B.M.
2799) ; Austria (B.M. 1886) ; India (K. 1650) ; Ceylon (Peradeniya
Herb.); Java (B.M. 1104); Australia (K. 1653); New Zealand
(B.M. 2800); Japan (B.M. 2015); Muskoka, Canada (B.M. 2801);
Philadelphia (B.M. 1443a) ; Iowa (B.M. 823) ; South Carolina (K. 806).
2. T. stipitata Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 157 (1899).
Plasmodium white or colourless (teste Rex). Sporangia in
shape, size, and colour as in T. ferruginosa, usually clustered
on a dark brown spongy hypothallus, which has the form of
a stout stalk 2 to 3 mm. high. Spores pale rufous-brown,
minutely reticulated over the greater part of the surface,
the remaining part smooth or marked with ridges, 3 to 5 fx
diam. — Licea stipitata Berk. & Rav. ex Berk. & Curt, in Proc.
Amer. Acad. Arts. & Sci., iv. 125 (1860). Tubulina stipitata
Rost. Mon., p. 223 (1875) ; Rex in Bot. Gaz., xv. 318 ; Mass.
Mon., 38 : Lister Mycetozoa, 154.
PI. 150. — d. cluster of sporangia on a stalk-like base ; e. spores, one shows the side
on which the reticulation is imperfect ; (United States).
Dr. Rex considers this a distinct species from T. ferruginosa, specially
marked by the smaller spores. The stalk is a less important character,
alwisia] tubulin ace ae 193
for he states that sessile clusters are not uncommon. The conical
form supplied by him and referred to under T. ferruginosa has spores
measuring 4 to 6 /x, and represents an intermediate form. Mr. Petch,
describes a Ceylon gathering in which the sporangia occur singly or
in groups of three to twelve or more ; in some clusters the outer
sporangia are reflexed as in Alwisia bombarda (see Petch in Ann. Perad.,
iv. 357).
Hab. On dead wood.— Ceylon (B.M. 2802); Java (B.M. 2S03);
Japan (B.M. 2016) ; Bonin Islands (K. 821) ; South Carolina (B.M.
538); Cuba (B.M. 539); Antigua (B.M. 1681); St. Vincent Island
(B.M. 1556) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 2804).
3. T. Casparyi Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 157 (1899).
Plasmodium white. Sporangia closely compacted, resembling
T. ferruginosa in shape, size and colour ; sporangium-walls
connected with a long central columella by numerous straight
tubular processes. Spores pale rufous-brown, closely reti-
culated over the greater part of the surface, loosely reticulated
over the remaining part, 6 to 7 /x diam. — Siphoptychium
Casparyi Rost. Mon., App. p. 32 (1876) ; Rex in Bot. Gaz.,
xv. 319 ; Mass. Mon., 89 ; Lister Mycetozoa, 155.
PL 150. — /. portion of two sporangia with their walls partially broken away, showing
the pseudo-columella and capillitium ; g. portion of pseudo-columella and capilli-
tium ; h. spores, two show the side on which the reticulation is lax ; (United States).
Dr. Rex is of opinion that the columella in this species may be viewed
as an aborted sporangium ; he writes, " Aethalia are found in which
from one-third to one-half of the component sporangia lack both
columellas and connecting threads " (I.e.).
Hab. On dead wood. — Sweden (B.M. 2805) ; Adirondack Mountains
New York (B.M. 1882) ; Iowa (B.M. 1021) ; Washington State (B.M.
2806).
Tabulina guaranitica Mass. Mon., 39, from Guarapi, Argentine
Republic, does not belong to the Mycetozoa ; it consists of
stalked heads composed of a densely interwoven tissue of brown
septate branching hyphae, bearing numerous umber spores, 2
to 7 fx. diam., in the upper part ; it belongs to the Hyphomycetes.
Tubulina spumarioidea Mass. Mon., 42 (K. 801), syn. Licea
spumarioidea Cooke & Mass. in Grev., xvi. 74, is also a hypho-
mycetous fungus, Sepedonium chrysospermum Link.
Genus 32. — ALWISIA Berkeley & Broome in Journ. Linn.
Soc, xiv. 86 (1873). Sporangia clustered, stalked, ellipsoid ;
sporangium-wall falling away in the upper half and exposing
a stiff brush of capillitium threads.
1. A. Bombarda Berk. & Br. I.e., 87. Plasmodium ?
Total height 4 mm. Sporangia in clusters of four to eight,
stalked, cylindrical-ellipsoid, 1 to 1-5 mm. high, 0-5 mm. broad,
rufous-brown, the outer sporangia of a cluster usually re-
flexed ; sporangium-wall membranous, evanescent above,
194 ENDOSPOREAE [ALWISIA
persistent below, pale red, beset with minute scattered granules
on the inner side, and occasionally produced into small pouches.
Stalks cylindrical, 2*5 mm. high, 0*15 mm. thick, adhering
in clusters of 4 to 12, brownish-purple ; when mounted in gly-
cerine, orange-red. Capillitium consisting of slender straight
and nearly simple tubular threads 0-5 to 0*8 mm. long, 3 to 8 fx
wide, attached above by slender points to the fugaceous apical
sporangium- wall, and also below to the interior of the cup-like
base of the sporangium, where they often branch and anasto-
mose ; they may be interrupted by bulbous swellings 20 to
40 jx long, and are either smooth or closely studded with
slender spines 2 to 3 fi in length. Spores pale reddish-brown,
reticulated over two-thirds their surface, 5 to 6 //, diam. —
Lister in Journ. Bot.,xlii. 135; Fischer inMitth. Naturf. Ges.
Bern., 1906, 121, figs. 11-14 (1907). Trichia fragilis Rost.
Mon. App., p. 39, in part. Prototrichia Bombarda Mass.
Mon., 128 (1892).
PI. 151. — a. three clusters of sporangia (Ceylon) ; b. cluster of sporangia, the upper
walls have broken away exposing the capillitium threads (Jamaica) ; c. group of
capillitium threads attached above and below to the sporangium-walls : d. upper ends
of three threads of capillitium, and spores ; e. lower ends of capillitium threads showing
attachment to the sporangium-wall ; /. part of capillitium-thread and spores.
On maturity the cup of the sporangium splits into reflexed lobes
bearing the persistent threads of the capillitium in the form of a diffuse
tuft. The type of this remarkable species is an immature gathering
made by Thwaites in Ceylon in 1868 ; since then it has been obtained
again in that island by Mr. Petch in a mature state (see Petch in
Ann. Perad., iv. 357) ; it has also been found in Sumatra, and in the
Blue Mountains, Jamaica. Although differing from the other species
of the Tubulinaceae in the mode of dehiscence and in the capillitium,
it agrees with them completely in the colour and structure of the
sporangium- wall and in the character of the spores.
Hab. On dead wood.— Gongolla Forest, Ceylon (B.M. 1000) ;
Jamaica (B.M. 2807).
Order IV. — Reticulariaceae.
Sporangia closely compacted and usually forming an
aethalium ; sporangium- walls without plasmodic granules,
usually incomplete, perforated, or forming a spurious
capillitium ; true capillitium none, or in Liceopsis consisting
of a few branching threads and strands.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF RETICULARIACEAE.
A. Sporangia forming aethalia* : —
Sporangia columnar ; sporangium-walls incomplete, dome-
shaped at the apex, continued down to the base in four
to six straight threads.
(33) Dictydiaethalium.
*Sporangia forming elongated or net-like plasmodiocarps in Enteridiu.n olivaceum v.
li i aides.
RETIOULARIACEAE
195
Fig. 41. — Dictydiaethalium plumbeum Rost.
a. Aethalium. Natural size.
b. Eight sporangia of an aethalium isolated ; in
three the column of spores has fallen away,
leaving the cap and persistent threads. Mag-
nified 20 times.
Fig. 41.
Walls of convoluted sporangia perforated and forming
a uniform tissue of interarching bands.
(34) Enteridium.
Fig. 42. — Enteridium olivaceum Ehrenb.
a. Plasmodiocarp. Magnified twice.
'6. Part of spurious capillitium. Magnified 35 times.
c. A spore cluster, and one isolated spore. Mag-
nified 210 times.
Fig. 42.
Walls of convoluted sporangia incomplete, forming strands
and folds with numerous anastomosing threads.
(35) Reticularia.
Fig. 43. — Reticularia Lycoperdon Bull,
o. Aethalium. Natural size.
6. Fragment of capillitium. Magnified 100 times.
Fig. 43.
B. Sporangia subglobose, closely compacted ; inner walls
usually complete. (36) Liceopsis.
Fig. 44. Liceopsis lobata Torrend.
a. Two groups of sporangia. Magnified 5 times.
b. Capillitium. Magnified 50 times.
c. Spore. Magnified 450 times.
Fig. 44.
196 ENDOSPOREAE [DICTYDIAETHALRJM
Genus 32.— DICTYDIAETHALIUM Rostafinski Versuch,
5 (1873). Aethalium pulvinate, formed of erect columnar
sporangia ; sporangium- walls incomplete, dome-shaped at the
apex, continued down to the basal membrane in four to six
straight threads ; capillitium none. CLATHROPTYCHIUM
Rost.Mon., p. 225(1875).
1. D. plumbeum Rost. Versuch. 5 (1873). Plasmodium rose-
red. Aethalium 1 to 3 cm. broad, 05 to 1 mm. thick, dull slate-
coloured or clay-coloured, iridescent, areolated with the
convex apices of the sporangia ; sporangia cylindrical, angled
by mutual pressure, 0*5 to 1 mm. high, 02 mm. broad ; spor-
angium-wall persistent and dome-shaped at the apex, sub-
cartilaginous, continued down to the basal membrane in four to
six straight threads 2 to 4 /a thick and triangular in section,
evanescent between the threads. Spores clay-coloured or
yellow in mass, when magnified pale yellow, spinulose, 9 to
12 fx diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 152. Fuligo
plumbea Schum. Enum. PL Saell., ii. 193 (1803). Reticularia
plumbea Ft. Syst. Myc, iii. 88. R. entoxantha Berk, in Hook.
Joum. Bot., iii. 201 (1851). R. lurida Berk. & Br. in Journ.
Linn. Soc, xiv. 82 (1873). Licea rugulosa Wallr. Fl. Crypt.
Germ., ii. 345 (1833). L. applanata Berk, in Hook. Lond. Journ.
Bot., iv. 67 (1845). L. cinnabarina Berk. & Br. I.e., 86 (1873).
L. tenuissima Berk. & Br. I.e. Dictydiaethalium applanatum
Rost. in Fuckel Symb. Myc, Nachtr., ii. 69 (1873). D.
dissiliens Hazsl. in Oester. Bot. Zeitsch., xxvii. 85 (1877).
Clathroptychium rugxdosum Rost. Mon., p. 225 (1875) ; Mass.
Mon., 51. C. cinnabarinum Sacc. in Michelia, i. 545 (1879).
C. Berkeleyi Mass. I.e., 53 (1892).
PI. 152. — a. part of an aethalium seen from above; b. tubular sporangia from an
aethalium ; in two of them the spores are dispersed and the caps and threads of the
sporangium-walls are left free ; c. sporangia from a stouter aethalium ; d. cap and
threads of sporangium-wall ; e. floor of aethalium areolated with the bases of the
sporangia ; /. spores and portion of a thread ; g. spores and portion of thread from
aethalium drawn at c. (England) ; h. spore and thread from a stout aethalium
(Sikkim, K. 1669) ; i. spore (England) ; k. spore from type of Clathroptychium
Berkeleyi Mass.
The spores are dispersed by the threads giving way at the base
and the sporangia separating in tufts from the persistent shining
base of the aethalium. American specimens have been received from
Dr. Rex showing an abnormal development ; the sporangium-walls
are, to a great extent, continuous between the threads, and form a
lattice work with wide expansions. An unusually stout form from
Sikkim (K. 1669) was named Reticularia entoxantha by Berkeley,
but is referred by Rostafinski to the present species ; it is an olive-
black aethalium, 3 mm. thick, and bright yellow within ; the threads
of the sporangia are 10 /a diam., waved and thickened at the margins ;
the spores are yellow and spinulose, 9 to 1 1 fx ; similar aethalia have
been obtained by Prof. Thaxter from Corral, Chili. Clathroptychium
Berkeleyi Mass., from Ceylon (K. 1666), differs only from the robust
forms of D. plumbeum in the more strongly spinulose spores ; but
enteridium] reticulariaceae 197
as the spores of most gatherings vary in the amount of roughness,
this character alone is not sufficient to mark specific difference.
Clathroptychium cinnabarimim Sacc. from N. Italy, is described as having
vermilion sporangia with blackish-purple opercula and threads ; this
description applies to immature specimens of D. plumbeum.
Hob. On dead wood ; not unfrequent. — Rudloe, Wilts (B.M. 20) ;
Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 292) ; Luton, Beds (B.M. slide) ; Yorks
(B.M. 2808); Aberdeenshire (B.M. 2809); France (Paris Herb.);
Germany (Strassb. Herb.) ; Hungary (K. 828) ; Portugal (B.M. 2810) ;
Ceylon (K. 1664) ; Sikkim (K. 1669) ; Australia (K. 834) ; Phila-
delphia (B.M. 3196) ; New Jersey (B.M. 945) ; South Carolina (B.M.
928) ; West Indies (B.M. 2811). '
Genus 34.— ENTERIDIUM Ehrenberg in Spreng. Jahrb.
Gewachs., i. pt. 2, 55 (1818). Aethalium composed of con-
fluent interwoven sporangia, their walls perforated with large
openings (sporangia more or less free, forming plasmodiocarps
in E. olivaceum var. liceoides) ; capillitium none.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ENTERIDIUM.
Spores warted, usually clustered. 1. E. olivaceum
Spores reticulated, free. 2. E. Rozeanum
1. E. olivaceum Ehrenb. I.e., 57. Plasmodium rose-
red. Aethalium pulvinate, depressed, 1 mm. to 3 cm.
broad, 1 to 3 mm. thick, smooth or rugulose, dark olive-
brown, often glossy ; sporangium-walls yellow-olive, sub-
cartilaginous, perforated with wide openings forming a net-
work with broad winged boundaries to the meshes. Spores
in clusters of 6 to 20, sometimes free, pale olive, thickened
and warted on one side, 9 to 12 /x diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 227 ;
Mass. Mon., 44. Lycoperdon ungulinum Schum. Enum. PL
Saell., ii. 192 (1803) ? Reticularia versicolor Fr. Syst.
Orb. Veg., i. 147 (1825). R. olivacea Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 89
(1829). R. ungulina Fr. I.e. ? R. applanata Berk. & Br. in
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3. xviii. 56, t. ii., fig. 3 (1866).
Licea olivacea Fuckel Symb. Myc, 338 (1869). Licaeihalium
olivaceum Rost. Versuch, 4 (1873). Enteridium atrum Preuss
in Linnaea, xxiv. 142 (1851). E. simulans Rost. Mon., App.
p. 30. E. antarcticum Speg. in Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cord.,
xi. 363 (1887) ? E. Rostrupii Raunk. in Bot. Tidssk., xvii. 106
(1890). E. macrosperma Raunk. I.e.
Var. liceoides Lister : sporangia forming long, often branched
and net-like plasmodiocarps. — Journ. Bot., xxxiv. 211 (1896).
PI. 153. — a. aethalium (England) ; b. perforated sporangium-walls and spore
clusters ; c. cluster of spores ; d. plasmodiocarps of var. liceoides.
The var. liceoides is connected with the type by such gatherings as
that named by Prof. Raunkiaer E. Rostrupii (B.M. 1722), in which the
aethalium consists of only two or three layers of sporangia. A specimen
N
198 ENBOSPOREAE [RETICULARIA
(B.M. 2813) obtained by Mr. W. B. Allen in the rosy plasmodium stage
at Shiriett, Salop, and matured indoors, shows all stages between single
spherical sporangia, 0-2 to 0'3 mm. diam., small subglobose aethalia
1 to 2 mm. diam., and larger aethalia 5 to 10 mm. long ; the spores
are perfectly formed and free. This variety of form from one Plasmo-
dium is probably due to unfavourable conditions of development.
Hob. On dead wood.— Ascot, Berks (B.M. 14) ; Kent (B.M. 13) ;
Boynton. Yorks (B.M. 1158); Shiriett, Salop (B.M. 2813); Norfolk
(B.M. 2814); Appin, Scotland (K. 1670); France (B.M. 2816);
North Germany (B.M. 2815) ; Denmark (B.M. 1722) ; Poland (Strassb.
Herb.); Bohemia (B.M. 2817) ; New Jersey (K. 835) : var. liceoides—
Alderbury, Wilts (B.M. 1712) ; North Germany (B.M. 2232) ; New
Hampshire (B.M. slide).
2. E. Rozeanum Wing, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.. 1889,
156. Plasmodium flesh-coloured. Aethalium hemispherical
or subglobose, 5 to 30 mm. diam., red-brown ; sporangium-
walls within the aethalium perforated, forming a network
of broad membranous bands, or sometimes frayed into strands
and slender threads as in Beticularia. Spores rusty-brown,
closely and evenly reticulated on two-thirds of the surface,
the remaining part faintly war ted, 7 to 9/x diam.— Macbr.
in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. 117; Mass. Mon., 46. Reti-
cularia (?) Rozeana Rost. Mon., App. p. 33 ( 1876). R. splendens
Morg. Myx. Miami Valley, 11 (1893). Enteridium splendens
Morg. in litt. ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 151 (1899).
PI 153— e aethalium; half is seen in vertical section, showing the persistent
sporangium-walls and the barren base ; /. perforated sporangium-walls ; g. spores ;
(United States).
Mr. Wingate states that specimens received by him from M. Roze,
obtained from near Paris, identify the American gatherings with
Reticularia Rozeana Rost., the type of which appears to be now lost.
No further European gatherings of the present species appear to have
been obtained. Prof. Macbride is of the opinion that Wingate 's
identification may have been incorrect, and prefers to use a later
name, given by Morgan, E. sjilendens, for what is a common American
species. There is no doubt, however, that the specimens from
Philadelphia described by Wingate as E. Rozeanum are the present
species, and we do not seem to have sufficient evidence to disturb the
name he adojuted.
Hob. On dead wood.— British Columbia (B.M. 2819) ; Maine
((B.M. 1613) ; Ohio (B.M. 1446) ; Iowa (B.M. 1445) ; Colorado (B.M.
.2820).
Genus 35.— RETICULARIA Bulliard Champ., 95 (1791).
Aethalium composed of numerous elongated interwoven
sporangia, whose walls are partly evanescent, partly per-
sistent, and form broad expansions and strands dividing
above into delicate capillitium-like threads ; spores and threads
rusty-brown.
reticularia] retictjlariaceae 199
1. R. Lycoperdon Bull. I.e., t. 446, f. 4 (1791). Plasmodium
creamy- white. Aethalium pulvinate or subglobose, 5 mm.
to 6 cm. diam., brownish copper-coloured or enclosed in a
thin smooth silvery cortex, seated on a well-developed hypo-
thallus of interwoven membranous strands. Capillitium con-
sisting of the persistent remains of the sporangium- walls,
forming irregular branching strands arising from the
hypothallus, dividing above into numerous slender flattened
and flexuose rusty-brown threads. Spores somewhat
turbinate, rusty-brown, thickened and closely reticulated
on the rounded side, the remaining part marked with scattered
warts, 6 to 8 \x diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 240 ; Mass. Mon., 93 ;
Macbr. X. Am. Slime-Moulds, 149. R. argentea Poiret in Lam.
Encycl. Meth., vi. 183 (1804). R. umbrina Fr. Syst. Myc,
hi. 87 (1829). R. jurana Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud., xliv.
297 (1908). Lycogala argentea Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot.,
i. 87(1794). L. turbinata Pers. Syn. Fung., 158(1801). Fuligo
Lycoperdon Schum. Enum. PL Saell., ii. 193 (1803).
PI. 154. — a. aethalium ; 6. capillitium ; c. spores (England).
When developed in a moist atmosphere under a glass shade, the barren
silvery cortex formed by the drying of the outer ends of the sporangia
is not produced, and the convolute sporangia are filled with spores
to their apices, which gives an irregular brain-like surface to the
aethalium. In some gatherings the walls of the sporangia are much
more persistent than in others, and have almost the character of
Enteridium, to which genus Reticularia is closely allied. M. Meylan
has courteously sent us specimens of what he regards as a new species,
R. jurana, (B.M. 2824), obtained from several stations in the Jura
Mountains, at an elevation of from 1,300 to 1,500 m. ; he gives as the
distinguishing characters the small size of the aethalia, which measure
5 to 10 mm. diam., their fragile copper-coloured surface walls, and the
faint reticulation of the spores. Similar aethalia are not unfrequent
in the British Isles, and appear to be forms of R. Lycoperdon resulting
from small plasmodia matured in sheltered situations.
Hab. On dead wood. Common in the British Isles. — Bristol
(B.M. 18) ; Leytonstone, Essex (B.M. 1447) ; Luton, Beds (B.M.
2823) ; Cornwall (B.M. 2821) ; Ireland (B.M. 2822) ; Germany (B.M.
649) ; Sweden (K. 977) ; Portugal (B.M. 2825) ; Ceylon (B.M. 2826) ;
Wasliington State (B.M. 2827) ; Massachusetts (B.M. 2826).
Reticularia apiospora Berk. & Br., R. atrorufa, Berk. & Curt., R.
venulosa Berk. & Curt, and R. fulignosa Berk. & Br. do not belong to
the Mycetozoa (see Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 311, 312).
Genus 36.— LICEOPSIS Torrend in Bull. Soc. Portug.
Sci. Xat., ii. 63 (1908). Sporangia closely compacted,
sessile, subglobose, with fragile membranous walls. Capilli-
tium either consisting of slender branching threads and strands
with membranous expansions at the axils, or wanting.
1. L. lobata Torrend I.e. Plasmodium watery- white.
Sporangia closely clustered, rarely solitary, subglobose,
N 2
200 END09POREAE [LYCOGALA
angled by mutual pressure, 0-4 to 0-7 mm. diam., rusty-brown,
shining iridescent ; sporangium-walls membranous, smooth.
Capillitium scanty, consisting of slender rusty-brown branching
and anastomosing threads and strands with thin membranous
expansions. Spores subglobose or turbinate, rusty-brown,
sharply and closely reticulated on two-thirds of their surface,
faintly and loosely reticulated on the remaining third, 6 to
10 /x diam. — Torrend Fl. Myx., 121. Reticularia lobata
Lister Mycetozoa, 161 (1894). R. Eozeana Lister in Journ.
Bot., xxix. 263 (1891) non Rost.
PI. 154. — d. clustered sporangia (England); e. capillitium; /. spores.
This species appeared in four successive years on a Spanish chestnut
stump in Wanstead Park, Essex ; it has also been obtained from near
Woking, Berks, from Bedfordshire, Staffordshire, and Shropshire,
from Argelees in the Pyrenees, and from Portugal. Gatherings made
by Dr. Torrend on old willows, near Lisbon, show that the sporangia
do not unite to form true aethalia, as they appear to do in some of the
Wanstead specimens ; in a few cases they are quite free, and may even
be seated on slender stalks or strands of hypothallus. In spite of its
small size and occasional free sporangia, L. lobata appears to be hardly
more than a simple form of Enteridium Rozeanum ; the spores of the
two species are indistinguishable.
Hob. On dead wood. — Wanstead, Essex (B.M. 3197) ; Leighton,
Beds (B.M. 1449) ; Pyrenees (B.M. 2829) ; Portugal (B.M. 2830)
Order V. — Lycogalaceae.
Sporangia forming an aethalium ; pseudo-capillitium con-
sisting of smooth or wrinkled branching (17) Lycogala.
^ colourless tubes.
||i|& V;l This order contains the single genus
|PP^ Byl'- \ Lycogala .
g^d^vV \A* Fig- *5- — Lycogala epidendrum Fr.
' J •" TVw «• Three aethalia. Natural size.
«ii5 JSSl^'^V'" ~f *- Capillitium. Magnified 150 times.
J-^- ^*\tS^^\N^, fdt e Spore. Magnified 600 times.
Fig. 45. ' j
Genus 37.— LYCOGALA Adanson Fam. PI., ii. 7 (1763).
Aethalium subglobose or conical, with a cortex consisting of two
or more closely combined layers of different structure ; the
outer layer is provided with large cell-like vesicles, which are
either embedded or superficial ; it is traversed by inter-
lacing double-walled tubular threads that penetrate the
homogenous inner layer at numerous points, their inner walls
being continuous with the tubes of the pseudo-capillitium ;
the latter are grey or colourless, of wrinkled or nearly smooth
branching tubes, attached to all parts of the cortex, with
numerous rounded free ends.
The Plasmodium of Lycogala epidendrum first rises from the wood
as a group of small coral-red papillae, which as they grow unite to form a
lycogala] lycogalaceae 201
cushion-like mass of closely convoluted sporangia ; these are at first
separated by delicate sporangium-walls, and narrow tubular air-
passages communicating with the exterior are left between them.
Sections of such an aethalium show that the sporangia in the deeper
parts measure from 40 to 50 /x diam., while at the periphery they are
continued into larger lobes having a diameter of 100 li. At a later stage
the outer convolutions become superficially subdivided, flattened and
folded on themselves. The formation of this peripheral layer of larger
lobes marks the first differentiation of the cortex of the aethalium.
As maturation proceeds the limiting layer which at first invested the
young sporangia disappears except in the interstices where it forms
the membranous walls of the air-spaces and constitutes the pseudo-
capillitium. At maturity the cortex is formed of two layers, an outer
and an inner. The former bears on its surface thick- walled, isolated
vesicles, 20 to 200 ll diam., containing nucleated deeply-staining
protoplasm ; the nuclei remain sharply defined till after the spores are
formed in the aethalium, when they degenerate and disappear. Except
for the contents of these vesicles, both layers of the cortex are free
from nuclei. The protoplasm is withdrawn into the deeper parts of
the aethalium from the wide peripheral lobes, and the tubular air-
spaces between them fall together to form the matted layer recognizable
at maturity in the hyaline outer wall of the cortex. The inner layer
of the cortex consists of a finely granular membrane of varying thickness
penetrated by air passages extending from the outer layer and becoming
continuous with the pseudo-capillitium. The division of nuclei by karyo-
kinesis prior to spore formation has been observed in the young
aethalium of this species, and the resulting spores are found at maturity
to be separated by tubular air-passages without any trace of true
capillitium. In L. flavo-fuscum the membrane of the pseudo-capillitium
is more delicate than in L. epidendrum, and is in some parts perforated
with irregular lattice-work openings. The presence of spores in the
tubes, which is occasionally found in L. flavo-fuscum, may be explained
by the penetration of sporeplasm through such openings.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LYCOGALA.
Cortex of aethalia smooth or areolated. 1. L. flavo-fuscum
Cortex of aethalia warted —
Aethalia subglobose. 2. L. epidendrum
Aethalia conical. 3. L. conicum
1. L. flavo-fuscum Rost. Versuch, 3 (1873). Plas-
modium white or pale pink. Aethalia usually solitary,
rounded, sessile, or subpyriform and shortly stalked, 2 to
5 cm. diam., ochraceous-brown or purplish-brown, smooth,
minutely areolated ; cortex thick, of three layers, the outer
membranous, the middle consisting of a dense aggregation
of yellow vesicles, 50 to 80 \x diam., intermixed with the
peripheral ends of the pseudo-capillitial tubes, the inner
layer homogeneous, pierced by these tubes. Pseudo-
capillitium consisting of irregularly branching and anasto-
mosing nearly colourless smooth or somewhat wrinkled
papillose tubes, 6 to 20 ll diam., with numerous wide expansions
at the axils and free rounded ends. Spores in mass pale buff,
202 EXDOSPOREAE [LYCOGALA
when magnified colourless, minutely reticulated over the
greater part of the surface, 5 to 6/i diam. — Rost. Mon.,
p. 288 ; Mass. Mon., 124 ; Zopf in Schenk Handb. Bot.,
iii. pt. 2, 167 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 176. Diphtherium
flavo-fuscum Ehrenberg Sylv. Myc. Berol., 14, 27 (1818).
Reticularia flavo-fusca Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 88 (1829). R.
testacea Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., 340^(1833) ?
PI. 15">. — a. aethalium ; b. reticulated surface of cortex; c. vertical section of
cortex ; (1) outer layer composed of interwoven empty flattened tubes ; (2) vesicles
containing yellow or reddish-yellow matter, with the interspaces between them tra-
versed by tubular processes which are more or less continuous with the pseudo-
capillitium; (3) homogeneous inner layer, perforated by the pseudo-capillitium; d. pseudo-
capillitium consisting of empty tubes, occasionally containing spores in the rounded
ends and in limited spaces in the continuity of the tubes ; two large isolated vesicles
are also shown ; e. part of pseudo-capillitium tube, showing a papillose surface ;
/. spores, showing unequally distributed reticulation ; (North America).
In this species large isolated vesicles filled with granular matter and
measuring from 50 to 100 /x diam. are often found scattered among the
spores.
Hob. On dead wood. — New Forest, Hants (B.M. 2831) ; Ampthill,
Beds (B.M. 2832) ; Germany (B.M. 2836) ; Austria (B.M. 2834) ;
Ceylon (K. 1732) ; Japan (B.M. 2833) ; Toronto, Canada (B.M. 2835) ;
Philadelphia (B.M. slide) ; Ohio (B.M. slide) ; Iowa (B.M. 827) ;
South Carolina (B.M. 838).
2. L. epidendrum Fries Syst. Myc, iii. 80 (1829). Plas-
modium coral-red, rarely cream-coloured or yellow. Aethalia
crowded or scattered, subglobose, sessile, 2 to 15 mm. diam.,
pinkish-grey, yellowish-brown, red-brown or nearly black,
minutely warted ; cortex varying in thickness, minutely
warted with irregular superficial vesicles. Pseudo-capillitium
arising from all parts of the inner side of the cortex in the
form of loosely branching and anastomosing thin-walled
tubes, varying from 3 to 20 /x diam., usually marked with
close transverse wrinkles ; free branches numerous, clavate or
rounded at the ends ; mass of pseudo-capillitium and spores
pinkish grey or pink. Spores almost colourless, closely
reticulated over the greater part of the surface, the remaining
part marked with a loose reticulation or with short raised
lines and warts, 4 to 7 //. diam. — Rost. Versuch, 3 (1873), &
Mon., p. 285 ; Mass. Mon., 121 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 175. Lycoperdon Epidendrum Linn. Sp. PL,
1184 (1753). L. pisiforme Jacq. Misc. Austr., i. 119
t. 7 (1778). L. chalybeum Batsch Elench. Fung., 155
(1783). L. verrucosum Batsch I.e. Mucor Lycogala Scop.
Fl. Cam., ii. 496 (1772). M. fragiformis Schaeff. Fung.
Bav., iv. no. 283 (1774). Galoperdon epidendrum Wiggers
Fl. Holsat., 109 (1780). Lycogala miniatum Pers. in Roemer
N. Mag. Bot., i. 87 (1794) ; Lister Mycetozoa, 209. L.
punctata Pers. Syn., 158 (1801). L. ferruginea Schum. Enum.
PI. Saell., ii. 192 (1803). L. cinerea Schum. I.e., 193 ?
L. plumbea Schum. I.e. ? L. affine Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn.
lycogala] lycogalaceae 203
Soc, xiv. 82 (1873). L. exiguum Morgan Myx. Miami Valley, 8
(1893) ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 178. Reticularia rosea
DC. in Bull. Soc. Philoni., i. 105, fig. 8 a, b, c (1798). R. miniata
Poiret. in Lam. Encycl., vi. 184 (1804). R. punctata Poiret I.e.
Var. tessellatum Lister in Penz. Myx. Buit., 77 : aethalia
dark brown, 2 to 10 mm. diam. ; superficial vesicles of the
cortex dark, lobed and flattened, divided by firm partitions
into numerous chambers 20 to 50 /x diam.
PI. 156. — a. aethalia ; b. surface of cortex, warted with vesicles ; c. vertical
section of cortex ; (1) upper layer containing interwoven thick- walled tubes, and
bearing on the surface simple or compound vesicles ; (2) homogeneous inner layer,
perforated by the pseudo-capillitium ; d. pseudo-capillitium, consisting of empty
tubes, rugose with transverse folds ; e. part of pseudo-capillitium tube, and spores ;
( England).
In small aethalia the cortex is usually thin, the interlacing threads
in the outer layer narrow and scanty, and the homogeneous inner layer
membranous ; in larger aethalia the outer layer is often 40 /* thick, and
the interlacing threads broad and abundant, with gelatinous outer
walls 5 to 10 //. thick, while the homogeneous inner layer sometimes
exceeds 50 p. in thickness. The colour of the spores varies from pinkish-
grey to pink, fading to ochraceous. A remarkable form with small
aethalia, 2 to 3 mm. diam. , smooth pseudo-capillitium, and spores bright
pink in mass was obtained in the province of Kii, Japan, by Mr. B.
Nishino, who observed that the colour of the plasrnodium was deep rose-
red. Aethalia similar to those from Kii were gathered near New Haven,
Conn., by Prof. Farlow. The characters distinguishing this form
do not appear to be sufficiently constant to mark a separate variety, for
smooth pseudo-capillitium may occur also in the var. tessellatum, and
pink spores are sometimes seen in normal aethalia of L. epidendrum.
L. exiguum Morg. would seem to be a small form of the present species ;
the spores are described as " pale ochraceous in mass."
Hab. On dead wood. Very common. — Wilts (B.M. lc) : Lyme
Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1543); Orton Wood, Leicestershire (B.M. 1) ;
Witley, Surrey (B.M. 2837) ; France (B.M. 733) ; Norway (B.M. 734) ;
Finland (B.M. 732) ; Germany (B.M. 728) ; Switzerland (B.M. 2838) ;
Italy (B.M. 737) ; Cape (B.M. 1554) ; Ceylon (B.M. 1563) ; Java
(B.M. 2839) ; Christmas Island (B.M. 1744) ; Japan (B.M. 2028) ;
Philippine Islands (B.M. 2037) ; Bermuda (B.M. 745) ; Philadelphia
(B.M. 1544) ; Iowa (B.M. 1545) ; Antigua (B.M. 1092) : var. tessellatum
—Ceylon (B.M. 2840); Java (B.M. 2841); Cameroons (B.M. 2S42) ;
Philadelphia (B.M. 2843) ; Texas (B.M. 841a).
3. L. conicum Pers. Syn., i. 159 (1801). Plasmodium
rose-red or scarlet. Aethalia conical, sessile on a broad base,
crowded or scattered, 1'5 to 3 mm. high, 0-8 to 1*5 mm. broad,
sometimes sub-globose, yellow-brown, marked with dark
confluent superficial vesicles which form spots or a broken
reticulation chiefly on the upper part ; cortex thin, of two
closely combined layers, the outer traversed by flattened
tubes 2 to 10 [jl broad ; these are either loosely interlacing,
or more often nearly parallel in a single series, and separated
by intervals of 2 to 20 /x ; they pierce the membranous inner
layer and are continuous with the pseudo-capillitium ; the
latter consisting of simple, rarely branching, olivaceous-
204 ENDOSPOREAE [LYCOGALA
grey tubes, 3 p. diam., or varying from 2 to 7 /a, faintly and
minutely wrinkled, with clavate or obtuse ends. Spores
yellowish-grey or ochraceous, minutely reticulated over
the greater part of the surface, 4 to 5 /a diam. — Fr. Syst.
Myc, iii. 82 ; Mass. Mon., 123 ; Macbr. in N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 177 ; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 361. L. nitidum
Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc, xiv. 81 (1873). L. atro-
purpureum Berk. & Br. I.e., 82. Dermodium conicum Rost.
Mon., p. 284 (1875).
PI. 157. — a. aethalia ; b. part of cortex ; (1) outer membranous layer, bearing
on the surface irregularly shaped vesicles containing dark granular matter, and traversed
by empty flattened tubes having a somewhat parallel arrangement ; (2) homogeneous
inner layer, perforated by the narrow pseudo-capillitium tubes ; c. part of pseudo-
capillitium tube, and spores ; (Ohio).
The aethalia in this species differ from those of L. epidendrum in
the uniformly small size and more or less conical shape, in the scanty
seldom branching somewhat parallel tubes of the thin outer layer
of the cortex, and in the almost simple tubes of the pseudo-capillitium.
Very similar structure is met with in minute thin-walled aethalia
of L. epidendrum, but such small aethalia are usually found in company
with others of more ordinary dimensions, and differ also in the shape
and arrangement of the superficial vesicles.
Hab. On dead wood. — Switzerland (B.M. 2844) ; N. Germany (B.M.
2818); Ceylon (K. 1729); Japan (B.M. 2027); Santa Cruz, West
Indies (B.M. 2845) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1546) ; Ohio (B.M. slide).
L. rufo-cinnamomeum Mass., L. ochraceum Mass. and L. Torrendli
Bres. belong to the Hymenogastrineae, and not to the Mycetozoa ; L.
terrestre Fr. and L. minutum Sacc. and Paol. should probably be
referred to the same group of fimgi.
Subcohort III.— C ALONE MINE AE.
Sporangia simple ; capillitium always present, forming a
system of uniform threads ; spores yellow, red, or grey.
Order I. — Trichiaceae.
Capillitium consisting of tubular threads that are either
free and are then called " elaters," or combined into an
elastic network ; thickenings in the form of spirals or rings.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF TRICHIACEAE.
Capillitium abundant, consisting of free elaters with spiral
thickenings. (38) Trichia.
Pig. 46.— Trichia affinis de^Bary.
a. Group of sporangia. Twice natural size.
b. Elater. Magnified 250 times.
c. Spore. Magnified 400 times.
Fig. 40.
trichia]
TRICHIACEAE
205
Capillitium scanty, consisting of free elaters with imperfect
spiral thickenings ; sporangia minute, closely compacted
or heaped. (39) Oligonema.
Fig. 47. — Oligonema nitens Host.
a. Cluster of sporangia. Magnified 3 times.
b. Elater. Magnified 280 times.
c. Spore. Magnified 400 times.
Fig. 47.
Similar to Oligonema, but the capillitium branching and anas-
tomosing to form a network. (40) Calonema.
Capillitium combined into a network, with spiral thickenings.
(41) Hemitrichia.
Fig. -IS.— Hemitrichia Vesparium Macbr.
a. Cluster of sporangia. Magnified 2i times.
b. Capillitium. Magnified 280 times.
c. Spore. Magnified 400 times.
Fig. 48.
Capillitium combined into a network, with thickenings in the
form of rings. (42) Cornuvia.
Fig. 49. — Cornuvia Serpula Rost.
a. Plasmodiocarp. Magnified 7 times.
b. Capillitium. Magnified 250 times.
c. Spore. Magnified 400 times.
Fig. 49.
Genus 38.— TRICHIA Haller Hist, Stirp. Helv., iii. 114
(1768). Sporangia stalked or sessile ; sporangium- wall
membranous or cartilaginous ; elaters free, pointed at each
end, thickened with two to five spiral bands ; spores reti-
culated or warted, in the former case the reticulation may be
continuous or broken, and forms when seen in profile a
" border " to the spore.
206 RN'DOSPOREAE [TRICHIA
A. Spores more or less completely reticulated : —
Elaters 7 to 8 /a wide ; spores reticulated ; border 2 fx wide ;
sporangia sessile. 1. T.favoginea
Elaters 4 to 5 fx wide ; spores reticulated with narrow bands ;
border 1 /x wide ; sporangia stalked, clustered.
2. T. verrucosa
Elaters 4 to 6 lc wide ; spores reticulated with broad pitted
bands ; border 0*5 to 1 ^ wide ; sporangia sessile.
3. T. aflinis
Elaters 4 to 6 jx wide ; spores with the reticulation more or
less broken into irregular shallow pitted warts ; border
interruj)ted, 0-5 [x wide ; sporangia sessile.
4. T. persimilis
Elaters 4 to 6 /x wide ; spores very closely reticulated ;
border none ; sporangia sessile. 5. T. scabra
B. Spores minutely warted (sometimes minutely reticulated
in T. decipiens) : —
a. Spirals of elaters two. 6. T. varia
b. Spirals of elaters three or more —
a. Elaters shortly tapering at the ends —
Sporangia sessile ; wall uniformly thickened with
granular matter ; spirals of elaters distinct or
faint. 7. T. contorta
Sporangia sessile ; wall without granular thickening ;
spirals of elaters faint. 8. T. lutescens
Sporangia stalked ; wall membranous, thickened in
rounded areas with brown granular deposits ; elaters
spinose. 9. T. erecta
Sporangia stalked ; elaters smooth. 12. T. subfusca
(3. Elaters smooth, very gradually tapering at the ends ;
sporangia stalked —
Stalk filled with spore-like cells.
10. T. decipiens
Stalk almost solid, not filled with spore-like cells.
11. T. Botrytis
1. T. favoginea Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 90 (1794).
Plasmodium white (or yellow, fide Macbride). Sporangia sessile,
globose, ovoid, or clavate, crowded on a membranous hypo-
thallus, 0-6 to 0*7 mm. broad, 0-7 to 1-9 mm. high, ochraceous-
trichia] trichiaceae 207
yellow ; mass of spores and capillitium orange-yellow ; spor-
angium-wall membranous, thickened with delicate irregular
striae. Capillitium consisting of long cylindrical elaters 7 to
8 jjl diam., smooth or with scattered spines, thickened with
four to five spiral bands 1 /j. broad, the intervals 1 to 2 p.,
crossed by slender ridges running parallel with the length of
the elater and connecting the bands ; the ends of elaters conical,
terminating in a smooth point 3 to 8 ^ long. Spores yellow,
the wall reticulated with narrow deep bands forming a
net with three to five meshes to the hemisphere, 13 to
15 [j. diam. including the border of 1*6 to 2 fj. width. —
Schum. Enum. PL Saell., ii. 207 (1803) ; Macbr. X. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 214. Lycoperdon favogineum Batsch. Elench. Fung.,
Cont. 257 (1786). Clathrus turhinatus Huds. Fl. Angl., ii. 632
(1778) ? Stemonitis favoginea Gmel. Syst. Xat.,ii. 1470 (1791).
Sphaerocarpus chrysospermus Bull. Champ., t. 417, f. 4(1791).
Trichia nitens Pers. Obs. Myc, i. 62 (1796). T. ovata Pers.
I.e., 61 ? T. turbinata Sow. Engl. Fung., t. 85 (1799) ?
T. chrysosperma DC. Fl. Fr., ii. 250 (1805) ; Rost. Mon.. p.
255 ; Mass. Mon., 189.
PI. 159. — a. sporangia ; b. two spores and part of elater ; (Freiburg, Germany).
The species of Trichia with reticulated spores are separated from each
other by somewhat arbitrary lines, owing to the inconstancy of the dis-
tinctive characters. The descriptions under the several names are here
given from the specimens named by Rostafinski in the Strassb. Herb. ;
they represent well marked centres, but in this abundant and widespread
genus forms are of frequent occurrence which take an intermediate
position. The character of longitudinal striae connecting the bands
on the elaters is met with to a greater or less extent in each member
of the group. In extensive gatherings of the present species on old
pine stumps in the Black Forest, the elaters are nearly regular in
breadth, usually 8 y«. diam., but some measure 7 p- and some 6*5 fl ;
the connecting striae are almost always but not invariably distinct ;
the spores have mostly unbroken bands without pits, and show a border
'2 p. diam. ; in some parts of several gatherings the bands are broader,
broken and pitted, and so shallow that the border is reduced to a
slight thickening of the spore-wall ; but in all these specimens a
considerable part retains the character of T. favoginea in the narrow
and even bands on the spores and broad elaters. American gatherings
show similar variation ; sometimes, with spores having regular reticu-
lation and narrow bands, the elaters are only 6 p- diam. Between T.
favoginea and T. affinis, T. affinis, and T. persimilis and T.
persimilis and T. scabra, intermediate forms frequently occur.
The length, branching, and markings of the elaters vary much
with different conditions of development. A gathering of
Hemitrichia chrysospora List, has been found at Lyme Regis of the
Trichia form with free elaters ; an abnormal form of T. scabra
has occurred with the capillitium consisting of a dense network of the
extreme Hemitrichia type with no free elaters. T. affinis and
T. scabra, when exposed to severe changes of temperature, at
the • time of their fruiting, have developed elaters with the
208 ENDOSPOREAE [TRICHIA
spirals to a great degree modified into complete rings, approaching
the markings on the elaters of Cornuvia Serpula ; and T. persimilis
under similar conditions has produced very short elaters with broad
rings and faint spirals of much the same character as in Oligonema
nitens (cp. Introduction, 16). With such blending of form, which
indicates a close relationship between all these species, the
characters given in the key must be taken as approximate, mark-
ing the mam centres around which the numerous varieties group
themselves.
Hab. On dead wood.— Bulstrode, Bucks (B.M. 1114); Sutton,
Warwick (B.M. slide) ; Sweden (K. 1179) ; Baden Baden (B.M. 1451)
Salem, Germany (B.M. 777); Zurich, Switzerland (B.M. 1140)
Poland (Strassb. Herb.); Austria (B.M. 1829); Italy (B.M. 1952),
Portugal (B.M. 2847) ; Philadelphia (B.M. slide) ; Maine, U.S.A.
(B.M. 1616) ; Georgia (B.M. 2849) ; Iowa (B.M. 2848).
2. T. verrucosa Berk, in Hooker Fl. Tasm., ii. 269
{I860). Plasmodium white. Total height 2 to 4 mm. Spor-
angia stalked, rarely sessile, pyriform or clavate, clustered
or solitary, 1-4 mm. high, 0*8 mm. broad, ochraceous-yellow,
mass of elaters and spores golden-yellow ; sporangium-wall
membranous, minutely and closely papillose on the inner
side pale yellow, sometimes with an outer layer thickened
by granular deposits. Stalks membranous, 1 to 2 mm.
high, usually combined in clusters of three or four,
rugose, yellow-brown, or dark brown. Capillitium of
long cylindrical elaters, 4 to 6 fx wide, with short conical
ends, marked with three to five narrow spiral bands, smooth,
or with a few scattered spines ; longitudinal striae distinct.
Spores reticulated with narrow, minutely pitted bands,
forming a network with about seven meshes to the hemis-
phere, 13 to 16 fi diam. ; border 1 /x wide. — Mass. Mon., 191 ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 215 ; Torrend Fl. Myx.,
111. T. superba Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc, 1889,
345 ; Mass. Mon., 194.
PI. 161. — a. cluster of sporangia ; b. elater and spore ; (Java). '
Berkeley's type from Tasmania (K. 17750) is somewhat immature,
but is sufficiently developed to be clearly identified as the same species
as T. superba Mass. from New Zealand. A fine specimen of the same
form from Chili, in the Strassburg Herb., is named by Rostafinski
T. chrysosperma (syn. T. favoginea) ; T. verrucosa is no doubt closely
allied that species, but the constancy of the characters of the stalked
sporangia and of the spores marked with a rather close reticulation of
narrow band3 forming a border scarcely 1 y. broad supports the specific
distinction.
Hab. On dead wood.— Oxshott, Surrey (B.M. 2850) ; North Wales
(B.M. 2851); Moffat, Scotland (B.M. 1452); Portugal (B.M. 2852);
Java (B.M. 2853); Tasmania (K. 1750); New Zealand (K. 1166);
Japan (B.M. 2854) ; Dominica (B.M. 1753) ; Washington State
(B.M. 2855); Brazil (B.M. 2856); Chili (Strassb. Herb.).
trichia] trichiaoeae 209
3. T. affinis de Bary in Fuckel Symb. Myc, 336 (1869).
Plasmodium watery-white. Sporangia globose or obovoid,
sessile, visually crowded, often seated on a membranous
hypothallus, 0*6 to 1 mm. diam., shining golden or
ochraceous-yellow ; mass of elaters and spores bright
yellow ; sporangium- wall membranous, pale yellow, marked
with delicate irregular striae, rarely reticulated in a
manner resembling fan-tracing. Capillitium consisting of
long cylindrical elaters, 4 to 6/t diam. with conical pointed
ends, marked with four to five spiral bands, smooth,
rarely studded with minute scattered spines ; longitudinal
striae usually present. Spores reticulated with broad, rarely
narrow, pitted bands, forming a more or less complete net
with three to five meshes to the hemisphere, 13 to 15 ^ diam. ;
border 0-5 to 1 ^ wide. — Rost. Mon., p. 257 ; Mass. Mon.,
194. Trichia Kalbreyeri Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc, 1889,
344 ; Mass. Mon., 191. Trichia intermedia Mass. in Journ.
R. Micr. Soc, 1889, 341 ; Mass. Mon., 188. Trichia pulchella
Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1893, 366 ; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 215. T. persimilis Macbr. I.e., 213,
in part.
PI. 160. — c. sporangia ; d. spores and elaters, one elater showing regular the other
irregular spiral^bands ; (England).
This species is nearly allied to T. persimilis, with which it
is united by Prof. Macbride ; in Europe and the British Isles, however,
the two centres are usually well distinguished. The type of T.
pulchella Rex, from Philadelphia (B.M. slide), differs from the
usual developments of T. affinis in the more scattered habit
of growth of the sporangia ; the elaters are narrow, being 3"5 to 4"5 /x
diam. ; the spores have a border 1 ti wide and are reticulated with
narrow, minutely pitted raised bands, presenting from three to four
meshes on the hemisphere ; it can hardly be considered as having
distinctive specific characters. The type of T. Kalbreyeri Mass.,
from New Granada (K. 1196), has elaters 5 /x diam., with delicate
longitudinal striae, and spores marked with a rather close reticulation
of broad, faintly pitted bands ; it does not appear to differ from typical
T. affinis. The type of T. intermedia Mass. from Scarborough has
elaters 4 to 6 fi diam., and is almost identical with de Bary's
type of T. affinis in the Strassborg Herbarium both in capillitium and
spores.
Hob. On dead wood, moss, etc. Common in the British Isles. —
Addington, Surrey (B.M. 362) ; Leicestershire (B.M. 363a) ; Wanstead,
Essex (B.M. 1454) ; Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1453) ; Falmouth,
Cornwall (B.M. 2857) ; North Wales (B.M. 2858) ; Edinburgh (K.
1180); Ireland (B.M. slide); Germany (B.M. 785); Sweden (B.M.
2859) ; Switzerland (B.M. 2860) ; Portugal (B.M. 2861) ; Ceylon
(B.M. 2862) ; Australia (B.M. slide) ; Philippine Islands (B.M. 2047) ;
New Zealand (B.M. 2866) ; Japan (B.M. 2867) ; Washington State
(B.M. 2863) ; Iowa (B.M. 834) ; Philadelphia (B.M. slide) ; South
Carolina (B.M. 959); Colorado (B.M. 2S64) ; Cuba (K. 1118); New
Granada (B.M. slide) ; Brazil (B.M. 2865) ; Chili (Paris Herb.).
210 ENDOSPOREAE [TRICHIA
4. T. persimilis Karst. in Not. Saellsk. pro Fauna et Mora
Fenn. Fork., ix. 353 (1868). Plasmodium watery-white.
Sporangia globose, usually crowded and seated on a common
membranous hypothallus, 0'5 to 0*8 mm. diam., brown
or yellow-brown, shining ; capillitium and spores in
mass yellow or yellow-brown ; sporangium-wall mem-
branous, yellow, marked with delicate " stippled " lines
or rows of minute warts. Capillitium of cylindrical
elaters 4 to 6 /x diam., marked with about four closely
set spiral bands, usually studded with numerous short
slender spines ; the ends of the elaters conical, acute,
or with the spiral bands produced at the apex into two or
three diverging points ; longitudinal striae inconspicuous.
Spores yellow, or yellow-brown, 11 to 14 /x diam., with the
reticulation broken, or represented by irregular pitted warts ;
border interrupted. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 213, in
part. T. Jackii Rost. Mon., p. 258 (1875) ; Mass. Mon., 188.
T. proximella Karst. in Bidr. Kann. Finl. Nat., iv. 139
(1879) ; Mass. Mon., 180. Trichia abrupta Cooke in Ann.
Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, xi. 404 (1877) ; Mass. Mon., 187.
Trichia Balfourii Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc, 1889, 339 ;
Mass. Mon., 186. Trichia sulphurea Mass. in Journ. R. Micr.
Soc, 1889, 339 ; Mass. Mon., 186.
PI. 160.— a. sporangia ; b. elater and spores ; (England).
This abundant species is closely allied to both T. affinis and T.
scabra (q.v.). The capillitium, when matured under unfavourable
conditions, often shows great divergence from the usual typo. The
elaters in some cases are very short, measuring only 12 to 15 /a in
length ; in others they may be long, branched and combined to
form a Hemitrichia-like network. Dr. Karsten's type from Finland,
agrees essentially with the examples of T. Jackii Rost. in Strassb.
Herb. ; the latter name must therefore be dropped as being ante-
dated. The occurrence of the long spinous processes on the elaters,
noted in the original description of T. persimilis, is not a constant
character. A form with the ends of the elaters obtuse and the spiral
bands continued at the apex into widely diverging spines, has been
named T. abrupta Cooke, but this character is also found occasionally
in T. favoginea, T. affinis, and T. scabra. T. proximella Karsten and
T. sulphurea Mass. have elaters 4' 5 to 5 fx diam., and spores with the
bands much broken ; T. Balfourii Mass. has the elaters 4 to 5 ft diam.,
and the reticulation on the spores consists of wide, broken and pitted
bands. They present no character by which they can be separated
from T. persimilis.
Hob. On aead wood, leaves, etc. — Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1457) ;
Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 367) ; Penzance (B.M. 370) ; Wanstead,
Essex (B.M. 1458) ; Birmingham (B.M. 1459) ; Boynton, Yorks
(B.M. 1125); Glamis, Scotland (B.M. 369); Germany (B.M. 2254);
France (K. 1183); Sweden (B.M. 2868); Finland (B.M. slide);
Switzerland (Zurich Herb.) ; Portugal (B.M. 2869) ; Ceylon (K. 1749)
Cape (K. 1047) ; Java (K. 1755) ; New Zealand (B.M. 2870) : Muskoka,
trichia] trichiaceae 211
Canada (B.M. 2871); Maine, U.S.A. (B.M. 1617); Philadelphia (B.M.
1903a); Colorado (B.M. 2872); Peru (B.M. 2873).
5. T. scabra Rost. Mem., p. 258 (1875). Plasmodium
watery-white. Sporangia sessile, globose, usually crowded
and seated on a membranous hypothallus, 0*6 to 0-9 mm. diam.,
shining, orange-yellow, olivaceous or yellow-brown ; sporan-
gium-wall membranous, yellow, marked with faint lines of
minute warts. Capillitium and spores in mass bright orange-
yellow. Capillitium of long cylindrical bright yellow
elaters, 4 to 6 /a diam., marked with four or five often
somewhat irregular spiral bands, studded with spines or
nearly smooth, the ends acutely conical or with the bands
produced at the apex in more or less diverging points ; longi-
tudinal striae rarely evident. Spores yellow, minutely and
closely reticulated with shallow bands forming a complete
or fragmentary net with about forty meshes to the hemisphere,
rarely irregularly warted, 9 to 12 /x diam. — Mass. Mon., 192 ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 213. Trichia minima Mass. in
Journ. R. Micr. Soc, 1889, 336 ; Mass. Mon., 182. Trichia
nitens Fries in MS. ; Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc, 1889, 333 ;
Mass. Mon., 179. Arcyria Buchialli Mass. I.e., 161. Oligonema
aeneum Karst. in Bidr. Kann. Finl. Nat., iv. 131 (1879) ?
Comuvia anomala Karst I.e. ? 0. fulvum Morg., Myx. Miami
Valley, 42 (1893). Ophiotheca anomala Mass. I.e., 135 ?
PI. 159. — c. sporangia (England) ; d. spores and elaters ; one of the latter shows
regular, the other irregular spiral bands.
The type of Arcyria Bucknalli Mass., from Bristol (K. 1774), is an
interesting form of the present species ; the capillitium is spinose, and
consists of long sparingly branched free elaters, not combined into a
network ; the spiral bands are in many parts entirely modified into
rings, a character which is often seen in some degree in imperfect
developments of this species ; the spores are of the typical form of T.
scabra. A specimen from Luton (B.M. slide) has the dense net of
a Hemitrichia and no free elaters ; the close and rugged spirals on
the threads have in some parts an annular arrangement ; it is, however,
an undoubted form of the present species ; the spores are typical. The
type of T. minima Mass., from Oldham (K. 1044), has spinulose elaters
4 to 5 jx diam. ; the spores measure 9 \x ; some are delicately reticulated,
in others the net is broken into warts and short bands ; it is not an
unusual form of T. scabra. The type of T. nitens Fr. from Upsala
(K. 1104) has spores 9 to 10 ^ diam., for the most part closely
reticulated, but some have the bands much broken ; the elaters
measure 4 to 5 ft diam., with regular spiral bands and only a few short
scattered spines ; it appears to be a typical form of T. scabra, except
that the elaters are rather more smooth than usual. The type of
Oligonema fulvum Morgan, from Preston, Ohio (B.M. slide) is also
T. scabra ; the scanty capillitium consists of short, rather irregularly
formed elaters, some of which have the usual spiral markings, while
others are nearly or quite smooth ; the sporangium-walls are beautifully
iridescent ; the spores are marked with the characteristic close
reticulation, and measure 10 to 13 /a diam.
212 ENDOSPOREAE [TRTCHIA
The type of Oligonema aeneum Karst. from Finland, is not represented
in the quoted collections ; the description of the crowded olivaceous
sporangia, smooth elaters marked with scattered ring-shaped thicken-
ings, and warted, yellowish-ochre spores, suggests an irregular develop-
ment of the present species. The description of Trichia anonomala
Karst. (syn. Comuvia anomala Karst.) also suggests an abnormal
growth of T. scabra.
Hab. On dead wood. Common. — Wothorpe, Northants (B.M.
366) ; Somerset (B.M. 368) ; Wanstead, Essex (B.M. 1462) ; Lyme
Regis, Dorset (B.M. slide) ; Dudley, Stafford (B.M. 1461); Alnwick,
Northumberland (B.M. 2875) ; Scotland (B.M. 2876) ; Norway (B.M.
2877); Sweden (K. 1104); Germany (B.M. 779); Poland (Strassb.
Herb.) ; Switzerland (B.M. 2878) ; Austria (B.M. 1834) ; Portugal
(B.M. 2879) ; Ceylon (B.M. 2890) ; Banff, Canada (B.M. 2891) ;
Muskoka, Canada (B.M. 2892); Washington State (B.M. 3191);
Iowa (B.M. 835) ; Ohio (B.M. 1464) ; Maine, U.S.A. (B.M. 1618) ;
Philadelphia (B.M. 1463).
6. T. varia Pers. in Roerner N. Mag. Bot., i. 90 (1794).
Plasmodium white. Sporangia globose, ovoid or turbinate,
0*6 to 0*9 mm. diam., sessile, stalked, or forming short plas-
modiocarps, crowded or scattered, ochraceous or olivaceous ;
sporangium-wall membranous, pale yellow, marked with
ring-shaped or crescentic thickenings 8 /x diam. Stalks
0-1 to 0-5 mm. high, 0*2 to 0-3 mm. thick, black, furrowed.
Capillitium of cylindrical ochraceous-yellow elaters, 3 to 5 //.
diam., tapering shortly at the ends and terminating in a curved
point, marked with two prominent spiral bands more
prominent on one side of the elater than on the other.
Spores ochraceous-yellow, minutely warted, 11 to 16 jj.
diam.— Rost. Mon., p. 251 ; Mass. Mon., 178 ; Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, 212. Stemonitis varia Pers. in Gmel. Syst.
Nat., 1470 (1791). Mucor piriformis Scop. Fl. Cam., ed. 2, ii.
492 (1772) ? Lycoperdon vesiculosum Batsch Elench. Fung.,
Cont. i. 283 (1786) ? Trichia olivacea Pers. Obs. Mvc, i.
62 (1796) ? T. vulgaris Pers. I.e., ii. 32 (1799) ? T. cordata
Pers. I.e., 33. T. cylindrica Pers. I.e. T. pyriformis Pers. I.e.
T. nigripes Pers. Syn., 178 (1801). T. craterioides Corda Icon.,
ii. 21, t. xii., f. 85 (1838). T. aculeata Cel. fil. Myx. Bohm.,
34 (1893).
PI. 164. — o. sporangia ; b. elater ; c. spore ; (England).
Sporangia with longer or shorter stalks frequently occur with sessile
forms arising from the same plasmodium. As in other species of the
genus, forms of T. varia sometimes occur with either very long (cp.
T. varia v. avata Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud., xliv. 299), or very short
elaters, or the elaters may branch and combine to form a Hemitrichia-
like network. The type of T. aculeata Cel. fil., from Bohemia (B.M.
2893), is a somewhat irregular form of the present species ; many of
the elaters are very short, and show attachment to the sporangium-
wall ; they are then either marked with the usual spiral bands, or are
smooth and reduced to 6pine-like processes.
teichia] trichiaceae 213
Hab. On dead wood. Common. — Batheaston, Somerset (B.M.
361); Lvme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1466); Wilts (B.M. 1465); Hamp-
stead (B*.M. 1122); Brandon, Suffolk (B.M. 1121); Cheshire (B.M.
1117) ; Northumberland (B.M. 2894) ; France (B.M. 2895) ; Germany
(B.M. 2271); Switzerland (B.M. 1141); Finland (K. 1124); Italy
(K. 1148); Bohemia (B.M. 2893); Portugal (B.M. 2896); Ceylon
(Peradeniva Herb.); Banff, Canada (B.M. 2897); Washington
State (B.M. 2898) ; Iowa (B.M. 1466b) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1889) ;
Colorado (B.M. 2899) ; South Carolina (B.M. 800).
7. T. contorta Rost. Mon., p. 259 (1875). Plasmodium
watery- white. Sporangia crowded or scattered, subglobose,
0-5 to 0-8 mm. diam., sessile, often forming elongated curved
plasmodiocarps, rarely provided with a very short black
stalk, dull yellow-brown or dark red-brown ; sporangium-
wall membranous or cartilaginous, yellow, or reddish-brown,
charged with brown granular matter, rarely with deposits of
angular crystals of lime, when the sporangia are grey.
Capillitium of cylindrical simple or branched elaters, with
four or five often indistinct or rugged spiral bands,
3 to 5 jj. diam., the tips usually swollen and ending
in a curved point, yellow or yellow- brown. Spores
yellow, minutely spinulose, 10 to 14 //. diam. — Mass. Mon.,
182 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 210. Lycogala contortum
Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. FL, Pilze, 8, tab. 5 (1813). Peri-
chaena contorta Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 192 (1829). Licea contorta
Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., ii. 345 (1833). Trichia reniformis Peck
in Rep. N. York Mus., xxvi. 76 (1874). T. heterotrichia Balf.
in Grev., x. 117 (1881). T. iowensis Macbr. in Bull. Nat.
Hist. Iowa, ii. 133 (1892). N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 211. T.
pachyderma Cel. fil. Myx. Bohm., 38 (1893). T. intermedia
Cel. fil. I.e. T. ovalispora Hollos in Math. Nat. Wiss. Ber.
Ung., xx. 324 (1905) ? Oligonema fulvum Pav. & Lag. in
Bull. Soc. Myc, Fr., xix. 99 (1903) {non Morgan).
Var. 1. — inconspicua Lister : elaters regular, cylindrical,
often swollen behind the gradually tapering pointed ends ;
spiral bands distinct, close and regular. — T. inconspicua Rost.
Mon., p. 259 (1875) ; Mass. Mon., 180 ; Macbr. X. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 210. T. advenulaM&ss. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc, 1889,
336 ; Mass. Mon., 181. T. Andersoni Rex in Proc Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phil., 1891, 395. T. Bostafinskii Cel. fil. I.e., 37.
Var. 2. — alpinaR. E. Fries in Arkivfor Bot., vi. no. 7, p. 5
(1906) : sporangia globose or forming elongated and curved
plasmodiocarps, brownish-purple or black ; sporangium-wall
cartilaginous, red- or olive-brown ; elaters yellow, with regular
or rugged and sometimes spinose spiral bands ; spores yellow,
minutely spinulose, 13 to 20 /x diam. — Lister in Journ. Bot..
xlvi. 219.
o
214 ENDOSPOREAE [TRTCHIA
PI. 162. — a. sporangia ; b. fragment of sporangium-wall, spores, and portions of
two elaters, one with irregular spirals, the other, var. inconspicua, with regular
spirals (England) ; c. sporangia, var. alpina (Switzerland) ; d. fragment of sporangium-
wall, spores, and portions of three elaters of var. alpina.
Intermediate forms connecting the var. inconspicua with the typical
form are of frequent occurrence, and the variations of capillitium
described above have on several occasions been found represented in
different sporangia of the same group. The sporangium-wall varies
from yellow-brown, rosy brown to purplish-brown ; occasionally it is
whitish-lilac from deposits of angular crystals of lime, as in
forms of some species of Perichaena, while in the remarkable alpine
form, var. alpina, it is purplish-black. T. reniformis Peck, of which a
typical specimen has been received from Dr. Rex, has the granular
thickening of the sporangium-wall and the rugged irregular spirals of
typical T. contorta. A type specimen of T. Andersoni Rex from Sand
Coulee, Montana, has most of the elaters with regular close spiral bands
but in some the spirals are rugged or even absent ; the brown granules
in the sporangium-wall are less abundant than is usual in T. contorta,
but this character does not seem to be sufficiently important to separate
T. Andersoni from the present species. The type of T. advenula
Mass., from Glamis (K. 1748), has the sporangium-wall charged
with brown granular matter and the spirals on the elaters are
regular and distinct ; it is similar to Rostafinski's type of T.
inconspicua in Strassb. Herb. T. heterotrichia Balf., from Currey's
collection (K. 1066), appears to be an immature specimen of T.
contorta ; the sporangium-walls are almost free from granular
deposits ; the elaters are 4 to 5 /a diam., marked with one or three
rugged or indistinct spiral bands, and scattered blunt spines ; the
spores adhere to one another, and are very faintly spinulose ;
they measure 12 to 13 fi. T. iowensis Macbride agrees with the
present species in the habit and colour of the sporangia, in the granular
sporangium-wall, and in the spores ; the elaters are 3 /a diam., and,
in addition to being marked with about four inconspicuous spiral
bands, are studded with numerous slender fiexuose spines 5 to 10 p.
long ; the presence of spines is not of rare occurrence on the elaters of
T. contorta. T. pachyderma Cel. fil. is a form of the present species
with thick-walled elaters marked with faint spiral bands. T. inter-
media Cel. fil. combines the characters of typical T. contorta and the
var inconspicua. T. Rostafinskii Cel. fil. is the var. inconspicua, with
both sessile and shortly stalked sporangia. T. ovalispora Hollos,
from Hungary, may possibly be a form of the present species ; oval
spores are met with occasionally in many species of the genus Trichia.
Forms of T. contorta having the elaters branched and combined
into a network are so frequent that for convenience of reference they
are placed in the genus Hemitrichia under the name H. Karstenii
Rost,
Hab. On dead bark and wood. Net uncommon. — Lyme Regis,
Dorset (B.M. 1467) ; Wanstead, Essex (B.M. 1468) ; Reigate, Surrey
(B.M. 2900) : Aberdeen (B.M. slide) ; France (K. 997) ; Germany
(K. 1771) ; Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ; Bohemia (B.M. 2901);
Washington State (B.M. 2902) ; Montana (B.M. slide) ; Colorado
B.M. 2903) : var. inconspicua — Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 351) ;
Alresford, Hants (B.M. 2904) ; Ashridge, Herts (B.M. 2905) ; Brechin,
Scotland (B.M. 365) ; Norway (Christiania Herb.) ; Sweden (K. 1702) ;
North Germany (B.M. 2906) ; Switzerland (Strassb. Herb.) ; Bohemia
trichia] trichiaceae 215
(B.M. 2907) ; Iowa (B.M. slide) ; New York (B.M. slide) ; New Hants
(B.M. 2908) : var. alp ina— Sweden (B.M. 2909) ; Switzerland (B.M.
2901); Lower Austria (B.M. 3205).
8. T. lutescens Lister in Journ,. Bot., xxxv. 216 (1897).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia sessile, scattered or in small
clusters, globose or bolster-shaped, 0*15 to 0-7 mm. diam.,
shining, bright yellow or olivaceous-yellow ; sporangium-
wall membranous, yellow, entirely free from granular deposits,
often embossed with the impression of the underlying spores.
Capillitium consisting of short or long, simple or branching
pale yellow elaters, 0*3 to 0-45 p. diam., marked with four
to five distinct or often faint spiral bands, either tapering or
blunt and bulbous at the tips. Spores bright or olivaceous
yellow, closely warted or spinulose, 10 to 12 p diam. — Torrend
Fl. Myx., 116. Oligonema furcatum Buckn. in Mass. Mon.,
173 (1892). Trichia contorta var. lutescens Lister Mycetozoa,
169 (1894).
PI. 161. — c. sporangia (Yorks) ; d. elaters and fragment of sporangium-wall ;
e. tip of elater and spores.
This species is closely allied to T. contorta from which it is distinguished
by the delicate sporangium-wall being translucent and entirely free
from granular deposits. An abnormal form was found by Dr. R. E.
Fries near Upsala (B.M. 2915), having yellowish-brown sporangia
varying in size from 0'3 to 0"7 mm. diam. ; some elaters are short
and simple, others branch and anastomose, and show many spherical
or irregular expansions and blunt spine-like processes. Numerous
gatherings of T. lutescens have been made by Dr. Torrend, near Lisbon ;
in one of them the long elaters are combined to form a network ;
this has been placed by Dr. Torrend under Hemitrichia Karstenii as
var. lutescens nov. var. (Bull. Soc. Port. Sc. Nat., ii. 61). Bucknall's
earlier specific name is not here revived as the combination Trichia
furcata was previously given by Wigand to what appears to be a small
form of T. decipiens.
Hob. — On dead wood. — Abbots Leigh, Somerset (B.M. 2911) ;
Yorks (B.M. 2912) ; Berlin (B.M. 2913) ; Norway (B.M. 2914) ; Sweden,
(B.M. 2915) ; Portugal (B.M. 2916).
9. T. erecta Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1890, 193-
Plasmodium ? Total height 1 to 2 mm. Sporangia scattered,
stalked or nearly sessile, globose or subturbinate, 0-5 to 0-7 mm.
diam., bright yellow, mottled with well-defined dark brown
angular patches ; sporangium- wall membranous, pale yellow,
densely charged with brown angular matter in the dark patches.
Stalk cylindrical, 0*5 to 1 mm. high, 0*2 to 0-3 mm. thick v
dark brown, opaque. Capillitium of cylindrical bright yellow
elaters, 3-5 to 4 p diam., with short tapering ends ; marked
with four bands forming a close irregular spiral, studded with
numerous spines. Spores yellow, delicately warted, 11 to 13 u
diam.— Mass. Mon., 184 ; Macbr.X. Am. Slime-Moulds, 218.
PI. 158. — e. sporangia ; /. elater ; g. spore ; (United States).
o 2
216 ENDOSPOREAE [TRICHIA
A single specimen of what appears to be this species has been found
at Lyme Regis, agreeing in every respect with the type received from
Dr. Rex, except that the stalk is very short, 05 mm. high.
Hob. On dead wood. — Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. slide) ; Adiron-
dack Mountains, New York (B.M. 1898).
10. T. decipiens Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 218
(1899). Plasmodium rose-coloured or white. Total height
1-5 to 3 mm. Sporangia stalked, gregarious, turbinate, 0-6 to
0-8 mm. diam., shining olive or yellow- brown ; sporangium-
wall yellow, membranous, of two layers. Stalk cylindrical
furrowed, 0*5 to 1 mm. long, olive or dark brown, filled to the
base with spore-like cells. Capillitium of simple or branched
smooth olive-brown elaters, 4-5 to 5-5 fi diam., marked
with four or five spiral bands, 0-5 to 1 /* broad, with intervals
of 0-5 to 2 /a, gradually tapering into long slender points. Spores
yellow-brown, minutely warted, or very closely and often
irregularly reticulated on one side, 9 to 12 p diam. — Arcyria
decipiens Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot., xv. 35 (1795). Trichia
fallax Pers. Obs. Myc, i. 59 (1796) ; Rost. Mon., p. 243 ;
Mass. Mon., 192 ; Lister Mycetozoa, 170. T. virescens Schum.
Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 208 (1803). T. cerina Ditm. in Sturm
Deutsch. FL, Pilze, 51, t. 25 (1817). T. fulva Purt. Midi.
Fl., hi. 290 (1821). T. clavata Wigand in Pringsh. Jahrb.
Bot., hi. 28 (1863) ? T. furcata Wigand I.e., 29, t. 1, fig. 1
to 11. T. obtusa Wigand I.e., 30? T. nana Zukal in Verb.
Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, xxxv. 334, t. xv, f . 8 (1886). T. Stuhl-
manni Eichelb. in Verh. Nat. Ver. Hamb., ser. 3, xiv. 32 (1907).
PI. 158. — a. sporangia ; b. elater ; c. spores (England) ; d. spore, reticulated on
one side, spinulose on the other (United States).
The elaters vary in length in different gatherings ; usually they are
long and taper only towards the ends, sometimes they are short and
somewhat fusiform ; they are either simple or branched, but apparently
never unite to form a Hemitrichia-like network. The warts on the
spores may be scattered, and number either eight to ten in a line across
the hemisphere, or are more crowded ; in some specimens the spores
are minutely reticulated on one side, and spinulose on the other. The
white and rose-coloured plasmodia have not been observed growing
together on the same piece of wood, but the sporangia produced from
both appear to be identical in every respect ; although shades of
difference occur in various gatherings, the colour of the plasmodium
cannot be inferred from the ripe fruits. The slender stalks filled with
spore-like cells distinguish this species from T. Botrytis, its nearest
ally. Sporangia sometimes occur that are almost or quite sessile,
but they are usually accompanied by others having well formed stalks.
Hab. On dead wood. Common. — St. Catherines, Somerset (B.M.
387) ; Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1471) ; Boynton, Yorks (B.M. 1124) ;
North Wales (B.M. 2917) ; Aberdeen (B.M. 2918) ; Ireland (B.M.
2919) ; France (K. 1059) ; Germany (B.M. 749) ; Denmark (B.M.
2920); Norway (B.M. 2921); Sweden (B.M. 1729); Switzerland
trichia] trichiaceae 217
(B.M. 2922); Italy (B.M. 1951); Portugal (B.M. 2923); Ceylon
(Peradeniya Herb.) ; Java (B.M. 2924) ; New Zealand (B.M. 2925) ;
Japan (B.M. 2926); Vancouver B.C. (B.M. 2927); Maplehurst, Ontario
(B.M. 2928) ; Washington State (B.M. 2929) ; Iowa (B.M. 836) ;
Colorado (B.M. 2930) ; South Carolina (K. 1053).
11. T. Botrytis Pers. in Roeiner, N. Mag. Bot., i. 89
(1794). Plasmodium purple-brojg^^Total height 15 to 5 mm.
Sporangia stalked, pyriform or turbinate, simple or combined
in clusters, 0-6 to 08 mm. diam., yellowish-olive, red-brown,
purple, or nearly black, often marked with paler lines of
dehiscence ; sporangium- wall of two layers, the outer charged
with granular matter and continued into the stalk, the
inner membranous, enclosing the spores. Stalks cylindrical,
often combined in clusters of three to eight, furrowed,
red- or purple- brown, consisting within of a spongy tissue
enclosing refuse matter. Capillitium of cylindrical or
fusiform yellowish-brown elaters, 4 to 5 /a diam., sometimes
branched, gradually tapering to long slender points
which are smooth at the tips, marked with three to five
flattened or prominent lax and often rugged spiral bands,
with intervals of about 1 ,m. Spores ochraceous-yellow,
minutely spinulose, 9 to 11/x diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 216. Stemonitis Botrytis Pers. in Gmel. Syst. Nat.,
1468 (1791). Trichia serotina Schrad. in Schrad. Journ.
Bot., v. 67 (1799). T. piriformis Fr. Syst. Myc, hi.
184 (1829) non Pers. T. Lorinzeriana Corda Icon., i. 23,
f. 228 D (1837). T. purpurascens Nyll. in Saellsk. Faun. Fl.
Fenn., iv. 126 (1859) ; Mass. Mon., 177. T. fragilis Rost.
Mon.. p. 246 (1875) ; Mass. I.e., 175. T. Carlyleana Mass.
in Journ. R. Micr. Soc, 1889, 329; Mass. Mon., 174.
S phaerocarpus fragilis Sow. Engl. Fung., t. 279 (1803).
Var 1. — lateritia Lister : stalks clustered, red, 2 mm. or
more long ; elaters pale burnt-sienna colour, terminating in
a more or less abruptly tapering point 20 to 40 //. long, the
spirals continued almost to the extremity ; spores orange. — T.
lateritia Lev. in Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, v. 167 (1846) ; Rost.
Mon., p. 250. T. Decaisneana de Bary in Rost. Mon., I.e. ;
Mass. Mon., 185.
Var. 2. — munda Lister : elaters pale brown or yellowish-
brown, marked with close and regular spiral bands, with long
tapering points ; spores yellow or brownish-yellow. — See
Journ. Bot., xxxv. 216.
Var. 3. — flavicoma Lister Mycetozoa, 172 (1894) : sporangia
minute, solitary, purplish-brown with yellow lines of
dehiscence ; elaters and spores bright yellow.
PI. 163. — a. sporangia (England) ; b. elater, var. munda ; c. elater of typical
form ; d. spore ; e. sporangia, var. lateritia ; /. g. h. elaters of same ; i. spore ; j. k.
sporangia and elater of var. flavicoma.
218 ENDOSPOREAE [TRICHIA
The various characters distinguishing the different forms of this
abundant species blend freely into one another, but the colour of
the capillitium and spores is generally associated with a form of the
elaters of sufficient constancy to enable the specimens to be classed
under the above varieties. Three varieties are given by Rostafinski,
distinguished by the colour of the sporangia and of the capillitium
and spores when seen in mass ; but the colour of the sporangium
is a character which varies so widely that it cannot be taken as
marking constant types ; specimens in the Strassburg Herbarium
have sessile black sporangia associated with others of brown
and bright nut-colour ; a few have long free stalks, and others
are clustered on a common stem. In a large cultivation from a single
growth of plasmodium at Lyme Regis, the sporangia are either olive
or rosy-purple marbled over with yellow lines of dehiscence, or almost
uniformly black. The type of T. lateritia Lev., from Chili (K.
1761), has nearly black sporangia; other gatherings from England
and the Continent, with similar characters of capillitium and
spores described here under var. lateritia, have either black,
rosy, or brown sporangia. The " simple " and " botrytis " forms are
mingled in most large gatherings, but the " botrytis " form is most
frequent in var. lateritia. The type of T. Decaisneana de Bary, from
Paris, in the Strassburg Herbarium, is included under the latter
variety ; the elaters are remarkably long, suddenly narrowing to a
point 10 to 15 /a in length, from a subterminal bulb ; a similar bulb
occurs in the middle of some of the elaters. The occurrence of bulbous
swellings in the elaters is so frequent and at the same time so incon-
stant in many species of Trichia that it cannot be received as a specific
character. T. Carlyleana Mass., from Carlisle, is the typical form with
minutely spinulose spores perhaps more nearly smooth than usual. The
type of T. purpurascens Nyl. from Finland, is the same form, and has
dull purple sporangia ; the spores average 10 fx diam., and are minutely
spinulose. Sometimes in the typical form the walls are sprinkled
with deposits of sulphur-yellow mealy or waxy deposits ; it is possible
that this appearance is found only after the sporangia have under-
gone some amount of weathering.
Hab. The typical form and var. lateritia occur on dead wood ;
var. munda occurs usually on dead leaves, but has been found also
on dead wood ; var. flavicoma occurs on dead leaves only, especially
on those of holly. — Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1472) ; Leigh, Somerset
(B.M. 399) ; Eltham, Kent (B.M. 355) ; Weybridge, Surrey (K. 1086) ;
Carlisle (Herb. Massee) ; North Wales (B.M. 2931) ; Glamis, Scotland
(B.M. 385) ; Ireland (B.M. 2932) ; Finland (K. 1090); Sweden (B.M.
2933) ; Switzerland (B.M. 2934) ; Portugal (B.M. 2935) ; New Zealand
(B.M. 2936) ; Japan (B.M. 2017) ; Washington State (B.M. 2937) :
Philadelphia (B.M. 2938) : var. lateritia — Failand, Somerset (B.M.
2939); Orton, Leicester (B.M. 391); Broseley, Salop (B.M. 2940);
Paris (Strassb. Herb.) ; Germany (B.M. 759) ; Poland (Strassb.
Herb.); Switzerland (B.M. 760); Italy (B.M. 758); Ceylon (B.M.
762) ; Australia (K. 1082) ; Tasmania (K. 1759) ; New Zealand
(K. 1098) ; Japan (B.M. 2941) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1888) ; Maine,
U.S.A. (B.M. 1619) ; Chili (K. 1761) : var. munda— Epping Forest,
Essex (B.M. 2942) ; New Forest, Hants (B.M. 2943) : Broseley,
Salop (B.M. 2944) ; Chatsworth, Derby (B.M. 2945) ; Nottingham
(B.M. 2946) ; near Dublin (B.M. 2947) ; Austria (B.M. 2948) ; Portugal
(B.M. 2949) ; Glacier, British Columbia (B.M. 2950) ; Washington
oligonema] trichiaceae 219
State (B.M. 3192) ; Manchester, Mass. (Herb. Dr. Sturgis) : var:
flavicoma — Lyme Regis (B.M. 1475) ; Witley, Surrey (B.M. 2951) ;
Leighton, Beds (B.M. 2952) ; Wardour Castle, Wilts (B.M. 2953) :
Portugal (B.M. 2954).
12. T. subfusca Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1890,
192. Plasmodium ? Sporangia stalked, gregarious, solitary
or united in pairs, subglobose or pyriform, 05 to 09 mm. diam.,
dull brown, yellowish- or reddish-brown ; sporangium-wall
membranous with dark granular deposits. Stalk brown or
purple-brown, stout and furrowed, separated from the cavity
of the sporangium by the inner layer of the sporangium-wall.
Capillitium consisting of bright yellow elaters, marked with
three to four prominent spiral bands, ending in short slender
often curved tips. Spores yellow, minutely spinulose, 11 to
13 /m diam.— Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds/ 217. T. Boirytis
var. subfusca Lister Mycetozoa, 172.
PL. 163. — /. sporangium ; m. elater ; n. spore; (Adirondack Mountains, New York.
This species is closely allied to T. Botrytis, of which perhaps it is
hardly more than a marked variety with the ends of the yellow elaters
short, not long and tapering.
Hob. On dead wood.— Ireland (B.M. 2955) ; Norway (B.M. 2956) ;
Ceylon (B.M. 2957) ; Washington State (B.M. 1944) ; Adirondack
Mountains, New York (B.M. 1897).
Genus 39.— OLIGONEMA Rostafinski Mon., p. 291 (1875).
Sporangia minute, densely clustered or heaped ; capillitium
usually scanty, of short or long threads., with spiral markings
obscure or wanting ; spores reticulated.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF OLIGONEMA.
Sporangia globose, heaped together ; sporangium- wall smooth ;
spores irregularly reticulated. . 1.0. nitens
Sporangia ovoid, crowded ; sporangium- wall with minute
granular thickenings ; spores regularly reticulated.
2. 0. flavidum
1. 0. nitens Rost. I.e., f. 198. Plasmodium watery-white.
Sporangia subglobose, sessile, heaped together for the most
part in large clusters, 02 to 0-4 mm. diam., shining, yellow
or olivaceous-yellow ; sporangium-wall membranous, yellow,
smooth except for scattered horseshoe-shaped thickenings en-
closing a thinner membrane. Capillitium of usually short, cylin-
drical, simple, branched, or ring-shaped yellow elaters, 3 to 5 //.
diam., with rounded or abruptly pointed ends, either smooth
or marked with one to four irregular and indistinct spiral
bands passing from the right above to the left below when the
thread is viewed horizontally, occasionally provided with ring-
shaped thickenings and scattered spinas. Spores yellow,
220 ENDOSPOREAE [OLIGONEMA
11 to 16 fx diam., reticulated with broad and pitted bauds,
or with narrow bands forming an irregular net, border
0-5 to 1-5 /x wide. -Mass. Mon., 170 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 221. Trichia nitens Libert PI. Crypt. Ard., Fasc. iii.
no. 277 (1834) {non Pers.). T. bavarica de Thuemen Myc. Univ.,
no. 1497 (1879). T. Kickxii Rost. Mon., App. p. 40 (187U).
T. pusitta Schroet. in Conn Krypt. Fl. Scliles., iii. pt. 1, 114
(1885). Physarum Schweinitzii Berk, in Grev., ii. 66 (1873).
Cornuvia nitensRost. Versuch, 15 (1873). Oligonema bavaricum
Balf. & Ber., in Sacc. SylL, vii. 437 (1888). 0. minutulum
Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc., 1889, 348 ; Mass. Mon., 171.
PJ. 164. — d. sporangia ; e. elaters ; /. spore ; (Ardennes ; Mme. Libert's type).
This species varies in the markings on the elaters and the reticual-
cion of the spores ; few gatherings are exactly similar, and great
variety is often seen in a single sporangium ; the length of the elaters
in some specimens is only about 50 [jl, while in others the average is
from three to four times as long. O. nitens is allied to Trichia affinis,
in which species similar variations in spores and elaters are sometimes
found in sporangia which have been exposed to unusual conditions
of development. A remarkable variety appeared in the Botanic
Gardens at Leipsic (B.M. 2960, ex. Herb. Celakovsky) in which
many of the elaters branch and anastomose while others remain free ;
the threads are expanded into irregular vesicles at the axils of the
branches, and are marked with ring-shaped thickenings and
about four faint spiral bands. O. bavaricum Balf. & Berl. is
described as distinguished from the present species by the more
distinct spirals on the elaters, but the spirals are quite as distinct in
Libert's type ; the spores of the Bavarian gathering vary in size from
12 to 16 fx, and the reticulation also varies so as to present from four
to sixteen meshes on the surface of the hemisphere. The type speci-
mens of O. minutulum Mass., from Algiers (B. 1739), and Physarum
Schweinitzii Berk., from Bethlehem, U.S.A. (K. 1738), are typical
O. nitens. The descriptions of Trichia Kickxii Rost. and T. pusilla
Schroet. agree so perfectly with the character of O. nitens that they
are here placed as synonyms of this species.
Hob. On dead wood.—" Hay-pit," Staffordshire (B.M. 1476) ;
Cornwall (B.M. 2958); Scarborough (B.M. 2959); Belgium (B.M.)
747); Germany (Strassb. Herb.); Bavaria (B.M. 746); Leipsic
(B.M. 2960) ; Algiers (K. 1739) ; Bethlehem, South Carolina (K. 1738) ;
Cambridge, Mass. (B.M. 2961) ; British Columbia (B.M. 2962).
2. 0. flavidum Peck in Rep. N. York Mus., xxxi. 42 (1879).
Plasmodium watery- white ? Sporangia crowded or somewhat
heaped, ovoid or subglobose, 0*3 to 0-6 mm. diam., shining,
yellow ; sporangium-wall membranous, translucent, yellow,
marked with minute close-set thickenings arranged in wavy
or fan-like lines, which give the effect of delicate stippling.
Capillitium scanty or fairly abundant, of short or long, simple
or branched threads, varying from 3 to 5 /x diam., often showing
irregular swellings, without distinct spiral bands, but marked
with close lines of minute warts that usually form irregular
CALONEMA] rTBICHIACEAE 221
spirals passing from the left above to the right below when
the thread is viewed horizontally, — that is in the reverse
direction to the spirals of Trichia elaters. Spores yellow,
12 to 13 fx, diam., regularly reticulated with narrow bands,
which give a border of 1 /x, and form a net showing three to five
meshes across the hemisphere. — Mass. Mon., 171 ; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 220 ; Lister in Journ. Bot., xlii. 137 ;
Torrend Fl. Myx., 119. Perichaena flavida Peck I.e., xxvi.
76 (1874). 0. brevifilum Peck I.e., xxxi. 42 (1879) ; Macbr.
I.e., 221. 0. nitens Lister Mycetozoa, 173, in part.
PI. 165. — a. sporangia ; b. elaters and spores with fragment of sporangium-wall ;
c. part of elater, and two spores ; (Sussex).
This species is nearly allied to the preceding, but appears to be
constantly distinguished by the granular thickenings of the sporangium-
wall, the minutely warted capillitium and by the regular reticulation
of the spores. Among the numerous gatherings made by Mr. Hugo
Bilgram in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, is one (B.M. 2966) having
the capillitium threads long and repeatedly branched and anastomos-
ing ; the spore-net is closer than usual, showing about five meshes
across the hemisphere. This gathering serves to prove how close is
the connection between 0. flavidum and Calonema aureum. The type
of O. brevifilum Peck appears to differ from that of O. flavidum only
in having fewer and shorter elaters.
Hab. On dead wood.— Hencot, Salop ? (B.M. 2963) ; Horsham,
Sussex (B.M. 2964) ; Portugal (B.M. 2965) ; N. Germany (B.M. 3203) ;
New York (B.M. slide) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1478) ; Iowa (B.M. 1023) ;
South Carolina (B.M. 964).
Genus 40.— CALONEMA Morgan Myx. Miami Valley,
33 (1893). Resembling Oligonema, except that the threads
of the capillitium are combined to form a network.
1. C. aureum Morgan I.e. Plasmodium ? Sporangia
sessile, clustered, subglobose, 0-3 to 0-6 mm. diam.,
shining, yellow ; sporangium- wall membranous, yellow,
translucent, marked with delicate branched lines of thickening
forming an irregular net resembling fan-tracery with thinner
spots whence the lines of tracery radiate. Capillitium consisting
of branching yellow threads, 3 to 5 /x diam., more or less united
to form a network, and marked with raised lines, or rows of
minute warts, arranged to form either an irregular reticulation
or spirals like those on the elaters of Oligonema flavidum ;
ring-shaped thickenings and scattered spines usually present.
Spores yellow, 13 to 15 /u, diam., regularly reticulated with
narrow raised bands, which give a border of 1 to P 5 ^ to the
margin, and form a net showing five to six meshes across the
hemisphere.— Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 208. Oligonema
flavidum var., Lister in Journ. Bot., xlii. 138.
PI. 165. — d. sporangia ; e. capillitium and fragment of sporangium-wall ; /. capil-
litium and two spores ; (Ohio).
222 • ENDOSPORAE [HEMITRICHIA
This species lias been found repeatedly, maintaining its distinctive
characters, in various States of North America. It is closely allied to
Oligonema flavidum, with which it is connected by intermediate forms,
and of which it appears to be hardly more than a variety. Morgan's
genus Calonema is here retained for convenience of classification.
Hab. On dead wood. — South Carolina (B.M. 954, 960) ; Ohio
(B.M. 2967); Maryland (B.M. 2968); Minnesota (B.M. 2969).
Genus 41. — HEMITRICHIA Rostafinski Versuch, 14
(1873). Sporangia stalked or sessile ; capillitium a more or
less elastic network of branching threads, thickened with two
to six spiral bands ; spores minutely warted or reticulated.
HEMIARCYRIA Host. Mon., p. 261 (1875).
The original name which Rostafinski gave to this genus is here
restored in accordance with the laws of botanical nomenclature, while
at the same time it expresses more accurately the affinities of the
group.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HEMITRICHIA.
A. Spores nearly smooth or minutely warted : —
a. Capillitium red, spinose. 1. H. Vesparium
b. Capillitium yellow, yellow-brown or yellow-grey —
a. Sporangia usually stalked —
Stalk solid ; sporangia orange ; capillitium spinose,
with distinct spiral markings. 2. H. intorta
Stalk solid; sporangia olive - yellow ; capillitium
smooth, spiral markings often faint.
3. H. leiotricha
Stalk solid or absent ; sporangia minute, buff ;
capillitium smooth or spinose, spiral markings
faint. 4. H. minor
Stalk hollow, filled with spore-like cells-
Cup papillose. 5. H. clavata
Cup smooth. 6. H. leiocarpa
p. Sporangia sessile — -
Spirals of capillitium one to three, prominent ;
sporangium- wall translucent. 7. H. abietina
Spirals of capillitium three or more, indistinct :
sporangium-wall thickened with granular deposits.
S. H. Karstenii
B. Spores reticulated : —
Capillitium threads spinose. 9. H. Serpula
Capillitium threads smooth. 10. H. chrysospora
1. H. Vesparium Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 203 (1899).
Plasmodium purple-red. Total height 1-3 to 2-5 mm. Spor-
angia clavate or sub-cylindrical, stalked or sessile, combined
in clusters or crowded, 1 to 1-3 mm. high, 0-5 to 0-7 mm.
HEMITRICHIA] TRICHrACEAE 223
broad, glossy or shining, dark red, red-brown,, or olive-black ;
sporangium-wall of two layers, the outer continued into the
stalk, the inner enclosing the spores, orange-red. Stalks
membranous, 0*2 to 1 mm. high, usually combined in clusters
of from six to twelve, furrowed and rugose, red, not enclosing
spore-like cells. Capillitium red or orange-red in. mass, con-
sisting of twisting, sparingly branched, orange-red threads
5 to 6 fji diam., with few pointed free ends, marked with three to
five regular spiral bands, and studded with numerous scattered
spines 2 to 5 ^ long, rarely nearly smooth. Spores pale orange-
red, wTarted, 10 to 11 /a diam. — Lycoperdon Vesparium Batsch
Elench. Fung., 253, fig. 172 (1786). Stemonitis cinnabarina
Roth Fl. Germ., 547 (1788) ? Trichia pyriformis Hoffm.
Veg. Crypt., ii. 1, t. 1, fig. 1 (1790). T. rubiformis Pers. in
Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 89 (1794) ; Fr. Syst. Myc, hi. 183.
T. chabybea Chev. Fl. Paris, i. 323 (1826). T. Neesiana Corda
Icon., i. 23 (1837). T. Ayresii Berk, and Br. in Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 2. v. 367 (1850). Craterium floriforme Schw.
in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, n.s. iv. 258 (1832)? C. porphyrium
Schw. I.e. ? Hemiarcyria rubiformis Rost. Mon.,p. 262 (1875).
Arcyria rubiformis Mass. Mon., 158 (1892). Hemitrichia rubi-
formis Lister Mycetozoa, 175 (1894).
PL 166. — a. cluster of sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium- wall ; c. capillitium and spore : (England).
Sporangia are occasionally found with a few free elaters pointed
at each end in addition to the continuous network of threads of the
usual type.
Hab. On dead wood : not unfrequent. — Orton, Leicestershire
(B.M. 335) ; Rudloe, Wilts (B.M. 340) ; Batheaston, Somerset (B.M.
341) ; Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 2970) ; Wanstead, Essex (B.M.
1481) ; Hampstead, London (B.M. 1123) ; Sutton Coldfield, Warwick
(B.M. 1480) ; Alnwick, Northumberland (B.M. 2971) ; France (K.
123); Germany (B.M. 791); Sweden (B.M. 2972); Finland (B.M.
788) ; Italy (B.M. 789) ; Switzerland (B.M. 2973) ; Austria (B.M.
1835) ; Portugal (B.M. 2974) ; Madagascar (B.M. 2976) ; Ceylon
(B.M. 2975) ; Java (Herb. Massee) ; Kansas (B.M. 2977) ; Texas
(B.M. 956) ; Iowa (B.M. 830) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1808) ; Maine
(B.M. 1624); South Carolina (B.M. 761); Antigua (B.M. 1682).
2. H. intorta Lister Mycetozoa, 176(1894). Plasmodium
watery- white. Total height 1 to 1-5 mm. Sporangia stalked,
gregarious or scattered, turbinate, 0*3 to 0-7 mm. diam.,
shining, orange-yellow ; sporangium-wall membranous above,
thickened with granular deposits towards the base, papillose
on the inner side. Stalk thickened above and below, with
two to four broad longitudinal furrows, 0*5 to 0*7 mm. long,
0-15 mm. thick in the middle, glossy, purplish-brown, solid,
not filled with spore-like cells. Capillitium a twisted tangle
of sparingly branched orange-yellow threads, 4 /a diam.,
224 i:\DOSrOREAE [HEMITRTCHIA
marked with four to five closely set spiral bands sometimes
connected with longitudinal striae, densely spinulose.
Spores yellow, minutely warted, 9 to 10> diam. — Macbr. N.
Am. Slime-Moulds, 205. Hemiarcyria intorta Lister in Journ.
Bot,, xxix. 268, tab. 312, fig. 3 (1891). H. longifila Rex in
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1891, 396.
PI. 172. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores ; (England).
This species appeared in considerable abundance on an old elm
log, near Hitchin, Herts, in March, 1889, and January, 1890. It was
also gathered near Birmingham by Mr. Camm in October, 1889, and
was described in the Journal of Botany, I.e. A few months later it
was independently recorded by Dr. Rex I.e., under the name of H.
longifila. Specimens received from Dr. Rex from Fairmount Park,
Philadelphia, and Prof. Macbride, from Iowa, are essentially identical
with the English gatherings.
Hah. On dead wood. — Hitchin, Herts (B.M. 1483) ; Philadelphia
(B.M. slide) ; Iowa (B.M. slide).
3. H. leiotricha Lister. Plasmodium watery - white.
Sporangia stalked, rarely sessile, scattered, subglobose,
0-5 to 0-9 mm. diam., shining, dull yellow or olivaceous ;
sporangium-wall usually of two layers, the outer composed of
scattered deposits of dark brown refuse matter, the inner
translucent, marked with scattered ring-shaped or crescentic
thickenings. Stalk dark brown or black, stout, 0*1 to 0*3 mm.
high. Capillitium a twisted tangle of sparingly branched
smooth yellow threads, with few or many rounded or pointed
free ends, marked with 3 to 6 often faint spiral bands. Spores
yellow or olivaceous, minutely warted, 9 to 13 /x diam. —
H. intorta var. leiotricha Lister Mycetozoa, 176 ; R.E. Fries
in Arkiv. Bot., iv. no. 7, 5 ; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 363.
PI. 172. — c. sporangia ; d. capillitium and spores ; (England).
In the former edition of the present work this species was described
as a variety of H. intorta, to which it is undoubtedly nearly allied.
The constancy of the form, with its olivaceous sporangia and smooth
capillitium, has now been proved by gatherings from six English
counties, from Norway, Sweden, and Germany, and also from Ceylon.
The capillitium may vary considerably in the sporangia of even a single
group, consisting either of long free elaters, or of the typical Hemi-
trichia network. In a cold weather development obtained by Mr. W. B.
Allen on bramble stems near Broseley, Salop (B.M. 2982), some of the
nearly sessile sporangia have normal capillitium, while in others it con-
sists of both short and long, simple or branching threads, without spiral
markings, but provided with many broad ring-like thickenings.
In a specimen gathered by Mr. Petch on the leaf of a Talipot palm
(Corypha) in Ceylon (B.M. 2985), the sporangia were rose pink when
immature, and are nearly or quite sessile ; the capillitium differs from
typical H. intorta in being marked with five to six close spiral bands ;
the sporangium-wall has scanty deposits of refuse matter.
hemitrichia] tiuchiaceae 225
Hub. On dead leaves, bramble stems, etc.— Wanstead, Essex,
(B.M. 1945) ; Devon (B.M. 2978) ; Dorset (B.M. 2979) ; Witley,
Surrey (B.M. 2980); Leighton, Beds (B.M. 2981); Broseley, Salop
(B.M. 2982) ; Sweden (B.M. 2983) ; North Germany (B.M. 2984) ;
Ceylon (B.M. 2985).
4. H. minor G. Lister in Journ. Bot., xlix. 62 (1911).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia stalked or sessile, scattered or
united in pairs, subglobose, 0-2 to 0-4 mm. diam., glossy, pale
yellowish-buff ; sporangium- wall membranous, pale yellow,
minutely papillose or marked with faint curved lines of
thickening, and having scanty superficial deposits of refuse
matter. Stalk black, cylindrical, enclosing dark refuse matter,
01 to 0*2 mm. high. Capillitium a loose network of flaccid
yellowish threads 3 to 4 /x diam., with few or many free
ends, marked with three or four faint spiral bands, either
almost smooth or rather closely studded with slender spines
1 to 4 {J. long, often showing ovoid vesicular expansions.
Spores pale yellow, closely and. minutely warted, 9 to
10 /x diam.
PI. 187. — d. sporangia ; e. capillitium ; /. capillitium and spore with fragment
of sporangium-wall ; (Japan).
This minute and inconspicuous species has been gathered in small
quantities on three occasions on the bark of fallen branches by Mr. K.
Minakata, in the province of Kii, Japan. It somewhat resembles
Perichaena vermicularis Rost., but differs in the capillitium being
marked with spiral bands. The capillitium threads vary in roughness
in the different gatherings ; in one specimen they are almost smooth,
in another they are closely marked with warts and short spines, while
in a third they are studded with both short and long spines.
H. minor is perhaps most nearly allied to H. Karstenii, as suggested
by Mr. Minakata, but we require more material to establish its
relations with certainty.
Hob. On dead bark amongst Hepatics. — Tanabe, Kii, Japan
(B.M. 2986).
5. H. clavata Rost. Versuch, 14 (1873). Plasmodium
wateiy-white. Total height 1 to 3 mm. Sporangia stalked,
gregarious, clavate or turbinate, rarely globose, 07 to 1*5 mm.
high, shining, ochraceous or olivaceous-yellow ; sporangium-
wall membranous, minutely papillose on the inner side, rarely
reticulated, yellow, evanescent above, persistent below to
form a more or less definite cup. Stalk cylindrical, Ol to
1*5 mm. long, furrowed or nearly even, olive, red-brown, or
nearly black, hollow and filled with spore-like cells.
Capillitium a network of yellowish- olive branched threads
5 to 6 /a diam., with or without rounded free ends, marked
with five to six well-defined close or lax spiral bands 1 /* wide,
usually velvety in profile, sometimes spinose in imperfect
developments. Spores ochraceous, minutely warted, 8 to
226 ENDOSPOREAE [HEMITRICHIA
10 fx diam. — Macbr. X. Am. Slime-Moulds, 206. Trichia
clavata Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 90 (1794). T. citrina
Schura. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 209 (1803) ? T. cbtusa Wigand
in Pringsh. Jahrb. Wissensch. Bot., iii. 30, t. 2, f. 4 (1863).
Arcyria decipiens Berk, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, ix. 447
(1842). A. clavata Mass. Mon., 165 (1892). A. calyculata
Mass. I.e., 162. A. stipitata Mass. I.e., 163. A. leocarpoides
Mass. I.e., 167. Hemiarcyria clavata Rost. Mon-, p. 264 (1875).
H. calyculata Speg. in Ann. Soc. Cient. Argent., x. 152 (1880).
//. stipitata Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc.. 1889, 354.
H. ablata Morgan Myx. Miami Valley, 30 (1893). H. funalis
Morg. I.e., 32. H. plumosa Morg. I.e., 29. Comuvia
leocarpoides Speg. I.e., xii. 256 (1881). Hemitrichia stipitata
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 207 (1899). H. montana
Morgan ex Macbr. I.e., 208.
PI. 167. — a. sporangia ; 6. capillitium ; c. spores (England) ; d. sporangia developed
in cold weather (Philadelphia) ; e. capillitium of same showing spines, appearing
among threads of the usual form, also fragment of sporangium-wall ; /. sporangium
with expanded capillitium.
This abundant and widely distributed species is, on the whole,
remarkably constant in its main characters. At the same time, as
Dr. Rex has noted, it is subject to some variation depending on climate,
the season of the year, and on altitude. He writes (Bot. Gaz., xv.
315) : " Hemiarcyria clavata developed in the hot days of July and
August will erect quickly into scattered, globose, long-stiped spor-
angia which rupture immediately as they dry, leaving scarcely a
vestige of a receptacle, while the same species late in October will
develop closely aggregated, obovate, almost clavate sporangia, nearly
sessile or with quite short stipes, which rupture slowly several days
after maturity, leaving a very deep funnel-shaped receptacle." The
presence of free ends to the capillitium threads is not an unusual
character, although in the most perfect developments they are usually
absent. A gathering made by Dr. Sturgis in the Adirondack Mountains,
New York, in September, 1901, shows many free ends amongst the
tangle of capillitium, and has also a number of short free elaters.
The type of H. montana Morgan from the San Bernadino Mountains,
California, appears to be an irregular form of the present species ;
the sporangia are shortly stalked or sessile, the capillitium is much
branched and has many free ends, and although in some parts the
spirals are regular, in others they are loose and rugged ; the spor-
angium-wall is not papillose as in normal growths, but is marked
with a delicate network resembling fan-tracery ; similar markings
associated with papillse appear in a specimen from Chili gathered by
Prof. Thaxter (B.M. slide). The type of Arcyria stipitata Mass. from
Java, is a perfectly formed long-stalked specimen of H. clavata, with no
free ends to the capillitium. The type of Arcyria decipiens Berk.,
collected by Charles Darwin at Rio Janeiro (K. 1766) is also a typical
form of the present species.
Hab. On dead wood. — Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 354) ; Dudley,
Stafford (B.M. 1484) ; Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. slide) ; Ivinghoe,
Bucks (B.M. 1485) ; Bushey, Herts (B.M. 2987) ; France (K. 134) ;
Germany (B.M. 792) ; Sweden (B.M. 2988) ; Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ;
hemitrichia] trichiaceae 227
Switzerland (Zurich Herb.) ; Portugal (B.M. 2989) ; Cameroons,
West Africa (B.M. 2990) ; Natal (K. 148) ; Ceylon (K. 1765) ; Java
(K. 1768) ; Borneo (B.M. slide) ; Bonin Islands (K. 138) ; Japan
(B.M. 2991) ; Montreal (B.M. 2994) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1486) ;
Washington State (B.M. 2992) ; Iowa (B.M. 831) ; California (B.M.
slide) ; Colorado (B.M. 2993) ; South Carolina (B.M. 796) ; Cuba
(K. 1765a) ; Antigua (B.M. 1683) ; Venezuela (K. 1767) ; Brazil
(B.M. 1773); Paraguay (Paris Herb.); Chili (Paris Herb.).
6. H. leiocarpa Lister. Plasmodium ? Total height
1*5 mm. Sporangia scattered, stalked, obovoid, rarely sub-
globose, pale grey or ochraceous-grey, 0-7 mm. diam. ; spor-
angium-wall evanescent above, persistent below as a cup,
membranous, smooth, colourless, longitudinally plicate,,
minutely wrinkled transversely. Stalk 07 mm. long,
0*05 mm. thick, furrowed, ochraceous-grey, containing spore-
like cells. Capillitium a network of frequently branching,
pale grey threads, 2 to 5 /x thick, marked with three to five
often prominent spiral bands, sometimes smooth, but in many
parts studded with numerous spines about 2 //, long ; free ends
subclavate, usually spinulose. Spores smooth, pale grey in
mass, 6 to 8 /x diam. — Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 205.
Hemiarcyria leiocarpa Cooke in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York,
xi. 405 (1877), & Myx. Brit., 88, figs. 252, 255. H. Varneyi
Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1891, 396. Lachnobolus
Eostafinskii Racib. in Rozpr. Mat.-Przyr. Ak. Krak., xii. 80
(1884).
PI. 168. — a. sporangia ;~b. capillitium and spore with fragment of sporangium
wall ; (Potts Point, Harpsell, Maine, U.S.A.)
This species is perhaps hardly more than a variety of the preceding,
from which it differs in the pale colour, in the smooth colourless
sporangium-wall, the smoother and rather smaller spores, and in the
spinose tracts of the capillitium ; the last character is rarely met with
in H. clavata. The type of H. Varneyi Rex from Kansas has a more
elongated sporangium and a shorter stalk ; but, in comparing the
specimen kindly furnished by Dr. Rex with the type of H. leiocarpa
from Maine, the other characters appear to be identical. Through
the courtesy of Dr. Celakovsky we have been able to examine part
of the type of Lachnobolus Rostafinskii Racib. from Cracow ; it appears
to agree in all respects with the present species.
Hob. On dead wood. — Maine (B.M. slide) ; Kansas (B.M. slide).
7. H. abietina Lister. Plasmodium rose-red. Sporangia
crowded or gregarious, shortly stalked or sessile, subglobose
or turbinate, 0-3 to 0*7 mm., opaque or shining, yellow,
ochraceous, or apricot-coloured ; sporangium-wall mem-
branous, yellow, almost smooth, usually evanescent above and
forming a persistent cup below. Stalks slender, ochraceous,
01 to 0-3 mm. long, filled with spore-like cells. Capillitium
a tangle of flaccid, sparingly branched, ochraceous-yellow
228 ENDOSPOREAE [HEMITRICHIA
threads, 3 to 5 /x diam., marked with one to three prominent
bands forming an irregular loose spiral, with few rounded or
bulbous free ends. Spores yellow, minutely warted, 9 to 12 /x
diam. — Trichia abietina Wigand in Pringsh. Jahrb. Bot.,
iii. 33, t. ii, fig. 11 (1863). T. nana Mass. in Journ. R. Micr.
Soc, 1889, 336 ; Mass. Mon., 181. Hemiarcyria Wigandii
Rost. Mon., p. 267 (1875). Arcyria Wigandii Mass. I.e., 163
(1892). Hemitrichia ovata Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 202
(1899).
PI. 168. — e. sporangia ; d. capillitium and spore (Germany) ; e. sporangia (United
This species somewhat resembles the occasional Hemitrichia
forms of Trichia varia, but is distinguished by the stalks when present
being filled with spore-like cells, by the often well defined cup-like base
of the sporangium-wall, and by the flaccid capillitium marked with
slender spiral bands that are not more prominent on one side of the
thread. The type of Trichia nana Mass. from Westbrook, Maine
(K. 1164) is a sessile form of H. abietina. Rostafinski refers to having
seen a specimen of this species in Persoon's herbarium named Trichia
ovata, in consequence of which Prof. Macbride, in view of adopting the
earliest specific name, has called the present species Hemitrichia
ovata ; Persoon's description of T. ovata, however, applies better to
T. favoginea, and Rostafinski was probably right in including Trichia
ovata under the latter species.
Hob. On dead wood of fir, beech, etc. — Uplyme, Devon (B.M.
2995) ; Swarraton, Hants (B.M. 2996) ; Holstein (B.M. 2997) ;
Norway (B.M. 1487) ; Portugal (B.M. 2998) ; Cambridge, Mass (B.M.
1488); Maine, U.S.A. (K. 1164); Colorado (B.M. 2274).
8. H. Karstenii Lister Mycetozoa, 178 (1894). Plasmo-
dium watery-whi t. Sporangia sessile, scattered, subglobose
or forming elongated curved plasmodiocarps, 0-25 to 0*5 mm
broad, pale yellowish-brown, red- or purplish-brown ; sporan-
gium-wall of two layers, membranous or cartilaginous, the outer
layer thickened with deposits of granular matter. Capillitium
a loose network of branching yellowish or reddish-brown
threads, 3 to 5 /<, diam., marked with three to five more or less
distinct spiral bands, rarely smooth, often with scattered ring-
shaped thickenings and irregular expansions ; free ends
pointed or blunt. Spores yellow, minutely warted, 9 to 15 /u.
diam.— Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 202 ; Torrend PI.
Myx., 105. Hemiarcyria Karstenii Rost. Mon., App. p. 41
(1876). H. paradoxa Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc, 1889, 356.
H. obscura Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1891, 395.
Arcyria Karsteni Mass. Mon., 168 (1892). A. paradoxa Mass.
I.e., 160. rerichaena cornuvioides Cel. fil. Mvx. Bohm 26
PL i, figs. 6, 7 (1893).
PI. 171. — o. plasmodiocarp ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporangium-
wall ; c. capillitium ; d. spore.
H. Karstenii appears to be a Hemitrichia form of Trichia contorta,
a species which it resembles in every respect, except that the capillitium
hemitrichia] trichiaceae 229
tlireads are combined instead of forming free elaters ; it presents
nearly the same variety in the shape and colour of the sporangia, and
in the markings and colour of the capillitium. Rostafinski's type
from Ceylon (K. 1773) has pale yellow-brown sporangia, and rugged
capillitium with faint spirals and many large rounded expansions ;
the spores are yellow, minutely warted, and measure 10 to 11 /a diam.
Specimens from near Dudley, found by Mr. Camm, have both globose
and bolster-shaped purple-brown sporangia and orange-brown
capillitium, strongly contrasting with the yellow spores. The type
of Arcyria paradoxa Mass., from Weybridge (K. 132), closely
resembles the Ceylon gathering of H. Karstenii, only differing in
the more regular, less branched capillitium, with fewer expansions ;
it is therefore included under the present species. The type of
Hemiarcyria obscura Rex, from Montana, U.S.A. (B.M. slide), shows
a dull yellowish-red capillitium ; the threads are 2'5 to 3/* thick,
and are marked with close faint spirals ; the spores are similar to
those of the type of H. Karstenii at Kew, and there appears to be
no specific character by which to separate H. obscura from this
species. The type of Perichaena comuvioides Cel. fil. from Bohemia
appears to be an abnormal form of H. Karstenii, in which the capilli-
tium shows no trace of spirals, and is marked with many small
bladder-like or cup-shaped expansions ; a somewhat similar specimen
has been gathered near Birmingham, but in this, part of the capilli-
tium is marked also with distinct spiral bands. Such growths closely
resemble forms of Perichaena corticalis.
Hob. On dead wood.— Dudley, Stafford (B.M. 1489) ; Weybridge,
Surrey (K. 132) ; Devon (B.M. 2999) ; Yorks (B.M. 3002) ; Aberdeen
(B.M."3000); Ireland (B.M. 3001); Sweden (B.M. 3003); Bohemia
(B.M. 3004) ; Ceylon (K. 1773) ; Washington State (B.M. 3005) ;
Colorado (B.M. 3006) ; Montana (B.M. slide).
9. H. Serpula Rost. Versuch, 14 (1873). Plasmodium
yellow (fide Macbride). Sporangia forming elongated winding
branched plasmodiocarps, 0-4 to 0-6 mm. wide, usually forming
a close net, golden-yellow or brownish-yellow, often seated on
a red-brown hypothallus ; sporangium-wall of two layers,
the outer membranous or cartilaginous, yellow, or brownish -
yellow from deposits of refuse-matter, the inner membranous:
delicately reticulated with a network resembling fan-tracery.
Capillitium an elastic tangle of twisting, sparingly branched,
yellow threads, 5 to 6 /* diam., marked with three to four
rarely five to six well-defined regular spiral bands, spinose
or smooth ; longitudinal striae often distinct ; free ends
pointed. Spores yellow, reticulated with narrow bands
forming a net with from nine to twelve meshes to the
hemisphere, 10 to 12 /x diam.; border 0-5 to 1 //, wide. —
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 201 ; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv.
364. Mucor Serpula Scop. Fl. Cam., ed. 2, ii. 493 (1772).
Lycoperdon lumbricale Batsch Elench. Fung., Cont. i. 259.
t. 30, fig. 174 (1786). Trichia spongioides Vill. PI. Dauph.,
1061 (1789). T. Serpula Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i.
230 ENDOSPOREAE [HEMITRICHIA
90(1794). T. reticulata Pers. I.e. T.venosa Solium. Enum. PL
Sacll., ii. 207 (1803). Hemiarcyria Serpula Rost. Mon., 266
(1875). Arcyria Serpula Mass. Mon., 164 (1892).
PI. 170. — a. plasmodiocarp ; b. spore and spinosc capillitium with fragment of
double sporangium-wall (Botanic Gardi-us, Glasgow) ; <•. spore and smooth capillitium
(Ceylon).
This handsome species is widely distributed, and appears to be espe-
cially abundant in U.S. America and in the tropics. Mr. Petch writes
that it is common in Ceylon, where " the netted plasmodiocarps
sometimes extend over an area 4 or 5 cm. long and 2 or 3 cm. broad."
A gathering made by him at Hakgala differs from the usual form in
the smooth capillitium being marked with five to six close spiral
bands, and in the spores being closely reticulated with shallow bands
and showing about eighteen meshes to the hemisphere. Where
the conditions of development have not been entirely favourable
it is not unusual to find the capillitium to consist in part of short free
elaters.
Hab. On dead wood. — In hothouse, Glasgow (Edinburgh Herb.);
Fontainbleau, France (B.M. 3007) ; Germany (Strassb. Herb.) ;
Poland (Strassb. Herb.); Switzerland (B.M. 3008); Bombay (B.M.
797) ; Ceylon (B.M. 802) ; Java (B.M. 3009) ; New Zealand (K. 131) ;
Japan (B.M. 2020) ; Kansas (B.M. 3010) ; Iowa (B.M. 832) ; Phila-
delphia (B.M. 1901) ; New Hants (B.M. 3011) ; Antigua (B.M. 1684) ;
Dominica (B.M. 1754).
10. H. chrysospora Lister Mycetozoa, 180 (1894). Plasmo-
dium ? Sporangia sessile, crowded, or scattered, subglobose,
0*5 to 1 mm. diam., or forming bolster-shaped plasmodiocarps,
glossy, bright yellow ; sporangium-wall membranous, with
minute thickenings forming a broken reticulation. Capillitium
a tangle or network of branching yellow threads, 4 to 5 /*
diam., marked with four to five narrow bands arranged in a
close, regular spiral, and connected by longitudinal striae;
the threads with many shortly pointed free ends, often
attached to various parts of the sporangium-wall. Spores
yellow, reticulated with narrow, sharply defined bands,
forming a regular net with six to nine meshes to the hemisphere,
14 to 18 /a diam.; border 1*5 to 2/x. broad. — Hemiarcyria
chrysospora Lister in Grev., xv. 126 (1887) ; Mass. in
Journ. R. Micr. Soc, 1889, 357. Arcyria chrysospora Mass.
Mon., 164.
PI. 169. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporangium-
wall ; c. capillitium and spore ; (England).
This species was first found on fallen twigs and moss in a larch
plantation near Lyme Regis, November, 1886. It has been found
twice since, also in larch plantations, in Dorset and Devon ; in both
these gatherings the capillitium consists in part at least of very long
free elaters. H. chrysopora appears to be closely allied to the sessile
form of Trichia verrucosa.
Hab. On dead wood, etc. — Beaminster, Dorset (B.M. 3013) ;
Charton, Devon (B.M. 3012).
cornuvia] arcyriaceae 231
The type of Hemiarcyria pusitta Speg. (in Ann. Soc. Cient. Argent.,
xii. 257 (1881) ), from the Argentine Republic, is not met with in the
quoted collections ; it is described as being an exceedingly minute
species, with nearly sessile, gregarious, rose-coloured and elliptical
sporangia, 0-4 to 0"5 mm. high, 0-15 to 0-25 mm. diam. ; capillitium
forming a rather dense network of threads, 3 to 4 /a thick, marked
with three or four spiral bands and furnished with minute spinules ;
spores smooth, 7 to 9 [x diam. The species occurred on bark, and
does not appear to have been found more than once.
Genus 42.— CORNUVIA Rostafinski Versuch, 15 (1873).
Sporangia sessile ; capillitium a network of threads with
thickenings in the form of simple rings ; spores reticulated.
1. C. Serpula Rost. Versuch, 15 (1873). Plasmodium
creamy- white. Sporangia sessile, subglobose, about 03 mm.
diam. or forming curved, branched or net-like plasmodio-
carps, sliming, golden-yellow ; sporangium- wall membranous,
delicate, smooth, pale yellow. Capillitium a network of
freely branching yellow threads, 3 to 5 ll diam., marked with
well-defined prominent ring-shaped thickenings, arranged at
intervals of about 2 ii. or irregularly scattered ; junctions of
the branches without thickenings. Spores yellow, reticulated
with narrow bands forming a net with from eight to twelve
meshes to the hemisphere, 10 to 12 /a diam. ; border 05 to
1 fx broad. — Rost. Mon., p. 289 ; Coon in Journ. R. Micr. Soc,
1907, 142, tt. x, xi. Arcyria Serpula Wigand in Pringsh.
Jahrb. Bot., iii. 44 (1863). Ophiotheca Serpula Mass. Mon., 135.
PI. 170. — d. sporangia ; e. capillitium and spores with fragment, of sporangium-
wall ; (Germany).
This minute species frequents tan heaps. The first British gathering
was made in the spring of 1906 by Mr. J. M. Coon who found the
shining mature sporangia in abundance on bark in a tanyard at Gram-
pound near St. Austell, Cornwall ; he also observed the young
sporangia developing from cream-white plasmodium.
Hob. On tanning bark.— Cornwall (B.M. 2029); Germany (B.M. 784).
Order II. — Arcyriaceae.
Sporangia simple, stalked or sessile ; capillitium a network
of tubular threads branching at wide angles, and thickened
With spines, warts, cog-like prominences or half rings (rings
in Arcyria annulifera), usually., abundant (sometimes scanty
and of free threads in Perichaena corticalis).
KEY TO THE GENERA OF ARCYRIACEAE.
A. Capillitium elastic : —
Sporangia stalked ; sporangium- wall evanescent above,
persistent as a cup below. (43) Arcyria.
p2
232
ENDOSPOREAE
[ARCYRIA
Fig. 50. — Arcyria demidata Sheldon.
a. Group of sporangia. Twice natural size.
b. Capillitium. Magnified 250 times.
c. Spore. Magnified 560 times.
Fig. 50.
B. Capillitium not elastic : —
Sporangia sessile, heaped, ; sporangium- wall single, persis-
tent, papillose, not thickened with angular granules.
(44) Lachnobolus.
Fig. 51. — Lachnobolus congettus Lister.
a. Cluster of sporangia. Twice natural size.
b. Capillitium and spore. Magnified 300 times.
Fie. 51.
Sporangia sessile or stalked ; sporangium-wall usually
double, at least at the base, and the outer layer thickened
with dark angular granules. (45) Perichaena.
Fig. 52. — Perichaena corticalis Rost.
a. Group of sporangia. Magnified 7 times.
6. Capillitium and spore. Magnified 280 times.
Fig. 52.
Genus 43.— ARCYRIA Wiggers Fl. Holsat,, 109 (1780).
Sporangia stalkedj (sometimes sessile in A. occidentalis) ; spor-
angium-wall evanescent above, persistent below as a mem-
branous cup ; stalk filled with spore-like cells ; capillitium
a more or less elastic network with thickenings in the form of
half-rings,* cog-like prominences or spines, or marked with a
broken reticulation, sometimes with three to five faint piraJ
lines in addition.
This genus is allied to Hcmitrichia by those species in which the
capillitium is marked with faint spiral bands ; but the spirals never
constitute the most conspicuous markings of the threads as in
H emit rich ia.
* The thickenings are in the form of minute rings in A. annulitcra.
arcyria] trichiaceae 233
KEY TO THE GENERA OF ARCYRIA.
A. Spores 9 to 11 yu. diam. ; sporangia orange-red or buff : —
Sporangia ovoid ; wall reticulated. 1. A. ferruginea
Sporangia clavate ; wall papillose. 2. A. versicolor
B. Spores 6 to 8 /x diam. : —
a. Cup entire—
a. Capillitium attached to the cup —
Sporangia clavate, grey or yellowish ; capillitium
closely spinulose or warted. 3. A. cinerea
Sporangia globose, yellow ; capillitium with spines
arranged in an open spiral. 4. A. pomiformis
Sporangia globose, whitish, on slender stalks ; capilli-
tium closely spinulose or warted, the warts usually
arranged in more or less spiral lines. 5. A. globosa
Sporangia globose, ochraceous ; capillitium very
slender, marked with complete rings.
6. A. annulifera
Sporangia red, ovoid or subcylindrical ; capillitium
marked with cogs and half-rings. 7. A. denudata
Sporangia rose-coloured, cylindrical or ovoid, small ;
capillitium threads slender, marked with transverse
bands and minute spines. 8. A. insignis
Sporangia glaucous ; capillitium marked with trans-
verse bands and spines. . 9. A. glauca
b. Capillitium almost or quite free from the cup—
a. Network of mature capillitium expanding, not droop-
ing—
Capillitium marked with cogs and spines only.
10. A. incarnata
Capillitium marked with cogs, spines, and three to
four indistinct spiral bands in addition.
11. A. stipata
ft. Network of mature capillitium becoming much
elongated, drooping —
Sporangia buff ; wall evanescent above.
12. A. nutans
Sporangia red ; wall persistent above in a few shield-
like fragments. 13. A. Oerstedtii
b. Cup at length dividing nearly to the base in rounded
lobes. 14. A. occidental is
234 ENDOSPOREAE [ARCYRIA
1. A. ferruginea Sauter in Flora, xxiv. 316 (1841).
Plasmodium rose-red or cream-coloured. Total height
1 to 2 mm. Sporangia stalked, crowded, ovoid, 0-7 to 1*3 mm.
high, 0-5 to 1 mm. broad, orange-red or red. more rarely
ochraceous or yellow ; cup of sporangium even, shining,
funnel-shaped, or at length nearly flat, marked with round-
meshed reticulation on the inner side. Stalk cylindrical,
0-3 to 0-8 mm. long, 0-05 to 0-15 mm. thick, red, rarely white,
arising from a well-developed membranous hypothallus, filled
with spore-like cells. Capillitium an elastic network of freely
branching reddish-yellow or yellow threads, 5 to 6 ti diam.,
diminishing to 2 to 3 jx diam. towards the base, triangular or
oval in section, usually thicker on one side and marked with
transverse bars or reticulations arranged in a lax spiral, on the
other two sides marked with a broken reticulation or with
warts, often spinulose throughout ; a few sparingly branched,
more slender and smoother threads penetrate the tube of the
stalk, but are not attached to the cup ; free ends with
rounded or pointed tips are not unfrequent. Spores pale red
or ochraceous, faintly and closely warted, 8 to 11 /x diam. —
Rost. Mon.,p. 279 ; Mass. Mon., 144 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 194 ; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 365. A. dictyonema
Rost. I.e. ; Mass. I.e., 154. A. intricata Rost. I.e., App. p. 37
(1876). A. cinnamonea Hazsl. inOester. Bot.Zeitschr., xxvii.
84 (1877). A. bonariensis Speg. in Ann. Soc. Cient. Argent., x.
151(1880)? A.macrospora Peck in Rep. N. York State Mus.,
xxxiv. 43 (1881). A. inermis Racib. in Rozpr. Mat. Przyr.
Ak. Krak., xii. 82 (1884). A. decipiens Racib. I.e., 84 ?
A. aurantiaca Raunk. in Bot. Tidssk., 1888, 61, t. 3, figs.
4, 9 to 11. A. RaciborsHi Berl. in Sacc. Syk1., vii. 430
(1888) ? A. cornuvioides Racib. in Hedw.. xxviii. 123
(1889) ? A. clavata Cel. fil. Myx. Bohm., 29 (1893). Trkhia
polymorpha Sow. Engl. Fung., t. 180 (1799) (nomen).
Var. Heterotrichia Torrend Fl. Myx., 98 : capillitium a
dense network with many pointed free ends, threads closely
reticulated and spinulose all over, 5 to 8 fi diam. — Hetero-
trichia Gabriellae Mass. Mon., 140 (1892) : Macbr. I.e.. 198.
PI. 173. — a. sporangia ; 6. c. threads from upper part of capillitium ; d. thread
from basal part of capillitium; e. capillitium of form named A. dictyonema Rost.
(Germany) ; /. capillitium of var. Heterotrichia (South Carolina) ; g. portion of spor-
angium-wall ; h. spores.
The sporangia of this species vary much in colour ; large develop-
ments are of te'i met with in which the more central sporangia are brick- or
orange-red, while the outer are yellow or buff. The markings on the
capillitium also vary considerably ; the threads of a single sporangium
may be in some parts conspicuously thickened on one side while in
other parts they are not thickened, and are spinulose all over. In the
type of .4. dictyonema Rost., from Freiburg, the capillitium is spinose,
principally on one side of the thread, and marked with broken reticu-
arcyria] arcyriaceae 235
lation and spinules on the other part ; there are numerous free branches
with clavate or pointed ends ; except that the spines are more
developed than usual, the markings do not differ from those frequently
seen in typical A. ferruginea, of which it must be considered a form.
The type of Heterotrichia Gabriellae Mass, from South Carolina (K.
838), has numerous pointed free ends in the upper part of the net
of the capillitium ; the threads are flattened, very closely reticulate
and spinulose, and in many places thickened on one side ; the spores
measure 10 to 11 fi. A similar form has been met with repeatedly in
the British Isles when the conditions of development have not been
entirely favourable ; free ends are usually abundant in sporangia
that have matured in cold weather. As this variety is not
unfrequent, for convenience of reference we follow Dr. Torrend in
distinguishing it as var. Heterotrichia. An abnormal form of
A. ferruginea was found by Prof. Schinz near Goldau, Switzerland,
in September, 1902 (B.M. slide) ; the sporangia are very shortly
stalked or sessile, the slender capillitium threads measure 2-5 to 3 [t.
diam., and are beaded at short intervals with globular or ovoid
swellings, 10 /x thick, which are marked with . a close reticulation of
raised bands ; the threads between the swellings are nearly smooth ;
the spores average 10 to 12 //, but there are also many monstrous
and irregular spores. It is not unusual to find globular expansions
in the threads of more normal developments, but this gathering is
interesting from their great abundance.
Hob. On dead wood. Frequent in the British Isles. — Leytonstone,
Essex (B.M. 1493) ; Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. slide) ; Leighton,
Beds (B.M. 1492) ; Hampstead Park, Birmingham (B.M. 1494) ;
Broseley, Salop (B.M. 3014) ; Scarborough (B.M. 3015) ; Alnwick
(B.M. 3023); Anglesea (B.M. 1130); Mid-Lothian (B.M. 3016);
France (K. 921) ; Germany (B.M. 727) ; Norway (Christiania Herb.) ;
Sweden (B.M. 3017) ; Bohemia (B.M. 3018) ; Switzerland (B.M. 3019) ;
Portugal (B.M. 3020); German East Africa (B.M. 3021); Ceylon
(Peradeniya Herb.) ; Australia (K. 848) ; New Zealand (B.M. 3022) ;
Banff, Canada (B.M. 3024) ; Washington State (B.M. 3025) ; Maine,
U.S.A. (B.M. 1627) ; Massachusetts (B.M. slide) ; South Carolina
(B.M. 966).
2. A. versicolor Phillips in Grev., v. 115 (1877). Plas-
modium ? Total height 2-5 to 3 mm. Sporangia shortly
stalked or sessile, gregarious, pyriform or clavate, 1 to 2 mm.
diam., more or less shining, yellow or olivaceous-yellow ;
sporangium-wall membranous, persistent except at the apex,
yellow, papillose on the inner side. Stalk membranous,
0*2 mm. long, yellow-brown, filled with spore-like cells, arising
from a well-developed hypothallus. Capillitium an elastic
network of freely branching yellow threads, 4 to 6/t diam.,
triangular or oval in section, either uniformly spinulose and
marked with broken reticulation, or with one side thickened and
marked with transverse bars ; the threads arise from the tube
of the stalk, and are not attached to the sporangium- wall ;
free ends shortly pointed. Spores yellow, smooth, 8 to 10 yu.
diam. — Mass. Mon., 149. Arcyria vitellina Phill., I.e. ; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 192.
236 ENDOSPOREAE [ARCYR1A
PI. 175. — a. sporangia; b. portion of sporangium-wall; c. capillitium and spore:
(California).
This species lias been obtained hitherto from the western States of
North America only. It is allied to A. ferruginea, from the yellow form
of which it differs in shape, in the papillose thickenings of the spor-
angium-wall, and in the smoother spores. A. vitellina Phill. from
California is the same species.
Hob. On (load wood.— California (B.M. 1495): Colorado (B.M.
3026).
3. A. cinerea Pers. Syn. Fung., 184 (1801). Plasmo-
dium greyish-white. Total height 0-8 to 4 mm. Sporangia
stalked, gregarious or solitary, single or united in clusters of
two to six, ovoid or cylindrical, more rarely globose, 0-5 to
1-2 mm. diam., pale grey, greenish- or bluish-grey, or greyish
flesh-colour, sometimes dull yellow ; cup of the sporangium-
wall membranous, nearly smooth, minutely papillose or
reticulated, plaited at the base, pale grey or yellowish. Stalk
cylindrical, furrowed, 0'2 to 2 mm. long, 0-05 to 0-15 mm.
thick, dark grey or brown, hollow, filled with spore-like cells.
Capillitium a close network of grey or yellowish-grey threads ;
the upper and middle threads 2 to 4^ thick, closely
warted, transversely banded, or spinulose, the spines often
stouter and larger on one side ; the threads composing the
basal part of the network 4 to 6 /x thick, either smooth, faintly
warted or reticulated, with numerous attachments to the cup.
Spores almost colourless, marked with a few scattered warts,
6 to 8 /u. diam.— Rost. Mon., p. 272 ; Mass. Mon., 151 ; Macbr.
N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 196. Trichia cinerea Bull. Champ.,
120 (1791). Stemonitis cinerea Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1467 (1791).
8. glauca Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot., i. 221 (1797).
S. digitata Schwein. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, n.s. iv. 260
(1832). Arcyria albida Pers. in Roemer N. Mag. Bot., i. 90
(1794) ; Lister Mycetozoa, 186. A. straminea Wallr. Fl. Crypt.
Germ., iv. 383 (1833) ? A. trichioides Corda Icon., ii. 23,
t. 12, fig. 86 (1838). A. bicolor Berk. & Curt, in Journ. Linn.
Soc, x. 349 (1869). A. pallida Berk. & Curt, in Grev., ii. 67
(1873). A. digitata Rost. Mon., p. 274 (1875) ; Macbr. N. Am.
Slime-Moulds, 197. A. stricta Rost. Mon., App. p. 36 (1876).
A. Friesii Berk. & Br. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, xvii.
140 (1876). A. Cookei Mass. I.e., 154 (1892). A. tenuis
Schroet. in Hedw., xxxv. 207 (1896). Lachnobolus Arcyrella
Rost. Mon., p. 431 (1875) ?
Var. earned Lister : sporangia clavate or cylindrical, flesh-
coloured ; capillitium marked with a loose spiral of flat-topped
or almost hooked spinules, minutely warted elsewhere, basal
threads almost smooth or faintly reticulated.
PI. 176. — a. b. sporangia ; c. globose sporangium on bramble stalk ; d. d1. outer
threads of capillitium ; e. spore ; (England).
arcyria] arcyriaceae 237
In this species the shape of the sporangium is very variable. An
extensive growth of the common grey form arising from one develop-
ment of Plasmodium will often exhibit much diversity ; subglobose
sporangia with short stalks and subcylindrical sporangia with long
stalks are found in company with the more usual ovoid form, and are
either single, or are combined in clusters of two to five, when they
correspond with the form named A. digitata Rost. Groups are met with
on dead bramble stems and holly leaves in which the nearly white
scattered or clustered sporangia are shortly stalked and perfectly
globose, 0-5 to 0-7 mm. diam. ; these are associated with other
groups of sporangia varying in shape from subglobose to ovoid.
Specimens from North and South America and from the tropics are
usually elongated or cylindrical. The markings on the capillitium
vary also. In some gatherings of the grey form the threads are
slender and of nearly uniform thickness throughout, and are
either spinulose, with the spines minute and equally distributed,
or are marked with a band of larger spines 1 to 3 ju. long, either sharp -
pointed or thickened at the apices, arranged in a loose spiral ; in
other gatherings, especially in cold weather developments, the
threads are broad, 5 fx diam., and papillose all over. The type
specimen of A. Friesii Berk. & Br. from Glamis, N.B. (K. 896),
is a bluish-grey ovoid form of the present species, with typical
capillitium and spores. A. digitata Rost. is the cylindrical form of A.
cinerea, with sporangia mostly in clusters of three to seven together ;
the stalks usually equal the sporangia in length, and, though adhering,
are easily separable ; the " botrytis " arrangement cannot be viewed
as having any specifio value. The type of A. Cookei Mass., from
Brazil (K. 865), is a tall grey form of A. cinerea ; the sporangia
measure 2 mm. in length, 0*5 mm. in breadth ; the stalks are 2 mm.
long, 0- 1 mm. thick ; the capillitium and spores are quite typical.
The var. carnea, with flesh-coloured sporangia and compact
capillitium somewhat resembles pale forms of A. stipata, but shows
no trace of spiral markings on the threads.
Hob. On dead wood, twigs, and more rarely on leaves. Common. —
Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 276) ; Char ton, Devon (B.M. 1497) ;
Luton Hoo, Beds (B.M. 1498) ; Bromsgrove, Worcester (B.M. 1500) ;
Sibbertoft, Norths (K. 896) ; Chatsworth, Derby (B.M. 3027) ; North
Wales (B.M. 3028) ; Aberdeen (B.M. 3029) ; Ireland (B.M. 3030) ;
France (K. 859) ; Germany (B.M. 713) ; Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ;
Austria (B.M. 1836); Switzerland (B.M. 3031); Italy (B.M. 1973);
Portugal (B.M. 3032) ; Cape (K. 858) ; Ceylon (B.M. 3033) ; Java
(B.M. 3034) ; Borneo (B.M. slide) ; Australia (B.M. 714) ; New Zealand
(B.M. 3035) ; Tonga Tabu (B.M. 3036) ; Japan (B.M. 2021) ; Montreal,
Canada (B.M. 3037) ; Iowa (B.M. 828) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1851) ;
South Carolina (B.M. 972) ; Nicaragua (B.M. 1030) ; Dominica (B.M.
1757) ; Brazil (B.M. 3038) : var. carnea — Bohemia (B.M. 3039) ;
Holstein (B.M. 3040).
4. A. pomiformis Rost. Mon., p. 271 (1875). Plasmodium
white. Sporangia scattered, stalked, subglobose or ovoid,
0-3 to 0-7 mm. diam., ochraceous-yellow ; cup of sporangium-
wall plaited at the base, nearly smooth, faintly reticulated or
papillose. Stalk slender, buff, 02 to 0-4 mm. high, filled with
spore-like cells. Capillitium a loose elastic network of yellowish
238 ENDOSPOREAE [ARCYRIA
threads, about 3 fx diam., marked with transverse bands and
spines arranged in an open spiral, nearly smooth elsewhere.
Spores nearly colourless, 7 to 8 fj. diam., marked with a few
scattered warts.— Macbr. X. Am. Slime-Moulds, 197. Mucor
pomiformis Leers Fl. Herborn., 218 (1775)? Stemonitis pomi-
formis Roth Fl. Germ., 548 (1788) ? S. ochroleuca Trent rp.
in Roth Catal. Bot., i. 221 (1797). S. lutea Trentep. I.e.
Arcyria umbrina Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii., 213 (1803) ?
A. silacea Ditm. in Sturm Deutsch. Fl., Pilze, 15, t. 8 (1817).
A. lutea Schwein. Syn. Fung. Carol., 37 (1822). A.
ochroleuca Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 181 (1829). A. albida var.
pomiformis Lister Mycetozoa, 186 (1894).
PI. 176. — /. Z1. outer threads of capillitium net (England).
Closely allied to A. cinerea, and connected with it l>y numerous
gatherings of intermediate character. The basal threads of the capilli-
tium are sometimes marked with three or four faint spiral bands.
Hab. On dead wood.— TJplyme. Devon (B.M. 3050) ; Bath-
easton, Somerset (B.M. 278) ; New Forest, Hants (B.M. 3041) ; Whit-
church, Oxon (B.M. 3042) ; Hampstead Park, Birmingham (B.M.
1501) : Caddington, Beds (B.M. 3043) ; Witley, Surrey (B.M. 3044) ;
Epping Forest, Essex (B.M. 3045) ; Yorks. (B.M. 3046) ; Mid-Lothian
(B.M. 3051) ; North Germany (B.M. 2236) : Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ;
Switzerland (Zurich Herb.); Portugal (B.M. 3047); Japan (B.M.
3048); Xew Jersey (K. 877); Maine, U.S.A. (B.M. 1629); Phila-
delphia (B.M. 1927) ; Colorado (B.M. 3049).
5. A. globosa Schwein. Syn. Fung. Carol., 38 (1822).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia scattered or gregarious, stalked,
globose, 0-3 to 0-6 mm. diam.. white, pale yellow or
brownish ; cup of sporangium shallow or rather deep, mem-
branous, smooth or papillose, often minutely and transversly
wrinkled. Stalk pale yellow or brown, slender, 0*2 to 0-5 mm.
high, filled with spore-like cells. Capillitium a close and only
slightly elastic network of colourless threads, 2 to 4 p. diam.,
marked with warts or spines usually arranged along three or
four spiral lines that are seen to run from the left above to the
right below when the thread is viewed horizontally (in the
reverse direction to the spirals of Trichia elaters) ; sometimes
the threads are irregularly reticulated below the spines.
Spores colourless, 6 to 8 //. diam.. marked with a few scattered
warts. — Petch in Ann. Perad.. iv. 365. Craterium globosum
Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 154 (1829). Lachnobolus globosus Rost.
Mon., p. 283 (1875) ; Mass. Mon., 137 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 187. Arcyria albida var. globosa Lister Mycetozoa,
186 (1894).
PI. 176. — g. sporangium on chestnut-bur (Alleghany Mountains); /(. capillitium:
i. sporangia on male flower of chestnut.
This species was transferred by Rostafinski to the genus Lachnobolus.
but its chief features — the stalked sporangia, the persistent cup of the
sporangium-wall and the somewhat elastic capillitium, are characteristic
arcyria] arcyriaceae 239
rather of Arcyria. A. globosa is distinguished from A. cinerea, its
nearest ally, by the globose shape of the sporangia, the less elastic
capillitium, and usually by the spiral arrangement of the markings on
the threads. An indication of spiral markings sometimes occurs in some
of the threads of ^4. cinenea, but less definitely than in the present
species and in the reverse direction. Although in North America A.
globosa appears frequently on the burs and male catkins of the
'; Chinquapin " (Castanea sativa Mill. var. americana), it is found
there also on dead leaves. Mr. Petch has extended our knowledge
of its range by discovering a group of about a dozen typical sporangia
on a dead leaf at Peradeniya, Ceylon.
Hah. On dead leaves, and the burs and male flowers of Castanea
sativa var. americana. — New York (B.M. 3052) ; Ohio (K. 882) ; Phila-
delphia (B.M. 1871) ; West Virginia (B.M. 1802) ; Ceylon (B.M. 3053).
6. A. annulifera Torrend Fl. Myx., 102 (1909). Plasmo-
dium ? Sporangia scattered, stalked, subglobose or ovoid,
0-5 to 0-6 mm. diam., huffish-yellow ; cup of sporangium-
wall membranous, papillose, buff, rather deep, with an irregular
margin, plicate below. Stalk buff, 0-2 to 0-4 mm. high, rilled
with spore-like cells. Capillitium a somewhat flaccid network
of slender yellowish threads, 1 to 1-5 ^ diam. , marked at intervals
of 1 to 2 fi with prominent ring-shaped thickenings 1 /xdiam.,
basal threads 2 //, diam., marked with a series of moniliform
swellings 2 to 3 /jl long. Spores pale yellow, nearly smooth
or marked with a few scattered warts. 6 to 7 fx diam. — Torrend
in Bull. Soc. Port. Sci. Nat., ii. 73 (1908) {nomen).
PI. 185. — c. sporangia ; d. spores and capillitium with fragment of sporangium-
wall ; (Portugal).
This species closely resembles A. pomiformis, but is distinguished
by the more slender capillitium being marked with complete annular
thickenings. The only example hitherto obtained is the type gathered
by Dr. C. Torrend, near Cintra, in the spring of 1908.
Hob. On pine needles. — Portugal (B.M. 3054).
7. A. denudata Sheldon in Minn. Bot. Studies, i. 470
(1895). Plasmodium white. Total height 2 to 3 mm.
Sporangia stalked, crowded or gregarious, ovoid or sub-
cylindrical, 0*9 to 1-8 mm. high, 0*8 to 1 mm. broad, crimson,
weathering to reddish-brown or brown, rarely pale red ; cup of
sporangium-wall membranous, firm, shining, plaited, smooth or
marked with scattered papillae and faint broken reticulations
on the inner side. Stalk cylindrical, 0-5 to 1 mm. high, 0*1
mm. thick, furrowed, red-brown, filled with spore-like cells.
Capillitium a rather close elastic network of flattened or terete
pale red threads, 2 to 5 jj. diam.. with thickenings in the form
of prominent cogs or spines and half-rings arranged in
a loose spiral ; with many attachments to the cup, and
usually without free ends. Spores pale red, nearly smooth,
but marked with a few scattered warts, 6 to 8 //. diam. —
Macbr. X. Am. Slime-Moulds, 195. Clathrus denudatus L.
240 ENDOSPOREAE [ARCYRIA
Syst. Nat., 1J79 (1753). Mucor clathroides Scop. Fl. Cam.,
ed. 2. ii. -493 (1772). M. pyriformis Leers Fl. Herborn, 288
(1775). Stemonitis coccinea Roth Fl. Germ., 548 (1788). S.
crocea Gmel.- Syst. Nat., 1467 (1791). Embolus crocatus
Batsch Elench. Fung., Cont. i. 265, fig. 177 (1786). Trichia
denudata Vill. PI. ^Dauph., 1060 (1789). T. granifwmis
Hoft'm. Veg. Crypt., i. 3 (1790). T. cinnabarina Bull. Champ.,
121. t. 502, fig. 1, b, c. (1791). T. purpurea Solium. Enum.
PI. Saell., ii. 211 (1803)? Arcyria punicea Pers. in Roemer
N. Mag. Bot,, i. 90 (1794) ; Rost. Mon., p. 268 ; Lister
Mycetozoa, 188. A. carnea Schum. I.e., 213 ? A. dentata
Solium. I.e. ? A. rufa Schum. I.e., 214 *? A. melanocephala
Schum. I.e. ? A. conjugata Schum. I.e., 215. A. cincta
Schum. I.e. ? A. fusca Fr. Symb. Gast., 17 (1818) ? A.
vernicosa Rost. Mon., App. p. 36 (1876).
PI. 174. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium threads, showing attachment to cup and
spore ; c. spinulose capillitium from another sporangium ; (England).
This abundant and widely distributed species shows considerable
variety in the colour and markings of the capillitium and in the thick-
ness of the threads. In some gatherings the threads are stout, dark
red, and rough with close-set cogs and spines, in others they are pale
pink and the markings consist only of a loose spiral of smooth cogs
or half-rings. A long-stalked rose-coloured specimen, gathered by
Rev. W. Cran in Antigua (B.M. 1686), shows extremely slender threads
2 ii diam. marked only with a spiral of prominent transverse bands
1"5 /a in depth ; the capillitium is firmly attached to the shallow cup.
Forms of A. denudata occur in which some threads of the capillitium
show, beside the usual markings, an irregular reticulation, or an
indication of three or four faint spiral bands, suggesting an approach
to A. stipata.
Hub. On dead wood ; common. — Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 254) ;
Lvme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1506) ; Epping Forest, Essex (B.M. 1505) :
Abbev Wood, Kent (B.M. 1 153) ; Highgate, Middlesex (B.M. 1149) ;
Yorks (B.M. 1146) ; North Wales (B.M. 3055) ; Aberdeen (B.M. 3056) ;
Ireland (B.M. 3057) ; France (B.M. 707) ; Germany (B.M. 708) ; Sweden
(B.M. 3058) ; Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ; Switzerland (B.M. 3059) ; Italy
(B.M. 705) ; Portugal (B.M. 3060) ; Cameroons, West Africa (B.M. 3061) ;
Cape (K. 898) ; Cevlon (B.M. 709b) ; Singapore (B.M. 1938) ; Java
(K. 1715) ; Borneo (B.M. 1508) ; New Zealand (B.M. 3062) ; Philippine
Islands (B.M. 2033) ; Japan (B.M. 2025) ; Vancouver, B.C. (B.M. 3063) :
Toronto (B.M. 3064) ; Iowa (B.M. 1029) ; Kansas (B.M. 3065) ; Phila-
delphia (B.M. 1850) ; South Carolina (B.M. 982) ; Antigua (B.M. 1686) ;
Dominica (B.M. 1758) ; Cuba (K. 950) ; New Granada (K. 1724) ; French
Guiana (Paris Herb.) ; Brazil (K. 899).
8. A. insignis Kalchbr. & Cooke in Grev., x. 143 (1882). Plas-
modium watery-white. Total height 05 to 1*5 mm. Spor-
angia stalked, gregarious or clustered in scattered groups, ovoid
or cylindrical, 0-3 to 0*4 mm. diam., pale or bright rose-coloured ;
cup of sporangium-wall delicately membranous, plaited,
nearly smooth or reticulated and spinulose. Stalk thickened
arcyria] arcyriaceae 241
upwards, furrowed, 0-2 to 0-4 mm. long, red, filled with
spore-like cells. Capillitium a close elastic network of almost
colourless delicate threads, varying in width from 2 to 5 /x,
usually with a few bulbous free ends, flattened, marked with
thickenings in the form of faint transverse bands and short
spines arranged in a lax spiral, closely and minutely spinulose
or nearly smooth elsewhere. Spores when magnified almost
colourless, nearly smooth, 6 to 8 ^ diam. — Mass. Mon., 148 ;
Torrend PI. Myx., 99 ; Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 366.
PI. 181. — a. sporangia ; b. spores, and capillitium showing attachment of threads
to the cup ; (United States).
This widely distributed species somewhat resembles a small form
of A. incarnata, but is distinguished by the pure rosy colour of the
sporangia, and the closer network of the capillitium, the threads of
which are extremely flaccid when mounted in water and are attached
to the wall of the cup. Mr. Petch writes (I.e.) that in 1905 the small
pale rose-coloured clusters of A. insignis were abundant on decaying
branches in a deserted garden at Peradeniya. A remarkable variety of
the present species was found by him at Pattipola, Ceylon (B.M. 3069),
with rosy-scarlet sporangia, the capillitium of which expands into long
slender columns 2 mm. high, and shows few, or in some cases no attach-
ments to the plaited funnel-shaped cups : the threads are more terete
and uniform in thickness than usual, and have more prominent and
distant markings. This gathering is connected with typical A. insignis
by a specimen obtained by Dr. G. Malme at St.Angelo, Brazil (B.M. 3071);
here the unexpanded sporangia are also narrowly cylindrical, 1 to
1*3 mm., and bright rose-coloured, while the capillitium is attached to
the cup and consists of flattened threads varying in diameter from 2 to 8 /x,
and marked with a loose spiral of close delicate transverse bands.
Hab. On dead wood.— Germany (B.M. 1731) ; Portugal (B.M. 3066) ;
Cameroons, West Africa (B.M. 3067) ; Cape (K. 895) ; Xatal (K. 949) ;
Cevlon (B.M. 3069) ; Java (B.M. 3068) ; Japan (B.M. 3070) ; Manchester,
Massachusetts (B.M. 1760) ; Antigua (B.M. 1687) ; Brazil (B.M. 3071).
9. A. glauca Lister ex Minakata in Bot. Mag. Tokyo,
xxii. 322 (1908). Plasmodium ? Sporangia stalked, grouped
in clusters of four to twenty, ovoid or cylindrical, 0-4 to 2*5 mm.
high and 0-4 to 0-8 mm. broad when expanded, pale glaucous-
green ; cup of sporangium- wall funnel-shaped, membranous,
somewhat plaited, marked with a faint reticulation. Stalk
pale green or greyish-brown, curved and weak, 0*2 to 0-3 mm.
nigh, filled with spore-like cells. Capillitium an elastic net-
work of pale threads, 2-5 to 3 /* diam., with many attachments
to the cup and few rounded free ends, marked with a loose
spiral of prominent cog-like transverse bands, elsewhere
either nearly smooth or with thickenings in the form of
scattered spinules and an irregular reticulation or with
three or four faint spiral lines. Spores pale glaucous, nearly
smooth, 7 jj- diam.
PI. 182. — a. sporangia : b. capillitium and spores, with fragment of sporangium-wall
showing attachment of the capillitium threads ; (Japan).
242 ENDOSPOREAE [ARCYRIA
This rare and beautiful species has been found twice only, in the
summer of two successive years, by Mr. Kumagusu Minakata. It
appeared on a rotting limb of a Chinese Camphor-tree (Machilus Thun-
bergii Sieb. & Zucc.) growing by a shrine of the Shinto monkey-god at
Itoda, in the province of Kii, Japan. The shrine has since been removed
and the grove surrounding it cut down. When freshly gathered, A.
glauca is of a pale glaucous or bluish-green colour ; after a time it fades
to greenish-drab. The markings of the capillitium somewhat resemble
those of A. insignis.
Hob. On dead wood.— Kii, Japan (B.M. 3072).
10. A. incarnata Pers. Obs. Myc, i. 58, t, v, figs. 4, 5 (1796).
Plasmodium white. Sporangia stalked or nearly sessile,
crowded, subcylindrical or ellipsoid, 1 to 1-5 mm. high, 0-6 mm.
broad, pink or flesh-coloured ; cup of sporangium-wall mem-
branous, even or interruptedly plicate, spinulose. Stalk
weak, 0-1 to 0-3 mm. long, flesh-coloured, filled with spore-
like cells. Capillitium a very loose elastic network of pale
pink threads, 3 to 5 p. diani., sparingly and somewhat irregu-
larly branched, with here and there broad perforated or ring-
like expansions, often swollen at the axils of the branches ;
thickenings in the form of sharp cogs, half rings, or spines
arranged in a loose spiral, and of minute scattered spinules ;
free ends more or less numerous, clavate or pointed,
spinose. Spores pale pink, smooth or with a few scattered
warts, 6 to 8 /x diam.— Post. Mon., p. 275 ; Mass. Mon., 145 ;
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 193. Stemonitis incarnata Pers.
in Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1467 (1791). S. cornea Trentep. in
Roth Catal. Bot., i. 222 (1797)? S. globosa Trentep. I.e. ?
Clathrus adnatus Batsch Elench. Fung., 141 (1783) ?
Trichia flexuosa Schum. Enum. PL Saell., ii. 209 (1803).
Arcyria lilacina Schum. I.e., 212. A. minor Schwein. in
Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, n. s. iv. 259 (1832) ? A. adnataRo&t.
Mon., App. p. 36 (1876). A. irregularis Racib. in Rozpr. Mat.
Przyr. Ak. Krak., xii. 83 (1884).
Var. fulgens Lister : sporangia crimson ; stalks firm, dark
reddish-brown.—^, affinis Rost. Mon., p. 276 (1875) ? A.
similis Racib. in Rozpr. Mat. Przyr. Ak. Krak., xii. 81 (1884) ?
PI. 177. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spore, with fragment of sporangium-wall ;
(England).
This species is closely allied to A. denudata, from which it is chiefly
distinguished by the capillitium having free ends and being without
attachments to the cup, and by the more diffusely expanding net ;
intermediate forms are of not infrequent occurrence.
Hob. On dead wood.— Devon (B.M.1509) ; Epping Forest, Essex
(B M 1510) ; Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 270) ; Sutton Park, Warwick
(B.M.1511) ; Liverpool (B.M. 3073) ; North Wales (B.M. 3074) ; Edin-
burgh (K. 886) ; Ireland (B.M. 3075) ; France (Paris Herb.) ; Germany
(B.M. 719) ; Norway (B.M. 3076) ; Finland (B.M. 704a) ; Poland
arcyria] arcyriaceae 243
(Strassb. Herb.); Bohemia (B.M. 3077) ; Switzerland (B.M. 3078) ;
Portugal (B.M. 3079) ; South-west Africa (B.M. 1634) ; Java (B.M. 3080) ;
Australia (K. 892) ; New Zealand (B.M. 3081) ; Washington State
(B.M. 3082) ; Colorado (B.M. 3083) ; Kansas (B.M. 3084) ; Philadelphia
(B.M. slide) ; South Carolina (K. 843) : var. fulgens : Epping Forest
(B.M. 3085) ; Luton, Beds (B.M. 3086) ; Staffordshire (B.M. 3087).
11. A. stipata Lister Mycetozoa, 189(1894). Plasmodium?
Total height 1-5 to 2 mm. Sporangia stalnep or nearly sessile,
crowded, cylindrical, erect or curved, 1 to 1-5 mm. high, 0-6 mm.
broad, either copper-coloured, or deep brown with a carmine
tinge or scarlet ; sporangium-wall irregularly evanescent above,
the cup plaited and smooth below, papillose or faintly reticulated
at the rim. Stalk cylindrical, 0-1 to 1 mm. long, red-brown or
brownish-black, filled with spore-like cells, rising from a mem-
branous hypothallus. Capillitium a more or less elastic network
of freely branching threads, 2*5 to 3-5 ^ diam., marked with a
loose spiral of broad-based spines or transverse ridges, and
with three to four faint spiral bands, sometimes with minute
spines in addition ; with many free clavate ends and few
attachments to the cup. Spores pale red, smooth, or with
few scattered warts, 6 to 8 /x diam. — Petch in Ann. Perad.,
iv. 367. Leangium stipatum Schwein. in Tram. Amer. Phil.
Soc, n.s. iv. 258 (1832). Hemiarcyria stipata Rost.
Mon., App. p. 41 (1876). Hemitrichia stipata Macbr. N.
Am. Slime-Moulds, 204 (1899) ; Torrend Fl. Myx., 107.
PI. 178. — a. sporangia, with expanded capillitium ; b. threads of upper part of
capillitium ; c. threads from base of capil'itium ; d. spore (Ceylon) ; e. sporangia
(Iowa) ; /. upper part of capillitium ; g. threads from base of capillitium.
This species is widely distributed, and appears to be especially abun-
dant in the United States. The faint spirals on the threads are often
only evident in parts of the capillitium, and are usually most conspicuous
on the basal threads ; the latter are almost free from spines and trans-
verse bands. The sporangia vary much in colour and in the length of
their stalks. Some developments are nearly sessile, and have closely
compacted curved copper-coloured sporangia with deep ill-defined
cups, and a loose network of flaccid capillitium, the threads of which are
sometimes nearly smooth. In other gatherings the sporangia are deep
red, scarlet or coppery, the stalks are long, the cups well-defined, and the
capillitium forms an elastic network of freely branching threads marked
with close-set blunt-ended transverse bands and numerous spinules.
Faint spiral bands are also met with occasionally in A. pomiformis, A.
globosa and A. Oerstedtii, but their presence does not appear to be a
sufficient reason for removing these species from the genus Arcyria.
Hob. On dead wood. — Reigate, Surrey (B.M. 1718) ; Holstem
(B.M. 3088) ; Finland (K. 933) ; Ceylon (B.M. 709) ; Nepaul (K. 951) ;
Fiji (B.M. 3089) ; Iowa (B.M. slide) ; Maine (B.M. 1632) ; New Hants
(B.M. 3090) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 950).
12. A. nutans Grev. Fl. Edin., 455 (1824). Plasmodium
watery-white. Sporangia stalked, clustered, cylindrical, when
244 EXDOSPOREAE [ARCYRIA
unexpanded 1-5 to 2 mm. high, 0-3 to 0-5 mm. broad;
ochraceous-yellow or pale buff ; cup of sporangium-wall mem-
branous, flaccid, reticulated and often spinulose on the inner
side, interruptedly plicate. Stalk buff, short, or elongated
and weak, filled with spore-like cells. Capillitium a very
elastic network of pale yellow terete or flattened threads
3 to 4 fx diam., expanding into a drooping column 8 to 12
mm. in length, free from the cup, or with few attach-
ments ; thickenings on the threads in the form of sharp
spines and half-rings arranged hi a loose spiral, and of
scattered spinules and short lines of broken reticulation ;
free ends more or less numerous, clavate. Spores pale
yellow, nearly smooth, marked with a few scattered
warts, 6 to 8 /a diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 277 ; Mass. Mon., 150 ;
Macbr. N. Ann. Slime-Moulds, 191. Trichia nutans Bull.
Champ., 122, t. 502, fig. 3 (1791). T. elongata Schum. Enum.
PI. Saell., ii., 209 (1803). Stemonitis nutans Gmel. Syst.
Nat., 1467 (1791). S. amoena Trentep. in Roth Catal.
Bot., i. 222 (1797). Arcyria flava Pers. in Roemer N. Mag.
Bot., i. 90 (1794) ; Lister Mycetozoa, 190. A. alutacea
Schum. I.e., 212.
PI. 179. — a sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment of cup of sporangium-
wall ; (England).
Hab. On dead wood ; abundant in the British Isles. — Kent (B.M.
1151); Camden Town, London (B.M. 1152); Leytonstone, Essex
(B.M. 1513); Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 289); Lyme Regis, Dorset
(B.M. 1514); Leicester (B.M. 284) ; Boynton, Yorks (B.M. 1148);
Northumberland (B.M. 3091); North Wales (B.M. 3092); France
(B.M. 970); Germany (B.M. 722); Poland (Strassb. Herb.); Switzer-
land (B.M. 3093); Ceylon (Peradeniya Herb.) ; Java (B.M. 3094);
Christmas Island, Java (B.M. 1743); Australia (B.M. 725); New Zea-
land (B.M. 3095) ; Banff, Alberta (B.M. 3096) ; Toronto (B.M. 3097) ;
Newfoundland (B.M. 1780) ; Iowa (B.M. slide) ; Kansas (B.M. 3098) ;
Colorado (B.M. 3099) ; South Carolina (B.M. 969) ; Bahama Islands
(B.M. 3100).
13. A. Oerstedtii Rost. Mon., p. 278 (1875). Plasmo-
dium watery- white. Sporangia stalked, clustered, cylindrical,
curved, rising from a common membranous hypothallus,
when unexpanded 0-6 to 1*5 mm. high, 0-3 to 0*5 mm. broad,
dull crimson ; sporangium-wall evanescent above, or persistent
only in the form of a few well-defined rounded plates, which are
papillose on the inner side, smooth on the margin ; cup
membranous, papillose, with a smooth rim. Stalks pale red,
varying in length, usually very short, weak, filled with spore-
like cells. Capillitium an elastic network of pale red nearly
terete threads 3 to 5 fx diam., expanding into a long drooping
cylindrical column ; thickenings in the form of half rings and
sharp spines 1 to 3 /x long, arranged in a loose spiral, elsewhere
marked with scattered spinules, and often with four or five
arcyria] arcyriaceae 245
faint irregular spiral bands ; threads attached at numerous
points to the persistent plates of the sporangium- wall and with
a few attachments to the cup ; free ends with spinulose tips
are sometimes present. Spores pale red, nearly smooth,
marked with few scattered warts, 7 to 8 //, diam. — Mass.
Mon., 147 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 191 ; Petch in
Ann. Perad.. iv. 367. A. vermicularis Schum. Enum. PI. Saell.,
ii. 212 (1803) ? A. punicea var. vermicularis Fr. Syst. Myc,
hi. 178 (1829) ? A. incarnata (3 flexuosa Fr. I.e., 179. A.
fuliginea Cooke & Mass. I.e., 169. A. magna Rex in Proc
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1893, 364; Macbr. I.e., 190. Hemi-
arcyria fuliginea Cooke & Mass. in Grev., xvi. 74 (1888).
PI. 180. — a. sporangia ; b. shield-like persistent portion of sporangium-wall with
capillitium threads attached ; c. capillitium with fragment of cup, and spore ;
(England).
A specimen from Baden in Strassb. Herb, marked " Oerstedt " is
a typical example of the present species. Although nearly allied to
A. nutans, it differs hi colour, and in the spines on the capillitium
being more slender and closely set and more evenly distributed ; it
also differs in the presence of the well-defined persistent portions of
the sporangium-wall, which appears to be a very constant feature.
Specimens received from different parts of the world possess the
same characters with but little variation. The type of Hemiarcyria
fuliginea Cooke & Mass. from New South Wales (K. 154), has the
capillitium attached to persistent papillose plates of the sporangium-
wall, and resembles typical gatherings of .4. Oerstedtii, except in the
colour, which is now fuliginous-brown. The constrictions and ovoid
swellings in the capillitium, mentioned by Rostafinski as characteristic
of this species, frequently occur in irregular developments of
A. incarnata and other Arcyriae, and cannot be held to be of specific
value. Arcyria magna Rex, and A. magna var. rosea Rex (B.M. 1518),
appear to be forms of the present species. They are respectively
tawny-grey and rosy-red in colour. The two varieties have been
found twice in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia; each time they were
closely associated on the same log of wood. The capillitium expands,
into long drooping columns, to which in var. rosea persistent papillose
plates of the sporangium-wall are attached. The sporangial cups are*
smoother and the markings of the capillitium threads rather stouter
than in typical A. Oerstedii.
Hob. On dead wood. — Devon (B.M. 1515) ; Failand, Somerset
(B.M. 3101); Sutton, Warwick (B.M. 1517); Runton, Norfolk (B.M.
3102) ; Mid-Lothian (B.M. 3103) ; Hamburg (B.M. 3104) ; Berlin
(B.M. 3105) ; Norway (B.M. 1516) ; Denmark (K. 893) ; Switzerland
(B.M. 3106) ; Bohemia (B.M. 3107) ; Portugal (B.M. 3108) ; Ceylon
(B.M. 3109) ; Java (B.M. 3110) ; New South Wales (K. 154) ; Kansas
(B.M. 3111) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 3112).
14. A. occidentalis Lister. Plasmodium? Sporangia stalked
or sessile, angled by mutual pressure, ellipsoid, 0-7 to 0-9 mm.
high, 0-4 to 0*5 mm. broad, rosy copper-coloured fading to
yellowish- buff ; sporangium -wall more or less evanescent above,
Q
246 ENDOSPOREAE [LACHNOBOLUS
persistent at the sides and at length dividing into four to six
deep rounded membranous and papillose lobes. Stalk
yellowish-brown, straight or curved, 0-1 to 0-3 mm. high,
filled with spore-like cells. Capillitium a loose network of
pinkish-yellow threads, 25 to 4 p, diam., With few attachments
to the sporangium- wall, marked with spines, warts, and low
transverse bands arranged in a lax spiral, otherwise nearly
smooth or minutely papillose ; free ends more or less numerous,
clavate, papillose. Spores flesh-coloured, smooth except for
a few scattered warts, 6 to 7 /x diam.— Lachnobolus incarnatus
Macbr. in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. 126 (1892). L. occidentalis
Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 188 (1899).
PI. 192. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores with fragments of sporangium-
wall : (Iowa).
This species somewhat resembles the smaller forms of A. stipata,
but is distinguished by the cup of the sporangium dividing into rounded
lobes, and in the absence of spiral bands on the threads of the capilli-
tium. The flaccid character of the capillitium is not more marked
than in many gatherings of A. stipata, and can hardly be regarded as
of sufficient importance to separate A. occidentalis from the genus
Arcyria.
Hab. On dead wood.— Winnipeg, Manitoba (B.M. 3113); Iowa
(B.M. 1027) ; New Hants, U.S.A. (B.M. 3114). j
' Genus 44.— LACHNOBOLUS Fries Fl. Scan., 356 (1835).
amended. Sporangia sessile, clustered ; sporangium-wall single,
membranous, somewhat persistent, not thickened with angular
granules ; capillitium a loose inelastic network of cylindrical
threads, with thickenings in the form of closely set warts.
1. L. congestus Lister. Plasmodium ? Sporangia sub-
globose, sessile, clustered and heaped, 0-5 to 0-8 mm. diam.,
pale copper-colour or ochraceous, shining ; sporangium-
wall membranous, firm, papillose, pinkish or ochraceous-
yellow. Capillitium a network of freely- branching flaccid
pink or ochraceous-yellow threads, irregular, varying from
2 to 8 ix diam., closely and equally studded with prominent
warts and attached at numerous points to the sporangium-
wall. Spores pale pink or yellow, faintly and minutely
warted, and with a few scattered stronger warts, 6 to 8 p.
diam — Physarum congestum Sonim. Fl. Lapp., 241 (1826).
Arcyria circinans Fr. Stirp. Ferns j., 83 (1827) ? A. {Lack-
nobolus) congesta Berk. & Br. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
xvii. 140 (1876). A. Hariotii Mass. Mon., 155 (1892). Pert-
chacna congesta Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 192 (1829). Licea congesta
Wallr Fl Crypt. Germ., 345 (1833). Lachnobolus circinans
Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand., ii. 457 (1849) ? Rost. Mon., p. 282 ;
Lister Mycetozoa, 194. L. Sauteri Rost. in Fuckel Symb.
perichaejja] arcyriaceae 247
Myc, Nachtr. 76 (1873). L. incarnatus Schroet. in Colin
Krypt. Fl. Schles., iii. pt. 1, 110 (1885) ; Mass. Mon., 138.
PI. 183. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporangium-
wall ; (England).
The small sporangia of this species are often heaped together to
form large hemispherical clusters 5 to 8 mm. across and 3 to 5 mm.
thick ; around the larger groups a few isolated sporangia are usually
scattered. When freshly formed their colour is pale copper-colour,
but this soon fades to dull ochraceous-yellow. The description of
Perichaena congesta (Somm.) Fr. applies fairly well to the present species.
Fries's account of Arcyria (Lachnobolus) circinans, however, with its
large rusty-red sporangia, fugacious sporangium-walls, rust-co loured
spores, and compact globose masses of brown capillitium, is not so
appropriate, and may possibly refer to a stunted form of A. ferruginea ;
but in the absence of the type this must remain conjectural.
Hab. On dead wood. — Somerset (B.M. 291) ; Epping Forest, Essex
(B.M. 3115) ; Haypit, Stafford (B.M. 1519) ; Alderley Edge, Cheshire
(B.M. 3116) ; France (Paris Herb.); Brussels (B.M. 3117); Sweden
(B.M. 3118) ; Tyrol (Strassb. Herb.) ; Bohemia (B.M. 3119).
Genus 45.— PERICHAENA Fries Symb. Gaster., 11 (1817).
Sporangia subglobose, sessile or forming plasmodiocarps,
rarely shortly stalked ; sporangium- wall of two layers
(single in P. microspora), the outer thickened with angular
granules which are exceptionally absent in the upper part, the
inner usually membranous ; capillitium of branching or simple,
tubular, inelastic threads, spinose, minutely warted, or nearly
smooth, usually marked with irregular constrictions ; spores
yellow or brown, minutely warted.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PERICHAENA.
A. Sporangium- wall firm, double : —
a. Sporangia brown or grey — •
Sporangia subglobose or forming plasmodiocarps ; capilli-
tium spinose ; spores 8 to 10 ^ diam. 1. P. chrysosperma
Sporangia flattened ; capillitium minutely warted, abun-
dant; spores 10 to 11 ^ diam. 2. P. depressa
Sporangia subglobose ; capillitium warted or nearly
smooth, usually scanty; spores 11 to 14^. diam.
3. P. corticalis
b. Sporangia stalked, purple-red or purple-brown.
4. P. pulckerrima
B. Sporangium-wall membranous : —
Sporangia pale umber or buff ; spores 10 /x diam.
5. P. vermicularis
Sporangia flesh-coloured ; spores 6 p diam.
6. P. microspora
Q 2
248 ENDOSPOREAE [PERICHAENA
I. P. chrysosperma Lister. Plasmodium pale brown.
Sporangia scattered, sessile, rarely shortly stalked, sub-
globose or forming curved or ring-shaped plasmodiocarps,
0*4 to 1 mm. diam., chestnut, red-brown or blackish-brown,
dehiscing irregularly ; sporangium-wall of two layers, the
outer composed of brown granular matter, which either forms
a complete crust, or is more or less obsolete ; the inner layer
subcartilaginous, pale yellowish-olive, translucent. Stalk,
when present, stout, black, 0-1 to 0-7 mm. high. Capillitium
abundant, forming a loose network of sparingly branched
yellow threads 2to4/x diam., irregularly constricted, studded
with scattered spinules or curved spines, 1 to 6 p, long. Spores
citron-yellow in mass, minutely warted, 9 to 10 p. diam., rarely
7 to 8 fi.— Torrend Fl. Myx., 90 ; Petch in Ann. Perad.,
iv. 368. Ophiotheca chrysosperma Currey in Quart. Micr.
Journ., ii. 240, t. ix, figs. 1-5 (1854) ; Macbr. X. Am.
Slime-Moulds, 182. O. Wrightii Berk. & Curt, in Journ.
Linn. Soc, x. 349 (1869) ; Mass. Mon.; 132 : Macbr. I.e.
O. circumscissa Mass. I.e., 131. Trichia circumscissa Walk.
Fl. Crypt. Germ., 378 (1833) ? T. Curreyi Crouan Fl. Finist.,
16 (1867). Arcyria glomerata Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand., 457
(1849) ? Comuvia circumscissa Rost. Mon., p. 290 (1875).
C. Wrightii Rost. Mon.. App. p. 36 (1876). Hemiarcyria
melanopeziza Speg. in Ann. Soc. dent. Argent., x. 257 (1881).
PI. 184. — a. stalked and sessile sporangia ; b. various forms of capillitium from
sporangia on the same piece of bark, with spore and fragment of sporangium-wall.
In Rostafinski's description of the genus Perichaena the capillitium
is said to be without characteristic thickenings. P. corticalis to
which this definition most nearly applies has the capillitium threads
warted and notched, rarely smooth, while in other species of the genus
the threads are never smooth, but afle marked with minute warts,
spinules or spines. In P. chrysosperma there may be considerable
difference in the amount of roughnes • of the capillitium in a single
group of sporangia. In a gathering made at Lyme Regis, two of the
sporangia examined have almost smooth threads marked only with
a few minute scattered spines, other sporangia have spines 2-5 p. long,
and others have the threads studded with curved spines 5 to 6-5 p
long. The type of Ophiotheca chrysosperma Currey (B.M. 308) has the
capillitium marked with spines 1 to 4/x long. The type of Comuvia
Wrightii Rost. from Cuba (B.M. 699) shows sporangia similar in all
respects to Currey's gathering From the original account of Trichia
circumscissa Wallroth it is probable that the specimen described was
not the present species but Perichaena depressa ; the specific name
given by Currey is therefore here adopted.
Hab. On dead bark. — Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1520) ; Bohemia
(Herb. Dr. Celakovsky) ; Portugal (B.M. 3120) ; Ceylon (K. 1712) ;
Japan (B.M. slide) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1522) ; Iowa (B.M. slide) ;
Ohio (B.M. 1521); Cuba (B.M. (399) : Antigua (B.M. 1689) ; Brazil
(B.M. 3121).
perichaena] arcyriaceae 249
2. P. depressa Libert PI. Crypt. Ard., fasc. iv. no. 378
(1837). Plasmodium milky - white. Sporangia sessile,
crowded, polygonal from mutual pressure, flattened, 0-5 to
1 mm. diam., sometimes forming short branching plasmodio-
carps, purple- brown, red-brown, buff or grey, dehiscing along
the margin with a well-defined lid ; sporangium-wall of two
layers, the outer cartilaginous, charged with brown granular
matter, often intermixed with angular crystals of lime, more
or less closely combined with the membranous smooth inner
layer. Capillitium an abundant web of branched slender
yellow threads, 1-5 to 2-5 p diam.. minutely warted or marked
with regular close-set constrictions at intervals of 0-5 to 1 p,
and with irregular expansions. Spores golden-yellow,
minutely warted, 8 to 12 p diam. — Rost. Mon., p. 292 ; Mass.
Mon., 114 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 183. Stegasma
depressum Corda Icon., v. 58, t. hi., fig. 34 (1842). S. australe
Cesati in Hedw., xiii. 186 (1874). Perichaena artocreas Berk. &
Rav. in Grev., ii. 68 (1873). P. irregularis Berk. & Curt.
in Grev., ii. 68. P. marginata Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn.
Soc, xv. 84 (1876) (non Schwein). P. australis Berl. in Sacc.
Syll., vii. 422 (1888) ; Mass. I.e., 119. P. applanata Mass.
I.e., 116 (1892). P. quadrata Macbr. I.e., 184 ? Hemiarcyrin.
applanata Cooke & Mass. in Grev., xvi. 20 (1887). Ophiotkeca
irregularis Mass. I.e., 132.
PI. 1S9. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores with a fragment of the double
sporangium-wall ; c. capillitium and spore ; (England).
This species is distinguished from P. corticalis, to which it is closely
allied, by the flattened sporangia and smaller spores. The type of
P. applanata Mass., from Brisbane (K. 153), is characterised by the
outer layer of the sporangium-wall having a superficial crust of angular
crystals of lime, which gives the sporangia a lilac-grey colour ; in all
other respects, in the abundant and minutely-warted capillitium, and
in the spores measuring 10 to 11 p diam., it agrees with the nresent
species ; deposits of lime on the sporangium-wall are of frequent
occurrence both in P. depressa and in P. corticalis, and although they
are unusually abundant in the Brisbane specimen, the character is not
of sufficient importance to give specific distinction. The type of
P. artocreas Berk. & Rav. from South Carolina (K. 1027 and B.M. 697)
appears also to be P. depressa ; it has abundant capillitium, and spores
measuring 8 to 10 p. ; the sporangia are polygonal, depressed, and
pale brown. The type of P. irregularis Berk. & Curt, from South
Carolina (K. 1706) is typical P. depressa. The type of Stegasma
australe Ces. from Naples (B.M. 1034) is in imperfect condition, but it
appears to be the present species from the many broken pieces of
minutely warted capillitium, and the spores, which measure 10 to 11 p.
diam. Stegasma pallida Ces. (in Atti Accad. Sc. Fis. Mat., viii. 12,
1879) from Borneo may possibly be a form of P. depressa, but the
description is too brief to be instructive.
Perichaena Krupii Racib. (in Hedw., xxviii. 124 (1889) ) is described
as having solitary chestnut-brown globose depressed sporangia or
250 ENDOSPOREAE [PERICHAENA
tiat creeping plasmodiocarps dehiscing by a lid ; capillitium forming
a dense web of nearly simple closely warred threads, 03 to 1"5 jx diam.,
connected with the sporangium-wall by many slender attachments ;
spores brownish-yellow, minutely warted, 7 to 8*5 ll diam.— Tn some
respects this description applies to a form of P. depressa with very
slender capillitium ; on the other hand, if the capillitium threads were
not tubular but solid, the species might possibly be referred to the
genus Dianema.
Hab. On dead wood and bark, rarely on leaves. — Epping Forest,
Essex (B.M. 1523) ; Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1524) ; Hitchin, Herts
(B.M. 3122) ; Yorks (B.M. 3123) ; Salop (B.M. 3124) ; Glamis, Scot-
land (B.M. 323); Ireland (B.M. 3125) ; Germany (B.M. 688); Belgium
(B.M. 690) ; Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ; Italy (B.M. 689) ; Portugal
(B.M. 3129) ; Portuguese East Africa (B.M. 3126) ; Madagascar (Herb.
Dr. Jahn) ; Ceylon (Peradeniya Herb.) ; Queensland (K. 153) ; Japan
(B.M. 3127); Colorado (B.M. 3128); Ohio (B.M. 1.525); Philadelphia
(B.M. 1526) ; South Carolina (B.M. 697) ; Antigua (B.M. 1690).
3. P. corticalis Rost. Mon., p. 293 (1875). Plasmodium
watery-grey. Sporangia crowded or scattered, sub-globose,
often depressed, ellipsoid, or forming bolster- shaped plas-
modiocarps, sessile on a broad or narrow base, rarely sub-
stipitate, 0-5 to 1 mm. diam., dark purple or purplish-brown,
nut-brown, grey or white, dehiscing irregularly or along definite
lines, and then either horizontally with a convex lid or in
broad sinuous lobes ; sporangium-wall of two layers, the outer
cartilaginous, yellowish-brown, charged with brown granular
matter, often intermixed with acicular or angular calcareous
deposits which may form a pruinose or crystalline covering in
the grey and white sporangia ; inner layer membranous, usually
closely combined with the outer. Capillitium often scanty
or almost wanting, consisting of slender, long or short, branched
or simple, weak yellow threads, 1-5 to 4 //. diam., irregularly
compressed, angled and constricted, minutely warted, or
marked with short spines and prominences, rarely smooth, either
attached to the sporangium- wall or free. Spores yellow,
minutely and closely warted, 11 to 14 ^diam. — Mass. Mon.,
115 ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 185. Lycoperdon corticale
Batsch Elench. Fung., 155 (1783). Sphaerocarpus sessilis
Bull. Champ., 132, t. 417, fig. 5 (1791). Trichia fusco-aba
Sibth. Fl. Oxon., 407 (1794). T. gymnosperma Pers. Obs.
Myc, i. 83, t. vi, figs. 1, 2 (1796). T. circumscissa Schrad.
Nov. PL Gen., 19 (1797). Licca circumscissa Pers. Syn.
Fung., 196 (1801). L. quercina Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., 344
(1833) ? Physarum luteo-album Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii.
199 (1803). Pericliaena populina Fr. Symb. Gast., 12
(1817); Lister Mycetozoa, 198. P. quercina Fr. I.e. V P.
abietina Fr. I.e., 11. P. marginata Schwein. in Trans. Amer.
Phil. Soc, n.s. iv. 258 (1832). P. vaporarla Schwein. I.e. 2
perichaena] arcyriaceae 251
P.fusco-atra Rost. Mon., p. 294 (1875). P. Rostafinsicii Karst.
in Bidr. Kann. Finl. Nat., 1879, 130. P. microcarpa Schroet.
in Cohn Krypt. Fl. Schles., iii. pt. 1, 108 (1885) ? P. cano-
flavescens Raunk. in Bot. Tidssk., 1888, 54 ? P. nitens
Raunk. I.e., 55 ? Cornuvia dictyocarpa Krupa in Cosmos, 1886,
377 ? Oligonema Broomei Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc, 1889,
346 ; Mass. Mon., 172.
Var. 1. — affinis Lister: sporangia purple-red or red-brown,
dehiscing irregularly, granular deposits of outer sporangium-
wall often discontinuous ; capillitium forming a somewhat
abundant network of rather firm yellowish-brown threads,
2 to 3 fi diam. ; spores 10 to 12 fi.
Var. 2. — liceoides Lister : sporangia subglobose or bolster-
shaped, nut-brown, minute, 0-2 to 0*5 mm. diam., dehiscing
irregularly ; granular deposits of outer sporangium-wall
scanty or wanting ; capillitium usually scanty ; spores 10 to
15 /a diam. — Perichaena liceoides Rost. Mon., p. 295 ; Mass.
Mon., 118. Licca pannorum Cienk. (non Wallr.) in Pringsh.
Jahrb. Bot., iii. 407 (1863). Lacknobolus pygmaeus Zukal in
Oester. Bot. Zeitschr., xliii. 136 (1893).
PI. 186. — a. sporangia ; 6. capillitium and fragment of sporangium-wall ; c. capil-
litium and spore ; (England).
This abundant and widely distributed species shows great variation
in the shape and colour of the sporangia, and in the abundance of the
capillitium. In large developments from one Plasmodium every
variety of form is sometimes represented from broad plasmodio carps to
globose and substipitato sporangia, and the colour may range from deep
purple to grey. In gatherings where the colour is pure white, the
sporangium-wall has an outer covering of crystalline deposits of lime
without the intermixture of brown granules. The capillitium is subject
to much variation according to the season of the year and other causes.
In a gathering made at Lyme Regis in the autumn, the capillitium was
scanty, forming a net of rugged coarsely warted threads 2 to 4 tt diam.
with a few scattered free threads ; in the following spring another growth
on the same pieces of bark had sporangia of a similar shape and colour-
but with a more abundant capillitium forming a freely brandling
slender network of minutely warted threads 1 to l-5 /x diam., scarcely
differing from that of P. depressa, the larger spores being the chief
character which distinguished the gathering from that species. The
specimens named P. fusco-atra in the collections differ in no respect
from forms of P. corticalis, and cannot be held as specifically distinct.
The type of Oligonema Broomei Mass. from Warleigh (B.M. 364) is
typical P. corticalis witli characteristic branching capillitium threads
marked with irregular swellings and spinules, and with minutely and
closely warted spores 14 to 15 fx. diam. The var. affinis is a form having
the capillitium threads of firmer substance and forming a somewhat
abundant network. The spores are smaller than in the type. It
has been obtained from various parts of England and from Portugal.
The var. liceoides is a minute form, with translucent sporangium-wall
and weak capillitium. It is described by Cienkowski as Licea pannorum,
I.e., and is given by Rostafinski as the type of a new species, Perichaena
252 ENDOSPOREAE [PERICHAENA
liceoides, characterised by the scanty capillitium of free threads and tho
spores measuring 9 to 10 fx ; Zopf, on the other hand, quotes it as a
synonym for P. corticalis ; and this view is confirmed by the not in-
frequent occurrence of forms of the latter species with scanty or no
capillitium, and spores measuring from 10 to 12 fi. The type of Lachno-
bolus pygmaeus Zukal, from Carinthia, appears to be the same variety ;
preparations courteously submitted to us by Prof. F. v. Hohnel show
minute sporangia, 0"1 to 0-2 mm. diam., with walls free from angular
deposits, and with scanty, irregular capillitium : the spores in one
sporangium measure 10 to 12 fx, and in another 13 to 15 p.. The
sporangia of P. corticalis often closely resemble those of Trichia contorta
and Hemitrichia Karstenii, from which they may be distinguished by
the capillitium being more slender and showing no trace of spiral
markings.
Hab. On dead bark and wood. — Cornwall (B.M. 3130) ; Batheaston,
Somerset (B.M. 309) ; Lyme Regis (B.M. 3131) ; Salisbury (B.M. 1528) ;
Warleigh, Somerset (B.M. 364) ; Brentwood, Essex (B.M. 1527) ; Shrews-
burv (B.M. 322); Boynton, Yorks (B.M. 1160); Alnwick, Northum-
berland (B.M. 3132); Ireland (B.M. 3133); France (B.M. 1161);
Holstein (B.M. 2276); Finland (B.M. 767); Sweden (K. 1702) ;
Switzerland (Strassb. Herb.); Russia (Herb. Dr. Sturgis) ; Ceylon
(B.M. 3134); Singapore (B.M. 3135); Tasmania (K. 1710); British
Columbia (B.M. 3136); Ohio (B.M. 1529); Florida (B.M. 987): var.
affinis. — Alresford, Hants. (B.M. 3137) ; Aldborough, Yorks. (B.M.
3138) ; Portugal (B.M. 3139) : var. liceoides— Berlin (B.M. 3140).
5. P. pulcherrima Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 305 (1909).
Plasmodium ? Sporangia scattered and stalked, or clustered
and almost sessile on an irregular hypothallus, globose,
0-5 mm. diam., glossy, purple-red or purple-brown ;
sporangium-wall dehiscing irregularly, of two closely adhering
layers, the outer rather stout, purplish-red, with scattered
granular deposits, the inner hyaline. Stalks 0-1 to 03 mm.
high, red-brown, furrowed, containing granular refuse-matter.
Capillitium a loose inelastic network of reddish-brown threads,
3 to 4 ^ diam., with few free ends and few attachments to the
sporangium-wall ; thickenings in the form of scattered warts
and straight or curved spines 1 to 2 p. long. Spores purplish-
brown in mass, when magnified pale reddish-brown, closely
spinulose, 15 to 17 fi diam. — Petch I.e., 370.
PI. 188. — a. cluster of sessile sporangia ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall ; c. spores, and capillitium showing attachment of threads to sporan-
gium-wall ; d. spore and capillitium ; (Ceylon).
This species has been found on one occasion only, on the branches
of Theobroma cacao and Erythrina lithosperma by Mr. Petch at Ukuwela,
Ceylon. He obtained a further development a few days later from the
same branches after keeping them in a moist chamber. In some cases
the sporangium-wall is marked with a reticulation corresponding to
the impression of the spoi'es. P. pulcherrima is distinguished from
other species of the genus by the colour of the sporangia, which resembles
that of Physarum pulcherrimum Berk. & Rav.,andby the comparatively
stout brown capillitium threads.
Hab. On dead wood,— Ceylon (B.M. 3141).
perichaena] aFvCyriaceae 253
5. P. vermicularis Rost. Mon., App. p. 34 (1876).
Plasmodium watery-white or yellowish-white. Sporangia
scattered, sessile, globose on a narrow base, 0-5 mm. diam.,
or forming slender curved or net-like plasmodiocarps,
ochraceous-yellow, pale umber or greyish ; sporangium-wall
of two layers, the outer more or less charged with dark granules
and occasionally with angular crystals of lime, closely com-
bined with the membranous papillose inner layer ; in some
cases the outer layer is not distinguishable in the upper part
•of the sporangium. Capillitium a profuse network of sparingly
branched yellow threads, 2 to 4 /a diam.. rough with minute
scattered warts and irregular constrictions. Spores yellow,
minutely warted, 10 to 15 ^ diam. — Physarum vermiculare
Schwein. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, n.s. iv. 257 (1832).
Ophiotheca pallida Berk. & Curt, in Journ. Linn. Soc, x. 350
(1869). 0. zimbrina Berk. & Curt, in Grev., ii. 68 (1873).
0. vermicularis Mass. Mon., 134 (1892) ; Macbr. N. Am. Slime-
Moulds, 181. 0. reticulata Mass. I.e., 133. Licea reticulata
Berk. & Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc, xiv. 86 (1873). Perichaena
variabilis Rost. Mon., p. 295 (1875) ; Lister Mycetozoa, 199 ;
Petch in Ann. Perad., iv. 370. P. Friesiana Rost. I.e.,
p. 296. P. reticulata Rost. Mon., App. p. 35. P. confusa
Mass. I.e., 117.
Var. pedata Lister in Journ. Bot., xlii. 139, t. 459, figs.
3a, b (1904) ; sporangia scattered or in small clusters, sub-
globose, pale nut-brown or ochraceous-brown, stalked ; stalks
blackish- brown, rugose, 0-1 to 0-3 mm. high.
Hob. On leaves and bark.
PI. 187. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium ; c capillitium and spores with fragment of
sporangium-wall ; (England).
The yellow form of this species has appeared in some abundance
on leaves and twigs in successive years at Lyme Regis, and corresponds
exactly with the type specimen of Physarum vermiculare from Schweinitz
(K. 1671). The type of Ophiotheca umbrina Berk. & Curt, from North
Carolina no. 413 (K. 1705), was originally published as Ophiotheca
pallida Berk. & Curt. It is a pale umber plasmodiocarp form, agreeing
in the structure of the sporangium-wall, capillitium, and spores with
the English gatherings. Part of this type was sent by Fries to
Rostafinski, who described it as "Perichaena Friesiana'' (Rost. Mon.
p. 269) ; in the appendix to his Monograph, however, Ophiotheca
umbrina B. & C. is placed as a synonym for P. variabilis Rost. ;
it was probably by an oversight that Rostafinski still retained
P. Friesiana as a distinct species (Mon., App. p. 35). A speci-
men from New Jersey from Ellis, no. 726, N. Am. Fungi
(K. 990), originally named P. Friesiana, and then O. umbrina,
resembles the Lyme Regis gathering and Rostafinski's description of
P. vermicularis ; these specimens from New Jersey and from Lyme
Regis are given as the types of a new species, P. confusa, by Massee,
254 ENDOSPOREAE [PERICHAENA
but but( ly on insufficient grounds. The type of Licea reticulata Berk.
& Br., from Ceylon (B.M. slide) is also the present species ; the sporangia
list of minute pale umber net-like plasmodiocarps, some of which
have very scanty capillitium, but in others it is more abundant and of
the usual minutely warted typo ; the spores are closely and minutely
war ted and measure 11 to 15 /i.. In all the specimens enumerated above,
the inner layer of the sporangium-wall is minutely papillose, a character
by which this species of Pcrichaena is distinguished from all others.
The var. pedata is a somewhat doubtful form of the present species.
It has firmer, less irregular capillitium than the type, and the sporan-
gium-wall is less distinctly papillose : in these respects it approaches
P. corticalis var. affinis. Two small gatherings only have so far been
recorded, viz., one on an ivy-leaf from Lyme Regis, Dorset, obtained
by Miss M. J. Lloyd, and one on bark, from Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia,
found by Mr. Hugo Bilgram.
Hab. On dead leaves, herbaceous stems, bark, etc. — Lyme Regis,
Dorset (B.M. 1530) ; Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 310) ; Luton, Beds.
(B.M. 3143); Worcester (B.M. 3144); Yorks. (B.M. 3145); Aberdeen
(B.M. 3140) ; Sweden (B.M. 3147) ; Ceylon (B.M. slide) ; Java (Herb.
Buitenzore) ; New Jersey (K. 990) ; Philadelphia (B.M. 1532) : North
Carolina (K. 1671); South Carolina (B.M. 953): var. pedata— Lyme
Regis (B.M. slide).
6. P. microspora Penzig & Lister in Penzig Myx. Buit., 76
(1898). Plasmodium ? Sporangia forming slender, short,
elongated, or net-like plasmodiocarps, 0-25 to 0-35 mm. diani.,
salmon-pink, glossy ; sporangium -wall membranous, single,
yellowish, smooth, thickened with deposits of granular matter
towards the base only. Capillitium a loose network of slender
fragile yellowish-pink threads, 1-5 to 2 jx diam., marked with
minute spines and with shallow constrictions at intervals of 1 to
2^, more or less attached to the sporangium-wall. Spores in
mass pinkish-yellow, when magnified pale yellowish, closely
and minutely spinulose, 6 to 8 fx diam.— Petch in Ann. Perad.,
iv. 369.
PI. 185. — (7. plasmodiocarps ; b. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporansium-
wall ; (Java).
Hob. On dead leaves and twigs. — Ceylon (B.M. 3142) ; Java (B.M.
slide).
It is probable from the description of Perichaena ? pscitdaecidium
Speg. (in Ann. Soc. Cient. Argent., xxii. 187, 1886) that this species
should be excluded from the Mycetozoa.
Order III. — aIargaritaceae.
Sporangia usually sessile ; sporangium-wall single, rarely
of two layers in Dianema, smooth, usually translucent ;
capillitium consisting of solid threads, either coiled and hair-
like, or nearly straight and attached to the sporangium-
walls, simple or branching at an acute angle.
MARGARITACEAE
255
KEY TO THE GENERA OF MARGARITACEAE.
A. Sporangia dehiscing irregularly : —
Capillitium threads profuse, coiled. (46) Margarita.
Fig. 53. — Margarita metallica Lister.
a. Two sporangia. Magnified 6 times.
6. Part of a long capillitium thread, and a spore.
Magnified 250 times.
Fig. 53.
Capillitium of nearly straight slender threads attached above
and below to the sporangium- wall. (47) Dianema.
Fig. 54. — Dianema depression Lister.
a. Plasmodiocarp. Magnified twice.
ft. CaDillitium attached above and below to the walls
of the sporangium. Magnified 50 times.
c. Spore. Magnified 560 times.
Fig. 54.
Capillitium threads marked with spiral thickenings, stout
below, penicillate and slender above, attached above and
below to the sporangium- wall. (48) Prototrichia.
Fig. 55. — Prototrichia metallica Mass.
a. Group of sporangia. Magnified 4 times.
ft. Capillitium attached above to a fragment of
the sporangium-wall, and a spore. Mag-
nified 280 times.
Fig. 55.
B. Sporangia dehiscing in lobes ; capillitium threads with
moniliform thickenings. (49) Listerella.
Fig. 56. — Listerella paradoxa J aim.
a. Sporangia. Magnified 50 times.
6. Capillitium thread and spores. Magnified 460 times.
256 ENDOSPOREAE [MARGARITA
Genus 46.— MARGARITA Lister Mycetozoa, 203 (1894).
Sporangia sessile ; sporangium-wall translucent ; capillitium
a profuse coil of hair-like nearly simple solid threads, with
indistinct attachments to the sporangium-wall.
The name Margarita is given to the present genus on account of
the pearl-like appearance of the sporangia.
1. M. metallica Lister I.e. Plasmodium watery-white.
Sporangia solitary or clustered, globose, sessile on a narrow
base, 0-5 to 1 mm. diam., sometimes forming straight or curved
plasmodiocarps, pearl-grey or copper-coloured, sliining, iri-
descent ; sporangium-wall membranous, single, glaucous or
yellowish, translucent. Capillitium a profuse coil of very
long elastic flexuose solid grey or yellowish threads, 0*5 to
1 fju diam., increasing in some parts to 2 /x, scarcely branching,
with few attachments to the sporangium-wall or almost free,
marked with a very lax spiral band of minute spinules. Spores
in mass pale pinkish-grey, becoming yellowish-buff in age,
when magnified nearly colourless, minutely warted, 10 to 13 fx.
diam. — Meylan in Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat., xlvi. 56.
31. pictoviana Moore in Proc. Nova Scotia Inst. Sci., xii. 96
(1910)? Physarum metallicum Berk. & Br. in Mag. Zool.
Bot., i. 49 (1838). Cornuvia metallica Rost. Mon., App. p. 35.
Perichaena plasrnodiocarpa Blytt in Bidr. K. Norg., Sop. iii.
10 (1892).
PI. 196. — a. two forms of sporangia on wood ; b. sporangium on leaf ; c. capillitium
with fragment of sporangium-wall and spores ; d. capillitium and spore ; (England).
The sporangia formed on leaves are usually solitary and spherical ;
those on wood are often clustered, and either subglobose or in the form
of short or elongated plasmodiocarps. The beautiful pearly- or pinkish-
grey of the freshly gathered spores fades to dull ochraceous-yellow after
the specimen has been kept for some time in the herbarium. If developed
under unfavourable conditions, the capillitium often consists in part of
stout irregular branching threads showing numerous attachments to
the sporangium-wall ; the sporangia then bear considerable resemblance
to cold-weather forms of Prototrichia metallica, to which the present
species is undoubtedly allied.
In Rostafinski's Monograph, and in the first edition of the present
work, Licea incarnate, Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung., 109 (1805) (syn.
Perichaena incarnate Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 193) is placed as a synonym
for Lachnobolus congestus ; the description given by Albertini and
Scheintz, however, of the flesh-coloured iridescent sporangia, hemi-
spherical, ova'., "sub-linear" or flexuose in shape, and with extremely
fragile sporangium-walls, applies better to some forms of the present
species ; but in the absence of the type this determination must
remain conjectural.
I lab. On dead leaves, especially on those of holly, and dead wood^ —
Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 95); Lyme Regis (B.M. 1533); Salisbury
dianema] margaritaceae 257
(B.M. 3148) : Luton, Beds (B.M. 3149) ; Witley, Surrey (B.M. 3150) ;
Epping Forest, Essex (B.M. 3151) ; Norfolk (B.M. 3152) ; Birmingham
(B.M. 1535) ; Salop (B.M. 3153) ; Yorks (B.M. 3154) ; Xorth Wales
(B.M. 3155) ; Aberdeen (B.M. 3156) ; Norway (B.M. slide) ; Jura,
Switzerland (B.M. 3157) ; Portugal (B.M. 3158) ; Japan (B.M. 3159) ;
Chocorua, New Hants (B.M. 3160); Punta Arenas, Chili (B.M. 3200).
Genus 47. DIANEMA Rex in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil..
1891, 397. Sporangia sessile, or forming plasmodiocarps ;
sporangium-wall membranous or cartilaginous ; capillitium
consisting of nearly straight slender threads, attached above
and below to the sporangium- wall.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DIANEMA.
A. Sporangium-wall translucent, membranous ; spores free : —
Capillitium threads nearly simple, attached to the sporan-
gium-wall by short branches. 1. D. Harveyi
Plasmodiocarps ; capillitium threads attached by acumi-
nate extremities to the sporangium-wall.
2. D. depressum
B. Plasmodiocarps with cartilaginous walls ; spores clustered.
3. D. corticatum
1. D. Harveyi Rex I.e. Plasmodium ? Sporangia soli-
tary or in small clusters, sessile, subglobose, hemispherical or
cushion-shaped, flattened above, 0-5 to 2 mm. diam., 0*35 to
1 mm. in height, sometimes elongated and bent into an
irregular horse-shoe shape, dull red or gold-bronze shining with
a metallic lustre ; sporangium-wall membranous, thin, trans-
lucent, pale purplish or olivaceous, marked with the persistent
ends of the capillitium when the rest of the threads have
broken away. Capillitium of numerous slender, brownish-
yellow threads, 1-5 to 2 /a diam., simple or sparingly branched
and anastomosing, often dividing into slender branchlets at
their origin or insertion, nearly parallel, straight or flexuose,
running from the base to the upper wall of the sporan-
gium. Spores in mass brick-red, dull pink or brownish- yellow,
when magnified pale yellow, minutely warted, 8 to 10 /*
diam. — Macbride N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 180 ; Torrend Fl.
Myx., 84.
PI. 191. — a. sporangia ; b. capillitium showing attachment above and below to the
sporangium-walls, with spores ; c. spore ; (Devon).
The specimen figured is taken from one of a series of gatherings
made in a sheltered valley by the sea near Lyme Regis. They agree
258 ENDOSPOREAE [DIASTEMA
with the type from Maine, U.S.A., in capillitium and spores, but the
colour of the sporangia is dull brick-red instead of " gold bronze."
By the light of these specimens, that in Broome's Collection (B.M. 94)
marked " Physarum metallicum" is clearly the same species ; it is in a
fragile condition and as the capillitium breaks up when mounted the
characters are difficult to recognise, but the numerous broken points
of attachment to the base and upper wall of the sporangium, together
with the minutely warted spores, leave no doubt of its identity. The
date and locality are not given by Broome, but it is probable that it
was gathered at Batheaston in 1869 or 1870, as it stands in his collection
among other specimens correctly marked Physarum metallicum Berk
and Br. (syn. Margarita metallica) gathered there at that date. Dianema
Harveyi has appeared during a period of five years in the winter and
early spring near Lyme Regis, always in small quantity, upon dead
sticks of ash and clematis. It has been found repeatedly near Aberdeen,
by the Rev. W. Cran, on the bark of ash and fir in winter. In a
gathering made by him in January, 1911, the pulvinate sporangia
contain abundant capillitium ; the threads are rather stouter below
than above, they anastomose and branch freely, and are marked with
bead-like swellings. — M. Meylan has courteously sent us part of the
type of his new genus Lamprodermopsis — L. nivalis (Bull. Soc. Vaud.,
xlvi. 56(1910) ). The sessile, pulvinate sporangia were gathered on turf
in the Jura Mountains at an elevation of about 4,000 feet, near
melting snow. The specimen sent us agrees in all essential characters
with the genus Dianema. It appears to be very closely allied to D.
Harveyi, from which it differs only in the capillitium threads being
rather stouter at the base where they radiate from the more central
parts of the floor of the sporangium, while above the slender tips of
the threads are easily detached from the sporangium-wall ; the spores
are greyish-pink in colour. M. Meylan writes that the sporangia are
sometimes mounted on pale stalks, "0 to 1 mm. high." These
characters can scarcely be regarded as of sufficient importance to
constitute generic distinction, and it would seem preferable, if the
distinguishing features prove constant, to place this interesting Alpine
species next D. Harveyi under the name of Dianema nivalis.
Hab. On dead wood, and turf. — Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 3161) ;
Aberdeen (B.M. 3162) ; Maine (B.M. slide).
2. D. depressum Lister Mycetozoa, 204 (1894). Plasmo-
dium white, rarely rosy red. Sporangia solitary or clustered,
forming sessile pulvinate depressed plasmodiocarps, 2 to 10 mm.
wide, about 0-3 mm. thick, shining violet when immature,
glossy and grey-brown when mature ; sporangium-wall
membranous, smooth, translucent, yellowish- or lilac-grey,
marked on the inner side with the persistent ends of
the capillitium when the rest of the tlireads have fallen
away. Capillitium profuse, consisting of pale yellowish-
grey straight rigid slender threads, 0-5 to 2 fx thick,
forking at an acute angle, connected with each other
at the opposite ends, or fasciculate, without free branches,
minutely papillose on one side, attached above and below to
the sporangium-wall by the suddenly acuminate extremities.
dianema] margaritaceae 259
Spores in mass lilac-grey or drab, when magnified pale yellowish-
grey, closely reticulated over the greater part of the surface
with raised bands, forming a border 0-5 to 1 //, broad, the re-
maining part marked with broken or very loose reticulation,
6 to 9 p diam. — Cornuvia depressa Lister in Journ. Bot., xxix.
264, t. 311, fig. 2 (1891).
PI. 190. — a. sporangium ; 6. spores and capillitium showing attachment of the
threads to the base and upper wall of the sporangium c. capillitium and spores ;
(England).
This species was first described under the name of Cornuvia depressa,
on account of its affinity with Margarita metallica, which was formerly
included in the genus Cornuvia. Dr. Rex having since established the
genus Dianema for the closely allied American species, it is here
adopted as in every way the more appropriate position for this species.
The sporangium-wall is usually single, but sometimes has an outer
purplish granular layer clothing the membranous layer.
Hab. On dead wood and sticks. — Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 2 to 5) ;
Rudloe, Wilts (B.M. 19) ; Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1536) ; Alresford,
Hants (B.M. 3163) ; Sutton Coldfield, Warwick (B.M. 3164) ; Bungay,
Norfolk (B.M. 3165) ; Tansterne.Yorks (B.M. 3166) ; Sweden (B.M. 3167);
Portugal (B.M. 3168).
3. D. corticatum Lister Mycetozoa, 205 (1894). Plas-
modium pink. Sporangia either hemispherical, 1 mm. diam., or
more often forming elongated, ring-shaped or net-like plas-
modiocarps 3 to 30 mm. long, shining or opaque, chestnut-
or purple-brown ; sporangium-wall ochraceous-olive, com-
posed of two layers, the outer cartilaginous, densely granular,
the inner membranous. Capillitium somewhat sparse, con-
sisting of simple or acutely branching slender pale brown
threads, 0-5 to 1-5 //.. diam., often showing distant bead-like
thickenings, elsewhere either nearly smooth or marked with
a single prominent spiral band or for a short distance with three
spiral bands ; the threads are attached above and below
by very slender extremities to the sporangium-wall. Spores
brownish-pink in mass, nearly colourless when highly magnified,
subelliptical, adhering in clusters of 4 to 6, minutely warted
on the outer side, 10 to 12 /x X 8 to 9 /x diam. — Torrend Fl.
Myx., 84.
PI. 193. — a. plasmodiocarp ; b. capillitium attached to fragment of sporangium-
wall, and clustered spores ; c. capillitium and spores ; (Norway).
This species was found first on rotten planks at Sande, Norway,
September, 1894, associated with Licea flexuosa, to which it bears a
superficial resemblance ; D. corticatum may however be distinguished
in the field by the more lilac or pinkish colour of the spores. It has
since been obtained from Northumberland, Scotland, Sweden,
Austria and the Jura Mountains. Dianema corticatum holds an
intermediate position between the genera Dianema and Prototrichia,
260 ENDOSPOREAE [PROTOTRICHIA
the capillitium having the general features of the former, but
exhibiting in some sporangia something of the spiral bands charac-
teristic of the latter germs- Jt differs from the species hitherto
comprised in both genera in the more substantial sporangium-wall
and in the clustered spores.
Hub. On dead wood. -Alnwick, Northumberland (B.M. 3169);
Drumnadrochit, Inverness (B.M. 3170) ; Rhynie, Aberdeen (B.M. 1766) ;
Norway (B.M. 1538); Sweden (B.M. 3171) ; Austria (B.M. 3172); Mont
Tendre, Jura Mountains (B.M. slide).
Genus 48.— PROTOTRICHIA Rostafinski Mon., App. p. 38
(1876). Sporangia sessile, rarely stalked ; capillitium threads
rising from the base of the sporangium as stout strands
marked with spiral thickenings, dividing above into pencils of
slender branches attached at the tips to the upper part of the
sporangium- wall .
1. P. metallica Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc, 1889, 350.
Plasmodium white. Sporangia crowded or scattered, sub-
globose, 0-5 to 1 mm. diam., sessile on a broad base, rarely
stalked or forming plasmodiocarps, brown or copper-coloured,
shining iridescent ; sporangium- wall a substantial pale
pinkish-brown or glaucous smooth translucent membrane,
sprinkled on the inner side with the slender persistent ends
of the broken capillitium threads. Stalk cylindrical, 0-1 to
0-4 mm. long, 0-15 mm. thick, solid, yellowish-brown. Capilli-
tium rising from the base of the sporangium in the form of
numerous red- or olive-brown stout solid threads marked
with two to four spiral bands, branching repeatedly above to
form a pencil of more slender threads attached at their
extremities to the sporangium-wall. Spores pink or pale
pinkish-brown, minutely warted, 9 to 11 /x diam. — Mass. Mon.
127. Trichia metallica Berk, in Hooker Fl. Tasm., pt. 2
268 (1860). T. flagellifera Berk. & Br. in Ann. Mag. Xat
Hist., ser. 3, xviii. 56 (1866). Prototrichia flagellifera Rost
Mon., App. p. 38 (1876) ; Mass. I.e. ; Lister Mycetozoa, 206
Macbride N. Am. Slime-Moulds, 199. P. elegantula Rost
I.e., 39, fig. 246. P. cuprea Mass. in Journ. R. Micr. Soc.
1889, 351 ; Mass. Mon., 129. P. chamaeleontina Mass. I.e.,
130, in part.
I']. 195. — a. sporangia; //. stalked sporangium; c. capillitium with fragment of
sporangium-wall aid spores; d. irregular capillitium with faint spirals; e. spore;
I England).
P. metallica has appeared abundantly in the neigbbourhood of Lyme
Regis in a larch plantation for several years, in the autumn and winter,
on dead brambles and sticks. It is subject to considerable variation
from changes of temperature and weather. In the most perfect develop-
ment the strands of the capillitium are deep red-brown, sharply marked
L1STERELLA] MARGAR1TACEAE 261
with regular and close spiral bands, dividing above into a brush of
more slender straight threads ; the spores are pale pinkish-brown, and
distinctly warted. Where the development has been checked by cold
or dry weather, the threads are pale olive and divide into irregular or
lax branches and show indistinct spiral markings ; or the spiral
character may be wanting or replaced by broad or narrow rings ;
associated with this form the spores are paler, and faintly warted or
nearly smooth. In cultivations where the plasmodium has been injured
in conveying it indoors, the capillitium often forms very irregularly,
the threads anastomosing with broad and flat expansions and showing
no appearance of spirals. Gatherings of this form were also obtained
by Mr. Camm from Smethwick, Stafford, after cold weather, and are
described by Massee as a distinct species Prototrichia chamaeleontina*
Little now remains of the type of Trichia metallica Berk, from Tasmania
(K. 1741) ; but the specimen is referred to Prototrichia flagellifera by
Rostafmski, who saw it in good condition, and by the rule of priority
Berkeley's earlier specific name must be retained. The type of Trichia
flagellifer Berk, from Badminton (B.M. 333) is the form of the present
species with olivaceous capillitium marked with faint spirals, and
having nearly smooth spores. The type of P. elegant ula Rost., from
Sweden (K. 1743), is a more perfect development with the spirals well
marked and with distinctly warted spores. P. cuprea Mass., from
Scarborough and Carlisle (K. 1744, 1745), is a similar form with
minutely warted spores. The large and varied gatherings from Lyme
Regis show that the specimens quoted above represent one species
whose diverging forms are too inconstant to be defined even as varieties.
P. metallica is said to be not uncommon in the forests of the western
States of America.
Hah. On dead sticks, bark, etc. — Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 324) ;
Badminton, Gloucester (B.M. 333) ; Lyme Regis, Dorset (B.M. 1539) ;
Smethwick, Stafford (B.M. 3173) ; Luton, Beds (B.M. 3174) ; Hedon,
Yorks (B.M. 3176) ; Benthall, Salop (B.M. 3177) ; Alnwick, Northumber-
land (B.M. 3178); Berwick (Phillips Herb.); Aberdeenshire (B.M.
3179) ; Letterfrack, Ireland (B.M. 3175) ; Holstein (B.M. 3180) ; Norway
(Christiania Herb.) ; Sweden (K. 1743) ; Jura Mountains (B.M. 3181) :.
Tasmania (K. 1741) ; Washington State, U.S.A. (B.M. 3182).
Genus 49. LISTERELLA Jalm in Ber. Deutsch. Bot.
Gesellsch., xxiv. 540 (1906). Sporangia minute, hemispherical
brownish- black, dehiscing in lobes ; sporangium- wall mem-
branous ; capillitium of very slender threads marked with
moniliform thickenings, attached to the sporangium-wall ;
spores grey.
1. L. paradoxa Jahn I.e., 538, t. xxii, figs. 1-7. Plas-
modium ? Sporangia scattered, sessile, hemispherical or pul-
vinate on an expanded base, 0-2 to 0-3 mm. diam., dull
blackish-brown, marked with shining ridges corresponding
with the lines of dehiscence ; sporangium- wall membranous,
* It is unfortunate that Cornuvia metallica Rost. ( = Margarita metallica Lister)
should have been cited by Mr. Massee as a synonym for Prototrichia chamaeleontina.
R
262 ENDOSPOREAE [HYMENOBOLUS
purplish-brown, clothed externally with dark granular refuse-
matter except along the margins of the four to six lobes of
dehiscence. Capillitium scanty, consisting of slender flexuose
pale purplish-brown threads, 0*5 /x diam., marked at intervals
of 1 to 2 /* with bead-like thickenings, attached below and
perhaps above also to the sporangium-wall. Spores in mass
blackish-brown ; when magnified faintly spinulose, 7 to 8 /x
diam., pale brownish-grey with a paler patch of dehiscence on
one side.
PI. 191. — d. e. sporangia ; /. capillitium and spores with fragment of sporangium-
wall : (North Germany).
This minute and inconspicuous species has been found scattered
over the stems of " reindeer moss " (Cladonia rangiferina) by Herr O.
Jaap near both Hamburg and Triglitz in Xorth Germany, and by Herr
G. Lindau near Berlin. In size and external appearance Listerel/n
paradoxa resembles Licea minima, but as Dr. Jahn points out, the presence
of the capillitium completely separates the genus from the Liceaceae ;
he suggests that it should be the type of a new family, the Lister •eUacear.
It is placed here provisionally among the Margaritaceae, but its true
position is at present uncertain. It may perhaps be allied to Dianema,
but is distinguished by the regular moniliform markings of the
capillitium, and by the dusky colour of the spores.
Hob. On stems of Cladonia. Triglitz, Holstein (B.M. 3183).
A DOUBTFUL MYCETOZOON.
Hymenobolus Zukal in Oester. Bot. Zeitschr., xliii. 73
(1893). Sporangia solitary, sessile, brownish-grey. Sporan-
gium-wall single, without lime. Capillitium very scanty? or
none. Spores globose, having the spore-wall thinner on one
side. Plasmodium parasitic on lichens and algae.
H. parasiticus Zukal I.e. Plasmodium rosy-red. Sporangia
scattered, sessile, subglobose, or hemispherical and depressed,
often irregular in outline, 0.05 to 0.2 mm. diam. brownish-grey,
opaque or glossy, dehiscing irregularly or by a well-defined
lid ; sporangium-wall membranous, pale-purplish, minutely
papillose on the inner surface, usually invested with a thick
layer of refuse-matter in the lower part. Capillitium possibly
of scanty hyalines paringly- branched threads, 05 /x diam.,
arising from the sporangium-wall ? or entirely absent. Spores
smooth, brown, subglobose, 13 to 16 tt diam., the spore-
wall paler and thimier on one side ; the contents of the spore
consist in part of rosy granules.
This minute species is fully described by Zukal, who succeeded
in cultivating the plasmodia on fragments of willow-bark. Although
closely allied to the true Mycetozoa it differs from them in the two
following characters : the amoeboid swarm-cells do not pass through a
ADDITIONAL LIST OF SYNONYMS 263
flagellate stage, and the plasmodium does not exhibit the characteristic
rhythmic circulation of granular protoplasm, but instead shows slow
irregular movements. The habit of the plasmodium also is remarkable.
Instead of spreading in branching veins, each plasmodium forms a
small, nearly stationary mass, that feeds on the lichen or algaelying
beneath it, and into which it gradually penetrates. In dry weather
each plasmodium contracts to form a spherical rose-coloured macrocyst
0-1 to 0-2 mm. diam., and then resembles the peritheciumof a Nectria.
The Rev. W. Cran has repeatedly found the macrocysts on lichens and
algae growing on elder and ash bark near Aberdeen ; he has lately
gathered the mature sporangia also. The macrocysts that he kindly
sent us soon revived on being moistened, and formed plasmodia that
moved about slowly for some days in a moist chamber. There is no
trace of capillitium in the sporangia we have examined, and it seems
possible that the threads Zukal described as capillitium may have
been the hyphae of some minute mould.
Hob. On lichens and algae on bark. — Near Aberdeen (B.M. 3198) ;
Austria (B.M. 1968a).
Additional List of Synonyms.
Aethalium MELAEsruM Chev. in Fung, et Byss. Illustr., fasc. i. (1837)
no. 32 — Lindbladia effusa Rost.
A. rufum Walh. Fl. Crypt. Germ., no. 2097 = Fuligo septica Gmel.
A. violaceum Spreng. Syst. Orb. Veg., iv. no. 533 = Fuligo septica
Gmel.
Amphisporittm versicolor Link inMig. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., vii. Diss.
2. \\ = Didymium difforme Duby.
Arcyria coccnsrEA Daby Bot. Gall., ii. 857 = ^4. ferruginea Saut. ?
A. cylindrica Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 215 = ^4. denudata Sheldon.
A. flexuosa Rabenh. Deutschl. Krypt. FL, no. 2158 = A. Oerstedtii ?
A. Lepriettrii Mont, in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 4, iii. 141 = A. cinerea
Pers.
Chondrioderma leptotrichum Racib. in Rozpr. Mat.-Przyr. Acad.
Krak., xii. 15 = Didymium squamulosum Fr. ?
C. Puiggari Speg. in Bot. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, xi. 475 (1889) =
Diderma simplex Lister ?
Cionium complanatum Link ex Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., no. 2176 =
Didymium crustaceum Fr. ?
C. farinaceum Link Handb., iii. 410 = Didymium melanospermum
Macbr.
C. floriforme Spreng. Syst. Orb. Veg., iv. 529 = Diderma floriforme
Pers.
C. globosum Spreng. I.e. = Diderma globosum Pers.
C. lepidotum Spreng. I.e. = Diderma floriforme Pers.
C. lobattxm Spreng. he. = Didymium melanospermum Macbr.
C. squajiueosttm Spreng. I.e., 628 = Didymium squamidosum Fr.
C. testa cetjm Spreng. I.e., 529 = Diderma testaceum Pers.
R 2
264 MYCETOZOA
C. ticrinttm Link I.e., 41(i = Lepidoderma tigrinum Rost.
C. umbilicatum Spreng. I.e. = Diderma rtidialum Lister.
Comatrichia alba Schul/.er in Just Bot. Jahresb., 1877, 155= Arcyria
cinerea Pers.
Craterium nutans Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 151 = C. minutum Fr.
C. pendulum Fr. ex Weinm. Hymeno-Gastero-myc, 597 =
C. leucocephalum Ditm. ?
Cribraria (Dictydium) trichiodes Chev. Fl. Par., 327 = Dictyd>">u
cancellatum Macbr.
Cytidium citrinum Morg. Myx. Miami Valley, 81 = Physarum citrinum
Schum.
C. globuliferum Morg. l.c, 82 = Physarum globidiferum Pers.
C. penetrale Morg. I.e., 83 = Physarum penetrale Rex.
C. pulcherrimum Morg. I.e., 80 = Physarum pidcherrimum Berk. & Rav.
Cupularia leucocephala Link Handb., iii. 421 = Craterium leuco-
cephalum, Ditm.
Cyathus cinereus Purt. Brit. PL, Midi. FL, iii. 309, t. 35 = Crater ium
leucocephalum Ditm.
C. minutus Hoffm. Veg. Crypt. 6, t. ii., f. 2= Crater ium minutum Fr.
Diachaea fulgens Fr. ex Weinm. I.e., til \ = Diachea subsessilis
Peck ?
Diderma chalybeum Weinm. I.e., 592 = Didymium difforme Duby var.
comatum ?
D. contjrtum F'-ckel Symb. Myc, no. 341 (L(J9)= Physarum sinuosum
Weinm. ex Fries.
D. Neesii Corda Icon., ii. 23 = Didymium difforme Duby.
D. oblongum Schum. I.e., 197 = Physarum diderynoides Rost.
D. papaverinum Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., 37 5 = Badhamia capsuli/era
Berk. ?
D. ramosum Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 10~> = Leocarpus fragilis Rost.
Didymium congestum Berk. & Br. in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2.,
v. 365 = Physarum didermoides Rost.
D. fulvipes Fr. Symb. Gast., 24 = Physarum psittacinum Ditm. ?
D. porphyropus Dur. et Mont, in Expl. Scient. de l'Algerie, 409 =
Didymium nigripes Fr.
D. terrestre Fr. ex Weinm. I.e., 574= P ysarum nutans Pers. subs|>.
eucocephalum.
Fulgia encaustica Chev. Fl. Par., ed. 2, 347 = immature hum /in*
derma columbinum Rost.
Fuligo carnea Schum. I.e., 194 = F. septica Gmel. ?
F. cerebrina Brondeau in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, iii. 74 = F. septica
Gmel.
Hemitrichia Bucknalli Mass. in Grev., xviii. 21=Trichia scabra Rost.
Lamproderma inconspicuum Racib. in Hedw., xxxv. 208 — L.
arcyrionema Rost. ?
L. tatricum Racib. I.e., xxviii. 117 = L. violaceum Rost. ?
Leangium atrovirens Fr. Stirp. Femsj., 83) T , ., . _
„ , J ( = Leocarpus Iraq uis Rost.
L. vernicosum rr. l.c. I
L. rubiginosum Fr. l.c. = Physarum rubiginosum Fr.
Leocarpus cyanescens Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand., i50=Didymium
difforme Duby.
L. deplanatus Fr. l.c = Diderma niveum Macbr. var. deplanatum.
Licea Antarctica Speg. in Bol. Acad. Nac Cienc. Cord. Arg., xi. 5=
Perichaena corticalis Rost. ?
L. f'T.WATA Schra . Nov. PI. Gen., 18=Tvbifera ferruginosa Gmel.
ADDITIONAL LIST OF SYNONYMS 265
L. nitens Schwein. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, n. ser., iv. 259 = Per ichcena
corticalis Rost. ?
L. stipitata DC. Fl. Fr., ii. 101 = Didymium squamulosum Fr.
L. Tubulina Schrad. I.e., \6=Tubifera ferruginosa Gmel.
Lignidium reniforme Fr. Symb. Gast., \0=Fuligo muscorum Alb. &
Schwein. ?
Lycogala incarnatum Swartz in Handl. K. Svenska Vet. Acad.
1815, 112 (syn. Licea incarnata Alb. & Schw.) = Margarita metallica
Lister ?
L. lenticulare Dur. et Mont. I.e., 401 = Dictydiaethalium plumbeum
Rost.
L. platense Speg. in Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, vi. 203 = Lycogala
epidendrum Fr. ?
L. plumbeum Fr. Symb. Gast., ii. = Lycogala epidendrum Fr. ?
L. repletum Morgan in Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xviii. 40 =
L. flavofuscum Rost. ?
Lycoperdon bombacinum Batsch Elench. Fung., 153 = Hemitrichia
Vesparium Macbr. ? or Trichia Botrytis Pers.
L. favacetjm Schrank Baier. FL, ii. 667 — Tubi) 'era ferruginosa Gmel.
L. floriforme Wither. Brit. PL, ed. iv., vol. iv. 379=Diderma
floriforme Pers.
L. luteum • chrank I.e., ii. 629 = Fuligo septica Gmel.
L. parasiticum Wither. I.e., 372 = Leocarpus fragilis Rost.
L. pineum Batsch Elench. Fung., 155 = Lycogala epidendrum Fr. ?
L. rufum Dickson PL Crypt. Brit., i. 25= possibly Arcyria denudata
Sheldon.
L. variolosttm Huds. FL AngL, 645 = Lycogala epidendrum Fr.
Mucor araneosus Jacq. Misc., ii. 376, t. 20=Stemonitis fuscaHoth '!
M. Lycogalxjs Bolton Hist. Fung., iii., 133, t. 133, f. 2 = Reticulariu
Lycoperdon Bull.
M. lycopodioides Scop, in Ann. Hist. Nat., iv.151, t.l, i.ll = Perichaena
corticalis Rost. ?
M. miniatus Jacq. Fl. Austr., iii. 54, t. 299 = young sporangia of Trichia
decipiens Macbr.
Ophiotheca nitens Mass. Mon., 133=Perichaena depressa Libert.
Perichaena annulifera Boudier in Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr., xviii. 144,
t. 8, f. 3= Trichia scabra Rost. ?
Physarum botryoides var. a hyalinum Fr. Stirp. Femsj. = Badhamia
capsulifera Berk. ?
P. crustiforme Speg. I.e., vi. 200 = Diderma effusum Morgan ?
P. difforme Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. BerL, iii. 27 = Didymium
difforme Duby.
P. globosum Schum. I.e., 204 = P. nutans Pers.
P. Licea Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 143 = Licea pusilla Schrad.
P. liceoides Duby Bot. Gall., ii. 461 = Didymium squamulosum Fr. ?
P. LUTEO- -album Schum. I.e., 200 = Per ichaena corticalis Rost.
P. PEDUNCULATTJM I.e., 206 = Graterium minutum Fr.
P. ttjcumanense Speg. in Rev. Agr. Veter. la Plata, 1896, 237 =
P. melleum Mass. ?
Polyschismium Trevelyani Corda Icon., v. 20= Diderma TrevelyaniYr.
Reticttlaria anguxata Pers. in Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1472= Didymium
difforme Duby ?
R. carnea Fr. Syst. Myc., iii. 9l = Fuligo septica Gmel.
R. contorta Poiret in Lam. EncycL, vi. 182 = Diderma hemisphericum
Hornem. ?
266 MYCETOZOA
R. floriformis Poiret \.c. = Diderma florijorme Pers.
R. fragilis Poiret I.e., 1 83 = Leocarpus fragilis Rost.
R. globosa Poiret I.e., 182 = Diderma globosum Pers.
R. maxima Corda Icon., vi. 14, t. ii., f. 35 = LindbIadia effusa Rost.
R. ochracea Poiret I.e. = Diderma ochraceum Hoffm.
R. ovata Wither. I.e., 463 =Fuligo septica Gmel. ?
R. pusilla Ft. Syst. Orb. Veg., i. 147 = Didymium difforme Duby.
R. rufa Schwein. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., n.s. iv., 261 = Fuligo
septica Gmel.
R. Schmitzii Debey in Verb. Nat. Hist. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl., ii, f. 1-4 =
Badhamia panicea Rost. ?
R. septica Wither. I.e., 463 ( 1801 ) = Fuligo septica Gmel.
R. Strong ylium Schwein. Syn. Fung. Carol., "&5 — Amaurodmete juli-
ginosa Macbr.
R. umbilicata Poiret I.e. ? = Diderma radiatum Lister.
R. vaporaria Chev. Fl. Par., i. 342 = Fidigo septica Gmel.
Sphaerocarpus coccineus Bull. Champ., 126, t. 368, i.i.=Arcyria
ferruginea Saut. ?
S. ficoides Bull. I.e., 129, t.417, i.2=Trichia Botrytis Pers. ?
S. piriformis Bull. I.e., 129, t. 417, fig. 2=Trichia decipiens Macbr. ?
S. semitrichioides Bull. I.e., 125, t. 387 = Cribraria aurantiaca Schrad.
S. trichiodes Bull. I.e., 124, t.387, fig.2 = Dictydium cancellatum Macbr. ?
S. ttjrbinatus Bull. I.e., 132, t. 484, f. \ = Craterium minutum Fr. ?
Sptjmaria ramosa Schum. I.e., 1 95= Leocarpus fragilis Rost.
Stemonitis coccinea Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1468 = Arcyria ferruginea Saut. ?
S. cyathiformis Sehrank I.e., 19= Craterium leucocephahim Ditm. ?
S. decipiens T. F. L. Nees in Act. Phys. Med. Acad. Carolo - Leop.,
xvi. 95 = 5. herbatica Peck ?
S denudata Relhan Fl. Cantabr., ed. 3, 574 (1820) = Arcyria denudata
Sheldon.
S. flavescens Schrank I.e. (1790), 19=Trichia decipiens Macbr. ?
S. floriformis Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1469 = Diderma fioriforme Pers.
S. grisea Opiz in Lotos 1855, 215 = ^4rct/ria cinerea Pers.
S. ltjmbricalis Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1470 = Hemitrichia Serpula Rost.
S. platensis Speg. lc.,vi. 202 = Comatricha typhoides Rost. ?
S. semitrichioides Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1468 = Cribraria aurantiaca
Schrad. ?
S. Trichia Roth I.e., i. 54Q = Arcyria incamala Pers. ?
S. vesiculosa Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1410=Trichia varia Pers. ?
S. vesparia Gmel. I.e. = Hemitrichia Vesparium Macbr.
S. viola cea Roth Fl. Germ., i. 548 = Physarum nutans Pers. ?
Strongylitjm atrum Swartz in Handl. K. Svenska Vet. Acad. 1815,
l\0 = Amaurochaete fuliginosa Macbr.
S. fuliginoides Ditm. in Schrad. Neu. Bot. Journ., iii. 3 = Reticularia
Lycoperdon Bull.
Tilmadoche soluta Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand., 454 = Physarum nutans
Pers.
Trichia alata Trentep. in Roth Catal. Bot., 228 = Physarum nutans
Pers. ?
T. alba DC. Fl. Fr., ii. 202 = Physarum nutans Pers. ?
T. anomala Karsten in Not. Saellsk. Faun. Fl. Fenn., ix. 354= T. scabra
Rost. ?
T. antiades DC. I.e., 252 = Diderma fioriforme Pers. ?
T. argillacea Poiret in Lam. Encycl., viii. 55 = Cribraria argillacea
Pers.
ADDITIONAL LIST OF SYNONYMS 267
T. cerntja Poiret I.e., 54 = Dictydium cancellation Macbr.
T. coccinea DC. Fl. Fr., no. 688 = Arcyria ferruginea Saut. ?
T. coccinea Poiret I.e., 55 = Dictydium cancellatum Macbr. ?
T. columbina Poiret I.e., 52 = Lamproderma columbinum Rost.
T. depressa Trentep. I.e., 231 = Didymium melanosperrmim Macbr.
T. fragiformis Wither. Brit. PI., 2. iii , 393 = Hemitrich: a Vesparium
Macbr.
T. fttlva Wither. I.e., iv. 3dl = Arcyria ferruginea Saut. ?
T. globosa Vill. Fl. Dauph., 1061 = Didymium melanospermum Macbr.
T. globuxieera DC. I.e., 253 = Physarum globuliferum Pers.
T. hemisphaerica Trentep. I.e., 228 = Physarum nutans Pers. ?
T intricata Poiret I.e., 56 = Cribraria intricata Schrad.
T. jiacrocarpa Poiret I.e., 55 = Cribraria macrocarpa Schrad.
T. microcarpa Poiret I.e., 54: = Cribraria microcarpa Pers.
T. mtjcoriformis Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 2 1 1 = Comatricha nigra
Schroeter.
T. notata Schum. l.c.=young state of Enerthenema papillata Rost.
T. nuda Wither. I.e., ed. 2, iii. 477 ' = Stemonitis fusca Roth.
T. rtjgosa Trentep. I.e., 228 = Didymium squamulosum Fr. ?
T. rtjfa Wither. I.e., ed. 2., iii. ±lti = Arcyria denudata Sheldon.
T. rufescens Poiret I.e., 55 = Cribraria rufa Rost.
T. semicancellata DC. Fl. Fr., 255=Cribraria aurantiaca Schrad.
T. sphaerica Trentep. I.e., 230= Didymium squamidosum Fr.
T. splendens Poiret I.e., 55=Cribraria splendens Schrad.
T. sqtjamulosa Poiret I.e., 53= Lepidoderma tigrinum Rost.
T. tigrina Poiret I.e. = Lepidoderma tigrinum Rost.
T. ttjrbinata Wither. I.e., iv. 480 (1792)= T. varia Pers. ?
T. violacea Horrm. Veg. Crypt. Germ., 5, t. ii., f. 1 = Lamproderma
columbinum Rost. ?
Tubifera cyeindrica Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1472 \ Tubifera ferruginosa
T. fragiformis Gmel. l.c. [ Gmel.
Tubcxina circumcissa Poiret I.e., viii. 131 = Pericfiaena corticalis Rost.
T. fragifera Poiret I.e., \W=Tubifera ferruginosa Gmel.
T. pedicellata Poiret I.e., suppl. v. 313=Didymium squamulosum Fr.
T. pusilla Poiret I.e., 131 =Licea pusilla Schrad.
T. variabilis Poiret I.e., 131 = Licea flexuosa Pers.
List of Species to be Discarded
on account of their either being imperfectly described
or not belonging to the Mycetozoa.
Arcyria carnea Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., ii. 383, a fungus, Stilbum sp. ?
A. denudata Fr. Nov. Symb. Mycol., 135, 1851, doubtful; possibly
Arcyria incamata Pers.
A. ramulosa Wigand in Pringsh. Jahrb. wissensch. Bot., iii. 43 =
Trichia ramulosa Rudolphi, q.v.
A. viridis Zollinger in Flora, xxx. 33 ( 1847), apparently not one of the
Mycetozoa.
Badhamia carnea Oudemans in Nederl. Kruidk. Arch., ser. 2, ltiti, ;i
fungus, Tubercularia sp. '.'
Cionium carolinense Spreng. Syst. Veg., iv. 529, a fungus, Caulo-
glossum transversarium Fr., teste Fries.
C. physaroides Spreng. I.e. = Leangittm physaroides Link, q.v.
C. senegalense Spreng. I.e., a fungus, Podaxon calyptratus Fr.,
teste Fries.
Glathrus recutittjs L. Sp. PL, ed. 2, 1649, doubtful.
Craterium difforme Fr. Stirp. Femsj., 83, undescribed.
Cribraria coccinea Pers. Syn., 190, description insufficieiit.
C. onygena Schum. Enum. PI. Saell., ii. 218, a fungus, Onygena
faginea Fr.
C. venosa Pers. Syn., 191 = Dictydixm venosum Schrad., q.v.
Dictydium didermoides Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 165, doubtful.
D. micropus Fr. I.e., 167 = Sphaerocarpus trichioides Bull., q.v.
D. trichioides Fr. I.e., 166, doubtful.
D. venosum Schrad. Nov. Gen. PL, ii., doubtful.
Diderma ACUMrNATUM Schum. I.e., 198, doubtful.
D. ramosum Pers. Syn. 166 = Reticularia stipitata Bull., doubtftd ;
probably a fungus.
D. STiPiTATUM Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 104 = Reticularia stipitata
Bull., q.v.
D. trichodes Fr. I.e., 108 = Didy mi 'um trichodes Link, q.v.
Didymium ossicoltjm Patouill. in Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 1888, 91,
doubtful.
D. parietinum Schrad. Nov. PL Gen., 24, a fungus, Anixia trunci-
gena Fr.
D. ramosum Duby Bot. Gall., ed. 2. iii. 859 = Reticularia stipitata
Bull., q.v.
D. trichodes Link in Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. BerL, vii. 42, a fungus, Peziza
Lonicerae Alb. & Schw., teste Rostafinski.
Lachnoboltts cinereus Schwein. in Trans. Araer. Phil. Soc, n.s. iv.
261, doubtful.
LEANGruM physaroides Link I.e., iii. 26, doubtful.
268
LIST OF SPECIES TO BE DISCARDED 269
Licea badia Fr. Syst. Myc, iii. 198, a fungus, perhaps one of the
Perisporiaceae, teste Rostafinski.
L. Berteroana Mont. Fl. Chil, viii. 20, probably a perisporiaceous
fungus, teste Rostafinski.
L. bicolor Pors. Syn., 195, a fungus, Anixia truncigena Fr.
L. macrospora Schuiii. I.c, 218, a fungus, Polyangium umbrinum
Fr., teste Fries.
L. pannorum Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., no. 2105 = Anixia truncigena Fr.
L. epiphylla Schwein. I.e., 258, description inadequate.
L. strobilina Alb. & Schwein. Consp. Fung., 10, a fungus, Aecidium
strobilinum Reess.
L. suberea Fr. l.c. 198, a fungus, Aecidium sp.
L. sulphurea Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ., 344, a fungus, Anixia trun-
cigena Fr.
Leangium physaroides Link I.e., iii. 26, doubtful.
Lycogala atra Pers. Syn., 159, a fungus, Apiosporium sp., teste
Fuckel.
L. globosa Schrank Baier. Fl., ii. 038, a fungus,
L. niveum Hoffm. Veg. Crypt. ,ii. 9, t. 2, f. 4, is apparently Lamprodermu
sp., immature.
L. parietinum Fr. I.e., 83 = Didymium parietinum Schrad., q.v.
Lycoperdon fttscum Huds. Fl. Angl., ii. 645 (1778), a fungus.
Mtjcor violacetjs Leers Fl. Herborn., 287, doubtful.
Perichaena decipiens Berk. & Br. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
xvii. 140, a fungus, Aecidium strobilinum Reess.
P. gregata Fautr. & Lamb, in Revue Mycol., xvi. 161 (1894),
description insufficient.
P. phaeosperma Karst. in Revue Mycol., ix. 11 (1887), description
insufficient.
P. picea Berk. & Br. I.e., a pyrenomycetous fungus.
P. strobilina Fr. Symb. Gast., 11, a fungus, Aecidium strobilinum
Reess.
Physarum Oxyacanthe Schum. I.e., 199, doubtful.
Reticularia epixylon Bull. Champ., 90, t. 472, f. 1, a fungus,
Dichosporium sp., teste Fries.
R. nigra Bull. I.e., 88. t. 380, f. 2, probably a fungus.
R. ramosa Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1471 = R. stipitata Bull., q.v.
R. segetum Bull. I.e., 90 1. 472 f. 2, a fungus, Ustilago carbo Tul.
R. stipitata Bull. I.e., 89 t. 380 f. 3, probably a fungus.
Rostafinskia australis Spegaz. in Ann. Soc. Cient. Argent., x. 151,
appears to be a fungus from the description.
Spumaria flava Schum. I.e., 195, doubtful.
S. pallida Schum. l.c, doubtful.
Stemonitis alba Schrank Baier. FL, ii. 635, doubtful.
S. carnea Schrank I.e., probably a mould.
S. filicina Schrank l.c, 634, doubtful.
S. flttminensis Spegaz. I.e., xii. 255, doubtful, evidently an ill-developed
specimen.
S. fulva Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1468, doubtful.
S. furfuracea Gmel. I.e., doubtful.
S. globularis Gmel. I.e., doubtful.
S. graniformis Gmel. I.e., doubtful.
S. LiLACiNA Schrank I.e., 6 55, doubtful.
S. nivea Gmel. I.e., 1467, doubtful.
270 MYCETOZOA
S. purpurea Schrank in Mult. Bot., ii. 25, a fungus, Botrytis camea
Schum., teste Streinz.
S. pyrlformis Roth Fl. Germ., i. 548, doubtful.
S. SULPHUREA Roth I.e., a fungus, Eurotium herbariorum Link.
S. violacea Roth I.e., doubtful.
Trichia angulata Schwein. I.e., 259, doubtful.
T. arcyriaeformis Sebum. I.e., 206, doubtful.
T. badia Fr. Stirp. Femsj., 83, undescribed.
T. crassa Solium. I.e., 208, doubtful.
T. difforme Schwein. I.e., 259, doubtful.
T. fttrfttracea Wither. I.e., 392, doubtful.
T. lenticularis Hoffm. Veg. Crypt., 1a. 16, t. 4, f. 3, doubtful.
T. lichenoides Sibth. Fl. Oxon., 405, possibly a lichen.
T. miniata Schwein. I.e., doubtful.
T. nivea Hoffm. I.e., 15 t. iv., f. 2, doubtful.
T. olivacea Wither. I.e., iv. 392, doubtful.
T. physaroides Schum. I.e., 210, doubtful.
T. punctulata Schwein. I.e., 259, doubtful.
T. ramtjlosa Rudolphi in Linnaea, iv., 119, probably a fungus.
T. rectjtila Wither. I.e., doubtful.
T. reticulata DC. Fl. Fr., ii. 256, doubtful, possibly Dictydium
cancellatum Macbr.
T. RUFA Hoffm. I.e., 10, t. 2, f. 5, doubtful.
T. sphaerocephala Hoffm. I.e., ii. 15, t. iv., f. 2, doubtful.
Tubulesta bicolor Poiret \.c. = Licea strobilina Alb. & Schwein., q.v.
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Glossary.
Aethalium : A compound fructification formed by the union of many
sporangia ; the walls of the inner sporangia are more or less
imperfectly developed.
Capillitium : A system of simple or branched, solid or tubular threads,
developed within the sporangium, and usually assisting in the
dispersion of spores.
Cartilaginous : A term applied to a stout, uniformly thickened
membrane.
Columella : A supporting structure arising from the base of tho
sporangium and giving attachment to the capillitium ; it may be
either convex, conical, clavate or cylindrical ; in stalked sporangia
it is directly continuous with the stalk.
Cortex : An outer covering investing the aethalium.
Cytoplasm : The finely granular and hyaline portion of protoplasm.
Effused : Flattened and irregularly extended.
Elaters : Free tubular capillitium-threads marked with spiral bands,
characteristic of the genera Trichia and Oligonema.
Epispore : The outer layer of the spore-wall.
Fusiform : Spindle-shaped.
Flagellum : The whip-like organ of motion of a swarm-cell.
Hyaline : Glassy clear.
Hyaloplasm : That part of the cytoplasm which is free from granules.
Hypothallus : A membrane or system of strands from which the
sporangia arise.
Laciniate : Jagged or torn.
Lime-knots : Expansions in the threads of the capillitium containing
granules of calcium-carbonate.
Macrocyst : The resting condition of a very young plasmodium,
consisting of a mass of cytoplasm with nuclei, enclosed in a
double wall.
Microcyst : The resting condition of a swarm-cell, consisting of a
small spherical mass of cytoplasm and a nucleus, enclosed by a
hyaline wall.
Muricate : Rough, with hooked spines.
Nodes : In the genus Cribraria, the upper half at least of the sporangium
wall persists as a network of slender threads, usually conspicuously
enlarged or thickened at the points of junction or nodes.
Plasmodiocarp : Sessile sporangia having a vein-like or irregular
outline.
Plasmodic Granules : Minute, strongly refracting, usually coloured
granules, conspicuous in the walls of sporangia of the genera
Lindbladia, Cribraria, and Dictydium ; they dissolve in acid, and are
well preserved in Canada balsam.
Plasmodium : A mass of naked protoplasm formed by the union of
swarm-cells, and exhibiting a rhythmic circulation.
279
s2
280 MYCETOZOA
Pseudo-capillitium : Tlio name applied to the imperfectly developed
walls of the component sporangia of an aethalium, that may
resemble true capillitium. i
Pseudo-colxjmella : In the Physaraceae, a mass of lime-knots
confluent in the centre of the sporangium, resembling a columella
but remaining free from the stalk.
Pulvinate : Cushion-like.
Pyrieorm : Pear-shaped.
Sclerotium : The resting condition of the plasmodium ; it is formed
of numerous, closely compacted cysts, the " sclerotium cysts,"
each consisting of a mass of cytoplasm with ten to twenty nuclei,
and enclosed by a wall of cellulose ; the dry horny sclerotium
may retain its vitality for several years.
Sporangium : A receptacle containing spores.
Sporophore : A structure bearing spores on its surface (compare
Ceratiomyxa ).
Swarm-cell : The protoplasmic body that emerges from the spore on
germination ; it contains a nucleus and contracting vacuole ; at
first it is amoeboid, later it becomes pear-shaped with the narrow
end prolonged into a flagellum with which it swims in the water.
Terete : Having a circular transverse section.
Turbinate : Top-shaped.
> Htff" <* licrt«.civw. in llljlfifr. )
INDEX.
PAGE
PA6E
Iethaliopsis
Arcyria — continued
stercoriformis Zopf
. 88
decipiens Berk.
226
Iethalium
decipiens Pers. .
216
atrum Preuss
. 174
decipiens Racib.
234
ferrincola Schwein.
. 86
dentata Schum. .
240
flavum Link
. 86
o denudata Sheldon
239
septicum Fr.
. 86
dictyonema Rost.
234
\lwisia
. 193
digitata Rost.
236
Bombarda Berk. & ]
3r. . 193
o. ferruginea Sauter
234
\maurochaete
. 171
flava Pers.
244
air a Rost.
. 171
Friesii Berk. & Br. .
236
o fuliginosa Macbr.
. 171
fuliginea Cooke & Mass.
245
■speciosa Zukal .
. 144
fasca Fr. .
240
ixCYROPHORUS
> glauca Lister
241
crassipes Raunkiaer
. 161
globosa Schwein.
. 238
iy GIORIBIUM
glomerata Fr.
. 248
sinuosum Grev. .
Hariotii Mass. .
. 246
Arcyria
. 232
o incarnata Pers. .
242
adnata Rost.
. 242
inermis Racib. .
234
afjinis Rost.
. 242
insignis Kalchbr. & Cooke
240
albida Pers.
. 236
intricata Rost. .
. 234
alutacea Schum.
. 244
irregularis Racib.
. 242
>annulifera Torrend
. 239
Karsteni Mass. .
228
atra Schum.
. 160
leocarpoides Mass.
226
aurantiaca Raunk.
. 234
leucocephala Hoffm. .
96
bicolor Berk. & Curt
. 236
lilacina Schum. .
242
bonariensis Speg.
. 234
lutea Schwein. .
238
Bucknalli Mass.
. 211
macrospora Peck
234
calyculata Mass.
. 226
magna Rex
. 245
carnea Schum.
. 240
melanocephala Schum.
. 240
chrysospora Mass.
. 230
minor Schwein. .
. 242
cincta Schum.
. 240
o nutans Grev.
. 243
ooinerea Pers.
. 236
> occidentalis Lister
. 245
cinnamonea Hazsl.
. 234
ochroleuca Fr. .
. 238
circinans Fr.
. 246
o Oerstedtii Rost.
. 244
clavata Mass.
. 226
pallida Berk. & Curt.
. 236
clavata Cel. fil. .
. 234
paradoza Mass. .
. 228
congesta Berk. & Br
. 246
o pomiformis Rost.
. 237
conjugata Schum.
. 240
punicea Pers.
. 240
Cookei Mass.
. 236
Raciborskii Berl.
. 234
cornuvioides Racib.
. 234
rubiformis Mass.
. 223
281
282
MYCETOZOA
PAGE
Arc YRIA — cont inued
rufa Schum. . . . 240
Serpula Mass. . . .230
Serpula Wigand . .231
silacea Ditm. . . . 238
similis Racib. . . . 242
stipata Lister . . . 243
stipitata Mass. . . . 226
straminea Wallr. . . 236
stricta Rost. . . .236
tenuis Schroet. . . . 236
trichioides Corda . . 236
umbrina Schum. . . 238
vermicularis Schum. . . 245
vemicosa Rost. . . . 240
-versicolor Phill. . . 235
vitelline/, Phill. . . .235
Wigandii Mass. . . 228
Badhamia . . . .30
affinis Rost. . . .37
Alexandrowiczii Rost. . 35
> o capsulifera Berk. . . 31
chrysotricha Rost. . . 36
citrinella Cel. fil. . . 60
coadnata Rost. . . .88
Curtisii Rost. . . .39
>°decipiensBerk. . . .35
decipiens Lister . . 35, 81
dictyospora Rost. . . 39
o f oliicola Lister . . .34
Fuckeliana Rost. . . 90
fulvella Berk. . . .35
fulvescens Cooke . . 40
granulifera Mass. . .140
hyalina Berk. . . 31, 32
inaurata Currey . . 35
irregularis Cooke & Ellis . 40
*lilacina Rost. . . .38
>■ © macrocarpa Rost. . . 36
macrocarpa Lister . . 37
magna Peck . . .34
y nitens Berk. . . .34
nodulosa Mass. . . .65
; orbiculata Rex . . .37
; ovispora Racib. . . .38
Badhamia — continued
pallida Berk,
opanicea Rost. .
papaveracea Berk. & Rav
penetralis Cooke & Ellis
^populina Lister .
pulcherrima Speg.
rubiginosa Rost.
subaquila Macbr.
o utricularis Berk.
varia Mass. . 31,33
verna Rost. . . 38
* versicolor Lister
Brefeldia .
° maxima Rost. .
Byssus
fruticulosus Muell.
Calonema
> aureum Morgan
Carcerina
conglomerata Fr.
spumarioides Fr.
valvata Fr. .
O Ceratiomyxa
0 fruticulosa Macbr.
mucida Schroet.
porioides Schroet.
Ceratium
arbuscula Berk. & Br.
filiforme Berk. & Br.
hydnoides Alb. & Schw.
porioides Alb. & Schw.
pyxidatum Alb. & Schw.
Chondrioderma
aculeatum Rex .
affine Rost.
albescens Mass. .
Alexandrowiczii Rost.
anomalum Rost.
asteroides Lister
Berkeleyanum Rost. .
calcareum Rost. .
Carmichaelianum Cooke
Carmichaelianum Mass.
Cookei Rost.
PAGI
&0.V1
0
(if
hi
hi
ii
U
35
37
32
154
32
66
39
39
33 l«<
.34
,75 '<
35 A"
172 *i
172
k
25 kl
}l
221 Jl
221 •
SO <ri
103 '*
77 |
25 '
25
26 !
26 ro
26
26
25
26 A
26
108
104
105
132
132
114
90
125
112
115
132
INDEX
1583
PAGE
PAGE
Jhondrioderma — continued
Cienkowskia — continued
crustaceum Berlese .
. 105
reticulata Rost.
. 92
cubense Rost.
. 107
C IONIUM
dealbatum Mass.
. 101
iridis Ditm.
. 131
deplanatum Rost.
. 106
stellare Spreng.
. 112
difforme Rost. .
. 125
xanthopus Ditm.
. 131
floriforme Rost.
. Ill
o Clastoderma
. 169
Friesianum Rost.
. 102
° Debaryanum Blytt .
. 169
frustulosum Pat.
. 105
Cla throptychi um
geasteroides Phill.
. 110
Berkeleyi Mass. .
. 196
globosum Rost. .
. 104
cinnabarinum Sacc. .
. 196
hemisphericum Torrend
. 102
rugulosum Rost.
. 196
Hookeri Lister .
. 39
Clathrus
inflatum Rost. .
. 91
adnatus Batsch .
. 242
liceoides Rost. .
. 125
denudatus L.
. 239
lucidum Cooke .
. 115
nudus L. .
. 144
Lyallii Mass.
. 106
turbinatum Huds.
. 207
Michelii Rost. .
. 102
Clad stria
Muelleri Rost. .
. 90
didermoides Fr. .
. 66
mutabile Schroet.
. 106
C LAV ARIA
niveum Rost.
. 105
byssoides Bull. .
. 25
ochraceum Schroet. .
. 109
puccinea Batsch
. 25
Ocrstedtii Rost. .
. 110
COLLODERMA
. 116
pezizoides Rost. .
. 90
oculatum G. Lister .
. 116
physaroides Rost.
. 105
COMATRICHA
. 151
quitense Pat.
. 126
aequalis Peck .
. 153
radiatum Rost. .
. 112
a/finis Rost.
. 158
radiatum Lister .
. 113
alta Preuss
. 152
reticulatum Rost.
. 103
caespitosa Sturgis
. 122
roanense Rex
. 113
crypto, Macbr. .
. 160
rugosum Rex
. 114
dictyospora Cel. fil. .
. 158
Saundersii Berk. & Br.
. 103
^elegans Lister .
. 155
Sauteri Rost.
. 108
Ellisiana Ellis & Everh.
. 154
similans Rost. .
. 105
Ellisii Morg.
. 154
simplex Schroet.
. 108
equinoctialis Torrend .
. 159
spumarioides Rost. .
. 104
flaccida Morg. .
. 146
Stahlii Rost.
. 113
Friesiana Rost. .
. 152
stromateum Rost.
. 104
gracilis Wingate
. 156
subdictyospermum Rost .
. 101
irregularis Rex .
. 160
sublateritium Rost. .
. 107
laxa Rost.
. 154
testaceum Rost. .
. 107
longa Peck
. 159
Trevelyani Rost.
. 110
lurida Lister
. 155
vaccinum Rost. .
. 107
macrosperma Racib. .
. 154
virgineum Mass.
. 104
©nigra Schroeter .
. 152
zeylanicum Rost.
. 90
obtusata Preuss .
. 152
)lENKOWSKIA
. 92
obtusata Lister .
. 153
284
MYCETOZOA
Comateicha — continued
Persoonii Cel. fil.
Persoonii Macbr.
Persoonii Rost. .
- ° pulchella Rost. .
> rubens Lister .
Shimekiana Macbr.
Sommerfeltii Blytt
Stemonitis Macbr.
subcaespitosa Peck
> Suksdorfii Macbr.
typhina Rost. .
Hyphoides Rost. .
Cornuvia7' .
anomala Karst. .
circumscissa Rost.
depressa Lister .
dictyocarpa Krupa
leocarpoides Speg.
metallica Rost. .
nitens Rost.
?Serj)ula Rost. .
Wrightii Rost. .
Crateriachea
mutabilis Rost. .
Craterium .
oaureum Rost. .
citrinellum Lister
> conciiinum Rex .
confusum Mass. .
convivale Morg. .
Curtisii Mass. .
cylindricum Mass.
deoperculatum Fr.
dictyospermum Mass.
flavum Fr. .
floriforme Schwein.
Friesii Rost.
Fuckelii Mass. .
globosum Fr.
o leucocephalum Ditm.
lilacinum Mass. .
Maydis Morg. .
minimum Berk. & Cur
oininutum Fries .
mutabile Fr.
!.
Craterium — continued
152 nodulosum Morg.
15G obovatum Peck .
156 Oerstedtii Rost. .
156 > paraguayense Lister
157 pedunculatum Trent ep. 63,
163 porphyrium Schwein.
154 pruinosum Corda
158 pyriform,e Ditm.
152 rubescens Rex .
153 rubiginosum Mass.
158 turbinatum Fr. .
157 vulgar e Ditm.
231 ^Cribraria
211 ° argillacea Pers. .
248 o aurantiaca Schrad.
259 badia Che v."
251 capillaris Fr.
226 cernua Pers.
256 cuprea Morg.
220 dictydioides Cooke & Bait'.
231 dictydioides Macbr.
248 didermoides Solium.
data Mass.
53 elegans Berk. & Curt.
93 exilis Macbr.
97 fulva Schrad.
62 intermedia Schrad.
95 intermedia Berk.
94 - °o intricata Schrad.
97 languescens 1U.\
39 Lycopodii F. Nees
97 Ornacrocarpa Schrad.
96 microcarpa Pers.
39 micropus Schrad.
46 microscopica Berk. & Curt.
223 minima Berk. & Curt.
94 > minutissima Schwein.
97 mirabilis Mass. .
238 ° purpurea Schrad.
96 o pyriformis Schrad.
39 orubiginosa Fr.
60 a rufa Rost.
97 rufescens Pers. .
94 o splendens Pers. .
98 stellata Schum. .
I'AG
3$
INDEX
285
PAGE
PAGE
Jribraria — continued
Dictydium — continued
tatrica Racib.
. 178
long i pes Mor gan .
. 185
tenella Schrad. .
. 181
magnum Peck .
. 34
variabilis Ficin. & Schub.
. 179
microcarpum Schrad.
. 183
violacea Rex
. 184
splendens Schrad.
. 180
vulgaris Schrad.
. 179
trichiodes Che v.
. 185
Ittidium
umbilicatum Schrad.
. 185
melleum Morg. .
. 46
DlDERMA
. 99
Bavenelii Morg. .
. 50
albescens PhiU. .
. 105
rufipes Morg.
. 49
asteroides Lister
. 113
atrovirens Fr.
. 99
Oemordivm
brunneolum Phill.
. 63
inquinans Link .
. 171
Carmichaelianum Berk.
. 112
Jermodium
chalybeum Weinm.
. 125
conicum Rost.
. 204
cinereum Morg.
. 104
fallax Nees .
146
citrinum Peck .
. 62
inquinans Fr.
172
citrinum Berk. .
. 139
)iachaea
117
concinnum Berk. & Curt.
. 112
- bulbillosa Lister
119
conglomeratum Fr.
. 80
> caespitosa Lister
121
cont ext um Pers. .
. 79
confusa Mass.
118
contortum Hoffm.
. 106
> cyhndrica Bilgram
121
crassipes Solium.
. 112
elegans Fr. .
118
crustaceum Peck
. 104
Hookeri Mass.
39
cubense Berk. & Curt.
. 107
°leucopoda Rost.
118
cyanescens Fr. .
. 125
t splendens Peck .
120
deplanatum Fr. .
. 106
splendens Racib.
119
depressum Fr. .
. 102
>subsessilis Peck
120
difforme Pers. .
. 125
>Thomasii Rex .
121
effusum Morg. .
. 102
Thomasii Rex .
122
flavidum Peck .
. 79
)lACHAEELLA
flavum Weinm. .
. 80
bulbillosa v. Hohnel .
119
floriforme Pers. .
. Ill
)lANEMA
257
geasteroides Phill.
. 110
: corticatum Lister
259
o globosum Pers. .
. 104
> depressum Lister
258
globuliferum Fr.
. 49
i Harveyi Rex
257
granulatum Fr. .
. 80
* nivalis G. Lister
258
0 hemisphericum Hornem.
. 101
)ICTYDIAETHALITJM
196
Hookeri Berk. .
. 39
applanatum Rost.
196
laciniatum Phill.
. 110
dissiliens Hazsl.
196
lepidotum Fr.
. Ill
plumbeum Rost.
196
Libertianum Fres.
. 125
)ictydium .
185
liceoides Fr.
. 125
ambiguum Schrad. .
185
lobatum Somm. .
. 131
anomalum Meylan .
185
>lucidum Berk. & Br.
. 115
"cancellatum Macbr. .
185
Lyallii Macbr. .
. 106
cernuum JNees .
185
Mariae- Wilsoni Clinton
. 107
286
MYCETOZOA
PAGE
Diderma — continued
minutum Fr. . . .80
nilens Klotzsch . .125
o niveum Macbr. . . . 105
> ochraceum G. C. Hoffm. . 109
ochroleucum Berk. & Curt. . 79
pallidum Berk. & Curt. . 78
papaverinum Wallr. . . 33
Persoonii Macbr. . .125
o radiatum Lister . .112
reticulatum Fr. . . .93
reticulatum Morg. . . 103
>roanense Macbr. . .113
rufipes Fr. . . .50
rugosum Macbr. . .114
rugulosum Weinm. . . 80
>Sauteri Macbr. . . 108
> simplex Lister . . . 107
spumariaeforme Wallr. . 138
o spumarioides Fr. . . 103
spurium Schum. . .111
squamulosum Alb. & Schw. 132
stellar e Pers. . . .112
stromateum Morg. . .104
> subdictyospermum Lister 101
sublateritium Berk. & Br. . 107
o testaceum Pers. . . 106
o*Trevelyani Fr. . .110
umbilicatum Pers. . .112
valvatum Fr. . . .77
vemicosum Pers. . . 99
Didymium . . . .123
affine Raunk. . . .132
Alexandrowiczii Mass. . 132
?anellus Morgan . .134
angulatum Peck . .132
australe Mass. . . .90
Bartoii Mass. . . .52
Bonianum Pat. . . .132
bulbillosum Berk. & Br. . 119
candidum Schrad. . . 104
Chondrioderma de Barv &
Rost 132
chrysopeplum Berk. & Curt. 46
cinereum Fr. . . .73
>°Clavus Rost. . . .128
D i d y m ium — cont inued
commutabile Berk. & Br.
convplanatum Rost.
complanatum Fuckel
complanatum Schrad
confluens Rost. . . 132,
congestum Berk. & B
connatum Peck .
Cookei Raunk. .
costatum Fr.
croceoflavum Berk. & Br
k <? crustaceum Fr.
Curtisii Berk. .
cyanescens Fr. .
daedalium Berk. & Br.
dealbatum Berk. & Curt,
odifforme Duby .
discoideum Rost.
> dubium Rost. .
echinospora Mass.
effusum Link
elegantissimum Mass
crythrinum Berk.
excelsum Jahn .
eximium Peck .
Fairmani Sacc. .
farinaceum Schrad.
filamentosum Wallr.
flavicomum Mass.
flavidum Peck .
floriforme Schrad.
Fuckelianum Rost.
fulvellum Mass. .
furfuraceum Fr. .
Geaster Link
glaucum Phill. .
globosum Chev. .
granuliferum Phill.
guarapiense Spegaz.
gyrocephalum Mont.
hemisphericum Fr. . 102,
herbarum Fr.
humile Hazsl. .
> intermedium Schroet
iridis Fr. .
lateritium Bei'k. & Rav
PAGE
Do
128
127
112
129
136
66
!■:
132
132
83
136
39
125
76
101
124
132
126
72
132
131
49
135
131
129
129
132
59
62
111
132
131
67
112
70
104
140
96
58
128
132
129
135
131
82
INDEX
287
)id ymium — continu ed
>leoninum Berk. & Br.
leucopus Fr. . . 45,
Libertianum de Bary
Linkii Fr.
Lister i Mass.
lobalum Nees
longipes Mass. .
luteogriseum Berk. & Curt
macrospermum Rost.
marginatum Fr.
Masseeanum Sacc. & Syd.
megalosporum Berk. & Curt
melanopus Fr. .
> melanospermum Macbr.
"meiteum Berk. & Br. .
Michelii Lib.
microcarpon Rost.
microcephalum Chev.
minus Morg.
muscicola Link .
nanum Fr. & Weinm.
nectriaeforme Berk. & Curt
neglectum Mass. .
neglectum Berk. & Br. .
uigripes Fr.
obrusseum Berk. & Curt.
oculatum Lippert
oxalinum Peck .
paraguayense Spegaz.
parasiticum Sacc. & Syd.
parietinum Schrad. .
pertusum Berk. .
pezizoidcum Mass.
physaroides Fr. .
platypus Hazsl.
plicatum Corda .
polycephalum Fr.
polymorphum Mont. .
porphyropus Dur. & Mont.
praecox de Bary .
proximum Berk. & Curt.
pusillum Berk. & Curt.
quitense Torrend
radiatum Mass. .
radiatum Berk. & Curt.
PAGE PAGE
Did ymium — continued
136 Ravenelii Berk. & Curt. . 49
132 reticulatum Berk. & Br. . 35
125 reticulatum Rost. . . 103
137 rufipes Fr 139
126 scrobiculatum Berk. . . 73
129 Serpula Fr. . . .127
49 sinapinum Cooke . .83
58 Sowerbeii Berk. . .137
132 spumarioides Fr. . 103, 138
67 © squamulosum Fr. . . 131
128 stellare Schrad. . .112
130 subroseum Peck . . 49
129 tenerrimum Berk. & Curt. . 58
129 tenue Pat. . . .130
46 testaceum Schrad. . . 107
102 tigrinum Schrad. . . 139
130 Trochus Lister . .127
130 Tussilaginis Mass. . .132
129 versipelle Fr. . . .139
137 Weinmanni Fr. . .137
137 »Wilczekii Meylan . . 134
83 xanthopus Fr. . . .131
128 zeylanicum Berk. & Br. . 90
132 Diptherium
130 flavo-fuscum Ehrenberg . 202
58
116 ECHINOSTELIUM . . . 170
73 7 minutum de Bary . . 170
96 Embolus
90 crocatus Batsch . . 240
137 Exdodromia
131 vitrea Berk. . . .170
90 ° EXERTHENEMA . . . 160
129 Berkeleyana Rost. . .161
132 elegans Bowm. . . . 160
137 muscorum Lev. . . .164
58 opapillatum Rost. . . 160
58 Enteridium . . . 197
130 antarcticum Speg. . . 197
132 atrum Preuss . . .197
131 cinereum Schwein. . . 88
65 macrosperma Raunk. . 197
126 >o olivaceum Ehrenb. . .197
128 Rostrupii Raunk. . . 197
132 Rozeanum Wing. . . 198
288
MYCETOZOA
Enteriditjm — continued
simulans Rost. . . .197
splendens Morg. . .198
Erionema . . .89
> aureum Penz. . . .89
Euligo . . . .85
Candida Pers. . . .86
cinerea Morg. . . .88
ellipsospora Lister . . 88
flava Pers. . . 86
flavescens Schum. . . 86
(jyrosa Jahn . . .75
la&vis Pers. . . .86
Lycoperdon Schum. . . 199
?omuscorum Alb. & Schw. . 87
ochracea Peck . . .87
ovata Macbr. . . .86
plumbea Schum. . . 196
rufa Pers. ,*«..»«**•. • 86
oseptica Gmelin vio^^t . 86
septica Gmelin . * . .75
simulans Karst. . . 87
stercoriformis Racib. . . 88
tatrica Racib. . . .86
vapor aria Pers. . . 86
varians Somm. . . 86
violacea Pers. . . .86
Galoperdon
epidendrum Wiggers
Heimerlia
hyalina v. Hohnel
Hemiarcyria
ablata Morgan
applanata Cooke &
calyculata Speg.
chrysospora Lister
clavata Rost.
fuliginea Cocke & Mass
funalis Morg.
intorta Lister
Karstenii Rost.
leiocarpa Cooke
longifila Rex
202
170
226
249
226
230
226
245
226
224
228
227
224
Hemiarcyria — continued
melanopeziza Speg. . . 248
obscura Rex . . . 228
paradoxa Mass. . . 228
plumosa Morg. . . 226
pusilla Speg. . . .231
rubiformis Rost. . . 223
Serpula Rost. . . .230
siipata Rost. . . . 243
stipitata Mass. . . . 226
Varneyi Rex . . . 227
Wigandii Rost. . . 228
oHemitrichia . . . 222
' o abietina Lister . . . 227
chrysospora Lister . . 230
o clavata Rost. . . . 225
intorta Lister . . . 223
intorta Lister . . . 224
° Karstenii Lister . . 228
> leiocarpa Lister . . 227
> o leiotricha lister . . 224
> minor C. Lister . . 225
montana Morgan . . 226
ovata Macbr. . . . 228
rubiformis Lister . . 223
Serpula Rost 229
stipata Macbr. . . . 243
stipitata Macbr. . . 226
°Vesparium Macbr. . . 222
Heterodictyon
Bieniaszii Racib. . . 178
mirabile Rost. . . .185
Heterotriceia
Gabriellae Mass. . . 234
Hymenobolus . . . 262
parasiticus Zukal . . 262
IOCRATERIUM
paraguayense Torrend . 96
rubescens Jahn . . .96
Isaria
mucida Pers. . . .25
J uxdzilla
Tubulina Racib. . .146
INDEX
289
Kleistobolus
pusillus Lippert
Lachnobolus
Arcyrella Rost.
circinans Fr.
>°'congestus Lister
cribrosus Fr.
globosus Rost.
incarnatus Macbr.
incarnatus Schroet.
occidentalis Macbr.
pygmae.us Zukal
Bostaftnskii Racib.
Sauteri Rost.
Lamproderma
arcyrioides Rost.
arcyrioides Morg.
arcyrionema Rost.
atrosporum Meyl.
o columbinum Rost.
o echinulatum Rost .
Ellisiana Cooke .
Hookeri Rost. .
iridescens Rost.
irideum Mass. .
leucosporum Rost.
Lister i Mass.
Lycopodii Raunkiaer
' 7 minutum Rost. .
nigrescens Rost.
nigrescens Sacc.
physaroides Rost.
robustum Ellis & Everh
Saccardianum Mass.
Sauteri Rost.
Schimperi Rost.
o scintillans Morgan •
Staszycii Racib.
subaeneum Mass.
oviolaceum Rost.
Lamprodermopsis
nivalis Meyl.
Leangium
floriforme Link
lepidotum Ditm.
187
. 246
. 236
. 246
. 246
. 171
. 238
. 246
. 247
. 246
. 251
. 227
. 246
. 161
. 166
. 167
. 162
. 168
. 164
. 162
. 154
. 39
. 165
. 164
. 166
. 162
. 168
. 166
. 166
. 166
. 165
. 167
. 166
. 167
. 165
. 163
. 165
. 163
. 166
. 258
. Ill
. Ill
Lean oi um — continued
squamulosum Fr.
stellare Link
stipatum Schwein.
Trevelyani Grev
Leogarpus .
atrovirens Fr.
calcareus Link
contextus Fr.
o fragilis Rost.
fulvus Macbr.
granulatus Fr.
minutus Fr.
ramosus Fr.
spermoides Link
vernicosus Link
Lepidoderma
> Carestianum Rost.
Chailletii Rost. .
fulvum Mass.
o granuliferum Fr.
Kurzii Berk.
leoninus v. Hohnel
obovatum Mass. .
reticulatum Mass.
stellatum Mass. .
7 o tigrinum Rost. .
tigrinum Rost. .
LlCAETHALIUM
olivaceum Rost.
O Lice a .
alba Nees
alutacea Wallr. .
applanata Berk.
badia Fr.
> biforis Morgan .
brunnea Preuss
caesia Schum. .
castanea G. Lister
cinnabarina Berk. &
circumscissa Pers.
congesta Wallr
contorta Wallr.
cylindrica Fr.
effusa Ehrenb.
tfflexuosa Pers.
Br.
139
112
243
110
98
99
125
79
98
61
80
80
99
99
99
139
140
140
139
140
52
137
110
35
52
139
137
197
187
125
189
196
189
189
176
125
188
196
250
246
213
192
174
189
290
MYCETOZOA
Licea — continued
fragiformis Nees . .192
incarnata Preuss . .189
incarnata Alb. & Sch w. . 256
tricolor Zoll. . . .192
Lindheimeri Berk. . . 86
macrospora Schwein. . 125
microsperma Berk. & Curt. 192
>o minima Fr. . . . 187
ochracea Peck . . .87
olivacea Fuckel . .197
pannorum Cienk. . .251
perreptans Berk. . .172
><>pusilla Schrad. . . .188
quercina Wallr. . . 250
reticulata Berk. & Br. . 253
rubiformis Berk. & Curt. . 192
rugulosa Wallr. . .196
Schoenleinii Johow . .189
serpula Fr. . . .189
spermoides Berk. & Curt. . 174
spumarioidea Cooke & Mass. 193
stipitata DC. . . .132
stipilata Berk. & Rav. . 192
tenuissima Berk. &. Br. . 196
variabilis Schrad. . . 189
Liceopsis . . . .199
lobata Torrend . . .199
Lignidium
griseoflavum Link . . 87
muscicola Fr. . . .87
reniforme Fr. . . .75
°LlNDBLADIA . . . 174
o effusa Rost. . . .174
Tubulina Fr. . . .174
Listerella . . .261
paradoxa Jahn . .261
0 Lycogala .... 200
a/fine Berk. & Br. . . 202
argentea Pers. . . .199
atropurpureum Berk. & Br. 204
atrum Alb. & Schw. .171
cinerea Schum. . . . 202
°conicum Pers. . . . 203
contortum Ditm. . .213
°epidendrum Fr. . . 202
Lycogala — continued
exiguum Morgan
ferruginea Schum.
o flavo-fuscum Rost.
miniatum Pers.
minuta Grev.
minutum Sacc. & Paol.
nitidum Berk. & Br.
ochraceum Mass.
plumbea Schum.
punctata Pers. .
rufo-cinnamomeum Mass.
terrestre Fr.
Torrendii Bres.
turbinata Pers. .
Lycoperdon
chalybeum Batsch
cinereum Batsch
complanatum Batsch
corticale Batsch
Epidendrum L.
favogineum Batsch
fragile Dicks.
fuliginosum Sow.
lumbricale Batsch
luteum Jacq.
pisiforme Jacq.
radiatum L.
ungulinum Schum.
verrucosum Batsch
vesiculosum Batsch
Vesparium Batsch
PAG]
„->>-,
° Margarita .
N- metallica Lister
pictoviana Moore
Mucor
cancellatus Batsch
clathroides Scop.
fragiformis Schaeff.
Lycogala Scop. .
Mucilago Scop.
pomiformis Leers
primus (ovatus) Schaeff.
pyriformis Scop.
pyriformis Leers
. 256
. 256
^256
INDEX
Mvcor — continued
septicus L.
Serpula Scop. .
spongiosus Leysser
iIucilago
spongiosa Morgan
)ligonema .
aeneum Karst.
bavaricum Balf. & Ber.
brevifilum Peck
Broomei Mass.
flavidum Peck
flavidum Lister
fulvum Pav. & Lag.
fulvum Morg.
furcatum Buckn
minutulum Mass
nitens Rost.
nitens Lister
)phiotheca
anomala Mass. .
chrysosperma Currey
circumscissa Mass.
irregularis Mass.
pallida Berk. & Curt.
reticulata Mass.
Serpula Mass.
umbrina Berk. & Curt.
vermicularis Mass.
Wrightii Berk. & Curt.
)rcadella .
operculata Wing.
Irthotrichia
microcephala Wing.
'erichaena .
abietina Fr.
applanata Mass.
artocreas Berk. & Raw
australis Berl.
caespitosa Peck
cano-flavescens Raunk.
chrysosperma Lister
confusa Mass. .
congesta Fr.
PAGE
86
229
138
137
137
219
211
220
221
251
220
221
213
211
215
220
219
221
211
248
248
249
253
253
231
253
253
248
190
190
169
247
, 250
249
249
249
. 174
251
248
253
. 246
291
PAGE
Perichaena — continued
contorta Fr.
. 213
cornuvioides Cel. fil. .
. 228
o corticalis Rost. .
. 250
depressa Libert
. 249
flavida Peck
. 221
Friesiana Rost. .
.253
fusco-atra Rost.
. 251
incarnata Fr.
. 256
irregularis Berk. & Curt.
. 249
Krupii Racib.
. 249
liceoides Rost. .
. 251
marginata Berk. & Br.
. 249
marginata Schwein. .
. 250
microcarpa Schroet. .
. 251
r microspora Penzig & Lister 254
nitens Raunk. .
. 251
plasmodiocarpa Blytt
. 256
populina Fr.
. 250
^pulcherrima Petch
. 252
quadrata Macbr.
. 249
quercina Fr.
. 250
reticulata Rost. .
. 253
Bostafinskii Karst.
. 251
vaporaria Schwein. .
. 250
variabilis Rost. .
. 253
0 vermicularis Rost.
. 253
Peziza
convivale Batsch
. 96
minuta Leers
. 94
Physarella
. 91
mirabilis Peck .
. 92
oblonga Morg. .
. 91
Physarina .
. 117
? echinocephala v. Hohnel
. 117
Physartjm .
. 40
/ aeneum R. E. Fries
. 81
a/fine Rost.
. 70
alatum Fr.
. 132
albicans Peck
. 49
albipes Link
. 67
albipes de Bary
. 68
albo-punctatum Schum.
. 67
album Fr.
. 125
^alpinum G. Lister
. 84
antiades Fr.
. Ill
292
MYCETOZOA
PAGE
Physarum — continued
atrorubrum Peck . . 51
airum Fr. . . .85
>atrum SchAvein. . . 74
aurantium Pers. . 50, 56
aureum Pers. . . .56
auriscalpium Cooke . . 60
auriscalpium Macbr. . 84
Berkeleyi Post. . . 59
'Bethelii Macbr. . . 57
°bitectum Lister . . 78
bivalve Pers. . . .77
bogoriense Racib. . . 78
botryoides Fr. . . .33
botrytes Somni. . . .33
Braunianum Lister . . 50
Braunianum de Bary . 83
brunneolum Mass. . . 63
bryophilum Fr. . . .165
bulbiforme Schum. . . 67
bullalum Link . . .45
caesium Fr. . . .125
caespitosum Schwein. . 62
caespitosum Peck . .174
calidris Lister . . .65
cancellatum Wallr. . .31
candidum Rost. . . 70
capense Rost. . . .73
capitaium Link . . .129
capsuliferum Che v. . .31
Carlylei Mass. . . .55
carneum G. Lister & Sturgis 63
cerebrinum Mass. . . 86
cernuum Fr. . . .67
chlorinum Cooke . .85
chrysotrichum Berk. & Curt. 36
chrysotrichum Mass. . . 83
cinerascens Schum. . . 129
° cinereum Pers. . . .73
cinereum Link . . .31
cinereum Lister . . 53
cinereum var. . . .66
7 citrinellum Peck . . 62
ocitrinum Schumacher . 51
Clavus Alb. & Schw. . .128
columbinum Macbr. . . 49
Physarum — continued
columbinum Pers.
compactum Lister
compactum Ehrenb.
' o compressum Alb. &
compressum Alb. &
concinnum Mass.
confluens Link .
confluens Pers. .
congestum Somm.
conglobatum Fr.
conglobatum Ditm.
conglomeratum Rost
conglomeratum Mass.
o connatum Lister
connatum Ditm.
connatum Schum.
connexum Link .
o contextum Pers.
corrugatum Link
Crateriachea Lister
• crateriforme Petch
crustiforme Speg.
cupripes Berk. & Ra\
decipiens Curt.
delicatissimum Speg.
depressum Schum.
> dictyospermum Lister
Diderma Lister
Diderma Rost.
odidermoides Rost.
didermoides var.
Didymium Schum.
Ditmari Rost. .
> echinosporum Lister
effusum Schwein.
elegans Schwein
elongatum Link
illipsosporum Rost.
Jarinaceum Pers.
fimctarium Schum.
rlavicomum Berk.
flavovirens Alb. & Schw
fiamim Fr.
fulgens Pat.
fulvum Lister .
(VSA
Schw.
Schw.
127,
68
165
52
51
70
7%
:;«)
68
132
240
66
(is
80
??
67
85
. 72
79
85
53
M
Bib
(foil!
m
m
p
IF
W
■!/,
59
36
49
L02
55
78
79
65
79
67
83
77
103
85
85
88
129
85
58
85
46
83
60
[a
it.
h
in
i
<i<
H
if
i»l
i
III
m,
INDEX
293
bysarum — continued
fulvum Fr.
furfuraceum Schum.
galbeum Wing.
glaucum Mass. .
globosum Schum.
globuliferum Pers.
gracilentum Fr. .
granulatum Balf.
gravidum Morg.
griseum Link
Gulielmae Penzig- ^
gyrosum Rost. .
gyrosum Mass. .
gyrosum Rost. .
Mans Mass.
hyalinum Pers. .
hypnopMlum Fr.
hypnorum Link.
imitans Racib. .
inaequale Peck .
iridescens Berk,
javanicum Racib.
Kalchbrenneri Mass.
lateritium Morgan
h pidodermoides Blytt
U ucophaeum Fr.
leucopus Link .
leucostictum Che v.
\Leveillei Rost. .
lilacinum Fr.
lividum Rost. .
luteo-album Lister
lutco-album Schum.
luteolum Peck .
luteovalve Schwein.
luteum Pers.
macrocarpon Ces.
macrocarpum Fuckel
maculatum Macbr.
marginatum Schum.
Maydis Torrend
melanospermum Pers.
melleum Mass.
metallicum Berk. & Br
Michelii Corda .
i-mvi>i
31
66,
PAGE
82
67
59
70
129
48
67
68
65
70
75
81
87
91
,33
85
68
68
83
165
69
46
82
46
68
45
96
51
39
70
48
250
84
85
56
36
90
52
67
59
129
46
256
102
^t>*
Physarum — continued
PAGE
r
microcarpon Fr.
130
Muelleri Berk.
90
^omurinum Lister
50
murinum Lister
81
>oinutabile Lister
53
nephroideum Rost. . 70
, 72
> Newtoni Macbr.
54
nicaraguense Macbr. .
72
nigripes Link
130
nigrum Fr
129
nitidum Sclium.
99
nodulosum Cooke & Balf. .
65
7 nucleatum Rex
63
.a. nutans Pers.
67
oblatum Macbr.
60
obrusseum Macbr.
52
obrusseum Rost.
58
omatum Peck .
60
ovoideum Schum.
33
pallidum Lister
78
paniceum Fr.
38
ajienetrale Rex .
61
Petersii Berk. & Curt.
49
pezizoideum Pa v. & Lag. .
90
Phillipsii Balf. fil.
70
piceum Fr.
85
Pini Schum.
67
platense Speg. .
66
plumbeum Fr. .
73
polyaedron Schwein. .
85
polycephalum Schwein.
58
polymorphum Rost. .
58
© psittacinum Ditm.
55
pulcherrimum Berk.& Rav.
50
pulchripes Peck
49
purpurascens Link
85
zpusillum Lister
64
Ravenelii Mass.
49
Ravenelii Macbr.
50
Reader i Mass. .
68
relatum Morgan
49
>reni forme Lister
72
rcticulatum Berl.
74
reticulatum Alb. & Schw.
93
>roseum Berk. & Br. .
54
T
294
MYCETOZOA
Physarum — continued
Rostafinskii Mass.
° rubiginosum Fr.
rubiginosum Che v.
nihropunctatum Pat.
rufibasis Berk. & Br
rufipes Macbr.
salicinum Schum.
Schroeteri Rost.
Schumacheri Spreng
Schweinitzii Berk.
scrobiculatum Mass.
scyphoides Cooke & Balf
Serpula Morgan
simile Rost.
o sinuosum Weinm.
sinuosum Link.
solutum Schum.
sphaeroidale Che v.
squamulosum Pers.
stipitatum Chev.
> straminipes Lister
striatum Fr.
stromateum Link
sulcatum Link .
Tosulphureum Alb. & Sclm
sulphureum Sturgis
tenerum Rex
testaceum Sturgis
thejoteum Fr.
tigrinum Pers. .
tropicale Macbr.
turbinatum Schum.
Tussilaginis Berk. & Br.
> variabile Rex .
vermiculare Schwein.
vernicosum Schum.
vernum Somm. .
rillosum Schum.
violaceum Schum.
° virescens Ditm.
o vinde Pers.
xanthopus Wallr.
Protoderma
pusilla Rost.
vir. •kscrvvMt
PAGE
. 80
. 82
. 39
. 46
. 91
. 49
. 165
. 51
46, 51
. 220
. 73
. 97
. 81
. 64
. 77
. 129
. 67
. 103
. 139
. 85
. 64
. 56
. 103
. 67
46
60
52
79
83
139
72
94
132
47
253
99
75
85
73
83
56
96
. 188
Protodermivm
pusillum Berl. .
Prototrichia
Bombarda Mass.
chamaeleontina Mass.
cuprea Mass.
elegantula Rost.
flagellifera Rost.
>o metalhca Mass.
Puccima
byssoides Gmel. .
Raciborskia
elegans Berl.
o Reticularia
alba Bull.
apiospora Berk. & Br.
applanata Berk. & Br
argentea Poiret .
atra Fr.
atroruja Berk. & Curt
Carestiana Rabenh.
carnosa Bull.
entoxantha Berk.
flaro-fusca Fr. .
fuliginosa Berk. & Br
hemispherica Bull.
hortensis Bull. .
jurana Meylan .
lobata Lister
lurida Berk. & Br.
lutea Bull.
o Lycoperdon Bull.
maxima Fr.
miniata Poiret .
muscorum Fr. .
olivacea Fr.
plumbea Fr.
punctata Poiret .
rosea DC.
Rozeana Rost. .
Rozeana Lister .
sinuosa Bull.
sphaeroidalis Bull.
splendens Morg.
testacea Wallr. .
PAG
18:
26i
19<
26<
26<
26i
26i
26<
. 15c
. 19*
. 13*
. 19£
. . 19:
. 19f
. 171
. 19€
. l-li
. 196
. 202
. 199
102, 128
. 86
. 199
. 2<><!
. L96
. 86
. 199
. 172
. 203
. ST
. 197
. 196
. 203
. 203
. 198
. 200
. 77
. 103
. 198
. 202
INDEX
295
PAGE
^eticularia — continued
umbrind Fr. . . .199
ungulina Fr. . . . 197
venulosa Berk. & Curt. . 199
versicolor Fr. . . .197
lOSTAFINSKIA
elegans Racib. . . .155
■ CYPHIU31
rubiginosum Rost. . . 39
'IPHOPTYCHIVM
Casparyi Rost. . .193
PHAEROCARPA
operculata Schum. . . 94
PHAEROCARPUS
albus Bull. . . 67, 68
antiades Bull. . . .111
aurantius Bull. . . .56
capsulifer Bull. . .31
chrysospermus Bull. . . 207
cylindricus Bull. . .191
floriformis Bull. . .111
jragiformis Bull. . . 191
fragilis Sow. . . .217
globulifer Bull. . . .49
luteus Bull. . . .56
! sessilis Bull. . . . 250
utricularis Bull. . . 33
1 viridis Bull. . • . .56
; 3D MARIA
alba DC 138
I cornuta Schum. . . 138
didermoides Acharius . 66
granulata Schum. . . 80
licheniformis Schwein. . 66
minuta Schum. . . 80
Mucilago Pers. . .138
physaroides Pers. . 103, 129
i. 'EG AS MA
australe Cesati
depressum Corda
' e:\ionitis
acuminata Mass.
i aequalis Mass.
iflinis Mass.
249
249
143
146
153
158
PAGE
Stemonitis — continued
alba Gmel. . . .67
amoena Trentep. . . 244
arcyrioides Somm. . . 166
argillacea Pers. . . 176
. atra Mass. . . . 158
atrofusca Pers. . . . 152
aurantia Gmel. . . 56
axifera Macbr. . .148
Bauerlinii Mass. . .146
bicolor Gmel. . . .56
Botrytis Pers. . . .217
cancellata Gmel. . .185
Carestiae Ces. & de Not. . 167
Carlylei Mass. . . .158
cornea Trentep. . . 242
carolinensis Macbr. . .149
castillensis Macbr. . .144
cinerea Gmel. . . . 236
cinnabarina Roth . . 223
coccinea Roth . . . 240
confluens Cooke & Ellis . 147
cribrarioides Fr. . .168
crocea Gmel. . . . 240
crypta Schwein. . .160
dictyospora Rost. . .144
digitata Schwein. . . 236
echinulata Berk. . .162
elegans Trentep. . .118
fasciculata Pers. . .144
fasciculata Schum. . .150
favoginea Gmel. . . 207
fenestrata Macbr. . .146
oferruginea Ehrenb. . .150
J ferruginea Fr. . . . 149
ferruginosa Batsch . .191
oflavogenita Jahn . .149
Friesiana de Bary . .152
ofusca Roth . . . 143
. glauca Trentep. . . 236
globosa Schum. . . 152
globosa Trentep. . . 242
globulifer a Gmel. . . 49
herbatica Peck . . .148
incamata Pers. . . . 242
laxa Mass. . . . 154
296
MYCETOZOA
Stemonitis — continued
leucocephala Pers.
leucopodia DC. .
leucostyla Pers. .
longa Mass.
lutea Trentep. .
mammosa Fr.
maxima Schwein.
maxima Mass. .
Micheneri Berk.
microspora Lister
Morgani Peck .
nigra Pers.
nigrescens Rex .
nutans GmeL
obtusata Fr.
ochroleuca Trentep.
ovata Pers.
pallida Wingate
papillafa Pers. .
physaroides Alb. & Schw. .
pomdformis Roth
porphyra Berk. & Curt.
pulchella Church. Bab.
pumila Corda .
pumila Fr.
reticulata Trentep.
rufa Roth
scintillans Berk. & Br.
Smithii Macbr. . .150.
sphaerocarpa Schrank
' osplendens Rost.
' . - 3 VM,
subcaespitosa Mass.
subclavata Zoll.
Suksdorfii Ellis & Everh.
tenerrima Morg.
tenerrima Curt.
Tubulina Alb. & Schw.
typhina Wiggers
typhoides DC. .
varia Pers.
violacea Schum.
violacea Fr.
virginiensis Rex
viridis Gmel.
W7" e&6m" Rex
• tfM.ro i^'
96
118
118
159
238
160
144
146
139
150
146
152
144
244
152
238
152
149
160
165
238
165
156
158
158
152
177
164
150
176
145
152
150
153
149
156
146
157
158
212
150
166
158
56
146
Strosgylium
majus Fr.
minus Fr.
TlLMADOCHE
alba Macbr.
anomala Mass. .
Berkeleyi Mass.
cavipes Berk.
cernua Fr.
compacta Wing.
gracilenta Rost.
gyrocephala Rost.
Mans Rost.
minuta Berl.
mutabilis Rost.
nephroidea Cel. fil.
nutans Rost.
oblonga Rost.
Pini Rost.
polycephala Macbr.
reniformis Mass.
viridis Sacc.
Tremella
hydnoidea Jacq.
Trichamphora
Fuckelia/na Rost.
oblonga Berk. & Curt
>° pezizoidea Jungh.
Trichia
abietina Wigand
abrupta Cooke .
aculeata Cel. fil.
advenula Mass. .
o affinis de Bary
alba Sow.
Andcrsoni Rex .
anomala Karst.
aurantia DC.
aurea Schum. .
axifera Bull.
Ayresii Berk. & Br.
Baljourii Mass.
bavarica de Thueinen
5 Botrvtis Pers. £v*<i'£.
capsulifer DC. "^
PAG
17
12!
INDEX
>ei
Crichia — continued
Carlyleana Mass.
cerina Ditm.
cernua Schuin.
chalybea Chev.
chrysosperma DC.
cinerea Bull.
cinnabarina Bull.
circumscissa Wallr.
circumscissa Schrad.
citrina Schum. .
clavata Wigand
clavata Pers.
coerulea Trentep.
compressa Trent ep.
o contort a Rost. .
cor data Pers. p-'r*
craterioides Corda
Curreyi Crouan
cylindrica Pers.
Decaisneana de Bary
o decipiens Macbr.
denudata Vill. .
elongata Schum.
^erecta Rex
fall ax Pers.
farinosa Poiret .
<?favoginea Pers..
filamentosa Trentep.
flagellifera Berk. & Br.
flexuosa Schum.
fragilis Rost.
fulva Purt.
furcata Wigand
fusco-atra Sibth.
graniformis Hoffm
gymnosperma Pers
heterotrichia Balf.
inconspicua Rost.
intermedia Mass.
intermedia Cel. fil.
iowensis Macbr.
Jackii Rost.
Kalbreyeri Mass.
Kickxii Rost.
lateritia Lev.
CUfc.
IS
194
. 216
. 217
. 67
. 223
. 207
. 236
. 240
. 248
. 250
. 226
. 216
. 226
33, 73
. 129
213
212
212
248
212
217
216
240
244
215
216
129
206
68
260
242
217
216
216
250
240
250
213
213
209
213
213
210
209
220
217
Trichia — continued
leucopodia Bull.
Lorinzeriana Corda
lutea DC. .
lutea Trentep. .
cdutescens Lister
metallica Berk.
minima Mass. .
nana Zukal
nana Mass.
Neesiana Corda .
nig ri pes Pers.
nitens Pers.
nitens Fr.
nitens Libert
nutans Trentep.
nutans Bull.
obtusa Wigand .
olivacea Pers.
ovalispora Hollos
ovata Pers.
pachyderma Cel. fil.
o persimilis Karst.
persimilis Macbr.
polymorpha Sow.
proximella Karst.
pulchella Rex
purpurascens Nyl.
purpurea Schum.
pusilla Schroet.
pyriformis Pers.
pyriformis Pr. .
pyriformis Hoffm.
reniformis Peck .
reticulata Pers. .
Eostafinskii Cel. fil.
rubiformis Purt.
rubiformis Pers.
oscabra Rost.
serotina Schrad.
Serpula Pers.
sphaerocephala Sow.
spongioides Vill.
Stuhlmanni Eichelb.
^subfusca Rex
sulphur ea Mass.
297
. 118
. 217
. 56
. 99
. 215
. 260
. 211
. 216
. 228
. 223
. 212
. 207
. 211
. 220
. 67
. 244
216, 226
. 212
. 213
. 207
. 213
. 210
. 209
. 234
. 210
. 209
. 217
. 240
. 220
. 212
. 217
. 223
. 213
. 230
. 213
. 33
. 223
. 211
. 217
. 229
. 129
. 229
. 216
. 219
. 210
zys
INDEX
PAGE
Trichia— continued
superba Mass. .
. 208
turbinata Sow. .
. 207
typhoides Bull. .
. 157
#
utricularis DC. .
. 33
0 varia Pers.
. 212
venosa Schum. .
. 230
> verrucosa Berk.
. 208
virescens Schum.
. 216
viridis DC.
. 56
vulgaris Pers.
. 212
Tripotrichia
elegans Corda .
. 99
3 TUBIFERA
. 191
> Casparyi Macbr.
. 193
AO ferruginosa Gmel.
. 191
stipitata Macbr.
. 192
TUBULIFERA
araelmoidea Jacq.
. 191
Tubulifera — continued
ceratum Mull.
coccinea Trentep.
J^Tubulixa
caespitosa Mass.
conglobata Preuss
cylindrica DC.
effusa Mass.
fallax Pers.
flexuosa Poiret
fragiformis Pers.
guaranitica Mass.
Lindheimeri Mass.
minima Mass. .
nitidissima Berk.
speciosa Speg. .
spermoides Mass.
spumarioidea Mass.
stipitata Rost. .
PAGE
191
191
174
191
191
174
191
189
191
193
86
187
192
192
174
193
192
INDEX OF PLATES.
- Alwisia Bombarda Berk. & Br. 151
Amaurochsete fuliginosa
Macbr. . . a-c 13G
> Arcyria annulif era
Torrend
cinerea Pers.
denudata Sheldon
ferruginea Sauter
glauca Lister .
globosa Schwein.
incarnata Pers.
insignis Kalchbr. &
nutans Grev. .
occidentalis Lister
Oerstedtii Rost.
pomiformis Rost.
stipata Lister .
versicolor Phill.
c, d
a-c
9-i
Cooke
/,/'
185
176
174
173
182
176
177
181
179
192
180
176
178
175
• Badhamia capsulifera Berk
decipiens Berk,
foliicola Lister
lilacina Rost. .
macrocarpa Rost.
magna Peck
nitens Berk,
orbiculata Rex
ovispora Racib.
panicea Rost.
a-c 3
7
11
13
a-c 8
9
5
d-f 8
12
10
papa veracea Berk. &Rav. rf,c 3
populina Lister . . 2
rubiginosa Rost. . .14
utricularis Berk. (Frontispiece) 4
versicolor Lister . . 6
Brefeldia maxima Rost. d-g 136
Calonema aureum Morg. d-f 165
Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa Macbr. 1
Cienkowskia reticulata Rost. 70
Clastoderma Debaryanum
Blytt . . . .135
Comatricha elegans Lister h-n
irregularis Rex . . f-i
laxa Rost. . . a-g
longa Peck . . a-c
lurida Lister . . a-c
nigra Schroet. . . a-h
nigra Schroet. var.
aequalis Sturg. . I, n
pulchella Rost.
rubens Lister . . d-f
Suksdorfii Macbr. . i, k
typhoides Rost.
Cornuvia Serpula Rost. d, e
Craterium aureum Rost.
concinnum Rex
leucocephalum Ditm.
minutum Fr. .
paraguayense Lister
Cribraria argillacea Pers.
aurantiaca Schrad. .
elegans Berk. & Curt. d-f
intricata Schrad. . a-c
languescens Rex . a-c
macrocarpa Schrad. . a-d
microcarpa Schrad. . d-h
minutissima Schwein. d-h
purpurea Schrad. . a-c
pyriformis Schrad.
rubiginosa Fr. .
rufa Rost. . . a-c
splendens Pers. . c-h
tenella Schrad. . f-i
violacea Rex . . g-k
Diachaea bulbillosa Lister g, h
caespitosa Lister . f-h
cylindrica Bilgr.
leucopoda Rost.
splendens Peck
subsessilis Peck
Thomasii Rex .
a-c
a-c
124
122
124
122
127
123
123
126
127
123
125
170
67
79
82
78
80
138
142
146
143
145
141
145
140
146
144
139
140
141
143
146
99
103
103
99
99
100
101
300
TLATES
Dianema corticatura Lister . 193
clepressum Lister . .190
Harveyi Rex . . a-c 191
Dictydiaethalium plumbeum
Rost 152
Dictydium cancellatum Macbr. 147
Diderma asteroides Lister . 97
effusum Morg. . . / 83
a, b
c, d
floriforrne Pers.
globosum Pers.
hemisphericum Hornem. a-e
lucidum Berk. & Br.
niveum Macbr.
niveum subsp. Lyallii Lister
ochraceum Hoffm.
radiatum Lister 93.
roanense Macbr.
rugosum Macbr.
Sauteri Macbr.
simplex Lister
spumarioides Fr.
subdictyospermum
Lister .
testaceum Pers.
Trevelyani Fr. .
Didymium anellus Morg.
Clavus Rost.
complanatum Rost. .
crustaceum Fr.
difforme Duby
dubium Rost. .
intermedium Schroet.
leoninum Berk. & Br.
melanospermum Macbr.
nigripes Fr.
squamulosum Fr.
Trochus Lister
VVilczekii Meyl .
a-c
92
85
83
98
89
90
96
94
94
86
95
88
84
d-f 87
a-c 87
. 91
110
108
107
111
104
105
110
113
112
102
109
106
194
d-f
Echinostelium minutum de
Bary . . . f-i 128
Enerthenema papillatum
Rost. . . . a-e 128
Enteridium olivaceum
Ehrenb. . . a-d 153
Enteridium Rozeanum
Wing, . . e-g
Erionema aureum Penz.
Fuligo cinerea Morg.
muscorum Alb. & Schw.
septica Gmel. .
Hemitrichia abietina
Lister . . c-e
chrysospora Lister
clavata Rost. .
intorta Lister . . a,b
Karstenii Lister
leiocarpa Lister . a,b
leiotricha Lister . c, d
minor G. Lister . d-f
Serpula Rost. . . a-c
Vesparium Macbr. .
Lachnobolus congestus Lister
Lamproderma arcyrionema
Rost. . . . .
columbinum Rost.
echinulatum Rost.
Lycopodii Raunk. . a-e
scintillans Morg.
violaceum Rost.
violaceum Rost.var.dictyo-
sporum Lister . f-i
Leocarpus fragilis Rost.
Lepidoderma carestianum
Rost. .
carestianum Rost. var,
Chailletii Lister
tigrinum Rost.
Licea biforis Morg. . g-k
flexuosa Pers. . . a-c
minima Fr. . . d-f
pusilla Schrad. . a-c
153
73
75
77
74
1G8
169
167
172
171
168
172
187
170
166
183
129
131
134
133
130
132
133
81
115
116
114
149
148
148
149
Liceopsis lobata Torrend d-f 154
Lindbladia effusa Rost. . 137
Listerella paradoxa Jahn d, e 191
Lycogala conicum Pers. . 157
epidendrum Fr. . .156
flavo-fuscum Rost. . .155
PLATES
Margarita metallica Lister
Mucilago spongiosa Morg.
196
117
Oligonema flavidum Peck a-c 165
nitens Rost. . . d-f 164
Orcadella operculata
Wing. . . . d-f 149
Perichaena chrysosperma
Lister . . . .184
corticalis Rost. . .186
depressa Libert . .189
micro spora Penz. &
Lister . . . a, b 185
pulclierrima Petch . .188
vermicularis Rost. . a-c 187
Physarella oblonga Morg. . 71
Physarina echinocephala v.
Holinel . . .198
Physarum seneuni R.E.Fr. . 58
alpinum Lister . . d-f 62
atrum Schwein. . . 64
auriscalpium Cooke . . 33
Bethelii Macbr. . . 200
bitectum Lister . . 51
bogoriense Racib. . . 50
brunneolum Phill. . . 69
cinereum Pers. . . 47
citrinellum Peck . . 68
citrinum Schum. . . 20
compactum Lister . . 26
compressum Alb. &
Sohw. . . 39, a, b 40
conglomeratum Rost. . 56
connatum Lister . c-e 40
contextum Pers. . . 55
crateriachea Lister . . 44
crateriforme Petch . .76
dictyosporum Lister . 30
didermoides Rost. . . 45
didermoides Rost. var.
lividum Lister . . 46
echinosporum Lister . 53
flavicomum Berk. . a, b 32
301
Physarum fulvum Lister . 66
galbeum Wing. . d-f 199
globuliferum Pers. . .16
Gulielmae Penz. . . 63
gyrosum Rost. . . 52
javanicum Racib. . . 197
lateritium Morg. . 60 d 61
leucopusLink . . .15
luteoalbum Lister . . 24
Maydis Torrend . c-e 32
melleum Mass. . . 23
murinum Lister . .18
Newtoni Macbr. . . 28
nucleatum Rex . .35
nutans Pers. . . .37
nutans subsp. leucophaeum
Lister . . . 3S
penetrale Rex . . .36
polycephalum Schwein. . 34
psittacinum Ditm. . . 29
pulcherrimum Berk. & Rav. 19
pulchripes Peck . .17
pusillum Lister . . 43
reniforme Lister . . 41
roseum Berk. & Br. . . 27
rubiginosum Fr. . . 59
Serpula Morg. . . .57
_ sinuosum Weinm. . . 49
straminipes Lister . . 42
sulphureum Alb. & Schw. . 65
tenerum Rex . . .25
testaceum Sturg. . . 54
variabile Rex . . .21
variabile var. sessile Lister 22
vernum Somm. . . 4S
virescens Ditm. . a-c 61
virescens Ditm
Lister
virescens Ditm
curum Lister . . e 61
viride Pers. . . .31
viride Pers. var. rigidum
Lister . . .a-c 199
Prototrichia metallica
Mass. . • .195
var,
var
a-c
nitens
a-c
obs-
62
302
PLATES
Reticularia Lycoperdon
Trichia Botrytis Pers.
. a-k 163
Bull. . . . a-c 154
contorta Rost.
. 162
decipiens Macbr.
a-d 158
Stemonitis confluens Cooke
erecta Rex
e-g 158
& Ellis . . k 121
favoginea Pers.
a, b 159
ferruginea Ehrenb. . e-g 119
furcata Lister .
c-e 161
flavogenita Jahn . a-d 119
persimilis Karst.
a, b 160
fusca Roth . . .118
scabra Rost.
c,d 159
herbatica Peck . a-g 120
subfusca Rex .
. l-n 163
pallida Wing. . . h-l 120
varia Pers. i
. a-c 164
splendens Rost . . a-i 121
verrucosa Berk.
a, b 161
Tubifera Caspaxyi Macbr. j'-h 150
Tricharnphora pezizoidea
ferruginosa Gmel.
. a-c 150
Jungli. . . .72
stipitata Macbr.
. d,e 150
Trichia affinis de Bary . c, d 160
N.B. — In a few cases a change of name has been necessitated since thc|
plates were printed. These changes are indicated on a slip, bounc
in with the plate in question.
PLATES.
LONDON :
WITHEKBY & CO.
Letterpress and Colour Printers
326 HIGH HOLBOKN
1.2
,
t
20 f
\
<
•'r
J
%280
6
e
\6oo
Q)
■
1. CERATIOMYXA FRUTICULOSA Macbride
L
•
Q
T'-
J> C %6oo
2. BADHAMIA POPULTNA Lister
3,4
x ZiO
d
*20
fSf&gs c
*<5oo
• '
%
&&
a
x2<?
£*• S|
■
m m
k.
"^j«^ -
> )
3. a— c BADHAMIA CAPSULIFERA Berk.
d, e B. PAPAVERACEA Berk. & Rav.
4. BADHAMIA UTRICULARIS Berk.
5,6
x.280
d x 600
._ „ _ i
5. BADHAMIA NITENS Berk.
(V^C,
6. BADHAMIA VERSICOLOR Lister
7,8
Is
x2SO
c
x 60o
7. BADHAMIA DECIPIENS Berk.
8. a—c BADHAMIA MACROCARPA Rost.
d—f B. ORBICULATA Rex
9. 10
9. BADHAMIA MAGNA Peck
10. BADHAMIA PAXICEA Rost.
11, 12
x6oo \
A
x280
11. BADHAMIA FOLIICOLA Lister
c
x6o
%oS
6
*280
12. BADHAMIA OVISPORA Racib.
13, 14
13. BADHAMIA LILACINA Rost.
14. BADHAMIA RUBIGINOSA Rost.
15, 16
JO,
•
15. PHYSARUM LEUCOPUS Link
QX2&C
16. PHYSARUM GLOBULIFERUM Pers.
17, 18
«»
*♦•
• V
6
x2SO
i
c
x 6oo
17. PHYSARUM PULCHRIPES Peck
0
o
x 6oo
o
18. PHYSARUM MURINUM Lister
19, 20
J <
J
280
9
c
y. 600
19. PHYSARUM PULCHERRIMUM Berk. & Rav.
-- \
V
1
20. PHYSARUM CTTRINUM Schum.
21, 22
x 280
0°
* 6oo
•••.
| X20
21. PHYSARUM VARIABILE Rex
* 20
22. PHYSARUM VARIABILE var. SESSILE Lister
23, 24
* 280
a. x2o
23. PHYSARUM MELLEUM Massee
X.2&0
24. PHYSARUM LUTEOALBUM Lister
ll
25, 26
6oo
x 20
6 A^§VY^
x ?80
....
25. PHYSARUM TENERUM Rex
a. x20
X2SO
o
o.
o
I
xboo
4
xfcO
26. PHYSARUM COMPACTUM Lister
27, 28
N 20
o
.600
t-v
x 2SO
27. PHYSARUM ROSEUM Berk. & Br.
x2S0
. 6oo
28. PHYSARUM NEWTONI Macbride
29, 30
x •z&o
i 20
29. PHYSARUM PSITTACINUM Ditmar
x 280
30. PHYSARUM DICTYOSPORUM Lister
31, 32
a
kZO
e '
*20
. 600
31. PHYSARUM VIRIDE Pers.
280
I
XZ80
32. c—e, P. MAYDIS Torrend
33, 34
X280
x. 6oo
33. PHYSARUM AURISCALPIUM Cooke
*%^|^
*2S0
34. PHYSARUM POLYCEPHALUM Sehwein.
35, 36
.
x600
o
o
%
.ZiO
35. PHYSARUM NUCLEATUM Rex
NS
d
* 6oo
.so
o
36. PHYSARUM PENETRALE Rex
37, 38
x^O
X.2.K0
37. PHYSARUM NUTANS Pers.
■
i ■■ • ■ ■ ■ j' ■•
38. PHYSARUM NUTANS subsp. LEUCOPHAEUM Lister
39, 40
A&
39. PHYSARUM COMPRESSUM All). & Schw.
40. a, b, PHYSARUM COMPRESSUM Alb. & Schw. ;
c—e, P. CONNEXUM Morgan
1
41, 42
v ^60
42. PHYSARUM STRAMINIPES Lister
43, 44
.20
x?ftO
\
*.280
43. PHYSARUM PUSILLUM Lister
44. PHYSARUM MUTABILE Lister
45, 46
'"■\ A
45. PHYSARUM DIDERMOIDES Rost.
V
x 600
"
,9
x *&o
46. PHYSARUM DIDERMOIDES Rost. var. LIVIDUM Lister
47, 48
On0 6
«.S8u
x 60u
47. PHYSARUM CINEREUM Pers.
48. PHYSARUM VERNUM Somm.
49, 50
' V--
«kLr
49. PHYSARUM SINUOSUM Weinm.
x.^80
50. PHYSARUM ROGORTENSE Rani,.
51. 52
.£*-'-•
„ OOO
51. PHYSARUM BITECTUM Lister
C
ipA
A 260
52. PHYSARUM GYROSUM Rost.
53, 54
53. PHYSARUM ECHINOSPORUM Lister
t>
\l
■
■r-lcK
x. 2»0
x 600
54. PHYSARUM TESTACEUM Sturgia
55, 56
'n
55 PHYSARUM CONTEXTUM Pers.
00
o
o9d
o
o
o
r>
O
.280
x600
ofi. PHYSARCM CONGLOMERATUM Rost.
J
\
57, 58
|X 20
57. PHYSARUM SERPULA Morgan
58. PHYSARUM .ENEUM R. Fries
59, CO
u
X280
O
x600
59. PHYSARUM RUBIGINOSUM Fries
60. PHYSARUM LATERTTIUM Lister
61, 62
61. PHYSARUM VIRESCEXS Ditmar
rgan
62. a— c PHYSARUM VIRESCEXS Ditmar var. XTTEXS Lister
d—f P. ALPINTJM Lister
63, 64
<28o
63. PHYSARUM GULIELM.^ Penzig
X 600
64. PHYSARUM ATRUM Schweinitz
65. 66
X280
65. PHYSARUM SULPHUREUM Fr.
,.600
*7M
66. PHYSARUM FULVUM Lister
,
67, 68
I ■ •••'
a.
x.20
X280
x6oo
67. CRATER1 UM AUREUM Rost,
*6oo
68. PHYSARUM CITRINELLUM Peck
(10, 70
x280
69. PHYSARUM BRUNNEOLUM Phillips
70. CIEXKOWSKIA RETICULATA Rost,
L
71. 72
6oO xM0
71. PHYSARELLA OBLONGA Morgan
72. TRICHAMPHORA PEZIZOIDEA Jungh.
73, 74
cl
•r
c
I 600
::-
73. ERIONEMA AUREUM Penzig
*
X280
74. FULTGO SEPTICA Gmelin
75, 76
x2S0
75. FULIGO CINEREA Morgan
70. PHYSARUM CRATERIFORME Petch
I1
77, 78
77. FULIGO MUSCORUM Alb. & Schwein.
78. CRATERIUM MINUTUM Fries
L
79, 80
x600
79. CRATERIUM COXCIXXUM Rex
x280
80. CRATERIUM PARAGUAYEXSE Lister
81, 82
i -
82. LEOCARPUS FRAGIL1S Rost.
81. CRATERIUM LEUCOCEPHALUM Ditmar
83, 84
83. a— e, DIDERMA HEMISPHERICUM Hornem. ;
/, D. EFFUSUM Morgan
.
84. DIDERMA SPUMARIOIDES Fries
85, 86
85.
DIDERMA GLOBOSUM Pers.
. ■
86. DIDERMA RUGOSUM Maebride
87, 88
o
x.600
87. a— c, DIDERMA TESTACEUM Pers. ;
,1—f, D. SUBDICTYOSPERMUM Lister
88. DIDERMA SIMPLEX Lister
89, 90
89. DIDERMA NIVEUM Macbride
90. DIDERMA NIVEUM var. LYALLII Lister
91, 92
91. DIDERMA TREVELYAXI Fries
92 DIDERMA FLORIFORME Pers.
1
93, 94
93. DIDERMA RADIATUM List.
94. a, b, DIDERMA RADIATUM List.
c, </, D. ROANENSE Macbride
95, 96
K 20
,/f
O
£
x ,.,.,'
.260
95. DIDERMA SAUTERI Macbride
x280
96. DIDERMA OCHRACETM Hoffmann
97, 98
- . -
x2?0
97. DIDERMA ASTEROIDES Lister
98. DIDERMA LUCIDUM Berk. & Broome
99, 100
x 280
99. a-c, DIACH^EA LEUCOPODA Rest.
d—f, D. SPLEXDENS Peck
g, h, D. BULBILLOSA Lister
100. D1ACH.KA SFBSESSILIS Peck
101. 102
101. DIACH.-EA THOMASII Rex
K)2. DIDYMIUM X1GR1PES Frien
103. 104
103. a—e, DIACH.EA CYLINDRICA Bilgram;
/—A, D. C^SPITOSA Lister
104. DIDYMIUM DIFFORME Dubv
105. 106
Hi."). DIDYMICM DUBIUM Rost
<7h
'
106. DIDYMIUM TROCHUS Lister
107, 108
a
*2
1 •• F!2
i"
a»
6
■
107. DIDYMIUM COMPLANATUM Rost.
108 DIDY-UIUM CLAVUS Rost.
109, 110
109. DIDYMIUM SQUAMULOSUM Fries
HO. a— c, DIDYMIUM AXELLUS Morgan;
</— /, D. INTERMEDIUM Schroeter
Ill, 112
111. DIDYMIUM CRUSTACEUM Tries
112. DIDYMIUM MELANOSPERMl'M Macbride
IIS. 114
113. DIDYMIUM LEOXIXUM Berk. & Br.
x600
114. LEPIDODKRMA TIGRINl-M Rost.
llu, 11C
115. LEPIDODERMA CARESTIAXUM Rost.
• I I
116. LEPIDODERMA CARESTIANUM Rost.
var. CHAILLETII Lister
i
117, 118
117. MUCILAGO SPONGIOSA Morgan
IIS STEMONITIS FUSCA Roth
119, 120
f*M»
■»
>. few
1
o
o
,
*I80
119. a— d, STEMOXITIS FLAVOGENITA Jahn;
e—g, S. FERRUGINEA Ehrenb.
* 170
f
*. 170
'< v.
.170
o
00
( >
#>
%'zto
120. a—ff, STEMONITIS HERBATICA Peck
h—l, S. PALLIDA Wingate.
121, 122
]oL a_if STEMON1TIS SPLEXDENS Rost, ;
A; S. CONFLUENS Cooke & Ellis
" O Sf
iiil£i£l*ZZ^m* <
122. a—e, COMATR1CHA LOXGA Peck;
f—i, C. IRREGULARIS Rex
123 124
Ui' l§f*
123. COMATRICHA NIGRA Schroeter
:'l-«vi.'':
124. a— g, COMATRICHA LAXA Rost.
h—rt, C. ELEGAXS Lister
I
V
125, 126
o »'-
125. COMATRICHA TYPHOIDES Rost.
126. COMATRICHA PULCHELLA Rost.
127 12S
f f®@ »
127. a— c, COMATRICHA LURIDA Lister
d—f, C. RUBENS Lister
J
j
ihm&L^
k
;
128. a— e, ENERTHENEMA PAPILLATA Host.;
f—i, ECHINOSTEL1UM MINUTUM De Bary
k
J 29, 130
129. LAMPRODERMA ARCYRIOXEMA Rost.
130. LAMPRODERMA SCINTILLANS Morgan
131, 132
131. LAMPRODERMA COLUMBIXUM Rost.
i < C 'X .
4
'/ ■
Wd
./
132. LAMPRODERMA VIOLACEUM Rost.
133. 134
133. a— e, LAMPRODERMA LYCOPODII Raunkiajr;
f—i, L. VIOLACEUM Rost. var. DICTYOSPORUM Lister
T^^^^y
J
134. LAMPRODERMA ECHIXULATUM Rost.
135, 136
135. CLASTO DERMA DEBARYANUM Blytt
,.""",
2 ■
-T
•J' 'f
* r
x600
/
xzeo
136. a—c, AMAUROCH^ETE FULIGINOSA Macbride ;
d—g, BREFELDIA MAXIMA Rost.
137, 138
0-~
*600
137. LIXDBLADIA EFFUSA Rost.
138. CR1BRARIA ARGILLACEA Pers.
139, 140
139. CRIBRARIA RUBIGINOSA Fries
x60O
oo *
x6oo <J
140. a—c. CRIBRARIA RUFA Rost. ;
d—h, C. MINUTISSIMA Sohwein.
i
141, 142
141. a— 4, CRIBRARIA MACROCARPA Sohrad. ;
e— g, C. SPLENDENS Pers.
142. CRIBRARIA AURANTIACA Schrad.
143. 144
143. a— e, CRIBRAR1A INTRICATA Schrader :
/— i, C. TENELLA Schrader
144 CRIBRARIA PYRIFORMIS Schrad
er
145, 146
* %
• ■•- \ i %
'-,
%vw '
V
o
.600
c ?
145. a—c, CRIBRARIA LANGUESCENS Rex
d— h, C. MICROCARPA Schrader
146. a— e, CRIBRARIA PURPUREA Schrader
d—f, C. ELEGANS Berk. & Curt.
g—i, C. VIOLACEA Rex
147, 148
147. DICTYDIUM CANCELLATUM Maebride
148. a—c, LICEA FLEXUOSA Pers. ;
d—f, L. MINIMA Fries
149, 150
w> ■ e o
149. a— c, LTCEA PUSTLLA Schrader ;
d—f, ORCADELLA OPERCULATA Wingate;
g—k, LICEA BIFORIS Morgan
,600 - .''
3
*80
>.600
150. a—c, TUBIFERA FERRUGINOSA Graelin ,
d—e, T. STIPITATA Macbride;
/— h, T. CASPARYI Macbride
151, 152
151. ALWISIA BOMBARDA Berk. & Broome
152. DICTYDL-ETHALIUM PLUMREUM Rost.
153, 154
■ • .
e
*3
,
\\
H600
153. a— d, ENTERIDIUM OLIVACEUM Ehrenb. ;
e—g, E. ROZEANUM Wingate
154. a—c, RETICULARIA LYCOPERDON Bull. ;
d—f, LICEOPSTS LOBATA Torrend
155. 156
■
<600
x80
k80
k I
155. LvCOGALA FLAVOFUSCUM Rost.
■V
:
156. LYCOGALA EPIDENDRUM Fries
157. 158
-v
J
157. LYCOGALA CONICUM Pers.
158. a—d, TRICHIA DECIPIENS Macbride ;
e—g, T. ERECTA Rex
159, 160
159. a, b TRICHIA FAVOG1NEA Pers. ;
c, d, T. SCABRA Rost.
160. a, b, TRICHIA PERSIMILIS Karsten ;
c, d, T. AFFINIS de Bary
161, 162
161. c—e, T. LUTESCENS Lister
162. TRICHIA CONTORT A Rost.
163, 1C4
163. a_k, TRICHIA BOTRYTIS Pers. ;
/. m, T. SUBFUSCA Rex.
164. a—r, TRICHIA VARIA Pers. ;
rf_y, OLIGONEMA NITENS Rost.
165, 166
165. a— c, OLIGONEMA FLAVIDUM Peck;
d—ft CALONEMA AUREUM Morgan.
166. HEMITRICHIA VESPARIUM Macbr.
167, 168
167. HEMITRICHIA CLAVATA Rost.
168. a, b, HEMITRICHIA LEIOCARPA Lister ;
c— e, H. ABIETINA Lister
Heaitric.ii
Fig. 170 a-c
odiocarp
b. capillitium with
spiral taickenii
c. spore
IK9. 17<>
169. HEMITRICHIA CHRYSOSPORA Lister
170. a—c, HEMITRICHIA SERPULA Rost. ;
d e, CORNUVIA SERPCLA Rost.
171, 172
x.600
171. HEMITRICHIA KARSTENII Lister
172. c, d, H. LEIOTRICHA Lister
173. 174
«*M
v
173. ARCYRIA FERRUGIXEA Sauter
*6<X>
174. ARCYRIA DEXUDATA Sheldon
175, 17G
■
-
•;•*
175. ARCYRIA VERSICOLOR Phill.
170. a—e, ARCYRIA CIXEREA Pers
/,/', A. POMIFORMrS Rost ;
ff—i, A. GLOBOSA Schwein.
177, 178
%
<r
J w,- ....
Y i s
G X
177. ARCYRIA INCARXATA Pers.
(r
- 1 '
■ -
178. ARCYRIA STIPATA Lister
179, 180
X
V
:."'■-■ ■••:■■
:'.■•■. I ■■'■■■
■ . ■ •
179. ARCYRIA NUTANS Grev.
a
;<
.-■
1
180
6 .
-—, -
'
c
x6O0
180. ARCYRIA OERSTEDTII Rost.
181, 182
a
>s20
i
Hi
b
X
600
181. ARCYRIA INSIGXIS Kalchbr. & Cooke
.
a
*20
'
-
b
xfoOO
//
/
■
182. ARCYRTA GLAUCA Lister
183, 184
183. LACHXOBOLUS COXGESTUS Lister
184. PERICILENA. CHRYSOSPERMA Lister
185, 186
d
x600
A
/ *20
C
18'). a, b, PERICH.ENA MICROSPORA Penzig & Lister
c, d, ARCYRIA ANNULIFERA Lister & Torrend
MP 6
r ' *280
Vfl*^
186. PERICH^EXA CORTICALIS Rost.
187, 188
,
e
c
x28C
600
/
187. a_c, PERICH.ENA VERMICULARIS Rost.
d— /, HEMITRICHIA MINOR G. Lister
188. PERICH.ENA PULCHERRIMA Petch
189, 190
&
189. PERICH.ENA DEPRESSA Libert
280
190. DIANEMA DEPRESSUM Lister
J91, 192
191. a—c, DIANEMA HARVEYI Rex
d— /, LISTERELLA PARADOXA Jahn
m
6
x600
/
'•
192. ARCYRIA OCCIDENTALIS Lister
193, 194
193. DIAXEMA CORTICATUM Lister
a xi
194. DIDYMIUM WILCZEKII Meylan
J 95, 196
.
195. PROTOTRICHIA METALLIC A Mass.
X280 \^_
196. MARGARITA METALLICA Lister
:
197, 198
%600
6
x280
197. PHYSARUM JAVANICUM Racib.
198. PHYSARINA ECHINOCEPHALA v. Hohnel
J 99, 200
V\
6
.280
^>
199. a_c> PHYSARUM VIRIDE Pers. var. RIGIDUM Lister
<*__/, p. GALBEUM Wingate
£*
• b
x280
--
x600
200. PHYSARUM BETHELLII Macbr.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 5
Catalogue of Seals and Whales in the British Museum. By
John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. 2nd Edition. Pp. viL,
402. 101 Woodcuts. 1866, 8vo. 8s.
Supplement. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c,
Pp. vi., 103. 11 Woodcuts. 1871, 8vo. 2s. 6d.
List of the Specimens of Cetacea in the Zoological Depart-
ment of the British Museum. By William Henry Flower,
LL.D., F.K.S., &c. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] Pp. iv., 36. 1885, 8vo. Is. 6rf.
Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia (Pecora, Linnaeus) in the
British Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c.
Pp. viii., 102. 4 Plates. 1872, 8vo. 3s. M.
Monograph of the Okapi. By Sir E. Ray Lankester, K.C.B.,
M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., &c. Atlas. Compiled with the
Assistance of W. G. Ridewood, D.Sc. 48 Plates, with
xxii. pp. of Explanations, &c. 1910, 4to. U. 5s.
Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Oldfield Thomas.
Pp. xiii., 401. 4 Coloured and 24 plain Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes,] 1888,
8vo. 11. 8s.
BIRDS.
Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum : —
Vol. VII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Cichlomorphce : Part IV., containing the concluding
portion of the family Timeliidae (Babbling Thrushes).
By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi., 698. Woodcuts and
15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1883, 8vo. XL 6s.
Vol. VIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Cichlomorphce : Part V., containing the families
Paridae and Laniidaa (Titmice and Shrikes) ; and
Certhiomorphce (Creepers and Nuthatches). By Hans
Gadow, M.A., Ph.D. Pp. xiii., 386. Woodcuts and
9 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1883, 8vo. 17s.
Vol. X. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Fringilliformes : Part I., containing the families
Dicaeidae, Hirundinidae, Ampelidae, Mniotjltidae, and
Motacillidae. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xiii., 682.
Woodcuts and 12 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 11. 2s.
Vol. XL Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Fringilliformes : Part II., containing the families
6 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum — continued.
Ccerebidae, Tanagridae, and Icteridae. By Philip Lutley
Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xvii., 431. Woodcuts and
18 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1886, 8vo. 11.
Vol. XII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Fringilliformes : Part III., containing the family
Fringillidae. By R. Bowcller Sharpe. Pp. xv., 871.
Woodcuts and 16 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. 11. 8s.
Vol. XIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Sturniformes, containing the families Artamidae,
Sturnidae, Ploceidae, and Alaudidae. Also the families
Atrichiidse and Menuridse. By P. Bowdler Sharpe.
Pp. xvi., 701. Woodcuts and 15 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1890,
8vo. it. 8s.
Vol. XIV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Oligomyodce, or the families Tyrannidse, Oxyrham-
phidae, Pipridae, Cotingidae,Phytotomidae,Philepittid33,
Pittidae, Xenicidae, and Eurylaemidae. By Philip
Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xix., 194. Woodcuts
and 26 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. 11. 4s.
Vol. XV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Tracheophonce, or the families Dendrocolaptidae,
Forniieariidse, Conopophagidae, and Pteroptochidae.
By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xvii., 371.
Woodcuts and 20 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. 1/.
Vol. XVI. Catalogue of the Picariae in the Collection of
the British Museum. Upupce and Trochili, by Osbert
Salvin. Coracice, of the families Cypselidae, Capri-
mulgidge, Podargidae, and Steatornithidae, by Ernst
Hartert. Pp. xvi., 703. Woodcuts and 14 coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1892, 8vo. 11 16s.
Vol. XVII. Catalogue of the Picariae in the Collection
of the British Museum. Coracice (contin.) and
Haley 'ones, with the families Leptosomatidae, Coraciidae.
Meropidae, Alcedinidae,Momotida3,Totidae and Coliidaa,
by R. Bowdler Sharpe. Bucerotes and Trogones, by
W. R. Ogilvie Grant. Pp. xi., 522. Woodcuts and 17
coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1892, 8vo. 1Z. 10s.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 7
Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum — continued.
Vol. XVIII. Catalogue of the Picariae in the Collection
of the British Museum. Scansores, containing the
family Picidae. By Edward Hargitt. Pp. xv., 597.
Woodcuts and 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. 11. 6s.
Vol. XIX. Catalogue of the Picariae in the Collection of
the British Museum. Scansores and Coccyges : con-
taining the families Rharnphastidae, Galbulidae, and
Bucconidas, by P. L. Sclater ; and the families Indi-
catoridae, Capitonidse, Cuculidae, and Musophaaidae, by
G. E. Shelley. Pp. xii., 484 : 13 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891,
8vo. 11. 5s.
Vol. XX. Catalogue of the Psittaci, or Parrots, in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadori.
Pp. xvii., 658. Woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891,
8vo. 11. 10s.
Vol. XXI. Catalogue of the Colurnbae, or Pigeons, in
the Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadori.
Pp. xvii., 676. 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 1/. 10s.
Vol. XXII. Catalogue of the Game Birds {Pterocleies,
Gallince, Opisthocomi, Hemipodii) in the Collection of
the British Museum. By W. R. Ogilvie Grant.
Pp. xvi., 585. 8 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 11. 6s.
Vol. XXIII. Catalogue of the Fulicariae (Rallidae and
Heliornithidae) and Alectorides (Aramidae, Eurypy-
gidae, Mesitidae, Rhinochetidae, Gruidae, Psophiidae,
and Otididae) in the Collection of the British Museum.
By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xiii., 353. 9 coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1894, 8vo. 11.
Vol. XXIV. Catalogue of the Limicolas in the Collection
of the British Museum. By R. Bowdler Sharpe.
Pp. xii., 794. Woodcuts and 7 coloured Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1896, 8vo.
11. 5s.
Vol. XXV. Catalogue of the Gaviae and Tubinares in
the Collection of the British Museum. Gaviae (Terns,
Gulls, and Skuas), by Howard Saunders. Tubinares
(Petrels and Albatrosses), by Osbert Salvin. Pp. xv.,
475. Woodcuts and 8 coloured Plates. [With Syste-
matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1896, 8vo. 11. Is.
8 LIST OP PUBLICATIONS OP THE
Catalogue of Birds in British Museum — continued.
Vol. XXVI. Catalogue of the Plataleas, Herodiones,
Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Alcse, and Impennes in the
Collection of the British Museum. Platalese (Ibises
and Spoonbills) and Herodiones (Herons and Storks),
by R. Bowdler Sharpe. Steganopodes (Cormorants,
Gannets, Frigate-birds, Tropic-birds, and Pelicans),
Pygopodes (Divers and Grebes), Alcae (Auks), and Im-
pennes (Penguins), by W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. Pp. xvii.,
687. Woodcuts and 14 coloured Plates. [With Sys-
tematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1898, 8vo. 12. 5s,
Vol. XXVII. Catalogue of the Chenomorphse (Pala-
niedeae, Phoenicopteri, Anseres), Crypturi, and Ratitaa
in the Collection of the British Museum. By T.
Salvadori. Pp. xv., 636. 19 coloured Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1895, 8vo.
11. 12s.
A Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds. [Noinen-
clator Avium turn Fossilium turn Viventium.] By R.
Bowdler Sharpe, LL.D. : —
Vol. II. Pp. xv., 312. [With Systematic Index, and
an Alphabetical Index to Vols. I. and II.] J 900,
8vo. 10s.
Vol. III. Pp. xii., 367. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1901, 8vo. 10s.
Vol. IV. Pp. xii., 391. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1903, 8vo. 10s.
Vol. V. Pp. xx., 678. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1909, 8vo. £1.
Xist of the Specimens of Birds in the Collection of the
* British Museum. By George Robert Gray : —
Part III., Sections III. and IV. Capitonidas and Picidae.
Pp. 137. [With Index.] 1868, 12mo. Is. 6d.
Part IV. Colunibse. Pp. 73. [With Index.] 1856,
12mo. Is. 9d,
PartV. Galling. Pp. iv., 120. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1867, 12mo. }s. 6d.
•Catalogue of the Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific
Ocean in the Collection of the British Museum. By
George Robert Gray, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 72. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 8vo. Is. 6d,
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 9
Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British
Museum (Natural History) : —
Vol. I. Ratitae. Carinatae (Tinamiformes — Lariformes).
By Eugene W. Oates. Pp. xxiii., 252. 18 Coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1901, 8vo. 1/. 10s.
Vol. II. Carinatae (Charadriiformes — Strigiformes). By
Eugene W. Oates. Pp. xx., 400. 15 Coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1902,
8vo. 11. 10s.
Vol. III. Carinatae (Psittaciformes — Passeriformes).
By Eugene W. Oates and Capt. Savile G. Reid.
Pp. xxiii., 349. 10 Coloured Plates. [With Syste-
matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1903, 8vo. 11. 5s.
Vol. IV. Carinatae (Passeriformes continued). By
Eugene W. Oates, assisted by Capt. Savile G. Reid.
Pp. xviii., 352. 14 Coloured Plates. [With Syste-
matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1905, 8vo. 11. 10s.
REPTILES.
Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbaenians
in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E.
Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. viii., 80. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1844, 12mo. Is.
Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British
Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c: —
Appendix. Pp. 28. 1872, 4to. 2s. 6d.
Part II. Emydosaurians, Rhynchocephalia, and Amphis-
baenians. Pp. vi., 41. 25 Woodcuts. 1872, 4to.
3s. Qd.
Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the
British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c.
Pp. iv., 124. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1873,
8vo. 4s.
Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and
Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History).
New Edition. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. x., 311.
73 Woodcuts and 6 Plates. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1889, 8vo. 15s.
17891 B
10 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural His-
tory). Second Edition. By George Albert Boulenger : —
Vol. I. Geckonidae, Eublepharidae, Uroplatidae, Pygo-
podidae, Agamidae. Pp. xii., 436. 32 Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 11.
Vol. II. Iguanidae, Xenosauridae, Zonuridae, Anguidae,
Anniellidae, Helodermatida3, Varanidae, Xantusiidae,
Teiidas, Amphisbaenidae. Pp. xiii., 497. 24 Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.! 1885,
8vo. 11. "
Vol. III. Lacertidae, Gerrhosauridae, Scincidae, Anelytro-
pidae, Dibamidae, Chamaeleontidae. Pp. xii., 575. 40
Plates. [With a Systematic Index and an Alphabetical
Index to the three volumes.] 1887, 8vo. 11. 6s.
Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural
History). By George Albert Boulenger, F.R.S., &c. : —
Vol. I., containing the families Typhlopidae, Glauconiidae,
Boidas, Ilysiidae, Uropeltidaa, Xenopeltidae, and Colu-
bridae aglyphas (part). Pp. xiii., 448 : 26 Woodcuts
and 28 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 1/. Is.
Vol. II., containing the conclusion of the Colubridae
aglyphas. Pp. xi., 382 : 25 Woodcuts and 20 Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1894,
8vo. 17s. 6d.
Vol. III., containing the Colubridae (Opisthoglyphae and
Proteroglyphae), Amblycephalidae, and Viperidae.
Pp. xiv., 727 : 37 Woodcuts and 25 Plates. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index to the 3
volumes.] 1896, 8vo. 11. 6s.
Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Dr. Albert Gunther. Pp. xvi., 281.
[With Geographic, Systematic, and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1858, 12mo. 4s.
BATRACHIANS.
Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Dr. Albert Gunther. Pp. xvi., 160.
12 Plates. [With Systematic, Geographic, and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1858, 8vo. 6s.
FISHES.
Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Second
Edition. Vol. I. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the
British Museum. Vol. I Containing the Centrarchidae,
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 11
Catalogue of Fishes in the British Museum — continued.
Percidae, and Serranidae (part). By George Albert
Boulenger, F.R.S. Pp. xix., 394. Woodcuts and 15 Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1895, 8vo.
15s.
Catalogue of Fish collected and described by Laurence
Theodore Gronow, now in the British Museum. Pp. vii.,
196. [With a Systematic Index.] 1854, 12mo. 3s. 6d.
Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish in the Collection of the
British Museum. By J. J. Kaup, Ph.D., &c. Pp. iv., 80.
4 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo. 2s.
Catalogue of the Fresh-water Fishes of Africa in the
British Museum (Natural History). Vol. I. By G. A.
Boulenger, F.R.S. Pp. xi., 373 : 270 text-figures. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1909, imp. 8vo.
£1 12s. 6d.
MOLLUSCA.
Guide to the Systematic Distribution of Mollusca in the
British Museum. Part I. By John Edward Gray, Ph.D.,
F.R.S., &c. Pp. xii., 230. 121 Woodcuts. 1857, §vo. 5s.
Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells in the British
Museum, collected by Frederick Reigen. Described by
Philip P. Carpenter. Pp. xvi., 552. 1857, 12mo. 8s.
Catalogue of Pulmonata, or Air Breathing Mollusca, in the
Collection of the British Museum. Part I. By Dr. Louis
Pf eiffer. Pp. iv., 1 92. Woodcuts. 1855, 12mo. 2s. 6d.
Catalogue of the Auriculidae, Proserpinidae, and Truncatellidab
in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Louis
Pfeiffer. Pp. iv., 150. Woodcuts. 1857, 12mo. Is. 9d.
List of the Mollusca in the Collection of the British Museum.
By John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S., &c. :—
Part II. Olividae. Pp. 41. 1865, 12mo. Is.
Catalogue of the Conchifera, or Bivalve Shells, in the
Collection of the British Museum. By M. Deshayes : —
Part I. Veneridae, Cypriniclae, Glauconomidae, and
Petricolad33. Pp. iv., 216. 1853, 12mo. 3s.
Part IT. Petricoladae (concluded) ; Corbiculadae. Pp.
217-292. [With an Alphabetical Index to the two
parts.] 1854, 12mo. &d.
12 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
BRACHIOPODA.
Catalogue of B achiopoda Ancylopoda or Lamp Shells in the
Collection of the British Museum. [Issued as " Catalogue
of the Mollusca, Part IV."] Pp. iv., 128. 25 Woodcuts.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1853, 12mo. 3s.
POLYZOA.
Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part III. Cyclostomata. By George Busk,
F.R.S. Pp. viii., 39. 38 Plates. [With a Systematic
Index.] 1875, 8vo. 5s.
CRUSTACEA.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphipodous Crustacea in
the Collection of the British Museum. By C. Spence Bate,
F.R.S., &c. Pp. iv., 399. 58 Plates. [With an Alpha-
betical Index.] 1862, 8vo. 11. 5s.
ARACHNIDA.
Descriptive Catalogue of the Spiders of Burma, based upon
the Collection made by Eugene W. Oates and preserved in
the British Museum/ By T. Thorell. Pp. xxxvi., 406.
[With Systematic List and Alphabetical Index.] 1895>
8vo. 10s. 6d.
INSECTS.
Coleopterous Insects.
Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum : —
Part VII. Longicornia, I. By Adam White. Pp. iv.,
174. 4 Plates. 1853, 12mo. 2s. Gd.
Part VIII. Longicornia, II. By Adam White. Pp. 237.
6 Plates. 1855, 12mo. 3s. 6d.
Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Coleoptem in the
Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Lycidae. By
Charles Owen Waterhouse. Pp. x., 83. 18 Coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1879, 8vo. 16s.
Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Vernon
Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S. Pp. xvi., 234 : 1 Plate. [With
a Topographical Catalogue and an Alphabetical Index.]
1857, 8vo. 3s.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 13
Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Vernon
Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S. Pp. xiii., 648. [With Topo-
graphical and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1864, 8vo. 10s. 6d.
Catalogue of Halticidae in the Collection of the British
Museum. By the Rev. Hamlet Clark, M.A., F.L.S.
Physapodes and (Edipodes. Part I. Pp. xii., 301.
Frontispiece and 9 Plates. 1860, 8vo. 7s.
Catalogue of Hispidae in the Collection of the British
Museum. By Joseph S. Baly, M.E.S., &c. Part I. Pp. x.,
172. 9 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858,
8vo. 6s.
Hymenopterous Insects.
Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Frederick Smith. 12mo. : —
Part I. Andrenidae and Apidae. Pp. 197. 6 Plates-
1853, 2s. U.
Part II. Apidse. Pp. 199-465. 6 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1854. 6s.
Part III. Mutillidas and Pompilidae. Pp. 206. 6 Plates.
1855. 6s
Part IV. Sphegidas, Larridae, and Crabronidae. Pp. 207-
497. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856.
6s.
PartV. Vespidae. Pp.147. 6 Plates. [With an Alpha-
betical Index.] 1857. 6s.
Part VI. Formicidae. Pp. 216. 14 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1858. 6s.
Part VII. Dorylidaa and Thynnidae. Pp. 76. 3 Plates.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1859. 2s.
List of Hymenoptera, with descriptions and figures of the
Typical Specimens in the British Museum. Vol. I.,
Tenthredinidae and Siricidae. By W. F. Kirby.
Pp. xxviii., 450. 16 Coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882, 8vo. 11. 18s.
Dipterous Insects.
A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes. Mainly com-
piled from the Collections received at the British Museum
from various parts of the world in connection with the
14 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Investigation into the cause of Malaria conducted by the
Colonial Office and the Royal Society. By Fred. V.
Theobald, M.A., &c. :—
Vol. Ill Pp. xvii., 359 : 17 plates, 1 diagram, and 193
illustrations in text. 1903, 8vo. 1/. Is.
Vol. IV. Pp. xix., 639 : 16 plates and 297 text-figures.
[With Index.] 1907, 8vo. 11. 12s. 6d.
Vol. V. Pp. xv., 646 : 6 plates and 261 text-figures.
[With Index.] 1910, 8vo. 11. 5s.
Illustrations of African Blood-sucking Flies other than
Mosquitoes and Tsetse-Flies. By Ernest Edward Austen,
with coloured figures by Grace Edwards. Pp. xv., 221 :
13 coloured plates, 3 text-figures. 1909, roy. 8vo. £1 7s. 6rf.
Lepidopterous Insects.
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British
Museum. By Sir George F. Hampson, Bart. : —
Vol. I. Catalogue of the Syntomidae in the Collection
of the British Museum. Pp. xxi., 559 : 285 woodcuts.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1898,
8vo. 15s. *
Atlas of 17 Coloured Plates, 8vo. 15s.
Vol. II. Catalogue of the Arctiadae (Nolinas, Litho-
sianae) in the Collection of the British Museum.
Pp. xx., 589 : 411 woodcuts. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1900, 8vo. 18s.
Atlas of 18 Coloured Plates (xviii.-xxxw), 8vo. 15s.
Vol. III. Catalogue of the Arctiadae (Arctianae) and
Agaristidae in the Collection of the British Museum.
Pp. xix., 690 : 294 woodcuts. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1901, 8vo. 15s.
Atlas of 19 Coloured Plates (xxxvi-liv.), 8vo. 16s.
Vol. IV. Catalogue of the Noctuidae [Agrotinas]. Pp.
xx., 689 : 125 woodcuts. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1903, 8vo. 15s.
Atlas of 23 Coloured Plates (lv.-lxxvii), 8vo. 16s,
Vol. V. Catalogue of the Noctuidae [Hadeninae]. Pp.
xvi., 634 : 172 woodcuts. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1905, 8vo. 15s.
— --Atlas of 18 Coloured Plates (lxxviii.-xcv.), Svo. 15s.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 15
Catalogue oi* Lepidoptera Phalasnae — continued.
Vol. VI. Catalogue of the Noctuidae [Cucullianae], Pp.
xiv., 532 : 172 woodcuts. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1906, 8vo. 15s.
Atlas of 12 Coloured Plates (xcvi.-cvii.), 8vo. 10s.
Vol. VII. Catalogue of the Noctuidae [Acronyctinae].
Pp. xv., 709 : 184 woodcuts. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes. | 1908, 8vo. 17s.
Atlas of 15 Coloured Plates (cviii.-cxxii.), 8vo. 13s.
Vol. VIII. Catalogue of the Noctuidae [Acronyctinae, II.].
Pp. xiv., 583 : 162 woodcuts. [With table of the
Phylogeny of the Acronyctinae, and Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1909, 8vo. 15s.
-Atlas of 14 Coloured Plates (cxxiil-cxxxvi.), 8vo.
12s.
Vol. IX. Catalogue of the Noctuidae [Acronyctinae, III.]
Pp. xv., 552. 247 Woodcuts. [With Table of the
Phylogeny of the Acronyctinae, and Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1910, 8vo. 15s.
Atlas of 11 Coloured Plates (cxxxvii.-cxlvii.), 8vo.
12s.
Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera
in the Collection of the British Museum : —
Part V. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xii., 74.
78-100 Coloured Plates. [With a Svstematic Index.]
1881, 4to. 21. 10s.
Part VI. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xv., 89".
101-120 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1886, 4to. 21. 4s.
Part VII. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. iv., 124.
121-138 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]
1889, 4to. 21.
Part VIII. The Lepidoptera Heterocera of the Nilgiri
District. By George Francis Hampson. Pp. iv., 144.
139-156 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]
1891, 4to. 21.
Part IX. The Macrolepidoptera Heterocera of Ceylon.
By George Francis Hampson. Pp. v., 182. 157-176
Coloured Plates. [With a General Systematic List of
Species collected in, or recorded from, Cevlon.] 1893,
4to. 21. 2s.
16 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Catalogue of the Collection of Palaearctic Butterflies formed
by the late John Henry Leech, and presented to the
Trustees of the British Museum by his Mother, Mrs. Eliza
Leech. By Richard South, F.E.S. Pp.vi., 228. 2 Coloured
Plates. With a Portrait and Biographical Memoir of Mr.
Leech. 1902, 4to. 1/.
Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius in
the Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner
Butler, F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., 303. 3 Plates. 1869, 8vo. 7s. 6d.
List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker.
12mo. : —
Part XXIII. Geometrites. Pp. 756-1020. 1861. 3s. 6d.
Part XXV. Pp. 1281-1477. 1862. 3s.
Part XXVI. Pp. 1178-1796. [With an
Alphabetical Index to Parts XX.-XXVL] 1862. 4s. 6d.
Part XXVII. Crambites and Tortricites. Pp. 1-286.
1863. 4s.
Part XXVIII. Tortricites and Tineites. Pp. 287-561.
1863. 4s.
Part XXIX. Tineites. Pp. 562-835. 1864. 4s.
Part XXX. Pp. 836-1096. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Parts XXVII.-XXX.] 1864. 4s.
Part XXXI. Supplement. Pp. 1-321. 1864. 5s.
Part XXXIII. Part 3. Pp. 707-1120.
1865. 6s.
Part XXXIV. Part 4. Pp. 1121-1533.
1865. 5s. 6d.
Neuropterous Insects.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. H. Hagen.
Part I. Terraitiua. Pp.34. 1858, J2mo. 6d.
Orthopterous Insects.
Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum. Part I. Phasmidas. By Join? Obadiah
Westwood, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 195. 48 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 4to. 31
Catalogue of the Specimens of Blattariae in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S., &c.
Pp. 239. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5s. 6d.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 17
Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker,
F.L.S., &c. : —
Part II. Locustidse (continued). Pp. 225-423. [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1869, 8vo. 4s. 6d.
Part III. Locustidae (continued). — Acrididae. Pp. 425-
604. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 4s.
Part IV. Acrididae (continued). Pp. 605-809. [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 6s.
Part V. Tettigidae. — Supplement to the Catalogue of
Blattarise. — Supplement to the Catalogue of Dermaptera
Saltatoria (with remarks on the Geographical Distri-
bution of Dermaptera). Pp. 811-850 ; 43 ; 116.
[With Alphabetical Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 6s.
Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. By W. F. Kirby : —
Vol. I. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria, et Gres-
soria. (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidaa, Mantidae,
Phasmidae.) Pp. x., 501. [With Index.] 1904,
8vo. 10s.
Vol. II. Orthoptera Saltatoria, Part I. (Achetidas et
Phasgonuridae.) Pp. viii., 562. [With Index.] 1906,
8vo. 15s.
Vol. III. Orthoptera Saltatoria, Part II. (Locustidae
vel Acridiidae.) Pp. vii., 674. [With Index.] 1910.
8vo. £1.
Hemipterous Insects.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Heteropterous Hemiptera in
the Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker,
F.L.S., &c. 8vo. :—
Part VI. Pp. 210. [With Alphabetical Index.] 1873. 5s.
Part VII. Pp. 213. [Wjth Alphabetical Index.] 1873. 6s.
Part VIII. Pp. 220. [With Alphabetical Index.] 1873.
[6s. 6d.
Homopteruus Insects.
A Synonymic Catalogue of Homoptera. Part I. Cicadidae.
By W. L. Distant. Pp. 207. [Index.] 1906, 8vo. 5s.
18 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
VERMES.
Catalogue of the Species of Entozoa, or Intestinal Worms,
contained in the Collection of the British Museum. By
Dr. Baird. Pp. iv., 132. 2 Plates. [With an Index of
the Animals in which the Entozoa mentioned in the
Catalogue are found, and an Index of Genera and
Species.] 1853, 12mo. 2s.
ANTHOZOA.
Catalogue of Sea-pens or Pennatulariidse in the Collection of
the British Museum. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S., Ac. Pp. iv.,
10. 2 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. Is. 6d.
Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stonv Corals in the Collection
of the British Museum. By * J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c.
Pp. iv., 51. 14 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 3s.
Catalogue of the Madreporarian Corals in the British
Museum (Natural History) : —
Vol. I. The Genus Madrepora. By George Brook.
Pp. xi., 212. 35 Collotype Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes, and Explanation of the
Plates.] 1893, 4to. 1/. 4s.
Vol. II. The Genus Turbinaria ; the Genus Astrajopora.
By Henry M. Bernard, M.A. Cantab., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Pp. iv., 106. 30 Collotype and 3 Lithographic Plates.
[With Index of Generic and Specific Names, and
Explanation of the Plates.] 1896, 4to. 18s.
Vol. III. The Genus Montipora ; the Genus Anacro-
pora. By Henry M. Bernard, M.A., &c. Pp. vii., 192.
30 Collotype and 4 Lithographic Plates. [With Syste-
matic Index, Index of Generic and Specific Names,
and Explanation of the Plates.] 1897, 4to. 1?. 4s.
Vol. IV. The Family Poritidse. I. — The Genus
Goniopora. By Henry M. Bernard, M.A. Pp. viii.j
206. 12 Collotype and 4 Lithographic Plates. [With
Index of Generic and Specific Names, and Explanation
of the Plates.] 1903, 4to. 11.
Vol. V. The Family Poritidse. II.— The Genus Porites.
Part I. — Porites of the Indo-Pacific Region. By
Henry M. Bernard, M.A. Pp. vi., 303. 35 Plates.
[With Index of Generic and Specific Names and
Explanation of the Plates.] 1905, 4to. £1 15s.
Vol. VI. The Family Poritidas. II.— The Genus Porites.
Part II. — Porites of the Atlantic and West Indies, with
the European Fossil Forms. The Genus Goniopora,
a supplement to Vol. IV. By Henry M. Bernard, M.A.
Pp. vi., 173. 16 Collotype and 1 Lithographic Plates.
[With Index of Generic and Specific Names, and
Explanation of the Plates.] 1906, 4to. £1.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 19
BRITISH ANIMALS.
Catalogue of British Birds in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Robert Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.
Pp. xii., 248. * [With a List of Species.] 1863, 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Catalogue of British Hymenoptera in the Collection of the
British Museum. Second edition. Part I. Andrenidas
and Apidae. By Frederick Smith, M.E.S. New issue.
Pp. xi., 236. 11 Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Index. 1891, 8vo. 6s.
Catalogue of British Fossorial Hymenoptera, Formicidae, and
Vespidse in the Collection of the British Museum. By
Frederick Smith, V.P.E.S. Pp. 236. 6 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 12mo. 6s.
Catalogue of British Hymenoptera of the Family Chalcididaa.
By Claude Morley, F.Z.S., F.E.S. Pp. 74. [Index.]
1910, 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Illustrations of British Blood-sucking Flies, with notes by
Ernest Edward Austen, Assistant, Department of Zoology ,
British Museum (N.H.). Pp. 74. 34 Coloured Plates.
1906, roy. 8vo. £1 5s.
A Catalogue of the British Non-parasitical Worms in the
Collection of the British Museum. By George Johnston,
M.D., Edin., F.R.C.L., Ed., Ll.D., Marischal Coll., Aber-
deen, &c. Pp. 365. Woodcuts and 24 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1865, 8vo. 7s.
Catalogue of the British Echinoderms in the British Museum
(Natural History). By F. Jeffrey Bell, M.A. Pp. xvii., 202.
Woodcuts and 16 Plates (2 Coloured). [With Table of
Contents, Tables of Distribution, Alphabetical Index,
Description of the Plates, &c] 1892, 8vo. 12s. 6d.
List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection
of the British Museum ; with Synonyma and References
to figures. 12mo. : —
Part V. Lepidoptera. By J. F. Stephens. 2nd Edition.
Revised by H. T. Stainton and E. Shepherd. Pp. iv.,
224. 1856. Is. 9d.
Part VI. Hymenoptera. By F.Smith. Pp.134. 3851. 2s.
Part VII. Mollusca, Acephala and Brachiopoda. By
Dr. J. E. Gray. Pp. iv., 167. 1851. 3s. 6d.
Part VIII. Fish. By Adam White. Pp. xxiii., 164.
(With Index and List of Donors.) 1851. 3s. 6d.
20 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection
of the British Museum — continued.
Part IX. Eggs of British Birds. By George Robert
Gray. Pp. 143. 1852. 2s. 6d.
Part XI. Anoplura, or Parasitic Insects. By H. Denny.
Pp. iv., 51. 1852. Is.
Part XII. Lepidoptera (continued). By James F.
Stephens. Pp. iv., 54. 1852. 9d.
Part XIII. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By
Frederick Smith. Pp. iv., 74. 1853. Is. 4c?.
Part XIV. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By Adam
White. Pp. iv., 16. 1853. 6d.
Part XV. Nomenclature of Diptera, I. By Adam
White. Pp. iv., 42. 1853. Is.
Part XVI. Lepidoptera (comnleted). By H.T. Stainton.
Pp. 199. [With an Index.] 1854. 3s.
PLANTS.
Illustrations of Australian Plants collected in 1770 during
Captain Cook's Voyage round the World in H.M.S.
" Endeavour." By the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks,
Bart,, K.B., P.R.S., and Dr. Daniel Solander, F.R.S.
[Being a series of lithographic reproductions of copper-
plates engraved after paintings by F. P. Nodder, James
Miller, J. F. Miller, and John Cleveley.] With Introduc-
tion and Determinations by James Britten, F.L.S., Senior
Assistant, Department of Botany, British Museum : —
Part I. — 101 Plates, with 31 pages of descriptive text.
1900, fol. £1 5s.
Part II.— 142 Plates (pis. 101-243), with 41 pages of
descriptive text (pp. 35-75). 1901, fol. £1 15s.
Part III.— 77 Plates (pis. 244-318, 45a, and 122), with
26 pages of descriptive text, including Index to the
whole work (pp. 77-102), and 3 maps. 1905, fol. £1 5s.
Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. Friedrich
Welwitsch in 1853-61 :—
Vol. I. Dicotyledons. By William Philip Hiern, M.A.,
F.L.S., &c. :—
Part I. [Ranunculacese to Rhizophoraceae.] Pd.
xxvi., 336. [With Portrait of Dr. Welwitsch.
Introduction, Bibliography, and Index of Genera.]
1896. 8vo. 7s. ()d.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 21
Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. Friedrich
Welwitsch in 1853-61 — continued.
Vol. I. — continued.
Part II. Combretacese to Rubiaceae. Pp. 337-510.
[With Index of Genera.] 1898, 8vo. 4s.
Part III. Dipsacese to Scrophulariaceae. Pp. 511-
784. [With Index of Genera.] 1898, 8vo. 5s.
Part IV. Lentibulariaceae to Ceratophyllege. Pp. 785-
1035. [With Index.] 1900, 8vo. 5s.
Vol. II. Monocotyledons, Gymnosperms, and Crypto-
gams : —
Part I. Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms. By
Alfred Barton Rendle, M.A., D.Sc, F.L.S., Assis-
tant, Department of Botany. Pp. 260. [With
Index of Genera.] 1899, 8vo. 6s.
Part II. Cryptogamia. Pp. 261-566. [With Table
of Errata, and General Index to the whole work.]
1901, 8vo. 6s.
Vascular Cryptogams
••• By
William Carruthers, F.R.S.
Mosses
,j
Antony Gepp, M.A., F.L.S.
Hepatics
... ,,
F. Stephani.
Marine Algse
... .,
Ethel S. Barton.
Freshwater Alga? ...
. .. ,,
W. West, F.L.S., and G-. S.
West, B.A.
DiatornaceaB
.,
Thomas Comber, F.L.S.
Lichenes
... ,,
E. A. Wainio.
Fungi
• "■• ))
Annie Lorrain Smith.
Mycetozoa
... .,
Arthur Lister, F.R.S.
Synopsis of the British Basidiomycetes : a Descriptive
Catalogue of the Drawings and Specimens in the Depart-
ment of Botanv, British Museum. By Worthington George
Smith, F.L.S. Pp. 531. 5 Plates and 145 Figures in
Text. [With Index.] 1908, 8vo. 10s.
A Monograph of Lichens found in Britain : being a Descrip-
tive Catalogue of the Species in the Herbarium of the
British Museum. By the Rev. James M. Crombie, M.A.,
F.L.S., F.G.S., &c. Part I. Pp. viii., 519 : 74 Woodcuts.
[With Glossary, Synopsis, Tabular Conspectus, and Index.]
1894, 8vo. 16s.
List of British Diatomacese in the Collection of the British
Museum. By the Rev. W. Smith, F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., 55,
1859, 12mo. Is.'
22 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
FOSSILS.
Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum
(Natural History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A., F.G.S.: —
Part I. Containing the Orders Primates, Chiroptera,
Insectivora, Carnivora, and Rodentia. Pp. xxx., 268.
33 Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1885, Svo. 5s.
Part II. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder
Artiodactyla. Pp. xxii., 324. 39 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, Svo. 6s.
Part III. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborders
Perissodactyla, Toxodontia, Condylarthra, and Anibly-
poda. Pp. xvi., 186. 30 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species,
including Synonyms.] 1886, Svo. 4s.
Part IV. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder
Proboscidea. Pp. xxiv., 235. 33 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera
and Species, including Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 5s.
Part V. Containing the Group Tillodontia, the Orders
Sirenia, Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Monotremata,
and Supplement. Pp. xxxv., 345. 55 Woodcuts.
[With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1887 , <Svo. 6s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A. Pp. xxvii., 368.
75 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1891,
Svo. 10s. 6d.
Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British
Museum (Natural History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A.,
F.G.S. :—
Part I. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia,
Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Pro-
terosauria. Pp. xxviii., 309. 69 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera
and Specie^, including Synonyms.] 1888, Svo. 7s. 6cl.
Part II. Containing the Orders Ichthyopterygia and
Sauropterygia. Pp. xxi., 307. 85 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera
and Species, including Synonyms.] 1889, Svo. 7s. 6d.
Part III. Containing the Order Chelonia. Pp. xviii.,
239. 53 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and
Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species including
Synonyms.] 1889, Svo. 7s. 6d.
Part IV. Containing the Orders Anomodontia, Ecaudata,
Caudata, and Labyrinthodontia ; and Supplement.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 23
Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British
Museum — continued.
Pp. xxiii., 295. 6Q Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index, Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species,
including Synonyms, and Alphabetical Index of Genera
and Species to the entire work.] 1890, 8vo. 7s. 6d.
A descriptive Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the
Oxford Clay. Based on the Leeds Collection in the
British Museum (Natural History), London. Part I. By
C. W. Andrews, D.Sc, F.R.S. Pp. xxiii., 205 : 94 Text-
figures, 11 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes, List of Illustrations, Explanations of Plates, &c]
1910, 4to. 11. 5s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Arthur Smith Woodward, LL.D., F.R.S.,
F.G.S., &c. :—
Part I. Containing the Elasmobranchii. Pp. xlvii.,
474. 13 Woodcuts and 17 Plates. [With Alphabetical
Index, and Systematic Index of Genera and Species.]
1889, 8vo. 11. Is.
Part II. Containing the Elasmobranchii (Acanthodii),
Holocephali, Ichthyodorulites, Ostracodermi, Dipnoi,
and Teleostomi (Crossopterygii and Chondrostean
Actinopterygii). Pp. xliv., 567. 58 Woodcuts and
16 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index, and Systematic
Index of Genera and Species.] 1891, 8vo. 11. Is.
Part III. Containing the Actinopterygian Teleostomi
of the Orders Chondrostei (concluded), Protospondyli,
Aetheospondyli, and Isospondyli (in part). Pp. xlii.,
544. 45 Woodcuts and 18 Plates. [With Alphabetical
Index, and Systematic Index of Genera and Species.]
1895, 8vo. 1Z. Is.
Part IV. Containing the Actinopterygian Teleostomi of
the Suborders Isospondyli (in part), Ostariophysi,
Apodes, Percesoces, Hemibranchii, Acanthopterygii,
and Anacanthini. Pp. xxxix., 636. 22 Woodcuts
and 19 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index, and
Systematic Index of Genera and Species.] 1901,
8vo. 11. Is.
A descriptive Catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of the
Fayum, Egypt. Based on the Collection of the Egyptian
Government in the Geological Museum, Cairo, and on the
Collection in the British Museum (Natural History),
London. By C. W. Andrews, D.Sc. Pp. xxxvii., 324 :
98 Text Figures and 26 Plates. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1906, 4to. 1/. 15s.
Systematic List of the Edwards Collection of British Oligocene
and Eocene Mollusca in the British Museum (Natural
24 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
History), with references to the type-specimens from
similar horizons contained in other collections belonging
to the Geological Department of the Museum. By Richard
Bullen Newton, F.G.S. Pp. xxviii., 365. [With table of
Families and Genera, Bibliography, Correlation-table,
Appendix, and Alphabetical Index.] 1891, 8vo. 6s.
Catalogue of Tertiary Mollusca in the Department of Geology,
British Museum (Natural History). Part I. The Austra-
lasian Tertiary Mollusca. By George F. Harris, F.G.S., &c.
Pp. xxvi., 407. 8 Plates. [With Table of Families, Genera,
and Sub-Genera, and Index.] 1897, 8vo. 10s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum
(Natural History) : —
Parti. Containing part of the Suborder Nautiloidea, con-
sisting of the families Orthoceratidae, Endoceratidae,
Actinoceratidas, Gornphoceratidae, Ascoceratidae,
Poterioceratidae, Cyrtoceratidae, and Supplement. By
Arthur H. Foord, F.G.S. Pp. xxxi., 344. 51 Woodcuts.
[With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1888,
8vo. 10s. 6d.
Part II. Containing the remainder of the Suborder
Nautiloidea, consisting of the families Lituitidae,
Trochoceratidse, Nautilidae, and Supplement. By
Arthur H. Foord, F.G.S. Pp. xxviii., 407. 86 Wood-
cuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.]
1891, 8vo. 15s.
Part III. Containing the Bactritidae, and part of the
Suborder Ammonoidea. By Arthur H. Foord, Ph.D.,
F.G.S., and George Charles Crick, A.R.S.M., F.G.S.
Pp. xxxiii., 303. 146 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index of Genera and Species, and Alphabetical Index.]
1897, 8vo. 12s. U.
List of theTypes and Figured Specimens of Fossil Cephalopoda
in the British Museum (Natural History). By G. C. Crick,
F.G.S. Pp. 103. [With Index.] 1898, 8vo. 2s. 6d.
A Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, with their Synonyms
and the Range in Time of each Genus and Order. By
Henry Woodward, F.R.S. Pp. xii., 155. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1877, 8vo. 5s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa in the Department of
Geology, British Museum (Natural History):—
The Jurassic Bryozoa. By J. W. Gregory, D.Sc, F.G.S.,
F.Z.S. Pp. [viii.,] 239 : 22 Woodcuts and 11 Plates.
[With List of Species and Distribution, Bibliography,
Index, and Explanation of Plates.] 1896, 8vo. 10s.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 25
Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa in the British Museum — cont.
The Cretaceous Bryozoa. By J. W. Gregory, D.Sc,
F.R.S., &c. :—
Vol. I. Pp. xiv., 457 : 64 Woodcuts and 17 Plates.
[With Index and Explanation of Plates.] 1899,
8vo. 16s.
Vol. II. Pp. xlviii., 346. 75 Woodcuts and 9 Plates.
[With List of Localities, Bibliography, Subject
and Systematic Indexes, and Explanation of
Plates.] 1909, 8vo. 13s.
Catalogue of the Blastoidea in the Geological Department of
the British Museum (Natural History), with an account of
the morphology and systematic position of the group, and
a revision of the genera and species. By Robert Etheridge,
jun., of the Department of Geology, British Museum
(Natural Historv), and P. Herbert Carpenter, D.Sc, F.R.S.,
F.L.S. (of Eton College). Pp. xv., 322. 20 Plates. [With
Preface by Dr. H. Woodward, Table of Contents, General
Index, Explanations of the Plates, &c] 1886, 4to. 1?. 5s.
The Genera and Species of Blastoidea, with a List of the
Specimens in +he British Museum (Natural History). By
F. A. Bather, M.A., F.G.S., of the Geological Department.
Pp. x., 70. 1 Woodcut. 1899, 8vo. 3s.
Catalogue of the Palaeozoic Plants in the Department of
Geology and Palaeontology, British Museum (Natural
History). By Robert Kidston, F.G.S. Pp. viii., 288.
[With a list of works quoted, and an Index.] 1886,
8vo. 5s.
Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department of
Geology, British Museum (Natural History). By
A. C. Seward, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., University Lecturer
in Botany and Fellow of Emanuel College, Cambridge : —
Part I. The Wealden Flora. Part I. Thallophyta—
Pteridophyta. Pp. xxxviii., 179. 17 Woodcuts and
11 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index, Explanations
of the Plates, &c] 1894, 8vo. 10s.
Part II. The Wealden Flora. Part II. Gymnospermae.
Pp. viii., 259. 9 Woodcuts and 20 Plates. [With
Alphabetical Index, Explanations of the Plates, &c]
1895, 8vo. 15s.
Part III. The Jurassic Flora. Part I. The Yorkshire
Coast. Pp. xii., 341. 53 Woodcuts and 21 Plates.
[With Alphabetical Index, Explanations of the Plates,
&c] 1900, 8vo. 11.
26 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department ol
Geology, British Museum — continued.
Part IV. The Jurassic Flora. II. — Liassic and
Oolitic Floras of England (excluding the Inferior
Oolite Plants of the Yorkshire Coast). Pp. xv., 192.
20 Woodcuts and 13 Plates. [With Alphabetical
Index, Explanations of the Plates, &c] 1904, 8vo. 10s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Plants of the Glossopteris Flora in
the Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural
History). Being a Monograph of the Permo-carboniferous
Flora of India and the Southern Hemisphere. By E. A.
Newell Arber, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. Pp. lxxiv., 255 : 51
Text-Figures and 8 Plates. [With Bibliography and
Alphabetical Index.] 1905, 8vo. 12s. 6d.
GUIDE-BOOKS, Etc.
A General Guide to the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, London, S.W. Twelfth Edition. With
59 woodcuts, 2 plans, 2 views of the building, and an
illustrated cover. Pp. x., 117. 1909, 8vo. 3d.
Guide to the Specimens illustrating the Races of Mankind
(Anthropology), exhibited in the Department of Zoology,
British Museum (Natural History). [By R. Lydekker,
F.R.S.] Illustrated by 16 Figures. Pp.31. 1908, 8vo. 4rf.
Guide to the Galleries of Mammals (other than Ungulates)
in the Department of Zoology of the British Museum
(Natural History). Eighth Edition. Pp. 101. 52
Woodcuts and 4 plans. [Index.] 1906, 8vo. 6d.
Guide to the Great Game Animals (Ungulata) in the Depart-
ment of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). Pp.
93. 53 Text and other figures. With list of Horns,
Antlers and Tusks, and Index. 1907, 8vo. Is.
Guide to the Elephants (Recent and Fossil) exhibited in
the Department of Geology and Palaeontology in the British
Museum (Natural History). [By Dr. C. W. Andrews,
F.R.S.] Illustrated by 31 text-figures. Pp. 46. 1908,
8vo. 6d.
Guide to the Specimens of the Horse Family (Equidaa)
exhibited in the Department of Zoology, British Museum
(Natural History). [By R. Lydekker, F.R.S.] Pp. 42.
26 Figures. 1907, 8vo. Is.
Guide to the Domesticated Animals (other than Horses)
exhibited in the Central and North Halls of the British
Museum (Natural History). [By R. Lydekker, F.R.S.]
Illustrated by 24 Figures. Pp. 55. [With table of Contents,
List of Illustrations, and Index.] 1908, 8vo. 6c/.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 27
Guide to the Whales, Porpoises, and Dolphins (order Cetacea)
exhibited in the Department of Zoologv, British Museum
(Natural History). [By R. Lvdekker, F.R.S.] Illustrated
by 33 Figures. Pp. 47. [With Index.] 1909, 8vo. 4d.
Guide to the Gallery of Birds in the Department of
Zoology. British Museum (Natural History). [By W. R.
Ogilvie Grant.] Second Edition. Pp. iv., 228. 25 Plates,
and 7 Illustrations in text. [With Index.] 1910, 4to.
2s. 6d.
Guide to the Gallery of Birds in the Department of Zoology,
British Museum* (Natural History). [By W. R. Ogilvie
Grant.] : —
Part I. General Series. Pp. 149. [With Index.]
1905, 4to. 6d.
Part II. Nesting Serias of British Birds. Second
Edition. Pp.62. 4 Plates. [Index.] 1909, 4to. 4c/.
Guide to the Gallery of Reptilia and Amphibia in the
Department of Zoology of the British Museum (Natural
History). [By R. Lydekker, F.R.S.] Illustrated by
76 text and other Figures. Pp. iv., 75. [With Table of
Contents.] 1906, 8vo. 6d.
Guide to the Gallery of Fishes in the Department of Zoology
of the British Museum (Natural History). [By Dr. W. G.
Ridewood.] Illustrated by 96 Figures. Pp. v., 209.
[With Preface by Sir E. Ray Lankester, Table of
Classification, and Index.] 1908, 8vo. Is.
Guide to the British Vertebrates Exhibited in the Depart-
ment of Zoologv, British Museum (Natural History).
[By W. P. Pycraft,] Pp. iv., 122. 26 Text-Figures,
1 Plan. [With Index.] 1910, 8vo. Is.
Guide to the exhibited series of Insects in the Department
of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). By C. O.
Waterhouse. Second Edition. Pp. 65 : 62 text- and full-
page Illustrations. [With Table of Contents and Index.]
1909, 8vo. Is.
Guide to the Crustacea, Arachnida, Onychophora and My-
riopoda exhibited in the Department of Zoologv, British
Museum (Natural Historv). (By W. T. Caiman, D.Sc.
A. S. Hirst, and F. J. Bell.) Pp. 133 : 90 Text-Figures.
[With Table of Contents and Index.] 1910, 8vo. Is.
Guide to the Shell and Starfish Galleries (Mollusca, Polyzoa,
Brachiopoda, Tunicata, Echinoderma, and Worms).
Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural Historv).
Fifth Edition. Pp. iv., 133. 125 Woodcuts, Plan and
Indexes. 1908, 8vo. 6d.
Guide to the Coral Gallery (Protozoa, Porifera or Sponges,
Hydrozoa, and Anthozoa) in the Department of Zoology,
British Museum (Natural Historv). Second Edition.
Pp. [iv., 8] 73. 90 Illustrations, Plan and Index.
1907, 8vo. Is.
28 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
A Guide to the Fossil Mammals and Birds in the Department
of Geology and Palaeontology in the British Museum
(Natural History). Ninth Edition. [By A. S. Woodward,
LL.D., F.R.S.] Pp. xvi., 100. 6 Plates, 88 Woodcuts.
[With List of Illustrations, Table of Stratified Rocks, and
Index.] 1909, 8vo. U.
A Guide to the Fossil Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fishes in
the Department of Geology and Palaeontology in the
British Museum (Natural History). Ninth Edition. [By
A. S. Woodward, LL.D., F.R.S.] Pp. xviii., 110. 8 Plates
and 116 Text-Figures. [With Table of Contents, Lists of
Illustrations, Geological Time-Scale, and Index.] 1910,
8vo. <M.
A Guide to the Fossil Invertebrate Animals in the Depart-
ment of Geology and Palaeontology in the British Museum
(Natural History). [By F. A. Bather, D.Sc] Pp. ix.,
182. 7 Plates and 96 Text-Figures. [With List of
Illustrations, Geological Time-scale, and Index.] 1907,
8vo. Is.
List of British Seed-plants and Ferns exhibited in the
Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural History).
[By A. B. Rendle, D.Sc, F.R.S., and J. Britten, F.L.S.]
With table of Sequence of Orders, and Index of Genera.
Pp. 14. 1907, 8vo. 4d.
Guide to Sowerby's Models of British Fungi in the De-
partment of Botany, British Museum (Natural History).
Second Edition, revised. By Worthington G. Smith, F.L.S.
Pp. 85. 91 Woodcuts. With Table of Diagnostic Characters,
Glossary, and Index. 1908, 8vo. 4d.
Guide to Mr. Worthington Smith's Drawings of Field and
Cultivated Mushrooms, and Poisonous or Worthless
Fungi, often mistaken for Mushrooms, exhibited in the
Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural
History). Pp. 24 : 2 Plates, containing 28 coloured
figures ; 4 text-figures. 1910, 8vo., Is.
Guide to the British Mycetozoa exhibited in the Department
of Botany, British Museum (Natural History). [By Arthur
Lister, F.R.S.] Third Edition, revised. Pp. 49. 46
Woodcuts. Index. 1909, 8vo. M.
A Guide to the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum
(Natural History). Tenth Edition. [By L. Fletcher, M.A.,
F.R.S.] Pp. 32. Plan. 1908, 8vo. Id.
The Student's Index to the Collection of Minerals, British
Museum (Natural History). Twenty-third Edition. [By
L. Fletcher, M.A., F.R.S.] Pp. 36. With a Plan of the
Mineral Gallery. 1908, 8vo. 2d.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 29
An Introduction to the Study of Minerals, with a Guide to
the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural
History). By L. Fletcher, M.A., F.R.S. Thirteenth Edition.
Pp. 123. 41 Woodcuts. With Plan of the Mineral
Gallery and Index. 1910, 8vo. 6d.
An Introduction to the Study of Rocks and Guide to the
Museum Collection. Fourth Edition. Br L. Fletcher.
M.A., F.R.S. Pp. 155. [With Plan of the Mineral Gallery,
Table of Contents, and Index.] 1909, 8vo. Is.
An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites, with a List of the
Meteorites represented in the Collection. By L. Fletcher,
M.A., F.R.S., &c. Tenth Edition. Pp. 120. [With a Plan
of the Mineral Gallery, and an Index to the Meteorites
represented in the Collection.] 1908, 8vo. 6d.
Special Guides.
No. 2. — Books and Portraits illustrating the History of Plant
Classification exhibited in the Department of Botany
Second Edition. [By A. B. Rendle, M.A., D.Sc. F.R.S*]
Pp. 19. 1 Plates. 1909, 8vo. M.
No. 3. — Memorials of Linnaeus : a collection of Portraits,
Manuscripts, Specimens, and Books exhibited to com-
memorate the Bicentenary of his Birth. [By A. B
Rendle, M.A., D.Sc] Pp. 16. 2 Plates. 1907, 8vo. M.
No. 4. — Memorials of Charles Darwin : a Collection of
Manuscripts, Portraits. Medals, Books, and Natural History
Specimens to commemorate the Centenary of his Birth
- and the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Publication of " The
Origin of Species." (Second Edition.) [By W. G. Ride-
wood, D.Sc] Pp. vi., 50. 2 Plates. 1910, 8vo. 6d.
Instructions for Collectors.
Handbook of Instructions for Collectors, issued by the
British Museum (Natural History). With Illustrations.
Third Edition. Pp. 144. Index. 1906, 8vo. Is. 6d,
Instructions for Collectors : —
No. 1.— Mammals. Third Edition. Pp. 12. Text illust.
1905, 8vo. M.
No. 2.— Birds. Fourth Edition. Pp. 10. 5 figures in text.
1908, 8vo. M.
No. 3. — Reptiles, Batrachians, and Fishes. [Third Edition.]
Pp. 12. 1903, 8vo. 4d.
No. 4.— Insects. Fourth Edition. Pp. 11. Text illust.
1907, 8vo. M.
No. 5.— Diptera (Two-winged Flies). Third Edition.
Pp. 16. Text illust. 1908, 8vo. 3d.
30 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS &C. (NATURAL HISTORY).
Xo. 6.— Mosquitoes (Culicidae). [Third Edition.] Pp. 8.
1 Plate, 1 figure in text. 1904, Svo. M.
No. 7.— Blood-sucking Flies, Ticks, &c. By E. E. Austen.
Third Edition. Pp. 24 : 13 figures in text. 1907, 8vo. M.
No. 8. — Spiders, Centipedes, &c. Second Edition. Pp. 4.
1906, Svo. 3c7.
N0# 9, — Soft-bodied and other Invertebrate Animals ; Shells
of Molluscs. Third Edition. Pp. 18. 1909, Svo. 3d.
Xo. 10. — Plants. Fourth Edition. Pp. 10 : 3 figures in text.
1909, Svo. 3tf.
X0< 11 —Fossils and Minerals. Third Edition. Pp. 8.
1906, Svo. M.
British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road,
London, S.W.
October, 1910.
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