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MONOGR
ON THE
ANATIDAE

EYTON

(= Biology

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in 2011 with funding from
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

http://www.archive.org/details/monographonanati00eyto

NATURAL
HISTORY.

On Tuesday Evening, Feb. 19, [850,

LECTURE

Will be delivered at the

Mechanics’ Institute,

WELLINGTON,

T.C. Eyton, Esq.

On the connexion between the different Classes of

VERTEBRATED ANIMAIS:

ILLUSTRATED

By a very extensive Collection of SPECIMENS and
DRAWINGs.

— a
CHAIR TO BE TAKEN AT*8EE30' CLOCK.

k> ADMISSION—Non-Subscribers, Front Seats, Is. ;
Back Seats, 6d.

NTER, WELLINGTON, SALO

sR ERIE —*

zal Ae acl cit ish

pac _ se .

to aseastD ral ons | pre ROSE 1109

Mecuanics’ Inst1rure—On Friday evening last T.
|| C. Eyton, Esq. delivered an interesting geological lecture
to the members of this institute and their friends, at
their room over the Market Hall. After noticing the
opposition the early geologists had experienced from the
apparent irreconcilability of the principles of the science
with holy writ the lecturer proceeded toexplain the forma-
tion of soils by the disintegration of rocks, drift, &e. He
then gave a lucid description of the creation of the vari-
ous strata by acqueous deposits, and their subsequent
disruption by voleanie agency, and the removal of
boulders by ice to great distances from the place of their
original deposit. He then took a rapid Survey of the
_geological formations from Caernarvonshire to London,

method of taking observations of the dip, &c. ‘The
lecture was illustrated by a number of beautiful diagrams,
shewing the extraordinary forms into which the various
strata are sometimes forced by the upheaving of the
igneous rocks beneath, and the cause of the great Light-
moor fault in the coal-field of this county. We were
surprised that the importance of the science (especially
in this neighbourhood), and the high position of the
lecturer, did not attract a larger number of members
|| than were assembled on Friday. Marck 08 75. J
i os
Mxcuanics’ InstitutioN.—Un Friday évening last I’.
C. Eyton, Esq. gave his second geological lecture,“ On
the different formation of Rocks,” in the lecture room
of the institution over the Market Hall. Commencing
with the latest formations, he descended the geological
scale, describing the composition of the different strata,
and the various fossils found in each, from those of
species still existing to the gigantic Magatherium Plesio-
saurus, &c. which inhabited the antedeluvian world.
This lecture, as the previous one, was illustrated by a
number of beautiful drawings and specimens from the
different strata.

describing the different strata on the route, and the ,

‘a

a ~‘

MONOGRAPH

THE ANATIDA,

DUCK TRIBE.

T. C. EYTON, ESQ. F.L.S. F.Z.S.

LONDON:

LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMAN, PATERNOSTER-ROW
AND EDDOWES, SHREWSBURY.

MDCCCXXXVIII.

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PREFACE.

In preparing the following work, the chief aim of the Author has been not the invention
of new species, but the establishment of old ones, in which he flatters himself he has succeeded.
Very few synonyms of the older authors on Ornithology not having been reconciled, the chief part
of those that remain (with the exception of Forskall, of whose descriptions we cannot make any
thing) may be placed to the score of varieties. The list of synonyms, he is perfectly aware, might
have been increased to a much greater extent, but this would have much extended the work, and
not, he conceives, have answered any good purpose. Many new species are also for the first
time described: for the unlimited use of the specimens lately brought home by him from South
Africa, and now exhibiting at Egyptian Hall, the author takes this opportunity of thanking Dr.
Andrew Smith, who will shortly publish plates of the new species of that valuable collection in this
and the other classes. His warmest thanks also are due to the gentlemen in charge of the National
Collection, and to the Council and Curators of the Zoological Society, for the facilities afforded him
in examining their respective collections. To the Earl of Derby, Charles Darwin, Esq. William
Yarrell, Esq. and also to the author of that beautiful work the « Birds of Europe,” he is much
indebted for access to their notes and specimens. In the course of the work anatomical cha-
racters have for the first time been used for families, sub-families, and genera, where the author
considered he had sufficient grounds to establish them; but as the number of specimens of foreign
anatidz he has been enabled to obtain in a fit state for dissection has necessarily been very limited,
he earnestly requests the assistance of those gentlemen who have it in their power towards this
important branch, in forwarding to him foreign specimens for dissection, recent or preserved in
spirits or brine, which he shall always think well worth carriage from any distance.

Since the greater part of this work was printed we have received Mr. Swainson’s volume of
Dr. Lardner’s Cyclopedia, entitled « Animals in Menageries.” ‘There is little new in it as regards
the class we at present are endeavouring to illustrate, the greater part of the letter-press being
copied from Latham. ‘The following changes in nomenclature, however, occur, as regards which
we shall leave our readers to judge for themselves, merely stating that we cannot agree with
Mr. Swainson in them: viz. the specific name of the only known species of Cereopsis is changed
from Nove Hollandie to Australis ; the semipalmated goose (Anas semipalmata, Lath. Choris-

topus semipalmata nobis) is placed in Dendrocygna, Sw. being the same genus in which Anas

PREFACE.

arcuata, Horsf. has heen before placed by Me. Swainson, and on which species he instituted the
genus; the musk duck (Carina moschata, Flem.) is placed in the same genus with the common
sheldrake (Tadorna) ; the blue-winged teal (Anas discors, Linn. Cyanopterus discors nobis), the
Baikal teal (Anas formosa, Linn. Querquedula formosa nobis), and the Java teal ( Anas Java-
nensis, Lath. Querquedula Javanensis nobis), are all placed in Genus Boschas, Sw. together
with the common wild duck. The specific name also of Javanensis is altered to Javanica.

We have also, since the printing of our generic characters, seen an article in the “ Penny
Cyclopedia” (Fuliguline) relating to a portion of the Anatide, in which we are informed that the
generic appellation of Chauliodus has been pre-occupied : as we find on reference this to have been
the case, we venture to propose that of Ktinorhynchus instead, alluding to the comb-like appearance
of the lamelle on each side of the bill.

In the Catalogue of European and American Birds, just published by the Prince of Musignano,
the generic name Chauliodes is altered to Chaulelasmus, Gray, which had priority to our name for
the same genus, having been published first; and Fuligula Americana, Bonap. is altered to
Aythya Erythrocephala, Bonap. which genus we do not think a good one; its true name, there-
fore, will be Fulegula Evythrocephala.

Brehm’s work “ Hanbuck der Naturgeschite aller vogel Deutschlands” would have been
scarcely worthy of notice, had it not been that some new genera had been instituted in it, and also
the synonyms of Boie, which are valuable, as they forestall many of those given by authors in this
country. Looking at the work, however, altogether, it is worse than those of the older authors as

regards the creation of false species, five or six species in many instances being made of one.

PREFACE,
Introductory Chapter

Characters of Family Anatidee
Sub-family Plectropterinze

Genus

Choristopus
Plectropterus

Sub-family Anserinze
Genus Cereopsis

Chloephaga
Bernicla
Cheniscus
Anser
Cygnus
Sarkidiornis
Chenalopex

Sub-family Anatinze
Genus Tadorna

Casarka
Dendrocygna
Leptotarsis
Dafila
Peecillonitta
Mareca

Aia
Querquedula
Cyanopterus
Rhynchaspis

Malacorhynchus
Chauliodes chaulelasmus

Anas

Carina

CONTENTS.

ene

eeeeee

Sub-family Fuligulinze
Genus Micropterus

Melanitta
Somateria
Polysticta

eace

Kamptorhynchus

Callichen
Fuligula
Nyroca
Harelda
Clangula

oeeoee

Sub-family Erismaturinz
Genus Thalassornis

Biziura
Erismatura

eeoce

eeeece

eneoeve

CONTENTS.

Characters of Sub-family Merginee paoe gonue0 . 75
Genus Mergus ono000 secees 0008 no0000 76
Synopsis speciorum SOoC ee Mee onrad : joo0bo 0 78
Characters of Choristopus semipalmatus See 5000 eles pn0006 78
Plectropterus Gambensis oa0000 gdo000 oc 79
Cereopsis Novee Hollandiee = sees c npoo08 p000ca 80
Chloephaga Sandvicensis +. +s p10 00:0 ani ve 81
Magellanicee s00000 opotos pu000C 82

Bernicla antarctica bous 600000 pO00D0 30 84
ruficollis 9060 A000 5010000 85
leucopsis ao08 eters So0a * ate 86

TWH, - poane : Praldon Sad0R0 900000 87
Cheniscus Madagascariensis so0000 5.0000 o0 88
Coromandelianus aco008 cease an.c6d6 89

Anser indicus sae ee woven pou000 00 90
erythropus eee see dodo00 90
segetum coos a000 00 91
hyperboreas 4000 9000 p40 400000 92
— melanopterus eats 5009 sees a0 93
ferus Dette oo00 Rei macro . 93
Guineensis oG06 po08 Betts 20 94
Hutchinsit dogs DO00 a00000 95
Canadensis 600 s008 gao0 oe 95

Cygnus olor 6800 Gad0 oer s00000 96
immutabilis noon oao8 F900 oe 96

atratus age coo ee! Mme enc : 97
—— nigricollis ooo davetion 0) SDR aie : a0 98
Bewickii Piatt. weOoaan 5 §50030 p90090 98
Americanus tt ves Sanods ve 99
buccinator podo00 BR bo rity tee ee ao DS ’ 100

——— anatoides oouocd oo Molotov a0 101
ferus ee ve ee relate Sia oan000 101
Sarkidiornis regius Ue Prorat BERR ga00K0 102

Africanus Serine aaacuD oO 103
Chenalopex A¢gyptiaca o tyegs See ene eierens aaeitere 103
—————_ cana ieee aoob0. so n0 b6 104
Tadorna bellonii eiteeete e Mayatets cases 105

radjah Roovan Sy a000 ae 106

Casarka rutila ee Phy S680 : Sains 106
tadanoides eerbaietens sgdeacetter’ ae 107
GAIN. Goooo ; 00000 Eeaeseicls mrcretecere 108

Dendrocygna arcuata aveooo SNeahets 60 108

autuminalis erie MOS od 2 600000 109

— Wien, . =. oooaan oe tk onan . 0.0 110

arborea ce wn 9 700000 SG0000 110
Leptotarsis Eytoni ewe eee qOO00C 5590053 50 111
Dafila urophasianus Seo et Oooo . ac0000 112

pyrogaster pees sees an viet oe 113

caudacuta vite etic SAR ApdDOU 113
marmorata ARGO ne Ne a eraiiak 115
Precillonitta erythrorhyncha SG00CO Bras 3 eeeeee 115
Bahamensis = =—=————— ee ewe ° noo O00 se 116

Characters of Mareca Americana

Aia galericulata
sponsa Bi aveste
Querquedula Javanensis

falcaria a6
erythrorhyncha
Carolinensis
——_——_ formosa
Manillensis

—— glocitans 00

— crecca
creccoides

Capensis eee
Hottentota
Cyanopterus circia 90
— fretensis
— discors
Rafflesii
Rhynchaspis rhynchotis
—— maculatus

clypeata
Capensis
Malacorhynchus membrinacea

CONTENTS.

Chiloensis oneot
fistularis Staitietets
castanea eenese

eosece

aooe

eoce

Ktinorhynchus (Chaulelasmus) strepera

Anas peecilorhyncha

specularis o0aD

— superciliosa pov
obscura on0d

— boschas areyere
flavirostris

sparsa GooD
Carina moschata
Micropterus patachonicus
brachypterus

Melanitta Americana 0000

nigra

perspicillata

fusca 6000
Somateria spectabilis

St. Cuthberti
Polysticta Stellerii eoee
Kamptorhynchus Labradorus
Callichen caryophylaceum

rufinum cece
Fuligula valisneria

ferina
Americana
marilla oeoe

eoe

eoee

eooe

evte

eons

aeoe

eoveee

eeeene

CORRIGENDA.

for instructis
q00d inferiorum
veee contractam
dd90 calcaria
n00d una

sees processibusque
cove armate
eee complanata
aged instructo
nielele onga

5000 instructis
sietere ly

9000 Chauliodes
dele vix elongate.
for laterater
secs boschas
Betele extremus
cove rami

oeee mollissima
Nistate instructis
ielele marilla

after parte
for Nova

read

add

read

instructa.
inferiorem.
contracta.
caleari.
uno.
processibus.
armati.
complanatum. -
instructum.
longa.
instructa.
22.

Chaulelasmus.

lateralliter.
pecilorhyncha.
extremas.
ramorum.
spectabilis.
instructa.
cristata.
anteriore.
Nove.

after collo dele que, and add que after pedibus.

INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.

Berore entering upon a description of the group we propose to illustrate, it may not be
amiss to make a few observations on some of the divisions at present in use among Ornithologists,
‘more particularly Genera and Species, for we regard all other divisions, if indeed Genera are not
so, as certainly to a great extent arbitrary, and constituted merely for the convenience of the student
in Zoology, that he may at once turn to the required species or group he may wish to find, instead of,
as would be the case if he consulted the works of Buffon, having to turn over volumes before he
would be able to find the wished-for place. When we use the term arbitrary, as applied to divisions
of the animal kingdom, let them be called either classes, families, sub-families, or by any other
name, we mean, that in forming them there are generally rejected as many points of connection
between contiguous groups, and often stronger ones, than those made use of for their division.
Divisions and arrangements of some sort are, however, absolutely necessary for the Zoologist, under
each of which should be stated the points of connection it bears to others. Much has been said and
written on analogy and affinity, and the connection by one or the other of them between the groups
and species of the animal kingdom. We have not, however, been able to distinguish between them
in any other manner than that the former is generally applied when the groups or species between
which a connexion is supposed to exist are far removed from each other, and the latter when nearly
related, we shall use the terms indiscriminately, as convenient.

A definition of species again presents to the Zoologist in particular another difficulty.

The generally received opinion is that of John Hunter, viz. that hybrids between true species
will not be productive; and this, we are inclined to believe, is partially correct, but not entirely so,
as some birds, ina state of domestication, have bred together, and their offspring been productive,
although differing most materially in external form.

It may be advanced, however, and with truth, that those animals upon which this experiment
has been tried have invariably been brought from countries far apart, and that consequently in a
wild state the experiment has never been tried; no fact, that we are aware of, can be brought
forward towards an answer to this objection. Should it prove true, that animals inhabiting
different countries, and with slightly different forms and colouring, are of the same species, and we
confess there is good reason for supposing that this may be the case, it can only be accounted for
in this mode, namely, that at the universal distribution of animals after the Deluge, those of the same
species, and derived from the same parents, going to different localities, have in a succession of ages
been influenced by various local circumstances, as climate, the plentitude, the want, or nature of food,
which causes have changed their form, colouring, and, in many instances, their habits.

We have nothing whatever to urge against this theory, and we find much in favour of
it, considering the different varieties of the human form and habits, although we cannot for a
moment suppose that they are derived from other than the same common parents, and that the
distinctions between the different races are caused otherwise than solely by climate, yet do we make

% INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.

species of animals inhabiting the same countries, where man has undergone changes equal to any
specific character we are able to give between his inferiors. As far, however, as our data at present go,
the theory of Hunter, excepting those animals in a state of domestication, appears to be the
true one, and we shall here take the liberty of referring our readers to some short papers by us in the
Zoological proceedings for 1837, and to Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History, No. VII. New
Series, and also to a Note appended to a paper by Mr. Blyth, in volume IX. page 511, of the same
Magazine.

That man is subjected to a change in complexion as well as in the formation of the skull,
when acted upon by different climates, appears from the following quotation:—* In Cairo, and
throughout the northern provinces, those (Mooslim Egyptians) who have not been much exposed to
the sun havea yellowish but very clear complexion and soft skin, the rest are of a considerably
darker and coarser complexion. The people of Middle Egypt are of a more tawny colour, and
those of the more southern provinces are of a deep bronze or brown complexion, darkest towards
Nubia, where the climate is hottest.” Vide «An Account of the Manners and Customs of the
Modern Egyptians, by W. Lane, Vol. I. Library of Entertaining Knowledge.”

From a paper read at the meeting of the British Association, held at Liverpool, by Dr.
Warren (of Boston, U. S.), it appears that the crania of Indians found buried in mounds in
North America, and on that account called the Mound Indians, differ in form from those of the
Indians at present inhabiting the same country, and agree with those of the Peruvians now
inhabiting South America. Are the present North American Indians the posterity of these Mound
Indians? What evidence is there that they are not?

The geographical distribution of animals is a subject of much interest to the Zoologist as well
as to the Geologist, and very closely connected with the distinction of species, more nearly so, indeed,
than is generally supposed.

Mr. Swainson divides the earth into five Zoological provinces, corresponding with the
continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Australia; these are well known divisions of the
world, and as such are convenient, but we must consider that those countries occupied by the
different races of mankind (except where emigration of late date has taken place) form much more
natural Zoological provinces than those mentioned by Mr. Swainson.

The division of the human species which appears to be most generally approved and adopted
is that of Blumenbach: with the characters of these races we have at present nothing to do, but
shall refer those of our readers who wish to investigate the matter further to the “Decades of
Crania,” by the author above quoted, to the «Regne animal,” and Dr. Prichard’s “ Researches into
the Physical History of Man.”

We shall, however, make use of that division of the Mongolian variety slightly hinted at by
Cuvier, separating from it the Samoides or Lapland race, and it is a singular fact that the Zoology
of the country, as well as the human inhabitants of it, form the connecting links between the Zoology
and human inhabitants of the three great continents, Europe, Asia, and America.

The following divisions or ranges are those which we think the most natural :—

The Caucassian range occupies the whole of Europe, excepting only Lapland and Finland,
that part of Asia to the west of the Caspian sea, and the rivers Obe and Ganges.

The Mongolian range occupies that part of Asia not inhabited by the Caucassian races, except
Malacca.

INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 3

The Esquimaux range contains those most northern parts of the three continents of Kurope,
Asia, and America, not occupied by the other races.

The Ethiopian or Negro range is confined to Africa, together with the island of Madagascar.

The American range occupies the whole of that vast continent, except the parts north of a
line drawn from the northern side of Hudson’s Bay to Cook’s Inlet, which forms a part of the
Esquimaux range.

The Malay range contains Malacca, Australia, and the intermediate islands of the Pacific and
Indian Oceans, extending as far northwards as the Phillipine Group, New Zealand, and New
Guinea.

The numerous islands not mentioned are considered as belonging to the ranges to which they
are contiguous,

The advantage of this arrangement of the globe is simply that the zoology of the country
occupied by each range will, in a great measure, as far as we have been able to ascertain, be found
to be peculiar, thé central portions of each district beg occupied by a race of animals as well as by
a variety of man distinct from those of the other ranges, the borders of each district, or those points
at which they approach one another, being as it were inhabited by a mixed zoology, many of the
species and Genera of either of the contiguous ranges being found in it.

There are, however, certain birds of great power of flight found distributed to a very large
extent over the surface of the globe, the Kestril and Peregrine Falcon may be enumerated as
examples.

The object we have in view in this detail is an attempt, however imperfect, to shew that the
same districts occupied by the various races of man are also occupied by various races of animals,
each differing from the races of man and. animals in the other ranges, and that it is exceedingly
probable that as the races of man are merely varieties, one of the other those of animals may also
be so.

And why is it, we may ask, in any way improbable that, at the dispersion of man and animals
after the flood, the same causes may not have influenced both? We can observe even in the
present state of science and observation some instances in which a parallel between animals and
the human race, inhabiting the same countries, can be traced, and it may be expected that as
science advances these parallels will increase: any one acquainted with this subject, upon
seeing a box of African bird skins, will at once, without examining each species, say from whence
they came, by their general appearance, and the darkness of their hues; the negro race from the
same countries is also dark. Mr. Swainson, in volume 66 of Lardner’s Cyclopedia, observes, that
European Ornithology is characterised by the great number of Genera it contains in proportion to
the number of species. There are also, perhaps, more sub-varieties of the Caucassian race than
of any other, caused, probably, by the great variety of the climates.

The birds and animals of the Esquimaux range are nearly all migratory ; the human
inhabitants of the country are also seldom stationary for long together in the same spot, for the
same reason, the want of food.

Thus, in some instances at least, we see that man and animals are influenced by the same
cause, and why, therefore, is it by any means improbable that many of the animals, inhabiting
different countries, and allowed to be allied, are of the same species, but have, by local causes,
through a succession of ages, become altered ?

Although we have said much, perhaps too much. on this subject, and, we fear, tired our

A INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.

readers, let it be understood that the whole is merely brought forward as a conjecture, to which,
whatever data we have been able to collect being given, we leave our readers to decide with regard
to the probability or the contrary of it. Should it, however, prove true that many now supposed
species, inhabiting different countries, are the same, and merely varieties, it will not lessen im any
degree, or make less interesting or important, the labours of the zoologist; for, in an intellectual
point of view, can any thing be more interesting than to unravel what appears to be a mystery, and,
in an useful one, to point out such animals as will breed together, and thereby open the way to
improvement in our varieties of domesticated animals.

In the internal arrangements of the group we intend to illustrate we shall deviate from the
course followed by other authors, and propose one which, as far as we have been able to carry
our investigations, appears to be in harmony with both the external and internal organization
of each genus. We must here mention it as a subject of regret, that, although our utmost
endeavours have been used, we have been totally, on account of their rarity in this country, unable
to obtain either subjects for dissection, or even a sight of the skeletons, of many Genera.

Many parts throughout the group appear to be in favour of Mons. Temminck’s opinion, that
there are no such divisions as Genera in nature, the transition from one extreme of form to another
being so gradual that it is difficult to say where to draw the line of division.

Upon a minute examination, however, as far at least as we are at present acquainted with the
species, there is always found some break as it were between the forms constituting contiguous
Genera or Subgenera, and some tangible distinction between them, although in many particulars
they appear closely to approach. It is probable, however, that many new forms will yet be dis-
covered; therefore, in the present state of science, it is impossible to say whether this opinion of
Mons. Temminck’s will eventually prove true or not. Should it be correct, a serious difficulty
will arise with regard to nomenclature, in designating the objects to be named by a specific
appellation alone. If we do not admit Genera we cannot admit families, orders, or classes ; the
transition will, therefore, we contend, be complete through all, before we can abolish the one or the
other.

We shall now add a few words on the characters we have employed. Measurements are
always subject to a certain degree of variation ; we have, therefore, when the opportunity has
offered, given a mean of two or three. ‘The number of tail feathers is far too variable a character
to be admitted into any ornithological work. We have now before us three specimens of Erismatura
rubida, in which, although in this genus the tail is an important member, the numbering of each
differs. We have, for the first time, as far as we are aware of, made use of anatomical characters
for divisions, taken from the trachea and skeleton principally ; this has not been done without due
consideration, and the examination of a great number of specimens.

We have no doubt that some will find fault with us on account of the shortness of the
descriptions at the head of each specific character, the use of these, at least what we have supposed
it to be, is, that in looking over a large number of descriptions we may readily catch some mark
whereby the object we wish to name may be distinguished, perhaps, in common with one or two
others from its congeners, and thus that the time taken to read over a large number of long
descriptions will be saved.

The characters of the Genera, and the cuts of bills and feet, are invariably taken from the
species we have named as the generic type, unless it is mentioned to the contrary.

Tow Ae:

laa
df

cus Abelus,

Merg
7 ___...--Lthynehaspis chypeatw

fA loa Lovda
Phatacvocovaa cristalis:

1 Losterwr marga of Che Staniwm

es
3

Comma Moschaiw,
9. Ledorna belloni
10 _____.____ Anser ferns.

14 _____..-. Gy gnias olor.

Lodiceps crastatis.

1
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nuea.d 4 ledorna Leda
7 Mebanitin fusca

1.2, OhoqphagaMagella
6 Carina Mos.

Sorunf del & hthog.

ORDER NATATORES.

FAM. ANATID.

Ext. Cuar. Rostrum magnum epidermide molli potius quam cornuo veritabili tectum ;
Jateribus lamellis vel dentibus parvis armatis. Lingua magna carnosa lateribus setis instructis.
Ale mediocres. Pedes fere vel omnino in equilibrio locati, digitis tribus anterioribus membrano
junctis.

Anat. Cuan. Sternum et pelvis magna et lata. Gzgeria magna carnosa Ceca longa.
Larynx inferior in maribus fere bulbosa. Trachea aliquando convoluta, sepius bulbosa.
Habitatio aquatica,

Ext. Cuar. Bill large, covered with a soft epidermis rather than true horn, the sides
armed with lamelle or small teeth. Tongue large fleshy, with the margins toothed. Wings mode-
rate. Feet placed in or near the equilibrium. Toes, with the three anterior ones, joined by a
membrane. Neck long.

Anat. Cuar. Sternum and pelvis large and broad. Gizzard large and fleshy. Ceca
long. Trachea sometimes convoluted, more often bulbous. The inferior Larynx in the male
commonly bulbous. Inhabits the water.

The intestinal anatomy of the family Anatid@ is characterised by the very great length of
the alimentary canal compared to that of the bird: in some instances it is as many as five times its
length, or even more. The cecal appendages are also much elongated, being often equal to more
than one-third the length of the body. The stomach is always large and muscular, forming a true
gizzard. ‘The cesophagus varies little in its diameter, but is generally slightly enlarged a little
above the gizzard, again contracted, and then of nearly uniform diameter to the glottis.

The skeleton may be known by the length of the neck, and the great number of vertebrae
of which it is composed, the large size of the sternum, the great developement of its keel and the
form of its posterior extremity, which is always perforated by two foramina or indented by two
fissures ; the great length as well as breadth of the pelvis; the laterally flattened and anteriorly
arched form of the rami of the os furcatum. The truncate form and great depth of the occipital
portion of the cranium in a vertical direction, and by the fibula not being entirely anchylosed to the
tibia.

Affinities. Considerable resemblance to the Divers is shewn in the Mergine and Erisma-
turing in outward form, in the structure of the tail and the dense oily nature of the plumage. The

ANATIDE. | 6

latter make an evident approach to the cormorants in particular ; nothing, however, is known of
their anatomy. The Merging in their anatomy shew an affinity to the euillemots and the genera
allied to them, chiefly consisting in the great developement of the keel of the sternum, and in its
posterior edge being armed with an ensiform process. The pelvis also is much narrower and more
elongated than is the case among the rest of the dnatide. The elongated head to the tibia pos-
sessed by all true divers is also slightly apparent in the genus Mergus.

We are aware by some authors that the Flamingo has been admitted among the anatide,
chiefly on account of its slightly laminated bill and palmated feet, and some portions of its intestinal
anatomy resembling this family: we cannot, however, follow this arrangement for the following
reasons.

Characters for the larger divisions of birds are taken from the external organs necessary to
procure their food, especially those of progression. The divisions of each of these have been made,
on the other hand, chiefly from the different modifications of the bill.* Let us, for imstance, take
the order grallatores: we have there divisions or families formed for feeding on fish, mollusca,
earth worms, and small insects: there is one general character of the skeleton through all. Not so
with the bill and organs of digestion, which are modified, the former to procure and the latter to
assimilate the different kinds of food necessary for the subsistence of the bird.

The same rule we shall find hold throughout all the different orders of birds, namely, that
the skeleton and structure of the legs and feet will invariably furnish a sure guide to the Order ;
while, on the other hand, the bill and organs of digestion supply characters for further subdivision.

What we have said above is by no means meant to imply that no modifications of the skele-
ton exist in the different divisions of each order, for such is not by any means the case; some
slight one always being to be found where there is a change of habit,—in other words, in the modes
in which the various kinds of food are obtained.

The application of what we have said to the case in question is self-evident, that the fla-
mingoes, having the organs of progression and skeleton peculiar to grallatorial birds, consequently
must be placed in the order Grallatores, and that the bill and organs of digestion are fitted, the one
for procuring, and the other for assimilating its natural food,—minute animalculee obtained at the
edges of waters by wading and not by swimming. The webbed feet also possessed by this bird
peculiarly fit it for walking on the soft mud and sand, commonly found on shores; their structure,
however, is not that of any modification among the anatide, but essentially that of a crane, which
bird has them also shightly webbed.

* Where such is not the case the orders and families are evidently unnatural.

SYNOPSIS

FAMILIARUM ET GENERUM.

SUB FAM. I. PLECTROPTERINZ.

Ext. Cuar. Rostrum magnum, ad apicem augustatum, et ungue magna instruct’. Plume
inter oculos rostrumque carent. T%bie parte quarta denudate. Pedes validi, digitis unguibus
magnis instructis.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea aliquando conyoluta maribus sed non in sterno penetrans. Caca
mediocria.

Ext. Cuar. Bill large, narrowed at the apex, and armed with a large claw. The space
between the eyes and bill devoid of feathers. Thighs denuded for a quarter of their length. eet
strong, armed with sharp claws.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea sometimes convoluted in the males, but not penetrating the
sternum. Ceca moderate.

Affinities. This curious group appears to lead directly to the grallatorial birds, but with
the flamingo in particular it coincides to a great degree in the intestinal anatomy, while its skeleton,
at least the fragments of it we have inspected, is that of a true goose, that of the flamingo approaching
most intimately the Ardeide, which in our opinion (although in some particulars its intestinal
anatomy appears to accord withthe Anatide) entirely precludes it from being admitted into the
order.

PLECTROPTERINE. | 8

GENUS I. CHORISTOPUS.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis longis, semi-membrinatis, unguibus magnis incurvatis instructis.

: : oh : A
Tarsi magni. Tibie multum denudate. Rostrum longum acuminatum cera ad oculos tendente.
Caput ossea tubercula supra nares et ungue, magna.

Anwar. Cuar. Trachea longa convoluta.

9 [PLECTROPTERINA.

Cuoristopus nobis.

AnsER. Linn. Auct..

Typr. Choristopus semipalmatus.

Affinity. This genus: certainly approaches most nearly of any among the Anatide to the
order Grallatores. 'To the genus Plectropterus it is nearly allied in form,

PLECTROPTERINE. | 10

GENUS II. PLECTROPTERUS.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes membrinati digitis posterioribus longis, magnis, sed non lobatis,
unguibus magnis et incurvatis instructis. Rostrum latum ungue magna instructa. Nares ovales,
in medio rostri posite. Ale una calcaria armate.

Anat. Cuar. Ignoti.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes long, large and not lobed, armed with large and
curved claws. Bill broad, furnished with a large nail. Nostrils oval, placed in the middle of the
bill. Wings armed with one spur.

Anat. Coan. Unknown.

Anas. Linn.

PLECTROPTERUS. Steph.

Type. Plectropterus gambersis.

Affinity. We are ignorant that any anatomical character of the genus has been ascertained ;

in default of which we have placed it next to the genus it appeared to approach in external
character.

ll [ ANSERINA.

SUB FAM. II. ANSERIN.

Ext. Cuar. Rostrum altius-quam latum. Pedes mediocres validi, digitis posterioribus
non lobatis.

Anat. Cuar. Sternum mediocre, postice fissuris magnis et apertis; carina non antice
product4, laté postice et non ad ultimam marginem sterni continuata. Pelvis mediocris.
Foramina ischiadica magna et ovata. Os furcatorium validum arcuatum. Processus coracoides
validus et brevis. Ale longee. Coste late, processu longo instructe. Trachea fere complanata,
sed aliquando bulbosa, et in sterno penetrans. Larynx inferior aliquando bulbosa.

Ext. Cuar. Bill higher than broad. Feet moderate, strong, the posterior toes not lobed.

Anat. Cuar. Sternum moderate, furnished with large and open fissures behind: keel not
produced anteriorly, broad, not continued to the posterior margin. Pelvis of moderate size, with
the ischiadic foramina large and ovate. Os furcatorium strong, arcuated. The coracoid process
strong and short. Wings long. Ribs broad, furnished with a long process. Trachea commonly of
equal size. The inferior larynx sometimes bulbous.

Hazir. The birds contained in this family feed equally on the land and water ; some
species, however, scarcely ever approach it ; the whole live almost entirely on vegetables. They
have a very wide geographical range, and are mostly migratory.

TypE. Anser.

Affinities. The nearest affinity it appears to present to the following sub-family appears to
be through the genus Chenalopex. On the other hand the genus Cereopsis appears to approach
the Plectropterine in its anatomy and habit.

ANSERINE. | a

Ext. Cuar. Pedes similibus genere sequenti. Rostrum breve, obtusum ; culmine
arcuato. ares cera tect, magne, et rotundate.

Anat Cuar. Trachea magna, complanata. Larynex inferior anseribus similis.

Ext. Cuar. ‘Feet as in the preceding. Bill with a cere covering the nostrils ; the culmen
arched. Nostrils large, rounded.

Awat. Cuar. The Trachea large, uniform. Inferior Larynx like that of the geese.

Cereorsis. Lath.

Typr. Cereopsis Nove Hollandie.

The only anatomical notes that I know of in existence, with regard to this curious bird, are
those of Mr. Yarrell, in the Zoological Proceedings (1830, p. 25), which in giving our specific
account of it, we cannot do better than extract. .

Affinities. Another rather anomalous genus, more closely connected, however, with the
geese than the preceding.

TNISIE NP OS = i)

13 [ ANSERINA.

Ext. Car. Pedes robusti. Digitis posterioribus mediocribus, unguibus incurvatis
instructis. Membrana inter digitos anterius concavatis. Tarsi robusti longi. Rostrum robustum,

culmine vix arcuatum, ungue magna instructé. ares lineares in medio rostri posite. Lamelle
parvee antice obliterate.

Awat. Cuar. Trachea bulbo uno latere osseo.

Ext. Cuar. Feet robust. Posterior toes moderate, armed with a eurved claw, with the
Membranes between the toes scolloped out in front. Tarsi large and strong. Bill robust, with
the culmen slightly arched, armed with a large nail. Nostrils linear, placed in the middle of the
bill. Lamelle small, obliterated anteriorly.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea with one osseous bulb on the side.

Anas. Linn.

Bernicia. Steph.

CHLOEPHAGA nobis.

Tyre. Chloephaga Magellanica.

Afjinities. “The above genus we have formed on Bernicla Magellanica, which bird in

outward form appears to make a link between the genera Bernicla and Cereopsis, and internally,
as far as regards the trachea, presents an affinity to the Anatine.

» !
AN SK \ <P ZZ Fa
SONNE SS

EN. J

iS. SANG ENN ry

\ ¥ OS SSO Wow neesyd aN
> a.

<<. Ul,

ANSERIN.. | 14

GENUS II]. BERNICLA.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes parvi, digitis posterioribus non lobatis, unguibus magnis instructis.
Tarsi elongati. Rostrum parvum, capite brevius. ares lineares, in medio rostri posite.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula equali. Larynx inferior ossea aliquando bulbosa.

Ext. Cuar. Feet small, with the posterior toes not lobated; the nails large. Tarsi
elongate. Bill small, shorter than the head. Nostrils linear, placed in the middle of the bill.

Anwar, Cuar. Trachea with the tube of equal size. The inferior Larynx osseous but
not bulbous.

Bernicota. Steph.

Anas. Linn.

Tyre. Bernicla jubata.

The proportions -of the skeleton are as follows :—Depth of the keel to the length of the
sternum, as 1 to 34. Breadth of the pelvis to its length, as 1 to 2. Length of sternum to that
of tibia, as 1 to 12. Height of cranium to its length, as 1 to 24. The keel is not continued to
the posterior extremity of the sternum.

Affinity. Nearly allied, both in anatomy and habit, to the preceding and following.

15 [ANSERIN.

GENUS IV. CHENISCUS.

Ext. Cuar. Rostrum parvum, ad basin elevatum, valde altius-quam latum, et ungue
magna instructa. Mares rotundate, culmen versus posite. Pedes magni. Digiti longi et
acutis unguibus armati. Tarsi breves. Cauda rotundata.

Anat. Cuar. Ignoti.

Ext. Cuar. Jill small, elevated at the base, much higher than broad, and armed with a
large nail. Nostrils rounded, placed towards the culmen. Feet large. Toes long, and armed
with sharp claws. Tarsi short. The fail rounded.

‘Anat. Cuar. Unknown.

AnsER. Linn. Lath.

BERNICLA. Steph.

QUERQUEULA. Gray.

Cueniscus, Brookes MSS.

Type. Cheniscus Coromandeliana.

Affinity. In the structure of the feet this genus bears considerable resemblance to the
species of the genus Anser, adapted for swimming, though of extremely diminutive size.’ The bill,
on the contrary, is that of Bernicla.

ANSERINE. | 16

GENUS V. ANSER.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus non lobatis, unguibus magnis arcuatis. Tarsv
robusti et magni. Tibie parte tertid denudate. Rostrum magnum, validum, ungue magna
instructum, lateribus plerumque hiantibus. Wares ovales in medio rostri posite. Lingua
obtusa non ad apicem appendiculata, sed subtus cornea, in latera und ordine setarum brevium, et
supra has setas multis rigidis spinis instructis ad apicem tendentibus.

Awat. Cuar. ‘Trachea tubula complanata, sed versus larynginem inferiorum contractam.
Larynx inferior ossea, sed non tuberculosa.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes not lebated, armed with large claws. Tarsi
robust and large. Tibie for a third part denuded. Bill large, strong, furnished with a large nail,
the sides gaping. Nostrils oval, placed in the middle of the bill. Tongue obtuse, without an
appendage, but below corneous, the sides armed with one rank of bristles, above and on the sides
is a row of many stiff bristles extending to the tip.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube of equal size, but contracted towards the inferior
larynx. The inferior Laryne long and not tuberculous.

ANSER. uct.

Anas. Linn.

Tyrer. Anser ferus.

The proportions of the skeleton are as follows:—Depth of the keel to the length of the
sternum, as 1 to 4. Breadth of the pelvis to its length, as 1 to 15. Length of sternum to that
of tibia, asl to12. Height of cranium to its length, as 1 to 3.

Ly ANSERINE. |
Some of the species of this genus approach near the swans, as Anser Canadiens,

Affinities.
while others present an affinity to the Bernicles, as Anser indica.

SS roa. : z
iy 9, eS NUS USUUNNRTRUANRN CUSTSISS

' (ee S
% :

ANSERINE. | 18

GENUS VI. CYGNUS.

fxr. Cuar. Pedes magni, digitis posterioribus parvis, gibbosis, mediis longissimis. es-
frum raagnum, lateribus parallelibus. Nares subovales, in medio rostri posite. Cerviw longa.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubuld equali, aliquando in sterno penetrante. Larynx inferior
ossea. Sternum carina anticé incurvata.

Exr. Cuar. Feet large, with the posterior toes small, gibbous, the middle ones longest.
Bill large, the sides parallel. Nostrils suboval, placed in the middle of the bill. Neck long.

Anwar. Cuar. Trachea with the tube of equal size, sometimes penetrating the sternum.
Inferior Larynx osseous. Sternum with the keel anteriorly curved.

Cyenus. Ray. Briss.

Anas. Linn. Lath.

Type. Cygnus ferus.

si [ANSERINE.

The proportions of the skeleton are as follow:—Depth of the keel to the length of the
sternum, as 1 to 4. Breadth of pelvis to its length, as 1 to 24- Length of sternum to that of tibia.
as 1 to 2. Depth of cranium to its length, as 1 to 3.

Affinities. Although we have placed the swans with the geese, we are not by any means
certain that it is their proper place.

———
as

BHP jIasaaeWisssea—— |

ANSERINE. | 20

GENUS VIL SARKIDIORNIS.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus mediocribus, in tarsis alté locatis. Tarse medi-
ocres. Rostrum in maribus caruncula magna compressa culmine.
Ale wna calcaria armatze, et remigibus apices versus incurvatis.

Anat. Cuar. Ignoti.

Nares rotundatee magnee.
Cauda ad apicem truncata.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes moderate, placed high on the tarsi. Tarsi
moderate. Bill in the males with a large compressed caruncle on the top. Wings each armed
with a spur, and with the quills incurved towards the points. Jazl squared at the end.

Anat. Cuar. Unknown.

Carina. Steph.

AnsEeR. Linn.

SARKIDIORNIS nobis.

PrectroprEeRus. Steph.

Tyrer. Sarkidiornis melanotus.

21 [ ANSERINA.

Various have been the genera in which the bird before us has been placed ( Anser melanotus,
Linn.), with none of which does it agree. We have therefore proposed a new one for it.

Affinities. We have placed it, as far as we have been able (no anatomical character being
known), in what appears to us to be its proper place, namely between the genera Chenalopex
and Anser. It agrees with the former, in having a spur on the wing.

ANSERINE. | 22

——<—<——— =
LI SY \

GENUS VIII. CHENALOPEX.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus gibbosis, et unguibus robustis. Tarsz longi.
Rostrum validum ad basum tuberculatum. Lamelle non ad marginem rostri continuate. ares
subrotundate in medio rostri posite. Ale calearia una armate. Cauda ad apicem truncata.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubuld equali. Larynx inferior bulbo laterali.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes gibbous, and the claws strong. ars? long. Bill
strong, at the base tuberculated. Lamelle not continued to the margin. Nostrils rather rounded,
placed in the middle of the bill. Wings armed with one spur. Tail squared at the end.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube of equal size. Inferior larynx with a lateral bulb.

ANSER. Auct.

CHENALOPEX. Steph. Antigq.

TyerE. Chenalopex Egyptiaca.

23 [ANSERINZ.

Affinity. This genus, in possessing a bulb on the trachea, presents an affinity to the
ducks ; while its form and habit evidently point out its connection with the geese.

ANATIN. | QA

SUB FAM. III. ANATINAL

Ext. Cuar. Rostrum latitudine altitudini equante. Pedes mediocres, digiti posteriores
nunquam lobati, sed aliquando gibbosi.

Anat. Cuar. Sternwn longum, angustatum, postice latissimum, carina anticé producta
et latA posticé, ad ultimam marginem sterni continuata. Pelvis lata, brevis. Os furcatum mediocre
lateribus compressis. Processus coracoides longus, sed non anticé productus. Coste processibusque
posterioribus compressis. Trachea tubulA in omni parte feré equali. Larynx inferior bulbosa
feréque omnind ossea in maribus.

Ext. Cuar. Bill in breadth and height equal. Feet moderate, posterior toes never
lobated, but sometimes gibbous.

Anat. Cuar. Sternum long, narrowed, behind broadest, with keel anteriorly produced,
broad posteriorly, continued to the margin of the sternum. Pelvis broad, short. Os furcatum
moderate, compressed on the sides. Coracoid process long, and not anteriorly produced. Ribs
and the posterior processes compressed. Trachea generally of equal size throughout. Inferior
Larynx bulbous, and altogether osseous in the males.

Type. Anas.

Hapit. Aquatic, frequenting fresh water in preference to the sea, feeding generally along
the edges of lakes and rivers, on small molluscous animals, in preference to diving for them; soft
aquatic plants and weeds also constitute a considerable portion of their food: they often also feed
on land. The species, having great power of flight, have a very wide geographical range.

Afinities. To the Fuliguline this sub-family is connected by the musk duck (Carina
Moschata), which, besides having a largely developed and slightly lobated hind toe, has the bulb
situated at the inferior larynx compressed, and not altogether osseous, as is the case in the rest of
the family. ‘The genus Micropterus has, on the other hand, a trachea very nearly resembling that
of the true land duck. We prefer taking the genus Anas, as at present restricted, for the type of
this sub-family, instead of Rhynchaspis, as proposed by Mr. Swainson, regarding that form and the
nearly allied one of Malacorhynchus, rather as ultra than typical, and not so well suited to what
may be termed the true habit of the sub-family as that we have chosen.

25 [ANATINE.

GENUS I. TADORNA.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus non lobatis, unguibus robustis armatis. Tarsi
robusti et longi. Rostrum mediocre validum recurvatum. Lamelle vix elongate. Nares ovales,
magne, in dimidio basali rostri positee. Cauda rotundata.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula eequali, sed ad laryngmem inferiorem paululum expandente
et tune contracta.. Laryna inferior duabus osseis bulbis utrinque, et anticé extendentibus.

Exr. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes not lobated, armed with thick claws. Tarsi
thick and long. Bill moderate strong. Lamelle scarcely elongated. Nostrils oval, large, placed

in the basal half of the bill. Tail rounded.. : :
Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube of equal size, but a little expanded and again con-

tracted towards the inferior larynx. The inferior Larynx with two osseous bulbs extending on
each side and before.

Anas. Linn. Gmel. Lath.

Taporna. Leach. Flem. Steph.

Type. Tadorna Bellonii.

The depth of the keel to the length of the sternum is as 1 to 4. The breadth of the pelvis
to its length as 1 to 18. The length of the sternum to that of the tibia as 1 to 2. The breadth
of the cranium to its length as 1 to 22.

ANATINZ. | 26

Affinities. The common Sheldrake approaches near in external character to the following
genus. Nothing being known of the anatomy of that genus, we cannot trace the affinity farther.—

To the Anserine it also approaches in its osteology and general habit, particularly to the genus
Chenalopex..

27 [ANATINE.

GENUS iJ. CASARKA.

Ext. Cuar. Rostrum mediocre lateribus parallelibus non recurvatum. Nares subovales,
culminem versus posite. Lamelle elongate. Pedes robusti, digiti unguibus magnis armati.

Anat. Cuar. Ignoti.

Ext. Cuar. Bill moderate with the sides parallel, not recurved. Nostrils suboval,
placed near the culmen. Lamelle elongated. Feet robust, the toes armed with large claws.

Anat. Cuar. Unknown.

Anas. Linn. Lath.

Taporna. Selby.

Casarka. Bonap.

Type. Casarka rutila.

Affinity. This genus may be distinguished from Tadorna, to which it is closely allied, by
the straighter and much shorter bill.

ANATINE. | 28

GENUS Ill. DENDROCYGNA.

Ext. Cuar. -Pedes digitis posterioribus longis, non lobatis unguibus longis armatee.
Tarsi robusti et longi. Rostrum mediocre validum altius-quam latum. Nares ovales magne
prope culmen in medio rostri posite. Lamelle abbreviate. Cauda flexilis rotundata. Ale
remigibus primariis magna incisura in medio parte.

Anat. Cuar. Ignoti. j

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes long, not lobated, and with long claws. Tons
robust and long. Bill moderate strong, higher than broad. Nos¢rils placed near the culmen in
the middle of the bill. Lamelle abbreviated. Tail flexible, rounded. -Primaries with a deep
notch in the middle.

Anat. Cuar. Unknown.

Anas. Linn.

Denprocyena. Swainson.

Type. Dendrocygna arcuata. :

This genus will be easily recognized by the great length of the tarsi, and at the same time
rounded form of the tail. Anas arcuata, Hors. or Anas viduata, Linn. may be considered as
typical species.

Affinities. The genus appears to form a beautiful connecting link between the true fresh-
water ducks and the foregoing genus.

VUMUNNN PINTS

wyy\

29 [ANATINZE.

GENUS IV. LEPTOTARSIS.

Ext. Cuan. Rostrum mediocre ad basin, altius-quam latum, culmine complanata et
ungue magno instructo. Mares parvee, culmen versus locatee. Tarsi longi et graciles. Digiti
unguibus paululum incurvatis acutisque armati.

Anat. Cuar. Ignoti.

Ext. Cuar. Bill moderate at the base, higher than broad, the culmen much flattened
and with a large nail. _Nostrils small, placed near the culmen. ars: long and slender. Toes
armed with curved and sharp claws.

Anat. Cuar. Unknown.

Leptorarsis. Gould.

The only species of this genus we have seen is in the collection of the Zoological Society,
and was received from New South Wales.

Afinity. The structure of the bill appears to ally this genus to that of Dendrocygna ;
while, on the other hand, that of the tail, which, though not elongated, is acuminate, to the genus
Dajiia.

ANATINE. | 30

GENUS V. DAFILA.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus, non lobatis, mediis longissimis. Trbie paululum
denudatze. -Rostrwm longius capite lateribus parallelibus. ares magne ovales, prope culmen ad
basin posite. Lamelle ad marginem rostri continuate. Lingua subobtusa ad apicem appendiculata
lateribus una ordine setarum brevium, supra has setas in medio octo spinis rigidis instructa. Cauda
onga.

Anwar. Cuar. Trachea tubula eequali sed larynginem inferiorem versus peululum con-
tracta. Larynx inferior bulbo mediocre uno latere tendente.

Ext. Cuar. ‘eet with the posterior toe not lobed, the middle one longest. Thighs a little
denuded. Bill longer than the head, the sides parallel. Nostrils large oval, placed near the
culmen at the base. Lamelle continued to the edge of the bill. Tongue rather obtuse, at the point
with an appendage, the sides furnished with one row of bristles, and above the bristles in the
middle with eight stiff spines.

Awat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube equal, but towards the inferior larynx a little con-
tracted. The inferior Laryna with a middle-sized bulb on.one side.

Anas. Linn.

Darita. Leach. Steph.

Tyre. Dafila acuta.

31 [ANATINE.

The proportions of the skeleton are: the depth of the keel to the length of the sternum as 1
to 4. Breadth of pelvis to its length as 1 to 13. Length of sternum to that of the tibia as 1 to
1Z. Height of cranium to its length as 1 to 3.

Affinity. The tail in this genus is much elongated, presenting in that particular an affinity
to the genus Mareca, which has it slightly so.

ANATINA. | 32

GENUS VI. PASCILONITTA.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus brevibus et parvis, non lobatis. Rostrwm mediocre,
altitudine latitudine equante. Nares prope basi posite, rotundatee. Cauda mediocris, rotundata.

Anat. Car. Ignoti.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes short and small, not lobed. Bill moderate, the

height equal to the breadth. Nostrils placed near the base, rounded. Tail moderate, rounded.
Anat cHar. Unknown..

Anas. — Linn.

Mareca. Steph.

PHCILONITTA nobis

Tyre. Pecilonitta Bahamensis.

We have formed this genus for the reception of Anas Bahamensis and its near ally Anas
Erythrorhyncha.

Affinity. In default of anatomical character, and from general structure, this genus appears
to be nearly allied to Dafila.

33 [ANATINE.

GENUS VII. MARECA.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus non lobatis mediis longissimis. 7%bie paululum
denudatee. Rostrwm brevius capite, prope basin latissimum. Nares parvee, ovales. Lamelle ad
marginem rostri continuate. Lingua subobtusa, ad apicem appendiculata latera una ordine
setarum brevium et in medio duplice ordine instructis.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea in maribus tubula infra glottidem expandente, tune contracta, rursus
expandente usque ad larynginem. Larynx inferior bulbo magno osseo Jatere et paululum anterius
tendente.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes not lobed, the middle one longest. The Thighs
a little denuded. Bill shorter than the head, near the base broadest. Nostrils small, oval.
Lamelle continued to the margin of the bill. Tongue rather obtuse, with an appendage at the tip.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube expanding below the glottis, then contracted, again
expanded as far as the inferior larynx. Inferior Larynx with a large osseous bulb extended on the
side and a little before.

Anas. Linn.

Mareca. Steph.

Tyee. Mareca fistularis.

ANATINE. | 34

The proportions of the skeleton are :—Height of the keel to the length of the sternum
as 1 to 34. Breadth of the pelvis to its length as 1 to 14. Length of femur to that of the tibia
as 1 to 12. Height of cranium to its length as 1 to 23.

Affinity. To the next genus this presents an approach in the formation of the tail, which
in some of the species is pointed and slightly elongated. To the following the form of the bill

presents an affinity.

35 [ ANATINE:

GENUS VIII. AIA.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus non lobatis, mediis longissimis. T%bie plumate.
Rostrum brevius capite, baso ad apicem angustatum. Lamelle abbreviate. Nares subovales, parvee.
Cauda mediocris.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula equali. Laryna inferior bulbosa, .ossea, similis pre-
cedenti.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes not lobated, the middle ones longest. Thighs
feathered. Bzll shorter than the head, narrowed from the base tothe point. Lamelle abbreviated.
Nostrils suboval, small. Tail moderate.

Anat. Car. Trachea with the tube equal. The inferior larynx bulbous, osseous like
the preceding genus.

Anas. Linn.

Ara. Boie.

QUERQUEDULA. Briss. Steph.

DENDRONESSA. Swain.

Typr. AIA sponsa.

Its habit of sitting and making its nest in trees is curious.

ANATINE. | 36

Affinity. Certainly more nearly allied to Querquedula and Mareca than any other genus of

this sub-family.

37 [ANATINE.

GENUS IX. QUERQUEDULA.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus non lobatis. Rostrum lateribus parallelibus.
Lamelle paululum elongate. ‘ares rotundatee mediocres. Cauda brevis. Lingua subobtusa, ad
apicem appendiculata, und ordine setarum brevium, ad apicem aliquando pene obliteratee, supra he
setee, in medio, lateraliter, septem spinis instructa.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula infra glottidem expandente, tunc contracta, rursus expandente,
et contracta. Larynx inferior bulbo parvo ossco latere et anticé extendente. ie

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes moderate, and not lobated. Bull with the sides
equal. Lamelle slightly elongated. Nostrils rounded, moderate. Tail short. Tongue rather
obtuse, with an appendage at the tip, the sides armed with one rank of short bristles foes the
apex very short; above these bristles, in the middle, on each side, armed with seven spines. .

Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube below the glottis expanding, then contracted, ea
expanding, and again contracted above the inferior larynx. The inferior Larynx with a small
osseous bulb extending on one side and before.

‘Anas. Linn.

QuERQUEDULA. Ray, Briss.

Type. Querquedula crecca.

The proportions of the skeleton are:—Breadth of the keel to the length of the sternum as
1 to 41. Breadth of the pelvis to its length as 1to 14. Length of femur to that of the tibia as
lto 13. Height of cranium to its length as 1 to 3. ae ae re

Affinity. More closely allied to the genera Mareca and Aia than any other in the sv
family.

ANATINE. | 38

GENUS X. CYANOPTERUS.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus mediocribus, et non lobatis. Rostrum latius ad
apicem quam ad basin. Lamelle paululum elongate. Nares rotundate, magne. Cauda vix
elongata. Ale ptilis ceeruleis.

Anat. Cnar. Trachea tubulA infra glotidem expandente, tunc contracta, rursusque
expandente, et contracta supra larynginem inferiorem. Larynx inferior bulbo magno osseo
lateribus et antice tendente.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes moderate, and not lobated. Bill broader at the
tip than at the base. Lamelle a little elongated. Nostrils rounded, large. Tail a little elongated.

Awar. Cuar. Trachea with the tube below the glottis expanding, then contracted, and
again expanding, and contracted above the inferior larynx. The inferior Larynx with a large
osseous bulb extending below and on both sides.

Anas. Linn.

QuERQUEDULA. Briss.

CYANOPTERUS nobis.

Type. Cyanopterus Rafflesii.

The above genus consists of that group commonly called the blue-winged teal; nor do we
know one instance of a bird agreeing with the character which has not bright azure blue wings,
except the Garganey, which has, however, dull slate-coloured ones. Anas Rafilesii, King, may be
considered as a good specimen of the form, which may be always distinguished by the peculiar
abrupt termination to the upper mandible, which is bent as it were over the lower one, both in front

39 [ ANATINE.

and on the sides at the apex. The Garganey comes nearer to the common teal than the rest of the
genus in external form, but in the form of the trachea differs from it. We have never observed a
skeleton in any collection except that of the Garganey, which we do not consider typical.

Affinities. In the form of the bill and trachea this genus approaches that of Chauliodus, but
differs from it in the former not having the lamellz so much elongated, and in the trachea being
more enlarged above the inferior larynx. From the following genus it is very distinct in both
particulars, but agrees with it in general colouring.

ANATINE. | 40

GENUS XI. RHYNCHASPIS.

Exr. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus parvis, et non lobatis. Tibie parte quarta
denudate. Rostrum longum, ad apicem multum latissimum. Lamelle elongate. Nares ovales,
prope culmine et baso locate. Lingua obtusa, ad apicem appendiculata, lateraliter una ordine
setarum brevium, et supra has setas posticé novem spinis instructa ; et duplici ordine centrali
spinarum brevium ornata.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula inferiore parte maxima. Larynx enferior bulbo parvo osseo
latere.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the hind toe small, and not lobated. Thighs with a fourth part
naked. Bill long, much the broadest at the tip. Nostrals oval, placed near the culmen and base.
Tongue obtuse, with an appendage at the tip, furnished with one row of short bristles on the sides,
and above these bristles behind with nine spines; in the middle, above, with a double rank of stout
spines.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea with tube largest inferiorly. Inferior Larynx with a small bulb
extending on one side and behind.

Anas. Linn. Swainson.

Ruyncuaspis. Leach MSS. Steph.

SpATHULEA. Fem.

Type. Rhynchaspis clypeata.

4l [ANATINE.

The proportions of the skeleton are:—Depth of the keel to the length of the sternum as 1 to
4. Breadth of the pelvis to its length as 1 to 13. Length of femur to that of the tibia as 1 to
22. Height of cranium to its length as 1 to 5.

Affinities. This and the two following, as well as the preceding genera, are very nearly
connected, both in form and habit.

ANATINA. |- 42

GENUS XII. MALACORHYNCHUS.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus parvis, et non lobatis. ibie paululum denudatee.
Rostrum longum, ad apicem multum latissimum, et lateribus membranis flexilibus instructis.
Lamelle longe. Nares ovales, parvee, prope basin locate.

Anat. Cuar. Ignoti.

Kexr. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toe small, and not lobated. Thighs little denuded.
Bill long, at the apex much the broadest, and furnished on the sides with flexible membranes.
Lamelle long. Nostrils oval, small, placed near the base.

Anat Cuar. Unknown.

Anas. Linn.

Ruyncuaspis. Leach.

MaLacoRHyNncHus. Swainson.

Type. Malacorhynchus membrinacea.

Affinities. No skeleton is, that I am aware of, at present in England; but we should sup-
pose that the bony part of the pill does not extend so far laterally at the point as might be supposed,
or, in other words, is not so broad at the apex. Under this supposition, the bird on which Mr.
Swainson formed the genus ( Malacorhynchus membrinacea) forms a beautiful Imk between the

true shovellers and the following genus.

43 [ ANATINE.

GENUS XIII. CHAULIODES.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus mediocribus, et non lobatis. Rostrum non latius
ad apicem quam ad basin. Lamelle paululum elongate. Nares ovales, magne, vix elongatze.
Lingua obtusa, ad apicem appendiculata, lateribus una ordine setarum brevium, supra has setas
laterater centrali parte quinque spinis, et in medio supra duplice ordine setarum brevium instructa.

Anar. Cuar. Trachea tubula inferiore parte maxima, sed supra larynginem inferiorem
contracta. Larynx inferior bulbo mediocri osseo latere et multim anticé tendente.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes of moderate size, and not lobated. Bill not
broader at the tip than at the base. Lamelle elongated. Tongue obtuse, with an appendage at the
tip, the sides furnished with a rank of short bristles, above these in the middle of the sides with
five spines, and in the middle of the upper surface with a double rank of short spines.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube enlarged near the lower extremity, but above the
inferior larynx contracted. Inferior Larynx with a middle-sized osseous bulb extending on one
side and also much anteriorly.

Anas. Linn. Gmel. Lath.

CHAULIODES. Swainson.

Type. Chauliodus Strepera.

ANATIN. |

44
The proportion

s of the skeleton are :—Depth of the keel to the length of the sternum as 1 to
5. Breadth of the pelvis to its length as 1 to 1 4-5ths.
12. Depth of cranium to its length as 1 to 23.

Length of femur to that of tibia as | to
Affinity.

The elongated lamelle ally this genus to the two preceding.
indeed, to be precisely intermediate between them and the following.

It appears,

—
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TOTES ES:
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A5 [ANATINE.

SL =
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— SS LenS
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GENUS XIV. ANAS.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus simplicibus, mediis longissimis. Tzbie parte
tertiA inferiore denudatd. Rostrum lateribus parallelibus. Nares ovales, prope culmen ad basin
locatee. Lingua obtusa, ad apicem appendiculata, lateraliter una ordine setarum longarum et
flexilum instructa, supra has setas ad latera sex spinis instructa, et in medio supra duplici ordine
setarum brevium.

Anat. Cnar. Trachea tubula equali. Larynx inferior una bulba ossea latere et antice
extendente in maribus.

Exr. Cuan. Feet with the posterior toes simple, the middle one longest. Thzghs with a
third part naked. Bill with the sides parallel. Nostrils oval, placed near the culmen at the base.
Tongue blunt, at the point with an appendage, the sides furnished with one rank of long and flexible
bristles, above these bristles in the middle of the sides furnished with six spines, and in the middle
above with a double rank of short bristles.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube of equal size. Inferior Larynx with one osseous
bulb on the side and extending anteriorly.

Anas. Linn.

Boscuas. Swainson.

Tyre. Anas Boschas.

ANATINA. | 46

We have here retained the old Linnean name for this genus, instead of that of Boschas
proposed by Mr. Swainson. The proportions of the skeleton are :—The depth of the keel to the
length of the sternum as 1 to 5. Breadth of the pelvis to its length as 1 to 1{. Length of femur
to that of tibia as 1 to 12. Depth of cranium to its length as 1 to 3.

Afinity. n size and the form of the tongue this genus approaches nearest to the last of

any among the Anatine.

Al [ANATINAE.

GENUS XV. CARINA.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus gibbosis, mediis longissimis. 7%bie plumate.
Rostrum equale, et carunculé subglobos4 supra nares posita. ares ovales, magne, prope culmine
basi locate, Caput ad oculos denudatum. Lingua obtusa, ad apicem appendiculata lateraliter una
ordine setarum et supra has quatuoribus spinis instructis et in medio supra duplici ordine setarum
brevium armata.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula equali. Larynx inferior una bulba compressa latere partem
ossea partem membrinacea et postice tendente instructo.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes gibbous, the middle longest. Thighs feathered.
Bill with the sides equal, and with a subglobose tubercule placed above. Nostrils oval, large,
placed at the base of the bill near the culmen. Head naked to the eyes. Tongue obtuse,
with an appendage at the point, the sides armed with one row of bristles, above these with four
spines, and in the middle on the upper side armed with a double row of short bristles.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube equal. The inferior Larynx with one compressed
bulb, partly osseous, partly membrinaceous, extending on the side and behind.

Anas. Linn.

Carina. Flem.

Type. Carina moschata.

ANATINE. | 48

The proportions of the skeleton are :—Depth of the keel to the length of the sternum as 1 to
52. Breadth of the pelvis to its length as 1 to 14. Length of femur to that of tibia as 1 to 3.
Depth of the cranium to its length as I to 23. The keel of the sternum produced in front.
Ischiadic foramina large.

Affinities. To some of the genera in the next sub-family this genus presents an affinity in
the form of the hind toe, which, though not strictly lobated, is thickened on its lower side. The
trachea presents considerable affinity to both the sub-family we have placed it in, and also to the
following. The bulb at the inferior larynx much more osseous on its external aspect than among
the Fuliguline, and less so than among the Anatine : it is also laterally much compressed, as in
the following sub-family.

49 | FULIGULINE.

SUB FAM. IV. FULIGULINA.

Ext. Cuar. Rostrum ad basin altius-quam latum. Pedes magni, digitis posterioribus
lobatis, externis vix brevioribus intermediis. Rectrices Caude plerumque breves et flexiles. Ale
mediocres.

Anat. Cuoar. Sternum carina parte anteriore vix productaé; posticé non ad marginem
sterni continuaté margine duabus fissuris instructa his posticé angustatis, intur magnis et ovalibus;
nonnunquam autem fissure vicé foraminibus multum latioribus posticé quam anticé. Coste longe
in abdomine tendentes processibus marginalibus arcuatis vel ad apicem bifidis. Processus
coracoides anticé vix ultra humeros elongatus. Os furcatum arcuatum preecipue ad extremus partes
rami. Pelvis latitudine mediocris, elongata. Cranium ad occiput altius-quam latum. Larynx
inferior partim ossea, partim membrinacea.

Ext. Cuar. Bill higher than broad at the base. Feet large, posterior toe lobated, the
outer slightly shorter than the middle one. Tail feathers generally short and flexible. Wings
moderate.

Anat. Cuar. Sternum with the keel slightly produced in front, and not continued to the
posterior margin; posterior margin furnished with two fissures narrowed posteriorly, each inte-
riorly large, and oval ; or with two foramina on each side, much broader posteriorly than anteriorly.
Ribs extending far backwards, with the processes on the posterior margin arcuated or bifid at
the extremity. Coracoid process slightly elongated anteriorly. Os furcatum with the rami arched
in front, more so above. Pelvis of moderate width, long. Cranium at the occiput higher than
broad.

Tyre. Fuligula.

Habit. Aquatic and marine, feeding on small molusca, and occasionally small fish ; some
of the species possess considerable power of flight.

Affinity. The sterna of some genera of this family, Clangula and Harelda, are furnished
with an ensiform process as in the Mergansers. In the former the trachea also much resembles
that family. To the Anatine, as we have before stated, we believe it to be connected through the
genus Micropterus and Carina.

FULIGULINE. | 50

GENUS I. MICROPTERUS.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus lobatis. Rostrum validum, rugosum. Lamelle
magnee. Nares in medio rostri posite. Tibie plumate. Ale breves.

Anwar. Cuar. Trachea tubula equali. Larynx inferior bulbo laterali osseo.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes lobated. Bill strong, wrinkled. Lamelle
large. Nostrils placed in the middle of the bill. Thighs feathered. Wings short.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube of equal size. The inferior Laryna with an osseous

lateral bulb.
Anas. Linn.
Micropterus. Krng.
Type. Micropterus Patachonichus,

51 [ FULIGULINE.

Affinity. The structure of the hind toe and foot unites this genus to the Fuliguline, while,
on the other hand, that of the trachea bears a great resemblance to the Anatme.

FULIGULIN. |

GENUS II. MELANITTA.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus lobatis, et externis longissimis. Rostrum magnum,
basi clevatum. Lamelle magne, ad marginem continuate. Nares ovales, magne, in medio rostri
positze.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea uno vel duabus bulbis tubula. Larynx inferior non bulbo
instructo.

Exr. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes lobated, the outer ones longest. Bill large,
elevated at the base. Lamell@ large, continued to the margin. Nostrils oval, large, placed in the
middle of the bill.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea with one or two bulbs on the trachea. The znfercor larynx
without a bulb.

Mexanitta. Bove.

Anas. Linn.

Orpemia. Fem.

Tyrer. Melanitta fusca.

The proportions of the skeleton are:—The depth of the keel to the length of the sternum,
as 1 to 43. Breadth of the pelvis to its length, 1 to 31. Length of the femur to that of the tibia,
as 1 to 12. Depth of cranium to its length, as 1 to 22. Keel of the sternum not produced to
the posterior extremity.

53 [ FULIGULIN&.

Affinities. The form of the bill in some of the species of the genus presents an affinity to
the genus Somateria. In its general form, however, and the structure of the feet, it bears a close
resemblance to the foregoing genus.

ALAS >: °)
BRON Dregne,
a

—

CSG
KS ag ees
‘ acer OL =EQ

{

FULIGULINE. | 54

GENUS III. SOMATERIA.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus lobatis, externis mediis equalibus. Rostrum
mediocre ad basin elevatum, et ad apicem angustatum. Lamelle non ad apicem continuatee.
Anwar. Cuar. Trachea tubula equali. Larynx inferior bulbosum osseum, bronchia
sinistra maxima. .

Exr. Cuar. Feet with the hind toes lobated, the external ones equal to the middle. Bill

noderate, with the base elevated, and narrowed towards the tip. The Lamelle not continued to
the apex.

Anwar. Cuar. Trachea with the tubes of equal size throughout. The inferior Larynx
bulbous, the left bronchia largest.

Anas. Linn.
SomaTeErRiA. Leach.
Type. Somateria mollissima.

Affinity. In the form of the inferior larynx this genus approaches near the Anatine.

55 [ FULIGULINA.

GENUS IV. POLYSTICTA.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes magni, digitis posterioribus lobatis. Rostrum ad basin elevatum, ad
apicem angustatum. Caput parvum, et cristatum maribus. Cauda brevis et acuta. Remiges
terti@ longe.

Anat. Cuar. Ignoti.

Ext. Cuar. Feet large, with the posterior toes lobated. Bill elevated at the base,
narrowed towards the point. Head small, and crested in the male. Tazl short, sharp.
Tertiaries long.

Anat. Cuar. Unknown.

Anas. Linn.

Furicuta. Gould.

Macropus. Nuttall.

PotysticTa nobis.

Tyrer. Polysticta stelleri.

After we had proposed Polysticta as a new generic name for the Western Duck, we found
that Nuttall, in his American Ornithology, had also made it into a new genus. Which name has
the priority we are uncertain; but that proposed by Mr. Nuttall (Macropus ) having been used as
a generic appellation to a genus of kangaroos, cannot stand. Our own, therefore, is that which
we have placed at the head of this genus.

FULIGULINE. | 56

Affinity. The long tertiary feathers and the form of the bill in this genus evidently point

out a near aftinity to Somaterva.

57 [FULIGULINA.

GENUS V. KAMPTORHYNCHUS.

Ext. Car. Pedes magni, digitis externis mediis zequantibus, posterioribus lobatis.
Rostrum lateribus ad apicem latum, et flexile. Mares magnee, ovales, prope basum locate. Unguis
magna et lata.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea maribus duabus bulbis tubula.

Ext. Cuar. Feet large, the outer toe equal to the middle one, posterior one lobated.
Bill broad towards the point at the sides, flexible. Nostrils large, oval, placed near the base.
Nail large and broad.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea in the males with two bulbs on the tube.

Anas. Linn.

Fuuicuta. Ray, Leach.

KAMPTORHYNCHUS nobis.

Type. Kamptorhynchus Labradora.

This genus we have formed on F. Labradora Bonap, the variety it exhibits being amply
sufficient to distinguish it from any other genus. Nothing that I am aware of is known concerning
anatomical characters, besides those mentioned in Wilson, and quoted at length under the head
Kamp. Labradora.

FULIGULIN. | 58
Affinities. We have never seen the skeleton of this bird, nor are we aware of one in

existence in this kingdom. As far, however, as we are acquainted with it, from Wilson's account,

its true place appears to be somewhere near that we have assigned to it.

59 [ FULIGULINA.

\ \ YY) ean

\\ \\

GENUS VI. CALLICHEN.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus lobatis, imtermediis vix longissimis. Tibie
plumatee. Rostrum capite equalé, prope basum latissimum. Lamelle valide, et ad marginem
continuate. Nares subovales, magnee. Cauda mediocris. Caput cristatum.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea duobus bulbis tubula. Laryna inferior bulbo laterali, partim
membrinaceo, partim osseo, latere complanato.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes lobated, the middle ones scarcely the longest.
Thighs feathered. Bill equal to the head, broadest at the base. Lamelle strong, and con-
tinued to the margin. Nostrils suboval, large, Tail moderate. Head crested.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea with two bulbs on the tube. Inferior Larynx with alateral bulb,
partly membrinaceous, partly osseous, on the side flattened.

Anas. Linn.

Fuuicuta. Ray, Leach.

Guaucium, QuERQUEDULA. Briss.

CaLLicHEN. Brehm.

MERGOIDES nobis.

Type. Callichen rujfina.

FULIGULINE. | 60

We first instituted this genus on F. rufina, after having observed the trachea of that species.
To this, however, will be added the beautiful species Fuligula caryophylacea. With any
anatomical character further than that above given we are unacquainted, not having ever seen the
skeleton.

Affinities. In having bulbs on the tube of the trachea, and also in general form, this bird
presents considerable affinity to the Mergansers.

61 [FULIGULINE.

GENUS VII. FULIGULA.—

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus lobatis, externis inter mediis equantibus. Tibie
plumatee. Rostrum prope apicem latissimum, obtusum. Lamelle abbreviate et non ad marginem
continuate. Nares subovales, parvissime. Cauda brevissima. Lingua obtusa ad apicem appen-
diculata, lateribus una ordine setarum flexilum instructis; in medio ad latera supra has setas
quatuoribus spinis instructis.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula inferiore parte contracté. Larynx inferior bulbo laterali,
partim membrinaceo, partim osseo, latere complanato.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the hind toes lobated, the outer ones scarcely equal to the middle.
Thighs feathered, Bill broadest at the point, blunt. Lamelle abbreviated, and not continued to
the margin. Nostrils suboval, very small. Tail very short. Tongue obtuse, with an appendage
at the tip, and the sides furnished with one row of flexible bristles; in the middle with the sides
above the bristles furnished with four spines.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea with inferior portion of the tube contracted. The inferior Larynx
with one lateral bulb, partly membrinaceous, partly osseous, on the sides compressed.

Anas. Linn.

Fuunicuta. Ray, Leach.

Nyroca. Fleming.

GLAUCIUM, QUERQUEDULA. Briss.

Tyree. Fuligula Marilla.

FULIGULINE. | | 62

We here again assume the name to this genus given to it by Ray, as being the oldest.
The proportions of the skeleton are :—Depth of the keel to the whole length of the sternum as
1 to 4. Breadth of the pelvis to its length as | to 13. Length of femur to that of tibia as 1 to 1{.
Depth of cranium to its length as 1 to 22, Sternum with the keel produced anteriorly. Ribs
projecting far backwards.

Affinities. To the following genus this bears a near affinity in the external form and that
of the trachea and skeleton, as well as to the foregoing.

63 [FULIGULINZ.

GENUS VIII. NYROCA.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus lobatis, externis mediis vix eequantibus. Tibe
plumatee. Rostrum brevius capite, prope apicem latissimum, obtusum. Lamelle abbreviate, et non
ad marginem continuatee. Nares subovales, parvee. Cauda brevis. Lingua obtusa, ad apicem

appendiculata, lateribus una et in medio duplici ordine setarum flexilum instructis, ad latera supra
has setas quinque spinis instructis.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula in medio multum expandente, contracté supra larynginem

inferiorem. Larynx inferior partim ossea, partim membrinacea.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes lobated, the outer ones scarcely equal to the
middle. Tibia feathered. Bill shorter than the head, near the point broadest, obtuse. Lamelle
abbreviated, and not continued to the margin. Nostrils suboval, small. Tazl short. Tongue
obtuse, with an appendage at the point, the sides with one and the middle with a double rank of
flexible bristles, above these bristles on the sides armed with five strong spines.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube much expanded in the middle, again contracted

above the inferior larynx. The inferior Laryna partly osseous, partly membrinaceous.
Anas. Linn.

Nyroca. Flem.
TypEe. Nyroca leucopthalmus.

Dr. Fleming included the Scaup, Tufted Duck, and Pochards in his genus Nyroca. It is,
however, now restricted to the Pochards which want the crested head.

FULIGULIN&®. | 64

The proportions of the skeleton are :—The depth of the keel to the whole length of the
sternum, as 1 to 5. Breadth of the pelvis to its length, as 1. to 2. Length of femur to that of
tibia, as 1 to 12. Depth of the cranium to its length, as 1 to 22. The keel of the sternum much
produced anteriorly.

Affinities. This genus, as before stated, presents an affinity to the last in general form, and
also in that of the inferior larynx.

65 [ FULIGULINE,

GENUS IX. HARELDA.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus lobatis, externis mediis vix equantibus. Tibie
plumatz. Rostrum mediocre, baso ad apicem angustatum. Lamelle parte omnino obliterate.
Nares lineares, versus media rostri posite. Cauda maribus elongata.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula inferiore parte tuberculosa a posteriore membrana tecta.
Larynx inferior bulbosa, partim ossea, partim membrinacea.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes lobated, the outer one scarcely equal to the
middle. Thighs feathered. Bill moderate, narrowed from the base to the apex. Lamelle
altogether obliterated at the points. ostrils linear, situated about the middle of the Bill. Tazl
in the male elongated.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea on the lower part posteriorly covered with a membrane. The
inferior Larynx bulbous, partly osseous, partly membrinaceous.

Haretpa. fay. Leach.

Anas. Linn.

QUERQUEDULA. Briss.

CuaneuLa. Flem.

Tyre. Harelda Glacialis.

This genus having been instituted by Ray, requires no alteration. The depth of the keel to
the whole length of the sternum is as 1 to 4. The length of the femur to that of the tibia as
1to 12. The height of the head to its length asl to 23. There is a small ensiform process
attached to the posterior margin of the sternum.

FULIGULIN&. | 66
Afinity. The sternum in this genus, as well as in the next, being furnished with an

ensiform process, evidently points out an affinity between them. The trachea, however, differs most

and the elongated tail is unlike any other genus of the family: still, that this is its true

materially,
the ribs projecting far backward over the abdomen, and the hind toe

place no doubt can remain,
being largely lobated.

67 | FULIGULINE.

\ =

WS z ————~
DN a SS

GENUS X. CLANGULA.

Ext. Cnar. Pedes digitis posterioribus lobatis, externis mediis vix eequantibus. Tibie
plumose. Rostrwm parvum, capite brevius, a basi ad apicem angustatum. Nares ovales, medium
versus rostri posite. Lamelle ad apicem pene obliterate. Cauda rectricibus rigidis, sed ad apicem
flexilibus. Lingua obtusa, ad apicem appendiculata, lateribus ordine uno setarum flexilum
instructis.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula bulbo uno instructa. Larynx inferior bulbo magno partim
membrinaceo, partim osseo. Coste a posticé longe tendentes. Sternum posticé appendice
ensiformi parvo.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes lobated, the outer ones scarcely equal to the
middle. Tibie feathered. Bill small, shorter than the head, narrowed from the base to the point.
Nostrils oval, placed towards the middle of the bill. Lamelle almost obliterated at the top. Tail
with the quills stiff, but flexible at the points. Tongue obtuse, with an appendage at the point,
the sides garnished with one row of flexible bristles.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea with one bulb on the tube. The inferior Larynx with a large
bulb, partly membrinaceous, partly osseous. Ribs extending far backwards. Sternum behind
with a small ensiform appendage.

Anas. Pars. Linn.

CriancuLta. Leach, Flem.

QUERQUEDULA. Briss.

Type. Clangula vulgaris.

FULIGULINE. | 68

This genus was instituted by Dr. Leach. Brisson included the birds contained in it in the ~
genus Querquedula, which is now applied solely to a genus of fresh-water ducks (Anatide). The
depth of the keel to the length of the sternum in this genus is as 1 to 44. Breadth of the pelvis to
its length as 1 to 13. Length of femur to that of tibia as 1 to 14. Depth of cranium to its length
as 1 to 21.

Affinity. The disposition to rigidity, and the form of the tail, as well as that of the bill and
feet, evidently point out an affinity to the next family ; while the skeleton approaches to that of the
genus Mergus, both in possessing an ensiform appendage to the sternum, and in the form of the

inferior larynx.

Witten —
AT SORTS

69 [ ERISMATURINE,

SUB FAM. V. ERISMATURINA.

Ext. Cuar. Rostrum ad basin altius-quam latum. Pedes magni, digitis posterioribus
lobatis, externis et intermediis inter se equalibus. Rectrices Caude longze et valide. Ale
breves.

Anat. Cuar. Ignoti.

Ext. Cuar. Bill higher than broad. Feet large, posterior toe lobated, the outer toe equal
to the middle. Tail feathers long and stiff.

Anat. Cuar. Unknown.

Type. Erismatura.

Habit. Like the last, truly aquatic.

Affinity. The shortness of the wing deprives these birds of any great power of flight,
consequently the species have not a wide geographical range. We are not aware that the use
of the stiff tail feathers found on birds of this family and the cormorants has ever been ascertained,
and which character appears to separate them so distinctly from the other families of ducks: they
are certainly of great use to them when on shore and stationary, their position being necessarily
upright, the legs being placed far backwards. We should also suppose them to be connected with
their motion in the water while diving, perhaps giving them the power of raising or lowering
themselves suddenly. If it should he eventually ascertained that fish constitute any considerable
portion of their food, this power must be of great use to them, as well as to the cormorants, in
following their prey through the water.

ERISMATURINE. | 70

WY i y

=
A
i

GENUS I. THALASSORNIS.

Ext. CuHar.

Pedes digitis posterioribus lobatis, externis inter-mediis vix eequantibus.
Tibie plumose.

. . o A
Rostrum validum, latum ; lateribus parallellibus ; et ungue magna armatum.
Nares parvee, ovales, in medio rostri culminem versus posite.
breyibus et subrigidis instructa.

Anat. Cuar. Ignoti.

Cauda rotundata, rectricibus
Ale breves, remigibus ad apices incuryatis.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes lobated, the outer ones scarcely equal to the
Thighs feathered. Bill strong, broad; the sides parallel, and armed with a large nail.
Nostrils small, oval, placed in the middle of the bill towards the culmen. Tail rounded, furnished

with short and slightly rigid feathers. Wings short, with the quills incurved at the apex.
Anat. Cuar. Unknown.

THALASSORNIS nobis.
Tyee. Thalassornis leuconotus.

middle.

Affinity. ‘The above genus appears to form a connecting link between the genus Clangula

and Biziura, the structure of the tail being nearly that of the former genus, while the bill is that
of the latter.

71 [ERISMATURIN&E,

GENUS IJ. BIZIURA.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus lobatis, externis inter mediis zequantibus. Tibie
plumosee. Rostrum validum, latum, ad apicem angustatum. Mandibule ambe unguiculatae,
inferior in maribus paled magna pendente instructa. ares rotundate, in medio rostri, culminem
versus posite. Cauda rotundata, rectricibus rigidis et acutis instructa. Ale remigibus, ad apices
incurvatis.

Anat. Cuar. Ignoti.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes lobated, the external ones equal to the middle.
Thighs feathered. Bill strong, broad, narrowed towards the apex. Both mandibles furnished with
nails, the inferior one in the males with a large hanging wattle. Nostrils rounded, placed in the
middle of the bill towards the culmen. Tui! rounded, furnished with stiff and acute quills. Wings
with the quills at the points incurved.

ANAT. Cuar. Unknown.

Biziura. Steph. Leach.

Type. Biziura lobata.

ERISMATURINZ. | 72

Mons. Temminck included this genus, together with all the other aquatic ducks, in one
large genus Hydrobates. The name of Biziwra was first given to it, according to Stephens, in
Shaw’s Zoology, by Leach, in his MSS. and was afterwards published by Mr. Stephens in the
above work. It is much to be regretted that no skeleton or parts to illustrate the anatomy of this
extraordinary bird have hitherto been brought to England.

Affinity. It bears considerable resemblance to the other genera of the family, but differs
from all in having the lobe under the chin.

73 [ERISMATURINE.

GENUS III. ERISMATURA.

Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus lobatis, externis mediis vix eequantibus. Tibie
plumatee. Rostrum validum, aut mediocre, prope apicem latissimum. Mandibule unguiculate.
ares ovales, parve, in medio rostri versus culminem posite. Cauda rotundata, rectricibus
rigidis. Ale remigibus paululum incurvatis.

Anat. Cuar. Ignoti.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes lobated, the outer one scarcely equal to the inner.
Thighs feathered. Bill moderate, broadest near the tip. Mandibles furnished with nails.
Nostrils oval, small, placed im the middle of the bill towards the culmen. Taz! rounded, with
the quills stiff. Wings with the quills a little incurved.

Anat. Cuar. Unknown.

Anas. Linn.

Oxyura. Bonap.

ErisMATuRA. Bonap.

Unpina. Gould.

Gymnura. Nuttall.

Tyee. Lrismatura rubida.

ERISMATURINA, | 74

The genus Oxyura was first instituted by the Prince of Musignano, for the reception of
Anas rubida, Wils. Myr. Gorler having overlooked it, formed his genus Undina, or Anas
Leucocephala, Linn. a bird of the same conformation. Mr. Nuttall having discovered that the
name of Oxyura had been before used for a genus of creepers, substituted that of Gymnura for it.
The Prince of Musignano had, however, in the appendix to the same work in which he named the
genus Oxyura, also called it ‘Erismatura, which name will stand, that of Oxywra having been
before employed for another genus.

Affinity. Some of the species in this genus appear to present a slight approach to the next

sub-family, the tail being diminished in length and rigidity, and also in the wings not being so
much curved inwards as in the last.

75 [MERGANIN2.

SUB FAM. VI. MERGINAE,

Ext. Cuar. Rostrum mediocre, ad apicem angustatum acuminatum et dentibus ad latera
instructum. Dégiti posteriores lobati.

Anat. Cuar. Sternum carina parte anteriore valde angustata et non ad marginem

continuata, margine posteriore appendice ensiformi instructo, et duobus foraminibus ad latera.
Processus coracoides antice elongatus. Os furcatum arcuatum, rami lateraliter compress.
Trachea wno vel duobus bulbis tubula. Larynx inferior in maribus bulbo osseo instructa.
Gsophagus dilateri potest. Gigeria interne magna cavitione.

Ext. Cuar. Bill moderate, narrowed to the point, acuminate, and at the sides armed with
teeth. Posterior Toes lobated.

Anat. Cuar. Sternwm with the keel anteriorly produced, posteriorly narrowed, and not

continued to the margin, furnished with an ensiform process and two lateral foramina. Coracoid
process elongated anteriorly. Os furcatum arched, the branches laterally compressed. T'rachea

with one or two enlargements on the tube. The inferior Larynx in the males furnished with an
osseous bulb. C£sophagus dilatable.

Type. Mergus.

Affinities. Having, under the head Lamellirostres, stated some of the affinities which exist
between the family generally and others, we have merely, under the head sub-families, stated those
which hold between each contained in the above family. In both external and internal character
the strongest relation exists between the above and that of Fuliguline, the genera Clangula and
Harelda in particular, both of which possess the ensiform process on the posterior margin of the
sternum, and the latter a bulb on the tube of the trachea, formed by enlarged rings. The genus

Callichen posesses two bulbs, but the skeleton does not approach so nearly as that of the two
genera before mentioned.

The Gizzard internally with a large cavity.

To the Erismaturine we suspect the affinity is not so great, certainly
not so far as relates to external character, although we have placed them contiguous, there being
evidently a double point of affinity to the Divers.

Habit. 'The habit of this sub-family is truly aquatic, its length of body, and legs being

placed far backwards, give the birds contained in it great power of diving. Its food consists
principally of small fish.

MERGANINE. | : 76

GENUS I. MERGUS.

Exr. Car. Pedes digitis posterioribus lobatis, mediis vix longissimis. 7%bee plumatee.
Rostrum a baso ad apicem angustatum, lateribus serratis, apice unguiculato. Nares subovales,
mediocres, versus medium rostri posite. Lingua acuminata, lateribus ordine uno, parte centrali
duplici ordine setarum reflexarum instructa.

Anat. Crar. Trachea uno vel duobus bulbis tubuld in maribus instructa. Larynx inferior
bulbo magno, parte membrinaceo, parte osseo. Coste postice longe tendentes.

Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes lobated, the middle ones scarcely the longest.
Thighs feathered. B sll narrowed from the base to the point, the apex with a nail. Nostrils oval,
moderate, placed towards the middle of the bill. Tongue pointed, the sides armed with one and
the middle with two rows of bristles.

Anat. Cuar. Trachea with one or two bulbs on the tube in the males. The inferior
Larynx with a large bulb, partly osseous, partly membrinaceous. Ribs extending far backwards.

Mercus. Ray, Linn. Gmel. Briss.

Mereanser. Briss.

Type. Mergus serrator.

CW [ MERGANINE.

Mr. Stephens, in vol. XI. p. 156, of Shaw’s Zoology, divides this genus, separating from it
the Smew (Mergus albellus ), and placing the other Mergansers under the genus Merganser, Briss.
The depth of the keel to the length of the sternum in this genus is as 1 to 5. Breadth of the
pelvis to its length as 1 to 25. Length of the cranium to its depth as 1 to 34. Length of the
femur to the length of the tibia as 1 to 17.

We have spoken before of the affinities of this genus under the head of the sub-family

Mergine.

MOT es

SYNOPSIS SPECIERUM.

CHORISTOPUS SEMIPALMATUS.

Cho.—Capite colloque nigro, dorso superiore albo.

SEMIPALMATED GOOSE.

Cuo. with the head and neck black, the upper part of the back white.

Length ene =: Sa TONS, havens nai 4
IBUL BS e605 505% 4 Middle toe.... 48

Cuo.: with the upper part of the back, rump, and below, with the exception of the tibiee, white ;
the remainder and the tibie glossy black ; legs and bill orange ; the nail of the latter horn colour.

Anas semipalmata vcvcre ceeneeceeern ceecenes Linn. Trans. iv. 103.
Luth. Ind. Orn. App. 89.
Semipalmated G00se....++.sreveeeeere eres ees Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 2, 347.
Anas melanoleucd vvvvevacvcenvcvereceseeereees Lath. Ind. Orn. App. 69.
UR HANATL Abdo Rns es ou DUO COCO CODDOODOGUND OS Lin. Trans. vol. xv. p. 383, pl. xiii, Xiv.

Inhabits New Holland, and utters a shrill whistling note.

Mr. Yarrell, in vol. 15, p. 383, gives the following anatomical pecularities of this bird. The
trachea “ was situated on the outside of the left pectoral muscle, under the skin, sufficiently raised
under the wing that respiration would not be impeded when the bird rested with its breast on the
ground, the parallel tubes being firmly attached both to the muscle and the skin by cellular tissue.
The clavicle on the right side of the bird is of the usual character, but that on the left is both
shorter and wider, having an aperture about the middle, the sides diverging, with a projecting
point on the inner side, to which the tube of the trachea is firmly attached about two inches above
the bone of divarication. The trachea lying on the left side of the bird, the lower portion of the
tube, in its passage to the lungs, crosses the left branch of the furcula at a right angle, but becom-
ing attached to this projection of the clavicle, receives from the point described its centrical direction
into the body. The whole length of the windpipe in this bird is four feet eight inches.” Ina
young bird dissected by Mr. Yarrell, the trachea was not nearly so much convoluted.

Frnteds by Citar dd.

LCE Ad adhe.

Chovristopus sernipaimatus. | Make

PLECTROPTERUS GAMBENSIS.

Plee.—Ater; subtus albus.
GAMBA GOOSE.
Puirc. black; below white.

IN. IN. IN.

Bengih.'. . 3: 393 Naked part of the bill.... 5 ICTS ADEE 5

Pixc.: smaller wing coverts, belly, neck, and thighs white; the remainder deep purplish
black ; spur on the wing of the male one inch long ; male with a large knob on the culmen, at the
base of the bill.

Female smaller than the male, and with the knob at the culmen of the bill smaller.

Plectropterus Gambensis vvvvueveveevcevvceees Steph. Shaw Zool. 12, 7.

Anas Gambenses ...... jodOodaasbobONOD DOORS Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 195.
Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 503.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 839.
Shaw, Mus, Sev. pl. p. 231.

An African species, inhabiting the Gamba.

The following are some notes we took on the dissectiou of a female specimen. The length of
the intestinal, from gizzard to anus, 6 feet 4 inches; from czeca to anus 4 inches; the length of
ceca 5% inches. ‘Trachea acted upon by two pairs of muscles ; first pair the usual sterno tracheal
ones; second 'pair diverging from the trachea higher than the first, and inserted in the coracoids.
Tube of large calibre, contracted slightly just above the inferior larynx, which resembles in form
that of the true geese. The bronchiz of equal diameter. sophagus placed on the right side of
the neck. and much dilated in the middle. The sternum long and narrow.

The above account appears to bear a considerable resemblance to that of the Cereopsis of Mr.
Yarrell.

N. B. Our cut of the bill and foot illustrating the genus was taken from a female specimen.

CEREOPSIS NOVA HOLLANDI A,

Cer,—Cinerius tectricibus alarum atribus maculis ornatis.

NEW HOLLAND CEREOPSIS.

Cer. blue grey, spotted on the wing coverts with black.

EGGS sob oeSoosm Oe Middle toe .... 3%
BETAS hes ee ae Outer ........ 3-23
Hind toe...... it

Crr.: blueish grey, with the tail, under and upper tail coverts, and a few spots on the scapulars,
black; bill black; cere covering the nostrils greenish yellow; webs scolloped, as in the Sandwich
Island goose; nostrils large and round; legs orange; feet black.

Cereopsis Nove Follandi@..... diecamocae to _... Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. 67.
Anser GQris@us cv. vccersrercsees sees trees _... Feill. 2 edit. Dic. Hist. Nat. 23—338.
Cereopsis CENAPCE creceeees Re Sekar ars onme ety CNUs Pi. col. 206.

Now found in most of our large museums ; has also been brought over alive. Appears to dread
the water, and feed chiefly on grass. Inhabits New Holland.

In the Zoological Proceedings for January 25, 1831, we find the following: Mr. Yarrell
stated, that having examined the body of the bird, he had remarked that its trunk was much
shorter than that of the true geese, and more triangular in its shape; the pectoral muscles were
large and dark coloured ; the trachea was of large and nearly uniform calibre, without convolution,
and attached in its descent to the right side of the neck, as in the heron and bittern ; in the form
of its bone of divarication and bronchiee it most resembled the same part in the geese. The muscles
of voice were two pairs, one pair attached to the shafts of the os fureatorium, the other to the inner
lateral surface of the sternum. The lobes of the liver were of large size, morbidly dark in colour ;
their substance broke down under the finger on the slightest pressure. The stomach, a true gizzard,
was of small size as compared with the bulk of the bird. The first duplicature of intestine was Six
inches in length, at the returning portion of which the biliary and pancreatic ducts entered ; from
thence to the origin of the cca four feet six inches; the czeca nine inches each; the colon and
rectum together five inches: the whole length of the intestines was seven feet five inches. The
stomach and intestinal viscera were loaded with fat; the other parts exhibited nothing remarkable.
Internally this bird, which was a male, resembled the true geese, but externally, in the character of
the bones, particularly in the rounded form of the edge, and great depth of the keel of the sternum,
and the lateral situation of the trachea in reference to the cervical vertebrae, it was decidedly similar
to the Ardeide.

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CHLOEPHAGA SANDVICENSIS.

Chlo.—Brunnea, vertice, genis, colloque parte posteriore, atris.

SANDWICH ISLAND GOOSE.

Cuio. brown, with the crown, cheeks, and line down the back of the neck, black.

Length... 6... 23 Middle toe ...... ot
ROSIE 0: avwie rect 33 OULD ie DO Oe 22
MED ELD rae site 5 3 Drier’. se eaies 5 23
Hind toe .... 2

CuLo.: crown, cheeks, quills, and a line down the back of the neck black ; remainder of the neck
bright brownish grey; quills, tail, and upper tail coverts white; remainder ashy grey, darker on
the back, with each feather tipped with brown or grey; ring round the neck brown; wings
black, the edges of the feathers lighter; legs, fect, and bill black; webs deeply scolloped.

Bernicla Sandvicensis§....cccescersscceccacene Vig. Zool. Pro. May 27, 1834.

Inhabits the Sandwich Islands.

An interesting account of the habits of this bird, while confined in Lord Derby's menagerie, by
that nobleman, will be found in the Zoological Proceedings as above quoted, when he states they
laid four eggs of a white colour, and large in proportion to the size of the bird, two of which were
hatched, and one reared; since which time also another hatch has been reared by the Zoological
Society.

CHLOEPHAGA MAGELLANICA.

Chilo. Mas.—Albus, dorso subtusque atro transversum strigato ; rostro, pedibus, tarsisque nigris.
Chilo. Fem.—Ferruginea; subtus albus atro strigato; colloque canescente ; tarsis rubris; pedibus nigris.

UPLAND MAGELLANIC GOOSE.

Cuio. Mas. white, with the back and under surface transversely barred with black; the bill,
feet, and legs black.

Cuto. Fem. ferruginous ; below white barred with black ; neck hoary; legs red; the feet black.

Male: - Length...... 26 Inner toe......-- 13
Bil i tere i Middleman een a5
TED. oa o00 3 Outer toe......-- 2h

Head, neck, under surface, and back white, the two latter barred with black; wing coverts and
secondaries white ; tertiaries and bastard wings blue black, tipped with white; bill and legs black,
the latter approaching to orange in dried specimens.

Ving y SHAM 086 ac 5 6 25 Middle toe ...... 2s
Bill sores 62 Outer eee 2
IMS go6 on 6s lt IHEP je 5056009% 12

Lower part of the neck, upper part of the back, and breast light ferruginous, barred with black ;
head and neck grey or hoary brown; quills, tail, upper tail coverts, and lower part of the back
black, glossed with green inflections ; tertiaries long, grey; secondaries white, behind which is a
bar of black; wing spot (formed by the secondary coverts) metallic green ; wing coverts, belly, and
yent white; flanks white barred with black; bill black; legs orange, with the inside black.

Young: the young birds of both sexes have the head and upper part of the neck brownish ash ;
below greyish white lineated with dark brown; upper part of the back grey barred with black ;
rump and scapulars deep ash; thighs white barred with light brown ; vent brownish black; middle
of the belly and wing coverts white ; pill as in the adults; legs greenish black.

Bernicla leucoptera .vecvvvivcevecceccnnrereees Less. Traite d’ Orn. 627.

VANLAS eee eels o niavenele Ven Reo heron eer nen er Gmel. Syst. 1, 505.
Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 839.

Bernicla.cecccvccceccccctscenseaccccnssseees Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 58.
Anas Magellanicd oo. cccccecsneceeecnnen erence Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 505.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 836.
IGapaldpoo odo pa00bGb00000000005000000000000 Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 61.
Vie IATA 560000000000000000 50050 000000000 Gel. Syst. 1. 504.

Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 836.

Bernicla...s..0s HOHADOAoOoOo NoOONAOnoGApoGodO Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 60.
W hite-mwinged Antarctic GO0se viveceveveveeess Brown. Illust. Zool. pl. 40.
Bastard G0086 so... 2s eee cane eae eens eens Lath. Syn. 6. 440.
Magellanicee Go0se ..veeveveeee vee podondaooe Lath. Syn. 6. 443,
Painted GO086 .. cece ccee canner cseneecneneces Lath. Syn. 6, 443.
Oie des iles Malowuines .....¢ vecsevcesesenscees Buff. Ois. ix. 69.
Less. Traite Orn. 627.
LT’ Oie des terres Magellaniques ......ceeeeevees Buff. Ois. ix. p. 58, pl. En. 1006.

Inhabits the southern extremity of America and the Falkland Isles; found generally in flights,
according to Lesson; though we are informed by Charles Darwin, Esq. that it is generally found
in pairs.

The changes which the plnmage of the female of this speeies undergoes are very extraordinary.
With those of the male we are at present ignorant, as to whether it assumes the white state at once
or not. The young female, which is the Anas Picta of authors, first in its approach to the adult
state, has the black bars on the back and neck, which become ferruginous; those on the flanks
become darker, and the intermediate spaces white; the head also becomes ashy grey, and the legs
approach to deep orange. Before the time of incubation black bars again appear on the neck,
breast, and the upper part of the back, and the ferruginous colouring becomes lighter; the vent
and under tail coverts are in very old birds white; in younger ones ferruginous, the legs become of
a brighter orange, and the head and neck become brown.

Such are what we believe to be the changes of this bird: for material assistance in its
investigation we are indebted to Charles Darwin, Esq. and also for the trachea from which our
figure is taken. The inferior larynx is furnished with a hollow rounded bulb, very similar to that
of the common widgeon, but differing in its form, being flattened superiorly, and of a much stronger
structure than is usual among the wading ducks. It may at once be distinguished from all the
other tracheze with which we are acquainted, by an indented line on the lower surface of the bulb.

(Vide our plate. )

BERNICLA ANTARCTICA.

Ber. Mas.—Albus, remigibus primariis apicibus nigris.

Ber. Fem.—Nigra, dorso subtusque albo transversim strigato ; occipite brunneo: rostro aurantiaco.

ANTARCTIC GOOSE.

Ber. Mas. white, with the ends of the primary quills black.

Ber. Fem. black, with the back and bencath transversely striped with white; the occiput brown ;
the bill orange.

Male: Length...... 25 POUSUN aie slsterter = eee 23
JEW n eco go 1 7-12ths

Entirely white except the apical half of the primaries, which are ashy black. The back of
the head in young birds is tinged with cmereous ; legs orange ; bill (in the preserved specimens we
have seen) black, with an orange patch over the nostrils : but Azara says it is orange.

Fem.: Length...... 26 Inner toe ........-- 2
JEU eRe ly WGN Baneo6e 550080 dL
ATS torn 23 (QUE? eee eib nob 086 ¢ 2

Neck, breast, and belly black barred with white, the bars minute towards the head; back
part of the head umber brown; scapulars and primaries very dark brown, sometimes black ;
smaller wing coverts and secondaries white; tertiaries blue green; tail, lower part of the back,
under tail coverts, and thighs, white ; bill and legs orange; toes and webs black in dried specimens.

Anas Antarctica co ccc ccc ce even eee enen anaes Gimel. Syst. 1. 505.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. §35.
JEGHUAM cbAn onbanAndooHpeSoOpUUHoODODOHHODHOC Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 59.
ANSEr CONGIAUS . oc ccc ec suse vcst ences sescrsans Feill. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 23. 331.

En Method, 3. 351.
Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 38.

Ganso Blanco ..ccevcecccaccrncceeenrcereneees zara Parax del Paraguay, 3. 406.
Die anarctque, fem. vcvvecvecenececeeeveeneces Voy. de la Coquille, pl. 50.
Antarctic GOOSE.ssersccersesccsees Sahooenseson Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 442.

The male of this species appears to have been first discovered by Azara. A good plate of
the female will be found in the “ Voyage dela Coquille.” It inhabits South America and the
adjoining islands, frequenting the sea coast and the lowlands adjoining, from whence it is called by
Mr. Darwin, in his amusing Journal, the Lowland Goose. For the trachea from which our figure
is taken we are indebted to the above-named friend. The bulb of the inferior larynx is not flattened
above as in the last bird, but altogether bears considerable resemblance to it and the wading ducks,
from which latter, in common with all other geese, it may be distinguished by the rings of the
trachea being more massive, and also by the form of the tube, which is always contracted towards
the inferior larynx, while in the wading ducks it always expands in that part.

The flesh is not good food. Skins of both sexes are in the museum of the Zoological Society,
brought home by Capt. King.

BERNICLA RUFICOLLIS.

Ber.—Vertice colloque posteriore atris; gemis 1ufis.

RED-NECKED GOOSE.
Ber. with the crown and neck posteriorly black; the checks red.

UE CHG UTR een er 21 inches.

Ber.: crown, forehead, and back of the neck and throat, black ; on the cheek a patch of brown
margined by a line of white, which afterwards passes down the neck and breast, beyond which is
a bar of white; belly, wings, and tail, black; abdomen, vent, upper and under tail coverts white ;
wing coyerts margined with white; bill and legs fuscous.

OS IP TOU IAD IS OAG aon od O00 DAOC EEOC OGIO o Pall, Spic. 6.21.
PANAS\TIGPECOLLISH stir nsayty cv ocshstess) cealsta ance ale aierel oer aiees Gmel, Syst. 1. 511,

MOOS USTOLUUD oo 0dG0 066000006 808006 BO Sb0806 Gmel, Syst. 1. 514.
LTR TOG MAUS. 6 S865 66 to 58 0000 HOGOHO OOOO Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 53.
Red-breasted Goose .....6 os. spb quoens bon donee Penn. Arct. Zool, 4, 571.

Lath, Syst. 6, 455.

A few specimens have at different times been killed in the British isles. It is a native of the
arctic region, and is said to retire to Siberia and the Frozen Ocean to breed. 'Temminck informs
us that it is in abundance near the rivers Ob and Lena during the breeding season. Nothing, how-
ever, appears to be known of its nidification or habits.

BERNICLA BRENTA.

Ber.—Cinerea, capite colloque nigro; hoe lateribus albo maculatis.

BRENT BERNICLE.

Ber. cinereous, with the head and neck black; the latter on the sides with a white patch.

Bengt. a.) ; 29 Ire eke ae: 2 2-5ths
BU ee toate 1 2-5ths Middle toe...... 2;

Ber. : head, neck, and breast black, on each side of the neck a patch of white; back and wing

coverts brown, with the edges of the feathers paler; below dirty white, with a yellow tinge; the
margin of the feathers pure white ; back and upper tail coverts black; neck and bill black.

Bernicla Brenta ....eeee vevevees Sera esieeioct: Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 46.
Anas Bernicla .isvisveees so50c0G000600 GOn0DD Linn. Syst. 1. 198.

Gmel. Syst. 1. 513.

Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 844.
Brent G00se vivevvccvsavcnees Boon ggoobogcun Penn. Arct. Zool. 2 .N. 478.
Le Cravant sieve Roos KodHOND 660900 HOeA000000 Buff. Ois. 9. pl. 87.

Inhabits the same countries with B. Leucopsis ; its nest is made of grass and sea-weed im morasses ;
it lays ten or twelve eggs, perfectly white.

Like its congeners, it is easily domesticated. The trachea and inferior larynx is that of the
typical geese, but slightly expanded below the glottis.

BERNICLA LEUCOPSIS.

Ber.—Cinerea, capite colloque atro; facie alba.

COMMON BERNICLE.

Ber. cinereous, with the head and neck black ; the face white,

Hlengtlie et 25 fi eo 24
Bes ba shoe ly Middle toe....-- 25

Ber.: cheeks, forehead, and throat white ; crown, neck, and breast black ; above blue grey,
with the margins of the feathers lighter, within which there is a line of black; tail and quills
black; tail coverts and the under surface white; the flanks with some dark bars of grey. ;

Anser Leucopsis sviveuaes 6 090500 0000 veesese Bechs. Nat. Deut. 4. 921.

Anas Leucopsis ....s sdnadsnoonssomenoa0 caceee Lemm. Man, 2. 828. ;

Bernicle .ccccvcscveccccrsccseveseraeeees .... Penn. Arct. Zool. 2 N. 479.
Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 466.

Le Bernaché sivsvvccccrecsercancsvcaes Fa yange nie Coe OES: ifs D

An arctic species, and, like most of its genus, is only a winter visitant in these islands; is easily
domesticated. Little is known of its nidification, it having only once or twice bred in confinement.
The trachea is like that of B. Brenta, but of rather smaller diameter.

BERNICLA JUBATA.

Ber. Mas.—Capite cristato, colloque brunneis; corpore cinereo, atro alboque maculato ; abdomine atro.
Ber, Fem.—Capite colloque brunneis albo sparsis ; corpore cinereo-brunneo et albo maculato; abdomine albo.

HAWKSBURY BERNICLE.

Ber. Male, with the head crested, together with the neck brown; body cinereous, spotted with
black and white ; abdomen black.
Ber. Fem. with the head and neck brown blotched with white; body cinereous, spotted with

brown and white ; abdomen white.

Length. 6... 23 Tear Str eat ute asa 2
RU Sire aie. 30 1 1-6th Middle toe...... 2 1-6th

Male: with the head and upper part of the neck umber brown; the feathers on the occiput
much elongated and darker; upper part of the back, wing coverts, and lower part of the neck,
cinerous, in the latter each feather having on its lateral edges a spot of black, and being tipped with
white: lower part of the back, tail, abdomen, and belly in the centre, black; quills brown; ter-
tiaries long, the largest cinereous, the smaller ones with the outer webs black with metallic green
reflections; wing spot metallic green, bordered anteriorly with a band of white, then with one of
black posteriorly with one of white; flanks white, beautifully barred and irrorated with narrow
lines of black; bill and legs black.

Fem.: rather smaller than the male; head and neck as in the male, but spotted anteriorly
with small white specks ; a whitish line passes from the bill below the eye, and another above it;
breast and flanks white, each feather having a transverse bar of brown, narrowest in the centre,
and expanding at the edges ; abdomen and vent white; tail coverts cinereous ; remainder as in the
male, with the exception of the bill, which is horn colour,

JRA TONE so oeah HSonhH 6 CODUHO UDO OUD Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 63.
SHER STG cso Simonse HOUR COC ONO EN Lath. Ind. Orn. App. 69.
JEU ELOY JRA. so000bdes0cbousonduOdKeKt Lath. Syn. Sup. 2. 358.

Inhabits New South Wales, in the neighbourhood of the Hawksbury river; is said occasionally to

perch in trees.

CHENISCUS MADAGASCARIENSIS.

Ber.—Dorso colloque macula viridi; subtus albus.

MADAGASCAR BERNICLE.

Ber. with the back and neck with a patch of green; below white.

Length...... 142 Middle toe...... 7-\2ths
TLV R Cetet. Zz

Male: occiput, a stripe down the back of the neck ; scapulars and rump green, with purplish
inflections ; quills and primary coverts sooty black, the latter edged with white; upper part of the
breast, tail coverts, and flanks, reddish yellow; lower part of the breast, belly, forehead, chin,
cheeks, and front of the neck, white; an ovate patch on each side of the neck, light green, with a
black edge irrorated with white ; under tail coverts black; bill gamboge yellow; nail, legs, and
feet, black.

Fem.: as in the male, but without the green marking on the neck, instead of which it is grey ;
the forehead is also grey ; in other respects similar.

Anas MAdagascariensis viiccececccccccccveeas Gmel. Sys. Nat. 1, 522.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 875.

Madagascar Teal... ccccasvvvcccceevenaceecs Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 556.

Sarcelle de Madagascar ......ecseee vevs veecee Buff. Pl. Enl. 770.

Inhabits Madagascar. Specimens are in the British Museum, and in that of the Zoological

Society. Mr. Leadbeater also possesses two most beautiful specimens. We have also been so
fortunate as to obtain a specimen of the female.

CHENISCUS COROMANDELIANUS.

Ber.—Vertice, alis, dorso, caudaque, eneis-fuscis ; colloque striis nigricantibus strigato.

COTTON BERNICLE.

Ber. with the crown, wings, back, and tail, brassy brown; neck streaked with black.

IN. IN.

Dengtae.«.. Vax, MiWeesoun I tI ee 1

Ber.: crown black or brassy brown; the remainder of the head and neck white; a bar of
metallic green across the breast; wings and body brown or black, glossed with green; beneath
white, with the lateral under-tail coverts ferruginous ; legs black ; bill lead-coloured.

The female differs from the male in the markings being less distinct, and being slightly smaller.

Both sexes have occasionally the basal half of the quills white.

Anas Coromandeliana...... ssdadoadadsond veee Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 522.

Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 875.
Bernicla Coromandeliana ..... § cb0a00 Gacob0Gs Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 56.
Cai AN INA, 5500 G06 000DdOUbdDONOOUU DODD . Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 556.
Sarcelle de Coromandel ..... pdd0D adeDauD wee. Buff. Pl. Enl. 949-950.
BET Nicla|GI77G veloc +e) ssisielels) (ele o000 avooTOAoet Gray Ind. Zool.

Is found in Coromandel, Australia, and India. Specimens are in the museum of the Zoological
Society, and in the British Museum.

This bird, which is included in Col. Sykes’s catalogue of birds found in the Deccan,
contained in the “ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” is said by that gentleman to be
“ monogamous: vegetable matter and gravel were found in the stomach. ‘These birds, when
wounded, diye, and on returning to the surface shew only the bill above water, keeping the body
below at pleasure.” It is called the « Cotton Teal” by the Europeans of the Deccan, from the
quantity of white in the plumage.

ANSER INDICUS.

_Ans.—Cinereus ; capite albo; fascié lunata occipitali brunnea.

BAR-HEADED GOOSE.

Cinereous goose; with the head white; a lunate fascia on the occiput brown.

Tieng tlc 27 HERD co95900590 3
BULL Sices eos 12 Middle toe...... 23

Light grey goose; with the head and neck white; a brown lunule on the occiput, and an
irregular fascia a little below it, from which extends down the back of the neck a broad streak,

both of the same colour as the lunule; anterior part of the neck brown grey, having a space of

white down each side between it and the brown at the back; centre tail feathers and quills brown ;

lateral tail feathers, upper and under tail coverts, and under surface, yellowish white; a brown
patch undulated with grey on each side above the thighs ; bill and legs orange.

Anser Indic......+++ HODSOHDODSDNOODOIDOO000 Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 36.
ANAS TNAICA os vrs vee vvcceas veeees BoD00 o000 Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 839.
Bar-headed GO0s€..evvvecvececvccencaves s.e.e Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 277.
Anser Indic... caccevccervecscossvcessocees Gould. Cent. Birds.

Found in most parts of India during the winter months.

; ANSER ERYTHROPUS.

Ans.—Cinereus; macula alba basum rostri cingente.

LAUGHING GOOSE.

Cinereous goose; with a white patch surrounding the base of the bill.

Bill

Head, neck, chest, breast, and belly, grey brown, the latter marked with irregular patches and

Weer

Esuphiag

os Proventscolvs Ke MON A of ANS

9 Carvu of LUO

hom Lem

bars of black; back brown, with each feather margined with lighter; quills dark hoary brown ;
vent, abdomen, and upper tail coverts white; tail grey brown tipped with white; the two outer
tail feathers entirely white ; a white patch on each side the base of the bill.

Anser Erythropus vvvvverecees ceeseneecancan Flem. Brit. An. 127.
4ANi shooudaanones Aivinicoo goaoosdadeDoODoodes Linn. Syst. 1. 197.
Anser Abifrons ..ccvevcvennce reer eneneen saves Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 25.
Laughing Goose ...vvcsseees PAABeooRoIGUnObOP Edw. Gle. pl. 158.
White-fronted Goose ...1.0 cr esve vaeneeee cane Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 575.

Penn. Arct. Zool, 2. 476.
' Lath. Syn. 6. 463.
TD Oie 1iCUSE vv uve wnanes wncnn an ane caeosa sees Buff. Ois. 9, 81.

A regular winter resident in the British islands, and is found in the northern portion of the
continents of Europe, Asia, and America. Specimens are in our collection, received from the
Himalayan range and from within the arctic circle. Dr. Richardson, in the “ Fanna Boreali
Americana,” informs us that its breeding places are in the woody districts skirting the Mackenzie,
to the north of 67 parallel.

ANSER SEGETUM.

Ans.—Cinereus; rostro nigro, fascia flava ad apicem.

BEAN GOOSE.

Cinereous goose; the bill black, with a yellow fascia towards the tip.

iN. YN.

TOUT es tars 30 Ears. 0:5 gett. ae

Head and neck, back, wings, tail, breast, abdomen, and flank, grey brown, each feather edged
with lighter, and sometimes with white; vent, under tail coverts, and rump white; bill black with
a band of yellow, in some specimens strongly tinged with pink, surrounding both mandibles near
the extremity.

ANSEF SEGELUM viceraresscaceeecsccccencseces Steph. Sh, Zool. 12. 27.
ANAS SEGELUM seccayccvrecracacene sacesecces Gmel, Syst. 1. 512.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 843.

Bean Goose severe crcveveveves ceveunerecrens Brit. Zool. 2.575.
Arct. Zool. 2 N. 472.
Li Ole Sauvage severecsecvenes De apn aadcoe eicim Coy Lasik

Visits the British isles regularly during winter. Easily domesticated, becoming tame very shortly
after their capture; but I am not aware that they have ever bred in this state, or does any thing
appear to be known of their nidification.

Trachea and inferior larynx typical, the former slightly expanding above the latter part.

ANSER HYPERBOREAS,

_Ans.—Albus ; remigibus atris.

SNOW GOOSE.

White goose; with the quills black.

IN. IN. IN.
Length...... 314 Bill...... 25 TKS vee 22

White, with the quills black; the legs orange; pill black. In the young state this bird has
the wing coverts blue, and the remainder of the plumage more or less tinged with cinereous. The
bill of this species gapes more at the sides than in any other of the genus.

Anas hyper bored vvvses ceveveveesaces 66000000 Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 504.

Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 837.

Pail. Spic. vi. p. 26.
ANSEF NIWVEUS woes

doncadodudco0DDU0EDN wesveeeee Briss. Orn. 6. 288.
Oie hyperboreé ou le Neige veseeevreeee cers cers Temm. Man. @ Orn. 525.
Cur. Reg. An. 1. 531.
Anas C@rUlesCens sccrevcccvecrrecceseseseeess Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 198.

Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 513.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 836.
Oie des Esquimaud cecvvccevcaces cucvccuccane Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9, 80.

Met with in the northern parts of America and Europe.

ANSER MELANOPTERUS.

Anser.—Albus; rectricibus majoribus, tertiis, et secondariis, atris.

BLACK AND WHITE GOOSE.

White goose; with the greater quills, tertiaries, and secondaries, black.

MECN GUN .5, «1. 283 OTSU Sre tree) stcrshs 35
Pell yesh 055. 12 Middle toe...... 3k

White, with the greater quills and adjoining secondaries brown black, glossed with brassy ;
a few of the tertiary coverts with a longitudinal stripe of brown on the shaft; head and neck
inclining to grey; bill orange; nail black ; legs orange.

Anser melanopterus, nobis.

Brought home by Capt. King, obtained from the lake of Titicaca, Chili. In the museum of

the Zoological Society, We observed also specimens in the British Museum, and in that of Lord
Derby, at Knowsley.

ANSER FERUS.

Ans.—Cinereus; rostro aurantiaco.

WILD GOOSE.

Cinereous goose ; with the bill orange.

Length...... 34 Bulb ae eo Oe 28

Head, neck, back, and wing coverts, grey brown, the former rather the lightest; all the
feathers edged with light grey; breast and belly dirty white, crossed by a stripe of grey; rump,
vent, and under tail coverts white ; bill deep orange, with the nail white ; legs, tarsi, and feet red.

CAREER PETUP a veatiesceces «roar cscdisvarcorses Steph. Sh: Zook, 2. 28:

ARTES AA h acaiheh see me rant on tee ouieucn, OnCls SYS L. OLOr
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 841.

Grey lag Goose vivevvavescscseeveccsacncasess Lenn, Brit, Zool, 2. 570.
Penn, Arct. Zool. 2. 473.
Lath, Syn. 6. 459.

Oie cendree ou premicre sicvvvervvvecsesenaers Lemm. Man. Orn. 2. 818.

We have followed Mr. Stephens and Mr. Gould in preserving to this species the name of ferus,
and to one of the foregoing A. segetum, as being better known than those of Dr. Fleming used by
Mr. Selby. The above bird arrives here in the winter in great numbers, and, according to Tem-
minck, the distribution of it is very wide, being over Europe, Nubia, and part of Western Africa,
inhabiting lakes and marshes.

Breeds in the north, and formerly reared its young in this country, laying about ten eggs of a
white colour.

ANSER GUINEENSIS.

Ans.—Griseo-cinereus; subtus albus, tuberculo ad basin rostri.

SWAN GOOSE.

Griseous-cinereous goose ; below white, with a tubercle at the base of the bill.
ILGOGHO 655065080 25% 39 inches.

Above cinereous grey, with the edges of the feathers light grey ; from the occiput down the
back of the neck runs a dark brown streak to the back; fore part of the neck, breast, and abdomen,
dirty white ; bill (which has a large knob at its base) greenish white colour; legs orange.

The female is less than the male, and with the colours not so distinct ; the knob at the base
of the bill is also smaller.

Anser GUineensi§S vrvvverseees agoGNDdonoH00O .. Raw Syn. 1. 38.
Briss. Orn. 6. 280.
ANSEF CYGNOIAES .civevvnvcevaeeenrenneeneeeens Linn, Syst. 1. 194.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 838.
Chinese GOO8E .iceee vacceevceden caees GooUt0 . Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 571.
Ship, OOS oogoc00K08 BUbbODGeOd HO DOOODODOOD Benick Brit. Birds, 2. 281.
L’ Oie de Guinee vs... Cece tence tee eeeeeeeeees Buff. Ois. 9. 72, pl. 3, pl. Enl. 347.

Said to inhabit (in a wild state) some parts of Siberia and Kamschatka, and to have been originally
brought to this country from Guinea, but are now to be found in a semi-domesticated state im most
parts of Europe.
This species crosses freely with the common tame goose, and their offspring are again productive.
Trachea of large diameter, and very much in this part, as in its whole anatomy, resembling
the true swans. The trachea descends between the rami of the os furcatum, and is joined to the
point from whence they diverge by a strong ligament, as in the black swan.

ANSER HUTCHINSII.

Ans.—Minusquam sequenti, sed similis.

HUTCHINS GOOSE.

Goose similar to the following, but smaller.

engi’. 5.210. 25 Vase a te eed etc 23
Billie oe so) 2 Middle toe ....... 3h

Goose with the head, neck, rump, and tail, black; back and wings brown, with the edges of
the feathers lighter; a small mark anterior to the eye, and a kidney-shaped patch on the throat,
white; below white, with the flank transversely barred with grey; bill and feet black.

PA N'SET FLULCIUIS 10 alatsiorn) ave cleiei sie) s)s)eiclaisis aie) 01 «\elehe\ Faun. Bo. Am. 2 p. 270.
Anas bernicla, Var. B...... Rictohetenetereerichoxelslsisietel= Rich app. Parry 2 Voy. 1. 368.

A common species in Hudson’s Bay and the arctic parts of America, where it has, until separated
by Dr. Richardson, been confounded with the Canada goose, which it much reembles in every
respect except in size.

ANSER CANADENSIS.

Anser.—Cinereus; capite colloque superiore atris; genis guttureque macula alba.

CANADA GOOSE.

Cinereous goose; with the head and upper part of the neck black; the cheeks and throat
with a white patch.

Bengihe ss. 42 UGS sbipccy, OS 33
SUD Pe ee 2 1-6th Middle toe ...... At

Goose with the head, upper half of the neck, quills, tail, and rump, velvet black; back and
wings brown, with the edges of each feather lighter; the. lower part of the neck anteriorly and
under surface white, with a grey tinge at the root of the feathers; a large kidney-shaped patch on
‘the throat and cheeks, with the small ends placed behind the eye, white; upper tail coverts also
white; bill and feet black.

Anas Canadensis . dodo HdadvoduCNsoONDOOGE .. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 198.
Anser Canadensis .iievsevves vest eceduelnss on Bonap, Syn. Bir. Am. 377.
; Aud. Orn. Biog. 3. 18.
This species is easily kept in a semi-domesticated state, and breeds freely. Ina wild state it
breeds in the neighbourhood of Hudson’s Bay, from whence they migrate southward over the
American Continent during winter. Lays about five eggs.

CYGNUS OLOR.

Cyg.—Albus ; rostro aurantiaco, tubercula culmine ad basin pedibusque atris.

MUTE SWAN.

Cya. white; bill orange, with a knob on the culmen and feet black.

LGU Sha cavocnec 5 feet 6 inches.
Anas O10r civcce vucencceee coceeesscese sence Gmel. Syst. 1. 501.
ANAS CYGNUS MANSUCLUS woes verve veeneeneeees Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 194.
Raii Syn. 133 A.
Mute Sani.cecccccvcaveccee Perereicisorsrerevolensistel Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 470.
Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 436.
Le Cygne ssvvccscccceccecens Hodson dKoodeouND0o4 Buff. Ois. 9. 3 Pl. 1.

Supposed to have been introduced into this country from Asia, and is said at present to exist
in a wild state in Russia and Siberia; now found commonly on large rivers and pieces of water,
where it is half domesticated and breeds freely, laying six or seven eggs of a dirty white colour, or
with a very slight tinge of greenish ; sits about six weeks. The trachea in this species does not
enter the sternum, but has the tube of equal thickness for its whole length, being merely slightly
contracted above the inferior larynx.

CYGNUS IMMUTABILIS.

Cyg.—Albus ; rostro aurantiaco, tuberculaque culmine ad basin atro ; pedibus flavicantibus.

POLISH SWAN.

White swan; with the bill orange, and a tubercle on the culmen at the base black; the feet
yellowish.

Similar in size and in every other particular to the preceding, except in the colouring of the
feet and legs, which are light drab colour.

The young of this species are white from the eggs, and do not exhibit any of the grey or
brown colouring found invariably among the others.

Cygnus immutadilis .occeccecccecn ceeeenenvees Yarrell.

For what we have said concerning this species we are altogether indebted to the Earl of Derby

and Wilham Yarrell, Esq. We never have had an opportunity of minutely examining a specimen
for ourselves. Several specimens have been killed this winter (1837-8) both in Scotland and
England, from flocks varying in number from seven to thirty.

Mr. Yarrell also informs us, that hitherto he was only acquainted with the bird as an article

of commerce among the London dealers in live birds, who distinguished it by the name of the
Polish Swan.

CYGNUS ATRATUS.

Cyg.—Niger, cinereo undulato.

BLACK SWAN.

Eongth «20... 4 2 Outer toe ....... Af
IN Sae OOOO At ANMOP 106 55 5 8S. 8 OS:
Centre toe .... 5 Hind toe..... z

Black, with the edges of the feathers cinereous ; quills, secondaries, and greater coverts white
tipped with black; bill carmine red, marked transyersely near the tip with a white band; nail
white ; legs and feet dark yellowish ash, with the webs darkest.

ZAIUASNOUT AEG) a) s\016)0) 0 6/5) 0 «1% NO0000006 90000 6.000 .. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 834.
Anas plutonid vivvvvves 6 nbdodaDOveGnooDOES OD Shaw, Nat. Mise. pl. 108.
COPMUS UIHHMOS Aen Aap bobOSCOOOU OOO OD On pbadoac Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 18.
TETAS RUC Noo eb0008 t0 dia0 COON FOoOHooDCaDROC Lath, Gen. Syn. Sup. 2. 343.
Le Cygne noir ..vsssees dot CaGnUD MOO AnD KOus 6 Cuv. Reg. An. 1, 529.
INNO T ics 3.0, COR MAS OLE CCRO CRE aR TOE eee Linn. Trans. vol. 15, tab. 12.

Entirely an Australian species. The tube of the trachea does not enter the sternum, but is

attached to the os furcatum by a ligament; in other respects the anatomy resembles that of the
true swans.

CYGNUS NIGRICOLLIS.

Cyg.—Albus ; capite colloque atris.

BLACK-NECKED SWAN.
White swan; with the head and neck black.

FT. IN. IN.

Length.....-.- 4 2 IBA wean Bf
White swan; with the head and neck black; bill black, with two knobs at the base; legs
orange.

Anas nigricollis...cceccecee cere rece n en eeeees Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 502.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 834.
Anas melanocephalus vicceevseree veeree ceeees Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 502.
Cygnus nigricollis.....+s.rececerenecstececees Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 17.
“Anas melancorypnd vovvvvrccrcerreeererereres Moll. French edit. 213.

Inhabits the Falkland Isles and the Straits of Magellan.

CYGNUS BEWICKIE.

Cyg.—Albus ; rostro atro, baso usque ad nares aurantiaco.

BEWICK’S SWAN.
White swan; with the bill black, the base orange to the nostrils.

Length -.... 3 104 MGS? go n0 door 43
Bu §. she 3h Middle toe .... 5

White; with the bill black, the basal half yellow, the yellow marking truncated at the ex-
tremity ; legs and toes black.

Cygnus Berickii, and trAChEM ..csee weeeee eee Yarr. Linn. Trans, vol. 10.
Eyton, Hist. R. Brit. Birds, p. 86.
Discovered by Mr. Yarrell and Mr. R. Wingate to be an inhabitant of the British isles.

The trachea of this species during youth penetrates the keel of the sternum in a similar manner
to that of C. ferus, but may always be distinguished by the greater length of the bronchi. As
the bird approaches maturity the tube at the internal extremity of the portion penetrating the
sternum takes a horizontal twist, increasing in size and the depth to which it penetrates with age.

The tube of the trachea is acted upon by two pairs of muscles, the first pair sterno-tracheal,
the other having their attachment on the membrane stretched between the rami of the os furcatum
and the sternum. (Vide fig.)

=e)

CYGNUS AMERICANDS.

Cyg.—Cygno Bewickii similis, sed majore.

AMERICAN SWAN.

Swan like Cygnus Bewickii, but larger.

Length). ....- 4 |] RAT SUe Sot Seve aes 4
Bridle... 0 Outer toe......- 53
TEV 5 Oe epion 4 Middle toe.... 6

The only specimen of this bird we have seen was shewn to us by Mr. Audubon ; it appeared
to have the bill more expanded towards the tip than is the case in Cygnus Bewickii, and altogether
to be of larger size. The Prince of Musignano assures us that he is quite satisfied as to its distinct-
ness from C. Bewickit.

Cygnus AMETICANUS coe verereveeenesreneaes Sharpless in Silliman’s Journal.
FURVACAT, chan bnsoonodbadoD bUeooODOODGuSDU0 Ditto ditto.
Cygnus Bewickii ccvccvvcccee venvenveevaees Faun. Bo. Am. 2. 465.

Inhabits North America.

The following is an extract from Dr. Sharpless’s paper above quoted. We must not, how-
ever, forget to mention that the tracheal anatomy of this species is so very similar to that of
C. Bewickii, that Dr. Sharpless has copied the illustrations of Mr. Yarrell’s paper on that species,
published in the Linnzean Transactions, to illustrate his on C. Americanus.

Sprciric Cuar. Beak black and semi-cylindrical; sides of the base with a small orange or
yellow spot; body white; tail feathers twenty ; feet black.

Hooper. Benick. American.
Wiehgih ie Sorc ie Fy Reso eee em Q4lbs. .. 132Ibs. .. 21 lbs.
Point of bill to the end of tail a came Mp bteetooiens 5ft. WENSre Orn. MS Atte Gin:
edge of forehead es se = 2S Tis oN aloe oes ti eine
CVOW Ge ene oe eres aime) 2 Aas in 2 © bin:
CETTE. ete e ae weleEo Te Pint, 4) Sop oe any Si
rt
Width of the beak at the widest part near the point iain
with wings extended ....-. ve eees 7ft. 10in... 6ft. lin. .. 7ft. 2in.
Carpus to the end of primaries SUE | eee Qft. ldin... Lit. Sdin. .. lit. Lhin.
engi of middle toe 7. ee win Gkins yay oae ya) OLR:
IHLCSEINC NG FT an ec nie ee os 12ft. WeaOtts ing se LOK. qua:
bredsimpene 6 | | ee 0 ole sres Slin. .. 6§in. eye eed vits
Depth of insertion of trachea ..---- trees 3in. oo Oni: .. 645in.
Length of bronchial tubes «s+ e vee ee Sue ee patel a, leat

Tail feathers in number ....-..- ENTE 20 Ho. be: ye. 0)

100

It is not improbable, as Mr. Yarrell suggests, that this species and C. Buccinator will be
found to be confined to America; C. Bewickii and C. ferus representing them in Europe.

Dr. Richardson, in the “ Fauna Boreali Americana,” says that “ this swan breeds on the sea
coast within the arctic circle, and is seen in the fur countries on its passage only. It makes its
appearance among the latest of the migratory birds in the spring, while the Trumpeter swans are,
with the exception of the eagles, the earliest. Capt. Lyon describes its nest as built of moss peat,
nearly six feet long, four feet and three quarters wide, and two feet high exteriorly; the cavity a
foot and half in diameter, the eggs brownish white slightly coloured with darker tints.”

CYGNUS BUCCINATOR.

Cyg.—Albus ; rostro atro.

TRUMPETER SWAN.
White swan; with the bill black.

IN. IN
Mength.. 1-2) 42 IRARIC0 0660.60.00 33
UE Ne Bees Oe 23 Middle toe...... 42
Cygnus Buccinator sirvrvcvesercvcesvesecesss Faun, Bo. Am. 2. 464.
Trachea and sternum vecececcccvecseceeccsece Linn. Trans. vol. xvii. p. 1, T. 1.

Dr. Richardson informs us, in the “ Fauna Boreali Americana,” that “this is the most common
of the genus in the interior of the fur countries. It breeds as far south as lat. 61, but principally
within the arctic circle, and in its migrations generally precedes the geese a few days. A fold of its
trachea enters a protuberance on the dorsal or interior aspect of the sternum at its upper part, which
is wanting in C. ferus and C. Bewickii.” It is to the Trumpeter that the bulk of the swan skins
imported from Hudson’s Bay belong.

10]

CYGNUS ANATOIDES.

Cyg.—Albus ; remigibus primariis, ad apicem nigris; rostro pedibusque rubris, illo lato, subdepresso,
tuberculo nullo. (ing. )
DUCK-LIKE SWAN.

White swan ; with the primaries black at the apices; bill and feet red, the former broad, sub-
depressed, without a tubercle.

Length... «. 42 DOPSUR ene e het- 3h
RB eae. cect 23 Middle toe...... 43

Cygnus anatoides. King vsvvverveveccesceceres Zool. Proc. Dec. 14, 1830.

Habitat in sinubus interioribus apud extremitatis meridionalem America. ( King.)

I am informed by C. Darwin, Esq. that he observed this swan in company with C. nigricollis
in the Straits of Magellan. The bill in this species is broader in proportion to its length than is
usual amongst the swans.

CYGNUS FERUS.

Cyg.—Albus; rostro atro, baso ultra nares aurantiaco.

HOOPER.
White swan; with the bill black, the base orange to beyond the nostrils.
Length). 3... 60 Ranste pons <-t 4
Bey reer eee 43 Middle toe ...... 63

White ; with an occasional tinge of buff colour; bill black, cere yellow, and is carried to @
point before the nostrils on the edge of the upper mandible ; legs and feet black.

CYGNUS FETUS crvearacevesovercsssscccsoneers Rais Syn. 130 4.
Anas Cygnus ferus vrecrevcrees coassarccscees Linn, Syst. 1. 194.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 501.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 833.
Whistling Swan .ccoce veveeaveeveres vesvaces Penn, Aret. Zool. 2. 833.
TPGCNEG via dle flv eile sidivaiey's vineisible viemivals dalas ot) Linn: Trans. vol. 4, tab. 12, fig. 1,2.

102

A winter visitant in the British isles, particularly during hard weather; its true habitation,
however, is within the arctic circle. In Iceland it also occasionally breeds.

Lives well and is prolific on large pieces of water in a semi-domesticated state, sitting six
weeks, and laying from four to six eggs of a greenish colour.

The trachea in this species perforates the keel of the sternum deeply in a vertical direction.

SARKIDIORNIS REGIUS.

Sar,—Supra niger-zeneus, subtus albus; mas. carunculé magna culmine rostri.

BLACK-BACKED GOOSE.

Goose with the upper part brassy-black ;_ below white; the male with a large caruncle at the
base of the bill.

IN. IN
Male: Jength...... 30 DiGi SU seis ater ane caver 22
IB o503 0806 25 Middle toe....... 3t

Bill black, with a large caruncle on the culmen; head and neck white, spotted with
metallic green ; under parts white, and wings purplish black, glossed in some lights with brassy,
a band of black extending from the back to the posterior part of the thighs ; wings with a knob;
lower part of the back white ; tail coverts black.

Kem.: Length........ 27 inches UBS Mo oc ... 2 inches

Bill without the caruncle, colouring similar, but with the white more or less tinged with
brown, and without the band of black behind the thighs; bill and legs in both black.
ANAS TEGTA vivre cccesererseveveveeeees succes Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 508.

Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 847.
Moll. Hist. du Chili. p. 212.

CATING vicvce ceeeevens npipoods 600000 5000000 . Steph. in the Zool. vol. 12, 82.
ANAS MELANOTUS ve ceve sevens veevevens y vecees Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 503.

Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 839.
L’ Oie bronzee @ Coromandel.ri..vsveee veveese Buff, Hist. Nat. des Ois. pl. 937.
FP APT GID. SoMa ne Rhv es Sb beoocanenads Joa, Ces Sols ey
Le cravant royal vvvvevvevssous coves convaves Veil. En. Method. Orn. vol. 1. 126.
EXO ADL eee BACON bo Abn BOODIOOOO OOO J20iia Cob UNS,

Found in Cayenne and most parts of India; is also included in the list of birds of the Deccan,
by Col. Sykes, who also says that seeds of water grasses, and the remarkable quadrangular hard
seeds met with in the stomach of Pterocles exustus, were also found in the stomach of this bird.
Col. Sykes found the digastric muscle of the remarkable thickness of 1 1-5th inch.

Frnvea by 6 Hadimamded.

VOGUW.

1 Mate. 2. Femate.

VALOW

Savku

6 Soha s ach alahag

set

Reema.

CHE WS ALO PESK GY TIACA TIRAC HBA o
Three fifths the Nat Stke

Brinerd by C Fadia del,

103

SARKIDIORNIS AFRICANUS.

Sar.—Minusquam precedenti, sed in colore similis.

AFRICAN BLACK-BACKED GOOSE.

Less than the preceding, but in colour similar.

IN.

Male: Length... .. 23 CRSA Bt 2
DU rs cee os 2 Middle toe...... 2}

Henin: Length... . .; 21 WOES esse G Bianco. 1g
JE es eee 12 Middle toe...... 24

Both sexes resemble perfectly in colouring the preceding species, except in admeasurement, in
which they differ considerably. We have never seen a specimen with the caruncle, our specimen
having evidently had it cut off, probably from the difficulty of preserving it.

Sarkidiornis 4 lfricanus nobis.

The four specimens in our collection were received from the Gamba river. Specimens have

also been brought home by Dr. Smith from Southern Africa, who will in his forthcoming work
publish a figure of this species.

CHENALOPEX AAGYPTIACA.
Chen.—Dorso castaneo; subtus leviter flavo-ferrugineo, sparsus lineatusque brunneo.

AAGYPTIAN CHENALOPEX.

With the back castaneous ; below slightly tinged with ferruginous yellow, sprinkled and line-
ated with brown.

Bengthe ok, 274 POTS ss2iness 3
SUL iter aan & 2} Middle toe....... 3

Male: head and neck hoary, with the occiput and a stripe down the back of the neck
approaching to ferruginous ; a patch round the eyes and ring round the lower part of the neck deep
castaneous ; upper part of the back, scapulars, tertiaries, and a triangular patch on the breast, also
castaneous, some of the feathers in the former being irrorated with black; the inner webs also
of some of the tertiaries hoary grey. The whole of the remainder of the breast and under surface is
light yellow ferruginous irrorated with brown, except the abdomen, which is pure white; vent
ferruginous; lower part of the back, tail, quills, and spurious wing, black; secondaries bright

metallic green, forming the wing spot ; wing coverts white, the greater ones with a bar of black
near the tips; bill and legs orange.

104

Female: with the chesnut patches round the eyes and on the breast smaller,

Anas AEG Yptiacd vevecevevveeecerenereeecvees Linn. Syst. 1. 197.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 512.
Briss. Orn. 6. 284. pl. 27.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 840.

Chenalopear Algypttacd v.vive vee P poodooco ene Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 43.
L? Oie @ ZH gypte vcr cccccvcecvncceeeesccenes Buff. Pl. En. 379, 982, 983.
Egyptian Goose vce vvcaee veveeeee veeeeeenee Lath. Syn. 6. 455.

Inhabits most parts of Africa, especially Egypt and the Cape of Good Hope. We have figured
the trachea and skeleton of this bird in illustration of the genus.

CHENALOPEX CANA.

Che.—Mas. castaneus capite albo; occipite colloque canis.
Che.--Fem. Mari similis sed capite omnino cano.

GREY-HEADED SPURWING.

Length...... 25 aes ROR 24
Bille Peis 12 Middle toe ...... 2t

Male: castaneous chenalopex, with the whole of the head excepting the crown white; neck
and crown grey; wing coyerts white ; secondaries with the outer webs green ; quills, tail, and vent
hoary brown, the latter with a black band; bill and legs black; the bend of the wing armed with
a spur.

Temale: similar to the male, but with the whole of the head hoary.

AUNTS Olin cod no pcoKsonoOHOO Do oCOdoDOAso5OR0 Gmel. Syst. 1. 510.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 840.

Bernicla CAUNG. ccc. c cen ne cee ence ne ween eens Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 61.

Grey-headed GO08€ 6.0. even cere n eee ees Lath. Syn. 6, 458.

L’ Oie sauvage a téte grise de Coromandel ....... Sonn Voy, 2. 220.

The above descriptions were taken from two specimens brought home by Dr. Smith, and
exhibited in the South African museum, having been obtained in the neighbourhood of the Cape.
It has, however, been introduced alive into this country, and kept in confinement both by Lord
Derby at Knowsley and in the gardens of the Zoological Society. Specimens are in the museum
of that society.

105

TADORNA BELLONII.

Tad.—Albus ; capite colloque atris; rostro cruribusque rubris.

COMMON SHELDRAKE,
White sheldrake ; with the head and neck black ; the bill and legs red,

TE Soe Be 234 GHEE. 660 cbg0. <A
USI eos a: 2 Middle toe...... 24

Head and upper part of the neck black, glossed with green; fore part of the wings, back,
tail, abdomen, and tail coverts, white; tail feathers tipped with black; a line down the middle of
the abdomen black; upper part of the back and band across the breast deep ferruginous ; quills
black ; wing spot green ; bill and legs reddish orange, the latter in some specimens inclining to
flesh colour.

AGS IRMEFOD avonopoooodooonoOC0Rsa00n veer. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 195-4.
Ratt Syn. 140 A. 1.
Tadorna vulpanser vevevecvveee songnnoo ooonde HAs EV Alle Mey WAP,
1L2 While 4500 padded aoboDboobaopobos ebotou Jif Ol rey
Canard Tadorne ...... aay chilsieiels ofale aelautrere Lemenet are:
Tadorna vulpanser visser Rises ereasy earwiens pidentatieee) (SClOn Lulzstapb Tit Ores UI 289!
Gould, Birds of Europe.
Dadorna Bellonit vvscvsivevuvccesernce vevsvee Steph. Sh. Zool, 12. 72.
LERUAOBIG KSA CORO ODO soo aG0buG O06 cecccesss Linn. Trans. vol. iv. tab. 15, fig. 9, 10.

Found over nearly the whole of Europe and some parts of Asia and America; lays twelve
eggs of a whitish colour, generally in rabbit holes; frequents the sea. Trachea of male slightly
enlarged about an inch and half above the inferior larynx, and again contracted immediately above
it, as among the Anserine. The inferior larynx is furnished with two large compressed bulbs,
the one on the right side being nearly double the size of that on the left; but neither are of such
strength as in those species of the last family which possess that adjunct.

106

TADORNA RADJAH.

Tad.—Capite, collo, ventre, ptilisque albis; collo inferiore lato castaneo cingulo ornato, sparso atro.

RADJAH SHELDRAKE.

Head, neck, belly, and anterior part of the wing white; the lower part of the neck surrounded
by a band of deep castaneous irrorated with black.

IN.

CNG UN iar- eee 221 15 0lne bob 66% 13 OTS ene 2

Head, neck, belly, and anterior part of the wing white ; lower part of the neck surrounded by
a collar of deep castaneous, thickly and beautifully irrorated with black; wing spot bright green,
anterior to which there is a white stripe, then a very narrow one of black, posteriorly a narrow
black stripe followed by one of white; scapulars dark sienna brown irrorated with black ; tertiaries
with the outer webs sienna brown; inner webs, quills, tail, back, and under tail coverts, black ;
vent black irrorated with white; bill and legs orange.

ANAS RAJAN oc cccvvvenenvveces jo06oadGG0Ns Duperrey, Voy. de la Coquille, pl. 49.

Specimens are in most museums, received from Australia, but from what part we cannot say.
Although we have examined many specimens, no sexual difference has been observed.

CASARKA RUTILA.

Cas.—Ferruginea ; caudé remigesque primariis atris; speculo viridi.

FERRUGINOUS SHELDRAKE.

Ferruginous sheldrake ; with the tail and quills black ; the wing spot green.

o IN. IN.

Length... ... 244 TW) woos ne re Parsi 2

Ruddy ferruginous, with the head and anterior part of the wing lighter, sometimes nearly
white ; tail and lower part of the back black glossed with green ; quills black; secondaries bright
glossy green, with the inner webs hoary; bill and legs black; sometimes a black ring round the
neck is visible.

107

OMELET UT POUCA OBR OCR OS 5 ROO OL OA EOS veces. Bonap. Cat. Am. and Europ. Birds.
LURES COSTALE Bouann 160000000000 GoDOuuadaaL Linn. Syst. 3 App. 224.
Anas rutila ..... Valefels) ‘afakeyans ef erefeie cies scelel sjiaicrsys Pall. Nov. Com. Petrop. 14, 579.
IME TOD POA oonboGaedued choosoanAeod Pretec Steph. Sh. Zool. 12.71.

Selb. Illust. Brit. Orn. 2. 293.
OGiard Casarharrrnaitiies «si ceciercosaeliescs Temm. Man. Orn, 2. 832.
Ruddy Sheldrake..... terahaterteete tere ene dndoonbods Gould, Birds of Europe.
Ferruginous Duck ....... s00e0 O00 veces teaees DEW. Brit. Birds, 2. 313.
LRULLYS TOOSC ereteietetcaasaternie's fetetseitte ateloeronetevelehetelet= Lath. Syn. 6. 456.

Met with occasionally in most parts of the European continent, India, and Africa; lays eight
white eggs; frequents chiefly fresh water. Col. Sykes found these birds for the most part of the
year in pairs in the Deccan; but on the Nerbudda river, in Guzerat, he has seen them congregated
in hundreds in April. Col. Sykes found the stomachs of many of them filled with grass seeds and
vegetable matter only.

CASARKA TADONOIDES.

Cas.—Capite, canda, vertreque atris, hoc castaneo sparso ; cingulo albo collo.

NEW HOLLAND SHELDRAKE.

Sheldrake, with the head, tail, back, and belly black, the latter irrorated with castaneous ; a
white ring round the neck.

JUG oB ee or 27 BU. rats i Tag Stetina 2

Head, back, belly, and tail black; the back and belly irrorated with ferruginous; the lower
part of the back and tail slightly tinged with green ; upper part of the back, breast, and outer webs
of the tertiaries ferruginous ; a white collar round the neck; fore part of the wing white; wing

spot light green; quills black; legs and bill black. In the female a white band surrounds the
base of the bill, from which another passes through the eye.

Anas Tadonoides ..ivviiiveccccccccevessvens Sard, & Selb. Mus, Orn. pl. 411.
Inhabits New Holland.

108

CASARKA CASTANEA.

Cas.—Castanea; capite colloque albo.

CASTANEOUS SHELDRAKE.

Castaneous sheldrake; with the head and neck white.

engi liners 29 TPS cb58o 600900 23
JURE REDS 5 o8 23 Middle toe...... 25

Sheldrake, with the body below castaneous; the head, neck, and greater wing coverts white ;
the back, rump, and tail brown, the former speckled with white ; tertiaries with the external webs
castaneous; the internal ones and some of the secondary coverts blueish grey; bill black; legs
crimson.

Casarka castanea nobis.

Purchased from Mr. Leadbeater, who received it from New Holland.

DENDROCYGNA ARCUATA.

Dend.—Fusca; marginibus pennarum vinaceis, subtus castanea; vertice brunneo.

ARCUATED WHISTLING DUCK.

Fuscous duck; with the margins of the feathers vinaceous, below castaneous ; the head brown.

IN.

Length...... 19 DOTSUP Perc 12
IB abo a0 0 5e 2 Middle toe ...... 22

Duck, with the head and neck whitish, slightly tinged with yellow vinaceous ; crown brown ;
back hoary fuscous, the edges of each feather vinaceou

tail coverts deep chesnut ;

s, forming arcuated lines; wing and upper
and feet also black.

below ferruginous ; under tail coverts white; quills and tail black ; bill

Female smaller, and the colours less distinct.

ANAS ANCUALA revere

soD0Go. o0D000 000000 000000 Hors. Zool. Res. Java.

Ti ERI ORIL OSD Ooo bh 05g0 60 mDa0bG0008 LTD CATIA. of the Birds of Java: Linn.
Trans. vol. xiii. p. 199.

Mareca ANsuree crvvinccnnye ceecccrsenereens

Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 168.

109

Found by Dr. Horsfield in Java, and by Col. Sykes in the Deccan. It appears to be gene-
rally dispersed over India. Col. Sykes, in his Synopsis, says it is “ gregarious, and abundant in
the Deccan. Sexes alike in plumage,” “ These birds are characterised by a very peculiar whistle
when disturbed, by a proportionate length of the intestine (one-third shorter than any other species
of the Anatide ), ard by the inferior larynx being dilated into two oblong chambers, placed rather
in front of, than lateral to, the trachea.”

DENDROCYGNA AUTUMNALIS.

Dend.—Fusca; vertre atro; rostro pedibusque rubris.

AUTUMNAL WHISTLING DUCK.
Fuscous ; with the belly black ; bill and legs red.

Heng lyon. 24 AGH rere OAs 2
TSU Werte 2 Middle toe...... 24

Back, crown, head, collar on the neck, and tertiary coverts, vinaceous ; streak down the back
of the neck black fuscous; throat, cheeks. and upper part of the breast grey. inclining to vinaceous
on the former; secondaries, top of the primaries, tail, belly, aad lower part of the back black;
under tail coverts barred with black and dirty white; base of the primaries and some of the primary
coverts white.

Anas Autumnalis.ccccereccccccccccceceescees Linn, Syst. 1. 205.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 537.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 852.

Red-billed Whistling Duck. .icccusevevesereees Edm, Glea. pl. 194.
Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 498.

Siffleur a bec rouge et narines JaUne .sivvrseeies Buff. Ois. 9. 183.

Inhabits the West Indian Isles; is common also in South America. We have received it from
Peru, where it is not uncommonly kept tame as in this country.

110

DENDROCYGNA VIDUATA.

Dend. Mas.—Capite anteriore guttureque albis; subtus atro.
Dend. Fem.—Mari similis, sed obscurior.

WIDOW WHISTLING DUCK.

Male duck, with the fore part of the head and throat white; below black.
Fem. duck, similar, but with the marking not so bright.

Length...... 20 Bil oe 1g HS 500066 13

Fore part of the head and throat whitish ; crown white, with the tip of the feathers stiff lke
hair, and olive brown; occiput and hind neck black; upper part of the neck and breast dark
chesnut ; back fuscous olive, the edge of each feather lighter ; smaller wing coverts chesnut; quills
and secondaries black ; remainder of the wing fuscous, with a tinge of green; tail, middle of the
abdomen, and thighs black ; flanks yellowish white barred with black; legs and bill black.

Female similar, but with the colours not so bright.

ANAS VidUALA)sereleie\eiolsieloiataloerateucterelerehc.erercieieleretene Linn. Syst. 1. 205.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 536.
Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 858.

Spanish Duck orveve cavcvcceees GOO ONG O00000 Penn. Genera of Birds, pl. 13.
Canard a face blanc de Maragnonessscevecseers Buff. Ois. 9. 255.

Inhabits both South America and Senegal. Is represented by travellers as having, like the rest of
its genus, a peculiar whistling note.

DENDROCYGNA ARBOREA.

Dend.—Brunnea albo maculato; vertice nigro.

BLACK-BILLED WHISTLING DUCK.
Brown duck, mottled with white ; the crown black.

GIR dono 5k 193 Middle toe....... 3

BU chee 21 Outer toe........ 2 3-5ths
TGUStictctarnisten 3 IES WIOS 0600606 1
Inner toe..... 2 1-5th

Crown black; fore part of the head, back, breast, and wings, dark brown; lighter on the

SPANIS ff Duc ik.

ANAS VPIDUATA.

Published by Whiltaker’§ C2 Ave Moria Lome Jan ¥1630.

BAA

edges of the feathers; breast and neck dirty white, at the lower part slightly spotted with black
and brown; a streak down the back of the neck dark brown; under surface white, each feather
barred with black and brown; thighs the same; tail and lower part of the back black; bill lead-
coloured ; legs and feet black.

Anas Arbored ..... o0o000H00 GaopnDdooDon nn JdODAISU A Lilian We OXY,
Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 540.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 852.

Anas fistularis TAMAICENsisSccvccccevevsccreess Rati Syn. 192.
Black-billed Whistling Duck .s.ccvescveccevees Edw, Glea. pl. 193.
Canard Siffleur de St. Dominique voccesecececes Buff. Ois. 804.

Inhabits the West Indies and the adjacent portions of America.

LEPTOTARSIS EYTONI.

Lep.—Brunneus ; lateribus axillaribusque ferrugineis.

BROWN SLENDERLEGS.

Brown duck, with the flanks and axillaries ferruginous.

Length...... 21 ROS ear crevasse 2 1-5th
JB SOOO oO 13 Middle toe ...... 23

Duck, with the wings, back, and scapulars vandyke brown, inclining to slaty blue on the
upper part of the back; flanks posteriorly bright ferruginous buff, ornamented with very long
axillary feathers, each of which are edged with black, and entirely covered when the wing is closed ;
tail coverts also buff; the flanks anteriorly and under wing coverts bright ferruginous, the former
beautifully barred with black; crown and streak down the back of the neck sienna brown, the
feathers on the former rather stiff; below luteous, inclining to dirty lemon colour; the chin and
throat lighter; two-thirds of the bill towards the base black; the remainder, with the legs, ap-
proaching to orange yellow.

IZ CALOLUI SIS WEY LON te aatotteitchetrricystensislieiatereeiereie = Gould. MSS.

This beautiful and unique bird, which Mr. Gould has done us the honour to call by our name,
is in the possession of the Zoological Society, and was received from Australia.

112

DAFILA UROPHASIANUS.

Daf. Mas.—Cauda pallide rufis ; dorso, capite, colloque brunneis, marginibus pennarum saturatioribus.
Daf, Fem.—Mare similis, sed subtus fuscus.

PINTAIL.

Pintail, with the tail pale rufous; the back, head, and neck brown ; with the edges of the
feathers lighter.
Fem. like the male, but below fuscous.

Length...... 243 Bill.....- 2 IMIR 300.350 13

Male: with the head, neck, and body grey brown; the edges of the feathers light fuscous ;
cheeks, throat, and upper part of the fore neck, white; wing coyverts fuscous ; speculum bright
green, anterior to which there is a stripe of pale red-fuscous ; posteriorly a narrow one of black,
then a broad one of pale reddish fuscous ; tail and upper tail coverts pale reddish; bill and legs
fuscous, the former with an orange patch on each side,

Female: similar to the male, but much smaller ; and below brownish fuscous.

Anas urophasianus, King .cvvecevess Ao 000000 Zool. Jour. 4. 351.

Although some difference exists in length between our specimens of this bird and that
described by Capt. King as above, and also a trifling one in colouring, we have been induced to
place them as one, both having been received from the west coast of South America, placing ours
the smallest as the female. Mr. Vigors, however, makes no mention of the orange marking on
each side of the bill, which we suspect to be only apparent in old birds during the season of love.
The buff colour on the wing also changes to white during certain times of the year in all the
Pintails.

~ AK

oS
SS

113

DAFILA PYROGASTER.

Daf.—Subtus alba, singulis pennis marginatis apices versus lunulis brunneis.

BROWN-BELLIED PINTAIL.

Pintail ; below white, with each feather edged near its tip with a lunule of bright brown.

. Fangith.<...:. 24 Inner toe ...... 12
12 1 4-5ths Middle toe .... 22
MESES OD Outer toe ...... 2

Under parts, breast, and upper part of the back dirty white, each feather having near its tip
a lunule of brown, brighter on the breast and shaded off at the edges; tail black; wing coverts
brown; wing spot brassy purplish, edged posteriorly with brassy green, and then with a broad
band of white, formed by the secondaries; neck dirty white, slightly spotted with brown and black ;
head slightly crested ; crown and crest brown; bill lead coloured; legs black.

Anas pyrogaster viesees Rieleisle iss veceeesrvescens Meyen Nova acta.

In the museum of the Zoological Society, and in Lord Derby’s collection. Inhabits Chili.

DAFILA CAUDACUTA.

Daf. Mas.—Capite colloque anteriore brunneis; posterioriter atro, albo marginato.
Daf. Fem.—Brunnea, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus; speculo flavo-rufo.

PINTAIL.

Male pintail, with the head and upper part of the neck brown; the posterior part black
bordered with white.
Fem. brown, with the edges of the feathers lighter ; wing spot buff.

IN. IN. 1N.

Letigiwe ric... 24 Bal i * 2 Tarst.¢ 9.7 olZ

Male: crown, throat, cheeks, and upper part of the neck, brown, with purple inflections ;
back part of the neck black, bordered on each side with white; fore neck and below white; spe-
culum green, bordered above with buff, below with white; scapulars black, with light buff

114

edges; back and flanks white, undulated with lines of black; middle tail feathers elongated grey
black ; bill lead coloured ; feet and tarsi reddish; eyes brown.

Fem.: smaller than the male; brown, with the edge of the feathers light ; lower parts lighter ;
scapulars buff, margined above with lighter, below with white; middle tail feathers slightly elon-
gated. During the summer months the male assumes nearly the plumage of the female, being
ferruginous below.

ANAS CAUAACUTA rece svveves ho cogeoodoDoopooUT Raa Syn. 147. 4 5.
Da fila CAUAACULA ove ccc cc cce renner anne eeeeenes Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 127.
ANAS ACUTE vivcevvvces noovooD DoDDUnOGONNOgONC Linn. Syst. 1, 202.

Gmel. Syst. 1. 528.

Wils. dm. Orn. 8. 75. .
QuerqrueduUld ACULA ve vcevvvvecacccrecvereeveres Selb. Illust. Brit. Orn. vol. ii. 311.
TURHMRO 0000.06 000 000000 60690060 CUa00G0n00 Linn. Trans. vol. 4, tab. 13, fig. 6.

A very widely distributed species, being found over Asia, Europe, America, and the north of
Africa as far as the Gamba, from whence we have received them in the summer state of plumage.
Breeds in Holland and Germany in morasses, building its nest of flags and grass, and laying eight
eggs of a greenish blue colour.

Trachea with the tube of equal diameter to one-third of its length inferiorly, where it is slightly
expanded, and again contracted above the inferior larynx, which is (except in size) similar to that
of A. Boschas.

DAFILA MARMORATA.
Daf.—Toto corpore marmorato obscuro et subfusco.
MARBLED DUCK.

Duck, with the whole body marbled with dark and light brown.

IN. IN.
Lengths. 18 Inner toe........ 12
BU eee: 1 4-5ths Middle toe ...... 1z
TMS) Gere omens, 3 Outer toe.....-.. 12

The whole body beautifully marbled with light sepia brown and dusky white; the edges of
the feathers white, the base bright brown except those on the breast, which have the base lighter ;
head slightly crested ; the forehead, crown, and occiput light brown, the former barred with black ;
neck white, with minute longitudinal black dashes ; tail ashy brown, the tip of each feather lighter ;
bill and legs deep lead colour.

115

Fuligula marmoratdsvevvvves sodnodnondsooood . Gould, Birds of Europe.
ANAS MAFMOTALA vivsvevveees Scogauonno copnDG Temm.
Sexes not known, or the same in plumage.
Inhabits southern Europe and the adjoining portions of Asia; it is, however, rare. We suspect
the male has not yet been discovered.

PACILONITTA ERYTHRORHYNCHA.

Pee.—Cinereo brunnea, jugulo genisque albis ; rostro coccineo.

RED-BILLED MARBLED DUCK.

Cinereous brown duck, with the throat and cheeks white ; the bill red.

Pengtivwne 3 173 DCTS Se eat eH ca 14
BUN Saban. oe 2 Middle toe...,.. 2

Slaty brown duck, with the bill red; at first sight very similar to P. Bahamensis—the white
markings on the throat and.cheeks are, however, more extensive, and the bird altogether rather
larger; the tertiaries and scapulars, instead of being elongate as in Bahamensis, are broad and
short; the tail has all the feathers of equal length ; the wing spot is white, bounded posteriorly
with buff.

Anas erythrorhyncha ..sc.svvvsvevens ennede000 Gmel. Syst. 1. 517.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 855.
Crimson-billed Duck. ...++ npeboDoooe ABHoToneOo Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 507.

Brought home from the Cape of Good Hope by Dr. Smith, to whom we are indebted for
permission to take the above description.

116

PECILONITTA BAHAMENSIS.

Pec.—Gutture albo; speculo violaceo utrinque subflavo marginato; rostro duabus coccineis maculis lateribus.

BAHAMA MARBLED DUCK.

Throat white; wing spot metallic violet, bounded on each side by a streak of buff; the bill

with two red markings on the sides.

Men giles: 183
Bill 2. 13

Bill lead coloured, lighter on the
immaculate sepia brown; breast grey,

4 TRS) Breccsa ace Ot 13
Middle toe.... 12

sides; tail and back brown, edged with lighter; crown

spotted with brown; wing spot metallic violet, bounded
anteriorly with a narrow stripe of buff, posteriorly with a broad one; legs and bill fuscous, the

latter with a triangular patch of red on each side behind the nostrils.

Sexes similar.

In the young bird the bill is reddish brown.

Anas BAhaMensis ccrvecrccccccesevseveses

Llathera Duck ...

Mareca Bahamensis
Le Maree ...

Inhabits Brazil and the Bahamas.

eoeoe es ave eee coon

wee» Linn. Syst. 1. 199.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 516.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 835.

. Catesb. Carol. 1. pl. 63.

Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. pl. 95.

Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 507.

.. Buff:

MARECA AMERICANA.

Mar. Mas.—Speculo viridi, utrinque atro marginato, et fascia lata viridi post occulari..

Mar. Fem.—Brunnea, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus.

AMERICAN WIDGEON.

Mas. speculum metallic green, broadly bounded on each side by black ; a broad fascia of green

behind the eye.

Fem. brown, the edges of each feather lighter.

Tengthimetee: 23

vececsee Steph. Sh. Zool. 12, 137.

117

Male: has a cream-coloured patch extending from the culmen of the bill to the crown; behind
the eye a green patch extending to the occiput; remainder of the head and neck cream-colour,
blotched and dotted with black; breast vinaceous, the edges of the feathers lightest; back grey,
narrowly barred with black and cream-colour ; wing coyerts and abdomen white; under tail coverts
black ; quills and tail grey; tertiaries grey, with the outer webs black edged with cream-colour ;
bill lead colour tipped with black ; legs reddish ; two centre tail feathers elongated.

Fem.: with the upper surface brown; each feather edged with lighter; without the green on
the head, and rather smaller than the male.

ANAS AMEPICANA veveeeserveeses Scovcncunsoee Euadh Sais Ms BAS.

Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 861.
American Widgeon sesevsvseverees tecesse anes Lenn. Arect. Zool, 2.502:

Wils. Am. Orn. p. 86, pl. 69, f. 4.
Mareca Americana .....+00. povsuvopondnooNeO Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 135.

Inhabits America, the West Indies, and Cayenne, frequenting inland lakes and rivers, as well as
the sea coast; breeds in the northern part of America in swamps, laying six or eight eggs. This
bird is curious, as presenting a connecting link between the widgeon and pintail. The billis that
of the former, and the two elongated tail feathers shew an affinity to the latter.

MARECA CHILOENSIS.

Mar.—Fronte genis pteromatibus subtusque albis, striga post occulari purpurescente-anea.

CHILOE WIDGEON.

Widgeon, with the forehead, checks, wing coverts, and under surface white; a post occular
streak wneous-purple.

TLengthivss see 19 Middletoe .....%. QL
Ball tosses 3} hitls WNMETIUOC? Aare. retmte 13
ORS, abseateas ly Outer toe wes. * 1Z

Widgeon; with the forehead, cheeks, abdomen, breast, upper and under wing coverts, and
upper tail coverts, white; a streak from the eye to the occiput brassy purple; neck, remainder of
the head, lower part of the back, and numerous transverse bars across the breast, dark brown ;
tertiaries and scapulars also dark brown, with the edges of the feathers white; quills light brown;
speculum velvet black; flanks white clouded with ferruginous; tail brown; legs, feet, and bill
brown.

Anas Chiloensis, King siccvccccsenveereseseses Zool. Proc. 1831. 15.

‘nhabits the Island of Chiloe. We have also received specimens from Cayenne.

118

MARECA FISTULARIS.

Mar. Mas.—Vertice flavo; capite cristaque castaneis.
Mar. Fem.—Brunnea, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus.

WIDGEON.

Male, crown cream-coloured ; head crested chesnut.
Fem. brown, with the edges of the feathers lighter.

RCN GE lrtae en 20 IBUPS oboe 6 1k arsenic. mle

Widgeon, with the crown cream-coloured; cheeks, throat, and neck chesnut, occasionally
spotted with black; breast vinaceous; back white, each feather minutely barred and waved with
dark grey; flanks the same; belly white; under tail coverts black; speculum metallic green,
bounded by black; wing coverts white; remainder of the quills and coverts grey; bill lead
coloured; legs and feet black. :

Fem.: with the back fuscous grey, the edges of the feathers lighter; head and neck fuscous
spotted with black; below white; remainder as in the male.

Mareca fistularis svccevcsecccrees sevcccceres . Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 131.
Anas fistularis weccesseceees p00 dao00000R0 .... Briss. Orn. 6. 391, p. 35, f. 2.
ANAS Penelope vaverevereccceresccece goooaaee Linn. Syst. 1. 202.

Gmel. Syst. 1. 527.

Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 860.
PVUAGCON . vvcovesvvvvncnvescccoeseceoresseses Penn. Brit. Orn. 2. 268.

Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 518.

Canard siffleur .ccacecccacerecceccvcssccesees Duff, Cis. 9. 169, pl. 10, 11.
Ti assnho boos odddos enuoDG-poDCKDdOUL0S ¢AUOMs Trans. vol. iv. tab. 13, jig. 9.

Common in the British islands during winter, frequenting both the sea and fresh water.
It is a very widely distributed species, being found throughout Africa, America, and Asia. The
trachea in the male of this species, like that of several of the genera nearly allied to it, is largest
immediately below the glottis, and again slightly enlarged at about one-third of its length interiorly ;
the inferior larynx, except in size (being smaller) greatly resembles that of Anas Boschas.

MARECA CASTANEA.

Mar. Mas.—Castaneus atro maculato; speculoque viridi.
Mar, Fem.—Brunnea cinerea, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus.

CASTANEOUS WIDGEON.

Mas. castaneous spotted with black ; the wing spot green.
Fem. cinereous brown, with the edges of the feathers lighter.

IN IN. IN.

TL engthire ise. 173 3A Rea 1 3-5ths Tarsi...... 1

Male: under parts, neck, and upper part of the back castaneous, spotted with black; lower
part of the back black, each feather edged with castaneous ; wing coverts brown, slightly tinged
with greenish; quills brown; secondary coverts tipped with white; tail and under coverts black
glossed with green and purplish; wing spot bright green ; head black glossed with green; bill,
legs, and feet black.

Fem.: rather smaller than the male; light brownish grey, spotted with darker; wing spot
green, edged anteriorly with white, and posteriorly with black; bill and legs as in the male.

Mareca castanea nobis.

Inhabits New Holland. ‘The first specimens we observed were in the collection of the Natural
History and Antiquarian Society of Shrewsbury, presented (together with many other birds from
the same country) by Major Wakeman.

AIA GALERICULATA.

di, Mas.—Vertice occipiteque viridibus ; fascia lata supra-occulari alba; tectricibus tertiis ad apices
expandentibus.
4i, Fem.—Faciis duabus alis.

MANDARIN DUCK.

Male, with the crown and occipital crest green ; a broad white band over the eye ; tertiaries
expanded at the tip, and prominent.
Fem. with two white bars on the wing

120

Tiengtliy re 183 nner toe H.2. VS
Biull ee. lt Middle toe...... g
Tarsi 12 Outer toe ...... 12

Male: head with a long occipital crest and crown purplish green ; above the eye a broad band
of white ; throat, checks, and remainder of the neck bright reddish ferruginous, the shaft of each
feather lighter ; breast bright purple; back, tail, and wings hair brown ; scapulars with the outer
webs black; the inner ones white; one tertiary prolonged and expanded on each side, prominent
over the back; on the lower part of the breast a broad band of black not meeting in front, on
which there are one or two narrow ones of white; flanks ferruginous, beautifully undulated with
narrow bands of black; belly, vent, and under tail coverts white ; bill and legs orange.

Fem.: similar to the summer duck 4. sponsa, but may be distinguished from it (according to

Latham) by having two bars of white on the wing, and by the white spots on the breast being
round instead of triangular,

Anas galericulatd verses sevens coves wccsecees Linn. Syst. 1. 206.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 539.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 871.

QuerqueduUla SinCNSiS sesecccseevevveeevees ... Briss. Orn. 6. 450.

Chinese Teal ...... JoooooonoDdodG0000 O00 wo... Edw. Glea, pl. 102.
Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 548.

Sarcelle de la Chine vivveevveee ooneot po0dG00 .. Buff. Ois. 9. 276.

Inhabits China and Japan, where it is kept (as in this country), for the sake of its beauty, in a
state of domestication. Nothing is known of its habits in a wild state.

ATA SPONSA.
Ai. Mas.—Capite colloque viridibus ; gutture albo.

Ai, Fem,—Brunnea, rostro cinguloque occulari etiam ad basin rostri, et fascia alis albis.

SUMMER DUCK.

Mas. head and upper part of the neck metallic green ; throat white; crest long.

Fem. dark brown, with the belly, space round the eye, and bill white; one white band across
the wing.

LEGHPAxc0. 409 20 TANS. RS Gs is ile
Bullen cree 12 Middle toe ...... 2-

121

Crown and neck and occipital crest glossy green; line extending from the bill over the eye,
another from the lower part of the eye to the occiput, together with the throat, white; neck and
upper part of the breast purplish, and sprinkled with spots of white ; scapulars, wing coverts, and
tail black, beautifully glossed in some lights with green and purple inflections ; on the lower part
of the breast is a white bar, posteriorly to which is a black one; flanks yellowish ferruginous,
barred and undulated with dusky ; under tail coverts and quills sooty black ; below white; bill and
legs orange.

Fem.: dusky slate brown, with a space round the eye, a band round the bill, the throat, and
belly white ; breast dusky, marked with triangular spots of white; quills and tail as in the male ;
legs and bill dusky.

AIA SPONSA i vevvvvverecaees pooododoGnDuo ... Boie Isis. 1826.
Dendronessa SPONSAs seve evceceres doouc0e0ue Faun. Bo, Am. 2. 446.
ANAS SPONSH vaveveseevees eee eee neceeeee Linn. Syst. 1, 207.

Gmel. Syst. 1. 539.

Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 871.
Anas ABstir@..ccueees Moveieisteteleherreteiis sys ..... Briss, Orn. 6. 351. pl. 32, fig. 2.
Summer Duck .vccvcvcccevercccesnerenecee’ Catesb. Carol. 1. pl. 97.

Edw. Glea. p. 101.

Lath. Gen, Syn. 6. 546.
Beau canard, Huppe...eivveveees boooOUdGGeD Buff. Ois. 9. 254.
Trachea vvsvvavevvecees doopeDEBoooDoCoeOUD Mont. Orn. die, Sup. fig. 5, et nobis.

Inhabits America, from Hudson’s Bay to Mexico and the Antilles, throughout the whole of which
space it breeds, seldom frequenting the sea. It generally makes its nest in decayed trees hanging
over the water, laying twelve or thirteen eggs.

This species is often kept in confinement in this country, and breeds freely, as well as its
congener. The inferior larynx is that of the true wading duck, and much resembles in miniature
that of the widgeon ; it is, however, more expanded anteriorly, the two ends of the bulb being of
equal size.

QUERQUEDULA JAVANENSIS.

Quer.—Capite viridi, macula ad basum rostri; gutture et fascia occipitali albis.

JAVA TEAL.
Head green, with a spot at the base of the bill; throat and patch extending to the occiput white.
CHE oe 3 18 OSU ne osteo 12
DO AC eee 27 Middle toe..... 2
J BUS Broo che ene 13

122

Head bright glossy green; spot behind the culmen of the bill, throat, and streak towards the
back of the neck from the latter white; collar white; breast with each feather beautifully marked
with lunules of black; vent coverts white undulated with black; wing spot purplish green, above
which is a conspicuous spot of velvet black; tertiaries very long, with the shaft and a narrow
edging exteriorly white, and the edge of the posterior or inner web grey; quill and tail feathers grey ;
upper and under tail coverts black; vent buff, anteriorly to which there is a band of black ; feet and
bill black. .

ANAS TAVANENSIS ccc creer eevee ence enneeens Feill. En. Method. Orn. 1. 160.

Sarcelle de UV Ile de Javd. sss cveevecvsvenvee Buff. Ois. tom, xvii. p. 395.
Inhabits Java. I have never seen but one specimen of this beautiful species; it is in Lord Derby's
collection at Knowsley, and has been exhibited at one of the Zoological Society's evening meetings.

QUERQUEDULA G LOCITANS.

Quer. Mas.—Capite viridi, macula rotundata castaned ante oculari et post oculari ornato.
Quer. Fem.—Brunnea, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus.

BIMACULATED TEAL.

Male Teal, with the head green, ornamented with a rounded chesnut patch before and behind
the eyes.
Fem. brown teal, with the margin of the feathers lighter.

IN. IN. IN.

ISTIGH OAR One 15 IB eee 1Z DOU SU ] 9-20ths

Male: head and neck green, with a dark chesnut patch before and behind the eyes; the throat
approaching to black; back and flanks white, undulated with black lines; breast and abdomen
ferruginous, with a few black spots; wing coverts fuscous ; speculum velvet black, bordered
anteriorly with violaceous, posteriorly with white; quills brown, margined with lighter ; bill, feet.
and legs lead-coloured; the webs black.

Fem.: slightly smaller than the male; head and neck light ferruginous, with the crown and
base of each feather darker ; abdomen white; back and flanks fuscous ferruginous, with the base of
each feather brown.

ANAS GlOCHANS . 60.06 vncoe sense Sereeaererere Pall. Acta Stock. 1. 779, 40, tab. 33, fig. 1.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 526.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 862.

Querquedula Glocitams .vivssvcccrccavcncncees Vig. Lin, Trans. vol. xiv. 559.
Gould, Birds of Europe.

Te erent ges WAU oo ohothaocbu0000nHOO0o00000 Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 602.

Cana di GlousscUraedadaocaiiieliieriensiey tiie Veill, En. Method. Orn. 1. 126.

Said to inhabit Siberia and the neighbourhood of Lake Baikal. One or two specimens only have
been met with in England.

ie 5 ~ ae aie en aaa
na a ma
Nicer es .

23 Nak 3th.

CL de.

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=f

dolu crecew Lem:

.
SS
ie
ae
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aS

2 Coon of D° 3. Ceca 0

1 Esqphagos provantrus

ihe bye

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rented by CHalimancdrd.

GScharf ded wi hiskiog

QUERQUEDULA CRECCA & TRACHEA»
Nak: Stk

123

QUERQUEDULA CRECCA.

Quer, Mas.—Capite colloque castaneis, fascia occipitali viridi.
Quer. Fem.—Brunnea, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus ; subtus alba.

COMMON TEAL.

Teal, with the head and neck chesnut, with a green occipital fascia.
Fem. brown teal, with the margin of the feathers lighter; below white.

Bul wre 1 5-12ths Middle toe...... 13

Male: head, cheeks, and neck chesnut; from the eye to the occiput passes a band of metallic
green, bordered by a stripe of yellowish ; below white ; the breast dotted with black ; the scapulars.
back, and flanks white undulated with black; wing coverts brown; quills hoary fuscous; speculuin
metallic green, bounded above and below by velvet black; lateral tail coverts with a band of black.

Fem.: brown, with the edge of the feathers lighter; below yellowish white ; speculum green.
without the black edging ; crown brown.

QUeTGUCHUNG ChECCH sais a) cc sis 1s oo00n0d vee» Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 146.

ATAS) CLECCO ie way seea)ei aia Sires: « ae eTTe: Linn. Syst. 1, 264.

Gmel. Syst. 1. 582.

Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 872.
Common Neale ens cate copoc ont DDOoDUMD GOOD Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 577.
Grreen=ringed) Nedlnwaaetcetaeci teeters Wils. Am. Orn. 8. 106, pl. 70. fig. 40.
Petite *Sancelle tte We ets ssctsy 6 MA eo es Buff. Ois. 9. 265.
Canandsarcelle a? Hiner. lise lee Temm. Man. d’ Orn. 2. 846.
DRACHED Axo ete ager eisieieien ees econ danooon ae Linn. Trans. vol. 4, tab. 12, fig. 1.

Breeds im most marshy lakes in the north of Europe, America, Asia, and the British Isles;
migrates southwards during winter, when it frequents almost entirely fresh water. Mr. Selby, in
his * Hlustrations of British Ornithology,” mentions that he is inclined to think that our indigenous
broods seldom quit the immediate neighbourhood of the place in which they were bred. The nest
is formed of grass, and it lays from eight to ten eggs of a whitish colour,

Trachea with the tube largest immediately below the glottis, then contracted, then expanded,
and gradually lessening to the inferior larynx, which is similar in form to that of Anas Boschas.

124

QUERQUEDULA CAROLINENSIS.

Quer.—Precedenti similis, sed distingueri potest fascia alba ante alis.

AMERICAN TEAL.

Quer. similar to Q. crecca, but distinguished from it by a white bar on each side of the breast.

Length.....- 15 Billccwene 12 Tarsi

Precisely similar to Q. crecca, with the exception of the under tail coverts, which are black,
and in having a white band on each side opposite the point of the wing.
Anas Carolinensissccccecceccoscesscerecccs . Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 533.
Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 874.

Jard, Illus. Orn. pl.
American Teal ....++ eyeleloretejauereheveretets vevesse Lenn, Arct. Zool. 2. 584.

Inhabits America, where it takes the place of the preceding species.

QUERQUEDULA FORMOSA.

Quer.—Vertice, gutture, fascidque ab hoe ad oculos atris, utrinque albo marginato.

BAIKAL TEAL.

Teal, with the crown, throat, and a streak proceeding from the latter to the eye black, bounded
on each side with white.

WGCNG te os ea) = 155 TAPS, so. 6-0, cno.0 0-6 13
JB os ty co ouckone 1 5-12ths Middle toe .....- ] 4-5ths

Male: crown and throat black, with each feather slightly tipped with ferruginous brown; from
the latter proceeds a black waved streak to the eye, bounded on each side by a narrow one of white,
and enclosing a patch of fawn-colour; from the bill through the eye proceeds a broad band of
glossy green to the occiput, where it is broadest, and trifurcate below, the centre branch extending
down to the back of the neck, the lateral ones curve to the fore neck, but do not meet, the whole
bounded by a narrow edging of white; fore part of the neck bright reddish fawn colour. spotted
with black; back brown; lower part of the neck behind black, thickly irrorated with white;
flanks the same; belly white; quills and coyerts brown; middle coverts tipped with brown; pri-

Elear del. ZOE litho.

. / Cue queda macular

YY ___ Formosa

Printed by C.

Buiimanded

wien
i+ “ri

ye’ Weld! (had my asl

yr ; \ Chet
ay tonsils ey ia
Fis RNY olny aie lbh Lah,

mat ; % K) : : eT AALS
Oe oh ; ‘a ' ‘tas yr epi ve D pe : ‘

125

mary coyerts glossy purplish black, tipped with white; tertiaries long, outer webs black edged
with ferruginous; inner webs light fawn colour; tail brown; tail coverts the same, edged with
lighter; under tail coverts black, haying on the sides anteriorly a broad band of white; the under
coyerts bounded laterally with a bar of ferruginous; bill brown; legs light yellow; wing spot
bounded anteriorly by brown, posteriorly by white.

Fem. : unknown.

Querquedula fOrMOsd ...... e005 pages ouuoG Steph. Sh. Zool. vol. 12. 151.

PAS OL IOS Ge anentehst eater eistel stele retetetetstaty eer Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 523.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 876.

RGR CCUM aleereloleler si erele)ejelelelolers sodgoDoouON Lath. Gen. Syn, 6. 557.

Inhabits Russia and Lake Baikal. (Lath.) Specimens are in the museum of the Zoological
Society, brought over by R. Reeves, Esq. in 1832, from China; and also in our own. We
haye also very lately succeeded in obtaining the trachea, of which a figure is given: though that of
a true teal, it is remarkable for the exceeding small size of the larynginal bulb, and also for a slight
approach it makes in form to that of the next genus, Cyanopterus.

QUERQUEDULA MANILLENSIS.

Quer.—Genis albis, fascia brunnea occipite ad collum inferiorem tendente.

MANILLA TEAL.

Teal, with the cheeks dirty white, with a streak from the occiput to the lower part of the
neck, when it expands into a collar, brown.

I SCOG 1 On eae oe 15 VARS Mee he 13
TSU Sigs ebacee 2 Middle toe....... 12

Allied to Q. formosa; tertiaries not acuminated, and ferruginous ; breast as in the last;
upper parts of the back olive brown ; tail and rump black glossed with green ; belly white irrorated
with black ; middle vent coverts black ; lateral coverts white; secondary quills with the outer webs
brassy green; coverts white tipped with black; small coverts black; quills brown ; head, neck,
and crown dark brown; cheeks dirty white; from the occiput proceeds a streak of brown to the
lower part of the neck, when it expands into a collar; bill lead colour ; feet and legs light orange.

Anas Manillensis..cccccccervccccccecvcsseace Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 523.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 876.
Sarcelle de V Isle de Lucon...... vessaneceese Sonn. Voy. Ind. 91, pl. 54.

Manilla, Teal... ccasccssvacessacnecsvesers Lath, Gen. Syn. 6. 557.

Inhabits the Manillas. Specimens are in our collection, and in that of the Earl of Derby.

126

QUERQUEDULA FALCARIA.

Quer. Mas.—Capite brunneo ; cingulo collari guttereque purpureis..
Quer, Fem.—Brunnea, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus.

FALCATED TEAL.

Teal, with the head deep brown; ring round the neck and throat purple.
Fem. brown teal, with the margins of the feathers lighter.

Length....<. 17 IRTESS Beis ono aan © iy
TBO ole 39 43% 14 Middle toe .....- 2

Male: head and crown deep brown; ring round the neck and throat brassy purple ; remainder
of the neck and a spot behind the upper part of the base of the bill white; belly, breast, flanks,
and upper part of the back white, each feather lunulated with ashy black ; tail ashy ; upper tail
coverts and centre of the under ones black; laterally buff, anteriorly to which there is a black streak,
then a patch of white; quills ashy brown ; tertiaries long, inner webs brown grey, outer glossy
green edged with light grey, the edging broader at the base ; wing spot green; primary coverts
light ashy brown, lightest on the edge.

Fem.: about half an inch shorter than the male; brown, each feather lunulated with darker ;
crown dark brown; neck light brown, streaked with dark brown; tertiaries long; wings and tail
as in the male; coverts brown; belly light; legs and bill in both sexes lead coloured.

Anas FAICATIA cp iveeervcnrenenennnneeneeens Gmel. Syst. Nat. 8. 521.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 860.

Falcated Duck..ccccacceveeceeee reese necees Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 574.
Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 516.

ANAS FAICATIA.ccavevcneneeeererercnceeeees Steph. Sh. Zool. vol. xii. p. 100.

The specimens from which the above descriptions were taken are in the British Museum, and
were brought home by R. Reeves, Esq. from China.

QUERQUEDULA ERYTHRORHAYNCHA.

Quer.—Brunnea, ptilis atris, tectrices majores speculoque eneis.

CRIMSON-BILLED DUCK.

Brown, with the upper coverts velvet black, the greater ones and speculum brassy green.

Length...... 18 [Bille hee if Tarsi...... 1

Above brown, with the edges of the feathers brighter ; throat inclining to grey ; back, lesser
wing coverts, and tail velvet black; below the upper tail coverts and flanks grey, the latter with
two or three deep brown spots; the breast sometimes slightly waved with brown; the remainder of
the wing beautiful eneous green, with the exception of the two outer quill feathers, which are black,
and the terminal half of the secondaries, which are white; bill and legs bright red in the male,
fuscous in the female; bill brown, with a red patch on each side at the base.

Anas Erythrorhynchaa. vccccevcccvvcnccenes Spix. N. Sp. avium.

Inhabits Southern America.

We had an opportunity of dissecting this bird through the kindness of the Earl of Derby,
who had a pair alive for some time.

The trachea and inferior larynx is that of a typical teal. _ It may, however, be distinguished
from that of Q. crecca (which it in other respects resembles) by the bulb being more oblique, and
swelling more in an upward direction.

The tube of the trachea in both sexes is acted upon by two pairs of muscles of voice, the first
pair the usual sterno-tracheal ones ; in the female the second pair diverge from the tube, where it
penetrates the cavity of the chest, and are inserted into the membrane stretched between the rami
of the os furcatum and the coracoids. In the male they diverge similarly, and are inserted in the
rami of the os furcatum, haying also a slight attachment along the internal surface of the membrane
stretched between the rami of the os furcatum, which is not the case in the female.

QUERQUEDULA CRECCOIDES.

Quer.—Pallide brunnea-grisea, sparsa notataque dorso imo ptilisque fascis hic apice rufo, speculo nigro,
fulvo marginato. ;

MOTTLED TEAL.

Length.....- 163 J30lhso 5666 12 MaRStveaevencer= id

The head and neck of this bird are finely marked with fuscous dots, those of the neck being
mostly in transverse lines, thus forming several undulating fascia; the feathers of the upper part of
the back are of a brownish grey, and are marked in the centre by oval fuscous spots; the scapular
feathers are similarly marked by long central black strigee, which in some lights are of a beautiful
green; the lower part of the back is of a uniform fuscous colour; the upper wing coyerts are
fuscous, the apices of the lowest range of feathers being also terminated with rufous, which colour
forms a narrow fascia across the wing immediately over the speculum; the external secondary quill
feathers are black on their outside margin, and are terminated with light buff; the internal webs
are fuscous on their outside webs, with a shade of deep green, and slightly margined with buff;
the breast and middle of the abdomen are whitish, the feathers of the former being strongly marked
with round black spots in the centre, those of the latter being more strongly marked, so as to
exhibit irregular fascize ; bill yellow, with a black apex.

Anas Creccoides, Bing ...sccveees ao0000 vesses» Zool. Jour. 4. 99.

Inhabits the Straights of Magellan: a specimen is in the museum of the Zoological Society.

QUERQUEDULA CAPENSIS.

Quer.—Rostro coccineo; marginibus capitroque basali atris.

CAPE TEAL.

Teal, with the bill crimson; the margins and a band round the base black.

TGENG UH ete ar 1s} TRS a 3 08.090 6 23
5 eee eo BO 1s Middle toe... 2%

Light brown teal, with all the dorsal aspect with the feathers edged with lighter; those on
the breast and under parts very light brown, with a lunule of darker on each feather; the throat

129

white; the head and neck spotted, and minutely streaked with dark and light brown ; wing spot

bright green, margined on every side but the upper with a band of white; wing coverts, quills, and

tail blue slate-coloured, the latter with each feather edged with much lighter; legs reddish brown.
Female similar, but rather smaller.

Querquedula capensis ...+» sadboogsdudannpedee I, HENS: Aue OR.

Inhabits Southern Africa, and brought home by Dr. Smith, by whom it will be figured in his
forthcoming work on South African Zoology.

QUERQUEDULA HOTTENTOTA.

Quer. Mas.—Brunneus, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus ; tectricibus caude juguloque pallide brun-
neis, illo atro fasciato.
Quer. Fem.—Mari similis, sed tectricibus caudee toto corpori similibus.

HOTTENTOT TEAL.

Male, brown teal, with the margins of the feathers lighter; the tail coverts and throat light
brown; the latter fasciated with black.
Fem. like the male, but with the quill feathers like the rest of the body.

Deng this S01 144 TAPS Us giant an 1
BAW FAA oe 13 Middle toe ...... 1

Male; umber brown, with the edges of the feathers lighter; the crown, occiput, and quills
dark brown; chin, throat, cheeks, rump, and under tail coverts light brown, the latter narrowly
barred with darker; breast and lower part of the neck and under surface darker than on the rump;
the abdomen barred with black; speculum and secondaries bright brassy green, the former edged
posteriorly with black, then with white ; coverts brown, slightly glossed with brassy ; tail dark
brown.

Fem.: similar to the male, but with the markings generally not so distinct, and the whole
plumage below lighter; legs in both sexes brown ; bill lead coloured, with the nail horn colour.

Querquedula Hottentotd vicvvvcccvee cveneoeves Smith, Cat. S. Afric. Mus.

Brought home by Dr. Smith from the western coast of South Africa, near the Orange river:
a specimen is also in our collection, but we are not aware from what locality.

(2)

130

CYANOPTERUS CIRCIA.

Cyan. Mas.—Undulatus brunneo et albo; ptilis azureis-cinereis.
Cyan, Fem.—Brunnea, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus.

GARGANEY TEAL.

Male teal, undulated with brown and white; lesser coverts blueish grey.

Fem. brown teal, with the margin of the feathers lighter ; coverts as in the male.
IN.
Length...... 164 GTS taro ee aalelOth
POU Ea ens 1s Middle toe...... 12

Male: crown, back of the neck, cheeks, and sides of the neck brown, the latter inclining to
chesnut in some specimens ; a white stripe from the bill under each eye; lower part of the neck and
breast whitish, marked with brown lunules; back brown, with the edges of the feathers lighter ;
scapulars brown, with a white stripe down the shaft of each; wing coverts blue grey; the rump
and tail brown ; below white, undulated with dark brown on the flanks; speculum green; bill,
tarsi, and feet lead coloured; eyes brown.

Fem.: brown, each feather edged with lighter; throat white; below yellowish white; wings
as in the male.

— Querquedula Circid vevievccccess Niyaleielereye 0600600 Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 143.
21S CPG coooo0e06506 066 do0DDoOnOKOOObORG Linn. Syst. 1. 204.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 553.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 873.
LAN ASI QUE UUCAULA Min aiveh matte eee eee ee . Linn. Syst. 1. 263-2.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 531.
fait Syn. 148. 8.

GORGON CY seine en ee ocadn aoe e » Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 576.
Lath. Ind. Orn, 6. 550.
JOD SRGME WAR ncn oocadabsede oood ac ene oe Buff. Ois. 9. 208.
Le Sarcelle commun. .... 500600 eddeonsocs0Ges Buff. Ois. 9. 260.
LOCH COM eee sirckslsleia rey/otohemePatenetneTereieie aie chars Linn, Trans. vol. 4. tab. 13, fig. 2—3.

Found over the whole of Asia, the northern part of Africa, and Europe; visits the British isles in
May, frequenting fresh water; breeds in Holland; its nest is constructed of grass placed by the
water side ; lays from ten to twelve white eggs,

Trachea with the tube smaller about an inch below the glottis, then slightly sweHed, and
again slightly contracted about one inch above the inferior larynx, from which point it gradually
expands to the end. The inferior larynx with an osseous bulb extending anteriorly and on both
sides, and not swelling out so abruptly as in the preceding genus or among the true teal.

PILLAI XOXIX.

CYANOPTERUS FRETENSIS.
1838
-

131

CYANOPTERUS FRETENSIS.

Cyan. Mas.—Gula colloque anteriore pallide yadiis; dorso, abdomineque, imis caudaque, albis, nigro
fasciatis ; ptilis czeruleis.

Cyan. Fem.—Gula colloque ut in mare; dorso imo ptilisque atro-ceeruleis ; abdomine ferrugineo,
sparso et fasciato atro.

FASCIATED TEAL.

Length...... 14 Unner toe ws... \ 1-6th
Bill. coos Ig Middle toe...... 13
PGES: are apltncl Outer toe .. .... ] 5-12ths

Male Teal, with the back, breast, fore part of the neck, and cheeks light yellowish brown,
the two former having in the centre of each feather a dark brown patch; flanks, abdomen, tail, and
rump white, the former broadly and the latter narrowly barred transversely with black; vertex as
far down as the eyes, and a streak down the back of the neck, deep brown; feet, legs, and bill
blueish brown, the latter with a yellow patch on each side of the bill, extending beyond the nostrils ;
wing coyerts slaty blue, the greater ones tipped with white; secondaries eneous green, also tipped
with white; quills and tertiaries (which are long) dusky, the latter with the centre of each feather
darker. .

Female and young similar to the male, but with the abdomen and flanks ferruginous, irregu-
larly barred and irrorated with dark brown; rump black ; the bill without the yellow markings on
the sides.

ANAS FTCLENSIS, HONG ona. conus cnngeens oes os Zool. Proe. Dec. 14, 1830.

Inhabits the Straits of Magellan and other localities on the western coast of South America.

CYANOPTERUS DISCORS.

Cyan.—Capite cinereo brunneo, lunula alba ante oculos.

BLUE-WINGED TEAL.
Teal, with the head ashy brown; a large white lunule before the eye.

IN. IN. IN.
Length...... 16 ERO tare 4 Tarstes-3. - 12

Head ashy brown, slightly glossed at the tip of each feather with brassy; crown darkest ;
between the eye and bill, and partially surrounding the former, a large lunate spot of white, the

132

horns projecting backwards; breast and neck ferruginous, beautifully spotted with dark brown;
quills, tail, and back dark brown, the latter slightly lunated with ferruginous; under tail coverts
deep black or brown, on the sides a patch of white; wing coverts bright blue, lower ones marked
with a streak of white, then with one of green; anterior tertiaries with the outer webs blue; on the
inner side of the shaft a streak of ferruginous ; the remainder black.

Female: length 15 inches; wing coyerts as in the male; tertiaries and remainder brown
lunated with ferruginous ; crown darker.

QuerqueduUld AiSCOTS ss. ccvrvccccccecseceres «2.» Steph. in Sh. Zool. vol. 12. 149.
Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 205.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 854.

Sarcelle sOuUcrOurot vive cveevevees dS Dedondan0000 Buff. Pl. Enl. 966, mas.
ROMEROUTRARE on00 00000000 000000000000 a0 403, fem.
ARTE OQ2 IDO o06 5000008000000 8005 b000a0 Catesb. Carol. 1. 100, mas.

Blue-winged Teal

1. 99, fem.

Inhabits the American continent. from the 58th parallel to Guiana and the West Indies.

CYANOPTERUS RAFFLESII.

Cyan.—Castaneo-ferrugineus, speculo viridi.

RAFFLES’S TEAL.

Deep reddish chesnut teal, with the speculum green.

Tength an. = 18 TiQUSUse Meee eee in
Bill eee 2 Middle toe...,.. 2

Deep reddish chesnut teal, with the crown and vent inclining to dark brown; each of the
feathers on the back with black lunules; tertiaries black and blue, with the shaft buff; wing
coyerts light blue ; speculum metallic green ; quills and tail black.

AUS MELAS MONG) «0066 0.00nc0000000000800000 Zool. Journ. 4. 97. J

First brought home by Capt. King from Chili; since which time we have received specimens
from the same locality. Said by navigators to be exceedingly common on the west of South America.

133

RHYNCHASPIS RHYNCHOTIS.

Rhyn. Mas.—Ferrugineus ; capite colloque superiore ceeruleis ; tectricibus caude nigris ; speculo viridi.
Rhyn. Fem.—Brunnea, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus ; rostro pallido.

NEW HOLLAND SHOVELLER.

Male shoveller, with the head and upper part of the neck blue; under and upper tail coverts
black; wing spot green.
Fem. shoveller, brown, each feather edged with lighter ; bill horn colour.
IN.
Length...... 20 Td ate oe
IEUUNs Olas oe ] 2-5ths Middle toe ......

— ee

Ol Ble 4

Male: head and neck, lesser coverts, and tertiaries light blue, some of the latter with a stripe
on the inner side of the shaft white; bar behind the base of the bill on each side white; centre of
the back, quills, and tail white, with a lunule near the tip and two spots on the shaft of each
feather brown; wing spot bright brassy green, anterior to which is a white stripe; flanks, belly,
and breast deep ferruginous, the former barred and dotted, and the latter undulated with brown ;
above the thighs on each side a white spot; under and upper tail coverts black ; under wing coverts
white; top of the head and back of the neck darkest ; bill black; legs orange.

Fem.: brown, with the tip of each feather lighter; below lightest; lesser coverts slightly
inclining to blue; bill and legs horn colour in the dried specimen.

Young: male nearly intermediate between the two; bill black ; legs orange.

Anas BhYyNchotisccccvcrccccccvesecccceveees Lath. Ind. Orn. App. 1.

Bhynchaspis BRhynchotis .vccivcvecevcceseseees Steph. in Sh, Zool. 12, 123.
New Holland Shoveller .......+000s wrens wee. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 359.

Inhabits New Holland, and appears to be identical with specimens received from South America.
The bird described by Latham under the name of Anas Rhynchotis is the young. It is

possible also that the white markings mentioned as present in our specimens of the old male, behind

the base of the bill and down the fore neck, are not constant, but merely appear during the moult.

134

RHYNCHASPIS MACULATUS.

Rhyn.—Precedenti similis, sed corpore flavescente-ferrugineo, nigris maculis rotundatis ornatis; capite
simili, nigro sparso.

SPOTTED SHOVELLER.

Shoveller like the preceding, but with the body yellowish-ferruginous, adorned with rounded
black spots; head the same, sprinkled with black.

IN. IN.
1GEAORS 66.50 20 MTC AOC ER aac li
BUNS G5 ane 2 3-10ths Middle toe...... 2 1-10th

We have considerable doubts as to the validity of this species. The marks of distinction
between it and R. Rhynchotis are the following: the nail on the bill is broader, the flattened space
between the nostrils and behind them is also broader; the whole body is of a lighter colour, and
spotted in the centre of each feather with round dots; the white spot behind the thighs is similar,
but the admeasurements slightly differ. We suspect that this bird will eventually turn out to be
the female of Rhynchotis ; and that the birds we have described as female and young of that bird
will turn out to be both young males.

Rhynchaspis maculatus... +. sforavenetcheforele ceereees Gould in Jard. and Selb. Illus. Orn. p. 147.

Mr. Gould received his bird from South America; ours was received from New Holland.

RHYNCHASPIS CLYPEATA.

Rhyn. Mas.—Capite colloque viridibus; ptilis czeruleis.
Rhyn. Fem.—Brunnea, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus.

COMMON SHOVELLER.

Male shoveller, with the head and neck green ; the wing coverts blue.
Fem. shoveller, brown, with the margins of the feathers lighter.

IN. IN.
Length... 20 TGir Sts totes was) 12
BUY Eh ase srs 22 Middle toe.... 2

Male: head and neck glossy metallic green; throat black; breast, smaller scapulars, and
greater wing coverts white; larger scapulars and lesser wing coverts blue, the former with a light

135

stripe down the centre of each feather; speculum green; quills and tail brown; the outer tail
feathers elongated, pointed ; below chesnut; bill fuscous red.
Fem.: brown, having the edges of all the feathers lighter ; wing as in the male.

Rhynchaspis clypeata s..0++ vecceecevesesseces Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 1105.
Anas clypedtd scvsee cvvacnvens coves avecenes Linn. Syst. 1, 200. 19.

Gmel. Syst. 1. 518.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 856.

Spathulea clypeatd viccvvvare cevececveusa cece Flem. Brit. An. 123.
Anas platyrhynchos vivecccrevveeveces jeesooes Law Sym. V44" U3!
Shovellersvvcuvevccvcevecccesseccsnssseceeere Penn. Arct. Zool. 2 N. A89.

Penn. Brit. Zool. 2, 596.
Red-breasted Shoveller svivevvervees vecceerecee Lenn. Brit. Zool. 2. 597.
Souchet ou le rouge .sserveee eee teers isaaaeees Buff Oise 9. VOY.
PRETEEN ae teens wajne ese sasiete, LU, LTGUS. vol. 4, tab. 13, fig. 4, 5.

Was found in the Deccan by Col. Sykes: one specimen has been brought home by Dr. Smith
from South Africa. Generally inhabits Asia, Europe, America, and North Africa; breeds in
Holland, and has occasionally bred in Norfolk, laying twelve eggs ; little, however, is known of its
nidification.

Trachea with the tube of nearly equal size; the inferior larynx bulbous, bulb projecting both
before and on the left side, anteriorly slightly acuminate; the bronchi far apart.

RHYNCHASPIS CAPENSIS.

Rhyn.—Brunneus ; subtus singulis pennis lunula centrali, apiceque leviter ferrugineis.

CAPE SHOVELLER.

Brown shoveller; below with a lunule, and the tip of each feather light ferruginous.

Length...... 201 (NESE Bien wn ae 13
JEG Ob O0 OO 22 Middle toe .....- 25

Head and neck light brown, minutely spotted with dark brown; crown and slightly elongated
feathers on the occiput darker; below dark sepia brown, each feather having its tip and a transverse
lunule in the centre light brownish buff; the back brown, slightly glossed with greenish ; greater
quills and tail deep brown, the latter edged with lighter ; secondaries with the outer webs metallic
green; tertiaries with the outer webs blue; lesser wing coverts azure, the greater ones white,
forming a band of that colour across the wing; bill black; legs reddish orange.

Rhynchaspis Capensis..veceveecevevervens seve Smith, Cat. 8. African Mus.

We are indebted to Dr. Smith for allowing us to take the above description from the specimens
exhibited in the South African museum, of which he intends shortly to publish drawings.

MALACORHYNCHUS MEMBRINACEUS.

Mal. Mas.—Cinereus, macula caryophylacca post oculari.
Mal. Fem.—Mare similis, sed macula post ocularis caret.

MEMBRINACEOUS DUCK.

Male, ashy, with the side of the bill towards the tip membrinaceous ; a pink spot behind the eye
Fem. similar, but without the pink spot behind the eye.

engin. 163 BU Se 23 Tarst...... i!

Hel

Male: grey, transversely striped with brownish black; stripes broadest on the flanks; neck
brown; a stripe round the eye and down the back of the neck dark brown; a little behind the eye
a bright pink spot; -back brown, transversely irrorated with lighter; rump black; tail coverts
white; tail brown; under tail coverts fawn colour; quills dark brown; coverts light brown,

except the tip of the primary coverts, which are white, forming a white wing spot; bill and legs
brown, the former largely lobated.

Fem.: as above.

Anas malacorhynchus

apopodod vleltieysielesielejels sree) CNC SYSt to 20:
Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 862.

ANAS MEMDTINACEA vives se coves goa aboDaoDO Lath. Ind. Orn. App. 11.
ANAS FASCIA .coccvcecesecsce araMarodenette ates teneesne Shaw N. Mis. 17 pl. 697.
Sapeiallad IDGAP 00506 FoGonddG0000 naNd0OCKKE Lath. Gen, Syn. 6. 522.
New Holland Duck ..... Jonudcnnodco0 dogdouse Lath Gen. Syn. Sup. 11. 359.
Rhynchaspis malacorhynchus vvriceccccsccsvess Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 123.

MEMDIUNACEH . vevvveveenee Goao0cd Steph Sh, Zool, 12. 124.

Inhabits New South Wales.

137

KTINORHYNCHUS STREPERA.

Eti. Mas.—Cinereus et albus; speculo atro ; tectricibus castaneis.
Ki, Fem.—Brunnea, marginibus pennaram suturatioribus.

GADWALL.

Male, grey and white; speculum velvet black; primary coverts chesnut.
Fem. brown, with the margins of the feathers lighter.

Male: head and neck brownish, marked with dots of grey brown; upper part of the breast
and lower part of the neck grey brown, each feather marked with a lunule of white; back the
same, thickly barred with white; tertiaries grey, the edges light; speculum black, anterior to which
there is a reddish chesnut patch formed by the greater primary coverts, posteriorly one of white ;
lower part and under tail coverts black ; quills and tail grey; bill black; legs fuscous.

Fem.: with the speculum as in the male; remainder of the plumage as in the female of the
common wild duck.

Chauliodus streperd.s.veces cacececcecsevesses Gould, European Birds.

ANAS SEFEPETA vicessacccee sescee veveesescers Linn, Syst. 1. 200.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 520.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 859.

Ktinorhynchus SEPEPEPA serevececccececeescses Nobis. (See preface. )

Gadrvall .cccessccccccscccvsersesere cececeeee Lenn. Arct. Zool. 2. 575.
Chipeaue vsvcserevervscreees wavevarone seceessceee Duff. Ois. 9. 187, pl. 12.
Trachea sve aieieteretelereleleyetiors Dee c cues geomialeiynn LAUR DTAns: vol. 4, tab. 13, fig. 8.

A very widely distributed species. We have received specimens from India, Africa, and
America. It is also enumerated in the British lists, and is not uncommon in Holland, where it
breeds in marshes among rushes, laying eight or nine ashy green eggs.

Tube of the trachea enlarged about one-third of its whole length from the lower extremity,
and again contracted above the inferior larynx. Inferior larynx with a projection on the left side
and before; anteriorly very slightly acuminate.

138

ANAS PECILORHYNCHA.

Anas.—Brunnea, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus ; rostro culmine ad basin et apice aurantiacis.

SPOTTED-BILLED DUCK.

Brown duck, with the edges of the feathers lighter; bill with the culmen at the base and tip
orange.

Length.ou.. 25 pier e OL Tirsi se 2

Slaty brown, with the feathers on the breast, belly, and lower part of the neck broadly edged
with yellowish white, those on the back narrowly so; crown as far as the eyes umber brown; neck
white, with the centre of each feather dashed with brown; wing spot metallic green, bordered with
velvet black, anterior to which there is a white stripe; exterior webs with some of the tertiaries
white; bill black, with the tip for about a quarter of an inch and the upper part of the base orange;
legs orange. -

Anas peccilorhyncha....scceseesecees aoauoono° Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 535.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 850.
Gray, Ind. Zool.

Mareca peecilorhyncha ..scecacevcerercs seseeee Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 134.
Spotted-billed Duck ...esvevevvecees ceevseeves Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 487.

Common in the East Indies and Ceylon.

ANAS SPECULARIS.

_An.—Brunnea, macula magna et ovali utrinque ante oculos; rostro colloque superiore singulis albis.

BRONZE-WINGED DUCK.

Brown duck, with a large oval spot before the eyes; bill and the upper part of the neck sur-
rounded by a collar of white.

Length...... 253 Inner toe........ Zz
TSO aban 1Z Middle toe ...... 23
WETTER soho O00 1g Outer toe........ 2}

Head and neck umber brown, with a large oval spot of white between the eye and bill, placed

139

transversely ; a broad collar of white on the upper part of the neck, not meeting at the back, from
which proceeds a streak to the chin also white; under surface brown grey, undulated with darker ;
back and coverts brown, slightly glossed with brassy green; coverts tipped with white; rump and
tail ashy brown, the latter darkest ; bill black; legs and toes orange ; webs black.

Anas chalcopterd ..sssseveeee doonodecaccodgnn erie.
Anas specularis, King..... noab0a8 opnoocanadan Zool. Journal, Nat. vol. 4. 98.
specularoides, King ...+seveeeserrecers ... Ditto ditto.

Inhabits Chili.

ANAS SUPERCILIOSA.

An.—Brunnea, fascia albida supra et sub oculos ; speculo violaceo.

SUPERCILIOUS DUCK.

Brown duck, with a whitish stripe above and below the eye; speculum violet.

Lengths. 23 TEE pc EOI Om 12
180 Me Sipe lee 21 Middle toe......-- 22

Brown, with the head darkest; a whitish stripe arises at the culmen of the bill, and proceeds
over the eye nearly to the occiput, another arises below the base of the bill, and passes below the
eye also nearly to the occiput, where the two meet; the whole of the plumage dark brown, with
the edges of the feathers lighter, and the throat and fore neck yellowish white; speculum metallic
violet, surrounded with black ; under wing coverts white ; bill black; legs brown.

Sexes similar.

Anas superciliosa....+. Pade aoe ttnt a a Gitel SY stay We. O30,
Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 852.

Supercilious Duck ...+.+++ « efeteretelictetef=rs ..... Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 497.

Anas superciliosds.eresses onosonooge vecaees Steph. Sh, Zool, 12. 108,

Inhabits New Holland.

140

ANAS OBSCURA.

An.—Brunnea, speculo violaceo atro marginato.

DUSKY DUCK.
Brown duck, with the speculum violet margined with black.
Tiengih en. 24 UGS ES s.o oacoals 12
BU: we 2h Middle toe........ 23

Male: crown, lower part of the neck, body, tail, and wings, entirely of a deep dusky brown,
each feather edged with lighter; throat, cheeks, and upper part of the neck light brown, each
feather having on its shaft a dark brown streak; speculum deep glossy violet margined with black ;
bill greenish, and formed similar to that of the mallard ; legs and feet dusky yellow.

Female similar.

NEUES CUCU R Tei HER OOMO OOOO ORD OC esceeseess» Ginel. Syst. Nat. 1, 541.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 871.
Dusky Duck wicccvesees pudboddooNbad nod00000 Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 545.

Wils. dm. Orn. 8. p. 141. pl. 1—11.
Penn. Arct. Zool. N. 496.
Inhabits America; occurs chiefly on the coasts of Florida, New England, and New Jersey,

where it breeds in sequestered places on the marshes, laying eight or ten eggs similar to those of
A. Boschas.

ANAS BOSCHAS.

dn. Mas.—Capite colloque superiore viridibus; singulo collari albo.
in. Fem.—Brunnea, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus ; speculo viridi.

WILD DUCK.
Male duck, with the head and upper part of the neck green; collar white.
Fem. brown duck, with the margins lighter ; speculum green.
Length wn ee. 24 BON va ee 24 NTRS Sena 5 3 2

Male: head and upper part of the neck metallic green, below which is a white collar; breast
vinaceous; back brown; scapulars and flanks white, undulated with black ; speculum metallic

o>b)

tid

=
2
Ra
pee

coe
=
=
ee
rag

jaa

: OScharpded & lkhog Prinkad by C Hatimnondel

ANAS BOSCHAS & TRACHEA.
! thirds the Nab Scée

141

green, margined anteriorly and posteriorly with white; quills, rump, and tail coverts brown, in

some lights greenish, middle tail feathers curling upwards ; tail grey-white ; bill yellow; legs orange.
Fem.: brown, with the edge of the feathers lighter ; speculum similar to that of the male.
Var. A. Anas adunca (Linn. ) — Hook-billed Duck.
This variety has the bill turned downwards.
Var. B. Penguin Duck.
The peculiar upright position of this variety when at rest and standing distinguishes it.

Anas Boschas ...+» niséc od HOR cUMOoO bono HOor Linn. Syst. 1. 205.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 538.

Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 850.

Wild Duck ...csccccccvveecs aenrola vol alcrersgoveroisjsteiece Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 494.
Le canard SAUvage s.scve ceeccees cencence sees Buff. Ois. 9, 115.
TGP, sa pdobondoonbs vobeoooUOnonooeouCEGOD Linn. Trans. vol. 4, tab. 12. fig. 10.

Inhabits universally the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, and does not appear to be
subject to any considerable migration ; breeds commonly in all marshy districts, laying from ten

to fifteen eggs of a greenish colour.
The trachea is of nearly equal diameter throughout ; the inferior larynx is furnished on the

left side with an osseous bulb; anteriorly slightly acuminate.

ANAS FLAVIROSTRIS.

_4n,.—Cinereo-brunneo, rostro flavo, naribus macula atra cingentibus.

YELLOW-BILLED DUCK.

Cinereous-brown duck, with a yellow bill, and the nostrils surrounded by a black patch.

Length...... 223 WdEste ayers ek 2
3011S Se ree Qt Middletoe........ Tre

Slaty-brown duck, above with the edges of the feathers narrowly margined with lighter, below
broadly ; wing spot brassy green, surrounded anteriorly and posteriorly with a narrow streak of black,
superiorly with one of the same colour, formed by the outer webs of the tertiaries, beyond the black
streak posteriorly and anteriorly a narrow one of white; tail feathers pointed, slightly edged with
light brown; bill yellow, with a black patch covering the nostrils ; nail black; legs and feet
brownish lead colour.

ANAS flAVITOSETIS os cscanranereene ceneeesreees Smith, Cat. S. Afric. Mus.

This new species is an inhabitant of the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope. Specimens are
in the South African Museum, and in the collection of the Zoological Society.

142

ANAS SPARSA.

n.—Brunnea, scapularibus remigibusque interioribus tribus vel duobus transversis et fasciis ferrugineis
ornatis.

SPECKLED DUCK.

Brown duck, with the scapulars and tertiaries banded with three or four transverse fasciee.

WAG TOE 0.6 4 233 NOS 5 es GBB O ce 8 2
BU ae 12 Middletoe........ 25

Deep sepia brown duck, with the fore part of the neck and throat lighter, but thickly and
minutely spotted with deep brown; scapulars and upper tertiaries each with one, two, or three
bands of buff, on the former interrupted by the shaft and a small space on each side, which are of
the same colour as the greater portion of the plumage, and on the latter merely extending over the
outer webs ; wing spot bright metallic green, bounded posteriorly and anteriorly first with a band
of black, then with one of white; tail and tail coverts marked as the scapulars, but more obscurely ;
bill lead coloured ; legs and feet orange, with the webs dusky.

ANOSSPONEG sion chk MA eT Smith, Cat. S. Afric. Mus.

Inhabits Southern Africa, and was brought to England by Dr. A. Smith, to whom we are indebted
for permission to take the above description.

CARINA MOSCHATA.

Car.—Niger, ptilis albis.

MUSK DUCK.

Black, with the coverts white.
Length. ..... 324 BU ewe 22 Varst... 32% 23

Glossy black, with the wing coverts white; the bill in the male carunculated, less so in the
female; legs black; caruncle red. In a domesticated state a greater or less quantity of white
feathers make their appearance.

Printed by CHelimandet

Lunia Nova Holland
4Male 2. Fomale

143

AMEE MOECHONG ics caw eiinwn Ca dinies ess esivcrs s. 2A0M. Syst. V. 199.
Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 515.

Anas Sylvestris Braziliensis .....+ cecececscese Lait Syn. 148, 150.
Carina Sylwestris vcsevecvccee veceeeaces veeee» Steph. Sh. Zoos. 12. 78.
WUT. onacoonecnboonnDdGTodeoD veceseceess. Linn. Trans. vol. 4, tab. 14, fig. 1\—2, and

tab. 16, fig. 56; vol. 15, tab. 15, fig. a.

Supposed to have been originally natives of South America, but have now been domesticated
in many parts of the world. In the tame varieties many of the feathers are white.

The tube of the trachea is of nearly equal size throughout ; the inferior larynx is furnished on
the left side with a compressed osseous bulb,

MICROPTERUS PATACHONICUS.

Mic.—Cinereus ; subtus et macula post oculari albis

PATAGONIAN MICROPTERUS.

Cinereous micropterus ; below and with a patch behind the eye white.

eng le werttere 24 Inner toe......-+-- 23
Biles. te hs 2 Outer toe.......--- x
(NCS: Reena 23 Hind toe.......--- i

Dark grey, with the edges of the feathers on the flanks, head, back, wing coverts, and breast
light chocolate ; lower part of the breast, belly, abdomen, under tail coverts, and secondaries white ;
secondary coverts longer than the primary quills; tail long, with the feathers rather stiff; bill
dusky green ; legs and toes orange; thighs and a small triangular mark behind the eye white.

Micropterus Patachonicus, King .scsccsseoveeees Proc. Zool, Soc. 1830, p, 15.

In the museum of the Zoological Society, brought by Capt. James from Pricket’s Harbour.

144

MICROPTERUS BRACHYPTERUS.

Mic.—Cinereus, subtus albus; macula ferruginea gutture.

SHORT-WINGED MICROPTERUS.

Grey micropterus, with the belly white ; a ferruginous patch on the throat.

IN. IN. IN.

WELD 3505.8 6 27 JEUE 6 Bobo 2 ITS 5 o8o 23

Grey, with the head and neck lighter ; a ferruginous tinge on the throat ; belly and wing spot
white ; legs and bill orange; nail black.
Anas brachypterdssssreseves cocces po000000000 Lath. Syn. 6. 439.
Voyage autour du monde Frey, p. 39.

Oiseaux grises, or O18. de plein .iscee avveee vane Pernet Voy. Il. ch, xix. p. 21.

The specimen from which the above description was taken is in the museum of the Zoological
Society, and was obtained from the Straits of Magellan; they also inhabit the Falkland and
Staaten Islands. We have considerable doubts as to the propriety of making this and the preceding
distinct species. Both are destitute of the powers of flight, merely using their wings to flapper
over the surface of the sea. They are also bad divers, obtaining their living almost entirely by
breaking shell-fish along the water-mark: hence the head is so strong, that Mr. Darwin informs
us he had great difficulty in breaking one with his zoological hammer.

The tube of the trachea much resembles that of a true pochard; the inferior larynx approaches,
however, nearer to that of those geese which have bulbs on that part than to any other form with
which we are acquainted; consequently also to the wading ducks, from which it may be distin-
guished by being much stronger.

MELANITTA AMERICANA.

Mel. Mas.—Sequenti. similis, sed tubercula ad basim rostri aurantiacd.

AMERICAN SCOTER.
Male, duck similar to the following, but with the tubercle at the base of the bill entirely orange.

ECHO el re 19 Middle toes). vce ae 3
JS Geo e Sau 12 ORME UND 5000 onoa0% 22

Ranstr. «0 ete Gi Inner t0e™- a. « sage Ee

DOB Reb eb lity. Printed by CFiadimandel

(2 Muroplerus Brachyteris
34 Anser Hyperborews

nue

we vie he

ae
hh

ities

LCL, dew.

U3 Naki Sthe.

of Fuligula prona, Male. 4 Cocaor Cangula vidgores LM:

entrees cal Stomach of Melanitta nigra: LEM:

1 Esophagus Lrov
Cauca of D? 3. C

7)
wx.

145

Male distinguished from the following, which it in every other respect resembles, by the
protuberance at the base of the bill and a small space anteriorly and laterally being entirely orange,
and by the sides of the nail at the apex of the upper mandible ‘being suddenly narrowed.

Fem. : a similar distinction holds between the females of this and the following as regards the
nail.

Oidemia Americana ..... OvOod On ghoDO DOOMOUOUN Faun, Bo. Am. 2. 450.
Nutt. Orn. 2. 422.

Brought home by Dr. Richardson from the neighbourhood of Hudson’s Bay ; specimens are in

our collection.

MELANITTA NIGRA,

Mel. Mas.—Ater ; tubercula bifida atra ad basin rostri.
Mel. Fem.—Brunnea; subtus cinerea, macula albicante gutture.

BLACK SCOTER.

Male, scoter, with a bifid black tubercle at the base of the bill.
Fem. brown ; beneath cinereous, with a white patch on the throat.

Mengih'....:, 2 LOTSU agen 1 9-12ths
2 Sener ae i? Middle toe...... 22

Male entirely black, glossy on the head and neck; no speculum; a bifid protuberance at
the base of the bill, orange in the centre, black on the sides ; a small patch anterior to the tubercle,
also orange ; remainder black ; legs dark lead coloured.

Fem. : sooty black or brown; a large light coloured grey patch on the throat, extending back-
wards to the hind neck, and below about half way down the fore neck ; bill (devoid or nearly so of
a tubercle) entirely black ; legs as in the male.

Young similar to the female.

SAULT RT Gig hOB OBOE OE ADO OO ne nee seees Brehm. Hand. der Nat. aller, Vo, Deut. 903.
ANAS NIGH ess. Yefeven Meloy ere stevens (eraatorel eaters te teiorsy ayers Linn, Syst. 1. 196.

Gmel. Syst. 1. 588.

Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 848.

EAEEMLGT OR TUG OT 01S 5.a-0- voix api ters pee area see ® Raii Syn. 141 A.
OMAN OIE ONG MG OCO LC OO ECG E EOS Elem. Brit. An, 119,
Scoter or Black Diver ...........- sarereere canoe Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 484.
LLE AESTCTEGE AR EERE ROO OE ea Buff. Ois. 9, 234, pl. 16.

A native of the northern regions, but migrating southwards during winter down the European
U

146

continent; breeds, like its congeners, on the coast in northern latitudes, making its nest near the
water mark of grass, sea weed, and other rubbish, and near the time of hatching lines its nest with
down from the body ; lays from six to ten white eggs.

The trachea is very dissimilar from that of the two following species, having no bulb below
the glottis, and the tube only enlarged to about twice its usual diameter in place of the inferior
bulb; the inferior larynx is similar to that of its congeners. The trachea of the female is similar
to that of the male, but not quite so much enlarged; both sexes have the bronchie large, and the
tube acted upon by two pair of muscles, situated as in the velvet scoter.

MELANITTA PERSPICILLATA.

Mel. Mas.—Rostro aurantiaco, macula quadrangulari utrinque baso atro; speculo nullo.
Mel. Fem.—Brunnea, macula cinerea utrinque ad basin rostri.

SURF DUCK.

Male scoter, with the bill orange, a quadrangular patch on each side of the bill at the base;
no speculum.

Fem.: brown duck, with a cinereous patch on each side at the base of the bill.

IN. IN.
ILC ies 060.6 19 Inner toe... ..
JOU cas leet 13 Middle toe...... 22
Tiansue pee. eam Ole Outer toe ai 23

Male: bill orange, with a four-cornered diamond-shaped patch of black on each side at the
base of the upper mandible; bill (raised at the base) short and thick; plumage in general dead
black, slightly glossed on the sides of the neck, with a patch of white on the occiput, and another
elongated one down the back of the neck ; legs and toes orange, the webs dusky.

Fem.: dusky brown, lighter on the neck and belly; the raised portion of the bill not so pro-
minent as in the male; an obscure patch behind the base of the bill on each side, and another
elongated one between it and the occiput.

ANAS perspiclatdssivrvevrverevcceres goood oN00 Linn. Syst. 1. 261.

Gmel. Syst. 1, 524.
Oidemia perspicillatd ver cuveveccrcrnccsereeves Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 219.

Eyton, Hist. R. Brit. Birds, 81.
Black or Surf Duck vs... poanobuADON ORONO ..e.. Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 49. pl. 67.
JEVGARIDUAE. 6506 100000000 §o00000 CD0000 CDDOLD Edw. Glea, p. 159.
Macreuse a large bee Marchand ....... dobb00000 Buff. Ois. 9, 244.

Canard Marchand .iivvossavesesececvevevcaess Lemm. Man. 2. 853.

147

Common in America along the coast, from the river St. Lawrence to Florida, and has also been
occasionally met with in the Orkney and Shetland Isles; it almost exclusively inhabits the sea.
The female of this species may be distinguished from that of O. nigra, which it somewhat resembles.
by the superior length of the bill, and by the grey marking on the cheeks behind the eye, that
colour in the above-mentioned bird being confined entirely to the throat. The following is Wilson's
description of the trachea and anatomy of the bird: “ On dissection the gullet was found to be
gradually enlarged to the gizzard, which was altogether filled with broken shell-fish. There is a
similar hard expansion at the commencement of the wind pipe, and another much larger about
three quarters of an inch above, where it separates into the two lobes of the lungs; this last was
larger than a Spanish hazel nut, flat on one side and convex on the other; the protuberance on
each side of the bill communicated with the nostrils, and was hollow.” This description agrees with
that of the rest of the genus in general character.

MELANITTA FUSCA.

Mel.—Ater, speculo et macula lunat& suboculari albis.

VELVET DUCK.

Black duck, with the speculum and a lunate mark under the eye white.

IN.

Length.....- 20 UGS Bp once Coe 12
TBUERT a to. 0 0 + 1Z Middle toe ....-- 12

Male: entirely deep velvet black, with a lunate spot and a mark under the eye white; bill
and legs orange, the former with a tubercle at the base; a space before it and the margins black ;
webs black. ;

Fem.: has the plumage above sooty black, below dirty grey; the tubercle at the base of the
bill smaller than in the male.

Young similar to the female.

Boie in Brehm. Hand. der Nat. aller, Vo.

Melanitta fUSCHssiccvccvvcnceeeerrerennceeees
Deut. 905.

ANAS FUSCA viveeeceer vereeeaeens aha euiaiar erent Linn. Syst. 1. 196.

Gmel. Syst. 1. 507.

Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 848.
Oidemia fuscd..... Raiiererser eee SagdouoouneD Flem, Brit. An. 119.

Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 216.
Yin: IDI Gano oeeo oO OOU0L Od OBO OO OUUOUUUU Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 272, pl. 196.
Grand ou double MAcreuse ciesvvcceer vencevnnee Buff. Ois. 9. 242.
Trachea ..... AOA NEED Re ees vecescatee Linn. Trans. vol. 4, tab. 15, fig. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7:

and vol. 16, tab. 21, fig. 2, 3.

148

Inhabits the arctic regions, migrating southwards in the winter, like several of the other known
species of the genus, on both the American and Kuropean continents; breeds in the neighbourhood
of Hudson’s Bay, on the borders of fresh water lakes, laying eight or ten white eggs. On the
commencement of incubation the males, like those of the eider, form themselves in large flocks
and desert the females.

The trachea of this species is very curious: it has two bulbs on the tube, the lower one com-
posed of tracheal rings firmly ossified together; the upper one, situated immediately below the
glottis, instead of being composed like the lower one of tracheal rings, is separate from the trachea,
which passes through it, communicating with it by an orifice on each side. The inferior larynx,
unlike the diving ducks in general, is not bulbous; the trachea is acted upon by two pairs of
muscles, the first the usual sterno-tracheal ones, the other (furculo-tracheal) have their attach-
ment a little before the middle bulb. For a figure of this see Vol. 15, Part 21, of the « Linnzean
Transactions,” illustrative of a passage by Mr. Yarrell on the organs of voice in birds, and our own
plate.

SOMATERIA SPECTABILIS.

Som. Mas.—Capite supra et occipite cinereis; genis viridibus ; rostrum tubercula magna basali.
Som. Fem.—Sequenti similis, sed tubercula minore basali.

KING DUCK.

Male cider, with the head above and occiput cinereous; the cheeks green; the bill with a
large tubercle at the base.

Fem, eider, like the following species, but with a smaller tubercle at the base of the bill.

IN. IN.
Wengtl.... 1. 243 IDET 6 Bebe lz
BU wae = 1 1-6th Middle toe ...... 23
WG Sironter 1 5-6ths Outer toca. tee 22

Male: with the crown and occiput light cinereous grey ; cheeks light green; round the base
of the bill a band, and on the chin a V shaped mark black; remainder of the neck, breast, and
upper part of the back white, slightly tinged with purplish; lower part of the back, tail quills,
tertiaries, scapulars, and under parts black; tail and greater wing coverts white; bill and legs red,
the former with a large knob at the base, the top of which is covered with feathers.

Fem.: in colour resembling the female of the common cider; but can be distinguished by the
knob at the base of the bill being larger.

Somateria spectadilis..svcsvevevvrvves vaveeaess Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 229.

ANAS SpCctadiliS ov veeevervves SoeunSubOUn ooUD De Linn. Syst. 1, 195.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 907.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 845.

Grey-headed Duck .icvee vvceeecveeee veeeeces Edw. Glea. pl. 154.

Anas freti Hudsonis...ceecvreereenceveeeecnes Briss. Orn. 365.

FONG Duck. none ev eee = nnn encore te netee cece Penn. Arct. Zool. 2 N. 481.

Le Canard a tete grise vices veveee soddadoobane Buff. Ois. 9. 258.

TrACREG csvccvccucevaccece evssesescessessees Linn. Trans. vol. 15, tab. 15, e—d.

Inhabits the same countries as the preceding; builds its nest on rocks and islands on the sea coast,
formed of sea weed, laying five or six eggs scarcely to be distinguished from the preceding. By the
Greenlanders this bird is considered a delicacy, particularly the knob at the base of the bill.

The trachea is not dissimilar in form from that of the common eider, but the enlargement at
the inferior larynx is smaller. We much regret we have been unable to obtain one for dissection.

SOMATERIA ST. CUTHBERTI.

Som. Mas.—Capite supra occipiteque viridibus.
Som. Fem.—Brunnea, transversim lineata atro.

COMMON EIDER DUCK,

Male eider, with the head above and occiput green.
Fem. brown eider, transversely lineated with black.

IN. IN’
MECH GT rears = 24 I (AUDI Rie. 24
UES UOOS sec uct 5. or. = 2 1-6th Ouker t0e.. ae 22
TRE IRS aes Sects 2 Middle toe ........ 22

Male: crown and occiput green; back, wing coverts, and remainder of the head and neck
white, with a yellowish tinge; quills and tail grey below, with the secondaries and rump black ;
bill and legs black.

Fem.: light brown on the breast ; a lunule of black on each feather near the tip dark brown,
with the edges of the feathers lighter; belly obscure ; lesser coyerts, the back, tail, secondaries, and
sreater wing coverts grey brown; primaries dark brown, with the edges light grey brown; bill
ind legs black.

Somateria mollisstma .iscee cccvee cevnvcceunes Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 224.
ANAS MOUASSING oo ccrc voces ceveve cree serees Linn. Syst. 1. 178.

Gmel. Syst. 1. 514.
Anas St. Cuthberticccrcccccnccsccsvvccccerecss Raw Syn. 14. 1.

Eider—St. Cuthbert’s Eider sis. vevcee vevseess Penn. Aret. Zool. 2 N, 480.

150

Ove a duret ou Eiders... cccccessevcccveae seeee Buff. 9. 103, ¢. 6.
LEPTIOUTE 5 38g HO BODOD DAHHOBESDACO 6O00RU ObO0 OD Feill. En. Method. Orn. 30. 119.
IRWALGE ssoasnn0bdedodoG00ooKONbK O poG000000 Linn. Trans. vol. 12, tab. 30, fig. 1.

Like its congener, an arctic species, seldom seen south of the 55th degree N.L. but in the
parts within that on all three continents and the adjacent islands, where it breeds, building its nest
of sea weeds, and laying four eggs of a greenish colour. The trachea of the male has the tube of
nearly equal diameter throughout; the inferior larynx swells outwards in front, and has on the left
side a small bulb; the left bronchia is the largest, and is dilated in the centre.

POLYSTICTA STELLERI.

Poly. Mas.—Albus, fronte occipiteque viridibus; collum cingulo atro.
Poly. Fem.—Ferruginea, atro et obscuro maculato, duabus maculis albis tectricibus.

WESTERN DUCK.

Male, white duck, with the forehead and occiput green, neck with a black collar.
Fem.: ferruginous duck, marked with black and dusky; with two white spots on the wing
coyerts.

ICT IO 8 oo 17 inches.

Male: chin, throat, fore part of the neck, and collar black; a black stripe extends from the -
collar down the neck to the back, which is also black; head sides and the upper part of the neck
to the collar white; forehead and nape greenish; a black irregular patch behind the eyes, with a
narrow band proceeding from it, and surrounding the orbits; breast and sides light ferruginous;
vent and tail black, with the edges of the feathers lighter; a humeral spot black; quills dark
brown ; tertiaries (very long) black edged with light brown.

Fem.: ferruginous, marbled with dark and black, with two white spots upon the wing coverts,
the feathers of which are straight and blackish. ( Nuttall.)

UOTE CTO Sango d000b 86000. dob0a0 00006 weeee Gmel. Syst. 1. 535.
Anas Stelleri.....sceees doodadbdooddbadeDN ... Gmel. Syst. 1. 518.

Pall. Spic. Zool. v. p. 35, tab. 5.
Polysticta Stelleri ..... 9oeud.o0boOpo00 Hn0.0 .. Eyton, Hist. R. Brit. Birds, 79.
Macropus Stelleri...... eicroneuehoneltyerctohenstterors ..... Nuttall, Orn. 2. 451.
Fuligula Stelleri...... Go OOoOdOHD Ho0bdo DoGaOd Bonap. Syn. 344.

First discovered by Steller in Kamschatka, and do not appear to stray far from their native place.
A pair were shot in Oster Gothland, in Sweden, and are figured by Sparman. Another was killed
in the British isles. Nothing is known of the anatomy of this beautiful species.

151

KAMPTORHYNCHUS LABRADORUS.

Kamp. Mas.—Dorso, primariis, collo, fascia occipitali, subtusque, atris.
Kamp. Fem.—Capite, mento, colloque cinereo ; dorso alisque obscuris.

PIED DUCK.

Male duck, with the back, primaries, neck, occipital fascia, and below, black.
Fem. duck, with the head, chin, and neck cinereous ; the back and wing dark,

Length...... 214 Quien toes aes on - 23
Bul eos 6 So ls Middle toe .......- 24
Manse is hae lt Tniner toe. <. aca: 2

Male: head, neck, breast, scapulars, wing coverts, and secondaries white; crown, a collar
round the neck, belly, back, quills, and a streak on the occiput, black.
Fem.: about one inch shorter than the male ; head, chin, and neck ashy grey ; back and wings

brownish slate colour; below ashy ; legs in both sexes deep brown, with the legs black ; bill black,
with the base and edges of the mandibles orange.

Fruligula Labradora vevvecrvvesverevesesvevene Bonap. Syn. 337.

Anas Labradord .ivsseee wees Ad00 oeQ00nne ..e- Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 69, fig. 6.
Bthynchaspis Labradord sivvcvcsvees avcesvvees Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 121.
L2070, JOWAP 595000 5990000000000000 agoood 00d ... Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 282.

Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. p. 497.

Found most plentifully on the western side of the American continent, but occasionally also on the
eastern. Nothing is known of its nidification.

Wilson gives the following description of the trachea: «* The windpipe of the male measures
ten inches in length, and has four enlargements, viz. one immediately below the mouth at the
interval of an inch; it then bends largely down to the breast bone, to which it adheres by two
strong muscles, and has at that place a third expansion ; it then becomes flattened, and before it
separates into the lungs has a fourth enlargement much greater than the former, which is bony and
round, puffing out from the left side. The bill of this species differs much in form from any in the
family, being broad and thin at the tip, and having the lamellz more elongated.

152

CALLICHEN CARYOPHYLULACEUM.

Cal.—Fuscum, capite colloque caryophyllaceis.

PINK-HEADED POCHARD.
Fuscous pochard, with the head and neck pink.

IN.

OGTR BOS Oe 21 ISO De be Be 96 6 23
Head and neck bright pink, the latter with a black streak down the back; lower part of the

neck, flanks, back, and abdomen umber brown; speculum ferruginous; bill orange; legs lead
coloured.

Anas caryophyllaced.rsssccces oonanodoonsnoune Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 866.
LEO PATHE IDOE s55560 260dd0 Do0dbo 50000000 Lath. Syn. Sup. 1. 276.

am bobon ound goa oboeEs Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 207.
Inhabits several parts of India. Few specimens have been brought to this country: we only know

of two at present existing; one is in our collection, the other in the British Museum; both were
purchased at the sale of the late Col. Cobbe’s collection.

CALLICHEN RUFINUM.

Cal. Mas.—Capite cristato, colloque anteriore castaneis; subtus obscurus, lateribus albis.
Cal. Fem.—Brunnea-cinerea, occipite obscuro.

RED-CRESTED POCHARD.

Male duck, with the head crested, and, together with the anterior part of the neck, chesnut;
below obscure, with the flanks white.

Fem. cinereous brown duck, with the occiput dark.

Length eine y 21 Outer t0e wan ne 2
Billo miner. a 21 Middle toe... =). - 23
NG mpemeroeg UNMET ALOC eet eel ote) We

Male: head and upper part of the neck chesnut, the former crested ; lower part of the neck,
breast, and belly dirty brownish black; sometimes with a few of the feathers slightly tipped with

153

white: back light brown; shoulders and a large spot on the flanks white ; tail feathers and
quills cinereous ; rump black; bill red, with the nail whitish horn colour; legs and toes red ;
webs black.

Fem.: slightly smaller than the male ; light cinereous brown, with the crown darker; the
throat and sides of the neck dark cinereous ; bill and legs reddish brown.

Callichen rufinus vvvvecncccne cecerecccnreaces Brehm. Hand. der. Nat. aller, Vo, Deut. 924.
ANAS TUPINA viv vveccrerrcceses eeeenercereres Gmel. Syst. 1. 541.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 870.
Anas capite rufoO MAJOr .. see veers ceeeereces Raitt Syn. 140.
Canard siffleur, Hrppe..iceveccecceenencereces Buff. Ois. 9. 282.
Temm. Man. 2. 864.
Red-crested Pochard viscevccccceceeeee seeees Lath, Gen. Syn, 6. 554,
Mergqoides rufind viccevcereeeccceeeercececces Eyton, Hist. R. Brit. Birds, 77.
TrAChEG vscccccccceccccceccsssececeeeeessses Linn. Trans. Vol. 15, tab. 15, fig. 2.

Inhabits the eastern portions of the north of Europe, and migrates to the Caspian Sea, to Hungary,
Austria, and Turkey, and the great lakes of Switzerland; never found on the sea. Such is the
account Temminck gives of the bird before us ; and we are not aware that any thing besides is
known concerning it, either as regards its breeding places or nest. Col. Sykes says it is rare in
the Deccan.

The trachea of this species has the inferior larynx similar to that of the true pochards; the
tube, however, differs much, having two flattened bulbs as in the Merganser ; the inferior one is
placed nearer to the inferior larynx than in the genus Mergus.

FULIGULA VALISNERIA.

Fu. Mas.—Dorso albo atro undulato ; collo castaneo ; capistroque atro.
Fu. Fem.—Capite, collo, pectoreque obscuris ; subtus alba.

CANVAS-BACKED POCHARD.

Male pochard, with the back white, barred with black ; neck chesnut; collar black.
Fem. pochard, with the head, neck, and breast obscure ; below white.

Bengiht. <=: 24 TONSties stole sie he 12
1571 eee 23 Middletoe......-- 3 1-5th

154

Male: a band round the base of the bill; top of the head, lower part of the neck and throat,
rump, and tail coverts, black; head and neck reddish chesnut ; back, scapulars, wing coverts, tip
of the secondaries, and flanks white, barred with narrow bands of black and brown; primaries
brown, darkest at their tips; belly white; bill and legs blackish brown.

Fem. somewhat smaller than the male; brown, with the sides of the head, neck, and breast
ferruginous; scapulars and under plumage edged with the same; back and coverts brown,
undulated with dirty white.

ANAS UAUSNETUG 00 cvourcccsccccess Blelee aoe santos Wils. 8. 103. pl. 70, f. oy
EARP DUCTOAUG Soacaoncncooceon apodDauceS Bonap. Syn. N. 338.

Faun. Bo, dm. 2p. 451.
Steph. Sh. Zool. p. 196.

According to Dr. Richardson, this bird breeds in the fur countries from the 50th parallel to their
most arctic limits. They arrive in the United States about the middle of October, frequenting the
bay of Chesapeak, the sounds and bays of North Carolina, and the coast of Mexico. The canvas-
backed duck may be distinguished from the following at once by its greater size and the superior
length of the bill; it is said to be most delicious food. Of this, however, we have considerable
doubts: none of the other species contained in this genus or even among the Fuliguline are so.

FULIGULA FERINA.

Fu, Mas.—Capite, colloque, castaneis ; nullo speculo.
Fu, Fem.—Brunnea; subtus alba.

RED-HEADED POCHARD.

Male pochard, with the head and neck chesnut; the speculum wanting.
Fem. brown: below white.

UGG a0 26.00 IW) Breadth of nail.... —_ 3-16ths
Bel is. 3 oes 1Z Middletoe........ 22

Male: head and neck chesnut; breast, upper part of the back, and rump, black ; remainder of
the back, wing coverts, thighs, flanks, and scapulars, white undulated with black; quills and tail
grey ; bill and legs lead coloured, the former with the tip black.

Fem.: rather smaller than the male; head and neck reddish brown; below white; back
similar to the male, but more obscure.

Young similar to the female.

155

Fuligula fevind sv vvcvcvcevaeevcenccene eens ..» Steph. Sh. Zool. 1. 193.

ANAS FETING vicccvevvnverneees Spon coneodGe Linn. Syst. 1. 203.
Gmel, Syst. 1. 530.
Lath Ind. Orn, 2. 862.

ANAS TULA vivvuvvccvnnneeneeeeas oh po OU CHOded Gmel. Syst. 515.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 863.
Ay thy Fevind vivsvvcccreceres aD Oo oO TOMe .... Boie in Brehm. Hand. der Nat. aller, Vo.
Deut. 920.
NYP OCA fevind vevvvvecvcverevenees so0na0a0 .. lem. Brit. dn. 121.
‘Pochard or Red-headed Pochard ...e1e vessceee Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 491.
Ma OUI va cnc wc ween cece reer e reset eens ecnes Buff. Ois. 216.
Le canard COU (OUR ace cnc eee ne ween eens Feill. En. Meth. Orn. 1. 132.
Le millouin sccvccccvevcccveccasvvvccesaceess Feill. En. Meth. Orn. 1. 136.
YERAAUUE coaonvguggs00otcO0 CUHDOCODUo ODOC R00G Linn. Trans. vol. 4, tab. 14, fig. 3—4.

Common on the European and British coasts during winter. We have also received it from India.
The sea appears to be its true habitation, but it is occasionally found frequenting fresh water, par-
ticularly in the breeding season, when it makes its nest on the borders of rivers, laying twelve eggs
of a greenish white colour, and generally within the arctic circle.

The trachea of this and the two following species are so very similar that it can be only by a
comparative description that we shall be able to make their distinctions understood. All have the
tube of the trachea largest a little below the glottis; it is slightly contracted about one-third of its
length from that part, again expanded, and again contracted immediately above the inferior larynx.
The bulb in all is flattened, and mostly membrinaceous, with merely just sufficient bone to stretch
the membranes or tympanum. Two of the species, I’. cristata and F. ferina, have a second
swelling or small bulb entirely osseous on the right side, composed of enlarged rings of the lower
part of the tube, through which the bronchia of that side passes; this bulb and the whole of the
tracheal apparatus is smaller, as well as the tube shorter, in F. cristata than in F. ferzna.

The trachea of F’. marilla may be distinguished from the preceding by the inferior larynx being
destitute of the bulb on the right side; in other respects it is similar.

FULIGULA AMERICANA.

Fu.—Similis precedenti, sed rostrum ungue latiore.

AMERICAN POCHARD.

Pochard like the preceding, but the bill with the nail broader.

Length...... 195 Breadth of nail....
Dilla. os: 12 INT ee 0 OO BOCOD 14

156

It is not without considerable diffidence that we have placed this bird as a distinct species from
F. ferina. We have, however, examined a very large number of specimens, and find the following
distinctions to hold good both in young and old birds. The bill in the present species is shorter
than in F. ferma, the nail broader, and the whole bird rather larger. In form the nail is much
more rounded at the sides, the bill more rounded immediately above the nostrils, and not so deeply
channelled in the centre; also broader measuring across the culmen.

JOG OU Ze VDA ORUM is BON 6.0 006050 000000000005 Bonap.
TRUG UIA FETIN Gay oreiere eesti steretrelner ttre eee Faun. Bo. Am. vol. 2, p. 482.
SE RUAVAHUAE) JEOAMTRE 0505000008 600000800000 w American authors.

Inhabits North America.

FULIGULA MARILLA.

Fu. Mas.—Capite colloque nigris; dorso scapularibusque albis nigro lineato.
Fu. Fem.—Brunnea, cingulo albo basim rostri cingente.

SCAUP DUCK.

Male duck, with the head and neck black; the back scapulars white lineated with black.
Fem. brown duck, with a white band surrounding the base of the bill.

IN.

NECN GU ae cont Breadth of nail .. 3-10ths
JS aco, CSG 13 JUNE U2 5385660 1 9-10ths
WON Str spore a 1S Middle toe ...... 2s

Male: head and neck black, with purplish inflections; back and scapulars greyish white,
finely and transversely lineated with black ; small wing coverts, primaries, and greater wing coverts
deep brown, the former sprinkled with light brown; secondaries (forming the speculum), belly,
and flanks pure white; lower part of the back and tail deep brown; bill, head, and legs lead
coloured ; feet the same, with the webs darker ; irides yellow.

Fem.: nearly equal in size to the male; brown, with a white band surrounding the base of
the bill, and expanding on the cheeks ; the back and scapulars sprinkled with specks of light brown.

BRUGHE TMM gaaaconsosavobasshaneonuucccos | Steph. Sh. Zool, 12. 198.

Anas marilla Linn. Syst. 1. 196.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 509.
Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 853.

CC CC Ce

Fuligula Gesneri

Nyroca marilla

Scaup Duck

a eee ee eee ees wee eee ee eee eevee
ee eee reese se cee eeesrsseecersert

Ce eer reer eee ev eee eee es sere eeersee

Lait Syn. 142. 4.6.
Flem. Brit. An. 122.
Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 275.
Penn. Arct, Zool, 2, 498.

White-faced Duck .svvee cecrvres senene coeees Son. Brit. Mis. t. 62.
De Maloutane os sc0 succes anes eenens cose enc Buff. Ois. 9. 221.
; Veill. En. Method. Orn, 1. 152.
Le canard a bec cercle .sccevvccees veeeeererees Veill. En. Method. Orn. 1. 144.
THRIBIAE. qoube boudodd HOOSUDOURUODS DNUCUODDEOr Linn. Trans. vol. 4, tab. 14, fig. 5—6.

Met with in the same localities as Fuligula ferina, breeding near the arctic circle, and laying from

five to eight greenish eggs.

FULIGULA AFFINIS.

Fu.—Precedenti similis, sed rostro breviore et ungue angustiore armato.

AMERICAN SCAUP.

Duck like the preceding, but with the bill shorter and armed with a narrower nail.

IN. IN.
Length...-.- 19 Breadth of nail... 1-5th
Bul oo. oe es 1 3-5ths TRI epceonces Uelesue

The above bird may be distinguished from the preceding in both sexes by the following com-
parative marks: total length less ; bill shorter and not so broad; nail much narrower, and not so
much rounded at its sides ; tarsi shorter.

Scaup Duck of American authors.
Fuligula affinis nobis.
Inhabits North America.

This is another bird of which we have entertained considerable doubts as to the propriety of
making into a species: the above distinctions, however, appear through all the specimens we have
examined to be constant. It is a curious fact that most of the water ducks* ( Fuliguline ) of North
America and Europe should be all distinct, while those land ducks (Anatine) and the mergansers
(Mergine ) should in a great measure be identical. We can only attribute it to their being en-
dowed with a greater power of wing, and to the former (Fuliguline ) following the sea coast in
their migrations, and probably performing it by shorter flights, consequently being less liable, if I
may be allowed the expression, to lose their road.

It is, however, yet a question whether, if the theory we have advanced in the introductory
chapter of this work prove true, they will not eventually take the rank of varieties.

* We have never examined the eiders of North America.

158

FULIGULA RUFITORQUES.

Fu. Mas.—Ater ; subtus albus, lateribus cinereo undulatis; capistro castaneo.
Fu. Fem.—Brunnea, fronte subtusque albis.

RING-NECKED POCHARD.

Male, black duck ; below white, the sides undulated with cinereous; collar chesnut.
Fem. brown duck, with the forehead and below white.

i engthiee 204 MTT ROG 5 5 OBO o ie
IB aa ae 1Z Outer toe......-... 2 2-5ths
TMH 5600006 1Z Middle toe ........ 2 3-10ths

Male: head purplish black ; back, neck, and breast purplish brown, glossed with green inflec-
tions ; belly white; flanks mottled with black; tail grey brown; primary coverts light grey ; bill
and legs deep lead colour, the former crossed with a band of greenish behind the nail ; the base also
surrounded with a narrow band of the same colour; head slightly crested.

Fem.: upper plumage dark brown, edged on the top of the head, scapulars, and breast with
chesnut; flanks chesnut; bill, throat, and belly greyish white, speckled with brown; vent dark
brown.

Young similar to the female.

NG LGM ORO LES TR eee . Bonap. Syn. p. 393, N. 341.

This species was found by Dr. Richardson in the fur countries during winter ; they frequent the
rivers and estuaries of North America.

The above bird appears to hold an intermediate station between F’. cristata and F. marilla—
the crest is smaller than in the former, and larger than in the latter. The female may be distin-
guished from the female of the latter by the greater extent of the triangular space at the upper part
of the base of the bill, and from that of Cristata by its larger dimensions.

159

FULIGULA CRISTATA.

Fu. Mas.—Supra ater, capite cristato ; subtus albus.
Fu. Fem.—Mare similis, sed minore crista.

TUFTED POCHARD.

Male pochard; above black, with the head crested ; below white.
Female similar to the male, but with the crest smaller.

Wengtls vo: 13 ANSE GR. are 12
Ballas suave cote 23 Middle toe ...... 24

Male: head and crest (which is long) black glossed with violet ; back and upper part of the
plumage glossy brown-black ; the scapulars undulated with narrow bars of whitish; below, together
with the speculum, white ; bill lead-coloured, with the nail black ; feet and legs black.

Fem.: similar to the male, but not so glossy, and with the crest smaller.

Pruligula cristata sresssvcvecccree cecvaces wee. Steph. Sh. Zool, 12. 190.
CAN ASICTISTALC etter deltehetsiehoretelsVerahstefotstsi=Versler Tore) ol Rai Syn. 142 A.
Anas fuligula ssc.es. noone cUoDDU ooDDoDETosoS Hdd: IY bis Ma eA.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 542.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 869.
Ay thy cristata vicvee cvvcce vvcees SomacnocD-a . Brehm. Hand. der. Nat. aller, Vo. Deut. 916.
ANAS SCANAIACHs savevvveccvveees soc ooons0000d Gmel. Syst. 1. 520.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 859.
Tufted Duck. ....sccccessees soc0anDODND0oOoC Penn. Arct. Zool, 2. 573.
Dapmark Duck scvecses cevcccevee cove veers . Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 576.
WING acgob hoe oo oneteo BAC OOneD DOUG pe rooe Buff. Ois. 9, 227.
Le canard brunt vicssvesevccccces succes cence . Buff. Ois. 9. 252.
Dee Canard ACrete vavessvveves ccvveees oopooo0oe Feill. En. Method. Orn. 1, 143.

A winter visitant in the British isles; is found also in Asia, migrating northwards to breed. In
America this bird is not found, its place being supplied by the preceding species. Nothing is
known of its nidification.

The trachea of the male in this species is furnished with two pair of muscles of voice, the first
the usual sterno-tracheal ones, the second pair are furculo-tracheal, diverging from the tube at the
point where it penetrates the cavity of the chest, and inserted between the rami of the os furcatum
at the point from whence they branch to unite with the coracoids.

160

NYROCA AUSTRALIS.

Ny.—Proximo similis, sed majore.

AUSTRALIAN POCHARD.
Duck like the next, but larger.

enoth a 21 Outer toe van. ee 2s
JED eaere keen 1Z Middle ioc yn 22
Tarsi is Uininen tOC a aay 1 2

So extremely like Nyroca Leucopthalmus, that as far as colouring goes one description will
serve. The greater size, much larger and robust bill, and the bill being deep lead coloured,
with a fascia of lighter across just behind the nail, as well as being destitute of the white spot
on the chin, serve to distinguish it.

NMyrocd AUstralis ccc ccrccccece ne cen een eeens Gould, MSS.

Our specimen was obtained from Mr. Gould, who received it from Australia.

NYROCA LEUCOPTHALMUS.
Ny. Mas.—Ferrugineus ; iridibus, speculo, mentoque macula, albis.
Ny. Fem.—Mare similis, sed obscurior.
WHITE-EYED DUCK.

Male, ferruginous duck ; with the eyes, speculum, and patch on the chin, white.
Fem. like the male, but darker.

Length.....- iG TMS Goede & Soarse 14
Exp.ale.... 26 Middle toe .....+-- Oa
IB Macooe6ac 13 Inner toe....-++++: 13

Male: bright reddish chesnut, with a collar round the neck brown; speculum, a spot on the

chin, and under parts pure white; the back and wings in some specimens inclining to brownish ;
bill and legs lead coloured ; irides white.

Fem.: similar, but with the colours more obscure.

Nyroca Leucopthalmus ..... g0obeC0 DNOUEODDTC Flem. Brit. An. 121.
ANAS AFTICANA .cevverevrcneen ne ene eee ceenes Gmel. Syst. 1, 522.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 875.
ANAS NYTOCH oc cvcvcenes sevens veeeeneenens Gmel. Syst. 1. 542.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 869.
ANAS FETTUGIMEM vivevecverencerervenerennaes Gmel. Syst. 1. 528.
Lath. Ind. Orn: 2. 866.
AYtNYG NYTOCH eee vnvcncnneneveceneneeecees Boie in Brehm. Hand. der. Nat. aller, Vo.
Deut. 918.
African Teal ...cccceecee ceveveccnees veneee Lath. Syn. 6. 555.
Ferruginous Duck vccvvvceecee cveveeerceeaes Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 601.

Rare as the occurrence of this bird is in the British isles, it is not uncommon in some parts of
France, Holland, and Germany, and is found also in India and North America. Mons. Temminck
informs us in his Manual that it constructs its nest by the sides of rivers and morasses, laying eight
or ten white eggs slightly tinged with greenish.

The form of the tube and inferior larynx in this species will be best understood by consulting
the plate. It is acted upon by two pairs of muscles, the first the usual sterno-tracheal ones, the
others furculo-tracheal. It differs from that of the foregoing genus in having the tube much more
enlarged.

NYROCA BRUNNEA.

Ny. Mas.—Obscurus, capite cristato ; genis colloque inferiore castaneis ; dorso brunneo.
Ny. Fem.—Mare similis, sed mento basoque rostri fascia cincta, genisque linea albis.

BROWN POCHARD.

Male, obscure duck, with the head slightly crested; the cheeks and lower parts of the neck
chesnut ; the back brown.

Fem. duck similar to the male, but with the chin and the base of the bill surrounded with a
fascia; and the cheeks with a line white.

IN. IN.
Deng thew 20 (OWMOP Ube oxo ooo 3 0 2t
BUS v.53 eae ok! 2 Middle toe ........ 23
Verses. ee Ve UNNCT t0Gs 5. 2 es = 12

Male: sooty black, with the head slightly crested and glossy ; flanks and back inclining to
olive brown, and speckled with light brown and white; wing spot white ; cheeks deep chesnut,
which colour extends for some distance down the neck; chin black ; bill blueish lead colour ;
legs the same.

162
Fem.: as in the male, but with a circle round the base of the bill; a line from the eye to the
lower part of the throat, and the tips of all the feathers below white.
Nyroca brunnea nobis.

Specimens of this species are in our own collection, and were received from Southern Africa.
Specimens are also in the South African Museum, brought home by Dr. Andrew Smith.

HARELDA GLACIALIS.

Ha. Mas.—Capite colloque albis ; macula auriculari brunnea ornatus.
Ha. Fem.—Brunnea; gutture macula alba ornata.

LONG-TAILED DUCK.

Male duck, with the head and neck white; with a brown auricular patch.
Fem. brown duck; the throat with a white patch.

IN IN
TECngtliaaee 22 WnnenuiGe nn ecg alee
Jeo go dans 1} Middle toe...... 2t
ATS? ere it Ouien (OC. ae 25

Male: head and neck white, with an auricular spot brown; scapulars and tertiaries, abdomen,
and outer tail feathers white; breast, back, wing and middle tail feathers brown; during summer
the plumage becomes more obscure, and similar to that of the female ; middle tail feathers and
tertiaries much elongated ; bill black, with a band of red; legs and toes yellow, with the membranes
dusky.

Fem.: without the long tail and tertiary feathers ; dark brown, darkest on the back, the edge
of the feathers lightest ; throat with a large patch, and the under parts, light grey.

The young similar to the female.

Harelda glaciahs ...,. HY eels wierd vesees Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 175.
Anas glacialis virvveus meyers eter Mereloretoroncrntster: Linn, Syst. 1. 208.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 529.
Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 864.
Anas hyemalis vvvss Epooopodsnbengodcovcconne Janes Sap PU Zoe
Gmel. Syst. 529. 29.
Anas caudata hareldd viscose cevees cevcee cons Bait Syn, 145, 14,
Querquedula fervOCnsisS visvaceveveees sevens .. Briss. Orn. 6. 466.
Anas longicauda islandicd vicvrveverens secssee Briss. Orn. 7. 299.
Long-tailed Duck iiversrserysevvenssvvvecene Lenn. Brit, Zool. 2. 599.

Canard & longequeud sirvercvcees cncene aevens Buff. Ois. 9. 202.
Canard de nidon wscccsscvvcvesverenscnnces .. Buf. Pl. Eni. 1008.

Feill. En. Method. Orn. 1. 129.
Sarcelle de ferroe ..ceevccssceveens ponopon sono Loui Obs 8) Pils
TD) Angletashe vice v cece nee ce ceeecennccees Feill. En. Method. Orn. 1, 134.
TTachedovevvevveervccees sooundoooogNDcododD Lamina Lie, Sua, jos Wes

Linn. Trans. vol. 4, tab. 30, fig. 3—4.

An inhabitant of the arctic regions, not migrating farther south than the northern part of Scotland.
Breeds on the sea coast, making its nest of grass and sea weed; lays generally about eight eggs of
a blueish colour. We have given an account of the trachea under the genus Harelda.

CLANGULA HISTRIONICA.

Clang. Mas.—Capite atro; macula utrinque ante oculari auricularique albis.
Clang. Fem.—Brunnea; capite maculis albis obscuris ornatis mare similibus.

HARLEQUIN DUCK.

Male duck, with the head black ; a spot on each side before the eyes and on the ears white.
Fem. brown duck, with marks on the head similar to the male, but obscure.

Length... 56 +. 163 OWT beecougec 24
155] Gnrcgerte ce 1 Mnnere (OC ne 2 ser tr 13
Darstecesns It Wiaddletoe rt. ayes « . 23

Male: crown black; between the base of the bill and the eye is a triangular patch of white,
with the small end towards the bill, from the upper corner of which a streak varying in intensity
proceeds over the eye to the occiput; back of the neck black, with an elongated white streak on
each side; throat and upper part of the neck shining violet black; an auricular patch white ; collar
and a streak extending nearly from the point of one wing round the front of the breast to that of
the other, wing coverts, and tertiaries white; breast. belly, and vent brown; tail and wings dark
umber brown ; wing spot purple; bill and legs lead coloured, tipped with red ; irides hazel.

Fem.: brown, with the margins of the feathers paler; a spot between the base of the bill and
the eye, and an auricular one, whitish ; belly and vent white blotched with brown; rather smaller
than the male.

Clangula Histrionicd ...1.. ves veurees sesecess Steph. Sh. Zool. 1. 180.
Eyton, Hist. R. Brit. Birds, 84.

Anas Histrionicd...scqcssccseccrcncseccences Linn, Syst. 1. 204.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 534,

164

ANAS MINUED. crv vveveerveresscerssrnce 5000.00 Linn. Syst. 1. 204.
Gmel. Syst. 1, 534.
AANAS EOTQUALA Wir ccecvcarencerencensacereees Gmmel. Syst. 1. 514.
Harlequin Duck .cvccecccccevcccee seevccenes Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 490.
Dusky and spotted Duck .cveee cvcees cece cves Edw. Glea, pl. 99.
Le canard a collier de terre Neuve sceccverecsoes Buff. Ois. 9. 250.
Canard a collier ou histrion......+ Saco 000000000 Temm. Man. 2. 878.
La Sarcelle brun et blanche .....0 -ceeee cecees Buff. Ois. 9. 287.
Le canard de terre neuve s.cvevceveeses po-dOG8o Feill. En. Method. Orn.
ZG EXCONGT.GANISTLOTE sal o\ Hoteller) oe) evel fo rehe sete d= sya isvets Veill. En. Method. Orn. 1. 146.

Inhabits the northern regions of both the American and European continents. A few specimens
have been occasionally killed in Orkney and the northern islands; migrates northwards to breed ;
the female lays ten white eggs.

CLANGULA ALBEOLA.

Clang. Mas.—Capite colloque atris; macula albé suboculari occipite extendente.
Clang. Fem.—Atra-fusca, alba macula genis.

SPIRIT DUCK.

Male duck, with the head and neck black; a white patch extending below the eye to the
occiput.
Fem. sooty black duck, with a white patch on each side of the head.

LEG 83.0 16 WGP. 553.56 5 G08 36 6 13
Bn G40 oes ile Middletoe.......-

Male: head and upper part of the neck rich purple green, with a large white patch extending
from below the eye to the occiput; back and scapulars black ; tail and quills hoary black; greater
wing coverts white ; secondaries black, above which is another white patch formed by the tertiary
coyerts ; legs and toes orange ; webs black; bill lead coloured.

Fem.: smaller than the male: head and plumage dark blackish brown; the fore part of the
neck side of the breast, flanks, and vent feathers blackish grey; breast and belly white tinged with
brownish orange; the white band on the ears and occiput much narrower than in the male, and
obscure; lesser coverts and scapulars blackish brown; bill and feet brownish.

165

Anas ADeola vivesecvanevcceeraees “poond seve Linn. Syst. 1. 199.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 517.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 866.
Anas Bucephald cicvevcveecvccccns ceeveveees Linn, Syst. 1. 200.
Gmel. Syst. 1, 521.
Anas yDernd vvcevevees vevvevees agolnonoETDS Briss. Orn. 6. 349.
Querquedula Ludovicianad.....+ «se Rpeettatater cteteke Briss. Orn. 6. 349.
ANAS TUSTICA ve eccvcrcceeeneece nent eeenvecees Linn, Syst. 1, 201.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 524.
Sarcelle de la Caroline vevecvesnecccccncrceeens Buff. Ois. 9. 286.
Sarcelle blanche et noir ou la religeuse .....e.+s Buff. Ois. 9. 284.
Petit canard a grosse tete ..s.ee veeeees Dent stayere Buff. Ois. 9. 249.
Buffle-headed Duck wssvceseevercvaes ooobDedogS Catesb. Carol. 1. pl. 99.
Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 489.
Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 532.
Little brown Duck..... seaeiaere Hoodoo DODgON OOD Catesb. Carol. 1. pl. 98.
Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 534,
Le canard Lhoora..... saavouso0venou0GG00GeDDe Peill. En. Method. Orn. 1. 134.

An abundant species on the fresh water lakes of arctic America, where nidification is perfected,
their nests are made in hollow trees contiguous to water. During autumn and winter they are
found over a considerable portion of North America,

CLANGULA BARROVII.

Clang. Mas.—Capite colloque superiore atro ; genis lunata fascia ornatis.
Clang. Fem.—Vulgari similis, sed singulo albo collo.

BARROW'S DUCK.

Male clangula, with the head and upper part of the neck black ; the cheeks ornamented with a
lunate fascia.

Fem. similar to the female of Clangula vulgaris, but with a white collar.

Length...... 225 Middle toe ...... 25
BUS o £2 1 7-12ths Outer toe.......-- 1 5-12ths
TATrst: ios +s 1 7-12ths

Male: head and upper part of the neck black, with purple and metallic green inflections; a
crescent-shaped patch from the gape to the crown ; below, lesser wing coverts, tips of the scapulars,
and greater coverts, together with the outer secondaries, white ; lateral tail coverts brown; bill lead
coloured; legs and feet orange, the webs black.

166

Fem.: very similar to the female of Clan. Vulgaris, but rather larger; with a white ring

round the middle of the neck, and the back of a darker colour.
UMM IFUAROD .00000 600000 000600 90600060 Faun. Bo. Am. 2. 415.
Gould, Birds of Europe.

The true habitat of this species is North America, in the neighbourhood of the Rocky Mountains,
where it was discovered by Dr. Richardson. A single individual has since been obtained from
Iceland by T. C. Atkinson, Esq. anda female is in our own collection. Brisson, in his “ Orni-
thologie,” pl. 37, fig. 2, vol. 6, has figured this bird in mistake for Clangula vulgaris, quoting for
it the synonyms of Willoughby (whose plate is that of C. vulgaris) and of Linneeus. The specimen
from which his description and plate is taken was in the collection of M. de Reaumur; he does
not, however, say from whence obtained.

CLANGULA VULGARIS.

Clang. Mas.—Alba macula rotundata suboculari et speculo albo.
Clang. Fem.—Capite colloque superiore brunneis.

COMMON GOLDEN EYE.

Male duck, with a white spot under the eye, and wing spot white.
Fem. duck, with the head and upper part of the neck brown.

JEGRUNO 68 3 a0 19 TOESO ot eles ease 13
DUT ee lize Middle toe ...... 2 7-10ths

Male: head and upper part of the neck green with purple inflections ; remainder of the neck,
belly, breast, greater wing coverts, and a spot below the eye, white; back, rump, lesser wing and
tail coverts black ; quills and tail black; legs, toes, and bill lead coloured ; irides golden yellow.

Fem. : with the head and upper part of the neck brown; back, wings, and tail dusky slate
colour; wing spot white; bill lead coloured, with a yellowish band round the nail.

ANUSICLULO ULC Nader are Linn. Syst. 1, 201.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 523,
Rati Syn. 142 A.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 867.
ATA) JLOMCLONN aoiaroio stall Nekale Geers ercleiostoal seks Linn. Syst. 1. 401.
Gmel. Syst. 1. 525.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 868.
Lee GAPTOt wh hears as ee Bis canmetiricio A 1... Buff. Ois. 9. 222.
Clangula vulgarisscrrcvies Ao0nG00000G00000 ..e» Lem. Brit. An. 120.

167

Clangula chrysopthalmus vvvvee vervcvcen cecees Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 182.

Canard GArrOt vavvevveevvenrveee veetececenes Temm. Man. 2. 870.

Golden eye .vessevees So0c a0 foo WU0Gen o ..... Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 276.

TROUGH pon botdnonsoobodocudoco Oo GoODODCoNG Linn. Trans. vol. 4, tab. 15, fig. 1—5.

Breeds in the arctic regions, but regularly migrates southwards during winter; is found commonly
in Europe, frequenting both fresh and sea water, but more commonly the latter; during the breed-
ing season, however, they are stated by travellers to frequent exclusively fresh water, making their
nest on the shores of lakes and rivers in the fur countries, and laying from seven to ten white eggs.

The trachea has a large contractile bulb on the tube; the inferior larynx is not very dissimilar
from that of the Mergansers ; the tube is acted upon by two pairs of muscles of voice, the first of
which are the usual sterno-tracheal ones, the second pair (which are furculo-tracheal) diverge from
the tube at a little distance below the contractile bulb, and have their insertion on the rami of the
os fureatum near the middle of each.

CLANGULA AMERICANA.

Clang. Mas.—Clangula vulgari similis, sed majore,

AMERICAN GOLDEN EYE.

Male clangula, similar to the common golden eye, but larger.

Eengilt. 5.5. 21 MAES Pe ee 5
TRU eas ses 1} Middle toe...,.. 2%

Very like the common golden eye of Europe, but larger, with the spot at the base of the bill
more oyate, and the bill longer, broader, and stouter.

Clangula AMETICANG viccee cevevenneeee seeeee Bonap. MSS.
Common Golden Eye vssveveeees 5 dpaodoseodeD Nutt. Orn. 2. 441.

It is even now doubtful whether or not many of the birds of North America are distinct from
our own. ‘There is, however, between many of them found enough of distinction for the practised
eye of an ornithologist to say with certainty, this bird is North American—this European.

168

THALASSORNIS LEUCONOTUS.

Thal.—Corpore colloque ferrugineis ; illo atro transversim fasciato, dorsoque imo albo.

FASCIATED DUCK.

Duck, with the body and neck ferruginous ; the former transversely fasciated with black, and
the lower part of the back white.

IN In
EGGS 03 85 18 OumierCOeiadr Tarek 22
IB GU seapomin 13 Middle toe........ 23
Pars s. 6s 3s i3 nner l0e--ees eee 2

Head, upper part of the back, and flanks black; the tip and a bar across each feather dull
brown; wing coyerts black barred with ferruginous; neck light yellowish brown; belly rather
darker; back and rump dirty white; tail coverts and tail black, the former tipped with light
brown ; feet and bill black ; tail short; very old birds have a whitish spot on each side behind the
base of the bill, and another smaller one on the chin.

Clang ula leUconotus ...cveccasccccccceccsnecns Smith. Cat. S. Afric. Mus.

In the museum of the Zoological Society, said to have been received from the Cape of Good Hope.

The bill in this species approaches in form to that of Biziwra. Since we described the above,
under another name, we have seen the specimens brought home by Dr. Smith from the Cape, and
now exhibiting. As our specific appellation was not published, we have therefore adopted his.

BIZIURA LOBATA.

Biz. Mas.—Ater, albo transversim et minuté fasciatus; alis brunneis ; mandibula inferiore caruncula
compressa.

Biz. Fem.—Mare similis, sed caruncula caret.

LOBATED DUCK.

Male, black duck, minutely and transversely lineated with white; wings brown ; inferior
mandibles with a compressed caruncle.

Fem. duck similar to the male, but without the caruncle.

IVT n 00 6 33 nner "toe eres 3
BU gee eine ct 12 Ojiter, (oC rear ner 33
Tarsi ee... 2 Middle toe ........ 32

fa ROOT

DIDI DANY

169

Male: crown and upper part of the back of the neck black, occasionally speckled with whitish ;
back, lower part of the neck, flanks, rump, and under tail coverts deep glossy black, each feather
transversely streaked with one or two narrow lines of white or light brown; wings and tail sooty
black; remainder grey or silvery white; bill and legs lead coloured, the former with a large com-
pressed caruncle on the lower mandible.

Fem.: smaller than the male, but in colouring similar; without the caruncle.

Biziura Nove Hollandie ..... SeGaobongoodeDD Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 222.
Hydrobates lobatus .icvcvceeeee veeecees ococen Temm. Pl. En. N. 68.

ANAS TODAEG vccvecvcccvccssvessers veccceeess Shan. Nat. Mis. 8. pl. 255.
Lobated Duck .....cse.ses- o0009o oC seaeeess Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup, 2. p. 349,
Le canard caroncule ..... 6 s0d000 BOCHOS uo00Dd Feill. En. Method. Orn. 356.

All that is known of the habits of this curious bird is contained in a short notice by Lieut. Breton,
R.N. inserted in the Zoological Proceedings for 1834, p. 19, from which we extract the following:
« He (Lieut. Breton) stated that these birds are so extremely rare that he saw only three of them
during his various excursions, which extended over twelve hundred miles of country. He has
never heard of any instance in which more than two were seen together. They are only met with
on the rivers and in pools left in the otherwise dry beds of streams. It is extremely difficult to shoot
on account of the readiness with which they dive. The instant the trigger is drawn the bird is
under water.”

ERISMATURA MACCOA.

Eris.—Brunnea, gutture linedque infra oculos albis.

; MACCOA DUCK.
Brown duck, with the throat and a streak below the eye dirty white.
Lengthivas. 3 14 TTS boa c8 DOS 12
TESTI eae ae aera 14 Outer toe........ 24

Back black barred with ferruginous ; flanks brown barred with the same; tail brown; head
dark brown, undulated with ferruginous ; chin and streak from the bill below the eye to the occiput
whitish grey; below silvery grey undulated with brown; bill lead coloured; legs with a tinge of
greenish ; speculum none.

Oxyure Maccod occesvcose versescess cvessecs Smith, Cat. S. Afric, Mus,

A specimen is in our collection, brought home from the Indian Isles. Except from the difference in

locality, we should have supposed this bird to have been the young of Oxyura rubida. Since

writing the above we have seen a specimen brought home by Dr, Smith, and have adopted his name.
=

170

ERISMATURA FERRUGINEA.

Eris.—Ferruginea, capite atro.

FERRUGINOUS DUCK.
Male, ferruginous duck, with the head black.

Length...... 17 LGUSUTS «SEP rAae On it
IB ee eee 1z Centretoe........ 23

Male: deep ferruginous, with the head and upper part of the neck black; quills and tail
brown ; vent and belly silvery ash, tinged with ferruginous.

Closely allied to Erismatura Australis. The only specimen we have seen is in the British
Museum, obtained from Chih.

ERISMATURA LEUCOCEPEHALA.

Eris. Mas.—Vertice atro; subtus castaneus; reliquo albo.
Eris, Fem.—Mare similis, sed coloribus obscuris.

WHITE-HEADED DUCK.

Male duck, with the crown black; remainder of the head white; below chesnut.
Fem. similar, but with the markings obscure.

IN. IN.
engin. LG Outer toe........ 22
JESUS ccc oa 12 Centre toe...: -. 22
Gr Sivwerr cn eee Inner toe.......- 2h

Male: crown black; remainder of the head pure white; body silvery brown, tinged with
ferrugimous on the breast, flanks, and back, on the latter irrorated with black; tail and wiugs
brown; no wing spot; legs and bill lead coloured ; the latter more taper at the base than is usual
in the genus.

Fem.: similar to the male, but with the colours not so distinct.

Anas leucocephald vivevevevecuenes cuvenes vee Gmel. Syst. 1. 516.
Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 858.
Undina leucocephala .vvvivveves Sduauold dobood Gould, Birds of Europe.

ANAS ITCTSH Eiaeiaiocietee cleriereisvisieiel keletelrererorys .. Gel. Syst. 1. 520.

W hite-headed Duck..... SOG0 UoT0GOUUDODONN Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 478.
Ural Duck vcvvccvcvves secees wrens socreces Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 478.
La Macreuse de Russi ..cccc ever ances e evenness Feill. En. Method. Orn. 1. 140.
Le canard Ural vvccas ccvcnevcevcces coaee ... Feill. En. Method. Orn. 1. 127.

Inhabits the eastern portions of Europe ; occasionally found during migration in Austria and Hungary.

ERISMATURA RUBIDA.

Eris. Mas.—Brunnea, capite supra, fronte, et occipite atris ; genis mentoque albis.
- Eris. Fem.—Mare similis, sed coloribus obscuris.

RUDDY DUCK.

Male, brown duck, with the upper part of the head, the forehead, and occiput black; cheeks
and chin white.
Fem. like the male, but with the colours less distinct.

IN. IN.
Bengih. 2. = 15 Outer toe......-- 24
EDU SRA one 2 Middle toe...... 25
WORST. ses 3 i Inner toe......-- 2

Male: crown, head, and back of the neck black; back and tail brown dotted with whitish ;
wings brown; throat and cheeks white: flanks, breast, and lower surface also white tinged more or
less with ferruginous ; bill lead coloured; legs and feet brown ; irides hazel.

Fem. : similar to the male, but with the back part of the head and neck inclining to brown ;
the throat and cheeks light slate colour.

Young similar to the female.

Brismatura ruvida vivvccvveeve veces eres Bonap. Cat. dm. and Europ. Birds.
ANAS TUDIAG vocvsrerccrersevcerasevess wees. Wils. Am. Orn, 8 p. 128, pl. 71, fig. 56.
Fuligula Coxyurd) rUpida vis vvevveveee cvcees Bonap. Syn. p. 390. N. 336.

Fuligula rubiddsvevesccvvcvacs pdesoouoMDOOD DS Faun. Bo. Am. 2, 455.

Gymnurd TUbidd vovevevervvvcees Hhooapanene . Nutt. Man. Orn. 2. 426.

Inhabits North America, retiring northwards to breed; frequents fresh water in preference to the
sea, according to Nuttall. When swimming they have a habit of carrying the tail so erect that it
appears of the same height with the head and neck.

172

ERISMATURA AUSTRALIS.

Eris. Mas.—Capite colloque atris; corpore castaneo.
Eris. Fem.—Ferruginea, fasciata et punctata atro et brunneo.

AUSTRALIAN DUCK.

Male duck, with the head and neck black; the body chesnut.
Fem. ferruginous duck, fasciated and punctated with black and brown.

IN.

WicnGilince (avo IBS 3 ro 5c 1Z Thi 006 60 lt

Male: with the head, throat, and neck black; below with the back dark chesnut; tail, wings,
and rump black, the latter irrorated with ferruginous ; under tail coverts silvery grey; bill, feet.
and legs lead coloured.

Fem.: brown ferruginous, fasciated transversely with black and dark brown; throat light
brown ; under surface silvery grey, slightly tinged with brown; tail and wings brown.

Oxyura Australis, Gould vive vecseveces veeeee Zool. Proc. 1836, p. 85.

Inhabits Australia. ‘First sent to England by Lieut. Breton from Swan River. ‘The specimens
are in the collection of the Zoological Society.

ERISMATURA DOMINICA.

Eris. Mas.—Ferrugineus, capite anteriore atro; speculo albo.

Eris. Fem.—Brunnea, lineis albis infra et per oculos, occipite tendentibus ; speculo mare simili.

DOMINICAN DUCK.
Male, ferruginous duck, with the head anteriorly black ; the wing spot white.

Fem. brown duck, with a white streak through the eye and another below it, extending to the
occiput ; wing spot as in the male.

Length. :.:«. 135 Outer toe......-.- 12
IBUU ncterccce 1} Middle toe......- 2
SHAR. bb nok Bo 1 Inner toe..... ee ke

Male: fore part of the head sooty black; the hind part of the neck, back, scapulars, flanks,
and rump ferruginous; wing coverts brown; quills ashy black, with the wing spot white; tail

173

plack ; throat, streak through the eye, and another below it, light ferruginous ; bill and legs lead
coloured. =

Fem: with the back deep brown; flanks light brown, barred with darker ; head deep brown,
slightly undulated with ferruginous; under parts silvery grey, undulated with brown; a dusky
white streak passes through the eye, and another below it; wing spot white; bill lead coloured ;
legs brown.

Anas Dominicdssssserscreee hooondoooe soscone Jhute, Sipe i, Mle
Gmel. Syst. 1. 521.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 874.
Puligula Dominica .evesevsveee cenvecess veeee Steph. Sh. Zool, 12, 203.
Querquedula Dominicensis.....eeceeervecrenes Briss. Orn. 6. 472.
ANAS SPINOSA vevevevees vevees doostdendo eco Gmel. Syst. 1. 522.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 874.
Anas Dominica ...ecvies- Sapbod cupesD OO00eC P. Max. Bat. Nat. Braz. 4, 938.
Sarcelle de la Guadaloupe ....ceveeveesvecceee Buff. Pl. Enl. 938.
Sarcelle a queue epineuse de Cayenne ...+++ «+++ Buff. Pl. Enl. 968.
Spinous-tailed Duck ...+ vsveevvcee vees veveee Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 554.

A female specimen is in the British Museum. Both male and female are in our own collection,
obtained from Jamaica. It also, according to Prince Maximilian, inhabits Brazil.

MERGUS MERGANSER.

Mer. Mas.—Capite colloque superiore viridibus ; scapularibus primoribusque atris ; corpore subtus albo.
Mer. Fem.—Capite rufo ; corpore subtus cinerascenti-albo.

COMMON MERGANSER.

Male mer. with the head and upper part of the neck green; the scapulars and primaries black ;
below white.

Female, with the head rufous; below ashy white.

Length...... 29 IGS ee 0 tig Ome Se
BU eae 2 Middle toe...... 22

Male: head and neck deep glossy green, the former crested; upper part of the back and
scapulars black; lower part of the back, tail, and secondary coverts, hoary grey; quills and
secondaries brown; tertiaries white, beautifully edged with black ; bill red, with the margins and
culmen black ; legs, feet, and webs, orange; irides hazel.

Fem.: head and upper part of the neck rufous brown, the former crested on the occiput ;
throat white ; lower part of the neck, breast, flanks, and thighs, whitish ash; belly and abdomen
yellowish white ; above dark ash ; feet, bill, and legs as in the male, but not so bright.

Young similar to the female.

Mergus Merganser vvsvvirescvereecsseseee. Linn, Syst. 1. 208.
Raw Syn. 1. 34. A. 1.
Gmel. Syst. 1, 544.
Briss. Orn. 6. 231. #. 32.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 828.
Wils, Am. Orn. pl. 68.

Merganser Ratt ...ccccsees DONNdaO DoODDDOOOS Steph. Shaw Zool. 12. 161.
MWERIIR QRUEP San0dGo00b00e BOOOHUdDeDOO 660d Linn. Syst. 1, 209.
eee 8006050060000000000000 Gmel. Syst. 1. 545.
_— = 0000 goodonN DIDO bE vevseesa. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 829:
METGUSITUPLCAPULULS Meteor aeleleletererrecert aries Gmel, Syst. 1, 545.
Mergus serratus longirostris s+... 0 6000 605 Rait Syn. 1. 34, A. 2.
Gooseander .issee sevees ddd000 cbtSbo andc00 Penn. Arct. Zool. 2 N. 465.
550000 Goo0De 660000 DoDD ahitvatototate Lath. Syn. 6. 418.
IDA OUTAE Gi Goo: DOGG OnOEe OOROOD soveeees Lenn. Arct. Zool. 2. 465.
VED IER 665006000 sd00000 cod HHO606008-5000 Buff. Otis. 8. 267.

=A CITLCLLE) Melalele sheeteleleteeiciciersie vessaee Buff. Ois. 8. 236.
Te BUCO Cnn eLente see eietels Nelatele foaetatetereteists Feill. En. Method. Orn. 1. 103.
Le Harlevias.. 0s Penis mievere eae selefedstebetcle Feill. En. Method. Orn. 1.101.
Trachedsvevs pascguy 505000 doo6m Gooo9 esse Linn. Trans. vol. 15, tab. 15, fig. h.

Inhabits the neighbourhood of the arctic circle, breeding in Iceland, Siberia, Kamschatka, and
the fur countries, making its nest of grass near the water, and laying from ten to fourteen eggs of a
yellowish colour. During winter, in hard weather, these birds migrate southwards, and are found
over considerable portions of the continents of Europe, Asia, and America. We have also received
them from Peru.

The trachea in the male has two enlargements on the tube, each of which are compressed, and
composed of alternating semi-lunar plates.

The inferior larynx is very large and strong, projects most on the left side, but slightly before,
behind, and on the right side. The bronchie are far apart, the left the largest; it does not differ
in form from that of MW. serrator, which we have figured.

TCL ded

93 Nak: She,

1A sophagqus provntriculus and Stomach of Mergus Serrator. Fen:
2, Cacw oF YUKe

175

MERGUS SERRATOR.

Mer. Mas.—Capite cristato, hdc colloque superiore viridibus ; collo inferiore capistro albo.
Mer. Fem.—Capite cristato, héc colloque superiore rufis, collo inferiore cinereo; ventre albo; speculoque
fascia atra diviso.

RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.

Male mer. with the head crested, and the upper part of the neck green; the inferior part with
a white collar.

Fem. mer. with the head crested, together with the upper part of the neck rufous ; the inferior
part cinereous ; below white; speculum divided by a black bar.

FECnGth one. ss 20 TUNER TOC rc oe
5501) SABIE 23 Middle toe...... 22
Tarsi 24 OuieriGew. steer 25

Male: head and upper part of the neck glossy greenish black, the former crested; middle of
the neck with a white collar; lower part of the neck and breast ferruginous, spotted with black;
upper part of the back, scapulars, and sides of the breast black; wing coverts white, with a black
bar across the larger ones; tail grey; flanks and lower part of the back white, undulated with
narrow black lines; below white; irides reddish ; bill orange, with the culmen black.

Fem.: head and crest brown; remainder of the neck greyish brown; secondaries, abdomen,
and lower part of the breast white.

Young similar to the female.

Mergus serrator ..... 0 Ho0can GODOON gpon0acoOR Linn, Syst. 1. 208.
Gmel, Syst. 1. 545.
Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 829.

Mergus serrator leucomelas ..... Gdooos 6 booaun Emudh Siete the BHO:
Mer gus SCrratuS ..cscvcveccvneees ftepesecese Gmel. Syst. V. 046 2.

TGEP céoee0 oben pd oodosounosboOOSOtS Gmel. Syst. 1, 546 B.

CRATES coosoodcc0d guseocon0as Hoe Briss. Orn. 6. 237. 2. t. 23.
Red-breasted Merganser ...sssvees poood0 ..ee» Penn, Arct. Zool. 2. 466.

Lath. Gen. Syn. 6, 423.

IL@ Jéleiple, EGC conn c0n6 obo HNOUDN Oboe OOGNOC Buff. Ois. 8.273,
Harle & mantedte nO vieevvvsveverccrsvene ... Buff. Ois. 8.277.
ENC TENBELOLD IDC a wy etelelenatelaxetat LonbbGG GOOOK 50.0000 . Temm. Man. Orn. 2. p. 884.
LNHOGO 6 cdbdooboboob0O0DGNo0 oonononaneos .». Linn. Trans. vol. 4, tab. 16, fig. 1—2.

Inhabits nearly the same countries as the preceding ; but does not extend so far southwards ; breeds
in the neighbourhood of the arctic circle and in the highlands of Scotland, on the borders of fresh
water lakes, making its nest of dried herbage lined with down stripped from its own body; lays
from eight to twelve eggs of a brownish yellow colour.

176

The trachea in the male of this species differs from that of the last, in having only one enlarge-
ment on the tube (in other respects similar), and in the left bronchia being much larger than the
right. The comparatively smaller size of this bird at once distinuguishes it from the preceding.

MERGUS BRAZILIANUS.

Mer.—Niger, capite colloque viridi-zneis.

BRAZILIAN MERGANSER.

‘Black merganser, with the head and neck brassy green.

Length of Bill...... 2 Tansic ea. + 12 Middle toe...... 24

Merganser, with the head and neck glossy green; the occiput with a long pendent crest the
same; the whole of the back, tail, and wings sooty black; wing spot white, divided by a black
streak ; under surface and the lower part of the neck brown, the latter, with the flanks, minutely
spotted and barred with white; the abdomen broadly so; bill black; legs and feet orange, with
the webs dusky.

Mergus Brazivianus .ccceccccccnvcerccueress Feill. Gal. des Oiseaux, 2. 209.
Le Harle a hutt Orins vvccue caves secvescene Dict. d@’ Hist. Nat. 2d edit. 14. 222.

In the collection of the Zoological Society ; evidently a young bird.

Via

MERGUS CUCULLATUS.

Mer. Mas.—Capite atro cristato; cristé alba, et macula triangulari notata.
Mer, Fem.—Brunnea, capite cristato; gutture albo.

HOODED MERGANSER.

Male mer. with the head crested black; crest with a large triangular patch of white.
Fem. brown merganser, with the head crested ; the throat white.

Length 35. . 19 TVMCT AGE roe tere een is
SMe aha as Ve Middle toe ........ 2
WAG Sta Peg it

Male: head and neck glossy black, with purple and green inflections, the former largely
crested with long silky feathers; crest marked with a fan-shaped patch of white, the small end
placed towards the eye, a little behind it, and extending backwards nearly to the edge of the hood ;
breast and under surface white, the former with two bands of velvet black, tapering to a point in
front of the wings; quills and tertiaries deep brown, the latter with white shafts and dark edges ;
tail dark brown; back black; flanks dark chesnut, with narrow transverse undulated bars of black
or brown ; irides yellow; bill red.

Fem.: with the crest smaller than in the male, and the feathers not so numerous ; neck, back,
head, crest, and wings umber brown, varying in intensity ; throat white; lower part of the neck
light umber brown; belly white; feet and legs in both sexes red.

Young similar to the female in colouring, but the males may be distinguished by the crest
being larger.

Mergus cucullatus viserveee sever 6 DNOONO OAOCRC Linn. Syst. 1. 207.
Gmel. Syst. 1, 544.
Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 830.
Eyton, Hist. R. Brit. Birds, 75.
Aud. Am. Orn. 3. 246.

Mergus fUSCUSssevvsvvesavevevevesssveceress Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 802.
Flooded Merganser vecvss cvensvvvecens dooonue Penn. Aret. Zool. 2. 467.

Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 426. pl. ci.
Round-crested Duck vcccvecsesse suveve eovees Catesb. Carol. 1. pl. 94.
IER MOTVARMOS? Sha600 600 8000 000000 CoonDD Penn. Arct. Zool. 2d Sup. 74.
Iie Jeti le CUUROWI? ogopn00000000000 06 coonddon Buff. Ois. 8. 280.

Feill. En. Method. Orn. 1. 103.
Le Harle a queue fourchue .cccacvevervveeeees Fell. En. Method. Orn. 1, 105.

Rare in Europe; one or two specimens have, however, been killed in the British isles.
North America is its true habitat, over the whole of which it appears during winter to be
found ; as spring approaches, the greater portion of them retire to the north, though some remain
and breed in Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and the intermediate district. It builds in holes of trees
and rocks where it can find them; but in districts devoid of such localities builds on the ground on
the borders of lakes, laying from six to ten white eggs.

MERGUS ALBELLUS.

Mer. Mas.—Supra albus, genis et occipite atris ; capite cristato.
Mer, Fem.—Subtus alba, genis et occipite rufis; capite vix cristato.

WHITE SMEW.

Male mer. above white, with the cheeks and occiput black; head crested.
Fem. mer. below white, with the cheeks and occiput red; the head slightly crested.

Length. 7... iky/ Outergoc sen. te 2
SOUL eran eee 13 Middle toe........ 24
UTS ese ob 1 NOTE UII 36 6.0.65010 12

Male: above and below white, with a large patch on each side of the head, and another one
down the back of the neck, black; crest white; on the upper part of the breast on each side a bar
of black, not meeting in front; coverts, primaries, and secondaries black ; scapulars white, edged on
their outer webs with black; tail, rump, and upper tail coverts grey ; bill and legs lead coloured.

Fem.: throat, neck, belly, and abdomen white; the breast, back, tail, and upper tail coverts
ash coloured ; wings grey, with the outer webs of the scapulars white.

Young similar to the female.

MEPGUS GIDEUES se\leciols sis stielelsieieieisieis os sesessee Lenn. Syst. 1 209)
Gmel. Syst. 1. 547.
Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 831.
Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 157.
: Wils. Am. Orn. 8.136. pl. 71, fig. 7.
Mergus MUNULUS iveve veocceccesee enseoe cece Linn. Syst. 1. 209.
Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 832.

MEPGUus! AStAEICUS ..0<<io\e cies s sis ceesves eovscee Gel. Syst. 1, 548.
SOMOS 01566 500000 elavevaleteteleterciereherstele Briss. Orn. 6. 252. pil. 6.
ISTZCTU Mat et ehoxetorsleieret skeisteystevelernce BodbdoGdeecR0D0Un JAH, iin Aaah, Po DY:
Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 428.
BUC MENGANSEI Tris deieiee velar o secees veee Lenn, Arct. Zool. 2. Sup. 74.
Lempetit Warle Ou la precte. wn eeit viele cie eee oo. Buff. Ois. 8. 275.
JOT OR ORO ROOST. SOOE o-.4a0005 aDooe00000 Feill. En. Method. Orn. 1. 104.
MEG UAT VERCLOUCK rfoloretareletel stereo lelstsiatacrrelsetaleterees Buff. Ois. 8. 278.
Peill. En, Method. Orn. 1. 105.
UP ACheG temeieietesteltrcee o eve weseccscsccssess Linn. Lrans. vol. 4, tab. 10, fig. 3—4.

Found in Europe, America, and Asia, but does not migrate far southwards; breeds in Siberia.
Kamschatka, Greenland, and Iceland, generally on the banks of fresh water rivers or lakes, laying
from ten to twelve yellowish eggs. The female and young of this species may be distinguished
from those of the hooded merganser by the shortness and stoutness of the bill, and by the serratures
not bemg pointed backwards, and more resembling the lamelle of the true ducks. ‘The tube of the
trachea has one enlargement towards the middle, and continues of large diameter to the inferior
larynx, which differs in form from that of the other mergansers, the greatest diameter being trans-
verse instead of vertical; in other respects it is similar.

APPENDIX.

Mucu additional evidence in favour of the theory we have advanced having been brought
forward in the second volume of Dr. Prichard’s Researches into the Physical History of Man, we
have formed the following Table, in order to shew the geographical distribution of the Anatide,
and consequently those species which will, perhaps, some time or other, be accounted varieties.

M. signifies migrant ; S. M. and W. M. summer and winter migrants; S. stationary; O. V. occasional visitant.

NAME.

Caueasian Mongolian Esquimaux Ethiopian American Malay
Range, Range, Range. Range, Range, Range,
Choristopus semipalmatus mrerererere oo an aan O06 we S.
Plectropterus Gambensis o00000 ve ae se 3b Ere nOod
Cereopsis Novee Hollandize Sieve oe a8 oe OC 20 8.
Cleophaga Magellanica —....... ; a es BG ye 8. go
—— Sandvicensis fae oe sa ev Se S. as
Bernicla Antarctica een ° 66 sie we 8.2 8.2
jubata eee . oc 3a a9 20 S.
brenta ee W. M. oe S. M. ae ye ae
leucopsis ee W. M. ae Ss. M. oe 60 G0
ruficollis ee O. V. Ss. on a0 Be ale
Cheniscus Madagascariensis =—...... 66 es a S. oS ee
Coromandeliana ee & Se 8.2 a5 a a 8.2
Anser ferus coe eae W. M W. M. Ss. M. 50 WwW. M Ae
erythropus see W. M Ss. M. S. M. re o0 ode
melanopterus I00000 ee 56 s ao : don
hyperboreas Booddo W.M W.M S. M. : 20 006
Indica Senter 5 S. Be i ate Sule
Canadensis nee Re Ss. M. 4 WwW. M ROK
Hutchinsii Sani xe “ S. M. ae W.M Hie
@yematiley | ha b8 oe S.? te fe re ant
Cygnus olor sono oe 8. ac a0 os 209
atratus ASasoe ie iss Ab BS a0 8.
nigricollis 6000 are a Ss. oy Ss. Fale
Bewickii etetels W.M tee Ss. M. 5S W.M Bee
— Americanus Depetorte « ve Ss. M. ve WwW. M 510
buccinator Saela 3/8 ac re S. M. es W. M. a0
immutabilis orad W. M cA Ss. M. Me ake ae
anatoides serrate 5 Ae ate ws 8. :
ferus See W.M - Ss. M. ar W. M. 5
Sarkidiornis regia oQdon0 40 S. bb oi 50 woe
Africanus Saretotane ae HS At S. ane wee
Chenalopex Atgyptiaca 500 Oe Ve we me 8. ; Go0
———————— cana +0400 is a 5 S. a eae
Tadorna bellonii witeeiee S. 32, a Ae 30 sees
radjah He os us Rb Ns 7D 8.
Casarka rutila miateyevale O. V. Si AA AD nO <0
tadonoides ee20eD ay ae ae 2° oo S.
castanea S050 35 Ae AD 60 me S.
Dendrocygna viduata eye R AY ah 8.? 50 mae
autumnalis 55008 50 S. We an an O.V
——. arcuata SuDOS0 S. ats 30 aa Ss.
arborea v2e000 oo Ss. aa oe Car) eco

NAME.

APPENDIX.

Leptotarsis Eytoni
Dafila acuta
pyrogaster
urophasianus
marmorata
Peecilonitta Bahamensis
erythrorhyncha
Mareca fistularis
Americana
castanea
Chiloensis
Aia sponsa
galericulata
Querquedula creccoides
———_ Hottentota
erythrorhyncha
falearia
————— glocitans
Javanensis
Manillensis
formosa
crecca
Carolinensis
Capensis
Cyanopterus circia
fretensis
—+——— discors
— Rafflesii
Rhynchaspis clypeata
rhynchotis
maculata
Capensis.
Malacorhynchus membrinacea
Chaulelasmus strepera
Anas boschas
obscura
superciliosa
specularis
pecilorhyncha
sparsa
flavirostris
Carina moschata
Micropterus patachonicus
brachyptera
Melanitta fusca
Americana
nigra
perspicillata
Somateria mollissima
spectabilis
Polysticta Stelleri
Kamptorhynchus Labradorus
Callichen rufina
caryophylacca
Fuligula ferina
falisneria
erythrocephala
marilla
cristata
rufitorques
affinis
Nyroca brunnea
leucopthalmus

euacee

se eeee

Pare

eoovee
aoe °
. °
eeseee
weenie
eeeeee
woes
ae .
eves .
evenee
eooaee
. ene
eveee e
ecevee
eee
eoeee
eoewee
oeee
wee eee
eon
e oe
. ere
seeoee
enoere
soaee

Caucasian Mongolian

Range. Range.
wu. | W.M?2

O.V. s.

WwW. M
s.

ss S

0.V. S.
es S.
i Si
S. S.

S. M. S.

wim. | W.M.

W. M. S.2
S S.
i S.

W.M eo

0.V.

W. M :

OV.

S.
S.
0.V. S.
8. S.
Ps 8.
W. M S.
Ww. M :
W.M ;

S S.

Esquimaux

Range.

Ethiopian
Range.

ere) tac ven Ja ie

American
Range.

S. M.

mintninwnin, 2 2

nn:

7 Me

Ann R, »

.
Yee
.

p
DR op

*ND 1nd

Malay
Range.

APPENDIX.

Nyroca Australis
Harelda glacialis
Clangula vulgaris
Americana
Barrovii
albeola
histrionica
Thalassornis leuconotus
Biziura lobata
Erismatura Maccoa
— Dominica
— Australis
——_— rubida
— leucocephala
ferruginea
Mergus albellus
—_ cucullatus
—— serrator
— Brazilianus
—— merganser

Caucasian Mongolian
Range. Range.
AeA ee wees eae
joe Mea W. M. ;
Sintes W. M. ;
Fees O.V. re

pana OY. Pgs

Esquimaux
Range.

nnninn?.
(12 SSS555

Ethiopian
Range.

American

Range,

BESS 5S

APPENDIX, No. 2.

In the following appendix we have given the admeasurements of the intestinal canal and
number of vertebre in all the species throughout the family Anatide, where we have been able to
obtain them: the former, as a specific character, is subject to very great variation, an increase in
age invariably producing a more lengthened measurement. The numbering of vertebree in birds
generally is very difficult: the mode in which we have proceeded, though differing from other
authors, has at all events the advantage of simplification. We consider all those vertebre anterior
to the ribs, and not having any attachment to them, cervical; the dorsal are those anterior to the
pelvinal bones, having ribs attached to them; the sacral are those anchylosed together, and imme-
diately succeeding the dorsal,—to some of these ribs are attached, either true or false; the
numbering of those, where this is the case, we have shewn by the smaller and last number in the
column headed No. of sacral vertebrze ; so that, in order to ascertain the true number, the smaller
one must be added to the greater. The caudal vertebrae are those posterior to and not anchylosed
to the sacral—In the numbering of the false ribs we have shewn their position by two figures,
the first referring to those anterior to the true ones, the latter to those placed posteriorly to them.

N.B. The admeasurements are given in inches.

oa 5 g 28 g ig 3 3 cI Ss
SE8| 25 s | €s 5 5 2 | Ee
NAME. BEE) SEE| 3s | 88] & Sees tes |e 2
S22 /ee°/ 3 | 38 8 S ime lecroe he & A
Blane: eke 2 3” 3 = = ole Z z
Patna met A a a A A oe = i
Plectropterus Gambensis, F. nodddd 76 4 og
Bernicla Brenta esis pts 18 6 13 3 7 47 7 jl
Anser segetum, F. yd Aire 85 13 18 6 14 3 6 47 Wf 11
cygnoides aboaon 18 7 | 153 6 49 7 10
Cygnus Bewickii, Me. i sn 143 10 144
atrats; Eee tite 114 7 11 23 6 | 16 4 8 57 8 ual
olor poouDS
ferus, F. alerererere 127 9f} 11 23 6 | 154 7 55 8 21
Tadorna bellonii, M. witch 123 44 83 | 16 6 |} 1338 a 45 6 21
Dafila caudacuta, M. eateries 74 44 4 16; 6 14 3 6 6 21
Mareca fistularis, M. fs 4 59 34 9 4 66) 12 3 Uf 42 6 21
Aia sponsa ap 40 3 3t
Querquedula erythrorhyncha, M. ....0. 313) 23 25
& ddadoe 30 23 24 }
crecca, M. aes 48 pu is | id af \\ 183383 6 43 6 Qa
SOd000 50 33 53
Cyanopterus circia Bishauyele
Rhynchaspis clypeata, M. tise e 89 4 oz | 14 6 | 143 6 43 6 2, I
——$————— Fo aiaeeee : 83 32 35
Chaulelasmus strepera sieteiarene 14 7 | 133 ii 44 7 21
Anas boschas, M. eieicleleve 84 4 9 14 6 143 ul 44 7 2
12 s00000 79 3k 64
Carina moschata, M. SHOOGO 78 7 64 13 6 12 3 8 42 6 21
Melanittanigra, F, 8 we . 62 5 1 12 8 | 163 7 46 7 21
Fuligula Gesneri, M. mreteierets 49 3t 6 15 || he} 8 46 7 21
marilla, M. o000 69 5 6 13 au 16 3 a 46 7 Dil
cristata, M. go0nud 77 4 42 15 7 14 3 Uf 46 Zf oD il
a dP, o00000 80 43 43
Nyroca leucopthalmus, M. eeteerels 43 2 4 16 7 {153 6 47 7 ml
F. 400000 373] 24 3t
Harelda glacialis Fs ie 14 of 143 a 45
Clangula vulgaris, M. 500006 54 4 Qi 14 Yh 15 3 6 45 if OF il
—_——_— 12 s00000 49 4 3
histrionica 200000 14 7 \\ bef ecs) 7 46
Mergus serrator, F. veces 55 44 1 14 7 | 153 7 46
merganser, M. ceeeee 79 43 14] 14 7 | 133 7 44 7 all
F, 300000 663; 6 es
albellus, F, goso80 53 32 13,1 14 7 1143 7 45 7 31

SUPPLEMENT.

ADDITIONAL CHARACTERS OF ATA.

Ext. Char.—Lingua subobtusa, ad apicem appendiculata, ad latera una ordine setarum, et supra has setas quatuoribus
spinis instructa.

Anat. Char.—Césophagus magnus, in media parte multtim expandens ; proventriculo magno.

Ext. Char.—Tongue subobtuse, with an appendage at the tip, on the sides armed with one row of bristles, above which
are four short spines,

Anat. Char,—Cisophagus large, much expanded in the middle ; the proventriculus large.

PRINTED BY JOHN EDDOWES, SHREWSBURY.

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA

Q.598.4EY8M C001
A MONOGRAPH ON THE ANATIDAE, OR DUCK TRI

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