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VOLUME XXVI.
‘PART THE SECOND.

2S4- 654 y,
ee”

SS tun wi as

*

LEET STREET;

THE

(a6) TRANSACTIONS

OF

THE LINNEAN SOCIETY

OF

LONDON. tag,

VOLUME XXVI.

PART THE SECOND. f° |
2346 54

EOP NSD O° N :
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET:
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON-HOUSE ;

AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER, PATERNOSTER- ROW.

M.DCCC.LXVIII.

ae 2530382 Se

CONTENTS.

PART II.—1868.

IX. A Monograph of the Recent British Ostracoda. By GEORGE STEWARDSON Brapy,

Esq. Communicated by Dr. Scuater, F.L.S. &e. .

. page 358

fers 4]

IX. A Monograph of the Recent British Ostracoda.
By GEORGE Stewarpson Brapy, Lsq. Communicated by Dr. Scuater, /.L.S. &e.

(Plates XXIII.-XLL1).

Read May 3rd, 1866.

SINCE the publication, in 1850, of Dr. Baird’s work on the British Entomostraca,
much has been done towards the elucidation of the anatomy and physiology, as well as
the distribution and zoological classification, of these animals, and probably no group
has received a larger share of attention than the Ostracoda. The interest attaching to
this group is much enhanced by the fact that they alone, of all the higher Microzoa, are
found in the fossil state in sufficient numbers to afford grounds for any exact comparison
between the fauna of the present and those of bygone ages; and it is, of course, only
by the diligent collecting and accurate description, both by pen and pencil, of the forms
now living in our lakes and seas, as well as of fossil species, that much progress in this
direction can be made.

The classification hitherto in vogue has rested almost entirely upon external shell-
characters and mode of hingement; and, seeing that by far the greater number of
species have been described from fossil specimens, no other method was, of course, prac-
ticable. But though the careful study of the shells, which has necessarily accompanied
such a plan of classification has been very advantageous, and has, indeed, resulted to a
considerable extent in a really natural grouping and arrangement of genera and species,
it is obviously an unsatisfactory and unsound basis of classification; and much has been
recently done by various continental authors to increase our knowledge of the minute
structure of the animals themselves. Among the naturalists who have been foremost
in this work may be mentioned Professor Lilljeborg, Fischer, Zenker, and G. O. Sars.
The admirable memoir of the last-named author, ‘Oversigt af Norges marine Ostra-
coder,’ published in 1865, contains descriptions of all known Norwegian marine species
classified according to the anatomical characters of the animals, the structure of
most of which is there for the first time minutely described. This work forms, indeed,
an epoch in the study of the Ostracoda; and its author deserves the warmest acknow-
ledgments of all carcinologists for the light which he has thrown, at the expense of
much time and labour, on the minute structure and affinities of the creatures of which
he treats. To British naturalists the work is, indeed, especially valuable, on account of
the close relationship existing between the faunas of the two countries; and I have, in
this monograph, adopted, with but little modification, the arrangement and classification
propounded by the author of the ‘Oversigt.’ The greatest difficulty which I have
myself experienced arises from the fact that by far the larger number of my deep-sea
specimens have been dried in the first instance with the mud or sand in which they were

VOL. XXVI. 3C

354 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

taken, and afterwards picked out one by one. By this method the animal structure
contained in the shell is almost always entirely destroyed, or at any rate is so far decom-
posed as to be quite unfitted for any critical examination. On this account I have often
been unable to give anatomical descriptions of deep-water species. There can be no
doubt that by proper treatment of the dredged material shortly after its removal from
the sea-bed, the contained Microzoa might to a large extent be obtained in a serviceable
and perfect condition ; while, in the case of material taken in the hand-net or towing-net,
it need never be a difficult matter to separate the Ostracoda with the help of a simple
pocket-lens.

As to the manipulation of the animals and their preparation for the microscope, it is
seldom that much difficulty will be experienced in separating the valves by means of
fine needles, and then detaching the contained animal; the various organs are rendered
much more distinct by immersion for a short time in a solution of potash, by which the
oleaginous and granular constituents are to a great extent removed, the chitinous
structures remaining unaffected. If it be desired to mount permanently the dissection
thus made, the best medium for the purpose is a compound of glycerine and gelatine
with a slight addition of arsenic, the formula for which is given below*. This preparation
has the advantage of becoming fluid at a low temperature, of retaining its moisture
sufficiently without any cementing of the glass cover, and of being colourless and very
easy of application.

The geographical and bathymetrical distribution of the Ostracoda is a matter of the
greatest interest as illustrating the probable conditions under which the various fossili-
ferous strata have been deposited. The data at present at our command are somewhat
scanty, and negative evidence must be taken for no more than it is worth; but some
portions of the British coasts, as, for example, those of Northumberland and Durham,
and the Frith of Clyde, have been pretty diligently dredged and investigated with a
view to the study of these organisms. I have therefore brought together, in a tabular
form at the end of the monograph, the principal districts in which the marine species
have been examined, and have endeavoured roughly to indicate their frequency and
range of depth by means of signs, as explained in the Table. The two final columns
indicate the occurrence or non-occurrence of the species in the Scandinavian seas, and
in the Tertiary or Posttertiary deposits of Great. Britain and Norway. For the informa-
tion given respecting the recent Scandinavian species I am indebted entirely to Herr G.
O. Sars and Professor Lilljeborg; the column relative to fossil species owes its com-
pleteness chiefly to the labours of Messrs. Crosskey and Robertson.

I must here express my great obligations to many kind friends for the communication of
dredgings and specimens from various parts of the country,—to Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys and
Mr. C. Spence Bate, Mr. E. C. Davison, of Sunderland, Mr. 8. 8. Stoddart, of Bristol, and

* Take any quantity of Nelson’s gelatine, and let it soak for two or three hours in cold water which has previously
been saturated with arsenious acid; pour off the superfluous water, and heat the soaked gelatine until melted. To
each fluid-ounce of the gelatine add one drachm of alcohol, and mix well; then add a fluid-drachm of the white of an
egg; mix well while the gelatine is fluid but cool. Now boil until the albumen coagulates and the gelatine is quite

clear. Filter through fine flannel and to each fluid-ounce of the clarified gelatine add six fluid-drachms of Price’s
pure glycerine, and mix well—Carpenter’s Microscope and its Revelations, 3rd edition, p. 775.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 355

Mr. D. O. Drewett, of Jarrow. My thanks are also especially due to Dr. Baird, of the
British Museum, Professor T. Rupert Jones, the Rev. Alfred Merle Norman, Dr. Alcock,
of Manchester, and Mr. David Robertson, of Glasgow, for much valuable advice and
assistance, and for the kind and liberal manner in which they have placed their collec-
tions at my disposal; lastly I owe similar thanks to M. Bosquet, of Maestricht, Dr.
Oscar Speyer, of Hesse Cassel, and Herr G. O. Sars, of Christiania, for the good service
which they have done me by the communication of their admirable memoirs and series
of illustrative specimens. I am fully conscious that whatever value this monograph may
possess is Owing in great measure to the generosity of these naturalists, and their kind
interest in the progress of my work.

The recent Ostracoda are divided by Sars into four great groups or sections, namely :-—
(1) Podocopa, including the two families Cypride and Cytheride; (2) Myodocopa,
including the families Cypridinidz and Concheeciade ; (8) Cladocopa, containing one
family, Polycopidee; and (4) Platycopa, containing also one family, Cytherellidee.

The characters of these four sections may (after Sars) be stated as follows :—

1. Popocora.—This is by far the most extensive of the four sections, including all the
freshwater, and a vast majority of the marine Ostracoda, and embracing all the forms
classed by the earlier writers under the two great genera Cypris and Cythere. The
lower antenneze are here simple, pediform, geniculate, armed at the apex with sharp claws,
and are used for swimming (as in Cypris), for walking (as in Cythere), or as prehensile
organs. ‘The first pair of appendages following the mouth is always a distinct maxilla,
bearing a large halfmoon-shaped branchial plate, which is bordered with numerous
ciliated sete. The next pair of appendages forms in the Cypride a jaw of somewhat
similar shape, but in the Cytheride becomes pediform, owing to the atrophy of the jaw
proper and the greater development of the palp. Of the two following pairs of limbs,
the last is found, in the Cypride, to have lost its use as a locomotive organ, and is doubled
up between the valves, whilst in the Cytheride it is used, like the foregoing pair, as a
walking limb. The postabdomen is, in the Cytheride, rudimentary, but in the Cypridee
is mostly well developed, consisting of two elongated laminar processes, lying close
together, and each armed at the extremity with two long claws. The eyes are simple,
often so close together as to appear single. The heart is always wanting ; the digestive
cavity has two dilatations, of which the foremost is (in the Cypridee) provided with two
lateral blind sacs. In this last family the organs of generation are produced between
the two lamine of the shell. These animals live for the most part an idle life, crawling
leisurely on the mud, on plants, or swimming through the water. Their motions are
effected by the two pairs of antennz, which move synchronously, the upper pair moving
up and down, the lower backwards and forwards, thus propelling the whole animal in a
straight line.

2. Myopocopa.—This group comprises the forms of which the genus Cypridina is the
type, the characters indicating a higher organization and presenting well-marked dif-
ferences, which show an approach to the higher order Branchiopoda. As a rule the
lower antennz are here the only true locomotive organs, whilst the upper antennz (as
in the Branchiopoda) wholly lose their importance in this respect, and become the seats

3 C2

356 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

of a special sense (smell or hearing), being clothed with toothed club-shaped appendages,
which either proceed directly from the antennz (Conchacia), or from its bristle-shaped
appendages (Cypridina). The lower antenne consist of a particularly large and muscular
basal joint and two branches, one of which may be rudimentary, whilst the other is
cylindrical, flexible, and composed of numerous short joints, each of which bears generally
on one side a long ciliated swimming-seta. The way in which these antennze move is
also quite peculiar. Whilst those of the previous group move upwards and downwards,
these move from side to side. To allow of this movement the valves are peculiarly
formed, so that when quite closed there is always an opening (mostly heart-shaped)
through which the movements of the antennze take place. In conformity with the
development of these antenne as locomotive organs, we find that the other limbs more
and more lose their importance as such, and become subservient to the mouth as jaws.
In Conchecia the two hinder pairs are somewhat pediform; but their use as feet must
be but small, as they can scarcely reach out of the valves. In Cypridina and the allied
forms, the three pairs of limbs following the mouth are completely jaw-shaped, and the
fourth or last pair, as in the Cypride, is bent up within the valves. The structure of
this limb is so peculiar that one can scarcely class it as a foot or a jaw. The first pair
of jaws possesses no branchial plate, which is constantly present in the foregoing group,
but this appendage is transferred to the second pair (Cypridina), or the second and
third pairs (Conchecia). The postabdomen is developed into two broad symmetrical
plates, armed with sharp claws, and is not unlike the same organ in the Cladocera. The
eyes, when present, are fixed, as in the Branchiopoda, to large separate peduncles. In
Conchecia there are, at the roots of the upper antennze, certain small bodies which take
the place of eyes. In this group appears for the first time an independent heart, of
structure similar to that of the Branchiopoda. The digestive canal has a single capacious
stomach, which is invested throughout its whole length by a thick layer of liver-cells.
Most of the forms belonging to this group are pelagic, and occur often in the open sea,
near the surface of the water, where they move actively by means of the largely deve-
loped lower antenna. Many of them are strongly phosphorescent in the dark, and must
contribute essentially to the extraordinary brilliance of the tropical seas. :

3. CLuapocopa.—The type of this group is Polycope, a genus recently described by
G. O. Sars, which occurs on some parts of the coasts of the British islands and Nor-
way, and in the Mediterranean. The lower antennze are very similar to those of the
foregoing group, but are divided into two distinct and well-developed natatory branches.
The movements of these organs are quite different. Whilst in the Cypridinide their
motion is from side to side, it is here upwards and downwards as in the Cypride ;
and, in conformity with this, we find that the characteristic notch of the former family
is absent. or these reasons it is necessary that the upper antennze also should become
natatory organs in order to bring the movement into equilibrium. The most curious
point in these animals, however, is that behind the mouth we find two pairs of limbs,
the last of which is used entirely for respiration, whilst the first pair or its palp is deve-
loped into a powerful two-branched swimming-organ. We have therefore, in this case,
a group provided with no less than six swimming-organs; and on this peculiarity the

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 357

name of the genus (Polycope) is founded. On account of the minuteness of the animals,

Sars has not been able to observe accurately their internal organization; but he asserts

that the eyes are entirely wanting, and that the heart also appears to be absent. The

digestive canal has a single capacious stomach, as in the foregoing section.

4, Puatycopa.—This group is typified by the genus Cytherella, known, before Sars’s
researches, only from fossil specimens. The lower antennz exhibit a structure so peculiar
that this character alone would amply separate them from the other Ostracoda. They are
very strongly developed, bearing considerable likeness to the swimming-feet of the
Copepoda, but are still more muscular, and constitute very powerful swimming-organs,
These consist of a broad flattened basal portion and two biarticulate broad branches, which
bear numerous long bristles as in the Copepoda. ‘The upper antenne are of exceedingly
robust build, and appear also to serve as locomotive organs. The mandibles are small
and weak; but their palps are strongly developed, and that of the first jaw is armed
internally with an elevated ridge which is beset with numerous toothed and flexuous
setze, bearing a remarkable likeness to the feet of the Cladocera (Sida, Daphnia). Behind
the mouth follow, besides the first pair of jaws, only two pairs of limbs, of which neither
has the remotest resemblance to feet; the last is, indeed, in the female, quite rudi-
mentary, forming only a small setose lamina. Each of the two preceding pairs bears at
the base a large halfmoon-shaped, numerously ciliated branchial plate. The abdomen is
divided into several segments, most of which bear on the hinder part fasciculi of bristles.
The postabdomen consists of two small plates, which are separate through their entire
length, and bear at the extremity a number of slender spines. The shell is of very
compact structure, so that it is found almost unaltered in very early geological forma-
tions. Tlis group contains only one genus, Cytherella.

I have endeavoured to give, under each marine species, as accurate a statement of its
distribution, both in the recent and fossil state, as the present state of our knowledge
admits of; and with the view of indicating more clearly the relations of the species, I
have classified them under several types, according to the geographical areas which
they chiefly inhabit, the typical designation being always taken from the region in which
the species appears at the present time to be most abundant.

We have at present scarcely sufficient knowledge of the distribution of the freshwater |
species to render a similar attempt with regard to them desirable.

The typical areas here adopted are as follows :—

1. Arcric TyPz, including all species attaining their greatest development north of the
isothermal line of 32° Fahr. Glacial might perhaps have been a more appropriate
term for this group, but would have been liable to be confounded with the post-
tertiary geological formations which go under the same name. My very limited
knowledge of species from this tract is derived from specimens dredged by Dr.
Sutherland, and from some parcels of mud obtained from whaling-ships by D. Ro-
bertson, Esq., of Glasgow.

2. SCANDINAVIAN TYPE, comprehending the seas of Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark,
Shetland, and Northern Scotland. The Ostracoda of this district have been dili-

: gently collected by many naturalists, especially by Miller, Lilljeborg, G. O. Sars,

358 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

Norman, and Robertson; and our knowledge of them may be considered tolerably
good.

3. BRITISH TYPE, comprising species diffused pretty evenly over the seas of Great Britain
and Ireland.

4, ATLANTIC TYPE, referring to those which attain their greatest luxuriance on the
south and south-western shores of England and Ireland.

5. MEDITERRANEAN TYPE, including species which attain their maximum of development
in the Mediterranean. These are very imperfectly known, chiefly from specimens
described by Dr. Baird and myself, and from some further dredgings which have
been placed in my hands by M. de Folin of Pauillac, and which I have already
partially described in a French publication, ‘ Les Fonds de la Mer.’

It will be seen that the above is a very imperfect attempt at typical distribution; but
such as it is, it seems to me to be better than none at all, and to add considerably to the
interest attaching to the various species.

For the details of geological distribution, I am indebted much to the works of Prof.
T. Rupert Jones, Bosquet, G. O. Sars, Reuss, Speyer, and Egger, but chiefly to the large
collections of posttertiary species made, in anticipation of a monograph of the subject,
by Messrs. Crosskey and Robertson, of Glasgow.

The following classified Table of the Ostracoda is compiled from various authors, and
exhibits the present state of our knowledge of the subject. Those marked with an
asterisk are known only in the fossil state; whether a right situation is here assigned
them must be doubtful :—

Class CRUSTACEA.
Subclass ENTOMOSTRACA.
Order GNATHOSTOMATA.
Legion LopHyropopa.

Tribe OsrracopDa.

Section Popocopa. Genus Ilyobates. | Genus Cypridella*.
Family 1. Cypria. Loxoconcha. Cyprella*.
4 Xestoleberis. Entomis*.
Genus Cypris. Cytherura.
Carleen (?). Cytheropteron. Family 4. EnromoconcHip2.
ae OIPSESI> Bythocythere. Genus Entomoconchus*.
or Pseudocythere. Heterodesmus.
Brule Cytherideis.
Notodromas. See, Family 5. Concna@crapa.
Candona. — Dawadounctonia Genus Conchecia.
Pontocypris. : Halocypris.
Argilloecia. Section Myopocopa.
pare : Family 3. Cypripinip@. Section rocars.
OS DEER oa Family 6. Potycoripa.
‘ Genus Cypridina.
Family 2. CyrHEeRIp@. Asterope(?). Genus Polycope.
Genus Cythere. Bradycinetus. Section PLarycopa.
Limnocythere. Eurypylus +. :
Cytheridea. Philomedes. Family 7. CyTHERELLIDE.
Eucythere. Cylindroleberis. Genus Cytherella.

+ Described by the present author in ‘ Les Fonds de la Mer.’

9

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 359

The following synopsis of the sections and families here described is given by

Sars :—
(simple, subpediform, geniculate, clawed) two pairs, the last bent up within the )
at the apex, not very unlike the upper | valves. Postabdomen forming two elon- | Gypprp a, |
antenne. Both pairs of antenne either | gated narrow rami, which are usually if ;
bearing long setze and adapted for swim- | clawed at the apex.
ming, or shortly setose and not used for j PODOCOPA
swimming. Mandibles distinct, mostly -three pairs, all ambulatory, much alike c ai
strongly toothed at the lower extremity; | in structure, and directed forwards. Post- | @ypyrp-
palp of moderate size, and bearing a more | abdomen rudimentary, forming two very > yy
or less developed branchial appendage. | small lobes. Antenne very little Peal
First pair of maxille bearing a large | for swimming,
branchial plate. Feet

ZB.

| ( (one pair only, of singular shape, forming |
an elongated, curved, flexible, annulated,
| | vermiform appendage, which is spiniferous
one branch rudimentary, immo- | towards the apex. Upper antenne large,
| bile; the other elongated, cylindrical, | distinctly jointed, geniculate at the base.
flexible, many-jointed, armed with | Mandibles proper obsolete. Second pair >
| long natatory setze, arranged in a | of jaws bearing a large branchial plate.
single series; basal portion very large | Eyes compound, pedunculated, widely
and stout, filled with muscular bands. | separated; between the two in front a |
Upper antenne scarcely natatory. ) large simple eye and a short frontal ae
Mandibular palp very large, genicu- tacle. Lary ANONOD !
late, ibpeditornn: destitute of a bran- ( ‘MYODOCOPA.
chial appendage. First pair of jaws | two pairs, the posterior very small and )
without a branchial plate. Post- | rudimentary; the anterior provided, like
abdomen divided into two broad | the second pair of jaws, with a small,
pee which are unguiferous behind. lobed branchial plate. Upper antenne of | Concna-
{

CypRIDI-
NIDA.

two-branched,
NE

OSTRACODA.
Lower antennze
Ne

eet the female small and weak, immobile and { crapm. J
indistinctly jomted. Mandibles distinct.
No eyes. Frontal tentacle very large, and
mostly dilated at the apex. y)

| natatory, not geniculate, ending in a lash of long setee. Mandibles distinct, palp |
short and scarcely pediform, provided with a small branchial appendage. Two | Poryco- | CLADOCOPA
pairs only of thoracic appendages; the anterior large, bifid, natatory; the poste- ( Pipm. ( ~~ ote ee
rior membranaceous and branchial. yes wanting. Postabdomen divided into |
| two short laminze, spinous behind.

flattened, similar to the feet of the Copepoda, basal portion biarticulate and
geniculate; branches flattened, composed of few joints, and hearing numerous
setee on both margins. Upper antennee very large and strong, many-jointed,
geniculate at the base, shortly spiniferous. Mandibles small and weak, palp large.

Three pairs only of thoracic appendages, all maxilliform. Palp of the mandible + Se 2 l PLATYCOPA.
and first jaw bearing internally a comb of large sete. First and second pairs of | ’™M1P#-

jaws provided with a large branchial plate; third pair rudimentary in the female,
in the male well developed and prehensile. Postabdominal rami small and

both branches well developed, moveable, and natatory. Upper antennz also |
{ narrow, distinctly separated, and spiniferous at the apex.

Section I. PODOCOPA.
Fam. 1. Cyprip2.

Valves mostly thin and smooth, more or less sinuated below. Upper antennze mostly
seven-jointed, and beset with numerous setz, which form a dense brush of greater or less
length; lower antenne geniculate and bent backwards, four- or five-jointed, armed at the
distal extremity with from three to five long, slightly curved claws, and bearing commonly
on the posterior aspect of the antepenultimate joint a bundle of sete. Mandibles
powerful, and divided at the extremity into several teeth, bearing a large four-jointed
palp, the first joint of which is provided with a branchial appendage. ‘Two pairs of jaws:
the first large, and divided into four digital segments, the anterior segment being
larger than the rest, two-jointed and giving attachment to a large branchial plate:

360 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

second pair small, simple; in the female bearing a simple subconical palp, in the male
often pediform. Two pairs of feet: the first stout and five-jointed, terminated by a long
curved claw; the second pair more slender, and usually bent upwards within the valves.
Postabdomen forming two long moveable rami, which are sometimes rudimentary and
setiform, but oftener well developed and terminating in two strong curved claws. Eye
single or altogether wanting ; rarely two. Intestinal canal forming two pouches; ovaries
and testes lying immediately beneath the shell. Copulative organs of the male situated
immediately in front of the postabdominal rami, and provided with testes or mucus-
elands of complex structure.

The animals belonging to this family have been considered, until very recently, to be
inhabitants exclusively of fresh water. G.O. Sars, however, has shown that several
forms hitherto classed among the Cytheride properly belong to the Cypride; these
species now constitute the genera Pontocypris and Macrocypris; in addition to which
other entirely new forms have been described under the names Paracypris, Aglaia, and
Argillecia. Lastly, the genus Bairdia, M‘Coy, is here shown to belong to the same family.

The annexed Table shows the chief distinctive characters of the different genera.
Aglaia and Argillecia, however, have not yet been found in the British seas :—

( possessing @ branchial (bearing a brush of) 7 oy developed, terminating in two strong curved ‘
appendage; palp sub- | sete. Sete of the ence an ’ S So Cypris.
conical, _ indistinctly | upper antenne very : ‘ ; } : . ; :

| somes aoe a Lone: HF pliant rudimentary, setiform : . ¢ 6 . Cypridopsis.

Second joint of low er | without a brush of setee. Setee of the upper antennx ee alike . . | Paracypris.
~ | antennee : | short. First and second pairs of feet j disetmilas ares

( subconical aadisuncts f long, reaching beyond the panes of the terminal

n : Notedromas.
ci 5 ly jointed, Rai aly Ch ve Ges ny
als the lower antennee | altogether wanting. Oneeye . : : : Candona.
||

- enh} O64 .

a A.) (elongated, 7-jointed, armed | Pontocypris.
oe ie with long sete . : :
Benes 3-jointed.

© | destitute of a branchial_

Unger in the female shortly setose ;

ie and robust; 5-jointed, }

SSS eee
Ss

appendage. Palp * | cee
| distinctly jointed in the male provided with a rArgillecia.
ADCUY sinh bee Rp oere
subpediform, \ few long sete . d id
Gea ne | largely developed, terminating! Bardia,
shortly setose. en several long setee ;
Postabdominal | eee a4 } a
( li ( rami J rudimentary : : : Macrocypris.

Genus 1. Cypris, Miller.

Valves mostly subreniform or elongate-oval, horny in texture. Upper antennz seven-

jointed, and beset with numerous long plumose sete, which are mostly distributed as

follows,—four from the apices of the fourth, fifth, and sixth joints, and three from the
apex of the terminal or seventh joint. Lower antenne five-jointed, bearing a fascicle of
five or six setz of variable length, and on the inner side of the third joint a short bi-
articulate seta; terminating in four long curved and serrated claws; a few short setze
also arise from the sides of the fourth joint, near the middle. Second pair of jaws smaller
than the first, in the male prehensile, and in the female consisting of a short, simple seti-

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 361

ferous lobe, a subconical, simple, or obscurely articulate palp, which projects backward,
and terminates in three long sete, and a small branchial plate, bearing six radiating
respiratory setz. Postabdominal rami long and slender, bearing at the apex two long
and unequal curved claws, and a short seta; a short seta springs also from the inner
margin of the ramus at or below the middle. The males furnished (mostly, if not
always) with two mucus-glands, consisting of a cylindrical axis, on which are set seven
whorls of radiating filaments, the whole connected with an efferent tube or ‘vas
deferens.”’

The males of this genus are, except in a few instances, entirely unknown. Dr. Zenker
has, indeed, in his excellent memoir on the anatomy of the lower Crustacea, given
figures and descriptions of the males of three species; but two of these belong to the
section comprised in the subgenus Cypria of that author, which may ultimately be found
to present generic characters distinct from Cypris proper. Fischer has also figured and
described the males of some few species. I have myself sought diligently for the males
of many of the commoner species of Cypris, but have only seen one example belonging
to C. (Cypria) compressa, Baird. This is one of the species figured by Zenker. Mean-
time the peculiarities of the group Cypria seem scarcely sufficient to warrant its separa-
tion as a distinct genus. The “testis,” or “mucus-gland,” though hitherto seen only
in a few species, is doubtless present under some form in the males of all. And seeing
that it is, to all appearance, the secretory gland of the spermatic filaments, or ‘“ sperma-
tozoids,” there seems no valid reason for applying to it any other name than that of
testis.

The members of this genus inhabit exclusively fresh or slightly brackish water, and
are mostly natatory animals; but a few of them, which have unusually short setzx
attached to the lower antennze, seem to be destitute of swimming-power, and constitute,
in fact, a link between Cypris and Candona. In external appearance, as well as in habit
of life, these approach the latter genus more closely than the former. To this category
belong C. reptans, serrata, and gibba.

Though the structural differences observed amongst the Cyprides are not of generic
importance, they are sufficient to form grounds of separation into several distinct sections
as follows :—

a. Sete of lower antenne plumose, subequal, reaching about as far as, or only slightly beyond, the apex
of the terminal claws.

* Second foot terminating in a short hooked claw, and one or more moderately long sete.
** Second foot without a claw, ending in three sete.

b. Sete of lower antenne non-plumose, very short, not reaching nearly to the apex of the terminal claws.
c. Setz of lower antennz plumose, unequal; two or three exceedingly long, the rest short. Second foot
ending in three unequal setz, one of which is exceedingly long.

VOL. XXVI. oD

362 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

a. Sete of lower antenne plumose, reaching about as far as, or only slightly beyond, the apex of the
terminal claws.

* Second foot terminating in a short hooked claw, and oneor nove mode ately long sete

1. Cypris Fusca, Straus. (Plate XXIII. figs. 10-15.)

Cypris pilosa (?), Miller, Entomostraca, p. 59, tab. vi. figs. 5, 6.

fusca, Straus-Durckheim, Mémoires du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. vii. p. 59, tab. i. figs. 1-16 (fide Baird) ;
Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 154, tab. xix. fig. 7.

oblonga, Brady, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1864) vol. xii. p. 59, pl. iii. figs. 1-4; and Trans. Tyne-
side Nat. Field Club, vol. vi. p. 104, pl. ii. figs. 1-4.

Candona hispida, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 161, tab. xix. fig. 4.

Carapace * oblong, oval; extremities rounded, the posterior somewhat narrowed :
dorsal margin gently arched; ventral slightly sinuated. Seen from above, the carapace
is broadly ovate, pointed in front and rounded behind; the greatest diameter a little
behind the middle. End view suborbicular, somewhat angular above. The surface is
rather thickly covered with long, fine hairs, and almost always bears patches of a dull
furfuraceous character, apparently a desquamating epidermis; it is also superficially
marked, more especially in young specimens, with a wrinkled or reticulated pattern.
The colour is of variable shades of brown, with irregular transparent patches. Lucid
spots about seven in number, long and narrow, and arranged obliquely across the valve.
The abdominal rami are long and very slender, the terminal claws long and slender, sub-
equal ; en setze very near the apie of the rami.

Length +; in., height 35 in.t 7% 5 hw

This is one of the dohadanatont of British species, occurring abundantly in ponds and
stagnant water. I do not, however, remember ever to have met with it in lakes or
streams.

The form described by me under the name of C. oblonga appears to be nothing more
than an unusually elongated variety of this species. Miller’s figures and description of
C. pilosa, not hitherto identified by authors with the present species, are so very charac-
teristic, that I feel little doubt that his specific name should be adopted on the ground
of priority. His figure is certainly somewhat too small in comparison with some other
species; but much stress cannot be laid upon a difference of this kind. Yet, as the name
fusca seems now to be generally accepted by authors, I have not thought it desirable to
propose an alteration the correctness of which might be open to doubt.

2. CYPRIS INCONGRUENS, Ramdohr. (Plate XXIII. figs. 16-22.)

Cypris incongruens, Ramdohr, Ueber die Gattung Cypris ; der Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin Magazin,
2. Jahrg. 1808, p. 86, tab. iii. figs. 1-12, 15, 16, 18-20 (fide Lilljeborg) ; Lilljeborg, De Crust. ex
ord. trib. p. 119, tab. ix. figs. 6, 7, tab. xi. figs. 1-4, tab. xii. fig. 6.

aurantia, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 159, tab. xix. fig. 13.

* The first clause of the specific descriptions refers in all cases to the Jateral view of the carapace.
+ The dimensions, and, indeed, all other portions of the specific descriptions, must in all cases be taken as applying

to the female, unless otherwise stated. “

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 363

Menoculus aurantius, Jurine, Hist. des Monocles, p. 173, pl. xviii. figs. 5-12.
—— ruber, Idem, ibidem, p. 172, pl. xviii. figs. 3, 4.

Valves oblong, subreniform, narrowed in front. Anterior extremity narrow, bordered
by a flattened encircling lamina; posterior broad and well rounded. The ventral margin
is straight or slightly sinuated; the dorsal arched, highest at its posterior third. Seen
from above, the carapace is oblong, ovate, tapering to the anterior extremity, which is
acutely pointed, the right valve being considerably overlapped by the left. Front view
ovate, the suddenly compressed anterior margins projecting sharply forward. The surface
is indistinctly granular, and finely punctate. Colour ochreous yellow, marked with
bands and blotches of deeper orange. Near the anterior third of the dorsum there is
frequently a conspicuous deep-brown or black spot, marking probably the position of the
eye. The arrangement of the antennal sete is precisely like that of C. virens,—the upper
antenna bearing nine long and several shorter plumose filaments ; the lower five, which
reach but slightly beyond the apices of the claws. Four much shorter and mostly
non-plumose setze rise from the middle of the fourth joint, and reach not very much
beyond the bases of the claws. These are found in all members of the genus. Seteze of
the abdominal rami four, the two shorter ones being much longer than those of C. fusca
or C. virens. The anterior portion of the shell is not unfrequently studded with a
number of minute tubercles, which along the margin are gathered into a regular row
of from twenty to thirty (fig. 21), producing an appearance as of a finely crenated or
serrated border. The marginal row of tubercles is present, however, only on the right or
smaller valve, which is provided internally with a narrow laminar plate (fig. 22), and is
received within the overlapping and perfectly simple margin of the left valve. The pos-
terior on is also pene but Jess preduentys tuberculated in a similar manner.

Length 7; in., height g in. /.5 ~~ *

C. incongruens seems to be one of ie ae common species of this genus. It has
been found in Kent and Essex by Professor T. Rupert Jones, at Blackheath, Windsor,
and Dover by Dr. Baird, in the island of Cumbrae and in a lagoon on the Ayrshire coast
by Mr. D. Robertson, in the county of Durham and in the Isle of Arranmore (Galway)
by myself. It has a wide range on the continent, being mentioned by various authors
as occurring in Switzerland, Germany, Norway, and Sweden.

My figures and description of this species were completed before I became acquainted
with the memoir of Fischer contained in the ‘Transactions of the Munich Academy ; ’
and it is satisfactory to find that the observations of that author as to the distinctive
characters of C. awrantia are quite in unison with my own. Dr. Fischer, however,
assigns a specific rank to C. rubra, Jurine, almost entirely on the ground of the want of
tuberculation of the carapace, at the same time admitting that the subject wants investi-
gation, and that the relations between C. fusca, C. awrantia, and C. rubra are far from
being clearly made out *. From what has been said above, it will be seen that I regard
the two former species as distinct, not only from characters afforded by the carapace, but

* Es muss iibrigens erst weitere Beobachtung lehren, ob nicht Uebergangsformen zwischen C. aurantia, fusca und
rubra stattfinden, und sie alle drei nur als eine Species zu betrachten sind, da ihr Korperbau durchaus keine wesent-

liche Verschiedenheit wahrnehmen lasst.””

38D 2

364 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

by the animal itself. And I feel no hesitation in uniting C. awrantia and C. rubra, as
all the gatherings I have seen contain both tuberculated and non-tuberculated specimens.

3. CYPRIS VIRENS (Jurine). (Plate XXIII. figs. 23-32, and Plate XXXVI. fig. 1.)
Monoculus virens, Jurine, Hist. des Monocles, p. 174, pl. xviii. figs. 15, 16.

Cypris tristriata, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 152, t. xviii. figs. 1, la-i, 2, 3.

virens, Lilljeborg, Crust. ex ord. tribus, p. 117, tab. vii. fig. 16, tab. ix. figs. 4,5, tab. x. figs. 23-25,
tab. xil. fig. 5, tab. xix. fig. 8, tab. xxvi. fig. 8.

Valves oblong, reniform; the extremities rounded and nearly equal. Dorsal margin
evenly arched, highest in the middle; ventral gently sinuated. Seen from above the
shell is oblong, ovate, pointed in front, rounded and narrow behind. End view broadly
oval. The surface is smooth or slightly pubescent and mostly marked with minute and
closely set puncta. The colour varies from a light greenish drab to a grass-green, varied
with strive of a deeper hue running obliquely across the valves from above downwards
and backwards. The lucid spots are large, oblong, irregular in size and shape, but
mostly somewhat crescentic or sinuous in outline. They are arranged in a group of
about seven, near the centre of the valve, and point obliquely from above downwards
and backwards. Besides the main group, isolated spots often occur on other parts of
the valves, especially near the dorsal margin. The two claws of the postabdominal rami
are unequal in length, and in fine specimens are serrated on their inner edge towards
the apex. The short seta on the inner margin of the ramus is not far removed from the
terminal claws.

Length ~; in., height 3'5 in.

Cypris virens is a very common species, met with mostly in small ponds, and appa-
rently very generally distributed throughout Britain and the continent. Like C. fusca
it seems seldom to inhabit lakes or large sheets of water. The hingement of this species
is a good example of the normal structure of the joint in Cypris. It is figured at Plate
XXIII. figs. 28, 29.

4. CYPRIS OBLIQUA, n. sp. (Plate XXIIT. figs. 33-38.)

Valves oblong, subreniform, not quite twice as long as broad. Extremities rounded
and nearly equal. Dorsal margin gently and evenly arched, highest in the middle;

ventral margin nearly straight, slightly sinuated near the front. The dorsal aspect is
oblong-oval, broadest in the middle and tapering to the extremities, the anterior of which
is more sharply pointed than the posterior. End view oblique, the right valve being on
a higher plane than the left. Lucid spots nearly like those of C. virens. The surface
of the shell is shining, very slightly hairy, and thickly impressed with rather large
rounded puncta. Colour deep green or olive-brown, with three or four oblique darker
bands. Postabdominal sete stout and crowded together,—one long, two shorter and
nearly equa, the uppermost very short.

Length 3); in., height gg in. \\w. x. b 6

I first took C. obliqua in Loughrigg Tarn, Westmoreland, in the summer of 1861, and
for a considerable time thought it to be a very fine variety of C. fusca. Last year (1864),

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 365

however, I again met with it in the lakes at Rothley and at Belsay in Northumberland ;
Mr. Robertson has more recently taken it at Cumbrae; and it also occurs abundantly in
a gathering taken by my brother, Mr. Alfred Brady, in a pond on Wandsworth Common.

In many respects this handsome species agrees with C. virens, but it is sufficiently
distinct. The oblique end view (fig. 36) is especially characteristic. The shell is also
much more strongly punctate than that of C. virens, the colour deeper, the seta of the
abdominal rami more crowded. The Westmoreland specimens are light olivaceous
brown, those from Northumberland and Cumbrae are deep green; the Wandsworth
specimens are more variable, and present an intermediate appearance. The figure and
description of C. elliptica given in the ‘Natural History of British Entomostraca ’
would apply tolerably well to the present species; but Dr. Baird has kindly compared
one of my specimens of C. obliqua with those of C. elliptica preserved in the British
Museum, and considers the two to be distinct.

5. CyPRIs ELLIPTICA, Baird.
Cypris elliptica, Baird, Trans. Berw. Nat. Club, i. p. 152, 1846; Brit. Entom. p. 158, tab. xix. fig. 12.
“Shell nearly elliptical, of a light green colour, clouded with darker patches of the
same colour on the sides of the shell. . Valves glabrous, except round the edges, which
are beset with long hairs. Filaments of inferior antennez long. Pond at Highgate,
July 1846.”
I do not know this species, except from Dr. Baird’s description quoted above.

6. CypRIS PUNCTILLATA, Norman. (Plate XXVI. figs. 1-7, and Plate XXXVI. fig. 11.)
Cypris cuneata, Baird, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1850, p. 255, pl. xviii. (Annulosa) figs. 22-24.

punctillata, Norman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Jan. 1862, p. 43, pl. u. figs. 11-14; and Trans.
Tyneside Nat. Field Club, vol. v. p. 145, pl. i. figs. 11-14.

Valves oblong, subovate, tumid. The anterior border is broad, well rounded, and
armed on both valves with a series of eight sharp teeth; the posterior narrowed, rounded,
and bears near the ventral angle of the right valve four or five spines, the lowest of
which is much longer than the rest. Dorsal margin boldly arched, highest at its anterior
third; ventral margin nearly straight, with a slight sinuation. Seen from above, the
carapace is broadly ovate, pointed in front and rounded behind, the greatest breadth in
the middle. The ventral aspect is marked by a conspicuous central fossa or sulcus
formed by the depressed margins of the two valves. End view subpyramidal or cuneate,
the height and width equal. Internally the front and hinder margins of the valves are
produced into broad lamellar plates. Lucid spots about seven, oval, crowded, and placed
obliquely near the centre of the valves. The surface is thickly beset with long hairs and
marked by rather large See set round ee (fig. 6). Colour deep green.

Length 1; in., height gy in. |.4 any

First fava at Duddingston Loch, Bainbur ch, by Dr. Baird, and more recently by the
Rev. A. M. Norman at Sedgefield, Durham.

This fine species was originally described by Dr. Baird from immature specimens, the
name cuneata being meant to designate the lateral aspect of the shell. In the adult,

366 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

however, this term has no applicability; and I have therefore adopted Mr. Norman’s

specific name.

7. Cypris Bisprnosa, Lucas. (Plate XXVI. figs. 14-17.)
Cypris bispinosa, Lucas, Explorat. Scient. d’Algérie, Animal. Artic. Crustac. t.viii. figs. 7, 7a, b( fide Baird).

Carapace oblong, subpyramidal, very tumid on the ventral surface, and gradually
narrowing towards the dorsum. ‘The ventral margin is elevated into a broadly rounded
ridge which runs backwards, becoming gradually narrower and more sharply defined,
until it ends, considerably behind the middle of the valve, in a sharp, curved, projecting
spine: anteriorly the ridge curves upwards, and is gradually lost on the surface of the
shell. The anterior margin is narrow and rounded. Dorsal margin arched, highest a
little in front of the middle, where it is angular or gibbous, sloping equally to each
extremity. The posterior extremity forms a slightly produced beak a little below the
median line of the valve, thence sloping steeply upwards to the dorsal, and curving
gently downwards to the ventral margin. Seen from above, the outline is tumid, oval,
with acutely pointed extremities, the anterior of which is produced so as to form an
“ogee”? outline ; the lateral spines are very conspicuous both in the dorsal and ventral
aspects. End view triangular, base flattened, sides convex, lateral angles produced and
rounded. Surface smooth, very finely paces Colour light green.

Length $ in., height 7g in.

For specimens of this noble species (the finest British Cypris) I am indebted to the
Rev. A. M. Norman, to whom it was forwarded some years ago by Dr. Lukis of Guern-
sey, who took it in a freshwater pool in that island. Dr. Baird identifies the specimens
with Cypris bispinosa, Lucas, which was found in Algeria “in a little streamlet of fresh
water flowing from the Boudigma.”

8. CYPRIS GIBBOSA, Baird.
Cypris gibbosa, Baird, Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. p. 187, t. v. fig. 15, 1837; and Nat. Hist. Brit. Entom. p. 156,
te KIX) fig. is.

“Shell ovate, and much elevated on the upper margin, the centre exhibiting a large
gibbosity or hump; sinuated underneath. The valves are smooth, except round the
edges, which are beset with short fine hairs, are nearly opaque, and of a light green colour,
the anterior extremity being paler than the other parts of the shell, Filaments of both
pairs of antennee beautifully plumose.

“ Hab. Ditch near the Surrey Zoological Gardens, June 1836.”
I know nothing of C. gidbosa, except from Dr. Baird’s description.

9, CYPRIS TESSELLATA, Fischer. (Plate XXIII. figs. 39-45.)

Cypris tessellata, Fischer, Mémoires des Savants Etrangers, St. Petersburg, vol. vii. p. 159, pl. x. figs. 1-5.
affinis, Lilljeborg, De Crust. ex ord. trib. p. 116, pl. xi. figs. 8-14; Brady, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
vol. xiii. (1864) p. 60, pl. iii. figs. 6-11, and Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field Club, vol. vi. p. 105, pl. ii.
figs. 6-11.

Carapace oblong, tumid, broad in front, and tapering backwards from the anterior third.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 367

Anterior margin broad, well rounded, and encircled by a narrow flattened lamina. Pos-
terior extremity narrow, rounded. Ventral margin slightly sinuated in the middle. .
The dorsal margin has a gibbous elevation a little in front of the middle, from which it
slopes steeply backwards and more gradually towards the front. Dorsal aspect oval,
tumid, widest in the middle, and tapering equally towards the somewhat sharply pointed
extremities. Anterior view nearly circular, the height being very slightly greater than
the width. The surface of the shell is slightly roughened, presenting a scaly appearance,
the result of a peculiar reticulated sculpturing. Colour olivaceous or brown. Postab-
dominal rami rather stout; the two terminal claws about equal in length; lateral sete
short.

Length ;'5 in., height 2; in.

IT have found this species near Belsay, md in » pools on the bents north of Seaton Sluice,
Northumberland; at Fenham, near Newcastle, at Whitburn and Boldon Flats, near
Sunderland, and near Cotherston, Yorkshire. It has been taken also by the Rev.
A. M. Norman at Sedgefield and at Osterley Park, near Brentford.

C. tessellata is, in many cases, easily distinguished by the peculiar sculpturing of the
valves, which, in fine specimens, and with good illumination under the microscope,
resembles an exquisitely wrought pattern of filigree-work. The reticulations of which
the ornament is composed are largest towards the extremities of the valves; across the
middle of the carapace they are not very conspicuous, the shell-structure being there
much more condensed. The junction of the reticulation of the extremities with that of
the closer central band is shown in Pl. XXIII. fig. 43. It will be seen that the tendency
to a radiate arrangement is continuous throughout. Occasionally the surface-marking is
almost entirely absent, the shell being nearly as smooth as that of Cypris fusca; some
trace, however, of the peculiar ornament is always visible.

Cypris tessellata appears to haunt only small grassy pools, where the water is con-
siderably impregnated with organic matter. At least I know of no instance of its capture
in lakes or large sheets of water.

My original reference of this species to C. affinis, Fischer, seems to have been an error.
IT had not at that time seen Fischer’s monograph, and judged of the species from the
figures given by Lilljeborg, which doubtless refer to the present species, but agree much
more closely with Fischer’s figures of C. tessellata than of C. affinis.

e
Pe

10. Cypris cLAVATA, Baird.
Cypris clavata, Baird, Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. p. 187, t. v. fig. 16, 1837; Brit. Entom. p. 157, t. xviii. fig. 4;
Lilljeborg, Crust. ex ord. trib. p. 121, tab. xi. figs. 5-7.

“ Shell oblong, narrower at posterior extremity than anterior, which is rather flattened,
giving the shell the appearance of being club-shaped. The valves have the upper
margin elevated, and the lower nearly straight. They are smooth and shining, but beset
round the margin with short hairs; their colour is of a light grey, with an obscure dark-
coloured ray running from the centre towards the posterior extremity, which again is
distinctly marked with an orange-coloured spot. ‘The antenne and feet are short, com-
pared with the size of the shell. The filaments of both pairs of antenne are plumose.

8

368 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

This species approaches near to C. crassa of Miller, as described by him, but differs on
toto from the figures which he gives of it.

“‘ Hab. In a pond near Copenhagen Fields, July 1836” (Dr. Baird).

11. CYPRIS SALINA, Brady. (Plate XXVI. figs. 8-13.)> Oy bruno 1 dodn naw (I

Cypris strigata, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 157.

Valves reniform, compressed, about once and a half as long as broad. Extremities
broadly rounded, nearly equal, and produced into flattened laminz, which form a
flange encircling nearly the whole shell. The ventral margin is slightly sinuate in the
middle, and in the right valve is finely crenulated or toothed round each extremity :
dorsal margin very strongly arched and highest rather in front of the middle. Seen
from above, the carapace is compressed, oblong-ovate, acutely pointed in front and
more obtusely behind, widest in the middle; there is a slight longitudinal sulcus on the
hinge-line near the posterior extremity, formed by the juxtaposition of the incurved
margins of the two valves. The contact-margins of the ventral surface are sinuous and
remarkably prominent. End view ovate, compressed, the breadth equal to two-thirds of
the height. Lucid spots similar to those of C. fusca. The surface of the valves is very
finely punctate, and marked with a pattern of brown which may be described as follows :—
Commencing under the middle of the dorsal margin a brown belt runs backwards,
coursing nearly parallel to the circumference of the valve, and ceasing near the summit
of the anterior border; on the central light-coloured patch thus nearly enclosed by a
brown zone are two large, irregular, brown blotches, the hindermost of which sends up-
wards and forwards a prolongation connecting it with the marginal belt. Abdominal
rami slender. Setze three long and one short, all near together.

Length 35 in., height g5 in. .94 GS

I first met with C. salina in a cooling-pond at Monkwearmouth Colliery, where it
lives in great numbers together with Cypridopsis aculeata, Cypris reptans, and other
species, in water which often reaches a temperature of 100° Fahr. and is so impregnated
with earthy salts as to deposit a thick coating of carbonate of lime on the leaves of the
plants which it supports. I have this year (1865) been fortunate enough to find the species
in a second locality, namely, a small pool of somewhat brackish water, above high-water
mark, in a salt marsh north of the river Coquet, below Warkworth. This habitat is
particularly interesting, inasmuch as it leaves little doubt that the species here referred
to must be the same as that discovered by Dr. Baird in a similar situation (‘ pool on
seashore a little above high-water mark, at Thornton Loch, East Lothian, June 1835 ”?)—
a matter hitherto doubtful, owing to the fact that the Scotch specimens have not been
preserved. Mr. D. Robertson has also lately found this species in a pond liable to tidal
overflow at Cumbrae.

I much regret that I have not been able to obtain examples of the form known to con-
tinental naturalists as C. strigata (Miller); for though the written description given by
that author* accurately agrees with the British species, his figures are very far wrong.

* Miller’s description of the carapace is very terse and expressive :—‘‘ Testa subovata, glabra, margine ciliata, ad

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 369

As Fischer has identified Miiller’s C. strigata with a species which seems to be very
different from the present, I have thought it best to describe our British species under a
new name.

** Second foot without a claw, terminating in three moderately long and nearly equal sete.

12. Cypris GiBBA, Ramdohr. (Plate XXIV. figs. 47-54, and Plate XXXVI. fig. 2.)
Cypris gibba, Ramdohr, Magaz. d. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, 1808, ii. p. 91, t. iii.
figs. 13-17 (fide Jones) ; Jones, Tertiary Entom. p. 15, pl. i. figs. 3a—f, and woodcut, fig. 1, p. 16.

Valves oblong, oval, nearly equal in height throughout, marked generally, but not
always, by two deep transverse sulci extending from the anterior half of the dorsum to
the middle of the valve. Extremities well rounded and nearly equal, fringed with hairs.
Dorsal margin straight; ventral deeply sinuate in the middle. Seen from above, the
carapace is oblong-ovate, narrowed in front and rounded behind, marked on the anterior
half by one or more deep transverse sulci. End view subquadrate, keeled. Surface of
the shell deeply and coarsely punctate (fig. 51), cream-coloured or light brown, sometimes
nearly white. The shell is much thicker and stronger than that of any other Cypris
with which I am acquainted. The second foot bears at the apex of the terminal joint
three long seta, two of which are nearly equal in length, the other considerably shorter :
the penultimate joint has also two long and equal setz springing from its inner margin ;
and another, somewhat shorter, rises from the apex of the second joint. Postabdominal
rami flexuous, ending in two long and equal claws, and one very short seta; the marginal
seta is unusually long, and is attached somewhat below the middle of the ramus. Eye
very black and conspicuous.

Length 3; in., height Fin. «Im Ki49n

Cypris gibba seems to be an almost ubiquitous species, but is liable to escape obser-
vation, owing to its habit of creeping on the bottom or imbedding itself in the mud or
soft clay. It is nevertheless a true Cypris, the lower antennz bearing a tuft of long
sete, and the second pair of jaws a branchial appendage. The armature of the second
pair of feet is peculiar, and the shell-structure very different from that usually seen in
this genus. The markings of the surface are very variable, some specimens being alto-
gether devoid of grooving or tuberculation, while others are deeply uni-, bi-, or trisulcate.
These variations do not seem to depend entirely upon age, though in young specimens
the sulci and tubercles are, as a general rule, feebly developed or absent.

b. Sete of lower antenne scarcely plumose, very short, not reaching to the apex of the terminal claws.

13. CYPRIS TRIGONELLA, n. sp. (Plate XXV. figs. 41-44.)

Valves elongated, subtriangular, highest in the middle; height equal to more than

aperturam sublinearis ; valvule convexiuscule, fuscze, fasciis tribus albis, postica nempe lunata, media obliqua, antica
arcuata ; vel, si mavis, valvulee albe, margine dorsali cingulo fusco cinctee, disco maculis duabus obliquis fuscis.”’
VOL. XXVI. 3 E

370 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

half the length. Extremities rounded and nearly equal, the anterior slightly narrowed.
Ventral margin straight or slightly convex, dorsal arched, somewhat angular in the
middle, where it is highest. 'The outline, as seen from above, is oval, tumid; width equal
to half the length ; extremities rounded and nearly equal; hinge-margins depressed pos-
teriorly so as to form a longitudinal sulcus behind the centre of the carapace. End view
circular. The surface is quite smooth and polished ; colour sea-green, faintly mottled
with patches of a deeper hue.

Length 7, in., height 5 in.

Cypris trigonella was found by the Rev. A. M. Norman amongst some freshwater
shells collected by the late Mr. Barlee. From the character of the Mollusca with
which it was associated (Planorbis spirorbis and Limnea peregra) we may presume that
it was taken probably in the south of England. The gathering contained several
specimens of this Cypris, all of them agreeing in size and general character.

14, CYPRIS REPTANS (Baird.) (Plate XXYV. figs. 10-14, and Plate XXXVI. fig. 4.)

Candona reptans, Baird, Trans. Berw. Nat. Club, i. p. 99, t. iii. fig. 11, 1835; and Brit. Entom. p. 160,
tab. xix. figs. 3, 3a; Jones, Tert. Entom. p. 16, pl. i. figs. 7a-7e.

Cypris reptans, Lilljeborg, De Crustaceis, p. 123, tab. xi. figs. 21-23, tab. xii. figs. 7-9.

Candona virescens, Brady, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. p. 61, pl. iv. figs. 1-5, and Trans. Tyneside
Nat. Field Club, vol. vi. p. 106, pl. iii. figs. 1-5.

Valves oblong, subreniform, compressed, unequal, the left being considerably the
larger. The anterior and posterior margins are obliquely rounded, somewhat angular
below, and nearly equal in height, the posterior somewhat the higher. Ventral border
slightly sinuated, dorsal straight or very slightly arched. Seen from above, the carapace
is compressed, oblong-ovate, widest in the middle, the anterior extremity pointed. End
view ovate, prominently keeled in front and below. The surface is smooth and shining,
and bears a few scattered hairs. Colour greenish with patches of lighter and darker
hue, sometimes banded with orange or brown. The limbs and their terminal claws are
all long and slender. Setz of the lower antennz short and rigid, sometimes slightly
plumose, but mostly quite simple; the principal bundle rises from the apex of the second
joint, and consists of four long and one short seta; an auxiliary brush springs from the
middle of the joint, two on the outer, and one on the inner side: none of the setz reach
as far as the apices of the terminal claws. The postabdominal rami are long, slender,
and serrated on the internal border; the two larger terminal claws are also serrated in a
similar manner.

Length 3}; in., height <5 in.

A very common species, and (excepting C. bispinosa) the largest of all the British
freshwater Ostracoda. It often occurs in very great abundance, especially in the
“ cooling-ponds”’ of collieries, &c., where the temperature of the water is higher than
ordinary.

In external appearance, and in habits of life, this species bears much more resem-
blance to the Candone than to the true Cyprides; but the structure of the lower

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 371

antenne and the second pair of jaws renders it impossible to retain it in the position
which it at first occupied as a Candona. The same remark applies also to the following
species, C. serrata.

The species described by me in another place under the name Candona virescens, I now
believe to be the young of C. reptans.

15. Cypris SERRATA (Norman). (Plate XXV. figs. 15-19, and Plate XXXVI. fig. 3.)

Candona serrata, Norman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. ix. (1862) p. 46, pl. i. figs. 1-6; and Trans.
Tyneside Nat. Field Club, vol. v. p. 148, pl. iu. figs. 1-6.

Valves subtriangular, oblong, broad and rather squared in front, narrow and obliquely
rounded behind. The ventral margin is nearly straight, the dorsal margin much elevated,
and gibbous at the anterior third, sloping steeply towards each extremity. Anterior
margin broad and only slightly rounded at the angles, armed along the lower half of both
valves with a row of from eight to ten spines. The posterior margin is, in like manner,
set with six or seven spines. Seen from above, the outline of the shell is oblong-oval,
widest in the middle and tapering to each extremity. End view tumid, broad and
rounded at the base, pyramidal at the apex. The colour of the shell is pale grey,
marked with a central patch of lighter hue and two large patches of deep brown,
which form a broad but interrupted zone round the central space. The depth, as well
as the disposition, of the colours, however, is subject to considerable variation. Surface
marked with impressed punctures, and beset with scattered hairs. Lucid spots seven,
oblong, arranged irregularly near the centre of the valve, with their long axes nearly
parallel with that of the shell. The most usual arrangement of the spots in this species,
as also in C. reptans, is as follows :—a central row of three spots placed parallel to each
other and transversely across the shell; two spots slightly in advance, and often coales-
cing below ; the remaining two behind. A comparison of the figures (Pl. XXV. figs. 14
& 19) will show that this arrangement differs only slightly from that of C. reptans.
The second joint of the lower antenna bears a brush of five simple non-plumose and
very short sete, springing from near its apex, and reaching not much beyond the middle
of the third joint, which also bears four or five similar setee reaching scarcely beyond
the base of the terminal claws (Plate XXXVI. fig. 3). The postabdominal rami and
their terminal setz are long, slender, and without serratures. The second foot, both
in this species and in C. reptans, bears a small hooked claw and sete, just as in
C. virens.

Length ;}5 in., height a5. \.otw .6 Ww
Hab. Cypris serrata was first described by the ee A. M. Norman from specimens taken by him at

Sedgefield. I have myself taken it at Fardingslake, near Sunderland; and I am indebted to
Mr. W. W. Stoddart for specimens from Ashley Brook, Bristol, where it seems to be very
abundant. :

35B2

372 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

c. Sete of lower antenne plumose, unequal, two or three exceedingly long, the rest short. Second foot
ending in three unequal sete, one of which is excessively long.

(Subgenus Cypria, Zenker).
16. CyPRIS CoMPRESSA, Baird. (Plate XXIV. figs. 1-5, and Plate XXXVI. fig. 6.)
Cypris compressa, Baird, Trans. Berw. Nat. Club, i. p. 100, t. iii. fig. 16, 1835; Brit. Entom. p. 154,
t. xix. figs. 14, 14.a-c ; Lilljeborg, De Crust. ex ord. trib. p. 112, t. x. fig. 16-18.
—— punciata, Zenker, Anatomisch-system. Stud. itber die Krebsthiere, p. 77, Taf. iii. a.

Valves compressed, reniform, about one-third longer than high. The dorsal margin is
very much arched, highest in the middle; ventral margin straight or slightly sinuated ;
extremities broad and well-rounded. Outline, as seen from above, compressed, oblong,
pointed in front, rounded behind; more than twice as long as broad. . End view oval,
equally rounded at base and apex; the height very much greater than the width. The
shell is smooth and marked with distant but rather large puncta; colour light brown
or straw-colour, transparent, with irregular opaque patches. The setz of the lower
antennze are three very long (the apices of the claws reaching scarcely to the middle of
the setee), and three of about one-third this length. The biarticulate seta attached to
the inner side of the second joint is considerably elongated, and has a distinctly tapering
vesicular apex, which is also apparent in the other members of this section (see Plate
XXXVI. fig. 50). The setze attached to the inner side of the mandibular palp are very
strongly plumose, and from their structure would almost appear to act as accessory
respiratory organs (fig. 6)—a peculiarity which also exists throughout this section, and
is sometimes, to a smaller extent, observable in other members of the genus. The
mucus-gland of the male is terminated by a peculiar calyptra-like prolongation (fig.
6m). The last joint of the second foot bears three setee—one excessively long and more
than equalling in length the three preceding joints, and two others much shorter, the
shortest of all being slightly flexuous. The abdominal rami are rather short and stout,
the terminal claws much curved, and bearing one or two teeth near the apices, the
uppermost seta far removed from the rest and situate near the middle of the ramus.

Length 2; in., height ¢; in. .§?1 a a

C. compressa is a common species in ponds and ditches, often living where there is
little or no vegetation. Dr. Zenker identifies this species with the C. punctata of Jurine ;
but the figures and description of the latter author are so vague, and in some respects
so unlike C. compressa, that I cannot coincide in this view.

17. Cypris strioLata, Brady. (Plate XXIV. figs. 6-10.)
Cypris striolata, Brady, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xiii. (1864) p. 60, pl. ii. figs. 12-17; and Trans.
Tyneside Nat. Field Club, vol. vi. p. 105, pl. i. figs. 12-17.

Carapace broadly subovate; greatest height in the middle, equal to about two-thirds
of the length. Dorsal margin strongly arched, sloping with a gentle curve toward the
anterior, but with a bolder sweep towards the posterior extremity, ventral margin
mostly somewhat convex. Anterior and posterior margins rounded, the former some-
what narrowed. Seen from above, the outline is compressed, oval, rather narrowed

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. ae

in front, the greatest breadth equal to less than half the length. End view oval. The
surface of the shell is highly polished and marked by closely set longitudinal anasto-
mosing striz (fig. 10). Colour dark brown. The anatomical structure agrees closely
with that of C. compressa.
Length 35 in., height Jy in. wn k 9
Hab. Greenlea Lough, Northumberland; Mickle Fell, Yorkshire ; Connemara (G. 8. B.); Lochmaben
(Sir W. Jardine, Bart.) ; Peterhead Canal (Mr. D. Robertson).

The form described by me (Joc. cit.) as a distinct species under the name of C. striolata,
is noticed by Dr. Zenker as a variety of C. punctata (compressa); but the differences in
size and surface-marking are so conspicuous as to form good specific characters ; more-
over the shells of the two species seem to retain their distinctive characters in all
stages of growth. Dr. Zenker conjectures, but scarcely believes, that C. striolata may
possibly be the very old state of C. compressa, inasmuch as he has never met with it
except in the adult condition. I have, however, seen both young and old indi-
viduals, always retaining the distinctive characters of shell-sculpture &c. Cypris prasina,
Fisch., and C. exsculpta, Fisch. (Munich Transactions, Band xvii.), bear some resemblance
to the present species in their surface-marking; but the general form of the carapace
seems to differ in both cases.

18. Cypris ovum (Jurine). (Plate XXIV. figs. 31-34, 48-45, and Plate XXXVI. fig. 8.)

Monoculus ovum, Jurine, Hist. des Monocles, p. 179, pl. xix. figs. 18, 19.
Cypris minuta, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 155, tab. xviii. figs. 7, 8.

Valves subreniform, convex, greatest height equal to two-thirds of the length.
Anterior and posterior margins rounded and nearly equal. Ventral margin distinctly
sinuated near the middle; dorsal boldly arched, sloping more steeply behind than in
front. Seen from above, the outline is ovate, widest behind the middle, broadly rounded
behind, and tapering to a subacute extremity in front: greatest width equal to more
than half the length. End view very broadly oval. Surface of the shell smooth or
slightly punctate, sometimes slightly hispid. Colour yellowish or olivaceous brown, with
irregular dark cloudings and transparent patches. The animal is almost precisely similar
to that of C. levis—two of the filaments of the second antenne excessively long, the
rest very short. The males, of which I have seen only one imperfect specimen, have the
second jaws chelate.

Length +; in., height +; in.

This species is very common and widely distributed; but, as I for a long time supposed
it to be a form of C. levis, I am unable to specify exactly all the localities in which I
have noticed it. The two species occur very generally in company with each other, but
sometimes separately. The specimens from which my illustrations are drawn were
taken at Axwell Park, in the county of Durham. Figs. 43-45 are more highly magnified
representations of a form taken by me in the Loch o’ the Lowes, Selkirkshire, perhaps
the young of the present species, though the lower antennée bore only one long seta.

374 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

19. Cypris Lavis, Miller. (Plate XXIV. figs. 21-26, and Plate XXXVI. fig. 5.)

Cypris levis, Miller, Entomostraca, p. 52, tab. iti. figs. 7-9.

Cypria ovum, Zenker, Anatom.-syst. Studien, p. 79, taf. i. B.

Cypris ovum, Jones, Tertiary Entomostraca, p. 14, pl. 1. figs. 4a, 4; Lilljeborg, De Crust. ex ord. tribus,
p- 113, tab. x. fig. 138-15.

—— ?pantherina, Fischer, Ueber das Genus Cypris, p. 163, tab. xi. figs. 6-8.

Carapace ovate, subglobose ; greatest height equal to nearly three-fourths of the length.
Dorsal margin very strongly arched, or even angular, highest in the middle; ventral
margin straight or slightly convex. Extremities rounded and nearly equal. The dorsal
aspect of the carapace is very broad, subglobose, pointed in front and very broadly
rounded behind, broadest near the middle: length about one-third greater than the
breadth. End view subcircular. Lucid spots four, quadrangular, crowded: three set
transversely in front, and one behind. The shell is smooth and shining, distantly punc-
tate; colour a transparent yellowish or olive-brown, clouded with patches of darker hue,
which often form faint striz (fig. 21) arranged as in C. vidua. These striee, however, are
mostly absent or reduced to one or two faint dorsal patches. The filaments of the upper
antenne are eight or nine in number. The lower antennz have three excessively long
setze (Plate XXXVI. fig. 5), measuring more than twice the length of the apical portion
of the antenne, reckoning from the origin of the setze to the extremity of the ungues.
The postabdominal rami are rather stout, their claws sharply curved at the apices. The
sete of the second feet as in C. compressa.

Length 7; in., height ;; in.

20. CYPRIS CINEREA, n. sp. (Plate XXIV. figs. 39-42, and Plate XXXVI. fig. 7.)

Carapace oval, tumid, higher in front than behind; greatest height equal to nearly
two-thirds of the length. Anterior margin broad and well rounded, posterior narrowed
and rather obliquely rounded. Ventral margin straight or very slightly incurved, dorsal
forming a flattened arch and sloping more steeply behind than in front. Seen from
above, the outline is rhomboidal or lozenge-shaped, the greatest breadth in the middle, and
equal to more than half the length; from the middle the sides taper evenly toward the
extremities, the anterior of which is acutely, the posterior obtusely pointed. End view
very broadly oval, pointed above and below. The right valve considerably overlaps the
left. Surface of the shell very finely and closely punctate, slightly pubescent; colour
ash-grey. The second antenna has three setee very long, the rest short; its claws, as
also those of the first foot, are long, slender, and destitute of serratures. The terminal
sete of the second foot (Plate XXXVI. fig. 7) are very stout from the base to the middle,
then suddenly constricted and tapering to the points. Postabdominal rami very stout ;
their claws short and stout; the lateral seta and that on the inner border of the ramus
very short and slender.

Length 35 in., height #5 in. |

Cypris eimerea has hitherto occurred te me only in one locality, a pool not far from the
summit of Mickle Fell in Yorkshire, at an elevation of about 2000 feet. In the same
gathering were C. compressa, striolata, and other species. It is very distinct from any

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 375

other British Cypris, and I cannot identify it with any of the numerous species described
by continental authors.

21. Cypris JOANNA, Baird.
Cypris Joanna, Baird, Trans. Berw. Nat. Club, i. p- 99, t. iii. fig. 8, 1835, and Brit. Entom. p. 155, t. xviii.
fig. 5.

*‘ Shell rounded, ovate, narrower anteriorly than posteriorly, of a brown colour, with
an orange mark across the back of the shell and the lower margin. Shell beset all round
with rigid hairs, and covered with minute black points or dots. Approaches the C. pilosa
of Miller, but is smaller, and is otherwise distinguished from it by the orange mark
across the back, and by not being glabrous, but marked all over with black, roughish-
looking points. It is a little longer than C. minuta. Hab. Pool of water on one of the
Lammermuir Hills, near Abbey St. Bathans, Berwickshire; August 1835.”—Dr. Baird.

I have never found this species, nor seen specimens of it. Can it be a moorland form
of C. levis P

Genus 2. Cyprivopsis, Brady*.

Like Cypris, except that the postabdominal rami are rudimentary, consisting of two
slender setiform prolongations (Plate XXXVI. figs. 9, 10), thickened below and rising
together from a common base. The second feet are terminated by a short hooked claw,
and two moderately long setz.

The three species belonging to Cypridopsis have not much in external appearance to
separate them from section ¢ of the preceding genus; but the structure of the abdo-
minal rami is of itself a character of sufficient importance to form a generic distinction.
The characters of the second feet are the same as found in section a of the genus Cypris.
The males have not yet been met with.

1. CypRipopsis vipuA (Miller). (Plate XXIV. figs. 27-30, 46.)

Cypris vidua, Miller, Entomostraca, p. 55, tab. iv. figs. 7-9 ; Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 152, t. xix. figs. 10, 11 ;
Lilljeborg, De Crust. ex ord. trib. p. 111, tab. x. figs. 10-12.

sella, Baird, Brit. EKutom. p. 158, t. xix. figs. 5, 5a.

Monoculus vidua, Jurine, Hist. des Monocles, p. 175, pl. xix. figs. 5, 6.

Shell ovoid, very tumid: greatest height in the middle, equal to two-thirds of the
length; extremities rounded, the anterior much the broadest. Dorsal margin arched
and highest in the middle; ventral margin very slightly sinuated. Seen from above,
the carapace is ovate, exceedingly tumid, narrowed in front, and broadly rounded
behind, widest a little behind the middle; length about one-third longer than the
breadth. The end view is very broad in proportion to its height, the diameter from
side to side being nearly one-fifth more than that from base to apex. The setx of the
lower antennee reach much beyond the apices of the claws. The short articulate
appendage of the third joint bears at its extremity a very distinct subovoid hyaline vesicle
(fig. 46). The limbs are uniformly very robust. The shell is smooth and mostly marked
with small impressed puncta: colour dull white, with three black bands running trans-
versely from the dorsal margin to the middle of each valve. The anterior band is the

* Intellectual Observer, vol. xii. p. 117.

376 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

narrowest, the hindermost the broadest. On the ventral aspect the bands are not visible.
The middle and posterior bands are sometimes connected along the hinge-margins by a
broad longitudinal band of the same colour (see figs. 27, 28). In this condition it is
Cypris sella (Baird).
Length @; in., height psy in. Sm \ 230
C. vidua is a common and widely distributed species. I have specimens from many
different localities, ranging from Kent to Dumfriesshire.

2. CYPRIDOPSIS acuLEATA (Lilljeborg). (Plate XXIV. figs. 16-20, and Plate XXXVI.
fig. 10.)

Cypris aculeata, Lill}. De Crust. ex ord. trib. p. 117, t. xi. figs. 15, 16; Norman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
vol. ix. (1862) p. 44, pl. i. figs. 7-10, and Trans. Tynes. Nat. F. C. vol. v. p. 147, pl. iii. figs. 7-10.

Valves broadly reniform or subtriangular, convex ; greatest height in the middle, equal
to two-thirds of the length. The anterior and posterior margins are well rounded, the
latter being somewhat the broader of the two. Ventral margin deeply sinuated in the
middle; dorsal very boldly arched, almost angular in the middle. Seen from above, the
carapace is ovate, pointed in front, and rounded behind, broadest in the middle; width
equal to half the length. The end view is ovate, rounded at the base and rather pointed
above. The whole surface of the shell is thickly pitted and beset with stiff hairs, mingled,
more particularly near the dorsum, with strong, pointed spines (fig. 20). Colour bluish
green or dirty brown. The limbs are altogether very robust. Setze of the lower antennze
about equal, and reaching much beyond the apices of the terminal claws. The mandi-
bular palp bears four strongly plumose sete (much like those of Cypris compressa), the
uppermost of which is broad and somewhat lancet-shaped. The terminal claw of the
first foot is strongly curved, and serrated for a short distance near the apex; the serra-
tures, however, do not extend quite to the point of the claw.

Length 7s in., height 75 in. cx 33
Hab. Gravesend, in brackish water (Prof. T. Rupert Jones) ; brackish water in Suffolk and near Grimsby

(Mr. E. C. Davison); Cowpen Marshes, Durham (Rev. A. M. Norman); Monkwearmouth Colliery
Pond, Hylton Dene, and Warkworth (G. S. B.). In a pond a little above high-water mark, Cumbrae
(Mr. D. Robertson).

This pretty species, though apparently much restricted in its range of habitat, occurs
very abundantly in congenial situations, preferring, like Cypris salina, water impregnated
with saline matters. Of the eight localities here mentioned, seven were slightly brackish
in character, and the other was, as already noted (C. salina), loaded with salts of lime.
At Monkwearmouth Colliery it occurred in company with Cypridopsis vidua, Cypris
reptans, C. salina, Daphnia veiula, &c.; at Hylton Dene with C. gibba, C. compressa,
Candona candida, Mysis vulgaris, Palemon varians, Corophiwm longicorne, and many
freshwater plants and animals; at Warkworth with Cypris salina, Cytheridea torosa,
Chydorus sphericus, and Daphnia vetula; at Gravesend with C. gibba, Candona candida,
Cytheridea torosa, and Crangon vulgaris.

The only brown specimens I have seen were from Gravesend, Grimsby, and Wark-
worth; these have the appearance of being coloured by dirty water.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 377

3. CYPRIDOPSIS VILLOSA (Jurine). (Plate XXIV. figs. 11-15, and Plate XXXVI. fig. 9.)

Monoculus villosus, Jurine, Hist. des Monocles, p. 178, pl. xix. figs. 14, 15.
Cypris Westwoodii, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 156, pl. xix. fig. 9.
? elongata, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 156, pl. xix. fig. 6.

Carapace compressed, oblong, reniform; height equal to more than half the length.
The dorsal margin is boldly arched, highest in the middle; the ventral margin deeply
incurved along its entire length. The anterior border is broad and rounded, the posterior
somewhat produced, forming an obscure angle inferiorly. Outline, as seen from above,
compressed, oval, pointed in front and rounded behind; about twice and a half as long
as broad. End view oval, rounded at the base, pointed above. Surface of the shell
covered with long, fine hairs. Colour light grass-green.

Length 3, in., height 45 in. .G0 wk 13:

This is one of the less common species & freshwater Cypride. It has been found at
Yetholm Loch, Roxburghshire, by Dr. Baird; at Sedgefield, Durham, by the Rev. A.
M. Norman; in moorland pools near Hasedale Tarn, Westmoreland, in a pool near
Cotherston, Yorkshire, in Belsay Hast Lake and near Crag Lake, Northumberland, and in
ponds at Silksworth and Fulwell, near Sunderland, by myself; also by Mr. D. Robertson
in a pool near Banff.

The nearest ally of this species is C. aculeata (Lillj.). C. villosa, however, is much
less tumid, the ventral margin much more deeply arched, the dorsal margin not rising
to a point, while the surface of the shell is destitute of spines, and clad with much less
rigid hairs than those of C. aculeata.

Cypris elongata, Baird, appears to me to be the young form of C. villosa.

Genus 3. Paracypris, G. O. Sars.

Shell smooth, compact, much higher in front than behind. Upper antenne seven-
jointed, shortly setiferous; lower stout, terminating in four strong curved claws, three
of which are nearly equal in length, the other considerably shorter, antepenultimate
joint bearing at its base a pedicellated hyaline vesicle. Mandibles terminating in five
or six rather long teeth, and bearing a four-jointed palp, from the basal joints of which
springs a narrow branchial appendage. ‘The external lobe or palp of the first pair of
jaws linear, scarcely broader than the rest. Second pair of jaws provided with a bran-
chial appendage; the palp elongated, conical and inarticulate” *. Last pair of feet
similar to the first in form and size; both pairs five-jointed, and terminating in a long

* I have had no opportunity of verifying these particulars, most of my British specimens having come into my
hands either as mere empty shells, or containing, at best, mutilated animals. The portion of the generic definition
contained within inverted commas is, therefore, quoted from G. O. Sars; and I may here, once for all, state that where
similar quotations are made in subsequent parts of this memoir they are derived from the same source, and are inserted
for the same reason. The drawings, however, it may be proper to say, have been in all cases done by myself, direct
from nature ; and through the kindness of Herr G. O. Sars in furnishing me with Norwegian specimens, I have, in some
cases, been able to give illustrations of the anatomy of species which could not have been derived from British examples.
These remarks apply almost exclusively to the very rarest species ; but, when practicable, I have always preferred to
draw from native specimens, and have never used foreign ones when there could be the least doubt as to their
identity.

VOL. XXVI. 3 F

378 MR. G. S. BRADY'S MONOGRAPH OF

curved claw; the last pair armed also with a short seta, which is directed upwards.
Postabdominal rami large, armed at the extremity with two strong curved claws, and a
short slender seta; the posterior margin also bearing two long setee. One eye.

This genus approaches very closely to the freshwater Cypridés, especially in the
structure of the second pair of jaws, which have a distinct branchial appendage and a
conical palp, ending in three sete, as in Cypris, Candona, &c. From the genus Candona
it is clearly separated by the presence of the branchial plate of the second maxillz ; and
Sars observes that the second pair of feet, which in Cypris and Candona are slender, much
bowed, and constantly tucked up within the valves, are here stronger and, during the
movement of the animal, may often be seen partially to extrude themselves. The shell
partakes much more of the characters of the Cytheride than of the Cypridz, being very
hard and compact in structure. The short antennal sete are evidently adapted for a
crawling motion in or on the mud, rather than for swimming. The only British member
of the genus is

PaRacypris Pouita, G. O. Sars. (Plate XXVII. figs. 1-4, and Plate XX XVIII. fig. 2.)
Paracypris polita, Sars, Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, p. 12.

Scandinavian type. Disrripution : Recent—Norway, Great Britain. Fossil—Scotland, Norway, glacial.

Seen from the side, the carapace is elongated, siliquose, or subtriangular; greatest
height at the anterior third, and equal to more than one-third of the length. Anterior
extremity evenly rounded, posterior much attenuated, pointed. Dorsal margin arched
in front, and sloping steeply behind; ventral concave along the greater portion of its
length. Seen from above, it is much compressed, oval, not quite four times as long as
broad, greatest breadth in front of the middle; extremities obtusely pointed. End view
oval. Shell smooth and polished, almost destitute of hairs: colour yellowish white.
The sete of the upper antenne are nearly equal in length to the six preceding joints,
sixth joint longer than the rest. The antepenultimate joint has at its inner apical angle
two sete; and from its basal portion springs a fine tubular filament, which ends in a
pyriform sac or vesicle. The postabdominal rami are gently curved, the exterior claw
somewhat longer than the other. Male unknown.

Length sy in., height #5 in. \\\3ww 4S
Hab. In moderate depths of water, 3-30 fathoms. Channel Islands, and Loch Alsh, Hebrides (Mr.

Jeffreys) ; Shetland (Mr. Waller and Mr. Robertson) ; Tobermory, at roots of Laminarie (Rev. A. M.
Norman).

In no British specimens have I seen the purple or reddish markings which are
mentioned by Sars as characterizing the shell of this species, and which are quite distinct
in specimens which I have received from him. But it is more than probable that the
colours may have been destroyed, as well as the animal itself, by the prolonged drying
amongst sand or mud to which my specimens have been subjected. The curious
“hyaline vesicle”? attached to the second antenna, which occurs in this genus and also
in Pontocypris, is an organ the use of which it is difficult to conjecture. The vesicle
itself appears sometimes as if filled with a granular matter; and the pedicle is, I think,
tubular; but I have been unable to trace it further than its attachment to the antennal

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 379

joint. It occupies a position similar to that of the biarticulate seta which is uniformly
present in the freshwater Cypride ; and I have noticed that in some of these (e. g. Cypri-
dopsis vidua) the extremity of the seta forms a sac somewhat similar, but not so largely
developed.

Genus 4. Noropromas, Lilljeborg.
(Cyprois, Zenker ; Newnhamia, King.)

Carapace of very different shape in the male and female. Two eyes. Antenne similar
to those of Cypris; the superior composed of seven, the inferior of six joints. Setze of
the inferior antennz reaching beyond the apex of the terminal claws. Second pair
of jaws without a branchial appendage, pediform in the male. Abdominal rami long
and slender. Mucus-gland of the male large, beset with very numerous closely set
whorls of stout rigid setze. Copulative organs of very complex structure.

The genera Cyprois (Zenker) and Newnhamia (King) seem to be identical, or nearly
so, with Notodromas (Lilljeborg). The torose, tuberculated condition of the valves of
Newnhamia cannot be considered as supplying a distinctive generic character; while
the general contour of the carapace and the “ boat-like plate”’ of the ventral surface are
remarkably in accordance with the English species NV. monachus. A more important
difference (if borne out by further observation) is the presence in Newnhamia of a
branchial appendage to the second pair of jaw-feet. Mr. King states that this is present
in all the Australian Cypride, though he does not specially mention it in his definition
of the genus or species of Newnhamia. But from the more general statement, we are
left to infer the presence of this appendage. Mr. King describes Newnhamia as pos-
sessing also transparent ocular tubercles.

Notopromas monacuus (Miller). (Plate XXIII. figs. 1-9, and Plate XX XVII. fig. 3.)

Cypris monacha, Miller, Entomostraca (1785), p. 60, tab. v. figs. 6-8; Baird, Natural History of
British Entomostraca, p. 153, tab. xviii. fig. 6.

Monoculus monachus, Jurine, Hist. des Monocles, p. 173, pl. xviii. figs. 13, 14.

Notodromas monachus, Lilljeborg, De Crustaceis ex ord. tribus, p. 95, tab. viii. figs. 1-15, tab. xii.
figs. 1, 2, tab. xxv. fig. 16.

Male.—Carapace obliquely subquadrangular, greatest height equal to two-thirds of the
length, situated in the middle. Anterior margin broad, rounded at the angles, and
expanded into a flattened lamina or flange. Ventral margin straight for about two-thirds
of its length, then bending upwards at an obtuse angle. Dorsal margin arched, almost
angular in the middle, whence it slopes steeply to the anterior border, and with a bold
curve towards the posterior extremity, joining the ventral margin at an acute angle.
Seen from above, the carapace is ovate, pointed in front, and rounded behind; the greatest
breadth in the middle. The ventral surface is bounded by two conspicuous, elevated,
arcuate ridges (figs. 3, 6), one on each valve, which together enclose a flattened lozenge-
shaped area. Parallel to the contact margin of each valve runs another straight but
much less conspicuous ridge, which, towards the front, curves outward, and joins the
external ridge at an acute angle, the union of the two forming a slight elevation (fig. 6a),

oF 2

380 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

from which a single ridge runs forward, gradually merging in the flattened encircling
flange of the anterior border. Seen from the front, the shell is subquadrangular, the
sides convex, but flattened, the dorsum forming a flattened arch; the ventral border
perfectly flat, and bounded by the projections of the outermost ventral ridges ; the inner.
ridges form also conspicuous projections, which run obliquely upwards and inwards
towards the flattened anterior flange. Lucid spots about six, oblong and irregularly
placed, their long diameters pointing transversely across the valve. Surface of the shell
smooth and shining, marked by fine impressed lines, forming a pattern similar to the
imbrication of fish-scales. Colour pale greenish or white, transparent, with large and
irregularly spread patches of deep olive-green or black.

Female.—Subquadrangular. Anterior border flattened, flanged, forming with the
ventral margin a well-marked angle; rounded above. Dorsal margin boldly arched,
highest at the posterior third, whence it sweeps round with a deep curve to the postero-
ventral angle. Ventral margin straight, slightly rising behind, and terminating in a
flattened squamous plate, which projects backwards, with the appearance of a spine. The
other aspects are similar to those of the male shell, except that the ventral surface of the
left valve has at the posterior extremity of its contact margin a flattened squamous
plate (fig. 60), which is received into a corresponding depression of the opposite valve.

The mandibles have a structure similar to those of other Cypride; but the branchial
appendage rises from the lower instead of the upper border of the palp* (Plate XX XVII.
fig. 3c). The second pair of jaws have no branchial appendage. In the female (fig. 3e’)
they possess a large subconical palp, which terminates in two setze. In the male they are
pediform ; the last joint of the right side (fg. 3 e”) is much elongated, and terminates in a
short seta and a long flexuous claw, which is composed of a strong midrib, with lateral
membranous expansions; the left jaw has its last joint (fig. 3 e””) shorter and wider, its
inner margin having two strongly marked angles, one a little above the middle, the
other near the lower extremity; the outer margin is flexuous, and is produced laterally
near its distal extremity into an acutely angular projection; the terminal claw is
falciform: the penultimate joint of both sides bears at its apex a dense tuft of short
setze. The first foot in both sexes terminates in three curved claws, the central one
being much the strongest and longest (fig. 3/’, /”). The second foot is slender and
curved upward, like that of Cypris, terminating in three equal set, the second and
third joints also giving off each a long apical seta (fig. 3g). The “ glandula mucosa,”
or testis of the male, consists of a central cylinder, closely beset with radiating filaments
(fig. 32), arranged in 50-60 transverse rows, the whole organ being imbedded in a sort
of glairy matrix. The two glands are connected each by an efferent duct with the
“bursa copulatrizx,” an organ of very complicated structure (fig. 34), and consisting
essentially (so far as I can make out) of a much convoluted canal (? vesicula seminalis), an
intromittent organ or penis, and two hooked appendages. The whole organ is very
dense in structure, consisting probably of chitine, deep brown in colour, and, with the

* [at first thought that this appearance must arise from distortion, the parts of the animal having probably got
twisted during dissection aud manipulation under the microscope; but in order to correct any error of this kind, I
examined several animals, and always with the same result.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 381

“olandule mucose,”’ constitutes a very considerable portion of the contents of the male
carapace. It should be noted that the “bursa copulatrix,” as well as the testis, is a
double organ, one on each side of the median line. The two burse lie closely in appo-
sition, but are not in organic connexion except at the upper margin, where they are
held together by a ligamentous tissue. The postabdominal rami are long and slender,
and terminate in two uneduat slender claws and a short seta.

Length 3; in., height 35 in. |

Notodromas monachus is generally distributed throughout Britain, occurring often in
very great abundance. It seems to delight chiefly in grassy pools, or lakes where there
is a profusion of vegetation. Mr. Norman tells me that in sunny weather he has often
seen it floating on the surface of the water in considerable numbers. Dr. Baird gives
the neighbourhood of London and Rugby as localities for this species. It has been taken
by Mr. Norman and myself in many places in the counties of Northumberland and
Durham; and I have also met with it frequently in the lakes of Selkirkshire, Dumfries-
shire, and Kirkcudbrightshire. Mr. Robertson has taken it in the island of Cumbrae.

The following remarks of Mr. King* relative to the habits of the Australian species,
* Newnhamia fenestrata,”’ are very interesting when considered in reference to those of
N. monachus :—* This very common but interesting species lives almost wholly near —
the surface of the water, its boat-like plate enabling it to walk along the under surface,
while its eyes, directed downwards, give immediate notice of the approach of an enemy.
When alarmed, it immediately sinks to a little distance, and then swims off, only coming
to the surface when all becomes tranquil. The hand passed over the water near the
surface, so as to intercept the light, or the surface being disturbed by the slightest
breath, instantly alarms them. ‘They are the most active when the sun is shining; and
often a whole troop of them may be noticed swimming round and round, and in and out,
with a most lively and graceful motion, about an inch beneath the surface, in some spots
more favoured than others by the warmth of the sun.”

Genus 5. CANDONA, Baird.

Like Cypris, except that the lower antenne possess no tuft of sete, and that the
second pair of jaws are destitute of a branchial appendage. Setz of the upper antenne
short. Above the base of the postabdominal rami there is a short seta springing from
an enlarged base, somewhat similar to, but smaller than, that of Pontocypris (see Plate
XXXVI. fig. 22). The animals belonging to this genus have no swimming-power, and —
are very sluggish in their movements, crawling leisurely on the bottom, or on the stems
of water-plants, or sometimes burying themselves in the mud.

1. CANDONA ALBICANS, Brady. (Plate XXV. figs. 20-25, and Plate XXXVI. fig. 12.)

Candona albicans, Brady, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xiii. (1864) p. 61, pl. iv. figs. 6-10, and Trans.
Tyneside Nat. Field Club, vol. vi. p. 107, pl. iii. figs. 6-10.

Valves oblong, subreniform, nearly equal in height throughout, the left considerably
overlapping the right; height equal to more than half the length. Anterior and pos-

* Proc. Roy. Soc. Van Diemen’s Land, vol. iii. part 1.

382 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

terior extremities rounded gradually towards the short and straight dorsal margin, sud-
denly towards the ventral margin, which is more or less deeply sinuated. Seen from
above, the outline is compressed, ovate, oblong, pointed in front and rounded behind,
the sides nearly parallel, width equal to much more than one-third of the length. End
view broadly ovate, obtusely pointed above, rounded below. The shell is covered with
rather large and closely set angular puncta, and bears a few scattered slender hairs
round the anterior and posterior margins. Lucid spots six, irregularly quadrate (fig. 24).
Colour epeaue white, uniform or r with a patches.

Length 75 in., height 5 in.

C. albicans has been taken abundant i the Rev. A. M. Norman in a small grassy
pond at Sedgefield (Durham), by Mr. D. Robertson in the Glasgow and Paisley Canal,
and by myself near Sunderland. It is nearly allied to the following species, but smaller,
more profusely punctate, and considerably less tumid.

2. CANDONA LACTEA, Baird. (Plate XXIV. figs. 55-58.)
Candona lactea, Baird, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1850, p. 255, pl. xviii. (Annulosa) figs. 25-27.

Lateral view oblong, subquadrangular, nearly equal in height throughout; height
equal to half the length. Extremities obliquely rounded, equal. Dorsal margin straight,
ventral gently sinuated. Seen from above, the shell is oblong-ovate in outline, some-
what pointed in front; greatest width about the middle, and equal to half the length ;
the left valve considerably overlapping the right. End view suborbicular, the width
slightly less than the height. Surface smooth, finely and sparingly punctate. Colour
greyish white.

Length 3}; in., height >}5 in.

Hab. “ Freshwater pond at cet Kent; and eens s Park—T. Rupert Jones, Esq.” (Dr. Baird)

3. CANDONA COMPRESSA (Koch). (Plate XXVI. figs. 22-27.)

Cypris compressa, Koch, Deutschlands Crustaceen, H. 21. pl. xvii. (fide Lilljeborg).
Candona compressa, Lilljeborg, De Crust. ex ord. tribus, p. 129, tab. xxvi. figs. 1-3.
Cypris setigera, Jones, Tertiary Entomostraca of England, p. 12, pl. 1. figs. 6a—6d.

Lateral aspect compressed, subreniform, higher behind than in front; greatest height
equal to more than half the length. Anterior extremity obliquely rounded, sloping
steeply above to join the short and straight dorsal margin ; the posterior broad and well
rounded. Ventral margin incurved in front of the middle. Outline, as seen from above,
compressed, oval, acuminate in front, widest in the middle, width equal to less than half
the length. End view oval. Surface smooth, milk-white, thickly covered with very
short and fine hairs, and often marked with a minutely reticulated pattern. Lucid spots
Six, ee in two transverse rows.

Length 35 in., height #5 in. .¢ 4.

Candona compressa was taken by Mr. D. Robertson in the Glasgow and Paisley Canal ;
and a single valve, apparently belonging to the same species, occurred amongst Ostra-
coda found by Dr. Alcock in shell-sand from Roundstone. The peculiar reticulated

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 383

ornament of the shell is not noticed by Lilljeborg, and is, indeed, visible only in spe-
cimens of moderate age, while they remain free from opacity.

4. Canpona CANDIDA (Miller). (Plate XXYV. figs. 1-9, Plate XXXVI. fig. 13, and Plate
XXXVII. fig. 1.)

Cypris candida, Miller, Entomostraca, p. 62, tab. vi. figs. 7-9; Zenker, Anat.-syst. Studien, p. 76,
Taf. i. figs. 1-10.

Monoculus candidus, Jurine, Hist. des Monocles, p. 176, pl. xix. figs. 7, 8.

Candona lucens, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 160, tab. xix. fig. 1.

(?) similis, idem, ibidem, p. 162, tab. xix. figs. 2, 2a.

candida, Lilljeborg, De Crust. ex ord. trib. p. 127, tab. xi. figs. 19, 20, tab. xxv. figs. 13-15 ; Jones,

Tertiary Entom. p. 19, pl. i. figs. 8a-8f, 5a, 50.

Valves oblong, lower in front than behind, reniform in the male, subtriangular in
the female; greatest height equal to more than half the length. Anterior margin
rounded and narrow. Posterior margin obliquely rounded and produced into a more or
less prominent angle inferiorly. The ventral margin is only slightly sinuated in the
young and in adult female specimens, but in old examples and in the adult male is
deeply sinuated at the anterior third, and bulges considerably behind (figs. 7,8). The
dorsal margin is highest at the posterior third, from which it slopes, in a flattened arch,
to the front. The outline, as seen from above, is oblong-ovate, pointed in front, and
rounded behind, widest in the middle; greatest width equal to half the length. End
view broadly ovate, somewhat angular at the base, and rounded above. Lucid spots six,
oblong, their long diameters nearly parallel to that of the shell, arranged in two lines—
an anterior transverse row composed of four spots, and a posterior row of two, placed
directly behind the lower spots of the front row. Surface of the shell smooth, pearly or
yellowish white, with darker yellow cloudings toward the dorsal margin. Young spe-
cimens are regularly oval, and present none of the angulation characteristic of the adult.
The setz of the upper antenne are very short, and arranged as in Cypris. The claws of
the lower antenne are long and slender. The mandibles and maxillee do not differ from
those of Cypris, except in the absence of the branchial appendage of the second pair
of maxille. The palp of the second jaw in the male is pediform, ending in one
strong curved claw and two shorter ones, which spring from the inner border of the last
joint; the central part of the joint has a curious oval depression, perhaps indicating a
muscular attachment; the palp in the female is subconical, and ends in three slender
sete. The second foot terminates in three sete, two moderately long, the other rather
shorter; the penultimate joint bears one apical seta. Postabdominal rami slender; the
two terminal claws slender, and nearly equal in length; one short posterior seta, and
one on the inner margin of the ramus below the middle. Testis composed of a central,
cylindrical, transversely striated axis, bearing seven whorls of tapering filaments. The
spermatozoids seem to be composed of two filaments, either spirally intertwined or laid
side by side (see Plate XX XVII. fig.17¢). Some large adult specimens, collected by Pro-
fessor T. Rupert Jones in slightly brackish water at Gravesend, exhibit near the pos-
terior extremity of the shell a peculiar reticulated pattern (fig. 9), very similar to that of

384 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

Cytherideis nobilis (Brady) *, a marine species found on the coast of Crete. Curiously
enough, this marine form is also not unlike Candona candida in shape and general
eppeerence:

Length 35-5 in., height ~g—3/5 in. aes ht 63

The males of C. candida are much more “fiend than oo of any other species of
the family; they appear, indeed, to be almost as plentiful as the females. When their
scarcity in other species is borne in mind, this is a very remarkable fact: whether it is
constantly the case, or only occurs at some particular seasons, or in favourable localities,
I cannot at present confidently state. C. candida may be taken as the type of the genus
Candona ; and the anatomical description given above will apply in its main features to
the other members of the genus.

It is an exceedingly common species, being found almost everywhere, in ponds, lakes,
and slowly running streams, and even in brackish water.

5. CANDONA DETECTA (Miiller). (Plate XXIV. figs. 35-38, and Plate XX XVII. fig. 2.)
Cypris detecta, Miller, Entomostraca, p. 49, tab. ii. figs. 1-3.
Candona detecta, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 161.

Valves, as seen laterally, oblong, reniform, nearly equal in height throughout; height
equal to less than half the length. Dorsal margin evenly and gently arched; ventral
gently incurved in the middle. The extremities are nearly equal in height, and evenly
rounded. Outline, as seen from above, oval, tapering equally to the extremities, which
are pointed; greatest width in the middle, equal to more than one-third of the length.
End view nearly circular. Surface of the shell quite smooth and shining, pellucid,
white; often with patches of white opacity. The biarticulate seta on the third joint of
the lower antenna is slender and tapering, the basal joint being very short (as also in
C. albicans, see Plate XXXVI. fig. 12m). The first foot is robust, its claw long and
much curved. Last joint of the second foot very small, bearing two moderately long
and one short, the penultimate joint one seta. Postabdominal rami robust; claws
strong and flexuous, the inner and shorter pectinated on both margins (Plate XX XVII.
fig. 27). Male unknown.

Length go in., height g/ in. «|
Hab. C. detecta occurs pretty plentifully in the cc and Paisley Canal, where it was found by Mr.

D. Robertson. Dr. Baird gives as localities Beaumont Water and the neighbourhood of London.

Genus 6. Pontrocypris, G. O. Sars.

Shell thin and fragile, higher in front than behind. The first joint of the upper
antennze gives origin to two short sete, the four succeeding joints each to one, the sixth
to four, and the seventh to four; those of the seventh joint being much the longest, the
others gradually decreasing in length: the last joint of the lower antennez is armed with
four long and slender claws; and from the apex of the antepenultimate joint springs a
brush of about five sete, the longest of which do not much overreach the apices of the
terminal claws; at the base of the joint is attached a pedicellated vesicle. Mandibles

* Transactions of the Zoological Society, vol. v. p. 368.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 385

slender, divided into several curved teeth, and bearing near the apex a long ciliated
seta; palp robust, the basal joint large and bearing a branchial appendage, the last joint
very short and armed with several long spines. External segment of the first pair of
jaws very large, the rest very short and setose, bearing a branchial appendage. Second
pair of jaws destitute of a branchial appendage; palp large and subpediform, three-
jointed, last joint, in the female, armed with two long, slightly curved claws. First pair
of feet five-jointed, terminal claw very long. Second pair of feet flexuous, four-jointed,
last joint short, armed at the extremity with several stout sete, the margin of one of
which is conspicuously pectinated. Postabdominal rami well developed, bearing at the
apex two curved claws and a slender seta, inner margin bearing three long sete; at the
base, close to the termination of the intestinal canal, is a long seta arising from a dilated
base. The ovaries are contained between the valves, forming a convolution or loop pos-
teriorly. “The testes extend round the whole circumference of the valves.” Mucus-
gland apparently wanting.

This genus is chiefly distinguished from the freshwater Cypride by the excessive
development of the palp of the second jaw (which is distinctly three-jointed and pediform),
by the armature of the last pair of feet, and other minor peculiarities. In shell-struc-
ture it is very similar to Oypris, but in the conformation of the second jaw it shows an
approach to the Cytheride. Sars observes that the animals are not very active in their
habits, though they are quite well able to swim, and are not, like Paracypris, compelled
to a mere crawling existence by the structure of their antenne. They appear, however,
to delight especially in a muddy bottom, and probably do not stir far away from it. I
have found them especially abundant amongst the mud of oyster-beds, and in very quiet
waters, where the bottom is covered with a great depth of soft ooze. The genus con-
tains at least three British species.

1. Pontocypris mytinorpEs (Norman). (Plate XXV. figs. 26-30, Plate XXXVII.
fig. 4, and Plate XX XVIII. fig. 1.)

Cythere mytiloides, Norman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. ix. p. 50, pl. 111. figs. 1-3 (1862).

avena, Norman, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland & Durham, vol. i. p. 17.

Cypris serrulata, G. O. Sars, Zoologisk Reise i Sommeren 1862, p. 58 (1863).

Pontocypris serrulata, Sars, Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, p. 15.

British type. Disrrisurion: Recent—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland. Fossi/—Raised beaches and
glacial clays, Scotland and Ireland.

Carapace, as seen from the side, elongated triangular, broad in front, tapering to a
point behind; greatest height situated at the anterior third, equal to considerably less
than half the length. Anterior margin broad and well rounded; posterior obtusely
pointed. Dorsal margin very high and almost gibbous near the front, sloping steeply
behind; ventral slightly sinuated in the middle. Outline, as seen from above, lanceolate,
widest at the anterior third; greatest width equal to one-third of the length, extremities
pointed. End view broadly oval. Surface of the shell granular or finely punctate,
thickly set with short appressed hairs; colour purplish brown. The right valve is armed
at the infero-posterior angle with 8-10 short marginal teeth. Hinge-margins simple,

VOL. XXVI. 3G

386 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

except that each valve bears near the front a slightly projecting lamina, which articu-
lates with that of the opposite side (fig. 30). Terminal claw of the first foot considerably
longer than the united length of the three preceding joints; pectinated spine of the
second foot much longer than the rest, and flexuous. Outer claw of the postabdominal
ramus longer and stronger than the inner. Lye indistinct. The second pair of jaws, in
the male, very strong, subchelate, unequal; the larger terminal claw of the right side
very broad and triangular; that of the left side elongated, slender, and much curved.
The terminal joint of each jaw bears also a smaller, obtuse and moveable claw, in oppo-
sition to the larger one; this smaller claw is, on the left side, armed with two unequal
setze, the longer springing from the base at the inner side, the shorter from near the
middle of the outer margin. ‘The copulative organs are of irregular shape, having
two slender hooked processes, and two more-robust segments, which are also hooked
at the extremity.

Length 3; in., height 35 in.

Hab. Chiefly on a soft muddy bottom in depths of 2-60 fathoms. Shetland, Hebrides (Mr. Jeffreys*) ;
Skye, Lamlash, Tobermory (Rev. A. M. Norman); Cumbrae, Peterhead (Mr. D. Robertson) ; Aber-
deenshire coast (Mr. Dawson) ; Plymouth, 5 and 60 fath. (Mr. C. Spence Bate) ; Stranraer, in oyster-
ooze; Galway Bay, Birterbuy Bay, Channel Islands, and Northumberland coast (G. S. B.).

This is, as the foregoing list of localities sufficiently shows, a very widely distributed
species, having been found at all extremities of the British seas, and also in Norway,
where, however, it seems to be rare. The peculiar colour, texture, and shape of the
shell at once distinguish it from all other species. P. acuwpunctata is, indeed, very
similar in colour, but differs decidedly in shape, and is, besides, an excessively rare
species.

The specific name mytiloides, under which this species was originally described by
Mr. Norman, was afterwards withdrawn, on account of the name having been pre-
occupied by Reuss. But as the animal can no longer be referred to the genus Cy-
there, I have thought it right to restore the original name on the ground of priority.

2, PoNTOCYPRIS ACUPUNCTATA, Brady. (Plate XXV. figs. 53-56.)
Pontocypris acupunctata, Brady, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866, p. 209.

Lateral view oblong, subreniform, or bean-shaped, highest in the middle; height equal
to half the length. Anterior extremity rounded, posterior obtusely pointed. Dorsal
margin arched, sloping more steeply behind than in front; ventral deeply sinuated at
the anterior third. Outline, as seen from above, compressed, oval, widest about the
middle; width equal to one-third of the length; pointed in front, rounded behind. End
view oval. The surface of the shell, under a low power of the microscope, appears to be
very finely punctate; but a higher power shows that each mark is really an exceedingly
short hair. Colour pupee brown. Animal unknown.

Length 75 in., height 7} in.

Hab. The Minch, 45-60 fath. (Mr. Tepecune! ; in shell-sand, Roundstone (Dr. Alcock).
* The authority of several collectors might often be given for the same locality ; but, for the sake of brevity, I

have, in most cases, inserted one name only.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 387

Of this pretty little species I have seen only three specimens—two found amongst
shell-sand from Connemara by Dr. Alcock, the other dredged off the Hebrides by Mr.
Jeffreys. The Irish specimens were completely bleached, but that from the Minch was
well coloured. My drawings were taken from the former, and exhibit the lucid spots
very distinctly. These are not visible in the fresh specimen. From the colour and
general characters of the shell, I have no hesitation in assigning it a place under the
genus Pontocypris. It seems to be quite distinct from any hitherto described species.

3. PONTOCYPRIS TRIGONELLA, G. O.Sars. (Plate XXV. figs. 31-34, and Plate XX XVITI.
fig. 3.)
Pontocypris trigonella, Sars, Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, p. 16.

British type. Duisrrisurion: Recent—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, Mediterranean, Cape Verde.
Fossil—Raised beaches and glacial clays, Scotland and Ireland.

Shell less compressed than in either of the foregoing species; seen from the side, sub-
triangular, rather higher in front than behind; greatest height nearly in the middle,
and equal to half the length. Anterior extremity rounded, posterior obtusely pointed.
Dorsal margin strongly arched, ventral gently sinuated in front, and sweeping upwards
with a slight convexity behind. Seen from above, elongate oval, widest a little in front
of the middle ; width equal to more than one-third of the length ; acutely pointed in front,
obtusely behind. End view broadly oval. Shell very slightly pilose, dull white in
colour, clouded with opaque patches. The terminal claw of the first pair of feet rather
more than equalling in length the three preceding joints. Second joint of the last pair of
feet more than equal in length to the following two joints; pectinated spine short. Post-
abdominal rami obliquely truncate at the apex; terminal claws nearly equal; inner
marginal sete slender, and longer than the claws. Second jaws of the male strong and
subchelate, alike on both sides, terminal claw of moderate length. Copulative organs
subhamate. ‘Eye large and distinct, composed of three lenses, two lateral and one
anterior.”

Length 3; in., height 7g in. .

Hab. In 3-30 fathoms. Plymouth (Mr. Spence Bate), Frith of Clyde (Mr. D. Robertson) ; in shell-sand
from Guernsey and Birterbuy Bay, Galway Bay, and plentifully im oyster-ooze from Stranraer
(G. 8. B.) ; in tidal pools, Arran and Herm (Rev. A. M. Norman), Estuary of Thames (Mr. E. C.
Davison).

A pretty species, and easily distinguished from others of the genus by its shape and
colour.

4, PONTOCYPRIS(?) ANGUSTA, n. sp. (Plate XXXIV. figs. 43, 44.)

Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, semiovate, highest in the middle; greatest
height much less than half the length. Anterior extremity rounded, posterior narrowed
and obliquely rounded ; superior margin arcuate, highest in the middle, sloping steeply
behind; inferior sinuated in front of the middle, straight behind. Outline, as seen

3a 2

388 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

from above, ovate, widest in the middle; greatest width equal to more than one-third of
the length. Shell smooth, pellucid, yellowish. Animal unknown.

Length =}; in.

Hab. Birterbuy Bay, 10 fathoms (G. S. B.).

Several examples of this species occurred in my dredgings ; but, owing to their having
been dried slowly with the mud in which they were taken, all trace of the animal
structure has disappeared ; and I can therefore only conjecture that they possibly belong
to the genus Pontocypris*.

Genus 7. Barrp1a, M‘Coy.

Valves unequal in size, the left being considerably the larger and overlapping the right
both on the dorsal and ventral surfaces. Surface of the shell smooth or nearly so.
Carapace, as seen from the side, mostly obliquely subquadrate. Animal imperfectly
known. Postabdominal rami well developed, with long and slender terminal claws; mar-
ginal setee long and crowded together near the apex.

Though examples of this genus are not particularly uncommon, I have only in one
instance succeeded in finding a carapace containing the animal; and even this was so
imperfect as to prevent my obtaining accurate information as to its structure. Such of the
limbs as I was able to draw are figured in Pl. XXXVITII.; but I cannot name them with
absolute certainty. The size of the various species would make it a very easy matter to
determine their structural characters if they could be procured in a living state. The
specimens in my collection have all been picked from masses of dried mud or sand; and
in such cases it is seldom that the soft parts remain intact. The formation of the abdo-
minal rami, however, shows distinctly that this genus must be classed amongst the
Cypridz ; and, from the characters of the shell, I conclude that it is, in all probability,
closely related to the following genus, Macrocypris.

The British species are four in number, and are exclusively inhabitants of moderately
deep water}, ranging, in the British seas, from 10 to 60 fathoms.

The numerous fossil forms described under the generic name Bairdia seem to be refer-
able to many distinct genera.

1. BarrpIA INFLATA (Norman). (Plate XXVII. figs. 9-17, & Plate XX XVIII. fig. 5.)

Cythere inflata, Norman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. ix. p. 49, pl. ii. figs. 6-8.

subdeltoidea, Brit. Mus. Cat. Brit. Crust. p. 108 (fide Norman).

Bairdia subdeltoidea, A. White, Pop. Hist. Brit. Crust. p. 293; narrow var., Jones, Entom. Cretaceous
Formation of England, p. 23, and Tert. Entom. p. 52.

Atlantic type. Disrrisution: Recent—Great Britain, Ireland. Fossi/—Raised beaches, Scotland.

Shell tumid; as seen from the side subrhomboidal in outline, highest near the middle ;

* Since this was written the specimens on which the genus Aglaia is founded have come into my hands; and it is
more than probable that the present species will prove to be referable to the same genus.

+ I use the term “deep water” solely with reference to the depths attainable round the British Islands, which are,
indeed, quite shallow in comparison with those met with in the open ocean, or even on such coasts as that of Norway,
where 300 fathoms is frequently quoted.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 389

greatest height equal to half the length. Anterior margin flattened, waved, running
obliquely upwards and forwards, and bordered, in many cases, by a flattened spinous
lamina (figs. 14-17). Dorsal margin forming a flattened arch, truncate in the middle ;
ventral straight or slightly waved, bulging into a protuberant angle at its junction with
the anterior margin. Posterior margin narrow, rounded, or almost angular, and fre-
quently encircled by a narrow squamous lamina, which is irregularly dentated or spinous

(figs. 13-17). Outline as seen from above tumid, oval; greatest width in the middle,

equal to rather less than half the length; extremities obtusely pointed ; line of junction

of the valves waved; on the ventral margin the left valve much overlaps the right.

End view subtriangular, broad and rounded below; width and height nearly equal.

Surface smooth and polished, or finely punctate; pearl-white or cream-coloured. The

anterior extremity of the carapace bears sometimes, in old and well-grown specimens,

a number of short pointed tubercles, and is occasionally, as also the hinder extremity,

beset with coarse brown hairs (fig. 13). Lucid spots six to nine, arranged in a rosette.

Postabdominal rami terminating in two slender curved claws; the internal very long

and finely tapered, considerably exceeding in length the ramus itself; the external

more slender and about half as long: on the internal border of the ramus, and very near
its apex, are five slender setze; the upper two very short, the rest about equal in length
to the shorter claw.

Length 3; in., height }'5 in.

Hab. Lamlash Bay (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; Channel Islands, 15-80 fath., Loch Alsh and the Minch
(Mr. Jeffreys’s dredgings) ; Shetland (Mr. D. Robertson), off Hoy Head (Mr. D. O. Drewett) ; Devon-
shire coast, 60 fath. (Mr. Spence Bate’s dredgings) ; in shell-sand from Arran and Galway Bay (Prof.
Rowney), and from Roundstone (Dr. Alcock); dredged in Poolvash Bay, Isle of Man, 12-15 fath.,
and in Birterbuy Bay, 10-15 fath. (G. S. B.).

This very interesting form was first described as a distinct species by the Rev. A. M.
Norman, under the name of Cythere inflata. Myr. Norman’s specimens were taken from
shell-sand dredged in Lamlash Bay, from which locality Prof. T. Rupert Jones had also
previously obtained the species, considering it a variety of Bairdia subdeltoidea. Its
characters are, however, very distinct and constant; and although some forms of B. sub-
deltoidea approach it very closely, I agree with Mr. Norman in the opinion that it should
be regarded as a distinct species. The typical form of B. swbdeltoidea, has not, so far as
I know, been met with, in a recent state, in the British seas. A few specimens of it
occur in Mr. Jeffreys’s Channel-Island dredgings, but they have the appearance of fossil
shells; and as several Foraminifera dredged in the same place are evidently derived from
some submarine fossiliferous bed, the most reasonable inference is that the Bairdie were
likewise derived from the same source. One very fine specimen of B. inflata occurred
in the same dredgings, and is abundantly distinct from the fossil forms with which it
was associated.

Bardia inflata is tolerably abundant in Galway Bay and the neighbouring seas, but
appears to decrease rapidly in numbers to the east. On the eastern shores of Britain I
have no record of its occurrence.

390 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

2. BAIRDIA ACANTHIGERA, n. sp. (Plate XX VII. figs. 18-21.)
Atlantic type. Distrrsution: Recent—England.

Valves tumid; seen from the side subquadrilateral, nearly equal in height throughout ;
ereatest height in the middle, equal to about half the length. Anterior margin broad,
flattened, or obliquely rounded, armed with six to eight short blunt spines or tubercles,
which project straight forward. Posterior extremity obliquely rounded towards the
dorsum, bearing at the ventral angle about four spines, similar to those on the front
of the shell. The dorsal margin forms a flattened arch, and is highest in the middle,
sloping rather steeply behind. Ventral margin slightly concave in front of the middle,
swelling into a rounded, flattened protuberance in front. Dorsal aspect elliptical, with
flattened sides and suddenly tapering extremities; breadth equal to about half the length ;
line of junction of the valves waved. ‘The left valve is the larger, and, in the centre of
the ventral surface, considerably overlaps the right. End view somewhat triangular,
flexuous, angles rounded. The surface of the shell is closely punctate; colour dull
white. Lucid spots seven or eight, forming a rosette. Animal unknown.

Length 35 in., height 79 in. 345
Hab. In deep water. Channel Islands (Mr. Jeffreys’s dredgings) ; Devonshire coast, 60 fathoms (Mr.
Spence Bate’s dredgings) ; Plymouth, from trawlers (Mr. Barlee).

3. BAIRDIA OBTUSATA, G. O. Sars. (Plate XXXIV. figs. 22-25.)
Bairdia obtusata, Sars, Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, p. 24.
Scandinavian type. Duistrrsution: Recent—Norway, Scotland.

Carapace moderately compressed; lateral view subrhomboidal, highest near the
middle; greatest height equal to half the length. Anterior extremity obliquely rounded,
almost truncate ; posterior obliquely rounded, almost angular below, well rounded above.
Dorsal margin evenly arched; ventral gently sinuated in front, and somewhat convex
behind. Seen from above, the outline is elongate oval, the extremities equally and obtusely
pointed; greatest width in the middle, equal to more than one-third ofthe length. The left
valve overlaps distinctly along the whole length of the dorsum, and forms a distinct overlap-
ping curvature in the middle of the ventral surface. Hinge-line slightly flexuous. End
view broadly oval. Surface smooth, white or fawn-coloured. Animal unknown.

Length 3}; in., height 35 in. |
Hab. The Minch, 45-60 fathoms (Mr. Jeffreys).

I have met with only two specimens of this very distinct species, both of them dredged
near the Hebrides by J. G. Jeffreys, Esq.

4. BAIRDIA COMPLANATA, Brady. (Plate XXXIV. figs. 1-4.)
Bairdia complanata, Brady, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866, p. 210.
Scandinavian type? Duisrrisurion : Recent—Scotland.

Carapace much compressed; seen from the side subreniform, highest in the middle ;
greatest height equal to about half the length; anterior extremity evenly rounded,
posterior narrowed and somewhat obliquely rounded. Dorsal margin boldly arched,

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 391

highest in the middle, and sloping steeply behind; ventral gently sinuated in front, and
slightly convex behind. Seen from above, the outline is compressed, oval ; extremities
equally and rather obtusely pointed; greatest width in the middle, equal to about one-
third of the length. Hinge-line slightly sinuous. The left valve overlaps considerably
on the dorsum and in the middle of the ventral surface. Shell smooth, colour pale
ochreous or white, opaque. Animal unknown.

Length 5 in., height go im. /itS Avda
Hab. The Minch, 45-60 fathoms (Mr. Jeffreys).

This very fine and distinct species occurred in the same dredgings with B. obtusata,
and though more abundant than the latter species, must still be considered rare.

Genus 8. Macrocypris, Brady*.

Carapace much elongated, attenuated at the extremities. Valves unequal, the right
larger than the left, and overlapping dorsally; hinge-line flexuous. Surface smooth,
polished, and destitute of hairs. Antenne short and robust, the superior seven-jointed,
joints tapering towards the apex, bearing short sete; the inferior composed of five
distinct joints, last two joints very short; armed with much-elongated claws; second
joint bearing on its inner side near the base a bundle of short biarticulate sete. Man-
dibles large, dilated at the inferior extremity, and divided into six or seven strong
teeth ; palp elongated, four-jointed, and having a distinct branchial appendage. First
pair of jaws provided with an unusually small subovate branchial plate; external lobe
or palp narrow, not larger than the rest. Second pair of jaws destitute of a branchial
appendage; palp, in the female, large and subpediform, composed of four distinct joints,
the last armed with three claws or spines; in the male very robust and subcheliform.
First pair of feet much elongated, five-jointed, last joint armed with one or two long
forward-curved claws; the second pair very different, and covered entirely by the shell,
five-jointed, last joint armed with a very long recurved claw. Postabdominal rami
rudimentary, forming two small and simple appendages attached to the posterior part of
the abdomen. No eye. Male smaller than the female; copulative organs large and
provided at the anterior extremity with a much-elongated mucus-gland.

The species constituting this genus are included by Sars under Bairdia ; that author,
however, had had no opportunity of examining the animals belonging to the group
typified by B. subdeltoidea, to which the name Bairdia was originally given by M‘Coy.
I have myself so far succeeded in the investigation of the animal structure as to find
ample generic characters in the formation of the postabdomen, though the other portions
of its anatomy remain to be worked out. But, in addition to peculiarities of animal
structure, the carapace presents well-marked differences, in its attenuated form and in
the respective size of the valves, the right being here much the larger.

Sars observes that this marine genus seems to be analogous to the freshwater genus
Candona, just as Pontocypris appears to be the marine equivalent of Oypris. The
only British species is

* Intellectural Observer, vol. xii. p. 119.

392 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

MacrocyPRIs MINNA (Baird). (Plate XXVII. figs. 5-8, and Plate XX XVIII. fig. 4.)
Bairdia minna, Sars, Oversigt af Norges mar. Ostrac. p. 21.

Cythere minna, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 171, tab. xx. figs. 4, 4a-d.

Scandinavian type. Distrinution: Recent—Norway, Shetland.

Carapace rather tumid ; seen from the side elongated, subtriangular, rounded in front,
acutely pointed behind; greatest height near the middle, equal to two-fifths of the
length. Dorsal margin much arched, highest in the middle, thence sloping with a
gentle curve forwards, but steeply behind, where it joins the ventral margin at an acute
angle. The ventral margin is slightly sinuated in front, and runs backwards in a right
line to the posterior extremity. Outline, as seen from above, ovate lanceolate, sharply
pointed behind, more obtusely in front; greatest breadth in front of the middle, equal
to more than one-third of the length; line of junction of the valves waved. End view
subcircular; height rather greater than the breadth. Surface perfectly smooth and
polished, white, the animal itself deep brown. “Antenne short and robust, fourth
joint of the upper about equal in length to the following joint; sixth joimt of the
lower antenne shorter than the fifth, terminal claws very long and subequal. Mar-
vinal spines of the palp of the second pair of jaws minutely dentate. Second joint of the
first pair of feet much shorter than the united lengths of the two following ; last joint
moderately long, armed with a short seta and two unequal claws, one twice as long as
the other. Margins of the terminal claw of the last pair of feet shortly and densely
pilose. Postabdominal rami forming two appendages springing from a common base,
bearing on the middle of the posterior margin a small brush of hairs, and at the apex
a long seta. Copulative organs of the male laminar, obtusely subtriangular.”’

Length ;'5 in., height 31; in. :

Hab. “ eee in from 80 to 90 fathoms of sand, twenty miles east of the Noss in the Shetland Isles,
R. M‘Andrew, Esq.” (Dr. Baird).

The only British specimen of this species which I have seen is in Mr. Norman’s col-
lection, and was dredged in Shetland. 2. minna occurs also on the Norwegian coast ;
and I am indebted to Hr. G. O. Sars for Norwegian specimens, from which I have
been able to verify most of the details of his description of the animal above quoted.
In the British seas the species is excessively rare, but on some parts of the Norwegian
coast, according to Sars, is tolerably common, ranging from 20 to 300 fathoms: it is

quite destitute of swimming-power.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 393

Family 2. CYTHERIDA.

(8 ( ( destitute of pee ee only a few short beng od Esai here
elongated, eet Ha: : a
ele oe (alike. Internal if well developed . Cythere.
rial year j} more or less | lobe of the first
ag as ants stronely spini- | pair of maxille rudimentary . . Eucythere.

Pre cee | ferous.

3
oa
|
~~
fo)
8
3
i= aha a) ema: Feet in the ) dissimilar; right foot of first pair
si a t ato male and fe-| in the male prehensile, right of thet Oy snonid
, pak male second pair ee weak and rudi-¢ ©Y“eridea.
"ss Lower | mentary F A
Ba antenne
ze 4-jointed. ) short and stout, their united length shorter than that of the pre-
3 Upper ceding joint, bearing long curved spines. First two pairs of feet only FDR
a antennee 3-jointed. Right foot of last re in the male ats tek Y :
Ee | wanting . :
ae
2 = 6-jointed ; Mage a
= q beset with | short and gradually decreasing in length j ‘ : : . <Aestoleberis.
poe | simplesetee;
i Sk) last four mostly much elongated and slender, unequal : : : . Loxoconcha.
a eS 5 joints
ba n
mje se 7-jointed; first two joints very large and stout, last five slender and peng 4
ea =e moderately long sete Pay py ctind tes bes Sarl boas PECL RUEGIE
\=>| oa
Sig =
HM | 5 5-jointed; beset with short scattered hairs. Postabdominal lobes broad and ee CHihone
oO; 8 bearing three setze. No eyes 5 ES ane haagite Zeid
a | y
3 much narrower than the preceding, and bearing scattered short)
S hairs, which are in part spiniform. Postabdominal lobes rudimen-' Cytherura.
a ie : aoe al
= 6-jointed; | tary, destitute of hairs. ‘Two separate eyes |
e moe last four <
ee 53 ie ted, 2 Joints not narrower than the preceding, and beset towards the apex with
z User Saal numerous long sete. Postabdominal lobes larger than sy emey) Sclerochilus.
z ee bipartite, and bearing five sete. One eye
3 antennee
oe 7-jointed, bearing numerous very long sete, last joint very long and slender ; two
A basal joints large and stout. Postabdominal lobes subconical, directed down-> Pseudocythere.
| I | | wards, and bearing three hairs. Eyes wanting : :
=
S \e a : : : : : : : . (Cytherideis),

Mouth simple, tubiform ; its orifice surrounded by a circular disk situated at the apex of a large sub-)
conical protuberance. Organs of mastication poorly developed and weak. Mandibles styliform ; |
palp very narrow, destitute of a branchial a pendage. First pair of jaws composed of narrow and - Paradoxostoma.
partly imperfect lobes. Upper antennee eae very slender; inferior 5-jointed and shorter; al
gellum large and robust. Eve single ; . . 3 . : :

Shell mostly hard and compact, calcareous; surface generally more or less rough and
uneven, occasionally quite smooth. Hinge-margins mostly toothed. Antenne not
adapted for swimming, the upper composed of five to seven joints and armed with various
sete or spines; the inferior 4-5-jointed, the last joint the smallest, and armed with one
to three curved claws, second joint destitute of the brush of setee which mostly occurs in
the Cypride ; first joint giving origin, at its apex, to a long biarticulate tubular seta, which
extends downwards in front of the antenna about as far as the last joint, and above is
connected by an efferent tube with a gland situated in the body of the animal. Mandible
very similar to that of the Cypride. One pair of jaws, composed of four segments, with
a branchial plate. Three pairs of feet, directed forwards, very much alike in shape, but
increasing in length from before backwards; all of them adapted for creeping, and
terminating in a single strong curved claw. The first foot corresponds with the palp of
the second maxilla in the Cypride, the cutting segments being represented by two small
setiferous appendages, arising from a common base. Postabdomen rudimentary and

VOL. XXVI. / oH

394 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

almost obsolete, forming two small lobes or sete. Eyes mostly separate, sometimes
confluent, more rarely altogether wanting. Ovaries and testes not extending between
the valves. Male copulative organs very large and complex in structure. Mucus-gland
wanting.

This family comprises by far the larger portion of the marine Ostracoda, but is very
sparingly represented in fresh water, of which, amongst the British species, only two
or three are inhabitants. Almost all the numerous fossil species are likewise refer-
able to the Cytheride. The most important differences between this family and the
preceding are found in the structure of the lower antenne and the mandibular palp—
also in the number of feet, which in the Cypridz are ¢wo, in the Cytheride three pairs,
the appendage forming the second pair of jaws in the former family assuming the shape
of an ambulatory foot in the latter. They are quite destitute of swimming-power. The
lower antenna is armed with a curved bi- or triarticulate seta, which reaches downwards
in front of the limb from the apex of the first joint, and mostly extends nearly to the
apex of the terminal claws: at its base this is connected by a duct with a gland or
vesicle situate in the anterior part of the body. It seems impossible to imagine any
other use for this organ than that of an urticating or poison-bearing weapon. In some
few species the lower antenna bears also near its apex a minute pyriform vesicle some-
what similar to that of Pontocypris &c., but considerably smaller. The limbs, especially
the antennze, are mostly strengthened on their anterior and posterior surfaces by bucklers
or plates of strong chitinous tissue, probably to afford a firmer attachment to their
powerful muscles.

Genus 1. CytHERE, Miller.

Valves unequal, mostly very thick and strong. Surface marked in the simpler forms
with slightly elevated papille or tubercles, and fine punctations; in others with deep
pits or fossze, and with very prominent elevations, which take the shape of sharp ridges,
spines, or tubercles. Lateral view subreniform or subquadrangular, mostly highest in
front. The hinge-joint consists of two strong teeth on the right valve, which articulate
with corresponding depressions of the left valve; the two teeth are often connected by a
strongly developed bar, which fits into a furrow of the opposite valve-margin; the
anterior tooth is much the strongest. The margin of the left valve mostly has a single
small tooth behind the anterior hinge-fossa, and sometimes one also at the posterior
extremity of the hinge-line; the anterior fossa occasionally forms a complete circular
perforation of the marginal plate, and the central portion of the hinge-line is sometimes
minutely crenulated. Antenne robust; superior five- to six-jointed, armed on the ante-
rior margin with three long curved spines, mostly one on the third and two on the
fourth joint; lower four-jointed, the last joint short and stout. Mandibular palp three-
to four-jointed, bearing, in place of a branchial appendage, a tuft of two to five seta.
Eyes one or two.

I have thought it necessary to include in this genus the forms assigned by Sars to the
two genera Cythere and Cythereis. In the first place, the characters taken by that author
as the ground of generic distinction seem to me inadequate ; secondly, four of our British

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 395

species, C. albomaculata, convexa, rubida, and pulchella, present intermediate characters,
and could not be included under either of the genera as defined by Sars. The chief
distinctive characters taken by him as the ground of separation are the length of the
urticating seta of the lower antenna (which, in the females of ‘“ Cythereis,” is exceedingly
short), the structure of the mandibular palp, and the abdominal rami. These characters
may be tabulated as follows :—

Cythere, Sars. Cythereis, Sars.

Urticating seta of lower antenna | of equal length in male and | very short in the female.
female.

Mandibular palp : : . | composed of three joints, and |composed of four joints, and
simply setose; two branchial | bearing three strong, curved
filaments. pectinate sete; five branchial

filaments.

Postabdominal rami . : . | forming two obtuse lobes. bearing two or more stout ciliated

seta,

If the characters here ascribed to Cythereis could have been shown to be uniformly
coincident with the quadrangular and rugose forms of carapace for which the genus
Cythereis was originally proposed, or even if they could have been applied with precision
to any group, without respect to shell-structure, they might perhaps, though dubiously,
have been allowed to form the basis of a distinct genus; but seeing that we have forms
distinctly partaking of the characters of both genera, there seems no reasonable course
but that of uniting the two under one name.

C. albomaculata, with the shell-characters and urticating setze of Cythere, has the
mandibular palp and abdominal rami of Cythereis. O. convexa is perhaps intermediate
in form of carapace, but much more near to Cythere than to Cythereis, while the
urticating seta and mandibular palp agree with those of Cythereis. Both species possess
further characters (in the lower antennz) which are, so far as I know, peculiar to them-
selves. The abnormal characters of C. rubida and pulchella will be pointed out in the
descriptions of those species.

a. Valves elongate or reniform, punctate, not prominently rugose or spinous.

* Mandibular palp three-jointed, simply setose ; urticating seta long, equal in the male and female.

1. Cyruere Lutes, Miller. (Plate XXVIII. figs. 47-56, and Plate XX XIX. fig. 2.)

Cythere lutea, Miller, Entomostraca, p. 65, tab. vii. figs. 3, 4; Sars, Oversigt af Norges mar. Ostrac.
p- 28; Zenker, Anat.-syst. Stud. iber die Krebsthiere, p. 83, Taf. v. C.

reniformis, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 169, tab. xx. figs. 5, 5 a—f.

setosa, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. p. 371, pl. 58. figs. 12 a—c, 13 a—-d, 15 a (not 15 6-e).

Scandinavian type.° Disrrisution : Recent—Baffin’s Bay, North Sea, Baltic, Great Britain, Ireland,
Mediterranean. Fossil—Raised beaches and glacial clays, Scotland, Ireland, and Norway.

Carapace reniform, compressed. In the female the extremities are obliquely rounded
and nearly equal; the greatest height in the middle, equal to considerably more than
half the length. Dorsal margin gently and evenly arched, ventral deeply sinuate, owing
to the partial disappearance of a broad flattened flange which borders the extremities
and most of the inferior margin. Seen from above, the outline is compressed, oblong

3H 2

396 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

oval; greatest breadth behind the middle, equal to less than half the length; the hinge-
margins thickened and depressed centrally, so as to form a longitudinal sulcus, but
uniting at the extremities, thus forming a broad keel. End view oval, keeled below,
sulcate above. The central portion of the valves is covered with a calcareous crust, and
bears numerous small puncta and a few scattered hairs. Colour yellowish or drab in
specimens from beyond low-water mark, brick-red in the littoral variety. The hinge-
joint consists (fig. 56), in the left valve, of a long central knurled bar, at each end of
which is a fossa for the reception of a corresponding knurled protuberance of the right
valve. The right valve differs from the left in being taller and more angularly truncate
at the extremities. The shell of the male is much more elongate and angular, more
deeply sinuated below, and often more rugose on the surface. Colour of the limbs deep
brownish yellow. Last joint of the upper antennz very short: terminal spine very
slender, almost setose. Feet short and robust; terminal claws strong and curved,
that of the last foot indistinctly setose or pectinate on the inner margin. Abdominal
lobes short and thick, surrounded with short sete. Copulative organs of the male
large, the basal portion quadrangular, the apical portion produced into two tapering
prolongations.

When living in the Laminarian zone, and in deeper water, this species presents some-
what different characters: the shell is considerably larger, the dorsal margin generally
more flattened, the surface marked with distant deep punctations, between which are
scattered numerous smaller puncta; the marginal portions tend also to become elevated
into irregularly radiating ribs. This latter character is more conspicuous in the male
(fig. 47), which is also more distinctly punctate and more angular in outline, the ventral
margin especially forming a remarkable angular projection posteriorly. This form is,
indeed, so distinct that until recently I supposed it to belong to a distinct species,
C. setosa, Baird; but having now had the opportunity of examining a large series of
dredged specimens, as well as a still greater number of carapaces from the glacial clays
of Scotland, I cannot avoid the conclusion that it represents merely a deep-water form
of the present species, which had ero been known to me ae from littoral pee
cimens. 397 i

Length (littoral var. ee a5 in., height 25 ;in.; (deep water var. )length +; ims. yehaisioes in.
Hab. Abundant in tide-pools on the coasts of Northumberland and Durham, and in oyster-ooze from

Stranraer (G. S. B.) ; “ coast of Berkwickshire, at Cockburnspath, Berwick, &c.; North Foreland”
(Dr. Baird); dredged at Oban and Cumbrae, Macduff and Peterhead (Mr. D. Robertson); the
Minch, 45-60 fathoms (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; Guernsey, Shetland, and amongst roots of Laminaria at
Tobermory (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; Long Hope, Orkney (Mr. C. W. Peach).

This species is found by Sars abundantly on the Norwegian coast, by Zenker in the
Cattegat, and is common also on the northern shores of Britain and in the Arctic
seas; I have seen but few specimens from the southern and western coasts of England
and Ireland. It occurs abundantly in a fossil state in the glacial clays of Scotland.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 397

2. CYTHERE viRipis, Miller. (Plate XXVIII. figs. 40, 41, & 57-59; and Plate XXX VITT.
fig. 8.)

Cythere viridis, Miller, Entomostraca, p. 64, tab. vii. figs. 1, 2; Sars, Oversigt af Norges marine Ostrac.
p- 30.

British type. Distrisurion: Recent—Norway, Great Britain, and Ireland. Fossi/—Raised beaches
and glacial clays, Norway, Scotland, and Ireland.

Very similar to the foregoing, but much smaller. Shell of the female, as seen from
the side, subreniform, slightly higher in front than behind, greatest height equal to two-
thirds of the length. Anterior extremity obliquely rounded; posterior rather narrower,
rounded. Dorsal margin nearly straight, sloping gently backwards from the front, where
it is slightly angular; inferior distinctly sinuated in front of the middle. Seen from
above, the outline is ovate, more sharply pointed in front than behind, about twice as long
as broad. Surface marked with numerous fine puncta, which are interspersed with small
tubercles. Colour olive or yellowish-brown. The shell of the male is much narrower
and more elongated. ‘The animal itself is almost colourless. Last joint of the upper
antenna much elongated, almost equal in length to the two preceding. Feet very short.
*‘ Copulative organs of the male ea the apical portion obtusely rounded.”

Length +; in., height 55 in. , » +2
Hab. The Minch, 45-60 fath. (Mr. J. G. Jeffreus); Shetland, Peterhead, Isle of Man, and Cumbrae (Mr.

D. Robertson) ; Galway Bay, Birterbuy Bay, Baltimore, Roundstone Bay, Stranraer, and in tide-
pools near Sunderland (G. S. B.) ; in tide-pools, Arran and Channel Islands (Rev. A. M. Norman) ;
Girdler sand, Thames, and Scarpa Flow, Orkney (Mr. E. C. Davison).

C. viridis might very easily be passed over as the young of C. lutea; but, besides that
the shell-characters are very constant, those of the animal itself are quite sufficiently
distinct. It is not by any means so common a species on the northern British shores ;
but it may often have escaped notice on account of its small size.

3. CYTHERE PELLUCIDA, Baird. (Plate XXVIII. figs. 22-26, 28.)

Cythere pellucida, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 173, t. xxi. fig. 7; Sars, Oversigt af Norges marine Ostrac. p. 31.

British type. Distrrsurion: Recent—Norway, Great Britain and Ireland, Mediterranean. Fossi/—
Raised beaches and glacial clays, Norway, England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Valves of the female compressed, oblong ; as seen from the side, subquadrangular, equal
in height throughout, rounded in front, angulated behind on the dorsal margin, height
equal to less than half the length. Anterior margin obliquely rounded, posterior sub-
truncated rounded off below, almost rectangular above. Dorsal margin very slightly
arched, ventral distinctly sinuated in front of the middle. Outline, as seen from above,
compressed ovate, greatest width near the posterior extremity and equal to one-third
of the length. End view broadly ovate. The male is much more elongated than the
female, and has the supero-posteal angle more produced. ‘The centre of each valve is
marked with a distinct transverse sulcus, and sometimes also with two shallower ones
near the extremities. The substance of the shell is rather thin and horny; its surface
covered with thickly set, circular or often oblong puncta, which vary much in size in

398 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

different specimens. Specimens from deep water are often much incrusted and porcel-
laneous, the surface-sculpture almost obliterated (see fig. 28). Colour brown, or dull
white. Colour of the animal deep brown. Antenne short and stout, the fourth joint
very short, the last much elongated and slender, nearly twice the length of the pre-
ceding. Second joint of the mandibular palp broad at the apex, the last joint armed
with three short spines. Last pair of feet fully twice as long as the first, the second
joint very long, the last joint bearing at the apex four short and sharp spines. Copu-
lative organs of the male dilated at the extremity, and produced into long tapering
processes, one of which is much more slender than the other. Abdominal lobes feebly
developed and bearing a short seta.

Length 3'g in., height 45 in.

Hab. From littoral situations up to 60 fathoms. Shetland, Stornoway, Skye, Lamlash Bay, Tenby,
Swansea, Plymouth, Youghall; in tide-pools, Arran and Channel Islands (Rev. A. M. Norman) ;
Orkney (Mr. C. W. Peach); Aberdeenshire coast (Mr. Dawson) ; Oban, Cumbrae, Campbeltown,
Macduff, Peterhead, and Ormeshead, dredged (Mr. D. Robertson) ; dredged amongst the Hebrides
and Channel Islands (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; Devonshire coast, 60 fathoms (Mr. Spence Bate) ; Norfolk
coast (Mr. D. O. Drewett) ; in shell-sand from the Mumbles (South Wales), the Ribble, Preston
Pans, Stranraer, Margate, Baltimore, Donegal Bay, and Roundstone ; Northumberland and Durham
coasts, 25-46 fathoms, and Birterbuy Bay, 15 fathoms (G. S. B.).

Cythere pellucida, though exceedingly variable in habitat, surface-sculpture, and in the
proportions of the carapace, is easily distinguished by the peculiar dorsal angulation of
the posterior border and by its one or more deep transverse sulci. Old specimens, how-
ever, are not always recognizable with facility, the surface-markings becoming very
vague, and the contours of the shell less characteristic. The following species approaches
very closely to C. pellucida, but is never met with except in brackish or subbrackish
situations; and, in addition to this peculiarity of habitat, its shell-structure affords
characters which, on close examination, will not fail to distinguish it.

4, CYTHERE CASTANEA, G. O. Sars. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 27, and Plate XX XVIII. fig. 6.)
Cythere castanea, G. O. Sars, Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, p. 32.
British type. Distrisution: Recent—Great Britain, Norway. Fossi/—Glacial, Scotland.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subreniform, rather higher in front than
behind, greatest height in front of the middle, equal to half the length. Anterior ex-
tremity well rounded, posterior rounded off below, angular above at its junction with the
dorsal margin; superior margin slightly arcuate and sloping backwards from the ante-
rior third, where it is highest ; inferior distinctly sinuated in the middle, curving upwards
behind. Seen from above, the outline is ovate, widest in the middle, in front of which
it is distinctly constricted, pointed in front, rounded behind, greatest width considerably
less than the height. The shell of the male, seen laterally, is much more tapered
behind; the supero-posteal angle much pronounced, the infero-posteal thoroughly
rounded off; dorsal margin quite straight and rather steeply sloping backwards. Surface
of the valves thickly covered with small rounded depressed puncta, and marked with

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 399

two curved transverse furrows; colour reddish brown. Animal precisely like that of C.

pellucida.

Length 3; in.

Hab. Chiefly in the brackish water of estuaries and salt marshes. Girdler sand, Thames, and at Tweed-
mouth (Mr. E. C. Davison); in salt marshes at Hylton on the Wear, Jarrow on the Tyne, Seaton
Sluice, and at the mouths of the Wansbeck and Alne, Northumberland (G. S. B.).

The great similarity between this and the foregoing species caused me, until very
recently, to regard the one as a merely littoral or brackish-water variety of the other.
I have been induced to alter that opinion, chiefly by finding, in a gathering from the
Girdler sand in the estuary of the Thames, the two forms living together abundantly,
and retaining very perfectly their distinctive characters. The points which may be
chiefly relied on as characterizing C. castanea are, the more arcuate dorsal margin and
greater comparative height of the female, the median position of the greatest width of
the carapace, and, in the male, the perfectly straight dorsal margin, and much-narrowed
hinder extremity—lastly, the sculpture of the shell-surface, which consists of closely set
rounded (not oblong) impressions. The list of habitats here given is doubtless very
imperfect; the species must often have been passed by without special notice as a form
of C. pellucida.

5, CYTHERE TENERA, n. sp. (Plate XXVIII. figs. 29-82.)
British type. Distrisution: Recent—Great Britain, Bay of Biscay. Fossi/—Glacial, Norway.

Carapace of female almost exactly similar in form to C. pellucida, but much smaller,
the superior margin somewhat more arched; the surface smooth and having no trace of
any transverse sulcus. The shell is very closely and delicately punctate, and bears a few
distant and minute elevated papille. The length is rather more than twice the height.
The outline as seen from above is regularly ovate. Animal unknown. Colour white.
Shell of the male narrower, and tapered posteriorly.

Length 55 in.

‘Hab. Off Seaham Harbour, Durham, 15 fathoms (G. S. B.); Race’s bank and Girdler sand, Thames
(Mr. E. C. Davison) ; the Minch (Rev. A. M. Norman); Shetland (Mr. D. Robertson).

This species is easily distinguished from C. pellucida by its much smaller size, very
fine punctation, and absence of furrowing. There can, I think, be no doubt of its
specific rank: all the specimens I have seen are uniform in size, and I have observed
no forms intermediate in character between it and either of the two preceding species.
The young of C. pellucida, even in their very early stages, are quite coarsely punctate,
and those of C. castanea are mostly also of dark colour.

6. CyTHERE BADIA, Norman. (Plate X XIX. figs. 56-59.)

Cythere badia, Norman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. ix. (1862) p. 48, pl. i. figs. 138-15.
cicatricosa, Sars, loc. cit. p. 33.
? —— canaliculata, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. p. 873, pl. 59. fig. 4 a-f.

British type. Distrisution : Recent—Norway, Great Britain and Ireland, Mediterranean, Australia ?
Fossil—Rauised beaches and glacial clays, Norway, Scotland, and Ireland.

4.00 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

Carapace oblong, reniform. Seen from the side, the valves are rather higher in front
than behind, the height a little more than equal to half the length. Anterior margin
broadly rounded, posterior slightly rounded, subtruncate; dorsal margin very slightly
arched, sloping gently backwards, ventral conspicuously incurved in front of the middle.
Outline, as seen from above, compressed, ovate, breadth equal to more than one-third of
the length; anterior extremity obtusely pointed, posterior more rounded. End view
oval. Surface of the shell uneven, marked with irregular furrows and elevations. Hinge-
joint well developed. Colour deep yellowish brown. One eye. Antenne short and
thick, last joint of the upper equal in length to the preceding. Second joint of the last
pair of feet scarcely longer than the united length of the two following; terminal claw
short and thick.

Length 35 in., height $5 in.
Hab. In rock-pools at Mount’s Bay, Cornwall, Herm, Guernsey, Arran, and Loch Carron, N. B. (Rev.

A. M. Norman) ; in shell-sand, Roundstone (Dr. Alcock), Birterbuy Bay, 15 fathoms, and amongst
oyster-ooze from Stranraer (G. S. B.) ; dredged in the Minch, 45-60 fathoms (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ;
Cumbrae (Mr. D. Robertson) ; Scarpa Flow, Orkney (Mr. E. C. Davison).

C. badia is one of the less-common British species; in outline it is not very unlike
C. pellucida, but much smaller.

7. CYTHERE OBLONGA, Brady. (Plate XXXII. figs. 14-17.)
Cythere oblonga, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soe. vol. v. p. 373, pl. 59. figs. 5 a-d.

Mediterranean type. Distrisution: Recent—England, Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean.

Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, subquadrangular, equal in height throughout,
height equal to nearly half the length. Anterior margin obliquely rounded, minutely
and numerously dentate, posterior truncate and angular; superior margin straight or
very slightly curved, inferior nearly straight in front, behind irregularly emarginate or
obsoletely toothed. Seen from above, the outline is ovate, greatest breadth equal to
much more than one-third of the length; extremities obtusely rounded ; hinge-margins
depressed behind the middle. Surface irregularly marked with deep angular pittings of
very variable size ; a well-marked tubercle over the anterior hinge. Within the anterior
margin is usually a raised crenulated ridge, which is marked with radiating transverse
hair-like lines. Colour yellowish brown. Animal unknown.

Length 3/5 in., height ¢y in.

Hab. In shell-sand, Mumbles (South Wales).

** Mandibular palp four-jointed, bearing on its inner margin three strong, curved, plumose seta ; last joint
linear, slender.

a. Urticating seta long in male, short in female.

8. CYTHERE RUBIDA, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. figs. 71-74.)

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subreniform, highest in front of the
middle, greatest height equal to more than half the length. Extremities rounded, the
anterior much the broader; superior margin highest above the eye, whence it slopes

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 401

backwards almost in a right line; inferior deeply sinuated in the middle. Outline, as
seen from above, subhexagonal, widest in the middle, sides nearly parallel and tapering
equally to each extremity, greatest width equal to half the length. End view subtri-
angular, height much greater than the width, prominently keeled. The central portion
of the valves is covered with a thick reddish incrustation, and closely and irregularly
pitted; this central elevated portion is surrounded by a broad flattened margin, which is
devoid of pittings, but is marked, especially in front, by radiating lines. The two eyes
are plainly visible through the shell, forming brilliant black spots. Upper antennze
strongly spinous, last joint shorter than the preceding. Flagellum of lower antenna
very short, scarcely reaching the middle of the penultimate joint. Mandibular palp
four-jointed, armed with three stout curved plumose sete as in C. albomaculata &c.,
terminal joint slender. Legs short, and nearly equal, terminal claws long and curved ;
second joint of last pair not so long as the two following joints, claw not ciliated. Post-
abdominal lobes terminating in two ciliated setee. Male unknown.
ensth —, in. ,§45 9
Hab. Yn rock-pools, Clackland Point, Arran, N.B. (Rev. A. M. Norman).

This is a very interesting species, as combining the outward form of a typical Cythere
with the anatomical characters of the group usually classed under Cythereis. The other
two intermediate species, O. albomaculata and C. convexa, are somewhat abnormal both
in external and internal structure, and might, with some show of reason, have been
erected into independent genera between Cythere and Cythereis; but C. rubida being |
outwardly a true Cythere, and anatomically a true Cythereis, seems conclusively to prove
the expediency of amalgamating the two genera.

9. CYTHERE CONVEXA, Baird. (Plate XXIX. figs. 19-27, and Plate XX XIX. fig. 4.)

Cythere convexa, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 174, tab. xxi. fig. 3.

arborescens, Brady, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865, vol. xvi. pl. ix. figs. 5-8.

?Cypridina cicatricosa, Reuss, Haidinger’s Abhandl. Band iii. (1850) fol. 67, tab. ix. fig. 21.
?Cythere cicatricosa, Bosquet, Entom. fossil. des terr. tertiair. de la France, p. 76, tab. ii. fig. 18.
Cythere punctata, Jones, Entom. of Tert. Form. Eng. p. 24, pl. ii. figs. 5a-5h.

British type. Disrrizurion : Recent—Great Britain, Ireland, Bay of Biscay, Levant. Fossi/—Glacial
clay and raised beaches, England, Scotland, and Ireland; crag, England; and tertiary, Germany and
Sicily.

Shell rounded, convex, beaked behind, slightly keeled in front and below; greatest
height in the middle, equal to about two-thirds of the length; the left valve much larger
than the right, and overlapping considerably on the dorsum. Seen from the side, the
anterior margin is rounded, posterior beaked, and expanded below the beak into three or
four squamous spines (figs. 19, 25, 27). Ventral margin slightly convex, sinuated at the
anterior third, and curved upwards behind, where it also frequently bears one or two
spines, which project downwards. Dorsal margin boldly arched, highest in the middle.
End view oval, tumid, widest in the middle, pointed above and below. Outline, as seen
from above, oblong oval, widest in the middle, and tapering equally to each extremity,
width equal to half the length. The hinge-processes, with the intermediate bar and

VOL. XXVI. 31

402 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

furrow, are strongly developed (figs. 23, 24). The surface of the shell varies much in
character ; well-marked adult specimens are mostly marked with deep pittings, which
are concentrically arranged, and are deepest and closest round the margins of the valves,
especially on the ventral surface, where they are liable to form longitudinal furrows.
But some varieties exhibit only shghtly impressed punctures, and in very old specimens
the excavations are more or less obliterated by calcareous deposit. The right valve,
besides being much smaller than the left, is likewise very different in shape, being pro-
minently beaked behind, somewhat truncate above, and deeply sinuated on the ventral
margin. The terminal claws of the lower antenne are very short, slender; and there
is an armature of three sete on the middle of the inner margin, similar to that of the
following species, but without the pectination of the long filament. The urticating seta
is very short in the female (see Plate XX XIX. fig. 4).
Length 35 in., height ;'p in. j
Hab. In deep water and occasionally between tide-marks. Scarpa Flow, Orkney (Mr. E. C. Davison); the
Minch (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; Isle of Skye, Lamlash Bay, Channel Islands, Falmouth, Burrow Island,
Swansea, Youghall (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; in tidal pools in the Isle of Man, dredged off Shetland,
Lerwick, Cumbrae, and Oban (Mr. D. Robertson), off Devonshire coast, 60 fathoms (Wr. C. S. Bate) ;
in shell-sand from South Wales and Stranraer, Aran, and Roundstone, and dredged in Birterbuy
Bay (G. S. B.) ; “Torquay, in sand, W. C. Williamson, Esqg.; Tenby, in sand, T. R. Jones, Esq.”
(Dr. Baird).

8. Urticating setz long and slender in both sexes.

10. CYTHERE ALBOMACULATA, Baird. (Plate XXVIII. figs. 33-39, and Plate XXXIX.
fig. 3.)

Cythere albomaculata, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 169, tab. xx. fig. 7.

alba (young), Baird, loc. cit. p. 170, tab. xx. fig. 6.

British type. Distrisurion: Recent—Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Bay of Biscay, Levant, Cape
Verd. Fossil—Glacial clays and raised beaches, Scotland, Ireland, Norway.

Valves, as seen from the side, oblong, subreniform, nearly equal in diameter through-
out ; height equal to rather more than half the length. Anterior margin well rounded ;
posterior obliquely rounded, and somewhat angular at its junction with the ventral
border. Dorsal margin forming a flattened arch; ventral margin deeply incurved
at its anterior third, and curving upwards behind. Outline, as seen from, above com-
pressed, oblong, widest in the middle, and gradually tapering to the extremities, which
are pointed, width equal to more than one-third of the length. End view oval, rounded
above and keeled below. The valves are bordered in front and below by a broad, flat-
tened flange or belt, which is marked with thickly set, transverse, hair-like lines (fig. 38).
The striated keel thus formed by the junction of the two valves is very conspicuous on
the ventral and anterior aspects of the shell (figs. 35, 86). Surface smooth and polished,
clothed with short scattered hairs; pellucid and marked with patches of black or olivé-
green; old spe¢imens and those from shell-sand and deep water are mostly opaque white.
The hinge-joint is exceedingly well developed, the left valve bearing a strong bar which
is received into a groove between the terminal processes of the opposite valve (fig. 39).

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 408

Lucid spots about eight in number, subquadrangular, and arranged in two irregular
transverse rows. Two small shining eye-tubercles. Superior antennze robust, five-
jointed, second joint short, not much more than equal in length to the two succeeding ;
last joint short; terminal spines strong, curved. Inferior antennze robust, last joint
short and truncate, terminal claws rather short and slender; urticating seta reaching
to about the apex of the limb, equal in the male and female; penultimate joint, in the
male, deeply emarginate about the middle of the posterior margin and bearing three seta,
one of which is short and slender, the central one longer and strongly pectinate, the other
very short and club-shaped (see Plate XX XIX. fig. 3d). This arrangement is similar in
the female, but all the parts are feebly developed. Second joint of the last foot not much
longer than either of the two succeeding joints. Terminal claw long and strong. Abdo-
minal lobes truncate, each bearing two ciliated terminal sete. Eyes two. Basal portion
of the male conway organs very large, cacy ate; apex acute and tapering.
Length ;', in., height 35 in. -724 Nene
Hab. Littoral and in moderate depths up to 15 fathoms. In shell-sand from Walton and Whitstable
(Prof. T. Rupert Jones); Orkney, Girdler sand (Thames), Margate, and Cork (Mr. E. C. Davison) ;
Shetland, Loch Carron, Arran (N.B.), Tobermory, Youghall, Exmouth, Burrow Island, Guernsey,
dredged and living in tide-pools (Rev. A. M. Norman); Isle of Man, at roots of Laminarie, and
Cumbrae, Macduff, and Peterhead (Mr. D. Robertson) ; Aberdeenshire coast (Mr. Dawson) ; Galway,
Roundstone, and Birterbuy Bay (dredged), and abundantly in rock-pools at Arranmore, and on the
Durham coast, and in shell-sand from the Mumbles and Stranraer (G. S. B.); Norfolk coast, dredged
(Mr. D. O. Drewett).

The form described by Dr. Baird under the specific name alba (see fig. 38a) seems to
be the young of Cythere albomaculata. C. strigulosa, Reuss, is very closely allied to,
but (according to specimens named by M. Bosquet) not identical with the present species.
C. albomaculata differs remarkably from most of those with which it is associated, in the
form and structure of the shell, the peculiar armature of the second antenne, and the
structure of the mandibular palp, the latter being quite similar to the form observed
in the following section, which includes the species usually classed under the genus
Cythereis. These differences, though important, do not seem so much so as to warrant the
formation of an independent genus for this species. It is probably the most abundant
and most widely distributed of the British marine Ostracoda, being found all round our
coasts from high-water mark to a depth of about 15 fathoms. Very remarkable is its
apparent absence from the Scandinavian and other shores of continental Europe; for,
being a large and conspicuous species, it can scarcely have escaped detection by such
naturalists as have recently investigated this group*. Should further observation show
that its distribution is confined to the British Islands, it will be a most interesting, and
perhaps a unique example of a purely British species having attained almost a predomi-
nant position in its own district as to range and numbers. It occurs in the glacial clays
of this country, but I am not aware whether it has been found in those of Norway.

* Since this was in the printer’s hands, I have seen a few specimens dredged by Mr. D. Robertson off the coast of

Norway, and others from the Mediterranean.

orZ

404 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

11. CYTHERE PULCHELLA, nov. sp.
Arctic type. Disrrisution: Recent—Scotland, Baffin’s Bay. Fossil—Scotland, glacial clay.

Carapace of female, viewed laterally, subreniform, greatest height in front of the
middle and equal to considerably more than half the length; anterior extremity broadly
rounded, posterior obliquely subtruncate, scarcely rounded; superior margin highest over
the eyes, thence sloping backwards with a gentle curve, inferior sinuated in the middle ;
outline, as seen from above, ovate, widest behind the middle, greatest width equal to
nearly one-half the length, extremities pointed. Surface of the shell closely punctate.
Hinge-teeth of the right valve forming two projecting crests, which end abruptly at the
terminal extremities, but slope gradually towards the middle of the hinge-line, and are
crenulated on their edges. Upper antenne armed at the apices of the last four joints
with slender, slightly curved spines, third and fourth joints coalescent; flagellum of the
lower antenna biarticulate, alike in male and female. Mandibular palp bearing three
curved pectinate sete (as in Cythereis, Sars). Feet short and stout, their terminal claws
much dilated at the base, nearly straight in the middle, and suddenly curved (almost
hooked) at the apex.

Length 7g inch.

This species is not very unlike C. villosa in general appearance, but is smaller, less
compressed from side to side, with more rounded outlines and a much finer surface-
ornament. The only recent British specimen I have seen is one, apparently immature,
which occurred in some shell-sand gathered by Mr. D. O. Drewett in Respond Bay, Loch
Erribol, N.B. It occurs more plentifully in some of the Scottish glacial formations, and
will be fully figured in a forthcoming work on the Posttertiary Entomostraca. Mr.
Crosskey has also found it abundantly in some recent gatherings from Davis’s Straits ;
and from these specimens the anatomical details above given have been derived.

b. Carapace, as seen from the side, quadrilateral, highest in front, ventricose, often prominently rugose or
spinous.

* Mandibular palp three-jointed, simply setose. Urticating sete equal in the male and female.

12. CYTHERE CUNETFORMIS, Brady. (Plate XXXI. figs. 47-54.)

Cythere ventricosa, Sars, loc. cit. p. 34.

British type. Duistrizution: Recent—Great Britain, Ireland, Norway. Fossi/—Glacial clays and
raised beaches, Scotland and Norway.

Carapace subprismoid, depressed behind, acutely angular on the dorsal and slightly
convex on the ventral surface. Female, as seen from the side, subclavate, greatest height
at the anterior third, and equal to about half the length; anterior extremity broadly and
obliquely rounded, posterior obtusely pointed (in the adult). Superior margin nearly
straight and gently sloping as far as the posterior fourth, thence sloping steeply to the
extremity ; inferior margin straight, or irregularly sinuated. Outline, as seen from above,
ovate, acuminate behind, obtusely pointed in front; greatest width behind the middle,
equal to nearly half the length. End view triangular, the base slightly convex. Surface

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 405

faintly pitted or papillose, transversely sulcate near the middle, longitudinally rugose
on the ventral surface. Hinge-processes feebly developed; left valve minutely crenulate.
Carapace of the male more elongate, superior margin slightly concave. Colour yellowish.
“One eye. Antenne short, last joint of the upper shorter than the preceding. Second
joint of the last pair of feet about equal to the united length of the two following joints,
terminal claw long and slender. Basal portion of the male copulative organs narrow
above, apical portion subtriangular.”
Length 25 in., height >}; in.
Hab. Dredged in the Minch, 45-60 fathoms, and near Guernsey in 15-30 fathoms (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ;

Roundstone Bay, 2-3 fathoms, and Northumberland coast, 45 fathoms (G. S. B.); Cumbrae (Mr.
D. Robertson) ; in shell-sand from Galway (Prof. Rowney).

The specific name ventricosa being preoccupied by Reuss, I have here adopted the
term cuneiformis, which I had applied to the species in MS. before seeing the work of
G. O. Sars.

13. CYTHERE LIMICOLA (Norman). (Plate XXXI. figs. 38-41.)

Cythereis limicola, Norman, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. vol. 1. p. 20, pl. vi. figs. 1-4.
Cythere nodosa, Sars, loc. cit. p. 34.
? complexa, Brady, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866, p. 210.

areolata, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. p. 381, tab. Ixi. figs. 2a-d.

Scandinavian type. Duisrrisution: Recent—Baffin’s Bay, Norway, Great Britain. Fossi/—Glacial clay
and raised beaches, Scotland.

Carapace short, tumid, quadrangular; length to height as about three to two, not much
higher in front than behind. Seen from the side, the anterior margin is well rounded
below and slopes very steeply backwards above, terminating in an elevated angle over
the anterior hinge. Posterior margin somewhat angular in the middle, slightly rounded
below, and sloping nearly in a right line upwards to the dorsum, its junction with which
is marked by an angular projection; the dorsal margin, between this and the anterior
angle, is considerably hollowed. Ventral margin rather sinuous. The outline as seen
from above is hexagonally cuneate or boat-shaped, very broad behind, and tapering
abruptly at each extremity; greatest breadth near the posterior extremity, equal to more
than half the length. End view triangular, with an excessively convex base; outline
irregularly sinuous. Surface of the shell rugose, tuberculated, and marked with fine
closely set puncta; the general direction of the rugee is in curved transverse lines ; but
the most conspicuous elevation runs longitudinally at a little distance within the ventral
margin: there are two very large tubercles or nodules on the dorsal aspect of each valve
near the posterior angle, and one in the situation of the anterior hinge-joint. Colour
brownish yellow. “No eyes. Antenne elongated, last joint of the upper elongated,
linear, and somewhat shorter than the preceding; third joint of the lower antennze more
slender than usual. Feet slender and elongated; second joint in the last pair a little
shorter than the united length of the two following, terminal claw long and almost
straight. Basal portion of the male copulative organs small and rounded, apical portion

4.06 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

subtriangular; anterior extremity lengthened into a slender and obtusely pointe.
process.”

Length 2; in., height 5 in. . \7
Hab. In deep water. Isle of Skye and Northumberland and Durham coasts (Rev. A. M. Norman); Oban

(Mr. D. Robertson) ; Aberdeenshire coast (Mr. Dawson).

This species appears to live altogether amongst soft mud, in which it burrows, whence
probably, as Sars observes, the entire absence of eyes. Like the preceding species it is
of rare occurrence in the British seas; and Sars makes the same remark respecting its
Norwegian distribution. It occurs also in the Scotch glacial clays. I now believe that
the form described by me as C. complexa is merely the young of C. limicola (see
figs. 48-46).

14. CYTHERE GLOBULIFERA, n. sp. (Plate XXXI. fig. 42.)

Valves, as seen from the side, oblong, subrhomboidal, rather higher in front than
behind; greatest height equal to more than half the length. Extremities rounded, the
posterior rather narrowed; superior margin straight, gibbous over the anterior hinge;
inferior slightly convex, curved upwards behind. Surface marked with a fine ribbed
reticulation and bearing four prominent rounded tubercles, three below the dorsal and
one above the anterior extremity of the ventral margin; the shell is swollen below and
behind the middle into a rounded elevated ridge or ala.

Length +}5 in.

Hab. Roundstone, in shell-sand.

Of this species I have seen only one specimen, and that a single valve; but its
characters are so very different from those of any described form, that I have thought it
best to describe it here under a specific name; it is nevertheless possible that it may
prove to be an immature form of some other species*.

** Mandibular palp four-jointed, last joint slender ; inner margin bearing three strong, curved, plumose
sete. Urticating sete much shortened in the female.

15. CyTHERE TuBERCULATA (Sars). (Plate XXX. figs. 25-41.)

Cythereis tuberculata, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 37.

Cythere mutabilis, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. p. 377, pl. lix. figs. 12-14.

British type. Disrripution: Recent—Baffin’s Bay, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Bay of Biscay,

West Indies. Fossii—Glacial clays and raised beaches, England, Scotland, Ireland, and Norway.

Shell of the female, as seen from the side, elongate quadrangular, highest in front ;

greatest height equal to more than half the length; a large rounded tubercle in front of

the centre, and two elongated tubercles or ridges, one ventral and one dorsal, near the

hinder extremity; these last are very conspicuous in young specimens, but become

* Since writing this, I have had the opportunity of examining several specimens, apparently referable to this species,
which have been found by Messrs. Crosskey and Robertson in the course of their researches amongst the Scottish

glacial clays.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 407

almost obsolete in the adult, forming a mere transverse tumid elevation of the valve.
The anterior margin is broad, well rounded below, and more gradually curved above,
where it terminates in a rounded elevation over the anterior hinge. The posterior
margin is narrowed, and rather abruptly angular in the middle. Ventral margin nearly
straight, or gently incurved in the middle: dorsal elevated over the anterior hinge,
thence sloping in an undulating line to the posterior extremity. Seen from above, the
carapace is ovate, broadest behind, width somewhat less than the height; extremities
obtuse, outline very irregularly undulated; no eye-tubercle. End view irregularly qua-
drate, somewhat tapering above. Huinge-processes of the right valve strongly developed ;
of the left obsolete (fig. 29). Surface marked with large and deep pittings, often inter-
spersed with much smaller ones, and, in the intervals, bearing elevated papilla. Anterior
border mostly fringed with a series of from five to twenty, and the posterior extremity
with about six teeth; but these are often entirely absent. Colour yellowish brown.
Limbs deep yellow. Shell of the male much elongated, length more than twice the
height, upper margin slightly concave behind the anterior hinge (fig. 80). Upper
antenn six-jointed, last joint a little longer than the preceding. Urticating seta very
slender. Claw of first foot pectinate on its inner margin. Second joint of last foot
rather longer than the united length of the two following joints, terminal claw very long
and slender. Male copulative organs produced into a much elongated and slender
process in front, the apical portion forming two prolongations, the anterior obtusely
hooked, the posterior acuminate.

Length 3'5 in.

Hab. 1-60 fathoms, Hebrides and the Minch, Shetland and Channel Islands (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; Oban,
Bute, Campbeltown, and Cumbrae (Mr. D. Robertson) ; Dogger bank, Exmouth, Plymouth, Isle of
Skye, and Tobermory (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; Orkney (Mr. C. W. Peach); Northumberland and
Durham coasts, 20-46 fathoms, and in oyster-ooze from Stranraer and South Wales (G. 8S. B.);
Aberdeenshire coast (Mr. Dawson) ; Roundstone (Dr. Alcock) ; Devonshire coast (Mr. C. S. Bate) ;
in shell-sand from Baltimore, Frith of Forth, and Margate (Mr. E. C. Davison).

The characters upon which I rely to distinguish this fine species are the central
tubercle, which is never, so far as I know, entirely wanting; the two posterior tubercles,
or, in old specimens, the transverse elevation resulting from their coalescence, which gives
to the dorsal view a somewhat cuneate outline; and the absence mostly of any conspi-
euous tubercle over the anterior hinge, and of any well-defined longitudinal sulcus on the
dorsal aspect. But, even thus restricted, there is great variety in the different forms of
carapace, as will be sufficiently seen by reference to the figures in Plate XXX. The
smooth but prominently tuberculated character of young specimens is shown in
figs. 38-89, while the gradual disappearance of the tubercles and consentaneous develop-
ment of the minor surface-markings may be traced upwards in figs. 37, 36, 30, 24, and 25;
finally, fig. 82 shows a still older form, in which the surface-markings have become
partially obliterated by calcareous deposit, as has been previously described in the case
of other species.

4.08 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

16. CyTHERE CONCINNA, Jones. (Plate XXVI. figs. 28-33, and Plate XX XVIII. fig. 7.)

Cythere concinna, Jones, Tert. Entom. p. 29, pl. iv. figs. 7a-7f.

Cythereis clavata, Sars, loc. cit. p. 39.

Scandinavian type. Disrrisution: Recent—Great Britain, Norway. Fossii—Crag, England; glacial
clays and raised beaches, Scotland, Ireland, and Norway.

Valves, as seen from the side, oblong, quadrangular, higher in front than behind;
length equal to twice the height. Anterior extremity rounded, posterior rectangularly
or obliquely truncate, and slightly sinuated. Ventral margin nearly straight; dorsal
sloping in a right line, or gently arched, highest over the anterior hinge. Outline, as
seen from above, oblong quadrangular, twice and a half as long as broad, with nearly
parallel, sinuous sides, and broadly rounded extremities; the hinge-margins rather
depressed behind the middle. Anterior and inferior surfaces longitudinally furrowed.
The surface of the shell is marked (in highly sculptured specimens) with thickly set
small punctations, and on the posterior half with a network of fine ribs; but very
commonly the surface is only slightly and irregularly undulated, bearing a few short
scattered setae—or sometimes roughened and studded with a few small tubercles, as
shown in fig. 32. Within, and parallel to, the anterior and ventral margins runs an
elevated ridge; and there are also, in most cases, two shorter oblique ridges on the
posterior portion of the valve, a well-marked rounded tubercle in front of the middle, and
another over the anterior hinge. The hinge-processes are well-developed, the posterior
being placed very far back at the extreme dorsal angle. Colour yellowish. Last joint
of the upper antenne elongated, much longer than the preceding. Second joint of the
last pair of feet about equal in length to the united lengths of the third and fourth
joints; terminal claw exceedingly slender, almost setiform. Terminal claw of first foot
pectinate.

Length >, in., height =; in. ,

Hab. The Minch and Hebrides, 45-60 fathoms (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; Orkney (Mr. C. W. Peach); dredged
in 6-10 fathoms, Campbeltown Bay, Argyleshire, and Ormeshead (Mr. D. Robertson); off Scar-
borough (Mr. Leckenby); off Lewis, N.B., 594 fathoms (Admiralty Soundings); Roundstone
(Dr. Alcock).

The sculpturing of the valves in this species is variable. The specimen from which
figs. 28-31 were drawn represents the best developed condition of surface-marking; the
ribs and tubercles are often much less conspicuous. Fossil specimens described by Prof.
_'T. Rupert Jones are very slightly sculptured, a condition shown in fig. 32; those found
in the Scottish glacial clay by Messrs. Robertson and Crosskey are often strongly marked
in the coarser surface-characters, but, in most cases, have comparatively little of the
delicate ribbing and punctation seen in some recent specimens. This, however, is one of
the most abundant of the Scotch Glacial Entomostraca, and shows a great range of
variation. Recent specimens dredged by Myr. Jeffreys in the Minch and the Sound of
Skye, at a depth of about 60 fathoms, also vary considerably, and are identical in
appearance with the majority of the fossil specimens. Those dredged further south by
Mr. Robertson, in shallower water, are usually more highly ornamented (figs. 28-31),
and are less frequently met with in a fossil state. For more copious illustrations of the

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 409

varieties of this fine species, I must refer the reader to a Monograph of the Posttertiary
Entomostraca which is in preparation for the Palzeontographical Society.

17. CYTHERE ANGULATA (Sars). (Plate XXVI. figs. 39-42.)
Cythereis angulata, Sars, loc. cit. p. 40.

Scandinavian type. Duistrrsution: Recent—Baffin’s Bay, Norway, Great Britain. FossiJ—Glacial and
raised beaches, Scotland and Norway.

Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, quadrilateral, greatest height near the front,
and equal to more than half the length. Anterior margin rounded below and sloping
steeply backwards above; posterior narrower, rectangularly truncate, and somewhat
protuberant below the middle; ventral margin nearly straight, dorsal sloping backwards
in a straight or gently curved line from the anterior hinge. Outline, as seen from above,
very irregular, somewhat lozenge-shaped, tapering slightly towards the front, which is
very obtuse or almost truncate, the sides parallel and constricted in the middle; posterior
extremity broadly and obtusely mucronate, greatest width equal to less than half the length,
the hinge-margins forming at their junction a narrow, sharply cut longitudinal sulcus.
End view broadly ovate; deeply constricted above the middle; broad above, sharply
keeled below. Surface irregularly undulated and marked with angular excavations of
variable size ; a conspicuous rounded tubercle near the anterior hinge, and another large
rib or elongated tubercle near the centre of the valve; a sharply defined transverse ridge
terminates the sculptured portion of the shell, beyond which the posterior portion projects
on a lower level. The right valve is rather smaller and more angular than the left, and
the dorsal margin is more depressed. Colour brown. ‘Third and fourth joints of the
upper antennze confluent, the last short and armed witha strong spine. Second joint of
the last foot much shorter than the two following. Copulative organs of the male small,
apical portion obtuse, subhamate.”’

Length 3; in., height >}; in.

Hab. The Minch, 45-60 fathoms (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; Shetland, Lerwick, Cumbrae, Macduff Harbour,
and Peterhead (Mr. D. Robertson) ; Scarpa Flow, Orkney (Mr. E. C. Davison).

This is very distinct from any other recent British species, and is apparently one of
the rarest. Sars notes that specimens from Finmark are much larger and more abundant
than those found by him in Christianiafiord; he therefore infers that it is a peculiarly
northern species. It occurs in the glacial clays of Scotland and Norway.

18. CYTHERE DUBIA, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. figs. 75, 76.)

Carapace, as seen from the side, subquadrangular, highest in front, greatest height
equal to more than half the length. Anterior extremity rounded, posterior obliquely
subtruncate, angulated about the middle, below which are three small teeth; superior
margin slightly convex, sloping almost ina straight line to the posterior extremity, where
it forms an abrupt angular projection; inferior deeply sinuated in front of the middle.
Seen from above, the outline is irregularly subovate, about twice as long as broad; sides

VOL. XXVI. 3K

410 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

nearly parallel, anterior extremity obtuse, the posterior broadly mucronate. Surface of
the shell uneven, vaguely marked with ill-defined pits and furrows.

Length 3; in. ,
Hab. Shetland (Rev. A. M. Norman).

Mr. Norman’s collection contains one specimen only of this species. It is nearly allied
to Cythereis emarginata, Sars, but is very much larger, and has not the sharply defined
reticulated sculpture of that species; the outline is also more irregular.

19. CYTHERE FINMARCHICA, Sars. (Plate XX XI. figs. 9-13.)

Cythereis Finmarchica, Sars, loc. cit. p. 41.

Scandinavian type. Dusrrinution: Recent—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, Bay of Biscay, Cape
Verd. Fossil—Glacial, Scotland.

Valves, as seen from the side, oblong quadrangular, rather higher in front than
behind; length equal to twice the height. The anterior border is obliquely rounded and
angulated at its junction with the dorsum, often slightly toothed below. Posterior
extremity flattened and narrow, produced below, where it is divided into about four
broad, blunt teeth. Inferior margin straight or slightly incurved. Dorsal margin very
slightly arched, or sloping almost in a straight line from before backwards. Seen from
below, the outline is oval, with obtuse extremities and parallel sides, which are some-
times rather deeply sulcate in the middle. End view subtriangular, broad, and rounded
below, tapering above. The surface is marked with numerous rather large, shallow pits,
and is often transversely sulcate; in front of the median sulcus is a large rounded
tubercle bearing the lucid spots, which are nine to twelve in number, and irregular in
arrangement (figs. 9, 13). Animal unknown.

Length 3's in., height 3/5 in. :

Hab. Dredged off Oban (Mr. D. Robertson) ; Roundstone, in shell-sand (Dr. Alcock); Galway Bay, in
shell-sand (Prof. Rowney); The Minch and Channel Islands, 15-30 fathoms (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ;
Northumberland coast, 46 fathoms (G. 8. B.) ; Devonshire coast (Mr. C. Spence Bate); in tide-pools,
Herm (Rev. A. M. Norman).

T at one time supposed this species to represent merely a stage of growth or a local
variety of C. twberculata ; but this opinion I now believe to be untenable. The elongated
form of the valves (without tumidity behind), the posterior crenulation, and the one
central tubercle are constant characters. It will be seen, by reference to Plate XXX.,
that the young forms of C. ¢uberculata always exhibit one central and two posterior
tubercles; and the teeth of the posterior margin, when they exist at all, are really out-
erowths of the shell, and not mere indentations of the bordering lamina as in the present
species. Moreover the anterior border of well-grown specimens of C. tuberculata is
almost sure to be fringed with spines, but in C. finmarchica is either entire or, at most,
slightly crenated, as shown in fig. 9.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 411

20. CYTHERE VILLOSA (Sars). (Plate X XIX. figs. 28-32).

Cythereis villosa, Sars, loc. cit. p. 42.
British type. Duistrinurion: Recent—Great Britain and Ireland, Norway, Bay of Biscay. Fossi/—
Glacial clays and raised beaches, Scotland, Ireland, Norway.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, oblong quadrangular, nearly equal
in height throughout ; greatest height equal to more than half the length. The anterior
margin is obliquely rounded; the posterior truncate, angular, and somewhat waved.
The dorsal margin forms a flattened arch; ventral margin straight or slightly sinuated,
swelling near the posterior, and sometimes also near the anterior extremity into an
angular protuberance. The outline, as seen from above, is compressed oblong, its sides
nearly parallel and tapering suddenly at each extremity, width equal to more than
one-third of the length; the contact-margins bordered by prominent ribs. End view
ovate, narrowed above. Hinge-joints as in C. albomaculata. The surface of the shell
is marked with large and deep excavations, which tend to coalesce, and form, especially
towards the ventral and posterior borders, irregularly waved ribs and furrows. There is,
however, much variety in the amount and character of the sculpture, as well as in colour,
which ranges from white or yellow to a deep slaty blue. The form and proportions
of the carapace are also very variable, though the essential characters of the species
are mostly well preserved. The male is much elongated, about twice as long as high.
Animal almost exactly similar to that of C. angulata. The second antenna has an
armature of three sete similar to that of C. convesa.

Length 5 in. :
Hab. Littoral and in deep water. Shetland, Tobermory, Berwick, Isle of Skye, Plymouth, Exmouth,

Youghal, alive in tidal pools at Herm, Lamlash Bay, and Loch Carron (Rev. A. M. Norman) ;
Orkney (Mr. C. W. Peach); Aberdeenshire coast (Mr. Dawson) ; Cumbrae, Macduff, Peterhead, Ler-
wick, and Oban (Mr. D. Robertson); Cowes, Margate, Girdler sand and Donegal Bay (Mr. E. C.
Davison) ; the Minch and Channel Islands (Mr. Jeffreys) ; Devonshire coast (Mr. C. S. Bate); Norfolk
coast (Mr. D. O. Drewett). In shell-sand from South Wales, Stranraer, Galway Bay, and Round-
stone; dredged in Birterbuy Bay, 15 fathoms, and Northumberland coast, off Holy Island, 45 fathoms
(GC, 8. B)).

This species, like C. convexa, is almost exclusively confined to the laminarian zone,
the instances of its occurrence in a living state between tide-marks being comparatively
rare. It appears to be a common species in our seas, except on the eastern coast,
where it is rare—in this respect, also, agreeing with C. convexa. It occurs plentifully
in the Glacial clays of Scotland and Norway.

21. CYTHERE ? SEMIPUNCTATA, n. sp. (Plate XXIX. figs. 33-37.)
Distrisution: Recent—Ireland, Bay of Biscay.

Carapace of the male(?), as seen from the side, subelliptical, rather higher in front
than behind; greatest height equal to more than half the length; extremities rounded ;
superior margin nearly straight in front, gently curved behind; inferior slightly sinuated ;
margins at their outermost edge thickened and elevated, but depressed inwardly, thus

forming a shallow excavated channel round the anterior and ventral portions of the
dK 2

412 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

valve. Outline, as seen from above, compressed, subquadrangular, width equal to one-
third of the length; sides parallel, anterior extremity narrowed, truncate; posterior
broader, slightly rounded. Surface of the shell covered behind the middle with closely
set circular pits. Colour yellowish. Animal unknown.

Length 35 in.
Hab. Birterbuy Bay, dredged (G. S. B.); Roundstone, in shell-sand (Dr. Alcock).

The valves represented at figs. 86 and 37 belong apparently to the young of this
species, are slightly sulcate across the middle, and exhibit the semipunctate character of
the species very plainly. Several examples of single valves occurred in Dr. Alcock’s
shell-sand, but only one perfect carapace in my dredgings from the same locality.

22. CYTHERE JEFFREYSII, n. sp. (Plate XXIX. figs. 51-55.)
Atlantic type? Duisrrinurion: Recent—Great Britain and Ireland. FossiJ—Raised beaches, Scotland.

Carapace, as seen from the side, ovate, highest near the front; surrounded by a well-
developed fillet or flange; height equal to more than half the length. The anterior
margin is wide, well-rounded, and bordered by a flattened lamina which is marked with
transverse hair-like lines. Posterior extremity narrowed and produced below into a
spinous plate. Dorsal margin highest over the anterior hinge-joint, where it bears a
conspicuous polished tubercle; ventral margin nearly straight. Seen from above, the
outline is tumid, oblong, with nearly parallel sides, and tapering suddenly to the broadly
keeled extremities; the anterior hinge-tubercles very conspicuous. End view tumid,
broadly rounded below, narrowed above. Surface smooth and polished, marked with a
reticulated moniliform pattern, which is composed of rows of numerous small tubercles
(fig. 55). Animal unknown.

Length 75 in., height +9 in.

Hab. Deep water, very rare. Channel Islands (Mr. Jeffreys’s dredgings) ; Roundstone, in shell-sand
(Dr. Alcock).

A form described by me in the ‘ Transactions of the Zoological Society ’ (vol. v. p. 374)
under the name Cythere catenata is closely similar to the present in its surface-markings ;
and I have since learnt that it is only the young of C. echinata, Sars, a species till recently
quite unknown to me, its catenate tubercles being developed in later life into spines.
It is possible that C. Jeffreysit may in like manner prove to be an imperfectly developed
form of some strongly spinous species; but it has every appearance of mature growth,
and the specimens from both the above-named localities are in every respect similar.

23. CYTHERE LATICARINA, n. sp. (Plate XXXI. figs. 1-4.)
British type? Duistripution: Recent—Great Britain. Fossi/—Raised beaches, Scotland.

Carapace, as seen from the side, subtriangular, highest in front; length to height as
five to three. Anterior margin broad, rather suddenly rounded below, more graduaily
above, bordered below by a row of short spines ; posterior margin rather angular. Dorsum
highest over the anterior hinge, whence it slopes gently and almost in a right line back-
wards. Ventral margin nearly straight. The outline, as seen from above, is oblong

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 413

oval, with parallel sides and abruptly tapering obtuse extremities; over the anterior
hinge are two conspicuous polished tubercles, supported on divergent processes or ribs.
The whole carapace is surrounded by a fillet, which, on the anterior and ventral aspects,
forms a very broad and stout keel. End view ovate, tumid, very broad below. The
surface of the shell is marked with rather large, vaguely defined pits, and is slightly
scabrous. Animal unknown.

Length 3}; in., height zy in.

Hab. Channel Isles, 15-30 fathoms (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; Oban (Mr. D. Robertson).

This is strikingly similar in general contour to C. Jeffreys ; but in other respects the
two species are abundantly distinct. It bears also some resemblance to C. marginata
(Norman) and to certain forms of C. tuberculata. From the last-mentioned it may be
at once separated by the conspicuous stalked tubercles of the anterior hinge, the absence
of tubercles on the lateral surfaces of the valves, and, as seen from above, by the regularly
oval contour, without posterior tumidity. From C. marginata the hinge-tubercles,
characters of surface, and want of excessive angularity of the dorsum sufficiently
distinguish it.

24, CYTHERE MARGINATA, Norman. (Plate XXXI. figs. 5-8.)
Cythere marginata, Norman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. ix. (1862) p. 47, pl. iii. figs. 10-12.
Carapace subquadrangular, highest in front; height equal to more than half the length.
Anterior margin rounded below, sloping steeply backwards above, and forming at its
dorsal extremity a conspicuous angular elevation over the anterior hinge. Inferior
margin nearly straight; dorsal margin sloping sinuously and rather steeply backwards.
Posterior extremity narrowed, angular, produced below. Outline, as seen from above,
oblong, widest in the middle and tapering abruptly at each extremity; width equal to
half the length. End view tumid, ovate. Surface covered with large angular pittings,
which are aa from each other by narrow ribs. Animal unknown.
Length 3, in., height gs in. , 4).
Hab. Lamlash Bay (Rev. A. M. Norman).

The single specimen upon which this species is founded is scarcely well enough
marked in its characters to form a satisfactory species; but I am unable to refer it with
certainty to any other described form.

25. CYTHERE QUADRIDENTATA, Baird. (Plate XXXI. figs. 19-30.)
Cythere quadridentata, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 178, t. xxi. fig. 2.
British type. Duisrrisution : Recent—Great Britain, Treland, Bay of Biscay. Fossi/—Glacial, Scotland.

Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong quadrangular or cuneate, highest in front ;
height equal to about one-half the length. Anterior border obliquely rounded, often
bearing a row of from eight to twelve small teeth. Posterior margin narrowed, angular,
excavated above and considerably produced below, where it is generally armed with
about four sharp spines. The inferior margin is straight or slightly convex, the
superior elevated over the anterior hinge, thence sloping sinuously backwards. The

414 MR. G. S. BRADY'S MONOGRAPH OF |

outline, as seen from above, is oblong ovate or hastate, the junction of the hinge-margins
marked behind the middle by a deep, sharply defined sulcus. Ventral surface sulcate
along the whole length of the contact-margins, which are bordered by a broad, well-
defined, smooth band. End view ovate. The surface of the shell is marked with oblong
punctures, which are arranged chiefly in longitudinal rows, but in curved lines round the
anterior border. The valves, in typical specimens, are swollen behind, forming an abrupt
angular elevation, from which a longitudinal rib runs directly forwards, and two others
in an oblique direction towards the upper and lower margins of the valve; the left valve
is considerably smaller than the right. Animal unknown.

Length 35 in.

Hab. In deep water, rare. Coasts of Northumberland and Durham, 25-46 fathoms (G. S. B.); Ormeshead
and Oban (Mr. D. Robertson) ; Shetland (Rev. A.M. Norman); Hebrides and the Minch (Mr. J. G.
Jeffreys).

The specimen represented in figs. 19-22 is the form originally described by Dr. Baird
under the specific name quadridentata; that shown in fig. 25 is a very similar form,
while fig. 23 differs only in being less angular and the surface-markings fainter. The
specimens from which figs. 26-30 were drawn appear to be merely a variety, or perhaps
the adult or the female of the same species. The peculiar characters of the ventral and
dorsal surfaces, as well as the elongated punctation, are distinctly retained. The species
is a rare one, and I have had no opportunity of thoroughly examining the animal.

26. CYTHERE EMACIATA, Brady. (Plate XXXII. figs. 31-37.)
Cythere emaciata, Brady, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866, p. 210.
Atlantic type. Duisrrisution: Recent—Great Britain and Ireland. Fossi/—Raised beaches, Scotland.

Carapace, as seen from the side, compressed, quadrangular, higher in front than
behind; length equal to more than twice the height. Anterior extremity flattened or
but slightly rounded, often fringed with a row of eight or nine teeth. Posterior extremity
narrowed, excavated above, produced and toothed below. Dorsal and ventral margins
nearly straight. Outline, as seen from above, oblong, widest behind, nearly thrice as
long as broad; the ventral keel produced behind into two broad fimbriated processes.
The contact-margins on the ventral surface are bordered by two flattened ridges, forming
a very broad keel, which projects considerably behind. End view oval, with rounded
lateral protuberances. Surface marked with large pits arranged longitudinally ; in small
or young specimens the punctures are oblong, as in the preceding species; along the
middle of the valve runs a conspicuous elevated rib, a less distinct ridge within the
ventral margin, and another smaller one in an oblique direction behind the antero-dorsal
angle. Right valve larger than the left. Animal unknown.

Length 2p to 5 in., height 9'5 to 3/9 in. hac Ripe. hives
Hab. In deep water. Shetland (Rev. A. M. Norman); Peterhead and Ormeshead (Mr. D. Robertson) ;

Hebrides (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; Aberdeenshire coast (Mr. Dawson) ; Northumberland and Durham
coasts, 85 fathoms, and Birterbuy Bay, 15 fathoms (G. 8. B.); Devonshire coast, 60 fathoms (Mr.

Spence Bate) ; in shell-sand from Roundstone (Dr. Alcock), Baltimore (Mr. E. C. Davison), and
Galway Bay (Prof. Rowney).

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 415

This species bears considerable resemblance to Prof. T. R. Jones’s figures of C. retifas-
tigiata, but a reference to the type specimens, kindly placed at my disposal by that
author, convinces me that the two species are quite distinct. The more elongated forms
figured at 31 and 36 are very probably, as in other species, the males; but I have not
been able to satisfy myself of this, all the specimens which I have examined having
proved to be only empty shells.

27. CYTHERE MIRABILIS, nov. sp. (Plate XXIX. figs. 7, 8.)
Distrisution : Recent—Scotland. Fossil—Glacial, Scotland,

Valves, as seen from the side, subtrapezoidal, highest at the anterior third; greatest
height equal to two-thirds of the length. Anterior extremity broadly and obliquely
rounded, its lower half bearing a series of short blunt teeth; posterior narrow, very
slightly curved, bearing four teeth at the lower angle; superior margin sloping steeply
and in a convex line from before backwards, terminating abruptly in an obtuse angle at
each extremity, more or less abruptly undulated or emarginate throughout, but especially
behind the anterior extremity, where it is twice or thrice deeply and irregularly jagged ;
inferior margin evenly convex. Outline, as seen from above, ovate, twice as long as
broad, obtusely toothed and mucronate behind, margins irregularly spinous and emar-
ginate. Hinge-joint very strongly developed, consisting in the right valve of a triangular
tooth in front and an obliquely truncate one behind; in the left of a strong central bar
ending abruptly behind, and elevated into an angular tooth in front. Surface of the
shell covered in its central and middorsal portions with large angular excavations, and
surrounded on the ventral margin and the extremities by wide and sharply cut irre-
gularly concentric furrows, across which the separating ribs anastomose sparingly.

Length 3} in.

Hab. Off Lumpan Head, Lewis (Admiralty soundings).

I have seen only one valve of this species in a recent state; some of the details above

given are taken from fossil specimens obtained from the Scotch Glacial clays.

28. CYTHERE MUCRONATA (G. O. Sars). (Plate XXVI. figs. 34, 34a.)
Cythereis mucronata, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 48.

—— spinosissima, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. p. 386, pl. lx. figs. 10a-e.
Scandinavian type. Distrisution: Recent—Norway, Shetland.

Valves, as seen from the side, subquadrangular, highest in front of the middle; greatest
height equal to half the length. Anterior margin rounded, fringed with six very broad,
strong, linguiform, obtusely rounded spines ; posterior narrower, fringed also with a series
of about nine much smaller and abruptly truncated spines; superior margin arched,
irregularly emarginate, inferior nearly straight. The central portion of the valves is
closely beset with large, clumsy, irregularly angular protuberances, which, towards the
extremities, are much fewer and smaller; along the ventral margin they form a row of
stout tooth-like spines, the last of which projects strongly outwards and backwards.

416 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

Outline, as seen from below, rhomboidal; greatest width behind the middle, where the
last ventral spine projects, forming a strongly marked angle.

Length 3'5 in.
Hab. Shetland (Rev. A. M. Norman).

One valve only, found amongst dredged sand.

29. CYTHERE DUNELMENSIS (Norman). (Plate XXX. figs. 1-12.)

Cythereis dunelmensis, Norman, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. vol. i. p. 22, pl. vii. figs. 1-4.
—— horrida, Sars, loc. cit. p. 45.

Scandinavian type. Disrrinution: Recent—Baffin’s Bay, Norway, Great Britain. Fossil—Glacial clays
and raised beaches, Scotland and Ireland.

Carapace of female, as seen from the side, elongate quadrangular, highest in front ;
greatest height equal to nearly two-thirds of the length. Anterior margin broadly
rounded and irregularly fringed with short, blunt spines; posterior rectangularly trun-
cate. Dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight. Outline, as seen from above, sub-
ovate, widest in front of the middle, sides nearly parallel; width equal to about half the
length. End view subquadrangular, widest in the middle. Surface coarsely reticulated
and excessively rough, with spinous and tubercular elevations; a curved spinous ridge
just within the anterior margin, and a more or less conspicuous tubercle in front of the
centre of the valve. The posterior portion of the ventral margin is armed with a series
of irregular squamous spines, which often coalesce so as to form a rugged, dentate lamina.
The shell of the male (figs. 5-8) is much elongated, height equal to twice the length;
ventral margin distinctly sinuated, and the surface-spines much coarser and stronger.
Colour yellowish. ‘Eyes large and located in the tubercles of the carapace. Upper
antennee distinctly six-jointed ; last joint almost equal in length to the two preceding,
terminating in four equal sete. Second joint of the last foot longer than the two
following, and bearing on the anterior margin a group of four hairs; terminal claw very
long and slender. Basal portion of the male copulative organs subquadrangular, apical
portion subtriangular, produced and obtusely acuminate in front.”

Length 3\5 in., height 5'5 in.

Hab. Durham coast, in 40 fathoms (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; off Scarborough (Mr. Leckenby) ; Cumbrae,

10 fathoms (Mr. D. Robertson) ; Croulin Islands (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; Roundstone (Dr. Alcock).

This species occurs with tolerable frequency in the Scotch Glacial clays ; but, in the
living state, appears to be somewhat rare. In the Frith of Clyde and north-western
Scottish coast it is rather more common than on the eastern coast. It seems also to be
moderately common on the coast of Norway. .

30. CyrHERE Wuirett, (Baird). (Plate XXX. figs. 21-24.)
Cythereis Whitei, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 175, t. xx. figs. 3, 3a.
British type. Disrrrsution: Recent—Great Britain, Levant. Fossi/—Glacial, Ireland.

Valves, as seen from the side, elongated quadrangular; length equal to twice the height.
Anterior margin abruptly rounded below, and sloping steeply backwards above, where it

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 417

terminates in a conspicuous elevation over the anterior hinge ; posterior margin straight,
and much emarginate. The dorsal margin slopes pretty evenly backwards from the
anterior hinge; the ventral margin nearly straight, but bearing a variable number of
regularly set, short, blunt teeth. Outline, as seen from above, somewhat cuneate,
suddenly narrowed behind, broadest at the posterior third; width equal to nearly half
the length. End view subquadrangular. The surface of the shell is rugose, and bears
three rows of elevated processes, or truncated spines; one row commences at the anterior
hinge, running parallel to and within the anterior and ventral margins nearly as far as
the posterior extremity; a.second row runs directly backwards, almost in the median
line of the valve; a third and much less conspicuous row runs transversely, parallel to
and just within the posterior margin. Animal unknown.
Length 3; in., height ;/p in. . :
Hab. “Tn shell-sand from Tenby, Prof. T. Rupert Jones; and from Torquay, W. C. Williamson, Esq.”
(Dr. Baird) ; Campbeltown, 10 fathoms (Mr. D. Robertson).

31. CYTHERE ANTIQUATA (Baird). (Plate XXX. figs. 17-20.)

Cythereis antiquata, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 176, tab. xx. fig. 2.

British type. Distrisurion: Recent—Great Britain, Ireland, Bay of Biscay, Levant. Fossi/—Glacial
clay and raised beaches, England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Valves rectangular, quadrilateral; length equal to twice the height. Anterior border
rounded at the angles, and armed below with a series of blunt spines; posterior margin
rectangularly truncate, and bearing below the middle several strong linguiform spines.
Dorsal and ventral margins parallel, the latter quite straight, the former cleft into three
or four segments with intervening sulci. The carapace, as seen from below, is oblong,
’ with projecting lateral alee, which taper towards the front, but terminate abruptly behind,
giving to the whole a somewhat arrow-headed outline. Seen from above, the outline is
more irregular. End view subtriangular, deeply emarginate below, each lateral portion
with two strongly projecting ridges. The surface of the shell is tuberculate, and bears
two conspicuous, sharply defined longitudinal ridges, which terminate abruptly in angular
elevations near the posterior extremity of the valve. These ribs are mostly perforated at
the’ base, the rows of apertures thus produced being very conspicuous on the ventral
aspect of the shell (fig. 19). The anterior hinge-tubercle is very large and conspicuous.
Left valve larger than the right. Upper antenne five-jointed, last joint long and
slender; second joint equal in length to the following two; spines straight, very long
and slender. Second joint of lower antenne very short, scarcely half the length of the
third joint. Second joint of the last foot equal in length to the following two; terminal
claw very long and slender. Abdominal lobes terminating in a short seta.

Length 3); in., height 35 in.

Hab. In depths of 7 to 60 fathoms. Hebrides and the Minch (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; Tobermory, at roots
of Laminaria; Shetland, Isle of Skye, and Plymouth (Rev. A. M. Norman} ; Aberdeenshire coast (Mr.
Dawson) ; Oban, Ormeshead, Cumbrae, and Campbeltown, dredged (Mr. D. Robertson) ; Birterbuy
Bay, dredged, and in oyster-ooze from Stranraer (G. S. B.) ; in shell-sand from Tenby (Prof. T. Rupert
Jones), Roundstone (Dr. Alcock), and Cowes (Mr. E. C. Davison) ; off Lewis, 182 miles N.W.,
594 fathoms (Admiralty soundings) .

VOL. XXVI. aL

418 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

The Frith of Clyde seems to be peculiarly rich in the spinous forms hitherto referred
to the genus Cythereis, Mr. Robertson having there dredged all the British species in a
living state: Cythere antiquata appears to be the commonest and most widely distri-
buted of these, but is nowhere very abundant. It is not mentioned by Sars among the
Norwegian Ostracoda.

32. CYTHERE JONESII (Baird). (Plate XXX. figs. 13-16.)

Cythereis Jonesii, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 175, tab. xx. fig. 1; Norman, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumber-

land and Durham, vol. i. p. 21, pl. vii. figs. 5-8.

fimbriata, Norman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Jan. 1862, pl. iii. fig. 9.

Cythere ceratoptera, Bosquet, Entom. fossil. des terr. tertiair. de la France, p. 114, pl. vi. fig. 2; Jones,
Tertiary Entom. p. 39, pl. iv. fig. 1. ;

Cythereis spectabilis, Sars, loc. cit. p. 46.

subcoronata, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. p. 384, pl. Ix. figs. 9a-e, and (?)Speyer, Ostrac. der

Casseler Tertidrbild. p. 38, tab. iv. figs. 9, 10.

? Cythereis cornuta, Jones (young), Entom. of Tert. Form. Eng. p. 39, pl. iv. fig. 19.

Atlantic type. Distrisution: Recent—Norway, Great Britain ; (var. ceratoptera) Ireland; Bay of Biscay,
Levant. Fossi/—Glacial, Scotland ; (var. ceratoptera) tertiary, France, Belgium, England.

Valves compressed in front, but gradually swelling towards the hinder extremity; as
seen from the side, oblong, subquadrangular or ear-shaped; height equal to much more
than half the length. Anterior margin rounded, spinous below, and terminating above
in a well-marked angular elevation over the anterior hinge. Posterior extremity irre-
gularly bordered with spines, the strongest of which are at the ventral angle. Ventral
margin gently curved; dorsal much shorter than the ventral, straight but emargi-
nate, and forming an elevated ridge, which bears at its posterior extremity three or
four strong, linguiform processes. The outline, as seen from below, is irregularly lozenge-
shaped or subrhomboidal, and bordered with strong spinous projections, which gradually
increase in size from the front to the posterior third, where they terminate abruptly ;
width equal to two-thirds of the length. End view equilaterally triangular, the base
perfectly straight. The surface of the shell is quite smooth, and rises gradually from
the front to near the posterior extremity of the valve, at which point the elevation
terminates abruptly in a jagged and spinous declivity.. A strongly developed ridge com-
mences at the anterior hinge-tubercle, running a little within and parallel to the anterior
and ventral margins, as far as the transverse declivity just described; this ridge is, in
the first portion of its course, smooth and rounded, but at the antero-ventral angle
becomes spinous, and retains that character to its termination: the spines, or “ lingui-
form processes,” are about ten in number, very large and strong, with rounded ex- -
tremities. Colour ochreous. LHye-tubercles very large and prominent. Antenne elon-
gate, almost exactly similar to those of C. dunelmensis. Feet slender ; second joint of the
last pair shorter than the united lengths of the following two. Apical portion of the
male copulative organs forming an elongated acuminate process.

Length 3; in., height 75 in.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 4.19

Hab. In depths of from 2 to 60 fathoms. Orkney (Mr. C. W. Peach); Hebrides and the Minch,
45-60 fathoms (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys); Tobermory at roots of Laminaria, Shetland, Isle of Skye
and Lamlash Bay, and Dogger bank (Rev. A. M. Norman); Aberdeenshire coast (Mr. Dawson) ;
Oban, Cumbrac, Ormeshead, Bute, and Campbeltown (Mr. D. Robertson) ; Northumberland coast
(G. S. B.) ; in shell-sand from Roundstone (Dr. Alcock) ; off Lewis (N.B.), 593 fathoms (Admiralty
dredgings) *.

33. CYTHERE (?) ACEROSA, n. sp. (Plate XXXI. figs. 55-58.)

Carapace, as seen from the side, reniform, highest in the middle, greatest height equal
to half the length. Anterior extremity flattened, subtruncate, obtusely angular at its
Junction with the dorsal margin; posterior rounded. Superior margin arched, highest in
the middle; inferior deeply concave, nearly parallel with the dorsal margin. ‘The an-
terior, posterior, and postero-ventral portions of the margin are excessively compressed
and laminar. Outline, as seen from above, oblong, hexagonal; extremities suddenly
tapered, sharply acuminate, sides parallel; width equal to one-fourth of the length.
Surface smooth; colour yellowish, opaque. Animal unknown.

Length 75 in.

Hab. Plymouth (Rev. A. M. Norman).

This remarkable species ought very probably to form the type of a distinct genus;
but as I have had no opportunity of examining the animal, it seems best pro tempore to
place it in its present position. The only specimen extant is in the collection of the
Rey. A. M. Norman, and was obtained by the late Mr. Barlee from nets of trawlers at
Plymouth.

Genus 2. Lrunicytuere, Brady +.

Shell irregularly tuberculate or spinous, rather thin, and horny in texture. Animal
like that of Cythere, except that the antennz are armed with short sete instead of
spines. Upper antennze five-jointed, slender, the last joint much elongated, the ante-
penultimate excessively short. Postabdomen terminating in two rather stout sete.
Inhabits fresh water.

Of this genus I have not yet seen the males; but the structure of the upper antenne,
together with the external characters of the carapace and the freshwater habitat, seems
to require that it should be placed in a distinct genus. I think it very probable that a
more minute examination than I have yet been able to make may reveal also other dif-
ferences than those here specified.

1. LIMNICYTHERE INOPINATA (Baird). (Plate XXIX. figs. 15-18, Plate XXXVIII.
fig. 9, and Plate XX XIX. fig. 1.)
Cythere inopinata, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 172, tab. xx. figs. 1, 1 a-e.
Valves, as seen from the side, reniform, irregular, tuberculate, highest in the middle;
greatest height equal to more than half the length. Anterior border rather narrower
than the posterior, rounded, and produced into a flattened encircling flange. Posterior

* See Appendix. + Intellectual Observer, vol. xii. p. 121.
oL2

420 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

margin slightly rounded, and armed below with a series of from six to twelve small
spines. The dorsum forms a flattened arch; ventral margin deeply incurved near the
middle. Seen from above, the outline is irregularly lanceolate, sharply mucronate in
front, obtusely behind, and mostly asymmetrical, on account of a want of correspondence
in the tuberculation of the valves; greatest width situated at the posterior third, equal
to less than half the length. End view somewhat pyramidal, strongly keeled below.

The surface of the valves is punctate, and marked near the middle with a deep trans-'

verse furrow; the anterior half of each valve bears mostly one, the posterior half two

tubercles ; but these are subject to much variation in position and number, scarcely any
two shells being precisely alike. Colour dull white or straw-coloured. Upper antennze
slender, five-jointed; last joint linear, equal in length to the preceding; the third
scarcely more than half the length of either of the two following; second equal to third
and fourth united. Terminal claws three, nearly equal in length, curved and setiform ;
the fourth joint bears at its apex four sete, about equal in length and strength to the
terminal claws, and near the middle two shorter sete. The second and third joints bear
each one seta. Terminal claws of the second antennze slender. Feet short and stout;
terminal claws of the first and second pairs stout and strongly curved; those of the
third pair slender, subsetiform, and equal in length to the three preceding joints ; second
joint equal in length to the two following. Males unknown.

Length 5 in., height 5 in.

Hab. In fresh water. Hardwick Lake and Raby Park, county Durham (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; Fulwell
Cemetery, Gibside, and in a mill-stream at Hedworth, county Durham; East Belsay Lake, Northum-
berland, and North Shaws Loch, Selkirkshire (G. S. B.) ; in a pond between Hanwell and Southall,
Middlesex (Dr. Baird) ; Glasgow and Paisley Canal (Mr. D. Robertson).

2. LIMNICYTHERE MoNSTRIFICA (Norman). (Plate XXIX. figs. 9-12.) —
Cypris monstrifica, Norman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. ix. 1862, p. 45, pl. ii. figs. 4, 5.

Valves, as seen from the side, oblong subquadrangular, strongly spinous and tuber-
culate. Extremities boldly rounded, the anterior bearing on eaeh valve a marginal
row of about twelve sharp spines. Dorsal margin straight, angulated at its anterior
extremity, whence it slopes gently downwards and backwards. Ventral margin incurved
centrally. Seen from above, the outline is compressed, oval, each valve bearing two
very large spinous tubercles, and several smaller spines and ridges. End view sub-
quadrate, irregularly angulated. The valves are closely punctate, furrowed across the
middle; one strong spinous tubercle on the anterior half, and two on the posterior half
of each valve. The posterior portion is also beset with numerous small sharp spines.
Animal unknown.

Length 35 in.

Hab. Fresh water. In the canal at Fleckney, Leicestershire, August 1856 (Rev. A. M. Norman).

This species was described by Mr. Norman as a Cypris. It seems, however, to have
more affinity with the genus Limnicythere, to which I here refer it. Mr. Norman ob-
serves that it made no attempt to swim in the few days during which he kept it alive.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 421

The excessively rugged surface of the shell would, indeed, constitute a serious impedi-
ment to any rapid movement through the water; consequently we do not observe any
such condition of carapace in the genus Cypris, nor even in Candona. The two or
three specimens on which the species was originally founded are all that have as yet
been observed. It may be noted that specimens of Cypris gibba sometimes assume a
tuberculated or spinous surface ; but never, so far as I know, to such an extent as in
the present species.

Genus 3. CYTHERIDEA, Bosquet.

Shell, as seen from the side, subtriangular or triangularly ovate, highest at the anterior
third; thick and compact in structure. Surface more or less pitted, sometimes smooth
and papillose, or concentrically rugose. Hinge-margin of the right valve bearing a series
of small tubercles or crenulations, which are received into corresponding depressions of
the opposite (left) valve; these tubercles are mostly disposed in two terminal groups, the
intervening portion of the valve-margin being plain or marked by minute tubercles on
the left, and corresponding foss on the right valve. Lucid spots about four, in a trans-
verse row, near the centre of the valve, and two detached spots (which sometimes
coalesce) in front of the main group. Upper antenne very robust, mostly five-jointed,
and bearing strong spines; the last joint narrow and elongated; lower antenne four-
jointed ; urticating setze long and slender, biarticulate. Mandibles large and numerously
toothed ; palp three-jointed, and bearing a distinct branchial appendage. The right foot
of the first and second pairs in the male different from the rest, that of the first pair
very strong and prehensile; of the second very feeble, the apical portion rudimentary
and destitute of a terminal claw. Eyes distinct.

I am unable to find any good distinctive characters to separate the genus Cyprideis
(Jones) from Cytheridea. G. QO. Sars restricts the latter genus (apparently) to certain
very broad and dentate forms, which, however, do not appear to me to present any well-
marked generic characters: the animal is not known, but may be supposed to be, in all
probability, not far different from that of the typical Cytheridea (Cyprideis, Sars). It
may be noted that some of the species included by Sars under Cyprideis belong dis-
tinctly to the series included by Bosquet in his Cytheridea; and one of them (Cyprideis
Bairdii, Sars) is, as I believe, identical with Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet. If the dis-
tinctness of the two genera be maintained, the name Cyprideis should, I think, be reserved
exclusively for C. torosa, which differs to some extent in its anatomy, and probably also
in its mode of reproduction. Many of the fossil forms described by authors as Bairdie
belong undoubtedly to Cytheridea. The genus is a small one; bnt some of the species,
though local, occur in prodigious quantities when the conditions of existence are
favourable.

1. CYTHERIDEA ELONGATA, Brady. (Plate XXVIII. figs. 138-16, and Plate XL. fig. 6.)
Cythere angustata, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 172, tab. xxi. fig. 6.

Atlantic type. Distrisution: Recent—Great Britain, Ireland, Bay of Biscay. Fossi/—Glacial deposits
and raised beaches, Scotland and Ireland.

Carapace, as seen from the side, elongate, not much higher behind than in front;

429 MR. G. S. BRADY'S MONOGRAPH OF

greatest height in the middle, and equal to considerably less than half the length, evenly
rounded in front, obliquely rounded behind, and obsoletely angular at the infero-poste-
rior angle. Superior margin evenly and gently arched, inferior nearly straight for the
anterior two-thirds, then gently convex, behind which it is slightly upturned. Outline,
as seen from above, subovate, sides nearly parallel, width equal to much less than half
the length; anterior extremity obtusely pointed, posterior broadly rounded and emar-
ginate in the middle. End view nearly circular, keeled below. Shell smooth, orna-
mented with very small and distant circular papillee, the ventral surface faintly grooved
in a longitudinal direction, these grooves sometimes extending obscurely round the
anterior margin. Colour light purplish brown; of specimens from shell-sand horny
yellow. Hinge formed by a median crest of the right valve and two terminal curved
flanges of the left valve; altogether weakly developed, and showing no trace of crenu-
lation, but an obscure tooth-like projection on the anterior flange of the left valve.
Penultimate joint of the upper antenne nearly twice as long; second joint nearly four
times as long as the third; last joint half as long as the preceding ; basal joint very stout,
and bearing on its inferior margin a row of about twelve short spinous hairs. Terminal
claw of the third pair of feet long, slender, and flexuous; a single short seta at the apex
of the penultimate joint, none on the antepenultimate. First pair of feet in the male
alike on both sides, subprehensile ; last joint bearing one strong, slightly curved terminal
claw, and one very short spine; second joint armed with one apical claw, similar in size
and shape to that of the last joint; second pair alike on both sides (?), basal joint bear-
ing a stout apical spine; terminal claw long, setiform.

Length 3's in.

Hab. In deep water. Aberdeenshire coast (Mr. Dawson) ; the Minch and Channel Islands (Mr. J. G. Jef-
freys) ; Devonshire coast (Mr. C. Spence Bate) ; Exmouth, Burrow Island, Isle of Portland, Swan-
sea, Tenby, Tobermory, Youghal (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; Pegwell Bay and Poole Bay (Prof. T.
Rupert Jones); in shell-sand from the Mumbles, Frith of Forth, Thames and Roundstone, and in
tide-pools at Sunderland* (G. S. B.); off Yarmouth (Mr. D. O. Drewett); “Devonshire, W. C.
Williamson, Esq.; Tenby, T. Rupert Jones, Esq.” (Dr. Baird) ; off Ormeshead (Mr. D. Robertson.)

Of C. elongata I have seen only one specimen containing the animal—a male. This
was found at the roots of Laminaria at Tobermory by the Rev. A. M. Norman. In
some respects this differs rather remarkably from others of the genus, as, for instance, in
the conformation of the first and second feet, which are here alike on both sides. The
want of crenulation in the hinge-margins of the valves is also an important distinction ;
and notwithstanding the general resemblance of the species to the genus Cytheridea, I
cannot help suspecting that a fuller investigation of the structure of the animal may
show valid generic differences.

Dr. Baird has doubtfully referred this species to Cytherina angustata, Minster; but
the differences in shape and in proportions of length and breadth appear to me too
serious to allow of this identification. It approaches more closely to “ Bairdia” litho-
domoides, Bosquet; but is not precisely similar to it, as I have satisfied myself by the
examination of specimens sent to me by that author.

* This was in all probability a washed-up specimen, as the valves were empty.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 423

2. CYTHERIDEA PAPILLOSA, Bosquet. (Plate XXVIII. figs. 1-6, and Plate XL. fig. 1.)

Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet, Entom. fossil. des terr. tertiair. de la France, p. 42, pl. 11. figs. 5a, 8, ¢, d.
Cythere Bradu, Norman, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1864, p. 192.
debilis, Norman, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. vol.i. p. 15, pl. v. figs. 5-8, and note, p. 28.

Cyprideis Bairdii, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 52.
Scandinavian type. Duistrisurion: Recent—Baflin’s Bay, Norway, Great Britain. Fossi/—Glacial
deposits and raised beaches, Scotland and Norway; tertiary, France and Belgium.

Valves of the female, as seen from the side, oblong, slightly higher in front than behind,
height equal to more than half the length; the postero-ventral termination somewhat
angular. Anterior margin obliquely rounded; posterior sloping steeply with a gentle
curve from above downwards, terminating below in an obtusely rounded angle. Superior
margin very slightly arched, inferior straight or indistinctly sinuated in front of the
middle. Outline, as seen from above, ovate, tumid, rounded at the extremities, the
anterior of which is the narrowest; greatest width behind the middle, equal to half the
length; a slight longitudinal depression along the junction of the two valves behind the
middle. End view nearly circular. The shell of the male is much more elongated, and
nearly equal in height throughout, the height much less than half the length; inferior
margin more decidedly sinuated. Surface of the shell smooth and shining, cream-
coloured, clouded with reddish brown on the dorsal aspect; beset with distant circular
papille. Lucid spots arranged in a transverse row of four, with two others at a consider-
able distance in front. Terminal hinge-processes distinctly crenulated, the intervening
portion more slightly so (Plate XXVIII. figs. 5a, b). Terminal joint of the upper antenna
very short, not half the length of the preceding, armed with a long spine and two sete.
Spines of the third and fourth joints very robust, ensiform. Branchial appendage of the
mandibular palp bearing three sete. First pair of feet very short, last two joints imper-
fectly separated; terminal claw of the third foot much longer than the second joint and
finely ciliated on the margins. Right foot of the first pair in the male very strong, sub-
cheliform, the last three joints coalescent, very thick and massive, and bearing on the
anterior margin a very stout, bearded linguiform process; terminal claw very strong and
bent almost at a right angle; “right foot of second pair very rudimentary, the terminal
portion composed of one very small ovate joint, bearing a short seta on the anterior
margin;”’ the left also different from that of the female, subprehensile, the last three
joints thickened ; terminal claw strong and doubly pectinate. Basal portion of the male
copulative organs subovate; terminal portion bipartite, the anterior segment small and
obtusely triangular, the posterior larger and produced into an acuminate process.

Length g5 in., height go in. - Ay
Hab. In deep water, 10 to 50 fathoms. Hebrides, the Minch (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; Bute, Loch Fyne and

Cumbrae, and Ormeshead (Mr. D. Robertson); Aberdeenshire (Mr. Dawson) ; Northumberland and
Durham coasts (G. S. B.); Yorkshire coast, off Scarborough (Mr. Leckenby) ; Thames estuary (Mr.
E. C. Davison).

C. papillosa seems to be a strictly northern species, and on the Scotch coasts and those
of the north-east of England is one of the most abundant forms. In some few favourable
localities, especially in Loch Fyne, it occurs in great profusion, and is associated with

A QA, MR. G. S. BRADY'S MONOGRAPH OF

C. punctillata to the exclusion of almost all other species. It is remarkable that Sars
has found these two species associated in a similar manner on the Norwegian coast.
From fossil specimens communicated to me by M. Bosquet, I cannot entertain much
doubt that the present species is identical with the C. papillosa of that author, though
the recent specimens are uniformly larger than the fossil ones.

3. CYTHERIDEA PUNCTILLATA, Brady. (Plate X XVI. figs. 35-38, Plate XXVIII. figs.
17-20.)

Cytheridea punctillata, Brady, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi. (1865) p. 189, pl. ix. figs. 9-11.

Cyprideis proxima, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 54. |

Scandinavian type. Distrrsutron: Recent—Baffin’s Bay, Norway, Britain. Fossi/—Glacial and _post-
tertiary deposits, England, Scotland, and Norway.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, oblong, subovate or subtriangular, often
marked more or less distinctly with a central transverse sulcus; greatest height equal to
more than half the length, situated at the anterior third. Anterior margin broad and
well rounded; posterior narrower, suddenly round or almost angular below, but not so
much so as in the preceding species. Superior margin gently arched, highest a little in
front of the middle; ventral nearly straight. Outline, as seen from above, oval, with
rather obtuse extremities. End view ovate, narrowed above, broadly rounded below.
The shell of the male is more elongated, and presents differences of proportion much the
same as in C. papillosa. Surface rough and quite free from polish, marked with thickly
set rounded pittings, in the intervals of which are scattered elevated papille. Lucid
spots six or eight, four in the line of the central sulcus; the rest in one or two separate
patches in advance of the main group. Substance of the shell very dense and thick.
Colour dull brown. Superior antenna rather slender, last joint bearing three terminal
sete. Distal portion of the first feet more slender than in the preceding species,
distinctly three-jointed. Terminal claw of the last pair of feet very long and almost
straight, setiform. Distal portion of the right first foot of the male biarticulate, the first
joint armed in front with a hooked spine, the last joint considerably swollen, its terminal
claw short and curved; “right foot of the second pair as in C. papiliosa, its terminal
segment very small and composed of one joint, the left foot subprehensile, terminal claw
bipectinate. Basal portion of the copulative organs of the male very large, subquadran-
gular, broader than long; terminal portion short, bearing two processes, of which the
anterior is obtuse, the posterior acuminate.”

Length 3}; in., height 35 in.

Hab. In deep water, 10-60 fathoms. Suffolk coast, dredged by Mr. D. O. Drewett ; Loch Fyne (Mr. D.
Robertson) ; Shetland (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; Hebrides, the Minch (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys).

Cytheridea punctillata bears much resemblance in general form to C. papillosa. It is,
however, a more robust species, higher in proportion to its length, and the postero-
ventral angle much less angular. It is also further characterized by a well-marked and
sometimes rather coarse surface-sculpture, and frequently by the central transverse
sulcus, in these latter characters approaching closely C. torosa; whilst C. papillosa
possesses, mostly, a smooth, papillose surface, without any trace of pitting, and C. torosa

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 425

a pitted surface, often without papillee (both rules, however, being liable to occasional
exceptions): in C. punctillata we see a mixture of these two characters.

Bairdia hebertiana, Bosquet, and B. punctatella, Bosquet, are both nearly allied to
the present species, but not absolutely identical with it. M. Bosquet, to whom I have
submitted specimens, agrees with me in this determination. Reuss’s Cytherina inter-
media comes, perhaps, still nearer; but his figures are insufficient for the purpose of
identification. Cytheridea Miilleri, Bosquet, is also a very near relative, but is separated
by the constant tendency to dentation of the anterior, and sometimes of the posterior
margin; this character is entirely absent in C. punctillata.

The only British locality in which this species has been found abundantly is Loch
Fyne, where, as previously stated, it occurs in great numbers in company with C. papillosa.
It is by far the most abundant species in the Scotch glacial clays.

4. CYTHERIDEA ToROSA (Jones). (Plate XXVIII. figs. 7-12, and Plate XXXIX. fig. 5.)

Candona torosa, Jones, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 1850, vi. p. 27, pl. 3. fig. 6.

Cyprideis torosa, Jones (in part), Tertiary Entom. of England, 1856, p. 21; Brady, Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. vol. xiii. (1864) p. 62, pl. iv. figs. 11-23, and Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field Club, vol. vi. p. 108,
pl. i. figs. 11-23; G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 51.

British type. Distrisution: Recent—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, Levant, Sea of Azoff. Fossi/l—
Posttertiary, England and Scotland.

Shell of the.female, as seen from the side, oblong, subovate; length scarcely equal to
twice the height. Dorsal margin arched, highest in front of the middle, where it is
slightly gibbous. Ventral margin straight, or slightly incurved at the anterior third,
mostly furnished with a single stout spine at the posterior angle. Extremities well
rounded. ‘The outline, as seen from above, is oblong-ovate (often irregularly and obso-
letely angular), sides nearly parallel, extremities obtusely pointed; the line of junction
of the hinge-margins depressed behind the middle, forming a longitudinal sulcus. End
view very broadly oval, nearly circular. The right valve is smaller than the left, and
has the dorsal margin inclined more steeply, and almost in a right line, from before
backwards. Shell of the male elongated, more than twice as long as high. Surface of the
valves marked with closely set rounded pittings, and with a more or less conspicuous trans-
verse sulcus somewhat in front of the centre. Young specimens are sometimes furnished
also with a few short, thinly scattered hairs, and at the postero-inferior angle, near the
spine before mentioned, there is often a conspicuous group of rather long hairs. Lucid
spots arranged in a transverse row of about four near the sulcus, with two isolated and
widely separated spots considerably in advance of the main group (fig. 11). The hinge-
ment does not differ materially from that of the two preceding species (see fig. 12).
Colour dull brown. Eyes distinct. The penultimate joint of the superior antenna
scarcely longer than the preceding; the last joint rather longer and slender, ending in
three setze; spines long and slender. Terminal claws of the lower antenne very long.
Branchial appendage of the mandible-palp bearing five sete (fig. 5p, Plate XX XIX.).
Last three joints of the first foot about equal in length to the preceding one; second
joint of the last foot much longer than the following two, and bearing at its apex one

VOL. XXVI. 3 M

4.26 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

long ringed seta and one shorter spine; terminal claw slender, about equal in length to
the second joint. Right foot of the first pair in the male prehensile, four-jointed, much
stronger than the left; the apex of the second joint giving origin to a long, curved,
bearded seta; terminal claw moderately strong; basal joint of the right foot of the
second pair bearing three plumose setz (fig. 5g, Plate XXXIX.); second joint dilated at
the distal extremity and bearing on the anterior margin two fasciculi of short sete, and
at the apex one very long ciliated seta; the left foot of the second pair scarcely different
from that of the female. Second joint of the last pair on the right side armed on the
anterior margin with a dense brush of sete (fig. 5h’), on the left side with four semi-
verticillate groups of shorter hairs. Abdomen of the female (fig. 5m) ending in a large,
curved, acuminate process ; postabdominal lobes bearing two very small plumose sete.
Copulative organs of the male divided at the apex into two processes, one of which is
acutely lanceolate and serrated at the margin, the other obtusely rounded (fig. 54); basal
portion very large and subovate. The ova and undeveloped young are carried within
the carapace of the female.

Length 3’; in., height 35 in.
Hab. In brackish and occasionally in fresh water. Gravesend (Prof. T. R. Jones) ; Girdler Sand, Thames

(Mr. £. C. Davison); Sedgefield, in fresh water; Hartlepool, Weston-super-Mare, and Guernsey
(Rev. A. M. Norman) ; Belsay, in fresh water; Warkworth, Alnmouth, Camboise, Seaton Sluice,
Jarrow Slake, and in shell-sand from Pegwell Bay (G. S. B.).

Cytheridea torosa was first found living by Prof. T. Rupert Jones in brackish water at
Gravesend, and was by him referred to the genus Candona; further examination, how-
ever, Showed the animal to be allied to, if not identical with, Cythere, and revealed also
peculiarities of shell-structure for which the genus Cyprideis was proposed. But there
seems to be no difference of generic importance between this species and the older genus .
Cytheridea. The peculiar sete and ringed hairs which I have described as existing in
C. torosa (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. loc. cit.) are found in some, if not all, of the Cytheridee
and in some allied genera; and the characters of the first pair of feet in the male are
analogous also to those met with in the foregoing species, though the right foot of the
second pair is not rudimentary as in those species. For these reasons I have thought it
desirable to class C. torosa as a true Cytheridea, though there remains one important
character in which, so far as I know, this species stands alone amongst the Ostracoda,
namely, the enormous number of ova borne at a single time by the female. How far this
may prove to be of generic importance, future investigations must show; it is, at any
rate, an interesting fact, and one which fully accounts for the immense numbers in which
the species is often found.

I have had the opportunity, through the kindness of Professor T. Rupert Jones, of
examining the specimens, both recent and fossil, from which the species was first
described; and I find that the more strongly tuberculated forms, from which it derived
its specific name, are referable to C. lacustris. Under these circumstances the name
lacustris should, according to the laws of zoological nomenclature, give way to the prior
term ¢orosa, and the smoother species (the ¢orosa of Sars, of the present monograph, and of
my previous paper) be named afresh. But as the two specific designations here used

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 427

have already gained a certain currency, it seems best not to disturb the existing nomen-
clature for the sake of adherence to a law which, in this case, would further confuse

matters.

5. CYTHERIDEA LACUSTRIS (G.O. Sars). (Plate XX VI. figs. 18-21, and Plate XL. fig. 2.)
Cythere lacustris, G. O. Sars, Zoologisk Reise 1 Sommeren 1862, p. 30.

Cyprideis torosa, Jones (in part), Tertiary Entomostraca, p. 21, pl. il. figs. la—-1i, and woodcut, p. 16. fig. 2.
Distrisution : Recent—Norway, Scotland. Fossi/—Posttertiary, England.

Valves of the female, as seen from the side oblong, subtriangular, highest in front;
greatest height equal to more than half the length. Anterior margin broad and well
rounded; posterior narrowed, obscurely angular above, rounded off below. Superior
margin much elevated and angular over the anterior hinge, thence sloping steeply back-
wards in a right line; inferior straight or very slightly sinuated in front of the middle.
Outline, as seen from above, oblong oval, irregularly emarginate; sides nearly parallel ;
extremities equal and obtusely pointed; width equal to half the length; a deep longitu-
dinal sulcus formed by the depression of the hinge-margins behind the middle. The
ventral surface is marked with faint, jagged, longitudinal furrows. End view ovate,
broad below, pointed above. The shell is thick and dense in structure, covered with
closely set irregular pittings, and with scattered papille, each of which seems to be com-
posed of four small points arranged in a rosulate manner; often these are fused so as to
form one papilla with a central perforation. Valves transversely sulcate and bearing
several irregularly placed rounded tubercles. Colour pale yellowish brown. Hingement
that of Cytheridea, except that the terminal rounded protuberances are scarcely at all
erenated. Limbs very robust. Upper antennze short and stout; terminal joint linear,
considerably longer than either of the two preceding joints, which are about equal in
length and very short; the antepenultimate about equal to the following two; spines
long and slender. Urticating seta of the lower antenna very short, reaching to the base
of the terminal claws. Basal joint of the first pair of feet very stout, about equal in
length to the three following joints, bearing on its posterior margin a very stout flexuous
seta; second joint narrow at the base and much dilated at the distal extremity; last
two joints very short, and distinctly separated; terminal claw slender, slightly curved,
and equal in length to the three preceding joints. Second joint of the last pair much
longer than the following two, which, like those of the other feet, are much dilated at
the apex. Male unknown. —

Length 35 in., height = in.

Hab. North Shaws Loch, Selkirkshire (G. S. B.); Glasgow and Paisley Canal (Mr. D. Robertson).

I took one imperfect specimen of this very interesting species in Selkirkshire in 1864,
since which time Mr. Robertson has found it more abundantly in the neighbourhood of
Glasgow. It occurs fossil in the fluviatile clays of Hornsea, Yorkshire; and at Grays, in

Essex.

428 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

6. CYTHERIDEA SORBYANA, Jones. (Plate X XIX. figs. 1-6.)

Cytheridea sorbyana, Jones, Entom. of Tert. Form. p. 44, pl. iv. figs. 6a-6e.
dentata, G. O. Sars (right valve), Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, p. 56.
imermis, idem (left valve), ibidem, p. 56.

Scandinavian type (?). Disrrrsution: Recent—Norway, Scotland. Fossil—Glacial, Scotland and Nor-
way; crag, England.

Carapace, as seen from the side, broadly subtriangular, highest in front of the middle ;
greatest height equal to two-thirds of the length. Anterior margin broadly rounded,
posterior obliquely rounded, narrowed, and exserted below; the right valve bears on the
anterior margin six blunt teeth; and its postero-ventral angle has one much longer tooth,
which is directed downwards and backwards. Superior margin boldly arched, somewhat
gibbous in front of the middle, sloping with a steep curve behind; inferior margin
slightly convex in front, straight behind. Outline, as seen from above, broadly oval,
with equally rounded extremities, widest in the middle; greatest width equal to two-
thirds of the length. Surface marked with irregular concentric rugee, which are most
pronounced towards the margins, and bearing numerous short and rigid scattered hairs,
which are papillose at the base. The left valve is much larger, higher, and more
rounded, and less attenuated behind than the right, besides being destitute of marginal
teeth. Animal unknown.

Length 3/5 in.

Hab, Off Lewis (Admiralty soundings) ; Hebrides (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys’s dredgings) ; off Ormeshead (Mr. D.
Robertson) .

G. O. Sars, having seen only separated valves of this species, has naturally referred
them to two distinct specific forms, which is not surprising, considering the great
dissimilarity between the right and left valves. I had myself adopted the same course
until I saw a perfect carapace (posttertiary fossil), collected by the Rev. H. W. Crosskey
in Norway; this at once showed me the mistake. I have figured the Norwegian shell
for the sake of better illustration (figs. 2-4), all hitherto found recent specimens con-
sisting merely of detached valves.

7. CYTHERIDEA ZETLANDICA, n.sp. (Plate XXVIII. figs. 42-46.)

Valves, as seen from the side, oblong subreniform; greatest height near the posterior
extremity, equal to more than half the length. Anterior and posterior margins obliquely
rounded; the anterior narrow; the posterior broad and subtruncate. Dorsal margin
forming a flattened arch; ventral straight, with a slight median sinuation. Seen from
above, the carapace is oval, widest in the middle, rather obtusely pointed in front,
broader behind; greatest width equal to half the length. End view obovate, broadly
rounded above, pointed below. Lucid spots about five in number; irregularly angular
and rather crowded together. Surface smooth, dull yellowish white. Animal unknown.

Length 37 in.

The general appearance of C. zetlandica is very like that of Candona candida; it has
not, however, the polish of the freshwater species. Two or three specimens taken by
Mr. Barlee in rock-pools in Shetland, and now in Mr. Norman’s collection, are the only

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. ~ 429

examples that I have seen. Its position in the genus Cytheridea must be considered
merely provisional.

8. CYTHERIDEA (?) SUBFLAVESCENS, Brady. (Plate XXXIV. figs. 53-55.)
Cythere subflavescens, Brady, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866, p. 210.

Carapace, as seen from the side, subtriangular, highest in the middle; greatest height
equal to rather more than half the length; extremities rounded, anterior broad, posterior
somewhat narrowed; superior margin well arched, highest in the middle, where it is
obscurely angular, inferior slightly convex. Outline, as seen from above, ovate, pointed
in front, rounded behind; greatest width in the middle, scarcely equal to half the length.
Surface smooth, finely and closely punctate, very slightly pubescent; colour yellowish.
Animal unknown.

Length +35 in.

Hab. The Minch, 45-60 fathoms (Rev. A. M. Norman).

One specimen only of this species was found, by Mr. Norman, in sand dredged amongst

the Hebrides in 1866.

Genus 4. HucyTHERE, Brady.
(Cytheropsis, G. O. Sars*.)

Carapace high and compressed in front, lower and more tumid behind. Shell thin,
pellucid, and marked with conspicuous round white papille. Hinge-joint formed on the
right valve by a projecting flange or crest, which is received into a corresponding depression
of the left valve. ‘Superior antennze five-jointed, and in structure almost like those of
Cythere; inferior much more robust, four-jointed; flagellum (urticating seta) long.
Mandibular palp three-jointed ; branchial appendage very small. Cutting portion of the
first maxille weaker than usual; internal segment rudimentary. Second pair of maxille
very large, dilated in an extraordinary manner at the apex, flabelliform, and beset with
numerous apical sete. Feet weak and slender, subequal; terminal claws long and almost
straight, alike in the male and female. Copulative organs of the male unusually small.
One eye.”

Though one species of this genus, Z. declivis, is tolerably common on the British coast,
I have never yet obtained specimens in such a state of preservation as to allow of the
examination of the animal. A deficient supply of specimens has also prevented Sars
from making a very accurate investigation of the anatomical structure; but there would
seem to be little doubt that there is quite sufficient peculiarity in the shell and internal
parts to constitute a distinct genus.

* The name Cytheropsis, having been already used by M‘Coy in the ‘ Systematic Description of the British Pale-

ozoic Fossils in the Geological Museum of the University of Cambridge,’ 1855, it is necessary to substitute another
name for this genus.

430 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

1. EucyTHERE DECLIVIS (Norman). (Plate XXVII. figs. 22-26, 52-55.)

Cythere declivis, Norman, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. vol. 1. p. 16, pl. v. as 9-12, and Brit.
Assoc. Report, 1864, p. 192.

? Cytheropsis tenuitesta, Sars, loc. cit. p. 59.

British type. Distrisution: Recent—Norway, Great Britain, and Ireland. ossil—Glacial, Scotland.

Valves of the female as seen from the side subtriangular, broad and well rounded in
front, tapering to a narrowly rounded point behind; greatest height in the middle, equal
to considerably more than half the length. Superior margin boldly arched in front of
the middle, thence sloping steeply to the posterior extremity; inferior margin gently
sinuated in front of the middle. Outline as seen from above oblong, ovate; greatest
width equal to about half the length, situated at the posterior third; extremities pointed.
End view somewhat pyramidal, the base rounded. Shell pellucid, smooth, or marked with
very fine puncta, and beset with distant round white papillae. Lucid spots three or four
in a transverse row, with two (usually coalescent) in front. Carapace of the male much
more elongated, and less arched on the dorsum; height equal to less than half the length.
“Upper antennze moderately long, the second joint much shorter than the united length
of the three following; last joint narrow and linear. Internal lobe of the first maxille
forming a very small bisetose tubercle; external lobe or palp not larger than the other
two, the last joint much longer than the preceding. Branchial lamina subquadrangular,
the four external setz thicker than the others, and more densely ciliated. Feet very
slender, terminal claws very long and narrow. Copulative organs very small, distal
portion obtusely rounded.” This description of the animal, quoted from G. O. Sars, applies
to the male only of #. tenuitesta.

Length 25 in.

Hab. In depths of 2-60 fathoms. Shetland, Channel Islands, and the Minch (Mr. Jeffreys’s dredgings) ;
Donegal Bay (Mr. E. C. Davison); Lerwick (Mr. D: Robertson) ; Aberdeenshire coast (Mr. Dawson) ;
Plymouth, Falmouth, Isle of Skye (Rev. A. M. Norman); Northumberland and Durham coasts,
25-46 fathoms, Preston Pans (oyster-ooze), Galway Bay, Roundstone Bay, Devonshire coast, South
Wales (G. S. B.).

The female of H. declivis seems to be very much more abundant than the male;
indeed, except two specimens (figs. 54, 55) obtained by Mr. Norman from the Sound
of Skye, I have seen no males; and these I conclude to be so simply from their close
agreement with Sars’s description and with a drawing which he has kindly sent me.
I had been disposed (lacking the opportunity of anatomical investigation) to consider
the form figured at 49 to be the male of declivis; but, in deference to the observations of
G. O. Sars, I must for the present refer it to the following species. There is, however,
a curiously contorted form which occurs pretty numerously (figs. 52, 53) in a gathering
from the Devonshire coast, and which, from its general resemblance, I am inclined to
refer to the present species. The bulk of the gathering consists of the ordinary female
forms (fig. 22); and there are none answering to the male, unless we consider as such the
curved forms here referred to. Without further opportunities of investigation it is
impossible to decide the question. Possibly this curved form may be a distinct species ;
at the same time it may be well to bear in mind the possibility of there being two distinct

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 431

males, as has been shown to be the case in some crustacea. A curious roughly punctate
and small form, which I suppose to be referable to a variety or stage of growth of this
species, is represented at Plate XXV. figs. 49, 50.

2. EucyTHERE ArGus (G. O. Sars). (Plate XX VII. figs. 49-51.)

Cytheropsis Argus, Sars, loc. cit. p. 58.

Scandinavian type (?). Distrrsution: Recent—Norway, Great Britain, and Ireland. ossi/—Glacial,
Scotland and Norway.

Valves of the female, as seen from the side, subovate, highest in the middle; height
equal to more than half the length. Anterior margin rounded, posterior rather narrower
and obliquely rounded; superior margin highest in the middle, thence sloping with a
gentle curve towards each extremity, but more steeply backwards ; inferior slightly sinu-
ated in front of the middle. Outline, as seen from above, ovate, widest behind the middle,
ereatest width equal to half the length; obtusely pointed in front, rounded behind.
Shell pellucid, thickly set with rounded white papillz, which are very much larger than
thuse of the preceding species. ‘Second joint of the upper antenne about equal to the
united length of the following three, last joint short, ending in a strong spine and two
or three setze ; lower antenne short and thick, last joint larger than usual, and armed
with two claws, of which the internal is the smaller, the external strong and armed on
the anterior margin, towards the apex, with six teeth. Internal segment of the first
maxille forming a simple spine. Feet very short, terminal claw scarcely longer than
the united length of the two last joints.”

Length 7s in. ,v
Hab. In shell-sand, Galway Bay (Prof. Rowney) ; Girdler Sand (Mr. E. C. Davison) ; off Holy Island

(G. S. B.) ; Shetland (Mr. D. Robertson).

My collection contains only two or three specimens (one a female, the others males)
from the three first-named localities; but Mr. Robertson obtained a fine series from his
Shetland dredgings, off the Isle of Papa.

Genus 5. Inyopatss, G. O. Sars.

Valves thin and pellucid, subovate, truncate behind; smooth and shining, and set with
very small distant papille. Hinge-joint simple, formed by a slight projection of the
left valve, which is received into a corresponding depression of the right. Upper antennz
very stout, five-jointed, the first two joints much thickened, the last three short and
bearing long curved spines; lower antenne four-jointed. Mandibles small, with unu-
sually long slender teeth; palp three-jointed, the second joint elongated, “branchial
appendage having two long ciliated sctee and one rudimentary.” Maxille of the usual
form. Feet very short; the first two pairs three-jointed, the last pair four-jointed.
“ Right foot of the last pair, in the male, prehensile and only three-jointed, terminal claw
very large and strong. Abdomen of the female very convex above, the postabdominal
lobes bearing two short hairs.” Eyes wanting.

'

432 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

JLYOBATES BARTONENSIS (Jones). (Plate XXXIV. figs. 11-14, & Plate XL. fig. 5.)

Cytherideis bartonensis, Jones, Tertiary Entomostraca, p. 50, pl. v. figs. 2a, 26, 8a, 30.
Ilyobates pretexta, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 60.

Scandinavian type. Disrrrsurron : Recent—Norway, Britain, Bay of Biscay. Fossi/—Tertiary, England.

Carapace of the female, seen from the side, elongate, subovate, slightly higher
behind than in front; greatest height behind the middle and equal to half the length.
Anterior margin evenly rounded, posterior obliquely rounded, almost truncate. Superior
margin slightly arched, inferior nearly straight and forming almost a right angle with
the posterior extremity. Outline, as seen from above, ovate, tapering in front to an obtuse
point, posterior extremity truncate and evenly excavated; greatest width behind the
middle and equal to nearly half the length. End view subcireular. Carapace of the
male much narrower and more elongated. Shell smooth, pellucid, with opaque patches,
the brown body of the animal shining through; surface set with small distant papille,
and, more especially along the anterior and inferior margins, with rather long single
hairs. Lucid spots large, quadrangular, four in a transverse row, mostly two or three
more in front, and others sometimes scattered irregularly over the valves. Last three
joints of the upper antenne shorter than the preceding one; basal joint of the lower
antenne bearing on the upper margin a brush of long hairs; last joint terminating in
three long, slender, nearly equal claws. Terminal claw of the second pair of feet
longer than that of the rest. ‘‘ Basal portion of the copulative organs of the male very
large, subquadrangular, armed behind and below with a long spiniform process ; distal
portion short, acutely produced before and behind.”

Length 3'5 in.

Hab. The Dogger bank off Scarborough (Mr. Leckenby’s dredgings) ; the Minch, 45-60 fathoms, and
Loch Alsh'and Loch Fyne (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys); Shetland (Mr. D. Robertson).

This is a very peculiar species, and cannot be confounded with any other recent form ;
but there is one which occurs in some of the older glacial clays which, if not identical
with the present, is at any rate very closely allied; it is, however, larger and less
elongated, besides presenting other minor differences. It is interesting to note that
this, and one or two other species occur (in Britain) only on the Dogger bank, and on
the western and northern shores of Scotland.

Genus 6. LoxoconcnA, G. O. Sars.
(Normania, Brady, Zool. Trans. vol. v.)

Valves subrhomboidal in shape, mostly regularly convex ; surface usually marked with
fine concentric pittings and distant circular papille, rarely bearing deep polygonal
excavations; ventral margin forming a thin and prominent keel behind the middle ;
posterior dorsal angle obliquely truncate. Hinge-joint formed by four small teeth,
situated at the extremities of the hinge-line, two on each valve, the intervening portion
of the valve-margin often finely crenulated. Limbs of the animal slender and colourless.
Upper antenne very slender, six-jointed, the last joint very long, linear, and bearing

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 433

long simple setz ; lower antenne four-jointed, the third joint long and narrow ; flagel-
lum long and biarticulate. Mandibular palp three-jointed, bearing a distinct branchial
appendage. Lowest seta of the branchial plate of the first pair of jaws deflexed. Feet
long and slender, alike in male and female. Abdomen terminated by a hairy conical
process ; postabdominal lobes bearing two moderately long subequal sete.

The genus is well characterized by the oblique “ peach-stone ” outline of the carapace,
and by the very slender, setose but non-spinous limbs of the animal. The typical form
is well represented by the species described by Dr. Baird under the name Cythere im-
pressa, which is common both in a recent state and in the posttertiary formations of
England, Scotland, and Norway.

1. Loxoconcua mmpressaA (Baird). (Plate XXV. figs. 35-40, and Plate XL. fig. 4.)

Cythere impressa, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 173, t. xxl, fig’ 9:

viridis, Lilljeborg, De Crustaceis, p. 168, tab. xviii. figs. 4-6 & 8-13, and tab. xix. figs. 3-5.
flavida, Zenker, Ueber die Krebsthiere, p. 86, tab. v.B.

carinata, Brady, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi. (1865) p. 190, pl. ix. figs. 1-4.

rhomboidea, Fischer, Abhandl. d. bayerischen Acad. d. Wissenschaften, Bd. vii. p. 656 (fide G. O.
Sars).

Loxoconcha rhomboidea, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 62.

British type. Distrinution: Recent—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, Bay of Biscay. Fosst/—Glacial
deposits and raised beaches, Norway, Scotland, England, and Ireland.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, rhomboidal; greatest height in the middle,
equal to two-thirds of the length; extremities obliquely rounded, the posterior obliquely
truncate above the middle; superior strongly arched, inferior sinuated in front of the
middle, and prominently keeled behind*. Outline, as seen from above, tumid, widest in
the middle, and tapering evenly to the extremities, which are sharply pointed ; width
equal to somewhat more than half the length. The shell of the male is much lower in
front than behind, the dorsal margin straight, and angular at the anterior and posterior
extremities; outline as seen from above considerably less tumid than in the female.
Surface often covered with a thick calcareous crust, and marked with closely set im-
pressed puncta, which are arranged in more or less regular concentric rows. Young
specimens bear in the intervals of the pittings distant elevated papille. Hinge-processes
very feebly developed, intervening margin crenulated. Colour yellowish white, and,
when occurring in tidal pools or amongst seaweed, marked with rather large brown spots.
Upper antenne very slender; the second joint pilose on its anterior margin, and shorter
than the united lengths of the two following joints ; last two joints about equal in length,
each bearing at its apex three or four very long slender sete. Third joint of the
lower antenne long and narrow, bearing two sete above the middle of the posterior
margin, and finely serrated below. Second joint of the last pair of feet about equal to
the conjoined length of the two following joints; last joint finely toothed on its anterior

* In my paper (‘ Fossil Entomostraca from the Brick-earth of the Nar’’) the anterior extremity of C. carinata
is erroneously described as the posterior, and vice versd.

VOL. XXVI. 3N

ABA MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

margin. Apical portion of the male copulative organs tuberculated behind, acuminate
in front. Eyes distant and separate.

Length go im: 0
Hab. Littoral and in deep water. In shell-sand from the Girdler Sand (Thames), Cowes, Baltimore,

and Donegal (Mr. E. C. Davison); Isle of Man, Cumbrae, Oban, Lerwick (Mr. D. Robertson) ;
Guernsey, Falmouth, Swansea, Youghal, Skye, Stornoway, Tobermory (Rev. A. M. Norman) ;
Arran, Roundstone, Galway, and South Wales in shell-sand ; Birterbuy and Roundstone Bays ;
dredged, and in rock-pools, Arranmore and Sunderland (G. S. B.) ; Channel Islands and Hebrides
(Mr. Jeffreys) ; Devonshire coast, 60 fathoms (Mr. Spence Bate) ; Norfolk coast (Mr. D. O. Drewett).

Loxoconcha impressa is one of the commonest of British species, occurring almost all
round our shores, but much more sparingly on the eastern coast. Where it does occur,
however, it is usually, as in the west of Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the Firth of Clyde,
one of the most abundant species.

The surface-marking varies considerably. Young specimens are smooth, pellucid,
finely punctate, and beset with large circular papille; but as age advances the shell
becomes covered with a thick calcareous crust which obliterates the papille, the puncta
becoming at the same time coarser and deeper. This state is represented at fig. 40,
where a portion of the outer crust (4) has been detached, exposing the original shell-
surface (a). This is interesting as showing one possible source of error in the discrimi.
nation of species, many of which have been founded on characters not so distinct as
those shown in the two conditions of fig. 40. When I applied the name carinata to this
species I believed that Dr. Baird’s Cythere impressa was the species here called, after
G. O. Sars, Cythere villosa. An examination of the type specimens and of the original
description, shows, however, that the term impressa refers to the present species.

2. LOXOCONCHA GRANULATA, Sars. (Plate XXV. figs. 51, 52.)
Loxoconcha granulata, Sars, loc. cit. p. 64.
Distripution: Britain, Norway.

Carapace of the female, seen from the side, subrhomboidal; greatest height in the mid-
dle, and equal to more than half the length. Anterior margin obliquely rounded; pos-
terior forming an obtuse projection in the middle, obliquely truncate above; superior
margin very slightly arched, inferior convex, sinuated in front of the middle. Outline, as
seen from above, subovate; greatest breadth in the middle, equal to half the length; ex-
tremities equal, sharply tapering. The shell of the male is more elongated and straighter
on the superior margin, which is also more angular at the extremities. Surface of the
valves marked by small and closely set concentric pittings. ‘‘Second joint of the inferior
antennee shorter than the three following; last two joints equal, elongated ; third joint
of the lower antenna almost as in L. tamarindus; its anterior border bearing, above the
median sete, some equally distant very short hairs. Second joint of the last pair of
feet longer than the two following. Male copulative organs large, basal portion sub-
quadrangular, apical portion produced before and behind into a very slender subulate
process. Eyes separate.”

Length (male) 5's in.

Hab. In oyster-ooze from Stranraer,

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. ABH

Of this species I have seen only one British specimen, a male, from which the figures
here given were taken. It seems to be very closely allied to L. impressa, as well as to
LL. tamarindus, and I should scarcely have ventured to describe it as a distinct species,
had its peculiarities not been carefully studied by G. O. Sars, and by him considered to
warrant its separation. The male has, as Sars observes, very much the same form as the
female of LZ. tamarindus; but the shell-structure is much more like that of impressa,
which the female also resembles in outline.

3. LoxocoNcHA ELLIPTICA, n. sp. (Plate XXVII. figs. 38, 39, 45-48, and Plate XL.
fig. 3.)

Valves of the female, as seen from the side, subrhomboidal, rather higher in front than
pehind; height equal to two-thirds of the length. Extremities obliquely rounded.
Superior margin arched; inferior sinuated in front of the middle and slightly keeled
behind. Seen from above, the outline is oblong-ovate, extremities acuminate; greatest
width behind the middle, equal to half the length. Lucid spots curved or comma-shaped ;
four placed transversely, with one or two at a little distance in front. Surface of the
shell smooth and finely punctate, bearing small scattered papille, and often incrusted
like the preceding species. Colour yellowish brown, with patches of rather darker shade.
The male is larger, more elongated, and more regularly quadrilateral, the dorsal margin
nearly straight and angulated at its extremities ; seen from above the outline is more
compressed, the sides subparallel. Superior antenne slender; the second joint equal in
length to the two following; last joint considerably longer than the preceding. Inferior
antennee scarcely different from those of the preceding species. Second joint of the
third pair of feet equal in length to the two following.

Length (of the male) go in., (female) os in.

Hab. In brackish water. Arnold’s Pool, Guernsey (Rev. A. M. Norman); Girdler Sand, Thames (Mr.
#, C. Davison) ; in pools at the mouth of the Seaton Burn and Wansbeck, Northumberland (G. S. B.).

4, LOXOCONCHA TAMARINDUS (Jones.) (Plate XXV. figs. 45-48.)

Cytherideis tamarindus, Jones, Tertiary Entom. p. 49, pl. ii. fig. 4a, 4.

Cythere levata, Norman, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. and Durh. vol. i. p. 18, pl. v. figs. 13-16, and Brit.
Assoc. Report, 1864, p. 192.

Loxoconcha longipes, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 63.

British type. Duistripution: Recent—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, Bay of Biscay. Fossil—Crag,
England; glacial and raised beaches, England, Scotland, Ireland, and Norway.

Valves of the female, as seen from the side, oblong, subquadrilateral, equal in height
throughout; length equal to nearly twice the height. Anterior margin evenly rounded ;
posterior angulated in the middle and obliquely truncate above. Inferior margin straight,
terminating behind in an obtuse angle ; ventral sinuated in front, slightly convex behind.
Outline, as seen from above, oblong-oval, greatest width in the middle, equal to less
than half the length; extremities pointed. Shell fragile, pellucid, smooth and polished ;
marked with a few fine scattered puncta. Colour white or yeliowish. ‘‘ Upper antennze
much more robust than in L. impressa, and beset partially with spiniform sete ; second

3.N 2

436 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAFH OF

joint about equal in leneth to the three following*, last joint very slender and much longer

than the preceding; third joint of the lower antenne shorter and thicker, two sete

attached abcut the middle of the anterior margin. Feet, especially the last pair, much
elongated; the second joint of the last pair longer than the two following joints. Copu-
lative organs of the male much shortened; apical portion indistinctly separate from the
basal, acutely produced in front, rounded behind. LHyes distinct.” Shell of the male
slightly more elongated.

Length #5 in.

Hab. Hebrides, the Minch (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys); Guernsey, Falmouth, Burrow Island, Skye, Lamlash
Bay, and in tide-pools, Herm (Rev. A. M. Norman); in shell-sand, Girdler Sand, Margate, and
River Ribble (Mr. E. C. Davison) ; Devonshire coast, 5-60 fathoms (Mr. C. Spence Bate) ; Ormes-
head, Peterhead, Macduff, Cumbrae, and Shetland (Mr. D. Robertson) ; Aberdeenshire coast (Mr.
Dawson); Northumberland and Durham coasts, in tide-pools and in 30-46 fathoms; Galway,
Roundstone, and Birterbuy Bays, 1-15 fathoms ; in shell-sand from Stranraer and South Wales, and
in tide-pools, Sunderland iG S.B.); Norfolk coast (Mr. D. O. Drewett).

From an examination of Prof. T. Rupert Jones’s type specimens, I have no hesitation
in referring this species to his Cytherideis tamarindus. I have never seen any valves con-
taining the animal, except two or three Norwegian specimens kindly sent to me by Sars.

5. Loxoconcya Gurrata (Norman). (Plate XXVII. figs. 40-44.)

Cythere guttata, Norman, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. and Durh. vol. 1. p. 19, pl. vi. figs. 9-12, and
Brit. Assoc. Report, 1864, p. 192.

British type. Disrrisution : Recent—Great Britain, Ireland, Bay of Biscay, Levant. Fossi/—Glacial
and postglacial, Scotland, Ireland.

Valves of the female, seen from the side, rhomboidal or peach-stone-shaped ; greatest
height equal to much more than half the length. Dorsal margin straight or only slightly
arched, angular at each extremity. Ventral margin convex, sinuated at the anterior
third. The lower half of the anterior border is rounded; the upper half flattened, and
sloping backward to its junction with the dorsal border; posterior margin obliquely
rounded below, produced into a rounded angular projection about the middle, obliquely
truncate and emarginate above. Seen from above, the carapace is ovate, tumid, widest
behind the middle; strongly keeled; extremities obtusely mucronate, greatest width
equal to half the length. The end view is very broadly ovate, almost circular. ‘The shell
of the male is much more elongated, the dorsal margin quite straight and obtusely
angular at each extremity, ventral margin only slightly convex behind. The greater
portion of each valve is covered with large and sharply defined, deep, angular pittings,
but these are wanting round the margins: on the ventral surface they coalesce into
irregular furrows. Colour straw-coloured, brown, or slaty-blue.

Length ?5 in. :

Hab. Deep water: Plymouth (Rev. A. M. Norman); Devonshire coast, 60 fathoms (Mr. Spence Bate’s

dredginys) ; Girdler Sand, Thames (Mr. E. C. Davison); Aberdeenshire coast (Mr. Dawson); in ~

shell-sand from Stranraer, Roundstone, and Galway Bay; Birterbuy Bay, dredged; Norfolk coast ;

* As this phrase occurs frequently in the course of the Monograph, it should be stated that the wnzted lengths of
the following joints are always meant.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 437

Northumberland and Durham coasts, 25-46 fathoms (G. S. B.) ; Ormeshead and Shetland (Mr. D.
Robertson) ; Hebrides, 45-60 fathoms (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys).

This is a strictly deep-water species, and, though occurring over a wide range of coast-
line, is seldom found in great numbers. The only locality in which I have found it at
all common is Birterbuy Bay, Ireland, where it is mostly of a deep-brown or slaty-blue
colour.

Genus 7. XESTOLEBERIS, G. O. Sars.

Shell very smooth and polished, ornamented with small round distant papille, much
lower in front than behind, in the female very tumid behind. Hinge-joint formed by a
dentated projecting crest of the left, which is received into an excavation of the right
valve. Ventral margin of both valves incurved in front of the middle. Upper antenne
six-jointed, the last four joints successively decreasing in length, and bearing very short
simple setae; lower antenne short, four-jointed, flagellum of moderate length. Mandi-
bular palp four-jointed; “branchial appendage small and bearing only two setw.”
Maxille as in the preceding genus. Feet short. Postabdominal lobes bearing two sete.
Eyes distinct. Ova and immature young borne within the shell of the female.

This genus is chiefly distinguished by the peculiar form of the carapace, which is very
low and pointed in front, elevated and tumid behind, in these respects offering a direct
contrast to the genus Hucythere, with which, however, in the character of the hinge-
joint and of the surface-markings, it to a great extent agrees. Zenker and Sars agree in
stating these animals to be viviparous, a character which I have not myself had an op-
portunity of examining.

1. XESTOLEBERIS AURANTIA (Baird). (Plate XXVII. figs. 34-37, and Plate XXXIX.
fig. 6.)

Cythere aurantia, Baird, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. 148, t. v. fig. 26 (1835), and Brit. Entom. p. 171, tab. xxi.
fig. 8.

—— nitida, Lilljeborg, De Crust. ex. ord. trib. p. 169, tab. xix. figs. 6-7.

viridis, Zenker, Anat.-syst. Studien tiber die Krebst. p- 86, tab. v. A.

Xestoleberis nitida, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 67.

Atlantic type. Disrrisution: Recent—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland.

Carapace of the female, seen from the side, subtriangular ; greatest height a little behind
the middle, equal to nearly two-thirds of the length. Anterior margin much narrowed,
rounded; posterior very broadly rounded; superior boldly arched, sloping more steeply
in front than behind; inferior slightly sinuated in front of the middle. Outline, seen
from above, ovate, tapering gradually to a point in front, broadly rounded behind;
greatest width behind the middle, equal to half the length. The shell of the male
(see fig. 35) differs in being more elongated and scarcely so tumid behind. Shell smooth
and polished, bearing very small scattered papille. Colour deep brownish orange, or
sometimes white ; a very conspicuous black or deep-crimson spot in front of the eyes.
Second joint of the upper antenne shorter than the three following; terminal claws of
the lower antennz short, scarcely more than double the length of the last joint ; flagellum
stout; poison-gland very large and deeply coloured. Second joint of the last pair of

438 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

feet much longer than the following two. Terminal claws very short, stout, and bent

almost at aright angle. ‘‘ Distal portion of the male copulative organs narrow, lingui-

form, and projecting downwards.”
Length +}; in.

Hab. Littoral. Dunstanborough (in tide-pools), Arranmore (in tide-pools), Roundstone Bay (1 fathom in
mud) (G. 8. B.) ; Poole Bay (Prof. T. Rupert Jones) ; Berwick Bay (Dr. Baird) ; Arran, Loch Carron,
Guernsey, Herm, and Falmouth (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; Macduff (Mr. D. Robertson) ; Girdler Sand,
(Mr. E. C. Davison).

This seems to be a strictly littoral species, and, though closely allied to the following,
is undoubtedly quite distinct. The principal points of difference are noticed under
A. depressa.

2, XESTOLEBERIS DEPRESSA, G. O. Sars. (Plate XXVII. figs. 27-33.)

Xestoleberis depressa, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 68.
¢ Cytherina impressa, Reuss, Foram. u. Entom. d. Kreidemergels y. Lemberg (Haidinger’s Abhandl.
vol. iv. 1850), p. 48, tab. vi. fig. 5.

british type. Distrisurion : Recent—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland. Fossil—Glacial, Scotland and
Ireland; cretaceous, Lemberg ?

Carapace of the female very tumid, breadth much greater than the height; as seen
from the side, subtriangular, greatest height somewhat behind the middle, equal to more
than half the length. Anterior margin narrow, rounded; posterior obtusely rounded,
subtruncate; dorsal margin arched, sloping steeply in front, more rounded behind;
ventral slightly sinuated in front of the middle. Outline, as seen from above, tumid,
broadly rounded behind, widest at the posterior third, thence tapering to the acuminate
anterior extremity; greatest width equal to two-thirds of the length. End view subtri-
angular, angles well rounded, base nearly flat, height much less than the width. Shell
of the male, as seen from the side, more elongated and triangular ; seen from above, ovate,
widest in the middle. Shell pellucid or opaque pearly white, often tinged at the anterior
extremity with reddish orange, very smooth and polished, iridescent, studded with small,
distant, setose papillz. The contact margins on the ventral surface marked with trans-
verse hair-like lines. ‘‘ Antenne shorter than in the preceding species, second joint
of the upper pair shorter than the three following; terminal claws of the lower pair
long. Second joint of the last pair of feet about equal in length to the two following,
terminal claw very long and curved. Distal portion of the male copulative organs larger
than in the preceding species, and broadly lanceolate.”

Length 7; in.

Hab. In depths of 2-60 fathoms, and very rarely in tidal pools. Shetland, the Minch, and Channel
Islands (Mr. Jeffreys’s dredgings) ; Scarpa Flow, Orkney (Mr. E. C. Davison) ; Aberdeenshire coast
(Mr. Dawson) ; Cumbrae, Peterhead, and Oban (Mr. D. Robertson) ; Devonshire coast, 60 fathoms
(Mr. C. Spence Bate); Arran, Tobermorey, Loch Fyne, Stornoway (Rev. A. M. Norman); Northum-
berland and Durham coasts, 25-46 fathoms ; Galway, Roundstone, and Birterbuy Bays (G. S. B.).

This is one of the most beautiful and most widely distributed of our marine Ostracoda.
It is mainly distinguished from the preceding species by the excessively tumid and
depressed form of carapace in the female, by the absence of any black spot in front of

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 439

the eyes, the uniform white colour of the shell (except where the extremities or dorsum
are tinged with orange, which is not a very uncommon occurrence), lastly by the peculiarly
beautiful ividescence of the shell, a character of constant occurrence in this species, but
never, so far as I know, found in_X. aurantia; I have often observed it even in fossil spe-
cimens of XY. depressa. The chief distinctive character of the animal itself is found in the
long terminal claws of the fect and lower antenne. In habitat it ranges from 2 to 60
fathoms or upwards, while X. awrantia is purely littoral. G. O. Sars gives the following
interesting account of the development of the young, which, as previously stated, are
carried within the shell of the mother during the earlier stages of existence. ‘“ We may
recognize four distinct stages of development, which are often found in one and the same
mother. The first stage is that of the mature egg just escaped from the ovary, in which
may be seen the outer membrane and an inner mass of yelk, on one side of which is
visible the germinal vesicle. In the next stage the egg assumes a kidney-shape, one
side of which (the ventral) is much incurved: one already sees an indistinct appearance
of the eyes while there is as yet no trace of the limbs. These first appear in the third
stage, and first of all the lower antennze. The valves are already formed, and present a
peculiar shape, being very much produced immediately over the eyes. In the last stage
the shell assumes its adult form. The antennze, of which the upper are still only five-
jointed, the mandibles, and maxille are already well-developed, whilst the feet are rudi-
mentary, and appear only as pointed inarticulate appendages.”

Genus 8. CyTHERURA, G. O. SARS.

Valves unequal and dissimilar in form, the right more or less overlapping the left on
the dorsal margin; surface reticulated, punctated, deeply excavated, or bearing irregu-
larly disposed ribs or protuberances, mostly marked with a central areola of darker colour
than the rest of the shell. Carapace oblong or subtriangular, the posterior extremity
produced into a more or less prominent beak. Hinge-processes mostly obsolete. Supe-
rior antenne shortly setose, six-jointed, gradually tapering ; second joint bearing a rather
long seta on the middle of the posterior margin; inferior antenne five-jointed, terminal
claws short ; flagellum long, triarticulate. Mandibles robust, with very blunt teeth; “ palp
three-jointed, branchial appendage small, and bearing only two recurved sete.’ Terminal
lobes of the first pair of maxille long and narrow, “ branchial plate bearing on its ex-
ternal margin two non-ciliated seta, which are directed downwards, and arise from a
separate lobe.” Feet small, the terminal claws short and curved. Eyes distinct. Copu-
lative organs of the male very complex, provided with several irregular processes and a
very long spirally convoluted tube.

The type of this genus, C. gibba, Miiller, appears to be almost absent from the British
shores; but the genus is abundantly represented by other species, sixteen in all. They
are the smallest of all the Ostracoda, and, except C. nigrescens, occur almost ex-
‘ clusively beyond low-water mark. My specimens (except C. nigrescens) have been
picked from shell-sand or from dredged mud which has been subjected to a drying-
process; and my sole knowledge of the anatomy of the genus has therefore been derived
from the littoral species above named, which I find to correspond very accurately with

AAQD MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

Sars’s description. The three-jointed character of the urticating seta (flagellum) is not
noted by Sars, and I cannot say whether it holds good throughout the genus; it is, how-
ever, very distinct in all the specimens which I have examined of C. nigrescens. The
genus is distinctly characterized, externally, by the peculiarly beaked hinder ex-
tremity.

1. CYTHERURA NIGRESCENS (Baird). (Plate XXXII. figs. 50-55, and Plate XXXIX.
fig. 7.)

Cythere nigrescens, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 171, tab. xxi. figs. 4, 4a.

Cytherura nigrescens, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 71.

British type. Disrrisurion: Recent—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland. Fossi/—Glacial, Norway, Scot-
land, Ireland.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subovate, greatest height in the middle
and equal to half the length; rounded in front, behind produced about the middle into a
short obtuse beak; superior margin well arched, inferior slightly incurved. Outline, as
seen from above, compressed ovate; greatest breadth behind the middle, and equal to
less than half the length; extremities acuminate. ‘The male similar, but rather more
elongated. Valves smooth or sparingly punctate, and bearing a few small scattered
hairs, marked with long, hair-like, radiating lines on the anterior and posterior margins ;
pellucid at the extremities ; central areola convex in front, deeply concave on its hinder
margin, often mottled with deep black. Last joint of the upper antenne very short ;
the penultimate and antepenultimate nearly equal and much longer than the preceding.
Terminal claws of the feet robust and much curved. Second joint of the last pair of feet
about as long as the united lengths of the two following. ‘“ Apical portion of the male
copulative organs small, subtriangular, with acute angles.”

Length @5 in.

Hab. Littoral, and in depths up to 10 fathoms. In rock-pools at Sunderland and Arranmore; dredged
amongst mud in Roundstone and Birterbuy Bays; in oyster-ooze from Stranraer, and in shell-sand
from South Wales (G. S. B.) ; in rock-pools, Herm, Guernsey, and Arran; and in shell-sand from
Berwick and Isle of Skye (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; Lerwick, Shetland, Isle of Man, and Oban (Mr. D.
Robertson) ; Minch (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys); Loch Erribol (Mr. D. O. Drewett).

When living between tide-marks this species is always more or less marked with
black ; sometimes the central areola forms one deep-jet-black patch, but more frequently
is flecked with irregular black stricze or spots. Specimens dredged from beyond low-water
mark, though showing the outline of the areola, are altogether destitute of colour. The
form figured (54, 55) from the Minch was dredged in a depth of about 50 fathoms, and
may possibly be distinct; but it approaches C. nigrescens so closely that, for the present,
I prefer to regard it as a variety only of that species.

2. CYTHERURA ANGULATA, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. figs. 22-25.)

Carapace, seen laterally, subquadrangular, greatest height in the middle, and equal to
about half the length, evenly rounded in front, produced behind above the middle into a
rather long, obliquely truncate beak; superior margin evenly arched, inferior slightly

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 441

sinuated; the valves are produced laterally, so as to form, at the infero-posteal angle, a
sort of projecting ala. Outline, as seen from above, compressed hastate, greatest breadth
in the middle, and equal to rather more than one-third of the length ; anterior extremity
obtusely pointed, posterior rectangular, mucronate. End view ovate. Surface coarsely
punctate; areola as in the preceding species, with the same hair-like lines radiating from
its borders. Colour pale or deep golden yellow.

Length ¢5 in.

Hab. Birterbuy Bay, 10 fathoms, in mud, and in shell-sand from South Wales (G. S. B.); Lerwick,
Shetland, Peterhead (Mr. D. Robertson) ; the Minch (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; Plymouth, and in rock-
pools, Arran, N.B. (Rev. A. M. Norman).

Well characterized by its excessively compressed dorsal outline, the posterior angula-
tion, and the coarse punctation of the shell, also by the very prominent beak of the
supero-posteal angle. I have had no opportunity of examining the animal of this species ;
nor have I seen any distinction in the carapaces, such as is usually characteristic of the
SeXes.

3. CYTHERURA STRIATA, G. O. Sars. (Plate XXXII. figs. 26-29, 62, 64, 65.)

Cytherura striata, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 74.

British type. Distrisution: Recent—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland. Fossil—Glacial, Norway, Scot-
land, Ireland.

Carapace of the female, seen laterally, elongate subquadrangular, about equal in
height throughout ; greatest height equal to less than half the length, evenly rounded in
front, produced behind into a large obtusely rounded median process; superior margin
nearly straight in the middle, inferior gently sinuated, and ending behind in an obtuse
angle. Outline, as seen from above, oblong, sides nearly parallel, width equal to less
than half the length, pointed in front; posterior extremity almost rectangular, acuminate
in the middle. End view ovate, very tumid below. The male very narrow and elongate,
almost thrice as long as high, very tumid behind. The shell is very distinctly longitu-
dinally striated, with circular pittings in the grooves (fig. 62); arcola obsolete; colour
yellowish.

Length 5 in.

Hab. Northumberland coast, 46 fathoms, Birterbuy Bay, 10 fathoms, and in shell-sand from South Wales
(G. S. B.) ; Lerwick and Cumbrae (Mr. D. Robertson) ; the Minch (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; Plymouth,

Portland, Isle of Skye, and Shetland (Rev. Mr. Barlee) ; Girdler Sand and River Ribble (Mr. EF.
C. Davison) ; Stornoway, and in rock-pools, Herm (Rev. A. M. Norman).

4, CYTHERURA LINEATA, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. figs. 30-34, 67.)

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subovate, length equal to rather more
than twice the height, evenly rounded in front, produced into a short obtuse median
prominence behind. Dorsal margin gently arched, ventral nearly straight, terminating
behind in a minute tooth. Outline, as seen from above, ovate, widest in the middle,
about twice as long as broad, obtusely pointed in front, mucronate behind. End view
ovate, tumid. The male is rather more elongated and compressed, but in other respects

VOL. XXVI. 30

4A2 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

similar to the female. Shell marked with fine elevated striz, but without any punc-
tation. Central areola similar to that of C. nigrescens, sometimes jet-black, often
obsolete.

Length /5 in.
Hab. The Minch, 50-60 fathoms ( Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; Isle of Skye (Rev. Mr. Barlee).

5. CYTHERURA CUNEATA, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. figs. 35-38, 63.)
Atlantic type. Disrrisurion: Recent—Great Britain, Ireland, Levant. Fossi/—Glacial, Scotland.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subquadrangular, excessively tumid be-
hind, nearly equal in height throughout, height equal to half the length, anterior margin
broadly rounded; posterior obliquely truncate, and produced above the middle into a
short obtusely rounded beak; superior margin nearly straight, inferior slightly sinuated.
Outline, as seen from above, cuneate, obtusely rounded in front, very broad and centrally
mucronate behind; greatest width equal to half the length. End view pentagonal,
widest above the middle. Male narrower and more elongated. Shell longitudinally
striated on its ventral and anterior portions, reticulated over the posterior protuberances,
which are bounded below by a more or less distinct crest or rib. Central areola obsolete.

Length 3; in.

Hab. Birterbuy Bay, 10 fathoms, in shell-sand from Preston Pans, Donegal Bay, and South Wales
(G. S. B.) ; Skye (Rev. Mr. Barlee) ; the Minch, and in rock-pools, Herm (Rev. A. M1. Norman) ;
Lerwick, Shetland (Mr. D. Robertson) ; Loch Erribol (M7. D. O. Dreweit).

6. CYTHERURA SARSII, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. figs. 39-42.)

Carapace, as seen from the side, elongate, subrhomboidal, nearly equal in height
throughout ; height equal to less than half the length. Anterior border rounded ; poste-
rior obliquely truncate, rounded off above; superior margin nearly straight, inferior
rather deeply sinuated. Outline, as seen from above, compressed ovate; width equal to
about one-third of the length, extremities mucronate. Shell pellucid, smooth, bearing
a few small scattered hairs, the anterior portion marked with radiating hair-like lines.
Areola obsolete.

Length 35 in.

Hab. Amongst oyster-ooze from Stranraer.

Of this very distinct species I have seen only one specimen.

7. CYTHERURA SIMILIS, G. O. Sars. (Plate XXXIT. figs. 56-59.)
Cytherura similis, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 72.

Disrrisution : Recent—Norway, Great Britain. Fossil—Glacial, Scotland, Norway.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subquadrangular, nearly equal in height
throughout, height equal to more than half the length; anterior margin rounded, pos-
terior produced above the middle into a very short obtuse protuberance ; superior margin
arched, nearly straight in the middle, inferior slightly sinuated. Outline, as seen from
above, oval, sides nearly parallel, breadth equal to half the length, broadly rounded in

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 443

front, mucronate behind. Shell smooth or indistinctly reticulated. Central areola obso-
lete (“as in C. nigrescens,” Sars).
Length 5 in.
Hab. In shell-sand from the River Ribble (Mr. E. C. Davison) and amongst oyster-ooze from Stranraer
(G. S. B.), one specimen from each locality ; Shetland (Mr. D. Robertson).

8. CYTHERURA UNDATA, G. O. Sars. (Plate XXXIT. figs. 48-49, 66.)

_ Cytherura undata, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 75.

humilis, Brady, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866, p. 210.

Scandinavian type? ‘Disrrisution : Recent—Batftin’s Bay, Norway, Great Britain, Ireland. Fossi/—
Glacial, Scotland, Ireland, Norway.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subrhomboidal ; greatest height equal to
rather more than half the length. Anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior ob-
liquely truncate, and forming a very short projection above; superior margin arched,
inferior scarcely sinuated, and forming a distinct angle behind. Outline, as seen from
above, oblong, nearly parallel-sided, almost rectangular behind ; width equal to less than
half the length. The male rather more elongated. Shell thick and strong, indistinctly
reticulated, and marked with irregular crests or ribs, two or three of which usually run
directly forward from a transverse ridge in front of the middle of the valve, thus pro-
ducing the outline of the letter F. The surface-markings are usually more prominent in
the male than in the female. Colour yellowish.

Length ¢5 in.

Hab. Birterbuy Bay, 10 fathoms, and in oyster-ooze from Stranraer (G. S. B.) ; Shetland, Cumbrae,
Macduff, and Oban (Mr. D. Robertson); the Minch (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; Stornoway, and in rock-
pools, Arran, N.B. (Rev. A. MM. Norman) ; Scarpa Flow, Orkney (Mr. E. C. Davison).

9. CYTHERURA PRODUCTA, n. sp. (Plate XXXIT. figs. 60, 61.)

Valves of the male, as seen from the side, oblong, produced into a rounded laterally
projecting ala; height equal to less than half the length. Anterior margin rounded,
obliquely truncate below, posterior produced in the middle into a long tapering triangular
beak; superior and inferior margins nearly straight in the middle, the latter forming
nearly a right angle behind. Outline, as seen from above, broadly ovate, widest in the
middle, greatest width equal to half the length; extremities strongly mucronate. Surface
of the shell irregularly reticulate, polished, the ventral surface longitudinally striated.
Central areola broad, somewhat crescentic. The female is more tumid, perfectly smooth
and polished, without any sculpturing.

Length ;'9 in.

Hab. Birterbuy Bay, 10 fathoms (G. S. B.) ; the Minch (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; off Ormeshead (Mr. D.
Robertson).

Apparently a scarce species, three specimens only having been met with from the first-

named, and one from the second locality.

10. CYTHERURA AFFINIS, G. O. Sars. (Plate XXXII. figs. 19-21.)

Cytherura affinis, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 77.
30 2

444, MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subquadrangular; height equal to half
the length. Anterior margin rounded, posterior produced above the middle into a wide,
obliquely truncate beak ; superior and inferior margins nearly parallel, the former scarcely
arched, the latter slightly sinuated in front of the middle. Outline, as seen from above,
boat-shaped, ventricose; greatest breadth in front of the middle, and equal to half the
length, acuminate behind. Surface of the shell waved and, on the ventral surface, longi_
tudinally striate.

Length 7; in.

Hab. Berwick-upon-Tweed (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; Peterhead (Mr. D. Robertson). One specimen from
each locality.

11. CyrHeruRA Ropertsont, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. figs. 16-18.)

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subovate, produced into a lateral ala
behind the middle of the ventral margin; height equal to more than half the length.
Anterior margin rounded, posterior forming a slight and somewhat rounded protuberance
above the middle. Superior margin gently and evenly arched, inferior slightly sinuated.
Seen from above, the outline is subrhomboidal, broadest behind the middle, where the
width is equal to about two-thirds of the length ; extremities slightly mucronate. Ventral
surface quite flat. End view broadly triangular, the width greater than the height,
basal angles much produced. Surface of the shell very distinctly and regularly marked
with a raised reticulation, except on the ventral surface, which is longitudinally striated.
The male is rather more elongated, more sinuated ventrally, and the alee not so much
produced.

Length ;}5 in.

Hab. Wang Bank, Cumbrae (Mr. D. Robertson), and in rock-pools, Arran (Rev A. M. Norman).

This is a very distinct and remarkable species; and I have pleasure in naming it after
its discoverer, whose diligent pursuit of marine zoology, as well as his unvarying kind-
ness in assisting me with specimens for the preparation of the present monograph, merit
my most cordial acknowledgment.

12. CyTHERURA GIBBA, Miller. (Plate XXXII. figs. 68-70.)
Cythere gibba, Miller, Entomostraca, p. 24, tab. vi. figs. 10-12.

gibbera, idem, ibidem (mas) ; Lilljeborg, De Crustaceis, p. 167, tab. xix. figs. 1, 2.
gibba, Zenker, Anat. Studien tiber die Krebst. p. 84, tab. v. D.

Scandinavian type? Duistrisution: Recent—Norway, Britain.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, elongated subquadrangular, of nearly
equal height throughout, greatest height equal to less than half the length; rounded in
front, posterior margin produced into an obtuse beak above the middle; superior margin
straight, inferior slightly sinuated. Outline, as seen from above, constricted in the
middle, forming a rounded lateral protuberance behind, widest behind the middle;
greatest width equal to more than half the length; extremities pointed, the posterior
mucronate. End view pentagonal, width greater than the height. ‘The male more
elongated, subreniform, upper margin slightly, lower deeply sinuated; seen from above,

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. AAD

sinuated in front of the middie.” The shell is closely punctate and divided (especially
in the male) into large polygonal areole. ‘Colour deep blackish green towards each
extremity, with an obliquely transverse white median band. Last joint of the upper
antennze elongated, equal in length to the preceding ; second joint of the last pair of feet
much longer than the two following joints; terminal claw curved toward the apex.
Copulative organs of the male large, basal portion subquadrangular, with a very long
convoluted tube, distal portion obtusely rounded below, divided behind into many irre-
gular processes, of which the lower is large and obtusely pointed.”

Length ;}5 in.

The only specimen of C. gibba which I have seen is a female, in the collection of the
Rey. A. M. Norman. The locality in which it was taken is unknown.

13. CYTHERURA CORNUTA, n. sp. (Plate XXXII. figs. 12-15.)
Distrisution : Recent—Britain, Dardanelles.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subquadrangular, nearly equal in height
throughout; height equal to half the length. Anterior extremity broadly rounded, pos-
terior produced above the middle into a large obtusely rounded beak; dorsal margin
gently arched ; ventral abruptly sinuated in front, produced behind into a sharply defined
crest, which terminates in an acute triangular lamina or spine. Outline, as seen from
above, somewhat hastate, broadest behind the middle, pointed in front, strongly mucro-
nate behind; greatest width equal to more than half the length. End view triangular,
nearly equilateral, base flat and produced at the angles. The shell is faintly sulcate in
the middle, the anterior portion marked with almost obsolete polygonal depressions, the
posterior irregularly reticulated; ventral surface longitudinally striated, waved.

Length 7; in.

Hab. Birterbuy Bay, 10 fathoms, amongst mud (G. S. B.); Cumbrae and Shetland (Mr. D. Robertson) ;
Loch Erribol (Mr. D. O. Drewett).

C. cornuta is evidently nearly allied to the preceding species, but is distinguished by the
acutely angular ventral ala, the less rounded outline, more prominent posterior beak,
weaker reticulation of the surface, and, lastly, by its larger size. From C. acuticostata it
is separated chiefly by the character of the surface-markings.

14, CyTHERURA AcuTICosTaTA, G. O. Sars. (Plate XXXIT. figs. 1-11.)

Cytherura acuticostata, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 76.

Atlantic type. Distrisution : Recent—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland. Fossil—Norway; glacial.
Carapace of the female very tumid; seen from the side, subquadrangular, greatest

height somewhat exceeding half the length; broadly rounded in front, posterior margin

waved, obliquely truncate, and produced above the middle into a rather slender beak ;

superior margin gently arched, slightly depressed in front; inferior slightly sinuated,

and terminating behind in an acute angular spine. Outline, as seen from above, broadly

ovate, mucronate behind; width equal to more than half the length. The male more

elongated, higher in front than behind, the superior and inferior margins more distinctly

4AG MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

concave. Valves marked with several (8-10, Sars) more or less longitudinal acute ele-

vated ribs, one or more of which terminate behind in sharp spinous points. Colour

variable—yellowish, brown, or slaty blue.

Length 36 in.

Hab. Off Holy Island (Northumberland), Birterbuy and Galway Bays, and im shell-sand from South
Wales (G. S. B.); Cumbrae and Shetland (Mr. D. Robertson); Loch Fyne, and in rock-pools,
Arran, N.B., and Herm (Rev. A. M. Norman); Aberdeenshire coast (Mr. Dawson); Isle of Skye,
Plymouth, Isle of Portland (Rev. G. Barlee).

This appears to be the commonest and most widely distributed of the deep-water
species of Cytherura, often occurring in considerable numbers. It exhibits much varia-
tion in the number and direction of the ribs with which the surface of the shell is
marked ; and I have met with one specimen, apparently referable to the same species, in
which the ribs were quite obsolete except on the ventral surface. This specimen is
represented (figs. 9-11), and was taken in Birterbuy Bay, Connemara.

15, CYTHERURA CLATHRATA, G. O. Sars. (Plate XXIX. figs. 43-46.)

Cytherura clathrata, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 77.

Scandinavian type? Disrrrsution: Recent—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland. Fossi/—Glacial and
raised beaches, Scotland and Norway.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subtriangular, greatest height in the
middle, and equal to nearly two-thirds of the length; anterior margin narrow, rounded,
and bearing four or five short broad teeth; posterior margin produced into an obtuse
laminar process; superior margin strongly arched in the middle, inferior convex. Out-
line, as seen from above, subovate, widest in the middle, extremities obtusely mucronate ;
greatest width about equal to half the length. The shell surrounded in the greatest
part of its circumference by a laminar belt or keel. ‘The male lower and less strongly
arched above”’ (Sars). The right valve is much larger than the left. Shell marked
with irregularly reticulated ribs; mostly one conspicuous ridge running longitudinally
near the middle of the valves, and one or two, which are rather less distinct, branching
obliquely from it. Colour brown.

Length +5 in. ,

Hab. Dredged off Yarmouth (Mr. D. O. Brown) ; Ormeshead and Oban (Mr. D. Robertson).

16. CYTHERURA CELLULOSA (Norman). (Plate XXIX. figs. 47-50, 60.)

Cythere cellulosa, Norman, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Durham, vol. i. p. 22, pl. v. figs.
17-20, and pl. vi. fig. 17.

Cytherura nana, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 78.

British type. Distrisution: Recent—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland. Fosstl—Glacial, Norway,
Scotland.

Valves, as seen from the side, nearly semicircular, except that the infero-posteal angle
is broadly and obliquely truncate; greatest height in the middle, and equal to nearly
two-thirds of the length; narrow and obliquely rounded in front; produced behind,
above the middle, into a short obtuse process. Superior margin very boldly arched,

|e

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. AAT

inferior nearly straight. Seen from above, the outline is compressed oval, the sides

nearly parallel in the middle, extremities evenly tapering ; width equal to less than half

the length. Right valve much overlapping the left. Shell marked with a few large and
deep polygonal or irregularly rounded excavations, each of which has a small elevated
nodule at the bottom; colour yellowish (‘in medio vero colore saturate fusco-violaceo
insignis,” Sars).

Length 5 in.

Hab. Birterbuy Bay and in shell-sand from Donegal and Roundstone Bays (G. S. B.) ; Lamlash, Ber-
wick, Guernsey, Arran (Ireland), and in rock-pools, Arran, N.B. (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; Cumbrae
and Shetland (Mr. D. Robertson).

This is the smallest of the genus, and almost the smallest of British Ostracoda. It is
also a very distinct and well-marked species, having no near allies except C. clathrata,
with which, however, it is little likely to be confounded.

Genus 9. CyrHERoPTERON, G. O. Sars.

Valves unequal and of dissimilar form, the right overlapping the left in the middle of
the dorsal margin; surface marked with small round impressed puncta or shallow
angular pits, sometimes with elevated ribs; ventral surface expanded laterally into a
winged process; posterior margin produced into an obtuse beak. Hinge-joint composed
of two terminal teeth on the right valve, and on the left a median crenulated ridge.
Upper antennze shortly setose and composed of five joints, penultimate joint elongated
and bearing on the middle of the anterior margin two hairs; lower antenne distinctly
five-jointed, flagellum long. Mandibles of moderate size; palp three-jointed, branchial
appendage bearing two very small sete. Jaws as in the preceding genus. Feet long
and slender, terminal claw slender. Abdomen ending in a long, narrow process, post-
abdominal lobes bearing three short hairs. Copulative organs of the male armed behind
with three spiniform processes, one of which is trifurcate. Eyes wanting.

This genus is easily distinguished by the prominent lateral ale of the shell; the
peculiar armature of the male copulative organs is a remarkable characteristic of the
internal animal structure.

1. CYTHEROPTERON SUBCIRCINATUM, G. O. Sars. (Plate XXXIV. figs. 39-42.)
Cytheropteron subcircinatum, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 81.

Very similar to the following species, but smaller; the lateral alee almost semicircularly
curved, and not angular. Carapace, as seen from the side, subovate; highest in the middle,
greatest height equal to more than half the length, obliquely rounded in front; posterior
margin somewhat angularly produced; superior margin forming a flattened arch ; inferior
nearly straight, but encroached upon by the convex margin of the lateral ala. Outline,
as seen from above, very broadly ovate, widest in the middle; greatest width equal to
two-thirds of the length, extremities very slightly mucronate. End view triangular,
width greater than the height, sides convex, base slightly concave; valves unequal.
Surface of the shell faintly pitted, ventral surface longitudinally grooved and bearing a

AAS MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

few small round papille. Colour white. ‘Antenne and limbs similar to those of
CO. latissimum.”

Length gg in.
Hab. Galway Bay, off the Isles of Arran, in 10 fathoms water (G. S. B.).

Like Sars, I at first took this to be the young of the following species; but a minute
examination shows decided specific differences, which will be best appreciated by exami-
nation of the figures. One specimen only occurred in my dredgings.

2. CYTHEROPTERON LATISSIMUM (Norman). (Plate XXXIV. figs. 26-30.)

Cythere latissima, Norman, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. vol.i. p. 19, pl. vi. figs. 5-8; Brady,
Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. p. 381, pl. xi. figs. 4 a-e.

Cytheropteron convecum, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 80.

British type. Distrisution: Recent—Baffin’s Bay, Norway, Great Britain, Ireland. Fossi/—Glacial,
Scotland, Norway.

Lateral protuberance moderately prominent, obtusely angular behind. Carapace of
the female, seen from the side, obliquely subovate, greatest height in the middle, and
equal to considerably more than half the length; anterior extremity narrowed, rounded ;
posterior produced in the middle into an obtusely rounded angle. Superior margin
arched; inferior convex, slightly sinuated in front of the middle. Outline, as seen from
above, subovate, angular behind the middle, thence suddenly tapering to the posterior
extremity, which is sharply pointed; greatest width equal to more than half the length.
Ventral surface flat, often longitudinally striated. End view triangular, equilateral, base
flat, sides convex. Shell of the male more elongated. Colour white. Surface of the
valves marked more or less distinctly with oblong, slightly curved pittings, running in
transverse rows across the shell. ‘Second joint of the upper antennz about equal in
length to the fourth, the last very short. Second joint of the last pair of feet much
longer than the two following. Distal portion of the male copulative organs obtusely
truncated at the apex, the trifurcate spine narrow and shorter than the rest.”

Length 5 in.

Hab. Yn depths of from 10-80 fathoms. Shetland (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys); Aberdeenshire (Mr. Dawson) ;
Loch Fyne (Rev. A. M. Norman); Oban, Bute, Cumbrae, Macduff, Peterhead, and Ormeshead
(Mr. D. Robertson); Northumberland, Durham, and Yorkshire coasts (G. S. B); Norfolk coast
(Mr. D. O. Drewett) ; im shell-sand from the River Ribble and Isle of Wight (Mr. E. C. Davison).

A very pretty and well-marked species, distinguishable from the following (C. nodoswm)
by the less angular outline and the absence of any well-defined transverse ribs and nodes,
as well as by its larger size,—from C. punctatwm also by its much greater size, less
pronounced lateral alz, and the character of the surface-marking. It has been wrongly
identified by G. O. Sars with Cythere convexa, Baird, a totally different species, which
has not yet been noticed on the Norwegian coast.

3. CYTHEROPTERON NoDOSUM, n. sp. (Plate XXXIV. figs. 31-34.)
Atlantic type? Distrisution: Recent—Britain, Ireland. Fossi/—Glacial, Scotland, Ireland.

Similar to the preceding, but much smaller. Carapace of the female, as seen from the

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 449

side, oblong, highest in the middle, greatest height equal to less than two-thirds of the
length, narrowed and rounded in front, obliquely truncate behind; superior margin
strongly arched, inferior rather convex. Outline, as seen from above, broadly ovate,
widest behind the middle, extremities pointed; greatest width equal to more than half
the length. End view triangular, equilateral, broad at the apex; base flat, sides decidedly
concave. The shell is obscurely punctate and rugose, and has two more or less strongly
marked rounded ribs running from the central portion of the ala to the extremities of the
hinge-margin, and forming, when viewed from above, two large rounded nodes; the ala
itself is more angular than in the preceding species. Animal unknown.
Length 5 in.
Hab. Hebrides and the Minch, 50-60 fathoms (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; and in shell-sand from Roundstone
(Dr. Alcock).

4. CYTHEROPTERON PUNCTATUM, n.sp. (Plate XXXIV. figs. 45-48.)
Cytheropteron tricorne, Brady, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866, p. 208.

Outline, as seen from the side, very similar to the preceding; but the posterior margin
is broader and more produced above, and the lateral ala much more exserted and ending
suddenly, behind the middle, in an acute angle. Outline, as seen from above, rhomboidal,
rectangular behind the middle, thence tapering to the acuminate posterior extremity ; or
it may be described as consisting of two equilateral triangles applied to each other by
their bases, the larger being in front; greatest width behind the middle and equal to
nearly three-fourths of the length. Surface of the shell minutely punctate.

Length ;'; in.

Hab. The Minch, 60 fathoms (Rev. A. M. Norman), and off Ormeshead (Mr. D. Robertson).

I was at one time disposed to refer this species to a fossil form described by Herr
Bornemann under the name Cythere tricornis; and in outline the two are, indeed, very
similar; but the fossil species seems to have no punctation of the surface; and as it differs
slightly in other respects, it seems better to keep it distinct.

5. CYTHEROPTERON MULTIFORUM (Norman). (Plate XXIX. figs. 38-42.)

Cythere multifora, Norman, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. vol.i. p. 18, pl. vi. figs. 13-16, and Brit.
Assoc. Report, 1864, p. 192.

Atlantic type? Distrreurton: Recent—Britain, Ireland.

Carapace of the female, seen from the side, oblong, rhomboidal, equal in height
throughout; height equal to more than half the length; ventral ala not very prominent.
Extremities irregularly and obtusely rounded, the anterior oblique and forming an obtuse
angle at its junction with the dorsum; superior and inferior margins parallel and nearly
straight. Seen from above, the outline is subhexagonal, with suddenly tapering pointed
extremities; greatest width equal to much more than half the length; hinge-margins
depressed behind the middle so as to form a longitudinal suleus. End view subtriangular,
the three sides convex, apex and base centrally emarginate. Carapace of the male more
elongated; sides, as seen from above, parallel. Shell-surface marked with closely set

VOL. XXVI. 3P

450 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

angular fossee, arranged in more or less distinct longitudinal rows, which are separated by
sharp ridges. Colour yellowish brown. Animal unknown.
Length +p in.

Hab. Jn depths of 10-60 fathoms, Shetland, Stornoway, Skye, Loch Fyne, Plymouth (Rev. A. M. Norman) ;
Oban and Ormeshead (Mr. D. Robertson); Aberdeenshire (Mr. Dawson); Northumberland and
Durham coasts, 25-46 fathoms (G. 8. B.) ; Hebrides, the Minch, and Channel Islands (Mr. J. G.
Jeffreys) ; Devonshire coast (Mr. C. Spence Bate) ; Roundstone (Dr. Alcock).

6. CYTHEROPTERON RECTUM, nov. sp. (See Appendiz.)

Genus 10. BytHocyTHERE, G. O. Sars.

Valves subequal, smooth or very sparingly sculptured, almost destitute of hairs; thin
and fragile. Hinge-joint quite simple or composed of a slight bar and furrow; no teeth.
Upper antenne elongated, seven-jointed; the second joint large and thick and bearing a
seta on its anterior and posterior margins; the other joints suddenly much narrower,
forming a long slender lash, which bears several setz; penultimate joint linear and
destitute of setze. Lower antenne tolerably robust, four-jointed; second joint large;
flagellum long, biarticulate, its last joint long and setiform. Mandibles constricted above
the distal extremity, strongly toothed; palp four-jointed, bearing a well-developed bran-
chial plate, which is set with numerous ciliated setze. ‘Terminal lobes of the first pair of
jaws very short and thick; branchial plate large, ovate, bearing numerous marginal
ciliated setz, and at the base four long and deflexed simple sete. Feet elongated,
terminal claw very long and slender, second and third joints bearing each a short apical
seta; basal joint of the first pair furnished at the base with a small lobe, which bears two
very large and densely ciliated, and two smaller and simple sete. Abdomen ending in a
very large and acuminated process; postabdominal lobes narrow and bearing three hairs.
Eyes mostly absent.

The species grouped under this genus present two very distinct types, so far as the
characters of the shell are concerned; but according to the investigations of Herr G. O.
Sars, the structure of the animal itself is the same in both types. My own observations
of the animal have been made altogether on dried specimens, and are necessarily

imperfect, but, so far as they go, they are quite in accordance with those of that most
accurate author.

1. ByTHOCYTHERE SIMPLEX (Norman). (Plate XX XIII. figs. 23-27, and Plate XL. fig. 8.)

Cythere simplex, Norman, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Duth. vol. i. p. 17, pl. v. figs. 1-4.
Jonesia simplex, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. vol. v. p. 363, pl. lvii. figs. 11 a—-e.
Bythocythere acuminata, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 86.

Scandinavian type. Distrisution: Recent—Baffin’s Bay, Norway, Britain. Fossil—Glacial, Scotland.
Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, oblong fusiform, about twice and a half

as long as broad, rounded in front, acuminate behind. Dorsal margin straight in the

middle, sloping suddenly downwards at the posterior extremity, gently rounded in front ;

ey | ee ee

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 451

ventral margin sinuated in front, very convex behind. The valves are bordered by a
broad, flattened flange, which bulges conspicuously near the middle of the ventral margin,
and is lost on the dorsum; the flange is marked by numerous closely set radiating hair-
like lines. Outline, as seen from above, elongate fusiform, more than thrice as long as
broad, narrowed in front, slenderly acuminate behind, the right valve overlapping the
left. Shell of the male scarcely different from that of the female. Lucid spots five,
forming an oval patch a little below and in front of the centre of the valve; spots parallel,
the three central ones linear-oblong, the terminal ones oval or lenticular. Shell perfectly
smooth, thin and structureless, pellucid, slightly olivaceous, with arborescent markings
of a deeper tint. Hinge-margins straight, quite simple. Last pair of feet in the male
subprehensile, last three joints very robust, terminal claw very strong. Distal portion of
the male copulative organs large, irregularly triangular, subtruncate at the apex ; anterior
margin straight, posterior deeply sinuated. No eyes.

Length of female ;'p in.

Hab. Off Holy Island, Northumberland, in 45 fathoms; off Scarborough, and in dredgings from Shetland
(G. S. B.); Dogger bank (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; Aberdeenshire coast (Mr. Dawson) ; off Cumbrae,
Bute, and Ormeshead, and at low water-mark in the Isle of Man (Mr. D. Robertson); the Minch
(Mr. J. G. Jeffreys).

This species was first described by the Rev. A. M. Norman, from specimens taken in
deep water a hundred miles off the coast of Northumberland, and shortly afterwards by
G. O. Sars from Norwegian specimens. Though widely distributed, it seems to be, in
point of numbers, rather a scarce species, the only British gatherings in which it has
occurred at all abundantly being those from the Aberdeenshire coast and from off
Scarborough. It occurs in the Arctic seas, and also in a fossil state in the Scotch glacial
clays.

2. BYTHOCYTHERE Consrricta, G. O. Sars. (Plate XXXV. figs. 47-52.)
Bythocythere constricta, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 85.

Carapace tumid, expanded into an obtusely angular lateral protuberance behind,
slightly constricted in the middle; ventral surface nearly flat. Shell of the female, as
seen from the side, subrhomboidal, rather higher behind than in front; greatest
height equal to rather more than half the length; obliquely rounded in front, produced
behind above the middle into a short, obtusely rounded (sometimes bluntly toothed)
process. Dorsal margin nearly straight ; ventral sinuated in front, convex behind. Out-
line, as seen from above, ovate, widest behind the middle, strongly acuminate behind ;
greatest width equal to considerably more than half the length. Shell of the male,
as seen from the side, much more elongated, highest behind; greatest height equal to
less than half the length; posterior extremity obliquely truncate, and less produced
above. Surface of the shell marked with rather distant, round punctations, which are
connected with each other by more or less distinct, depressed lines, thus producing a
faint reticulation; ventral surface longitudinally striated, and bearing numerous floccu-
lent white papillee; infero-posteal angle armed (frequently) with 3-5 minute teeth.
« Penultimate joint of the upper antenne longer than the preceding. Second joint of

3P2

AD? MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

the last pair of feet longer than the two following ;”’ terminal claw very long and slender.

No eyes.

Length 3/5 in.

Hab. In depths of 10-60 fathoms. The Hebrides and the Minch, Shetland and Channel Islands (Mr. J.
G. Jeffreys) ; Aberdeenshire (Mr. Dawson) ; Macduff and Ormeshead (Mr. D. Robertson) ; Northum-
berland coast and Arranmore, Ireland (G. S. B.) ; Devonshire coast (Mr. C. Spence Bate); and in
shell-sand from Roundstone (Dr. Alcock).

Though widely distributed, this is rather a rare species, and at the same time a very
beautiful one. I regret that the specimens in my collection have not enabled me to
examine accurately the internal animal structure ; and for this reason there may, perhaps,
be some doubt as to the sexual relations of the two forms of shell here described and
figured. The more elongated (? male) form is the commoner of the two, but in none of
my specimens have I found the animal: in one example of the stouter form I found the
animal ina rather imperfect state, and have no reason to doubt that it is the female;
the greater abundance of the form supposed to belong to the other sex, however, is
curious.

3. ByTHocyTHERE TURGIDA, G. O. Sars. (Plate XXXIV, figs. 35-38.)
Bythocythere turgida, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 84.

“Shell very tumid; lateral protuberance large and obtusely angular behind; ventral
surface nearly flat; dorsal evenly arched. Shell of the female, seen from the side, sub-
rhomboidal, nearly equal in height before and behind, greatest height equal to much more
than half the length; anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior somewhat produced
above the middle ; superior margin a little arched, inferior slightly sinuated ; lateral pro-
tuberance rather prominent in the middle; seen from above very broad, subhexagonal,
greatest width somewhat exceeding the height, and situated behind the middle, tapering
gradually in front, suddenly behind; posterior extremity forming an acuminate triangular
process. Shell of the male a little more elongated, higher behind than in front; superior
margin straight in the middle, arched behind. Surface ornamented with a few small
rounded impressions, which are larger and more numerous on the ventral surface; pos-
terior margin armed below with five to seven minute teeth. Colour white, with a few
red spots on the dorsal aspect. Eyes separate. Penultimate joint of the upper antennz
equal in length to the preceding. Branchial appendage of the mandible-palp bearing
eight sete, gradually decreasing in length towards the front, the two anterior rudimen-
tary, one overlapping the other. Second joint of the last pair of feet shorter than the
united length of the two following joints. Apical portion of the male copulative organs
produced downwards, elongated, subtriangular or lanceolate.” .

The single shell figured in Plate XXXIV. was unaccountably lost or mislaid before
my drawings were completed. JI have no record of the locality ; but it was probably
taken off Holy Island on the Northumberland coast, and seems to me, from a comparison
of the figures with Sars’s description, quoted above, to be referable to Bythocythere
curgida.

Length 35 in.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 453

G. O. Sars gives the following curious description of the male copulative organs. ‘‘ By
a wonderful freak of nature these have the appearance, when seen from the side, of the
head of a bald old man. The basal portion represents the skull, the terminal portion the
long beard, and the intervening parts the profile with forehead, nose, and mouth. To
make the resemblance more complete, some chitinous bands produce, in the proper
position, an eye with pupil and highly elevated eyebrows. ‘These organs present in
various orders of Crustacea so many variations that, by the help of a little fancy, it is
easy to make each species represent some particular object. But here the resemblance is
so exact that it must needs strike every observer.”

Genus 11. PsreupocyTHERE, G. O. Sars.

Shell thin and pellucid, having no distinct structure, rounded in front, produced
behind. Hinge-joint simple. Upper antenne bearing long sete, 7-jointed ; second joint
thick and armed with a single seta on the middle of the anterior margin; last joint very
long and narrow, linear, terminating in very long setve; lower antennze very slender,
5-jointed ; flagellum long and slender. Mandibles small, with slender, curved, unguiform
teeth; palp narrow, 4-jointed; branchial appendage bearing long set. ‘Terminal lobes
of the first pair of jaws narrow; branchial plate large, elongate-ovate, armed towards the
base with three curved and deflexed simple sete. Feet very long and slender. Abdo-
men ending in a long, slender process; postabdominal lobes almost as in the preceding
genus. No eye.

Though very nearly related to the foregoing, the characters given by G. O. Sars
‘appear to be amply sufficient to constitute Pseudocythere a distinct genus. The form of
the carapace is, indeed, so peculiar as at once to suggest its distinctness; and there are
also important differences in the structure of the antennz and mandibles. The only
member of the genus is

PSEUDOCYTHERE CAUDATA, G. O. Sars. (Plate XXXIV. figs. 49-52, and Plate XLI.
fig. 6.)
Pseudocythere caudata, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 88.

Carapace of the male, as seen from the side, quadrilateral, highest in front; greatest
height equal to more than half the length. Anterior margin broad and well rounded ;
posterior obliquely truncate, produced above into an obtusely conical beak. Superior
margin sloping in a somewhat sinuous line from before backwards; inferior slightly
sinuated in front, terminating behind in one or two small sharp teeth. The anterior
and ventral margins form a thin flattened lamina, which is marked with radiating trans-
verse lines, and is most strongly developed behind. Shell of the female rather more
tumid. Outline, as seen from above, compressed, oval, tapering to the extremities, which
are slightly mucronate; greatest width in the middle and equal to one-third of the length.
Shell smooth, thin, and fragile, bearing scattered short hairs; pellucid, the brown body
of the animal showing through the shell. Lucid spots four, linear, parallel, situated
obliquely a little in front of the middle. ‘Last joint of the upper antennze much longer

AD A MB. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

than the three following; penultimate joint of the lower antenne very slender, and
twice as long as the preceding. Branchial appendage of the mandible bearing eight
backward-pointing sete. Second joint of the last pair of feet shorter than the two
following.”
Length 5 in.
Hab. Rare; in depths of 10-60 fathoms. Birterbuy Bay and coast of Northumberland off Holy Island
(G. S. B.); the Minch, and one dead shell in rock-pool, Herm (Rev. A. M. Norman).

Genus 12. CYTHERIDEIS, Jones.

Carapace slender, elongate, subovate, tapering towards the front, not much compressed
laterally. Hinge-margins nearly simple; shell smooth, finely punctate. The right valve
overlapping the left in the centre of the ventral aspect. Animal unknown.

CYTHERIDEIS SUBULATA, Brady. (Plate XXXV. figs. 43-46.)

Cythere flavida, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 168, t. xxi. figs. 12, 12a.

British type. Distrisurion: Recent—Britain, Ireland, Bay of Biscay, Cape Verd, Levant. Fossil—
Glacial, Scotland.

Carapace, as seen from the side, much attenuated in front, highest behind; greatest
height equal to one-third of the length; sharply rounded in front, broadly and obliquely
rounded behind. Superior margin sloping with a gentle curve from the middle forwards,
nearly straight behind the middle; inferior margin gently sinuated in the middle. Seen
from above, the outline is compressed ovate, widest behind, tapering to an acute point
at each extremity ; greatest width equal to one-third of the length. Shell thin and fragile,
yellowish, marked with fine closely set impressed puncta; the anterior and posterior
margins with transverse radiating lines; centre of the valves obscurely sulcate trans-
versely. End view circular. Animal unknown.

Length zo in.

Hab. In shell-sand from the Mumbles, Donegal Bay, and Roundstone (G. S. B.); Macduff and Peterhead
(Mr. D. Robertson) ; Channel Islands (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; Devonshire coast (Mr. C. Spence Bate);
Frith of Clyde, Falmouth, and in rock-pools, Herm (Rev. A. M. Norman).

All the examples of this species which I have seen are merely empty shells, and
therefore I cannot refer it with certainty to its proper position. The shell, though in its
lateral aspect very similar to some forms of Paradoxostoma, differs in some important
particulars: it is not laterally compressed as all the elongated forms of the latter genus
are ; the shell is more horny in character, and not smooth and polished. The lucid spots
are four, large, quadrangular, and irregularly grouped. Lastly, the overlapping ventral
margin of the right valve almost certainly proclaims that it cannot belong to that genus,
which always exhibits a longitudinal aperture between the two contact-margins in front,
for the protrusion of the suctorial apparatus. Under these circumstances, I have
retained for this species the generic term Cytherideis, under which group, as originally
defined by Professor Rupert Jones, it would naturally fall. Miuller’s Cythere flavida,
with which Dr. Baird identifies it, seems to me to belong to another species, probably
Paradoxostoma variabile.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 455

Genus 13. ScLEROocHILUS, G. O. Sars.

Valves elongated, very hard, especially towards the margins; surface smooth and
shining, ornamented with very minute scattered papille. Hinge-joint formed by a pro-
jecting median crest of the left valve. Antenne robust; second joint of the upper
bearing a seta on the anterior and posterior margins, the last five joints quickly
decreasing in size and bearing numerous long sete; lower antenne larger than the
upper, 5-jointed; flagellum long and very slender. Poison-glands very large, and
divided into many lobes. Mouth produced, conical; labrum strongly toothed. Man-
dibles small; teeth numerous and acuminate; palp narrow, indistinctly 3-jointed, with
a distinct branchial appendage. Terminal lobes of the first pair of jaws partly wanting ;
branchial plate narrow, almost lanceolate, and set with numerous setze on the outer and
inner margins. Feet short and robust; second and third joints armed in front with a
short seta; first pair armed with a single strong spine at the apex of the basal joint.
Postabdominal lobes larger than usual, forming broad bilobed laminee, and bearing five
sete. Hye single. ;

In outward appearance the one species belonging to this genus is scarcely separable
from the following (Paradoxostoma) ; but the structure of the animal shows an apparent
transition from the Oythere type to that of Paradoxostoma. This is more especially
evident in the mandibles and mouth.

ScLEROCHILUS contorTUs, Norman. (Plate XXXIV. figs. 5-10, and Plate XLI. fig. 7.)

Cythere contorta, Norman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. ix. 1862, p. 48, pl. 11. fig. 15; and Trans. Tyne-
side Nat. Field Club, vol. v. p. 150, pl. iui. fig. 15.

Sclerochilus contorius, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 90.

British type. Distrisution: Recent—Britain, Norway, Bay of Biscay. Fossil—Glacial and raised
beaches, Scotland, Ireland, Norway.

Carapace of the female, seen from the side, elongated, bean-shaped, higher behind than
in front; greatest height rather behind the middle, and equal to considerably less than
half the length. Anterior and posterior margins rounded; superior boldly arched,
sloping steeply in front, inferior deeply sinuated in front, convex behind. Outline, as
seen from above, compressed oval, more than twice as long as broad; greatest width
behind the middle, tapering to the extremities, the anterior of which is the more acutely
pointed. Shell of the male more elongated, the dorsal margin less convex. Shell smooth
and polished, very sparingly punctate, the margins marked with short transverse,
radiating striz. Colour yellowish, with a reddish-brown patch on the dorsum. Lucid
spots five, linear-oblong, parallel. Third joint of the upper antenne not shorter than
the preceding, and about equal to the united lengths of the three following. “ Branchial
appendage of the mandibular palp bearing four long, subequal sete.” First pair of jaws
having only two terminal lobes, one of which is very narrow, and terminated by a hooked
spine. Second joint of the last pair of feet shorter than the two following. Basal
portion of the male copulative organs semiovate; upper and anterior margin forming a
continuous arch; distal portion smaller, subovate, narrowed to the base.

Length gy in. = ,.

456 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

Hab. This species occurs from low-water mark to the greatest depths that have yet been dredged in the
British seas. Shetland, Frith of Clyde, Skye, Youghal, Plymouth (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; Aber-
deenshire coast (Mr. Dawson); Hebrides and Channel Islands (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; Devonshire
(Mr. C. Spence Bate); Cumbrae, Macduff, Peterhead, and Ormeshead, and at low water-mark, Isle

of Man (Mr. D. Robertson) ; Northumberland and Durham coasts (30-46 fathoms); Birterbuy Bay.

and in oyster-ooze from Stranraer (G. 8S. B.) ; Norfolk coast (Mr. D. O. Drewett) ; and in shell-sand
from the Girdler Sand, Margate, and Donegal (Mr. E. C. Davison).
One of the most widely distributed, and, in most localities, one of the more abundant
species. It is readily distinguished from all others by its peculiarly flexuous outline.

Genus 14. PARapoxostoma, Fischer.

Shell thin and fragile, smooth, shining, and having no definite structure; valves sub-
equal, mostly much higher behind than in front, usually elongate-ovate. Lucid spots as
in the preceding genus. Hinge-joint simple. Ventral margins emarginate in front, so
that when the valves are closed there is still an elongated orifice, through which the
suctorial mouth can be protruded. Upper antenne exceedingly slender, 6-jointed, and
bearing short setze; lower shorter and more robust, 5-jointed; flagellum large and
almost as thick as the antenna itself. Poison-glands large and mostly lobulated.
Mouth suctorial. Labrum and labium forming together a large and stout subconical
process projecting downwards, and terminating in a disk with elevated margins, in the
middle of which the orifice of the mouth is situated. Mandibles very slender, protrac-
tile, styliform, subulate at the apex; palp very slender and elongated, indistinctly jointed,
and without a branchial appendage. ‘Terminal lobes of the first pair of jaws very
narrow; branchial plate elongate-ovate, and bearing at the base two deflexed sete.
Feet short and robust, last joint elongated, terminal claw very short and curved; basal
joint of the first pair armed at the apex with a single strong spine. Postabdominal lobes
bearing two short hairs. One eye.

The peculiar characters of the mouth in this genus were first noticed by Fischer, and

by him were justly made the ground of separation from other Cytheridee* ; these observa-

tions were made on species found in Madeira. Herr G. O. Sars, however, has described —

with much more minuteness and accuracy, in his ‘ Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder,’
to which reference has so frequently been made in these pages, the anatomical characters
of the genus. The suctorial mouth and the stylet-shaped mandible are very extra-
ordinary, and show an interesting approximation to the structure of the mouth-organs
in the parasitic Copepoda. It is not likely, however, that the members of this genus are
in any sense Epizoa; they have never been taken in situations at all different from those
frequented by other Ostracoda, being constantly met with on the fronds of algee in
littoral situations, or in the mud and ooze of considerable depths of water. Indeed we
cannot doubt that the piercing and suctorial apparatus with which they are armed is
used, not for the abstraction of the vital juices of any large animal, but simply as a
means of appropriating the nourishment found in the monads and other minute animal
prey on which the Crustacea appear mostly to subsist. Sars, indeed, conjectures that it

* Abhandl. d. kgl. bayerischen Akademie d. Wissenschaften, Bd. vii.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 457

may be employed to puncture the epidermis of algze, and afterwards to abstract the juices
of/the plant ; but in this case one fails to see any use for the exceptionally large poison-

ands and urticating setee with which the members of this genus are armed. Altogether
it appears to me more conformable to what we know of the general habits of the
Crustacea, and more fully explanatory of the peculiarities of the Paradoxostomata, if we
suppose their diet to consist of microscopic animalcula, rather than the juices of alge
or of animals much higher in organization than themselves.

1.” PARADOXOSTOMA VARIABILE (Baird). (Plate XXXV. figs. 1-7, 12-17, and Plate XLI.
fig. 8.)

Cythere variabilis, Baird, Trans. Berw. Nat. Club, i. 98, tab. i. figs. 7 a, 6 (1835), and 1. 153; Brit.
Entom. p. 170, tab. xxi. figs. 10, 11.

Paradoxostoma variabile, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 98.

? Cythere flavida, Miller, Entomostraca, p. 66, tab. vii. figs. 5, 6.

British type. Disrrisurion: Recent—Baffin’s Bay, Britain, Norway. Fossil—Glacial and raised
beaches, Norway, Scotland, Ireland.

Carapace of the female, seen from the side, elongate-ovate, much attenuated in front,
highest behind the middle; greatest height equal to not more than half the length.
Anterior margin narrowly, posterior very broadly and obtusely rounded, often slightly
angulated above; superior margin well arched, sloping rather steeply in front; inferior
straight or but slightly convex in front, much more convex behind. Outline, as seen
from above, compressed ovate, tapering gradually to each extremity; greatest width
behind the middle, and equal to more than one-third of the length; extremities pointed.
The shell of the male is similar to that of the female. Valves pellucid, white, slightly
olivaceous or ochreous; marked with arborescent black or violet patches, and often with
two more or less distinct dark transverse bands. Second and fourth joints of the upper
antenne nearly equal in length, longer than the third, and very much longer than the
united lengths of the fifth and sixth. Terminal claws of the lower antenne very short
and subequal; flagellum robust, triarticulate. First pair of jaws having only three
uniarticulate lobes, two of which are nearly equal in length, the other more than twice
as long. Last joint of the third pair of feet very long and narrow, densely ciliated on
the anterior margin. Basal segment of the male copulative organs exceedingly large
and rounded, distal segment very small and twisted, bipartite, the anterior portion
narrow and obtuse, the posterior expanded and acuminate.

Length 3';—3)5 in.

Hab. Berwickshire and Dover (Dr. Baird) ; plentifully in rock-pools on the Northumberland and Durham
coasts, and in shell-sand from Guernsey (G. S. B.); at roots of Laminaria, Tobermory ; Isle of

Skye, Arran, and Herm (Rev. A. M. Norman); Falmouth (Rev. Mr. Barlee) ; dredged off Cumbrae
(Mr. D. Robertson) ; Girdler Sand, Thames (Mr. E. C. Davison).

It seems to me very probable that (as has been suggested by Sars) Miiller’s description
of Cythere flavida has been taken from the ochreous variety of this species; but, con-
sidering the doubt which must attach to this supposition, and the fact that the name

WiOL. XOX Vile 3Q

458 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

flavida is by no means a generally appropriate one, it seems better to retain the name
proposed by Dr. Baird.

2. PARADOXOSTOMA ABBREVIATUM, G. O. Sars. (Plate XXXV. figs. 22-25.)
Paradoxostoma abbreviatum, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 94.
Atlantic type? Disrrisution: Recent—Britain, Ireland, Norway. Fossil—Glacial, Scotland.
Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, much shorter and higher than the
preceding, greatest height behind the middle, and equal to about two-thirds cf the
length; extremities rounded, anterior narrow, posterior excessively broad; superior
margin boldly arched, inferior deeply sinuate in front, very convex behind. Outline,
as seen from above, compressed ovate, about three times as long as broad. Colour
whitish or pale yellow. ‘Shell of the male and young female lower, inferior margin less
convex behind. Third joint of the upper antennz much shorter than the preceding,
fourth elongate, and about twice as long as the following two united; terminal claws of
the lower antennee unequal, the anterior about twice as long as the posterior. First pair
of jaws almost as in the preceding species. Last joint of the third pair of feet very
slightly ciliated. Distal portion of the male copulative organs large, subhamate, or
armed behind with a spiniform curved process.”
Length 5 in.
Hab. Mostly beyond low-water mark. Plymouth Sound, 5 fathoms (Mr. C. Spence Bate) ; Girdler Sand

and Race’s Bank (Mr. E. C. Davison); Lerwick and Cumbrae (Mr. D. Robertson) ; Lamlash (living
in tide-pools), Skye (Rev. A. M. Norman).

The validity of this species seems to me open to considerable doubt; and had it not
been for the slight differences of animal structure noticed by G. O. Sars, I should have
certainly considered it merely a variety of the preceding. Unfortunately, all the
specimens which I have seen are merely dried shells, and I have therefore had no oppor-
tunity of myself examining the recent animal. But the differences described by Sars are
after all very slight, and perhaps do not amount to more than ought to be allowed as
merely varietal. This can only be decided by further examination of this and such
intermediate forms as those figured (figs. 1-3, 12, 13), which it is now difficult to
refer with certainty either to P. variabile or P. abbreviatum. The form represented in
figs. 14-16 is, I believe, referable to the young of P. variabile.

3. Parapoxostoma NorMANI, n. sp. (Plate XXXV. figs. 39, 40.)

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subreniform, much narrowed in front,
highest in the middle; greatest height equal to half the length; extremities rounded,
the anterior narrow and produced, posterior broad. Superior margin arched, highest in
the middle, sloping steeply in front ; inferior deeply sinuated in front of the middle, convex
behind. Outline, as seen from above, ovate; extremities pointed, widest in the middle;
greatest width equal to one-third of the length. Shell pellucid, marked with dendritic
black patches, the brown body of the animal shining through the shell. Fourth joint of
the upper antennee more than twice as long as the fifth; lower antennz short, terminal

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 459

claws unequal, one large, the other very short and slender. Terminal claw of third
foot long and slender, finely ciliated on the anterior margin; the preceding joints not
ciliated.

Length 2; in.
Hab. Isle of Skye, Herm, and Plymouth (Rev. A. M. Norman).

4, PARADOXOSTOMA PULCHELLUM, G. O. Sars. (Plate XXXV. figs. 41, 42.)
Paradoxostoma pulchellum, G.O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 95.

Carapace of the female much compressed; seen from the side, nearly semicircular,
rather more tapered in front than behind; greatest height in the middle, and equal to
rather less than half the length. Extremities rounded, the anterior rather the narrower
of the two; superior margin evenly arched, inferior very slightly sinuated in the middle.
Outline, as seen from above, much compressed, nearly four times as long as broad. Shell
pellucid, yellowish, with deep-black or violet dendritic markings scattered irregularly
over the dorsum and centre of the valves. “Third joint of the upper antennz scarcely
shorter than the preceding, and longer than the following ; last two subequal, their united
lengths not shorter than the preceding one. Lower antenne very slender, bearing one
small terminal claw. Jaws and feet almost as in P. abbreviatum. Male unknown.”

Length 5 in.

Hab. In rock-pools, Guernsey, Herm, and Stornoway (Rev. A. M. Norman).

A very distinct and pretty species, well worthy of the name bestowed upon it by Sars.
The colouring of the specimens collected by Mr. Norman does not exactly agree with
Sars’s description (“in medio vero fascia lata transversali colore saturate obscure-violaceo
instruct), though in some cases there is an indication of a transverse band; but very
little stress can be laid upon this point, especially in the present genus.

5. PARADOXOSTOMA OBLIQUUM, G. O. Sars. (Plate XXXV. figs. 18-21.)
Paradoxostoma obliquum, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 97.

Carapace of the female tumid, seen from the side subrhomboidal; greatest height in
the middle, equal to more than half the length. Anterior extremity rounded, much
narrowed; posterior obliquely truncate, its upper angle produced; superior margin
strongly arched, sloping steeply in front, where it is also slightly incurved ; inferior gently
convex. Outline, as seen from above, ovate, fully twice as long as broad. End view
nearly circular. The right valve is of a shape different from the left, being higher and
overlapping on the antero-dorsal and postero-ventral margins. Male unknown. Shell
smooth, pellucid, fawn-coloured, without any macule. i

Length 35 in.

Hab. Abundantly in shell-sand from Roundstone (Dr. Alcock) ; in oyster-ooze from Stranraer (G. S. B.) ;
Sound of Skye, and in tide-pools at Arran, N.B., and Herm (Rev. A. M. Norman); Shetland (Mr.
D. Robertson).

Of this very well-marked species I have been able to dissect only one specimen (Stran-

raer), and the animal was not in sufficiently good preservation to enable me to do
3Q 2

460 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

more than satisfy myself respecting its sex and genus. Though very abundant in the
shell-sand from Dog’s Bay, near Roundstone, these specimens consist only of detached
valves; and I have not detected it in my own dredgings from Roundstone and Birterbuy
Bays.

6. PARADOXOSTOMA HIBERNICUM, n. sp. (Plate XXXYV. figs. 35, 36, and Plate XL.
fig. 7.)

Carapace of female, as seen from the side, oblong subelliptical, rather higher behind
than before; greatest height equal to less than half the length. Extremities nearly
equally rounded; superior margin gently and evenly arched; inferior slightly sinuated
in front. Outline, as seen from above, compressed oval; extremities equally acuminate ;
greatest width in the middle, equal to rather more than one-fourth of the length. Male
unknown. Shell smooth and polished ; colour (of spirit specimens) a uniform ashy grey.
Upper antenneze very slender, one very short slender seta at the apex of the third and
fourth joints ; fourth joint nearly twice as long as the third, and more than twice as long
as the fifth and sixth united; fifth joimt twice as long as the sixth. Terminal claws of
the feet short, thick, and abruptly curved; penultimate joint of the third foot much less
than half the length of the preceding, bearing five strong spinous sete on the anterior
margin. Basal portion of the male copulative organs moderately large, rounded; distal
portion small, elongated triangular, acuminate.

Length 35 in.

Hab. In rock-pools amongst the smaller alge, Great Isle of Arran, Ireland (G. S. B.) ; Arran, N.B., and
Loch Carron, Ross-shire (Rev. A. M. Norman).

7. PARADOXOSTOMA SARNIENSE, n. sp. (Plate XXXV. figs. 26-29, and Plate XL. fig. 9.)

Carapace of the female, seen from the side, oblong elliptical, rather higher behind
than in front; dorsal and ventral margins nearly parallel, greatest height equal to less
than half the length. Anterior extremity obtusely, posterior obliquely rounded ; superior
margin perfectly straight ; inferior straight in front, convex behind, much compressed,
and forming a prominent keel. Outline, as seen from above, excessively compressed,
more than four times as long as broad, extremities equally pointed. Shell smooth,
pellucid, ornamented on the dorsal and ventral portions of the valves with dendritic
black or dark-brown markings. Lower antenne very slender, scarcely thicker than the
stout but slenderly pointed flagellum; one terminal claw. Penultimate joint of the
third foot one-third the length of the preceding, anterior margin finely ciliated ; terminal
claw slender. Male unknown.

Length 5 in.

Hab. Guernsey and Herm, in rock-pools, and Falmouth (Rev. A. M. Norman); and in shell-sand
from the Channel Islands (G. S. B.).

A very beautiful and remarkable species, differing from the preceding chiefly in its —

colouring, its less flexuous outline, and its greater lateral compression.

8. PARADOXOSTOMA ENSIFORME, n. sp. (Plate XXXYV. figs. 8-11.)

Atlantic type. Distrisution: Recent—Britain, Ireland. Fossi/—Glacial, Scotland, Ireland.

ee | ee

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 461

Carapace, as seen from the side, elongate siliquose, highest behind the middle; greatest
height equal to much less than half the length. Anterior extremity much narrowed,
rounded; posterior produced, and somewhat angular in the middle; superior margin
_ well and evenly arched; inferior nearly straight in front, convex behind. Outline, as
seen from above, ovate, fully thrice as long as broad, broadest in the middle; extremities
equally acuminate. Colour dull yellowish white. The animal, so far as I have.been
able to ascertain from dried specimens, exactly resembles P. variabile, except in the
various parts being more slender and elongated.

Length 3}; in.

Hab. Tn shell-sand, Girdler Sand, estuary of Thames, and Donegal Bay (Mr. E. C. Davison) ; the Minch
(Mr. Jeffreys’s dredgings); Shetland and Peterhead (Mr. D. Robertson) ; Plymouth, Swansea, and
Herm (Rev. A. M. Norman).

P. ensiforme appears to be perfectly distinct from any other described species, though
in general outline it rather approaches the form of P. variabile, figured at Plate XX XV.
figs. 12, 18. The chief characteristics of the present species are its attenuated and
flexuous form, the median angulation of the posterior, and the comparatively slight
compression or keel-like projection of the ventral margin.

9. PARADOXOSTOMA FLEXUOSUM, Brady. (Plate XXXV. figs. 30-34.)
Bythocythere? flexuosa, Brady, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866, p. 211.

Carapace, as seen from the side, sublinear, flexuous, highest in the middle, greatest
height equal to one-third of the length; obliquely rounded, and sloping steeply in front,
tapering to an obtusely angular median process behind; superior margin evenly and
gently arched; inferior sinuated in front, convex and compressed behind. Outline, as
seen from above, compressed, ovate, four times as long as broad; extremities acuminate.
Colour yellowish white. Animal unknown.

Length #y in.

Hab. Hebrides and the Minch, 45-60 fathoms (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys’s dredgings) ; Birterbuy Bay, 10 fathoms
(G. S. B.); Plymouth (Rev. A. M. Norman); Girdler Sand, Thames (Mr. E. C. Davison).

10. PARADOXOSTOMA ? ARCUATUM, n. sp. (Plate XXXV. figs. 37, 38.)

Carapace, as seen from the side, elongate, curved, highest in the middle; greatest
height equal to little more than one-third of the length; attenuated and rounded in
front, obliquely rounded behind; superior margin boldly and evenly arched; inferior
sinuated in front of the middle, slightly convex behind; anterior and ventral margins
compressed and marked by radiating transverse lines. Outline, as seen from above,
compressed ovate, broadest behind the middle; greatest width equal to one-fourth of the
length. Colour pearly white. Animal unknown.

Length 35 in.

Hab. Birterbuy Bay, 10 fathoms.

One specimen only found.

462 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

Section II. MYODOCOPA, G. O. Sars.
Fam. 1. Cypripinip#, Baird.

Shell mostly hard and compact in structure, smooth or punctate, and sometimes beset
with short hairs, notched at the antero-inferior angle, so that when the valves are closed
there remains still a large aperture for the protrusion of the lower antennze. Upper
antennee large, geniculated at the base, many-jointed, and bearing, especially towards
the apex, several long ringed setze. Basal portion of the lower antenne broadly trian-
gular, bearing a slender secondary branch, which is set with a few short sete, and a
large natatory branch, which is mostly nine-jointed, and bears several long ciliated sete.
Mandibles rudimentary, the palp very large, geniculated, pediform, four-jointed; first
joint large and thick, bearing at the apex a slightly setose appendage, like a rudimentary
branchial plate; last joint very short and strongly clawed. Three pairs of jaws, some-
what pediform. First pair of jaws having four spinous lobes, the exterior or largest
biarticulate; first joint large, elongated, subquadrangular; last very short, and set with
numerous spines or claws. Second pair of jaws short and stout, composed of several
setose or unguiculate segments; the exterior short, three-lobed, and beset with short
finely ciliated sete, bearing at the base a very large semilunar branchial plate, which
is provided with numerous marginal sete. Third pair of jaws smaller, composed of
three spinous lobes, beneath which is a membranous subovate plate, beset with many
finely ciliated setee; one pair of feet, forming a very long, flexuous, subcylindrical annu-
lose body, which is armed towards the apex with long prickly spines. Postabdomen
large, composed of two broad closely appressed laminze which are armed posteriorly with
strong marginal claws. Two compound pedunculated eyes, between which is a large
simple eye, and at its base a short cylindrical tentacle. Male of less height than the
female; eyes more developed ; copulative organs of complex structure. Ova and em-
bryos borne beneath the shell of the female.

The foregoing description of this family is adopted, with very slight alteration, from
the definition of G. O. Sars. The Cypridinide are comparatively scarce in the seas of
temperate latitudes, but much more abundant in the tropics, constituting, indeed, a not
unimportant part of the phosphorescent agencies there so strikingly developed. Many
species and genera have been described by various authors, but, except in a few cases,
their anatomical structure has not been thoroughly investigated.

In the British seas the few species which have hitherto been discovered are taken
mostly by the use of the towing-net at night. Some have occurred amongst dredged
sand, and some have been taken by the hand-net amongst Zostera in tide-pools; but
this seems to be an exceptional circumstance. The animals are essentially of natatory
character, their powerful antenne having free play, even when the valves are quite
closed, through the large aperture which is characteristic of the family.

Genus 1. Putnomepss, Lilljeborg.

Valves elongated, thin; notch broad, anterior extremity obtuse. Upper antenne six-
jointed, scarcely attenuated at the apex; antepenultimate joint bearing a stout seta,

ee | ee ee eee ee eee

a

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 463

which is set with numerous long auditory cilia; last joint short, and bearing two setz,
which are much longer than the antenna itself. Lower antenne very robust, basal
portion large and thick, natatory branch very long, nine-jointed, the first three joints
elongated, the rest short, subequal, and set with long plumose cilia; secondary branch
larger than usual, geniculated, three-jointed, last joint turned upwards. Basal portion
of the mandibular feet bearing at the apex a small tubercle, with two short hairs,
“forming a rudimentary incisive portion of the mandible; penultimate joint shorter than
in Cypridina, the anterior marginal setee fewer and fasciculate. First pair of jaws
slender, palp bearing simply a small trisetose lobe; second pair of jaws having neither a
mandibuliform appendage nor clawed spines; terminal lobes small, and bearing simple
hairs.” Eyes large, subelliptical, far separated, and situated near the middle of the
shell. Animal swimming with long jerks.

PHILOMEDES INTERPUNCTA (Baird). (Plate XX XIII. figs. 10-18, and Plate XLI. fig. 3.)

Cypridina interpuncta, Baird, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. part 18 (1850), p. 257, plate xvii. figs. 8-10 (An-
nulosa).

Philomedes longicornis, Lillj. De Crustaceis, p. 176, tab. xxvi. figs. 4-6, 14-16; Norman, Ann, & Mag.
Nat. Hist. voi. viii. p. 280, plate xiv. fig. 11; G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 107.

Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong-oval, nearly twice as long as high; dorsal
margin nearly straight, almost perpendicularly deflexed behind, gently curved down-
wards in front; ventral margin gently convex. Anterior extremity obtusely pointed ;
oral notch situated below the middle, wide, its margins densely setose; posterior ex-
tremity broad, obliquely truncate, bearing a short spine near its lower, and sometimes a
similar one near its upper termination. Outline, as seen from above, narrow ovate ;
greatest width in front of the middle, equal to much less than half the length. End
view ovate, tumid, the notch showing as a diamond-shaped opening. The shell is
yellowish, horny, and translucent (except in old specimens), showing the animal clearly
through it; surface marked with a fine reticulated pattern, similar to that of Candona
compressa (see Plate XX VI. fig. 26), but the meshes larger, often finely punctate. Second
joint of the upper antenne large, longer than the two following; terminal setz longer
than the antenna itself. Natatory branch of the inferior antenne (exclusive of the sete)
about equal in length to the basal portion; first joint longer than the two following,
second about half the length of the third, which is nearly as long as the remaining six ;
first joint of the secondary branch short and stout; second long, slender, slightly curved,
about equal in length to the first joint of the natatory branch, bearing three sete at the
middle of the external margin; last joint shorter, very slender, and much curved, un-
guiculate, dilated at the base, apex obtuse. Third joint of the mandibular foot scarcely
half the length of the second, bearing a dense brush of plumose setze on the anterior
margin. ‘Third pair of jaws terminating in a broadly triangular trifid lobe, densely clothed
with plumose set. ‘‘Oviferous foot”? terminated on one side by a rounded elevation,
on the other by a curved claw-like process; setze very slender, minutely and symmetri-
cally spinous at the apices. Postabdominal lamine armed with about eleven curved

464 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

spines, the last two very long and subequal, fourth and sixth about half the length of

the second; third, fifth, seventh, and all the rest very slender and short. Eyes black.

Length ;'g in.

Hab. Taken abundantly in the towing-net at Cumbrae, chiefly at night time (Mr. D. Robertson) ;
Northumberland coast, Shetland, Plymouth Sound, and amongst Zostera, between tide-marks at
Herm (Rev. A. M. Norman).

Though the description given above differs in some minor points from that of G. O.
Sars, I have no doubt that the species referred to is the same; and, indeed, a British
specimen which I forwarded to that author for examination was identified by him with
P. longicornis. There is much variety in the spinous armature of the posterior margin ; in
most cases one short spine exists near its lower extremity, and rarely one likewise at the
upper angle; not unfrequently they are altogether wanting. I have not been able clearly
to make out the structure of the maxillary apparatus, nor have I seen any males recog-
nizable as such.

The figure and description given by Mr. Norman (loc. cit.) are certainly referable to
this species, though, owing to their being taken from worn specimens, they are not quite
applicable to the species when seen in good condition. There can, I think, be little
doubt that Dr. Baird’s description and figures of “ Cypridina interpuncta” are properly
to be identified with P. longicornis, Lilljeborg.

Genus 2. CYLINDROLEBERIS, Brady*.

Shell elongated fusiform or subcylindrical; beak rounded, not at all produced; upper
antennee of the male bearing at the apex two excessively long, annulated, plumose
setee, four shorter setae, and a short curved claw; penultimate joint bearing at its apex
a stout densely ciliated seta; upper antenna of the female terminated by a stout curved
claw, and six or seven subequal plumose sete, which do not exceed in length that of the
last four joints of the antenne; penultimate joint bearing at the apex a short seta or
pedicle, from the extremity of which spring six long simple set. Second joint of the
natatory branch of the lower antennz in the male elongated, in the female scarcely
longer than the succeeding joints; secondary branch in the male robust, subchelate,
terminal joint slender, curved upwards; in the female simple, triarticulate, last joint
setiform. Antepenultimate joint of the mandibular foot shorter than the following
joint, bearing three long subequal curved setze, two of which are plumose; penultimate
joint armed with five stout sete on the anterior, and two at the apex of the posterior
margin; last joint very short, armed with a curved claw and several sete. First maxilla
consisting of a broad subquadrate or crescentic lamina, densely clothed on its distal
margin with long bristles; second maxilla swollen at the base, suddenly narrowed
towards the apex, the apical portion bearing six plumose set, three of moderate length,
and three short, basal portion having a series of ten simple spine-like setz on its convex
margin; third jaw narrow, elongated, set along the whole of the inner margin with
short simple setze, which increase in length towards the apex; oviferous foot terminating
in two symmetrical dentate lips, and bearing about six pairs of spinous setee.

* Intellectual Observer, vol. xii. p. 127.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 465

Thave not succeeded in detecting the sexual organs of the two species belonging to

this genus; but it seems pretty certain that the forms referred to in the generic de-

‘scription are really the two sexes of one and the same species. The shells of the two

forms present no appreciable difference; and the several pairs of jaws, the mandibular
and “oviferous’’ feet, and the postabdominal laminz are in both precisely alike.

1. CYLINDROLEBERIS MAri@ (Baird). (Plate XXXIII. figs. 18-22, and Plate XLI.
ie, 1.)

Cypridina Marie, Baird, Proceedings Zool. Soc. Lond. part xvii. (1850) p. 257, pl. xvii. (Annulosa)
figs. 5-7.

Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong-elliptical, more than twice as long as high,
rather higher in front than behind. Dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight, sub-
parallel; beak erect; notch wide, almost rectangular. Extremities obtusely rounded,
the posterior rather narrowed. Outline, as seen from above, oblong, subclavate, about
twice as long as broad, greatest width in front of the middle; extremities rounded, the
anterior deeply cleft in the centre. Notch radiated, produced along the median lines of
the dorsal and ventral aspects as well as laterally. End view nearly circular. Muscle-
spots very numerous, forming a conspicuous patch near the centre of the valves. Shell
pellucid, and showing through it the deep-yellowish-brown body of the animal; growing
altogether opaque with age. Eyes black and plainly visible through the shell, rather
behind and above the centre. Upper antenne of the male altogether more slender and
less densely setose than in the female; auditory seta short and stout, dilated and
obliquely truncate at the apex; terminal claw also short and stout, scarcely half the
length of the adjacent seta. Second joint of the natatory branch of the lower antenne
in the female short, scarcely longer than the following joints; in the male nearly as long
as the first joint. First pair of maxille subquadrate, bearing a large branchial appen-
dage. Oviferous foot terminating in two equal numerously dentate lips; sete robust,
rather irregularly spined toward the apices. Postabdominal laminz broad, subquadran-
gular, obliquely truncate behind, armed with six slender marginally dentate, slightly
curved claws, which decrease regularly in length from below upwards.

Length +; in.

Hab. Isle of Skye (Dr. Baird); Shetland, Penzance, and with the preceding species in tide-pools at
Herm (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; taken in the towing-net at Cumbrae (Mr. D. Robertson).

C. Marie, though mostly taken in company with Philomedes longicornis, is a much

scarcer species, the specimens taken at any one time being never very many.

2. CYLINDROLEBERIS TERES (Norman). (Plate XX XIII. figs. 6-9, and Plate XLI. fig. 2.)
Cypridina teres, Norman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. (Oct. 1861) pl. xiv. fig. 10.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, ovate, highest behind the middle;
greatest height equal to more than two-thirds of the length; extremities rounded,
anterior narrowed, posterior broad; superior and inferior margins evenly convex; notch
very narrow, curved. Outline, as seen from above, ovate, widest in the middle, more

VOL. XXVI. 3R

466 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

than twice as long as broad. Surface of the shell smooth, pellucid, and finely punctate,
the brown body of the animal shining through. Terminal claw of the upper antenne
long, slender, nearly equal in length to the adjacent setz ; auditory seta slender, scarcely
dilated at the extremity. First maxilla elongated, the distal extremity curved upwards,
slender, and terminating in two sete, between which and the range of marginal setze
there is a considerable interval. The basal joint of the mandibular foot bears on the
anterior margin a series of eight short sete, the last three or four of which are bifid or
trifid at the extremity. Postabdominal laminze short, subovate, bearing seven or eight
long slender claws, the last two being much the longest.
Length 5’; in.
Hab. Dredged in 7-20 fathoms at Oban (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; Guernsey (Mr. J. G. Jeffreys) ; taken in
the towing-net at Cumbrae (Mr. D. Robertson).

Genus 3. BRADYCINETUS, G. O. Sars.

Shell thicker and more compact in structure than in the preceding genera; notch
deep, with setose margins. Upper antenne six-jointed, the apical setz nearly equal and
of no great length. Natatory branch of the lower antenne nine-jointed, its sete short ;
secondary branch in the female very small and biarticulate, the last joint obtuse, and
bearing at the apex a curved seta; in the male larger, three-jointed; the last joint long
and membranaceous, terminating in two short sete. Mandibular feet similar to those of
the preceding genera, but armed also with a bifurcate mandibular process, in front of
which are three toothed spines. First pair of jaws strongly armed with spine-like sete ;
second pair having a strong mandibuliform appendage composed of two robust toothlike
processes. Eyes small, of pale colour, and scarcely visible through the shell. ‘ Animal
mostly moving slowly amongst mud, not swimming nimbly like the preceding.”

The chief distinguishing characters of this genus are the strong toothed armature of
the second pair of jaws, and the peculiar bifurcate process and toothed spines of the
mandibular palp. The lower antennze are also more shortly ciliated, and the habits of
the animal are, according to Sars, much less active than those of the allied genera.
Fischer’s Asterope grenlandica belongs to this genus, and is either identical with, or
closely allied to, B. brenda.

1. BRADYCINETUS BRENDA (Baird). (Plate XX XIII. figs. 1-5, and Plate XLI. fig. 5.)
Cypridina brenda, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 181, tab. xxii. figs. 1 a-g.

globosa, Lilljeborg, De Crustaceis ex ord. trib. p. 171, tab. xvii. figs. 2-10, tab. xviii. figs. 1, 2,
3&7.

Bradycinetus globosus, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 110.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, rotundo-ovate; greatest height in the
middie, and equal to about three-fourths of the length. Upper margin slightly arched,
sloping steeply in front, inferior well and evenly arched, posterior obliquely subtruncate,
anterior somewhat narrowed, prominent, and obtusely angular above the notch, which is
large and wide, its inferior angle produced into a short tooth. Outline, as seen from

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 467

above, subovate, widest in the middle; greatest width equal to a little more than half the
length. End view ovate, width equal to three-fourths of the height. Notch, as seen
from below, elliptical, seen from the front arcuate. Shell covered densely with short
pubescent hairs; colour yellowish white. Second joint of the upper antennee about as
long as the following four united; secondary branch of the inferior antenne very small,
the last joint clongate-ovate, bearing two sete on its anterior margin, and one, which is
curved upwards, on the truncate extremity. Last joint of the mandibular foot armed
with three claws, the anterior of which is short, the other two subequal, and nearly twice
as long; second joint bearing at its apex a large subconical process, which is armed at
the extremity with two moderately long plumose sete; oviferous feet bearing about
twenty-four apical sete, each of which has 4-6 series of short teeth; extremity hooked
at one side. Postabdominal plates having 8-10 dentate claws. ‘ Male similar to the
female, but rather smaller, the eyes larger and redder; secondary branch of the lower
antenne three-jointed, last joint elongated, membranaceous, terminating in two short
seta.”

Length ;; in.

Hab. Forty or fifty miles off Tynemouth, on a muddy bottom (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; “ dredged in from
80 to 90 fathoms sand, 20 miles east of the Noss, in the Shetland Isles” (R. M‘Andrew, Esq.).

I have not had the opportunity of examining the type specimens of this species; but
as I believe Dr. Baird considers them to be identical with B. globosus, I have here
adopted that view.

The following interesting remarks on this species I translate from Sars’s work on the
Norwegian Ostracoda. The difference noticed by that author between the two forms
(probably male and female) have an important bearing on those which I have myself
found in Oylindroleberis Marie. In the latter species, however, the variation occurs
principally in the wpper antenne. “On account of its slow movements and inconspi-
cuous colour, this species |B. globosus| is somewhat difficult to detect amongst the mud
in which it constantly seems to live, and with which its shell is often more or less coated.
I have mostly found the setee of the lower antenne, as represented in Lilljeborg’s figure,
very short, decreasing in length towards the apex, and non-plumose; but in one indi-
vidual, which in other respects agreed with the rest, I found a remarkable variation, the
setee attached to the last five joints being much elongated, and adapted for swimming.
My attention was first drawn to this as follows. Among several specimens which I had
in a glass of sea-water, I saw, to my surprise, one individual suddenly abandon its slow
creeping movement, which, from the structure of the lower antenna, I had alone thought
possible for this genus, and, with a peculiar rolling movement, give a short bound
upwards from the bottom of the glass. On examination of the animal, I found that the
lower antennze were armed with long swimming-sete. On account of this peculiarity,
I thought that the specimen might possibly be a male, but did not find this surmise
borne out by anatomical examination. I have since found amongst my preserved spe-
cimens many individuals thus fitted for swimming, and have convinced myself that those
with the short setze are females. ‘The peculiarity is not one of age merely, for I have
found it in both young and old individuals; and I have noticed it also in another species

dR 2

468 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

(B. Lilljeborgu). In this single example (which, though I could not satisfactorily detect
the copulative organs, I must take for the male) the lower antennze show another
marked peculiarity, the shorter branch being much larger than in the female, and having
an elongated membranous terminal joint armed with two short sete, which is entirely
wanting in the female. This is shown in Lilljeborg’s figure as well as in Baird’s figures
of the same organs in Bradycinetus Macandrei. In the individuals which show this
peculiarity the eye-pigment is also much deeper and of a red colour, whilst in the female
it is almost entirely absent.” |

2. BRADYCINETUS MAcANDREI (Baird). (Plate XX XIII. figs. 14-17, and Plate XLI.
fig. 4.)
Cypridina Macandrei, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 179, tab. xxi. figs. 1 a-g.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subcircular, highest in the middle;
greatest height equal to more than three-fourths of the length; superior margin arched,
sloping steeply in front, inferior boldly rounded; anterior extremity produced into a
prominent beak, in shape much like a bird’s head, which projects downwards and for-
wards, terminating in a sharp point, and bearing also at each side a long curved late-
rally extended process; subjacent notch deep and rather narrow; posterior extremity
subtruncate, bearing at its inferior angle a broad truncated and serrated spine. Out-
line, as seen from above, ovate, tapering to a point in front, broadly rounded behind,
greatest width in the middle, equal to half the length; the two lateral curved processes
project conspicuously like horns in front, and the posterior spine forms a broad, deeply
emarginate mucro behind; hinge-line flexuous, the left valve overlapping behind. The
notch appears broadly heart-shaped or subtriangular when seen from below; from the
front it is hidden by the two horn-like processes. Surface of the shell finely punctate,
white, with clouded patches. Animal almost exactly like that of B. brenda; but the
filaments of the lower antennz are profusely plumose, and the secondary branch consists —
of two broad joints, each of which has four sete springing from the middle of the ex-
ternal margin, and one from the apex; that from the apex of the distal joint is long and
flexuous.

Length +; in., height 7's in. 3
Hab. Dredged in 70 fathoms, between the Islands of Lewis and Skye, R. M‘Andrew, Esq. (Dr. Baird) ;

Oban, in mud, and at Cumbrae, amongst the fibres of Lima hians (Mr. D. Robertson).

Fam. 2. CoNCHGCIAD.

“Shell very thin and flexible, neither horny nor calcareous, but almost membrana-
ceous, more or less distinctly notched and emarginate in front, forming an orifice through
which, as in the preceding family, the lower antenne are protruded whilst swimming.
No eyes. Upper antennz, in the female, small, obscurely jointed, bearing at the apex
a brush of auditory filaments, in the male much larger and distinctly jointed; between
the antenne is a very large tentacle directed forwards and dilated at the apex. Lower
antennze almost like those of Cypridina; basal joint large and stout, natatory branch

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 469

bearing long plumose sete, secondary branch short and, in the male, prehensile. Man-
dibles distinct, narrow, dentate at the apex : palp large, pediform, geniculate, four-jointed ;
basal joint very large, produced at the base into a dentate process which stretches beyond
the apex of the mandible, last joint armed with elongated claws. Two pairs of jaws;
first pair composed of three lobes, the external lobe or palp large, biarticulate, and
incurved ; second pair provided with a small branchial plate and an elongated subpedi-
form palp. Two pairs of feet; first pair elongated, five-jointed, bearing at the base, like
the second maxillee, a small branchial plate, dissimilar in the male and female; second
pair very small and rudimentary. Postabdomen forming two short clawed laminee.”

I have had no opportunity of properly examining any of the animals belonging to this
family; and, indeed, its sole claim to admission here rests at present on a single individual
taken in Shetland by the Rev. A. M. Norman. The definition given above is taken from
the work of G. O. Sars, who describes three species of Conchecia, which appear to be
not uncommon on the Norwegian coast, where they are met with either in great depths
of water (100-800 fathoms) or swimming near the surface in the open sea.

Genus Concua@cra, Dana.

** Valves elongated, produced in front into a beaked process; shell finely reticulated or
marked with concentric striz ; very slightly pilose. Dorsal surface of the carapace flat-
tened in front, sometimes slightly excavated and keeled. Upper antenne in the female
small, scarcely protruding beyond the shell, immobile, obscurely articulated, bearing at
the apex four large auditory cilia and a seta twice as large, curved upwards and finely
denticulated ; in the male much larger, distinctly four-jointed and moveable, some of the
apical setee much elongated, and differing in structure from those of the female. Lower
antenne very powerful, basal portion elongate-triangular, and nearly equalling half the
length of the shell; natatory branch seven- to eight-jointed ; first joint longer than the
rest united, secondary branch biarticulate, first joint much dilated, last very small,
bearing, in the female, several subequal setz, in the male a short hook-like claw. La-
brum large, produced like a hood. Mandibles armed at the lower extremity with a
strong tooth and a semicircular, flexuous, and finely toothed crest: palp robust, scarcely
projecting beyond the valves; basal joint bearing near the apex, in lieu of a branchial
appendage, a densely ciliated seta; last joint obliquely truncate, armed with two long
and finely toothed claws or spines. First pair of jaws composed of two strongly spined
incisive lobes and a large palp, the first joint of which is subovate, and set with long
setae on the anterior and posterior margins; the last small, incurved, armed with several
curved claws, which increase in length inwardly. Incisive part of the second pair of
jaws scarcely lobed, strongly spined at the apex; branchial lamina small, three-lobed ;
palp elongated and directed forwards, three-jointed, last joint very small and armed with
three unequal claws. First pair of feet five-jointed, bearing at the base a three-lobed
branchial plate as in the second pair of jaws; in the female narrow, directed forwards,
and armed at the extremity with three elongated claws; in the male much stronger and
stretched backwards, terminated by three very long ciliated sete, which are curved

A70 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

upwards and backwards. Last pair of feet very small, obsoletely biarticulate, termi-
nating in two unequal sete, one of which is very long, often exceeding the length of the
limb. Abdomen large and stout, in the adult female mostly filled with ova, behind
forming an obtuse process. Postabdominal laminz short and rounded, armed with
several claws and one longer annulated seta springing in front. Eyes wanting, but in
the base of the upper antenne are several lens-like bodies which seem to be imperfect
organs of vision, irregularly grouped, but always placed in a distinct nervous layer, and
without pigment. One male copulative organ, of simple structure, attached in front of
the postabdominal plates on the left side. Animal very agile, swimming very rapidly.”

? CONCHECIA OBTUSATA, G. O. Sars. (Plate XLI. fig. 9.)
Conchecia obtusata, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 118.

Carapace, as seen from the side, subquadrangular, height equal to more than half
the length. Anterior margin produced into a sort of hood; posterior obtusely truncate,
its inferior angle broadly rounded and destitute of spines; superior and inferior margins
nearly straight, parallel. Shell structureless, destitute of striz or reticulation.

Length 35 in. \\’

Hab. Shetland (Rev. A. M. Norman).

The description here given does not accurately correspond with that of C. obtusata as
given by Sars, particularly as regards the structure of the shell, which that author states
to be “striis concentricis subtiliter striata ;” but it is impossible to make a minute exami-
nation without the destruction of the single specimen preserved in Mr. Norman’s col-
lection ; I therefore, for the present, refer it to C. obtusata, which it approaches, at all
events, more closely than any other species.

Section III. CLADOCOPA.

Fam. PoLYCOPID.

* Valves subequal, thin, not notched in front. Upper and lower antennz both natatory,
terminated by long setze, basal portion of both large, stout, and muscular; the upper
simple, not geniculate, the lower two-branched, both branches natatory. Mandibles
distinct, strongly toothed below; palp short, neither pediform nor clawed. Two pairs
only of posterior limbs, scarcely pediform, the first natatory, the second branchial. Ab-
domen terminated by two short unguiferous lamine. Eyes wanting. No heart. Intes-
tine forming a simple sac.”

Genus PotycopE, G. O. Sars.

“Valves rounded, ventricose, thin, and fragile, corneo-calcareous. Forehead having
no tentacle, but in its place two ciliated sete. Upper antenne three-jointed, last joint
short, terminal setz long and slender; terminal rami of the lower antenne unequal, one
many-jointed, of structure very similar to that of Cypridina, the other shorter and three-
jointed. Lower extremity of mandibles strongly inflexed, armed with a few small acute

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. | 471

teeth ; palp biarticulate, first joint stout, bearing externally a short, bisetose branchial
appendage, last narrow, beset with long plumose setee. Incisive portion of the first pair
of jaws small, forming a simple setiferous lobe ; palp very large, four-jointed, two-branched,
second joint bearing externally a long, narrow, and obsoletely biarticulate branch, which
is terminated by long sete. Second pair of jaws membranaceous, three-jointed; penul-
timate joint bearing externally a small branch which terminates in a single seta ; furnished
at the base with a large branchial plate. Postabdominal plates short, posterior margin
shortly digitate and armed between the segments with acuminate claws. Animal swim-
ming actively like the Lynceidee.”’

Sars thinks that there are probably several species of this genus, but he has not been
able accurately to examine and determine more than one. The two species here described
I myself know only from their external characters, the few British specimens hitherto
found being apparently empty shells.

1. PoLYcoPr oRBICULARIS, G. O. Sars. (Plate XXXV. figs. 53-57.)
Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars, loc. cit. p. 122.

Shell of the female, as seen from the side, subcircular, greatest height in the middle,
slightly less than the length ; anterior margin slightly narrowed and produced, posterior
evenly rounded, superior and inferior margins boldly arched. Outline, as seen from above,
ovate, tapering equally to each extremity; greatest width in the middle, equal to more
than half the length. Valves finely punctate and divided by fine reticulated ribs into
numerous polygonal areole. Colour pale yellow, marked with patches (‘radiating
stripes,” Sars) of a darker red colour. ‘Basal joint of the upper antennze longer than
the two others combined, densely hairy on the anterior margin, and provided with a
short seta, last joint ending in five long slender sete; one branch of the lower antennie
eight-jointed, the last seven joints short and subequal; the other three-jointed, first joint
longer than the two following combined, bearing eight long partly ciliated sete. Man-
dibles divided at the apex into five teeth, the most external of which is much the larger ;
palp shorter than the mandible itself, its last joint equal in length to the basal joint
and bearing seven ciliated setae. Secondary branch of the anterior maxillz reaching a
little beyond the apex of the palp, and terminating in about eight very long and slender
sete. Branchial plate of the posterior maxille narrow, elliptical, bearing sixteen ciliated
marginal seta. Postabdominal plates armed with six finely ciliated claws decreasing
gradually in length backwards; behind them two short seta. Posterior margin of the
abdomen bearing three brushes of short hairs. Male unknown.”

Length 3's in.

Hab. Shetland and the Minch (Rev. A. M. Norman); in oyster-ooze from Stranraer (G. S. B.); in
shell-sand, Roundstone (Dr. Alcock).

There seems to be much difference in the amount of sculpturing of different specimens
of P. orbicularis. In adults the shell is often almost perfectly smooth, though mostly
bearing an obscure reticulated pattern; a single valve from shell-sand at Roundstone
(represented at figs. 56 & 57) is more distinctly sculptured than any other specimen
that I have seen. Young specimens are punctate but not reticulated.

472. MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

Probably this is not an uncommon genus; but the extreme minuteness of the animal
rendérs it very liable to be overlooked. vs

For the anatomical description given above I am indebted to G. O. Sars’s work. The
same author remarks that the motions of the animal much resemble those of some
species of Chydorus; it is exceedingly active, having no less than ten limbs adapted for
swimming.

2. Potycopy(?) DENTATA, n. sp. (Plate XXXYV. figs. 58-59.)

Carapace, as seen from the side, subcircular, highest in the middle; greatest height
equal to fully three-fourths of the length. Anterior margin notched above the middle,
notch broad and shallow ; inferior obliquely arched, more convex in front than behind ;
superior margin of the lJef¢ valve simply and obliquely arched, the convexity being
greatest behind, that of the right valve surrounded by a narrow fillet produced in front
into two large, broad, and bluntly pointed teeth which are directed forwards, behind
which it is at intervals obtusely angulated, so as to form four sides of a polygon, and
ends suddenly in a slightly exserted angular tooth above the middle of the posterior
margin. Outline, as seen from above, compressed ovate; sulcate along the hinge-line.
Shell thin and fragile; surface closely, minutely, and uniformly punctate; colour yel-
lowish. Animal unknown. ;

Length 35 in.

Hab. Shetland (Rev. A. M. Norman).

It may perhaps be doubtful whether this very remarkable and beautiful little species
is rightly referred to the genus Polycope: it is at any rate very nearly allied to that
genus ; but as one specimen only has been found, the anatomical details of the animal
cannot at present be investigated.

Section IV. PLATYCOPA.

Fam. CYTHERELLIDZ.

“Valves unequal, very thick and calcareous, not notched in front. Antenne very
large, the upper many-jointed and geniculate at the base; lower broad and flattened,
two-branched, like the feet of the Copepoda. Mandibles very small, with a large pec-
tinato-setose palp. Three pairs of hinder limbs, scarcely pediform; the two anterior pairs
branchial, the others rudimentary. Abdomen terminating in two very small, narrow,
and spiniferous lamine. Ova and embryos borne beneath the shell of the female.”

Genus CYTHERELLA, Bosquet.

“Valves elongated, flattened, thick, and hard, very unequal; the right much larger
than the left, and overlapping throughout the whole circumference, presenting round
the entire inner margin a distinct groove into which the valve of the opposite side is
received. Upper antenne very large, shortly setose or spiniferous, seven-jointed, the

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. AT3

first two joints larger than the rest, and forming between them a distinct geniculation ;
lower antennee composed ofa large, broad, biarticulate, and geniculate basal portion, from
which arise two flattened unequal branches, one biarticulate, the other triarticulate, both
beset with very numerous long sete. Labrum large, subglobose, giving out in front a
short subtriangular process. Mandibles very weak, strongly inflexed at the lower
extremity, which is obliquely truncate and set in a pectinate manner with slender teeth ;
palp large and elongate, almost straight, bearing on the inner side very numerous long
pectinately arranged setee, which stretch backwards as in the feet of the Sidide. First
pair of jaws bearing at the base a very large branchial plate, which is beset with numerous
ciliated marginal set ; incisive portion divided into three setiferous lobes; palp very
large, scarcely articulated; the posterior margin slightly lobated; the inner margin
pectinately setose, like the mandibular palp, but smaller. Second pair of jaws membra-
naceous, bearing, like the preceding pair, a branchial plate, but smaller and narrower ;
distal portion subovate, beset with a few ciliated sete, and in the male furnished with a
very large and strong hatchet-shaped appendage adapted for prehension. Third pair of
jaws, in the female, rudimentary, forming a simple setiferous lobe; in the male strong,
distinctly jointed and subcheliform. Abdomen beset behind with several bundles of long
sete for supporting the ova. Postabdominal lamine narrow, slightly dilated at the apex,
» and armed before and behind with several marginal sete or spines. Copulative organs
of the male very large and narrow.”

From this definition of the genus it will be seen that it differs very remarkably from
all hitherto known forms, presenting, in the conformation of the lower antenne, a remark-
able approach to the Copepoda, and in the palps of the mandibles and first pair of jaws
a likeness to the Sididze. The way in which the animal uses its powerful limbs is not
known, it never having been observed in the living state.

1. CYTHERELLA scoTica, Brady. (Plate XXXIV. figs. 18-21.)
Cytherella Scotica, Brady, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866, p. 211.

Valves, as seen from the side, rather obliquely subelliptical, almost equal in height
throughout; greatest height equal to more than half the length ; extremities broadly, the
posterior obliquely rounded, superior and inferior margins slightly concave in the middle.
Outline, as seen from above, subconical, subtruncate behind, obtusely pointed and slightly
emarginate in front; greatest width situated near the posterior extremity and equal to
rather less than half the length, lateral margins nearly straight and converging gently
towards the front; hinge-line slightly flexuous near the front, and sulcate. Surface of
the shell smooth, faintly punctate, more especially towards the posterior extremity.
Colour whitish, opaque. Animal unknown.

Length 3/5 in.

Hab. The Minch (Mr. Jeffreys’s dredgings), 60 fathoms.

Two or three specimens only of this interesting species have occurred to the Rey.
A. M. Norman and myself, amongst sand dredged off the Scotch coast by Mr. Jeffreys.
It is very nearly allied to Cytherella abyssorum, Sars; and, indeed, until I saw specimens

VOL. XXVI. 38

}
474 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

of the latter species, I considered the two to be identical. But a comparison with Nor-
- wegian specimens, kindly communicated by Herr G. O. Sars, leads me to believe them
distinct. The characters in which C. abyssorum chiefly differs from the present species
are as follows :—The extremities, especially the anterior, as seen from above, are more
abruptly truncate, the angles somewhat produced, and the general outline more com-
pressed; seen from the side, the outline is more evenly elliptical; the surface of the
shell is much more profusely punctate and the puncta larger.

2. CYTHERELLA L&VIS, Brady. (Plate XXXIV. figs. 15-17.)
Cytherella levis, Brady, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866, p. 211.

Valves, as seen from the side, subovate, highest in front, greatest height equal to
about three-fourths of the length ; anterior extremity broadly rounded, posterior rather
narrowed ; superior margin well arched, sloping steeply behind; inferior sinuated in
the middle. Outline, as seen from above, ovate; sides and angles well rounded. Sur-
face quite smooth and devoid of sculpture. Colour yellowish white.

Length 3}; in.

Hab. The Minch, 60 fathoms.

One valve only was found, in the same gathering as the previous species.

APPENDIX.

The following species were, for various reasons, not noticed in the foregoing pages :—

BAIRDIA FULVA, nov. sp. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 21.)

Carapace, as seen from the side, subreniform, highest in front of the middle; greatest
height equal to rather more than half the length ; anterior extremity rounded ; posterior
somewhat narrowed, rounded below; superior margin boldly arched, inferior sinuated in
the middle. Seen from above, compressed ovate, widest in the middle; extremities
equally acuminate; width much less than half the length. The right valve is much
larger and higher than the left, and overlaps considerably, both on the dorsal and ventral
margins; it is also much less angular in outline. Surface of the shell finely and closely
punctate. Colour yellowish brown. Animal unknown.

Length 35 in.

My first acquaintance with this species was’ derived from a single valve of the left side
found among shell-sand from Roundstone. From its shape and the characters of its sur-
face-marking, I supposed that it might perhaps be referable to a variety of, or to some
species nearly allied to, Cytheridea punctillata, and I therefore figured the valve in jux-
taposition with that species. But having more recently seen a perfect specimen, found
by Mr. Robertson at Shetland, as well as one or two fossil examples, I have no hesita-
tion in describing it as an entirely new species of Bairdia. It will be fully illustrated
in the ‘ Monograph of Posttertiary Entomostraca.’

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. A475

CYTHERE EMARGINATA (G. O. Sars).

Cythereis emarginata, G. O. Sars, loc. cit, p. 38.

Scandinavian type. Duisrrrsurion: Recent—Baftin’s Bay, Norway, Shetland. Fossi/—Glacial, Scotland,
Norway.

Shell of the female, seen from the side, subreniform, highest near the middle ; greatest
height much more than half the length. Anterior extremity rounded, posterior pro-
duced below the middle into a prominent angular lobe ; superior margin boldly arched,
inferior sinuated in front of the middle and bending upwards behind. Seen from above,
the shell is compressed ovate; extremities broadly mucronate. Right valve very
different from the left, higher and more boldly arched, sinuated in front of the eyes;
posterior extremity more deeply emarginate and more prominent below. Shell of the
male distinctly quadrangular; greatest height scarcely exceeding half the length, and
situated near the front; superior margin only slightly armed; posterior obliquely trun-
cate. Surface irregularly sculptured with large angular excavations; the sculptured
portion of the shell terminating abruptly in a transverse ridge, a little in front of the
posterior extremity, and below in a sharply cut ventral rib, which is most conspicuous
posteriorly. Hinge-line marked on the dorsal aspect by a deep sulcus ; hinge-teeth large
and strong.

Length 35 in.

Dredged by Mr. D. Reberson off Shetland. The only British species with which
O. emarginata can be confounded is C. angulata, which, however, is considerably smaller
and may mostly be distinguished also by the absence of any sharply cut transverse
declivity, the prominent tuberculation of the valves, and often by a more or less radiate
arrangement of the surface-sculpture. C. costata, Brady, an Arctic species, is a much
nearer relative.

EUCYTHERE ANGLICA, nov. sp. (Plate XXV. figs. 49, 50.)

Carapace, seen from the side, subtriangular, highest in the middle, greatest height
equal to nearly two-thirds of the length; anterior extremity broadly rounded, posterior
narrowed, obliquely rounded; superior margin very strongly arched, sloping steeply
behind, inferior almost straight. Seen from above, the outline is compressed ovate,
widest in the middle, tapering to an acute point in front, more obtuse behind, the hinge-
line showing a well-defined sulcus behind the middle. Surface of the shell stony in
appearance, rudely punctate, and Lovramds the margins showing traces of concentric
furrows.

Length +p in.

Hab. Dredged off the Durham coast (G. 8. B.), ae off the Morecambe Light-ship (Mr. D. Robertson).

This is referred to, under my description of ZH. declivis, as a small, roughly punctate
form of that species. Having only met with two specimens in a single locality, I
hesitated to admit it as a distinct species ; but Mr. Robertson has recently sent me three
specimens, completely identical with it, from the west coast, and I think there can be
no longer any doubt respecting the propriety of assigning to them a separate specific
name.

382

A476 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

CYTHEROPTERON RECTUM, nov. sp.

Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, subquadrangular, nearly equal in height
throughout; height equal to less than half the length; extremities rounded; superior
margin straight, terminating abruptly at each extremity in a small protuberance ;
inferior almost straight; dorsal aspect oblong subovate, widest behind the middle,
suddenly constricted at the posterior third; extremities pointed, width rather more
than the height. Shell-surface closely and minutely punctate; lateral ala not very
prominent, rounded off in front, abruptly angular behind.

Length 35 in.

One specimen only was dredged, by Mr. D. Robertson, in Lerwick Bay, Shetland, in a
depth of 12-14 fathoms.

Note on CyYTHERE JONESTI.

In the Mediterranean, the Bay of Biscay, and on the western coast of Ireland, a form
which appears to me to be properly referable to this species, but at the same time
remarkably different in some minor characters, is abundantly met with. The points in
which it differs are, the much greater delicacy and transparency of the shell, and the
greater length and slenderness of the entire spinous armature. In the position of the
spines and the general outline of the shell, it does not differ appreciably from the typical
form of the species. I have no hesitation in identifying it with the Cythereis ceratoptera
of Bosquet, and, I think, also with the C. subcoronata of Speyer. The figures given by
the latter author seem, indeed, to be widely different, but a specimen which he kindly
communicated to me is either identical, or very nearly so, with the form here noticed.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 477

The following works are referred to in the synonymy of the present monograph :—

Miuurr, O. F. Entomostraca, seu Insecta testacea, 1785.

Jurtne, Louis. Histoire des Monocles qui se trouvent aux environs de Genéve. Genéve, 1820.

Kocu. Deutschlands Crustaceen.

Barro, W., M.D. Natural History of the British Entomostraca. London (Ray Society), 1850.—Description of
several new species of Entomostraca (Proceedings of Zoological Society of London, part xviii.), 1850.—Papers
in Transactions of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, 1835, and in Magazine of Botany and Zoology, 1837.

Reuss, A. E. Die Foraminiferen und Entomostraceen des Kreidemergels von Lemberg (Haidinger’s Abhandl.).
1850.

Fiscuer, S. Abhandlung ttber das Genus Cypris (Mém. des Savants Etrangers, t. vii.). St. Petersburg, 1851.—
Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Ostracoden (Abhandl. der Mathemat.-physik. Classe der Koniglich-Bayerischen Akad.
der Wissenschaften, vol. vii. part 3). Munich, 1855.

Bosavet, J. Description des Entomostracés fossiles des terrains tertiaires de la France et de la Belgique. Bruxelles,

1852. :

Litisesore, W. De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus, Cladocera, Ostracoda et Copepoda, in Scania occurrentibus.
Lund, 1853.

ZENKER, W. Anatomisch-systematische Studien tiber die Krebsthiere. Berlin, 1854.

Kine, Rev. R. L. On Australian Entomostraca (Proc. Roy. Soc. Van Diemen’s Land, vol. ili. part 1), 1855.

Jonxs, T. Rupert. A Monograph of the Tertiary Entomostraca of England (Palzeontographical Society), 1856.

Sars, G.O. Om en i Sommeren 1862 foretagen Zoologisk Reise. Christiania, 1863.—Oversigt af Norges marine
Ostracoder, 1865.

Norman, Rev. A. M. On species of Ostracoda new to Great Britain (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. ix.), 1862.—
Characters of undescribed Podophthalmia and Entomostraca (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. viii.), 1861.—
Dredging Report: Crustacea (Nat. Hist. Trans. of Northumberland and Durham, vol. i. 1865; and in British
Association Report for 1864).

Speyer, Oscar. Die Ostracoden der Casseler Tertiarbildungen. Cassel, 1863.

Brapy, G. 8. On species of Ostracoda new to Britain (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xiii.), 1864.—On undescribed
fossil Entomostraca from the Brick-earth of the Nar (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi.), 1865.—On new or
imperfectly known species of Marine Ostracoda (Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. vol. v.), 1865.—On Ostracoda
dredged amongst the Hebrides (Brit. Assoc. Reports, 1866).

VOL. XXVI. 3p

478 MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

TaBLE illustrating the Distribution of the British Marine Ostracoda.

“Littoral” includes everything between tide-marks and in salt-marshes ; “ deep-water” everything beyond low-water mark,
also shell-sand. *** indicates the prevailing forms in each district. ** indicates moderately common species. * indicates

rare species.

| S.W. Scor- N.E. Ene-
Sunes LAND. |N.W.Scor-| N. Scor- LAND. | 5K. EnG- Post-
| Chenel Oa Galway (Clyde LAND. LAND. Bi eg an (orth: a LAND. N ter-
Talands Comeall and West } district, Isle (Skye, (Orkney, Shetland. (Aber ee Satta tT (Norfolk or I tiary
: Fl j, | Ireland. of Man, | Hebrides, | Sutherland, é > ath Thames, | V2Y- } Fos-
Name oF SPECIES. and Sout North &e.) &e.) shire &c.) | Yorkshire, | “gy sils
| Wales.) Wales.) : a and Dogger : R
z Bank.)
Lit- |Deep } Lit- |Deep } Lit- |Deep | Lit- |Deep | Lit- [Deep Lit- |Deep | Lit- |Deep ] Lit- Deep | Lit- |Deep | Lit- |Deep
| toral | water] toral | water} toral | water] toral | water} toral | water} toral | water] toral | water] toral | water} toral | water| water]
| PARACYPRIS
polita, Sars ng seo : xe |x
PoNTOCYPRIS
mytiloides, Morman.... ee ex Be) * * * xe | ox
acupunctata, Brady... . e xe
trigonella, Sars........ oe x | x | sexe xk | *
angusta, Brady........ Bs;
| Barrpra
inflata, Norman........ ex see % % % *%
acanthigera, Brady ....
obtusata, Sass... 4... ie ap
complanata, Brady 6 |
fulva, Brady....... ss % | *
Macrocyrris
minna, Bard ..3....: *% eK
CYTHERE
lutea, Miller sc eeererrsne 5 x Ieaee |) sex nee sex | ome seek eee |
viridis, Miiller ........ sexe ce] x | ex see % ae |
pellucida, Baird ...... ° x | ee eK sek sek ae | wx | ee seek | ee | *
castanea, Sars ........ eee see
tenera, Brady ........ fe weak * * xx Lowe | x
badia, Morman ........ es selves all eel eese dlimiee ns * | *
oblonga, Brady........
rubida, Brady .,...... Pe
albo-maculata, Batrd «J ys. seer Lasex | see [ae | aoe xe | x % Issex weed «x |x
| convexa, Baird........| x gers| || gee. | pey se * *%
| cuneiformis, Brady .... a i 5 % P|
| limicola, Norman ...... % % x |. * * | *
| gilobulifera, Brady * x
tuberculata, Sars ...... see sat sex sek sk see ee see | ee |
concinna, Jones........ os ae ae *% * xe |x
| angulata, Sars ........ os a x es x x | x
| emarginata, Sars ...... *
| dubia, Brady.......... x
| finmarchica, Sars ...... x *% x x # xe]
pulchella, Brady ...... x
villosa, Sars .......... Ee ee ae Gesee lace lise ek * * * xe | *
semipunctata, Brady .. i
Jeffreysii, Brady ...... % *
laticarina, Brady ...... fi
marginata, Norman .... P
quadridentata, Baird ee Bae * * *
| emaciata, Brady ...... Pi * x * *%
| mirabilis, Brady ...... a *
dunelmensis, Norman .. Be see * xe |
mucronata, Sars ...... * *
| Whiten) Bard........ x *
antiquata, Baird ...... ese se * *% % *
Jones eBard =... 4. . e bs *% os *% * * [os
acerosa, Brady ........
| CYTHERIDEA
i]
elongata, Brady ...... sek * * ee | HERP os Pe
papillosa, Bosquet...... see see * see * [xe] x
punctillata, Brady 4 ex * x |e | x
zetlandica, Brady...... 30 *
subflavescens, Brady : ch
torosa, JONES? a ee s seek cr ores
Sorbyana, Jones ...... ee e ; x |x
HucyTHERE
declivis, Norman ...... ake % Bek * * * | * | #*
Argus, SiieeceaneneeS ae re *% x | «x | x
anglica, Brady ........ x *%
ILYOBATES
bartonensis, Jones...... x * * lee oe | ee
LoxocoNcHA
lmpressa, Bard AntieBe bce eK see | akee | see *K * * ** eK *

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 479

TABLE (continued).

N.E. EnG-

S.W. Scor-

Bi Exe: LAND. |N.W.Scor-] N. Scor- R Soot (North- 8.E. Ene- Post-
2 Galway (Clyde LAND. LAND. Tape sunberland: eae ter-

tiary |

Channel (Devon, and West district, Isle (Skye, (Orkney, | Shetland. (Aberdeen-| Durham,

Islands. Cornwall,

‘ abide: ap t E i Thames Fos-
Name oF SprEctrs. and South Treland. ee ens mere shire &c.) oe srs ij te
Wales.) Bank.)
Lit- |Deep | Lit- |Deep]| Lit- /Deep] Lit- | Deep} Lit- |Deep] Lit- |Deep] Lit- Deep] Lit- | Deep] Lit- |Deep} Lit- Deep
toral | water} toral | water] toral.| water] toral | water] toral | water] toral | water] toral | water} toral | water}toral | water} toral water

LoxoconcHa
eranulata, Sars... .. noel eid are Pinta tists Wese Wao wt 7. ne | (exe ; alto : ;
elliptica, Brady........J % | ..]../..-7)..].. : Boule : i x
tamarindus, Jones...... x law) -- [aed .- | zac sek + |e es see Poo | cee sek sek *
guttata, Norman ......J..].. P.. | « Je. | ae x |. ee ee xe |p - * *

XESTOLEBERIS
aurantia, Baird. eee ee ee KK aie eK eK as ci ae 5 ri * * . * * |
Glepressaye SAS) jecnc ess] .. i ae | ss | ee | .. | eee xe | - xe |. sek ae sek * |

CYTHERURA |
nigrescens, JHh ys SAOE ** ats aoe * eK | eK T RR | RK og * oe * oe RH 0 *
angulata, Brady ......[..|.. J... 1% ].. | * : x Do. . x |. * *
SULIALA SAT Sineee ec a. xe |e) Pee | we |e. | ome x |. see x |- * Pee | *
IMC ALAR ZOMYIE re steal oe | Pye | ae fe ll os nis *%
cuneata, Brady........J 2 | .. J. | x P.. | ex 3 *% =| ae * * |
AUSMPOD EAs scene sul. | os fws | % |
SUMMISWSA7S) ees... ee ces ieee Meee | eee ene | ee : : * |
UNGAtASATS cece s risa eee | (Pe = eerie sek sek oe or
producta, Brady ...... ay dll ieee | peer leer Heer eee % #%

BINS SQ7S! aes y 52... : : : : a % *

Robertsoni, Brady ....J.. | .. | %

gibba, Miiller.......... Sill accra Meise | ere. Wesees|| a : ; .

cornuta, Brady........ Sp asAll| sass Al tose, il sey Wests o |p ae % cee fl anal ee
acuticostata, Sars...... x |oee Pee | ame Po. | eee ee Eo . * * * |
clathrata, Sars ...... Seiteeies ieeeae Make. || oeesg fl pnt : % fe fies : # * |
cellulosa, Vorman...... SPA ese Wels, WP acs Pl coe | eae se * * *

CyYTHEROPTERON
subcircinatum, Sars....J.. | ..f..]..[ 2. » sai] ; : |
latissimum, Norman....f.. |...) ../) % |... |... see ; xe Joe. *
ModosumMyebrady= ......) .. | .. fs. || .. 1». | xm - | x» %
punctatum, Brady Aleka steer aBieces linere Mj tect | tas x |- * | |
multiforum, Norman ..J:.| % |.» | ets. | » x sek * %

MECUUIMGED TOY) o,f, s, | s+ |.» | as : ; % |

ByTHOCYTHERE
simplex, Vorman...... seal here Merseltfe no i[teaee tasks % | ok % * |
Constricta, Sars........... | xe 1 .. | ee]. | ox ° * %

Menourcida, Sars.......... fee eee Meee | #

PsEUDOCYTHERE
caudata, Sars.......... Pre eee | Ree (enone (ieee jane ; *% e

CyYTHERIDEIS |
subulata, Brady ......) % | # |-. | a] .. |» % *

ScLEROCHILUS
contortus, Norman ....) .. | xe |. | we |. | ex sexe sek | ee * |

PaRADOXOSTOMA
variabile, Baird ...... seem)! Daeg |e sek Pen ; sek Heke * |
Normani, Brady ...... Peel (riod ee : *
abbreviatum, Sars ....J..|..]7.. 1] ; ok see : % | %
pulchelum, Sars ...... sek * ‘
obliquum, Sars........ Slt rosea Aker | lec epeen fakeasg ||[sese x |. *% : %

Iiernicum, Brady ....)..|..0..|..4 % *
sarniense, Brady ......) xx | .. | xx |
| ensiforme, Brady ...... seen dese |p rsmallh ae El ered De ge . |» ; *% * Hh |
flexuosum, Brady...... Sos lessee eer nese MUL ets thse * *
|. arcuatum, EBIGUY aes. Pete ee (nce | eee | eee ee |

PHILOMEDES
umtexpuncta, Bard ....) % | .. 4 .. | eK * x %

CYLINDROLEBERIS

| “Marie, Baird 60 0 Seca * ae % . *% x 6 *
teres, Norman ........ alles *

BRADYCINETUS ,
ouendaeBundmerertie ts. | «te. |e : * * .
MacAndrei, Baird ....J..|..]..].. aE Po |

Concnacra |

| obtusata, Sars ......., ; . %

PoLycoPE
orbicularis, Sars ...... : : Pe x Pal ee * |: |
dentata, Brady........ : : %

CYTHERELLA |
scotica, Brady ........ Sat area (eereael hee ‘ f |
levis, Brady.......... oe : vs * |

|

ot Mie

480

Bairdia, 388.
acanthigera, 390.
complanata, 390.
fulva, 474.
inflata, 388.
minna, 392.
obtusata, 390.
subdeltoidea, 388.

Bradycinetus, 466.
brenda, 466.
globosus, 466.
Macandrei, 468.

Bythocythere, 450.
acuminata, 450.
constricta, 451.
flexuosa, 460.
simplex, 4.50.
turgida, 452.

Candona, 381.
albicans, 381.
candida, 383.
compressa, 382.
detecta, 384.
hispida, 362.
lactea, 382.
lucens, 3838.
reptans, 370.
serrata, 371.
similis ?, 388.
torosa, 425.
virescens, 370.

Cladocopa, 470.

Concheecia, 469.
obtusata ?, 470.

Concheeciade, 468.

Sylindroleberis, 464.
Marie, 465.
teres, 465.

Cypride, 360.

Cyprideis Bardi, 423.

proxima, 424.
torosa, 425.

Cypridina brenda, 466.

globosa, 466.
Macandrei, 468.
Marie, 465.

INDEX.

Cypridina teres, 465.

Cypridinide, 462.

Cypridopsis, 375.
aculeata, 376.
vidua, 375.
villosa, 377.—

. Cypris, 361.

aculeata, 376.
affinis, 367.
aurantia, 363.
bispinosa, 366.
candida, 383.
cinerea, 374.
clavata, 367.
compressa, 372.
compressa, 372.
cuneata, 365.
detecta, 384.
elliptica, 365.
elongata, 377.
fusca, 362.
gibba, 369.
gibbosa, 366.
incongruens, 363.
Joanna, 375.
levis, 374.
minuta, 373.
monacha, 379.
monstrifica, 420.
obliqua, 364.
oblonga, 362.
ovum, 373.
pantherina ?, 374.
pilosa ?, 362.
punctata, 372.
punctillata, 365.
reptans, 370.
salina, 368. °
sella, 375.
serrata, 371.
serrulata, 385.
setigera, 382.
strigata, 368.
striolata, 372.
tessellata, 367.
trigonella, 369.

MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

Cypris tristriata, 364.
vidua, 375.
virens, 364.
Westwoodii, 377.

Cythere, 394.
acerosa?, 419,
alba, 402.
albomaculata, 4.02.
angulata, 409.
angustata, 421.
antiquata, 417.
arborescens, 401.
areolata, 405.
aurantia, 437.
avena, 385.
badia, 399.
Bradii, 423.
canaliculata ?, 399.
carinata, 433.
castanea, 398.
cellulosa, 446.
ceratoptera, 418.
cicatricosa, 399.
concinna, 408.
complexa, 405.
contorta, 455.
convexa, 401.
cuneiformis, 404.
debilis, 423.
declivis, 430.
dubia, 409.
dunelmensis, 416.
emaciata, 4.14.
emarginata, 475.
finmarchica, 410.
flavida, 433.
gibba, 444.
gibbera, 444.
globulifera, 406.
guttata, 436.
impressa, 433.
inflata, 388.
inopinata, 419.
Jeffreysu, 412.
Jonesii, 418.
lacustris, 427.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 481

Cythere levata, 435. Cythereis tuberculata, 406. Cytherura nigrescens, 44.0.
laticarina, 412. villosa, 411. producta, 443.
latissima, 448. Whiteii, 416. Robertsoni, 444.
limicola, 405. | Cytherella, 472. Sarsii, 442.
lutea, 395. levis, 474. similis, 442.
marginata, 413. | scotica, 473. striata, 441.
minna, 392. Cytherellide, 472. undata, 443.
mirabilis, 415. | Cytheride, 393. Eucythere, 429.
mucronata, 415. | Cytheridea, 421. anglica, 475.
multifora, 449. | debilis, 423. Argus, 431.
mutabilis, 406. dentata, 428. declivis, 430.
mytiloides, 385. | elongata, 421. Ilyobates, 431.
nigrescens, 440. | inermis, 428. bartonensis, 432.
nitida, 437. | lacustris, 427. pretexta, 432.
nodosa, 405. , | papillosa, 4238. Jonesia simplex, 450.
oblonga, 4.00. | punctillata, 424. Limnicythere, 419.
pellucida, 397. | Sorbyana, 428. inopinata, 419.
pulchella, 404. subflavescens, 4:29. monstrifica, 420.
punctata, 401. | torosa, 425. Loxoconcha, 432.
quadridentata, 413. | zetlandica, 4.28. elliptica, 435.
reniformis, 395. _ Cytherideis, 454. granulata, 434.
rhomboidea, 433. | subulata, 454. guttata, 436.
rubida, 400. | tamarindus, 4:35. impressa, 4:33.

? semipunctata, 411. | Cytherina impressa, 438. longipes, 435.
setosa, 395. _ Cytheropsis, 429. rhomboidea, 435.
simplex, 450. | Argus, 431. tamarindus, 435.
subdeltoidea, 388. | declivis, 430. . Macrocypris, 391.
subflavescens, 429. | ? tenuitesta, 430. minna, 392.
tenera, 399. _ Cytheropteron, 447. Monoculus aurantius, 3065.
tuberculata, 406. | convexum, 448. candidus, 383.
variabilis, 457. | latissimum, 448. monachus, 379.
ventricosa, 404. multiforum, 449. ovum, 373.
villosa, 4.11. | nodosum, 448. ruber, 363.
viridis, 397. | punctatum, 449. | vidua, 375.
Whiteii, 416. rectum, 450. villosus, 377.

Cythereis angulata, 409. subcircinatum, 447. virens, 364.
antiquata, 417. Cytherura, 439. Myodocopa, 462.
clavata, 408. acuticostata, 445. | Newnhamia, 379.
dunelmensis, 416. | affinis, 443. Notodromas, 379.
emarginata, 475. angulata, 440. monachus, 379.
fimbriata, 418. cellulosa, 446. Paracypris, 377.
finmarchica, 410. clathrata, 446. polita, 378.
horrida, 416. cornuta, 445. Paradoxostoma, 4.56.
Jonesii, 418. cuneata, 442. abbreviatum, 458.
limicola, 405. gibba, 444. arcuatum, 461.
mucronata, 415. humilis, 443. ensiforme, 460.
spectabilis, 418. lineata, 441. flexuosum, 461.
spinosissima, 415. nana, 446. hibernicum, 460.

4.82

MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

Paradoxostoma Normani, 458. Polycope, 470.

obliquum, 459.
pulchellum, 459.
sarniense, 460.
variabile, 457.
Philomedes, 462.
interpuncta, 463.
longicornis, 463.
Platycopa, 472.
Podocopa, 360.

Notodromas monachus.

?dentata, 4.72.
orbicularis, 471.
Polycopide, 470.
Pontocypris, 384.
acupunctata, 386.
angusta, 387.
mytiloides, 385.
serrulata, 385.

Pontocypris trigonella, 387.
Pseudocythere, 453.
caudata, 453.
Sclerochilus, 4.55.
contortus, 455.
Xestoleberis, 437.
aurantia, 437.
depressa, 438.
| nitida, 437.

EXPLANATION OF THE
Puate XXITI.

Fig. 1. Carapace (male), seen from left side, x 38. | Fig. 238.
2. do. do. above, x 33.
3. do. do. below, x 33. | 24
4, do. do. front, x 33. | 25:
5. Carapace (female), from left side, x 33. 26.
6. Detached valves of female carapace, seen 27.
from below, x 40. | 28.
7. Left valve (female), seen from behind, 29.
x 40. 30
8. Postabdominal ramus, x 112. 31.
9. Lucid spots, x 84. 32.
Cypris fusca.
10. Carapace of female, from right side, x 25. 33.
Vi. do. do. above, x 25.
12. do. do. below, x 25. 34.
13. do. do. front, x 25. 35.
14. Lucid spots, x 80. 36.
15. Postabdominal ramus, x 80. 37.

Cypris incongruens.

16. Carapace of female, from left side, x 20.

ve do. do. above, x 20. | 39.

18. do. do. below, x 20. |

19. do. do. front, x 20. AO.

20. Postabdominal ramus, x 84. Al.

21. Anterior extremity of right valve, external 42.
surface, x 84. 43

22. A portion of the anterior margin of right 44.

valve, seen from within, x 84. 45.

PLATES.

Cypris virens.

Carapace of female, seen from right side,
x 16.

. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 16.

do. do. below, x 16.
do. do. front, x 16.
Postabdominal ramus, x 80.
Hinge-margin, right valve, x 40.
do. left valve, x 40.

. Lucid spots, x 80.

Contact margin, left, x 40.
do. right, x 40.

Cypris obliqua.
Carapace of female, seen from right side,
Kieos
Carapace of female, seen from above, x 25.
do. do. below, x 25.
do. do. front, x 25.
Postabdominal ramus, x 80.

. Lucid spots, x 80.

Cypris tessellata.
Carapace of female, seen from right side,
x 40.
Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

. Shell-structure, x 310.

Postabdominal ramus, 120.
Lucid spots, 120.

Mig. 1.

or)

52 Cee

10.

i

12.
13.
14.
15.

16.

We
18.
I
20.

21.

22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

43.
44,
45.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA.

PLATE XXIV.

Cypris compressa.

Carapace of female, seen from left side,
x 40.

. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.

do. do.
do. do.

below, x 40.
front, x 40.

. Postabdominal ramus, x 190.

Cypris striolata.

. Carapace of female, seen from left side,

x 40.
. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Shell-sculpture, x 310.

Cypridopsis villosa.
Carapace of female, seen from left side,
x 40.
Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.
Lucid spots, x 80.

Cypridopsis aculeata.

Carapace of female, seen from left side,
x 40.
Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.
Shell-sculpture and spines, x 200.

Cypris levis.
Carapace of female, seen from left side,
x 50.
Carapace of female, seen from above, x 50.
do. do.
do. do.
Lucid spots, x 80.
Postabdominal ramus, x 210.

below, x 50.
front, x 50.

Variety (Loch of the Lowes).
Carapace, seen from left side, x 80.
do. do.
do. do.

above, x 80.
below, x 80.

Fig. 27.

28.
29.
30.
46.

453

Cypridopsis vidua.
Carapace of female, seen from left side,
x 40.
Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.
Seta and hyaline vesicle of lower antenna,
x 400.

YS anni
Cypris ovum. ™

. Carapace of female, seen from left side,

x 40.

. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.

do. do.
do. do.

below, x 40.
front, x 40.

Candona detecta.

. Carapace, seen from right side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Cypris cinerea.

. Carapace of female, seen from left side,

x 40.

. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.

do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.
Cypris gibba.
. Carapace of female, seen from left side,
x 40.
. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

. Shell-sculpture, x 190.

Postabdominal ramus, x 190.

. Separated valves, showing hinge-margins,

x 40.
Outline of carapace (tuberculated variety),
x 40.

Candona lactea.

. Carapace of female, seen from left side,

x 50.

. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 50.

do. do.
do. do.

below, x 50.
front, x 50.

4.84:

=u
Fig.

MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

PLATE XXV.

Candona candida.

. Carapace of female, seen from left side,

x 40.

. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.

do. do.
do. do.

below, x 40.
front, x 40.

. Lucid spots, x 96.
. Outline, young carapace, x 40.

do. adult male (Regent’s Park), x 40.
do. do. (Gravesend), x 40.

9. Structure of posterior extremity of shell

(Gravesend), x 210.

Cypris reptans.

. Carapace of female, seen from left side,

x 16.

. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 16.

do. do.
do. do.

below, x 16.
front, x 16.

. Lucid spots, x 40.

Cypris serrata.

. Carapace of female, seen from left side,

XID»

. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 25.

do. do.
do. do.

below, x 25.
front, x 25.

. Lucid spots, x 60.

Candona albicans.

. Carapace of female, seen from left side,

x 50.

. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 50.

do. do.
do. do.

below, x 50.
front, x 50.

. Lucid spots, x 210.
5. Shell-sculpture, x 210.

Pontocypris serrulata.

. Carapace (female), seen from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

. Detached valves, showing hinge-margins,

x 40.

Pontocypris trigonella.

Fig. 31. Carapace(female), seenfrom left side, x 40.

32. do. do. above, x 40.
33. do. do. below, x 40.
34. do. do. front, x 40.

Loxoconcha impressa.

35. Carapace of male, seen from left side, x 40.

36. do. do. above, x 40.
37. do. do. below, x 40.
38. do. do. front, x 40.

39. Lucid spots, x 84.
40. Shell-surface, x 84.
a, original surface, 4, incrustation.
40*, Carapace of female, seen from left side,
x 40.

Cypris trigonella.

41. Carapace of female, seen from left side,

x 40.
42. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.
43. do. do. below, x 40.
4A. do. do. front, x 40.

Loxoconcha tamarindus.

45. Carapace of female, seen from left side,

x 40.
46. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.
47. do. do. below, x 40.
48. do. do. front, x 40.

Eucythere anglica.

49. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.
50. do. do. above, x 40.

Loxoconcha granulata.

51. Carapace (male), seen from left side, x 40.
52: do. do. below, 40.

Pontocypris acupunctata.

58. Carapace of female, seen from left side,

x 40.
54. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.
55. do. do. below, x 40.
56. do. do. front, x 40.

Fi

rose i:

ie

22.

VOL.

N Qu B ww

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA.

x 40.
. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.
. Lucid spots, x 80.
. Postabdominal ramus, x 140.

Cypris bispinosa.
. Carapace of female, seen from left side,
x 16.
. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 16.
do. do. below, x 16.
do. do. front, x 16.

Cytheridea lacustris.

. Carapace of female, seen from left side,
x 40.

. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.

do. do. below, x 40.

do. do. front, x 40.

Candona compressa.

Carapace of female, seen from left side,
x 40.

Prats XXVI.

Cypris punctillata. Fig. 23.
Carapace of female, seen from left side, 24.
x 16. 25.
. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 16. 26.
do. do. below, x 16. 27.

do. do. front, x 16.

. Lucid spots, x 40.

. Shell-sculpture, x 100. =
Postabdominal ramus, x 80. ses
Cypris salina. bl.

. Carapace of female, seen from left side,
32

33.

34.

ja.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.
41.
42.

Puate XXVIII.

Paracypris polita.

. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Macrocypris minna.

. Carapace, seen from left side, x 16.
XXVI.

Fig. 6.
ie
8.

485

Carapace of female, seen from above, x 4.0.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Reticulation of shell, x 96.

Lucid spots, x 96.

Cythere concinna.

. Carapace (male), seen from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front (Camp-

beltown Bay), x 40.

. Carapace (female), seen from left side (the

Minch), x 40.
Outline of right valve, from above, x 40.

Cythere mucronata.

Right valve, seen from side, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.

Cytheridea punctillata.

Carapace (male), seen from left side (the
Minch), x 40.

Carapace (female), seen from left side,
x 40.

Carapace (female), seen from above (Loch
Fyne), x 40.

Hinge-margins of right and left valves,
x 40.

Cythere angulata.

Carapace of female, seen from right side,
x 40.

Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40,

Carapace, seen from above, x 16.
do. do, below, x 16.
do. do. front, x 16.

Bairdia inflata.

. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.
10.
ele

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
3.U

486

Fig.

Fig.

MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

12. Carapace, seen from front (Lamlash), x 40.

13. Outline of left valve (Channel Islands),
x 40.

14-17. Outline of left valve (Roundstone),
x 40.

Bairdia acanthigera.
18. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.

19. do. do. above, x 40.

20. do. do. below, x 40.

yD do. do. front, x 40.
Eucythere declivis.

22. Carapace (female), seen from leftside, x 40.

23. do. do. above, x 40.

24. do. do. below, x 40.

25. do. do. front, x 40.

26. Separated valves, from above, x 40.

52, 53. Variety (?) (Devonshire), x 40.
54, 55. Carapace of male, x 40.

Xestoleberis depressa.

Fig. 32

33.

34.

Pruate XXVIII.

27. Carapace (of female), seen from left side,
x 40.
28. Carapace (of female),seenfromabove, x 40.
29. do. do. below, x 40.
30. do. do. front, x 40.
31. Separated valves, showing hinge-margins,
x 40.
Cytheridea papillosa.
1. Carapace (female), seen from leftside, x 40.
v2: do. do. above, x 40.
3. do. do. below, x 40.
4. do. do. front, x 40.
5. Hinge-margins : (qa) left, (0) right, x 40.
6. Lucid spots, x 84.
Cytheridea torosa.
7. Carapace (female), seen from left side, x 40.
8. do. do. above, x 40.
9. do. do. below, x 40.
10. do. do. front, x 40.
11. Lucid spots, x 84.
12. Hinge-margins: (a) left, (6) right, x 84.
Cytheridea elongata.
13. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.

Fig. 14.
15.
16.

ie
18.
19.
20.

21.

22.
23.
24.
25.

. Carapace of male, seen from left side, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.

Xestoleberis aurantia.

Carapace of female, seen from left side,
x 40.

. Carapace of male, seen from left side, x 40.

do. do.

do. do.

above, x 40.
front, x 40.

Loxoconcha elliptica.

. Carapace (female), seen from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.
. Carapace of male, seen from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.
Loxoconcha guttata.
. Carapace (female), seen from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.
. Separated valves, showing hinge-margins,
x 40.

Eucythere Argus.
. Carapace (female),seen from leftside, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.
. Carapace (male ?), from left side, x 40.

Carapace, seen from above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Cytheridea punctillata.

Carapace (female), seen from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Bairdia fulva.
Left valve, x 40.

Cythere pellucida.
Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40,

Fig.

Fig.

26

28

38

39

40.

8. do.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA.

. Separated valves, showing hinge-joint,
x 40.
. Old valve, from deep water, x 40.

Cythere castanea.
. Carapace of female, from left side, x 40.

Cythere tenera.

. Carapace (female), from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Cythere albo-maculata.
. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

. Lucid spots, x 96.

. Portion of anterior contact-margins, from
the front, x 84.

a. Young carapace, from left side (C. alba,
Baird), x 40.

. Separated valves, showing hinge-margins,
x 40.

Cythere viridis.
Carapace of female, seen from left side,
x 40.

Wig. 41.

487

Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.

57-59. Lateral, superior, and end views of

PLATE XXIX.

Cytheridea Sorbyana.

. Right valve (recent), x 40.

. Carapace (fossil) , seen from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.
, do. do. front, x 40.

. Left valve (recent), from side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.

Cythere mirabilis.

. Left valve, seen from side, x 40.

do. above, x 40.

Limnicythere monstrifica.

9. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.

10. do. do. above, x 40.
ll. do. do. below, x 40.
12. do. do. front, x 40.

Fig. 15.
16.
ly,
18.

specimens dredged in the Minch, x +40.

Cytheridea zetlandica.

. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

. Lucid spots, x 84.

Cythere lutea.

(Deep-water variety.)

. Right valve of male, x 40.
. Carapace (female), seen from left side, x 40.

do.
do.

do.

do.

above, x 40.
front, x 40.

. Separated valves, showing hinge-joint,

x 40.

(Littoral variety.)

. Carapace, from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

. Hinge-margins, from above : (a) left, (6)

right, x 84.

Limnicythere inopinata.

Carapace of female, seen from left side,
x 40.

Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.

do. below, x 40.

do. front, x 40.

do.
do.

Cythere convexa.

. Carapace of female, seen from left side,

x 40.
. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

. Separated valves, showing hinge-margins,

x 40.

. Hinge-joint of left valve (lateral view),

x 40.

488

Fig.

MR. G. S. BRADY’S
Fig. 25. Outline of carapace, from right side, x 40.
26. do. right valve only, x 40. Fig. 43.
27. do. left valve only, x 40. AA.
45.
Cythere villosa. 46.
28. Carapace (female), seen from left side, x 40.
29. do. do. above, x 40.
30. do. do. below, x 40. 47
31. do. do. front, x 40. 48.
32. Separated valves, showing hinge-margins, 49.
x 40. 50.
60.
Cythere semipunctata.
33-35. Carapace, lateral, upper, lower, and
end views, x 40. ie
36. Right valve (young), lateral view, x 40. 52.
37. do. do. from above, x 40. 53.
54.
Cytheropteron multiforum. BB
38. Carapace (of male), seen from left side,
x 40.
39. Carapace (of male), seen from above, x 40. 56
40. do. do. below, x 40. 57.
Al. do. do. front, x 40. 58.
42. Left valve (young), x 40. 59.
PLATE XXX.
Cythere dunelmensis.
1. Carapace (male) (Durham coast), seen Fig. 17.
from left side, x 40.
2. Carapace (male), seen from above, x 40. 18.
3. do. do. below, x 40. 19.
A, do. do. front, x 40. 20.
5-8. The same, male (Frith of Clyde), x 40.
9. Carapace (female), seen from left side, x 40.
10. do. do. above, x 40. 21.
Te do. do. below, x 40. 92,
12. do. do. front, x 40. 23.
24.
Cythere Jonesit.
13. Carapace of female, seen from right side,
x 40. 25.
14. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40. 26.
1 [555 do. do. below, x 40. 27.
16. do. do. front, x 40. 28.

MONOGRAPH OF

Cytherura clathrata.

Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Cytherura cellulosa.

. Carapace(female),seen from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.
do. do. left side, x 84.

Cythere Jeffreysii.

1. Carapace, seen from right side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

. Ornament of shell-surface, x 140.

Cythere badia.

. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Cythere antiquata.

Carapace of female, seen from left side,
x 40.

Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.

do. do. below, x 40.

do. do. front, x 40.

Cythere Whiteit.

Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Cythere tuberculata.

Carapace (female),seen from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA.

489

Fig. 29. Separated valves, showing hinge-margins Fig. 34. Carapace(female), seen from left side, x 40.
(Dogger bank), x 40. 35. do. do. above (Aber-
30. Carapace (male), seen from left side, x 40. deenshire), x 40.
31. do. do. above (North- 36-39. Carapace, in different stages of growth,
umberland coast), x 40. seen from left side (Northumberland
32. Carapace (female), seen from left side, x 40. and Durham coasts), x 40.
35. do. do. above (Dur- 40, 41. Young carapace, lateral and ventral
ham coast), x 40. aspect, x 40.
PLaTE XXXII.
Cythere laticarina. Fig. 25, Right valve (Oban), x 40.

Fig. 1. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40. 26. Left valve (female), old (Shetland), x 40.
9. do. do. above, x 40. 27. Carapace (female), seen from left side,
3. do. do. below, x 40. x 40.

A. do: do. front, x 40. 28. Carapace (female), from above, x 40.
29. do. do. below, x 40.
Cythere marginata. 30. do. do. front (Northum-
5. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40. berland coast).
6. do. do. above, x 40. Ciremenacae
ts do. do. below, x 40. ;
31. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.
8. do. do. front, x 40.
382. do. do. above, x 40.
Cythere finmarchica. 39. do. do. below, x 40.
9. Carapace of female, seen from left side, 34. do. do. front (Plymouth) ,
& 40: x 40.
10. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40. 35. Left valve, old (Galway), x 40.
1. Fine abe below, x 40. 36. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40. .
12. ey do: front, x 40. 37. do. do. below (Devonshire
13. Lucid spots, x 84. coast), x 40.
uth Fs Cythere limicola.
SERGI gee ; 38. Carapace of female, seen from left side,
14. Carapace (male), seen from left side, AG
x 40. 39. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.
; P
15. Carapace of female, seen from left side, 40. Aen Aint Welowee0)
x 40. 41. do. do. front, x 40.
16. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40. 43. Left valve (young), seen from side, x 85.
Wf do. do. below, x 40. 44, do. do. above x 85.
Cythere quadridentata. a oo: oc Wissel
: 46. do. do. front, x 85.
19. Carapace (male), seen from left side, x 40.
20. do. do. above, x 4.0. Cythere globulifera.
21 do. do. below, x 40. 42. Right valve, x 84.
22. do. do. front (Dur-
ham coast), x 40. Cythere cuneiformis.
28. Carapace (male) seen from left side, x 40. 47. Left valve, lateral view, x 40.
24. do. do. above, (va- 48. do. seen from above, x 40.
riety, Durham coast), x 40. 49. do. do. below, x 40.
VOL. XXVI. 3X

490

MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

Cythere (?) acerosa.

Fig. 50. Left valve, front (adult female).

Fig.

51-54. Perfect carapace (adult male), lateral,

CON ATR wwe

—
i=)

J
—

dorsal, ventral, and end views, x 40.

Fig. 55. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.

56.
57.
58.

Puate XXXII.

Cytherura acuticostata.

. Carapace (male), seen from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.
. Carapace (female) from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

. Carapace (female, smooth variety), from

left side, x 40.

. Carapace (female, smooth variety), from

above, x 40.

. Carapace (female, smooth variety), from

below, x 40.

Cytherura cornuta.

. Carapace (female ?), from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.
Cytherura Robertsont.

. Carapace (female), from left side, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Cytherura affinis.

. Carapace (female), from left side, x 40.

do. do.
do. do.

below, x 40.
front, x 40.

Cytherura angulata.

. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Cytherura striata.

. Carapace (female), from left side, x 40.

do. do.
do. do.

above, x 40.
below, x 40.

Fig. 29.
62.
64.
65.

30.
él.
32.
393.
34.
67.

35.

36.
37.
38.
63.

39.
40.
4).
42.

43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
66.

50.
51.
52.
53.

do.
do.

do.

do.
do.
do.

above, x 40.
below, x 40.
front, x 40.

Carapace (female), from front, x 40.
Sculpture of shell, x 210.

Carapace (female), from left side, x 84.
Interior of left valve, x 84.

Cytherura lineata.

Carapace of female, from left side, x 40.

do. do. below, x 40.
Carapace of male, from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.
do. do. left side, x 84.

Cytherura cuneata.
Carapace (female), seen from left side,
x 40.
Carapace (female), seen from above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.
Sculpture of shell, x 210.

Cytherura Sarsit.

Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Cytherura undata.

Carapace (male), from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.
Carapace (female), left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. left side, x 84.
Cytherura nigrescens.
Carapace (female), from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Fig. 54.
55.
56.
57.

58.
59.

60.

61.

Fig.

ce we

Cee

10.
tile
12.
13.

Big. 1.

a

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA.

Carapace (variety, deep-water), from left
side, x 40.
Ditto (ditto), from above, x 40.

Cytherura similis.

Carapace (female), from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.
Cytherura producta.

Carapace of male, seen from left side,
x 40.
Carapace of male, seen from below, x 40.

Fig. 68.
69.
70.

(ake
72.
73.
74,

75.
76.

Puate XXXII.

Bradycinetus globosus.

. Carapace seen from left side, x 20.

do. do. above, x 20.
do. do. below, x 20.
do. do. front, x 20.

. Hinge-margins, x 16.

Cylindroleberis teres.

. Carapace, seen from left side, x 20.

do. do. above, x 20.
do. do. below, x 20.
do. do. front, x 20.

Philomedes interpuncta.

Carapace, seen from left side, x 20.

do. do. above, x 20.
do. do. below, x 20.
do. do. front, x 20.

Fig. 14.
15.
16.
V7,

18.
19.
20.
2l.
22.

23.
24.
25.
26.
27.

PuatTE XXXIV.

Bairdia complanata.
Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 50.

Sclerochilus contortus.

. Carapace of female, seen from left side,

x 40.
. Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

491

Cytherura gibba.
Carapace (female), from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.
Cythere rubida.

Carapace (female), from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Cythere dubia.

Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.

Bradycinetus Macandrei.

Carapace, seen from left side, x 20.

do. do. above, x 20.
do. do. below, x 20.
do. do. front, x 20.

Cylindroleberis Marie.

Carapace, seen from left side, x 20.

do. do. above, x 20.
do. do. below, x 20.
do. do. front, x 20.

Lucid spots, x 84.

Bythocythere simplex.

Carapace, seen from right side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Lucid spots, x 84.

Fig. 9. Separated valves, showing hinge-margins,

10.

11.

12.
13.
14.

x 40.
Lucid spots, x 84.

Ilyobates bartonensis.

Carapace of female, seen from left side,
x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 4.0.
do. do. front, x 40.

=
Fig.

CO WwW WO ©
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MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

Cytherella levis.

. Right valve, seen from side, x 40. Fig. 35.
do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40. 36.
37.
Cytherella scotica. 38.
Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40. 39.
do. do. below, x 40. 40.
do. do. front, x 40. Ay.
42.
Bairdia obtusata.
. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40. 43.
do. do. below, x 40. 44.
do. do. front, x 40.
45.
Cytheropteron latissimum. AG.
. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40. 47.
do. do. above, x 40. 48.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.
. Separated valves, showing hinge-joint,
x 40. oes
51.
Cytheropteron nodosum. 52.
. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.
do. . do. above, x 40. 53.
do. do. below, x 40. 54.
do. do. front, x 40. 55.
PLATE XXXV.
Paradoxostoma variabile. Fig. 138.
. Carapace of female (from deep water, 1-60
fathoms), seen from left side, x 40. 14.
Carapace of female, seen from above, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40. 15.
. Carapace of female, seen from left side, 16.
x 40. 17.
. Carapace of female, littoral variety, seen
from above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.
Carapace of female (from roots of Lami-
naria beyond low-water mark), seen 8
from left side, x 40. 9.

Bythocythere turgida.
Carapace (female), seen from left side,
x 40.
Carapace (female), seen from above, x 40.
do. do. below, obliquely, x 40.
Lucid spots, x 84.

Cytheropteron subcircinatum.
Carapace, seen from the left side, x 56.

do. do. above, x 56.
do. do. below, x 56.
do. do. front, x 56.

Pontocypris (?) angusta.
Carapace, seen from left side, x 56.
do. do. above, x 56.

Cytheropteron punctatum.

Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Pseudocythere caudata.

Carapace, from left side, x 40.
do. above, x 40.
do. below, x 40.
do. front, x 40.

Cytheridea (?) subflavescens.

Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Carapace of female, seen from above,
x 40.
Young carapace (littoral variety), seen
from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.
Aperture between contact-margins for
protrusion of suctorial apparatus,
x 140.

Paradoxostoma ensiforme.

. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40. :

Fig. 10.
1a

36.

explanatory text.

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA.

Carapace, as seen from below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Paradoxostoma obliquum.

. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Paradozostoma abbreviatumn.

. Carapace (female), seen from left side,

x 40.
. Carapace (female), seen from above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Paradoxostoma sarniense.

. Carapace (female), seen from left side,

x 40.
. Carapace (female), seen from above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Paradozxostoma flexuosum.

. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

. Left valve from above, showing hinge-

margin, x 40.

Paradozxostoma hibernicum.

. Carapace (female), seen from left side,

x 40.
Carapace (female),seen from above, x 40.

Fig. 37

38.

Oo:
40.

41.
42,

58.
Oo:

Puate XXXVI.

In this and the following Plates (except Plate XLI.), illustrating details of anatomical structure, the
letters (a, b, c, &c.) uniformly refer to one and the same organ, except when otherwise stated in the

The letters refer as follows :—

a. Upper antenna.

6. Lower antenna: a', poison-gland; 0’, flagellum

or urticating seta.

c. Mandible: a’, palp; 4', branchial appendage.

d. First maxilla: a!, external palp; 0', branchial

plate.

e. Second maxilla: a’, palp; 6’, branchial ap-

pendage.

VOL.

XXVI.

f. First

4.93

Paradoxostoma arcuatum.

. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.

Paradoxostoma Normani.
Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.

Paradoxostoma pulchellum.
Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.

Cytherideis subulata.

. Carapace, seen from left side, x 40.
do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

Bythocythere constricta.
Carapace of female, from left side, x 40.
. Carapace of male, from left side, x 40.

do. do. above, x 40.
do. do. below, x 40.
do. do. front, x 40.

. Outlines of separate valves, showmg

hinge-margins, x 40.

Polycope orbicularis.
. Carapace, seen from right side, x 120.
do. do. above, x 120.
do. do. behind, x 120.
. Imperfect valve (Roundstone), x 84.
. Sculpture of shell, x 140.

Polycope dentata.
Carapace, seen from left side, x 84.
below, x 84.

do. do.

foot.

g. Second foot.

h. Third foot.

2. Postabdominal ramus.
k, Male copulative organ.

1. Male

“glandula mucosa,”

ADA

Fig. 1. Cypris virens, female, x 85 (fig. a x 40).
m. Mouth, x 3820.
n. Receptaculum seminis and duct, x 210.
Fig. 2. Cypris gibba, female, x 145.
Vig. 3. Cypris serrata, female, x 120.
Fig. 4. Cypris reptans, female, x 85.
Fig. 5. Cypris levis, female, x 210.
Fig. 6. Cypris compressa, male.
a. Copulative organs, x 210.
n. Extremity of “ mucus-gland,” x 210.
na, do.

LY

Vig. 7. Cypris cinerea, female, x 210.

>

mandibular palp, x 210.

MR. G. S. BRADY’S MONOGRAPH OF

Fig. 8. Cypris ovum, male, x 210.
Fig. 9. Cypridopsis villosa, x 400.
Fig. 10. Cypridopsis aculeata, x 400.
Fig. 11. Cypris punctillata.
Extremity of mandible, x 210.
Fig. 12. Candona albicans, female.
m. Biarticulate seta of lower antenna, x 600.
z. Postabdominal ramus, x 210.
n. Palp of second jaw, x 210.
Fig. 13. Candona candida, male.
k. Copulative organs, x 85.

PLaTeE XXXVII.

Vig. 1. Candona candida, x 85.
m. Portion of the mucus-gland highly magni-
fied, x 210.
¢. Portion of a spermatozoid, x 600.
Vig. 2. Candona detecta, female, x 210.
m. Terminal claws of postabdomen, x 400.
Vig. 38. Notodromas monachus.

e', Second jaw and palp, female, x 210.

EL do. right side, male, x 85.
Ce do.
f'. Foot of first pair, female, x 210.
rhe do.
g. Extremity of second foot, male, x 210.

left side, male, x 85.
male, x 210.

c. Mandible with palp and branchial appendage,
x 210.

6. Terminal joints of lower antenna, x 96.
l. Glandula mucosa, x 96.
k. Copulative organs, male, x 120.

Fig. 4. Pontocypris mytiloides, x 210.
g. Extremity of second foot, x 210.
e'. Left jaw of second pair, male, x 210.
e". Palp of second jaw, female, x 210.
c. Mandible: a’, palp of mandible, x 210.
j. Suprabasal seta of do., x 210.
o. Intestinal canal with dilatations, x 210.
k. Copulative organs, male, x 85.
m. Posterior spines of right valve, x 210.

Prats XXXVITI.

Vig. 1. Pontocypris mytilordes.
Branchial plate of first jaw, x 210.
Vig. 2. Paracypris polita, x 210.

Fig. 7. Cythere concinna, x 210.

m. Terminal claw of last foot.
n. Terminal claw of first foot.

Vig. 38. Pontocypris trigonella, x 210.
Vig. 4. Macrocypris minna, x 85.

m. Coil of spermatic filaments, x 400.
Vig. 5. Bairdia inflata, x 210.

Fig. 6. Cythere castanea, x 210.

Vig. 1. Lymnicythere inopinata, x 210.
Fig. 2. Cythere lutea, x 210.

k. Copulative organs, male.

p. Penis.

2, Postabdomen.

| Fig. 8. Cythere viridis, x 210.
| Fig. 9. Limnicythere inopinata, x 210.
| i. Abdominal lobes and sete, x 400.

m. Appendage of do., x 400.

Prare XX XIX.
Fig. 3. Cythere albomaculata, x 210.
6. Terminal joints of lower antennz, male and
female.
| m. Homologue of second maxilla, x 400.
Fig. 4. Cythere convera, x 210.

&

RECENT BRITISH OSTRACODA. 495

Vig. 5. Cytheridea torosa, x 210. g". Foot of second pair (left) of male, x 210.
m. Abdomen of female, x 84. f do. first pair (female), x 210.
mn". Second joint of last right foot of the male, if dO. do. (male, right), x 210.
x 210. k, Copulative organs of male, x 84.
o. Ringed seta of last foot, x 400. | p. Branchial appendage of mandible palp, x 210.
h. Foot of last pair (left) of male, x 210. | Fig. 6. Xestoleberis aurantia, x 210.
g. do. second pair (right) of male, x 210. | Fig. 7. Cytherura nigrescens, x 210.

PLATE XL.

Fig. 1. Cytheridea papillosa, x 210. | m. Abdominal lobe.
h. Third foot, male. | Fig. 5. Ilyobates bartonensis, x 210.
f. First foot (right) of male. | Fig. 6. Cytheridea elongata, male, x 210.
Hic. do. female, and left of male. Vig. 7. Paradoxostoma hibernicum, x 210.
Vig. 2. Cytheridea lacustris, female, x 210. | o. Extremity of mandible.
Fig. 3. Loxoconcha elliptica, x 210. _ Fig. 8. Bythocythere simplea, x 84.
Fig. 4. Loxoconcha impressa, x 210. _ Fig. 9. Paradowostoma sarniense, x 210.

k. Apical portion of copulative organs of male.

PLatEeE XLI.

Fig. 1. Cylindroleberis Marie. f. Abdomen, seen from below, x 84.
a. Upper antenna of male, x 40. Vig. 4. Bradycinetus Macandrei.
b. do. female, x 84. Secondary branch of lower antenna, female,
c. Lower antenna of female, x 40; c", secon- x 210.
dary branch, x 40. Fig. 5. Bradycinetus brenda.
d. Secondary branch of lower antenna of male, a. Upper antenna of female, x 84.
x 84, 6b. Mandibular foot of female, x 84.
e. Mandibular foot, x 84; e", first maxilla. c. First maxilla of female, x 84.
f. Second maxilla, x 84. d. Second maxilla with portion of branchial
g. Third maxilla, x 84. plate, x 84; d”’, mandibuliform processes.
n. Abdominal lamine, x 84. Fig. 6. Pseudocythere caudata.
1. Extremity of “ oviferous foot,” x 210. Third foot, x 210.
Fig. 2. Cylindroleberis teres, female, x 84. Fig. 7. Sclerochilus contortus.
a. Upper antenna, x 84. a. Upper antenna, x 210.
6. Mandibular foot, x 84. d. Virst maxilla, x 210.
c. First maxilla, x 84. f. First foot, x 210.
d. Abdominal lamina, x 84. k. Copulative organs, male, x 210.
Fig. 3. Philomedes interpuncta. Fig. 8. Paradoxostoma variabile.
a. Secondary branch of lower antenna, x 84. a. Upper antenna, x 210.
6. Mandibular foot, x 84. | 6. Lower antenna, x 210.
c. Third maxilla, x 84. g. Second foot, x 210.
d. ixtremity of oviferous foot, x 210. h. Third foot, x 210.
e. Abdomen, seen from side, x 84. | Fig. 9. Conchecia obtusata?, x 40.

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Aaaanrranaan Maman — anti AAAA Aa ARAnnneans anne
A= NARA AR 2 ame RAA A a WOON Ya
~ a ra Aaa a AeAaaAe lo. en "Aa RASS ARADF2 a,
(nas AAA Nia A a ae aft

ay at WA AACE Anan ankem
MAAAmrAnn, * Aa sananenn an fan ARAAAAAG AAR RA amanAAn, *

Rar gu Mm

AanaAar. aanaresashans

RAreaareeashaas nn ‘atlalal Walelen nanpaner ree ens LOA

22a60e2e° e ‘AASARAa <4 ale aairSe
RPT \ a 5 a= ie} LL) ge eS an BAG a = is EN QA. Se A on aAnm rN rw re

r van | Fy ty A == Ly wT Ve & é t

aa A ar = Aas A )

wt” aN nAAAA Aah eo Aaa, yee: = pha AARAR NA Si, AAA AB:

AAA RRAREOSE aa ,

a e ARR AR AAAM
a eAe at RARE KH Rane ag Aanannna Pain \nam
AanAnanAnnn , AReApanae an a A ee A aie ar YY
rN yA 42 a SAS RAHA a ~ apace - para Aa. A AN
» BRAAR@ - maa Re as AS Aaa Azam \ a ai: SS

me OS 2 as an i
NPL AAA) allele ania Ace A asians an
ANeAans anna aA Aa. qahars i

~ ~~.
anamaaas Adana =a Tahas = ay RARER sae
A MAA RRA SAL PrP ag enone DAAADAR

nant tenansanasanacnasAPite- =" peasaage ptnatnaaeeett
an FAG | naan aA anh Anaa! [sAGs S@Gigcaxg: a AOAAR AA,
a2 % 28 ‘ = Bee oe me AARanaa, A , = “ 2 oN ae Se eee = ’ Oa
| ale Ses y rm P ye ee RADE “\ ; fea eA
FECA aPC | saan makati ~ savannas teenies
eee cimelal | Nelmielale aay ain Leal AAA Amana nenannn’
Aen ennaaAn aaraanars | 10% i aA RCRA OTT ar
Raa OAR aAAaaAae*. att , rN a0 RRARARAASARAR A ; AAaAan,
AARRASARRR® 2 AaAam aie ha

AAO ep enin an es eeG@esacsesatar. Pat ANAL la YY
: some RdARRageha. ces on - 7 eo seeaneaeee MI aA AAa’ Ap
ARR Ano a NTS DARREL Renee - saataaitas chathenen nna At NARAAARSes

AY am = mS _.) AY am a ar -A-
am Maar “| ~ a4 SL AT tle, aAAAAaAamagaadaNar >) ~a7%
maf = an NA anhain naan’ De SaERSaaaan atA@Aanrah: naaNA, onan nanan

Baler. AYA ; > AaAan, ae aN>a= SDAA!
NAAR Da Pe ARAAR AI AR A aSAAaaana ee All bla i

yA A

manage Ran AAAAZAASRAA* ar BN a aoe
nese Naas - PPaaaA™ A qArasa
apAanher | mA a a nar Wnaneh" aa panes * Ore
NAAN AeA” Aaaaa aan ~ aANAaasaatd
\ 2 AA AI poten, aN Aa. ~AAY. Nm Ana AAAAA
&, Ps ‘e r. |
MAR A= fineaMteatenares! aeaaaseaasts ann ant ana an |!
eatin ° : ays ae paar
Mma nan N cagnrdtt nen 282A 23a Ranmann nnn te aa,
Swann aan . 2 MAAAMARARR, aananemnsnn® (Mankle
arm ZO Ve Ten loo anm mA no
nanan = y ZastnanaAannn’e LAN mae ye Satanncnnnnnian a
rp ie = miata aan «sae = \ = Dae anrZAa-

An a -AAAa a PgmmarAn~ oO
sanataa: naan annan’- : RECN Tame ety naman
AANA Tall ¥¥ PE Viel \.\.\.\.\.".\. Paicies naan 2 anes
PANNA, iin ay A. an | \AAARAAS en! ant > =
AAAaa RACING a Banan aa Ssmaenas a AN AAR RATT LR Anns
mye Ae Qa vou 3 ~ anna ~a
PR ae aan a ARAA aa a~ mA. A Aa AR -.ae a ARR AA
r <2 ae [Nery
aahahesA rT Lael, ganannl AR AAARARA aAneacaghade! oA eT lala anaes

“2a 82/5 ENA J “Aaa “4o.nn Die a
AaAa A | satin ARAAS Apa A AnD ri
sata MtMianan naan jaaannnnena nein eANOMMANA anna Qian
wR NATTY ne ADAP NAAARR AMAR 3 ce ~ ae ae BAR
VaAAALR prrannpah engi imaianncnngiae* Azar me ‘praans
SARs SAAA Anan tae HedieteLL || l | ann a= 909A MnQAAS Baeaas

: ies ANA ~ fa 2 eo : a &
AAA a 2” a : mn < ~~ tA ‘\Aaaaara 2” la ' aia

=

ee

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION EIB

i
8 5466

MN

9088 0004

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